Full text of "Annual report"

See other formats

A ASI : ‘i = A
Inve: MAR ote 1

TOU ee ile

eR ee be
hie SCs 1->

JANUARY, 1875.

ROSTON:
WRIGHT & POTTHR, STATE: PRINTERS,

79 MILK STRENT, CORNER OF FEDERAL.

1875.

iene

LAL

TE oo EJ: St"

QB9 1 UVTI TL

é
é
(
4
é
(
i
i

PEO Haas

inois.
VOLUME.
===

Elo

Guat

0 Labor.

—)

mad

tyof Ill

=g=

B=
earning an
LIBRARY

Accession No...

esa =

Gpad==O=sB=<=8=
hniversi
PrPa=

v
v
e
°
"
e
q
Ce

NRW IBM

MBN Se ad

Rival Ata) aut

note ea ei

pure

cue

RSENS ogi ei
=i Sie aul Wing ee i) Fe Dot ( wi a fe

NEN u aR (cus)
Ps) oe.

af a) y i ion ait 4 : i}
aa ‘) i, ee iy iG a we

ral
qe

Sy =

i gor iy

Wiha"

Cita

aii .<lmtite

*
<
.
‘
By
«
ij
i”
‘
«*) 4 .
N e ify
* ‘
uy
Fr ¥ a
1 y ’
able ty
f Va "i 4 fi

uh 5;

one
ned ete

“TOTS IWHUOLINVIUSV SLIASOANOVEBVA

ae,

SENATE...... ac destINGe) OOs

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL. COLLEGE.

JANUARY, 1875.

BOSTON:

WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS.
79 MiLk STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL).

1875.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, March 4, 1875.

To the Honorable Senate.

I have the honor herewith tevansmit, for the information '

and use of the General Court, the last Annual Report of the
Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, with
accompanying documents.

WM. GASTON.

i Cty

; ; \
"4 i" } was i) ‘7 aed
\ ety ip
" Ds "
1 a aS DOU Ten nag Be ‘
A fi nl) vee of
‘iat or Md rae dae . |
rate
A mi | y!
w7 <1 ‘
Le he
ay, 4
MSs Ti
4
‘
\
\ yi
a

Bho: AMHERST, February 20, 1875.
; 2 : ; 1

‘Excellency WILLIAM GASTON. | a,

rr :—I have the honor herewith to present to your Excel-

ey and the Honorable Council the Twelfth Annual Report
f the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

be eo W. S. CLARK.

TIN 1 BX.

Page
Report of Congressional Committee, SS RP a a hiBa ce fi elbesal MCE aus S NGL eS
State Scholarships, . . ° : : : ‘ ; - - Bis
Pecuniary Wants, : ° : : - - “ J 4 A 3 : Ae ae!
Experiments and Investigations, . . ; : : : - 5 - - 10
PUMENUEEPEGISES rat eal LE a
Review of the Year, . 4 4 16
Lecture on the Flow of Sap ad the Power of Plant oa ie Pesiaent Clark, 17
Report on Agricultural Experiments, by Professor Stockbridge, . : 4 . Oo
Paper on Commercial Fertilizers, by Professor Goessmann, . ‘ f : - 65
Synopsis of Lecture on the Dentition of Domestic Animals, by Professor Cressy, 77
Report on Horticultural Department, by Professor eHeanenae CUM een (en oy | eee aed
Réport of Farm Superintendent Dillon, . . . . . . : : 7 OL

MM iaridistndenwiol 1874. 6k we el 08:

Course of Study and Training, . ly ees 4 Seiat « ° - . ; 114
Catalogue of Books, . . : c eee . eres 4 : - - 115
Calendar for 1875, A ; : - - : “ eaten “ : : - 118
Terms of Admission, . : 4 “ - 2 “ “ ‘ - “ . 118
LCG GA A ea he : - - : - : . 119
Remarks on Course of Instruction, . Fi ; : A Hs “ 4 .- 119
Boston University, . A 5 : : - A - ; : : i . 119
DREPCMLGCIIGHONG, (6 kw ww A 5 eRe hits : . 121
Library, Apparatus and Museums, . . . aA YONG BURY Sah ie - . 123
ieeworiiwherorical Medals,, . 6. oe tw ek ED
Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, . 071) aa) Raa BES hah ie eee iia : . 124
Hills Botanical Prizes, 6 4 ‘ 2 ° : ‘ “ s : 4 . 124
Financial Statement,.. . OC A aie : Anne 4 - . 125
Treasurer’s Report, . M4 : . 4 . A 4 : : 4 : - 127
Meteorological Observations for 1874, “ 2 H 5 . aPattrs - . 130

8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

ANNUAL REPORT.

To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council. —

The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
respectfully submit their Report for the year 1874.

A very thorough official investigation into the condition of
the Agricultural Colleges, endowed by the Act which was
approved and signed by President Abraham Lincoln, July
second, 1862, has recently been completed by a congres-
sional committee. The report of this committee contains a
great amount. of information in regard to these national.
schools of science in the several States, and the general
results are stated as follows :—

‘A considerable number of the colleges have done work which
requires no apology; and a few of those earliest organized have
already found time to take a high rank among the institutions of
the land. The number of students in attendance upon these schools
is already between three and four thousand, and they have furnished
more than sixteen hundred graduates to the active occupations of
life. They are generally gathering about themselves material ap-
pliances in the form of farms, stock, workshops, machinery, books
and apparatus. More than two hundred teachers are engaged in
the work of instruction. ‘There is evidence of an honest purpose to
make the studies pursued such in variety, in extent, and in value as
shall meet the requirements of the law to which they are indebted
for their endowment. Studies connected with agriculture and the
mechanic arts are made prominent, if not paramount; and there is
reason to believe that by this means the taste for these branches of
knowledge has been considerably increased in the whole community.
It must be added that the reports sent from these colleges reveal a
certain fresh interest,—a spirit of youth, a new enthusiasm,—which,
when intelligent and enduring, is one of the best prophecies of suc-
cess. Strong evidence is afforded of the power of these institutions

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 9

to establish sympathetic relations between themselves and the com-
munities in which they are placed, in the fact that they have already
received, in appropriations from States and in donations from
counties, towns and private individuals, an amount almost equal in
the aggregate to the whole bounty of the Government.”

An examination of the statistics to be found in this report
will furnish satisfactory proof that Massachusetts has no
reason to be ashamed of the institutions which she has
endowed with the proceeds of the national grant. In one
respect, however, the policy of the Commonwealth differs
remarkably, and most unhappily, from that of every other
State. No provision has been made for free scholarships in
her Agricultural College. Her normal schools are not only
open to all her sons and daughters, without any charge for
tuition, but excellent rooms and board are furnished for a
nominal and very moderate charge.

Harvard College announces that “good scholars of high
character but slender means are seldom or never obliged to
leave college for want of money,” and the same may be safely
asserted in reference to the other colleges of the State.

It seems, therefore, most unreasonable that an institution

founded by the government for the technical education of the
people should be compelled to charge every student one hun-

ie _ dred dollars per annum for tuition and room-rent, thereby

excluding from it a large proportion of those who would most

e gladly avail themselves of its advantages. If the object in

establishing such a college is to enlighten and elevate the
farming community, and to improve and increase the agricult-
ural products of the State, why should any one be debarred

a by high tuition from the fullest enjoyment of its privileges?

s It is earnestly hoped, by both trustees and faculty, that. the
____ legislature will not only appropriate the money necessary for
~ the maintenance of the College in a flourishing condition, but _

also provide that indigent students, at least, who are resi-

dents of the Commonwealth, may enjoy free tuition.

To pay the small indebtedness, meet necessary current
expenses for the year 1875, and make some desirable im-
provements, the College needs an appropriation of ten thou-
sand dollars.

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ~ [ Mar.

The importance of providing the means to defray the neces-
sary expense of investigations and experiments for the
advancement of pure science, especially of chemistry and
animal and vegetable physiology, as well as for the improve-
ment of agriculture in its various departments, has been
repeatedly urged in former reports. The great number of
institutions maintained in Europe for this special purpose, as
well as the obvious advantages which must result from such |
action, would seem to be sufficient reasons for a legislative
enactment requiring that such work should be constantly and
systematically carried on at the State Agricultural College.
Competent investigators ought to be found among the pro-
fessors, and useful assistants among the students, especially
in the post-graduate course; while most of the material ap-
pliances are already at hand in the fields, the barns, the
plant-houses, and the scientific laboratories.

It is, however, indispensable, for the highest success of
such an experiment station, that its officers have the means
for purchasing such special apparatus as may be required, and
for employing such labor as may at any time be absolutely
demanded. They must also have the assurance that investi-
gations may be continued through a series of years, without
interruption or hindrance, since field experiments will other-
wise be of comparatively little value.

Notwithstanding the want of funds and the abundance of
other imperative duties, the officers of the College have not
been idle in years past, but have enthusiastically and. labori-
ously striven to accomplish what they could in this direction.

Professor Goessmann has won high commendation for him-
self and the College, and done a most valuable work for the
agricultural interests of the whole country, by his very elab-
orate and satisfactory experiments in regard to the cultivation
of the beet for the production of sugar. Though we still
continue to practise the folly of sending to foreign countries
one hundred millions of dollars in gold every year for an
agricultural product which the farmers of France profitably
raise for four cents per pound, and though we still in the
West grow corn for ten cents per bushel on land that would
yield easily a ton of sugar to the acre, we shall, before many
years, adopt the wiser policy of nearly all the nations of con

- 1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 11

tinental Europe, and cease to import what we can economi-
cally grow upon our own soil. Then the College reports
‘upon this subject, published in 1871, 1872 and 1874, will be
duly appreciated.

Again, in 1873, Professor Goessmann prepared a valuable
report on commercial fertilizers ; and the result of the discus-
sions thereby induced has been the enactment. of a law for
the regulation of the sale of these costly, but indispensable,
aids to profitable farming. The object of the law, in the
Professor’s own words, is to compel the dealers in these
articles “to state what they sell and to sell what they state.”
The very able reports made by him, as State Inspector of
Fertilizers, to the Board of Agriculture, and printed in the
“ Agriculture of Massachusetts” for 1873-4 and 1874—5, have
been pronounced by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder as worth more
to the Commonwealth than all that has been expended for the
maintenance of the board since its first organization.

An excellent paper upon commercial fertilizers will be found -
appended to this Report..

Professor Stockbridge has also been engaged, for some
years, under many difficulties, in the prosecution of experi-
ments relating to the application of special fertilizers in defi-
nite quantities to particular crops. The results are very
encouraging, and an interesting preliminary report upon the
subject is herewith presented.

Under the direction of the President, a great number of
observations have been made during the years 1873 and 1874
upon the following subjects, viz. :—

first. The structure, composition and arrangement of the
buds of hardy trees and shrubs. Specimens have been col-
lected from one hundred and forty species, but the investiga-
tions are not yet finished.

Second. The percentage of water to be fomidis in the wood
and bark of the several parts of trees at different seasons of
the year.

Third. The phenomena and causes of the flow of sap
from wounds in trees when denuded of their foliage, as well
as the flow from the stumps of woody and herbaceous plants
when cut near the ground in summer. In connection with
this subject an attempt has been made to determine what

Lar - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Mar.

species flow, how rapidly and copiously, and under what
circumstances.

‘Fourth. The pressure and: suction exerted by the move-
ments of the sap exuded from the detached roots of plants,
or from the wood of trees at different elevations from the
ground, as exhibited upon water or mercurial gauges or
manometers.

Fifth. The structure and functions of the bark of exogen-
ous trees, with special reference to the circulation of sap, the
formation of wood, and the effects of girdling.

Sixth. The expansive force of growing vegetable tissue
in a squash has been measured, and in connection with this
experiment many interesting observations have been made
concerning the structure and development of the squash
plant. |

The facts ascertained and recorded for the first time upon
the above topics are several thousand in number, and have
been presented to the State Board of Agriculture for publi-
eation in the Annual Report by Secretary Flint. A summary
of the results, in the form of a lecture, is appended to this
Report.

Valuable assistance has been cheerfully rendered by Pro-
fessors Peabody, Stockbridge, Goessmann and Maynard, and
by Messrs. Wakefield, Wellington, Penhallow, Knapp,
Brooks, Hague, Dodge and Clark, members of the College.

A remark of Mr. Robert Manning, editor of the publica-
tions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, is perhaps
worthy of record in this place. After being informed of the
interesting results of the above-mentioned investigations, he
said he did not know that it was necessary to maintain the
Agricultural College in order to have these truths discovered,
but they were unknown until after its establishment.

In additi6n to their regular duties as instructors, the Presi-
dent and Professors Stockbridge and Cressy, and Farm
Superintendent Dillon have attended a large number of agri-
cultural fairs, farmers’ institutes, and the annual country
meeting of the Board of Agriculture, and contributed by
formal lectures and extempore remarks to the public exercises
of these gatherings. *It is an encouraging fact that the
attendance on these meetings for the benefit of the agricult-

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 13

ural community has been unusually large, and the interest
manifested very decided.

At the close of the academic year, Professor Peabody
resigned his position as professor of mathematics and physics,
and Professor William B. Graves, of Marietta College,
Ohio, was chosen as his successor. He is now engaged in
preparing a report to the legislature on the proper width for
the rims of wagon wheels, considered with reference both to
the wear of the highways and the draught of loaded vehicles.

The condition of the farm and its management for the year
will be learned from the accompanying report of Superin-
tendent Dillon. . Professor Maynard’s will show what has
been done in the horticultural department.. The principal
wants of this department are, glass structures for the propa
gation of bedding plants and for graperies and orchard
houses, and the fund, so often mentioned, of fifty thousand
dollars for the endowment of the Botanic Garden.

The Hills prizes for the best herbariums, prepared during
the year by the members of the senior class, were awarded
as follows, viz. :—The first prize, of fifteen dollars, to Thomas
Russell Callender, of Northfield, and the second prize, of ten
dollars, to William Penn Brooks, of South Scituate. The
‘prize, of five dollars, for the best collection of woods, was
obtained by Lauren Kellogg Lee, of Shrewsbury.

The public exercises of the fourth anniversary week began
on Monday, July thirteenth, when the lower classes were ex-
amined in the studies of the term by the committee appointed
by the State Board of Agriculture. The members of this
committee were President P. A. Chadbourne, D.D., LL.D.,
of Williamstown; Joseph N. Sturtevant, Esq., of Framing-
ham; and Edward P. Root, Esq., of Barre. These gentle-
men visited the College several times during the year, and
their report in regard to its condition and wants will be

i: _ found in the “ Agriculture of Massachusetts” for 1874-5.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations occurred on Monday
evening, in the military hall, where all the anniversary exer- .
cises were held. The successful competitors for the gold
medals were Thomas Edwin Smith, of Chesterfield, from the
‘sophomore class, and Joseph Wyman, of Arlington, from the
freshman class. The silfer medals were awarded to John

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

Elgin Williams, of Amherst, from the sophomore class, and
to Walter Mason Dickinson, of Amherst, from the freshman
class. .

On Tuesday, July fourteenth, the forenoon was devoted to
the oral examination of the graduating class in agriculture,
for the Grinnell prizes, established by Hon. William Claflin.
A large number of distinguished gentlemen were present,
and abundant evidence given by the class of thorough train-
ing in this special department of the College. The examin-
ing committee, consisting of Gideon H. Allen, B.S., of
North Conway, N. H., John M. Smith, Esq., of Sunderland,
and J. N. Bagg, Esq., of West Springfield, awarded the first
prize, of fifty dollars, to Edgar Howard Libby, of Ashland,
and the second prize, of twenty dollars, to Edward Phelps
Chandler, of Westborough.

The Peabody prize, of twenty dollars, for the best collec-
tion of insects, was also awarded to Mr. Libby.

In the afternoon of Tuesday, the usual address before the |
Social Union was delivered by President Chadbourne. ° His
subject was “ Physical Science as the Product and Promoter
of Civilization,” and his masterly treatment of it afforded the
highest satisfaction to his hearers. The orator began by
comparing the ancient civilizations and their results to the
geological periods in the earth’s history with the peculiar
treasures deposited in each for the use of man. “This age of
the earth, with its higher forms of life, is better than all
former ones. It is the period for which these were but prep-
arations; and their importance is measured alone by the
material they have prepared for us. So the past civilizations
have left something all through the ages that we can no more
neglect than we can the mineral treasures of the earth. But
the present civilization, more wide-spreading than all others,
is to mold the destinies of the race while the world remains.
Nothing better has gone before it to which we can appeal for
an example and for guidance. The natural sciences are
prominent among the elements of stability in this civilization,
being important agencies in almost every system of education,
as well as the procurers and fashioners of almost every
material product which,the varied wants of enlightened man
demand. Physical science shows *what man has done for

a — £

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 15

himself, not what nature has done for him. Science does not

advance man, but man advances science; and he does this
most effectually when striving after a knowledge of the truth,
without regard to its practical usefulness. The advance of
science is always beyond the line of utility.

“As a promoter of civilization, the greatest triumph of
science is the means it provides for intercourse among
nations. It also widens the field for human habitation, and
makes possible a more compact settlement of the earth. It
is a wonderful indicator of man’s power of thought, and the
great preserver of all arts. But science cannot bring man
up to the highest plane of mental and moral character. The
guiding star to all permanent progress in this direction is
found in the firmament of our moral and religious nature.”

A large number of graduates were in attendance at the
anniversary, and formally organized an association, to be
known as the Associate Alumni of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College; the object of which is declared to be, to
promote in every proper way the interests of the College, to
cultivate among the graduates a sentiment of mutual regard,
and to foster and strengthen their attachment to their Alma
Mater. |

The forenoon of Wednesday, July fifteenth, was devoted
to the inspection of the farm, stock and buildings, and the
review of the battalion of Agricultural Cadets by His Honor
Thomas Talbot, acting governor of the Commonwealth.
Several members of the executive council, and many other
distinguished visitors, were present to witness the evolutions
of the battalion under the command of Professor Merrill,
eS. A.

In the afternoon, the usual graduating exercises were
attended by a numerous audience, and eight theses pro-
nounced by members of the graduating’ class, the valedictory
addresses being delivered by Daniel Green Hitchcock, of
Warren. ‘The diplomas were then presented by His Honor
Thomas Talbot, with a few appropriate remarks. He eulo-
gized education, saying that an intelligent brain is the best
partner for industrious hands. There is no short cut to a
worthy life. Patience, integrity and hard work are the paths
that lead to success. In conclusion, he spoke of the advan-

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. ’75.

tages and pleasures of rural life in contrast with the incon-
veniences and uncertainties of a business career in the crowded
centres of manufactures and commerce.

In reviewing the history of the year 1874, the Trustees feel
that it has been one of real and unusual prosperity for the
institution under their charge. The officers and students
have performed their duties with marked fidelity, and there
has been no ease of death or severe sickness among them.
The general tone of the newspapers has been much more con-
siderate and complimentary. than heretofore, and the public
opinion in regard to the value of the course of study and
training at the College has evidently become more intelligent
and more favorable.

The method of teaching adonied by the faculty is the one
so much commended and so admirably practised by the
lamented Agassiz, which leads the student to observe and
investigate for himself, rather than to have implicit faith in
text-books, without questioning or testing their statements.
The educational influence of the numerous scientific investi-
gations and experiments continually carried on by the pro-
fessors, assisted by the students, cannot fail to be most
beneficial, as well on account of the accurate and permanent
character of the knowledge thus acquired, as of the stimulat-
ing and ennobling effect of such researches upon the minds
and hearts of those engaged in them.

Respectfully submitted,
By order of the Trustees,

Ww. S. CLARK,
President.

AMHERST, January, 1875.

a
»
’
p f
x
5:
zy oY
ae ay
ame
<
4 »
y =
7 a

“10A3] OY} JO UoTHsod Oy} Ut SUOTIPEIILA OY} BIOIPUL OF O[LOS ‘Ss ‘mo13 ould edtoutd oy} Yyoryas Wor JOOr
-98ne3 Telmoioul “YW “s}yStoM yy W1Oddns 0} J0A9T OY} ‘a

gauu0s pte plo syaea YSIe UsyM BO yo Sem yor ‘outa ay} JO O01 OY} a “paced sem ysenbs oy} yorym Ur x0q et} ty
‘sgourey ut ysenbs ey} yyM qd Suyesedosd oy} suqryxXe T "BT

*98mreS © YIM pe}
3 petmnozour B 0} peyoeHeE eurA PUodeS B Jo joo1-ysenbs oy} pue

“des ay} yo ainsserd otf} MOUS OF asne.

— ———— =
———————
So
—aaaEaaBa]ESaSESESESS aaa

Sas = —
== Sz ——— ee

¢,é—_—___—__—_—_—__ Y
/. G o__—

> Aa 2a

fe =
fn —$—$<$—$———————— = =

‘T oINsoLy

Oa 8 dl NES Dime SE ll ln a mV
+e no a a 4 ap ee dig ‘ ; rites y r,
A mee cee i Ame ) re
\ ¥ é
. »
so
®
MuAh EOTURE,
ON
F LOW OF SAP AND THE POWER OF |
: PLAN Il GROWTH,
Deitysnep BEFORE THE NEW oer AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE,
: be _ AT WorcrsTER, Mass., January 23, 1875.
By Presipent W. S. CLARK, LL.D 3
i, =

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

THE FLOW OF SAP AND THE POWER OF PLANT
GROWTH.

The committee of arrangements for this Agricultural In-
stitute, in selecting their speakers, seem to have had in mind
the excellent motto of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England,—* Practice with Science.” You have already been
entertained and instructed by gentlemen who possess both
practical wisdom and scientific attainments, as well as the
happy faculty of telling what they know in an interesting
manner. It is, therefore, with hesitation that I presume to
state a few facts concerning the phenomena of plant life which
have come under my observation during the past year.

There are said to be persons whose desire for the acquisition
of wealth is so excessive, that even in the presence of the majes-
tic fall and the resounding and resistless flood of Niagara, they
are principally occupied in calculating its value as a water-
power. Such men cannot be expected to approve or appreciate
any attempt at scientific research for the discovery of truth,
except so far as they may be able to see money init. They
fail to perceive that every new fact learned is a step forward
in the grand march of human progress.

It seems to have been the special mission of the lamented
Agassiz to this utilitarian age and people to demonstrate the
unspeakable worth of scientific pursuits. This great teacher,
while devoting his life chiefly to the study of the most obscure
and worthless of animals, was accustomed, upon occasions
like this, to take the platform and awaken within the breast
of every hearer the highest enthusiasm for pure science, and
the heartiest admiration for himself as an interpreter of
Nature. Though he has left his associates on the State
Board of Agriculture no code of rules for their guidance,

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 19

and though he has added little to what we call the practical
knowledge of farmers, he has been, like the invisible steam
within a mighty engine, the power to move us all. Let us
preserve the impetus he has imparted, and by similar diligence
and earnestness in the cultivation of those sciences which are
inseparably connected with progress in agriculture, we may
hope to command for our profession the respect of all intelli-
gent men, and to accomplish much for its advancement.
When we consider that during the past year more than a
million of dollars have been expended by the most enlightened
nations in sending expeditions to distant parts of the earth
to observe the transit of Venus, we may certainly hope that
scientific investigations concerning things nearer home, and
more directly connected with every-day life, will soon be
appreciated and sustained better than they have been in the
past.
Liebig, the illustrious leader in the application of chemistry
to the improvement of soils and the production of desirable
crops, has said that the scientific basis of agriculture em-

_ braces a knowledge of all the conditions of vegetable life ;

while Dr. Lindley, the distinguished botanist and editor of
the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette,” of Lon-

* don, has declared that good agriculture and horticulture are

founded upon the laws of vegetable physiology.

The phenomena of plant life, therefore, afford a most
appropriate ‘field for investigation at an Agricultural College.
During the last two years numerous experiments have been

undertaken, and some thousands of observations made and

recorded at Amherst, for the purpose of learning as much as
possible in regard to the nature of the vital force in plants.
Our inquiries have thus far been directed especially to the

movements of the sap in the roots, wood and bark of trees,

and to the facts concerning its flow from the maple and other
species in the spring. Observations have also been made

upon the peculiar structure and functions of the wood, bark

and roots, and upon the mechanical power of growing
vegetable tissue.
Your attention is invited this. evening to a few of the more

| | important results thus far attained, in the hope that they may
not prove altogether uninteresting. The importance of these

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

investigations would be more readily appreciated did time
allow us to state some of the numerous, but exceedingly
diverse and often absurd, hypotheses which have been
advanced in reference to the circulation of sap in plants.
Even during the past year, a course of lectures on the
“Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the Lower
Animals, and in Man,” delivered before the Royal College of
Surgeons in Edinburgh, has been published by Macmillan &

Co., of London, in which it is announced that the sap of
_ trees descends in autumn, and escapes from the roots into the
earth. The author, after assuming this and other false prem-
ises, proceeds to invent a ee wee system of compound
syphons, by means of which he accounts to his satisfaction for
all the movements of sap. The name of this ingenious profes-
sor is J. Bell Pettigrew, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.R.
C.P.E., etce., and ought to have weight, but unfortunately the
facts are against him, and facts are said to be stubborn things.

The syphons of Dr. Pettigrew are as difficult to find and
as useless as the spongioles which Mr. Herbert Spencer imag-
ines to exist in the roots and in the leaves of trees. He
assumes (falsely) that the upward and downward currents of
sap move in the vessels of the wood, the spongioles of the
leaves, which nobody else has seen, forcing the elaborated
sap down through the very same capillary tubes up which the
crude sap is epee to be driven by the ese cil of the
roots, whatever they may be.

The observations to be described will demonstrate that the
metaphysical speculations even of talented men are of small
value in the study of experimental science.

Let us first consider the phenomenon of bees or the
flow of sap, from plants. —

_ The fungus called Merulius lacrymans, which causes the
dry-rot in timber, owes its destructive influence to the fact
that it is always moist, apparently from the exudation of
water from the surface of the fibres of its mycelium. Water
is said sometimes to drip from the leaves of the cabbage, the
calla and many other plants, especially during warm nights,
when exhalation of aqueous vapor from the stomates has
ceased. The leaf of a species of caladium has a small pore
at its tip, from which water drops so freely that half a pint

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. i ON

has been collected from one leaf in a single night. This sort
of bleeding, or weeping, seems to nana cepa the excessive
activity of the absorbent rootlets.

The pitchers of several species of Wepenthes, Sarracenia,
etc., secrete from glands within them an aqueous fluid, which,
however, seems to have some powerful properties, adapting
it for the destruction and digestion of the insects which serve
as food to these carnivorous plants.

A great variety of volatile oils, like turpentine and wood
oil, of resins, like copal, mastic and colophony, of elastic
resins, like caoutchouc and gutta-percha, of gums, like gum-
arabic, and of sugars, like manna, are found in commerce,
and are products either of decomposition or of secretion
in the tissues of certain trees. Sometimes these peculiar
substances, which are not known to be of any use to the trees
producing them, exist in al/ the tissues, while in other cases
they are confined chiefly either to the wood or the bark. The
mode of extraction varies greatly in different countries.

Thus, on the island of Singapore, the gutta-percha tree
has been exterminated by the destructive method adopted for
the collection of this valuable substance. The trees, instead
of being tapped and carefully preserved, were cut down to
obtain the milky sap. Caoutchouc is now generally obtained
by making incisions in the bark, or bark and sap-wood of the
numerous species which furnish it. Gum-arabic exudes from
natural cracks in the bark of several species of leguminous
trees in dry, hot weather: Manna is procured by making
short, horizontal incisions, one ‘above the other, in the bark
of a species of ash. Venetian. turpentine is the product of
_ the European larch. The mode of tapping it in the Tyrol is
as follows:—A hole one inch in diameter is bored in the

spring into the centre of the tree, inclining slightly upward
_ from the bark. This is stopped with wood: and in autumn
the plug is removed and the pitch collected. This process is
repeated annually without any detriment to the tree. If,
however, several holes be bored and the pitch allowed to flow
through the warm season, as is done in Piedmont, the timber
is said to be greatly injured.

The gathering of turpentine, or pine pitch, in our Southern
States, is conducted in the following manner :—The turpen-

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

tine flows from incisions made in the bark and sap-wood
chiefly of the long-leaved pine. One man can attend to about
three thousand trees through the year. The pitch is collected in
cavities, called boxes, holding about three pints, which are cut
with an ax, in the trunk, near the ground, during the winter.
Above the boxes horizontal incisions an inch or two in depth
are made, from time to time, so as to expose a fresh surface.
The quantity of bark thus removed from above the box
amounts to about a foot in height and the same in width each
year, and the process is continued till the so-called chipping
has extended as high as a man can reach, when a new box is
cut on the opposite side of the tree. The flow begins about
the middle of March and continues through the season of
erowth, being best in July and August. The boxes are
emptied five or six times during the year, and the resin which
forms on the exposed wood is scraped off from time to time.
The total annual yield of three thousand trees is about seventy-
five barrels of pitch, and twenty-five of scrapings. :

Many herbaceous plants, when growing rapidly, will flow
somewhat freely from the stump when cut down. Thus, if a
stout stalk of corn or tobacco be cut near the ground, it will
bleed for a few hours; and, if a pressure gauge be applied
and the air excluded, the sap will exert a force sufficient to
sustain a column of water from ten to twenty-five feet in
height. The stump of a squash vine, about two months
old, in the Durfee Plant-house, exuded its sap, last August,
with a power equal to a column of water forty-eight and a
half feet high, but the tender roots died at the end of three
days, when the pressure ceased. [See Fig. 1.]

The Jubaea spectabilis of Chili is a palm tree, valu-
able on account of the very agreeable syrup obtained by
the evaporation of its sap. This, however, is procured in a
singular and wasteful manner. Trees fifty feet high are felled
so that the top lies higher than the butt. The single bud, with
the crown of leaves at the top, is then cut off, and the sap flows
freely for several months from the upper end of the trunk,
provided a fresh surface be exposed every day by removing
a thin slice of the wood. Mr. Darwin says if the top les
lower than the butt, the sap will not flow, and that it runs
best in the warmest days. The total flow from each trunk

1875.] SENATE—No, 99. 23

amounts to about ninety gallons, or seven hundred and
twenty-five pounds, of sap. No satisfactory explanation of
this curious phenomenon has been discovered.

In the warm regions of Asia, Africa and South America
are found nearly one thousand species of palm trees, from
many of which a sweet sap is obtained in large quantities.
This is simply allowed to ferment, and drank as palm wine,
or distilled for the production of a sort of brandy, or it is
evaporated for the extraction of its sugar in the form of syrup,
or of a dry powder. In the province of Bengal, in India,
fifty thousand tons of palm sugar are produced annually.
The total product of palm wine in the world greatly exceeds
that of wine from the grape.

Instead of felling the trees, as in Chili, it is customary in
some countries to make deep incisions into the top of the trunk,
from which the sap flows during the cooler months of the
year, the amount varying with the species. The common
wild date tree of India, which attains a height of from thirty
to forty feet, yields about two hundred pounds per annum of

sap, containing some eight pounds of sugar, or four times the

average yield of our sugar maples.
_ Palm wine, or toddy, is, however, usually obtained from
the great branching flower stalks of the trees. From the
axils of the immense leaves, or fronds, are developed huge
buds, containing the inflorescence. Before these burst the
stout spathe by which they are enveloped, they are carefully
bound together and then beaten with sticks, to crush the
flower buds and thus to cause the sap to flow freely from the
tip of the main axis of the inflorescence, which attains a
length of some feet. The. process of beating the bud and
removing a thin slice from the end is repeated daily so long
as the bud lasts. There are often several of these flowing on
the same tree at once, and upon some species they are con-
-stantly renewed and as constantly bled for two or three years,
when the tree dies from exhaustion.

‘The Agave Americana, or century plant, upon reaching
maturity, which it does in warm regions in about seven years,
sends up a flower stalk which produces numerous branches
and several thousand flowers, rising to the height of from
twenty to forty feet. Near the cities and large towns of

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

Mexico, extensive plantations of this species are cultivated
for the sweet sap which flows very abundantly into the cavity
formed by cutting out the flower bud from the centre of the
crown of massive leaves. This sap is produced for several
months, until the plant is exhausted, and in the ageregate
amounts to from twelve hundred to sixteen hundred pounds
from each plant. It ferments rapidly and forms an acid,
slightly intoxicating fluid, with an intolerable odor of carrion.
It is called pulque, and is the favorite beverage of the Mex-
icans. Foreigners are also said to become accustomed to its
peculiar taste and odor, and then to prefer it to claret. A
powerful brandy is also distilled from the fermented sap.

At present we are unable to give any other explanation for
the flow of sweet sap from the flower buds of palms and
agaves than that these plants have been so constituted that
they first accumulate a quantity of starch, which is stored up
either in the leaves or the pith of the stems, and then, by a
vital process, this starch is rapidly converted into sugar and
transferred to the flower buds for their nourishment.

During the past two years, we have tested with reference to
the flow of sap about sixty species of trees and shrubs grow-
ing in Amherst. These have been tapped at various times
during the year, and most of them have been visited daily,
about noon, for several weeks in the spring. Whenever sap
has been seen to flow, the number of drops per minute
has been recorded, or the entire flow for the day has been
weighed. The results of these observations will be found
in the annual report of the State Board of Agriculture for
1874-5.

Many trees, like the chestnut, the oak, the elm and the
poplar, do not flow at all; others, like the buttonwood, the
apple, the beech, the alder and the hickory, flow for a very
short time, or in very moderate quantity ; while others, like
the birches, the maples, the ironwood and the grape, flow for
a considerable time quite freely.

The grape is generally supposed to bleed more abundantly
from wounds than any other woody plant, but there are
several species which far surpass it in rapidity and quantity
of flow, even though allowance be made for its size. The
total amount of sap from a very large wild vine, during the

1875.) SENATE—No. 99. 25

past season, was eleven pounds and nine ounces, while
a paper birch, fifteen inches in diameter, yielded sixty-three
pounds in one day and fourteen hundred and eighty-six
pounds in less than two months.

The second question for consideration relates to the time
when plants bleed.

Herbaceous plants flow most copiously when in vigorous
erowth, if the stems be cut off so as to offer little resistance |
‘to the sap forced upwards by the active absorption which
occurs as a vital process in the root hairs or minute rootlets.

Palms and agaves flow when about to blossom, and so far
as we know, by reason of a vital process, connected with
the period of inflorescence and fruiting. If the flower stalks
Were uninjured, the same transference of material would
occur, and we should imagine we accounted for it by saying
it goes to the place where it is wanted and used. But this is
no reason for the continued flow from the wounded bud, the
development of which has been stopped.

The bleeding of the grape, the apple and other thees,
which occurs only in warm weather, must be attributed to
the vital force of the absorbent surface of their roots, which
awaken to new activity after their annual period of repose.
The flow from such species is not of long duration, and ceases
with the development of their foliage.

Certain species of trees, of which the sugar maple may be
taken as the type, will bleed from wounds at any time
between the fall of the leaves in autumn and the opening of
the buds in spring, provided the weather is sufficiently cold
to freeze the wood, which contains from forty to fifty per
cent. of water, at all seasons of the year, and provided the
temperature afterwards rises somewhat above the freezing
point. |

If a mercurial gauge be applied to the root of a grape
vine, which is entirely separated from the vine itself, and
lies buried in the earth just as it grew, it will, like all other
roots in early spring, show suction; that is, the root will
absorb the water from the gauge and draw the mercury
towards itself. In May, however, the root will begin to
exude sap into the gauge, and the pressure exerted by it will
increase until about the last of the month, when it will be

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ——[Mar.

equal to a column of water from fifty to ninety or more feet
in height.

A black birch root, treated in a similar manner during-the
past season, has shown a variation, between the greatest
suction and the highest pressure, of one hundred and three
feet of water.

If now we apply a gauge to the root of a sugar maple, we
obtain most surprising results. This tree, which flows so
freely, exhibits no pressure from root absorption. We must,
therefore, seek some other cause for tne flow of sap, which is
often very abundant. )

In order to learn the movements of the sap In a sugar
maple, we attached, last March, five gauges to one tree in
the following manner, viz. :

Number one, to a ast root in its natural position in
the ground.

Napiber two, to the end of the same root which was con-
nected with the trunk of the tree.

Number three, to the sap-wood just beneath the bark and
two feet from the ground.

Number four, to the centre of the tree, in the eo lal
at the same level with number three.

Number five, to the sap-wood, twenty feet above number
three, among the branches.

Observations were made three times daily for ten weeks,
and the following remarkable results obtained, viz. :—

First. The detached root showed no pressure at any time.

Second. The gauge among the branches exhibited the
greatest pressure, which was equal to more than fifty-two
feet of water.

Third. The other gauges varied somewhat alike, but
showed the most pressure when sap flowed most rapidly from
other sugar maple trees.

Fourth. When the sap ceased running, as at night, the
gauges began to exhibit suction from the reabsor eae of the
sap in fain by the tree.

From these and other facts, it became evident that the doer
of sap from the maple was in no sense a vital process, but
purely physical. The hypothesis was therefore adopted that
a hard frost separates the sap from the wood of certain trees,

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 27

and that when the temperature rises it is gradually reabsorbed.
If, however, the tree be tapped, so that the liberated sap can
run out, then it will do so, flowing, as is the case in the
maple, most copiously from above. The bleeding is a sort of
leakage from the vessels of the wood; but this is evidently
aided by the elastic force of the gases in the wood, which are
compressed by the sap liberated, and which are further
expanded by the increase of temperature which always
accompanies a flow.

This hypothesis explains the variations of the gauges, and
accounts for the singular fact that the upper one shove the
most pressure, Heesnise the branches and twigs would of

course be most quickly and powerfully affected by the heat

of the sun and the temperature of the atmosphere. The
pressure of the expanded gases within a tree, in its normal
condition, would facilitate the process of reabsorption by the
wood of the’liberated sap. Their contraction by cold would
also cause the cessation of the flow from a tree which was
running, and produce the extraordinary phenomenon of. suc-
tion, exhibited by the gauges at night.

An interesting demonstration of this theory was obtained

| _ by cutting branches, fifteen feet in length, “from trees of

sugar maple, white birch, hickory, buttonwood, chestnut and
elm, when the temperature was below zero, and suspending
them in the warm air of the Durfee Plant-house. The maple

soon began to flow at the rate of twenty-four drops per

minute, the buttonwood eleven drops, and the hickory exuded
a little honey-sweet sap, precisely as in early spring; while

i” the birch, the chestnut and the elm remained perfectly dry.
_ A gauge was then attached to a maple limb, ’and exhibited the

same phenomena when the limb was heated and cooled as
were observed upon the trees in the open air last spring, in

: the alternations of day and night.

In regard to the causes which induce the absorption ‘of

water me soluble substances by the roots of living plants, it
seems unfortunate that so much has been claimed for osmose
in this connection. Boussingault has recently shown that
roots containing sugar do not exude it when growing in

water; while leaves and fruits, when immersed in this fluid,
readily absorb it by an osmotic process, and part with their

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

sugar. If the enormous absorption of water by the roots of
birch trees, in spring, were accompanied by any correspond-
ing exudation, it would appear easy to find some proof of it,
which no one has yet detected. It is not possible to account
for the fact, that when the sap is rising most rapidly, none
will flow from a wound in the bark, even when it will run a
stream from the outer layer of wood, if the circulation in the
trunk is caused by osmose. There is fresh cellular tissue in
the liber and some soluble material; but the bark remains
comparatively dry till growth begins. After the cambium
has become abundant, why should not all the crude sap
press towards it and draw the elaborated material directly
into the wood, instead of pushing its way against the force of
gravity to the leaves, if osmose is so powerful an agent in
the circulation? If this tendency to rush into the bark were
to exist, there would be a much greater flow from places that
are girdled than is now observed, and probably the bark
itself would be ruptured by the pressure exerted,- which
_ would often be equal to more than thirty pounds to the
square inch.

One of the most surprising facts to be noticed in examining
the wood of any tree with well-developed foliage, is the entire
absence of anything like free, or fluid, water. A freshly cut
surface of the sap-wood is not even moist to the touch, and,
if a tube be inserted into the trunk of such a tree, it will fre-
quently absorb water with great avidity. On the sixth of June
last, a half-inch tube, six feet in length, was attached toa
stop-cock, inserted into the trunk of an elm,-.and the tube filled
with water. The absorption was so rapid that the fluid disap-
peared in thirty minutes, and this was repeated several times
the same day. Similar observations were made upon white
oak, chestnut and buttonwood trees.

Now, this absorption was not osmotic, but apparently the
result of imbibition, or the affinity of the cellulose of the
woody fibre for the water. Is not this, then, the proper
name for the force which carries up the crude sap?

The wood of growing trees, when cut from near the sur- -
face, though apparently dry, contains nearly fifty per cent. of
water; and in the young twigs, with a living pith, the pro-
portion is even greater.

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 29

There is good reason to believe that the sap in ordinary
.trees begins to move first in the buds, and that the first sup-
ply of water exhaled in the spring is derived from the sap-
wood. Branches of aspen and red maple, two feet in length,
were cut on the twenty-sixth of last March, aud placed in a
warm room in an empty vase. The flower buds developed
without any other water than what they could abstract from
the wood ; so that, on the fifth day, the staminate catkins of
the aspen were four inches long and the pollen well devel-
oped. Branches which have been removed from apple trees
in the spring are often covered: with blossoms in a similar
way, while lying on the ground. It is a well-established fact
that the roots of most woody plants have no power at any
season to force water to any considerable height when sepa-
rated from their stems.

The roots of all plants, growing in ordinary soil, develop —
most freely and absorb most abundantly, when the earth is
well drained and aérated. Thus we find that the crude sap
imbibed by the root-hairs from the surface of the particles
of the svil, seems to be taken up in a dry state,—that is, it is
absorbed, molecule by molecule, and no liquid is visible, and
carried in this form through all the cellulose membranes
between the earth and the leaf by which it is to be digested .
or exhaled. We do not say this is literally true, but. it
accords very nearly with what is constantly to be seen. The .
circulation of the sap in a poplar tree is very dry, compared
_ with that of the blood in any animal. Not a drop of sap or
moisture will ever flow from the soft wood of an aspen, so
far as we have observed. Nevertheless, it grows very freely
_and starts very early in the spring, and usually contains more
than fifty per cent. of water. |

That living cellulose has a peculiar and most powerful
affinity for water is evident from the fact, discovered by De
Vries, that when a shoot of an herbaceous plant with large
leaves is cut, and the fresh surface allowed to come for a
short time into contact with the air, it loses much of its.
absorbing power, and the leaves will wilt, even though it be
placed in water. If, however, the section be made under
water, so that the living tissue is not exposed to the air, its ©
power of imbibition remains unimpaired, and the leaves do
not wilt.

30 ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

It appears, therefore, that much of the crude sap passes
through the membranes of the sap-wood, or woody fibre, or -
cellular tissue of plants in an apparently solid form, combined
with the cellulose, just as the water in dry slacked lime or a
plaster cast is in a solid state. In all these cases, it may be
obtained as a liquid by distillation at a temperature of 212° F.
The cause of the motion is the removal of the water from the
tissue at some point, by exhalation, by chemical combination,
or by assimilation. Whenever any portion of the living
cellulose has an insufficient amount of water to saturate its
affinity, it imbibes an additional quantity, and this process is
continued backward through the tissues. to the earth or the
source of supply. —

The conducting power of the cellulose of sap-wood is very
remarkable, as‘is seen in the fact, that whenever a limb of an
apple or peach tree breaks down under its burden of fruit, it
very rarely wilts or fails to ripen its crop. Those who have
compared the area of a section of the trunk of a large tree
with the area of a section of its branches at any point above,
must have noticed that the relative amount of sap-wood
rapidly increases as we ascend toward the top, and that the
young twigs and small branches contain no other wood.

An elm in Amherst, famous for the beautiful symmetry of
its form, and known as the Ayres elm, was carefully meas-
ured lust summer by Professor Graves and the senior class of
the College. The area of the sections of the branches twenty
feet from the ground was more than twice as great as the
area of a section of the trunk four feet from the earth, and
the proportion of sap-wood was of course much greater.

An interesting experiment was undertaken at the Durfee
Piant-house, to determine how small a proportion of sap-
wood could conduct the necessary supply of sap to the foliage
of a growing tree, and, also, whether the bark alone could
transmit the requisite water to prevent the leaves from wilting.
A plant of Hibiscus splendens, standing in the ground, and
having three stems from the same root, was selected for trial.
The plant was growing rapidly, and was prepared for the
experiment as follows :—Two of the stems were tied firmly
to stakes, and the third left undisturbed. The first specimen
had -all the bark removed from one inch of the stem, and

1875.] SENATE—No. 99.

then the wood was cut away until there remained only a
small piece of the outside layer of sap-wood, which was one

inch long, and seven-sixteenths of an inch in
circumference. This exposed surface was im-
mediately covered with grafting wax, to protect
the tissues from the action of the air. The amount
of stem remaining was just one eighty-fourth of.
the original, which was about four inches around.
The healthy leaf surface was fully twenty-five
hundred square inches, from both sides of which
exhalation went on to some extent, making five
thousand square inches of exhaling surface. The
result was that the foliage remained perfectly
fresh and vigorous for ten days, until, on the
tenth of November, the specimen was cut for the
museum. [See Fig. 2. ]

The other stem was used to determine whether,
by osmose or in any other way, the crude sap
could ascend in the bark and supply the leaves
with water. All the wood, and one-third of the
bark, were removed from a portion one-half inch

in length, the exposed tissues protected by
wax, and the branches so pruned as to
leave but five hundred square inches of leaf
surface. The foliage drooped in a single
hour, and never recovered. This experi-
ment showed that the bark was altogether
incompetent to transmit the requisite supply
of crude sap to the parts above it, although
it was thick and succulent and much greater
in quantity, when compared with the ex-
haling surface, than the piece of sap-wood
which showed such marvellous conducting
power. If osmose were the cause of the
ascent of sap, it would seem that the abun-
dant parenchyma of the bark, intimately
united as it is with the wood by the medul-
lary rays, must freely transmit the amount
required in this case. But the leaves wilted
and perished as quickly as if the entire
stem had been severed. [See Fig. 3.]

39 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

Having thus demonstrated the fact that crude sap ascends
chiefly in the sap-wood of exogenous trees, let us now con-
sider a few facts which appear to prove that there is—a
counter movement of elaborated sap, which is, for the most
part, confined to the bark.

It is well known that if a narrow ring of bark be removed
from the trunk of a tree between the leaves and the roots,
then the deposition of wood ceases below the girdled place,
though above it the growth for the season ensuing will be
quite normal. This proves beyond dispute that the wood
cannot convey that portion of the elaborated sap which is
essential to growth, and that it can be conducted only by the
tissues of the bark, or the imperfectly developed tissues of
the cambium, between it and the perfectly formed wood.
Nevertheless, there is free communication in a transverse
direction for the crude sap, and for some of the elaborated
substances, between the wood and the bark, probably by
means of the medullary rays which connect the two. Thus
only can we account for the fact that the bark below a girdled
place often remains alive long after the deposition of wood
ceases, and also for the circumstance that starch and sugar,
which must originally come from the leaves, are found
either accumulated in the cells of certain stems and roots,
or existing in the sap which flows or is expressed from their
tissues.

If we shave off little by little the bark of a maple when the
sap is flowing freely, we shall observe no exudation from any
portion of the liber even, but, as soon as the whole of this is
removed, the sap issues from every part of the surface of the
exposed wood.

Again, those who work with mill logs tell us that in the
spring the bark becomes soft and loose, precisely as if the
tree were standing, at least in the case of some species.
Sometimes logs. and poles cut for fences will sprout and
actually produce shoots with foliage, the sap of which must
be derived from that which is stored up in the timber, and
which must pass from the wood to the bark.

Mr. William F. Flint, of Richmond, New Hampshire, has
sent us a piece of a red maple slab, which he found on moist

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 33

ground under. a pile of wood, and which threw out at the
ends and sides a callous a quarter of an inch thick, precisely
like an ordinary cutting of a grape vine. Here we have an
instance of growth without either roots, buds or leaves, all
the material for which must
have been derived from the
stick itself. [See Fig. 4.]

Similar to this in its char-
acter is the curious circum-
stance, not very unfrequent,
of old potatoes resolving
themselves into several small-
er ones within the skin of the
parent tuber, without any
external appearance of veg-
etation. This is reported to
have occurred in a vast num-
ber of tubers in a quantity of
potatoes on board a vessel in
the Arctic Ocean, where the
low temperature ‘probably
# exerted some influence in
4) causing this peculiar mode
of sprouting.

With the view of deter-
mining some facts concerning
the functions of the bark in
connection with the circula-
tion of sap and the growth of wood, many experiments have
been undertaken at the College, during the past two years,
with some interesting results.

In order to learn whether the annual layer of wood upon
trees is developed from the outside of the old wood or
from the inside of the bark, the following plan was tried:
Vigorous young trees of elm, willow and chestnut were
selected, which were from two to three inches in diameter.
On the thirtieth of May, before any deposition of organ-
ized tissue was visible, but when the bark was easily sep-
arated from the wood, a horizontal incision was made

with a sharp knife around each stem, and immediately
; |

34 : AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

above this four vertical incisions, on the four quarters of
the stem, about three inches in length.
The four strips of bark were then care-
fully detached from the wood at their
lower ends, and a piece of tinned copper,
one inch wide and long enough to, reach
around the wood and overlap, was adjusted
to the trunk. The bark was then replaced
and covered tightly with cloth which had
been dipped in melted grafting wax. The
trees grew through the season as usual;
and, after the fall of the leaves, the band-
ages were removed and the results ob-
served. Inall cases, the new wood (0) was
found to have been deposited from the
bark, and outside of the metallic band (a).
iSee ‘Mig. 5.]

Examination under the microscope showed that the medul-
: lary rays were as numerous as in other

nuen ace portions of the layer of wood, and extended
anueaten Be directly from the bark to the metal under
canes ace it, thus proving that it did not flow down

i-e from above the band. [See Fig. 6.]

Mig This quite satisfactory result demon-
S|..9 strates that the elaborated material, formed
in the leaves, descends in the bark, rather

$00)

Ls
re too

(RR

a.
ey

©}

Series
cecal elie : than in the wood of all exogenous trees.
ZO Sac
SPAIECERS ce Much information has also been obtained

G
5

[sj
2 Ma:

WN
i>
S}

A\ £5

in regard to the effects of ringing or gird-
ip...e ling the trunks and branches of trees by the
LT removal of a band of bark, or of bark and
> sap-wood, from the entire circumference.
m“..g This has long been practised in new
.a countries to kill the timber which the set-
Fie. 6.* tler had not time to fell, but must destroy

beta

(S
=

es:
GOR

©.

ES;

SG
io

SSG

Sr)
Se

io
(Se
OS
a WH >a

SS
Oc
1S
SO

<<eQs
ce

Ss
&
Sees!

See
ES
SI

eC
‘=
SSS

SSUS2S3

iF (ST
SOedS:
HOSS ESF
[SISe-SNSS
XS Ltrs

l
{
}

* Figure 6 gives the microscopic structure of a horizontal section of the elm wood
and bark directly over the metal. Next to the tin was a thin layer of parenchyma
(a), connected to the inner layer of bark by medullary rays (¢), which were as
numerous as in the other parts of the new wood, and passed directly from the bark
to the metal, whether examined in a horizontal or vertical section. The cork-cells
(f), bast (d@) and parenchyma (e) of the bark, and the woody fibre (6), ducts (g)
and medullary rays (c) of the stem, are clearly visible in this section.

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 35

in order to obtain grass and other crops. The Chinese:are
said to produce curious dwarf fruit trees, by ringing a fruit-
bearing branch and placing over the spot a flower pot filled
with earth in which roots are developed, so that it may then
be detached from the parent tree and cultivated independently.
The Italians propagate the fig tree in a similar manner, and
this process may be made very useful in securing the certain
erowth of a sporting branch of any woody plant, or of the
branches of species with spongy or pithy wood, which will
not root from cuttings.

It is a well-known fact that the ringing of the branch of a
vine or tree will tend to increase the size of the fruit the fol-
lowing season, because the branch is thereby gorged with
elaborated material for which the:e is no outlet, and some
persons habitually adopt this mode of eoprouns fruit, espe-
cially that of the grape.

In the town of Southborough, Mass., is an apple orchard of
healthy trees, from twelve to sixteen inches
in diameter, which were all girdled by the
owner, Mr. Trowbridge Brigham, in _ the
spring of 1870, for the purpose of inducing
fruitfulness. The desired result is said to
have been obtained, and the trees seem to have
suffered no material injury, owing to the im-
perfect manner in which the operation was
performed. At the time when the trees were
in full blossom, a narrow belt of bark, usually
less than an inch in width, was removed from
the trunks, about two feet from the ground.
This did not peel freely in all cases, and there
were many crevices where it was retained.
By means of these connecting links the com-
munication between the leaves and roots was
imperfectly preserved, and during the season
new wood and bark were developed upon
these places. In addition to this, in many
cases, the new wood from the upper side of

i
= ee y)

SIT Fite £5

hae eee ee

nb a SS
aes

— = — ==
ee
See

* Figure 7 shows how a branch of a wild grape vine, after being girdled, formed new
wood from both above and below, and thus made a new passage for the downward
‘flow of the sap. The wood developed from beneath the girdle was formed from sap
elaborated in other branches.

36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Mar.

the -girdled spot was sufficiently abundant to reach across
and form a connection with the living bark below. [See
Big. 7.) | id ,
Upon one of these trees was found a branch some four
inches in diameter, which had been perfectly girdled in 1870,
and, although no communication had existed between the bark
of the branch and that of the trunk, it had grown every year
till March, 1874, when it was cut. The buds upon it were
poorly developed, but alive, while the ends of the branches
were dead. It apparently could not have survived more than
a year or two longer, and the reason was obvious upon mak-
ing a longitudinal section through the girdled part. The limb
was nearly horizontal, and the ring of bark removed was only

Fie. 8.

-a few inches from the trunk. New layers had formed each
year up to the denuded place, but the enlargement was more
above this than below it. The material to form new wood
and bark below came from the other parts of the tree, and
yet, owing apparently to the poor circulation, was deficient
in quantity. The crude sap, with some materials from other
portions of the tree, ascended to the buds and leaves, and
so an unhealthy growth was continued. An examination of
the section of this branch explained the cause of its final
failure. The wood beneath the girdled place, through which
the sap must ascend, was gradually dying, and thus the
channel of communication was constantly becoming more
and more obstructed. On the whole, this mode of treating

1875.) SENATE—No. 99. 37

orchards cannot be recommended for general use. [See
Fig. 8.] |

In regard to the length of time during which a perfectly
girdled tree may continue to live, we have obtained some
facts worth recording.

In India, it is necessary to girdle the teak trees the year
before cutting them, in order to have them die and lose a
portion of their sap by evaporation, since otherwise the logs
will not float down the rivers to market. Removing a ring of
bark is not sufficient to accomplish this result, and it is neces-
sary to cut through all the sap-wood, so as to prevent the
ascent of water to the leaves, or the trees will continue to
live for years. .

Mr. William F. Flint has communicated an interesting
account of a beech tree, about eighteen inches in diameter,
which grew in an open pasture in Richmond, New Hamp-
shire. It was girdled, for the express purpose of killing it,
in 1866, by chopping a gash two or three inches wide and
nearly as deep entirely around the trunk near the ground.
The next year it sent up sprouts from below the girdle, and
formed a new layer over its entire surface. This was
repeated in 1867; but in 1868 the bark and sprouts of the
lower part died, and dead branches began to appear in the
top. This process of decline continued, and, in 1873, but
one of the large branches put forth its leaves, and, finally, on
the ninth year, in 1874, it died utterly. This remarkable
tenacity of life is doubtless due to the close, fine texture of
the timber, and the fact that such beeches in open land have
an unusual amount of sap-wood, and are hence called white
beeches.

A red maple on the College farm, which was girdled in
April, 1873, by cutting a channel in the sap-wood, two inches
wide and one inch deep, bled most profusely, but grew as
usual through the season. No wood, however, was formed
below the girdle, and the bark died and separated from the
wood. The roots, however, remained alive, and the tree has
borne its usual amount of foliage during the summer of 1874,
and formed its buds for the next year, and produced a new
layer of wood above the girdle. Specimens have been col-

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

lected for chemical and microscopic analysis of the roots and
of the wood and bark above and below the girdle, in the hope
that some light may be thrown upon the subject of sap circu-.
lation and the functions of the bark, whenever this work can
be done.

On the third of June last, branches of the apple, pear,
peach, crab-apple and grape, were girdled by removing a ring
of bark one inch long. They ‘grew well, and bore an abun-
dance of fine fruit, as was expected. |

At various times during the summer, a large number of.

noes) ON.
ail ROY ON SSe
a eee) Boe
mY Bee) KONA
Ra VOC) DCO
tl Bette derenals @agee:
Neud| *\ Si \ Say et
mbes) RoC
Wi DagSBBeaiD DOXIDG
hy i pees eeerce YS
eH SOF — OSSCOO
HWE, CReOsee EShOoce
WRN, PSUR CRO ACO
Sou cc
Bs nee! EOF exegse
eee, PURE S
Le coe
Kee = NODA
BZSZ QOD RSLS EE LSEDBI EIN
ERE OC aS es Zama Cr
ee Recess
Ses aa Baga:
ISSO Gua RMI OSEe8
Marsala ewe nyonue 2S
= SOC S200 bee Cooge
Seo are CVO) 40) =
ae
allt

Fi.) 11:7 7 ee

small trees of the more common species were girdled. They
all grew through the season as usual, except that they formed
no wood below the girdle, after the bark was removed. The
bark below the girdle, however, remained alive and healthy ;

* Figure 11 shows the microscopic structure of the ordinary bark of a young red
maple. A, periderm or cork. B, primary parenchyma. C, secondary parenchyma.
D, bast fibres. E, woody fibre of trunk. F, vessels or ducts in wood. G, medullary
rays connecting bark and wood. H, recent parenchyma of inner bark.

+ Figuré 12 shows the same elements in the newly-formed bark seen in Fig. 10,
magnified 200 times.

1875.) SENATE—No. 99. 39

but the place from which it was removed became dry and
dead, except in a single instance.

The red maple, girdled June twenty-third, formed wood
only on the upper side ; but the specimen girdled July twenty-
first, formed a new layer of wood and bark upon the denuded

surface. This was doubtless owing to the fact that a portion

of the cambium was left on the wood sufficient to conduct the
elaborated sap and form new tissues out of it. This tree, like
the others, grew in the woods, where it was shaded from the
direct rays of the sun. The new bark was of a reddish
brown color, and very smooth, and consisted of a thin layer
of periderm or cork, with parenchyma and bast, and closely
resembled in its structure the ordinary bark of this species.

There is a popular notion that the bark of an apple tree,
removed on the longest day of the year, will be renewed,
and it is well known that occasionally such renewal of the
bark of various species does occur. ‘This may happen
whenever there is deposited upon the old wood, enough
of the new layer to conduct downward the elaborated sap
and develop from the living parenchyma of the forming
medullary rays a protecting layer of periderm. [See Figs.
9,10, 11 and 12.]

It is not uncommon for the bark of the half-hardy weeping
willow to be started by freezing and thawing from the wood.
When this is the case, there sometimes forms a new layer of
wood upon the detached bark, which is disconnected from the

wood of the parent trunk. There is, also, sometimes formed

anew layer of wood and periderm on the old wood under
the shelter of the old bark, and roots often descend from the
healthy portion of the trunk several feet beneath the loose
bark to the ground, and as soon as they penetrate it enlarge
rapidly. All these phenomena are readily explained by
supposing that the liber or inner bark of the tree.is torn asun-
der, a portion sometimes remaining attached to the wood suf-
ficient to conduct the elaborated sap, and so form a new layer
of wood with a layer of cork. The roots are developed from

the uninjured portion under the protection of the old bark,

and in their nature are precisely like roots from cuttings.
The rupture of the medullary rays and the separation of the

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

bark from the wood by the combined action of frost and sun- ©
shine is not uncommon in the apple and other-cultivated trees.

If a severe frost separates the water from the wood as ice,
and it then thaws and freezes again, before it can be reab-
sorbed, it would be likely to burst the bark or tissues in
which it was accumulated. This usually results in one or
more cracks through the bark on the southerly side of the
tree, from which there is, in the case of the apple tree, com-
monly a slight flow of crude sap in the following April or
May. The outside of the bark is blackened, and the detached
portions die.

In the spring of 1874, a vertical crack three feet eee was
noticed on the south side of a vigorous young Gravenstein
apple tree in Amherst, the trunk of which was about three
inches in diameter. Upon examination it was found that the
bark had not been separated from the thick layer of wood
formed the previous year, but that this outside layer was
entirely separated from the wood beneath. The bark being
supplied with sap, ascending through this layer, remained
sound, and the crack being filled with wax the tree grew
equally well with others in its vicinity, which had sustained
no injury. The new growth on the sides of the crack, being
covered only with a thin, soft periderm, will doubtless
readily unite, and there will soon remain no trace of the rup-
ture. The separated layers of wood, however, will never be
reunited, though the inner ones may conduct sap until con-
verted into the nearly impervious heart-wood, which occupies
the central portion of every trunk after it attains to any con-
siderable size. At what age, if ever, the inner wood of
exogens loses all power of conveying sap, and whether the
sound heart of an old tree, which has never been exposed to
the influences of the atmosphere, still retains life, are questions
which have not yet been definitely answered. It is not easy
to say wherein the vitality of any perfectly formed tissue,
whether of the wood or bark, consists, since its cells have no
power of enlargement or multiplication. The functions of
the wood seem to be mainly, if not wholly, such as may be
performed by dead material. The cellulose which has never
been exposed to the air, may retain its peculiar affinity for
‘water, which is evidently much greater before than after

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. Al

drying. The cells may serve as reservoirs of starch and
other substances which may afterwards be imbibed by the
living, growing or ripening tissues. The pith, which is alive
in young branches so long as leaves are borne upon their
wood, dies apparently with them. If growth is a character-
istic of living tissue, then our trees may with some reason be
considered annuals, since all their growth proceeds normally
from their winter buds and completely envelopes every por-
tion of the tissues of root, stem and branch previously
formed, thus excluding them from the weather and prevent-
ing their decay while using them for a support and a source
of supplies. However this may be, it is certain that the
vitality of trees is concentrated in a remarkable manner upon
their surfaces and the extremities of their roots and branches.
Among the observations made during the past season, not
the least interesting were those relating to the natural grafting
| which is frequently to

be seen in the forests,
and which is particularly
noticeable among roots.
Esee) Hic, 13.] ° Time
will not permit us to
dwell upon this subject
here; but the wonder-
ful conducting power of
woody tissue, and the
surprising vitality of the
bark, can be illustrated
in no manner so clearly
as by reference to the
possibilities of the proc-
esses of budding and
: erafting which are so
universally employed in the propagation of desirable varieties
of trees. Two cases only can be mentioned. First, a com-
pound tree can be produced, which shall have a plum root and
stock, on which shall grow an apricot stock, and on this, a
blood peach with red wood, on this a snow peach with white

_ * Figure 13 shows the grafted roots of a white pine stump, the points of union
being very numerous.

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

wood, and on this, an almond with yellow wood. Thus we
may have a tree with plum roots and almond foliage. But
we can cause buds to be developed on all the five sorts of
wood and bark which constitute the stem so as to have five
kinds of leaves, flowers and fruits produced by means of the
crude sap absorbed by the plum roots. This is plainly analo-
gous to the raising of a child, a calf, a colt, a lamb, a white
pig and a black pig on the same cow’s milk. ‘The specific
life of each, and not its food, determines its size, form and
character. [See Fig. 14.] cu

= SE.

Fic. 14.*

To show still more impressively the peculiar power of the
wood and bark to conduct the crude and elaborated saps in
either direction, and to act either as roots or branches, as
circumstances require, we will describe an experiment per-
formed by a French gardener, M. Carillet, at Vincennes, in
1866 and 1867.

* Figure 14 illustrates the natural grafting of two trunks of white pine. A is the
smaller trunk, a branch of which is seen to grow through the wood of the larger one
The union of wood is perfect, and the elaborated sap from B has flowed so freel)
over the connecting branch, that A is larger below, and B is larger above the place o
junction. C is the knot in the heart of B, formed of the base of the limb, in the axi
of which D, the connecting branch, became fastened in the beginning of the operatior

1 SENATE—No. 99. 43

He selected two dwarf pear trees grafted on quince roots,
which were from four to five feet high. One of these was
carefully dug up in April, 1866, and fastened in an inverted
position above the other. The leading shoots of the two
trees were now flattened on one side with the knife and the
two surfaces firmly bound together in the usual manner of
splice-erafting. The two shoots grew together, and in the
course of the summer following a few leaves appeared on the
main stem of the inverted pear tree, and also on the main
branches of the quince roots, which were entirely in the air,
some eight or ten feet from the ground. The next spring,
scions from four varieties of pear were set upon the four
main branches of the quince roots, two of which lived and
grew several inches. Meanwhile, the inverted pear tree bore
two pears. Here, then, was a composite tree, consisting first
of a root of quince, then a pear tree; upon this was an in-
verted pear tree, which had branches consisting of inverted
quince roots which produced quince leaves; and these were
surmounted by pear shoots of two unlike kinds. Upon such
a specimen it would be difficult to comprehend the working
of the imaginary syphons of Dr. Pettigrew, to which reference
has been made. ~* i r , 4 x : s

But I am reminded that I have promised to tell the story of
a squash in harness. The following considerations sug-
gested the idea of experimenting with this plant :—

First. Jt is a well known fact that beans, acorns and other
seeds often lift comparatively heavy masses of earth in forcing
their way up to the light in the process of germination.

Secondly. We have all heard how common mushrooms
_have displaced flagging-stones, many years since in Basing-
stoke, and more recently in Worcester, England. In the
latter case, only a few weeks ago, a pemlordan noticing that
a stone in the walk near his residence had been disturbed,
went for the police, under the impression that burglars were
preparing some plot against him. Upon turning up ihe stone,
which weighed eighty pounds, the rogues were discovered in
the shape of three giant mushrooms.

Thirdly. ticks and stones are often displaced by the
' growth of the roots of shade trees in streets. Cellar and

other walls are also frequently injured in a similar way.

44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

Fourthly. There is a common belief that the growing
roots of trees frequently rend asunder rocks, on which they
stand, by penetrating and expanding within their crevices.

Having never heard of any attempt to measure the expan-
sive force of a growing plant, we determined to experiment
in this direction.

At first, we thought of trying the expansive force of some
small, hard, green fruit, such as hickory nut or a pear, but
the expansion was so slow and the attachment of the fruit to
the tree so fragile, that this idea was abandoned. The
squash, growing on the ground, with great rapidity, and to
an enormous size, seemed on the whole the best fruit for the
experiment. :

Accordingly, seeds of the mammoth yellow Chili having
been obtained from Mr. J. J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead,
they were planted on the first of July, in one of the propa-
gating pits of the Durfee Plant-house, where the tempera-
ture and moisture could be easily controlled. A rich bed of
compost from a spent hot-bed was prepared, which was four
feet wide, fifty feet long, and about six inches in depth.
Here, under the fostering care of Professor Maynard, the
seeds germinated, the vine grew vigorously, and the squash
lifted in a most satisfactory manner.

Never before has the development of a squash been ob-
served more critically or by a greater number of people.
Many thousands of men, women and children from all classes |
of society, of various nationalities, and from all quarters of .
the earth, visited it.

‘Mr. D. P. Penhallow watched with it several days and
nights, making hourly observations ; Professor H. W. Parker
was moved to write a poem about it; and Professor J. H.
Seelye declared that he positively stood in awe of it.

Curious facts were noted in regard to all parts of the plant,
but among the most. surprising were those relating to tae
development of the roots. Growing under the most favor-
able circumstances, they attained a number and an aggregate
length almost incredible. The primary root from the seed,
after penetrating the earth about four inches, terminated |
abruptly and threw out adventitious branches in all direc-—
tions. In order to obtain an accuraté knowledge of their

1675.) SENATE—No. 99. 45

development, the entire bed occupied by them was saturated
- with water, and after fifteen hours, numerous holes were
bored through the plank bottom, and the earth thus washed
) away. Miter many hours of most patient labor, the entire
_ system of roots was cleaned and spread out on the floor of a
- large room where they were carefully measured. The main
branches extended from twelve to fifteen feet, and their total
length, including all subdivisions, was more than two thou-
iid feet.

_ At every node or joint of the vine was also produced a
root. One of these nodal roots was washed out and found
to be four feet long and to have four hundred and eighty
_ branches, averaging with their branchlets a length of thirty
inches, making a total of more than twelve hundred feet.
' As there were seventy nodal roots, there must have been
more than fifteen miles in length on the entire vine. There
were certainly more than eighty thousand feet, and of these
fifty thousand feet must have been jee! at the rate of
one thousand feet or more per day.

Now it has been said that corn may be Kiéard to grow in a
“still, warm night, and it has been proved that a root of corn
will elongate one inch in fifteen minutes. But here are twelve
* thousand inches of increase in twenty-four hours. What
lively times in the soil where such vital force is at work !
The wonder is that we do not hear the building of these
' roots as it goes on.

But in addition to the movements caused by the increase
of the roots among the particles of the soil, we should remem-
‘ber that solution, chemical affinity, diffusion and capillarity,
as well as the absorption of the feeding rootlets, are inces-
-santly at work beneath the surface of the silent earth.
With what amazement should we behold the development

oe the things which are law ‘to transpire !
The flowers of the squash are arranged in regular succes-
‘sion, one at each node. A female flower is usually succeeded

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Mar.

BLE GENY

X<~ : { Y \
\ 2/9))4) ON \
MG)

INN

Fie. 15.

Represents two nodes of the squash vine. A, is the petiole of a leaf showing vertical strie.
B, astaminate flower on a long peduncle. C, a branching tendril exhibiting the mode of
attachment to a support, and the double reversed spiral of the portion between the support
and the base of the tendril, by which all the branches of a tendril are made to bear their share
of the strain, if they secure an attachment; and by which also great elasticity is given to the
tendril, and the liability of rupture largely diminished. D, nodal roots. EK, a pistillate flower
with a short peduncle. F, a lateral branch of the vine. G, a tendril which, having failed in

finding a support, has coiled upon itself and turned back towards the older portion of the vine.

_ ana ee re ee) S.A

1875.) SENATE—No. 99. AT

anther cells of the male flower upon the stigma of the former
under favorable circumstances. The stigmatic surface must
be in a proper condition to retain and develop the pollen,
which must also be in a perfect state. Bright, warm weather
will doubtless aid in the process, though much remains to be
observed in regard to it. The pollen grains of the squash are
large and rough, and of a spherical form, and consist of an
outer and an inner coating of membrane filled with a proto-
plasmic fluid. _In the outer coating is a minute orifice, through
which, when moistened by the saccharine secretion of the
stigma, the inner coating protrudes as a microscopic struct-
ureless tube which pushes its way into the tissues of the style
and ovary until it reaches the embryo sac of an ovule, which
may then become a perfect seed. This contract of the pollen
tubes with the ovules is essential to the setting of every
squash. The transfer of the pollen grains to the stigmas is
usually accomplished by insects, which fly from flower to
flower in pursuit of food. It. may also be done artificially,
and there is reason to believe that the crop of squashes, mel-
ons and cucumbers might often be largely increased by atten-
tion to this matter in out-door cultivation. When grown

_ under glass, fertilization must always be effected by artificial

means. [See Fig. 15. ]

_ The pistillate, or female flower, on the twenty-first node of
our growing vine, was carefully impregnated with pollen on
the first of August last. The young squash immediately
began to enlarge, and on the fifteenth of the same month,
measured twenty-two inches in circumference; on the six-

_ teenth, twenty-four inches, and on the seventeenth, twenty-

seven. Though the rind of the young fruit was very soft, it

was now determined to confine it in such a way as to test its

expansive power. In doing this, great care was taken to

__ preserve the health and soundness of every part of the squash,

and to expose at least one-half of its surface to the air and
the light.

- The apparatus for testing its growing force consisted of a
frame or bed of seven inch boards, one foot long. These.
were arranged in a radial manner like the spokes on the lower
half of a wheel, their inner edges being turned towards the

central axis. These pieces were held firmly in place by two

48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ~~ _‘([Mar.

end-boards twelve inches square, to the lower half of which
they were secured by nails and iron rods. A hemi-ellipsoidal
cavity, about five inches deep in the centre, and eight inches
long, was cut from the inner edges of the seven boards, and
in this the squash was carefully deposited, the stem and vine
being properly protected by blocks of wood from injury by
compression. Over the squash was placed a semi-cylindrical
_harness or basket of strap iron, firmly rivetted together.’
The meshes between the bands, which crossed -each other at.
right angles, were about an inch and a half square. The har-
ness was twelve inches long and the same in width, so that
when placed over the squash it just filled the space between
the end-boards. Upon the top of the harness, and parallel
with the axis of the cylinder and the squash, was fastened a
bar of iron with a knife-edge to serve as the fulcrum of a
lever for the support of the weights by which the expansive
force was to be measured. At first, an iron bar, one inch
square, was used for a lever; then a larger bar of steel, then a
lever of chestnut plank, then one of seasoned white oak plank,
and, finally, one of chestnut, five by six inches and nine feet
long; but even this required to be strengthened by a plate of
iron, fourinches wide by half an inch thick and five feet in
length. The fulerum for the lever was also renewed from
time to time, as the weight was increased. [See Fig. 1. ]
The following table shows the weight of iron lifted by the
squash in the course of its development :—

August 21st, . 60 pounds. Sept. 14th, - 1,300 pounds.
22st hice 69+ nat 15th;: .. 140055 ee
23d, . Ola ns 2Tthiy, sca ee

AA thy sp 62 ess 30th,“ . ZaQ nee
DOM se pape eee October 3d; | 20S
PASE A Ne ee AEE TA 12th, |... Ze Oneeaes

27 teh ooo. are 18th, .cdleou e

feu ose OOO ka. 6 94th, >. ee

Septe: 7lith, too g" .* 81st, —. >i000F

13 eh! oP QO0. Yrs

The last weight was not clearly raised, though it was car-
ried ten days, on account of the failure of the harness irons,
which bent at the corners under the enormous pressure of two

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 49

and a half tons, and consequently broke through the rind of .
the squash. It was not feasible to remove the harness and
substitute for it a stouter one, on account of its being imbed-
ded in the substance of the squash, which grew up through
the meshes of the harness, forming protuberances an inch and
a half high and overlying the iron bands. When, on the
seventh of November, the harness was removed, in order to
take a plaster-cast of the squash, it was necessary to cut the
straps with a cold-chisel, sometimes into several pieces, and
draw them out endways. The growing squash adapted itself
to whatever space it could find as readily as if it had been a
mass of caoutchouc, nor did it ever show the slightest ten-
dency to crack, except in the epidermis. This would often
open in minute seams, from which a turbid mucilaginous fluid
exuded. In the morning, drops of this would frequently be-
dew the protuberances, like drops of perspiration. In the
sunshine, these dried up, and fell off as minute globules,
resembling gum-arabic.

The lifting power was greatest after midnight, when the
growth of the vine and exhalation from the leaves was
least. |
_ The material out of which the squash was formed, was
elaborated in the leaves during the daytime and transferred
through the vine to the stem. Through this it was imbibed
by the living, growing cells of the squash, which were con-
‘stantly multiplying by subdivision until their number was
many billions, notwithstanding the enormous pressure under
which they were forced to develop. This growth was pos-
sible only because life, being a molecular force, exerted its
almost irresistible power over an enormous surface of cell
membrane. |

Searcely less astonishing than the mechanical force ex-
hibited, was the ability of the tissues of the squash to resist
chemical changes and the attacks of mold where the rind was
Injured by bruises or cuts. Whenever fresh-growing cells were
exposed to the action of the air, they immediately began to
form a regular periderm of cork, precisely resembling in -
_ appearance and structure that produced upon the cork oak,
the elm and other trees.

The form of the squash can hardly be described, but may

(nee

50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [Mar.

-be seen in the drawings, which show the end and the upper
side. The weight was e
forty-seven pounds and
a quarter, and, when
opened, the rind was
found to be about three
inches thick, and un-
usually hard and com-
pact. The internal
cavity corresponded in
form to the exterior,
but was very small,
and nearly filled with
fibrous tissue, and
plump and apparently
perfect seeds in about
the normal number.
[See Figs. 16, 17. ]

The frequent displacement of flagging-stones, and the
damage often done to brick and concrete pavements and
stone walls by the roots
of shade trees, consid-
ered in connection with
the wonderful expan-
sive power of the squash
in harness, made it evi-
dent that growing roots
of firm wood must be
capable of exerting,
under suitable condi-
tions, a tremendous
mechanical force. Up-
on searching the fields
for examples of trees
standing upon naked
rocks or ridges coy-
ered with only a shal- |
low soil, many interest-
ing specimens were readily discovered to demonstrate this
fact. |

SAS

1 @
| fs
all y,
nA

4] Bi

NES

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 51

In South Hadley, Massachusetts, a sugar maple was found
which had grown upon a horizontal bed of red sandstone.
The tree stood upon the naked rock, over which its roots
extended a few feet in three directions into the soil. One root
had pushed its way under a slab of the rock, which measured
more than twenty-four cubic feet, and must have weighed
nearly two tons. In the course of twenty years or more,
this root had developed to such a size as to raise the slab

entirely from the bed rock and from the earth, so that it rested
wholly upon the wood. 7

Upon examining the tree, it was evident that as it stood
upon horizontal roots which rested on solid rock and had a
diameter of nearly a foot, and as they had grown by an
annual deposition of wood entirely around them, and as the
heart, now several inches from the rock, must once have
rested on it, and as the rock could not have been depressed,
therefore the tree had been lifted every year by the growing
wood of the outside layer. Another tree of paper birch

52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

having been found growing in a similar manner, one of the
horizontal roots was sawed through, and the centre of the
heart was seen to have been elevated seven inches since the
tree was a seedling.

Now it is clearly demonstated that the power of vegetable
growth can lift a tree, and that it must do so whenever the
bed of the roots cannot be depressed, It is evident, also,
that old trees on a clay hardpan, or any other unyielding
subsoil, must be thrown up by the process of growth. Every
person is familiar with the fact that large trees usually have the
appearance of having been raised, and their roots are often bare
for considerable distances around the trunk. [See Fig. 18.]

This lifting of the tree from its bed would seem to be
advantageous to it, by tightening the roots so as to hold it
firmly in place, notwithstanding the possible elongation of
their woody fibre by the excessive strains to which they
are subjected during violent storms. This method of secur-

ing the tree in place would be still further improved by the

constant enlargement of the roots by the annual deposition of
a layer of wood, and the consequent filling of any. space
formed in the soil by the movement of the roots, caused by
the swaying of the tree in the wind.

This slight annual elevation of trees, by the increase in
diameter of their horizontal roots, furnishes an explanation
for the differences of opinion in regard to the question,
whether a given point on the trunk of a tree is raised
in the process of its growth. While it has been demon-
strated by Prof. Asa Gray that two points in a vertical line
on the trunk of a tree will not separate as it enlarges, it
seems equally clear that both of them may be quite percept-
ibly elevated in the course of time.

It has been stated, on good authority, that at Walton Hall,
in England, a millstone was to be seen, in 1863, in the
centre of which was growing a filbert tree, which had com-

_ pletely filled the hole in the stone, and actually raised it from

the ground. The tree was said to have been produced from
a nut which was known to have germinated in 1812. The
above story has been declared false, because, as asserted,
the tree could not have exerted any lifting power upon the
stone. It is, however, not difficult to see that it may be
true, and is even probable.

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. . 53

Yet it should be remembered that the amount of ele-
vation, in any case where it occurs from the increase in the
size of the horizontal roots, must depend upon the character
of the material on which they rest, and can never exceed one-
half the diameter of the largest ones. When, therefore, a
writer asserts, as has recently happened, that during a visit
to Washington Irving, at Sunnyside, he carved his name
upon the bark of a tree beneath which he was sitting in con-
versation with the illustrious author, and that many years
after he went to the place, and, with much difficulty, dis-
covered the identical inscription high up among the branches,
far above his reach, it may be safely inferred that the number
and exaltation of his feelings interfered slightly with the
correct action of his intellectual faculties.

It is evident, in conclusion, that we have much. yet to learn
about plant life, and that it is very unwise ‘to attempt to
explain all its phenomena by a few general statements.

Life has been well styled the loftiest subject of philosophy,
but let us not forget that the only way to a sound philosophy
is through a knowledge of the truth, and that this is to be
obtained in completeness only by laborious and intelligent
investigation. 7

Let not the slowness nor the difficulty of progress in real
knowledge discourage us, however, but rather awaken in us
a higher reverence for Him who has created the wondrous
frame of Nature, and set it before us as a means of calling
out our highest faculties, and of leading us

“Through Nature, up to Nature’s God.”

Let the impatient student recollect that all the problems of
science will not be solved till the end of time, since genera-
tions yet unborn will need, as they will certainly have,
abundant material for the exercise of their minds, and the
awakening of their desires to compreherid the mysteries of
creation. But the more difficult the achievement, the more
glorious and joyous is the accomplishment.

“Let us, then, be up and doing,
With a heart for any fate,
Still achieving, still pursuing,

Learn to labor and to wait.”

4 eek ec : i i ' aaa
_ ‘ CF Gy ; » Ned ‘ ; 4 | 7 te) he
wae .
> 4 7
‘ = A
. we y
ie gM Le heen n
i s
se a
: j s \ gel t
¢ H é 4 Rite <
ry the
5 Y
A pete
,
4
= . " i
ke ame od Nae
iG > u
By é F 4
Pad ey ‘
" % ae 9-2 ‘ 7
Pt =| t
«
; f ’ P ) Ce is =
ir : is : | 1A) os 0 a
: s : By ones Bs ee
. y § ~- =

mY pi evi qa Ul aby . fi wis ‘ , ‘ wl i
fv (avout: co pee aia ih aa ece ipa aon

REPORT

Poe ULTURAL EXPERIMENTS.

By Prorssson LEVI STOCKBRIDGE.

56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS.

During the past year, the duties which have been required
of students in this department of the College have been
faithfully and promptly discharged. The young men have
apparently taken a deeper interest in the exercises of the
classroom than in former years, to whiéh result the Grinnell
prizes for the best oral and written examination on gradua-
tion day have unmistakably contributed much. As usual,
the students have participated in all the practical operations
of the farm, taking an active part in its ordinary cultivation,
and performing nearly all the labor in improving the slope
between the Plant-house and brook, by underdraining. With
much interest and zeal, they have aided in making the
materials and in carrying on the experiments with fertilizers,
noting accurately the condition of the crops during their
growth, and recording the final results. Although I feel
confideut that this department is in a good degree accomplish-
ing the objects for which it was instituted, yet I believe its
popularity and usefulness would be greatly enhanced if its
wants, as detailed by me in the Tenth Annual Report,
could be supplied.

The “experiments upon feeding crops with special fertiliz-
ers in a purely chemical form,” to which you allude in your
last annual report to the Trustees, have been continued
during the past summer, and with results which apparently
indicate the possibility that there is a better method of pro-
ducing crops than any which is now generally pursued. For
many years the felt want of intelligent Massachusetts farmers
has been “more manure,” and at prices which would justify
its purchase. In our State, the market demand for farm-
crops, in such form that but a small part of them could be

1875. | SENATE—No. 99. 57

retained and changed to yard-manure, has been gradually
lessening the home accumulations of this material; and its
sale-value in our towns and cities has precluded the profit of
its purchase for ordinary crops. To supply this deficiency,
recourse has been had to manufactured commercial fertilizers ;
but whether there is good reason for it or not, there is a
general distrust of their reliability and efficiency, which has
prevented their purchase to such an extent as is desirable.
Frequent demands have been made that experiments should
be tried here with these compounds, on an extensive scale, to
determine what kinds were the most valuable, and what they
were worth, that the farming community might have some
guide in their purchases, and be protected from imposition.

For the double purpose of quieting this popular demand,
and of accustoming students to observe nature for the acqui-
sition of facts, such experiments have been tried every year,
since 1867,—both with fertilizers bought in the market and
those which have been sent here for the purpose by manufact-
urers. But the idea has never for a moment been enter-
tained that such experiments could determine any fundamen-
tal principles in feeding plants, or be of the least practical
use as a guide to farm improvement or profit. Therefore,
while a record has been kept of results, no public report of
the same has been made. ‘To learn and prove the absolute
law of nature in this regard, the wiser course seemed to be
to discard all mixtures and compounds made by others, and
test the feeding choice of plants by the use of known elements
prepared in the laboratory, but which, if they should be found
valuable, could be purchased ‘by farmers in any desired quan-
tity. | 3

Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert, at Rothamsted, England, had
proved incontestably that plants could be grown by the use
of certain substances, known as chemical elements; in fact,
that those elements, uncombined, were more efficacious than
when used in the form of yard-manure; yet the result of trial
led them to believe that the most effective elements in increas-
ing the product of certain species of plants were not those
found in maximum quantities in their structure, and that
there was no specific relation between the quantity of the
elements applied and the yield of the crop.

58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

M. George Ville, at Vincennes, France, had succeeded in
producing fine crops, without yard-manure, by using the
elements of which all plants are composed, and, as the crop
on the same land was changed, applying as a manure the
substance which was the predominating element of the new
plant. }
These experimenters, in selecting the substances to be used,
relied to a great extent on the supposed fact that some
elements existed in the soil in great abundance, while others
were deficient, and strove to find by trial what was wanting,
that the same might be supplied. For our purpose, Bid
considering the tauniios of a large part of our Massachu-
setts soils, a more rational and bhilosemhies| method seemed
to be to discard all conditions of soil, except such as were
purely physical, and direct attention exclusively to the plant,
its composition and choice of food. It was believed that for
all practical purposes we had absolute knowledge of the
composition of plants, of the relative proportions of the
different elements which they choose, and the form or condi-
tion in which the elements of plant food must exist to enable
its vital forces to appropriate them. At the same time, the
possibility remained that the average of our soils might con-
tain some of the elements in such abundance, or that the
forces of nature might develop them with such rapidity that
the farmer might be relieved from the expense of supplying
them as direct food. This was thought to be an economical
matter of much importance, the fact in relation to which
might materially simplify the application of the principle,
and was therefore the first to be learned.

Accordingly, in the spring of 1869, soils were taken from
various localities on the College farm, and from several
adjoining farms, fur experiment. Care was taken to avoid
all soils which were very fertile, or in a high state of cultiva-
tion, and to select those of poor quality, or nearly sterile.
The soils were placed in pots in the Plant-house,.and in them
were placed the seeds of our various agricultural plants. As
these commenced to grow, they were fed from time to time
with the chemical elements which they were known to contain,
and in an absolutely soluble condition. The e’ements were
occasionally varied and sometimes compounded in such pro-

1875. | SENATE—No. 99. 59

portions as they had been found to exhibit in the several
varieties. The experiments were continued under these con-
ditions, during the years 1869 and 1870; but in 1871, the
soils were isedite in large boxes in the open air, and the same
method was pursued cane that and the following year of
1872.

The first fact which appeared to be unmistakably taught by
these experiments, was that for the plants and soils used,
and for one, two, three or four crops of the same plant on
the same soil, the only substances the farmer must supply were
nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid; and second, that there
was a marked relation between the quantity of the crop pro-
duced and of the elements applied, if these elements were
mixed in such proportion as they exhibit in the entire
plant which was being fed. Accepting these two facts pro-
- visionally as a natural law, I commenced experimenting in
the open field, in 1873, on soils in a reduced state of fertility,
or quite sterile, which experiments have been continued
through the season of 1874. ‘These trials have been made on
the College farm, on the farms adjoining, and in the adjacent
towns of Hadley and Sunderland. Soils of various charac-
teristics and conditions have been used, and in plots of
twenty, forty, eighty, and one hundred and sixty square rods.
The crops fed have been wheat, rye, corn, oats, potatoes,
grass and tobacco. |

Dr. C. A. Goessmann, professor of chemistry in the
College, and State inspector of fertilizers, has cheerfully
codperated and rendered invaluable aid in the experiments by
testing the substances used for feeding purposes, so that I have
known with certainty what elements were used, and what
their condition of solubility. In all cases, before applying
the food or planting the crop, a written statement was pre-
pared of the kind and quantity of the elements to be used,
and the estimated yield of the crop, and in no single case has
there been a failure of anticipated results which could not be
traced with perfect certainty to other causes than the food
applied. Causes such as the winter killing of wheat, an
under-estimate of the natural proportion of straw to grain,
and the per cent. of potash in one of its salts.

In different experiments, fifty, sixty-five, eighty-five, and

60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

one hundred and four bushels of Indian corn have been pro-
duced per acre, two hundred and twenty-five bushels of
potatoes, thirty of rye, sixty of oats, and nineteen hundred
and fifty pounds of tobacco leaf; or, twenty-five, fifty and
eighty bushels of corn, twenty of rye, one hundred and fifty
of potatoes, and fifteen hundred pounds of tobacco leaf per
acre more than the natural yield of the soil; which yield has
in all cases been determined by planting an equal plot of each
crop, the plants on which received no artificial food. It has
been an observed fact in the results that the plants thus
artificially fed are measurably independent of the ordinary
variations of the seasons and meteorological conditions of the
atmosphere. The results of the open field experiments of
1873 and 1874 are almost identical. But the two seasons
have been very unlike, and there has been an equal variation
in the general crop returns of the State. June, July and
August of 1873 (the three active months for the growth of
our crops) were extremely dry, the rainfall being but 7.987
inches. ‘These three months in 1874 were the reverse, the
rainfall being 19.340 inches, or an excess of 11.353 inches
in the latter year. The two years were nearly equally unlike
in the average temperature of those months, that of 1873
being 68.596°, and that of 1874, 66.306°, the former being
two degrees warmer than the latter. There was nearly or
quite as much variation in the humidity of the air, pressure
of vapor, and mean height of the barometer.

At this early period in these investigations, I will not
venture an opinion of what may be the final result to soils
cropped for many successive years by this process. It may
possibly be found necessary to use other elements besides
those already named, to secure maximum crops. But the
crops of the second year on the plots which were artificially
manured and which had no manure the second year, have
invariably yielded double the amount of the yield of the
unmanured plots, and very nearly as much as land by their
side which had a heavy dressing of yard-manure the previous
year; but the clover on the latter is looking better at the
present time than on the artificially manured plots.

There are good scientific reasons for believing, that if all ~
the elements supplied are consumed by the crop it is intended

1875. ] SENATE—No. 99. 61

to feed, yet for a limited period, at least, the soil will be im-
proved and left with an increased percentage of plant food as
the result of the process. This fact is indicated by the result,
but it needs substantiating by long-continued trial. In these
experiments, quantities of food and crops have been based
exclusively on the per cent. of nitrogen, potash and phos-
phoric acid; but these elements have been used in the form of
sulphates of ammonia and potash, and superphosphate man-
ufactured in the laboratory from bone charcoal and sulphuric
acid. As an absolute fact, therefore, the mixture contains
other mineral elements than the two named; but as the search
is primarily after practical facts, and as it is difficult for the
farmer to obtain the leading elements in a more convenient
form, it has not been deemed best to exclude them, or to make
_ critical inquiry respecting their influence.

If my future experiments in the direction now being pur-
sued shall coincide with those already made to such an extent
_as to justify the adoption of the method in general farm oper-
ations, it will result in materially decreasing the cost of pro-
ducing crops on our depleted soils; enable the farmer to sow
any crop, or any amount of crops, regardless of the soil;
make him at the same time (if he so choose) independent of
all manufacturers, of what are now known as commercial fer-
tilizers, for he can purchase the elements in any market and
himself make the mechanical mixture,—the only safeguard
needed being the guarantee of the importer or the manufact-
urer that the substances are in fact and form what they
are represented. But it is yet too early to draw conclusions,
as to what is to be the final result of these experiments. The
indications are very clear and decided at this point of the
investigation ; but it is necessary that they should be extended
and continued, and many side-issues examined, before a com-
plete and final report shall be made.

The great controversy of 1850 and 1855, between Dr.
Liebig, M. Bousingault, Lawes and Gilbert, and Mr. Way,
respecting the relative value of certain chemical elements in
promoting the growth of plants, though of the utmost scien-
tific importance, was, and could be, of little practical value,
because at that day the elements were not found in market in
_ sufficient quantities, or at prices which would justify their use

69 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —_ [Mar.

as fertilizers in the ordinary production of crops. But since
- the discovery of the practically exhaustless beds of phosphatic
nodules in South Carolina, the potash deposits of Germany,
the extensive manufacture of sulphate of ammonia as a waste
product in the distillation of coal for illuminating gas, and the
opportunity to increase its manufacture almost indefinitely,
the needed elements can be obtained in any required quantity,
in a cheaper and more efficient form than in that of yard-
_manure; provided, the government will adjust its tariff rates
in the interest of agriculture on those articles needed in the
production of plants.
In the experiments alluded to, these elements have been
the ones used, and regard has been had to their content in the
whole plant, for the composition of stalks, straw and grain,
and tops and tubers are very dissimilar. For the production
of twenty-five bushels of Indian corn and its average natural
proportion of stalks, there have been used thirty-five pounds
of nitrogen, thirty-seven pounds of potash and fifteen pounds
of phosphoric acid. To produce one hundred bushels of
potatoes, and their average natural proportion of tops, use has
been made of twenty-five pounds of nitrogen, thirty-nine
pounds of potash and twelve pounds of phosphoric acid.
These quantities are given as examples of the detail of the
experiments; but the elements are estimated in a pure and
absolutely soluble condition. To obtain them, it is necessary
to take some one of their compounds, and use it in such quan-
tities as is required to get the requisite amount of the element.
As an illustration, take the quantities of the elements used in
the corn example. If the nitrogen is bought in the form of
sulphate of ammonia, which is guaranteed to contain twenty
per cent of actual nitrogen, as many hundred pounds of the
compound will be required as twenty times is contained in
thirty-five, the amount of nitrogen required. The potash
being procured in the form of sulphate of potash, guaranteed
to contain thirty per cent of actual potash, as many hundred
pounds of the compound will be required as thirty is con-
tained times in thirty-seven, the quantity of potash required.
By the same method, the requisite quantity of phosphoric
acid is obtained in the form of a superphosphate, simple and

ee ro Sele Pe a
’
APS wy ee , /
{

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 63

without a mixture of any other element, and estimated on
its known per cent of soluble acid.

In closing this Report, I desire to reiterate my statement
previously made, that I am recording the actual results of
these experiments in the past, and will not venture a predic-
tion for the future, for there are some important crops with
which no experiments have been made, and others require
continued trial, but I here give in detail the result of one
case, which may, it is hoped, be an indication of future
possibilities.

In 1874, a measured acre of land was taken on a farm near
the College, of cold, inert soil, and so nearly sterile that it
produced no plants but coarse weeds. The last attempts to
crop it were in 1869 and 1871. The crops were first corn
and then potatoes, neither of which were produced in quan-
tity sufficient to pay for harvesting, and the potatoes were
not harvested. I caused the land to be as thoroughly fitted
by plowing and cultivating as the inert, cloddy nature of the
soil would permit. The chemicals were applied and har-
rowed in, and it was planted to corn on the 29th of May, the
rows running north and south, four feet apart, and hills
three feet eight inches. The land was most persistently and
thoroughly cultivated and hoed during the season to improve,

if possible, the natural physical condition of the land, and
overcome the injurious effects of cold, rainy weather. Not-
withstanding the unfavorableness of the season, the crop grew
finely, constantly presented a dark green, healthy, vigorous
appearance, and continued so until late in the season. The
crop ripened beautifully, was sound and fine, and yielded by
weight 62 bushels of corn and 4,300 pounds of stalks.

. * ee ; Phy ta tenia a
ys Ponies 2 :. ; Py
: | y ; 7 et te i P Se tap,
‘
Lot 4 A - 7s ‘2 ¢
\ 1th ; ey 4 y K i 7 ht
Pies a 4 - ’
& y A ’
“i aye ‘
' > f ? , t
rans * j
WA : -
x. .
.
.
. ‘
ro
.
‘ s
i
=
z

Po (PAPER

ON 2 ‘

MERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

“By Prorzssor C. A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D.

J
”
¥
*
-
‘ *
\
'
’
,
+
ie
4
' >
J
‘
~~
6
{ ‘
ny
ai:
Caine: .
aon 1

66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

In the report for 1873, I discussed the peculiar position
which commercial concentrated fertilizers occupy in a
rational system of cultivating farm lands, and urged their
judicious application in connection with barn-yard manure.
To protect the interests of farmers and honest dealers, a law
for the regulation of the trade in fertilizers has since been
passed by the legislature, which requires a statement to
accompany all packages of commercial fertilizers, which gives
the guaranteed percentage of phosphoric acid, potassium
oxide and nitrogen contained in them. Having acted as
State Inspector of Fertilizers during the past two years, I
propose now to present an abstract i my official reporls to
the State Board of Agriculture.*

The first of these reports consists mainly of statements
regarding the present conditions of the resources of some of
the most prominent substances which serve either directly as
special manure, or enter into the manufacture of our com-
mercial fertilizers.. In the second report, I tried to deter-
mine, by a series of analyses of specimens collected from
dealers, the present condition of the trade in these articles,
and to describe more in detail the kind of fertilizers farmers
ought to buy. I have earnestly endeavored, on all occasions,
to promote a desirable understanding between dealers and —
farmers, in regard to their mutual interests.

GERMAN PoTasH SALTS.

The main bulk of these substances thus far imgfoeee has
been of the lower grades. Their percentage of potassium
oxide, in our section of the country, has rarely exceeded from

* See “Agriculture of Massachusetts,” by Hon. C. L. Flint, for 1873 and 1874.

1875.1 SENATE—No. 99. 67

eight to nine per cent. ; in some exceptional cases only, it was
noticed as high as from eighteen to nineteen per cent. It is
a matter of particular regret that our importers have been
apparently guided in their selection entirely by the question of
first cost. Engaged as we are with a first trial of these
salts upon our lands, it is quite obvious, that articles of a
reliable and definite character should be at first applied in
order to ascertain as soon as possible their true merits.

The higher grades of these fertilizers being the result of a
more careful process of manufacture, which aims at the
exclusion of admixtures of an objectionable character, as
chlorides of sodium and magnesium, are the safer articles ;
they are also as a general rule the cheapest potash compounds,
on account of reduced expenses for freight.

Past experience in other countries has demonstrated
clearly that the form in which the potassium is present,
whether as potassium chloride or as potassium sulphate, as
well as the peculiar nature of the compounds, which usually
accompany the potassium in its original state, modify to a
considerable extent their action on various crops and upon
different kinds of soil. Whether potash fertilizers are useful
for agricultural purposes, has never seriously been questioned,
since we have learned by careful investigation that potassium
is one of the essential or indispensable articles of plant food.
The main point which our farmers have to consider, when
contemplating the use of the German potash salts, lies in the
question, what particular kind would be most efficient in each
cease. As none of our former potash fertilizers, like wood-
ash, nitre, ete., can be properly compared, as far as composi-
tion and their peculiar mode of action is concerned, with the

German or Stassfurt potash salts, it seems but prudent to
turn the experience of others to account.

Leading agriculturists of Europe indorse unanimously the
sulphate of potassium as being the safest compound, without
regard to the kind of crop, particularly as far as the quality
of some industrial crops, as tobacco, sugar-beets, etc., are
concerned. Upon wet lands alone is its application consid-
ered unprofitable, and the chloride of potassium proposed as
the more suitable article. The latter is also highly recom-
mended for all kinds of forage crops and grain crops. To

68 AGRICULTURAL COELEGH, [ Mar.

apply it in connection with some coe phosphate insures in
the latter case a good result.

The commercial muriate of potash, which contains seiindte
eighty per cent. of chloride of potassium (fifty per cent. of
potassium oxide), on account of its low price as compared
_ with the more concentrated sulphates of potassa, is one of
the most economical potash fertilizers which farmers may
safely use in an ordinary mixed system of general farming.
In the case of tobacco and other industrial crops, none but
the higher grades of salts containing sulphate of potassa
should be used. Both kinds ought always to be mixed with
three or four times their volume of earth before being applied.

PERUVIAN GUANO.

The sources of this valuable fertilizer, judging from a
recent publication of P. Galvez (the Peruvian Ambassador in
London, 1872-1873) are more numerous than usually repre-
sented. From forty to forty-five different localities are men-
tioned as being capable of supplying still, for many years, the
market at the present rate of demand. The prospects
respecting the quality of our future supply seem to be less
satisfactory. The well-known difference in the composition
of the Peruvian guano from the Chincha Islands, of an earlier
period, and our present supply from the Guanape Islands,
demonstrates plainly the possibility of serious variations in
the commercial and agricultural value of the material from
different deposits. The comparatively limited extent of
many of the still existing guano deposits, designed for expor-
tation, cannot but tend to increase our risks. A number of
lately published analyses by Prof. Voelcker, of genuine
samples from Ananillos, Punta de Lobos and Pabellon de
Pica, confirm this opinion. The guanos from these three
localities varied in a remarkable degree, not only as far as
the different deposits are concerned, but also as to the differ-
ent layers of one and the same deposit. The various sam-
ples were, of course, quite valuable fertilizers, yet their agri-
cultural value differed so widely, that their commercial value
ought to be regulated by their composition.

The reputation of a good Peruvian guano as a valuable
special fertilizer is so well established, that farther indorse-

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 69

ments seem to be unnecessary ; yet it is well to bear in mind
that this result is greatly due to its former uniform and
good quality. The variations in the composition of the Peru-
vian guano have attracted of late more attention. They have
been rendered also more conspicuous in those countries where
the trade in fertilizers has been subjected to an intelligent
supervision by agricultural chemists. |
In speaking of serious variation being noticed in the com-
position of Peruvian guano, I do not refer merely to fraudu-
lent adulterations practised ona genuine article, but in par-
ticular to genuine but inferior ones. The one-price system
of the Peruvian government becomes, under these circum-
stances, quite objectionable, and it is but proper on the part
of its numerous customers to ask the adoption of a more
satisfactory manner of selling guano. Nothing short of
selling it by standard analysis, with a guarantee of the com-
mercial value represented in the former, ought to satisfy the
farmers. The difficulty rests at present, as far as I am
informed, rather with the Peruvian government, than with
their agents. ‘The European contractors of that government
do not hesitate to acknowledge that the attitude assumed by
the Peruvian government towards its customers is anything
but mutually satisfactory. They have yielded to the just
demands of the public, and have recently introduced a process
which enables them to prepare a uniform article from the raw
imported guano. 3

The process, which is patented by Messrs. Ohlendorff &
Co., consists in treating the crude guano with concentrated
sulphuric acid. In consequence of this treatment, most of
the phosphoric acid is rendered soluble, and the ammonia
changed into sulphate of ammonia, and thereby protected
against evaporation. The product is known by the name of
“dissolved guano,” and it is sold with a guarantee of the
specified percentage of soluble phosphoric acid and active
ammonia.

To obtain some more definite idea about the general chem-
ical and physical properties of “dissolved Peruvian guano,”
I secured a sample for examination from Messrs. Ohlendorff
& Co., of Hamburg, Germany, during the last year. An
analysis of that sample showed that it contained from eight

70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

to nine per cent of phosphoric acid, soluble in water, eight
per cent of active ammonia, and two per cent of potassium
oxide.. Its mechanical condition was excellent, and it formed
a brown, pulverent mass, fit for immediate application. The
analytical results proved that the “dissolved Peruvian guano ”
may claim a foremost position among our commercial, nitrog-
enous, phosphatic fertilizers. An addition of from ten to
fifteen per cent of sulphate of potassa, in the form of the
higher grades of German potash salts, cannot fail to increase
its efficiency as a valuable fertilizer in market-gardening, and
in all cases where a speedy action is of particular importance.
It can be used in a liquid form, as a solution in water.

ANIMAL Dust.

This fertilizer is prepared from the blood, the meat scraps
and part of the bones obtained in slaughter-houses. The
manufacture has engaged of late considerable attention, on
account of the introduction of large abattoirs near our com-
mercial centres along the Atlantic coast. Meat scraps and
bones are first subjected to a rendering process, to secure the
fat; the refuse mass obtained thereby is subsequently dried
by steam in Hagel’s drier, and ground. The blood is either
added to the rendered mass before drying, or it is dried by
itself, and subsequently mixed in after having been pulver-
ized. The mixture when finished for sale consists of a coarse
powder, of a reddish gray color, and has a peculiar, yet not |
very offensive, odor. The abstraction of the fat from the meat
and the bones before they are worked into fertilizers is not
only good economy, but it tends to hasten their disintegra- .
tion and subsequent solution in water under the influence of
carbonic acid.

Bones differ mainly in regard to the relative proportion of
cartilage (a nitrogenous matter) and of neutral phosphate of
lime. The harder bones are usually separated for the manu-
facture of buttons and of bone-black; the smaller and softer
bones are turned into fertilizers. After having passed
through the rendering process, they count in the manufacture
of this fertilizer mainly as the source of phosphoric acid, for
their nitrogenous constituent has been dissolved and subse-
quently lost in the extraction of the fat.

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 71

It matters very little which of our domesticated animals
furnish the meat scraps,—cattle, sheep or hogs. The fresh
meat of these animals contains from 72 per cent to 79.3 per
cent of water, and, on an average, 3.35 per cent of nitrogen ;
whilst dry meat consists of from 14.30 to 15.72 per cent of
nitrogen, provided, in the latter case, that the fat has been
_ previously separated. The blood of these animals amounts
to about one-tenth of their entire weight, and is in all of them
of a similar composition. Fresh blood contains on an average
seventy-eight parts of water and twenty-two parts of dry
substance. Its average percentage of nitrogen amounts to
3.7 per cent. Dry blood contains 16.8 per cent of nitrogen.

The main task for all manufacturers of fertilizers, from
butchers’ refuse, as previously described, consists in the pro-
duction of a uniform article, as far as its chemical composi-
tion and mechanical condition is concerned. Manufacturers
of fertilizers ought to bear in mind, that the articles they
offer for sale have not only a certain commercial, but also a
peculiar agricultural, value ; and that the latter is independent
of the former, for the two are determined by a quite different
standard. The agricultural value depends on its crop-pro-
ducing quality, and is determined by the judicious application
by the farmer. A shovelful of lime may do more good, under
certain circumstances, than several times its weight of the
more costly dried blood. The commercial value depends
here, as elsewhere, on the relation of demand and supply in
the general market, and is controlled by competition.. The
commercial value of a fertilizer is not necessarily altered by
a change in the relative proportion of its constituents ; its
agricultural value always is; for each of its constituents, as
potassa, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, etc., has a function of its
own. ‘They are, it is true, equally indispensable for plant
growth, yet they cannot substitute each other. The most
important information the farmer needs, to secure to himself
the full agricultural value of any commercial fertilizer offered
for sale, consists in knowing the exact kind, the amount, and
the chemical and physical condition of the essential articles of
_ plant food it contains. Without this information, a rational

system of manuring becomes impossible. Commercial fertil-
izers are too expensive to be used without a careful con-

RC aa atin

72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Mar.

sideration whether they will bring speedy returns or not.
The surest way to establish a reputation for a well-prepared
fertilizer, which contains one or more of the essential articles
of plant food, next to a reasonable price, is to furnish it of a
uniform composition. Reliable standard fertilizers are needed
in the interests of a rational system of manuring and of a good
economy.

Meat scraps, blood and bones ought to be mixed, therefore,
with a view of definite proportions ; and the fertilizer should
be dried by a moderate heat, so as to contain not more than
ten per cent. of moisture. The first precaution secures uni-
form composition, and thus a definite agricultural value; the
latter tends to keep the animal matter in an unimpaired state
of preservation while it is kept in store. Animal dust may
serve, like fish guano, as a substitute for Peruvian guano,
provided its content of nitrogen does not fall below six per
cent. It acts, however, slower than Peruvian guano, and
ought to be carefully composted for several months before it
is applied. To use it in connection with potash compounds,
increases, no doubt, in many cases, its efficiency.

MINERAL PHOSPHATES.

Many new deposits of mineral phosphates have been of late
brought to our knowledge. Some of them are very extensive,
and promise to furnish an ample supply of phosphoric acid
for agricultural purposes for future years. Most noteworthy
among them are those of Central Russia, Western Germany,
Southern France, Canada and South Carolina. Our home
supply, previous to the discovery of the two latter localities,
has been for many years obtained from the Jarvis, Sombrero,
Baker and Navassa Islands. ‘The latter island, in common
with the Charleston, S. C., deposit, furnish at present our
main supply. Both kinds are principally used for the manu-
facture of superphosphates. The South Carolina phosphate
occurs largely along the sea-shore and beneath the shallow
water of rivers in the vicinity of Charleston. The Ashley
and Cooper rivers are noted for their rich phosphates. The
deposits are very extensive. The State charges a tax of one
dollar on every ton of phosphates taken from the river beds.
The composition of the material from different localities has

1875.1 SENATE—No. 99. 73

been found to vary from 20 per cent to 60 per cent of bone
phosphate, or from 9 per cent to 27 per cent of insoluble
phosphoric acid. Samples containing from 24.5 per cent to
26.6 per cent of phosphoric acid (or from 54 per cent to 56
per cent of bone phosphate), from 5 per cent to 10 per certit
of carbonate of lime, several per cent of oxide of iron, besides
some clay and sand, have been sold at eight dollars and a half
for 2,240 pounds. The same material has been offered at
New York at from eleven and a half to twelve dollars per
ton. The expenses for grinding are usually from one and a
half to two dollars per ton.

The Navassa phosphate, which has been sold in our mbites
since 1856, occurs in large quantities upon Navassa, a small
coral island about thirty-three miles south-west of Hayti.
The sample which served for my analysis consisted partly of
pieces several inches long and wide, and partly of granular
masses of various sizes and of different degrees of hardness.
Both kinds varied in color from white to reddish brown.

Numerous analyses show its percentage of phosphoric acid to
be from 32 per cent to 36 per cent, or from 70 per cent to
78 per cent of bone phosphate. I obtained the following |
results :—

Loss by calcination, : : : 3 : OGG)
Sand and clay, d : : : ! : Lea Aa 40)
Phosphoric acid, . : : 4 : : . 84.09
Lime, . : ; , j p we sO
Sesquioxide of iron “ aeniind : : : Lud al equi)

This article in a finely-ground state sells at Baltimore for
seventeen and a half dollars per 2,240 pounds, and at New
York for eighteen dollars. The low price of these mineral
‘phosphates (about two and a half cents per pound of phos-
phoric acid) deserves the attention of farmers who aim at an
enriching of the soil. These phosphates act, of course,
slowly, under ordinary circumstances; yet, more recent ex-
perience confirms the opinion that they pay well, if applied
in a finely-ground form, and with a due consideration of the
causes which favor their solubility. As carbonic acid aids

powerfully in the disintegration and final solution of all bone
10

So Ene 4
ae ee, he
0 ap a aa

74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Mar.

phosphates, it is but reasonable to assume that satisfactory
results may be obtained by incorporating daily a certain
amount of finely-ground phosphate from South Carolina,
Sombrero, or Navassa, etc., in barn-yard manure; or by
composting it with horse-manure during the summer season
for autumn demand ; or applying it in the fall upon soil rich
in humus, or upon moist meadows and pasture lands. In a
favorable mechanical condition they are apparently in no less
suitable form for assimilation than a large portion of the
phosphates in a cultivated soil. ‘The low price enables the
farmer to stock his exhausted lands again with an essential
article of plant food. We are too much given to the habit of
judging the agricultural and commercial value of a fertilizer
by the crop which we chance to get the first year, and leave
thus out of consideration that the real value of any fertilizer
depends frequently, to a large degree, on the condition in
which the lands are left after the crop has been removed.
A rational system of farming always aims at improving the
laud under cultivation by a judicious system of rotation and
of manuring. Merely restoring to the soil what the last crop
has carried off, may work satisfactorily in the case of land in
a high state of cultivation, yet it can never secure the highest
results possible in such exhausted lands as constitute the
greater portion of our farms.

SUPERPHOSPHATES AND AMMONIATED SUPERPHOSPHATES.

This class of compounds represents the largest portion of
our American commercial fertilizers. The phosphoric acid
which they contain is, as a general rule, obtained either from
raw or boiled bones, from the waste of bone-black, or from
two or three mineral phosphates. It is stated by good
authority that nearly four-fifths of all our superphosphates
are made from the South Carolina and Navassa Island phos-
phates. The use of these phosphates for the manufacture of
superphosphates, as far as the amount of sulphuric acid
required is concerned, is somewhat expensive, from the fact
that they frequently also contain from ten to fifteen per cent
of sesquioxide of iron and alumina, besides from two to five, -
and more, per cent of carbonate of lime. To secure in cases
like these the entire amount of phosphoric acid in a soluble

tek oe irae
om q

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 15

form, requires, therefore, a larger quantity of sulphuric acid
than the decomposition of the bone phosphate alone would
consume, which increases the cost of the phosphoric acid
produced. Some otherwise very valuable mineral phosphates,
as, for instance, Sombrero guano, have proved, for this
reason, unprofitable for the manufacture of superphosphates.
Another very serious difficulty in the application of some
mineral phosphates, arises from the fact that it often becomes
impracticable to use an amount of sulphuric acid sufficient to
convert all the oxides of iron and alumina and carbonate of
lime present into sulphates, and also the entire amount of
bone phosphate into soluble phosphoric acid ; 7.e., monocalcic
phosphate. Unfavorable physical and chemical conditions,
such as coarseness of the material, etc., interfere, in many
instances, with a speedy reaction of the sulphuric acid, which
tends to leave, for some time at least, a part of the latter in
an uncombined state. Superphosphates, rich in sulphates of
alumina and iron, are hygroscopic, and, consequently, trouble-
some to handle. An addition of a small quantity of hydro-—
chloric acid has, in some instances, proved very useful in
counteracting the last-mentioned tendency. To escape these
inconveniences, less sulphuric acid is frequently used than is
needed to render the entire amount of phosphoric acid present
soluble. Undecomposed bone phosphate, uncombined oxides —
of iron and alumina are thus of common occurrence in super-
phosphates but recently manufactured. As these substances
act quite injuriously in the course of time on the soluble
phosphoric acid, by changing it into a less valuable form, so-
called “reduced phosphoric acid” or bicalcic phosphate, it
becomes quite evident that the cheaper kind of two commer-
cial mineral phosphates, which contains an equal percentage
of bone phosphate, may prove in the end not to be the most
economical material to work into superphosphates.

To derive the full benefit of the comparative cheapness of
most mineral phosphates in the manufacture of superphos-
phates, requires considerable skill in mechanical appliances and
some familiarity with chemistry. Large establishments for the
manufacture of standard superphosphates can make no better
investment than to put their factories under the supervision
of a good chemist, and, what is equally essential, give hima |

76 AGRICULTURAL-COLLEGE. [Mar. °75.

fair chance to do his best. In our present mode of managing
the fertilizer business, it is but natural that our superphos-
phates, although frequently manufactured from the same raw
materials, are of very uncertain composition, of a low grade,
and of quite unequal commercial value. Coarsely ground
mineral phosphates, in their original state, are almost worth-
less in a concentrated commercial fertilizer. As bones yield
in much larger degree to the dissolving action of the carbonic
acid in the soil, we prefer superphosphates made from bones,
to those manufactured from mineral phosphates, in case they
contain equal amounts of insoluble phosphoric acid. In re-
gard to the soluble phosphoric acid, of course it is of no con-
sequence from what source it has been procured,—bones or
mineral phosphates. The best protection for farmers, as a
general rule, is to refuse to buy superphosphates which con-
tain from two to three per cent. of insoluble phosphoric acid,
at a rate which applies properly only to first-class articles.

The so-called ammoniated superphosphates receive only in
exceptional cases their nitrogen in the form of ammonia com-
pounds. In the majority of cases the nitrogen is added in
the form of some nitrogenous animal matter, as ground bones,
Peruvian guano, fish pulp, meat scraps, blood, refuse material
from glue factories, hair, horn, ground leather, etc. Also
Chili saltpetre, and potash saltpetre, sometimes furnish the
nitrogen in commercial manures. Our dealers have not yet
been seriously asked to recognize the great difference which
exists between nitrogen in the form of ammonia compounds,
guano, meat, blood, fish; and that in the form of hair, horn,
woollen refuse, leather scraps, etc., although in the latter case,
it is hardly worth one-half the amount of that in the former.
As the new law for the regulation of the trade in fertilizers pro-
poses to protect the farmer in his just claims, he ought to
assist in its enforcement, by refusing to buy of dealers who
do not comply strictly with its requirements, and give with
every package an intelligent statement respecting the chemical
composition and real agricultural and commercial value of the
articles they offer for sale.

WA A ag ee)
ar, eet

DELIVERED AT THE MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, AT
ee WESTFIELD, MAss., DECEMBER 3, 1874.

By Proressor NOAH CRESSY, M.D.

78 AGRICULTURAL - COLLEGE. [ Mar.

DENTITION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The teeth belong to the digestive system; and though firm,
hard substances, and even implanted in the maxillary bones,
yet they are no part of the osseous skeleton. They are de-
veloped from the mucous membrane along the walls of the
anterior portion of the alimentary canal, and thus serve as
the mechanical agents in the division and the trituration of
the food. The teeth are therefore adapted in the carnivorous
animals for seizing and tearing flesh; while in the herbivora,
there is a modified form of the same, to suit the changed con-
dition of the creature in nature. In fact, almost every con-
ceivable gradation of purpose may be served by these im-
portant organs in the economy of the different orders, genera
and species of mammals. |

In the walrus or sea-cow, we find a pair of tusks developed
to such an extent that they are used as organs of locomotion
when the creature is basking upon the shore; and the fossil
dinotherium of the tertiary epoch evidently used a similar
pair of the front teeth on the lower jaw as a means of anchor-
age.

The beaver, like the carpenter with his tools, diligently
applies his gnawing teeth to the wood, and thus prepares and
by the same means transports his building material for his
dam.

The elephant and the musk-deer have well-developed teeth,
that are employed as organs of defence, while the hyena and
the dog show their glistening ivory when in rage, and use the
same as weapons of combat. But nowhere is the secondary
use of the teeth more evidently displayed than in man, where
they not only contribute to beauty, but to his inimitable power
of speech.

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 79

Hence the teeth are important in a zodlogical point of view,
and greatly aid in the classification of animals. So intimate
are the relations of these organs to the general economy and
habits of an-individual, that the naturalist is often enabled to
determine the position of a fossil creature in the scale of
being by the teeth alone; and not unfrequently these are the
only relics to be found to mark the existence of some huge
monster, whose bony skeleton perhaps may have smouldered
away to dust.

The teeth are composed of tics distinct anatomical ele-
ments,—the dentine, the enamel, and the crusta petrosa. The
first was so named by Professor Richard Owen, of London,
in 1835. It forms the bulk of the tooth, and is very firm and
solid. Hence it has been called the bone of the tooth. A
modified form of it, as seen in the tusks of the elephant, is
called wvory. Itis made up of a series of minute tubes and
cells, with earthy particles interposed. The dentine of the
higher mammals is unvascular, but its nutrition is carried on
by means of these tubes connecting with the pulp.

The enamel is the hardest snbstance in the animal-body,
and consists of earthy matter deposited in an organized
matrix. The enamel forms a perfect sheath around the den-
tine, except on the lower portion of the root.. In man and
the carnivorous animals it permanently covers the crown, but
in the herbivora, where the teeth are long and gradually wear
away, it soon becomes denuded. Here it takes on a new
form, being folded upon itself, and in the grinding teeth it
presents a peculiar appearance, interspersed with dentine.
In the front teeth of the horse it forms a deep cavity, as seen
in figure 2, and is known as the infundibulum.

The crusta petrosa is a hard, bone-like statically which
covers that portion of the tooth within the jaw. In its struct-
ure and manner of growth it resembles the osseous tissue
more than either of the other dental elements. It varies
greatly in thickness on different teeth and on different parts
of the same tooth. It is the thickest at the end of the fang;
and where it covers the enamel it appears like a thin layer of
cement, which name also has been applied to it by various
authors. It fills the bottom of the infundibula, and forms an

oval island in the sack of the enamel, which is well illustrated

80 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

in comparing figures 2 and 3. As the teeth wear away, the
nerve begins to recede from the crown, and its cavity is filled
with cement. This makes the “dental star,” as shown in
figure 4.

There is great variety in the form and number of teeth
among our domesticated and wild animals, and we are there-
fore led to inquire what relation one kind of dentition has to -
another. Zodlogists and paleontologists are agreed that the
typical set of mammalian teeth is forty-four. This corre-
sponds with the number found in the fossil skull of the
dotherium, as shown in figure 1. Professor Owen and other
naturalists claim that the hog is the only creature now in
existence that has a complete set. But there is evidently
some mistake about the dentition of the Suid, as I shall
endeavor to show at another time.

Anatomists have divided the teeth into certain series, as
follows: the first three in front on each side are called from
their shape, incisors; the next one is the canine; then comes
the four premolars; and lastly the three molars, as here
represented.

Incisors, 3X35 canine, +X+4; premolars, 4X45 molars,
8x%3=—44. This formula shows the teeth to be equally
divided above and below and upon the right and left side.
But all animals do not possess this number. Man has only
thirty-two, and in comparing them with the typical set, we
discover that the outer incisors in both jaws are lost; the
canines are in place, and so are the molars; but of the four ©
premolars only two are present, and these are known as the
bicuspids. In the horse and ruminants we find the molars
and three of the premolars present, and not unfrequently the
first milk molar in a rudimentary form, which may be called
a supernumerary. This is always present as a germ in each
jaw, as will be seen in the formule for the deciduous teeth of
the horse and ox.

Incisors, 3x35; canines, x41; molars, 4#x4=382.

This peculiar denticle is known among horse jockeys as the
* wolf-tooth,” and special pains are usually taken to remove
it at an early date, lest it cause blindness or some other
ophthalmic trouble. Such practice, based on imaginary
pathology, cannot be too strongly denounced by every

1875. ] SENATE—No. 99. 81

anatomist in the land. The occasional presence of this
diminutive tooth with the permanent set only illustrates the
law of reversion, and should be looked upon in a zodlogical,
rather than in a pathological, point of view. It is curious
that the farriers of the county, who have almost invariably,
they claim, found this to be so very troublesome in the horse,
have not stopped to inquire whether similar diseases did not
exist among the ruminants, where these wolf-teeth ‘are ean
_as prevalent.

Prof. Joseph Leidy, M. D., of Philadelphia, has found, in
his paleontological researches concerning the extinct mamma-
lian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, that the -Anchitheride
(a large family of solipeds, now found fossil in the Mauvaises
Terres) had six large molar teeth on each side of both jaws,
besides a small premolar, as in the horse. Hence, the wolf-
tooth becomes an interesting relic in the study of natural
history. And the various diseases of the eye, supposed to be
caused by this little nerveless tooth, must have prevailed
throughout a long geological period when there were no
veterinarians to attend to the sanitary condition of these
afflicted animals, if such they were, from the, possession of
this offending tooth.

In the bovines, the number of teeth is reduced to thirty-
two, inasmuch as there are no incisors nor canines in the
upper jaw in the second dentition. Yet germs of these
teeth are in place, though not developed in the first set.

The canines appear in the musk-deer and in the caribou,
and the outer incisors also occur in the camel.

As the milk-teeth are gradually replaced by those of the
permanent set, at different intervals in different species of
animals, we are enabled to determine the comparative age of
a creature in its early years, if we know the order of its den-
tition. And the teeth which are of the most importance to
the practical observer are the incisors and the canines on the
lower jaw.

The colt has the six incisors well developed and in position
at one year of age. ‘The infundibula or “the marks,” seen at
figure 2 in the crown of the front teeth, are well defined.
But at two years of age these cavities have become nearly, if

not quite, worn out; and, if a colt at this age is very large
11

82 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

and well developed, it may be taken for a horse much older,
by one not experienced in such dental examinations. But
any one with half an eye, though deceived in regard to the
marks, can see that the creature is still a colt.

‘At three years of age, the central nippers are replaced by
the permanent teeth, which are much wider and more bulky
than the remaining ones of the milk set. The lateral nippers
come at four, and the permanent corner nippers appear when
the horse is five years old, and seldom or never before that
time.

This is an important age to observe the condition of the
mouth; for not unfrequently a large four-year-old colt is
offered for sale as a five-year-old horse, for family use, and
one not familiar with the order of dental development would
be deceived and “sold” by a sharp horse jockey. Before you
pay any money for a horse represented to be five years old,
see that the milk-nippers, which are very small compared with
the other front teeth, have been replaced by the “ horse-teeth,”
so called. .

The canine or “ bridle-teeth,” though always present as a
germ, are usually not very much developed in the mare, and
therefore of no importance to decide this question, but in the
horse they are much more prominent at five, than a year pre-
vious. There are but few cases, I fancy, of horses absolutely
five years old, that have not shed their corner milk-teeth.
But if the matter is pressed, call for an authentic record in
all such disputed cases.

At six years of age, the “marks” in the first incisors have
usually disappeared, and at seven, the same change has
occurred in the lateral nippers, and repeated in the corner
teeth at eight. Thus, when a horse is going on nine years old,
all the “marks” have usually disappeared from the lower front
teeth. From this age onward, the teeth become thinner in
their lateral diameter, as also much shorter. At figure 3, is
seen the left middle incisor at about twelve years of age; and
at figure 4, the same tooth from the jaw of a horse twenty-
seven years of age and represented in full at figure 12, which
is actually drawn from nature. I know the history of this
horse: it belonged to the late Michael Griffin, of Middletown,
Conn., and I obtained this specimen with my own hand, from

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 83

the carcass. You will see that this old horse’s tooth is much
shorter than the one at twelve years of age, and not half as
wide. Thus you will find a serial gradation in the length and
width of the lower incisors, from eight to extreme old age.
The older the horse, the shorter the teeth, even though they
show longer above the gum than in a younger animal.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the first pair of per-
manent incisors occur in the colt at three years of age, and
the others at intervals of one year. The “marks” disappear
according to the same law. But in the ox we have another
order of dentition. Here, the first pair of the second set
occur at two, and the others, including the canines, which
thus make eight front teeth, at intervals of six months. To
verify this, I have watched the dental development of the
thoroughbred stock at the College barn, and have had Profes-
sor S. T. Maynard sketch the following figures from living
animals, that may be examined at any time by all who are
interested in this branch of inquiry.

“Yucatan,” a Shorthorn heifer, is now two years old, and
has the first pair of permanent teeth up and well developed.
(See figure 5.)

Le heifer of the Shorthorn tecae * Bella Wilfer,” now
two years and a half old, has four incisors, as shown in
figure 6.

“Grand Duke,” one of the Jersey bulls, had the six incisors
well developed last fall, when three years of age, as seen in
figure 7.

The Ayrshire bull, “Lord Ronald,” has now a full mouth
at three and a half years old. (See figure 8.)

These all occur in the regular order of dentition, but there
is occasionally a slight variation. “ Fourth Highland Chief,”
a bull of the Holstein breed, is a little tardy in his dental
development, according to this rule. He will not have a full
mouth until four years of age, as seen in figure 9.

The teeth grow smaller as the creature advances in years.
This is well illustrated by comparing the appearance of the
jaw of old “ Beauty ” (figure 10) with any of the other figures.
There are at times very early developments of the teeth,
when the jaw-bones are not large enough to contain them.
This causes great irregularity in the position of the milk set,

84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Mar. 75.

as is well shown in figure 11. When this is the case, the
permanent teeth usually follow in rapid succession, and if
crowded, one should be removed to prevent its being broken
off at an early age, in the act of grazing. |

Sheep have the same number of teeth as cattle, and the
appearance of the jaw is very similar, but the order of denti-
tion is in accordance with another law, peculiar to every
species. The first pair of permanent incisors appear at one
year of age, and the rest follow at an interval of nine months,
with slight variations for exceptional cases. This will make
the next two appear at one year and nine months; the third
pair at two and a half, and a full mouth at three years and
three months.

a 4.
he} CT \\ ¥
Up Mea ogee A\ \\

LOT 1 al
fidcoda 4 AW

——A

SKULL

(After Leidy.)

OF ELOTHERIUM MORTONI.

p= Tafandibulam

ee Dentine

We ZE SS

LOR

M/A\ii)--------- Enamel

1 aaa Crusta

Section of Incisor of Horse.

’
.

“>

ber S &

————
==

SZ =a

EZ
Z
a
GZ

BCE

“yy
by!

\ %

\
in i

ay WY, |

_
EZBZE
ZEEE

hea

B
= Fe
ee

————

Mf: tif: ! ; ee aN j a : a i
AQ ~

GRAND DUKE, (Jersey,) 3 years old, Sept. 24, 1874.

o>
»

LORD RONALD, (Ayrshire,) 3% years old, March 26, 1875.

a s.

7 i i

SS
———<—$ a
eel”

BEAUTY, No. 8, (enamine 21 years old.

j
-
{
i
, ‘
\
a «
4
i
nt
#
.
4 ‘
*

mI :
a
: it
, 5 2 were ee
n Dea
ame Rt
, 2a
A
¥
yee
. 7
!
- ths ,
x
~
Se
' ?
‘ Pr
af
/
i
Ed :
7 :
Le
hae eas
“he me A
. es
; Rar eet Poat

| |
t', VA _ uss ae a
i ww | in — I), é =.
' me ) ii i Lg “a
"=i atl
} ! M | } {

Irregular Dentition of Cow

Lower Incisors of Horse, 27 years old

pee SS

—_—

7
} {
i’ i,
a > =
iam |

Ebi Tos here

he
a. aoe 3
— : aa Merde

REPORT...
RTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
‘ By —- S. T. MAYNARD, B.S. |

86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

The plants in the Durfee Plant-house are generally in a
very good condition; but owing to the many duties which
devolve upon the gardener and the need of skilled labor to
assist him, he finds it very difficult to keep everything in the
neat and flourishing condition desirable in a house of this
kind.

Many of the plants have been injured by a beetle belonging
to the curculio family, which appears in large numbers in July
and August. It feeds upon the foliage of nearly all kinds of
greenhouse plants; even the thick, hard leaf of the camellia
is not free from its attacks. It continues to feed until Decem-
ber and January, when it lays its eggs and dies. The larva
feeds upon the roots of the plants, te quite as much injury
beneath the soil as the perfect beetle does above. It is about
one-fourth of an inch long, of a grayish brown color, with a
white spot upon the outer edge of its wing-covers. It is,
undoubtedly, a foreign species, Sad may have been po
with some of our plants.

During the past two years the lower woodwork of the
Pie house has received one coat of paint, and the entire
frame should be painted both inside and out as soon as pos-
sible. The walk in the octagonal room has been relaid, and
those in the other rooms need renewing.

- The grounds around the plant-house and botanic museum
have been laid out in beds and borders, and many ornamental
trees and shrubs planted the past season.

The vineyard has made a good growth, and the wood fully
matured. arly in the season it promised a heavy crop of
fruit; but about the first of July a fungus appeared which
rendered it a perfect failure. This fungus or mildew was

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 87

found upon the stem of the berry, and in some cases upon
the leaf, in July, but no trace of it could be found upon the
berry itself until nearly a month later. Its effect was to check
the growth of the fruit, to cause it to color prematurely, but
to remain hard, and finally shrivel on the vine. In some
cases the entire bunch was affected; in others, only a few
berries. : |

This fungus appeared identical with the common oidium or
mildew which destroys the foliage of the foreign and thin-
leaved varieties of the grape. Its ravages were confined to
the fruit of the Concord, Israella and Agawam, and to the
foliage of the Delaware, Iona and Wilder.

The orchard consists of two hundred and sixty-three trees,
including one hundred and forty pear, seventy peach, twenty-
five apple, fifteen plum and thirteen cherry trees, all of which
have made a good growth the past season. Of the peach
trees, forty were planted last spring; the others are older,
and a few bore fruit. Sixty pear trees of the Buffum variety
have been grafted with fifteen of the leading sorts.

The nursery contains a good stock of ornamental trees and
shrubs and a large number of fruit stocks, which do good
service in instructing students in the art of budding and
grafting.

There are at present no small fruits, except the grape,
growing in the horticultural department, but a few plants of
the more important varicties were obtained last spring and
propagated for planting the coming season.

Owing to the limited market in this vicinity, no great profit
would result from their extensive cultivation ; but while there
is so much confusion in regard to the names of varieties of
both large and small fruits, and while instruction cannot be
given with profit upon their cultivation without practical
illustration, all the leading kinds should be grown under their
correct names.

The grove east of the plant-house has been laid out for the
Massachusetts garden. A drive, and numerous walks, have
been cut and gravelled, and the ground cleared and graded.

A green crop has been plowed in on the lot, previously
subsoiled for the pinetum.

On the piece of land north of the botanic museum have

a eee A 9:
faery
pus

88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

been grown eighty-five varieties of potatoes. The seed was
received in May, one tuber of each kind. On account of the
time required to prepare molds and make casts of each,
which were colored and placed in the museum, they were not
planted until the first. week in July. They were cut in pieces
of from one to three eyes, two to five pieces, placed in four
and five inch pots, in a good rich soil, and set in the propagat-
ing pit. Here they remained about one week, when they were
planted in moderately rich soil, in the open ground.

The accompanying table gives the results :—

3 : és

o 3s hae =
VARIETIES. CEs B = 53 ER 2
ge Bie S| 63)
EO oe | Oe eR en
Andes, 4 16 14 4 1 ER 8 2
Black Mer cer, 3) et ali oD 14 8 8 2
Bismarck, 3 16°) 28 11 27 8 2
Breezees Prolific, Ein WA he 3 14 4 Zz 2
Brownite, 4 4 10 3 5:14 10 2
Calico, 4 4 18 5 9 14 2 Z
California, 7.5 28 6 yh is hy 1 5
Carmelite, yA = Bi a 6 9-6 10 2
Caroline, . e 2 11 21 9 18 4 4 2
Cusco White, . ~ hb 6 8 871, a0 2
Climax, ed 3 18 4 16: 52 8 1
Conover, . ge: hee Ba 3 ee 9 a
Copper Mine, 1.104% a3 4 13 4 8 1
Croton, 2 6 8 4 32) Bee 2
Crown Prince, . pee if 15 5 13°16 9 2
Drew’s Prolific, 3.9 10 3 12 10 4, 4
Dover, 5 6 15 ~ ~ _ -
Dykeman, Se et cate Eo 5 4 4] 10 2
Dyrites: 2 ANS aN) 5 102% 3 1
Extra Early Vermont, 3/2 El ele 7 24 4] 10 1
Karly Rose, 4 2) 0 as 7 24 8) 10 1
Early Mohawk, 4. Le, 4 10 12] 10 1
Early Queen, 2 441". 40 3 5 10 2
Early Sebec, 310) 14 5) o “ub Yee 2
English Kidney, D Dele - - - ~
Excelsior, 2°15 11 5 16 8 7 1
Fenian, 26 18 4 1:45 10 3
Forfar shire Red, de A ee 0) 4 oer 8 1
Fox Seedling, . 12s) el 3 4 15 8 2
Garnet Chili, Sil 18 4 11-412 5 op
Girard, ape) i) 55 o> 14 10 2
Gleason, oi 17 7 9 14 8 1
Glenida, 15 10 ¥ 4 6 10 2
Goodrich,. 4°10 | 20 6 24 i) 1
Gravelot, . 3 107k 4 4° 6.). a0 3

ON Pye cus etree

Rgott 2

1875. | SENATE—No. 99. 89
er
u 3 d E BUR ik cual Mas
oa a hs = aa on
VARIETIES. ee 5 a ® 1S) 8 S nS 2
ao 8 rc) S By 3 2. FS
aks 6 S$ & & En i
= Zi 4 ay s) 4
Gregory, . 0 13 9 3 4 4; 10 2
Hanson, . : on 14 4 10 6 5) 2
Hexamer, 21'S 9 3 9 14 4 ye
Holbrook, ; a MRA 6) 10 oe 4 3
Howe’s White Rose, Oe 6. o6 3 16 4 4 2
Jackson’s White, 2 A te ZB ¢ 18 a 2
Ketcham, . dt 7 Syl ial 5 Cray aa eae 8) 2
King of the Earlies, a2 3 3 10 2
Lady Finger, . TH IDb et 5) 1 14 9 3
Late Rose (Campbell’ s),. DO: von ieee 6 26 12 4 2
Late Rose (Thornburn’ ®): ee aol) 10 43 10 8 1
Leather Coat, , 314 | .22 - Sa - 3
London White, Meats 8 - Dian _ 1
Mareopac, ree ial eet) 4 Sn he sa CG) 2
McMahon, 5 19 8 14 14 4 2
Monitor, hsd ie 5 15 5 1
Mt. Gilead, Bry Jas 5 910] 10 2
New Hampshire, 2 3 ) - Le 6 - 2
No Blow,. . 2.,4 7 3 Bonn 5 1
Orono, *. de sto al ped 5 do fOr 10 2
Peachblow (white), 4 14 a. 8 14 2 2
e Grea). : 2 teh - PA Was ~ 1
ue (white-eyed),. Ue itas LG 2 4 8 2 2
Peerless, : , ; 814| 15 5 13 6 6 2
Peerless Seedling, age Gan ieee 8) 5 14 8 6 1
Penn’s Search-warrant, 3 19 4 a 4 1
Pink-eyed Rusty-coat, diel: 20 - 6 - 3
Prince Albert, . : 4 28 8 15 8 1
Putnam, 3 6 25 5 9 8 5 1
Samaritan, ti, | tO 3 3 9 2
Sedan, . Ovis i lt peeked 5 Sie 9 2
Skerry Blue, pM rs an lL} + ff 1 2
Snowball, Te enced 10 1S Ou ie 396 2
Standard,. s DLO Bae Wi ate v2, Z 2
State of Maine, Ppl panel e024 5 nA ey 8 2
Strawberry, eG ( 3 7 14 8 1
Vandervere, Cet 26 4 12) 8 1
Western Reserve, Abe len 6 TAO tO 2
White Chili, 1 10 9 5 9 10 1 1
‘“ Mercer, . 3 10 17 4. 1OnA2 9 1
Eeveprout, ; ; 5) 20 9 12 10 5 2
Willard, BD leah 3 Sa Or thd) 1
Youne’s White Rose, 3 LO) Vole 5 24 8 i
No. 14, 5 cae 3 11 4 7 10:-) 10 2
Bae ss ee, ei Ds. Kec aa an 29 4 4 2
26, : X ; 4 22 8 26 9 2
7 p 2 12 3 8:14 | 10 2
Diligek |. ; ao 8 20 5 12 oo) 6 2
doe a 5 Oar yaa 6 coat Mee 2
Oi ae é 513) 18 5 6412 4 2

90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar. 75.

Ten, in column five, indicates the vines in perfect condition,
and one, that all were dead at the time of digging. One, in
column six, means large; two, medium; three, small.

Four pounds of No. 23 were received and treated the
same as the others; yielded about four bushels. All the
potatoes were dug September 28.

A large amount of work has been done by students in this
department, and more faithful or interested assistance could
not be desired ; but the limited time they have to work each
day renders their labor unprofitable. The benefit to the stu-
dents themselves may in a measure compensate for this incon-
venience and loss.

Besides attending to the regular duties as gardener,
instruction has been given to the junior class in fruit-culture
during the fall term, and in floriculture the first four weeks
of the winter term. The same class have performed their
_ class work in this department, and received what instruction
could be given in the practice of horticulture in its various
branches.

The senior class received during the fall term instruction
in the art of fruit modelling and painting, and in the study
and use of the microscope during the winter term. .

Many models of fruits and vegetables have been added to
the collection, and it is hoped that by obtaining specimens
from their original localities, correct representations of all
the valuable varieties will soon be placed in the museum,

di birt a i b ae)
1 } fon ar te
ey Ste A i, ‘i ys : }
Selby : j
: NE TNS ant
ee ear
Fen te
| : ‘ »
pe
‘
.
)
» % ; :
*
e
4
, .
me P ©) Ee. ne
s

_M SUPERINTENDENT, ©

- JOHN C. DILLON, Ese.

i ’
.
'
‘
pg
.
4%
jf
,
'
-
‘
»
= f
s
1
’
%
‘ ‘
a.
) i
4 :
5 } i 34
v, ry
‘ A
4 j

92 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

THE FARM AND THE STOCK.

During the months of January, February and March, the
men and teams were employed in drawing loam and sand
to the yards and cellars, in gravelling the roads, in felling,
trimming and getting to the mill and delivering chestnut and
pine timber, in moving stumps, plowing, subsoiling and
grading for the horticultural department, and, when they
could be spared, in drawing railroad ties from Pelham to
~ Northampton.

The land west of the boarding-house, and also one acre
north of the new barn, on which field fodder and sweet corn
and sugar beets were raised last year, was plowed the last
week in April, and sown the fourth of May with excelsior oats,
at the rate of two bushels of seed per acre, and yielded a very
large crop of grain and straw, which were secured in fine
order. Clover, timothy and redtop were also sown with the
oats, and made a fine catch. 7

In my last year’s report, I made the following statement :
“Soon after haying, we plowed about twelve acres of land
lying east of the brook and intersected by the county road,
and have since sown it with rye.” “This land is rough, cold,
springy, weedy and barren, and it has never yielded crops
worth harvesting.” “At the same time I know of no land
that will better repay the cost of improvement, and it is
proposed to drain, grade and cultivate it, as and when means
and opportunity permit.”

The rye on this plot being almost entirely winter-killed,
we worked about five acres of it in May, with the Holbrook
cultivator, crossed with the Nishwitz harrow, and sowed it
with oats, using three bushels of seed per acre, and sowing
about five hundred pounds of Brighton fertilizer to the acre,

1875. } SENATE—No. 99. 93

which we harrowed in with the grain. We afterwards sowed
ten pounds of clover seed per acre, and rolled it in. By
these means we obtained a very large crop of fodder oats,
which we secured in fine order, and about the handsomest
stand of clover I ever saw. After haying, we top-dressed
this with compost from the yard, and sowed timothy and red-
top; and we have thus got this troublesome piece into a con-
dition to yield profitable returns for two or three years,
when it can be taken in hand and more effectually reclaimed.

Three acres more of the land sown to rye last year was
plowed and planted to corn. The rye, on five of the re-
maining eight acres, was so severely injured by the freezing
and thawing of the wet, springy surface, that it was purposed
to plow it in and plant fodder corn; but it was impossible
to get on the land, and what little rye was left made a vigor-
ous growth, and, in proportion to the number of. stalks,
yielded an excellent crop. The other three acres, being on
dry land, made a satisfactory growth, and yielded a good
_ crop of rye and straw.

The land selected for planting with corn was the worst
portion of the tract thus described by Professor Stockbridge
in 1868. “The mow lands first demand attention, because
they are contiguous to the highway, and at present wet,
rough and unproductive. The fields of this division slope
towards the brook, which has a rapid fall. They are
_all surcharged with water, whieh breaks out in springs in
many places, running over the surface, making the soil cold
and barren, and inducing the growth of coarse and undesir-
able grasses.” |

To cultivate corn on such land as this, in the wettest
season ever known, and in plain view of a critical public,
required all the pluck and perseverance at my command.

_ After repeated preparations, necessitated by repeated pour-
ing rains, the corn was planted from the thirtieth of May to
the sixteenth of June; and though its growth in the months
of June and July was very slow, yet, thanks to the unusually
warm and favorable fall, the corn ripened well; and, except
on about half an acre, where the plants were literally drowned,
we harvested a good crop of corn and stover. An acre near
the buildings was planted with small yellow corn, and fur-

94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[ Mar.

nished an excellent illustration of the method of planting and
cultivating by the German beet-machinery, as described in
former reports. : |

The potatoes for the main crop were planted on land
adjoining, and of the same character as the corn land above
described. Like the corn, they were more or less affected
by the unfavorable conditions of the land and season, but by
careful and persistent cultivation we obtained a fair crop;
and, contrary to my expectations, the quality of the potatoes
is remarkably good.

About the first of May, we plowed in a liberal dressing of
stable manure on an acre and a quarter of land where we
raised millet last year, harrowed with Nishwitz and cross-
harrowed with Thomas’s harrow, and planted with sugar-beets.
To the wetness of the season and the springy nature of the
land, I attribute the fact that the crop was a partial failure.
I therefore filled the vacancies on one-fourth of the piece by
transplanting, and plowed in the remaining three-fourths
and sowed it, June twenty-fourth to July second, with
Swedish turnips. The beets and turnips were planted in
rows eighteen inches apart, and twice cultivated with the
German beet-machinery, and twice hand-hoed, the plants
being thinned to about ten inches apart in the rows; and
November fifth to tenth we harvested four tons of beets and
twenty tons of Swedish turnips.

The grass crop was a full average one, and by the help of
improved machinery was secured in fine condition, in spite of
the unusually catching weather.

The strawberries, raspberries and blackberries all yielded
abundantly, and attracted much attention and admiration from
visitors to-the College.

The vegetable garden was manured at the rate of ten cords
to the acre, plowed, harrowed, and handed over to Prof.
Stockbridge. Under his direction, the planting, cultivating
and harvesting were performed by the students, as class
work, and good crops of various kinds of garden vegetables
were raised and secured.

The nursery, young orchards and the vineyard have also
been supplied with manure, and keft thoroughly cultivated,
and several plots have been prepared and cultivated, under

—

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 95

the direction of Prof. Stockbridge, for experiments, which he
will probably detail in his report.

Before this year, the greater portion of the available labor,
outside of what was necessary for putting in, cultivating and
securing the crops, and teaming for the College, has fbeen
expended in making roads and bridges, removing stumps and
stones, levelling nds and hillocks, filling up bog-holes
and gullies, ead other work of the kind, SHEE added little to
the productive value of the farm, and after its completion was
little thought of except by those who were capable of appre-
ciating the difference wrought by each successive year in the
appearance of the estate. Much of this work still remains to
be done; butit is an encouraging fact that each year the result
of a given amount of labor is more apparent, and we are now
enabled to undertake and accomplish works of sufficient diffi-
culty and extent to free us from the accusation of being “ for-
ever doing nothing.”

In his report of 1868, already referred to, Prof. Stock-
bridge says: “The pasture lands on the river, which bounds
the estate on the west, have the best soil on the farm; but
much of it is saturated with water, and covered with brush,
and should be improved immediately.”

The need of improvement, so apparent at that time, has
steadily increased; but, as the pasture was remote from
general observation, its claims have had to yield to the
pressing necessity of putting the land about the buildings
into presentable shape.

Now, however, a public road has been opened through this
part of the farm, cutting off a considerable slice of the driest
Jand; and the unusual moisture of the past spring and early
summer, so aggravated the general sourness of the herbage,
and the difficulty of reaching the isolated knolls where a
sweeter vegetation obtained, that the larger cattle showed
unmistakably that the supply of nutritious feed was not in
a proper proportion to the labor of getting it. Clearly the
task of improvement could no longer be deferred.

The general character of the pasture was that of a low,
marshy plain, lying at the foot of the slope behind the Col-
lege, and kept wet and sour by the surface and spring water
which was either pouring or oozing into it from the adjoining

’ A ee
ie eee

96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __[Mar.

upland. This water, after thoroughly saturating the soil,
and filling the slough-holes and _ reservoirs, meandered
leisurely among rushes and alders till, after an astonishing
number of convolutions, it found its way to the brook at the
extreme west of the farm. Most of the land was covered
with dog-roses, alders, fruitless huckleberry bushes, swamp
laurels, ferns, thistles, and sapling pines from one foot to ten
feet high ;, and, of course, the removal of these was the first
step in the process of improvement. Then, to get rid of the
surplus water, we ran a tile-drain along the foot of the slope,
tapping the springs, and by means of two larger drains
converging into one, we carried the water thus collected to a
point at the lower end of the piece inclosed for improvement,
whence, in due time, it can be carried on to the river. The
drain was laid in a very dry time, but at once began to
discharge a gallon a minute, and is now pouring out a stream
which nearly fills the three-inch pipe.

We plowed all the land about seven inches deep, using
only two horses on each plow, but paying especial attention
to keeping the shares and coulters of the plows sharp; and
having a man to follow with a fork, to lay up any sods which
might fall back, and to clear the furrow for the next bout.
After plowing, we harrowed thoroughly both ways with the
Nishwitz harrow, sowed on five ewt. to the acre of-a commer-
cial superphosphate, harrowed with the Thomas’s smoothing
harrow, sowed a mixture of herdsgrass, redtop, orchard
grass, and fowl-meadow, and rolled with a heavy roller, and
there is now a flattering promise of a good crop of hay next
summer. The surface is still somewhat lumpy and uneven;
but after sowing clover-seed in the spring, it is intended to
roll the piece again, and it is expected that this will leave it
in fair condition for the mowing-machine, tedder and horse-
rake. After a heavy rain, I carefully marked the course of
the surface-water, and afterwards provided for its rapid escape
by deepening, clearing out, and connecting the dead furrows,
and making a few cuttings through the hillocks which had
heretofore set back the water, and rendered it difficult to tell
in which direction the outlet really was.

The land inclosed for improvement amounts to twenty-five
acres. Of this, thirteen are already laid down; about five

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 97

acres are plowed, and it is proposed to manure this, and
also the remaining seven, which are drained, but otherwise un-
improved, and sow both with oats and grass-seed next spring.
As the seeded, the plowed and the wild portions of the
piece are all of the same general character, and an equal
proportion of the expense of drainage is chargeable to each,
it is proposed to consider the whole piece as reclaimed, and to
state the cost of the different operations as it will probably
stand after the first of May, 1875.

Pasture Swamp—To Massachusetis Agricultural College.

ce Ee
August, 1874, to May, 1875.—To cutting, mowing and burning
brush, 25 acres, at $5 per acre, ; : . $125 00
To plowing (two men and a boy, and Le es 33 fare,
at $7.75 per day, .. : A : : A OSE IE
To harrowing five days a Noe : : : : J Zan 00
To 64 tons superphosphate, at $45 per ton, fteeen - ai ZO De
To sowing, . 5 : : : : : : : 0 25
To harrowing with Tle) So iies : j nate : » 12 30
To 12 acres oats (30 bushels), . : : . . . oes OO
To sowing oats, . ; ; : : : é 3 1 50
To grass-seed (clover, 250 ie ; : . : 29.00
To timothy, 64 bushels, .. : ; : : : : | om OO
To Oy alacadiw: 2 bushels, : é : ‘ ‘ } 5 9 00
To orchard.grass, 3 bushels, . aT ye , ; ‘ . 14 00
To sowing grass-seed, ; : : : : : ; , 3 50
To rolling, . : : ; : spe aoe
To 1,600 three-inch Bote tile, at 838, 70 per M, , , 7 es OD Be
To 1,445 two-inch sole tile, at $24.50 per M,_ . : : . 0 40
To drawing tile from depot and peur 5 00
To and, laying and covering 2,000 rods of sane 3 to 5 fBet |
deep, at 65 cents per rod, _ _.. Mt (is et ae ee a ORE
To 50 pounds tarred paper, , ‘ ; ; ; , ; 2 00
$1,051 57
CR.

By 25 acres of excellent land, adjoining the highway, and con-
venient to College and town, before of little value, now
worth for farming purposes $200 per acre, . : - $0,000 00

Besides reclaiming this piece of pasture, we have accom-
plished a very desirable improvement in filling up the zigzag

channel along which the brook flowed before its course was
13

alls Bear ee
oery

98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _[Mar.

straightened by Professor Stockbridge and the students in
1872,- and in plowing the swale and grading the bluffs
between the south culvert and the wooden bridge. The
expense of this operation, charging a man and two horses at
$4, and a man and bull and tip-cart at $2.50 per day,
amounted to $182; and, considering the improved appearance
of this very prominent feature in the approach to the College,
and the fact that three acres are changed from a nearly
worthless swamp to smooth and productive land, the outlay
cannot be regarded as extravagant or unprofitable. .

We have also blasted and removed the rocks, scraped the
mounds into the slough-holes, and otherwise graded and
levelled the piece between the greenhouse and the county
road; and as the students, under the direction of Professor
Stockbridge, have made good progress in thoroughly draining
it, it is hoped that this piece will soon be an ornament, instead
of a reproach, to the College.

The banks around the new barn have been graded, covered
with loam, top-dressed and seeded down; elms and maples
have been obtained and set out in place of those which have
died, and numerous evergreens have been procured from the
woods and pastures and set out in the nursery, and in clumps
at different points on the farm. Considerable care and labor
have also been expended in improving, gravelling and keeping
in repair the four miles of roads on the estate.

Four hundred loads of compost from the yards have been
carted out and spread on the mowing, and loam and other
materials have been furnished as a basis for next year’s
supply. The plan proposed in my last report, for the storage
of loam in the barn, and its use for bedding, has been carried
out, and works admirably. Loam is carted into the barns,
and dumped through a scuttle into a pen at the east end of
the cow-stable, where it is kept dry and free from frost, and
seven wheelbarrow loads in summer, and fourteen (about half
‘a cord) in winter, are daily used to bed the stock, and absorb
the liquids and gases of the manure.

‘yale

1875.) - SENATE—No. 99. 99

List of Crops cultivated on the College Farm during the year 1874.

CROPS. ~ | Area, | Yield.

Acres. Rods. :
Pe haa 506 bushels oats, and estima-

Oats, ; ; : ; ; ee ted 19 tons straw.
Fodder (oats), ia ie 4 80 7 tons fodder.
Rye (springy land), i ‘ 5 00 25 bushels.
“(dry land), . : , 8 00 88 bushels.
Potatoes (manured), . . 2 40 ot ee HEE EES
<5 : (wnmanured), . 2 00 360 puenels large, 50 bushels
Corn, . ‘ F : ‘ 8 00 350 bushels.
Sugar-beets and ruta-baga, . 1 43 : ae oe and 2) tone
Small fruits, . : : 1 48 610 boxes.
Vegetable garden, . : : 1 13 A variety of vegetables.
Nursery, . . : . 1 Be be - -
Young orchard, : - ‘ 3 00 -
Vineyard, ; ; : ; 2 00 ~ -
Arboretum, . ‘ . ‘ 3 00 - -
Pasture reseeded, . : 5 13 00. ~ -
os plowed,“ : 3 00 ~ -
Swale plowed and gr aded, : 3 00 - -
Total area in tillage, . : 70 14 ~ ~
s in mowing, . .{| 124 55 190 tons of hay.
ee in pastures, . } LOS: 47 = =
se in woods androads, 80 64 - _
383 20

Among the labors, outside of farm work proper, and the
improvement and beautifying of the estate, which devolve on
the Farm Superintendent, and the men and teams in his
employ, are the attendance on visitors, and the answering of
inquiries, oral and written, about the agricultural department ;
the examining and reporting on implements and machines left
for trial ; the transporting of freight and baggage to and from
the depot; the drawing and delivermg of two hundred and
fifty tons of coal to the different departments of the College ;
the removal of ashes and other refuse; the digging up and
relaying water-pipes from the laboratory to Bhatessar Graves’s
house and the boarding-house ; the cleaning of the numerous
vaults, wells, and cisterns on the estate; the supply of loam
and absorbents where needed ; and, generally, the furnishing
of men and teams for any and all purposes ordered by the

i i iV Bae oS

100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

proper authority, and necessary for the welfare, progress and
prosperity of the several departments of the College.

STOCK.

The stock, which was quite particularly described in my
last report, has been thrifty, prosperous and produckig,
especially of bull calves.

Shorthorns.

The Shorthorns comprise one bull and fifteen females.
The bull “Roan Regent” is a handsome, ‘thrifty animal, and
at fifteen months old weighed 1,080 pounds. His pedigree,
below, shows about three-fourths of the Bates-Stevenson
blood (“ Duchess,” “Princess ” and “ Oxford”), the remain-
ing fourth being derived from the famous tribes of the broth-
ers Colling, Coates, Booth, Sir C. Knightley and Earl Spen-
cer. His immediate ancestors have all been animals of high
individual excellence, well and favorably known in this
section, the cows being especially remarkable for their milk-
ing qualities.

“Roan Regent,” bred by H. S. Porter, Hatfield, Massa-
chusetts,: the property of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Amherst, Massachusetts. Roan, calved Septem-
ber 25th, 1873, got by “Roan Duke” (10,783), out of “ Red
Rose” by “Autocrat, 2d” (5,335). “Jenny,” by “ Brother
Jonathan, 2d” (2,570). “Dorothy, 3d,” by “Princess Leo-
pold” (869). “Dorothy,” by “East Windsor” (56). “Red
Romp,” by “Agate” (2). “Romp,” by “Enchanter” (3,729).
* Rachel,” by “ Washington” (1,566), imported “ Pansy, ” by
“Blaize” (76). “Primrose,” by “ Charles” (27), by “ Blyth
Comet” (85), by “Prince” (521), by “Patriot” (486), &e.

Notes.—* Roan Duke” (10,783), by “ 6th Duke of Thorn-
dale” (4,752), out of “Ada, 2d,” by “4th Hiawatha”
(2,970), &e.

« Autocrat, 2d” (5,335), by “Marmion” (1,843), [he by .

* Duke of Gloster” (11,382), out of “ Zoe,” by “5th Duke
of York” (10,168),] out of “Tube Rose, 3d,” by “3d Duke
of Cambridge” (5,941), &c.

“Brother Jonathan, 2d” (2,570), by “Friar John”

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 101

(12,905), out of imported “Bianca,” by “Minstrel”
(11,818), &e. |

“Prince Leopold” (869), by “Meteor” (104), [he by
“Duke of Wellington” (3,654), out of “Duchess,” by
"Duke of Northumberland ” (3,647), gr. dam by “ Belve-
dere” (1,706), &c.] out of “Flora,” by “Imperial”
(2,151), &c.

“Fourth Hiawatha” (2,970), by “Kirkleavington”
(11,640), [he by “Duke of Wellington” (3,654), out of

“Lady Barrington, 3d,” by “Cleveland” (3,407). “Lady

Barrington, 2d,” by “Belvedere” (1,706), &c.], out of
*Yarico, 4th,” by “Prince Leopold” (869), &e.

The cows are handsome, thrifty animals. Tracing their
lineage through the most famous herds of America and Eng-
land, and having been bred and kept for dairy purposes, they
retain the milking properties, as well as the symmetry and
disposition to fatten when dry, for which the earlier Short-
horns were famous.

The Ayrshires

comprise three bulls and thirteen cows and heifers, all excel-
lent representatives of this hardy and valuable breed.

The Jerseys
consist of one bull and three females. The latter possess, in —
a high degree, the deer-like beauty and butter-making facul-
ties for which the breed is celebrated.

The Brittanies.

These consist of a bull, “Merlin,” bred on the farm; a
cow, “Pauline,” bred by Hon. C. L. Flint, and presented by
William Knowlton, Esq., of Upton; and a bull-calf, * Arthur,”
presented by Mr. Whittle, of the McLean Asylum, Somer-
ville, Mass., -and are excellent specimens of this beautiful’
and every way estimable little breed. |

The Dutch or Holsteins
are represented by a bull, “Fourth Highland Chief” (14),
bred and presented by Winthrop W. Chenery, Esq., of Bel-
mont; and a heifer, “Midwould, 19th,” also bred by Mr.

102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

Chenery, and purchased for the College in 1873 ; both excel-—
lent representatives of this very ancient and honorable race
of dairy cattle.

Swine.

The College has now twelve swine, four of each of the three
breeds,—Chester White, Berkshire and Essex.

Sheep.

The fans consist of a Cotswold buck, of extraordinary
size and quality, bred and presented to the College hy R. W.
Cameron, Esq., of Clifton, Staten Island, N. Y.; and four
Cotswold ewes, from the imported flocks of Messrs. Cameron
and D. F. Appleton, of Ipswich, and one buck lamb, bred on
the farm.

Poultry.

The nonle Henee. are well supplied with fnst-nite speci-
mens of Games, Gold-spangled Polands, Silver-spangled
Hamburghs, and White and Partridge Cochins, and in the
yards are fine Bronze Turkeys, Rouen Ducks and Pea Fowl.

Pigeons and Rabbits.

In the pigeon-loft are superior specimens of ten distinct
breeds, besides as many sub-varieties, and in a spare pigpen
is a colony of English lop-eared rabbits.

The poultry, pigeons and rabbits have been prosperous and
productive, and, besides being objects of much interest to
students and visitors, have served to illustrate and settle doc-
trines and questions relating to the laws of similarity and
variation, atavism, relative influence of parents, in-and-in
breeding and crossing, the effects of domestication, and the
tendency of animals to recur to feral instincts, especially in
the concealment and protection of their young,.and other
interesting subjects connected with the study of unimal phys-
iology, psychology and natural history generally.

The cattle were exhibited at the Hampshire cattle-show at
Amherst, but were not allowed to compete for premiums,
the society agreeing to furnish the students and faculty free
tickets instead.

At the exhibition of the Hampshire, Franklin and Hamp-

MAT er

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. ) 103

den Society, at Northampton, we showed four animals, and
were awarded two first and one second premium.

The impression is becoming very general that the College
ought not to compete for premiums; and out of deference to
this feeling, and in consideration of the fact that their stock
is always on exhibition, it does not seem desirable that the
College should carry the stock to the fairs, except occasionally,
as a grateful testimony to societies which have shown their °
interest by endowing one or more scholarships.

The buildings have been fully described in former reports,
and no important alteration has been made in them during
the past year. By the increased productiveness of the farm,
they are now filled to their utmost capacity, and, with con-
tinued progress, an enlargement, or a resort to the European
system of stacking, will soon be necessary.

The teams consist of six excellent farm horses and five
bulls. The Jersey and Ayrshire bulls have been in the yoke
nearly every day since the ground settled ‘last spring, and
“ Belvedere” and “ Fourth Highland Chief” have done consid-
erable work in the tip-cart Aa the roller and on the harrow.
* Fourth Chief,” especially, is a whole team. He was three
years old in May last, and weighs 2,400 pounds. We work
him in collar and harness, drive him with reins, and in many
places where horses would not work at all, he will walk with
a full load across the furrows as if he were drawing an empty
cart on a turnpike road.

As the students can only work in the intervals of their
studies, four intelligent, reliable men are employed to drive
the teams, and, with an old man and a boy, constitute the
regular working force on the farm. In harvest, and when
called upon to undertake extensive improvements, such other
help is employed as is necessary.

As heretofore, the work about the barns has all been per-
formed by students, and it gives me great pleasure to testify
to the uniform manliness, courtesy and intelligent interest
they have exhibited. Their skill and diligence are best shown
by their works, which have earned for them most gratifying
compliments from visitors, and have assisted very materially
in the success of the agricultural department. In the sum-
mer we commence work at five, and in the winter at six

1 te Sa Ie
S b meet ate Aad
: : ba Pa ee

104. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

o’clock, A. M., and the milking, cleaning, carding, cutting
roots and fodder, cooking and ode are perce and the
barn all cleaned up ready for the inspection of visitors, before
the College exercises commence. The cattle are again let

out, the stables cleaned, and the cattle put up again, milked

and fed, between four and six o’clock, P.M., in the winter,
and between five and seven, in the summer. In addition to
this, many of the students have diligently assisted me when-
ever their studies would permit, in surveying, levelling and
planning work, in cutting brush, draining and building fences,
in haying and harvesting, and farm-work generally.

As class work, under the direction of Professors Stockbridge
and Maynard, they have done a very large amount of labor
in planting, cultivating and harvesting the crops, in draining,
in landscape gardening, and otherwise improving the estate,
which I presume those gentlemen will particularly report.

SUMMARY.

In reviewing the experience of the past year, I submit that
our circumstances during the spring and early summer were

‘perplexing and discouraging in a remarkable degree; that by

diligence and ‘perseverance, we overcame our difficulties as
far as it was possible to do so, and obtained good average
crops ; and that we have gratefully and zealously availed our-
selves of the favorable weather of the fall to secure the crops,
and to improve the appearance, productiveness and value of
the farm, both as an investment, and as a necessary and im-
portant part of the educational apparatus of the College.

I forward herewith a detailed statement of receipts and ex-
penses. A considerable saving of expense, and a proportion-
ate increase in money returns, might have been obtained, if |
it had been possible or desirable for me to have devoted my
time and thought more exclusively to these objects; but it is
claimed that, considering the difficulties of the soil and season,
the increase in the value of the farm and stock, the many
objects to which the farm and teams have been subservient,
that the management has been reasonably judicious, and has
been prompted by a careful regard to the permanent ee
ity of the farm and the institution generally.

In concluding this Report, I would distinctly disclaim the

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 105

intention of practising or justifying any extravagant or un-
profitable outlay, or the neglect of careful economy in every
detail of farm management; but it has seemed to me that a
certain standard of excellence in the condition and appearance
of the farm, the buildings and the stock is demanded, both
for the character of the College and the permanent utility and
profitableness of the farm ; and this standard I have diligently
sought to attain as quickly and economically as possible. By
the growth of the yearlings and two-year-olds, the farm, in
another year, will be well stocked with breeding animals of
pure breeds, high individual character and practical merit,
which it will be in a position to support in the best possible

condition, without any outlay whatever for grain or fertilizers,

and will then yield a satisfactory and constantly increasing
profit on the capital invested in it, besides fulfilling the im-
portant offices of instruction and example which are properly
expected of it.

The following is a list of the thoroughbred stock belonging
to the College :—

SHORTHORNS.

Bull.—“ Roan Regent.” Cows.—‘‘ Yarico, 57th,” ‘* Bella Donna,”
* Peachbud, 8th,” ‘‘ Aurora, 4th,” ‘‘ Emma, 3d,” *‘ Autumn Lily,”
Wistaria,” ‘* Lilian,” ‘ Bella Wilfer,” ‘* Yucatan,” ‘ Estella,”
*¢ Mabel,” ‘‘ Isabelle,” ‘* Yucatella” and ‘‘ Beatrice.”

The pedigrees of all these animals are recorded in the *‘ American
Shorthorn Herd-book.” |

AYRSHIRES.

Bulls.—* Lord Ronald,” ‘* Bonnie Doon,” *“* Roy of Aldivalloch.”
Cows.—‘‘ Beauty, 8th,” ‘‘ Lulie” (1,500), ** Rosa” (1,780), ‘‘ Beauty ”
e570), “ Emily, 4th,” “‘ Beauty, 11th,” “ Beauty, 12th,” ‘ Leilah,”
** Little Emily,” ‘‘ Beauty, 13th,” ‘¢ Beauty, 14th,” ‘‘ Emmeline.”

These animals have all perfect pedigrees, and either are recorded
or will be recorded in the next volume of the ‘‘ Ayrshire Herd-
book.”

JERSEYS.

Bull.—* Grand Duke” (408). Cows.—‘‘ Hattie” (977), ‘* Lady
Essex” (1,059), ‘‘ Success ” (1,254).

All recorded in the ‘‘ American Jersey Herd-book.”

BRITTANIES.

Bulls. —“* Merlin,” ‘‘ Arthur.” Cow,— Pauline.”
14

106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.’75.

Dutcu or Ho.LsrTeEn.
Bull.‘ Fourth Highland Chief” (4). Cow.—‘‘ Midwould, 19th.”

SHEEP.
One Cotswold ram, four Cotswold ewes, one Cotswold buck lamb.

SWINE.
Four Chester Whites, four Berkshires, four Essex.

POULTRY.
One hundred Games; twenty Cochins; ten Gold-spangled Po-
lands; ten Silver-spangled Hamburghs; nine Bronze turkeys; six
Rouen ducks; sixty pigeons; viz., Carriers, Pouters, Tumblers,

Fantails, Jacobins, Nuns, Archangels, Turbits, Trumpeters, Quak- ~
ers, Blue-rocks.

Win 4) yi
. vf ' Ler as fa ats fe
righ Ely & rt i ot 7 \ "Thy ee
Chew bat f 4
» hist ee MH eal ‘ a hugh Sha Be Me ‘
LOO eee hd lay Wee :
\ Were eda | A a ©
ORO ‘

CATALOGUE

, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS.

S07) ee

Peihehing 14s ie arian F att aN RENIN Se SS ET OW Ey Nd: tl

108 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS.

BOARD OF TRUSTESBS.

MEMBERS EX-OFFICHS.
His Honor THOMAS TALBOT.
Cot. WILLIAM S. CLARK, LL. D., President of College.
Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL. D., Secretary of Board of Education. °
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

MEMBERS BY ELECTION. 5

Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, . ; ‘ : . Boston.
Hon. CHARLES G. DAVIS, : : : . . PLYMOUTH.
NATHAN DURFEE, M. D.,. : ; . : . ~FALL RIVER.
HENRY COLT, Esq:, . . . : : : . PITTSFIELD.
REY. CHARLES C. SEWALL, . : : 5 . MEDFIELD.
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq., : ‘ ; . CHICOPEE.
Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE, . ; ; : . "> Asa res,
Hon. GEORGE MARSTON, . ; ; : ; . NrEw BEDFORD.
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, : : : . GREENFIELD.
Pror. HENRY L. WHITING, . ; : ‘ . CAMBRIDGE.
HENRY ©. HILLS: se.) 7; ; : : ; . AMHERST.
Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM,. : : be Bs . GROTON.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esgq., . : : : . UPTON.
JOHN CUMMINGS, Esq., . ; ; : ‘ . WOBURN.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK. Dr. NATHAN DURFEE.

Hon. JOSEPH WHITE. HENRY COLT, Esq.
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq.

SECRETARY.
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, oF Boston.

ADTDETOR.
HENRY COLT, EsqQ., OF PITTSFIELD.

TREASURER.
Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, OF FALL RIVER.

fe SENATE No. 99. 109.

ASSISTANT TREASURER.
GEORGE MONTAGUE, Esq,, or AMHERST.

BOARD OF OVERSEERS.
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS.
Hon. P. A. CHADBOURNE, D. D., LL.D. THOMAS P. ROOT, Esa.
| JOSEPH N. STURTEVANT, Esq.

‘MEMBERS OF FACULTY.
WILLIAM S. CLARK, Px. D., LL. D.,
President and Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,

Professor of Agriculture,

‘HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A.,
Professor of Modern Languages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

HENRY W. PARKER, M. A.,
Professor of Mental, Moral and Social Science.

NOAH. CRESSY, M. D.,

,
Professor of Veterinary Science.

WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M. A,,
Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering.

First Lizrut. A. H. MERRILL, First Art. Ol S. A.

Professor of Military Science and Tactics. s

A. S, PACKARD, JR., M. D. (STATE ENTOMOLOGIST),

Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects.

M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, Jie Esq.,

Lecturer on Rural Law.

SAMUEL T: MAYNARD, B. S.,

Gardener and Assistant Professor of Horticulture.

JOHN C. DILLON, EsqQ., Farm SuperIntrENDENT,

110 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[Mar.

GRADUATES OF 1874.* —

Benedict, John Mitchell,
Blanchard, William Henry,
Chandler, Edward Phelps,
Curtis, Wolfred Fletcher,
Hitchcock, Daniel Green,
Hobbs, John Alden,
Libby, Edgar Howard, .
Lyman, Henry,
Montague, Arthur Huntinetone
Phelps, Henry Lyman, .
Smith, Frank Stockbridge,
Woodman, Edward Eastman,
Zeller, Harrie McKeen,
Total,

SENIOR CLASS.

Barrett, Joseph Francis,
Barri, John Atherton, .

. Bragg, Everett Burt,
Brooks, William Penn, .
Bunker, Madison,
Callender, Thomas Russell,
Campbell, Frederick George,
Clark, Xenos Young,

Clay, Jabez William, .

. Dodge, George Rufus, .
Hague, Henry, :
Harwood, Peter Mirick,
Knapp, Walter Haydn,
Lee, Lauren Kelloge,
Miles, George Melville,
Otis, Harry Preston,
Peabody, Cecil Hobart,

Bethel, Conn.
Putney, Vt.
Westborough.
Westminster.
Warren.
Northampton, N.H..
Ashland.
Middlefield, Conn.
South Hadley.
Southampton.
Springfield.
Danvers.
Hagerstown, Md.
13.

Barre.
Cambridgeport.
Amherst.

South Scituate.
Nantucket.

‘Northfield.

W. Westminster, Vt.
Amherst.
Westminster, Vt.
Hamilton.
Lonsdale, R. I.
Barre.

Boston.
Shrewsbury.
Westminster.
Northampton.
Amherst.

* The annual report being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two academic

‘ years, and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the
College during any portion of the year 1874.

1875.]

Rice, Frank Henry, _

Southwick, Andre Arnold,

Winchester, John Frost,
Total,

JUNIOR CLASS.

Bagley, David Appleton,
Chickering, Darius Otis,
Deuel, Charles Frederick,
Graves, Louis Bertrand,
Guild, George William May,
Hawley, Joseph Mather,
Ladd, Thomas Henry, .
Lawton, Charles Follen,
Mann, George Hewins,
Martin, William Edson,
McConnel, George Washington,
McLeod, William oc
Naito, Saitaro, ;
Parker, George Lowell,
Porter, William Henry,
Rogers, Mulford Thacher,
Root, Joseph Edward,
Sears, John Milton,
Taft, Cyrus Appleton, .
Urner, George Peter,
Wetmore, Howard Graham, .
Williams, John Elgin, .
Total, s

SENATE—No.

99.

111

Barre.
Mendon.
Peabody.
20.

Winchendon.
Enfield.
Amherst. —
South Ashfield.
New York City.
Salem, N. Y.
Watertown.
New Bedford.
Sharon.
Hadley.
Lonsdale, R. I.
Lonsdale, R. I.
Chiyoshiu, Japan.
Dorchester.
Hatfield. :
Watertown.
Barre.

Ashfield.
Whitinsville.
Elizabeth, N. J.
New York City.
South Amherst.
22:

SOPHOMORE CLASS.

Bellamy, John,

Benson, David Henry, .
Brewer, Charles, .

Clark, Atherton, . ‘
Dickinson, Walter Mason, .
Goodrich, Wilbur Francis,
Hibbard, Joseph Robinson, .
Moore, Frank Lester,

Boston.
Bridgewater.
Pelham.
Amherst. '
Amherst.

East Cambridge.
Chester, Vt.
Framingham.

112 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Nye, George Everett,
Paige, Harrie Cruse,
Palmer, Frank Waldo,
Parker, Henry Fitch,
Phelps, Charles Herbert,
Pixley, Martin Shaw,
Porto, Raymundo, :
Southmayd, John Edwards.

Southworth, Charles Heyward, .

Urner, Frank Gordon,
Wilson, Alvin Robert,
Wuyesugi, Tall Katuyoshi,
Wyman, Joseph,

Total, >>

Sandwich.
Tarrytown, N. Y.
Amherst.
Amherst.

South Framingham.
West Hawley.
Para, Brazil.
Middletown, Conn.
Springfield.
Elizabeth, N. J.
South Hadley.
Tokeio, Japan.
Arlington.

21.

FRESHMAN CLASS.

Allen, Matthew Joseph,
Baker, David Erastus,
Boutwell, Willie Levi,
Brigham, Arthur Amber, .
Carneiro, Manuel Dias,
Choate, Edward Carlile,
Coburn, Charles Francis, .
Collum, George Newell,
Cooley, Silas Rose,
Foote, Sandford Dwight, .
Hall, Josiah Newhall,
Howe, Charles Sumner,
Hubbard, Henry Francis, .
Humphrey, George Eddy, .
Hunt, John Franklin,
Loomis, Francis Eugene, .
Lovell, Charles Otto,
Morey, Guy,
Nims, Luther, .
Spofford, Amos Little,
Stockbridge, Horace Edward,
Taylor, Henry Morgan,
Tuckerman, Frederick,
Washburn, Hosea, :
Total; . ; :

Marion.

Franklin.

Leverett.
Marlborough.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Cambridge. |
Lowell.

Hartford, Conn.
North Hadley.
Springfield.

Revere.

Ayer Junction.

. -New Rochelle, N. Y.

Rochester.
Sunderland.
North Amherst.
Amherst.
Lowell.
Woodlawn, N. C.
Georgetown.
Amherst. ’
Boston.

Boston.
Bridgewater.
24,

Se EE RIED yee igh Ahh game tr anen ET EM

~SENATE—No. 99. | 113

SELECT CLASS.

Auger, Charles Parmelee, . : : . Middletown, Conn.
Ball, Gilman Kimball, ; : . Holyoke.

Barstow, William Hale, . : 3 . Haverhill, N. H.
Bond, Henry, . : : : é . Ware.

Darling, Ira C., E : ve : . Pawtucket, R. I.
Davis, George Williams, . : . West Stafford, Conn.
Goss, Frank Washington, . ae . Lancaster.

Gunn, Willie Bradford, . Se pws . Sunderland.

Melmes, Harry Hawley, .. . : . Greenwich, N. Y.

Howe, Waldo Vernon, : : . Framingham.
Jackson, Henry Stranahan, 5 : - Orange, N. J.
Kendall, Hiram, : : : . Watertown.

Mildeberger, Victor, . , 4 : . New York City.

Mills, James Kellogg, Jr., : ‘ . Springfield.

Parker, George Amos, . : ‘ . Gardner.

Platt, William Davenport, j : . Baltimore, Md.

Potter, William Stiles, . : : . La Fayette, Ind.
_ Smith, Thomas Edwin, . : i . Chesterfield.

_. Walker, James B., . : sag ate . Springfield.
Total, . ; : a Amare yee.

RESIDENT GRADUATES.

Penhallow, B. 8., David Pearce, ‘ P Portsmouth, INS
Wellington, B. S., Charles, Sf . Amherst.
Totaly 3. : 5 : : sea

SUMMARY.

Graduates of 1874, : vader : : : 13

‘Resident Graduates, . fc ; Sora é 2
Seniors, ; ; ‘ ; ; : : : 20
Juniors, ; : ; y : ; 3 ; 22
Sophomores, . ; i : One ; ; 21
Freshmen, . : ‘ ; ; : : . 24

Select, . . ‘ ET Oa : : = tie 19

inh a a 2 at eR |
15 |

114 = AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Mar.

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

First Term.—Chemical Physics, 5 hours each week; Human
Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours;
English, 2 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour;
Free-hand Drawing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual
Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.—Inorganic Chemistry, 4 hours; Human Anatomy,
- Physiology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agricult-
ure, 4 hours; English, 2 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Free-hand
Drawing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours.

Third Term.—Organic and Practical Chemistry, 8 hours; Geom-
etry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2
hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First Term.—Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, 8 hours
each week; Analytical Geometry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Agri-
culture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours;
Manual Labor, 6 hours. |

Second Term.—Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7 hours; Trigo-
nometry, 5 hours; French, 4 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours.

Third Term.—Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agricult-
ure, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Drawing, 4
hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

JUNIOR YEAR.

First Term.—German, 5 hours each week ; Mechanics, 5 hours ;_
‘Entomology and Zoology, 8 hours; Market Gardening, 2 hours;
Levelling and Drawing, 5 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours; Manual
Labor, 6 hours. |

Second Term.—German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Botany, 4
hours ; Microscopy, 2 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Agricultural De-
bate, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours.

1875.) SENATE—No. 99. 115

Third Term.—German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Botany,
4 hours; Topographical Surveying, 4 hours; Stock and Dairy
Farming, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SENIOR YEAR.

First Term.—English Literature, 4 hours each week; Botany, 2
hours ; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Roads
and Railroads, 5 hours; Drawing, 2 hours; Original Declamation,
1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Second Term.—English Literature, 4 hours; Mental Science, 4
hours; Arboriculture, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science, 3 hours ; Draw-
ing, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours.

Third Term.—Veterinary Science, 8 hours; Geology, 3 hours;
Landscape Gardening, 2 hours; Rural Law, 1 hour; Lectures on
English Language, 2 hours; Agricultural Review, 4 hours; Military
Drill, 4 hours.

Instruction is largely given by lectures and practical exercises,
but the following text- books are recommended for recitation or
reference,

Borany AND HORTICULTURE.

Gray’s Lessons, Manual, and Botanical Text-book.

Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany.

Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.

Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi.

Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations.

Flint’s Grasses and Forage Plants.

Downing’s Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America.

Thomas’ American Fruit Culturist.

Strong’s Grape Culture. | ae

Henderson’s Practical Floriculture.

Fuller’s Forest Tree Culturist.

Hoope’s Book of Evergreens.

Williams’ Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants.

Helmsley’s Hand-book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous
Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopzedia of Plants.

Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany.

‘Kemp’s Landscape Gardening.

Downing’s Landscape Gardening.

AGRICULTURE.

Johnson’s How Crops Grow.
Johnson’s How Crops Feed.

116. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [ Mar.

Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture.

Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture.

Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry.

French’s Farm Drainage.

Flint’s Milech Cows and Dairy Farming.

Sturtevant’s The Dairy Cow — Ayrshire.

Waring’s Handy-book of Husbandry.

Henderson’s Gardening for Profit.

Donaldson’s British Agriculture.

-Morton’s Cyclopzedia of Agriculture.

Low’s Domesticated Animals.

Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts.
Agricultural Gazette and Gardeners’ Chronicle, London.

CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY. |

Watt’s Fownes’ Manual of Elementary Chemistry.
Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry.

Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis.
Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis.

Wills’ Analytical Chemistry.

Jobnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analy sis.
Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen.

Wolft’s Landwirthschaftliche Analyse.

Hoffmann’s Ackerbau Chemie.

Watt's Chemical Dictionary.

Dana’s Mineralogy.

Hitchcock’s Geology.

Dana’s Text-book and Manual of Geology.

VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY.
Fleming’s Chativeau’s Comparative Pmpiomy of Domesticated

Animals.

Dalton’s Human Physiology.

Cleland’s Animal Physiology.

Williams’ Principles of Veterinary Surgery.
Williams’ Principles of Veterinary Medicine.
Gamegee’s On Horse-shoeing and Lameness.
Gamgee’s Domestic Animals in Health and Disease.
Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor.

Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals.
Blaine’s Veterinary Art.

Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy.

‘Wood and Bache’s United States Dispensatory.
Harbison’s Elementary Zoology.

SENATE—No. 99. rh i

Lankester’s Advanced Zoology.
' Packard’s Guide to the Siudy of Insects.
7 Harris’ Insects Injurious to Vegetation.
1 Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects.
Baird’s Mammals of North America.
_ © Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals. °
_ + Samuels’ Birds of New England.
Cobbold’s Entozoa.
3 Denney’s Parasitic Insects.
Mogquin-Tondon’s Manual of Medical Zoology.

MatuHematics, PHysics, AND CrviL ENGINEERING. .
Olney’s Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry.
Gillespie’s Surveying.

Gillespie’s Roads and Railroads.
Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics.
Peabody’s Astronomy.

Loomis’ Meteorology.

Miirary SCIENCE AND TACTICS.
Upton’s Tactics for Infantry.
Artillery Tactics for U.S. Army. . :
_Mahan’s Field Fortifications.
Halleck’s International and Military Law.
_ Regulations of U. S. Army.
History of the War of the Rebellion.

ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN.

Hart’s Composition.

‘Fowler’s English Grammar. _

_ Shaw’s Complete Manual.of English Literature.
Chambers’ Cyclopeedia of English Literature.
Morley’s English Writers. .

Taine’s History of English Literature.

Languillier and Monsanto’s French Grammar.

Spier and Surenne’s French Dictionary.

Glaubensklee’s German Grammar.

Adler’s German Dictionary»

The French and German books for translation are changed every
_ year, selections being made from recent literary and scientific pub-
' lications.
bs Mentat, Morar anv Soctan Science.

Haven’s Mental Science.

_ Hickok’s Empirical Psychology.

118 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science.

Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy.
Haven’s Moral Philosophy.

Hickok’s Moral Science.

Hopkins’ Law of Love and Love as Law.
Chadbourne’s Natural Theology.

Walker’s Science of Wealth.

Perry’s Political Economy.

Carey’s Principles of Social Science.

Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy.

CALENDAR FOR 1875.

The third term of the collegiate year begins March 25th, and
continues till June 23d.

The first term begins August 26th, and continues till the Wednes-
day before Thanksgiving.

The second term begins Decerper 16th, and continues till March
15th, 1876.

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a. m., Tuesday, June 22d,
and also on Thursday, August 26th.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening,
June 21st.

The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell
Prize for excellence in Agriculture, and the examination of the
other classes in the studies of the term, will take place on Tuesday
forenoon, June 22d.

The Address and Poem before the’ Literary Societies will be
delivered on ‘Tuesday afternoon.

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 23d.

There will be a session of the State Board of Agriculture at the
College, June 22d and 23d.

AUD MI Spaeo WN:

Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined,
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram-
mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations,
and the History of the United States.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above and also

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 119

in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire
admission.

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of
age, and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good
character, from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for
the prompt payment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be
paid in advance, at the beginning of each term, and bills for board,
fuel, etc., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at 9 o’clock, a. m., on Tuesday, June 22d, and on Thurs-
day, August 26th; but candidates may be examined and admitted
at any other time in the year.

Further information may be obtained from President W. S. Clark,
Amherst, Mass.

EXPENSES.

Tuition, : : is 3 ‘ : : $25 00 per term.
Room-rent, . : ; : : . $5 00 to 10 00 ic

Board, . : : ees 3 50 per week.
Expenses of eremical Me tboratory to Stu-
dents of Practical Chemistry, . a : 10 00 per term,

Public and private damages, including value
of chemical apparatus, destroyed or in-
jured, : 3 : - : at cost.
Annual expenses, moliding Boole. ; . $300 00 to $350 00

REMARKS.

The regular course of study occupies four years, and those who
complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma
being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of
the corporation.

The Trustees of the College ee recently entered into the fol-
lowing agreement with the corporation of Boston University, viz. :—

PROPOSED ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE TRUSTEES OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND THE TRUSTEES OF
Boston UNIVERSITY.

I. The College on its part agrees :—

1. That matriculants in Boston University desiring to pursue any
regular or special course of instruction presented in the Massachu-

RESIN ay TT ARR er eT ENN SiS SOS et
4 A C Srey = Qe eee ene
4 ye ‘ rot "s : 1 OE ne ~
.
ns 5 C7
¥ y

120 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[Mar.

setts Agricultural College shall be at liberty to do so on the same
terms and conditions as, other persons, and on completing the course
to the satisfaction of the authorities of both institutions, shall be
entitled to také their appropriate degree, either at the hands of the
College, or from the University, or both, as they may prefer.

II. The University on its part agrees :—

1. That so long as this agreement is found satisfactory, it will
refrain from organizing an independent College of Agriculture, and
will give its cordial support and influence to the building up of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

2. It will, by its annual circulars and official correspondence,
publicly and privately, recommend those seeking an agricultural
education to resort for it to the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, and will publish in connection with its annual catalogue such
statements of the advantages of the College as may be agreed upon
by the Presidents of the two institutions.

III. Both parties further agree :—

1. That to promote a good understanding, each corporation,
whenever it may desire, shall have the privilege of representing its
interests by a duly accredited officer or ee in the business
meetings of the other.

2. That either party to this agreement shall have power to ter-
minate it, at the close of any scholastic year, by giving notice of
such desire and intent one year previously.

Under this arrangement, all students who desire it may become
members of the University and receive its diploma in addition to
that of the College.

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the grad-
uates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to
translate German and French with facility. The scientific course is
as thorough and practical as possible, and every science is taught
with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the
wants of the farmer.

1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 121
may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do additional
work, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars. All
labor is paid at the rate of ten to twenty cents per hour, according
to its value. -

Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer about
the College and farm buildings, or in the field, but it is hardly pos-
sible for one to earn more than from $50 to $100 per annum besides
performing other duties. So far as is consistent with circumstances,
students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor as they
may for special reasons desire to engage in.

The State Board of Agriculture unanimously voted at their last
annual meeting that every Agricultural Society receiving the
bounty of the Commonwealth be urged to maintain at least one
scholarship at the College, and to secure the attendance of one or
more students. The Trustees also voted at their annual meeting
to authorize the Executive Committee to remit the tuition of
' such worthy students as were unable to pay it.

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures
with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire
special instruction in chemistry, civil engineering, veterinary science,
agriculture or horticulture, may make private arrangements with
the officers having charge of these departments.

An expenditure of from $10 to $50 is necessary to provide furni-
ture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or
second-hand. At the beginning of the second term of attendance,
every student is required to provide himself with the full uniform
prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets.

On Sundays, students are expected to attend the chapel service
and Bible class, which are conducted by the Professor of Moral
Science. While the Bible is made the basis of all religious instruc-
tion, everything of a denominational character is as far as practi-
cable avoided.

Students may, upon the written request of their parents or guar-
dians, be excused from these exercises to attend services in one of
the churches of the town, but, for obvious reasons, it is very unde-
sirable that such requests be made.

REGULATIONS.

1. Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the
purpose of. absenting themselves from any required exercise, or
violating any known regulation of the College.

3): AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

2. The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the
bell for each exercise of the College by the officer in charge, unless
a monitor be employed, and students who do not answer to their
names shall be marked absent, provided that any student coming in
after his name has been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardi-
nesses shall be reckoned as one absence.

3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused by
the officer in charge of the same; but permission to be absent from
several exercises must be obtained from the general excusing officer
or from the president. In such cases,-the officer excusing will fur-
nish a certificate of excuse, which shall state the precise time for
which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason
for absence from all exercises occurring. within the time specified.

4, Absence without permission obtained beforehand will not be
excused by any member of the faculty, except on the presentation
of a satisfactory excuse written upon the prescribed blank form.
Excuses must be rendered to the officer in charge of the exercise
from which the student was absent; except that when the absence
may include two or more days, the excuse may be rendered to the
president, whose approval shall be deemed sufficient for all absences
specified therein. Excuses must be rendered promptly ; no officer
will be expected to receive an excuse after one week has elapsed
from the end of the absence, if there has been an opportunity for
presentation. Excuses deemed satisfactory will be returned to the
student with the indorsement of the approving officer. Excuses
deemed insufficient will be retained and referred to the faculty for
their decision.

5. For every absence for which no excuse may be offered, or, if
offered, shall be deemed insufficient by the faculty, the absentee
shall be charged with a fine of one dollar upon the treasurer’s
accounts, and no student may enter upon the duties of a term, or
receive an honorable discharge, certificate of attendance, or diploma,
until all fines previously incurred are paid.

6. Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all
departments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be informed
of the fact. When the number of such absences reaches eight, the
parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his delin-
quency ; and when ten such delinquencies are justly recorded against
any student, his connection with the College may be terminated.

7. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse
from the regular examinations, to give up any study without per-
mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another
without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory
buildings.

Pins?

ete oth Pan cee

Se a te
2 P

a Aes

;

pe
h
‘
WN

‘

Ba 4

+
ta
v

1875.] WIGENATEUNG. 990° 0 0. 88

8. The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be
carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a student for
any term falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a mem-
ber of the College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admis-
sion to the College and promotion from class to class, as well as to
eraduation, are granted only by vote of the faculty.

- 9. Students are required to abstain from everything injurious to
the buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects
to be gentlemen.

10. Students will not be excused from regular ae to engage in
boating.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The library of the College contains about 1,500 volumes. Among
them are several valuable sets of cyclopeedias, magazines and news-
papers, reports of agricultural societies and state boards of agricult-
ure, and many standard works on agriculture and _ horticulture.
There are many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany,
surveying and drawing. The larger part of the books has been
presented to the institution by private individuals.

The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing
books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con-
tains nearly 30,000 volumes.

The state cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to
the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.

The Knowlton herbarium contains more than 10,000 species of
named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates.
The botanic museum is supplied with many interesting and useful

' specimens of seeds, woods and fruit models. There is also a set of

diagrams illustrating structural and systematic botany, including
about 3,000 figures. |

About 1,000 species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the
Durfee Plant-house, affording much pleasure and information to
students of both Colleges.

The very extensive, and in many respects unsurpassed, collections
in geology, mineralogy, natural history, ethnology and art, belong-
ing to Amherst College, are accessible to members of the Agricult-
ural College.

The chemical, engineering and military departments of the Agri-
cultural College are well furnished.

124 : AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Mar.

The armory contains two brass pieces of artillery, fifty sabres,
and one hundred and fifty breech-loading rifles.

FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS.

Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided a
fund of $1,500, the income of which is to be used for the purchase
of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the direc-.
tion of the College faculty, for excellence in declamation.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin, of Boston, has given the sum of $1,000 to
establish a fund for the endowment of a first prize of $50, and a
second prize of $20, to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes,
in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes
are to be paid in cash to those two members of the graduating class
who may pass the best oral and written examination in Theoretical
and Practical Agriculture.

HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES.

For the best herbarium, collected by a member of the class of
1876, a prize of $15 is offered, and for the second best, a prize of
$10; also a prize of $5 for the best collection of woods.

2 ae iiweewe
«ah Si Se

Total Real Estate,

Bean Me ST A TERM ENT.

-1875.] SENATE—No. 99. 125
FINANCIAL STATEMENT,
JANUARY 1, 1875.

REAL ESTATE.

College Farm and Quarry, por ,000 00
South College, 36,000 00
North College, 36,000 00
College Hall, 30,000 00
South Boarding-house, 8,000 00
North Boarding-house, 8,000 00
Durfee Plant-house, 12,000 00
Botanic Museum, 5,000 00
' South Barn, 14,500 00
Farm-house, : 4,000 00
Four Dwellings and Berns fchadcd Wilk the ecole, : 9,000 00

eee

$200,000 00

Value of Live-stock, . $11,560 00
of Vehicles and Teiaements, 2,840 00
of Produce on hand, 5,736 00
$20,136 00
Total credits of Farm, including property inventoried Jan.
1, 1875, credit for labor performed in grading, etc., and
receipts from sales of live-stock and produce, 24,553 00
’ Total debits of Farm, including property inventoried Jan.
1, 1875, and all expenditures for live-stock, labor, imple-
ments, repairs, seeds, fertilizers, etc., 24,286 60

126 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Mar.

FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE,

IN CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER.

Agricultural College Fund.

Cash balance on hand, January 1, 1875, ; : i . $10,000 00
Present investments :—
City of Salem bonds, . ; ; : ‘ $55,000 00
of Lynn bonds, : , ‘ ; : 25,000 00
of Chelsea notes, . ; . 5 : 25,000 00
of Fall River notes, P : : 50,000 00
Town of Milford bonds, . ; ; ; 14,200 00
of Plymouth notes, ; : ‘ . 6,724 65
of Brighton notes, : ; Ai ee 10,000 00
of West Roxbury notes, : ; : 70,000 00
of Westborough notes, : : 12,000 00
of Lee notes, , ; ; : ; 4,142 75
County of Hampden notes, . ; ‘ : 50,000 00
* ————_ 322,067 40
Massachusetts Troy & Greenfield Railroad
bonds, . ‘ : ; ; : : : $8,000 00
Massachusetts Bounty Loan bonds, : : 16,000 00
—— 24,000 00
State of Maine bonds, . : : : : : : ‘ 4,000 00
Total Fund, . 5 i : ‘ : : : . $360,067 40

Two-thirds of the income of this fund is by law paid to the treasurer
of the College, and one-third to the treasurer of the Institute of Tech-
nology.

The Hills Fund of $10,000, for the maintenance of the Botanic Garden,
is in charge of the College treasurer, and at present yields an income of
$500.

To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent,
amounting to $100 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the
sale of the products of the farm and garden.

127

“Lopnpny ‘LTOO AUNDTH f
*sdoqonoa 1odo1d oy} Aq poruvduooov puv pojvjs A]JOIII0D WO} PUY pUv syUNODO® s.1o1NsvdL], 94} POULMIBxXE DAVY JT

er ‘dainspa4y, “AAATAGC NVHLVN
is ‘poqqrurqns AT]nyqoodsoy
3S
Z
= 09 gtg‘ee$ 7 09 ergecs eg
= 98 E2L'¢ : . : : : : ‘souvreq Aq | ‘Tg ‘00q || 00 Aen : : > ‘grqeded s][Iq wrosF
7, L¥ GFS‘8 : e ‘pred ‘e728T Jo ssoupoyqopuy 0% 67S : : : * “JoUNpIVX) WOT
ie) 00 000‘T j : ‘poySOAUl ‘pun 9ZIIg UIPe[O Fo JOPT : ‘quepuejurredng WI] UOT
MN 00 LST 2 : - ‘uNno0D08 9ZTIg GO OI8‘8 : , : ‘s}U9pn3g WOLF Syd1a09I
60 FrV : 5 * “qun0dd® 489.10} UT 00 000T : : : * “UIPe[O WITT AA “COR
TE COGN. : : : ‘qunoOo0® ULV TT 00 06 : : : ' “bs ‘qOMSUIB A ‘Cl ‘TL
96 SLY 5. = ullonou [Loney Og 00 000'T |° ° * ‘uosurqoy Arey Jo ysonbog
IZ O62 ‘ - ‘qunod0¥ qu19.8 U1} U0) : 00 O00'ST | ° : : : ‘uoyviidoiddy 94%39
TO 609 3 : : : ‘puny SI[IE[ sosuodxgq Ge OG ; eons FUOTIMOPU 9FBIS
L6 108’ ; : 3 : TIONS ie prvod 00 009 ‘ : : ou STITH euoouy
g8 ¢6s‘0c$ | * : : : wi sae ‘SOLIB[’S Ag 90 18° ; : : ° * ‘gouvreq oF, | “T ‘uer
al “ELST "PLSL
10>
~~
ae "ag "dainspaly, ‘AaIMAC NVHLVNT YM JUNO0IY UWL ADNATIOD TVYOLINOIWSY SLLASAHOVSSV]L ‘ad

SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

For the Year 1874,
TAKEN AT AMHERST, MASS.,

By Professor EH. S SNELL, LL.D., of Amherst College.

Latitude, 42° 22’ 17'’. Longitude, 72° 34’ 30’'’. Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet.

‘[Mar. ’75.

Th €Z | OOL G8a° | €20° | 996° €91°6% L08°83 €SF'0E OL &% LI 0g 0g "9S OP6'° LP IZ'9F | O'S- | 0°86

69 LE | OOL GCL | PZ0" | ZLB" €F8°6Z 698°6G GLE0E g IZ tL 09 0¢ 0? 89L'T 62°62 | 0°0 0°67
a OL GZ | OOL LST’ | $G0° | 888° ZZ8'6S 108°8Z LES"0s g &% CT LS &P GL 9Ec"°S 1Z°9E | 0°9L | 0°09
és) G) 8s | OOL G96" | G&L" | Ghr F08'6Z S163 LPS 0S 8 IZ 81 &¢ cP = CPs’ 09° LF | G°8Z | 0°99
iS 6h LE | OOL LEP" | SIZ" | [69° 618 °63 910°63 910°08 8 oe ial 9F 0S = 818° €0°Z9 | 0°68 | 8°S8
= 19 %E | OOL 6p" | 88%" | $Z8° OPL' 63 LGS"6% GZ0°0€ 9T 9¢ ° SL 9¢ 9§ = 689°% 85°99 | SOF | 0'F8
= 6L GP | OOL 08s" | sis" | 688° PSL" 6% 96762 €16°6Z OL IF 1G GG 67 = 619° TL 9T°L9 | 0°89 | 0°06
| PL vs | 66 I6h° | FIZ" | 996° GL9°6S GPS 6S €86'6Z 0G ZG 81 OP 8g = 650° 81°99 | SIS | 0&6
£ $9 GZ | 86 vos’ | L60° | 8ZL" 969°6Z 83°63 C0608 L oS L I? GP = PGS ZS°9G | 0°6E | 0°98
=) 19 €@ | OOL 8SI°-| 0° | G68" LGL'6S F80°66 £9208 91 LE. “1-702 LP 9G GIL 8Z0°9 GS'8E | LS | 0°€9
2 €9 82. | 86 G&L’ | 680° | SOF’ FP9'6% GST 6% GLL'08 1 6 FL OL 87 GG SPST 96°GS | 16 LS
2) Gh, ch | 001 OIL” | 20° | 860° L¥8°63 $8366 §SP'0E OL 8 eB eh 67 cL G8L'% 8t'FS | O'S- | $°6P
© 2 GL sg | OOL PEL | $60": | 928° SF8°6% 082 °6Z ZIS'0k 1H 6I | 12 67 6¢ GL Tons GL'8¢ | 1 0°6S
i Se SS Mira A? Sad | Ae | ee ea
eee eee le cB Il oe Bele leg tleedeee || tems es eis Gees see
6 5 6 » 5 : rs 5 = it = & gs ra 2 5 Be st a @ £ rs 4.

: B 3 S 2 | 4 bot Be Bes lh BE | &

= S = e o 3S Se) Cees ~ ry & S|
2 B fehl ee 2 eB Bam 2 |
‘NOILVUNLVS JO ‘SMHONT NJ a ae = | : e Bocee see :
; “INIOd DNIZAAXA OF “TOUOA @ 5 :
NOLLOVad qOdvA GAONGAN LHYIGH WILAMOUVA ANV FNL JO “INTO wa = 3 c Sp I eA ©)
aO ALIGIWNA TO HUNSSHad - —— GHL NI
HALLVY Ta wo HOUOA “WHA LANOWY & | “SANIA ‘SGNO7TO||"MONS GNV NIVY || UALHNONUAAL

om VL48l WOHX SNOLLVAYASHO TVOISOTOUOULHAN FO AUVWWLS

UVa

‘19qu900q

£19 QUO AO KT

‘19d O4oO

‘roquiaydeg

“snsny

‘AqOEL
Sune
‘Kew
qudy
qo1e yl

‘Aveniq2,7

‘Arenue

‘“SHINOW

WHortrrood WUuoLmMomMsav SLILASOHDVSSVM

sf A 17 ~
¥ poral =
SD y
ay
ly ZA hhh ( x
p "y
" L 4

——

SSS =

——

SENATE...... sitdinan NOL | ADs

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MAssacnuserts AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

aralat

e January, 1876.
% ili

BOSTON :

? WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS,
79 MitK STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL).

1876.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

AMHERST, Jan. 13, 1876.

To His Excellency ALEXANDER H. RICE.

Srr :—I have the honor herewith to present to Your Excel-
lency and the Honorable Council the Thirteenth Annual
Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,

W. S. CLARK.

4
a Reid iT} bODY Oe t vy ,
a . aa
1 0 ae

z 0 474. ; ‘
I: alee ee
Om Res ‘ ry

‘eg

IN, 1) Wi oe

- Page
Historical Statement, : : z Cueto emia: Vos ° Sao Wi an shite Gy
What the College has oor pialied: 6 : “ “ . “ : < 9
Botanical Department, . . : . . 5 . ° ai es

Work of Officers and Students in 1875, ° - : . - : f ake
REIMER MERCISCSM NCTM esi! 6 e Wel des os we ee wy a AE
PacgressOh Eresident Warren,. . . 1s 6 +s Seb hee. aye ish cs tran LO,
Address of Governor Gaston, . : : : : 4 29) 28
Report on Experiments in Feeding Plants, by Professor Stockbridge, ; Pn 745
Report on Work of Chemical Department, by Professor Goessmann, . : soe
Report on Military Department, by Professor Totten, . 4 2 : 5 - 66
Report of Farm Superintendent Dillon, . - ° 2 4G
Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs and Plants received fan Renold Aone ea, < . 82
Officers and Students of 1875, . : - “ - 2 5 : : - 88
Course of Study and Training, : : aie Se ies WN ga on ce ive PAM an Mite

Catalogue of Text-Books, : 5 : ° : : : 3 rhe 6 RE
Calendar for 1876, . - - - 6 - : 5 : “ 2 ot OS
Terms of Admission, “| : or: ae : . - - : - -| 98
Expenses, . - - : - c d eee - o.oo
Remarks on Course of Me ction « 5 , s : 2 : A - 99

Boston University, . { - dj : : : : : . - . oe
College Regulations, . - : C : 5 : é : : : : - 102
Library, Apparatus, and Museums, . - 5 - 2 A ; : . - 103

Prizes, 3 s 5 i ¢ 5 E 3 i : : : - - 104
Scholarships, . : : 6 - - “ “ : : é : - 105
Financial Statement, . - . : p F : c “ - “ : - 106
Report of Treasurer, . 3 . - - . : ° : - - 112

Meteorological Observations for 1875, a) TA Beeb Noid Giller alk mall eulhon ui'aens eh wy, Lee

' iy
. BAF
i)
wy ava
in ee
ee
,
3 i
ia ¥
t ‘
rey r
5 |
“f
4 ” ¢
we ; Ff
ene ,
‘
‘
iv
ap
{
i
¢

Rey | et 9:

OCCA TL Me Lady

. -
a ° .
ava
rie Pa Piey ;
‘ q
i * ’
* o *
,
* ~ °
(se +
* *
a
.
L *
i
.
‘
« ‘

hes

teh a FP

id Lay ; 4
; 7 POST il es toe tM

7 “ ks . ‘

> : Li +
‘
p
4 L. a .

vis Bott tts Huiiiet
Pen S hid
. aur

‘

Cc} be 3

ae
*

; . Nigh: “a j
ae § Sted
os '
r: a, t ‘ — ) }* f¥
2 . hI ay” pry OAC} ‘d
: i: ; x
‘ ae be See ee

‘ c

PELs A132 Wis

- ANNUAL REPORT.

To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council:

The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
in accordance with the requirements of the statutes of the
Commonwealth, respectfully offer the following Report con-
cerning the Institution under their charge. |

As no appropriation was granted by the legislature, and
no gifts of considerable value were received during the year
1875, no important improvements to the estate nor additions
to the buildings or means of instruction have been made.
The income from the fund and the receipts from tuition
charges have been barely sufficient to pay the salaries of the
officers, so that the necessary expense of insurance, repairs,
sweeping, lighting and heating, as well as keeping roads,
grounds and water-works in good order, has been met, as in
years past, by borrowing. The accumulated debt of the
College now amounts to $20,000, and must increase at the
rate of several thousand dollars per annum so long as the
present course of instruction is continued without adequate
provision for the payment of current expenses. That the
system of study and training now in operation is in most
respects the best possible for an agricultural college of the
first class, such as Massachusetts ought to maintain, is
generally conceded. It is, however, obviously impracticable
for the Trustees to preserve the Institution in its present form
without the required funds. In order that the absolute
necessity of immediate and efficient action, as well as the
magnitude of the interests involved, may be clearly compre-
hended and fully appreciated, it seems proper to give a
complete account of the amount of money which has been

8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

devoted to this grand and reasonably successful enterprise,
and to name the sources from which the funds have been
derived, and the objects for which they have been expended.

HIsToORICAL STATEMENT.

The Massachusetts Agricultural College was incorporated
as a State Institution in 1863, and endowed with funds received
from the United States. In accepting the gift of 360,000
acres of land by the Act of April 18, 1863, the State contracted
to maintain forever at least one college, “ where the leading
object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical
studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches
of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic
arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education
of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions
of life.”

On the 25th of May, 1864, the Trustees by a unani-
mous vote located the College in Amherst, the town hay-
ing pledged itself to pay the sum of $75,000 for the
erection of buildings, and to furnish for a reasonable price a
satisfactory tract of land for the uses of the Institution. In
the October following, the present estate of the College was
purchased from six different parties. The cost of the land and
buildings at that time amounted to about $48,000, the total
area being 3834 acres.

The State has further contracted with the United States,
that “No portion of the fund derived from the land grant,
nor the interest thereon, shall be applied directly norindirectly,
under any pretence whatever, to the purchase, erection,
preservation or repair of any building or buildings.”

The total expenditure for the erection of new buildings has
been more than $150,000, and in this respect the College is
well furnished. The total cost of the real estate, including
buildings and permanent improvements, and excluding insur-
ance and repairs, has been not less than $225,000. The
personal property, consisting of books, specimens, apparatus
and furniture, may be moderately valued at $30,000, and
the farm-stock, vehicles, implements and produce, at $10,000
more. Thus the total property of the College may be fairly
estimated as worth for its purposes the sum of $265,000.

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. : 9

The cash funds for all objects and from all sources now
amount to $253,500. This magnificent sum of $518,500,
therefore, represents the present value for educational uses of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College to the Commonwealth.

In order to furnish all the information which might seem
desirable in regard to the receipts and expenditures from 1863
to 1876, the assistant treasurer, George Montague, Esq., has
been requested to transcribe them from the books of the
treasurer, and arrange them in a convenient form for reference.
These tables will be found appended to this Report. The
accounts of the College are kept with great exactness, and
carefully audited. ;

WHAT THE COLLEGE HAS ACCOMPLISHED.

Eight years is a brief period in the life of an institution, and
especially of one which, from its novel and peculiar character,
has been forced to struggle for its very existence against the
prejudices of the ignorant and the jealousy of the educated
among its opponents, and has often in times of need found its
nominal friends greatly lacking in hopefulness, courage and
enthusiasm. Another practical difficulty in the way of the
rapid development of such a college, lies in the impossibility
of educating the people to a correct apprehension of the real
objects and methods of the course of instruction, so long as
the newspapers continually scatter broadcast disparaging and
false statements concerning it. Again, there are many stu-
dents who are prevented from attendance by erroneous ideas
regarding the compulsory manual labor and military drill
which are wisely required by the laws of both the State and
the national government. But nothing has so severely
checked the growth of the Massachusetts College as the high
rate of tuition and the total want of means so abundantly
provided in other colleges for the pecuniary assistance of
worthy but indigent students. Is it not surprising that Mas-
sachusetts, with all her renown for wealth, intelligence and
liberality, should stand alone among all the States of the
Union in the bad preéminence of refusing free education to
those of her youth who. desire to enjoy the privileges of her
Agricultural College? If the Institution could be more
intimately connected with the educational system of the

10 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

Commonwealth by the establishment of a free scholarship in
every representative district which should be open to competi-
tion among the best scholars in all the public schools, then
the people would feel its influence for good, and the State
would enjoy a most ample return for the money expended in
its establishment and maintenance. Is it better that the half-
million dollars already invested in the College should educate
two hundred students in continuous succession, or that its
organization be destroyed and its educational power reduced
to insignificance for the want of a few thousand dollars of
annual income? This is the question which the legislature
should answer by their action in this centennial year.

The work of the College, however, has not been, even in
the years of its infancy, without some importance, nor is the
reputation it has achieved by honest effort discreditable to
its Massachusetts name.

The total number of students admitted on examination is
398, of whom 95 have completed the four years’ course, and
received the degree of bachelor of science. It is a noteworthy
fact, that nearly all who enter the College become desirous of
graduation. There is also a steadily increasing tendency to
return after obtaining a degree, for post-graduate study.
The number of post-graduates in attendance the past term
was six, all of whom devoted themselves to chemistry, four
of them pursuing botany in addition, and one, veterinary
science.

At this point, every reader wishes an immediate and defi-
nite reply to the question, “How many of your graduates
are farmers?” This may be answered fairly in several ways.
It can be said, for instance, that there are as many as
intended to be farmers when they entered college, which
proves that they have not been educated away from farm
life. Again, it is true, that nearly all would prefer agricult-
ure as a business, provided they could command the requisite
capital with which to buy, stock and run a good farm, which
shows that those who engage in some other occupation, where
they can earn more than they can as mere farm laborers, are
men of sound judgment. Several have returned to the old
homestead, and are working with their fathers, bringing light
and comfort to the families favored with their presence.

1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 11

Some are managing farms for others, which is a most difficult
thing for a young graduate without business experience to do
in a manner satisfactory to his employer, especially when the
latter is a man who has made a fortune in some other occu-
pation, and has small knowledge himself of practical agri-
culture. Others are engaged in the cultivation of fruits, or
flowers, or in the manufacture or sale. of fertilizers, or in
editing agricultural papers, or as agricultural engineers, or
architects, or landscape gardeners. About one-half the entire
number of alumni are believed to be occupied more or less
directly with agriculture, as above stated.

But the remainder are by no means to be regarded as hav-
ing been educated in vain at the Agricultural College. Their
light cannot be hid, and their influence will be felt for good
to agriculture wherever they reside. They are intelligently
interested in all that pertains to progress in farming and gar-
dening; and when they are sent to the general court, as
many of them are sure to be, they will stand up and vindi-
cate the claims of their alma mater, to the respect and sup-
port of the Commonwealth. Among the occupations by
which they propose to earn an honest living, may be enu-
merated the law, medicine, the veterinary art, pharmacy,
teaching, civil engineering, trade, transportation, and various
mechanic arts. |

All those individuals who have insisted that the College
was a fuilure because any of its graduates ever thought of
engaging, even temporarily, in any other business than farm-
ing, are requested to read and remember that clause of its
charter which is quoted on a préceding page, and which
declares the object of its foundation to be, not solely nor
chiefly the education of farmers, notwithstanding the agri-
cultural part of its name, but “to promote the liberal and
practical education of the industrial classes in the several
pursuits and professions of life.”

While large demands are necessarily made upon the time
and strength of the College officers, in consequence of the
limited number of the faculty and the practical character of
the instruction, yet they have accomplished every year since
their organization, an amount of useful labor for the advance-
ment of science, the improvement of agriculture, and the

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

enlightenment of the public which is by no means insignifi-
cant, and compares favorably with what has been done in a
similar direction at any other institution. It has indeed been
asserted by very high authorities, that the results of the
investigations at the College upon the cultivation of the
sugar-beet as a profitable farm crop in Massachusetts, upon
the agricultural and commercial value of fertilizers and the
proper regulation of their manufacture, upon the circulation
of sap and other phenomena of plant life, and upon the eco-
nomical and certain production of crops by the use of definite
prescribed quantities of plant food, were in each case suffi-
ciently valuable to the State to justify the foundation and
liberal support of the Institution.

THe BorTanicAL DEPARTMENT.

The interest in the study and collection of plants under the
direction of President Clark, has been very decided. This
has resulted in part from the stimulating effect of the investi-
gations concerning the phenomena of plant life which have
been going on during the last three years, and in part from
the publication of a catalogue of plants growing within thirty
miles of the College, as well as from the meetings of the
Botanical Association of the Connecticut Valley. Prof. E.
Tuckerman, LL. D., of Amherst, prepared this catalogue,
with the aid of Mr. C. C. Frost, of Brattleboro’, Ytz,
and generously printed it at his own expense. It contains
the names and, in the case of rare species, the localities of
all the flowering and flowerless plants of this region, so far as
known, with the exception of the fresh-water Alge.

The competition for the Hills prizes by the class of 1876
was more spirited than ever before, and the number of spe-
cies collected and mounted was, in some cases, remarkably
large, while the individual specimens were often nearly per-
fect. The committee of award consisted of Prof. C. 8S. Sar-
gent, of Brookline, and Rev. H. G. Jesup, of Amherst, and
after a careful examination of the best three herbaria, they
decided to give the first prize of fifteen dollats to Joseph
Mather Hawley, of Salem, N. Y., and the second prize of
ten dollars to George Hewins Mann, of Sharon, Mass. The
prize of five dollars for the best collection of specimens of

1876.1] SENATE—No. 45. 13

wood, was awarded to George Lowell Parker, of Boston,
who collected during the year 1875, eighty-five species of
wood, and prepared a fine herbarium, containing seven hun-
dred and forty-four species of plants, including about eighty
‘species of Lichenes. He also had the good fortune to discover
on the perpendicular cliffs of Rattlesnake Gutter, in Leverett,
a locality of Umbilicaria Dillenti of very unusual size and
fertility. One specimen measured fourteen inches by eleven,
and was attached to the rock by a single slender stalk, a
peculiarity from which the generic name is derived. Some
of the specimens were of most venerable appearance, and
covered over with perfect fruit, which is exceedingly rare on
this species.

Four graduates have continued their botanical studies at
the College, using as a text-book the admirable treatise of
Professor Julius Sachs upon the morphology and physiology
of plants.

Mr. D. P. Penhallow has made a great number of interest-
ing observations upon the habits of growing plants, and done
some excellent work upon the Knowlton herbarium.

In this connection, it may not be improper to mention the
fact, that the extended account of the investigations in this
department, published in the last volume of the “ Agriculture
of Massachusetts,” was deemed of sufficient interest to warrant
the republication of six thousand copies for gratuitous dis-
tribution by the State Pomological Society of Michigan.

The Durfee Plant House and the adjoining grounds have been
well kept during the year, under the faithful and intelligent
supervision of Prof. S. T. Maynard. He reports that the
house now contains between seven and eight thousand plants,
of fifteen hundred species and varieties, of which twenty-three
hundred are either growing in the ground or in pots or boxes
more than five inches in diameter. Twenty thousand bedding
plants were propagated last season, and of these, fifteen
thousand were set in the beds and borders of the College
estate, and elicited much commendation from the numerous
visitors who saw them. The sales of flowers and plants
during the year amounted to $758.32, and about one-third of
the grapes from the vineyard were sold for $265.16, the
remainder having been destroyed by frost.

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

There are now standing in the nursery more than six thou-
sand fruit and ornamental trees, embracing a large number
of species. The vineyard contains about two thousand vines
of thirty-two different sorts. In the orchard are thrifty trees
of the best varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries and
peaches.

Considerable progress has been made in preparing the
ground for the garden of Massachusetts plants, and a very
tasteful arrangement of beds for hardy herbaceous perennials
has been laid out and planted north of the propagating pits.

Prof. C. S. Sargent, Director of the Arnold Arboretum in
Boston, has manifested great interest in the advancement of
this department of the College, and has furnished without any
charge some thousands of specimens, including several
hundred species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, many
of which were not obtainable elsewhere. Appended to this
Report is a list of his gifts.

_ A portion of the income of the Hills fund has been expended
in the purchase of specimens for the Botanic museum, and of
valuable books adapted to the wants of the department.

The President is still hopefully waiting for the fund of
$50,000 for the endowment of the botanic garden, and for the
graperies and the orchard and propagating houses, which
are indispensable to a proper system of horticultural education
and training at the College.

OFFICERS AND STUDENTS. :

The conduct of the students has been most exemplary, and
their attention to duty worthy of high praise. Cases of
discipline have been of rare occurrence, and in every instance
during the past year reproof and punishment haye resulted
in the improvement of those who received them. About
twenty, mostly in the upper classes, have matriculated in the
Boston University, and will thus »become on graduation
alumni of both Institutions. The desire for a higher course
of study is quite manifest, and several seniors are pursuing
Latin with the intention of obtaining by examination the
degree of bachelor of philosophy from the University.

Professor Stockbridge has given the theoretical and
practical instruction in agriculture, and his classes have taken

1876.1 SENATE—No. 45. 15

a lively interest in his numerous experiments, upon which
they have performed a portion of their manual labor.
_Appended to this Report is the Professor’s statement concern-
ing his discoveries in regard to the most economical mode
of feeding plants. These experiments, continued through
several years, have awakened a new interest in the subject of
growing remunerative crops upon worn-out soils, especially
in localities where barn-yard manure is not obtainable. - It
appears also to be demonstrated, that chemical manures may
be very profitably used to supply deficiencies in the quantity
or quality of stable-manure, the value which varies so greatly
according to the nature and the food of the animals producing
it, and the subsequent treatment to which it is subjected. If
one-half of the apparent results shall be substantiated by the
future’ experience of the farmers of the country, then the
money expended upon the College will yield a larger rate of
interest than any other investment which the State has ever
made. For the continuation of his investigations, the Profes-
sor ought to have $1,000 per annum for ten years.

The annual paper from Professor Goessmann is herewith
presented, and will be found full of instruction. There can
be no doubt that the excellent law regulating the sale of com-
mercial fertilizers, under the official inspection of the Professor,
has already accomplished most valuable results, and quite
revolutionized the mode of their manufacture. As all packages
are now required to have the guaranteed composition attached
to them, it has become necessary for manufacturers, not only
to use some intelligent skill in their processes, but also to
sell their articles for a price approximating at least their real
commercial value. The principle of the law has compelled
the agents of the Peruvian government to rectify their guano,
and prepare it of a uniform standard. So that now a rectified
- guano is sold at sixty dollars per ton, which by the guaranteed
analysis is worth seventy, and is doubtless a better article
than the average of the crude guano which has heretofore
been furnished for eighty dollars per ton.

Is it too much to ask, that some credit be allowed the
College for its work in this direction? To assert that the
present law will actually add to the agricultural products of
the State a net value of more than $100,000 per annum, is

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [ Jan.

but a moderate estimate of its beneficent effects. Under its
influence the farmer will purchase more and better fertilizers,
and his crops will be of higher quality, more abundant, and
more profitable. Yet there are those who seem to prefer
“je@norance, our common curse,” to accurate knowledge, and
declare the College to be an “elephant” for which the State
has no use.

The importance to the Commonwealth of utilizing the salt
marshes along the coast for agricultural purposes, as has been
done so successfully in many other countries, is too obvious
to require comment. The valuable reports upon the com-
position of the soil and beach sand at Marshfield, and the
chemical changes occurring as the result of diking, which
have been prepared by Dr. Goessmann for the Board of
Agriculture, will undoubtedly result in the reclamation within
a short time of large tracts of a similar character with those
under experiment at Green Harbor. Some useful information
upon this matter will be found in the Professor’s paper
appended to this Report.

Following this is a brief statement of some inquiries con-
cerning the physiological effect of special chemical fertilizers
upon the quality of fruits. This investigation is one of great
promise, and may enable us to modify at will the relative
proportions of acid, sugar and ether in our apples, pears and
grapes, and thereby, not only to produce practically new
varieties of superior quality and market value, but possibly
to cultivate with great advantage many sorts which, though
highly esteemed in other countries, have not hitherto
succeeded with us.

The only change among officers of instruction the past year
occurred in the military department by the expiration of the
three years for which Lieut. A. H. Merrill was detailed, and
the consequent appointment by President Grant of Lieut.
C. A. L. Totten, as professor of military science and tactics.

The battalion of cadets was left by Prof. Merrill in an
admirable condition as to drill and discipline, and his urgent
recommendation in favor of a complete dress uniform was
adopted by the College immediately after his departure in
March. The work of the department was undertaken with
hearty enthusiasm by Prof. Totten, and his success has

1876. ] SENATE—WNo. 45. ) 17

been remarkable. If the State will furnish the means required
to educate two hundred students continuously, without any
charge for tuition, there will graduate from the College every
year a large class of young men thoroughly educated and
trained to serve as officers or soldiers in the militia. No
intelligent person who will read the report of the Professor
on this department, and then come and see what he is really
accomplishing, will hesitate to admit that it is impossible for
the State to apply money for the promotion of military
training more wisely than to furnish annually the small sum
necessary to the support of the College in its present form
and efficiency.

Professor Cressy has maintained a good degree of interest in
the veterinary department, and has lectured on topics of great
importance to farmers and the general public in many towns
of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont and New Hampshire.

The most urgent want of this department, is money for the |
purchase of materials for preserving specimens, especially of
morbid anatomy, and for the preparation and exhibition of
a collection of comparative osteology.

Professors Goodell, Parker and Graves, and Farm Super-
intendent Dillon, have discharged, with fidelity and success,
the duties of their respective departments. The report of
the latter shows what crops have been cultivated, and the
general character of his work. The farm is in the main well
stocked and equipped, and must hereafter cease to be a burden
upon the treasury.

ANNIVERSARY EXERCISES.

The public exercises of the fifth anniversary week began
on Monday, June 21, with the examinations of the three
lower classes in the studies of the term. The examin-
ing committee appointed by the Board of Agriculture, con-
sisted of Professor C. S. Sargent, of Brookline; Hon. E. H.
Bennett, LL. D., of Taunton, and H. 8. Goodale, Esq., of
Mt. Washington. All of these gentlemen manifested much
interest in the performance of their duties as Visitors of the
College throughout the year, and their report, presented to
the Board of Agriculture at its annual meeting, will be found

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

in the “ Agriculture of Massachusetts” for 1875, by Secretary
Flint.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations occurred on Monday
evening, and were honored by the presence, for the first time,
of the founder, Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston. The
successful competitors for the gold medals were Atherton
Clark, of Amherst, from the sophomore class, and Charles
Francis Coburn, of Lowell, from the freshman class. The
silver medals were awarded to David Henry Benson, of
Bridgewater, from the sophomore class, and David Erastus
Baker, of Franklin, from the freshman class. The following
gentlemen kindly served as judges on the occasion; viz.,
Professor H. H. Neill, of Amherst College; Rev. J. L.
Jenkins, of Amherst, and Rev. E. P. Dyer, of Shrewsbury.

The examination before the Board of Agriculture for
the Grinnell prizes, founded by Hon. William Claflin, of
Newton, was held Tuesday forenoon, June 22. Col. Eli-
phalet Stone, of Dedham, Major Jonathan Ladd, of Lowell,
and Hon. Allen W. Dodge, of Hamilton, constituted the
committee of award. There were fourteen competitors,
and the exercises were of an instructive and interesting
character. Printed lists of twenty-three agricultural topics,
were placed in the hands of the committee and each student
was allowed seven minutes in which to discuss the one
assigned him, and to answer such pertinent inquiries as any
person present might make. JBesides this oral examination,
a written one had been previously held, the papers from
which were also submitted to the committee of award. The
first prize of fifty dollars in money was given to Jabez
William Clay, of Westminster, Vt., and the second prize of
thirty dollars to Andre Arnold Southwick, of Mendon, Mass.

While the committee were quite unanimous in their deci-
sions, still they felt that many of the unsuccessful competitors
had done exceedingly well, and deeply regretted their in-
ability to do more than to express their great satisfaction at
the evidence given by all the young men of thorough training
in the theory and practice of agriculture. They were, how-
ever, entirely relieved of their trouble when the large-hearted
chairman, Col. Stone, handed sixty dollars to Prof. Stock-
bridge, with the request that it be divided equally among the

Ch SENATE—No. 45. 19

twelve for whom there were no other prizes. The effect of
the Grinnell prizes in stimulating the graduating class to
review their course in agriculture with thoroughness and
enthusiasm, has been very marked ever since their establish-
ment. .

Tuesday afternoon was devoted to the literary exercises
before the Social Union, consisting of an address by President
W. F. Warren, D.D., LL. D., of Boston University, and a

humorous agricultural poem by H. 8. Goodale, Esq., of Mt.
- Washington, Mass.

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WARREN.

After some pleasant allusions to the years of his early life,
which were passed on a farm within sight of the College,
he announced as his theme, “Weather Probabilities of
American Agriculture.”

Two conditions of society were declared to be unfavorable
to a prosperous agriculture, both of which are usually encoun- |
tered by the farming population in the history of every peo-
ple. The first of these conditions exists where other forms
of industry are so undeveloped or depressed, that the tillers
of the soil are the only class rightfully possessing, as the sole
producers of wealth, abundant and unfailing supplies. All
other classes must subsist on this property of the farmers,
and having nothing to give in exchange for it, they seize it
by force. This state of anarchy and violence leads to feudal-
ism, when the farmer submits to the exactions of his chieftain
for the sake of protection from indiscriminate robbery. In
the enjoyment of this security, improvement in agriculture
becomes possible.

The second unfavorable condition occurs later in the life of
nations, and is seen where the farming community is regarded
as less respectable or less fortunate than the other classes of
society. In the progress of civilization there comes a time
when the plain countryman looks with envy upon the comfort
and elegance of city homes. As he walks through the marts’
of trade, and sees the products of every clime, the fruits of
every industry, the triumphs of every art, his own simple,
monotonous life in the hills seems meagre, poverty-stricken,
unsatisfying in every respect. How can he resist the tempta-

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

tion to send his boy down to the city to get an education, or
a trade, or some business position, that will make him in due
time a happy citizen, if not a millionaire?

Referring to American agriculture, the orator said it had
never experienced the untoward influence of the first unfavor-
able condition, because the early colonists came from civilized
communities, bringing with them not only plows, hoes, and
sickles, but also the lathe, the loom and the printing-press.
The various occupations and professions of our people thus
developed simultaneously with mutual benefit to all.

Having thus escaped the first danger to the interests of our
agriculture, have we any reason to hope we may be delivered
from the second? Are the deep, strong, unconscious drifts of
American life tending to diminish the desirableness of the
farmer’s calling as compared with other industrial pursuits?
If they are, and if no corrective agencies can be brought in,
American agriculture has seen its best day. It is doomed to
become more and more servile and ignoble, and not all the
eulogies which anniversary orators and poets can lavish upon
it can save it!

In our American society, we may discover some peculiar
characteristics which inspire hope concerning the maintenance
and the improvement of our rural life. Let us glance at a
few of them for the reassurance of our faith in a better future.

First, we may consider the ennobling effect upon the indi-
vidual among the masses of the people of the American
system of church polity. Whoever would have religious
privileges, knows the State will not, as in other countries,
provide them. Whoever wishes his children brought up in
a Christian way, and with Christian associates, must put his
hand in his own pocket and summon his neighbors to do the
same, that the church may be built and the ordinances of
religion provided for. The members of all classes in society
must be ready to give time and money and thought and
prayer to keep up the Christian life and organization. Never
have the agricultural communities of the Old World enjoyed
such uplifting stimulation as this, and the broadening, liberal-
izing influence exerted upon our people by this religious
responsibility and work is beyond all computation.

A second great defence of our farmers against the belittling

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 21

tendency of the division of labor and the depressing influence
of caste, may be found in the political freedom and power of
every American citizen, however humble his occupation or
limited his abilities. The universal ballot necessitates intel-
ligence, quickens ambition, calls out discussion, grinds all
class distinctions to powder. Wherever it exists, the progress
of industrial organization can never wholly mechanize men.

Another defence lies in the unprecedented mobility of our
population. It is very common to deplore the restlessness
with which the young men of New England yearn to see the
ereat world; but you cannot lessen it without imbruting their
active minds, and deadening their quick imaginations. The
impulse cannot be suppressed ; true wisdom will teach us to
train and utilize it. The reason why this passion for roving
in search of knowledge, wealth and power, hitherto unat-
tainable on the farm, is so strong in our young men as com-
pared with farmers’ sons of history, is found in part at least
in our system of general: education. The true remedy for
this unrest consists, not in lessening the intelligence which
has given it birth, but must be sought in a direction exactly
opposite. The magnet which draws away from farm life can
be made to draw with equal strength towards it. This is the
grand experiment which our age is trying. One hundred
years ago, this very year, it began in Kurope; with us it
dates back hardly a generation. ‘The experiment-is higher
agricultural education; its highest organ and instrument the
nationally endowed agricultural college.

The benefits of this new educational movement are already
great, and are destined to be greater. Apart from the direct
improvements which it has wrought in practical agriculture,
it has wonderfully diversified the resources and opportunities
of the calling. It has opened up new and honorable careers
to youthful ambition, thus retaining in sympathy and active
cooperation with the profession thousands who otherwise must
have been lost to it. Time was when the young man whom
genius and taste predestined to a teacher’s career, was neces-
sarily carried away from living fellowship with his old friends
and kindred on the farm. Now he can follow the bent of his
aptitude, and still identify himself more closely with country
life and agricultural progress than had he followed the plow

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

life-long upon his native hillsides. Once the youth born for
eminence as an original investigator of nature found no posi-
tion, where the call and pressure would be constant to utilize
the fruits of his experiments and studies in the elevation and
improvement of the earth-tilling art: now how great the
need of just such men to ground the art on scientific methods,
and train the new generation of farmers! Once the grand
career of authorship carried its aspirants, of necessity, to
spheres of life and thought removed by long intervals from
agricultural sympathy ; now no field of literature offers more
tempting tasks or compensations than the agricultural. So
in the direction of mechanical invention and appliance, in the
direction of biological investigation, in the direction of breed-
studies and breed-improvement, in the direction of new forms
of agricultural manufacture and agricultural commerce,
numberless new opportunities and employments have been
opened which all go to diversify, to enrich, and to render
attractive the farm life once so monotonous.

And one grand, beneficent function of the Agricultural
College is the introduction of its students to all these
inviting and useful careers before exposure to diverting or
competing influences.

Let us, then, be thankful that education no longer consigns
a man to one of the trinity of the so-called learned professions.
The world has come to see that if trained intellect has
elevated and ennobled three callings, it can elevate and
ennoble all callings, notably that one which seems funda-
mental to every other.

Altogether, then, the “ Weather Probabilities of American
ee are far from discouraging. The law of Old
World society is not the law of ours. With a free church to
arouse and develop spiritual manhood; a universal ballot,
training all to statesmanship ; a mobile population, precluding
all local and vocational crystallization; and last of all, an
educational system, adapted so to broaden and heighten the
calling as to make room in it for the kingliest of men,—there
seems no reason to doubt that in America the farmer’s vocation
is destined to steady improvement and increased honor.

1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 23

GRADUATION Day.

The forenoon of Wednesday, June 23, was devoted to
the inspection of the farm, stock and buildings, and the
review of the battalion of Agricultural Cadets by His Excel-
lency Governor Gaston. The usual artillery salute upon
his arrival brought together on the parade-ground a large °
number of distinguished visitors, including His Honor H.
G. Knight, members of the Executive Council, the Legis-
lature, and Board of Agriculture, as well as a multitude of
other friends and patrons of the College.

The appearance and evolutions of the cadets, under the
command of Professor Totten, U. S. A., elicited much praise
from the spectators. The new West Point uniforms were
especially admired, and imparted to the battalion a fine
military style.

At the annual meeting of the Associate Alumni, Mr. W. H.
Bowker, of Boston, was elected president, and Prof. S. T.
Maynard, of Amherst, corresponding secretary.

In the afternoon the usual graduating exercises were
attended in the military hall by a numerous audience. Eight
theses were pronounced by members of the senior class,
the valedictory addresses being delivered by William Penn
Brooks, of South Scituate.

The public exercises of the anniversary were concluded by
the presentation of the diplomas to those candidates for the
degree of bachelor of science who had been recommended by
the faculty and approved by the Trustees.

His Excellency William Gaston, President of the College
Corporation, conferred the degrees and made the following
address :—

» Gentlemen of the Graduating Class :

Your labors in these academic halls are now completed; the
labors of preparation are over, and the real and earnest duties and
‘work of life have begun. You are now about stepping on the
threshold of active life to meet its cares and its toils, its struggles
and its responsibilities. No man’s life can be a series of continued
triumphs. In all your struggles, with the use of your best energies,
you must meet with alternating success and defeat, and every well-
‘met struggle will give you strength for future conflicts; and if you

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

meet all the difficulties which surround your paths in the spirit of
generous and earnest manhood, ultimate success must await you all.

Gentlemen, you have especially been taught the science of
agriculture; the farms of New England have for more than two
centuries, under the providence of God, yielded to the severe labors
of man the fruits of the earth. But these have not been the best
results of New England farming; these homes, surrounded by the
influences of the church and school-house, have sent forth men who
have been leaders in the armies of civilization and peace. Of these
men I trust you will become worthy and equal successors. I trust
that you will carry the banners which they have borne in triumph
into the fields that are yet to be subdued by the forces of religion,
of learning and of civilization.

Permit me, gentlemen, in the language of another, to bid you
‘‘oo forth fearlessly and resolutely to the warfare of life, and
may the blessings of Providence guide you aright amidst its various
perils. ‘Temptations will assail you; shake them off like dewdrops
from the lion’s mane. Dangers will beset you; encounter them
without dismay.” And finally, gentlemen, when the fight waxes
hottest, when the whole head is sick and the whole heart faint, and
all things else shall seem to fail, then raise your eyes aloft and
behold emblazoned on the azure field of the firmament that wondrous
banner which the first Christian emperor saw, or thought he saw, in
the midst of battle beaming gloriously upon him through the
surrounding clouds, the banner of religion, and read upon it, as he
did, in letters as bright as the flashes of the forked lightning, the
assurance of success: ‘‘ By this, conquer.”

Respectfully submitted,
By order of the Trustees,

W.S. CLARK, President.

AMBERST, January, 1876.

ny
r

REPORT

peritia ts ON.

_ By Pror. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE.

;
.
-
\
x
iy
b ’
jae 4
wk
dy

MENTS IN FEEDING PLANTS. .

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

EXPERIMENTS IN FEEDING PLANTS.

In my last annual report I called attention to a series of
experiments in feeding plants which had been carried on for
some years by me, and to the results and teachings of the
same. Those experiments have been continued during the
year 1875, and much time and labor expended to verify and
correct our opinion, if need be, of the law of natural propor-
tions between the different parts or organs of plants, that we
might be guided by exact data in our attempts to apply the
law of plant nutrition. The publication of that report
attracted so much attention, and elicited such extended inquiry
concerning this whole matter, as to its facts, principles and
practice, that it is deemed necessary to give in the present
report a detailed statement, not only of the experiments, but
of the law of plant nutrition, our mode of applying it in
practice, and its indication of the correct system and rules of
producing crops in general agriculture. Such statement I
shall attempt to make in the following pages, avoiding a repe-
tition of my former report, except where it is necessary to
make the present intelligible.

EXPERIMENTS OF 1875.

We have tried experiments the past year with Indian corn,
potatoes, oats, grass, field beans, turnips, garden crops, and
tobacco. The results throughout the series are nearly identi-
cal with those of 1874 and 1873. The plots of land planted
to potatoes and oats, manured and unmanured, were the same
used for that purpose in 1874. With oats, a sufficient quantity
of my compound for oats was applied to produce 50 bushels
of grain per acre and its natural proportion of straw more
than the yield of the soil without manure, and the grain sown
the 28th of April. The crop was harvested the 25th of

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 27

August, and, after drying, was threshed and weighed, and
the aiela of grain found to be, on the unmanured plot, 15
bushels per acre, and on the manured plot 60 bushels, or five
bushels less than the anticipated quantity.

A sufficient amount of my mixture for potatoes was applied
to one plot to make 100 bushels of tubers and their natural
proportion of stalks per acre more than the natural product
of the land. Peerless potatoes were planted the twenty-fifth
day of May, and harvested the 9th of October. The yield on the
unmanured plot was 128 bushels per acre ; of these, 40 bushels
were good marketable potatoes, and 80 bushels were small,
unripe, and not fit for table use. The manured plot yielded
2894 bushels, of which 59 bushels were smail, and 230 bushels
fit for the table. The increased yield on the manured plot
was 1514 bushels, or 51g bushels more than the anticipated
quantity.

I applied a sufficient quantity of the materials for corn to
produce 50 bushels of grain per acre and its natural propor-
tion of.stover more than the yield of the soil unmanured,
and planted the plot the 24th of May, with a variety known
locally as the Comins corn. It was harvested the 25th of
October, and, after being dried, the yield was found to be, on

the unmanured plot, 254 bushels per acre of inferior, poorly
filled corn. The manured plot yielded 74 bushels of fully
_ developed, perfect corn, or 18 bushels less than the antici-
. pated quantity.

The experiment with the hay crop was tried on a piece of
old and badly bound turf, and the fertilizer was applied in the
spring. A supposed sufficient quantity was used to produce
one ton of hay per acre more than the natural yield of the
land. The grass was cut twice, first on the 10th of July and
again on the 12th of September. The yields of both crops
on the unmanured plot was 1,800 pounds per acre. The
manured plot yielded 3,750 pounds per acre, or 1,950 more
than the manured, it being 50 pounds less than the expected
amount.

In the Fee rimorit with field beans, the proper quantity of
the mixture for beans was used to produce 20 bushels per
acre and the natural proportion of straw more than the yield
of the soil without manure. The variety planted was the

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

comnion white oblong bean. The crop was planted the 20th
of May, and harvested the 1st of September. The yield on
the unmanured plot was four bushels per acre. On the ma-
nured plot it was 25 bushels per acre, or one bushel more than
the quantity stated.

Experiments by Others.

In the above experiments, the soil used was the same kind
described in my last report, and was in plots of one-eighth or
one-fourth of an acre. But to obviate any objections which
might be urged against the practical value of experiments
tried on such small areas, and with so much care and atten-
_ tion, two pieces of comparatively waste land were secured
outside the college farm to experiment with corn on a larger
scale and in a more indefinite way. One of the plots contained
154 square rods, and the other 193 rods. To these plots,
which were in bad physical condition, I applied the proper
material for corn sufficient to produce 50 bushels of grain and
the natural proportion of stover per acre, disregarding the
natural yield of the land, and with no unmanured plots. The
smaller plot yielded 94 bushels of corn, or 98 bushels per
acre. The larger one gave 90 bushels of corn, or within a
fraction of 75 bushels per acre. ‘Thus the result of using this
material as a manure in the method of ordinary agricultural
operations, varies little, if at all, from the results in the more
carefully conducted experiments. If. however, the above
given case does not substantiate the fact, there are other evi-
dences in abundance of its truth. The publication of my
first report on these experiments produced great inquiry for
detailed practical information respecting them, for the purpose
of trying or of adopting this method of manuring. The
information sought was given, and during the season I have
found, partly by observation, but principally by general report,
that many farmers in this and other States had been induced
by the information to procure the fertilizer and apply it to
their crops. In the aggregate, several hundred acres must
have been treated in this way. I have had opportunity to see
but few of the crops grown, yet thinking it important to know
something of the results obtained, as it was in fact a part of
this series of experiments, I communicated with several gen-

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 29

tlemen in different sections, and asked for the favor of a report.
Many such have been received, and below, in as succinct a
manner as possible, I give a few of them, which are practically
like all the rest.

Mr. H. C. Comins, President of the Hampshire County
Agricultural Society, and a resident of Hadley, states, that,
according to directions, he procured enough of materials to
make 50 bushels of corn, and applied it to a measured acre of
very good land, but which had not been manured or ploughed
for six years. No other manure was used.. He harvested 93
bushels of corn from the acre.

Hon. A. C. Parsons, of Northfield, writes that he procured
$30 worth of the articles recommended for corn, and applied
them to an acre of land that was little better than a sand-bank,
and had previously borne nothing. Through the season the
corn on this land looked and grew better than the corn on his
best land where he ploughed in a heavy green sward and
applied 40 bushels of unleached ashes per acre. The yield
was 103 bushels of ears.

FP. J. Stockbridge, of the same town, replies as follows:
He procured in New York, as directed, the materials for one
acre of tobacco, at 1,500 pounds per acre; for three acres of
corn, at 50 bushels per acre; and for one-half an acre of po-
tatoes, at 100 bushels per acre ; intending in each case to pro-
duce that quantity more than the natural yield of the soil.
Having thoroughly pulverized and mixed the substances on
his barn floor, he applied that for tobacco on average land.
The crop on it was better through the season, and worth more
at harvest time, than the rest of his crop which grew beside it
and was well manured with yard-manure. The crop was on
_ the poles, and not weighed at the time of the report. The
materials for corn were used on poor, plain land, that would
not bear anything without manure. The yield on the three
acres was 167 bushels of corn, or about 55 bushels per acre.
The compound for potatoes was used on poorer land (if pos-
sible) than that for corn, but the half-acre produced 65
bushels of large, smooth, excellent potatoes.

Mr. H. L. Phelps, of Southampton, replies that he pro-
cured and applied the materials recommended for grass. The
land had not been ploughed for 20 years, or manured for

30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

three years. He used enough to make two tons of hay per
acre more than the natural yield, and he harvested 33, tons.

Hon. Hinsdale Smith, of Springfield, writes that he pur-
chased in New York, as directed, the substances in sufficient
quantity to grow 50 bushels of corn per acre on 20 acres. It
was all used, one-half of the land being stiff clay and quite
rough, and the remainder good corn land. The crop on the
clay was light, on the other land very heavy. He harvested
45 bushels per acre for the 20 acres. He thinks the experi-
ment a success, and has ploughed 30 acres of better land
this fall on which to repeat the trial next year.

Mr. kk. F. Bowditch, of Framingham, says he procured
and applied the materials for corn to produce 75 bushels per
acre on 12 acres. The committee who examined the field,
and tested portions of it, estimated the yield at 115 bushels
per acre. His own estimate was 90 bushels per acre, at a
cost of 40 cents per bushel, and he intends to plant 30 acres
in the same manner next year.

Mr. EK. H. Judd, of South Hadley, obtained the materials
and compounded them: for potatoes, but by mistake used
muriate instead of sulphate of potassa. The land was sandy
loam, in fine condition. The yield was large, not less than
400 bushels per acre of fine-appearing potatoes, but their
cooking quality was quite inferior.

Failures.

So far as direct reports have been received, or as rumor tells,
farmers trying this method of feeding plants have been more
than pleased with the results obtained, except in two cases,
which they consider absolute failures. As these cases are
suggestive and instructive, I report them. The experiments
were in the towns of South Hadley and Westfield, and as the
facts in all their general and minute details are exactly alike,
the report of one is that of both.

C. F. Fowler, Esq., of Westfield, says he procured the
materials and compounded them for potatoes, in quantity suf-
ficient for 100 bushels per acre in addition to the natural yield
of the land. The application was made to one acre of land,
the soil of which was coarse sand with an open gravelly subsoil.
The potatoes started finely and made a good growth of tops early

1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 31

in the season, but at harvest time few tubers were found, and
only 40 bushels were taken from the acre.

To these two experiments I shal] again allude before closing
this report, but passing over these for the present, if does not
appear extravagant to say that the entire series on the college
farm, on adjoining lands, and in the various localities named,
are identical in result, and that there is nothing in this method
of feeding plants so intricate, or requiring so much intelligence
and skill, that it cannot be successfully practised by the aver-
age farmer. These experiments were not originated for the
purpose of substantiating any previously conceived notions or
theories of plant nutrition, or method of feeding plants, but
in the earnest hope of discovering some method by which the
supposed laws of nutrition could be made practically beneficial
in the production of crops, supply in a measure the great
deficiency of barn-yard manure, and restore fertility to our
worn-out fields, with other substances than ¢hat as the leading
material. They have now been continued for seven consecu-
tive years, and I trust are not without practical and valuable
results, some of which I did not anticipate at the outset, and
would hardly have believed to be within the range of possi-
bility. In order that these or similar results may be attained
by all the farmers of the State, it is now necessary that a more
complete elucidation should be made of the general facts and
principles, as well as of the minute practical details, of this
method of feeding plants. But the experiments are by no
means completed. There are many directions in which inves-
tigation should yet be made, but more particularly in search
of economical results, and it is my intention to continue them
in the future.

Data BY WHICH THE FORMULAS HAVE BEEN PREPARED.

To prepare a formula containing the natural nutritive ele-
ments of a given variety of plant, it is absolutely necessary
to know the substances which have entered into the composi-

~ tion of that plant when it is perfectly mature, healthy, having

been supplied with its natural food in sufficient quantity ; and

not only this, but to know the composition of its different

_ parts or organs, for they are very unlike during growth and
- in maturity. That this composition may be intelligible to

32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

practical men, the technical terms of chemical analysis must
be changed to those they understand ; as, for instance, a certain
number of bushels of wheat contain so many pounds of potash
or lime, and the relative proportions between the different
parts or organs of mature, well-fed plants, must be known.
I have secured the former by taking an average of all reliable
chemical analyses of our farm crops, and changing them to the
form indicated, and the latter by averaging the results of many
trials, of selected plants which gave indication of being in the
above required condition. Below I give these ascertained
proportions between the tops and roots or tubers of our root
crops, and the roots, straw and grain of our cereal crops.

100 bushs. of potatoes, at 60 Ibs. ‘P bush., require 360 tbs. tops, air-dried.
100°" > ot -oniong, at 52 ibs. BS 4: 153 Tbs. sh
100 ‘ of Swede turnips, at 60 tbs. ¥ 175 tbs.“ 5
20 ‘ ° of field beans, at 60 Ibs. s 725 ibs. straw, “
Bor“ » Ofoats, at 32 Ibs. cS <6 6 AOO tae fe
25 “ of buckwheat, at 48 Ibs. < Lpe0tba ee f
20, “of winter Tye; at 56 Ibs. 3 ‘¢ 2,300 Tbs.“ 1
25.“ «of avheat, at 60 Tbs. eS ¢ 3,400 Thane “ ¢
50 ‘ of Indian corn, at 56 Ibs. a “« 4,100 tbs.of roots, stalks

and cob, air-dried.
100 “ of flat or English turnips, at 60 tbs. bush., require 600 Tbs. of tops,
air-dried.

The formulas on which the materials found in the composi-
tion of plants have been compounded for the experiments,
are based on the above indicated analyses and proportions,
and are given below. But their striking peculiarity of ex-
pression, which must have been apparent in the record of the
experiments, I will explain before closing this report.

Potatoes.
To produce 100 bushels of potatoes per acre and their nat-
ural proportion of tops more than the natural product of the
land, and for other quantities in like proportion, use—

Nitrogen, 21 Ibs. a iat Sulph. ammonia, 24 @ ct. dry salt, 105 Tbs.
Potash, 34 ibs. f e «potash 35 P, ct. dry salt, 225 Tbs.
Phosphoric acid, 11 ibs. oe Superphosphate, 13 9 c. soluble acid, 85 ibs.

Field Beans.

To produce 20 bushels of field beans and their natural
proportion of straw, pods, etc., more than the natural

1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 33

product of the land, and for other quantities in like pro-
portion, use

Nitrogen, 53 Ibs. NER, Sulph. ammonia, 24 7, ct. dry salt, 265 ibs.

Potash, 33 Ibs. nen “potash, 35 @ ct. dry salt, 198 Ibs.

Phosphoric acid, 20 Ibs. Bria: Superphosphate, 13 7, ct. sol. acid, 160 Tbs.
Buckwheat.

To produce 25 bushels of buckwheat and its natural pro-
portion of straw per acre more than the natural yield of the
land, and for other quantities in like proportion, use

Nitrogen, 37 Ibs. Aare Sulph. ammonia, 24 P, ct. dry salt, 185 Tbs.

Potash, 50 tbs. ici : Muriate potash, 80 @ ct. dry salt, 100 tbs.

Phosphoric acid, 15 ibs. ee Superphosphate, 13 ® ct. sol. acid, 105 Ibs.
Mixed Hay.

To produce one ton of hay more than the natural produce
of the land per acre, and in like proportion for other quanti-
ties, use

Nitrogen, 36 ibs. cheae sees Sulph. ammonia, 24 7, ct. dry salt, 180 ibs.
Potash, 31 ibs. rina 3 Muriate potash, 80 7, ct. dry salt, 70 tbs.
Phosphoric acid, 12 ibs. y Superphosphate, 13 7, ct. sol. acid, 95 ibs.

Red Clover.

To produce one ton of clover per acre more than the nat-
ural yield of the soil, use

Nitrogen, 43 Ibs. A eho Sulph. ammonia, 24 ~ ct. dry salt, 215 tbs.
Potash, 40 ibs. f , Muriate potash, 80 # ct. dry salt, 80 ibs.
Phosphoric acid, 11 ibs. vg be Superphosphate, 13 7 ct. sol. acid, 85 Ibs.

Timothy Hay.
To produce one ton of timothy hay per acre more than the
natural yield of the land, use

Nitrogen, 24 tbs. a eat Sulph. ammonia, 24 ® ct. dry salt, 120 Tbs.
Potash, 27 Ibs. f :) Muriate potash, 80 #, ct. dry salt, 54 ibs.
Phosphoric acid, 10 tbs. rae © Superphosphate, 13 }, ct. sol. acid, 80 ibs.

Fodder Corn.

To produce Indian corn fodder, two tons per acre more than
the natural yield of the soil, and in like proportion for other
quantities, use

a4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Nitrogen, 20 Tbs. ey eh Sulph. ammonia, 24 #, et. dry salt, 100 tbs.
Potash, 66 ibs. 8 ; " Muriate potash, 80 % ct. dry salt, 132 tbs.
Phosphoric acid, 16 tbs. AEN Superphosphate, 13 @ ct. sol. acid, 128 tbs.

Oats.
To produce 25 bushels of oats and the natural proportion
of straw per acre more than the natural yield of the land, and
in like proportion for other quantities, use

Nitrogen, 23 Ibs. eee Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 115 tbs.
Potash, 20 tbs. fom i: Muriate potash, 80 ® ct. dry salt, 40 ibs.
Phosphoric acid, 12 tbs. Superphosphate, 13 P, ct. sol. acid, 90 Tbs.

| Winter Rye.
To produce 20 bushels of winter rye and the natural pro-
portion of straw per acre more than the natural product of
the soil, and in like proportion for other quantities, use

Nitrogen, 25 Ibs. res has Sulph. ammonia, 24 @ ct. dry salt, 125 ibs. °
Potash, 24 tbs. . :) Muriate potash, 80 % ct. dry salt, 48 ibs.
Phosphoric acid, 16 ibs. aii Superphosphate, 13 7, ct. sol. acid, 128 tbs.

tye Straw.
To produce rye straw as a market crop, without the grain,
and to obtain two tons per acre more than the natural yield
of the land, and in like proportion for other quantities, use

Nitrogen, 10 tbs. pre Sulph. ammonia, 24 PB ct. dry salt, 50 Ibs.
Potash, 31 Tbs. f } Muriate potash, 80 9 ct. dry salt, 62 tbs.
Phosphoricacid, 8 Ibs. cae Superphosphate, 13 ~ ct. sol. acid, 64 ibs.

Beets.

To produce 100 bushels of beets and their tops on a given
area of land more than its natural yield, use

Nitrogen, 11 tbs. saan Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 55 ibs.
Potash, 25 ibs. pe s “potash, 35 7 ct. dry salt, 155 ibs.
Phosphoricacid, 6 tbs. apart Superphosphate, 13 @ ct. sol. acid, 50 ibs.

Cabbage.
To produce one ton of green cabbage on a given area of
land more than its natural yield, and in like proportion for
other quantities, use

Nitrogen, 28 Ibs. nisin ol Sulph. ammonia, 24 #@ ct. dry salt, 140 ibs.
Potash, 12 Ibs. f 3 “« potash, 35 — ct. dry salt, 75 Ibs.
Phosphoricacid, 4 lbs. aa Superphosphate, 13 % ct. sol. acid, 32 ibs.

‘

1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 35

The yield of cabbage on well manured land averages not
far from 35,000 pounds per acre.

Indian Corn.
To produce 50 bushels of the grain and its natural propor-
tion of stover to the acre more than the natural yield of the
soil, and in like proportion for other quantities, use

Nitrogen, 64 Ibs. she Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 320 Ibs.
Potash, 77 tbs. f % Muriate potash, 80 7 ct. dry salt, 154 ibs.
Phosphoric acid, 31 tbs. eae Superphosphate, 13 @ ct. sol. acid, 248 Ibs.

Wheat.
To produce 25 bushels of wheat and the natural proportion
of straw per acre more than the natural yield of the land, and
in like proportion for other quantities, use

Nitrogen, 41 ibs. ners Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 205 Ibs.
Potash, 24 Ibs. f f Muriate potash, 80 # ct. dry salt, 48 Ibs.
Phosphoric acid, 20 tbs. eae

Superphosphate, 13 7 ct. sol. acid, 160 tbs.

Swede Turnips, or Ruta-bagas.
To produce 100 bushels of turnips and their tops more than
the natural yield of a given area of land, and in like propor-
tion for other quantities, use

Nitrogen, © 11 tbs. He ens Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 55 tbs.
Potash, » 18 tbs. f 3 “* potash, 35 # ct. dry salt, 118 tbs.
Phosphoricacid, 8tbs. ) a Superphosphate, 13 # ct. sol. acid, 63 Ibs.

Onions.
To produce 100 bushels of onions and their natural propor-
tion of tops on a given area of land more than its natural
yield, and in like proportion for other quantities, use

Nitrogen, 11 tbs. a ene Sulph. ammonia, 24 # ct. dry salt, 55 ibs.
Potash, 9 Ibs. f 5 “potash, 35 9 ct. dry salt, 54 Ibs.
eae Superphosphate, 13 ~ ct. sol. acid, 32 tbs.

Phosphoricacid, 4 tbs.

Tobacco.
_ To produce 1,500 pounds of the dried leaf of Connecticut
seed-leaf tobacco, with its natural proportion of stalks, more
than the natural yield of the land, use

86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

Nitrogen, 119 ibs. ) Sulph. ammonia, 24 Pct. drysalt, 595 Tbs.
Potash, 172 Tbs. | : ve potash, 35 #P, ct. dry salt, 1,075 tbs. |
Phosphoric acid, 16 tbs. + ih ail Superphosphate, 13 , ct.sol. acid, 125 Tbs.
Lime, 160 tbs, | form of | Sulphate lime, 79 ® ct. dry salt, 500 ths.
Magnesia, 38 Ibs. ( “ magnesia, 16 2 ct.drysalt, 475 ibs.

The above formulas differ slightly from the one adapted to
the tobacco of the South. 7

ForM IN WHICH TO OBTAIN THE MATERIALS.

I have generally used the substances named in the form
seen in the formulas, but this is not strictly essential. If
~ used in the form of a salt, as above, it must be neutral. The
nitrogen may be obtained from any substance containing it in
ready availability and known quantity. The cheapest form
in which suitable potash can be obtained is probably that of
the muriate, and in this form it is adapted to the grass and
grain crops, especially on moist, retentive land. But itis not
suitable for tobacco, beans, and the root crops, injuring the
burning qualities of the former, and the starch content of the
latter, as will be seen by referring to the experiment of
E. H. Judd, of South Hadley, as given in this report, where
by mistake it was used, producing a very large yield of pota-
toes of inferior quality for table use. For these crops it
should be in the form of sulphate. The per cents. of the
elements in the compounds used in preparing the formulas as
above, may not always be easily ascertained. But this is
immaterial. The quantity of superphosphate to be used is
based solely on its content of soluble acid, no regard being
paid to any insoluble which it may contain, and all the com-
pounds are better in a soluble state and immediately availa-
ble. But care should be taken to avoid the mistake of Mr.
Fowler, of Westfield, whose experiment with potatoes was a
total failure, because, being in a soluble condition and applied
to * a coarse sand with a gravel subsoil,” the rains washed the
elements away before they could afford the crop much nutri-
ment. If Mr. Fowler had composted his materials with loam,
he would probably have secured a crop.

How To PREPARE THE MATERIALS.

The combining of the materials for use is simply a mechani-
cal mixture. The lumps in them may be crushed on a floor

1876.) SENATE—No. 45. 37

or some other convenient place, and the whole intimately and
thoroughly mixed with a shovel. But a much better and
more efficient method is to have them ground together in a
suitable mill.

MANNER OF APPLYING.

As a rule, this, like all other easily decomposed manures,
should be thoroughly mingled with the surface-soil on tillage
land. All that is to be applied to a given plot may be put on
at one sowing, before the crop is planted, and then cultivated
or harrowed in; or one-half may be applied at that time and
the remainder later in the season, and cultivated and hoed in.
I use the former method, but in either case due care should be
taken that the substance does not come in contact with any
planted seed, or the foliage of plants. When small quanti-
ties are used for hoed crops, the rows may be furrowed and
the materials strewed in the furrow, but in no case should they
be “dropped in the hill,” even if deeply covered before the
crop is planted. -For lands permanently in grass, it should
be sown on the surface as evenly as possible, and in the fail,
before the ground is frozen.’ But very satisfactory results
follow when applied in the spring, or for a second crop imme-
diately after the first has been cut.

YIELD OF CROP CORRESPONDING WITH THE QUANTITY
APPLIED.

Allusion has already been made to the curious form of
statement of the formulas. It is similar to one which might
be made by a mechanic, that to cover the side of a building
30 feet long and 15 feet high it will require 450 square feet of
boards. It would perhaps be preposterous to say, from our
limited data, that the statement of the formulas in results can
compare in exactness with that of the mechanic; but a few
facts in the form of figures will show that in a few years it
might approximate it very closely. In presenting this, I
leave out of the account the reports of experiments tried by
others, where they have generally given results in excess,—
because in most of them there is an element of uncertainty
about the natural yield of their land,—and take only my own
trials, where the yield of equal plots, manured and unmanured,

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

and the quantity and condition of the elements, are positively

known. I take only such as have been tried more than one
year.
Indian Corn.
PLOT. | Excess. Deficiency.
Bushels. Bushels.
1873. Plot No. 1, 4.9 -
Her Nip ® 5.0 -
se NOL Bale 15.0 -
ot adh 6 ee 4.1 ~
1874, Plot No. 1,.. : ; A ' ~ : - 0.75
ky UNO. 2): ; : é : : 4 - «= 4.00
1875; “Plot No. 4,°. ‘ ; : : F : - 1.10
SING, Fa 3 : ‘ P ; ; 5.0 -
Result of three years, . 4 : . : 34 0.85
Potatoes.
18 Fo. b lot No, hs 3. : ; : ‘ : : 10 -
18742 Plot) Novas ‘ : : ; : : - a
1875. Plot No-!, . d é : : 7 : 51 ~
eI: Oe 5 é ‘ : : ; : 5 -
Result of three years, . : : : 5 66 7
Oats.
i874. Plot No. 4). : : : ; : : - 10
SUING os : ; 4 : ; ; ~ 8
1875. - PlotyNo. 1, . 5 : : . : : ~ 5
Result of two years, : : - : é - 23

The table shows that during three years, and on fifteen differ-
ent plots, with three crops where all the elements of success
have been supposed to be secured, the excesses of the statement
of expected results have been 100 bushels, and the deficiencies
35.85 bushels, or the excesses exceed the deficiencies by 64.15

1876.] SENATE—No, 45. 39

bushels. A discrepancy exists, though, on the right side for
the farmer, but its cause can be determined with certainty
only by continued experiment and investigation. In the case
of the mechanic, if he, by mistake in calculation, procured
500 feet of boards to side the given building, instead of 450
feet, he would have a surplus for other work of the same kind ;
or if his careless or ignorant workmen did not have due
regard to the manner of cutting and putting on the boards,
there would be a deficiency in the covering. And this ele-
ment of uncertain results operates with us in precisely the
same way and to a greater extent. Supplying the plant with
food is one thing; preparation and tillage of the soil, so that
its organs can freely perform their functions, is a very different
one, but all-important in the result.

RESULT OF PHYSICAL CONDITION OF SOIL.

The physical condition of the soil, important as it is, may
be considered as under the perfect control of the farmer, and
should be first attended to, for unless it is, an experiment in
feeding plants cannot be relied on to prove or disprove a fact
in this direction. The experiment of Hon. Hinsdale Smith,
of Springfield, is a case in point; on his ten acres of rough
clay land “the crop was light”; on the soil in good condition,
“very heavy.” So far as the nutrition of the crop was con-
cerned, there was no reason why that on the former should not
have been as good as on the latter, and it probably would have
been had it been dried and brought into a good pulverulent

condition. Proper physical state of soil is therefore essential, —

in order that a fertilizer may have its due effect, and that
there be no loss on either manure or labor.

INFLUENCE OF THE VARIABILITY OF SEASONS ON CROPS.

Farmers quite generally, if not universally, entertain the —
opinion (and act in accordance therewith) that whatever may
be their method of manuring, or the liberality with which they
supply manure, yet there is no certainty, or approximate cer-
tainty, of results. In their opinion, the “weather” overrules
and controls all else. Not those sudden and great elemental
changes which bring the untimely, killing frost, or the destroy-
ing drought, but those ordinary variations of seasons, which,

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - (Jan.

by some supposed mysterious influence, augment or depre-
ciate the average yield of crops. To acknowledge this as a
fact is to admit that success in agriculture is controlled by the
element of chance and accident, and not of principle and law,
and that it is therefore a business in which no wise man
would engage. Ina recent lecture before the State Board of
Agriculture, Rev. W. H. H. Murray expressed the opinion
that “as a commercial business, that business is a failure
which cannot with certainty predict its results.” The expres-
sion has in it the elements of truth, and applies with as much
force to the making of crops as to any other pursuit. But
before concluding that chance and uncertainty are inseparably
connected with agriculture, or control its results, it would be
well to know the elemental influences which retard or acceler-
ate the production of plant-nutriment, and whether we can
ameliorate or control that influence when it is adverse to our
interests. Plants are not nourished by the soil or the manures
we mingle with it as such, but by certain substances contained
in soils and manures after they have been freed from those
compounds by chemical change. On an undecomposed soil,
in the presence of undecomposed manures, the plant waits or
starves for nutrition until the “ weather” develops it. If now
the season is cold and wet, and the interspaces of the soil closed
with water, so that the air, with its warming influence to give
vigor to roots; with its carbonic acid, ammonia, oxygen and
ozone to hasten decomposition, cannot penetrate it; or if by
severe drought, water in sufficient quantity for the same pur-
pose is not present, we have just the condition of weather
and results of which the farmers complain, though it is such
that if absolute plant-food were present, the plant would grow
on unimpeded by the influence. Cannot the farmer to a great
extent manure his lands with plant-food, rather than the raw,
coarse, undecomposed compounds more generally used? If
he can and does not, he should cease complaining, and acknowl-
edge that his ordinary “weather” crops are the result of
his omission. His course of action should be controlled by
the rule that only decomposed fertilizers, whether stable-
manures or the substances used in these experiments, feed
plants.

ne Ll
=

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. Al

EFFECT OF THESE MANURES ON SUCCEEDING CROPS.

But admitting that the use of the substances named as ma-
nures may very largely increase the crop to which they are
applied, admitting that their use materially removes the ele-
ment of chance, the cultivator propounds the questions: “Is
not this done at the expense of the soil? Will not that be left
sterile?” Thus far our experiments answer these questions
decidedly in the negative, or rather they show that the soil is
left in better condition than it was before being crupped by
this method. :

A plot manured in 1873 produced 85 bushels of corn per
acre; without any other application it produced a large crop
of oats in 1874, and a good crop of clover in 1875. <A plot
treated in the same way in 1874 produced 104 bushels of corn
per acre. The normal capacity of the land at that time, as
proved by a crop on an unmanured plot, was 34 bushels per
acre. This manured plot was planted again with corn in 1875,
without manure, and its yield was 64 bushels per acre, or 30
bushels per acre as the second result of the manure applied
in 1874. Another plot manured and planted to corn in 1874

' produced 62 bushels of corn per acre; the same plot manured

with the same quantity of material and planted to corn in
1875, yielded 78 bushels per acre, an increase of 16 bushels
per acre, which can only be accounted for on the supposition

of the influence of the application made in 1874.

Lasting MANURES.

Though the question seems to be answered with precision,
that this method of manuring does not injure the soil, yet the

farmer prefers a “lasting manure.” Allusion was made to this

fact in our last report, but as there has been no apparent
change in this respect, I refer to it again. The farmer wants
a “lasting manure.” For what? Is it for his interest to use
such? We are treating of the nutrition of plants, not of the

_ general care and manipulation of the soil. Plant-food, whether
in the form of yard manure or of chemical elements, is costly

material. If the farmer has that of either kind which has

cost him $50, or which has in it the nutrition for 50 bushels

of corn, it is certainly better for him, so fur as both principal
6

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

and interest on the cost are concerned, as well as in the items
of labor, that that cost should be returned to one crop rather
than to incur the expense of tilling his land and harvesting
three crops to obtain it. It is clear that he cannot afford to
use a lasting manure at a high price. If, however, he can
obtain certain cheap materials, as the nodules from Charles-
ton Basin, simply ground, muck, and some kinds of lime,
which, when applied to the soil, slowly and gradually decom-
pose and indirectly fertilize it, he can afford to use them.

Cost oF THIS MANNER OF MANURING.

The cost of growing crops by this method is one of much
consequence, and should receive our attention. Assuming
the cultivator has exhausted his home resources of fertiliza-
tion, and yet has land that ought to be producing useful and
valuable crops, can he, as a matter of profit, afford to pur-
chase the substances named, and use them for that purpose?
To answer this question, I take it in its simplest form, as the
one in which it will be most readily understood. The sub-
stances used are to some extent commercial commodities, and
subject to slight variation in price, which, however, is much
more likely to depreciate than to be enhanced. But taking
the price paid for materials used in experiments in 1875, the
cost at the farm was 41 cents for the amount to produce a
bushel of corn.

The value of a bushel of corn, . 4 é ms bas fas
Value of tne 90° pounds of stover iiacsa mith it, at $8
per ton, : : ; : : : : ; 5 36
Total value of corn and stover, . : ‘ E ape ee be |
Cost of fertilizer, . ; ; : : : : : 41
Value of crop above cost of fertilizer, : : - $0 70

The cost of the materials for a bushel of potatoes is nine
cents; with potatoes at 50 cents per bushel at the farm, the
value of the crop is 41 cents per bushel more than the cost o
the fertilizer. But there is another aspect to the case, and it
is shown in the experimental plot which contained 154 rods
of land and produced 94 bushels of corn.

|
| f
i.

1876. ] _ SENATE—No. 45. 43

Cost of fertilizer used on plot, : : : $20 50
94 bushels of corn at 75 cents, . ' ¢ . $70 50
4 tons stover at $8, : : , ‘ : Ea oe O0

Total value of crop, . 102 50

Value of crop more than cost of fertilizer, . $82 .00

That is, in this, which is an actual case, we have $82 to
pay for the labor, interest and taxes, and this it should be:
noticed is without allowing for any improvement to the land,
the advantage of which may be received in future crops. The
gain here is in the natural yield of the land, which should be
estimated in all cases; for the farmer, as a rule, should till no
land the natural product of which will not pay its own taxes
and for the labor bestowed upon it. In general practice, the
profits may be more or less than in the case cited, but the

prospect of profit by this method is full of encouragement.

The two points always to be kept clear and distinct by actual
accounts, are the profits and loss on the natural yield of land
as compared with the cost of labor in tillage, interest and
taxes, and the increased yield caused by the application of
fertilizers compared with their first cost and their manipu-
lation.

WHERE TO OBTAIN THE MATERIALS.

The chemical compounds used in these experiments are not
in common use, and are but I'ttle known in agricultural com-
munities; but since the discovery of the Stassfurt deposits
and the increased importation and manufacture of sulphate of
ammonia, they are obtainable in all our commercial centres.
Though all traders in chemicals can supply them, it is better

_ for the farmer to deal with those who import or keep them in

large quantities for manurial purposes. As a necessary
measure to prevent imposition in the manufacture and sale of
these fertilizers, and to secure to the farmer the materials in
suitable form and purity and correctly compounded according
to the principles given, I have applied for and received a
United States patent, covering the right to manufacture and
sell fertilizers prepared according to these formulas. Under
the authority of this patent, I have given to Mr. W. H. Bow-
ker, a graduate of the College, and a dealer in this kind of

44 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

merchandise, at No. 43 Chatham Street, Boston, the priv-
ilege, for one year, of compounding and selling them. He
will also sell the materials, proportioned according to the
formulas, without mixing them, in such quantity as shall suit
the wants of purchasers, and I am quite certain he will hon-
estly execute the trust reposed in him. The success of our
early experiments, which led to our final result, is largely due
to the assistance and coédperation of Dr. Goessmann, the chem-
ist of the College, in testing the materials obtained, giving his
opinion of the form in which they should be used, and in
ascertaining the composition of the varieties of plants to be
experimented with. The law of Massachusetts regulating the
sale of fertilizers requires the guaranteed composition to be
given on every package of all articles sold for more than $15

per ton.

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT-NUTRITION.

It remains to inquire whether the results which have been
obtained are fortuitous and accidental, and therefore not relia-
ble as guides in future and general practice, or whether they
are the result of compliance with the principles of natural
laws, will therefore endure, and should correct our present
methods of practice. Whatever may be said of their appli-
cation to practice, investigations of the basic principles of
plant-nutrition are not new to us, or this country. Some of
the ablest scientific investigators of England, France and
Germany, under royal and imperial patronage, and with every
possible advantage which abundant time and unlimited means
could give, have employed many years in experimenting, in-
vestigating and studying it. Though later in this field of
examination, the scientists of America have not forgotten or
overlooked it, but, without government patronage or assist-
ance, have, according to their individual means, performed
much useful and important work. As a result of these in-
vestigations, the belief of men in relation to this subject has
been in a transition state for nearly forty years, and these
changes have been accepted only after long controversy and
the most searching and acute investigation, oft repeated. The
theory that for the nutrition of the plant there should be in
the soil large supplies of matter of organic origin was dis-

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. A5

proved when it was found that many soils were very fertile
with only two or three per cent of organic matter in their
composition, while others were sterile with from ten to thirty
per cent. The theory that the mineral elements were soonest
exhausted from the soil by the production of plants, and
therefore for permanent success the farmer need only supply
the displaced minerals; and its antagonistic theory, that
nitrogen, volatile and naturally in small quantity, was most
quickly lost or consumed, and should receive the first atten-
tion, were in due time both displaced by the discovery that it
was essential the farmer should supply both for the continued
production of plants on the same land. The theory was pro-
mulgated that as a guide in feeding plants the soil should be

chemically analyzed, and when thus its composition was
known, deficient elements could be added to make that com-
position correspond with that of the plant it was desired to

produce. But when it was discovered that the plant, though
a more acute, observing and precise chemist than any human
manipulator, might starve for want of substances which the
destroying acids of the chemist proved to be quite abundant
in the soil, and that, if it were a scientific fact it could not be
availed of in general agricnlture, it passed from the beliefs of
men. As the result of inaccurate observations, other theories

have been advocated and believed only to be discarded by the

discovery of the certain fact bearing on the case. But pressed

on by the vital importance of the case, inquiry has continued,

fact after fact has been discovered, proved and admitted, until

at the present time, with the exception of one or two points

of minor importance, there is general accord among investi-
gators respecting the principles of plant-nulrition, and the
following is a concise statement of the same.

For the nourishment of the plant, both organic and inor-
ganic matter are indispensable. So far as the plant is con-
cerned, one class of matter is of no more importance than the
other. All of the organic elements (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
and nitrogen) are absolutely necessary as the food of plants.
So far as the plant is concerned, neither of these elements is of
greater importance than another. A plant cannot be pro-
duced if eitherisabsent. So far as the cultivator is concerned,
that element which nature provides in least quantity in an

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

available condition, and which the plant requires from him in
largest proportional quantity, is of the greatest importance,
and that is nitrogen.

The oxygen and hydrogen which the plant requires for food,
are abundantly provided by nature. With its leaves and
roots immersed in air and water, it can and will provide itself
with those elements, without care or thought on the part of the
farmer. Its required carbon is provided by the carbonic acid
in the air and soil; the supply in nature is exhaustless, and
the plant has the natural power to gather all it needs. Nitro-
gen it obtains from the ammonia and nitric acid of the soil
and air, and perhaps from the elemental nitrogen of the atmo-
sphere and the chemical combination of the elements of ammo-
nia within its structure. But the supply is not equal to the
demand, and the farmer must make up the deficiency. For
food, and so far as the plant is concerned, each of the nine
chemical elements taken into its composition are of equal
importance ; and the maximum crop, which will be the natural
product of a given area of soil, will be determined by the
minimum available quantity of either of the elements. The
composition of the plant is the result, not of accident, but of
design ; and if it is produced in a normal and healthy state,
one of the elements of its food cannot be substituted for
another. Some of these elements are in most soils in large
proportional quantity, and naturally become available with
sufficient rapidity to meet the wants of the plant. The con-
tent of some in the plant is large compared with their available
quantity in the soil, and by continued plant-production, there
is of them, ere-long, a deficient supply. The substances in
most soils in large quantity, when compared with the food-
want of the plant, and in an available condition, are lime, soda,
magnesia, sulphur, chlorine, silica and sulphuric acid; while
those contained in most soils in small quantity in available
form compared with the wants of the plant, are potash and
phosphoric acid. These are soonest exhausted, and if cropping
be continued, must be artificially supplied.

Plants are not new creations of matter, but reorganizations
of material previously existing in soil and air which is
held in various compound forms, and cannot be obtained by
the plant until by the influence of chemical forces and root-

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 47

action those compounds are transmuted into other forms and
become solvent in the water of the air and soil. An intelli-
gent analysis and examination of these principles will show
that the experiments are entirely in accord with them, their
result, what might have been predicted, and that they may
safely be adopted as permanent rules of practice. Admitting
this to be a fact, the conclusion may and has been drawn that
your manure is a useless thing; that the farmer has “only to
seratch his land, throw on the chemical stuff and harvest his
100 bushels of corn tothe acre.” But such and all kindred
conclusions, whether urged in good faith or in derision, are
utterly erroneous. All the principles and need of tillage, the
necessity of securing the proper physical condition of soil,
will yet remain. Barn-yard manure in general culture will
still be king. For it is, and will continue to be, an unavoida-
ble waste product incident to many necessary branches of
farming,—a waste product of every form of dairying; a
waste product of growing and fattening beef, pork or mut-
ton; and a waste caused by the necessity of keeping teams to
work our farms as well as to perform general transportation.
It would be the acme of ignorance and thriftlessness not to
preserve, husband and use this, and all the wastes of our
slaughtering establishments ; of all our horn, hoof, bone, hide
and glue establishments ; of all our woolen manufactories ; of
all our fisheries ; and of the sewerage and cesspools of country,
town and city. But after all this has been saved and utilized
by application to our farms, a vast field will be left for the
profitable employment of chemical manures, and the world is
asking for the increased products.

The fair and legitimate conclusions which may be drawn
from the principles as illustrated by the experiments are:
That barn-yard manure, valuable as it is, is not the best ma-
terial, or in the best form, in which to obtain the food of plants,
if that is to be purchased at its ordinary market price. Be-
cause it is crude, coarse, undecomposed, heavy in consequence
of its large content of water, which make the cost of trans-
portation and application very large. Because it is not so
readily available to nourish the plant, and does not produce
such certain and immediate results as when the elements of
nutrition are applied in a chemical form. The organic mass of

48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

yard manure is highly beneficial in the soil, by increasing its
absorbing and retaining quality for water and the gases of the
soil and atmosphere, and perhaps a developer and diffuser
of certain mineral elements; but these ends can all be ob-
tained more cheaply with muck and loam, as well as by the
roots remaining in the soil and the turning in of green crops,
while other and better substances are being used as plant-food.
It is not the best manure for special crops, because if all the
elements it contained were available, they are not often pro-
portioned according to the feeding want of the plant we are
producing ; and in order to obtain the needed supply of the
minimum element it contains, we must make application of the
mass in such large quantities as to result in great loss of the
unused elements which are in excess. And the conclusion is,
that true economy forbids the general use of yard manure
except in connection with certain known mineral elements,
according:to the known food-want of the plant to be pro-
duced. Manure in its fertilizing properties is quite equal to
that. of the crops of which it is a waste; therefore, as an
example, if it is the waste of English or clover hay and Indian
corn, it cannot be adapted to the growth of potatoes and to-
bacco, which are potash plants, and in composition unlike the
hay and grain. Therefore, if small quantities of manure with
some form of potash in sufficiently large amount to make the
composition like the plant to be produced are applied, it is
better and cheaper than to supply a large amount of manure
to obtain the needed potash. It is also a fair conclusion, that
to maintain or to increase the fertility of our farms it is not
absolutely necessary or even desirable to keep any kind of
stock simply or mainly to consume our crops, that they may
be returned for fertilizing purposes.

Finally, if there is no great mistake in the principles and
results, the conclusion must be drawn, that they solve one of
the great agricultural problems of our time; a problem the
solution of which has caused the greatest anxiety in all the
densely populated countries of the globe, and one which has
been a source of much apprehension here. In all the older
States of the Union, our cities, both in number and population,
have increased with unparalleled rapidity. The civic popula-
tion increases faster than the rural, the consumers of food

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 49

faster than the producers. From all the rural districts enor-
mous streams of soil products, in the form of vegetables,
grains, meat and raw material for manufacture, are pouring
into these centres. These are the choice elements of the soil,
the waste of which would maintain its producing power; but
owing to our wasteful systems of sewerage, it is all, or nearly
all, lost, and as a result these States have seen their agricult-
ural lands producing less and less per acre of all our important
crops, until millions of acres, once productive, have become
so sterile that their crops will not pay the cost of their cul-
tivation. The people of Massachusetts annually consume
the products of 500,000 head of cattle more than are fed

‘upon our territory, and our bread is much of it grown on

fields 2,000 miles westward. All this because the food prod-
ucts of the people taken from the soil are not in any form
returned to it. This cause has seemed a necessity,—oune whose
results could not be avoided, if we must depend on the waste
products of our crops to support the producing powers of the |
soil. But chemical manures may supply the deficiency. They
will produce plants of choicest qualities, and in luxuriant
abundance. With profit to the cultivator they may be the
means of covering our hillsides, valleys and plains with beau-
tiful, bountiful crops of grass and grain, and at the same time
restore their exhausted acres to permanent, pristine fertility.
7

vie a
Aas ae a : Fahad 2 dete pee AP sy oh va ths

: \ i ; ‘ . fi y
} F sly ae oc
ees ‘ ee ie ic rae ap , a Pipe, ply be ae uy tS (eter!
We f i a . wo i
; i as Sa By wa ee OE dea tae

i ath gi hoe CRI Tae ae a Mae fe cee. a viene ite

ae! ni a : an ee 4 eee } i
16 Fata Che nee he Metis Pea aes By PALA

* : . ¥
5 I ob : Wate i“ pie: ‘ hah
; | . 17
: ; / WN.
; Banco ny a: ae weet ei y

Le a ee any

Pa oa Ob Rr ee

ie % >" 2 > mi oy 7 cp
Ppa ion Ree ae ape oe
Py ee
att fits nee te ik eee:
4
\

a REPORT
ORK IN CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

‘Pror. C. A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D.

‘
( 7
: ; 7
5 4
y i
'
)
A P
.
,
)
i ‘
} Mi
% i 2
j
: i
iF ry i
V4 rf i
ti

52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

REPORT OF CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

Besides various analytical incidental inquiries, the following
subjects have engaged my particular attention during the past
year :— |

1. The extent and nature of some of our resources of ma-
terial suitable for the manufacture of fertilizers; and the
quality of the latter offered in our markets for sale.

2. Some of the chemical changes going on at present in
the soil of the reclaimed marshes at Marshfield, Plymouth
County, Mass.

3. The effect of some special articles of plant-food on the
fruit of various cultivated and wild grape-vines.

In the following pages, I take the liberty of presenting a
brief statement of the ideas which have guided me in my
Inquiries, and also some of the results obtained, leaving the
details to future special reports.

I. CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

The past year has been an eventful one in the history of
the trade in fertilizers ; much progress has been made towards
the adoption of a sounder and more uniform basis in its busi-
ness transactions. The sale by chemical analysis has been
more generally introduced, whilst the prices of many leading
brands have been reduced from 20 to 25 per cent. and more.
A commendable effort on the part of many manufacturers
could be noticed, to learn the particular wants of the farmers,
and to improve the quality of their articles in order to satisfy
the increasingly intelligent demands of their customers.
Many farmers have adopted a more judicious course in select-
ing their fertilizers. The cheapness of the various brands of
standard fertilizers is already more generally determined, as

|
}

ileal.) AN gs ast ies gel i Be
_——_ Oe

a a ee ee ee

——S—

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 58

it ought to be, not merely by their relative price per ton, but
by the peculiar condition and the relative amount of phos-
phoric acid, potassa and nitrogen they contain. The recognition
of a proper distinction between the agricultural and the com-
mercial value of any materials used for manuring purposes,
has secured better chances to obtain them at their real market
value, and has thus advanced a more satisfactory relation
between dealers and consumers.

In making these remarks, I do not intend to state that there
are no inferior articles now offered for sale; for they will be
sold as long as farmers will rather listen to the indorsements
of irresponsible parties regarding the results they obtained,
instead of considering carefully their own situation and wants,
and of rendering themselves as far as practicable familiar with
the properties of a good quality of the particular fertilizer they
propose to use. It has been the aim of the writer to treat
upon these points in his official annual reports as State
inspector of fertilizers as far as circumstances allowed. He
felt quite confident, when urging the propriety of adopting some
judicious law for the regulation of the trade in commercial
fertilizers (January, 1873), that a proper supervision of this
important branch of industry, accompanied by a periodical
official discussion of the mutual relations and interests both
of the manufacturers and dealers in fertilizers and _ the
farmers, would also furnish a very efficient means of communi-
cating to the former the wants of the latter. At the same
time he believed a numerous class of practical farmers might
be induced to listen to the exposition of the rational principles
of modern agriculture, by introducing practical illustrations
which demonstrate their bearing on the pecuniary interests
involved in farming, who scarcely would feel disposed to
appreciate a concise yet abstract enumeration of the principles
which control the success of their industry. It is gratifying
to be able, even at this early date, to assert, judging from the
numerous communications received, and from the character of
the inquiries made, that the fertilizer law will prove indirectly
a valuable promoter of higher agricultural education, especially
among those farmers who for obvious reasons cannot enjoy the
advantages of agricultural educational institutions and scien-
tific agricultural literature.

54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

During the past year from fifty to sixty chemical analyses of
various kinds of fertilizers have been made, partly in reference
to certain resources of fertilizers, and partly in connection with
the inspection of fertilizers offered for sale.

Potash Fertilizers.

The supply of the better grades of these salts has been less
than the demand, though the general character of the qualities
sold has been more satisfactory than in previous years.
There is a fair prospect that with the coming spring a
direct agency from the Douglas-Hall mines, in Prussia, will
be established in New York City, which proposes to sell only
in large lots and at factory rates to dealers. Parties con-
nected with the enterprise have asked my opinion regarding
the particular qualities desirable for our wants. Iam informed
that only high grades, both of sulphate and muriate of potash,
will be imported. I have taken occasion to analyze a sample
of the crude material, carnallite, which serves mainly for the
manufacture of the Stassfurt potash fertilizers, and found it
an excellent article of its kind. Prof. F. Bischoff, of Prussia,
one of the most noted investigators and historians of the
mining enterprise at the Stassfurt saline deposits, speaks
highly of the quality of potash compounds found at the Doug-
las mines at Western Egeln. It seems but reasonable to
assume that by ordinary care valuable potash fertilizers may
be expected from these new mines and factories.

Peruvian Guano.

The trade in this fertilizer has at last been based on a
chemical analysis, with a guaranty of the represented compo-
sition. The New York general consignees of the Peruvian
government have adopted the course recommended in my last
year’s report. A rectified soluble Peruvian guano, with a
guaranty of ten per cent. of soluble phosphoric acid, ten per
cent. of ammonia (actual and potential), and two per cent. of
potassium oxide, at a price of $60 per ton of 2,000 pounds,
has been put into the market. The chemical composition, and
the valuable form of the essential constituents, cannot fail to
secure a liberal patronage for this new fertilizer, which is also
one of the cheapest at present offered forsale. There will be,

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. BD

henceforth, two distinct forms of genuine Peruvian guanos
in our markets; namely, raw genuine Peruvian guano, and
rectified genuine Peruvian guano. The latter is expected
to replace the former in a very satisfactory way. The raw
Peruvian guano is offered at a reduced price,—2,240 pounds
gross weight, at the depot, at $60 instead of $80, the price per
ton in former years. The well-deserved universal indorse-
ment of good Peruvian guano, and the quite reasonable charge
per ton of both the raw and the rectified soluble guano, with
guaranty of definite composition, with abundant resources to
supply an increased demand, cannot but exert a beneficial
influence on the entire fertilizer trade, by stimulating exertion
on the part of dealers in ammoniated superphosphates to meet
with success a more exacting competition. The days of the
successful manufacture of old-fashioned low-grade superphos-
phates seem about to terminate. How soon this may be
brought about depends, however, largely on the judicious
selection of fertilizers on the part of the farmer.

Fish Fertilizers.

The commercial value of these articles depends largely on
their relative percentage of moisture. There is a remarkable
variation, not unfrequently sufficient to affect their general char-
acter seriously. Their mechanical condition, as a general rule,
is more or less objectionable, being quite frequently so coarse
as to prevent their speedy action. The rendering process Is
but little studied in reference to its peculiar effect on the fish
refuse, particularly as far as it affects the amount of nitrogen
left behind, and seems in all its main features to be somewhat
primitive. A more. general practice to manufacture a fish
guano of a definite composition and a fine mechanical condi-
tion, is still a matter quite desirable in the interests of the
future prosperity. of this business. I have visited some of
the chief localities of the fish-rendering industry during the
past year, to study the current modes of operation, and collect
suitable material for chemical examinations, in order to learn
from experiment on reliable material what composition might
be expected from a good fish guano obtained from the refuse
of our menhaden fish-rendering works under their present
management. I found by analysis, ten per cent. of moisture,

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

from eight to eight and five-tenths per cent. of nitrogen, and
from eight to eight and five-tenths per cent. of phosphoric acid.

An article of this kind, well ground, would be worth in
our markets, even at the present reduced prices, from $40 to
$45 per ton. A well-prepared fish guano is one of our most
valuable home-made fertilizers, being fully equal to the best
animal dust, and is one of the very best substitutes for Peru-

vian guano. Our resources are apparently but slightly taxed,
for the main bulk of fish refuse turned to account is still
derived from one branch of fisheries,—the menhaden fish-ren-
dering works. The refuse of the cod-fisheries and whale-
fisheries of Northern Europe send tens of thousands of tons
of superior fish guano into the markets of Central Europe.
May we not ask why our resources of a similar character are
permitted to go to waste?

II. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SOILS OF THE RECLAIMED SALT
MARSHES OF GREEN HARBOR.

The history and description of these marsh lands in connec-
tion with a short sketch of some successful attempts to culti-
vate the reclaimed salt marshes of Europe, have already been
given in a previous report to the State Board of Agriculture,
under whose direction my investigation has been made. For
the past two years my attention has been directed towards the
following important points :—

First. The general character of the soil in the above-men-
tioned locality, with reference to its physical and chemical
properties, and its available sources of plant-food for future
cultivation.

Secondly. The influence of a gradual removal of the strong
saline water of the ocean, and its replacement by the fresh
water from a creek, which passes through the diked lands on
the spontaneous local vegetation, as well as on various crops
which, as first attempts of a systematic cultivation, have been
tried of late in different sections of the reclaimed marsh lands.

To ascertain the amount of available mineral plant-food in
the soil, several samples of the latter were taken from differ-
ent sections of the marshes, by cutting slices of it, three inches
wide and six inches long, to a depth of two feet. Each sam-

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. - 57

ple was thoroughly mixed, then slightly calcined, and subse-
quently for several days treated at ordinary temperature with
diluted hydrochloric acid, having a specific gravity of from
1.10 to 1.12. From 1,000 parts of the calcined soil were
thus subtracted the following number of parts of the sub-
stances named :—

Phosphoric acid, . é . : : ‘ 3.900 3.700
Potassium oxide, . : : j : ; 9.463 11.500
Calcium oxide, : . , . ; : 6.588 8.200
Magnesium oxide, . : apsetit ) ‘ ‘ 0.080 3.200
Sesquioxide of iron, : : ; : : 20.000 67.000
Alumina, 5 : ; é ; F : 62.200 86.000
Sodium oxide,. ‘ ; Sy SY de 3 ‘ 24.200 29.150

Sample I. was taken in the upper portion of the marshes,
and Sample II. from the central or middle section.

Tests for chlorine and sulphuric acid were not made, on
account of the worthless results in the case of a calcined
material like the above. The composition of the soil left no
doubt about the fact that its latent resources are well qualified,
under suitable condition, to support, in case of a judicious
selection of crops, a remunerative farm industry. Consider-
ing it of interest to know whether the accumulated beach-
sand in the vicinity of the reclaimed lands might profitably
serve as suitable material for filling in, leveling, etc., if needed
during their preparation fcr cultivation, I tested a sample, and
found it yielding readily from one to two per cent. of lime
and magnesia. A more detailed analysis of the beach-sand
in that locality will be made as soon as time permits, for to
know its entire composition is of particular interest, as it has
entered largely into the formation of the soil in the marshes.
Extensive ditching during the past year has confirmed my last
year’s predictions, that future observation would show that the
level surface of the meadows is due more to the accumulation
of vegetable residual matter of successive periods of growth,

| than to a uniform level of the soil, and also that the latter will

be found to vary in regard to its chemical and physical condition
8

58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

in different sections of the marshes, as well as in its various
layers. The materials of the several strata of the soil were
observed to vary, here and there, in the same locality, in size
and color; quite prominent appeared the occasional local accu-
mulations of oxide of iron. The more or less permeable
nature of the successive soil deposits has evidently largely
controlled the removal of the saline waters, and is one of the
principal causes of sudden changes in the character of the
vegetation within a limited area. :
As the quality of the water which permeates the soil affects
most decidedly the quality of the vegetation it produces,
tests have been made from time to time to ascertain the solu-
ble constituents of the drainage waters of the marshes. The
following results regarding the percentage of chlorine give
some approximate idea of the amount of change which has
taken place since the diking of the meadows. The amount of
chlorine in 100 parts of water tested was found to be as fol-
lows, viz. :—

2.3195

0.1386 | 0.8282

No. I. represents the amount of chlorine contained in 100
parts of water of the Atlantic Ocean (Kerl).

No. II. refers to a sample of water taken from a hole dug
for that purpose, from three to four feet deep, in the month

of June, 1874.

No. III. refers to a sample taken in June, 1874, from the
lower section of the marshes, showing unmistakable signs of
stagnation, and thus increased concentration of the saline water
of the soil.

No. IV. refers to water taken July, 1875, from a drain-
ditch in the central portion of the marshes.

No. V. refers to water taken from the creek soon after some
damage had been done to the sluice-gate, allowing an access
of salt water.

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 59

These results need no further comment; they show that the
freshening process is going on steadily, and that nothing but
local stagnation can hereafter render success uncertain as long
as the dike with its sluice-gate is kept in satisfactory working
order.

The changes which the natural or spontaneous local vegeta-
tion has exhibited, wherever good drainage has been secured,
is quite remarkable. Sedges and rushes have continually
receded, and a variety of more valuable plants have taken
their place. Sea spear-grass (Glycerta maritima, Wahl.) has
spontaneously taken the place of samphire (Salicornia
herbacea). Timothy (Phleum pratense, L.) and redtop
(Agrostis vulgaris, With.) have since been successfully raised.
Many other farm crops have been tried and gave satisfactory
results. The experience of the past year, although some-
what marred by the ravages of grasshoppers, has only encour-
aged confidence in the ultimate success of the enterprise.
To improve the chances of a speedy consummation of that
result, it is desirable that a good general system of drainage
for the entire area of the reclaimed marshes should be soon
decided upon; and that the plow should be effectually used
wherever the accumulated vegetable matter beneath the old
sod becomes spongy in consequence of its present rapid decay,
a condition which tends to destroy that uniform compactness
of the soil which is so essential for the profitable cultivation
of all farm crops.

II. On tHe PrysiotocgicaL EFFects OF SOME SPECIAL
ARTICLES OF PLANT-FOOD ON THE QUALITY OF THE
Fruit oF CrrtTaAiIn WILD AND CULTIVATED GRAPE-
VINES.

The subsequent communication, being for obvious reasons
of a merely preliminary character, consists mainly of a series
of analytical results regarding the ash constituents of different
parts of the Concord grape-vine during various stages of its
growth. The investigation has been going on for several
years, as far as its preparatory work is concerned, and is still
confined to an inquiry into the normal relative amounts and
the peculiar distribution of the mineral constituents in the
important organs of this variety of grape-vine during differ-

60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

ent periods of its annual development. The information
thereby obtained is designed to serve as a basis for experi-
ments, which are to some extent already inaugurated, to ascer-
tain in case allerations in regard to the quality of the fruit
should be noticed in consequence of a treatment of the vines
with certain special articles of plant-food, whether they are
really due to the introduction or increase of any particular
mineral element or combination of mineral elements, or must
be ascribed to season, location, etc. It is a well-known fact
that the absolute amount of the mineral constituents of plants
of the same variety of one and the same species may differ
widely, yet as a rule this does not necessarily alter the general
character of the plants; whilst a change in the relative pro-
portions of their various ash constituents rarely has been
noticed without having affected the quantity of some of their
organic constituents, as starch, sugar, ete.

Successful cultivation of some of our most important indus-
trial crops furnishes unmistakable illustrations pointing
towards the existence of influences like those proposed for a
strictly analytical inquiry. Although I might cite in support
of my proposition many well-indorsed observations of others,
I prefer for the present to refer to my own experiments upon
the College farm, in 1873, regarding the effect of different fer-
tilizers upon plants raised from the same seed on the same
piece of land. The amount of sugar in the beet-roots raised
from my own seed under the influence of different fertilizing
agents, was noticed to differ from 9.42 to 14.32 per cent.
To produce similar results on our various cultivated fruits is
no doubt a subject worthy of serious attention. The circum-
stances which favor ordinarily the increase of sugar in the
fruits, improve frequently also the formation of the aromatic
principles peculiar to the species.

I have selected the grape-vine for my observations because
it furnishes an abundance of material for examination; and
among our cultivated grape-vines I have chosen the Concord
grape as being a hardy, not overcultivated variety, and thus
in all probability more inclined to respond to a special treat-
ment. Besides the Concord grape-vine, a few wild vines
(Vitis Labrusca, L.and Vitis riparia, Michaux) are on trial.

The experimental field is at the upper end of the College

1876.) SENATE—No. 45. 61

vineyard, and is divided into two plots by several rows of
grape-vines, which are left without any fertilizer. One divi-
sion is treated with a composition of superphosphate of lime
and potash saltpetre, and the other with high grade sulphate
of potassa and kieserite or oxide sulphate of magnesia; this
treatment has been continued for two seasons, beginning in
the spring of 1874. Mr. D. P. Penhallow, a graduate of the
College, being peculiarly well qualified for the task, at my
solicitation, has observed closely with me all the noticeable
changes. He presented the following report at the end of the
last season, which I add here without any comment :—

*¢ During the entire season the growth of the vines was so uniform,
and the changes in their development so gradual, that at no time

when observations were taken could anything more than ordinary

vigorous development be noticed. All the vines exhibit a strong
and healthy growth, for which the season was particularly favorable.
During the early part of August mildew made its appearance on a
few vines, but did not spread to any extent, the affection seeming to
be strictly local, remaining in that part of the vineyard which was
farthest from the shelter of the woods on the north. The vines
under special treatment did not suffer at all from any form of fungus,
though the season, especially in August, was warm and damp, and
particularly favorable for the growth of all kinds of fungi. Three
of the wild grape-vines produced fruit for the first time, though
only a small quantity. Two resembled the Concord in all external
characteristics, though the pulp was much more solid, and quite acid
in taste (Vitis Labrusca, L.) The third bearing vine resembled the
Delaware ; the size of the fruit, however, was much larger, and it had
a strong aromatic taste. (Vitis riparia, Michaux.) The berries
were sweet, the pulp firm, the skin quite thin. The fruit of the
Concord grape-vine which had been treated with special fertilizers
had a remarkably thin skin, the pulp was less firm than usual, aud the
entire berry had apparently a more delicate taste. At the close of
the season the effect of the fertilizers was quite apparent in the
comparative growth of the vines. The branches were longer, the
leaves were larger and of a deep green color as compared with the
unfertilized vines. Many of these were very seriously affected

at that period by phylloxera, which spread quite generally when

the change of season began to destroy the leaves. The following
analytical results are stated here for future reference :—

“I. One-year-old wood of Concord grape-vine, air-dry, contained
in 100 parts, 2.069 per cent. of ash. (Penhallow.)

62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

‘‘TI. Older wood of the same plant, air-dry, contained in 100
parts, 2.419 per cent. of ash. (Penhallow.)

‘‘OQne hundred parts of these ashes contained the following
relative amounts of the substances named :—

Silica, ; ; ‘ ; : ; ‘ 23.840— 22.285
Sesquioxide of iron, : ; ‘ : : 8.530— 6.415
Oxide of potassium, , ’ . E : 22.565— 15.210
of sodium, . : ‘ : ‘ : P P
of caleium, . : : : : : 9.740— 6.765
of magnesium, . : : : : 4,280 4.546
Phosphoric acid, . : : ; : : 14.065 5.226

‘‘TIT. One hundred parts of air-dry seeds of the Concord grape
left 3.07 parts of ash constituents, which contained (C. A. Goess-
mann) ,—

Silica, ; : , : : ; : ; ‘ ; ‘ . 0.009

Oxide of calcium, . : : : ; ' : ; : Ones
of magnesium, ; : : . : F : ; «, Moe
of potassium, . ; : 5 : : ‘ 4 . 0.206
of sodium, . : . é : : : ; ; ; P

Phosphoric acid, . / : : : : ‘ : ' » 0.528

“TV. One hundred parts of air-dry stems of the Concord grape
left 4.688 parts ash, which contained (C. A. Goessmann) ,—

Silica, E d ‘ : : F ‘ 4 ; F : . 0.098

Oxide of calcium, . d : ‘ ‘ ; : : wo: Spe
of magnesium, . : : : . : . ° . 0.396
of potassium, : : : ; . ; - : . 0.980
‘of sodium, . ; ; : ‘ 3 4 : ; 3 P

Phosphoric acid, _.. : : ; : ° : > : - 0.832

‘““V. One hundred parts of the ash of air-dry skins of the Concord
grape contained (C. A. Goessmann),—

Silica, : ; 3 ; ; : ; : : ; ; . 0.012
Oxide of iron, . : : e : 4 ‘ ; : : . 0.008
of calcium, . : ; : : ‘ : : : . 0.574
of masnesitimy 9 °° 00 TPL RI 9 08 Sa er
of potassium, : i : ; . 5 : : . OOF

Phosphoric acid, . : : : ‘ : : : ‘ . 0.245

SENATE—No. 45. 63

ie,

Me % ‘VIL One hundred parts of ashes of fermented grape-juice of

Ee a DAT
)xide of potassium, Mo nie Mie Mee aoe. oe shi ¢8 OBO
mer sodium, °. : é : A : ; P ; haa 8:
of calcium, . ; ‘ : : ‘ : , j . 6,849
of magnesium, . ; ee ; 2 . : . 6.238
of iron, . : , ; : : : : é a ». > 0.569
eGEareI ene i Re ys 9,169

Penhallow, B. S.) :—

Sept. 14. Wild grape No. 2, : : Oop 9.65 per cent.
14. Wild grape No. 3, : - : area Ws
15. Wild grape No. 4, 5 “eer Po age
24. Concord grape (not fertilized), . on 10-0 ss
24 Delaware grape, . Pome Run eee ete base Gna

«
:
j
oa y
'
1
Wee
7 .
«

rs te ea ;

Me Fiabe Bes SLAY

1 iF sy
is ' =} ; "
" “i ‘a ss t 4 } !
aa ‘
in
hy
f
4
1
\
'
ae :
Sire)
nt
i ’
'
y a! v ry ; ;
a ¥ a < 7 ;
Pa ke PORT

eas hace |. ON: mist

"ARY DEPARTMENT.

’
F

‘
i at
: \
.
;
i
‘ Wy
y
¥
fh
} | ;
: j
.
ry i
utr t }
parse ‘,
> - Mw
Pear 4 A bg , ;
vi ory ’ a] | 7
i MA
* . : f
Jee.) ‘ 1
it \ 4 :
\
! — 7 De
‘am
bee ) Py to | p : iat
ihe i @3 "i :
i. r a i
vc
Me are f
A
Ate

66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

MILITARY DEPARTMENT.

President W. S. CLARK.

Srr :—I have the honor to submit the following Report :—

On the 11th of March, 1875, I was ordered to relieve Ist
Lieut. A. H. Merrill, U. S. Army, who was on detached
duty as professor of military science and tactics at this Insti-
tution. At the beginning of the summer term, March 25,
I entered upon my present duties, receiving at his hands the
battalion of cadets in a state of excellent drill and discipline,
and the last senior class well grounded in the principles of
field fortification. Since then the military duties have been
actively carried out, both upon the drill-ground and in the
recitation-room, and, I am gratified to state, with a marked
show of growing interest, evincing a general and real appre-
ciation of the true object of the military department. It is
especially pleasing to make a satisfactory report of work
accomplished, because it has been my constant aim to impress
upon the students that it was not only a patriotic duty in
return for government patronage, but a matter of education
particularly important to the farming community as the final
owners and protectors of the soil. Our country is not war-
like in the aggressive sense, and our “ peace military policy ”
is barely sufficient to keep the art of war alive within our
borders. The colleges endowed by the land grant of 1862
are a part of this policy, and as such are peculiarly responsi-
ble for the honest fulfillment of the military requirements of
that Act. The real value of a military education is a fact of
history, and sooner or later has been recognized by every
great nation. Congress has appreciated this, and has still
further increased the facilities for such an education, by estab-
lishing certain free military professorships, one of which this

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 67

Institution enjoys. That a college, by an honest and deter-
mined policy, may do much towards the furtherance of military
education, is certainly exemplified here. The time consumed
by drills and tactical instruction is not only no loss to other
departments, but does not much exceed that devoted by our
neighbor, Amherst College, to gymnastics. Nor does it inter-
fere with student-life so much as militia duties do with ordi-
nary avocations. |

The past year has been an important one to the military
department in very many respects. The students have been
kept quite busy, and by working with a will, have accomplished
most satisfactory results. They have been called upon to
appear in public several times as a military organization ;
once they were reviewed by His Excellency the Governor ;
they have once acted as an escort of honor, and twice they
have had their tactical proficiency severely tested at special
drills, before boards of visitors and military men of note;
nor have they failed at these ordeals to acquit themselves with
well-merited honor.

The aid rendered by a very efficient senior class in the
transmission of elementary military knowledge to under-
classes, has been very great. All of the responsible and
important offices of the battalion are held by seniors, and the
self-discipline and experience thence naturally derived is not
only a means of realizing the object of the department, but
as a matter of individual education is equally valuable. Four
members of this class have been appointed to staff positions
as assistant instructors in ordnance, signalling, artillery and
infantry, respectively, thereby considerably lightening the
labor of the professor, and enabling double the quantity of
work to be accomplished.

The importance of adopting a complete uniform was clearly
set forth in the last report of my predecessor. By authority
of the trustees, choice was made of one similar in all respects
to that worn by cadets at West Point, and, as predicted, its
neat military appearance has increased tenfold the former
interest in the tactical branch of the department,

Not alone, however, in the matters of organization, drill,
and mere uniform, has the interest of the department been
studied, but even more carefully in the higher branch of mili-

68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ee ey

tary science. An advanced course has been instituted, and
confined exclusively to the senior class. This class is not
only most fitted for its reception, but the least calculated to
underrate its real importance. The instruction is carried on
by text-books, lectures, familiar conversations and readings,
and original essays from the students, and has for its object
fully to cover the salients of the art of war in its modern
aspects. The time allotted is regarded as ample, and the
hearty codperation of the two senior classes that have come
under my charge fully justifies its being set aside for this
purpose.

In addition to the regular course, gratuitous instruction is
offered by the department to such student or students as de--
sire to pursue any special military study, or to go deeper into
any subject than the limited course will allow. Taking advan-
tage of this privilege, a class is now forming to commence
fencing during the winter term. Under the same privilege a
volunteer class of some thirty was formed during the past
term to study military signalling, and has now become quite
proficient therein. A very full set of all the necessary
equipments has been kindly furnished from Washington by
the signal department, and it is hoped, during the summer
term, to take advantage of the proximity of Mounts Tom, Hol-
yoke and Toby for establishing temporary practice stations.

In order to give a more comprehensive idea of the method
and scope of the instruction imparted, I append herewith a
full schedule of the regular course of military science and
tactics. It should not be regarded as merely a proposed plan,
but one actually working, and at all times open to thorough
examination and inspection. It is the object and intention of
this department to send out with confidence every year young
men well fitted to receive commissions either from the State
or general government,—men who for four years have been
carefully drilled in all military ceremonies and tactical manceu-
vres, have passed consecutively through the various grades of
company and regimental formation, who have been subjected
to discipline and understand the art of command, and who,
moreover, are well instructed in all the main features of higher
military science. During the past year, through the kindness
of the chiefs of the various branches of the war and navy

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 69

departments, some very valuable military books, papers and
reports have been procured, forming the nucleus of a military
library. The College is likewise indebted to Major Mordecai,
professor of ordnance and gunnery at West Point, for very
full and carefully arranged collections of samples of gun-
powder and its various ingredients, and of fuses. The
institution stands greatly in need of a suitable military cabinet.
The substantial aid with which instruction would be thereby
supplemented, is as self-evident as its present lack is annoy-
ing. <A practical one only is important,—one well stocked
with the various arms, shot, shell, cartridges, and other
munitions of war, now in use. This could be furnished from
the state arsenal with little trouble or expense, and under the
provisions of existing law.

An efficient fire organization has been recently formed under
the supervision of this department, and fire drills regularly
instituted as a part of its term routine. Its equipment con-
sists of Babcock’s fire-extinguishers, Johnson’s force-pumps,
hooks, ladders and buckets. The value of well-drilled
preparation for this emergency cannot but suggest its own
importance.

Signalling having met with such favor among the students,
I would respectfully suggest that overtures be made to the
department at Washington for the purpose of establishing a
regular weather station at this College. Considering the close
relation of the signal department to the agricultural interests
of the country, and the importance of accurate weather and

storm reports to an institution of such character as ours, and

also the central position of the College in a farming district
so important as the Valley of the Connecticut, the very

general utility of such an establishment would undoubtedly

be quickly perceived.

Target-practice has been a part of the practical military
course during the past year, and has led to the establishment
of a rifle association among the students upon Creedmoor
principles. It has a private fund sufficient to procure all the

essentials, and a very fair five-hundred-yard range upon the

College property. Such an association is particularly worthy
of encouragement from its innocence, its health-promoting

70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

tendency, and the wide-spread repute of the rifle as an
American weapon.

Considerable enthusiasm has been prevalent during the
year on the subject of a mortar battery, the earthwork of
which the students unanimously volunteered to build, provided
the mortars could be procured. The trustees have given a
site for the battery, but thus far the department has been
unable to procure the guns. We have already drawn the full
armament to which the College is entitled from the general
government; but I trust the mortars may yet be obtained
through the good offices of the State.

During the fall term the seniors were instructed, under the
care of this department, in the subject of roads and railroads, —
important alike to the military and agricultural-interests of
the country. Provision has also been made to bring the
entire College, in the winter term, under its instruction in
right-line, mechanical, and freehand drawing.

The military interests represented by this and similarly
constituted colleges is constantly becoming a subject of more
general regard. Its growth is worthy of note, and leading
journals have lately been bold in advocating more generous
patronage and support. The “Ploughman,” representing
agricultural interests, has set forth its practical value and
importance; and the “Army and Navy Journal,” from a
military stand-point, is particularly friendly. The latter urges
the yearly commissioning in the regular army of a proficient
graduate from each of these military colleges, and confidently
says, “The time is rapidly approaching when such will be
the law of the land.” The wisdom of establishing an induce- —
ment such as this, the zeal with which it would certainly
inspire the students, and the justness of opening in this
manner the high positions of a republican army, such as ours,
to the people it protects, could not fail to be productive of
great military benefit to the entire country.

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. 71

Minirary DErprartMent — REGULAR CourRSE OF DRILL AND
INSTRUCTION. ’

Tactics.

The instruction given under this head is obligatory upon all
students, unless specially excused by proper authority on
account of physical disability. They are required to conform
to and obey all orders and regulations emanating from the
headquarters of the military department, and to recognize
such officers as are appointed from their own number for the
purpose of military administration and drill. At the begin-
ning of the second term of attendance every student is required
to be provided with the full uniform prescribed for the Corps
of Agricultural Cadets. A battalion of four companies, with
a staff and permanent commissioned and non-commissioned
officers, is the basis of military organization. The West Point
method, so far as practicable at a college, is followed both
in the matter of tactical instruction and military administration.
The routine of company and battalion office-work is adhered
to closely, making the department self-sustaining, and forming
a valuable item of practical instruction. Special attention is
paid to the rules of military etiquette, and to an impartial
enforcement of the necessary discipline. The junior and
sophomore classes are united for instruction in artillery tactics,
being officered and equipped as a light battery. Drills amount
to three or four per week, as directed in the catalogue, and
are by class or college, according to their nature. LEvery
Saturday morning the Commandant makes a thorough military
Inspection of the College. At this time the students are
required to be in their rooms, for whose neat and orderly
appearance they are held responsible. The armory contains
a section of a light battery—“ Napoleon guns ”—with limbers,
caissons, and all necessary equipments, a six-pounder, with
limber and equipments, seventy-five sabres, twenty officer’s
swords and regalia, one hundred and fifty breech-loading rifles,
Springfield cadet model, with a complete infantry outfit, and
_ Several accurate target rifles of Spencer, Remington and Henry

manufacture. Students are held strictly accountable for the
proper use and care of the arms and other public property

72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

issued to them, and in all cases of neglect, injury or loss, will
be charged accordingly. The instruction is given theoretically
in’ the recitation-room as well as practically upon the drill-
ground, and embraces the following subjects :—

Infantry Tactics.—The schools of the soldier, squad, com-
pany and battalion; the manual of arms and of the sword;
bayonet exercise, skirmish, drill and target practice ; military
ceremonies ; organization of infantry ; marches, camping and
field service.

Artillery Tactics.—The schools of the soldier, gun detach-
ment, section, and battery dismounted. The manuals of the
piece and sabre; the sabre exercise; the mechanical manceu-
vres; organization of artillery, pieces, carriages and ammu-
nition; marches and camping; pointing, ranges and field
service.

Special instruction is gratuitously offered to volunteer
classes in any military exercises, such as signalling, the use
of the broadsword or fencing, the only requisite being real
interest and sufficient numbers to insure practical results.

Military Science.

Instruction in this higher branch is given exclusively to
seniors, and forms a part of their regular curriculum. It is
open, however, like other courses at the institution, to such
special students as may desire it. It extends over an entire
year, and though more or less theoretical, still, wherever
possible, is put to practical test and exemplification. The
class meets the professor twice a week for an exercise of an
hour’s duration in the recitation-room, field or laboratory.
The course is arranged as follows :—

Fall Term.—This term is devoted to the study of certain
carefully selected text-books. These are supplemented by
copious explanations, and their scope is amplitied by special
lectures wherever they are deemed incomplete or behind the
times. The plan and profile of a bastioned frontwork, ac-
curately constructed on a given scale, is required of each
student, and the entire class is practically instructed in the
field in the elementary operations of military engineering,
such as plotting, profiling, throwing up and revetting an
earthwork, and the construction of fascines, hurdles, gabions,

<i
fa

1876.] SENATE—No. 45. | 73

obstructions, etc. An excursion is likewise made during this

term to the national armory at Springfield, in connection with

the study of breech-loaders and the manufacture of small arms.

Winter Term.—The text-books are completed, and infantry
and artillery tactics theoretically reviewed. This term is
principally devoted to a critical reading and familiar discus-
sion of the constitution of the United States, the army regu-
lations, the articles of war, militia and volunteer laws of the
State and general government, enlistments, draftings, and
such other important military subjects as every citizen should

understand. ‘The seniors are excused, by special orders, from

certain armory drills, and the time so gained devoted to prac-
tical instruction in the military laboratory, such as the manu-
facture of cartridges, handling, filling and strapping shells,
and the construction of military fireworks.

Summer Term.—This term is devoted entirely to lectures,

the subjects being comprised under the following general

headings: Modern ordnance and gunnery; military law,

custom and practice; military history, embracing campaigns

and battles; ancient and modern systems of warfare; and
the critical study of some of the great generals of the past
and present.

The entire course is kept closely reviewed, and terminates

: _ with a public examination.

In connection with the advanced course, two military essays
are required from each senior. Those of the first set are due

at the close of the fall term; they are written upon various

military topics, and are read by their writers before the entire
College in lieu of certain drills during the winter term. A
single topic is discussed in the second set, and the best
essayist thereon receives the military prize.

Text-Books.

Lippitt’s Tactical Use of the Three Arms.
Lippitt’s Treatise on Intrenchments.
Lippitt’s Field Service in Time of War.
Lippitt’s Special Operations of War.
Welcker’s Military Lessons.
Upton’s Infantry Tactics.
United States Artillery Tactics.

MMR Bs as
\

74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. 76

Books of Reference.

Kent’s Commentaries.

Benet’s Courts-Martial.

Holt’s Digest of Opinions.

Halleck’s International Law.

Regulations of United States Army.

United States Ordnance Manual.

General and State Militia and Volunteer Laws.

Scott’s Military History. _

Histories of Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, and
Rebellion.

Public Documents and Reports of Military and Naval Ds
partments.

Military Prize.

Prof. C. A. L. Totten offers a prize of twenty-five dollars
for the best military essay from the senior class. Essays
forming a part of the military instruction, all members of the
class will be required to write. The award will be made each
year during Lieut. Totten’s connection with the College by a
board of army officer's chosen for that purpose.

Subject for Class of 1876.
“The Military Future of America.”

POR EPORT ;

PDILLON,. Eso...

RM SUPERINTENDENT..

“

76 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

REPORT..

List of Crops cultivated on‘the College Farm during the year 1875.
Sarnia neni: OT

CROPS. | Area. | ; Yield.

oe
Acres. Rods.

Corny 2 hb. : : 13 00 776 bushels.

Potatoes, . ; ; : : 17 27 | 2,950 bushels.

Squash, . ; ; . : 1 80 14 tons. . F
13 tons Being very heavy, ‘

Oats, : : ; : ‘ 6 00 they lodged, and were §

mown. for fodder.

Rye, i : :
Small fruits, . ;
Vegetable garden,:.

00 21 bushels; 22 cwt. straw.
08 450 quarts.
13 | A variety of vegetables.
( A variety of grains and veg- °
| etables grown by Profs. *
00 | Stockbridge and Maynard, ~
\

4
-
«
4
‘

eb 09

Experimental plots, for testing the merits of ;

varieties and the effects of ;
special fertilizers. i

Nursery, : sae
Young orchard, 3 00 :
Vineyard, 2 "O08 ;
Arboretum, 2 00
Total area in tillage, . 4, 52 140 | -
in mowing, . .| 141 149 | 148 tons of hay.
# in pastures, . .| 108 47
cs in woods and roads, 80 64
383 80

ee ee ee eee
eee

Two acres and a half of land have been thoroughly under-
drained by the students, under the direction of Prof. Stock-
bridge. Six acres of bushy pasture have been plowed and
planted, and twelve acres have been cut over and prepared
for burning and plowing next year. The twelve acres of
pasture swamp reclaimed last year yielded eleven tons of

.
igi

i 1676.) SENATE—No. 45. . 77
hay; this plot was seeded with clover last spring and top-
_~ dressed in the fall, and is good for two tons to the acre next
year. A hundred and thirty-one rods of post and board fence
have been built, and some 30,000 feet of pine and chestnut
timber have been got out for repairs and alterations to the
buildings.
A large amount of work has been performed in grading and |
getting out rocks, in obtaining and setting out shade-trees,
making and keeping in repair roads, sidewalks, bridges and
culverts, and in trucking, teaming and job-work for the dif-
ferent departments of the College.
‘ The stock has been thrifty and productive. A few animals
_ which fell short of a high standard of excellence have been
E _ slaughtered, or disposed of, with full notice of all defects ;
_ while others, of pure descent and unimpeachable character,
have been sold for remunerative prices.
' Great attention has been paid to the saving, extending and
_ preparation of manure, while far less than usual has been
_ spent for commercial fertilizers.
' The outlay for this purpose was confined to $20 ae of
ie dry fish, a favorite fertilizer in this section, and $20 worth of
_ chemical materials, bought separately and mixed, and applied
Pi according to Prof. Stockbridge’s formulas.
While it is only fair to say that the chemical fertilizers gave
_ much the best return both in corn and potatoes, I feel it my
_ duty to express my conviction that the College, as well as
_ farmers generally, can profitably expend a liberal sum in hus-
_ banding and making the most of their home resources before
| buying commercial fertilizers, however scientifically com-
pounded and honestly made.
I have furnished to the assistant treasurer, each month, a
- detailed statement of my cash receipts and expenditures, and
) also of all bills due to and by the farm.

K 4
ays uy be hy oie, aaa fi ie
4 ; }
a Vege a ;

Peo Ma Le ie ik. A eRe Chie cuty id ta nA ett Melt UE
WP a f 5 atey - ee pa PR Rey Seu) ee San ; : oF ye whi oy «i

AN 1 Ber ae

78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

The following is a synopsis :—

1875. | Receipts.

Expenditures. Bills due. Bills payable.
Moria R368 Ge $122 48 $298 95 $245 19
Meiers ee 508 13 820 95 362 57 593 83
guney 02). 0 ee Soe Al aang 155 67 | 381 80
Silage Rt ey 112 70 50 04 168 48 | 580 54
ooust) “ba re 43 30 19 20 146 08 |. 661 70
September,. . 112 04 62 65 208 80 499 02,
October,.0 see 167 54 107 24 212 58 471 36
November,. . 284 74 143 62 189 38 352 82
‘December, . . 92 12 81 86 150 00 | 870 00

———

$1,888 17 $972 23 $1,887 O1 $4,656 26

This leaves a balance of ‘$1,853.31 against the farm; but
as we have most of the year’s crop on hand, and have to sell
a number of animals to make room for calves and young stock
which are coming along, I have reasonable hope of putting
the balance on the right side before the end of my financial
year.

I have made my report short, for several reasons: first,
because my time is very fully occupied with the numerous
and imperative duties of my office; secondly, because I am
reluctant to occupy space which is needed for the reports of
those gentlemen who, with greater ability and culture, have
more time for thought, research and deduction.

The following is a list of the thoroughbred stock belonging
to the College :—

= sd > id 6 ~ é , i .
we PSR

i
a

alti

SHORTHORNS.

Bulls.—“ Baron of Grass Hill,” ‘‘ Bashaw,” ‘‘ Beauclere.” Cows.
—‘ Yarico, 57th,” ‘“Bella Donna,’ ‘‘ Peachbud, 8th,” ‘‘ Aurora, —
Ath,” *‘ Emma, 3d,” “ Wistaria,” ‘ Lilian,” ‘‘ Bella Wilfer,” ‘* Yu- 7
catan,” ‘‘ Estella,” ‘“‘ Mabel,” ‘ Isabelle,” ‘“* Yucatilla,” ‘* Beatrice,”
‘Red Star,” ‘ Lilac,” and ‘‘ Blossom.” |

The pedigrees of all these animals are recorded in the ‘‘ American —
Shorthorn Herd-book.” | :

itil ee et gee aT

ee oh aN,

Pris

ioe

SENATE No. ie ; WOeEG

i | AYRSHIRES.

- Bulls. —“‘ Lord Ronald,” “Roy. of Aldivalloch,” and “Pict. of
- Picts.” Cows.— Lulie” (1,500), ‘‘ Rosa” (1,780), ‘ Emily, 4th,”
Seeeobeauty, 12th,” ‘“Leilah,” ‘Little Emily,” «“ Beauty, 13th,”
‘Beauty, 14th,” ‘“‘ Emmeline,” ‘ Jennie,” ‘ Amelia,” ‘‘ Lydia,”
* Beauty, 15th.”

, These animals have all perfect pedigrees, and are recorded, or will
be recorded, in the ‘‘ Ayrshire Herd-book.” _

| JERSEYS. :
Bull.—“ Reformer.” -Cows.—“ Hattie” (977), “Lady Essex”
(1,059), “Success” (1,254).

_ The cows are all recorded in the “‘ American Jersey Herd-book,”
and the bull is eligible for record in the A. J. C. C. Herd Record.

BRITTANIES.
Bulls.—*‘ Merlin,” “* Arthur.” Seu ~66 Pauline.”

Dortcu, or Hotsterns.
Bulls.—“* Fourth Highland Chief” and a bull-calf. Cow.—“ Mid-
_ would, 19th.”
SHEEP.

One Cotswold ram, four Cotswold ewes, three Cotswold buck
ambs, three Cotswold ewe lambs.

SWINE.
Three mpariestiives, four Berkshires, one Essex, one Chester White,
eighteen grades.
) POULTRY.

ae
Pi,
g Twenty Games; ten Cochins; twelve White Leghorns; four

j Gray Dorkings; eighteen Bronze Turkeys; sixty Pigeons; viz.,.
Carriers, Pouters, Tumblers, Fantails, Jacobins, Nuns, Archangels,
a _ Turbits, Trumpeters, Quakers, and Blue-rocks.

jim

CATALOGUE :

iS, SHRUBS AND. HERBACEOUS PLANTS

_ RECEIVED FROM .

F.C. S. SARGENT, Director of the Arnold Arboretum,
Boston, Mass. Gat

, vy
b ,
=
Aol hes
His
y a
‘ , lek “i i
‘i

TREES AND SHRUBS.

Abies Douglasii.

Abies Englemanni.

Abies Menziesii.

Abies Mertensiana. ‘

Abies Nordmanniana.

Acer glabrum.

Acer rubrum.

Aisculus flava.

AXsculus flava, var. purpurascens.
Aisculus glabra.

Akebia quinata.

Alnus glutinosa. F
Alnus incana.

Alnus serrulata.

Ampelopsis Vietchii.

Asimena triloba.

Berberis Canadensis.

Berberis petiolaris.

Berberis Sinensis.

Berberis vulgaris, var. purpurea.
Betula alba, var. populifolia.
Betula lenta.

Biota orientalis.

Caragana frutescens.

Carpinus Americana.

Carya alba.

Carya macrocarpa.

Carya porcina.

Carya tomentosa.

Cedrus Atlanticus.

Celtis australis, var. crassulifolia.
Celtis occidentalis.
Cephalanthus occidentalis.

Colutea arborea. ‘

Colutea arborescens.

Colutea arborescens, var. involuta.
Colutea cruenta.

Cornus florida.

Cornus paniculata.

Cornus stolonifera.

Cratzgus coccinea.

Cratzegus melanocarpa.
Cratzegus Oxycanthus, var. sticta.
Crategus pyracantha.

Crategus pyrifolia.

Crategus tomentosa, var. mollis.
Cupressus macrocarpa.

Cytisus alpina.

Cytisus capitata.

Euonymus atropurpureus.
Fraxinus Americana.
Gleditschia ferox.

Gleditschia triacantha.
Gymuocladus Canadensis.
Hydrangea arborescens.
Hypericum proliferum.

Ilex verticillata.

Jamesia Americana.
Koelreuteria paniculata.
Laburnum alpinum.

Laburnum alpinum, var. fragrans.
Laburnum vulgare, var. Adami.
Laburnum vulgare, var. involutum.
Larix leptolepis.

Libocedrus decurrens.
Liquidamber styracifolia.
Lonicera ccerulea.

Lonicera flava.

Magnolia glauca.

Negundo aceroides.
Philadelphus Gordonianus.
Philadelphus grandiflorus.
Pinus hirta.

Pinus inops.

| Pinus monticola.

Pinus ponderosa.
Pinus resinosa.
Pinus rigida.
Pinus Teeda.
Prunus Americana.

Prunus Virginiana.
- Ptelea trifoliata.
Pterocarpus fraxinifolius.
4 Pyrus coronaria.
q - Pyrus floribunda. »
Pyrus parviflora.
Quercus alba.
Quercus aquatica.
Quercus bicolor. —
Quercus cinerea.
. Quercus coccinea.
___ Quereus coccinea, var. tinctoria.
Quercus ilicifolia.
Quercus macrocarpa.

Quercus palustris.

Quercus pendula.

Quercus Prinos.

Quercus Rober, var. pedunculata.
Quercus rubra.

Rhamuus catharticus.

Rhamnus Frangula.

Abutilon Indicum.
Aconitum lycoctonum.

tum.

Adenostoma fasciculata.
Agave Virginiana.
Agrostemma cceli-rosa.
Agrostemma coronaria.

. Amarantus hypochondriacus.

_ Anagallis platyphylla.

Anemone Japonica, fl. alba.
Anthemis Triumfelti.
Aquilegia chrysantha. .

Aquilegia hybrida.
Aquilegia viscosa.
Arabis turrita.
Arbutus Menziesii.
Arenaria foeniculata.
_ Arenaria graminifolia.
_Arenaria plantaginea.
__ Aster tardiflora.
Astinella grandiflora.
Astragalus bicolor.
Astragalus galegiformis.
Bt Astragalus uliginosus.
_ Atriplex hastata.

PL ie ok ye

Quercus macrocarpa, var. hybrida.

Aconitum lycoctonum, var. ochran-

Aconitum lycoctonum, var. pallidum.

Aquilegia glandulosa, var. bicolor.

TE a es aa é hs
¥ + .

SENATE—No. 45.

Rhus excisa.

Rubus deliciosus.
Sambucus nigra, var. virescens.
Sambucus pubens.

Spirea ariefolia.

Spirea Aruncus.

Spirea Ballardi.

Spirea carpinzefolia.

Spirea grandiflora.

Spirea Indica,

Spirea Nobleana.

Spirea opulifolia.

Spirea salicifolia.

Spirea triloba.

Staphylea trifolia.

Ulmus montana.

Ulmus racemosa.
Viburnum Opulus.

Vitis cordifolia, var. riparia.
Xanthoxylum Americanum.
Yucca filamentosa.

Harpy HERBACEOUS AND ANNUAL PLANTS.

Atriplex hortensis.
Atropa Belladonna.
Audibertia coronaria.
Avena Ludoviciana.
Avena occidentalis.
Baptisia australis.
Bellis annua.

Betonica grandiflora.
Bidens leucantha.
Boltonia latisquama.
Calliandra compressa.
Campanula latifolia.
Campanula media.
Campanula persicefolia.
Campanula persiceefolia, fl. pl.
Campanula thyrsoides.
Ceanothus rigidus.
Cheiranthus Cheiri.
Cirsium eryophorum.
Cleome spinosa.
Cnicus Pareyi.
Collinsia bicolor. .
Collinsia grandiflora.
Coreopsis Drummondi.
Crambe Hispanica.
Cuphea lanceolata.
Cuphea purpurea.
Cuphea viscosissima.

84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Dactylis Hispanica.
Datura atroviolacea.
Delphinium cheilanthum.

Delphinium grandiflorum, var. Sin-

ense.
Delphinium nudicaule.
Delphinium triste.
Desmodium Canadense.
Dianthus deltoides.
Digitalis purpurea.
Diplacus glutinosus.
Draba Aizoon.
Draba frigida.
Draba tridentata.
Epilobium alpinum.
Eriogonum racemosum.
Eriogonum umbellatum.
Erodium ciculanum.
Fedia corniculata.
Ferula Tingitana.
- Festuca gigantea.
Fragaria Indica.
Gaura biennis.
Gaura grandiflora.
Genista tinctoria.
Geranium affine.
Geranium dissectum.
Geranium macrorhizum.
Gilia aggregata.
Gilia floccosa.
Helianthus petiolaris.
Helianthus rubescens.
Henckelia cylindrica.
Hibiscus tiliaefolia.
Hieracium aurantiacum.
Hordeum hexastichon.
Hordeum jubatum.
Horkelia Californica.
Iris aurea.

Iris Goldenstadtii, var. coerulescens.

Tris levigata.

Tris setosa.

Tris Siberica, var. hermatophylla.
Iris stenopetala.

Ivisia Pickeringii.

Lathyrus hirsuta.

Lathyrus maritima.

Lavatera plebeia.

Leonotis ovata. —

Lewisia rediviva.

Lilium tenuifolium.

Lilium tigrinum, fl. pl. .
Lilium tigrinum, var. splendens.

Limnanthes Douglasii.

Linum grandiflorum.

Linum perenne.

Lotus edulis.

Lupinus arboreus.

Lychnis alpina.

Lychnis chalcedonica.

Lychnis fulgens.

Lychnis splendens.

Malva fragrans.

Malva moschata.

Matricaria inodora,

Melananthera hastata.
Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme.
Mesembryanthemum aureum.
Mesembryanthemum candens.
Mesembryanthemum caulescens.
Mesembryanthemum cordifolium.
Mesembryanthemum depressum.
Mesembryanthemum edule.
Mesembryanthemum emarginatum.
Mesembryanthemum felinum.
Mesembryanthemum glaucum.
Mesembryanthemum heteropetalum.
Mesembryanthemum incarnatum.
Mesembryanthemum multiflorum.
Mesembryanthemum muricatum.
Mesembryanthemum musculinum.
Mesembryanthemum pomerideanum.
Mesembryanthemum rhomboideum. —
Mesembryanthemum serrulatum..
Mesembryanthemum spectabile.
Mesembryanthemum tenuifolium.
Mesembryanthemum umbelliferum.
Mesembryanthemum uncinatum.
Mikania scandens.

Mirabilis Jalapa.

Mirabilis longiflora.

Mulgedium plumosum.

Myosotis sylvatica, fl. pl.
Nicotiana acuminata.

Nicotiana cerinthoides.

Nicotiana paniculata.

Nicotiana rustica.

Nigella Damascena.

(Enothera triloba.

Onopordon Arabicum.

Orobus tuberosus.

Orobus tuberosus, var. tenuifolius.
Panicum colonum.

Panicum Crus-Galli.

Panicum glaucum.

Papaver alpinum.

. a Papaver bracteatum.

__ Papayer nudicanle.

-__- Papaver orientale.

-_- Papayer somniferum.
Paronychia Baldwini.
Pentstemon breviformis.
Pentstemon ccerulea.
Pentstemon confertus.
Pentstemon cordifolius.
Pentstemon cyananthus.
Pentstemon deustus.
Pentstemon heterophyllus. |
Pentstemon Palmeri.
Pentstemon spectabilis.
Petunia nyctaginiflora.
Plantago acanthophylla.
Polanisia graveolens. _

- Polemonium cceruleum.
Portulaca mucronata.
Primula Japonica.

Primula villosa.

___ Reseda inodora.
Reseda undata.

_ Rhagadiolus stellatus.
a Rumex orientalis.
__Rumex Patientia.

_ Rumex sanguisorbifolius.

3 - Rumex Wrightii.

Salsola fragrans.

‘Salvia acaulis.

_ Salvia carnea.

Salvia Horminum.

_ Salvia lanata.

Salvia officinalis.

Salvia pratensis.

_ Saxifraga flagellaris.

i
. ;

7
r

_ Scabiosa alpina.

_ Schivereckia podolica.
_ Schizanthus pinnatus.
_ Serophularia peregrina.

; _ Seutellaria Bolanderi.

_ Acacia juniperiana.

_ Adenocarpus Telonensis.
~ Aloe ferox, var. minor.
E Aise retusa.

_ Aloe rubro-lineata.
Anemone picta.
Anemone Pulsatilla.

a pe tiemnie nobilis.

4 _ Saxifraga rotundifolia, var. hastata.

SENATE—No. 45. : 85

Sedum Aizoon.

Sedum Kamtschaticum.
Sempervivum tectorum.

Silene compacta, var. orientalis.
Silene fruticosa.

Silene muscipula.

Soja gracilis.

‘Solanum aculeatissimum.

Solanum /2thiopicum.
Solanum gracile.

Solanum multiflorum.
Solanum ricinifolium.
Solanum Warscewiczii.
Spirea digitata, var. tomentosa.
Statice Tormentilla.
Streptanthus cordatus. °
Symphyandra pendula.
Tagetes erecta.
Thermopsis fabacea.
Thermopsis mollis.
Trifolium Pannonicum.
Tritoma MacOweni.
Tritoma Uvaria.
Umbilicus Sewizena.
Valeriana eriocarpa.
Verbascum phlemoides.
Verbena officinalis.
Verbena venosa.

Veronica fruticosa.
Veronica gentianoides.
Veronica saxatilis.
Veronica urticefolia.
Veronica Virginiana.
Veronica Virginiana, var. Japonica.
Vesicaria utriculosa.
Vicia villosa.

Viola Altaica.

Viola lutea.

Viola Nuttalli. ea
Viola pedata, var. bicolor.
Yucca Whipplei.

Zinnia verticillata.

GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

Anthyllis Barba-Jovis.

Arecarubra. ~ .
Asclepias speciosa.

Aster alpina.

Benthamia fragifera.

Bignonia Capensis.
Bignonia capreolata.
Calycotoma spinosa.

86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Cassia corymbosa.
Celsia betonicefolia.
Cereus gigantea.
Cestrum elegans.
Cestrum Parqui.
Chamepeuce Casabone.
Chameerops hystrix.
Chilopsis linearis.
Chlorophytum Sternbergianum.
Cistus albidus.

Cistus laxus.

Cistus Monspeliensis.
Cistus salvizefolius.
Coronilla glauca.
Corypha australis.
Cotyledon bracteata.
Cotyledon Californica.
Cotyledon coccinea.
Cotyledon farinacea. |
Cotyledon fulgens.
Cotyledon orbiculata.
Cotyledon stolonifera.
Dioscorea Batatas.
Echeveria atropurpurea.
Echeveria bybrida.
Echeveria metallica.
Echeveria nuda.

Kcheveria retusa, var. splendens.

Eucalyptus concolor.
Eucalyptus coriacea.
Eucalyptus globulus.
Eucalyptus goniocalyx.
Eucalyptus stricta.
Goldfussia Parryi.
Graptophyllum hortense.
Hardenbergia Comptoniana.
Helenium grandiflorum.
Hemerocallis graminea.
Hemerocaliis Middendorffiana.
Hibiscus tricolor.

[Jan.’76.

Howarthia expansa.
Impatiens Hookeri.
Indigofera Anil.

Indigofera coronillifolia.
Ipomopsis rosea.

Ipomopsis superba.
Jasminum revolutum.
Jatropha Cureas.

Jubaea spectabilis.
Kalanchoe crenata.
Lespedeza violacea.

Lilium pulchellum.

Linum flavum.
Lophospermum grandiflorum.
Mamumillaria Brockii.
Manihot utilissima.
Mesembryanthemum brevicaule.
Mesembryanthemum intonsum.
Mesembryanthemum Salmii.
Mesembryanthemum vaginatum.
Musa superba.

Orobus atropurpureus.
Pandanus Javanicus.

Phenix dactylifera.

Phenix sylvestris.
Pimpinella Anisum.

Pistacia Lentiscus.

Plumbago rosea.

Pyrethrum speciosum.
Rhyncospermum jasminoides.
Rochea falcata. ,
Rudbeckia Californica.

Sabal Mexicana.

Sabal Palmetto.
Stenosiphonium virgatum.
Strobilanthes reticulata.
Symphyandra Warreni.
Thladiantha dubia.

Vinca rosea alba.

CATALOGUE

OF .

’

OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS.

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS. |

BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS.
His EXcELLENcY WILLIAM GASTON.

Cot. WILLIAM 8. CLARK, LL. D., President of College.
Hon. JOSEPH WHITE, LL. D., Secretary of Board of Education.
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

_ MEMBERS BY ELECTION.

Hon. MARSHALL P. WILDER, . BOSTON.
Hon. CHARLES G. DAVIS, . PLYMOUTH.
NATHAN DURFEE, M.D., . FALL RIVER.
HENRY COLT, Esq, . : PITTSFIELD.
Rev. CHARLES C. SEWALL, MEDFIELD,
PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esq., . CHICOPEE.
Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE, HAMILTON.
Hon. GEORGE MARSTON, . NEW BEDFORD.
Hon. WILLIAM B. WASHBURN, GREENFIELD.
Pror. HENRY L. WHITING, CAMBRIDGE.
HENRY F. HILLS, Esq, . AMHERST,
Hon. DANIEL NEEDHAM, . GROTON.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esq., UPTON.
Hon. JOHN CUMMINGS, WOBURN.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
PRESIDENT WILLIAM S. CLARK. Dr. NATHAN DURFEE.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, Esa. HENRY COLT, Esa.

PHINEAS STEDMAN, Esa.

SECRETARY.
Hon. CHARLES L. FLINT, oF Boston.

AUDITOR.
HENRY COLT, Esq., oF PITTSFIELD.

TREASURER.
Dr. NATHAN DURFEE, OF FALL RIVER.

ASSISTANT TREASURER.
GEORGE MONTAGUE, Esq., oF AMHERST.

SENATE—No. 45. | 89°

BOARD OF OVERSEERS.
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS.

_ Prot, CHARLES §. SARGENT, . . . . oF BROOKLINE.

_ Hon. EDMUND H. BENNETT, LL.D. . . . OF TAUNTON.

| HENRY S. GOODALE, Ese, . . . . . OF Mr. Wasnrneton.

MEMBERS OF FACULTY.
WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pu. D., LL. D.,

President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

Hon. LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
Professor of Agriculture.

HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A,,
Professor of Modern Languages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D.,
| State Inspector of Fertilizers and Chemist to the Board of Aicathice Professor of
Chemistry.

HENRY W. ‘PARKER, M. A.,
. Professor of Mental, Moral and Social Science.
- NOAH CRESSY, M. D.,
Professor of Veterinary Science.

WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M. A.,
a heesO% 7 Physics and Civil Ghitheering.

Be Linu. ORDA L. TOTTEN, 4TH ced cee, U., 8. A.,

Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D.,
_ State Entomologist, and Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects.

M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, JR. Pils

Lecturer on Rural Law.

GEORGE MONTAGUE, Eso.,
Instructor in Book-keeping.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. S.,

Gardener, and Assistant Professor of Horticulture.

Ruy? JOHN C. DILLON, Esq., Farm SUPERINTENDENT.
. i? Bie an

90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

GRADUATES OF 1875.*

Barrett, Joseph Francis, .
Barri, John Atherton,
Bragg, Everett Burt,
Brooks, William Penn,
Bunker, Madison,
Callender, Thomas Russell,
Campbell, Frederick George,
Clay, Jabez William,
Dodge, George Rufus,
Hague, Henry,
Harwood, Peter Mirick,
Knapp, Walter Haydn,
Lee, Lauren Kellogg,
Miles, George Melville,
Otis, Harry Preston,
Rice, Frank Henry, .
Southwick, Andre Arnold,
Winchester, John Frost, .
Total,

Barre.
Cambridgeport.
Amherst.

South Scituate.

- Nantucket.

Northfield.

[Jan.

West Westminster, Vt.

Westminster, Vt.

Hamilton.
Lonsdale, R. I.
Barre.
Boston.
Shrewsbury.
Westminster.
Northampton.
Barre.
Mendon.
Peabody.

18.

SENIOR CLASS.

Bagley, David Appleton, .
Bellamy, John,

Winchendon.
Boston.

Chickering, Darius Otis (Boston University), Enfield.

Deuel, Charles Frederick (Boston Univ. ;
Guild, George William May, . :
Hawley, Joseph Mather (Boston Univ. ‘i

Kendall, Hiram,

Ladd, Thomas Henry (Boston nie $.
Mann, George Hewins (Boston Univ.),

Martin, William Edson,

McConnel, Charles Washington,

Amherst.

New York City.
Salem, N. Y.
Watertown.
Watertown.
Sharon.
Hadley,
Lonsdale, R. I.

McLeod, William Alexander (Boston Univ. », Lonsdale, R. I.

Parker, George Amos (Boston Univ.),

Gardner.

* The annual report being made in January necessarily includes parts of two academic
years, and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the

College during any portion of the year 1875.

1876.] SENATE—No. 45.

Parker, George Lowell (Boston Univ.), . Dorchester.

Phelps, Charles Herbert (Boston Univ. ¥ South Framingham.
Porter, William Henry, . 4 Hatfield.

Potter, William Stiles, . . La Fayette, Ind.
Root, Joseph Edward (Boston are ‘ . Barre.

Sears, John Milton (Boston Univ.), . Ashfield.

Smith, Thomas Edwin, . . Chesterfield.
Taft, Cyrus Appleton (Boston nite ‘ . Whitinsville.
Urner, George Peter, ‘ Elizabeth, N. J.

Wetmore, Howard Graham ae Univ: ‘a New York City.
Williams, John aaa a Univ. is . South Amherst.
Total, . : : ; . 24.

JUNIOR CLASS.

_ Benson, David Henry, . : : . Bridgewater.
} Brewer, Charles, . ‘ . Pelham.
Clark, Atherton (Boston Einivensity), . Ambherst.
Dickinson, Walter Mason, . Ambherst.
Hibbard, Joseph Robinson (Boston Univ.), Chester, Vt.
Nye, George Everett, . : . Sandwich.
Paige, Harrie Cruse, : : : . Tarrytown, N. Y.
Parker, Henry Fitch, ' é . . Ambherst.
a Porto, Raymundo, . ‘ . Para, Brazil.
i Southmayd, John Edwards (ieston Gre ), Middletown, Conn.
; Urner, Frank Gordon, . : . Elizabeth, N. J.
ie Wuyesugi, Tall Katuyoshi (Boston Univ.), Tokeio, Japan.
st Wyman, Joseph, . : : . Arlington.
Potal,- . : ‘ : . : ' ‘ . &8.

SOPHOMORE CLASS.

Baker, David Erastus, . : : . Franklin.
Boutwell, Willie Levi, . shige ag . Leverett.
Brigham, Arthur Amber, . Maan: . Marlborough.

_ Choate, Edward Carlile, . ; : . Cambridge.
Coburn, Charles Francis, . E ; . Lowell.
Cooley, Silas Rose, . : : : . North Hadley.
Foot, Sandford Dwight, . : : . Springfield.
Hall, Josiah Newhall, . : ; . Revere.

Howe, Charles Sumner, . _. : . Ayer Junction.

Hubbard, Henry Francis, : . . New Rochelle, N.Y.

92 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Humphrey, George Eddy, : : - Rochester.

Hunt, John Franklin, . - Sunderland.

Koch, Henry Gustave Heath ( ee Univ.), New York City.

Lovell, Charles Otto a Univ.), . Amherst.

Morey, Guy, . : : ; - Lowell.

Nimms, Luther, : : erties - Woodlawn, N. C.

Spofford, Amos Little, . : : . Georgetown.

Stockbridge, Horace Edward, . J . Amherst.

Tuckerman, Frederick, . : : - Boston.

Washburn, Hosea, . . : 5 . Bridgewater.
Total, : : : : : ; : : . 20.

FRESHMAN CLASS.

Baker, Martin, : : : : . Marshfield.

Bass, Edward Little, : : : . West Randolph, Vt.
Campbell, Charles Henry, : : . West Westminster, Vt.
Chittenden, Edgar Davis, 3 ; . Sunderland.

Cook, Roland Chittenden, : : . Guilford, Conn.

Dickinson, Richard Storrs, ; ; . Amherst.
Green, Samuel Bowdlear,. : . Boston.
Howard, Joseph Clark, . : : . West Bridgewater.

Hunt, Elisha Hubbard, . : : . Sunderland.
Lincoln, Joseph Gardner, i : . Woburn.

Lyman, Charles Elihu, . : , . Middlefield, Conn.
Osgood, Frederick Huntington, : . Cambridge.

Palmer, Coddington Billings, . : . Easthampton.
Sherman, Walter Alden, . : : .- Lowell.

Smith, George Parmenter, : fe . sunderland.
Swan, Roscoe Willard, . : : . Framingham.
Wadley, George Dole, . : - Bolingbroke, Ga.

Waldron, Hiram Edmund Baylies : - Rochester.
Total, . : : . : : : : ces ae

SELECT CLASS.

Auger, Charles Parmelee, : : - Middlefield, Conn.
Carey, Charles Brown, .. : - .. Cincinnati, Ohio.
Carneiro, Manuel Dias, . : : - Riode Janeiro, Brazil.
Carvallo, William, . { : : . Santiago, Chili.
Collum, George Newell, . 5 z . Hartford, Conn.
Damon, William Frederick, . : - Honolulu, S. I.

1876. | SENATE—No. 45.
Goss, Frank Washington, : : . Lancaster.
Gunn, Willie Bradford, . : : . Sunderland.
Howe, Waldo Vernon, . } : . Framingham.
Loomis, Francis Eugene, . : - North Amherst.
Mills, James Kelloge (Boston Univer Springfield.
Thurston, Louise Mellicent, ; ° . Lynn.

Total, Raa tas ‘ ; : : ; 3 el Ze

RESIDENT GRADUATES.

Bragg, B.S., Everett Burt, . ‘ . Ambherst.

Brooks, B. S., William Penn, . ; - South Scituate.
Libby, B.S., Edgar Howard (Boston Univ.), Amherst.

Penhallow, B. S., David Pearce, . . Portsmouth, N. H.

Wellington, B. S., Charles, . : . Amherst.
Winchester, B. S., John Frost, : . Peabody.
Total, Bd ‘ : H : : : a Oe

SUMMARY.
Graduates of 1875, . ; : 4 ; : ay als:

Resident Graduates, . Z ; : ; ; Ul)

Seniors, . : : . : ; : : GRA
Juniors, . i é ‘ : : : ‘ x lid
Sophomores, . ; . ’ : BN ee aa20)
Freshmen, . § ‘ : : : : ¢ aie

Select, . : ; ; ; : F : Bn lly
Total, Manhecae : B , : 5 meals!

94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

First Term.—Chemical Physics, 5 hours each week; Human An-
atomy, Physiology and Hygiene, 3.-hours; Algebra, 5 hours; Eng-
lish, 2 hours; Agriculture, 8 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Free-
hand Drawing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6
hours.

Second Term.—Inorganic Chemistry, 4 hours; Animal Physiol-
ogy, 3 hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; English, 2
hours ; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 4 hours; Military
Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—Organic and Practical Chemistry, 8 hours; Geom-
etry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2
hours ; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

Second Term.—Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7 hours; Trig-
onometry, 5 hours; French, 4 hours: Agriculture, 4 hours; Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agricult-
ure, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Drawing,
4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

JUNIOR YEAR.

First Term.—German, 5 hours each week; Mechanics, 5 hours;
Entomology and Zoology, 3 hours; Market Gardening, 2 hours;
Levelling and Drawing, 5 hours; ey Drill, 3 hours; Manual
Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.—German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Botany, 3
hours; Floriculture, 2 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Agricultural De-
bate, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Botany, 4

1876. ] SENATE—No. 45. 95

hours ; Topographical Surveying, 4 hours; Stock and Dairy Farm-
ing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 3 hours.

SENIOR YEAR.

First Term.—English Literature, 4 hours each week; Botany, 2
hours ; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Roads
and Railroads, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Original Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Second Term.—English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour;
Mental Science, 4 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science,
3 hours ; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours; Military
Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Military Science, 2
hours; Geology, 3 hours; Landscape Gardening, 2 hours; Rural
Law, 1 hour; Lectures on English Language, 2 hours; Agricult-
ural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours.

LIST OF BOOKS.

Instruction is largely given by lectures and practical exercises,
but the following text-books are recommended for recitation or ref-
erence :—

Botany AND HorrTicuLturReE.

Gray’s Lessons, Manual, and Botanical Text-book.

Sachs’ Text-book of Botany, Morphological and Physiological.

Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany.

Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.

Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi.

Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations.

Flint’s Grasses and Forage Plants.

Downing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees of America.

Thomas’s American Fruit Culturist.

Hoope’s Book of Evergreens.

Strong’s Grape Culture.

Henderson’s Practical Floriculture.

Fuller’s Forest Tree Culturist.

Williams’s Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants.

Helmsley’s Hand-book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous
Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Gardening.

Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany.

Kemp’s Landscape Gardening.

Downing’s Landscape Gardening.
4

96. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan..

AGRICULTURE.

Johnson’s How Crops Grow.
Johnson’s How Crops Feed.
-Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture.
Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture.
Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry.
French’s Farm Drainage.
Flint’s Milch Cows and Dairy Farming.
Sturtevant’s The Dairy Cow — Ayrshire.
Waring’s Handy-book of Husbandry.
Henderson’s Gardening for Profit.
Donaldson’s British Agriculture.
Morton’s Cyclopeedia of Agriculture.
Low’s Domesticated Animals.
Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts.
Agricultural Gazette and Gardeners’ Chronicle, London.

CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY.

Watt’s Fownes’ Manual of Elementary Chemistry.
Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry.

Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis.
Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis.

Will’s Analytical Chemistry.

Johnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.
Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen. i
Wolff’s Landwirthschaftliche Analyse.

Hoffman’s Ackerbau Chemie.

Watt’s Chemical Dictionary.

Dana’s Mineralogy.

Hitchcock’s Geology.

Dana’s Text-book and Manual of Geology.

VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY.

Fleming’s Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated
Animals.
.Dalton’s Human Physiology.
Cleland’s Animal Physiology.
_ Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Surgery.
Principles of Veterinary Medicine.
Gamgee’s On Horseshoeing and Lameness.
On Domestic Animals in Health and Disease.
Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor.

SENATE—No. 45. 97

. Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals.

-_ Blaine’s Veterinary Art.

_ Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy.
Wood and Bache’s United States Dispensatory.
Harbison’s Elementary Zoology.

i Lankester’s Advanced Zoology.

; Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects.

! Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation.

_____Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects.

P Baird’s Mammals of North America. |

Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals.
Samuels’ Birds of New England.

-__ Cobbold’s Entozoa.

___ Denney’s Parasitic Insects.

' Moquin-Tondon’s Manual of Medical Feeley

Maruematics, Poysics anp Crvit ENGINEERING.

Olney’s Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry.
Gillespie’s Surveying.
Roads and Railroads.
_ Everett’s Deschanel’s Natural Philosophy.
_ Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics.
___-Peabody’s Astronomy.
Loomis’ Meteorology.

ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN.
Hart’s Composition.
_ Fowler’s English Grammar.
Shaw’s Complete Manval of English Literature.
Chambers’s Cyclopedia of English Literature.
Morley’s English Writers. |
Taine’s History of English Literature.
Languillier and Monsanto’s French Grammar.
Spier and Surenne’s French Dictionary.
_ Glaubensklee’s German Grammar.
_ Adler’s German Dictionary.
_ The French and German books for translation are changed every

year, selections being made from recent literary and scientific pub-
ications.

| Menta, Morar anp Soctan ScCrence.
Haven’s Mental Science.

Hickok’s Empirical Psychology.

_ Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science.

98 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jams

Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy.
Haven’s Moral Philosophy.

Hickok’s Moral Science.

Hopkins’s Law of Love and Love as Law.
Chadbourne’s Natural Theology.

Walker’s Science of Wealth.

Perry’s Political Economy.

Carey’s Principles of Social Science.

Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy.

CALENDAR FOR 1876. } .

The third term of the collegiate year begins March 23d, and
continues till June 21st.

The first term begins August 24th, and continues till the Wednes-
day before Thanksgiving.

The second term begins December 14th, and continues till March
14th, 1877.

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a. m., Tuesday, June 20th, —
and also on Thursday, August 24th.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening, . .
June 19th. a

The public examihation of the graduating class for the Grinnell
prize for excellence in Agriculture, and the examination of the
other classes in the studies of the tem, will take place on Tuesday
forenoon, June 20th. :

The Address before the Literary Societies will be delivered Tues: E
day afternoon. '

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 21st. 4

ictal ae Yai Dea

ADMISSION. q

Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined, 4
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram- —
mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations, —
and the History of the United States. E:
Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire ad- —
mission.
No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of _
age, and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good

1876.)

SENATE—No. 45. 99

character, from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for

the prompt payment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be

paid in advance, at the beginning of each term, and bills for board,
fuel, etc., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at 9 o’clock a. m., on Tuesday, June 20th, and on Thurs-
day, August 24th; but candidates may be examined and admitted
at any other time in the year. |

Further information may be obtained of President W. S. Clark,
Amherst, Mass.

EXPENSES.

Tuition, : - BG he . ; . $25 00 per term.
Room-rent, . : Mp : . $5 00to10 00 *
Board, . : d Acie a da 3 50 per week.
Expenses of Ghemnicnd bea feustocy to Stu- |
dents of Practical Chemistry, . “ . 10 00 per term.

Public and private damages, including value

_ __ of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured, . at cost.

_ Annual expenses, including books, . ; . $300 00 to 350 00

REMARKS.

The trustees of the College have entered into the ae
agreement with the corporation of Boston University, viz.

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE TRUSTEES OF THE MAssaA-
CHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND THE TRUSTEES OF Boston
UNIVERSITY.

I. The College on its part agrees :—

1. -That matriculants in Boston University desiring to pursue
any regular or special course of study presented in the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, shall be at liberty to do so on the same
terms and conditions as other persons, and on completing the course

_ to the satisfaction of the authorities of both Institutions, shall be

100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [oan

entitled to take their appropriate degrees, either at the hands of the
College, or from the University, or both, as they may prefer.

IJ. The University on its part agrees :—

1. That so long as this agreement may be found satisfactory, it
will refrain from organizing an independent College of Agriculture,
and will give its cordial support and influence to the building up of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

2. It will, by its annual circulars and official correspondence,
publicly and privately, recommend those seeking an agricultural
education to resort for it to the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
and will publish in connection with its annual catalogue such state-
ments of the advantages of the College as may be agreed upon by
the Presidents of the two Institutions.

III. Both parties further agree :—

1. That to promote’a good understanding, each corporation,
whenever it may desire, shall have the privilege of representing its
interests by a duly accredited officer or committee in the business
meetings of the other.

2. That either party to this agreement shall have power to
terminate it, at the close of any scholastic year, by giving notice of
such desire and intent one year previously.

Under this arrangement, all students who desire it, may become
members of the University and receive its diploma in addition to
that of the College.

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the grad-
uates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and to
translate German and French with facility. The scientific course
is as thorough and practical as possible, and every science is taught
with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the
wants of the farmer. |

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every
branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu-
setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is discussed
thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-house or
field, where every student is obliged to labor. The amount of re-
quired work, however, is limited to six hours per week, in order that
it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do addi-
tional work, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars.
All labor is paid at the rate of ten cents per hour.

SENATE—No. 45. 101

Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer about
the College and farm buildings or in the field, but it is hardly pos-
sible for one to earn more than from $50 to $100 per annum besides
performing other duties. So far as is consistent with circum-
stances, students will be permitted to select such varieties of labor
as they may for special reasons desire to engage in.

The State Board of Agriculture unanimously voted at their an-
nual meeting in 1875, that every agricultural society receiving the
bounty of the Commonwealth be urged to maintain at least one
scholarship at the College, and to secure the attendance of one or
more students. The Trustees have also voted to authorize the ex-
ecutive committee to remit the tuition of such worthy students as
were unable to pay it.

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures
with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire
special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, vet-
erinary science, agriculture or horticulture, may make private —
arrangements with the officers having charge of these departments.

An expenditure of from $10 to $50 is necessary to provide furni-
ture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either new or
second-hand. At the beginning of the seeond term of attendance,
each student is required to provide himself with the full uniform
prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets, the cost of which
is about $30.

On Sundays, students are expected to attend the chapel service
and Bible-class, which are conducted by the Professor of Moral
Science. While the Bible is made the basis of all religious instruc-
_ tion, everything of a denominational character is, as far as. practica-
ble, avoided.
it Students may, upon the written request of their parents or guard-
_ ians, be excused from these exercises to attend services in one of
_ the churches of the town, but, for obvious reasons, it is very unde-
a sirable that such requests be made.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

_ Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
_ dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy,

| from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies

under the direction of President Clark in Botany, Professor Goess-
_ mann in Chemistry, or other members of the faculty in their respect-
ive departments.

Pi
aes
bane

102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

REGULATIONS.

1. Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the
purpose of absenting themselves from any required exercise, or
violating any known regulation of the College.

2. The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of the
bell for each exercise of the College by the officer in charge, unless
a monitor be employed, and students who do not answer to their
names shall-be marked absent, provided that any student coming in
after his name has been called shall be marked tardy. Two tardi-
nesses shall be reckoned as one absence.

3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused
by the officer in charge of the same, but permission to be absent
from several exercises must’ be obtained from the general excusing
officer or from the president. In such cases, the officer excusing
will furnish a certificate of excuse, which shall state the precise time
for which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory
reason for absence from all exercises occurring within the time
specified. |

4, Absence without permission obtained beforehand will not be
excused by any member of the faculty except on the presentation of
a satisfactory excuse written upon the prescribed blank form.
Excuses must be rendered to the officer in charge of the exercise
from which the student was absent; except that when the absence
may include two or more days, the excuse may be rendered to the
president, whose approval shall be deemed sufficient for all ab-
sences specified therein. Excuses must be rendered promptly ; no.
officer will be expected to receive an excuse after one week has
elapsed from the end of the absence; if there has been an opportu-
nity for presentation. Hxcuses deemed satisfactory will be returned
to the student with the indorsement of the approving officer. Ex-
cuses deemed insufficient, will be retained and referred to the faculty
for their decision. ,

5. For every absence for which no excuse may be offered, or, if
offered, shall be deemed insufficient by the faculty. the absentee
shall be charged with a fine of one dollar upon the treasurer’s ac-
counts, and no student may enter upon the duties of a term, or
receive an honorable discharge, certificate of attendance, or diploma,
until all fines previously incurred are paid. .

6. Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all
departments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be in-
formed of the fact. When the number of such absences reaches
eight, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his

——— le
‘ .

SENATE—No. 45. 103

delinquency ; and when ten such delinquencies are justly recorded

against any student, his connection wiih the College may be

terminated.

7. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse
from the regular examinations; to give up any study without per-
mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another
without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory build-
ings.

-. 8. The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be ©

carefully kept, and whenever the average rank of a student for any
term falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of
the College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admission to
the College and promotion from class to class, as well as to gradua-
tion, are granted only by vote of the faculty.

9. Students are required to abstain from everything injurious to
the buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects
to conduct themselves with propriety.

10. Students will not be excused from regular duty to engage in

boating.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The library of the College contains about 1,500 volumes. Among
them are several valuable sets of cyclopeedias, magazines and
newspapers, reports of the agricultural societies and state boards of
agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and horticulture.
There are many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany,

surveying and drawing. The larger part of the books has been

presented to the Institution by private individuals.

The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books
from the excellent library of Amherst College; which contains over
30,000 volumes. }

The state cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to
the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.

The Knowlton herbarium contains more than 10,000 species of
named botanical specimens, besides a large number of duplicates.
The botanic museum is supplied with many interesting and useful
specimens of seeds, woods and fruit models. There is also a set
of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic botany, including

_ about 3,000 figures.

- RAE hehe Sr og A ooh id Loy AE Ae ‘ann
ws ‘ ; Sia Re yaiate mise ames)’ t

104 _ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan.

About 1,500 species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the
Durfee Plant-house, affording much pleasure and information to
students of both Colleges.

The very extensive and, in some respects, unsurpassed collections
in geology, mineralogy, natural history, ethnology and art, belonging
to Amherst College, are accessible to members of the Agricultural
College.

The chemical, engineering and military departments of the
Agricultural College are well furnished.

The class in microscopy have the use of seven of Tolles’ best
compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-eighth
of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

PRIZES.

FARNSWORTH RuETORICAL MEDALS.

Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided a
fund of $1,500, which is to be used for the purchase of gold and
silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the
College faculty, for excellence in declamation.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin, of Boston, has given the sum of $1,000 for
the endowment of a first prize of $50, and a second prize of $30,
to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B.
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. ‘These prizes are to be paid in cash
to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the —
best oral and written examination in Theoretical and Practical
Agriculture. >’ ;

Hitxts BoranicaL PRIZEs.

For the best herbarium, collected by a member of the class of
1877, a prize of $15 is offered, and for the second best, a prize of
$10; also a prize of $5 for the best collection of woods.

TotTren MiILiraAry PRIZE.

For the best essay by a member of the senior class on such topic
as may be assigned, a prize of $25. Subject for 1876, ‘The
Military Future of America.”

105

HAMPSHIRE PRIZES.

The Hampshire Agricultural Society offers two prizes of $30 and
$20 each to those two students from within the limits of the society
___ who shall make the greatest improvement in scholarship during their
Freshman year.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

Miss Mary Robinson, of Medfield, Mass., has given a fund of
$1,000 to endow the Robinson scholarship, the i income of which is
q - _ assigned upon the recommendation of the faculty to the aid of one
3 _ worthy indigent student.

_ The Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agri-
culture pay annually the sum of $300, which is assigned by the
faculty to the payment of the tuition of four worthy indigent —
{ students who intend to Lge in agricultural pursuits after

sali

The Essex et datearal Society. pays $50 per annum to one

Brindent from within its limits.
_ The Harvest Club of the Connecticut Valley pays) the tuition of
| one oe selected by them.

106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. as

FINANCIAL: STATE

JANUARY 1, 1876.

REAL ESTATE.

College Farm and oth NY 38 Tt ney .. T . eeie500)" 00
North College, . : : ; : : 5 d ; . 36,000 00
South College, . 4 3 as : , : , ; 5 . 36,000 00
College Hall, . 4 : : , : : f : : . 30,000 00
South Boarding-house, . : : 5 : : Baa rs . ,_ 8,000 00
North Boarding-house, . : 5 5 : 5 3 : .) 7 B5000"-00
Durfee Plant-house, . : : : : : ? 5 ; - 12,000 00
Botanic Museum, . : : 3 5 : ; A 5 , 5,000 00
South Barn, : ; : : : 5 : : : . - 14,500 00
Farm-house, : R 7 4,000 00
Four Dwellings and Bande diechasea Siti ihe Estate, : . 9,000 00

Total Real Estate, . é : Site : ; ; . $200,000 00

FARM STATEMENT.

Value of Live-stock, s : , 5 : ‘ ; . $12,500 00
of Vehicles and Tanplemonta: ; : 5 ; : : 2,840. 00
Produce on hand, . : f : : , : 5 : 5,300 00

$20,640 00

Total credits of farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1,
1876, credit for labor performed in grading, etc., and receipts
from sales of live-stock and produce, . é : : : - 26,623 60

Total debits of farm, including property inventoried Jan. 1,
1875, and all expenditures for live-stock, labor, implements,
repairs, seeds, fertilizers, etc., . : : : : . . - 26,317 54

he
slats iy rey
} 08 vj owt ue t
bh
u I

- SENATE—No. 45. 107

a FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE, je

In CHARGE OF THE STATE TREASURER.

| a Agricultural College Fund.

Cash balance on hand January 1, 1876, AGAR Ts Can da ae $10,000 00
3 &

Present investments :—

_ City Siwoglem bonds, 40°. 0 : . $55,000 00

Lynn bonds, . : : : : . : 25,000 00.

a Chelsea note, ° ; 5 : : ; 25,000 00
a . Peetoll River note, ). . |. Ae ane 150.000: 00
- Town of Milford bonds, . ‘ ; 5 ; : 14,200 00

7 fe Plymouth note, . : asda : : 6,724 65
e ES GOMINOLC HK ye sl, - sts,» 10,000 00
a Wiest hoxbury notes,. .- . . . 60,000 00
4 ‘F Westborough notes, . : 3 : j 12,000 00

Lee note, . : : - - ; - 4,142 75
‘e R@MeESOHMOLG, 9). 7s. 4) oi ie ea’? 10,000 00
_ County of Hampden note, —_.. : : : . 50,000 00

a 322,067 40
- Massachusetts, Troy and Greenfield Railroad re $8,000 00
Massachusetts Bounty Loan bonds, . ; Q TY NG,000 00) 7
meet 24,000 00
State of Maine bonds, . ‘ 4 é é é : j S 4,000 00

Meter Fund $860,067 40

Pe , Two-thirds of the income of this fund is by law paid to the treasurer of
ihe College, and one-third to the treasurer of the Institute of Technology.
The Hills Fund of $10,000, for the maintenance of the Botanic Garden, is
n charge of the College treasurer, and at present yields an income of $500.
To this sum should be added the receipts of tuition and room-rent, amount-
| ng to $100 per annum for each scholar, and the receipts from the sale of the

_ products of the farm and garden,

ort ISLA et Ce adi
A- gs 4 . y ~

108

Summary Statement of all Appropriations and Donations in money
to the Massachusetts Agricultural College, not including the Endow-
ment Fund.

~ $10,000 00
10,000 00
75,000 00

~ 10,000 00
10,000 00
50,000 00
50,000 00
25,000. 00

2,000 00
500 00
50,009 00
3,751 00
1,000 00
1,500 00
1,000 00
18,000 00
$317,751 00

From State, for aid in founding College.

‘é ii 3 6é 66

From town of Amherst and Friends, to erect the first build-
ings.

From Dr. Nathan Durfee, a donation for the erection of the
plant-house.

From L. M. and H. F. Hills, a fund, the income to be used
for botanical department.

From State, for building and expenses.

From William Knowlton, Esq., for herbarium in Botanic
Museum.
From Hon. Albert Fearing, for books.

From State, for building and expenses.

From Agricultural Societies and Individuals, for scholar-
ships to aid indigent students.

From Hon. William Claflin, for the Grinnell Agricultural
Prize Fund.

From I. D. Farnsworth, Esq., for the Farnsworth Rhetorical
Prize Fund.

From Miss Mary Robinson, bequest for Scholarship Fund.

From State, for current expenses of College.

109

bon)
st

S)
=
=
<
Za
ie
7)

#0 6Fe‘ees! 10 zet‘sc# 62 LIT‘seé

LI 6SF°6cH) Cb 069918) 46 OSE*6ts| 90 GrO'SZH! Lo 691‘L6$) 68 OII‘Es#! OF SLL‘ErH

00 08 00 00 = = = = ~ = = = : ‘pund oz1g [[OUULID JO 9UI0DUT
= 00 000‘T = =e ze = = = = = ; * “puny ozitg
ewer) TOS “UIBEIO WBITIM “WOR
00 001 00 06 = = 3 = ~ = = ~ * ‘gozitq [Bor —
-loyoyy Joy “bsy ‘qIIOMsSTIRA *q “TT
- 00 000‘T - - - - ~ - ~ - Z “mOsurqoy Are SSII JO ysonboq
- - - &9 10G‘T - - - - - - . : - ‘Qouvinsuy
= 00 OFT = 00 068 = = - = = - "s+ + §sytsodaq UO 4se103UT
78 6 09 06T 6¢ 06 = 88 ScI SL 18% Ol 611 = ~ - So =] puny Juesuruos
08 ¢c6 0Z 6F¢ 6¢ 08¢ 6 PCL 69 901 = = 82 LOI - - 7 s+ Gueuteded [vortuvjog
8Z LOL‘EI | G6 C686 | 19 C686 | GO 9BEOT | G9 BEST | 9G FOG'EL | BE FES'IT | 18 0Z9‘Z = - Se ES ae oe ‘S[[Iq Ulta],
00 000°F | 00 008°8 | 00 O9F‘OT = os = ~ 00 000‘IT = = tt ON ee ieee =O) GRACES ITER
00 00¢ 00 00¢ 00 00¢ 00 00¢ 00 -00¢ 00 00g 00 00g 00 00¢ - - - 3 ° pun SIT Jo ouroouy
= eu ate 5 - 00 008°% = € SPESl | S "| ‘Spuetty Puy eso[[0p ys10qUry
ZI Leg‘t | FE LEFT | 69 LOT'S | O¢ SL8 10 $89 SL F00°S | 90 OFS‘T | 91 F0Z's | Zs 060° = pears "+ Gunosoy WIR,
= = = me 5; = = = 19 9¢1‘09 = * ‘spueli pue ystoyury JO UMOT,
~ = - - - - - - 00 000‘01 - ‘asnoy-juvid 107 ‘vojing uemeN “iq
= 3 = ae ee eee ae = OF 8LL'66 | °° “dito puvT OT-T oy poareooy
00 ooo'st_| = - ____| 00 000,08 | 00 000'S% | 00 000'0¢ | 00 O00.0¢ | - 00 000°0%$} * " — ‘suopwertdorddy o3v3g
00. 6cFeIH) CL TOL‘ST$) 16 Z86‘F1H| LO Eg0°cI$| zz FOS‘ZIH] 28 6gs‘rH.| ZG ogo‘6# | OT 8068 | 00 Oe‘OI#! - Ree pune
eFo1100 Teanq[NolIs y WO1 suLOoUT
~ = = = = = = 8g csT'té - = * Souvleg
"C281 *PZ81 “E281 a PAD | “TASTE “OL81 “6981 “S98 "2981 °9-C-F9ST

"GLST ‘T Auonune 02 “gggT uw
uouniod.oouy sy wolf ‘abayo0Q younqnowby syasnyoosspyy ay7 fo yunov0n uo sydhaoayy pun amoour yo fo quawamnig hunmungy

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

110

Pe a a ee a a ae

GZ IE8 G8 68% 1% 0€'6rS “6rH| 1¢ F19‘9eH! Lz Z80‘StS| 86 9F6 6 19% e6 790'ce#

00 ZIT

00 02

88 $99,
ce LIL‘
1% €LL‘
€8 GPL‘e
10 6&2
26 610T

00 S6r'é
96 998°9

00 02
00 LIT
00 000‘T
00 00F
96 SlF
16 1¢8'
66 296'T
40 60¢
Z0 +89
00 096'¢
FG GOOF
9I SeL‘ZI

GL ¥1Z
ZS 182'F
ZL SIS‘
@) GCL
9I 128

GC Qre'F
6r 9G¢‘9

00 9F8
8& F9E
1G 664
ET 180°%
Gh 916

PO SIE‘
6z 9¢9°6

00 SFT
06 209

Gg ggs‘9
6¢ El‘
16 696

00 S8é.

00 000‘TT
eg 1ge‘9
ral) P81E1
aye tees

CZ 868'T
99 IZ
19 9FL‘F
19 61¢‘F
00 08
Ig Sei‘T

LL 9I1'9
1¢ GOL'9
66 900°TT

0¢ a ‘si¢ 6g. G66‘618| 68 - OFS “618] 00 $0L ‘11#| 29 910‘G1#) z6 6ge‘oIs

“SL8T

“PASE

“E281

“eL81

96 919°Z8H! LL F1F‘cSH| SS Orr 168 ‘T6H| 92 FOF TES

98 99
LG GLO
ZO FPF
bP 18
0% 6LE°T

SI 86z‘9
96 O0F9‘ST
IZ 61F‘TE
00 0002

ZL 6GF‘Z1H! 00 O¢z‘es

“I281

“OLS

“6981

00 0¢2‘68 = :

"S9O8T “Z981 °9-¢- F981

‘soz [VOLOJOUA YMOMSUILT
: ‘gozlid [BAIN}[NOLMSY [[OUUTID:
‘puny Ozhid [[OUUTIH Jo JUOULISOAUT

* ‘fOKONnIYSUy BIZXO
‘quowjivdod [eoluvjog,
- ‘sqyuNpnyg jo plvog

‘gosuod xy [[lq Wao,

‘pun SIH Jo ouoouy

* 4s9r0qUy
‘ojqvAvd Sie
: ‘sosuodxW Ue,
* ‘s9suodxy quoting
: : Pung Surpring

2 * ‘soup pur pue'y
* ‘“SoLIvl[eg

ee nnn nn nn nn nn nee eee eee eee eee ee eee ere reer re ee

‘QLST ‘T huonune 02 ‘E9gT ve uounsod
-Loour sn woul ‘abanog jounynoubpy syesnyoossnyy ay) fo yunos00 Wo sounypueday pun sjuawhng po fo yuawanig hLDWUny

111

"Tons Se UIIeY oY) OF e[qeesiego Ajrodoid you st pue ‘y1OA Telus
pue ‘euojs Sulneg ‘speor sursredet pue Surpling ‘sulpers ul suive, pue usu Jo 10qe] O44 AOy pred sem ‘aaAIs o10q sv ‘sesuodxo WAY] a4) JO uoyrodosd asIt] V x

68 TTL F8e$ 68 TIL TEe$
¢9 IGL'T : : : : 3 ‘9181 ‘T Arenuve ‘soured |
LT 066°G8¢$ | - 00 O8T'T : Pung OZ [[QUULLy) 10J “UIBRIO WOM “WOH
= ——__——— 00 O61 : puny eziidl jO 9WOoUyT ‘YJOMSUIVA ‘q ‘|
= 00 2ST j : : ‘puny oZlIg YIAOMSUIV 00 000‘T ; ; sur Arey SSI] Jo ysonboq
: 00 281 : : : " ‘puny eZiig [[Jauul1y) Jo sulooUT || €9 [OCT : , : * ‘eouBInsuy
S 00 000‘T . : : : ‘UOUTISeAU] puny oZiIg [JeuUTIy) || 00 OSE : : : : : * ‘sqisodaq uo 4s0.10}U]
2 89 8FaC : : : : Pee IO: pure UoTonA\sUuy VX || 62 CFS : ek : : : : ‘puny jusounUuo0D
= 98 eZ0'S ; : : : : ‘quou.tedeq jworueq{og || 1¢ FZ0'E : : : : ' “‘“uowyiedeg [vomejog
= B 9g 998'86 : : ; ; ¥ : : ‘sjyuepnyg Jo pavog || 61 &60°88 : : : : : * “Qunoddy [[Iq Wey,
¥ =< GL LIV GG : : é : : : * “qunoooy [fq Wel, || 00 096'8z ; ; : : : : * ‘orqedeg sili
= 7 .9¢ cE7s : 3 : : ‘pepuedxe Pee STITH J2 SMSO UT | 00 000°F : : : : : pang SIE Ole Ose
= iS) SI SOF ¢ ; i j i " “ys0.0jUT || 80 818°eT : : : : : * Qunoooy Ue y
IM 00 096 FI ; : : : : ; : ' ‘otqedeg sttta || 00 000‘¢2 ; ; : ‘Spuelly puv ysioywy Jo UMOY,
SF 66Z8'°ZE : : ‘ y : : : x» JUNOODY ULIVT || 00 OOO‘OT : : ‘osnoy-jur[g 10j ‘vejing urywN iq
TESCO - | * : : e ‘ ‘‘unoooy osuedxy quatimy || OF 812‘6S : Je we eseyound: Loy dog puv’yT 4yWU94-9u0
FE OSZ‘OCT | ° ; : : : * Gunoooy pung curpting || 00 000‘SIZ | ° : ‘suoyelidoiddy o1%1¢
Of 66F'SF Z 3 : , : : ‘sourping pue pu] || 6s POS LOT | ° : “puny 2891109 [eIng[NOL6 V aT wWo1y
6¢ Oss'esI$} ° : : : : : " “‘sarteleg || 68 esrrg : : ; " “gggi ‘1 Avenue ‘sourreg
*SHUNLIGNAUXY AONV SLNAWAVG “SLdIGOUY ANV ANWOONT
"OLST ‘T htonune 07 ‘EeggT wu wounsoduoour sn moult ‘abaynog jounynowby ;

ile onal § ayy fo qunoo0n Uo sounppueday pun sjuewhng yo pwo sidraoay pun awoour yo fo quamamig huvwungy

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

112

sozpny ‘LTOO AUNAH

‘waunsned], “HATHOAG NVHLVN

*‘poyiurqns AT[nyoodsoyy

‘stoqonoa Jodoid oy} Aq potusdwoooe puv ‘poqeys A]}00.1L100 UIOy} Puy pus ‘s]UNODOB S,.1o.INSBOL], OY}-POULUIEXd OAR T

GZ Oar sss

¢9 IéL
96 L89°%
00 000°T
8 +99

0¢ GLZSI$

: : ' ‘pred #781 Jo ssoupeyqopuy

‘PAseAur ’ puny wosurqoy IVI

: ‘unoooy £.107B.10qV'T
: : : ‘quncooy OZLIg
: : * “qunoooY 3s8e.10}U |
: : : ‘QUNODDY ULB y

: ‘quNODOYV [BVolURIOg
: ‘ unoooy JUue.cUNU0D

‘qouvleg Tg *00q

: : ; ' ‘puny Ss[[uW sesued xy

: ~ SIUOpNS J0 pivog

‘sorvpeg Ag

“CL81

86 OZF' segs

‘orqvded ST
‘1ouepaer)
‘quepuoqutiedng ULB]

‘puny eZitg [jouutsy
“puny OZLIG YJLOMSUIG
pug TESCO) Oc 97819

‘sjuspnys uo s}dto0ey

‘puny S[[LH eutoouy

‘Q0Uvl Vg OT,

T ‘ue

“CLS

SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SS SSNS
“ADATION IVANLINOIWOY SLLASQHOVSSV, YPM JWNODDD wi ‘HaNOSVaUy, ‘ATANAG NVHLVN

Fe)

“Iq

UMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

‘ For the Wear 1875.

‘TAKEN AT AMHERST, MASS.,

| By Prof. B. 8. SNELL, LL. D., of Amherst College,

OA por Wie
?

e, 49° 22! 1", Longitude, 72° 34’ 30’'. Elevation above the sea level, 267 feet.

Mt 0

te. ieee ee SS Se eee

Beg CN

a eee
oS
=~ Th 6L | OOF G93" | STO" | PLS" PEL'6G | £26'8S 16r'0E 0) 8 GZ tL Tg 8? 0°18 L16°99 co PP | 0'6- | ST | * > VTE
OL 9% | 16 6LE =| SiO" | Sse" 6L9°66 | 826°83 | T6E°0 ¢ 61 IL co | 19 0°9 G80'T 928 | O'6- | O'9G |* _* “AoquiaDeq
a 69 Go | 86 LEL° | §0° | SSS" LOL6Z | 1066S IZr'08 6 GL 6 OL 9F or PLES TT'Ss | O'I- | B99 | ° * “1oqules0 NT
a (és) GL v | 16 893° | S2r° | OLS $69°62 | TL0°6Z 10G°08 8 &B 61 0s cg = L88°E 06°LF | 0°93 | SOL | ° * *19q.0999
é 1 | 28 | oor || tee" | oot" | eou° || zenez | oog'es | FAr'0e || TT oz | e | oF OF - 69°F §= || izzg| ese | ups [°° Sxoquieydog
= v8 a 68S" | 9TS* | 628° €8L°66 66762 LL0°08 9 9g OL 86 vg = C99 6°89 | O'S | 8'PS |° " Asnsny
Sas 5 9) LE {09 OFS | $66" | P18" 969°62 19P°66 686°62 6 Gg & && GV = 6PL'8 08°69 | 8’°SS | S16 | © i Aine
: 9 GL 83 | 16 Gor | LIZ | 998° TGL°66 | O&h'6 LL6°66 8 €& 92 && AZ a 888° 78°99 | G'8rF | O68 |° * * ‘sung
ao 1¢ | 6£ | 96 || 292° | g2o° | eee’ || 999°62 | Gtzes | ogooe || FE | ¥ 12 | (F Sh - ss’. |/prucg] see | as |* °* AUN
: ES 19 && | 96 PST’ | €90° | 8PS° 099°6Z £9666 9908 GL 1G 8 6S LY GPL 668"S 08°0F | 9°33 | 0'S9 | ° : * qudy
| 3 (oh ce | oor GIL” | 080° | 62a" L6L°6 | T6Z°6% | L96°0E 61 81 8 AY 6g GTS 00°F 61°12 | 00 | OTE | * ee! Oh
ts) 69 68 | OOL G80" | 810° | ree" GVL'63 966°8Z 60608 € 8I IL 89 ~ 68 OTL 069°S 2°11 | O'F- | 009 |” * ‘Arenrqo7
3 v 69 | oF | oot || 020° | eto’ | opt’ || eos'ee | L1z°6z | 2ze'0e sI ral g G9 oF 0°&% 968°S eLoL| as- | grge |* = *~ SAxenuee
3 falas = —
a e
© FIE/ElFElElEl s | & elle le] 2] ef | ef lecdll ze] EE
© F © 5 bl S| =. 2 ae = ES = = ame Ea) iS) B 4
<q Pp P B F eo Uae i Sag oe ha eaee= BE Jag ee || Bo) & | EB
B ® ® 4 4 a ® @ 2 o i B
S S SS = a Bs earl Do ~ tz
B B oo eae g Bs eae a B B ;
“NOILVUYOALVS LO ‘SHHONT NT > leer a a : rent er : = a Be e = : SHLNOW
; F : i ‘TOUT e 5 ® io :
OMOV UT Bony dH0NdAU LHDIGH AALAWOUVA ANY GNIL 10 “INHO At + 3 n= a Hive Sado,
HO ALIGINNA eH SS Sa | | ee | HHL NI
HALLV TH LO HOWOL “AH LANOAV aL ‘SGNIM ‘SGN07)0|| "MONS ANY Niva || Tala WONTAL

114

"¢18I HOU SNOLLVAYASATO TVOIDOTONOELYN HO AAVNWOS

——s=
—S
—_

t I

Ta | \
i | ( i \ Ke be N } ‘ .
i Wut nay id 0 :
Huh Ui With Ht WW
i ; a) = \ } ii PAE ie . Xv ¥
\ = “Ee BH | | A — = Y 1 ‘
—— ni eB t || MWh vies i |? n % = Z ~~ 3
Es a tii it \ WANS
EY Ath < NN
; XX

_—>_—__
—SS=>=>>" :
<< S>=== = 2
SSS
Zs eer
Sie ieee

Nii |

;
| : = vi) ea Oe :

H | WABAUS| VAY.

IW aia | H ag i \ y
| i ay A Catt
| ly 3 SS) //

"4 bh
| CMe
i

A
u r \
e }
| - ia
} z Ba f I
if a 4

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Ni
iy

Wan
Wai i
me TENS AOC
ms | Nib hi f ie Nee
SN AN REN GE Gas
4% inoue } I } pa §

poi oN
I

i if i
I
\

TK ie

; ih | ‘|

38 a I h

. il

Mua
l

—— :

| Z ia a: YS
‘Nite

4 Uh,
0 ANY
my

i
N ll 7
Tr nae

MASSACHUSETTS

SENATE...... : UieNG. 40.

OF THE

Tao iMiaull al Sf

Heal aia rn
paiva DUiidalaighatn EI a
: == ey

= oives
[ar SIZ yj ——
© SLEROWUUS ES poe

—

Tusa oie

BOSTON:
ALBERT J. WRIGHT, STATE PRINTER,

79 M1Lk STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL).

Is) f( (le

val

hee |

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, SECRETARY’S ky
STATE Housk, Boston, Feb. 19, 1877.

Very Pee tally, |
Your obedient servant,

CHARLES L. FLINT,
Sec’y of the Board of Trustees.’

; Commonweaith of Massachusetts.

EXECUTIVE levee
Boston, February 19, 1877.

the Honorable Senate :

I have the honor herewith to transmit, for the information
d use of the General Court, the last Annual Report of the
‘rustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, with
scompanying documents.

ALEXANDER H. RICE.

ANNUAL REPORT

To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council :

The Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
respectfully submit their Report for the year 1876.
_ It is gratifying to be able to state that the College has paid
all its expenses for the past year, and that the debt which it
had at the outset has not been increased. The income for the
year may be briefly stated as follows :—

From State Endowment Fund, . ; ‘ eae Oh 7 St G6

Appropriation by a : 3 : : 5,000 00
Term bills, : . : , é ; 9,000 00
$25,678 66

The expenses have been,—

For Salaries and instruction,» . ? : : 4) $19,052 90
_ Repairs, etc., . Sh eae : E ‘ ; 9,079 35
iserest, . °. : : Z é ‘ ‘ 822 80
$24,934 65

The income of the fund, with the addition of the high
charge of $100 a year for tuition and room-rent, it will thus
be seen, is inadequate te meet the necessary expenses of the
institution and to maintain its efficiency. The Trustees are
unable to see how the expenses can be reduced to a much
lower figure than they have been during the past year, with-
out seriously crippling the usefulness of the College, and they
are reluctantly compelled to ask the Legislature for an appro-
_priation of $5,000 to meet the deficiency of income for the
present year.

8 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

The salaries paid, which constitute the large item of ex-
pense, are already far smaller than are usually paid in the
High and Grammar Schools of our large cities. Boston, for
example, pays the head masters of its High Schools $4,000 a
year; the masters of its public Grammar Schools $3,200 a
year, and even its sub-masters $2,600, while the salaries of
our professors, men of high culture and capable of doing the
best of work, are only $2,250. Any reduction of those sala-
ries, it is evident, would be unjust, and would work great
hardship. We could not pay less and expect to secure the
services of accomplished men to fill those responsible posi-
tions. The College is indeed fortunate in having secured so
able a corps of instructors, when similar positions in other
fields of labor command so much more liberal rewards, and in
having been able to retain so thoroughly strong and able a fac-
ulty on such a pittance as we are compelled to offer. They
are ail men devoted to their work, and they deserve the entire
confidence, codperation and sympathy of the community.

It is believed to be impracticable, moreover, to reduce the
teaching force.of the College below its present limits. One
professorship has. been vacated by the action of the Trustees
during the past year, for the express purpose of keeping the
expenses within the income; but this reduction has its limits,
and to carry it further would be to cripple the efficiency and
injure the reputation of the institution, for it is to be consid-
ered that the studies pursued must be such, in variety, in
extent, and in value, as shall meet, in good faith, the require-
ments of the Act of Congress, to which we are indebted for
the original endowment. In accepting the grant, the State
obligated itself to fulfil its conditions, and it is presumed that
it meant to do it honorably, and without any mental reserva-
tion of a compliance with the letter, and not with the spirit,
of the gift. The spirit of the Act of Congress implies some-
thing more than the maintenance of a mere manual labor
school. We must give a broader and more generous culture.
We must do something to educate the mind as well as the
hand, and make intelligént men and good citizens of our grad-
uates, who are to go out into the world where they will be
compared with the graduates of other institutions, whose lead-
ing idea is culture based on the classics. The fundamental idea

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 9

of the course at the Agricultural College, is based on training
in the natural sciences, and it is claimed that they constitute
a better preparation for the work of practical life than mere
classical culture; but it is obvious that some literary training
must go along parallel with the scientific course, or our grad-
uates would leave us very ill prepared to meet with those
whose preparation had been more elaborate. The students of
most other colleges have several years of preliminary train-
ing as a requisite for admission. They are required to come
up to a high standard before they are allowed to enter upon
their college course. Our students, on the other hand, come
from the farms and the common schools, and it is obviously
impossible to expect or to require so elaborate and extended
a preparation as a ‘condition of admission. Hence, there is an
imperative necessity for a reasonable degree of general train-
ing and instruction in studies other than those directly con-
nected with agricultural sciences.

It is practically impossible, also, to increase the income to
be derived from tuition and room-rent, except by an increase
in the number of students. These items are already far too
high. We know of no similar Agricultural College in the
country where they are so high, and in most of them the
tuition is absolutely free. It is imeredible that the State
should proceed to establish an institution for the benefit of a
particular class of its citizens, and then fix the cost of the
enjoyment of the facilities offered at a price which practically
excludes a large proportion of the very class which it was
designed to instruct.

The Trustees, in the management of the College, have no
personal ends to subserve. They have not sought the respon-
sibility which has been placed upon them. They are not paid
_ for their time or their services. They have regarded them-
selves as merely the agents of the Commonwealth, charged
with certain duties which they desire conscientiously to fulfil,
to carry out the intentions of the law under which they act,
and to maintain an institution which shall be an honor and a
credit to the Commonwealth and the country. They appeal,
therefore, with confidence to the Legislature, to take measures
which shall place the College on a stronger basis of future
growth and prosperity.

2),

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

The Trustees are of the opinion that a “Labor Fund,” or
else a comprehensive system of scholarships, should be estab-
lished for the benefit of the institution. Either would have
_ the effect to give it a large number of students, and thus pro-
vide the means for enlarging its sphere of usefulness, and
render it entirely independent of the state treasury. Suppose
we had a labor fund of $50,000 or $100,000, the income of
which could be used to pay a fair and liberal compensation
for the labor of students. We have plenty of work on the
farm, in the plant-houses, and about the buildings, but little
or no money to pay for it. The labor which would be, to a
certain extent, educational, would, at the same time, enable
the student to pay his way, preserving a certain degree of
manly independence of feeling, and increasing the income
of the College by the payment of a reasonable charge for
tuition.

The scholarships established and maintained by some of the
agricultural societies have enabled several young men to avail
themselves of the ample facilities for an education which the
College offers, men who could not have remained there with-
out this assistance. Such scholarships have thus done great
good, but their number is too limited to meet the wants of
the institution. How shall their number be increased? The
Trustees hesitate to apply to the Legislature for a sum at all
adequate to meet the case, while application to individuals
would certainly be a slow and hopeless effort. There seems
to be no method so just, so simple, and so little burdensome to
the state treasury and to the public, as to set apart a certain
percentage of the surplus of what is commonly known as the
“Dog Fund.” The small fraction of fifteen per cent. of this
surplus would be sufficient to establish a scholarship in every
representative district in the State, or something over two
hundred in all. It would infuse vitality into the College, and
render it wholly independent of the state treasury. Such
scholarships should be awarded on a fair competitive exami-
nation, and thus they would operate as a stimulus to exertion
throughout all the public schools of the State, since they would
become a reward for faithfulness and proficiency in study, and
secure a more direct connection of the College with our pub-
lic school system.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 11

The Trustees recommend this course with all the more con-
fidence from the fact that the “Dog Fund,” as it is called, had
its origin in the State Board of Agriculture, without whose
earnest and persistent efforts it would never have been formed.
That a small percentage of the unused surplus of the fund
accruing from licenses should be set apart for encouraging
agricultural education, seems but just and equitable.

It ought to be kept in mind that the benefits to be derived
from the College, not only from the education to be imparted
there, but especially from the investigations which have been
undertaken and which are carried on there, will eventually
acerue to every man, woman and child in the Common-
wealth, and that it is for the interest of all that it should be
sustained and strengthened, and that its possibilities ‘or good
should be developed to the utmost. The plan suggested for
establishing a labor fund, or for organizing a system of free
scholarships, seems to be the most feasible, and the least bur-
densome to the public, of any that can be devised.

The great want of Massachusetts agriculture of the present
day is a series of accurate, careful and scientific experiments,
extending over a sufficient period of time to determine posi-
tively and authoritatively the vast number of questions that
are constantly coming up in the experience of every farmer
and every gardener who cultivates the soil. There is a vague
notion among the people that this is the work of the Agri-
cultural College, and that it is the peculiar duty of that insti-
tution to arrange and carry on a broad system of investigation
and experiment, as if it had no other work to do, and with
all the appliances which an adequate plan of experiment
implies.

The College has never refused, nor is it at all inclined to
refuse, to meet the wants of the farming community in this
direction. It should be borne in mind, however, that experi-
ments, to be of any value, require not only great time and
ability, but a liberal expenditure of money, and that the
‘Trustees have absolutely no money at their disposal for this
purpose. All that has been done there, by way of experi-
ment, and it is by no means inconsiderable or unimportant,

_ has been the voluntary contribution of time and labor on tie
part of men who are already overworked in the routine duties

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | Feb.

of instruction, for which they are but too poorly paid.
Neither the Trustees nor the community can have any just
claim upon them for the extra time demanded, or the sleep-
less vigilance required, to conduct any series of accurate
experiments to a successful and satisfactory conclusion.

Could the college farm, or a portion of it, be recognized
and established as an experiment station, and provided with
the requisite means, it would go far to meet a great and grow-
ing public want, and do more real good for the agriculture of
the present and the future of the Commonwealth than any
other agency. Experiment stations are recognized as a
necessity, and sustained as such, by the most enlightened
governments in the world. A very large part of the progress
and development of German agriculture, during the last ,
quarter of a century, is due directly to the liberal support of
experiment stations. They form a conspicuous feature of
the comprehensive system adopted by the government for the
development of the agricultural resources of the empire. The
results have abundantly justified their organization, and placed
the farming of Europe in the front rank among the industries
of all civilized nations.

In 1851, fully a quarter of a century ago, the first experi-
ment station was founded at Moeckern, in Saxony, and it soon
proved to be so useful, and secured the confidence of the com-
mon people to such an extent, that the idea soon spread through
Germany and into other countries, till, in 1868, there were no
less than 28 stations in full and successful operation, and now
the number is increased to 62, sustained largely by govern-
ments, but with the codperation of individuals and agricultural
societies. They have proved themselves of immense service,
and are rapidly increasing in number and efficiency, while at
the same time the agricultural colleges and schools are more
numerous and better sustained than they are in this country.

But an experiment station costs money. The Trustees of
the Agricultural College have not the means to organize it
without the aid of the Legislature. The French government,
always studious of the interests of the people and its own
financial strength, sent a thoroughly competent man, M.
Grandeau, to visit and study the experiment stations of
Germany, and he reported to the French Minister of Agri-

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 13

culture that a useful station could be started for $6,000, and
that it would cost about $3,000 a year to maintain it. The
expenses of the Prussian stations vary from $800 to $4,000 a
year, according to the completeness with which they are organ-
ized and equipped, and the number of scientific men employed.
They would cost more in this country, but the cost will depend
very much upon the amount and kind of work required of
them.

The work of an experiment station requires not only land
sufficient for field operations, but especially chemical and —
physiological laboratories. Al] these appliances are at hand at
the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and it would involve
little additional outlay on the part of the State or the College
to organize a station on the most thorough basis. The quan-
tity of land required for experimental purposes is not large.
A portion of the college farm could be set apart for these
objects without material detriment to the interests of the insti-
tution, while the laboratories would furnish immediate facil
ties for scientific investigation.

Every farmer recognizes the fact that most field experi-
ments, to be of any great general and permanent value,
require to be carried on through a series of years, and that
- they require great expense. But that they pay, and pay
abundantly, for the outlay, is now universally recognized by
farmers throughout Germany, who contribute largely and
cheerfully for their support, in the form of small fees for
analyses. It may be stated, also, that the work of the Ger-
man stations has become thoroughly systematized by the
division of labor, each one taking some special line of inves-
tigation, and leaving other specialties to other stations. The
station mentioned as having been first founded at Moeckern,
for instance, now confines itself chiefly to studies and experi-
ments in the nutrition of animals, and some of the stables on
the farm are set apart for the cattle required. Other stations
are confined specially to experiments in fertilizers and the
nutrition of plants, to animal and vegetable chemistry and
physiology. Agricultutal research, the discovery of new truth
and the test of older theories, is the work of them all, to be
sure; but the field is so vast that experience has dictated the
economy of division of labor. And so it may be argued that

ne: AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

we need numerous stations in various parts of the Common-
wealth, and it is true; but we shall never have a system of
such invaluable institutions unless we make a beginning in
the establishment of one, and true economy would dictate its.
location in connection with the Agricultural College, where
the requisite scientific appliances are already at hand.

Now, the practical point is, that such a labor fund as we
have suggested would serve a most admirable purpose in
carrying out this very object. The income of such a fund
could be directed to the payment of the labor and time of
students who would be capable, under competent scientific
direction, of conducting experiments in a satisfactory manner,
while, at the same time, their work would be educational in
its character and of invaluable service to the agricultural
community. The time cannot be far distant when the system
of agricultural experiment stations, which has been found so
valuable and so serviceable in Europe, will be recognized and
adopted here. When it does come, it will do more than any-
thing else to promote the rapid development of the resources
of the Commonwealth.

The efficiency of the College has been maintained during
the past year, and instruction has been given as usual in the
various classes, with the exception of the department of veteri-
nary science, which was discontinued for want of funds, on the
Ast of July last. It is hoped that instruction in this impor-
tant branch will be furnished by way of a course of lectures
at least, as soon as the College has the requisite means.

The Board of Trustees: are called upon to announce the
decease of Dr. Nathan Durfee of Fall River, who was identi-
fied with the College from its origin, and one of its most
liberal individual patrons. Dr. Durfee had given generously,
not only of his means, but of his time and thought, to
promote the growth and prosperity of the institution, and
had served for several years as its treasurer, having resigned
the office on account of bodily infirmities only a few months
previous to his death. On that occasion the Board unani-
mously— :

Voted, That the thanks of this Board are due, and are hereby
tendered, to Dr. Nathan Durfee, late Treasurer of the Massachusetts

‘

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. me! ae

Agricultural College, for his services during its existence, especially
for the generous aid and interest he has ever manifested in its
behalf.

ANNIVERSARY WEEK.

By vote of the Trustees, this has been changed from July
to June, and commenced with rhetorical exercises on Monday
the 20th. The Farnsworth prizes, for excellence in this
department, were awarded to David E. Baker (gold medal),
and Horace E. Stockbridge (silver medal), of the class of ’78 ;
and to Joseph G. Lincoln (gold medal), and Lockwood
Myrick (silver medal), of 79. The examination of the gradu- /
ating class in agriculture, for the Grinnell prizes, occurred
on Tuesday the 21st, and was largely attended by citizens
interested in this department. The examination was well
sustained by the class, and, in some cases, was of superior
excellence. The first prize of $50 was awarded to George A.
Parker, and the second prize of $20 to John M. Sears. The
address before the College Literary Societies, in the afternoon
of the same day, was delivered by the Rev. Dr. C. F. Allen,
of the Maine State College, and was a pleasing and forcible
presentation of the nature and high mission of the new educa-
tion, with some pertinent suggestions concerning the benefit
to be derived from certain ee to the college curric-
ulum, especially from reading, and the eultivation of the
social nature. The degree of Bachelor of Science was con-
ferred upon twenty-four graduates by the College, and the
same degree was bestowed upon twenty-one of this number by
the Boston University. Two others of the class are matric-
ulants of the University and candidates for the degree of
Bachelor of Philosophy. It is hoped that the advantages and
responsibilities connected with membership in the body of the
University Alumni will, in after-life, exert a stimulating and
beneficial influence on all who enjoy the honor. His Excel-
lency Governor Rice, in presenting the diplomas, addressed
the class as follows :—

‘“‘GENTLEMEN :—I shall attempt little more than to congratulate
_ you upon the successful completion of the course of study and
practice prescribed by the College. The institution is peculiar, has
_ Its special design, and fills a want not otherwise or not so well pro-

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

vided for. In the division of labor consequent upon the increase of
population, the discoveries of science and their application to the
useful arts, special education seems to have become necessary ; and,
altogether, this may seem to be required less in respect to agricult-
ure than to the various branches of technical industry. Yet all
the interests of society are so intimately related, that the advance-
ment of one necessitates a corresponding ‘development of all the
rest. As agriculture lies at the basis of civilization, it must have
that measure of care which shall keep its supplies inexhaustible.
And, although farming has been sometimes deemed the simplest of
pursuits, experience and observation show that it is as greatly
enhanced by intelligence as is any other avocation. The generous
soils of the Western States, the ease with which they are worked,
and the small cost of fertilization, and the grand scale upon which
operations may there be conducted, present persuasive inducements
to the young and the enterprising to leave the older States and go
West to embark in the pursuit of agriculture under those favorable
conditions. Perhaps it is in this point of view that the study and
practice of our agricultural college may appear to great advantage,
by teaching how to overcome natural deficiencies of soil by scientific
and artificial means, and thus, also, how to preserve an approximate
equilibrium of interest even in agriculture between these widely
separated localities. For, while the one of them may be, and is,
better adapted to some branches of this industry, and especially to
those whose products look to exportation for a market, the other
offers profitable remuneration for other products adapted more
especially to home consumption. I am told that no branch of farm-
ing has been more profitable, in proportion to the capital invested |
and the labor expended, than such as is carried on in localities near
our cities and large towns, which furnish a ready and constant
market and immediate returns to the producer. With better
knowledge of the elements and combination of soils, and of the
appliances of chemical agencies and skill in their treatment, the
nature of the original and sterile formations may be so changed as
to become new and productive; and the use of new tools and
machinery, and the judicious selection and distribution of crops
admit of so wide a range, that agriculture is seen to be as progres-
sive as any of the mechanic arts, and by similar means and influ-
ences. Moreover, the increased and constantly cheapening facilities
of communication are daily bringing every acre of the Common-
wealth nearer to points of consumption, and thus it seems not ex-
travagant to hope that the wealth and prosperity of the State will
increase from the growth of intelligent farming, in a degree not dispro-
portionate to that which flows from her manufactures or commerce.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 17

“The value of agriculture, in the moral and social influence which
it is capable of giving to society, is inestimable. Standing, as it
were, apart from the fret and strife of mercantile pursuits, and free
from the hazards which sweep off the earnings of a life-time in a
single year of disaster, ‘free from that fearful brain-wear which sends
so many of our business men to early graves or to premature imbe-
cility, and free, also, from that absorption in the pursuit of gain
which is liable to subordinate the tenderest and noblest attributes
of human nature, agriculture offers a rational and more tranquil
life, a closer communion with nature in her simplicity and in her
diviner revelations, and that healthy physical development which,
with a cultivated mind, furnishes the brightest promise and the best
condition of happiness. Nor is knowledge, in any of its depart-
ments, limited in value to that specific application. Knowledge is
to be regarded as a means, rather than an end—as an instrument,
rather than as a consummation. Cicero says that all the arts are
linked together by a common bond, and so a well-cultivated mind is
an elastic force, capable of universal application. _

‘In closing your connection with the College, young gentlemen,
and turning your backs upon these familiar scenes, almost necessarily
endeared to you by tender and enduring associations, let me exhort
you to step into your places in the world with high aims and manly
confidence. Success will depend somewhat upon opportunity, but
much more upon character and determination. It is not given in
the economy of Providence that all men shall become great, but all
may become honorable and useful; and these qualities in the final
account are of the greatest value. Be content to begin somewhere.
Make your opportunity, if none is presented; utilize the gifts and
advantages which this institution has bestowed upon you, and
follow from these beginnings to more liberal attainments, with the
assurance that every addition to your knowledge will increase your .
facilities and ensure your success.

“One of the wisest of counsellors has said: ‘If any young man
has embarked his life in the pursuit of knowledge, let him love her
with a vehement love, with a love coeval with his life; let him not
be intimidated by her cheerless beginnings, by the darkness out of
which she springs, by the difficulties which hover about her, by the
wretched habitation in which she dwells, by the want and sorrow
which sometimes journey in her train. But let him follow her as an
angel that will guard him, as the genius of his life. * She will bring
him out at last into the light of day, and exhibit him to the world,
comprehensive in acquirements, fertile in resources, rich in imagina-
tion, strong in reasoning, prudent and capable above his fellows in
all the relations and all the affairs of life.’ Commending the hope

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

and encouragement which these sentences contain to your cordial
reception, I bid you God-speed in the new career which this day
opens before you. Add to your intellectual culture, industry,
sobriety, purity, and godliness, and, whatever else you may find in
your experience, you will find that wisdom’s ways are indeed the
ways of pleasantness, and that all her paths are peace.”

For the details of the work upon the farm and in the sey-
eral departments of instruction, reference is respectfully made

to the statements of the various professors which accompany
this Report.

By order of the Board of Trustees,
CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary.

Boston, February 19, 1877.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 19

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

To the Trustees of the Agricultural College.

GENTLEMEN :— It affords me pleasure to be able to report
of the agricultural department of the institution, that though
meagrely equipped, and in want of many things required for
its greatest usefulness and final success, yet, during the past
year, the system of instruction and assigned routine of
duty have been successfully maintained, and with the cheer-
ful codperation of the students. The reduction in the price
paid to students for their labor, from fifteen to ten cents per
hour, and the employment of them as little as possible beyond
_ their regular required labor, though it has saved the College
some expense, has had a discouraging influence upon those
who were largely dependent on this labor for support while
remaining at the College. It has made it very difficult for
them to continue their course, and, in many instances, has
prevented such students from entering the institution. In its
extremity the College is undoubtedly employing all the labor
it can pay for, and at as high a rate of wages as it can or
would be justified in paying. But that the institution, or its
agricultural department, may accomplish the design of its
organization, it appears to be imperative that at a very early
day some scheme should be devised and put in operation,
which will give students abundant labor at remunerative
wages, or that the cost of tuition and room-rent should be
materially diminished. The series of experiments in feeding
plants with chemical substances, of which a detailed account
was given in the last report, has been continued the past
season, and a new series upon sixteen different plots of land
has been instituted, to see if the gathering of nitrogen by the
plant is governed by natural law, and can be reduced toa
rule of practice. The results of the experiments have been
recorded, but they are not (especially the latter) sufficiently
decisive to justify report at this date.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
Professor of Agriculture.

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

BOTANIC DEPARTMENT.

To the Board of Trustees of Massachusetts Agricultural College.

GENTLEMEN :—I have the honor of reporting the following
upon the condition of the Botanic Department.

During the winter of 1876 the senior class received instruc-
tion in the study and use of the microscope, as directed.
The junior class was instructed in the various branches of
horticulture, by lectures, during this term, and in the summer
and fall terms by the practical application of the principles
laid down. in the lectures, at class-work.

Since the departure of President Clark, exercises in botany
have been conducted according to directions, finishing the
summer term with instruction to both the senior and junior
classes in structural and systematic botany and plant analysis.
During the fall term the senior class received instruction in
systematic botany and analysis.

The collection of plants in the Durfee plant-house has been
kept in good condition, and many additions made. Owing to
the growth of many of the specimen plants, the house has
become so crowded as to necessitate the removal or destruc-
tion of some of the more common ones, to make room for the
more valuable. This increased growth must limit, more and
more each year, the amount of space that can be devoted to
the growth of plants for the trade. The house is very much
in need of repairs, and, unless painted, the woodwork will
decay very rapidly.

The stock of bedding-plants on hand was never as large
at this season of the year as at present. The nursery is
well stocked with ornamental trees and shrubs, many of which
are now in the best condition for transplanting. A large
number of fruit-tree seedlings has been grown the® past
season, of which a fine lot of peach seedlings were success-
fully budded about the first of September. Many more
seeds of fruit and ornamental trees were planted before the
freezing of the ground in the fall.

1877.]. SENATE—No. 45. 21

The fruit-trees in the young orchard have made a good
growth, and many varieties have been added the past season.
The vineyard has not made as good growth as could be
desired, owing to the drought and the want of fertilizer. The
vines have been very free from disease, but the phylloxera, or
grape-vine aphis, so destructive to the vineyards of Europe,
has made its appearance. Upon careful examination the root
form was found upon the roots of every variety (about thirty)
in the vineyard. The leaf form was found upon the foliage of
but three or four varieties, such as the Clinton, Agawam, ete.
Of the small fruits, a few, plants of a large number of
varieties were purchased in the spring, which will be prop-
agated for sale and experiment. 7

The amount received from the sale of plants the past
season, notwithstanding the hard times, has been somewhat
larger than ever before, and if it be deemed advisable for
this department to compete with the trade, it can be still fur-
ther increased by the use of more hot-beds and cold frames.

We are laboring under a great disadvantage in the trade
department, in that our markets are so far away, and there
being no direct railroad communication with any of them.
We need, very much, one horse at least, independent of the
farm teams, to carry our plants to the adjoining towns during
the spring trade.

I desire to call attention to the fact that we are cultivating
a large number of species and varieties of fruit and ornamental
trees, shrubs, small fruits, and herbaceous plants for experi-
ment and future use, and bedding-plants for the decoration
of the grounds around the green-house, farm-house, and other
college buildings, from which no return whatever is received,
and which require a liberal use of manure for their successful
growth.

No provision is made for this expense, except that the farm
furnishes the fertilizing material, which is paid for from the
funds of the botanic department. I would therefore respect-
fully ask that one hundred and fifty dollars ($150) be
allowed the department the coming year for fertilizers.

‘Very respectfully submitted.
S. T. MAYNARD.

AMHERST, January 18, 1877.

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

MENTAL, MORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT.

Lo the Secretary of the Board of Trustees.

Sime :—-The Department of Mental and Moral Science regards
the Agricultural College as designed not so much to “make
men farmers,” as to make farmers men, in every sense; or, —
more precisely, to raise up a highly educated class in all pur-
suits of the productive sort. But the physical sciences crowd
so hard in such an institution, that only one term, namely, in
the senior year, can be given to mental and moral philosophy.

My labor has been, therefore, chiefly in other departments,
not otherwise provided for,—for the most part in that of
rhetoric and elocution. I have had charge of the exercises
in English composition and in declamation, which are required
of all the classes every term, except during a portion of the
junior year; and I have also had the seniors one term in a
text-book of rhetoric. The teaching of elocution has been
largely by the method of private drill; and this, with the
special drill for public occasions, as well as the painstaking
criticism of essays, has consumed much uncounted time. The
system adopted and carried out more fully the past year, has
shown its results in the degree of excellence that marked our
speakers on two occasions of the last commencement week.

Besides these studies, I have had one term each in geology
{twenty-four lectures), physical geography, and physiology ;
also one term in the theory of landscape gardening, as a
system involving the study of nature and of art. |

The chaplaincy, formerly attached to my duties, was given
up at the close of the last summer term, in consideration of
increased work, as above indicated. In respect to the stu-
dents, who now attend whatever village church each may
select, it is hoped that Sunday services will be less a college
task, and will have a more inspiring social] element.

Respectfully submitted. —
H. W. PARKER.

'1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 23

REPORT OF FARM SUPERINTENDENT.

Sir :—I have the honor of submitting the following report:

My duties as farm superintendent at the Massachusetts
Agricultural College commenced April 1, 1876. My appoint-
ment to this department took place about three weeks prior
to this date, consequently time for perfecting plans for the
coming season’s work was very limited; but with the kind
assistance of the executive committee and Professor Stock-
bridge, the work has been accomplished in quite as satisfac-
tory a manner as could be expected. I believe, without an
exception, every crop was put in at the proper time.

Crops Grown.—In every instance I am unable to give the
exact number of acres devoted to each crop, as I did not
have time to make a survey before winter closed in. Of
corn, there was about sixteen acres, and the yield was 1,800
_ baskets of ears. ‘The crop of potatoes was small, on account

of the excessive drought, and upon two acres a little over 200
bushels, marketable size, were harvested. Five acres were
devoted to turnips, and instead of 4,000 bushels, which the
land would have produced easily but for the dry weather,
only 2,500 bushels were harvested. About twelve acres were
devoted to oats, and 450 bushels of very nice grain were har-
vested. A small piece of early cabbage paid a very handsome:
profit, and, were it not for our distance from market, I:
can but believe this crop would be very remunerative. The
late cabbages furnished many tons of excellent fodder, but
were otherwise an unprofitable crop. The hay crop, which,
in my opinion, is by far the most profitable for us to grow
here, amounted to 115 tons; and the same area which pro-
duced this amount could easily be made to produce more than
350 tons of first-class English hay.

Some improvements have been’ made upon the land. A
large amount of grading each side of the brook, near the
ravine, was accomplished in August. A ditch, ‘eight feet

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ___[Feb.

wide and three feet deep, was dug previous to the grading, to
allow of the free passage of water. Two of my men and
myself dug this in about three days’ time, much to my aston-
ishment and gratification, as I thought it would be a long job
before we commenced. A large amount of excellent material
for manure was obtained from this source. Another improve-
ment was the ploughing and partial underdraining of the
piece south-west from the old farm-house. The oldest farmers
about here say it has never been ploughed before within their
recollection.

From some cause unknown to myself, the land, the founda-
tion of all our success in agriculture, shows only too plainly
the great lack of manure, cultivation, and underdraining. I
have used every available means for the increase of the
manure-supply, and think that by April 1st there must be
1,000 loads of excellent manure in the barn cellar. Since
June 20th none has been removed, and an average of fifty
loads of loam a month has bee i used ever since in the stables.
I trust that hereafter not a piece will be seeded without first
receiving a liberal dressing of some good fertilizer.

A matter which may seem of minor importance, I beg leave
to mention at this point, and it is in regard to the teamsters,
‘teams, machines, and implements. Whoever superintends
the farm must labor under a great disadvantage as long as the
present arrangement exists. During the busiest part of the
season, there was not a morning for six weeks that I did not
go to the buildings at the north end of the farm before seven
o’clock to inform my teamsters of their work for the day,
thus saving them and thei#heavy teams the trouble of coming
’ to me for their orders. From April 1 to December 1, not
once did the teamsters drive to my house to know what they
were to do for the day, and the result has been a greater
saving of time, say nothing of the wear of the teams, than
one can imagine.

I am obliged to hire most of my help at a disadvantage, on
account of not being able to board them, and this is more
clearly shown during vacation than at any other time. It is
well known that there is a large number of cows to be milked
at all seasons of the year, and during vacation, this work,

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 25

which can be economically done by students in term time,
must be attended to by others. The past season I have done
a good share of this work myself, but many times I found it
practically impossible to attend to it. To come to the point,
the head teamster should have a house, connected with which
should be a good convenient horse-barn and room for tools
and machines, near the residence of the superintendent. This
arrangement would enable one to give directions with ease at
any minute; machines and implements could then be easily
looked after, and, best of all, help could be hired in sucha
way that their services would be available morning and even-
ing, when they are needed as much as at any time during. the
day. The old barns at the north end could be economically
used for storing hay.

A much-needed addition is a suitable team for use at the
plant-house during the busy time in the spring. Many times
I have neglected the business of the farm for the sake of
accommodating this department with a team, and as the busi-
ness is rapidly increasing, much more team-work will be
required.

The amount of butter made since April 1st is 1,600 pounds,
a trifling amount, to be sure, when compared with what might
be produced could the cows have the best of feed the year
round. |

The stock, as a rule, has been very thrifty, and disease has
not troubled in any form. ‘The herd consists of the following
animals :—

Shorthorns.—Bulls: Baron of Grass Hill, and Roger.
Cows and heifers: Belladonna and calf, Estella and calf,
Peach Bud, 8th, Aurora, 4th, and calf, Isabella and calf,
Yucatan and calf, Mabel, Yucatella, Bella Wilfer, Fairy
Belle, 3d, Rosa Belle, Geraldine, Zenobia, Belle Amie, Bar-
bara. Total, 21.

Ayrshires.—Bulls: Pict of Picts, Earl of Windham.
Cows and heifers: Flora and cal*, Prudence, Lulie, Jennie,
Rosa, Beauty, 12th, Leilah and calf, Amelia, Little Emily,
Emeline, Beauty, 13th, Cora, Hortense, Sarah Alice, Gene-
vieve. Total, 20.

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

The calf Geraldine, dropped April 27, 1876, weighed,
January 22, 1877, 652 pounds. This, of course, is not a
remarkable weight for an animal that has been crowded, but
for common fare [ call it extra. She is a fine animal, to say
the least. Some of the cows show well as milkers. Bella-
donna, Aurora, 4th, and Isabella have given, respectively, 23,
20, and 17 quarts perday. These are Shorthorns. Leilah and
Jennie, two months after calving, Flora and Beauty, 13th,
eight months after calving, are giving, respectively, 20, 17,
18, and 10 quarts per day. These are Ayrshires.

Dutch.—One cow, one bull. Total, 2.

Brittany.—One cow, one bull, and calf. Total, 3.

Jerseys.—One bull, one cow, two yearlings. ‘Total, 4.

Total number of herd, 50.

Swine.—One Berkshire boar, one Berkshire sow, and five
Berkshire pigs—7. One Yorkshire boar, two sows, grades.
-Qne Chester boar, one Chester sow, and three Chester pigs—
5. Hight grades for fattening. Total, 23.

Horses, 6; sheep, 8.

Light Brahmas, Plymouth Rocks, Partridge Cochins, White
Tleonren and a variety of mixed fowls make up the poling
department.

The Executive Committee, ever ready to furnish means for .
reasonable improvements, ordered the erection of a building
for the better accommodation of the dairy, and this has been
most successfully completed. It contains a set of empire
pans, four in number, each being large enough for the milk
of fifty cows. The interior arrangement was most admirably
completed by Mr. Lee, of the firm of Dickinson & Lee,
Amherst, Mass.

A new engine-house has tide erected, and a fine new
engine, the oift of Hon. William Knowlton of Upton, Mass.,
furnishes power for cutting fodder, roots, and steam for cook-
ing. A most desirable addition would be a grist mill and
threshing-machine. It will cost $150 this year to do the
grinding. Water has been introduced into the barn. The
farm buildings have received a good coat of paint, and, by
the generosity of Mr. Knowlton, the barn received a second
coat.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 27

It would be an injustice to close this Report without allud-
ing to the promptness and good behavior of my help, and
especially the teamsters, who have been ever ready, early and
late ; also, my brother, who has conducted the dairy in a most
satisfactory manner. The students have rendered valuable
assistance in the various departments.

I am indebted to John C. Dillon, Esq., my predecessor, for
valuable assistance. ;

_ Respectfully submitted.

A. A. SOUTHWICK.

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

PHYSICS AND CIVIL ENGINEERING |
DEPARTMENT.

To the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

GENTLEMEN :—During the past year instruction has been
given in the various branches of mathematics, as prescribed —
in the curriculum of study, with a single exception. By
special order of the President, the subject of surveying is”
deferred to the third term of the present year. In astronomy,
the class has made use of the opportunities afforded by the
Amherst College observatory. The subject of physics has
been taught by text-book and experimental lectures com-
bined.

The interest exhibited by the students has been commenda-
ble, and their progress unusually good. Could the standard
for admission to college be raised, a more extended and satis-
factory course in both pure and applied mathematics would
be possible. It would be better if the subjects attended to
during freshman year were mastered in the lower schools.

The department of engineering is well furnished. That of
physics is less fortunate. Its equipment stands quite in con-
trast with all the other departments of the College.

The apparatus which we have covers the subjects of
mechanics, electricity, and magnetism. But it is not com-
plete as far as it goes. The most expensive instruments have
been purchased, and hence a small sum of money would be
sufficient to make it complete.

There is no apparatus to illustrate the principles of sownd
and light. I would, therefore; recommend that one hun-
dred dollars ($100) per annum be appropriated for the
purpose of keeping in repair the apparatus which we have
and purchasing such instruments as are needed to supply
deficiencies. ‘

1877.]_ SENATE—No. 45. 29

I would also urge the importance of an early considera-
tion of the question of completing the equipment of the
department. The present condition of the apparatus renders
it very difficult to give a systematic and well-rounded course
of instruction in physics. ,

It should also be borne in mind that after the appropria-
tion is made and the orders given, at least two years must
elapse before the orders will be filled. This for the reason
that most of the apparatus must be purchased abroad, and
that manufacturers aré never in a hurry.

Respectfully submitted.
WM. B. GRAVES.

AMHERST, January 17, 1877.

30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Feb.

THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

The regular instruction in the various branches of theo-
retical and experimental chemistry, as prescribed in the course
of studies for the freshman and the sophomore classes, have
been given during the past year as in previous ones. The
attendance of both classes has been regular, and their progress,
on the whole, satisfactory. Several students of the advanced
classes, besides five graduates of the College, have availed
themselves of the opportunities offered by me to continue
their studies in practical agricultural chemistry.

Besides my regular class duties, considerable time and
attention have been devoted to analytical inquiries of various
descriptions, which in part already have been published in a
leading agricultural paper of this State. Among those not
yet presented are the following investigations of a more gen-
eral interest to agriculturists :—

1. The chemical examination of from sixty to seventy
substances used for fertilizing purposes ; particular pains have
been taken to study the character of waste products of various
branches of home industry, with reference to their commercial
and agricultural value.

2. Observations regarding the progress of the productive-
ness of the reclaimed salt-marshes at Marshfield.

3. Analytical inquiries into certain prominent alterations
in the chemical composition, during their growth, of grapes,
apples, and pears.

Each of these subjects will be duly reported in detail
shortly, as a mere abstract of the work must fail to convey
a satisfactory idea regarding the results thus far obtained.

Submitted very respectfully.
C. A. GOESSMANN,
Professor of Chemistry in the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

AMHERST, January 16, 1877.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45: 31

THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT.

_ To the Secretary of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Sir :—I have the honor to submit the following report :—

_ The progress in the military department during the past
year has been satisfactory. The small number of students
now in College naturally limits this department in its endeavor
to realize all its possibilities ; but the scope of instruction, as
published last year, has been increased rather than curtailed
(and this without the employment of any extra time), and
the students seem to realize more fully the importance of the
training placed in their reach by the government. |

The armament of the College has been considerably aug-
mented during the past year. In the spring term (1876)
two 8-inch mortars, with their platforms and equipments, and
some forty 8-inch mortar shells were received from the
Ordnance Department. Mortar drill and firing practice has
thus been added to the ee course, and assigned to the
junior class.

During the fall term (1876), with the assistance of the
senior class, the plan of a mortar battery, to be called “The
Centennial Battery,” was laid out upon the site granted for
that purpose by the Trustees, and the work of its erection
heartily undertaken by the entire College. Considerable
assistance was afforded by the farm superintendent with
ploughs, scoops, and horses, and the work pushed to half
completion before the arrival of winter caused it to be sus-
pended. It will be resumed early in the spring, and made
ready for the reception of its armament as soon as possible.
The College also stands indebted to the Ordnance Department
for a eet idersible supply of ammunition for the 12-pound
battery and small arms. It is earnestly recommended that
the Trustees appropriate the small sum of fifty dollars ($50)

32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

for the erection of a suitable magazine, of small capacity, to
contain such stock of ammunition as may from time to time
be received and accumulate on hand.

The cabinet referred to in my last report has received some
additions during the year. It is a fair beginning towards
a military museum, and may be made one of the most
practical as well as interesting collections at the College. The
military library has also increased somewhat in size through
the gratuity of various bureaus of the War Department at
Washington.

This department has for some time had in view a special
diploma, to be given to such graduating students as have
shown marked proficiency and interest in military matters.
The plans are now complete, the designs being a suitable
combination of those found upon the state and regular com-
missions, and it is expected to strike them off in time for the
present seniors. The attainment of such a certificate will not
only be an additional incentive to earnest application.on the
part of the student, but the possession of such a paper is
certainly the right of each deserving one, as an evidence of
special fitness, entitling him to more than ordinary considera-
tion should his services be needed by his State or country.

During the fall term, there was held at Chester, Penn., the
first congress of army officers serving as professors of military
science and tactics at American colleges. The Massachusetts
Agricultural College was duly represented, and the subject of
military education earnestly canvassed. The convention
elicited considerable interest, and is to be followed in time by
others. The thirty infant military schools now included in
this association have an important future, and it is gratifying
to see that military journals, which a year ago first noticed
them, are growing more and more earnest in their support.
Our government cannot afford to overlook the thirty-five
hundred young men that are now yearly fitting to officer her
future armies. |

The introduction of military essays into the senior course
has been very successful, and has increased very much the
scope of the instruction. The prize essay of the last class,
on the subject of “The Military Future of America,” was
written by Cadet William A. McLeod of Lonsdale, R. 1.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. | 33

The subject for the present senior class is “The Military
Resources of America.”

The department still continues to have charge of the instruc-
tion in the subjects of roads and railroads, and drawing. These
subjects are military as well as agricultural, and fittingly
come under its care. The seniors are now receiving instruc-
tion in topographical drawing, with a special view to farm
and military maps; the juniors and sophomores are engaged
in instrumental drawing, while the freshman course is in
freehand and sketching.

A good-sized volunteer class is being instructed in the
fencing exercise, and all the classes will be drilled in target
practice during the year over the college range.

Two very interesting series of experiments have been con-
ducted by this department during the year. The one has
had for its study a new artillery powder, manufactured on
the accelerating and compensating principle; the other has
resulted in the invention of a new shell for signal purposes
and ornamental fireworks, and which has received the name
of the “ Coilege case,” in honor of this institution. I reserve
for some future communication the discussion of these two
subjects.

I am, sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,

Cr. TOTLENGUs> A.

Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

+ a!
re
ws ;
J
ee
. *
af r
i s t
ar!
° "
'
— '
. ‘i teal
act) Oe id
¥ oe
i
? ¥ t FY
‘ ay
f
‘
‘Gta
‘
5 ‘ j
’ ] >
9
i tr '
ra i
* 5 i -~ i
: 7,
‘ a \
‘ ‘ mF cn | ep OY hi pil LF ¢
iS te Aa y ;
z ris ‘ bad (
«lb Sie siaiuledalael wane et
eae eae { : 2
\ e. A “gee
L 3 . - ' i ‘ si?
' \ Wy , ju,
‘e mas : i i " 1 rf ey
. ; P - : r. q ‘ 7 f
* : ; a) ps Ys rH vn i é T ie
F : > ‘ ‘ hs
: ; te Gees >. tA
. ye j Mee PM LY L
7 rf a °
5 ,
? ¢
ae 4 ee ;
ce ¥ = 7 ral
i}
a ‘
:
= \
i
\ ; a
7 4
r
2
5 i
’
5
4
1 ‘
, : ;
f
hai cok tak

PD CATALOGUE

36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ +f Bebt

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS.
His EXCELLENCY ALEXANDER H. RICE.
WILLIAM S. CLARK, LL. D., President of the College.
_ JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of the Board of Education.
CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture.

MEMBERS BY ELECTION.

MARSHALL P. WILDER, . i ‘ : , . BOSTON.
CHARLES G. DAVIS, . : : ; ; : . PLYMOUTH.
HENRY COLT, . , ; ; ‘ 5 ; . Prrrshiery,
CHARLES C. SEWALL, : ; . : ; . MEDFIELD.
PHINEAS STEDMAN, . : ; : ' . CHICOPEE.
ALLEN W. DODGE, . , : : : é . HAMILTON.
GEORGE MARSTON, . : : : : : . NEw BEDFORD.
WILLIAM B. WASHBURN,. 5 J me) . GREENFIELD.
HENRY L. WHITING,. A ; q : ‘ . CAMBRIDGE.
HENRY F. HILLS, ‘ ; : : ‘ ; . AMHERST.
DANIEL NEEDHAM, . : ; : : : . GROTON.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, .° . . . « | Gueijempne
JOHN CUMMINGS, : : : ‘ : : . WOBURN.
RICHARD GOODMAN,. . : ; : ; . LENOX.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
WILLIAM S. CLARK. WM. B. WASHBURN. HENRY COLT.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON. PHINEAS STEDMAN.

SECRETARY.
CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston.

AUDITOR.
HENRY COLT oF PITTSFIELD.

TREASURER.
GEORGE MONTAGUE or AMHERST.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 37

BOARD OF OVERSEERS.
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS.

O. B. HADWEN . , : : ; : A of Worcester.
eaeeOORM 2 -. . . . . of Concord.
PAUL A. CHADBOURNE . : s : : of Williamstown.
CHARLES S. SARGENT : j : ; of Brookline.
ooN: BAGG . : : : : : : : of W. Springfield.

MEMBERS OF FACULTY.
WILLIAM S. CLARK, Pu. D., LL. D.,

President and Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,

Professor of Agriculture.

HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A.,

Professor of Modern Languages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

HENRY W. PARKER, M. A.,

Professor of Mental, Moral, and Social Science.

WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M. A.,
Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering.

First Lizut. C. A. L. TOTTEN, Fourtu ArtTILxieEry, U. S. A.,

Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D. (STATE ENTOMOLOGIST),

Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects.

M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, Jr.,

Lecturer on Rural Law.

GEORGE MONTAGUE,
Instructor in Book-keeping.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. S.,

Gardener and Assistant Professor of Horticulture.

A. A. SOUTHWICK, B. S., FArmM SUPERINTENDENT,

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

[Feb.

GRADUATES OF 1876.

Bagley, David Appleton, .
Bellamy, John,
Chickering, Darius Otis (Boston Wnty. ve :
Deuel, Charles Frederick (Boston Univ.),
Guild, George William May (Boston Univ.),
Hawley, Joseph Mather (Boston Univ.), .
Kendall, Hiram (Boston University),
Ladd, Thomas Henry (Boston Univ.),
Mann, George Hewins (Boston Univ.),
Martin, William Edson (Boston Univ.),
McConnel, Charles Washington (Boston
University), .
McLeod, William Alrandise
University),. .
Parker, George Amos (Bastar mane :
Parker, George Lowell (Boston Univ.),
Phelps, Charles Herbert (Boston Univ.), .
Porter, William Henry (Boston Univ:),
Potter, William Stiles (Boston Univ.),
Root, Joseph Edward (Boston Univ.),
Sears, John Milton (Boston University), .
Smith, Thomas Edwin,
Taft, Cyrus Appleton (Boston Univ. "
Urner, George Peter (Boston Univ.),
Wetmore, Howard Graham (Boston Uni-
versity),
Williams, John Elgin Boston ane :
Total, :

(Boston

Winchendon.
Boston.

Enfield.
Auherst.

New York City. °
Salem, N. Y.
Watertown.
Watertown.
Sharon.

Hadley.

Lonsdale, R. I.

Lonsdale, R. I.
Gardner.
Dorchester.

South Framingham.
Hatfield.

. LaFayette, Ind.

Barre.

Ashfield.
Chesterfield.
Whitinsville.
Elizabeth, N. J.

New York City.
South Amherst.
- . 24.

SENIOR CLASS.

Benson, David Henry (Boston Univ.),
Brewer, Charles (Boston University), .
Clark, Atherton (Boston University),

Bridgewater.
Pelham.
Amherst.

* The annual report being made in January necessarily includes part of two academic
years, and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been connected with the

College during any portion of the year 1876.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 39

Hibbard, Joseph Robinson (Boston Uni-

versity ), : . Vergennes, Vt.
Howe, Waldo Wertion (Boston nie y. . Framingham.
Nye, George Everett, : : : . Sandwich.

Paige, Harrie Cruse, : ‘ : . Tarrytown, N. Y.
Parker, Henry Fitch, ‘ ‘ , . Amherst.
Porto, Raymundo Martins da Silva, . . Para, Brazil.
Southmayd, John Edwards (Boston Uni-

versity), : ; . Middletown, Ct.

Wuyesugi, Tall Katuy éshi (Boston Univ.), Tokeio, Japan.
Wyman, Joseph (Boston ha eh . Arlington.
Total, . : | : : : : : . 12.

JUNIOR CLASS.

Baker, David Erastus, . ; 3 . Franklin.
Boutwell, Willie Levi, . ; 2 . Leverett.
Brigham, Arthur Amber, . . ; . Marlborough.
Choate, Edward Carlisle (Boston Univ.),. Cambridge.

Coburn, Charles Francis, . 3 . Lowell.

Foote, Sandford Dwight (Boston Univ. ),. Springfield.

Hall, Josiah Newhall, . : . Revere.

Hubbard, Henry Francis (Boston Univer ), New Rochelle, N.Y.

Humphrey, George Eddy, : : . Rochester.

Hunt, John Franklin, : . Amherst.

Koch, Henry Gustave Heath (Boston Uni- ,
versity), . : . New York City.

- Lovell, Charles Otto (Boston Daiversity’) Amherst.
Morey, Guy, . : : ‘ ; - Lowell.

Spofford, Amos Little, . ; . Georgetown.
Stockbridge, Horace Edward (Basted Uni-

versity), . ; ; : . Amherst.
Tuckerman, Frederick (Boston ened Py - Boston.
Washburn, John Hosea, . : : _ Bridgewater.

Mota, . : : ‘ : ; ; ‘ 5 palit

SOPHOMORE CLASS.

Baker Martin,* ; ; : - Marshfield.
Campbell, Charles Elekiry,, : . |. West Westminster, Vt.
Dickinson, Richard Storrs, : ; . Amherst.

* Died March 10, 1876,

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. item

Green, Samuel Bowdler, .

Howard, Joseph Clark,

Hunt, Elisha Hubbard,

Knox, Reuben,

Lincoln, Joseph Cartas

Myrick, Lockwood, .

Osgood, Frederick Ehiitineton:

Palmer, Coddington Billings,

Sherman, Walter Alden, .

Smith, George Parmenter,

Swan, Roscoe Westley,

Waldron, Hiram Edmund Baylies,
Total, ; -

Chelsea.
West Bridgewater.
Sunderland.
New York City.
Woburn.
Concord.
Cambridge.
Easthampton.
Lowell.
Sunderland.
Framingham.
Rochester.

iad Ds

FRESHMAN CLASS.

Atwood, Horace Ward (Boston Univ. ‘a

Bristol, Edwin Frank,
Carey, Willis Washburn, .
Endicott, George,
Fowler, Alvan Luther,
Hall, Alfred Sigourney,
Mattocks, Euao Edward,
McQueen, Charles Manjie,
Parker, William Colverd, .
Pease, Charles Truman,
Ripley, George Arms,
Stewart, William Clark,
Stone, Almon Humphrey,
Townsley, Herbert Milton,
Warner, William Edward,
Wing, Edgar Russell,
Wood, Lewis, .
Zabriskie, Frank Fhnten’: :
Total, . : :

Orange.
Harwinton, Ct.
Fishkill, N. Y.
New York City.
Westfield. ,
Revere.
Lyndon Centre, Vt.
Longmeadow.
Wakefield.
Bridgeton, Me.
Worcester.
Stillwater, Minn.
Phillipston.
De Kalb, N. Y.
Newton.
Needham.
West Upton.
New York City.
: - : sw

SELECT CLASS.

Augur, Charles Parmelee,
Bass, Edward Little,
Carey, Charles Brown,

Middlefield, Ct.
West Randolph, Vt.
Cincinnati, O.

1877.]

Carneiro, Manuel Dias,
Carvallo, William,

Chittenden, Edgar Davis,
Collum, George Newell,

Cook, Rolland Chittenden,
Damon, William Frederick,
Goodale, Edwin Titus,
Heighway, Sheridan @altecison;
Howe, Charles Sumner, j
Lyman, Charles Elihu,

Mills, James Kellogg (Boston Eniver. sine

Pierce, William Arthur,
Plaza, Enguerrando,
Richardson, Benjamin Parker, .
Wadley, George Dole,

Total,

SENATE—No. 45.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Santiago, Chili.
Sunderland.

Hartford, Ct.
Guilford, Ct.
Honolulu, S. I.
Boston.

Cincinnati, O.

Ayer Junction.
Middlefield, Ct.

RESIDENT GRADUATES.

Bragg, B. S., Everett Burt,
Brooks, B. S., William Penn,
Kendall, B. S., Hiram,

Libby, B. S., Beer Howard (Boston nu

versity), . ;

Penhallow, B. S., David eearoe.

Winchester, B. S., John Frost, .
Total,

SUIMMARY.

Graduates of 1876,

Resident graduates,

Seniors, .

Juniors, .

Sophomores,

Freshmen, ‘ : : : ;
Select,

Total,

Springfield.
Boston.
Arauco, Chili.
Boston.
Bolingbrook, Ga.
> Ge
Amherst.
South Scituate.
Watertown.
Boston.
Portsmouth, N. H.
Peabody.
‘ é 4 hOe
24
é 6
12
Are aleve
15
: 5 . 18
18
4 - 110

[ Feb.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

““oppny “TTIOO AUNAH
*stoqonoa 1odoid oy} Aq poruvdurodov pure ‘poyvjs A[JOOTAI0D UMOYY Puy pu ‘s}UNODOV S.JoInsBoL], 94} POULUIEXO DAVY T

‘vainspalyT, “TNOVINOW AOWOLO
“‘poytonqns ATpnyj00dseyy

FO 69S TSS FO 698° TS$

GT GOL i . : 3 : ; * ‘gourleqg IE ‘90. || GF 06906 | ° ‘ ‘etqeed ST[Iq WUo.4f

00 000°0% | ° : : ; * ‘pred ssoupajqopuy LF 680'L : : * ‘TeuUEplVy WOT

68 ZeGbt (= : ‘yaunoooe A107;R.10qe'T 79 Z62'T | ° “quepuojutrodng WB] WOT

00 OLT : ; . * “‘QunoooR OZ 9% 986'9 : y ‘sjuepnjs wort s}d1900%7

08 6c8 : : * — ‘YaINODNB 4Sa10JUT 00 08 . * ‘puny eZlig [[OUULI

9¢ ZOLS . ; P * ‘QunodoR UIe 00 OOT : * ‘puny oziiq yAOMsSuIe |

68 G16 " + + 4unoooR [RolURIOg Quy COG ae ‘romerdoidde aye4¢

COnOLOR. |=: ‘yunoo0B juesunuop 99 SLI'°¢ |* — * ‘puny uouLmopury 07%IS

SP IIF ; : ; : ‘pang, SILLH sosuodxg] 00 00S : ‘ , ‘puny SIH ewoouy

O¢ ZS0°61$ | ° : : : ; Panes Ag G9 TéL$ : ‘ ; : ; ‘oouR[vg OF, | T ‘“uee
"OL81 9281

"10 ‘ADATION IVYALTINOINOY SLLASQHOVSSVIN YZ JUWN0I0D U2 ‘HAUNSVANL, ‘AAOVINO|W ANULOAYD ‘mq

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 43

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

First Term.—Chemical Physics, 5 hours each week ; Human Anat-
omy, Physiology and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; Eng-
lish, 2 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Free-
hand Drawing, 2 hours ; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6
hours.

Third Term.—Organic and Practical Chemistry, 8 hours; Geom-
etry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2
hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First Term.—Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry, 8 hours
each week; Analytical Geometry, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; Agri-
culture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour ; Military Drill, 4 hours ;
. Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.—Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7 hours; Trig-
onometry, 5 hours; French, 4 hours; Agriculture, 4 hours; Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agricult-
ure, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Drawing,
4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

JUNIOR YEAR.

First Term.—German, 5 hours each week; Mechanics, 5 hours ;
Entomology and Zodlogy, 3 hours; Market Gardening, 2 hours;
Levelling and Drawing, 5 hours; Military Drill, 8 hours; Manual
Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.—German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Botany, 3
hours; Floriculture, 2 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Agricultural De-
bate, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—German, 4 hours ; Astronomy, 4 hours ; Botany, 4

44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

hours; Topographical Surveying, 4 hours; Stock and Dairy Farm-
ing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 3 hours.

SENIOR YEAR.

First Term.—English Literature, 4 hours each week; Botany, 2
hours; Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours ; Roads
and Railroads, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Original-Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Second Term.—English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour;
Mental Science, 4 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Veterinary Science,
3 hours; Military a pes hours ; Microscopy, 4 hours; Military
Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—Veterinary Science, 3 hours; Military Suieace: 2
hours; Geology, 3 hours; Landscape Gardening, 2 hours; Rural
Law, 1 hour; Lectures on English Language, 2 hours; Agricult-
ural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours.

LIST OF BOOKS.

Instruction is largely given by lectures and practical exercises,
but the following text-books are recommended for recitation or ref-
erence :—

Botany AND HorrticULTURE.

Gray’s Lessons, Manual, and Botanical Text-book.

Sache’ Text-book of Botany, Morphological and Physiological.

Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany.

Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.

Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi.

Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations.

Flint’s Grasses and Forage Plants.

Downing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees of America.

Thomas’s American Fruit Culturist.

Hoope’s Book of Evergreens.

Strong’s Grape Culture.

Henderson’s Practical Floriculture.

Fuller’s Forest Tree Culturist.

Williams’s Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants.

Helmsley’s Hand-book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous
Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopeedia of Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Gardening.

Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany.

Kemp’s Landscape Gardening.

Downing’s Landscape Gardening.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 45

AGRICULTURE.

Johnson’s How Crops Grow.

Johnson’s How Crops Feed.

Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture.

Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture.

Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry.

French’s Farm Drainage.

Flint’s Milch Cows and Dairy Farming.

Sturtevant’s The Dairy Cow — Ayrshire.

Waring’s Handy-book of Husbandry.

Henderson’s Gardening for Profit.

Donaldson’s British Agriculture.

Morton’s Cyclopedia of Agriculture.

Low’s Domesticated Animals.

Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts.
Agricultural Gazette and Gardeners’ Chronicle, London.

CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY.

Watt’s Fownes’ Manual of Elementary Chemistry.
Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry.

Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis.
Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis.

Will’s Analytical Chemistry.

Johnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.
Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen.

Wolff’s Landwirthschaftliche Analyse.

Hoffman’s Ackerbau Chemie.

Watt’s Chemical Dictionary.

Dana’s Mineralogy.

Hitchcock’s Geology.

Dana’s Text-book and Manual of Geology.

VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY.

Fleming’s Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated
Animals.
Dalton’s Human Physiology.
Cleland’s Animal Physiology.
Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Surgery.
Principles of Veterinary Medicine.
Gamgee’s On Horseshoeing and Lameness.
On Domestic Animals in Health and Disease.
Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor.

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals.
Blaine’s Veterinary Art.

Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy.

Wood and Bache’s United States Dispensatory.
Harbison’s Elementary Zoology.
Lankester’s Advanced Zodlogy.

Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects.
Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation.
Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects.
Baird’s Mammals of North America.

Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals.
Samuels’ Birds of New England.

Cobbold’s Entozoa.

Denney’s Parasitic Insects.

Moquin-Tondon’s Manual of Medical Zoélogy.

Matuematics, Puysics AND CrviL ENGINEERING.

Olney’s Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry.
-Gillespie’s Surveying.

Roads and Railroads.
Everett’s Deschanel’s Natural Philosophy.
Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics.
Peabody’s Astronomy.
Loomis’ Meteorology.

ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN.

Hart’s Composition.

Fowler’s English Grammar.

Shaw’s Complete Manual of English Literature.

Chambers’s Cyclopzedia of English Literature.

Morley’s English Writers.

Taine’s History of English Literature.

Languillier and Monsanto’s French Grammar.

Spiers and Surenne’s French Dictionary.

Glaubensklee’s German Grammar.

Adler’s German Dictionary.

The French and German books for translation are changed every
year, selections being made from recent literary and scientific pub-
lications.

MeEntTAL, Morar AnD SocraL SCIENCE.
Haven’s Mental Science.
Hickok’s Empirical Psychology.
Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 47

Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy.
Haven’s Moral Philosophy.

Hickok’s Moral Science.

Hopkins’s Law of Love and Love as Law.
Chadbourne’s Natural Theology.

Walker’s Science of Wealth.

Perry’s Political Economy.

Carey’s Principles of Social Science.

Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy.

CALENDAR FOR 1877.

The third term of the collegiate year begins March 22d, and
continues till June 20th.

The first term begins August 23d, and continues till the Wednes-
day before Thanksgiving.

The second term begins December 13th, and continues till March
13th, 1878.

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a. m., Tuesday, June 19th,
and also on Thursday, August 23d.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening
June 18th.

The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell
prize for excellence in agriculture, and the examination of the
other classes in the studies of the term, will take place on Tuesday
forenoon, June 19th.

The Address before the Literary Societies will be delivered Tues-
day afternoon.

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 20th.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire ad-
mission.

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years of
age, and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good

48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

character, from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security for
the prompt payment of term bills. Tuition and room-rent must be
paid in advance, at the beginning of each term, and bills for board,
fuel, etc., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at 9 o’clock, a. m., on Tuesday, June 19th, and on Thurs-
day, August 23d; but candidates may be examined and admitted
at any other time in the year.

Further information may be obtained of President W. S. Clark,
Amherst, Mass.

EXPENSES.

Tuition, : : ; : : ; - $25 00 per term.
Room-rent, . 5 ‘ : : . $5 00 to 10 00
Board, . ; : 5 : 5 3 50 per week.
Expenses of Chemical Laboratory to Stu-
dents of Practical Chemistry, . : : 10 00 per term.
Public and private damages, including value
of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured, . at cost.
Annual expenses, including books, ; - $3800 00 to 350 00

REMARKS.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy,
from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies
under the direction of President Clark in Botany, Professor Goess-
mann in Chemistry, or other members of the faculty in their respect-
ive departments.

REGULATIONS.
1. Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the
purpose of exempting themselves from any required exercise, or
violating any known regulation of the College.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. 49

3. Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused
by the officer in charge of the same, but permission to be absent
from several exercises must be obtained from the general excusing
officer or from the president. In such cases, the officer excusing
will furnish a certificate of excuse, which shall state the precise time
for which absence is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory
reason for absence from all exercises occurring within the time
specified. 3

4, Absence without permission obtained beforehand will not be
excused by any member of the faculty except on the presentation of
a satisfactory excuse written upon the prescribed blank form.
Excuses must be rendered to the officer in charge of the exercise
from which the student was absent; except that when the absence
may include two or more days, the excuse may be rendered to the
president, whose approval shall be deemed sufficient for all ab-
sences specified therein. Excuses must be rendered promptly ; no
officer will be expected to receive an excuse after one week has
elapsed from the end of the absence, if there has been an opportu-
nity for presentation. Excuses deemed satisfactory will be returned
to the student with the indorsement of the approving officer. Ex-
-cuses deemed insufficient will be retained and referred to the faculty
for their decision. ,

5. For every absence for which no excuse may be offered, or, if
offered, shall be deemed insufficient to the faculty, the absentee
shall be charged with a fine of one dollar upon the treasurer’s ac-
counts, and no student may enter upon the duties of a term, or
receive an honorable discharge, certificate of attendance, or diploma,
until all fines previously incurred are paid.

6. Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences in all
departments reaches five, the student so disqualified shall be in-
formed of the fact. When the number of such absences reaches
eight, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his

delinquency ; and when ten such delinquencies are justly recorded
against any student, his connection with the College may be
terminated.

7. Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse
from the regular examinations; to give up any study without per-
mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another

50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory build-
ings.

8. The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance will be
carefully kept, and whenever the average rank of a student for any
term falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of
the College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admission to
the College and promotion from class to class, as well as to gradua-
tion are granted only by vote of the faculty.

9. Students are required to abstain from anything injurious to
the buildings and other property of the College, and in all respects
to conduct themselves with propriety.

10. Students will not be excused from regular ty to engage in
boating.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The library of the College contains about 1,500 volumes. Among
them are several valuable sets of cyclopsdias, magazines and
newspapers, reports of the agricultural societies and state boards of
agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and horticulture.
There are many useful works of reference in chemistry, botany,
surveying and drawing. The larger part of the books has been
presented to the institution by private individuals.

The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing books
from the excellent library of Amherst College, which contains over
30,000 volumes.

The state cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to
the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.

About 1,500 species and varieties of plants are cultivated in the
Durfee Plant-house, affording much pleasure and information to
students of both Colleges.

1877.] SENATE—No. 45. | 51

The chemical, engineering and military departments of the
Agricultural College are well furnished.

The class in microscopy have the use of seven of Tolles’ best
compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-eighth
of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

PRIZES.

FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS.

Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston has generously provided a
fund of $1,500, which is to be used for the purchase of gold and
silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the
College faculty, for excellence in declamation.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of $1,000 for
the endowment of a first prize of $50, and a second prize of $30,
to be called the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B.
Grinnell, Esq., of New York. These prizes are to be paid in cash
to those two members of the graduating class who may pass the
best oral and written examination in Theoretical and Practical
Agriculture.

Hitts Boranicat Prizes.
For the best herbarium, collected by a member of the class of
1877, a prize of $15 is offered, and for the second best, a prize of
$10; also a prize of $5 for the best collection of woods.

Torren Minirary PRIze. .
For the best essay by a member of the senior class on such topic
as may be assigned, a prize of $25. Subject for 1877, ‘The
Military Resources of America.”

Ss os pea Le Oar 3 Te

AD bheevot eS * sg /
e) ih ee ae
stich) fey 1G yi ae ee
b -' nes Giese Feed he f 3 ' i

bs ’ {
| CaN
- ri
em Pete &: Hii) hn
Liv Hotiaite mi 4 :
| + Tarertiters thie nl miele
Ti ee tay Wi) ied a ak
- : . F dy . fn whend i ft ue
: : cark> bette a bead {96 ray FEF ;
, it Wye mar ath) hoki £ ee \
up E wit : ie r ET a
} ‘ ints shay “yt v $F ‘
Pye eR Ae a
+ \ 7. U od i i ss,
a ooh
mie ay oa Wad Wel (ae
’ is Pew’) Bereta ' v Qelig! ya sta LAR
| beiy i hae 7 pyrpe ley 4 hs
* *) : tk ae Amat: aie sry] “hare
. ie. rt (ay he iveetar |
A EEA tL Bate eats “fA

ee del ae i! re iy RASTA ke

+
x
é
#
i
:
: y
>
é
a :
}
‘ aes,
; >
iy md
a
y
oy
i
F F ; .

.
~~
fe
5
)
é
io
.
.
'
,
i
.

Xcel yin 7“ AIL EN
a i ie:
va
| Tea

HH} } j j

| |, : y= one

| I
|

ee oe

PEAT
<HTML>
i
3
=
=
=

ality _

ea ;

= (eae

1a D< XT
Waele
i | IL Hl |

4 -
SPAASSEACHC UMASS

( . <n i), e ise 4
Hi | | | | in! Hy WN \
a WH | | he
0) ec = Wp &
= ee oY, & SRS
i 2 = | i eS ny WS 7 \
| ea eee 4 NS
= Tall) ta i SBN 2) RSS
Mi = sil Wi : US A 7
Mh Fact | ii iH) = As
| : yt (ee
5 aC ata Bo a hl iy Z /
==) | i Wy If ‘i (| Os
— = I il VSR by /
SS a a ae
1{I] aS — sa | } fi DB / iy
ATA UN
MT Liem eg
lt Di 7 id
} / a | i Wit) aol ) 4) xf
h | : en \ { V 2
! ire | NH } wy i" : ‘
Cee ey ee),
I i iit Mal nt | | MI) ; iis! ! H M | i
sae en | nal gi i i i a
ls! uy h alt ‘ i H iy | | i 4
aa TA |
| | " ‘i : th We \
| ee Wy
|

= = ——— ——
= ————

i: = | f i ' H ts HM
AHN WE
Se min 7 Os i re Loe

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

SENATE...... sueNo. 100.

OF THE

JaNUARY, 18.78.

BOSTON:
Rand, Avery, & Co., Printers to the Commonwealth,
117 FRANKLIN STREET. ‘.

1878.

Bie

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

AMHERST, Jan. 30, 1878.

To His Excellency ALEXANDER H. RIcE.

Sir, —I have the honor herewith to present to your
Excellency and the Honorable Council the Fifteenth
Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,

W.S. CLARK, President.

‘ - hie 2
>
* | by
ZA
\
P e -_—-
ae’ °
* itn
‘
' efi ie ; is
Lyy Gat ; 13 age
a sae a SOAGTON Ean Skis .
: p: i") Af fi pirat Fe
» OR Led eden de vital RRR Mie MES INE
= :
aa hl Cate a 7
Y oe ~
Sauponie Gnd: He a
tee ay
% r : Me a gk Av « tlh,
> .
2
- A
‘
ee
ee. £ es
.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,

Boston, Feb. 7, 1878.
To the Honorable the Senate: —

I have the honor herewith to present, for the consideration
of the General Court, the Fifteenth Annual Report of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

ALEXANDER H. RICE.

IN. —D a xX.

Financial Condition and Claims

Sapporo Agricultural College .

Agricultural Improvement in Japan

New Plants from Japan .

Wants of the College ©

Experiment Station

Sugar from the Beet and from Sorghum .
New Building for Library, Cabinets, &c.
Anniversary Exercises

Report of Military Department

Report of Horticultural Department

Report of Farm Superintendent

Report on Experiments with Fertilizers . ;
Catalogue of Officers and Students of 1877.
Course of Instruction

Calendar for 1878 ‘

Admission, Expenses, and Remarks “
Post-graduate Course

Prizes :

College Be lations:

Scholarships

Property and Funds

Treasurer’s Report . f

Meteorological Observations for 1876 and 1877

+
~-
-_—*
v-—'Pr?
t eta

PN UAL PRR PORT.

To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council : —

THE Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
respectfully submit their Fifteenth Annual Report : —

_ The experience of the year 1877 has not differed materially
from that of preceding years. The objects for which the
College was established have been kept steadily in view by
the officers in charge, and such improvements made as the
means at their disposal would allow. The appropriation of
the last legislature was barely sufficient to defray ordinary
expenses; and it has been only through the liberality of an
individual member of the Board that certain indispensable
repairs have been made, and a new propagating house for the
botanical department built, without increasing the indebted-
ness of the corporation. The same generous friend, Hon.
William Knowlton, has also kindly indorsed the notes of the
_ treasurer during the past three years, and thus enabled him
to maintain the credit of the College.

Justice demands that this debt of twenty thousand dollars,
which has gradually accumulated through the failure of suc-
cessive legislatures to provide the necessary funds for the
current expenses of the institution, should be paid at once by
an appropriation. :

It is also necessary, unless radical changes of management
are adopted, that the sum of five thousand dollars be provided
to meet the deficit in the income for the ensuing year. ‘The
plan of organization, the course of instruction, and the
method of agricultural experiments and scientific investiga-
_ tions which are now in operation at the College, are the

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

experience. ‘They are also, in the main, quite satisfactory to
all intelligent persons who are acquainted with them; and
the principal objection to the College arises from the fact
that money is required for its proper maintenance. Again
and again have different legislatures visited the beautiful
estate in Amherst belonging to the Commonwealth; and after
seeing the facuity and students, with their books, specimens,
and apparatus, the costly and commodious buildings, the fine
live-stock in the barns, and the interesting contents of the
plant-house, they have always voted the indispensable funds.
But it is a very difficult and expensive undertaking to ex-
hibit thus the whole Institution to the legislature, to explain
in detail all its arrangements, and to answer fully all the
misstatements and captious criticisms of those who, for any
reason, choose to oppose the needed appropriations. This
annual education of the great majority of the general court.
is rendered still moie arduous by the fact that the people of
Massachusetts are chiefly engaged in other occupations than
agriculture, and therefore feel but little interest in its ad-
vancement; while the farmers,-as a class, are so conservative
as to have but a very moderate appreciation of the advan-
tages to be derived from their College.

On the other hand, there are many reasons for encourage-
ment. The possible utility of agricultural education is no
longer questioned, and the importance of technical schools is
now generally admitted; many honest opponents of such
institutions having been converted, within a few years, into
sincere and helpful friends.

It is easy to demonstrate that the College, with its scien-
tific professors, its excellent farm, live-stock, and machines,
its museums, library, laboratories, and plant-houses, may not
only furnish a thorough scientific and practical education to
such as desire it, but may also accomplish a vast amount of
good by the careful trial of new implements, seeds, fertilizers,
and methods, and by original investigations upon the great
problems of agriculture and horticulture. The analysis and
inspection of fertilizers which is constantly going on under
the direction of Professor Goessmann is worth more to the
farmers of the State than the entire expense of carrying on
the College ; and the experiments of Professor Stockbridge,
upon the use of chemical fertilizers where stable-manure

1878. | SENATE — No. 100. 11

cannot be advantageously applied on account of the cost,
have shown how the agricultural products of Massachusetts
may be very largely increased, with a fair prospect of a rea-
sonable profit. As every improvement in agriculture adds
directly to the welfare of the people, not only in our own
State, but wherever it may be adopted; and as the question
for consideration by the legislature is, not whether there shall
be a State College at Amherst, but whether the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College shall be so maintained as to accom-
plish worthily the objects of its establishment, — there seems to
be no sufficient ground for the refusal of the small annual appro-
priation required. Is it wise for the legislature to break up
the successful system of instruction and training which is
now in operation as the result of fifteen years of experiment?
Can the Commonwealth afford to lose a large part of the
benefits which should be derived from an investment of more
than half a million dollars in an institution for scientific and
practical education, by neglecting to defray its necessary
current expenses? If the very moderate sum of five thou-

sand dollars per annum be furnished, the College can go on
with its four-years’ course of instruction, and, while receiving
students of rather limited attainments, may send forth grad-
uates deserving the name of educated men. It can also
perform a great amount of most important work as an experi-
mental station, and gradually bring its farm and gardens into
such a condition of excellence as to be models for the imita-
tion of both its students and the public generally.

The only way in which the cost of carrying on the College
can be reduced materially is to shorten the course to three
years, and raise the standard of admission to a point which
would make it necessary for students to spend a year or two
in some preparatory school of a high grade. By this change,
the services of one professor might be dispensed with: but
the diminution in the number of students would probably
reduce the income from tuition to a considerable extent; so
that the net gain would be slight. As the salaries of the
officers are now ten per cent less than those paid by Am-
herst College, it is not practicable to economize largely in
_ this direction.

The obligation of the State to sustain the College is very
clear, and the pecuniary advantage of doing so is equally

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

obvious. The Trustees, therefore, earnestly appeal to the
legislature for that material aid which the best interests of
the Institution under their charge, and the good name of
Massachusetts, seem to them to demand.

SAPPORO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

At the beginning of the year 1876 the Trustees were
called to perform a most unexpected, but most important,
duty in connection with agricultural education. The Japan-
ese Government having determined to establish an agricul-
tural college, and having selected the Massachusetts College
as a model, very naturally looked to its faculty and gradu-
ates for advice and assistance. His Excellency Yoshida
Kiyonari, Japanese minister at Washington, was especially
desirous of procuring the services of President Clark, if only
for a single year, to aid in locating, organizing, and starting
the new institution. Accordingly, the Trustees, by a unani- ©
mous vote, granted him leave of absence from May 15, 1876,
to Sept. 1, 1877; at which time he resumed his duties at
Amherst.

The first professors selected for the Japanese college were -
William Wheeler of the class of 1871, David P. Penhallow
of the class of 1873, and William P. Brooks, valedictorian
in 1875. These gentlemen have proved themselves eminently
qualified for the duties assigned them, and have given entire
satisfaction to both the officers of the governnent and their .
Japanese pupils.

The college is located at Sapporo, the capital of Hokkaido,
in latitude 43° N., in the valley of the great river Ishcari.
The soil of the college farm is a fine black loam, underlaid
- with beds of yellow loam and gravel, and is admirably suited
for tillage. The climate here is delightful, and especially
favorable for vegetation. The ground is rarely frozen in
winter, but covered with abundance of snow during four or
five months. The summers are bright and warm, with plenti-
ful rains; and autumnal frosts hardly appear before the snow.
The following crops were successfully cultivated on the farm
in 1876 ; viz., rice, wheat, barley, maize, oats, millet, Timothy,
clover, beans, pease, Chinese indigo, hemp, flax, potatoes,
sweet-potatoes, beets, turnips, field-radishes, carrots, cabbages,
tomatoes, egg-plant, ginseng, white and paper mulberries, and

1878.] , SENATE—No. 100. : 13

a great variety of American and foreign fruit-trees and use-
ful and ornamental plants. The farming of the past season
has produced very satisfactory results. Professor Brooks
reports that he has raised, among other things, two thousand
bushels of excellent corn, two thousand -bushels of Early
Rose potatoes, one hundred and twenty tons of hay, and
more sugar-beets, turnips, and carrots than he can store in
his root cellar. |

The college farm consists of two hundred and fifty acres,
one hundred of which are devoted to pasture, and fifty to tim-
ber. The barn is one hundred by fifty feet, with one L sixty
by thirty feet, and another forty by thirty feet, and a cellar
one hundred by fifty feet, and ten feet deep. The farm is
supplied with imported stock, and agricultural machines and
implements of all sorts. At Sapporo excellent labor costs
twenty cents per day, and the annual allowance for ordinary.
farm expenses is $15,350; while Massachusetts often fails to
make any provision for the working-expenses of her College
farm of nearly four hundred acres, though labor here costs
five times as much.

It is a very interesting fact, that, in 1876, there were three
model and experimental farms in Japan, under the charge of
Japanese officers who had been educated at the Massachu-
setts College.

One of these farms, near sblalanlite: contains five thousand
acres, and is under the direction of Mr. Youchi, who has
under him eleven officers, and nearly one hundred permanent
laborers. He is allowed forty thousand dollars annually for
his ordinary expenses, and gives away to the farmers of the
provinee, or sells to them at a nominal price, a large part of
the products of his farm. He raises annually ten thousand
grafted fruit-trees and a million or more forest-trees for
planting. He has an admirable plantation of Chinese mul-
berries, containing one hundred thousand trees for growing
silk, and about one thousand sheep for the production of
wool. Fine horses, neat-cattle, and swine also receive care-
ful attention, many valuable animals having been imported
from the United States.

The government farms for the improvement of agriculture
in the province of Hokkaido, with a population of less than
two hundred thousand, are sustained at an annual cost of

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

more than a hundred thousand dollars, besides the main-
tenance of the new agricultural college, which requires thirty
thousand dollars per annum. Is it too much for Massachu-
setts to appropriate five thousand dollars a year for the sup--
port of her single College and its farm ?

The Japanese Government has contracted with a Gaon.
nian of large experience to introduce eighty thousand sheep
into one district on the island of Nippon, and has already
enclosed six thousand acres of land for a stock farm. The
wild prairie soil is being broken up, and cultivated grasses
and forage plants being introduced, while suitable barns,
sheds, and offices are in process of construction. During the
year 1877 the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars was
expended in Kentucky and California in the purchase of
Thoroughbred and Norman horses, well-bred asses, and
Shorthorn and Jersey cattle, for this single farm.

This establishment is designed not only to increase the
supply, and improve the quality, of the valuable domestic
animals of the empire, but also to serve as a practical school
of agriculture for a large number of young men who perform
the necessary labor, under the direction and instruction of
American superintendents.

Among the many interesting and valuable results to be
achieved by the Massachusetts professors at Hokkaido is the
discovery of new and useful plants, and their introduction into
the United States. Seeds of about thirty species of desirable
trees, shrubs, woody climbers, and herbaceous plants, were
collected in the autumn of 1877, and forwarded by President
Clark to the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, where they are
now growing. Among these are two specially worthy of
notice,—the one for its fine foliage and flowers, and the
other for its vigorous growth, its beautiful leaves and blos-
soms, and its excellent fruit. The first is called Schizo-
phragma hydrangeoides, and is a woody climber, attaching
itself to the trunks and branches of trees by aerial rootlets,
and often clothing them from the ground to their tops with
a mass of verdure, upon the outside of which, in midsummer,
appear large cymes of white flowers. The main stem of this
species is often found with a diameter of six inches, and
doubtless frequently attains the age of more than one hun-
dred years, as specimens have been collected which had a

1878. ] SENATE — No. 100. 15

diameter of more than eleven inches. The largest stems are
almost always hollow; and the entire bark is separated from
the wood every year by a thin layer of cork, as in the grape-
vine. All persons who are familiar with the admirable
qualities of the Hydrangea paniculata, which is abundant in
the same forests on the island of Yezo, will be interested to
know that this closely-allied climber has been introduced into
our country.

The second species is called Actinidia polygama, and be-
longs to the same family with the tea and the camellia. It
is a twining plant, sending out shoots from ten to twenty
feet in length in a single season, and rapidly reaching the
summits of the highest trees. The stem grows to a great
size, and assumes the most grotesque forms. Sometimes a
single vine will coil itself with surprising regularity about
the trunk of a forest-tree, like a huge anaconda; and, again,
two or more branches will twist about each other, forming
an immense living cable, ten or twelve inches in diameter,
and often rising from the earth to branches fifty feet above
it without any apparent aid. The wood of this species
is remarkably soft and porous, resembling that of the grape,
and is often used by the Ainos for the manufacture of shal-
low dishes, which are usually ornamented with sculptur-
ings. The large ducts of this wood are filled with innumer-
able microscopic needles of calcium oxalate. The younger
vines and branches form an excellent substitute for ropes,
especially when steamed in their own sap, and twisted while
hot. ‘This is ingeniously done by the Japanese by coiling
the vines, and laying them upon fires of wood so arranged as
to heat without burning them.

The inflorescence and foliage are handsome; the flowers
being white, and arranged in loose racemes several inches
long. The fruit, however, is worthy of special attention, it
being edible, and highly esteemed by both bears and men.
The clusters of ripe berries resemble somewhat those of the
‘ Malaga grape in size, form, and color; but the seeds are
luckily very minute, though numerous. The flavor of the
kokuwa, as the Japanese call it, is quite peculiar, but agree-
able to most persons, especially after it has been slightly
touched by the frost. The pulp is soft, juicy, and sweet,
with a slight astringency, but scarcely any acidity, when

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [ Feb.

fully ripe. It is very healthy; and large quantities are eaten
by the people, both in the fresh state, and preserved in sugar.
In passing through the forests, the bark of the large trees
whose tops are covered with this vine is frequently seen to
be scratched by the sharp claws of the bears, which are very
fond of this as of other sweet fruits.

If this species should prove to be hardy in Massachusetts,
of which there can be little doubt, it. will not only be a most
valuable ornamental plant, but the fruit will be worth culti- .
vation even in its present wild state: If, however, it should
prove as susceptible of improvement as our native grape has
done, it will certainly become a most delicious addition to
our list of fruits for the dessert and for cooking. An attempt
has been made at Sapporo to manufacture kokuwa-wine; but
it is hardly likely to prove a formidable rival to that from
the grape. In Japan, however, it. has only to compete with
saki, or rice-wine, which it may easily surpass in every
respect. The wild grape of: Yezo is a most luxuriant vine,
attaining a diameter of ten to twelve inches; but the fruit is
utterly worthless, being very sour, and consisting chiefly of
seeds. The enterprise of the Japanese is well illustrated in
the fact that thirty thousand Concord vines and one hundred

thousand American fruit-trees of all sorts were: planted at
and around Sapporo in the spring of 1877, all of which had
been grown from imported stock on a government farm seven
hundred miles distant.

WANTS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS COLLEGE.

The apparent indifference of recent legislatures, as well as
of wealthy citizens of the State, in reference to the welfare
of its Agricultural College, contrasts strangely with the en-
thusiastic and enterprising spirit of the ‘* Yankees of the
East.”’ Nevertheless, the Trustees are unable and unwilling
to believe that the present condition of affairs can long con-
tinue, and confidently expect that the funds will soon be
furnished from some source, not only to render the College .
very useful in its present form and condition, but also to
greatly enlarge and improve it.

The farm during the past year has been ‘inde the charge
of Superintendent Southwick, whose report is appended to
this, and shows what he has accomplished. Though he has

1878. | SENATE —No. 100. Et

had no money for carrying on a farm of nearly four hundred
acres, except in’ the form of temporary loans, and though
even a portion of his moderate salary has been the gift of a
member of the Executive Committee, he has labored coura-
geously and faithfully. He has raised some good crops, made
some permanent improvements, and kept the estate in fair
condition. It is, however, most unfortunate, both for his own
reputation and that of the College, that he should be com-
pelled to work with such limited means.

It is also a great defect in the equipment of the agricul-
tural department, that a much larger number of sheep, dairy |
cows, ox and horse teams, and machines for economizing
labor, are not provided as means for instructing the students
in practical farming. While the idea that the farm ought to
pay expenses seems very plausible, yet it cannot be put into
practice without ignoring, to a very large extent, the special
objects for which the College was established, and for which
the farm has, by act of the legislature, been connected with
it. Hitherto, the theoretical instruction in agriculture and
horticulture in the lecture-room has been tolerably satisfac-
tory, notwithstanding the great want of diagrams, models,
specimens, implements, and machines for illustration. Those
students who have been brought up on well-managed farms,
and have acquired skill in manual labor, have been able to
improve their time in the culture and discipline of their
minds, and in the getting of valuable scientific and agricul-
tural information. But the opportunities afforded to: young
men who have seen nothing of farm-life before entering Col-
lege have never yet been what they ought to be. A large
part of the operations on the College farm should be for
purposes of experiment and instruction, without any special
reference to immediate profit; and, until suitable provision is
made for such management, the Institution cannot properly |
accomplish its mission.

The horticultural department has been well managed the
_ past year by Professor Maynard, whose report will give the
details of his efforts and the results achieved. There is
much reason to expect great improvement in the practical
instruction and profitable working of this department under
the new arrangements which have recently been made.

Mr. John W. Clark, a graduate of the College, after spend-

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

ing some years in extensive nurseries in the West, has
returned, and associated himself with Professor Maynard in
such a way as will largely increase the business of the depart-
ment in raising and selling seeds, bedding, vegetable, and
hardy herbaceous plants, and fruit and ornamental shrubs and
trees.. The erection of a new propagating-house will enable
instructive and profitable work to be carried on in winter,
and do much to render the department self-sustaining.

The Hills Fund of ten thousand dollars, which was gener-
ously subscribed some years ago by Messrs. L. M. and H. F.
Hills, for the promotion of botanical science, has, during the
year, been paid into the treasury. It is hoped this may be
so invested as to produce a somewhat larger income than
heretofore, and that important practical results may be
attained by the investigations which may be prosecuted under
the stimulus and assistance afforded by it. Similar funds
would prove exceedingly valuable in connection with the
departments of agriculture and chemistry. Mr. J. B. Lawes
of Rothamsted in England, after maintaining and conducting
in the most admirable manner an experimental station at his
own expense for more than thirty years, has recently given
the establishment, with a cash endowment of five hundred
thousand dollars, into the charge of trustees, to be carried on
in perpetuity. Who will imitate his noble example so far as
to enable a similar work to be successfully inaugurated at |
Ambherst ?

A generous friend, who evidently appreciates the impor-
tance of such a station, has communicated to the Trustees,
through Professor Stockbridge, his willingness to pay into
the College treasury the sum of one thousand dollars to
defray the expenses of agricultural experiments to be carried
on upon the College farm during the year 1878. Though
one year is a very limited period in which to accomplish
results of the most valuable sort, yet it affords ample time
and opportunity to begin operations, and demonstrate the
necessity of a permanent fund for this purpose. The Trus-
tees have, therefore, gladly accepted the proffered money,
and appointed a committee, with full power to determine
what shall be undertaken, to see that the work is properly
done, and to report upon the results of their investigations.
This committee consists of President Clark, Professors Goess-

1878.] SENATE —No. 100. 19

mann and Stockbridge, Hon. Richard Goodman, and Secre-
tary Flint.

It has been decided to plant two acres of land, near the
north-east corner of the College estate, with forest-trees the
coming spring. Among the species which have been tried,
the European larch and the Scotch pine have seemed to be
the most promising. The white-ash and hickory have not
been tested, but are deemed specially worthy of trial.

The recent extraordinary development of the beet-sugar
industry in Europe urges with renewed force upon our atten-
tion the probable advantages of its introduction into Massa-
chusetts. The farmers of the Connecticut Valley, since the
successful experiments with the sugar-beet were made at the
College in the years 1870 and 1871, have found the tobacco-
crop becoming less and less profitable, and would now gladly
engage in some new agricultural enterprise. During the
past year Professor Goessmann procured seed from Germany,
and furnished it to several parties who desired to raise an
experimental crop; and he has kindly determined for them
the percentage of sugar in the different lots of beets.
Nothing new has been discovered by these experiments ;
but the extreme differences of size and quality show, that, for
the best results, the well-established rules of culture must be
observed. The only practical obstacle in the way of produ-
cing all our sugar upon our own soil lies in the first cost of a
factory. For the most economical working of the beet-roots,
it is necessary to use not less than fifty tons per diem ; and, as
the sugar must be refined in the process of manufacture, the
requisite apparatus is costly. A well-equipped beet-sugar
factory would require for the plant and the working capital
about one hundred thousand dollars, but, under judicious
management, would, in all probability, prove a good invest-
ment.

It is proposed to raise on the College farm the ensuing
season an acre of a new sorghum, which ripens well in Minne-
sota, two hundred miles north of Amherst. It is called the
“ Karly Amber Cane,” and produces one hundred and sixty
gallons of excellent syrup per acre. From the syrup a good
quality of sugar may be obtained, a gallon yielding from five
to seven pounds. As the cane simply requires crushing
between iron rollers, and the juice may be evaporated in open

20 » AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

pans, just like maple-sap, no costly factory is neeaed. It
seems, therefore, altogether likely that a beginning may be
made in the home-production of sugar from sorghum of this
new northern variety. ‘The transition from this crop to the
more profitable sugar-beet will then be comparatively easy.

Mr. Seth H. Kenney of Morristown, Rice County, Minn.,
a former resident of Amherst, has kindly furnished much
valuable information upon this subject, and has generously
given the College seed sufficient to plant an experimental
acre. So promising does this new variety of sorghum appear,
that the commissioner of agriculture at Washington has
bought five thousand pounds of the seed for gratuitous dis-
tribution.

The chemical department of the College has been skilfully
and economically managed by Dr. Goessmann, who has not
only given the usual instruction, but also done a large
amount of important work as State inspector of fertilizers,
and chemist to the Board of Agriculture. The results of his
official labors will be found in the Report of Secretary Flint.

It will be seen, by reference to the course of study, that a
long-desired change has been made, by which the time as-
signed to practical chemistry has been somewhat increased,
and transferred from freshman and sophomore years to junior
and senior years.

Appended to this Report will be found a valuable paper
by Professor Goessmann, giving the results of his experiments
upon the relation of the ash constituents of plants to the
growth of the organs of vegetation, and the quality and
ripening of fruits.

In the department of physics there is great need of addi-
tional apparatus; and it is very desirable to have a laboratory
_ where students can learn by practice the structure and use
of the apparatus and machines by which the great forces of
nature are measured, observed, and illustrated. Formerly
the extensive and costly apparatus of Amherst College was
available for the instruction of the agricultural students; but,
since the decease of Professor Snell, it has not been practica-
ble to continue this plan. It has become, therefore, very
important for the College to procure as soon as possible at
least three thousand dollars’ worth of apparatus for the illus-
tration especially of electricity, optics, and acoustics.

1878. ] | SENATE—No. 100. 21

It would contribute immensely to the proper development
of the College, if a suitable building were erected to accom-
modate the departments of physics and civil engineering,
agriculture and natural history. Such an edifice, for which
an admirable plan has been prepared, should contain a large
room for the agricultural museum, and a lecture-room ad-
joining; a large room for the State collections in natural his-
tory, which are now in danger of destruction by fire in the
south dormitory; and a lecture-room and laboratory for the
professor of physics, with ample accommodations for appara-
tus. In the upper portion of the same building should be
apartments for the College library and reading-room, and a
spacious hall for public exercises.

Money is also greatly needed for the constant increase of
the collections, and especially for the enlargement of the
library. While, within suitable restrictions, the College can,
doubtless, always enjoy the benefits of the valuable library
and collections of Amherst College, it must be obvious to all,
that for the books, specimens, and apparatus which are
required for daily use, it should be independently furnished.

The foregoing statement of the deficiencies of the College
is made, not with the expectation that they will at once be
supplied either by individual, legislative, or congressional
munificence, but in the hope that a knowledge of them may
awaken sympathy in some quarters, and induce the friends
of the Institution to rally with unwonted enthusiasm for its
help.

Professor Totten’s Report states clearly what has been

attempted and accomplished in the military department during

the past year. Considering the difficulties which have been
experienced in other colleges in the maintenance of a thor-
ough system of discipline and instruction in this department,
his complete success and decided popularity are quite remark-
able. As he has shown very decided ability as an officer and
teacher during his detail at the College, it would be very
agreeable to have him again assigned to duty at Amherst,

A course of lectures upon veterinary science and practice
has been provided for the present senior class, and it is hoped
the funds of the College may allow instruction upon this very
important subject to be given every year. The lecturer for
the class of 1878 is Dr. Charles P. Lyman of Springfield,

_ Mass.

99 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. —__ [Feb.

ANNIVERSARY EXERCISES.

The first public exercise of anniversary week occurred on
Monday evening, June 18, and consisted of the Farnsworth
Prize Declamations, which were honored by the presence of
the founder. The judges were Hon. C. L. Flint of Boston,
and Messrs. G. L. Smith and E. E. Webster of Amherst.
The gold medals were awarded to Lockwood Myrick of the
sophomore class, and Edgar R. Wing of the freshman class;
and the silver medals to Roscoe W. Swan, sophomore, and
Alvan L. Fowler, freshman.

The examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell
Prizes, for excellence in agriculture, occurred in the forenoon
of Tuesday, June 19; and the committee were President P.
A. Chadbourne of Williams College, and Messrs. E. A. Ells-
worth of Barre, and H. C. Comins of Hadley. The success-
ful competitors were David H. Benson and John E. South-
mayd, between whom the first prize, of fifty dollars, was
divided, and Atherton Clark, who received the second “prep,
of thirty dollars.

The committee of award for the Hills Prizes, for the best
collection of dried plants, were Professors H. G. Jesup of
Dartmouth College, Edward Hitchcock of Amherst College,
and 8. T. Maynard of the Agricultural College. The first
prize, of fifteen dollars, was given to Atherton Clark, whose
herbarium was the largest ever collected by a student in the
College, and contained eleven hundred and twenty-five species
admirably mounted, named, and catalogued. The second
prize, of ten dollars, was awarded to John E. Southmayd.

The Totten Military Prize, of twenty-five dollars, was be-
stowed upon David H. Benson for the best essay upon the
subject assigned ; viz., ‘“* The Military Resources of America.”

The military parade in the forenoon of Graduation Day,
June 20, was largely attended, and very interesting and sat-
isfactory. In the absence of his Excellency the Governor,
the battalion was reviewed by Ex-Goy. William B. Washburn.
The diplomas for special excellence in this department were
bestowed upon Atherton Clark, John E. Southmayd, David
H. Benson, James K. Mills, Joseph Wyman, and George E.~
Nye.

The theses of the graduating class were delivered in the

1878. | SENATE —No. 100. 23

afternoon, in Amherst-College Hall; and the valedictory ad-
dresses were given by David H. Benson, who also had the
honor of representing the College at the commencement
exercises of Boston University.

The diplomas of the University, in the absence of President
Warren, were presented to matriculants by Secretary Flint.

His Honor Lieut.-Gov. Knight closed the exercises with
appropriate remarks, and bestowed upon each member of the
graduating class the diploma of the College, in the name of
the Commonwealth. ;

Respectfully submitted by order of the Trustees,

W. 9S. CLARK, President.

AMHERST, January, 1878.

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

MILITARY DEPARTMENT.

Presipent W. S. CLARK.

Sir, —I have the honor to submit the following Report :—

The work upon the centennial battery has been pushed,
until it is now very near completion. It has been turfed and
graded upon the inside, and one wing is already finished. It
received its armament in time for the commencement exer-
cises last June; and “the actual throwing of shell upon that
occasion, from real mortars in a regular earthwork,” added
great interest to the military exercises of the day. This bat-
tery now constitutes one of the most noticeable features upon
the College-grounds, has afforded eminently practical instruc-
tion in earthwork to the students who built it, will greatly
facilitate the instruction of future classes, and, as a lasting
monument of genuine enthusiasm, will certainly elicit the
admiration of all who visit it.

The grading of the drill-ground early in the autumn has
greatly improved its general appearance, and fitness for tacti-
cal manceuvre, and has thrown into greater relief the battery
situated just beyond.

Through the kindness of the Adjutant-General of the
State, large additions have been lately made to the collection
in the military museum, and one hundred and sixty knap-
sacks furnished for purposes of camping and instruction.
The usual supply of service ammunition for the twelve-
pounders and small-arms was received at the beginning of
the year from the ordnance department at Washington; and
an additional supply of friction primers, and ammunition for
the eight-inch mortars, has since been promised from the
same source. This large amount of ammunition is now
stored in the new and substantial service magazine built
during the year from the appropriation of the Trustees for
that purpose. This magazine is situated just in rear of the
mortar battery, and is connected with it by a suitable trench,
which serves both as a covered way and a drain.

1878.] SENATE—No. 100. 25

Since the last report, several important changes have been
effected in the uniform of the College. The West-Point
cadet suit is still the regulation for full dress, but is now
obtained from the contractors, Devlin & Co., at the very
noticeable reduction of some seven dollars from the original
cost. At the instance of a petition, originated, and signed
almost unanimously, by the students, a neat blouse has been
adopted for undress purposes. It is made of cadet gray, to
match the pants and cap; and is modelled upon the blouse
lately worn by regular army officers, with braid and slashes.
This blouse has been contracted for by Devlin & Co., and
already furnished to-about forty cadets, at the low price of
eleven dollars and fifty cents. Made out of a material so
famous for its iron wear, it will certainly effect a great saving
to the students, while, from its neat military appearance, it
cannot fail to strengthen their esprit de corps. While adopt-
ing the blouse, the regular cadet overcoat “and fatigue-cap
ornament were also recognized “‘as uniform” by the depart-
ment, and will be furnished by Devlin & Co. at twenty-one
dollars and one dollar respectively. Of course it is not made
obligatory upon cadets to procure any but the regular full-
dress uniform, though the prospects are, that, in a few years,
the blouse and cap ornament will be almost universally
adopted. |

The special military diploma, for some time contemplated
by the department, was struck off from appropriate plates in
time for issue to the last graduating class. The undertaking
was entirely a private one; but no expense was spared to
make a handsome document. It is surmounted by the de-
sign found upon the state-militia commission, has for its foot-
piece one very similar to that found upon that of the regular
army, reads somewhat like the West-Point diploma, and
recommends its holder to a commissioned rank in the regular
army of the United States, or in the militia of any of the
several States. Though offered to and within the reach of
all, it is to be given, under the official control of the profess-
or of military science and tactics, only to such as attain
to genuine military merit. It is intended for a prize, and
as an incentive to military proficiency, and is already recog-
nized by the students as having a decided intrinsic value.

Six members of the class of ’77 received the distinction ; and,
4

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

in order to extend the benefit to previous classes, the former
heads of this department were communicated with, and from
them six members of each of these classes also received
proper recommendations. Two-thirds of those thus recom-
mended have since apphed for the paper, and now hold it as
valuable evidence of special fitness to serve their country in
the future. The expenses of engraving, printing, &e., have
now been fully cleared; and, as all future sales will be a source
of net income, I have the honor to present the plates and
surplus diplomas now on hand to the College, for the purpose
of perpetuating the prize known as the * Totten Military
Prize.” This prize is open to all members of the graduating
class, and to such specials in their last year as may pursue
the course in military science, and give satisfactory evidence
of their tactical proficiency. The military essay for which
this prize is offered has now become a feature in the course,
and two classes ‘have already competed for it. The prize
essay of the last class, on the subject of “The Military
Resources of America,’ was written by cadet First Lieut.
and Adjutant D. H. Benson of Bridgewater. The subject for
the present senior class is “The American Military Prob-
lem.” |

The usual excursion was made during the year to the
national armory at Springfield, when opportunity was also
afforded to visit the large pistol factory of Smith and Wesson,
situated at the same place.

During the summer vacation an excursion was made to
West Point with such members of the present senior class
as found it convenient to attend. Parts of three days were
enjoyably spent in examining the matters of interest collected
at this famous institution; and every facility was courteously
afforded by the commandant, Gen. Niel, to investigate and
study the system of discipline and administration of the
corps of cadets. This excursion, besides being very instruc-
tive and entertaining, enabled the department to take an
entirely novel step in the instruction of new cadets. Upon
the beginning of the present year the West-Point method
was adopted; and three seniors, two of whom had seen the
system in actual work, were detailed out over the new class,
and not relieved from their entire charge until they were
ready to be admitted to the battalion. This event occurred

1878. ] SENATE —No. 100. 27

fully a month earlier than ever before, and has, in every
respect, justified the innovation.

Three days in October were devoted by the faculty to an
excursion for scientific purposes, and the enterprise placed
under the charge of this department as to discipline and
organization. It was organized, therefore, as a military expe-
dition, and was entered into enthusiastically by the students,
by whom all the arrangements were carried out, and without
any drawbacks to their full realization. The thanks of the
department are due to Mr. Bentley, superintendent of the
N. L. N. Railroad, and to Mr. John H. Graves of Springfield,
for the use of the depot, grounds, and picnic conveniences at
Mount Toby station; all of which greatly added to the suc-
cess of the encampment. It will be impossible to describe
the expedition at length. But camp life and routine in all
their details were grasped and put into actual practice by
men who had never before experienced it, and this in an
astonishingly short time. Discipline was perfect, interest
unflagging, health excellent; and the battalion never before
marched back to its quarters more conscious of the military
possibilities that lie within its system of instruction than it
did from Camp William Knowlton. It is the general desire
of the students, and earnestly indorsed by this department,
that such an encampment become a permanent feature in
the College curriculum.

It was intended to inaugurate during the present year in
this department a series of experiments in clearing land of
stumps and rocks by means of the higher explosives. ‘This
important undertaking has been unavoidably delayed; but
such steps have already been taken as will enable my suc-
cessor to easily prosecute it. It is a subject that promises
valuable results to the farming community, and nowhere
could it be more properly studied than at this Institution.

The experiments carried on last year by this department
in explosives have since been fully described and published
in pamphlet form. These experiments had for their object

_ the determination of the chemical, mechanical, and practical

feasibility of “building up” grains, cakes, or masses out of
two or more explosives, or out of the same explosive in varying
conditions, in such a manner that these explosives should be
successively ignited, but only by the actual combustion of the

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

several layers down to them. A most important possibility
is thus held out of utilizing even the fiercest of modern ex-
plosives for artillery purposes, —an undertaking but lately
given up in despair by almost the whole world, but only after
the expenditure of millions by both Austria and England.
This new method, however, proposes to protect large grains
of gun-cotton, picrate, or other explosive, by enveloping them
in exterior jackets of ordinary gunpowder, and thus to retard
their explosion until the powder, by its regular combustion
down to them, has performed its important task of starting
the inert projectile into rapid velocity. An accelerating
powder of unlimited force is thus within the range of prom-
ise, and one which from its scientific construction will exert
only a minimum strain upon the arm in which it is used.
Considerable interest in the matter has now been excited in
military circles; and the Franklin Institute, representing a
high class of scientific thinkers, almost immediately repub-
lished, by permission, the entire article in its journal. It
will, therefore, be unnecessary to discuss these experiments
in this report. From the very nature, however, of such a
subject, it is clear that vast means, delicate instruments, and
special students, are necessary to carry to their legitimate
ends experiments of so much importance. Such facilities
are possessed only by governments; and, as the matter is of
special value only for war-purposes, it ought certainly to
enlist their attention. |

The department continues in charge of the instruction in
topography, levelling, road maintenance and construction, and
drawing. These are all important studies for the scientific
farmer, and, it is trusted, will some day receive enough con-
sideration to constitute, with kindred subjects, a separate de-
partment of “ Practical Agricultural Engineering.” A few
hundred dollars could hardly be spent more judiciously than
in procuring specimens of the various road-coverings, models,
drawings, and specifications of the different orders of city,
town, and country roads, bridges, &c., and in establishing a
suitable cabinet in connection with a class-room particularly
devoted to these topics.

Before another catalogue is published, the detail of the
present incumbent will have expired: he therefore takes the
present occasion to acknowledge officially the firm and honest

1878. ] SENATE—No. 100. 29

support that this department has always received at the hands
of yourself and the faculty. The few cases of discipline that
have arisen during his term of office have all received prompt
notice; and such of them as have been of an aggravated
character have been specialized with such summary consider-
ation as should always characterize a military administration.
The College, to a recognized extent, is a military one by the
requirements both of the state and the national statutes; and
its policy in regard to this department is considered to be
both generous and just. This is especially true in view of
the glaring shortcomings of many other institutions, which,
though similarly bound to support a military department, are
utterly devoid of even the principles of its inception. So
long as discipline remains intact, drills and uniforms compul-
sory, military rank a matter of merit, and a course in mili-
tary science forms a part of the regular curriculum, so long
will this College be specially deserving of the highest esteem
of military authorities, and a detail to its chair of military
science and tactics be an honor to the officer fortunate
enough to obtain it.

Words can scarcely be found in which fairly to appreciate
the important part taken by the students themselves in build-
ing up a department whose promises are yet so distaft. The
record of the past three years is their best reward at present,
while perhaps the future may have higher ones in store.
Their interest has steadily increased, and thus achievements
have been possible, that, without it, would never have been
even conceived.

America is just beginning to realize the absolute value of
more general military education. It is the least expensive
preparation for the future she can make, but one whose ulti-
mate value is to be computed only in wunspilt blood, — treasure
far more priceless than all the other vast expenditures of
peaceful preparation for possible war.

Very respectfully your obedient servant,

C. A. L. Torren,
Ist Lieut. 4th Art., U. S. A.

30. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

PRESIDENT W. S. CLARK.

Sir, —I have the honor of making the following Report
upon the condition of the Horticultural Department : —

It will be seen by the Treasurer’s Report that the income
from this department has been larger this season than ever
before.

The orchard has been kept in a good state of cultivation,
and many of the pear-trees give promise of fruit another
year. The peach-trees have made a good growth, are free
from disease, and have produced this season about twenty-
five bushels of fine peaches. The trees have, each year,
been pruned back to keep them in a compact form, and all
borers have been carefully destroyed. The varieties found
most valuable are Crawford’s Early, Crawford’s Late, Old
Mixon, Stump the World, and Morris’s White. |

The vineyard has yielded a good crop of grapes of fine
quality; but the bunches were small, owing, in part, to
exhaustion of the soil, and in part to the injury done by the
phylloxera, which has been found upon the roots of every
variety.

The experiments made during the summer, of girdling the
vines to hasten the ripening of the fruit, promise to be of
some value, and will be continued.

From the hot-beds and cold-frames have been sold, the past
season, seventy-five thousand cabbage-plants, lettuce, cucum-
bers, and tomatoes, to the value of a hundred and fifteen dol-
lars, besides small plants of various kinds. Upon half an
acre of land west of the peach-orchard were grown about two
tons of fine Hubbard squashes; and from half an acre north
of the Botanic Museum were grown over fifty bushels of ears
of pop-corn.

A little over an acre and a half of land was planted with

1878.] SENATE —No. 100. 81

strawberries last spring, which have done well, except in
some places where injured by the larvee of the May beetle.
Should the next season be favorable, we hope for quite an
increase in our income from this source.

Arrangements have been made for the establishment of a
trade nursery in connection with this department. Mr. J.
W. Clark, a graduate of the College, who will have charge
of this work, has made a beginning by putting in about
twelve thousand cuttings of the more choice varieties of
evergreen trees, and planting seeds of apple, pear, peach,
plum, cherry, and many ornamental and timber trees, such as
ash, maple, beech, hickory, &c. Also a large lot of green
cuttings of the most desirable hardy shrubs were rooted early
in the season, and placed in boxes for the winter. About two
acres of land north of the plant-house, and the same amount
on the south, have been ploughed and subsoiled to fit it for
planting with trees. The extra expense attending the estab-
lishment of this department has rendered it necessary for us
to exceed our income to a small amount. This, we feel con-
fident, we can cancel by our increased sales the coming
spring. /

To facilitate work, and extend our operations, a new glass.
house has been built, one hundred feet long by seventeen
feet wide. The funds for the purchase of material were
generously loaned us by Hon. William Knowlton. All the |
work, with the exception of putting in the water-pipes and
_ making and putting up the smoke-pipe, has been done with-
out the aid of mechanics. Many of the students have
assisted us in this work, having done nearly all of the paint-
ing, and all the glazing.

The Durfee Plant House has been painted outside with ~
two coats of paint, put on by students, which adds very
much to its beauty. The new boiler, put in last winter by
the liberality of Hon. William Knowlton, has worked admi-
rably, with a saving of much labor, and nearly ten tons of coal
per annum. Many species and varieties of tender plants
have been added to the collection by purchase or exchange ;
and many new sorts of hardy trees and shrubs have been
procured in the same way, or grown from seeds.

Around the orchard and vineyard has been planted a hedge
of blackberries of the Kittatinny variety, to prevent tres-

32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

passers from passing through when grapes and other fruits
are ripening. It is hoped, that, by good cultivation, we may
be able to make an impeuetrable hedge, and get fruit enough
from it to pay the cost. Among the trees in the pear-orchard
have been planted many of the leading varieties of black-
berries and raspberries, which will give some fruit the coming
season. |

To the orchard and vineyard has been applied a chemical
fertilizer, containing, with every hundred pounds of potash,
fifty pounds of phosphoric acid, and twenty-five pounds of
nitrogen.

For the success of the plans made for the work of this
department, the sale of the plants grown, and the proper cul-
tivation of the crops, it seems absolutely necessary for us to
have the use of a good horse and express-wagon in addition
to what may be done by the farm-teams.

The students who have been under my charge the past sea-
son have been very faithful in the discharge of their duties
both in the class-room and at manual labor. |

The success of our plant trade the past season has been
largely due to Mr. Charles H. Maynard, who was chiefly
responsible for it.

Respectfully submitted,

S. T. MAYNARD,
Gardener, and Ass’t Prof. of Horticulture.

1878.] SENATE—No. 100. _ 83

FARM DEPARTMENT.

PRESIDENT W. S. CLARK.

Sir, —I have the honor to submit this my Second Annual
Report as superintendent of the College farm.

Prosperity has accompanied the management another year.
The farm account shows a good increase of revenue. It is
also gratifying to know that more cash has been paid into the
treasury than in any previous year since the establishment
of the Institution.

I have to thank the Executive Committee and officers of
the College for their hearty support.

CROPS.

Sixteen acres of corn produced between two and three
thousand baskets of ears; three acres of potatoes, about three
hundred bushels of marketable size; one acre of rutabagas,
eight hundred bushels; two acres of sugar-beets, twelve hun-
dred bushels; one acre of carrots, ten tons; fouracres of spring
wheat, one hundred bushels; two acres of rye, thirty-seven
bushels ; and ninety acres of mowing, one hundred and twen-
ty-five tons of hay.

The corn-crop was excellent, and, but for the heavy rains
of early summer, would have been much heavier. One field
was so muddy at harvest-time, that it was actually unsafe to
go upon it with horse-teams. The potato-crop was, every
thing considered, very good. The turnips grew upon land
that I mentioned in my last report as lying south-west from
the old farm-house, and which was never before ploughed.
This piece was manured with the “ odds and ends;” in other
words, with any fertilizing material that could be scraped to-
gether about the place. The crop suffered from excess of
water while growing, and we fairly had to wade while har-
vesting it. The beet-crop was good, the roots being of fair

size and excellent quality. This crop suffered also from ex-
5

84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[Feb.

cess of water while growing. The carrots were reasonably
satisfactory, though the dry weather of August and Bes a
ber seemed to entirely stop their growth.

The wheat-crop was a grand success, the grain being un-
usually plump, and weighing, at the present time, sixty-one
pounds to the bushel. One grain-dealer says it is seldom
that such a lot of wheat can be found in the market. It is
selling readily for a dollar and a half per bushel. It was
manured with Stockbridge fertilizer; and a better catch of
grass I never saw. I would advise sowing a much larger
piece the coming season. The rye-crop would have been
much heavier but for the poor seed sown.

During the past fall I was fortunate enough to put in fif-
teen acres of rye, my object being to get grain enough from
this crop to feed the hogs.

Our conveniences for securing grain-crops are very meagre,
to say the least, the old-fashioned grain-cradle being employed
in harvesting; whereas a good reaping-machine should be
used, for the twofold purpose of securing our crops quickly,
and also to show the students, and especially visitors from
abroad, that we propose to be foremost in the use of all mod-
ern appliances in our agriculture. We also greatly need a
threshing-machine and a grist-mill, as we have an engine in
the barn that would furnish ample power for running the
same. : ;

STOCK.

The stock consists of forty head of cattle, of which seven-
teen are Shorthorns, seventeen Ayrshires, four Jerseys, and
two Brittanies. The horses are six in number.

SWINE.

Of swine there are seven Berkshire sows, two Chester
sows, eleven pigs for fattening, two fat hogs, and one small
boar. My sales of pigs and hogs amount to six hundred and
sixty-seven dollars, and my outlay for additions to the stock
has been forty-three dollars. The Berkshire swine of the
College are of very superior quality. I am rather pleased to
say that not an animal has been lost by sickness or accident
thus far, although this is my second: year.

Iam experimenting, to some extent, to determine practi-
cally the cost of keeping, and the produce of, the various

1878.] SENATE — No. 100. 35

breeds of cattle; the results of which will be published at
an early day.

I have purchased, at my own expense, a “ Cooley creamer,”
for use in the dairy; and, thus far, very satisfactory results
have been obtained.

No grain has been bought the past year for the cattle; but
three hundred bushels of corn have been purchased for the
horses and hogs.

During the fall we succeeded in breaking up about fifteen
acres of the pasture-land; and, for the purpose of thoroughly
eradicating the brush, it is proposed to plant it for a year or
two. We also ploughed and seeded about five acres in front
of the old farm-house; but this is so covered with water, that
I have fears for the success of the operation. ‘There remains
now only one piece near this latter, which is in sight of the
public travel, that has never been ploughed; and, although ié
is a sort of mud-hole, I would advise ploughing and seeding
it the coming season, as even this will improve the general
appearance much.

Two new model Buckeye mowers and an improved Ameri-
ean tedder have been added to the list of machines to take
the place of old ones worn out.

Considerable work has been done for the botanical depart-
ment in the way of grading, ploughing, and subsoiling ; and
the public roads on the estate have been kept in repair.

During the fall I built a corn-crib of old rails and boards,
fifty-four feet long, ten feet high, and four feet wide. I did
all the work myself: so there was no expense, except for nails.
The corn keeps perfectly in this rude receptacle.

The coming year I advise the growing of clover for the
pasturage of swine. | :

Very respectfully submitted,

A. A. SOUTHWICK, Farm Sup’t.

36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 78.

CATALOGUE OF THOROUGHBRED STOCK.

Shorthorns.
Baron of Grass Hill, 18,965.
Estella. Mabel. Belle Amie.
Belladonna. Yucatella. Barbara.
Aurora, 4th. Bella Wilfer. Gertrude. °
Isabella. Rosabelle. Lucille.
Yucatan. Geraldine. Gwendolyn.
Zenobia.
Ayrshires.
Earl of Windham.
Flora. Leilah. Dorothea.
Lydia. Amelia. Clytie.
Lulie. Cora. Myra.
Beauty 13th. Maid of Lorn. Psyche.
Jennie. Sarah Alice. 2 bull calves.
Jerseys.
Bull, Gift of O. B. Hadwen, Esq.
Dolly. Dove.
Daisy. Dimple.
3 Brittanies.

Pauline. Mysie.

CONTRIBUTION
CHEMISTRY OF THE AMERICAN GRAPE-VINE.

‘ Proressor C. A. GOESSMANN.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF THE AMERICAN
GRAPE-VINE.

By Proressor C. A. GOESSMANN.

Tue question, whether a systematic and rational manuring of
our fruit-bearing plants is essential for the continued production
of good crops, engages of late, deservedly, our increased attention.
It seems but reasonable to assume, that the same practice which
has been recognized as indispensable for success in general agricul-
ture ought to apply with equal force to the operations in fruit-
culture, and horticulture in general. Modern rational agriculture
bases its claim of superior progress, as compared with preceding
periods, on the recognition and application of the principle, that it
is essential for the continued success of its industry to return to
the soil those substances which the crops abstract. It has been
one of the principal occupations of numerous scientific investiga-
tors of agricultural problems, during the past thirty years, to prove
the existence of these relations, and to study how to comply best
with their requirements in an economical manner. Most of our
common farm-crops have received, from the beginning, an undi-.
vided and careful attention: their composition has been ascertained,
and their action on the soil thereby established. In many, instances
their peculiar mode of growth has been studied, to learn in what
form the various manures are best applied in cases of different
kinds of soil. Nobody familiar with the results of the investiga-
tions of late years can fail to notice their extraordinary influence
on the progress of agricultural practice. The same statement
cannot be made with reference to fruit-culture and horticulture.
Experiment-stations for the benefit of these branches of agriculture
are but few, and these, in the majority of instances, of a very recent
date. Superior skill and intelligence have heen largely engaged in
_ the promotion of their interests from an exclusively botanical
Stand-point ; while the peculiar intricacy of the subject, the growing
of plants with a view of producing crops with reference to a certain
quality rather than to mere quantity, may account, to some extent

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

at least, for the comparatively limited practical interest, which,
until of late, most horticulturists have manifested in trying chem-
istry as an assistant in their industry.

There is no scarcity of valuable observations regarding an ex-
ceptionally good success in producing fruits by the aid of various
kinds of fertilizers ; yet it is no less well recognized, that but little
satisfactory explanation can be given as to the particular relations
which exist between the composition or the quality of the fruit,
and certain constituents and the condition of the fertilizer used.
The chemical composition of the majority of fruits is but imper-
fectly known. The question, whether the ash-constituents of the
fruit bear more than a mere incidental relation to the quality, is
still largely a matter of conjecture, which derives its main support
from the fact, that the ash-constituents of a few of our cultivated
varieties — for instance, in the case of the strawberry — have been
found widely differing, in regard to quantity and to quality, from
those found in the wild forms from which they have originated.
No important inferences have thus far been drawn from these ob-
servations.

Numerous careful inquiries into the composition of many of our
farm-crops have shown that the total amount of the mineral or
ash-constituents of one and the same variety of plant may vary
widely in different specimens, when raised upon different soils, or
under otherwise varying conditions of cultivation.

Experimental observation has thus far failed to prove the exist-
ence of any definite numericalerelation between the total quantity
of the essential mineral or ash-constituents, and of the entire dry
organic matter of plants. We have learned that certain, and,
comparatively speaking, but a few mineral elements are essential
for the complete development of plants; yet we have only very
vague notions regarding their peculiar mode of action in the process
of vegetable growth. While we are ignorant, thus, of the peculiar
mode in which these mineral constituents assist in the formation
of organic matter, we have noticed, in the case of some of our most
important industrial farm-crops, that a more or less liberal supply
of certain essential articles of plant-food, as potassa, nitrogen,
&c., quite frequently exerts a remarkable influence on the general
character of the quality of the crops resulting, as far as the rela-
tive proportion of some of their proximate organie constituents, —
as albuminoids, starch, or sugar, is concerned. Even the pecu-
liar form in which potassa, &c., have been applied, is known to
exert, in many instances, a decided influence on the larger or
smaller production of one or the other organic constituents of
plants. The recent history concerning the safest modes of rais-

1878. ] SENATE —No. 100. 41

ing industrial crops of a superior quality for the purpose they
shall serve, deserves, in my opinion, the serious attention of fruit-
culturists in particular.

Judging from our past experience in general farm-management,
it seems proper to assume that much benefit may be secured to
fruit-culture and horticulture by studying the relations which
exist between the composition of the soil and the ash-constituents
of the fruits grown upon it. A rational system of manuring the
fruit-bearing plants requires that kind of information for its
foundation. It is quite certain that the practice of restoring to
the soil, in suitable form and in due time, those constituents which
the fruits abstract, cannot but contribute towards large crops by
stimulating a vigorous condition of the entire plant. <A strong,
healthy plant is quite naturally better qualified to overcome inte-
rior local disorders, and to resist more successfully external injuri-
ous influences, than feeble specimens. Considering the previously
expressed views worthy of serious attention, I have, of late,
instituted a series of field-experiments with grape-vines, for the
purpose of testing the action of certain special fertilizers on their
productiveness, as far as quantity and quality of the grapes are
concerned, and to ascertain whether a favorable change in their
quality is accompanied with a definite alteration in the relative
proportion of their mineral or ash constituents. I selected, for
reasons already stated in previous communications,! the fruits of
a cultivated and of a wild native variety of grape-vine; namely, the

ConcorpD GRAPE AND THE WILD PourPLE GRAPE
(Vitis Labrusca, L.).

A due appreciation of the expected results rendered it quite
advisable to study previously some of the more prominent features
in the growth of these grapes, without any application of manure.
As but little has been published regarding the chemical composi-
tion of our native grapes, I propose to describe at a future time
some observations made in that connection, which, in my opinion,
are of a more general interest from a scientific as well as a prac-
tical stand-point. My particular thanks are due to Professor S. T.
Maynard, and to Messrs. E. B. Bragg and W. P. Brooks (gradu-
ates of the College, of the class of 1875), for very efficient assist-
ance rendered in the progress of the investigations. Professor
Maynard has taken a very active interest in the field-work; and
Messrs. Brooks and Bragg have very satisfactorily carried out,
under my direction, most of the analytical work.

1 See Thirteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
p. 60; and also the Massachusetts Ploughman of June 24, 1877.

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

On tHE GROWTH AND ,COMPOSITION OF GRAPES.

The examination was confined, in the majority of cases, to the
berries and the juice of the grapes. The former were tested for
the amount of water they lost at 100° C., and the total dry matter
they left behind at that temperature. The juice of the grapes, ob-
tained after crushing by means of a hand-press, was examined for
its specific gravity, its percentage of grape-sugar, and its free acid.
The sugar was determined by Fehling’s mode, after the juice had
been treated with an equal volume of a solution of basic acetate
of lead, of the same concentration as that usually applied for the
defecation of the juice of sugar-beet roots. The amount of free
acid was determined with a solution of pure carbonate of soda,
containing one gramme of calcined soda in one hundred cubic
centimeters of the solution, and the test finished by finally rais-
ing the temperature to near the boiling-point. ‘The examination
of both berries and juice was repeated in various important stages
of the development of the grapes. Ash-analyses have also been
carried out as far as time has thus far permitted; yet, as only a
small number of the analyses of the ashes of the berries have been
finished, a more detailed discussion of the results obtained has to
be deferred to some future suitable occasion. The relative amount
of acid has been reported for the present, only to secure more
exact quantitative statements after the nature of the acid has
been more thoroughly studied.

Concord Grape. (Not fertilized.)

é ms gee Ry =) fe =
Date. | Srecic | Fi | ele |selmh| seo | S28 |2esas
BO S80 Be aeO 5 8 Bas |€S8&aea
= = oe ow ow <4
1876
July 1% A4-0175 31° 91.70 8.30 0.645 Tt
ee) a Oat) 31° 91.90 8.10 0.625 (ae 216
Aue. 2] 120200 2a- 90.06 9.94 0.938 9.44 249
Cy G1 0250 28° 89.12 10.88 2.000 18.38 229
s¢ = 380 -~| «1.0500 DS 84.42 TW aya} 8.62 55.33 120
Sept. 13 | 1.0670 Zao 82.52 17-20: ,|. 15.89 79.46 a0
oe 4 | 1.0700 18° 80.18 19.82 | 16.13 81.38 49.2

Purple Wild Grape. (Near Adams’s Pond.)

1.020 31° |. 91.00 9.00 0.714 7.93 204
1.020 20° | 81.1 12.25 me AO) 8.98 249
ee lG.a) 3025 28°:| 87.52 12.48 2.00 16.03 233
cee 30 | 1.050 26° | 83.42 16.58 6.50 39.81 147.6

1878.] SENATE — No. 100. 43

_ White Variety of Wild Grape. (Near the purple grape.)

ee S
: 3
. : Sir . Gy py aS we i ee = 45
Boa Zoe oho Sa$ pcr 25800
v2) Ge oe olay o 2: o # PN
23 a; oe = 2 pend es += Gq .7 om 53
= f = t RT a ad —
S a Tae oN ies oe nas Hea
Date Specific S bp @ ,! on A Zo in) s&s n i SAS eos s
° ; = Lol — — 5 = |
Gravity. oS a aaSS Ses a sR EusZes
ad | Ovum a oS YD ep ema ese She
= Bae SHS 2 SE a Sse |2e9e28
, 0° Cs avs o hea oad Boar
S Fi ow paws Pa ae
i § fe
Aug. 31 | 1.050 26° 83.92 16.48 9.26 56.18 98

The juice of the Concord grape collected on the 17th of June,
as above stated, was watery, and of a yellowish-green color: it
turned purple by heating, with a slight excess of either ammonia or
potassa, showing that the coloring-matter, which is characteristic
of the ripe grape, is already, in some concealed form, present
at a very early stage of its growth. The wild purple grape, in a
similar condition of growth, showed the same property, with the
exception that its juice was of a viscid character, and its color of
a deeper tint when rendered alkaline. The color peculiar to these
grapes makes its first appearance in the stems of the berries, and
passes then rapidly on to the outer tissues of the skin. During
the season of 1876, this change became first noticeable about the
middle of August; and on the 30th of the month the color had
already increased to such an extent, that a solution of basic acetate
of lead produced a light purple-blue precipitate, similar in color to
a freshly precipitated hydrate of chromium oxide. It will be
noticed from the above tabular statement, that with the middle of
August began a remarkable change in the growth of the grape.
The free acid became most prominent in the juice about the first
week in August, sank to less than one-half of its quantity towards
the close of that month, and amounted, at the beginning of Octo-
ber, to one-fifth only of the largest quantity noticed in August. The
sugar began to increase in the juice about the same time, when the
free acid had reached its highest amount, and when the chlorophyl
began to suifer a transformation of its green color into a purple
pigment: its increase was, however, in a much larger ratio than
the decrease of the free acid. A test of the entire berry for free
acid, made on the 20th of July, but one week before the highest
percentage was observed in the juice, showed that all the free
acid noticed at that period in the berries was in solution in the
juice ; while repeated tests made with entire berries, and also with
their juice, after the free acid in the latter had considerably fallen
off, proved the presence of a larger amount of free acid in the ber-
ries than in the juice, which demonstrated the fact that the smaller
quantity of free acid found in the juice of the grapes at a more

44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

advanced state of growth is due, in part at least, to the circum-
stance that the acid has partly formed quite insoluble acid combi-_
nations with potassa and with lime, which are largely distributed,
in a crystalline form, through the cellular mass, and thereby cause
a less acid re-action of the juice. In consideration of these obser-
vations, it seems but reasonable to conclude that Liebig’s view,
which assumes a conversion of the acid of the grapes in the latter
stages of their growth into grape-sugar, does not agree with our
present information. Dr. Neubauer, in his interesting investiga-
tion of German grapes, comes to similar conclusions. He favors,
besides, the opinion that a periodical increased access of potassa
and lime into the fruit causes the mentioned alterations at the
stated stage of development. I shall return to this subject when
discussing the relation of the ash-constituents in different stages
of growth to the periodical changes in the composition of the
fruit. A careful test made with the sap of grape-vines, taken in
the month of May, from an incision in the vine made about from
four to five feet above the ground, proved the absence of both
cane and grape-sugar in that liquid. Comparing the above
reported results of the comparative tests carried out with the
juice of the wild purple grape and that of its cultivated offspring,
it becomes at once noticeable, that, as far as the present investiga- |
tion has been extended, their main difference, from a chemical
stand-point, consists in changes regarding the quantity of sugar,
the amount of total soluble matter, and the intensity of color.
The acid, it seems, has not been affected. The sugar increases
during the last period of ripening but little, and apparently partly
from concentration of the juice by loss of moisture. Once
removed from the grape-vine, the grapes lose moisture quite
rapidly at ordinary temperature, yet at different rates, as may be
seen from the following statement : —

The aromatic principles become more prominent at the close of
_ the ripening process; in all probability, in consequence of a re-
action of the albuminoids on the grape-sugar. They consist usu-
ally of combinations of alcohols with fatty volatile acids (compound

ethers).

tale

1878.] SENATE —No. 100. 45

On tHE Composition or Various Krinps oF CULTIVATED RIPE
GRAPES.

The subsequent statements comprise the observations of 1876
and 1877: the specimens which served for tests —with the excep-
tion of the Catawba, the Isabella, the Kumelan, the first-named
Hartford Prolific, and the wild varieties—came from the College

vineyard, and were as nearly as possible of the same degree of
ripeness.

Hartford Prolific.
(Obtained through the kindness of H. Kendall, Esq., Providence, R.I.)

= ap
pe | B2¢ | 222 | 352 | 328 Esees
Specific 2a adi sy wet es 0 woe |S 2 eR
Date i S op © o! & S So a f= Glue is We US
: gravity. a3 BSs gases e823 Bas Estes
a a A ow A <
1876.
Sept. 5 22° 82.61. 17.39 13.89 CBAs Ch 88.8
Ives’s Seedling.
Sept. 6 1.07 20° 1° 79.85 20.15 15.15 75.14 88.6
Iona. .
Sept. 7 OSS) 21° | 75.44 2A | 15.15 61.68 | 144
Iona. (Mildewed.)
Sept. 7 1.045 | 26° 85.59 15.41 6.25 40.56 | 204.4
Agawam.
Sept. 11 OTS! 20° |}: 79:21 20.79 17.24 82.92 94.8
Wilder.
Sept. 11 | 1.064 | 20° | 83.47 16.53 13.67 82.69 56

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.
Delaware.
weal = ee Hie
| #24 | Ze24| 382 | $28 |Eeees
peifie |}, 86 | ol m® | Perm! Sas 2e2 |2u58
fo | 280 | 880 | 2528 oe oer
H = om ow 4 <
Sept. 12 | 1.08 240 76.51 23.47 17.86 76.09 | 74
Charter Oak.
Sept. 12 1.08 240 84.02 15.98 8.77 54.94 | 168.3
Israella.
Sept. 16 1.075 25° 80.33 19.67 9 20 46.77 So.8-. ~
Bent’s Seedling.
Sept. 20 1.08 Eo 78.35 20.65 16.13 78.11. | 188.8
Adirondack.
Sept. 20 1.065 are. 84.89 1541 13.17 87.16 68
Catawba. (From New York.)
Ock 216 1.08 13° 16%5 23.45 17.39 74.16 82
Wilder.
1877. ati.
Sept. 11 1.065 25° 83.59 16.41 1S 92.32 60
Charter Oak.
Sept. 12 | 1.055 25° | 83.78 | 16.22 | 9.80 | 60.42 96

| |

Sh yer

1878.) SENATE — No. 100. 47

Concord.
= ein
adi ped | Spec] Bas Sau if See gs
Date. Specific | = & Pa. | Soe ae oo Hea waeep
Peewee | sae | §oSa| Se4,| Se. [se age
gS | 26 | 8885) Bhs Bee leSoe
= A Ay aw 4 4
Sept. 13 1.065 24° 84.10 15.90 13.16 e270" I) 202
is 26 1.075 240 80.66 19.34 15.43 19.78 70.8
EHumelan.
Sept. 24 1.065 16° 80.38 19.62 13.16 | 67.07 73

Wild White Grape. (Ripe, yet not shrivelled.)

Sept. 5 | 1.050| 29°] 84.43 | 15.57 | 7.20 | 46.24 | 140.8

(Specimen much shrivelled. )

#120 1.060 108 70.98 2.02 10.00 | 49.95 | 180

Wild Purple Grape. (Near Adams’s Pond; was shrivelled.)

49.25

Sept. 20 83.69 104

1.045 16°

|
16.69 | 8.22

The different kinds of grapes above mentioned behave, in many
instances, quite remarkably unlike each other in regard to the
action of their juice towards basic acetate of lead. The latter

- produces in every case a voluminous, colored precipitate ; yet these
y ) }

colors seem to result from the presence of several distinctly differ-
ent pigments in the grapes, peculiar, in all probability, to the wild
native varieties from which our cultivated ones have been produced.
This re-action may prove of practical use as an aid in tracing the
relationship to each other of the different varieties of grapes under
cultivation. Dr. G. Engelmann, in his excellent description of the
true American grape-vines, incidentally states that some growers
consider the Delaware and the Clinton as derived from the same

_ wild yariety Riverside grape (Vitis riparia, Mich.) : which ap-

pears doubtful, judging from the re-action with basic acetate of

lead ; for the juice of the Delaware grape gives a cream-colored
_ precipitate ; while that of the Clinton produces a bluish-green col-

48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

ored one, indicating quite different pigments in these varieties.
As this peculiarity of the different kinds of grapes may be of inter-
est to some cultivators, I will state some of my results jn this
direction. The re-actions are all made with ripe grapes, if not
otherwise stated.

Purple Wild Grape. )

Hartford Prolific.

Concord.

Wilder. From light purple and bluish-
Ives’s Seedling. green to slate-color.

Israella.

Isabella.

Clinton. )

White Wild Grape. . 7

Iona. ‘

Delaware. From bright sulphur-yellow to
Charter Oak. cream-color.

Eumelan.

Agawam.

Whether the various tints of the precipitates are due to the com-
bination of the two extremes, dark purple and light sulphur-
yellow, or to the result of a peculiar physiological process in the
different varieties, is a question which only more detailed inquiries
can decide.

INFLUENCE OF GIRDLING THE VINES ON THE GROWTH AND
CoMPOSITION OF GRAPES.

The current statements regarding the effects of girdling grape-
vines on the quality of the grapes growing on such plants are quite
contradictory. To obtain some more definite idea concerning this
practice, a series of experiments were planned, and, with the kind
assistance of Professor S. T’.Maynard, carried out, during the past
season. The vines were girdled during the first week of August, —
about the time when the berries of the Concord grape had reached
the point when the free acid had attained its highest development,
and the grape-sugar had begun slowly to increase. Entire vines,
as well as large branches, served for the trial. Two incisions, from
one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch apart, were made through the
bark and the cambium-layer, and the mass between these cuts,
down to the wood, carefully removed. A decided difference in the
degree of growth of the grapes began soon to be noticeable, and to
manifest itself during the entire season, until the grapes on the
girdled branches had just reached their ripeness. The tests made

1878. ] SENATE—No. 100. 49

at this point with both the grapes of the girdled and of the un-
girdled branches, grown upon the same vine, showed quite a
remarkable difference in the general quality of the entire grape and
in their relative degrees of development. In some instances, it
can be safely said that the girdled branches were from two to three
weeks in advance of the ungirdled ones. <A careful comparison of
the previously described rate of growth of the Concord grape can
serve as a proof of this statement. Some of the subsequently
described analytical results do not as decidedly prove the great
difference, because the tests were carried out a few days later than
they ought to have been, which gave a good chance for the grapes
from the ungirdled branches to gain time on the grapes from the
girdled branches, which, being ripe, had reached a period of but
very slow change in composition. ‘The analytical statements below,
concerning the Concord grape, show, also, that a ripe grape does
not improve when kept too long on the vine. The sugar decreases
apparently, and the acid increases (most likely on account of the
formation of some acetic acid) ; the taste becomes, by degrees, more
indifferent. The girdled vines did not show the slightest difference
when compared, at the close of the season, with the ungirdled.
The place where the bark had been removed was grown over. The
plants which served for the experiments will be watched during
the coming season, to learn whether any serious after-influence may
show itself. It is also intended to find out what effect girdling will
exert on grapes and juice when carried out at other periods of their
growth.
RESULTS OF GIRDLING GRAPE-VINES.

Girdled Branch.

pee | 1.065 NOS S232 LA Tea 12.500) F2576 |. 100

Wilder. (Branch not girdled.)

Sept. 3 | 1.055 19° | 84.59 15.41 10.42 67.62 108.2
Girdled Branch.
tad | 1.075 | 19° 82.76 | 17.24 14.70 85.26 88.4.

50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

Delaware. (Branch not girdled.)

re. | os] tees)
3
Bd Ed ne Si tole Slee ae > Be nero
Fico 258 ot iss asas aS eas |8oasd
Date. Sos S op Po & SS co Bp Sf Sr S |+sooRnm
é ee Se Ess ahos — 22 exh |S ;S52
ere | BS | 228 | 8238 | 8 2 eee.
232 EO Bao Roo Bb reo |S82eA8
MD = = Ay 4 a <4
Sept. 4 | 1.065 19° 84.25 15.75 11.76 74.66 101.2

Girdled Branch.
6 4 «| «1.075 19° | 80.86

19.14 | LS.15 eye aia 94.4

Agawam. (Branch not girdled.)

Sept. 4 | 1.060 | 19°] 83.40 | 16.60 | 11.37 | 68.48 | 128.2
| Girdled Branch.

Ge ORD 19° | 81:55 | 18.45 | 16.13° )"Si2e2 see

Jona. (Not girdled.)

Sept. 6 | 1.0625 22° 80.37 19.63 i3.0L 68.31 131.4
Girdled Branch.
6c 6 | 1.085 22° 78.52 | 21.48 15.63 72.76 125.6

Concord. (Branch not girdled.)

Sept. 6 | 1.045 220 86.54 13.46 7.46 55.42 182.4
Girdled Branch.

BSG 070 22° | 82.47

17.53 | 13.88 |7 79.18) aG2rs

Branch not girdled.

17.63. | 18.70 |. 78.27 86
Girdled Branch.

S26 | 2.08025 92290) iaeas

6 20) SL068 22°) | Ve2zzon

24.47 | 19.61 | 80.13 76.8

Branch not girdled.
Metro 4 LOrs 12° | 79:08.-| 20.92 | 17.86) ) a8aies 42
Girdled Branch.

ee cou. 1 085 12° | 17 50 54

1878.] SENATE —No. 100. 51

On tHe Minerat Constituents OF THE CONCORD AND THE WILD
PurrPLeE GRAPE-VINES.

In a previous report (1876) I have already stated the ash-analy-
ses of several parts of the Concord grape; namely, that of the
seeds, of the stems, and of the skins of the grapes, of the young
and old woods, besides that of the fresh and fermented grape-

juice. In the present communication I propose to add the follow- -
ing analytical results : —

I.— Analysis of the young branches, with their tendrils and
blossoms, of the Concord vine.
II. — Analyses of the berries, without their stems, of the Concord
vine, in different stages of their growth.

III. — Analyses of the berries of the Concord grape raised with
the assistance of a special fertilizer, and of those raised
without any fertilizer, upon the same field.

IV. — Analyses of the berries of the Wild Purple grape, without

| stems, grown in the woods near Adams’s Pond, and of
those transplanted from that locality to the College vine-
yard, and there treated with the same fertilizer as the
Concord grape-vine mentioned above in No. 3.

- As the investigation is still going on, it is thought best to defer
a detailed discussion of these quite interesting results to a future
occasion, when the work pointed out in the introduction may be
considered more satisfactorily accomplished. As the peculiarity
of the season must, quite naturally, be considered an important
agency in controlling the results of growth, it is most desirable
that certain tests should be repeated for several years, to impart
more reliability to the conclusion drawn from all facts and circum-
stances which bear on the question under discussion.

Thus far, the results obtained with one fertilizer only have been
examined. This fertilizer, which I have called No. 1 in my
experiments, contains one pound of nitrogen in the form of nitric
acid to three pounds and a half of potassium oxide in the
form of potassium nitrate, and two pounds and a quarter of
soluble phosphoric acid prepared from bone-black waste. ‘The
amount per acre is compounded*of one hundred and eighty pounds
of potash nitre, and four hundred and fifty pounds of a super-
phosphate containing twelve per cent of soluble phosphoric acid.
In the analysis to obtain a material of exact comparative value,
I converted the carefully prepared ash-constituents into sulphates,
subsequently determined the sulphuric acid, and calculated in the
remaining saline matter the various constituents for one hundred ,

52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

parts. The silicic acid has not yet, in every case, been controlled
by a re-solution, and is therefore included with the incidental
insoluble matter under that name.

I. — Young branches, with tendrils and blossoms, of the Concord
grape-vine, collected on the 15th of June, 1876 : —

Moisture lost at 100°-110° Centigrade . : : - 80.80 per cent.
Dry matter. : : : 2 : : . ~ LoeczOe

One hundred parts of their ash contained —

Potassium oxide . : : : : : - 24,7102 per cent.

Sodium oxide . A J : : : ! P 9442 ¢
Calcium oxide . : , fe : ; : : 40.5302 ¢
Magnesium oxide . eh) (aa ce : - : » sb o
Ferric oxide . : : : ‘ 4 , : L.O%d3 ess
Phosphoric acid : . wee ieee eee

Matter insoluble in ates ibedrae teins acid : ° 4.9160 5
100.0000

II. — Berries of Concord, without stems, and not fertilized : —

(a) Berries collected on the 17th of July, 1876.
(®) Berries collected on the 18th of August, 1876.
(c) Berries collected on the 13th of September, 1876.

| (a) | (b) | (e)
Potassium oxide . 3 ; 47.34 51.14 57.15
Sodium oxide. : . : 1.18 3.19 4.17
Calcium oxide : : : 24.21 16.20 11.380
Magnesium oxide . ; - 4.76 6.38 3-10
Ferric oxide . ok he : ay 65 40
Phosphoric acid . . : 21.38 20.77 12.47

Insoluble matter . q 5 43 1-67. 11.41

III. — Berries of the Concord grape, without stems, raised

upon the ground, fertilized as stated above, and collected on the
3d of October, 1877: —

1878. ] SENATE —No., 100. 53
Potassium oxide . ° ; ; : ; ; . 64.65 per cent.
Sodium oxide . : ‘ , ; : : ; #142.)
Calcium oxide ‘ : : A : é ; Pye Oe 3 aad,
Magnesium oxide . : : ‘ - é : om, ge
Ferric oxide . ; See's . : ° : wade its

Phosphoric acid . ‘ : , s - : . 14.87
Insoluble matter . - ° : : : é . 5.80

IV.— Berries, without stems, of the Wild Purple grape : —

(a) Berries collected on the 18th of September, 1876, from a wild vine

near Adams’s Pond.

(®) Berries collected on the 20th of September, 1876, pub lentes to the

icy grounds, and fertilized as stated above.

<—
Potassium oxide . - A : - : 50.93
Sodium oxide . : : : : : 15
Calcium oxide . - : : ; ‘ 22.23
Magnesium oxide ° : 5 ; x 5.59
Ferric oxide : : peed. : : t9

Phosphoric acid . - : : : : 17.40
Insoluble matter . ‘ : ; : ; 2.93

(b)

62.65
85
14.24
3.92
0d
13.18
4.62

a: OF CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZATION ON THE COMPOSITION

; OF Some WILD VARITIEES OF GRAPES.

Analyses of Wild White and Purple grapes : —

(a) Berries of Wild White grape, without stems, from near Adams’s
Pond, collected on the 20th of September, 1877. (Dead ripe.)

(b) Berries of Wild White grape, without stems, from College vineyard,
treated with fertilizer No. 1. Collected 20th of September, 1877.

(Dead ripe.)

Collected 20th of September, 1877. (Dead ripe.)

(d) Berries, without stems, of Wild Purple grape, treated with the
above stated fertilizer. Collected 20th of September, 1877. (Dead

ripe.)

54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Feb.’78.

ps geg bBeeg | Bag | tag | does
Eneciie ae) eh | 2a08 | See | Bee | Sueae
Oa ae Beg | S822 | e282 | Ga2 | eee
BS a0 || Seo) 866 See see
B a A = a <
(a)
1.060 16° | 79.98 |- 20.02 | 10 49.95 | 180
| (b)
78.85. |. 21.65.-} 14.29 4) 665 65
(e)
1.045 16° | 83.31 | 16.69 | 8.22 | 49.95 | 104
(d)
1.065 16° | 80.45 | 19.55 | 18.67 | 69.92 | 1216

These analyses show very decidedly the influence of mere culti-
vation on wild varieties. Further investigations in this direction
are in progress.

Secor A LOG UE

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS.

lige arial g

4
: fe
5
» -
*
*
aNe re
‘
4 4 a
.
.
. .
4
;
:
7
2 ~
.
3
1
4 pene
<
:
4! : — Sle a
HA “0 a nt x is = a} >
— :
4
a

oh OLAS Ree

a | , + Dag

a > par rere ¥ rs r ‘. ta
ayy GEA TOE ee
Ate Aa eid i Rae et - hfs aan ah
4 ng a
A i 2
- ’ . ;
* ae
ee = aN eget wy 24 tena
Ld \
{ :
_ ;
y "

TRUSTEES,. OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND

STUDENTS,

Board of Trustees.

MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS.
His Excettency ALEXANDER H. RICE.

WILLIAM S. CLARK, LL.D., President of the College.
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education.
CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

MEMBERS BY ELECTION.

MARSHALL P. WILDER
CHARLES G. DAVIS
HENRY COLT .
PHINEAS STEDMAN
ALLEN W. DODGE.
GEORGE MARSTON
WILLIAM B. WASHBURN
HENRY L. WHITING
HENRY F. HILLS
DANIEL NEEDHAM
WILLIAM KNOWLTON .
JOHN CUMMINGS
RICHARD GOODMAN

Executive Committee.

WILLIAM S. CLARK.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON.

Secretary.

CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston.

Auditor.

HENRY COLT or PItTTsFrre.p.

WM. B. WASHBURN.

. Boston.

. PLYMOUTH.
. PITTSFIELD.
. CHICOPEE.

. HAMILTON.
. New BrEpFrorp.
. GREENFIELD.
. CAMBRIDGE.
. AMHERST.

. GROTON.

. Urron.

. Wosurn.

. LENox.

HENRY COLT.

PHINEAS STEDMAN.

58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Treasurer.
GEORGE MONTAGUE or Amurerst.

Board of Overseers.
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Examining Committee of Overseers.

O. B. HADWEN . : : ‘ : : . of Worcester.
JOHN B. MOORE s : : B ; . of Concord.

PAUL A. CHADBOURNE . : : : . of Williamstown.
CHARLES S. SARGENT . ‘ ‘ ‘ . of Brookline.

J. N. BAGG : 3 ; : ; : . of West Springfield.

Members of Faculty.
WILLIAM S. CLARK, (PxiD,, (Ripe

President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
Professor of Agriculture.

HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A.,

Professor of Modern Languages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

HENRY W. PARKER, M.A.,

Professor of Mental, Moral, and Social Science.

WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M.A.,

Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering.

First Lizut. C. A. L. TOTTEN, Fourts Artiniery, U.S.A.,
Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

A. S. PACKARD, Jun., M.D. (State Entomo.oeist),

Lecturer on Useful and Injurious Insects.

M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, Jun.,

Lecturer on Rural Law.

CHARLES P. LYMAN, V.S. Eprn.,

Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice.

GEORGE MONTAGUE,

Instructor in Book-keeping.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S.,

Gardener, and Assistant Professor of Horticulture.

A. A. SOUTHWICK, B.S., FArmM SUPERINTENDENT.

1878. ] SENATE — No. 100. 59

Graduates of 187'7.

Benson, David Henry (Boston Univ.) . Bridgewater.
Brewer, Charles (Boston University) . Pelham.
Clark, Atherton (Boston University) |. Amherst.
Hibbard, Joseph Robinson (Boston Uni-

versity) . . Vergennes, Vt.
Howe, Waldo Vernon Aioston Univ. ) . Framingham.
Nye, George Everett . : . Sandwich.
Parker, Henry Fiteh . : : : Amherst.
Porto, Raymundo, Martins da Silva

(Boston University) . . Para, Brazil.
Southmayd, John Edwards cae Uae

-versity) . . Middletown, Conn.
Wyman Joseph (Boston rieiorsity) . Arlington.

Total . : : : : ‘ : : - 10

Senior Class.

_ Baker. aed Erastus . i . Franklin.

Boutwell, Willie Levi (Boston Unies . Leverett.
Brigham, Arthur Amber on Marlborough.

Choate, Edward Carlisle (Boston Bie ) Cambridge.
Coburn, Charles Francis (Boston Univ.) Lowell.
Foote, Sandford Dwight (Boston Univ.) Springfield.
Hall, Josiah Newhall (Boston Univ.) . Revere.

Howe, Charles Sumner (Boston Univ.) . Boston.
Hubbard Henry Francis (Boston Univ.) New Rochelle, N.Y.
Hunt, John Franklin. Amherst.
Koch, Henry Gustave Heath iBosion Uni-

versity) . : . New-York City.
Lovell, Charles Otto (Ecaion Usiv: a . Amherst.
Lyman, Charles Elihu (Boston Univ.) . Middlefield, Conn.
Myrick, Lockwood 5 : Concord.
Osgood, Frederick Huntington (Boater

University ) ‘ . Cambridge.

Spofford, Amos Little (Boston aie ) . Georgetown.
Stockbridge Horace Edward (Boston
University) : ; : : . Amherst.

_ 1 The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of
two academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as
have been connected with the College during any portion of the year 1877.

‘ s rt
ia

60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Tuckerman, Frederick (Boston Univ.) . Boston.

Washburn, John Hosea (Boston Univ.) . Bridgewater.

Woodbury, Rufus Putnam . ‘ . Norwalk, Conn.
Total . r “ ‘ : , : i ‘ 20

Junior Class.

Campbell, Charles Henry ; : . West Westminster, Vt.
Dickinson, Richard Storrs. : . Ambherst.

Green, Samuel Bowdler. : . ° 3 “Cheliseae

Howard, Joseph Clark . j ; . West Bridgewater.
Hunt, Elisha Hubbard . ; : . Sunderland.

Knox, Reuben Z ; 3 . New-York City.
*Lincoln, Joseph Caner: : : . Woburn.
Sherman, Walter Alden _. : . Lowell.
Smith, George Parmenter . . Sunderland.
Swan, Roscoe Westley . : ; ., Framingham.
Vaill, William Henry . } . Enfield.
Waldron, Hiram Edmund ee lies . -.. Rochester.
- Total . : : : : : ; : : 12

Sophomore Class.
Atwood, Horace Ward (Boston Univ.) . Orange.

Endicott, George . ; : : . New-York City.
Fowler, Alvan Luther . : j . Westfield.

Hall, Alfred Sigourney . ‘ : . Hevyere:
McQueen, Charles Manjie . Longmeadow.
Parker, William Colverd ; ; . Wakefield.
Pease, Charles Truman . ; : . Bridgeton, Me.
Ripley, George Arms . ; : . Worcester.
Stewart, William Clark . : : . Stillwater, Minn.
Stone, Almon Humphrey : E . Phillipston.
Wing, Edgar Russell. 2 , . Needham.
Wood, Lewis ; : . West Upton.

Total . : : : . ‘ . : : 12

Freshman Class.

Brooks, William Cummings . : . Boston.
Clark, Wallace Valentine si heatas . Amherst.

* Died Jan. 22, 1877

1878.]

Courtney, Matthew
Fairfield, Frank Hamilton
Flint, Charles Lewis, jun.,
Gladwin, Frederick Eugene

‘Hall, Albert Oliver

Hills, Joseph Lawrence .
Hobbs, John Folsom
Howe, Elmer Dwight
Howe, Winslow Brigham
Lee, William Gilbert
McKenna, James Peter .
Perry, Alfred Dwight
Peters, Austin
Rudolph, Charles .
Sattler, Herman Charles
Smith, Benjamin Salter .
Smith, John Leland
Whitaker, Arthur .
Wilcox, Henry |
Wood, Wilbur 2
Young, Charles Elisha .
Total .

Select Class.

Bissell, Charles Humphrey
Bristol, Frank Edwin

-~Buoncore, Lewis

Carneiro, Manuel Dias .
Chittenden, Edgar Davis
Cook, Rolland Chittenden
Goodale, Edwin Titus
Hawley, Amasa Stetson .
Heighway, Sheridan Culbertson
Kenfield, Charles Robert
Mattocks, Euao Edward
Mills, James Kellogg (Boston Unie )
Pierce William Arthur . 5
Richardson, Benjamin Parker
Townsley, Herbert Milton
Warner, William Edward
Zabriskie Frank Hunter .

Total .

SENATE —No. 100. 61

Amherst.
Waltham.
Boston.
East Haddam, Conn.
Chelsea.
Boston.
North Hampton, N.H.
Marlborough.
Marlborough.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Worcester.
Boston.
Amherst.
Baltimore, Md.
New-York City.
Barre.
Needham.
Honolulu, S.I.
West Upton.
Amherst.

East Windsor, Conn.
Harwinton, Conn.
Wayland.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Sunderland.

Guilford, Conn.
Boston.

Hadley.

Cincinnati, O.
Aubherst.

Lyndon Centre, Vt.
Springfield.
Boston.

Boston.

De Kalb, N.Y.
Newton.
New-York City.

62 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Resident Graduates.

Benson, B. §., David Henry (Boston

University) : : : - Bridgewater.

Bragg, B. S., Everett Baek ; : . Ambherst.
Lovell, B. A., Henry Lyman . : Ambherst.
Porto B. S., pelydinge Martins da Silva

(Boston University) . : : ~ * Ratag Brazil.

Total .

Summary.

Graduates of 1877
Resident Graduates
Seniors

Juniors
Sophomores .
Freshmen

Select .

Total .

[ Feb.

1878.] SENATE—No. 100. 63

GRADUATES.

Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Leavenworth, Kan., Agent, Adams Ex. Co.

Bagley, David A., ’76, Winchendon, Medical Student.

Barrett, Joseph F., ’75, Boston, Dealer in Fertilizers.

Barri, John A., ’7 5. Northfield, Farmer.

Bassett, Andrew L.,’71, New-York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R.R.
& Steamship Co.

Bell, Burleigh C., ’72, Bakersfield, Cal., Druggist.

Bellamy, John, ’76, Brookline, Farmer.

Benedict, John M., ’74, Springfield, Dealer in Produce.

Benson, David H., ’77, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agr. College.

Birnie, William P., ’71, Springfield, Conductor on Railroad.

Bowker, William H., ’71, Boston, Manufacturer and Importer of
Fertilizers.

Blanchard, William H., ’74, Putney, Vt., Farmer. .

Bragg, Everett B., °75, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agr. College.

Brett, William F., ’72, Fall River, Merchant.

Brewer, Charles, ’77, Pelham, Farmer.

Brooks, William P., 775, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agricul-
ture, and Farm Superintendent, Agricultural College.

Bunker, Madison, ’75, New-York City, Dealer in Fertilizers.

Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Athol, Horticulturist.

Campbell, Frederick G., ’75, West Westminster, Vt., Farmer.

Caswell, Lilley B., ’71, Athol, Civil Engineer.

Chandler, Edward P., ’74, Abilene, Kan., Farmer.

Chickering, Darius O., ’76, Enfield, Farmer.

Clark, Atherton, ’77, Amherst, Farmer.

Clark, John W., ’72, Amherst, Nurseryman, Agricultural College ,

Clark, Xenos Y., ’78, San Francisco, Cal., Teacher.

Clay, Jabez W., 775, Westminster, Vt., Farmer.

Cowles, Frank C., ’72, Hadley, Farmer.

Cowles, Homer L., ’71, Amherst, Farmer.

Curtis, Wolfred F., ’74, Westminster, Farmer.

Cutter, John C., ’72, Warren, Physician.

Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, Druggist.

Dodge, George R., ’75, Boston, Dealer in Fertilizers.

64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Dyer, Edward N., ?72, North Weymouth, Teacher.

Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer.

Eldred, Frederick C., ’73, New-York City, Insurance Agent.

Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, Northampton, Farmer.

Fisher, Jabez F., ’71, Fitchburg, Clerk, Fitchburg R.R.

Fisk, Edward R., ’72, Philadelphia, Penn., Salesman.

Flage, Charles O., ?72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer.

Fuller, George E., ’72, Greenfield, Civil Engineer.

Grover, Richard B., ?72, Andover, Theological Student.

Guild, George W. M., ’76, Lawrence, Merchant.

Hague, Henry, ’75, Lonsdale, R.I., Minister.

Harwood, Peter N.,°75, Barre, Farmer.

Hawley, Frank W., ’71, Springfield, Butcher.

Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., Banking Clerk.

Herrick, Frederick St. C., ’71, Methuen, Farmer.

Hibbard, Joseph R., ’77, Chester, Vt., Farmer.

Hitchcock, Daniel G., ’74, Warren, Merchant.

Hobbs, John A., ’74, Bloomington, Neb., Farmer.

Holmes, Lemuel LeB., ’72, Mattapoisett, Lawyer.

Howe, Waldo V., ’77, Framingham, Manufacturer.

Kendall, Hiram, ’76, Providence, R.I., Chemist.

Kimball, Francis E., ’72, Worcester, Clerk, W. B. & G. R.R.

Knapp, Walter H., ’75 South Orange, Horticulturist.

Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, Boston, Student of Mechanics.

Lee, Lauren K., ’75, Perth, N.Y., Farmer.

Leland, Walter S., ’73, Sherborn, Farmer.

Leonard, George, ’71, Springfield, Lawyer.

Libby, Edgar H., ’74, Boston, Editor Scientific Farmer.

Livermore, Russell W., ’72, Toledo, O., Lawyer.

Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Westhampton, Physician.

Lyman, Henry, ’74, Middlefield, Conn., Farmer.

Lyman, Robert W., ’71, Northampton, Civil Engineer.

Mackie, George, ’72, Attleborough, Physician.

Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Manufacturer. .

Martin, William E., ’76, Ann Arbor, Mich., Law Student.

Maynard, Samuel T., ’72, Amherst, Assistant Professor Horticul-
ture, Agricultural College.

McConnell, Charles W., ’76, Philadelphia, Penn., Student, Dental
College.

McLeod, William A.,’76, Boston, Law Student, Boston University.

Miles, George M., ’75, Tongue River, Mont., Chief Clerk, United-
States Army, Quartermaster’s Department.

Mills, George W., ’73,. Medford, Physician.

Minor, John B.,.’73, New Britain, Conn., Clerk, Union Mfg. Co.

1878. | SENATE — No. 100. 65

Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, Farmer.

Morey, Herbert E., ’73, Europe, Travelling.

Morse, James H., ’71, Salem, Civil Engineer.

Nichols, Lewis A., ’71, Chelsea, Civil Engineer.

Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, Farmer.

Nye, George E., ’77, Sandwich, Farmer.

Otis, Harry P., ’75, Leeds, Manufacturer.

Page, Joel B., ’71, Conway, Farmer.

Parker, Henry F., ’77, Whitinsville, Machinist.

Parker, George A., ’76, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Gardener, Vassar:
College.

Parker, George L., ’76, Boston, Florist.

Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kan., General Agent, A. T.
&S. F. R.R. |

Penhallow, David P., ’73, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Chemistry
and Botany, Agricultural College.

Phelps, Charles H., ’76, South Framingham, Farmer.

Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Southampton, Farmer.

Porter, William H., ’76, Hatfield, Farmer.

Porto, Raymundo M. daS., ’77, Para, Brazil, Planter.

Potter, William S., 76, La Fayette, Ind., Grain Broker.

Renshaw, James B., ’73, Oberlin, O., Theological Student.

- Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, Boston, Professor of Penmanship,
French’s Business College.

Rice, Frank H., ’75, Chicago, Ill, Farmer.

Root, Joseph E., ’76, Barre, Teacher.

Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Chemist.

Salisbury, Frank B., ’72, Diamond Fields, South Africa, Clerk.

Sears, John M., ’76, Ashfield, Teacher.

Shaw, Elliot D., ’72, Chicopee, Gardener.

Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., Farmer.

Smead, Edwin, ’71, Baltimore, Md., Coal Merchant.

Smith, Frank S., ’74, Springfield, Lumber Dealer.

Smith, Thomas E., ’76, Kendallville, Ind., Professor of Elocution.

Snow, George H., ’72, Leominster} Farmer.

Somers, Frederick M., ’72, Kansas City, Mo., Editor.

Southmayd, John E., ’77, Cottonsham, Ga., Farmer.

Southwick, Andre A., ’75, Axbherst, Farm Superintendent, Agr.
Coll.

Sparrow, Lewis A., ’71, Boston, Chemist.

Strickland, George P., ’71, Amesbury, Civil Engineer.

Taft, Cyrus A., ’76, Whitinsville, Machinist.

Thompson, Edgar E., ’71, Brockton, Druggist.

Thompson, Samuel C., ’72, Natick, Civil Engineer.

66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Tucker, George H., ’71, West Springfield, Penn., Civil Engineer.
Urner, George ee 76 Woodbridge, N.J., Farmer.
Wakefield, Albert T., ’73, Peoria, Ill, Physician.
Ware, Willard C., ’71, Boston, Clothier.
Warner, Seth S., ’78, Northampton, Dealer in Fertilizers.
Webb, James H., ’73, New Haven, Conn., Attorney-at-Law.
Wellington, Charles, ’73, Wash., D.C., Chemist, U. S. Ag. Dept.
Wells, Henry, ’72, Rochester, N.Y., Clerk.
Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, New-York City, Student of Medicine.
Wheeler, William, ’71, Sapporo, Japan, Prof. of Math., Agr. Coll.
Whitney, Frank Le P., ’71, Boston, Florist.
Whitney, William C., ?72, Boston, Architect.
Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, Editor.
Winchester, John F., ’75, New-York City, Student of Veterinary,

A. V. College.
Wood, Frank W., ’73, Providence, R.I., Civil Engineer.
Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Jersey City, N.J., Florist.
Wyman, Joseph, ’77, Arlington, Farmer.
Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Farmer.

Total : : S 3 ‘ . : ; : 130

1878. | SENATE—No. 100. 67

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

First Term. — Chemistry, 5 hours each week ; Human Anatomy,
Physiology, and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; English,
2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military
Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.— Inorganic Chemistry, 2 hours; Botany, 3
hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; English, 2
hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 3 hours; Military
Drill, 3 hours. |

Third Term.— Systematic Botany, 4 hours; Geometry, 4
hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2
hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First Term. — Systematic Botany, 3 hours each week; Geome-
try, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2
hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual
Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.— Geology, 3 hours; Trigonometry, 5 hours;
French, 4 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 3 hours; Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. —Zodlogy, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agri-
culture, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Level-
ling, 3 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

JUNIOR YEAR.

First Term. — German, 5 hours each week ; Mechanics, 5 hours;
Entomology, 2 hours; Market-Gardening, 2 hours; Horticulture,
2 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term. — German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Practical
Chemistry, 9 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1
hour; Declamation, 1 hour ; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. —German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Practi-
cal Chemistry, 9 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Stock and Dairy
Farming, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6
hours.

68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

SENIOR YEAR.

First Term. — English Literature, 4 hours each week; Practical
Chemistry, 7 hours ; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Roads and Railroads,
3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Original Declamation, 1 hour ;
Military Drill, 3 hours.

Second Term. — English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour;
Mental Science, 4 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Veterinary Sci-
ence, 3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours;
Military Drill, 3 hours. 7

Third Term. — Veterinary Science, 2 hours; Military Science,
2 hours; Botany, 3 hours ; Landscape-Gardening, 2 hours; Rural
Law, 1 hour; Lectures on English Language, 2 hours; Theses,
1 hour; Agricultural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours.

LIST OF BOOKS.

Instruction is largely given by lectures and practical exercises ;
but the following text-books are recommended for recitation or
reference : —

BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE.

Gray’s Lessons, Manual and Botanical Text-Book.

Sachs’ Text-Book of Botany, Morphological and Physiological.

Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany.

Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.

Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi.

Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations.

Flint’s Grasses and Forage-Plants.

Downing’s Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America.

Thomas’s American Fruit-Culturist.

Hoope’s Book of Evergreens.

Strong’s Grape-Culture.

Henderson’s Practical Floriculture.

Fuller’s Forest-Tree Culturist. |

Williams’s Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants.

Helmsley’s Hand-Book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous
Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Gardening.

Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany.

Kemp’s Landscape-Gardening.

Downing’s Landscape-Gardening.

Mert: oe

1878.] SENATE—No. 100. 69

AGRICULTURE.

Johnson’s How Crops Grow.

Johnson’s How Crops Feed.

Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture.

Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture.

Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry.

French’s Farm Drainage.

Flint’s Milch Cows and Dairy Farming.

Sturtevant’s The Dairy Cow, — Ayrshire.

Waring’s Handy-Book of Husbandry.

Henderson’s Gardening for Profit.

Donaldson’s British Agriculture.

Morton’s Cyclopedia of Agriculture.

Low’s Domesticated Animals.

Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts.
Agricultural Gazette and Gardener’s Chronicle, London.

CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY.

Watt’s Fownes’s Manual of Elementary Chemistry.
Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry.

Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis.
Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis.

Will’s Analytical Chemistry.

Johnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.
Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen.

Wolff's Landwirthschaftliche Analyse.

Hoffman’s Ackerbau Chemie.

Watt’s Chemical Dictionary.

Dana’s Mineralogy.

Hitchcock’s Geology.

Dana’s Text-Book and Manual of Geology.

VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY.

Fleming’s Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated
Animals.

Dalton’s Human Physiology.

Cleland’s Animal Physiology.

_ Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Surgery.

Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Medicine.
Gamgee’s On Horse-shoeing and Lameness.

Gamgee’s On Domestic Animals in Health and Disease.
Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor.

Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals.

70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Blaine’s Veterinary Art.

Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy.

Wood and Bache’s United-States Dispensatory.
Harbison’s Elementary Zodélogy.

Lankester’s Advanced Zodlogy.

Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects.

Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation.
Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects.
Baird’s Mammals of North America.

Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals.
Samuels’s Birds of New England.

Cobbold’s Entozoa.

Denney’s Parasitic Insects.

Moquin-Tandon’s Manual of Medical Zoology.

MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, AND CIVIL ENGINEERING.
Murray’s Algebra.
Loomis’s Geometry and Trigonometry.
Gillespie’s Surveying.
Gilmore’s Roads and Railroads.
Hill’s Stewart’s Natural Philosophy.
Everett’s Deschanel’s Natural Philosophy.
Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics.
Peabody’s Astronomy.
Loomis’s Meteorology.

ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN.

Hart’s Composition.

Fowler’s English Grammar.

Shaw’s Complete Manual of English Literature.
Chambers’s Cyclopedia of English Literature.
Morley’s English Writers.

Taine’s History of English Literature.
Languiller and Monsanto’s French Grammar.
Spiers and Surenne’s French Dictionary.
Glaubensklee’s German Grammar.

Adler’s German Dictionary.

The French and German books for translation are changed
every year, selections being made from recent literary and scien-
tific publications.

MENTAL, MORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

Haven’s Mental Science.
Hickok’s Empirical Psychology.

1878. ] SENATE — No. 100. 71

Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science.

Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy.
Hickok’s Moral Science.

Haven’s Moral Philosophy.

Hopkins’s Law of Love, and Love as Law.
-Chadbourne’s Natural Theology.

Walker’s Science of Wealth.

Perry’s Political Kconomy.

Carey’s Principles of Social Science.

Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy.

MILITARY SCIENCE.

Lippitt’s Tactical Use of the Three Arms.

Lippitt’s Treatise on Intrenchments.

Lippitt’s Field Service in Time of War.

Lippitt’s Special Operations of War.

Welcker’s- Military Lessons.

Upton’s Infantry Tactics.

United-States Artillery Tactics.

- Kent’s Commentaries.

Benet’s Courts-Martial. ~

Holt’s Digest of Opinions.

Halleck’s International Law.

Regulations of United-States Army.

United-States Ordnance Manual.

General and State Militia and Volunteer Laws.

Scott’s Military History.

Histories of Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Re-
bellion.

Public Documents, and Reports of Naval and Military Depart-
ments.

CALENDAR FOR 1878.

The third term of the collegiate year begins March 28, and con-
tinues till June 26.

The first term begins Aug. 29, and continues till Nov. 26.

The second term begins Dec. 12, and continues till March 12,
1879. :

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
College, at the Botanic Museum, at nine a.m., Tuesday, June 25,
and also on Thursday, Aug. 29.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening,
June 24.

72 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. __—[Feb.

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 26.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in the studies ous) over by the class to which they may desire
admission.

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years
of age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of
good character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security
for the prompt payment of term-bills. Tuition and room-rent
must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term, and bills
for board, fuel, &c., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at nine o’clock, a.m., Tuesday, June 25, and on Thursday,
Aug. 29; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any
other time in the year.

Further information may be obtained of President W.S. Clark,
Amherst, Mass.

EXPENSES.
Tuition : : : ‘ : : : $25 00 per term.
Room-rent . ‘ : : . . $5 00 to 10 Ohya
Board : : : 3 50 per week.
Expenses of chemical a biwre to tients
of practical chemistry : : ; 4 10 00 per term.
Public and private damages, including value
of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured, at cost.
Annual expenses, including books d - $300 00 to 350 00
REMARKS.

The regular course of study occupies four yéars; and those who
complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma
being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president
of the corporation.

1878.] SENATE — No. 100. 73

Regular students of the College may also, on application, become
members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive its
diploma in addition to that of the College, thereby becoming
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni.

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the grad-
uates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and
to translate German and French with facility. The scientific
course is as thorough and practical as possible; and every science
is taught with constant reference to its application to agriculture
and the wants of the farmer.

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every
branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu-
setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is dis-
cussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-
house or field, where every student is obliged to labor. ‘The
amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per week,
in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed
to do additional work, provided they maintain the necessary rank
as scholars. All labor is paid at the rate of twelve and one-half
cents per hour.

Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer about
the College and farm buildings, or in the field; but it is hardly
possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one hundred dol-
lars per annum besides performing other duties. So far as is con-
sistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select
such varieties of labor as they may for special reasons desire to
engage in.

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures
with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire
special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veteri-
nary science, agriculture, or horticulture, may make private ar-
rangements with the officers having charge of these departments.

An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro-
vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either
new or second-hand. At the beginning of the second term. of
attendance each student is required to provide himself with the
full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets,
the cost of which is about thirty dollars.

On Sundays students are required to attend church in the fore-
noon, and invited to join a class for the study of the Bible in the
afternoon. They will be permitted to select their place of attend-
ance from among the churches in the town, of the following denom-
inations ; viz., Baptist, Congregational, Episcopalian, Methodist,
and Roman-Catholic.

ey 10

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philoso-
phy, from the College or from the University, and pursue their
studies under the direction of President Clark in botany, Pro-
fessor Goessmann in chemistry, or other members of the Faculty
in their respective departments.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The Library of the College contains about fifteen hundred vol-
umes. Among them are several valuable sets of cyclopzdias,
magazines and newspapers, reports of agricultural societies and
state boards of agriculture, and many standard works on agricul-
ture and horticulture. There are also many useful works of reference
in chemistry, botany, surveying, and drawing. The larger part of
the books has been presented to the Institution by private indi-
viduals.

The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing
books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con-
tains over thirty thousand volumes.

The State Cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston
to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand
species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of
duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many interest-
ing and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models. There
is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic
botany, including about three thousand figures.

About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti-
vated in the Durfee Plant House, affording much pleasure and
information to students of both colleges.

The very extensive, and in some respects unsurpassed, collec-
tions in geology, mineralogy and natural history, ethnology and
art, belonging to Amherst College, are accessible to members of
the Agricultural College.

The chemical, engineering, and military departments of the
Agricultural College are well furnished.

The class in microscopy have the use of seven of Tolles’s best
compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-
eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

1878.] SENATE—No. 100. 15

PRIZES.
FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS.

Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston has generously provided
a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, which is to be used for the pur-
chase of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the _
direction of the College Faculty, for excellence in Declamation.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thousand
dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, and a
second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell Agricul-
tural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York.
These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the
graduating class who may pass the best oral and written examina-
tion in Theoretical and Practical Agriculture.

HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES.

For the best Herbarium collected by a member of the class of
1878, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best,
a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col-
lection of Woods.

TOTTEN MILITARY PRIZE.

For the best Essay by a member of the Senior class on such
topic as may be assigned, a prize of twenty-five dollars is offered.
Subject for 1878, ‘* The American Military Problem.”’

REGULATIONS.

I. —Students are specially forbidden to combine together for the
purpose of absenting themselves from any required exercise, or
violating any known regulation of the College.

II. — The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of
the bell for each exercise of the College, by the officer in charge,
unless a monitor be employed; and students who do not answer to
their names shall be marked absent, provided that any student
coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy.
Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence.

Ill. — Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused
by the officer in charge of the same, if requested beforehand; but
permission to be absent from several exercises must be obtained
in advance from the general excusing officer, or from the president.

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE [ Feb.

In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of
excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is
permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence
from all exercises occurring within the time specified.

IV. — Excuses for all absences, whether with permission obtained
beforehand or not, must be submitted to the excusing committee.
They must be rendered promptly within one week from the date of
absence; and those deemed unsatisfactory will be returned to the
student with the indorsement of the committee.

V.— Whenever the aggregate number of unexcused absences
in all departments reaches five, the student so delinquent shall be
informed of the fact. When the number of such absences reaches
eight, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of
his delinquency; and, when ten such delinquencies are justly
recorded against any student, his connection with the College may
be terminated.

VI. —Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse
from the regular examinations, to give up any study without per-
mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another
without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory build-
ings; and no student shall be permitted to make such change until
he has procured from the inspecting officer a written statement
that the room about to be vacated is in perfect order.

VII. —Students shall be required to attend the church of their
selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to
the excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they at-
tended or not.

VII. — The record of deportment, scholarship, and attendance,
will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a student
falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of the
College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admission to the
College, and promotion from class to class, as well as to graduation,
are granted only by vote of the Faculty.

IX. — Students are required to abstain from any thing injurious
to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all
respects to conduct themselves with propriety.

SIZE OF ROOMS.

1878.] SENATE —No. 100. TT

by fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the
north dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and
the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms
are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the
bedrooms eight by eight feet. ;

SCHOLARSHIPS.

The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture pays
annually into the treasury of the College the sum of three hundred
dollars, which is assigned by the Faculty to the payment of the
tuition of four worthy indigent students who intend to engage
in agricultural pursuits after graduation.

The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the
Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy.

The Trustees voted, in January, 1878, to establish one free

scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the

State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the
representative from the district to which the applicant belongs.
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination would
seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vig-
orous constitution ; and should enter College with the intention of
remaining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit
connected with agriculture. To every such student the cash value
of a scholarship is three hundred dollars.

78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT, Jan. 1, 1878.

REAL ESTATE.

College Farm and Quarry : “ : : - $37,500 00
North College i : : ‘ ‘ : . 386,000 00
South College : : : : ; : - . 86,000.00
College Hall . ; . : : . oa) SRSORDOO 00
South Boarding-House . : : ; - : 8,000 00
North Boarding-Ilouse . : : : : : 8,000 00
Durfee Plant-House , : : : : oi. »,,12,000) 00
Botanic Museum . _ ; : : : : 5,000 00
South Barn . ‘ - . : : : , 14,500 00
Farm-House . : 4,000 00

Four Dwellings and Barns purchased with the Estate, 9,000 00

Total Real Estate é 4 : . - $200,000 00

FARM STATEMENT.

Value of Live-Stock ; : ; ; : : $5,872 00
Vehicles and Implements : : : : : 1,243 55
Produce on Hand . H A ” j : é 1,921 00

FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF THE COLLEGE,.IN CHARGE OF THE
STATE TREASURER.

Agricultural College Fund.

Cash balance on hand Jan. 5, 1878 , : - $10,000 00
Present investments : —

City of Cambridge Note . s+. o%5,000T00
Lynn Bonds . 3 : : 25,000 00
Chelsea Note .°. 5. | . 25,000 08
Fall-River Note. ; : 50,000 00

Town of Milford Bonds . : . 14,200 00

Plymouth Note . 5 : 6,724 65
Brighton Note . : - 10,000 00

Amounts carried forward . . $205,924 65 $10,000 00

1878.] SENATE — No. 100. Tg

Amounts brought forward . - $205,924 65 $10,000 00
West-Roxbury Notes . - 40,000 00
Westborough Notes. tet eb. O00, 00

Lee Note . : : : Anlae va
Somerset Note . A é 10,000 00
County of Hampden Note . : fi Red O WOOO OO.

BE 399.067 40

Massachusetts, Troy, and Greenfield

Railroad bonds ~~. ‘ . $8,000 00
Massachusetts Bounty Loan Bonds . 16,000 00
—— 24,000 00
State of Maine Bonds 5 : ‘ 4,000 00

Total Fund . - . . 5 : $360,067 40

Two-thirds of the income of this fund is by law paid to the
Treasurer of the College, and one-third to the Treasurer of the
Institute of Technology.

The Hills Fund of ten thousand dollars, for the maintenance of
the Botanic Garden, is in charge of the College Treasurer.

To this sum should be added the receipts for tuition and room-
rent, amounting to one hundred dollars per annum for each scholar,
and the receipts from the sale of the products of the farm and
garden.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb. 78.

“Lopprny “LIOO AUNDH
‘szaqonoa redoad ey} £q poruvduroooe pur ‘poyeys A[}09I1100 UIST} Puy pue “syUNOdD" S JOINSVOLT, OY} POUlUIVxXs OAVT T

‘ladnsne4y “TQOOVINOW ANXOXD
‘payturqns ATny{00dsexy

8c F6L‘0c$ 8G F6L‘0S$
00 000‘T eA Mars MAST NL
00 000'06 < : yur,
9¢ JeT'T ° : . . . * gouv[eq 1*Te -00q sSuravg pleyucery ye ogonr ‘opqeded strg
06 G9L'T : i : : : * puny GO 990°S qyunoooe [eoruvjyod UWLOAT
: soar al wor pred ‘sT[iq .sjyuepnyg 92 &10‘'S _ mepuerarreding ULIV T ULOTT
00 000'0¢ | ° > pred ojou ‘orqeded STILT SF G10‘ ° sjuepnys Woz sydreoeyy
G) OOF > qgunoooe A10;¥10qGe'T 00 OST . ° spun ozug
00 OLT 5 FUNOIO’ OZ . 06 ¢99‘8
PE 9E9'T | ° * FUNOdOe 4s0107UT O6S9T'T * LOqeT_,s}uepnys
08 699‘E : - - qunod0® Ue 7, Ioj uoryeridordde 09%4g
OP Nera Ne qunoooe [vortuvyog 00°00¢‘c * uoreridosdde 09%4g
19 616°G | ° JuUNOoDoR yuesuTyUOD LP GS6‘FT : 2 eee FUSOUIMOPUY 9FB4S
16 OFZ ° unoooe pung SIH yo sosuedxy G8 GOT : pon S[[LE] Jo owmoouy
00 OGs‘9T#! ° * soriveg Ag GL GOLS ‘ ‘ * goueleq OF,
"LAST

"ag ‘HOUTION IVANLINOIMSY SLIASAHOVSSV]L YjIm JunoDOp Ww ‘ATMASVaNT, ‘TNOVINOW TOUOTH ‘aq

SUMMARY

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE YEARS
; 1876 anp 1877,

TAKEN AT AMHERST, Mass., BY Miss SaBra C. SNELL.

LATITUDE, 42° 22’17’’. LonerrupEz, 72° 34’ 30’... ELEVATION ABOVE THE
SrA LEVEL, 267 FEET.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

04 | 0 OOT
69 | 0 OOT
ye OOT
GL | 86 | OOT
GL | 86 | 86
GL | G& | 16
TZ &* | 26
GL | 9€ | 16
G9 | 8G | 96
09 | ST | 96
19 | LE | OOT
89 | OS | G6
GL | 96 | 86

UvOT| “UI | “XVI

“ALIGINOH

‘aN | “ars | “M's |"

“A0UOn

GNY GNIL JO INGO Add

986° | 000° | TI6" || 0G2°6G | 1Z9°8c | 629°0E || OT
080° | 000° | G6T° |) 629°6G | P68'8G | OGEOE || 2
€1G° | 000° | 69° || €89'°6G | 6ES'6G | GGT'OE || Te
G&G" | GOT’ | 0&9" || OL9°6G | THG'6c | GLO'OE ||
TLE" | GST” | 989° || G6L°6G | STE°6S | BET'OE || ES
GGG" | P6L’ | O98" || [c8'6c | 98Ph'6G | GhO'0E || T
G8G° | 808" | TT6" || 02°66 | 20G°6c | S66°6¢ || TT
P9G- | 808" | O18" || 11°66 | T8E"6G | G66°6G || G
6TS* | BIL’ | O89" || FEL'6S | L8E°6S | SFT OE || FI
PLT’ | L90° | PIG" || 6996S | LEC'6G | GOT0E || ET
6G." | PEO" | LPS" || 669°6G | €S6°8z | LET"OE || 8
SOT” | S10" | PEG" || 682°6G | T69'8c | 669°0E || OT
PET" | 00° | GGP" || S8Z°6G | SET 6S | T1606 || 2
UveN | “UI | “xe UvOTL ‘UN ‘XVI
‘dOdVA HO HOUOW “AaLANOUV a

Se eel Se

“SANIM

0G | 0'FL

L°g | G08
ah es
a a
ee ie
Pe =
is ae
ls a ame

*Spno[p
“MOUS
jo qdoq

667 IP

LIG’S
887'G
SIt't

GOL'S

GLG'0
9687
L98°€
996°6

“mous

pap pue
Urey Jo 4,Ury

GY LY

01°61
0G OP
09ST
OT'6S
69°02
61 FL
19°02
6G LG
09°&P
09°TE
98°96
C8°6¢

"UvOTT

Ot
6ST
0°83
Clb
0°6P
GGG
0°17
0°68
0°83
CT

Or
8G

“UTIL

‘XUIL

‘aIV NadO NI
CALA NON WAHL

‘91ST UVAA AHL DOA SNOLLVAYASAO TVOIOOTOUOULAN AO AAYVAIWOS

Taq uULede(T
IOQUIOAO NT
19Q0VO
Jequieydeg
qsnLony

- AyUP

> oune

> ARP

* Tady
YO]
AIeNnIgo,T
Arenuee

TL | 0 OOL || S6G° | 000" | 8E6° || 2ZEL°6G | EE8'Sa | SFEOE || 9 G6 | 0G | 8P || LF | OL | LW’ 4F|| GL 6P | 0'- Jess * 1OX

£5- |, 0 OOT || 9ET° | OOO’ | OGE' || LG8°6E | OL 6e | SFE'0E || F LT | 06 | 6G || 8G |G0O | S40 LT || 60'S8| OST | GEG | ° «Aequio.0g

CL | 9€ | 86 Fie’ | §80° | TLS" || $G8 6? | 660 6G | LOS “0E || 8 96 | ZI | 6V || GSE | G0 | G8rC || GOV! F6L | 999 | * soqums0yy

18 | 9€ | OOT || GIG’ | P80" | O8LZ" || P9L°6S | F9SC'6G | SLT'OE || HL | SE | AT | PE || O'S — | 986°9 || OG°0E | $96 | re | - LIQOPO
= LL | && | OOT || PE’ | LET’ | OLL" || G6L°6S | SEP Ge | SIO'0E || -S NG NOG AS IE Cae — | 6160}; Te°S9 | 0°68 | 2°¢g | ° roquteydeg
= 18) |- Bo -66 FI9" | TLE | 8E6" || 999°6S | SHF'6G | G96'6G || 2 0€ | &¢ | OF || 6F — 1 062.G |S PaaS |e qsnony
Ss 64 | 8&8 | 66 LLG’ | SES" | 618" || PL9'6G | TIV'6% | G96'°6G || 9 Ge | 9G. | SG=i\ 0's = OL Oe eG ba SG Stee Aap
a 91 | OG | OOT || LEV | O6T" | 092" || 802°66 | O18’ 6>E 60°08 € ee OG | OG see = LOG he Ore poral Oe Sera * oun?
a +o) OSE |. 66 GOS" | G60" | SF9" || $99°6S | ZLL'6G | FE0'0E || 8 Vi Vee omy eG — 1660 1 0S Se | 0 0F | G78 * AVI
— 1G | GT | 66 €ST° | TL0° | 6LZh° || GOL'6G | 606G'6G | GET '0E || F Se | G 8g || og = | GGreé || OB LP | G'Ge | eer | * * Tuady
= 69 | S€ | OOT || HFT | S¥O° | SLE" || G89°6G | SE8'8G | LOTOE || 2 AY \-Si S89 || 81S 09) _1-S26:9 | 0588.\-0 0F | -e:6e 4) = Yoreyl
r =¢9 | ze | 6 || 9II' | seo" | 91" || gTZ'6s | 90e°6z | ezt-08 || 6 | 02 | TL | 09 || Fe |¢-0 | 09870 || g2°0¢| ee | 00g |: Axensqag
” 9 | a | oot || gg0° | sto" | 212° || ee2'62 | 968°8a | e008 || ¢ | at | oz | 79 |) ee |e-6 | 21¢°c || co-0c| o-e- | over | Arenuee

uve) “uN | “xeye |) ‘uvent | ‘un | ‘xem || ‘uven “Ul ‘xen || "aN | “O'S |S [LAN 5 a op h uven | ‘ur | “XUN

| ‘AOU z a S Z ae :
‘ALIGUNOH || “OVA JO TOUOT ‘CHLAMOUV £ any Beis aout aad EE ee ea

a
- “L181 UVadA AHL WOA SNOILVAYHSAO TVOINOTONUORULANW AO AUYVAWOAS
=

i aeeow

oa eee

:
; e
| s
7 ae: |
- ~ |
. l |
‘ i . t
\t .
| | | | ‘ ‘
+ 2 |
- ? ie- : ' | | |
> 4 | |
SS : - |
¥ TELE | | ae |
| | | te et, 3
| | = = :
/ : : | =
| : é eS = 29
| x
: 2 if i : : as any |
As aH - * sues :
‘ ‘ Silence —
| : : ote he ue
? \ ae

‘uithy sia i uly, Halu, alll nv
apenas Ay |
2a MUNG! NL

: Mil | me : ,

il)

~ yo TS of .
A
LG ek
y Sith we ne
WG ) Z
ANSSA-SMSES

\\ ah { )

UA WRK Sea S
TOs | i aN <G \ {
oe ; Se SN

EWN Fz

laa

<<
Ww
yn ON GE

ah fl

\ iii : ti. ( S
, |) i: IO
) ; : ie 2 | 4 ‘ ne

a.
Mo A \ m8 ,
ae ky,
M f , ah | gir , | Mh
USN ! i WINN 2.27
Pa a i S
Se
il | | ; : . a AN

———
Se

‘

H j

) | | ‘ f

h : va ib wt
(Saymaiai alll

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS.

BENATE..... Sdah oN Olen LOM:

SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Massacuuserts AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

JANUARY, 1879.

BOSTON:
Rand, Aberv, & Co., Printers to the Commontocalth,

117 FRANKLIN STREET,

1879.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

AMHERST, Jan. 30, 1879.
To His Excellency Thomas Talbot.

Sir,—I have the honor herewith to present to Your
Excellency and the Honorable Council the Sixteenth Annual
Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

W. S. CLARK, President.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
Boston, Feb. 5, 1879.

| To the Honorable the Senate.

I have the honor herewith to present for the consideration
of the General Court the Sixteenth Annual Report of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

THOMAS TALBOT.

en ©

IN DEX.

Prosperity of College . : : : : :
Facts for the People . ‘ 5 ‘ ‘ .
Massachusetts Experimental Station :

The Farm . . - - é : 5 4
The Horticultural Department.

Anniversary Exercises. : :

Report of Dr. J. R. Nichols é
Address of Hon. Marshall P. Wilder. .
Agricultural Act of Congress . ; °
Charter of College. - : : :
Report on Early Amber Cane .

Report on Lysimeter .

Catalogue of Officers, Students, and Graduates
Course of Study and Training . :

List of Books . ‘ - 4 °
Calendar for 1879 : ‘ : : :
Terms of Admission . : ‘ 5 : :
Expenses . dj . 3 : : A :
Post-Graduate Course ; : :

Prizes. 5 : - -
Regulations : is

Scholarships ‘ 2 °

Financial Statement . ; : - oi vs

Meteorological Observations . °

100
100
102
103
103
105
106
117

i ©
'
.
*
»
&
‘
}
of
.
ay
ra ene
¢ #
P ‘
‘:
a {
;
. .
‘
F, <
PS ‘ 7
oe
x *
\
7 om
.
-
.
+
2
*
}
‘ Ly b
¥ be b-
¥
r
me
<

———— eC C—=*#RD)D QU tee Ae

ANNUAL REPORT.

To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council.

THE Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
respectfully submit their Sixteenth Annual Report.

The year 1878 has been the most successful in the history
of the institution. The number of students has been very
large and their conduct excellent. All the dormitory rooms
have been occupied; and the boarding-house has been able
to furnish satisfactory board for two dollars and a half per
week. ‘The average annual number of students for the past
eleven years is one hundred and eleven, and the number last
year was one hundred and sixty-two. The average yearly
number of graduates during the past eight years is nineteen ;
but the last class numbered twenty-one. The total number
of alumni is now one hundred and fifty, a catalogue of
whom, with their present occupations and addresses, is ap-
pended to this report. In addition to these there have been
admitted to the College three hundred and sixty-five stu-
dents who have taken a partial course of less than four years,
a large proportion of whom came to the institution especially
for instruction in agriculture, and are now believed to be
applying their knowledge of the art to practice. The total
number admitted on examination or diploma since the College
was opened in 1867 is six hundred and thirty-seven. Of the
alumni, forty-one are now engaged in practical farming or
gardening, and sixteen are indirectly connected with agri-
cultural affairs. In general intelligence upon all matters per-

taining to agriculture and horticulture, every graduate of the
College will compare favorably, not only with the alumni of
any other educational institution, but also with the most
Successful and best-informed farmers of the Commonwealth.

| ; ;

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. » [Feb.

The Trustees believe that the theoretical and practical edu-
cation afforded by the College has been equal at least to that
given at any other agricultural college of the country, and
that in agriculture it has fully met the requirements of the
charter granted by the Legislature of 1863. In order that
the public may understand the origin and objects of the Col-
lege, and the obligation of the State in regard to it, the laws
of the United States and of Massachusetts by which it was
endowed and incorporated are herewith printed for reference,
and may be found on pp. 22-26.

The following facts are worthy the consideration of every
fair-minded and honorable citizen of the good old Common-
wealth whose name the College bears. First, Massachusetts —
has accepted from the United States three hundred and sixty
thousand acres of land, from the town of Amherst seventy-
five thousand dollars, and from individuals a large additional
sum, and entered into a formal contract with the aforesaid
parties to maintain in Amherst a college which shall not be
inferior in its plan of organization to the existing State
institution. .

Secondly, the plan of organization and course of study
have been established by law, and have been found satisfac-
tory in practice, not only at home, but in Japan, where a
similar college has been organized, and is now in successful
operation. Whatever has been imperfect and objectionable
in the working of the College has resulted rather from the
want of adequate funds than from any inherent defects of
the system adopted. The great uncertainty with regard to
legislative appropriations has been a constant hinderance to
the judicious and economical management and development
of the College; but the Trustees, with the Governor of the
Commonwealth as their presiding officer, claim to have done,
in the main, as well as circumstances would allow.

Thirdly, the popular sentiment in favor of agricultural
education and of scientific inquiry for the improvement of
farming has steadily increased since the College was opened,
This is demonstrated by the fact that more than four hundred
young men applied for information about the College in the
months of July and August last; and one-quarter of them
appeared for admission to the freshmen class, while the ma-
jority of the others were deterred only by want of means to

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 11

defray the expenses of the course. This result of offering
free tuition refutes completely the assertion that there is no
demand for agricultural education. If the college were prop-
erly supported, and thrown open, without charge for tuition,
to the young men of Massachusetts, it would be crowded
with superior students, and become exceedingly popular.

Fourthly, the military department of the College, — re-
quired, officered, and equipped by the General Government, —
not only affords admirable facilities for valuable discipline to
every student, but also educates, far more thoroughly than any
militia system can, a large number of young men to serve as
oificers or soldiers in case of need. ‘This feature of the course
of study and training is far more important than is generally
supposed and has from the first received most careful atten-
tion, and been eminently successful. No wiser expenditure
for military purposes can be made by the State than to grant
the small sum needed for the proper maintenance of the
College.

Fifthly, the College has been and should be an experi-
mental station for the trial and investigation of whatever
promises to be of value in agriculture. The hearty recogni-
tion of the value of the scientific work done in years past
by the faculty and students of the institution, by the la-
mented Agassiz and other scientists, has been a source of
great encouragement to the president and professors, who
have patiently endured much abuse from the newspapers,
especially those of the cities.

Sixthly, the members of the Board of Agriculture are
overseers of the College, and by their examining committees
have regularly visited it, and reported upon its condition,
adding such friendly criticism as they thought might be use-
ful. The Trustees have endeavored, so far as their means
would allow, to be guided by the suggestions offered. They
have honestly and courageously striven to render the insti-
tution worthy the name given it by the Legislature of 1863,

and, notwithstanding the unpopularity of the word “agricul-

tural,” they have not asked to have it stricken out, as has
been done in Ohio’ and Pennsylvania. They believe the |

1 The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College has been organized and
re-organized by the Legislature four times; and in 1878 it was named the Ohio
State University, and graduated its first class of six. It has real estate and
appliances worth half a million dollars, and a cash income from the State
treasury of thirty thousand dollars.

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

most difficult portion of the task assigned them has been
accomplished, and that the College, substantially in its pres-
ent form, is worthy of confidence and support, and that the
people will not allow it to be reduced to insignificance for
want of a small amount of money.

Seventhly, the financial condition of the College demands
immediate attention and wise action on the part of the Legis-
lature. Year after year the annual deficit has been reported,
and repeated petitions for needed appropriations have been
made. ‘The committee on agriculture have granted hearings,
and visited the College, and always reported favorably; but
the handful of farmers, even when well informed themselves,
have often been unable to secure the passage of their bill.
The debt, to the accumulation of which no Legislature has
objected, now amounts to thirty-two thousand dollars, and
should be paid as soon as practicable. ‘The Trustees, as
unpaid agents of the Commonwealth, have done the best they
could to carry on the College according to the plan pre-
scribed by the statutes; and, when the necessary funds were
not furnished them, they have been compelled to borrow the
required amount. It would have been both unwise and
unlawful.for them to have modified the system of education
without the approval of the Legislature. If, after due con-
sideration, the General Court shall decide that the College
is better than Massachusetts can afford to maintain for the
education of her sons, then a new institution upon an inferior
plan should be organized. A reference to the summary state-
ment of all expenditures on account of the College, which
may be found on p. 108, shows that the total cost of this grand
experiment in agricultural education and improvement has
been not less than one million dollars. More than one-
quarter of this sum has been invested in land, buildings,
apparatus, furniture, live-stock, and other appliances for the
use of the several departments of the College. The Agri-
cultural Fund in the State treasury, the income of which is
applied for the payment of salaries, is two hundred and forty
thousand dollars. In addition to this there are in the Col-
lege treasury ten thousand dollars, constituting the Hills
Fund (given by Messrs. L. M. and H. F. Hills), the Grinnell
Prize Fund of one thousand dollars (the gift of Hon. William
Claflin), and the Mary Robinson Scholarship Fund, of the

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 13

same amount. A bequest of one thousand dollars has been

made by Mr. Whiting Street of Northampton, who died dur-

ing the past year; but the money has not yet been received
by the treasurer. Thus it appears that the present resources

of the College amount to half a million dollars, and that a

cash income of not less than thirteen thousand dollars may

be relied upon, without any regard to the receipts from tui-
tion, room-rent, or sales of produce or live-stock.

Although every other State in the Union offers free tuition
to its students in agriculture, the Trustees of the Massa-
chusetts College have felt obliged in years past to charge
seventy-five dollars per annum for tuition only, or three hun-
dred dollars for the full course. This sum, added to the cost
of room-rent, uniform, books, and board, was more than the
farmers have felt able or willing to pay, especially during a
period of financial depression. As the number of students
consequently was diminished, the opponents of the institu-
tion loudly proclaimed that the experiment was a failure,
and that there was no demand for agricultural education.
With a view of testing this matter, the Trustees voted to
establish a free scholarship in each of the eleven congres-
sional districts of the State, and also to allow each of the
alumni to nominate one student for a free scholarship for
four years, provided he should enter the freshman class of
1878. The result has already been mentioned, and demon-
strates the fact that the number of students would be limit-
ed only by the capacity of the buildings, if the College were

_ placed in the same relation to the public as the State normal
schools, the high schools, and the other agricultural colleges
of the country.

The good name and the best interests of the Common-
wealth imperatively require that the results of sixteen years
of hard labor and large expense in organizing the College,
now in successful operation, should receive candid and in-
telligent consideration from the Legislature. Certainly the
wealthiest State in the Union cannot plead inability as an
excuse for violating a plain contract to maintain “at least
one such college” as is described in the first section of the
act of incorporation. The Legislature of 1863 formally ac-
cepted the offer of the United States, with all its conditions,
_ and then instructed the Trustees to demand seventy-five

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. »[Bep-

thousand dollars as the price of the advantages to be derived
from the location and perpetual maintenance of such a col-
lege in any town which would also furnish a suitable farm
for a reasonable sum. Amherst was one of four towns to
bid for the institution, and was selected by the Trustees,
with the approval of the Governor and Council, as, on the
whole, offering the most eligible site and the most favorable
conditions. She paid her money on demand, and now very
properly expects Massachusetts to fulfil her part of the
agreement. Again: the Trustees established eleven free
congressional scholarships in January last, and gave due
information of the same to the Legislature in their Fifteenth
Annual Report. No objection having been made to their
mode of carrying on the College by any Legislature, they
deemed it for the best good of all concerned to offer to the
alumni additional scholarships as before mentioned. ‘There
are consequently now about one hundred students at the
College who have been promised free tuition for four years
by the accredited agents of the State. It is clearly impos-
sible to carry out this contract in its letter and spirit without
the favorable action of the Legislature.

In view of the foregoing statements, the Trustees respect-
fully ask that a thorough inspection of the College be under-
taken by the joint committees on education, agriculture,
and military affairs, or by a special committee, and that such
provision be made for the payment of the existing debt, and
the future maintenance of the institution, as, after due con-
sideration, may be deemed wise. They further recommend
that the College be required to give free tuition to students
from Massachusetts, as they believe its usefulness would be
largely increased, and its standard of discipline and scholar-
ship elevated, by such a policy. They also express the
opinion that ample funds for the maintenance of the College ©
may be secured, without any increase of taxation, by a
careful re-adjustment of the usual appropriations for agricul-
tural improvements.

THE MASSACHUSETTS EXPERIMENTAL STATION.

Notwithstanding the want of both time and money for
such purposes, the faculty of the College have in years past
undertaken a great variety of important investigations, and,

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 15

as required by the statute, have published many of them in
the annual reports. Aside from the valuable educational
work of the officers, there can be no doubt that the experi-
ments upon the production of sugar and sirup from the
beet-root and from sorghum, the annual inspection of all
commercial fertilizers sold in the State, the introduction of
special manures for special crops, and the scientific inquiries
in regard to the circulation of sap, the phenomena of plant-
growth, the temperature of the soil, and the relations of the
moisture in the air and the earth to fertilization, have been
of more direct pecuniary value to the citizens of the Com-
monwealth than the entire cost of the College up to this
time. And yet these admirable results are but indications of
the far grander and more useful possibilities which might be
achieved with suitable appliances and encouragement.

Professor Levi Stockbridge, in January of last year, gen-
erously offered the sum of one thousand dollars to defray the
necessary expenses, for one season, of an experimental station

at the College, provided the Trustees would authorize its es-
tablishment. Accordingly, President Clark, Professor Stock-
bridge, Professor Goessmann, Secretary Flint, and Honorable
Richard Goodman were appointed a committee, with full
power to act as the managers of the station. They soon
after held a meeting, and, after discussion, assigned subjects
for investigation to different members, and appropriated the
money to defray the cost of apparatus and necessary assist-
ance. The results of the year’s labors, so far as prepared for
publication, are appended to this report, and are both inter-
esting and instructive.

Professor Stockbridge has odneemnbted a lysimeter and
much other ingenious apparatus, and made an immense num-
ber of observations upon a variety of subjects connected
with the fall of rain and dew, the temperature of different
soils at all hours of the day and night, and the effects of
various fertilizers upon the soil and upon each other. His
report will be found to contain many new facts of vast
importance both to the science and the art of agriculture.

Dr. Goessmann’s report on the Early Amber cane, a vari-
ety of sorghum produced in Minnesota, seems to show con-
clusively that it cannot be profitably cultivated in Massachu-
setts for the production of dry sugar, though the yield and

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

quality of the sirup are quite satisfactory. The experiment
was carried out upon an extensive scale, at an expense of
more than five hundred dollars. About twenty different
fields were planted in Amherst and neighboring towns, and
more than two thousand gallons of sirup were made at the
mill on the College farm. After four years of laborious and
intelligent trial, it is clearly demonstrated that the sugar-beet
is the most desirable crop which can now be introduced into
Massachusetts, whether for the economical production of
sugar, or for the improvement of agriculture. Perhaps the
experiments which are in progress in Maine under the
patronage of the State may show the possibility of develop-
ing this industry without the investment of large sums of
money in building sugar-factories, which is the only hin-
derance to its immediate introduction into the Connecticut
Valley. The sugar-beet now furnishes more than thirty per
cent of the sugar of the world, and is the most profitable
crop of France and Germany, which raise, not only the sugar
they consume, but also a large quantity for exportation.

It is certainly to be hoped, in the interests of scientific
agriculture, that the liberality and enterprise of Professor
Stockbridge in thus starting the Massachusetts Experimental
Station will be followed up by the appropriation or gift of
means for its continuance.

THE FARM.

Superintendent Southwick has attended faithfully to his
duties in the care of the live-stock and the general manage-
ment of the farm. He has done some important work in
draining wet places, and in breaking up several acres of new
land west of the Colleges. His crops have, in the main, been
good. Besides the usual large yield of hay, he has harvested
twenty-six hundred bushels of ears of excellent corn, three
hundred and fifty-six bushels of mixed wheat and oats, and
two hundred and seventy-five bushels of rye.

The neat-stock consists of twenty-three thorough-bred
Short-horns, twenty-one Ayrshires, six Jerseys, and two Brit-
tanies. Besides these, there are also-on the farm five horses
and twenty-five very fine Berkshire swine. Notwithstanding
the extremely low price of pork and live pigs, the receipts
from sales during the year amounted to five hundred and

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 17

twenty-eight dollars. The swine have been kept in fine con-
dition at a mere nominal cost in pasture. During the winter
the neat-cattle, which are in excellent condition and of
superior quality, are fed once a day on cooked fodder, at
a cost of three cents for each animal. Corn-stover and poor
hay are cut and steamed in a covered box with a mixture of
eround rye, oats, and corn on the cob; and this feed has
proved to be both palatable and nutritious, as well as
economical.

THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Professor Maynard and Superintendent Clark have success-
fully managed the plant-houses, the nurseries, the orchards,
the vineyard, and the plantations of small-fruits. The straw-
berry-crop amounted to twenty-five hundred baskets, and a
larger number of vegetable and bedding plants were sold
than ever before; the total receipts of the department
amounting to a little over sixteen hundred dollars. The
peach-orchard is in good condition; but the crop of fruit was
destroyed by the warm weather of December, 1877. The
fruit-buds at present are sound and promising. ‘The vine-
yard produced but few grapes, and those mostly of poor
quality, in consequence, largely, of mildew. ‘The apple and
pear trees are healthy, but not old enough to yield much
fruit. Three thousand European larch and five thousand
white-ash seedlings have been cultivated in the nursery, and
are to be set next spring upon two acres of land which has
been prepared for them. ‘The following list shows the num-
ber of certain valuable fruit and ornamental trees and shrubs
added to the stock during the year 1878 : —

Apple-seedlings root grafted . ; : : - : : 9,150
Pear-seedlings budded : : - é : : : 1,200
mceemimesnudded . 6 is is te we ce 500
Peach-seedlings budded . : ; : : : , ‘ 300
Quince-stocks budded with pear. : : 6 eae : 800
Orange-quince grafted on apple-roots : : : : : 600
Grape-vines from cuttings : 3 ‘ : he ae 4,200
Evergreens, mostly Japanese, from ouliainies : : th oe LOL 000
Umbrella pine (Sciadopitys verticillata) . ‘ : ; : 3,000
Katsura (Cercidiphyllum Japonicum) . ; oy Pys : P 200

Japanese maple in twenty-three varieties.

In addition to these, a large number of all the more desira-
a

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

ble species of ornamental shrubs, and many herbaceous per-
ennials, have been propagated; and two thousand hills of
the best varieties of blackberries and raspberries will come
into bearing next summer.

A very interesting collection of fifty species of grass and
forage plants has been raised from seeds presented by J. M.
a Konb uke & Co. of New-York City.

Col. Eliphalet Stone of Dedham kindly sent to the Col-
lege scions of four very promising seedling pears originated
by him.

Valuable collections of the woods of the United States
and of Brazil have been received for the botanic museum
from the Department of Agriculture at Washington, and
numerous species of seeds, woods, and other specimens from
Japan, through the favor of Professor D. P. Penhallow of
the Sapporo Agricultural College.

ANNIVERSARY EXERCISES.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations occurred as usual in
Amherst-College Hall, on Monday evening, June 17. The
gold medals were awarded to William Gilbert Lee of the
sophomore class, and Charles Rudolph of the freshman class ;
and the silver medals, to Alvan Luther Fowler, sophomore,
and Charles Louis Flint, jun., freshman.

The Totten Military Prize was awarded to Charles Francis
Coburn, who read his essay on ‘“*’The American Military
Problem” to a large and interested audience in the College
Chapel, on Wednesday, June 19, after the usual drill and
review on the parade. Mr. Coburn also had the honor of
being selected as the orator to represent the College at the
commencement exercises of Boston University on the 9th of
June.

The Hills Botanical Prizes were awarded to Willie Levi
Boutwell, who had the best general herbarium and the best
collection of woods, and received twenty dollars; and to
Horace Edward Stockbridge, who received ten dollars for
the second best herbarium.

The competition for the Grinnell Agricultural Prizes was
unusually sharp, and showed that the honor and the money
were highly appreciated by the contestants. The following
account of the examination is taken from “The Journal

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 19

of Chemistry,” and was written by Dr. James R. Nichols,
chairman of the examining committee appointed by the
board of overseers, and an acknowledged authority in scien-
tific agriculture : —

“¢ Tt became our duty as well as our pleasure to be present at the exam-
inations of some of the classes at our State Agricultural College, at the
annual commencement in June. The senior class, in the examination
for the Grinnell Prizes, fell under our special supervision, and a very
thorough examination resulted. Messrs. O. B. Hadwen of Worcester and
W. L. Warner of Sunderland were associated with us on the committee,
both gentlemen of culture, and practical men on the farm. The first
prize, of fifty dollars, was awarded to C. F. Coburn of Lowell; and the
second, of thirty dollars, to H. E. Stockbridge of Amherst, son of Pro-
fessor Stockbridge of the College. These young men, together with the
class of about twenty, sustained an examination, continued through three
hours, on a wide variety of topics. We were désirous, independent of
the matter of the prizes, of ascertaining what the young men had actu-
ally acquired at the College which fitted them for the practical duties of
the farm. Here were twenty students before us who had completed the
course of study as set down in the college curriculum; and an opportunity
was afforded for obtaining some knowledge of the extent and value of
their acquisition as students of agriculture. The practical nature of the
examination is shown by a glance at the topics considered, — ‘ Origin and
Composition of Soils ;’ ‘Implements of Tillage;’ ‘ Plants, their Com-
position, and Sources from which the Material is obtained;’ ‘The Sus-
ceptibility of the Plant to Modification and Improvement by Cultivation ;’
‘Changes produced in Soil by the Growth of Plants;’ ‘ Methods by which
the Fertility of the Soil may be retained, or Exhausted Soils restored; ’
‘Grain-Growing, its Influence on the Fertility of the Farm, and how
retaining. in its Culture;’ ‘ Root-Crops;’ ‘Hay and Grass Crops;’
‘ Fruit-Culture on the Farm;’ ‘ Stock-Husbandry, and the Adaptations
of the United States to this Industry; and, ‘ Breeds of Cattle.’

‘It is true, a class examination, however fair and above-board it may
be, is not an infallible test of the positive attainments of students in any
branch of education: still, any one with a clear comprehension of the
nature of the topics introduced, and possessing ordinary sagacity, can
judge quite satisfactorily and justly of the value of the instruction
imparted.

‘We say unhesitatingly that the young men acquitted themselves
exceedingly well, and no one of them appeared incompetent for taking
charge of a farm, and conducting its affairs in accordance with good
sense and advanced knowledge of husbandry. ‘They had evidently been
well drilled in the ‘science of agriculture,’ and the drill embraced the
various departments which closely and remotely relate to the interests of
the farm. Each of the young men was required to write upon a practical
topic, without text-books, or any aid except what his own knowledge sup-
plied; and thus above twenty essays were placed in the hands of the com-

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

mittee for examination. This was an important test of scholarship, and
supplied a clew to the general training or culture of the students at the
College. Some of their papers were brief and unimportant; but others
were quite extended and able essays, worthy even of publication. We
are pleased to be able to bear testimony to the good appearance of the
graduating class at Amherst. How much influence the graduates will
exert in the direction of improving our farms and our stock it is impossi-
ble to decide, as it is not known how many will put in practice the facts
and principles in agriculture acquired at the College. It is certainly of
some importance to turn out upon the world twenty young men apparently
so well qualified for the successful prosecution of the arts of husbandry.”’

The anniversary exercises of the eighth graduation day
were held in Amherst-College Hall on Wednesday afternoon.
The theses were of superior quality, and well delivered, the
valedictory addresses being spoken by Arthur Amber Brig-
ham. The diplomas of the university were presented by
President Clark; while the college diplomas, with the signa-
ture of the Governor of the Commonwealth, were bestowed
upon the members of the graduating class by the Hon. Mar-
shall P. Wilder, who spoke as follows : —

‘¢ FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS, — Called on, as I am, unexpect-
edly, to perform the duties of his Excellency the Governor, whose absence
we so much regret, my words will be brief. I desire, however, to offer
you my hearty congratulations on the prosperity of our College, and
especially on the noble representation of young gentlemen who appear
before you to receive the degrees to which they are so justly entitled.

‘¢ Nothing has given me more pleasure than the very creditable man-
ner in which they have acquitted themselves to-day; and I am quite sure,
whether they are to become farmers, professional men, or tradesmen, they
will ever be grateful for the education which they have here received,
and of which they have given such substantial evidences to-day.

‘¢ Few things have given me more pleasure than the fact that this Col-
lege has sent forth so many young men who have been ornaments to soci-
ety, and blessings to our land. Especially have I been gratified that the
Government of Japan, after surveying the continent of Europe, should
have selected our beloved president to build and put in operation the first
agricultural college in those far-off isles, and to have installed in office
as its president and faculty young gentlemen who were graduates of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

‘¢ GENTLEMEN OF THE GRADUATING CLAss, — By virtue of authority
committed to me, I hereby admit you to the degree of Bachelor of Science,
to all the honors, rights, and privileges of graduates of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College.

‘¢ In testimony whereof I now deliver to each of your number a diploma,
duly signed by the president of the faculty, and by his Excellency the
Governor of the Commonwealth.

1879.] SENATE —No. 100.» 21

*‘ And now may you go forth, animated and inspired by a spirit of
noble manhood and Christian principle, to share in the responsibilities and
rewards of well-spent lives, — go forth valiant and stout-hearted, as mes-
sengers of peace and plenty, not to enrich the earth by human blood, but
to make it yield more and more abundantly, ever remembering that the
highest triumph of civilization is the conquest of mind over matter, the
dominion of man over Nature, improving, adorning, and elevating her
to the noblest purposes ef creation. Thus will you honor our College,
shine as stars in the crown of our good old Commonwealth, and become
benefactors in our land. 3

*¢ God bless you in your going out! God bless us all in our endeavors to
promote the welfare of our race! God bless this institution in the future
as in the past, and make it an honor to the State and country, a power
in our land, and a blessing to the millions that are to follow us!”’

Respectfully submitted,
By order of the Trustees,

W. 8S. CLARK,

President.
AMHERST, Jan. 30, 1879.

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

iN Gi

DonatTine Pustic LANDS TO THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES
WHICH MAY PROVIDE COLLEGES FOR THE BENEFIT OF AGRICUL-
TURE AND THE MecHanic Arts.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America, in Congress assembled, —

That there be granted to the several States, for the purposes hereinafter
mentioned, an amount of public land, to be apportioned to each State, a
quantity equal to thirty thousand acres for each senator and representa-
tive in Congress, to which the States are respectively entitled by the
apportionment under the census of eighteen hundred and sixty, provided
that no mineral lands shall be selected or rchased under the provisions
of this act.

Sect. 2. And be it further enacted, That the land aforesaid, after
being surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections, or
subdivisions of sections not less than one-quarter of a section ; and, when-
ever there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry
at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, the quantity to which said
State shall be entitled shall be selected from such lands within the limits
of such State. And the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue
to each of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands
subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per
acre, to which said State may be entitled under the provisions of this act,
land-scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive
share ; said scrip to be sold by said States, and the proceeds thereof
applied to the uses and purposes prescribed in this act, and for no other
use or purpose whatsoever: provided, that in no case shall any State to
which land-scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same
within the limits of any other State, or of any Territory of the United
States ; but their assignees may thus locate said land-scrip upon any of
the unappropriated lands of the United States, subject to sale at private
entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents or less per acre: and provided
further, that not more than one million acres shall be located by such
assignees in any one of the States: and provided further, that no such
location shall be made before one year from the passage of this act.

Sect. 38. And be it further enacted, That all the expenses of manage-
ment, superintendence, and taxes, from date of selection of such lands,
previous to their sales, and all expenses incurred in the management and
disbursements of the moneys which may be received therefrom, shall be
paid by the States to which they may belong out of the treasury of said
States, so that the entire proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be applied,
without any diminution whatever, to the purposes hereinafter mentioned.

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 28

Sror. 4. And be it further enacted, That all moneys derived from the
sale of the lands aforesaid by the States to which the lands are apportioned,
and from the sales of land-scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invest-
ed in stocks of the United States, or of the States, or some other safe
stocks yielding not less than five per centum upon the par value of said
stocks ; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund,
the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished (except so far as
may be provided in section fifth of this act), and the interest of which
shall be inviolably appropriated by each State which may take and claim
the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at
least one college, where the leading object shall be — without excluding
other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics —to
teach such branches of.learning as are related to agriculture and the
mechanic arts, in such manner as the Legislatures of the States may re-
spectively prescribe in order to promote the liberal and practical education
of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life.

SEecT..5. And be it further enacted, That the grant of land, and land-
scrip hereby authorized, shall be made on the following conditions, to
which, as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous
assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts.

First, If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the fore-
going section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall by any action
_ or contingency be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to
which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever un-
diminished; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without
diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act,
except that a sum not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount re-
ceived by any State under the provisions of this act may be expended
for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms, whenever au-
thorized by the respective Legislatures of said States.

Second, No portion of said fund,.nor the interest thereon, shall be
applied directly or indirectly, under any pretence whatever, to the pur-
chase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings.

Third, Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the pro-
visions of this act shall provide, within five years, at least not less than
one college, as described in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to
such State shall cease: and said State shall be bound to pay the United
States the amount received of any lands previously sold, and that the
_ title to purchasers under the State shall be valid.

Fourth, An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each
college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their
cost and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and
economical statistics, as may be supposed useful; one copy of which shall
be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all other colleges which may be
endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secre-
tary of the Interior.

Fifth, When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised
to double the minimum price, in consequence of railroad grants, they
_ shall be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number of
acres proportionally diminished.

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Sixth, No State, while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection
against the Government of the United States, shall be entitled to the
benefit of this act.

Seventh, No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it
shall express its acceptance thereof by its Legislature within two years
from the date of its approval by the President.

Sect. 6. And be it further enacted, That land-scrip issued under the
provisions of this act shall not be subject to location until after the first
day of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.

Sect. 7. And be it further enacted, That the land officers shall receive
the same fees for locating land-scrip issued under the provisions of this
act as is now allowed for the location of military bounty land warrants
under existing laws, provided their maximum compensation shall not
be thereby increased.

Sect. 8. And be it further enacted, ‘That the governors of the several
States to which scrip shall be issued under this act shall be required to
report annually to Congress all sales made of such scrip until the whole
shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appro-
priation has been made of the proceeds.

Approved July 2, 1862.

An AcT TO INCORPORATE THE TRUSTEES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. .

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court
Assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : —

Section 1. Marshall P. Wilder of Dorchester, Charles G. Davis of
Plymouth, Nathan Durfee of Fall River, John Brooks of Princeton,
Henry Colt of Pittsfield, William 8S. Southworth of Lowell, Charles
C. Sewall of Medfield, Paoli Lathrop of South Hadley, Phinehas Sted-
man of Chicopee, Allen W. Dodge of Hamilton, George Marston of
Barnstable, William B. Washburn of Greenfield, Henry L. Whiting of
Tisbury, John B. King of Nantucket, their associates and successors,
are hereby constituted a body corporate, by the name of the Trustees of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College, the leading object of which shall
be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including ~
military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agri-
culture and the mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and prac-
tical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and profes-
sions of life, to be located as hereinafter provided ; and they and their
successors, and such as shall be duly elected members of said corporation,
- Shall be and remain a body corporate by that nameforever. And, for the
orderly conducting of the business of said corporation, the said trustees
shall have power and authority from time to time, as occasion may re-
quire, to elect a president, vice-president, secretary, and treasurer, and
such other officers of said corporation as may be found necessary, and to
declare the duties and tenures of their respective offices ; and also to re-
move any trustee from the same corporation, when, in their judgment, he

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 25

shall be rendered incapable, by age or otherwise, of discharging the
duties of his office, or shall neglect or refuse to perform the same ; and,
whenever vacancies shall occur in the Board of Trustees, the Legislature
shall fill the same: provided, nevertheless, that the number of members

shall never be greater than fourteen, exclusive of the Governor of the

Commonwealth, the Secretary of the Board of Education, the Secretary
of the Board of Agriculture, and the President of the Faculty, each of
whom shall be, ex officio, a member of said corporation.

stitution and laws of this Commonwealth, with reasonable penalties, for

the good government of the said college and for the regulation of their own
body, and also to determine and regulate the course of instruction in said
college, and to confer such appropriate degrees as they may determine and
prescribe; provided, nevertheless, that no corporate business shall be trans-
acted at any meeting unless one-half at least of the trustees are present.

Sect 38. ‘The said corporation: may have a common seal, which they
may alter or renew at their pleasure; and all deeds sealed with the seal of
said corporation, and signed by their order, shall, when made in their
corporate name, be considered in law as the deeds of said corporation;
and said corporation may sue and be sued in all actions, real, personal, or
mixed, and may prosecute the same to final judgment and execution, by
the name of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College; and
said corporation shall be capable of taking and holding in fee simple, or
any less estate, by gift, grant, bequest, devise, or otherwise, any lands,
tenements, or other estate, real or personal: provided that the clear annual
income of the same shall not exceed thirty thousand dollars.

Seor. 4. The clear rents and profits of all the estate, real and person-
al, of which the said corporation shall be seized and possessed, shall be
appropriated to the uses of said college in such manner as shall most effec-
tually promote the objects declared in the first section of this act, and as
may be recommended from time to time by the said corporation, they
conforming to the will of any donor or donors in the application of any
estate which may be given, devised, or bequeathed, for any particular
object connected with the college.

Secor. 5. The Legislature of this Commonwealth may grant any further
powers to, or alter, limit, annul, or restrain, any of the powers vested by
this act in, the said corporation, as shall be found necessary to promote
the best interests of the said college; and more especially may appoint
and establish overseers or visitors of the said college, with all necessary

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.’79.

powers for the better aid, preservation, and government thereof. The said
corporation shall make an annual report of its condition, financial and
otherwise, to the Legislature at the commencement of its session.

Sect. 6. The Board of Trustees shall determine the location of said
college in some suitable place within the limits of this Commonwealth,
and shall purchase, or obtain by gift, grant, or otherwise, in connection
therewith, a tract of land containing at least one hundred acres, to be
used as an experimental farm, or otherwise, so as best to promote the
objects of the institution; and, in establishing the by-laws and regu-
lations of said college, they shall make such provision for the manual
labor of the students on said farm as they may deem just and reasonable.
The location, plan of organization, government, and course of study,
prescribed for the college, shall be subject to the approval of the Legislature.

Sect. 7. One-tenth part of all the moneys which may be received by
the State treasurer from the sale of land-scrip, by virtue of the provisions
of the one hundred and thirtieth chapter of the acts of the thirty-seventh
Congress, at the second session thereof, approved July second, eighteen
hundred and sixty-two, and of the laws of this Commonwealth, shall be
paid to said college, and appropriated towards the purchase of said site
or farm, provided, nevertheless, that the said college shall first secure, by
valid subscriptions or otherwise, the further sum of seventy-five thousand
dollars, for the purpose of erecting suitable buildings thereon; and, upon
satisfactory evidence that this proviso has been complied with, the gov-
ernor is authorized from time to time to draw his warrants therefor.

Sect. 8. When the said college shall have been duly organized,
located, and established, as and for the purposes specified in this act,
there shall be appropriated and paid to its treasurer each year, on the
warrant of the governor, two-thirds of the annual interest or income
which may be received from the fund created under and by virtue of the
act of Congress named in the seventh section of this act and the laws of
this Commonwealth, accepting the provisions thereof, and relating to the
same.

Sect. 9. In the event of a dissolution of said corporation by its vol-
untary act at any time, the real and personal property belonging to the
corporation shall revert and belong to the Commonwealth, to be held by
the same, and be disposed of as it may see fit, in the advancement of
education in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Legislature shall
have authority at any time to withhold the portion of the interest or income
from said fund provided in this act, whenever the corporation shall cease
or fail to maintain a college within the provisions and spirit of this act
and the before-mentioned act of Congress, or for any cause which they
deem sufficient.

Approved April 29, 1863.

REPORT TO THE DIRECTORS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS EXPERIMENTAL STATION,

Proressor C. A. GOESSMANN.

Sorenum-Mitt, M. A. C., 1878.
C, C, Sheet-iron Pans. D, D, D, Strain-
F, Water-Tank.

B, Cook’s Evaporator.

A, Victor Crushing-Mill.
ng Juice from Mill to Pan.

ers. E, Metallic Pipe conducti

se =e

| lee

REPORT ON EARLY AMBER CANE.

THE unusual interest which of late the Minnesota Early
Amber Cane has awakened in some of the Western States,
as a plant qualified for the production of sirup and sugar for
the general market, induced President Clark to make ar-
rangements for the purpose of ascertaining the value of this
particular kind of sorghum upon the soil of Massachusetts.
The seeds which served for the trial were secured through
the department of agriculture at Washington, D.C., to
obtain the genuine article. Somewhat more than twenty
acres were planted in our vicinity during the past season,
from one-fourth of an acre to one acre of cane being raised
by each party. The experimental field upon the College-
grounds contained just one acre. The apparatus used for
erushing and pressing the cane, and the pan for evaporating
the juice, were the same as those extensively used in Minne-
sota, —a Victor Mill and a Cook’s Evaporator, both of the
size recommended by the patentees for the working of the
produce from twenty acres of cane. The entire management
of the practical part of the experiment was, for obvious
reasons, confined to the selection of such modes of operation
as could be carried on by any intelligent farmer with a
moderate outlay of money. The kind information received
from Mr. 8. H. Kinney of Morristown, Rice County, Minn.,
one of the foremost successful experimenters with the Early
Amber Cane, regarding the current practice among his ac-
quaintances, served as a guide in the cultivation of the cane
and the working of its juice. To the writer was assigned
the task of studying the changes which the cane undergoes
during the later period of its growth, in order to learn the
time when the sugar becomes more prominent in its juice,
to ascertain the rate at which its percentage increases,

30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

and to determine the particular point in the ripening
process of the plant when the largest amount of sugar is
present, and to notice, finally, the changes which the cane
subsequently suffers in regard to the quantity and quality
of its saccharine matter. Having studied in previous years,
soon after its first introduction into the agricultural inter-
ests of the country, the Chinese sugar-cane for a similar pur-
pose,! I propose to introduce into the following discussion
such facts established on that occcasion as may aid in a due
understanding of the questions involved.

The origin of the Early Amber Cane on trial is described
by the commissioner of statistics of Minnesota, in his report
for 1877, p. 88, in the following words: ‘“ After the close
of the war two men, strangers to each other, whose homes
were twenty miles apart (Messrs. Seth H. Kinney of Morris-
town, and Charles F. Miller of Dundas, Rice County), in
the heart of that immense forest known as the ‘ Big Woods’
of Minnesota, struggled, with a tenacity and persistence that
excited the mournful pity of their neighbors, to successfully
manufacture molasses from the sorghum, or Chinese sugar-
‘cane. One of these men (Miller) chanced upon the seed of
a hybrid, an acclimated species of the cane, known as the
‘Minnesota Early Amber,’ which, by some inspiration, he
was induced to send to a friend in Missouri, with directions
to plant it there, and return to him the ripened seed. From
the first crop produced by that seed he was able to manufac-
ture a sirup.that was so immeasurably superior to his former
productions, that he was assured of complete success. After
that, the difficulties were of detail, some of them almost
insurmountable from lack of means, and others were equally
so from the very simplicity of them, and their remedies.
Either of these men might have succeeded alone; but when
they came together, as they did at last, and combined their
experience, and their resources of skill and invention, a new
industry was born, and a new factor in the wealth and the
commerce of this State will very soon command public atten-
tion.” In connection with these introductory remarks are
also published letters of Messrs. Miller and Kinney to the

1 See Transactions of the New-York State Agricultural Society of 1861, vol.
xxi. pp. 787-811: Contribution to the Knowledge of the Nature of the Chinese
Sugar-cane, Sorghum saccharatum (W.), by C. A. Goessmann.

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 31

commissioner, containing an interesting and somewhat de-
tailed account of their mode of cultivating and harvesting
the cane, and of securing and working its juice into sirup
and sugar, besides a description of the actual results obtained,
as well as the prospects held out for future enterprise by the
introduction of improved systems of tréatment, based on a
better knowledge of the subject in its scientific and indus-
trial relations.

As the Early Amber Cane raised upon the College-grounds
has furnished almost exclusively the material for my investi-
gation, previous to the harvesting of the cane from the ex-
perimental fields on other farms in the Connecticut Valley,
I begin my report with a short statement from Professor
Stockbridge, concerning the course pursued in the cultiva-
tion of the field under his immediate charge. .The land
engaged in the experiment was one acre in extent, and con-
sisted of a heavy sandy loam. Part of it had been used
previously for the raising of garden-vegetables. It was fer-
tilized at an early date in the spring with chemicals at a cost
of fifteen dollars. The fertilizer contained potash, phos-
phoric acid, and nitrogen, in proportions favorable for the
formation of sugarin the crop. The seed was planted on
the 18th of May, in drills three feet and a half apart, with |
the plants about five inches distant from each other in the
drill. The field was four times cultivated, and the harvest-
ing began on the 14th of September, and closed on the 22d.
The crop when fully grown was from eleven to twelve feet
high, with canes unusually vigorous and handsome, resem-
bling in general appearance rather those of the broom-corn
than those of the sorghum of an earlier day.

The examination of the cane was carried out in the follow-
ing manner. On the dates specified the stalks were cut off
six inches above the ground; and two feet in length of the
tops, and all the leaves, were removed. The remaining part
of the cane was subsequently crushed and pressed to secure
its juice. The latter —after being tested for its specific
gravity by Brix’s saccharometer, and for its relative amount
of free acid at boiling heat by means of a solution of car-
bonate of soda, containing one gramme of sodium carbonate
anhydride in a hundred ce. of distilled water — was treated
without delay with a solution of basic acetate of lead to secure

32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

a good defecation, in the same manner as is usual in the case
of the juice of the sugar-beet root. ‘The filtered juice was
subsequently divided, in every instance, into two portions,

one of which was tested directly in the usual manner, with
_ Fehling’s solution, for grape-sugar; and the other, after being
treated in the customary way with hydrochloric acid at a
moderate heat, to convert the cane-sugar present into glucose,
was treated like the former portion for the total amount of
sugar. The difference noticed between the two tests was
calculated, according to well-known rules, as cane-sugar.

It has been the aim during the entire investigation to
secure in all cases, not otherwise specified, a comparative
value to the various analytical statements.

I.— EXAMINATION OF THE EARLY AMBER CANE RAISED
UPON THE COLLEGE FARM.

te
1878.

Aug. 15.—Juice obtained from plants jive feet high; no flower-stalks
in sight. Specific gravity, 4.2° Brix, at 27° C. tempera-
ture. Grape-sugar present, 2.48 per cent. Cane-sugar
present, none. Standard soda solution required, 6.8 cc.
The microscope revealed the presence of many granules of
starch. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 92.07 per cent
moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 7.93 per cent solid
matter.

Aug. 16. — Juice obtained from plants ten feet high; no flower-stalks in
sight. Specific gravity, 5.8° Brix, at 24° C. temperature.
Grape-sugar present, 4.06 per cent. Cane-sugar present,
none. Soda solution required, 9 cc.. Cane lost at 100° to
110° C., 88.90 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to
110° C., 11.10 per cent solid matter.

Aug. 20.-— Juice obtained from plants with the lower leaves of the canes
turned reddish; flower-stalks well developed; flowers, how-
ever, not yet open. Specific gravity, 7.9° Brix, at 24° C.
temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.47 per cent. Cane-
sugar present, 2.15 per cent. Soda solution required, 7 cc.
Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 87 per cent moisture. Cane
left at 100° te 110° €., 13 per cent solid matter.

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 33

Aug. 24.— Juice from plants bearing flower-stalks with fully developed
open flowers. Specific gravity, 8.7° Brix, at 23° C. tem-
perature. Grape-sugar present, 3.7 per cent. Cane-sugar
present, 3,per cent. Soda solution required, 4 cc. Cane
lost at 100° to 110° C., 85.93 per cent moisture. Cane left
at 100° to 110° C., 14.07 per cent solid matter.

Aug. 27. — Juice from canes of plants in full blossom. Specific gravity,
10.0° Brix, at 25° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present,
3.65 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 4.13 per cent. Soda
solution required, 10 cc. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C.,
84.52 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C.,
15.48 per cent solid matter.

Aug. 30.— Juice from canes of plants with the formation of the seed
fairly begun. Specific gravity, 9.50° Brix, at 30° C. tem-
perature. Grape-sugar present, 4 per cent. Cane-sugar
present, 3.81 per cent. Soda solution required, 9.5 ce.
Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 83.86 per cent moisture. Cane
left at 100° to 110° C., 16.14 per cent solid matter.

Sept. 2.—Juice from canes of plants with seeds in the milk, i.e., seeds
of full size, yet still soft. Specific gravity, 10.70° Brix, at
27° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.85 per cent.
Cane-sugar present, 4.41 per cent. Soda solution required,
9.5cce. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 84.15 per cent moist-
ure. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 15.85 per cent solid
matter.

Sept. 9.— Juice from canes of plants with seeds still soft. Specific
: gravity, 12.10° Brix, at 22° C. temperature. Grape-sugar
present, 3.21 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 6.86 per cent.
Soda solution required, 9.5 cc. Cane lost at 100° to 110°
C., 73.87 per cent moisture. Cane left at 100° to 110° C.,

26.13 per cent solid matter.

Sept. 9.—Juice from canes of plants from which, on the 2d of Sep-
tember, the leaves and the tops had been removed, without
disturbing them otherwise. Specific gravity, 12.8° Brix,
at 22° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.77 per cent.
Cane-sugar present, 6.81 percent. Soda solution required,
9.5 cc. Cane lost at 100° to 110° C., 73.25 per cent moist-
ure. Cane left at 100° to 110° C., 26.75 per cent solid
matter.

o4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

10.

Sept. 18. — Juice from canes of plants left upon the field without any
alteration regarding leaves or tops. Specific gravity, 13.2°
Brix, at 22° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.57
per cent. Cane-sugar present, 7.65 per cent.

INI

Sept. 18. — Juice from canes of plants from which only the tops had
been removed, leaving the remaining portion undisturbed
in the soil. Specific gravity, 13.8° Brix, at 22° C. temper-
ature. Grape-sugar present, 3.16 per cent. Cane-sugar
present, 8.49 per cent.

12.

Sept. 18. — Juice from canes of plants from which the tops and all the
leaves had been removed on the 9th of September, whilst
the remaining portion was not disturbed in- the soil until
cut on the 18th of September. Specific gravity, 11.5° Brix,

at 22° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 3.16 per
cent. Cane-sugar present, 5.85 per cent.

13.

Sept. 18. — Juice from canes of plants which were cut off on the 9th of
September, had their tops removed as usual, yet their
leaves left on, and subsequently left upon the field for nine
days, before the sample tested was secured by pressing.
Specific gravity, 12.8° Brix, at 22 C. temperature. Grape-
sugar present, 10 per cent. Cane-sugar present, .60 per
cent.

14.

Sept. 21.— The juice secured from the cane of No. 13 on the 21st of
September showed specific gravity, 13° Brix, at 21° C.
temperature, and, when taken still two days later, its spe-

cific gravity was equal to 15° Brix, at 18° C. temperature. —

— eee ee

From the previously-stated observations we may safely —

deduce the following conclusions regarding the questions
above specified, at least, as far as the conditions of our soil
and climate bear on the growth and development of the
Minnesota Early Amber Cane as a sugar-producing plant: —

1. The grape-sugar appears in the cane at an early stage of
its growth (Nos. 1 and 2), and increases slowly to from three
to four per cent before cane-sugar is formed.

2. The cane-sugar is first noticeable at the time when the
flower-stalks become visible above the leaves; and its amount

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 35

increases steadily until the seeds are of full size, yet still
soft (Nos. 3-8).

3. The relative proportion of grape-sugar to cane-sugar
did not exceed, at any time before the hardening of the
seeds, 3.16 per cent of the former to 8.49 per cent of the
latter: in the majority of cases it was about three to seven.

4. The cane loses a considerable amount of its moisture
during the period of the development of the seeds, from ten
to twelve per cent (see Nos. 7 and 8), aiding thereby in
increasing the density of the juice: the better quality of the
latter during later periods in the life of the plant has, for
this reason, to be ascribed largely to that cause, and not to
the continued formation of sugar. The quality of the juice
is improved at that stage, largely, therefore, if not entirely,
at the expense of its quantity.

5. The increase in the density of the juice of the cane
after the seeds are full grown may be somewhat retarded by
taking off the leaves, without disturbing the remaining plant
in the soil (No. 12).

6. The cane-sugar of the plants changes gradually yet
steadily into grape-sugar, after they are once cut off. The
degree of that change varies widely, and depends largely on
their exposure, being more serious during moist and warm
than in dry and cold weather. |

7. The safest way to secure the full benefit of the Early
Amber Cane crop for sirup and sugar manufacture is to
begin cutting the canes when the seed is full grown, yet still
soft (in our case between the 10th and 15th of September),
and to grind them without delay. Bead

The grinding of the cane raised upon the College farm
began on the 15th of September. As quite a difference of
Opinion prevailed among the cultivators of the Early Amber
Cane, according to advice received from well-informed parties
in Minnesota, regarding the most appropriate time for cutting
the cane, —some maintaining that it should not be cut until
the mill was ready to grind it without delay; while others
claimed to have obtained the best results after keeping the
cut cane for a week or more spread upon the ground, before
carrying it to the mill.for grinding,—a part of our cane,
after being cut, was left upon the field for about ten days (see
experiments Nos. 10-13) before being ground and pressed :

36 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

the remainder was cut, and without delay sent to the mill.
The examination of the juice obtained from both of these lots
of cane gave the results which are stated above in experi-
ments Nos. 10-13. They admit of no other explanation,
but that the best course to pursue consists in grinding the
matured cane as soon as it is cut.

The juice coming from the mill was carried through an
iron pipe to a metal sieve to remove the suspended particles
of cane, and thence into a sheet-iron pan of seventy to eighty
gallons’ capacity, for defecation. Following the practice of
Messrs. Kinney and Miller, for some time nothing was added
to the juice to assist in the defecation. Towards the close of
the season, when the coagulation of the albuminoids was less
thorough, a small amount of slaked lime was added, avoiding,
however, an excess of lime; for the re-action of the latter
on the grape-sugar present would tend to increase the color,
and to affect at the same time the taste unpleasantly. The
efficient use of boneblack filters for the removal of both
objectionable results was, for economical reasons, out of the
question. The copious scum produced by the heating of the
fresh juice to from 85° to 95° C. in the defecating pan was
removed as much as possible by skimming, and subsequent
filtering through a woollen cloth filter on its passage into a
second iron pan, where the heating was continued. From
this second pan the hot, defecated juice was drawn, as re-
quired, into a Cook’s evaporator, constructed of copper,
where the skimming process was continued until the sirup
had reached the desired density, which, as a general rule,
was equal to 75° of Brix’s saccharometer when hot. The
color of the sirup thus produced from recently-cut cane
was yellowish; its taste, as might be expected without the
use of boneblack, was somewhat peculiar, yet pleasant, and
quite generally liked. ‘The average yield amounted to from a
hundred and sixty to a hundred and seventy gallons per acre.
To study the effect of the mode of manufacture pursued, on
the composition of the sirup, the following’ experiment was
instituted. The juice of a healthy, fresh-cut cane was tested
before it passed into the defecator, and also, subsequently, the
sirup obtained from it.

Sept. 29.— Juice, 14.7° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Grape-sugar

present, 3.61 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 8.16 per
cent.

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 37

The sirup obtained from the previously-stated juice contained
Grape-sugar, 37.87 per cent; cane-sugar, 37.48 per cent.

A glance at these results shows that the relative proportion
of the cane-sugar and the grape-sugar, as found in the juice,
is seriously altered in the course adopted for its manufacture
into sirup. In sight of these facts, it will be quite generally
conceded that the sugar-production from sirup like the
above must remain a mere incidental feature in the Amber
Cane industry in our section of the country, as long as the
cost of separating the sugar does not offer more substantial
advantages. | ,

I].—EXAMINATION OF THE EARLY AMBER CANE RAISED
BY FARMERS IN THE VICINITY OF THE COLLEGE.

As soon as the crop of the College had been disposed of,
the canes from outside experimental fields were treated in a
like manner. The interest in our experiments taken by
farmers generally began soon to make itself felt at the mill
by the arrivals of lots of cane from all sides, rendering it
necessary to increase the working force. The mill, being
worked by three horses, was run day and night, and the
evaporators were thus supplied with juice without any serious
interruption, except the short time required for cleaning.
The management of the mill, and the manufacture of the
sirup during the entire season (from the 15th of September
to the 25th of October), were very efficiently superintended
by Messrs. Atherton Clark and H. E. Stockbridge, both
graduates of the College, and special students of chemistry
in the post-graduate course. Mr. E. B. Bragg of the class of
1875 also rendered valuable assistance in the chemical exami-
nation of the juices.

Some of the cane sent on was ground soon after it had
been cut: other lots had been cut weeks before their turn in
the mill came round. In some instances the yield of sirup
per acre exceeded two hundred gallons, — one instance being
reported where it amounted to two hundred and fifty-four
gallons per acre, — in others, it fell behind the average, on ac-
count of the exposure the canes had suffered before being
ground. No systematic examination of the juice of the cane
coming from outside fields was attempted, partly on account

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

of the absence of such facts as impart special value to the tests
caried out, partly on account of want of time to follow up
each case in a satisfactory manner. A general examination
of the juice worked on each day was, however, continued ;
and, as the results obtained in this connection are not entirely
without interest regarding some points involved in our in-
quiry, I enter them on record. ‘

Sept. 25. — The cane, after being cut, left for three weeks upon the field,
during dry warm weather. Juice, 19.8° Brix, at 21 C.
temperature. Grape-sugar present, 11.91 per cent. Cane-
sugar present, 6.27 per cent.

Sept. 26. —Juice, 14.7° Brix, at 15° C. temperature.

Sept. 28. — Juice; 17.8° Brix, at 12° C. temperature. Grape-sugar pres-
ent, 16.6 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined.

Oct. 1.— Juice, 17.5° Brix, at 19° C. temperature.

Oct. 3.—Juice, 15° Brix, at 22° C. temperature.

Oct. 4.—Juice, 16.1° Brix, at 17° C. temperature. Grape-sugar
present, 8.62 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 6.16 per cent.
Soda solution required, 12 ce.

Oct. 7.— Cane cut just before grinding, and sent with its leaves through

‘the mill. Juice, 16.7° Brix, at 20° C. temperature.
Grape-sugar present, 4.16 per cent. Cane-sugar present,
9.94 per cent. Soda solution required, 6.8 cc.

Oct. 8.—Cane cut fresh the day before grinding; the leaves had, how-
ever, been taken off the canes two weeks before cutting
them. Juice, 12.8° Brix, at 17° C. temperature. Grape-
sugar present, 5.16 per cent. Cane-sugar, present, 5.27
per cent. Soda solution required, 7 cc.

Oct. 9.— Juice, 18.4° Brix, at 17° C. temperature. Grape-sugar
present, 7.57 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Soda

_ solution required, 10.6 cc.

Oct. 10.— Cane cut five days before grinding. Juice, 15.2° Brix, at
15° C. temperature.

Oct. 11. —Cane having been kept two weeks at ans mill, Juice, 17.1°
Brix, at 16° C. temperature.

Oct. 14. —Cane several weeks old when ground. Juice, 18.2° Brix,
at 15° C. temperature. Grape-sugar present, 10.42 per
cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Sodasolution required,
104 cer 3

Oct. 15. —Juice, 15.2° Brix, at 18° C. temperature.

Oct. 16. — Juice, 17.8° Brix, at 22° C. temperature.

Oct. 17. — Juice, 18° Brix, at 20° C. temperature. |

Oct. 18. —Juice, 15.1° Brix, at 23° C. temperature. Grape-sugar
present, 7.57 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined.

Oct. 19. — Juice, 15.5° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Grape-sugar pres-
ent, 9.22 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Soda
solution required, 13.6 ce.

1879.) | SENATE — No. 100. 39

Oct. 20. — Juice, 17.3° Brix, at 15° C. temperature.

Oct. 22. — Juice, 16.2° Brix, at 16° C, temperature. Grape-sugar
present, 8.3 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined.

Oct. 23. —Juice, 18.3° Brix, at 17° C. temperature. Grape-sugar
present, 11.8 per cent. Cane-sugar present, 5.5 per cent.
Soda solution required, 14 cc.

Oct. 24. — Juice, 16.6° Brix, at 15° C. temperature. Grape-sugar pres-
ent, 8.63 per cent. Cane-sugar, not determined. Soda
solution required, 9 cc.

The above-stated observations lead, on the whole, to the
same conclusions as those arrived at in connection with the
examination of the cane from the College-field. The relative
proportion between grape-sugar and cane-sugar noticed in
the cane from the College-grounds has in no instance been
changed for the better. The injurious changes which the
cane undergoes after being once cut off are rendered quite
conspicuous. A trial to decide whether it would be better
economy to grind the cane after its leaves have been removed,
as has been the rule, or to send it with its leaves through
the mill, demonstrated the fact that the saving of labor in the
field by omitting the stripping does not compensate for
the loss suffered in the clogging of the mill, and the waste of
juice, which occurs when the leaves are left on.

III. — VALUATION OF THE CROP RAISED ON THE COL-
LEGE-GROUNDS.

The expenses incurred in the cultivation and harvesting of
one acre of the Early Amber Cane upon the College-grounds
have been as follows : —

Cost of chemicals used as fertilizers . : : : ‘ . $15 00

tillage . ‘ ‘ : : : : 19 00
cutting cane, stripping leaves, cutting tops, and carting

to mill . ; : . : : , ; - 16 00

$00 00

The crop produced has yielded one hundred and sixty-four
gallons of a good sirup, about forty bushels of seed of a
middling quality, besides from four to five tons of moist
bagasse, and from one ton to one ton and a half of semi-dry
leaves. The sirup has been partly sold in retail, at fifty

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

cents per gallon, to visitors at the sugar-mill. The seed has
been estimated by Professor Stockbridge to be equal to
about forty bushels, and is considered worth, for feeding
purposes, thirty-five cents per bushel, or fourteen dollars for
the entire yield. The bagasse is known to be suitable for
paper manufacture, and is supposed to bring about five dol-
lars; whilst the leaves, even for fertilizing purposes, cannot
be considered worth less than from three to four dollars.

The manufacturing expenses of the sirup have been higher
than they would have been in case of .a more permanent
arrangement for manufacturing purposes, where steam or
water power would be used as motive power instead of
horses. Judging from the results obtained under similar
conditions elsewhere, it seems quite safe to assume that the
cost would not exceed from twelve to thirteen cents per gal-
lon, or about one-half of what it actually amounted to in
our experiments. Comparing, on the basis of the previously-
adopted values, the expenses and the returns per acre of our
trial with the Early Amber Cane, we find, —

Expenses equal to . : ; 3 ;: y F : . $70 00
Returns equalto . : 3 5 : - : : ..- £05°00
Leaving thus a surplus of . : ; ae : - $385 00

I need not, however, to add that. these results may be ma-
terially improved by a larger yield of sirup, which is fully
within reach ; for in two instances it rose up to two hundred
and forty gallons per acre. Every additional fifty gallons of
sirup would be equal to from six to seven dollars increased
cash return.

The Western cultivators of the Early Amber Cane claim
for it in two important points a superiority over the Chinese
sorghum of twenty years ago :—

1. It ripens earlier, and offers thereby a better chance to
raise it on an extensive scale, with less risk of having the
crop partly destroyed by frost.

2. Its juice furnishes a better sirup, which proves its better
fitness for that purpose.

It remains a matter of regret that no systematic chemical
examination into the changes which this variety of cane
undergoes during its growth and its period of ripening in
Minnesota has been made; since the exact period of the

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 41

maturity of a plant, as well as the particular amount of its
constituents, as sugar, starch, &c., are known to be not un-
frequently greatly affected by climate, and by the condition
and peculiar adaptation of the soil turned to account for its
cultivation.

It remains for me merely to state that our results are not
as satisfactory as we hoped for when entering on the experi-
ment. By pursuing a course of treatment based on strictly
scientific principles, without reference to cost, I succeeded
many years ago in securing between eight and nine per cent
of cane-sugar from the juice of the Chinese sorghum: others
have since obtained similar results.

The presence of a large amount of grape-sugar in all the
later stages of the Early Amber, as well as of all other varie-
ties of this species, is a serious feature in the composition of
the juice, impairing greatly the chances for a copious separa-
tion of the cane-sugar by simple modes of treatment. The
necessity of applying more costly apparatus, and engaging
skilled labor to secure the larger portion of the cane-sugar, if
once conceded, places the production of dry sugar from sor-
ghum beyond the scope of general farm enterprise.

Lae agi
Rhee try Chae

a! i liv é
- Se ee A ae Se ‘s
asia v4 isn ‘ fan
Avia Lp dae Bey hee sesh LOL ia PEARS hia i Le 5tp ied
weer ee
etre ee phase JED). SEB eke O4a8* PED, f a Pe ius t
‘pal 7 BORA TATA BNE TOT | Glee eae
4 + Kate Z : ERP Ss eee gis iY it ' VU
AMES cur Re 8 4 ge tked De pth ae aair ee Oe as Me
ar) ¥ ' ‘ ; ws } - 4 >, hn. ted
* te j (FUEL Li hnee 2 ae eke? ek iy igor rds aL ae
id itegiale h ie oh TAGS Pate vi.
iy 2 SOAR HOA eee bh 8)
—— a ut aut
2 \ . ofa igieir
] ‘ j ae Recess 10 Eaters
=~ k ES | hee
ni : ee ri , bet
ssf i gth-len Lage SE Age De a Sa
iy noltequiag $00 ah nis) aie) i ai
, ¥ “7 ) ‘ Ps ‘ 4
tiie Sana lele SY arse Ae Usaos

i.e ‘ ¢ ’ ” ‘ ;
acai | Joo eeed, 2 seo Be fe
vi
‘ry jhe ae OF, ; tT cs ePPiya. ot eds vei eiy) Wen AT hs © '
i eerth ae OED Tue OL) 1gik ee, orth ag

+ LFS tide PS ARS ic fs) ae $14 haha Foee t} took Veep
> * . 4 < - La * ‘ ) ,
$ oe ee hee: ({ ; ei err fae’! Yah. sis Seen “/ .
| ; ‘ ‘ ° an
.
/
f:
’
‘ nae
.
y
’
i
ha
r i
i ¢ : Hh Ae

REPORT TO THE DIRECTORS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS EXPERIMENTAL STATION.

PROFESSOR LEVI STOCKBRIDGE.

REPORT.

THE undersigned, upon whom, by your vote, was devolved
the duty of conducting experiments on the deportment of
soils towards water and various manures by the use of the
lysimeter, has performed that duty with as much care and
_ accuracy as the time and means at his disposal would allow,
and is able to submit the following results : —

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING THE LYSIMETER.

Though not found in dictionaries or encyclopedias, the
word “lysimeter ”’ means simply an instrument for measuring
the natural percolation of rain falling upon the soil. At the
time the experiment was instituted, it was quite difficult
to obtain definite information as to its proper mode of con-
struction and use. There was but one such instrument in
America, and that not thoroughly constructed nor fully
equipped. The instrument, such as it was, was on the farm
of the Sturtevant Brothers of South Framingham, Mass.,
who had kept a record of its operations for two years. A
visit was made those gentlemen, who kindly showed me the
instrument, and its method of operation ; and from one of
them, Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, a paper was received making
invaluable suggestions in relation to the details of construc-
tion and equipment, and the direction of investigations con-
sidered of the greatest importance. From the information
here obtained, and in view of the small appropriation for the
purpose, it was deemed advisable to confine the experiments
to one variety of soil, and to a medium depth; and the ly-
simeter was accordingly constructed as follows: A box was
made of two-inch chestnut plank, three feet deep, 45.726
inches square on the inside, and which would enclose =,,7

3000
of an acre of land to the depth of the box. The planks on

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

the sides were grooved and tongued, dovetailed at the cor-
ners, and firmly spiked together. The box was painted in-
side and out with coal-tar, and lined on the inside with
sheet-copper, which was doubled over the upper and lower
edges of the box, and securely tacked on the outside. The
bottom was made of the same material, put together in the
same manner, painted and lined with the same, but was made
six inches larger than the square of the box. One end of
the bottom was scarfed to an edge to facilitate its passage
through the soil when driven under the box, and in the
other two one-inch holes were bored in the centre of the end
of the plank diagonally upward to and through the copper
lining of the box. Into these holes, copper tubes were in-
serted, which on the inside were soldered water-tight to the
lining of the bottom, and which protruded one inch and a_
half from the end of the plank to carry off the percolating
water. The soil selected to experiment upon was a drift
which had been in grass nine years without manure. The
first ten inches on the surface was a chocolate-colored sandy
loam, in which were many pebbles and small round stones;
the next fourteen inches consisted of a light yellow gravelly
loam, and the fourteen inches at the bottom was made up
of smooth round stones from pebble-size to six inches in
diameter, the interspaces being filled with sand and gravel.
The whole depth was thirty-eight inches, and it would be
called a very “‘leachy” soil. The box was filled with this
earth, without materially disturbing it, by placing it, with-
out the bottom, on the turf, and digging a wide space on the
outside, to the depth of a few inches below the edge, and
then driving it down with a heavy timber. Care was taken
not to dig under its edge, but to make it cut its way as it
was driven, and thus to fill perfectly. In this manner it was
settled to the required depth, or until its upper edge was
even with the surrounding turf. Owing to the nature of
the subsoil, the putting under of the bottom was attended
with the greatest difficulty, but was accomplished by making
a strong timber frame, square, but two inches larger on the
inside than the box. This was dropped down over it to the
gravel, into which it was sunk until its upper surface was
two inches below the lower edge of the box. The scarfed
end of the bottom was then placed on this frame under the

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 4T

box, and then, with two jack-screws on the back side to hold
the box and its contained earth in place, and two in front
operating against the end of the bottom, it was forced into
its proper position. The copper lining of the bottom, and
that of the box which turned under the lower edge, was
then soldered together, so that there could be no escape of
water. The whole apparatus was set withan incline of one
inch to the front to carry the water to the percolating tubes,
and to hold which a glass jar was procured containing one
gallon, but scaled on its side in ounces and pints. To pre-
vent evaporation from this jar, it was fitted with a large
stopper, through which were two orifices, into which were
inserted rubber pipes connected with the copper tubes as
conductors of the percolating water. It was finished by
throwing. back and tamping in the earth which had been ex-
cavated on three sides, and building walls on the fourth,
from the bottom to the surface of the ground, and enclosing
sufficient space for the collecting jar and a flight of stairs for
the accommodation of the attendant, which was covered
with a frame and door for the protection of the jar and
tubes, but with an incline to carry rain from the space. A
rain-gauge of the same dimensions and scale as that used at
the Smithsonian Institution was placed by the side of the
lysimeter, the size of the latter being such that one inch of
rainfall deposited in it 9.05 gallons of water, which would
be equivalent to 27,150 gallons or 848.43 barrels per acre.
For recording the temperature two Fahrenheit thermometers
were used having corresponding scales. ‘The one for record-
ing the air temperature was hung on a scalloped board, with
the bulb two inches above the soil, its stem, but not its bulb,
receiving the direct rays of the sun. The one in the soil
had a bulb one inch in length, which through the season was
kept buried one-half an inch below the surface, and its lower
end was generally or always in moist soil; and in the follow-
ing records this depth is the point indicated in temperature
of surface soil. After all the appliances were completed, the
soil within the box was turned over to the depth of seven
inches, and it has been hoed and kept clear of vegetation
through the season, which fact should be borne in mind, as
affecting its temperature by day and night as well as the
percolation. ‘The record of the rainfall and percolation was

48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

commenced May 1, and will be continued through the year,
but, for the purposes of this report, is brought only to Nov.
80. Owing to delay caused by difficulty in obtaining cor-
rect and Ss thermometers, the record of temperature

; ae ti aiid
ni % a ee Tey
peat A lp)
\ MS \ ‘i AT A

SAIN:

at = = j i
= <a
ee
—— =
: ——— =
SSeS
: SS SS
= Sa

-=> —~

SSS eee eS

i AW NANI MH i
| if ‘i
a NG rou Ih} fy i a
a Coe
A, Soil in Deaieree: B, Soil Thermometer. C, Air Thermometer. D, Air Thermometer.
E, Rain Gauge. F, Front of Lysimeter Box. G. Rubber Pipes to conduct Water
from Tubes to Jar. H, Water Jar.

could not be commenced until May 28, and was closed for

the year Nov. 30.
Plate No. 1 represents the lysimeter with the door of the
jar-room open, and with its different appliances and instru-

ments.

SENATE — No. 100.

1879.]

‘o10e 10d ‘sjorreq cG'Oel'Zs 10 ‘suOT[VS GG),.169 03 [enbe sem
TOA ‘SUO]T[VS ege'zzz SVM SYJUOUL USAOS OY} Ul POATOOII IOYVM [VJOT, “LOJOUTISAT OY} Ul 109VA JO SUOT[YS COG poyIsodep [[Vjurer Jo Your youY

"qour OL" ez) wo. SOqOUL ZG} [BJOT, | Soqour ge'z|] 10, | SoqoUL GO'Z| [BIOL | SOUL GHP] [eJ07, | Seqour Zerg] [IO], | SoyOUL ggrc| [eIOY, | Soqoul FI'Z| 1230.
eco anise Ge! ERRAND Seon ea Ves AONE mee ed Bresene feamessceet Mer ee Oe ores pw SM ee ee ne
= - - - - - - = ~ = = ~ gn BE | Lo 45 3 =
- - - - - - = = » I |G3 » ~ = See spheteg || Gz 259 = =
= = = - - = #3. 60". 10% 5s a-6L> PIS 4 » 6LL [08 » 9 GO" |S 4 - =
= = » 80° | 8B >» = cm » OF | I 9 3 Ges Lbs GEL MG ele one Bce EG 25 st Vila b letG ”
» FOS | “AON| 55 SHL | LB 9s sx. 80". | TE » » Sf |8l » » 93 |9L »» » GOT [16 » SarLy Lope oss 3 62 -| 08 9
» 88'S JOO}. a. Tha (Sh. 5 » TS’ | 08 » ie hs eal oeear i SL AG sh 4h oe Ot SE ie Oley tank 3 os TE 19% ”
» 60% | “3dog| 5 Go |S sus OF | 8% 95 eit tees) Chee re » 99> | Tl OL FG oy ale ae OGs TBE ys 1 9G4 || IG 9
» SFP | “B0V!] -» FB |S » in OG 186 4 9 PE Gt “Nee PRE Gnas AY! LOT ag) | ave MIT “yy ons HE
» o's | Ame} - 55-80 |'0e- »» 9 6B | 6L 45 Fn (eV ae Samm sreaSGal aid eas OG EG. 3 » 60° |OL » » ¢s* | OL ”
» 889 | ounf| »,-LFS (SL » Tf 16 i Ceo ace as 3 862 10 4s a GO" Si <3 GOL | 4 SmGLe |G ”
“Woul FL Avy | “Wourst’ | sE°AoN| ‘yourgo". | 2 ‘O | 4oures | L3deg|-gourszT | T “sny|-yqourgo” | AIne|‘qourzo’ | FouNL|‘gourFLT =| F AeW
"[Teyurey =| -qqu0oW;w . *soqouy “AVeqg *soqoUuy NY @ f “goqouy keg “soqouy . “keq “‘gaqouy “Avg “ ‘goOUT Led *soyouy NTE §
Urs = pue ul pue Ur “pure yest 00 le ~ pue comme et ~ pue ; ul pus UL pue
ec eselichs| Treyareyy | QUOP_ | eyurey «| Guo | TeyUrey «| GUOW | Weyurey | QUO | Teyuley | qUOW | Treyurey | quo) Tresarey wo

iad

—:smopof sv asam “porad aujqua oy? sof pun ‘yquow yone

tof 10703 ay ‘yof ipop ayt ‘omj-hjxis som T -oaq pup T hopy uaamyaq jjaf urs yorym uo shop fo saqunu ay], — “TIVANIVY

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

¢ Cie | corqon | Po Cee |e sO 10 1 TOE Ree | Teton | en re e107, |e | gor | TOL | at} Ie | mor
- - - S18 6 > |- | - - - |- - - |- - 8 » |- Io -
eee = pee 185 gf i= T= - - |- = - /|- 0G 9) | | =
- = = 0) NP SAG ta al sistas lr - |[- |- le [> [= -
- - = @ 9 GB » |- |= - - |- - p |0 Gon [a |= *
P T2E | 19QUIPAON | 0 | PL 176 » |- | - - - |- - 0 |8 BE yor [see | = =
0 0 1990999 |0 | 7 |S » |- |- - - |- - 0 |8 Sine | ses |= =
9 IL |tequmaydeg)/ 0 | 9F (36 » |- | - - - |- ~ 8s |g So cpp yi We =
al 19 ASD VE OVS eee) LG) maa ue = ot nem - 0 |8 ZL wet OL | tT tL os
0 0 Ane} 8 | 2} 6 » |- |- - OF an OF oy 0 as Eieesailige (4a 6 »
g 90 eunel py (Ol -16L 2 | = |= - 0/38 be ay IPO: “18 OI) osmehOe: | Flee Oe mas
SI 1G AvW | 0 | 8 SI “AON |] 0 | 0 J9q0~O|0 |g 9 ‘ydeg!} oO | OL 6 eunf]} oO | g Avy
WMO @ @ @ wz Gd 8 z eq @ a da e a d e a dad @ a da
‘NOILVIOON HA “ joensen fest pa | pue |” pue |” pue |“ pue | * pue
"NOLLV TOGIAY OGY sasha Cae SROs ape MOGnn en SR rey bate ates aaa ies ps aa om eaoorad an

—smopof sp asam ‘porwad aujua ay) sof pun ‘yzuow yon sof 70202 ay? ‘yjuow ay) fo shop ayy, *wanas
-Ajsvyy som sol ayy fo burhidwa ay, auinbas 07 quawi—{ns som wouynjoovad ay) ynym uw shop fo saqunu ayj, — ‘NOILVI00NNg

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 51

The percolation for the entire period, reduced to gallons,
was 46,548, or 4,432.88 barrels per acre; the rainfall for
the same time, as previously given, amounted to 22,150.95
barrels. The average daily evaporation from this soil for
seven days, from June 27 to July 4, was 164 barrels per
acre. This must be considerable more than the daily aver-
age for the season; but it may be safe to say, that, deducting
the sixty-two days on which rain fell, the evaporation was
a hundred barrels daily, or 15,100 barrels for the season.
The percolation and evaporation, then, amounted to 19,532.38
barrels, showing that on Dec. 1 this surface-soil, to the depth
of three feet, was holding 2,618.57 barrels of water per acre.

REPORT ON THE PERCOLATED WATERS OF THE LYSIMETER.

BY PROFESSOR C. A. GOESSMANN.

‘The samples of water received from the lysimeter at
different times amounted, in most instances, to from twelve
to fourteen pounds of the liquid. An equal volume of the
percolated water was used in the various tests, to impart to
them an approximate comparative value. The examination
was of a qualitative character, as directed, and, as a gen-
eral rule, only with reference to the presence or absence
of the chemicals previously applied to the soil. In no case
was a new application of chemicals made until the percola-
tion of the water of the previous rainfall had ceased. The
sample of water which passed through the lysimeter (May
12, 1878) soon after its construction, and before any chem-
icals were applied, contained the usual constituents of
drainage-waters coming from an unfertilized drift-soil char-
acteristic of our section of the State; viz., a considerable
amount of carbonate of lime, smaller portions of the carbon-
ates of iron and magnesia, besides not unfrequently traces of
potassium oxide and nitric acid. The entire amount of the
mineral constituents, and of the carbonate of lime in par-
ticular, was somewhat larger than may be noticed in ordinary
cases. The exceptional condition of the first sample of
drainage is most likely due to an unavoidable partial dis-
turbance of the soil in the lysimeter, incidental to its con-
struction, which, in turn, must have favored the disintegrating
atmospheric agencies.

52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

I.— The soil of the lysimeter was dressed in the customary
way with muriate of potash, containing eighty per cent of
chloride of potassium, at the rate of two hundred and fifty
pounds per acre. This operation was carried out on the
17th of May: the percolation of rain-water began on the
9th of June. The percolated water contained .0076 per cent
of chlorine, and but .00017 per cent of potassium oxide.
Allowing .000128 of the chlorine for the formation of
potassium chloride, there remains .00747 per cent of the
chlorine in excess, which proved to be present in com-
bination with lime as chloride of calcium. Taking into
calculation that the first sample of water which passed
through the original soil contained a noticeable amount
of potassium oxide, it is quite safe to assume that the soil
retained practically the entire amount of potassium which
had been added to it in the form of muriate of potash,
whilst the chlorine thereby liberated, after entering into
combination with an equivalent amount of lime in the soil,
appears in the percolated water as chloride of calcium. The
results obtained in this experiment correspond well with
those of earlier investigations regarding the action of the
chloride of potassium on soils containing lime and magnesia ;
they furnish also a good illustration of the fact that both the
removal of crops and the peculiar forms of the fertilizing
materials used for their growth may modify, independent of
each other, more or less seriously, the composition of the soil
left behind.

II.— The soil was dressed on the 20th of June with six
hundred pounds of sulphate of ammonia per acre, the salt
containing twenty-four per cent ammonia. The water began
to flow on the 23d of June. One part of it was acidulated
with sulphuric acid before. being carefully evaporated to dry-
ness, to retain the ammonia, if present. A careful test estab-
lished the absence of ammonia in the residue. The second
half of the water was rendered alkaline by means of carbon-
ate of soda, previous to its evaporation, to prevent the loss
of nitric acid in particular. The saline matter thus secured
contained a trace of nitric acid. Whether the presence of
this acid under existing circumstances can be ascribed to an
oxidation of some of the ammonia applied is somewhat
doubtful, considering the short time of exposure; yet it is by

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 53

no means impossible, judging from the observations of Tuttle
and others.

III. —Superphosphate of lime, at the rate of two hundred
and fifty pounds per acre, and containing fifteen per cent of
soluble phosphoric acid, was incorporated into the soil of the
lysimeter on the 6th of July. The percolation of the rain-
water began Aug. 7. From thirteen to fourteen pounds of
that liquid were evaporated to dryness. The saline matter
left behind was dissolved in some diluted nitric acid, and sub-
sequently tested for phosphoric acid, by means of molybdate
of ammonia: no trace of that acid could be discovered. The
soil had retained the entire amount of phosphoric acid used
in the experiment.

IV.— Nitrate of soda, containing sixteen per cent of nitro-
gen, was applied as a final dressing of the lysimeter soil on
the 24th of August, at the rate of six hundred pounds per
acre. The percolated water was secured the first week of
September. The residue left after its careful evaporation
contained a considerable quantity, comparatively speaking,
of nitric acid as nitrate of lime, and also gave a decided
re-action of phosphoric acid. ‘These results coincide with
previous observations under similar circumstances. ‘The
nitric acid, in its well-known downward course, had ex-
changed its soda for the lime of the soil, and at the same time
earried some of the phosphoric acid of the previous dressing
into the subsoil, and ultimately into the drainage-water.

The facts disclosed by Professor Goessmann’s analysis of
the water which percolated from the lysimeter after its soil
had been dressed with chemicals, though perhaps previously
known to chemical experts, are worthy the careful attention
and study of practical men. It should be remembered that
twenty-eight of the thirty-eight inches in soil depth was little
better than open gravel, that it was hoed and kept clear of
vegetation during the season, and that the chemicals applied
were largely in excess of ordinary manuring. Yet in no case
did the drainage-water contain more than the slightest traces
of any thing which had been applied. It is also apparent
that the power of soils to’ take and hold salines is not merely
a physical one, but may be most essentially modified and
increased by chemical action, and in this case caused the

54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Feb.

retention of the potassium oxide, the soda, and the ammonia.
At the same time, the application of such large quantities of
nitric acid and chlorine as were contained in the nitrate
of soda and the chloride of potassium, caused the filtration —
of lime and phosphoric acid.

TEMPERATURE.

The following tables show the monthly averages of the
temperature of the soil in the lysimeter, and of the air, day
and night; it being taken daily at the warmest time of the
day and the coldest time at night, but the time by clock
varying as the length of the days increased and decreased.

TEMPERATURE OF AIR. TEMPERATURE OF SoIt.
MONTH.
Day. Night. Day. Night.

Average for May . | die? 53.10° 62.10° 54.55°
for June . | %9.63° 58.66° 82.63° 64.43°

for July . -| 88.32° 62.68° 90.68° 67.39°

for August .| 80.48° 56.90° 82.10° 62.52°

for September .| 80.60° 49 40° 79.20° 58.80°

for October .| 63.61° 40.48° 65.19° 49.62°

for November .| 46.83° 26.43° 42.53° 5

The table shows that the average temperature of the air by
day, for the season, was 72.940°, and that of the soil, 72.061°.
The average temperature of the air at night was 49.664°, and
that of the soil, 56.370°. As the night temperature was
taken at its supposed lowest point, it was possible that it did
not give what might be called the average difference for the
entire night between the soil and the air, and that if, instead
of taking it just before daylight in the morning, it should be
taken the previous evening, a very different result might be
obtained. Observations were therefore made every night in
the month of June, at ten P.M. The average temperature as
found at that time was, for the air, 58.300°, and the soil,

1879. | SENATE — No. 100. 5d

64:430°. It will be noticed that the average difference is
almost identical; that of the former showing the soil to be
6.706° warmer than the air, and the latter 6.130°.

TEMPERATURE OF THE GENERAL SOIL.

As the recorded temperature of the air and soil at night,
from the 22d of May, showed the soil in the lysimeter to be
warmer than the air, a series of somewhat random investiga-
tions was made over the surrounding country, within two
miles of the College, to ascertain whether this comparative
_ temperature was in accord with the general fact; and the fol-
lowing are the recorded results. June 11, four a.m. — Garden-
soil, 50°; air, 49°. Grassland recently mown, soil 54; air,
49°. Grassland covered with heavy crop, soil 54°; air, 49°.
June 12, four a.m. — Garden-soil, 48°; air, 44°. Grassland
recently mown, soil, 54°; air, 44°. Grassland covered with
heavy crop, soil, 54°; air, 44°. Peat-swamp, wet, but cov-
ered with grass, soil, 53°; air, 48°. Peat-swamp, wet, but
without grass, soil, 51°; air, 42°. June 16, four A.M. —
Garden-soil, 60°; air, 58°. Grassland recently mown, soil,
.62°; air, 58°. Grassland covered with heavy crop, soil, 62°;
air, 098°. Gravelly knoll tilled, soil, 60°; air, 58°. Gravelly
knoll in grass, soil, 64°; air, 58°. June 19, four a.m. — Gar-
den-soil, 57°; air, 50°. Sandy loam soil, ploughed and har-
rowed the previous day, soil, 52°; air, 50°. Cornfield, light
sandy loam, soil 54°; air, 50°. Field covered with heavy
clover, land very moist, soil, 59°; air, 50°. Under trees in
grassland orchard, soil wet, soil, 59°; air, 50°. Same soil,
but not under trees, soil, 58°; air, 50°. Same, but soil dry,
soil, 60°; air, 50°. Gravelly knoll in grass, soil, 60°; air, 51°.
June 28, four A.M.— Garden-soil, 62°; air, 60°. Grassland
north of building where sun’s rays do not strike between nine
A.M. and five P.M., soil, 64°; air, 60°. Clay-plot, very wet,
soil, 63°; air, 60°. At brookside, mud, 62°; air, 59°. July 1,
at half-past two A.M.— Wet grassland near Mill River, soil,
11°; air, 66°. Sandy knoll covered with growing grain, soil,
10°; air, 66°. Sandy loam grain-field, soil, 68°; air, 66°.
Sandy knoll without grass, soil, 69°; air, 66°. Tobacco-field
near Connecticut River, soil, 68°; air, 66°. Grassland on
river-bank, soil, 70°; air, 65°. Centre of large forest, soil,
66°; air, 67°. Turf-land outside of woods, soil, 70°; air, 66°

06 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Woodland on hill, soil, 66°; air, 66°. The average night
temperature of the soil as found by these investigations was
66.18°, and of the air 60.75°, showing that the general soil of
the vicinity had a higher average temperature than that con-
tained in the lysimeter. Of the whole series, but one record
was made of air temperature higher than the soil, and that
was in the centre of a dense forest, and on a night succeeding
a day when the thermometer indicated 102° at half-past two
pP.M., and the air of the night was remarkably still. These
investigations were made at odd times snatched from other
duties or from sleep, and were thought not to be so methodi-
cal in relation to dates and varieties of soils as the importance
of the subject demanded. Another series was therefore insti-

tuted, the investigations to be made the 5th, 16th, and 26th

of every month, in forest-land, cultivated land dry and wet,
grassland dry and wet, and at the surface of the soil, and at a
depth of five inches. By dry land, land which had moisture
on the surface of its particles is meant, and by wet land, that
which had water standing between its particles, and, in most
cases, that in which the impression left when the thermometer

was withdrawn would fill with the liquid. The following is »

the record of the monthly averages : —

SENATE — No. 100.

1879.]

o€8 TF '000°0F |068'8e

098°C oLG'FE |o98'SP
00°09 0886S |o$F0¢
0869 |o€G'°G9 [009° LG

‘deep $e
“Your ¢ T10S

‘10S
eovying

“Ilog Lsaaog

“ITV
‘N'Y

oL9'OF |o0G LE |o0G'0G
000°SE |006'ES |006 GP

oL9°09 |oL9°LG [009° GP
of L°99 |000°F9 |o66'FS

g 2 Ss
oO =. 2) ia
a o Pag
ao = © Fe
Oo le)

geo 8

‘aNVISSVUD LEM

09°99 |o8T'89 /oB1'GS
ee) eee.
ec | Be | -
ga: | ="
er

‘aNVISSVUD AUC

WV F

000'66 |oSE"GE |000°0G
o86 PG joGL'TS \oGL'GP
009°9G |00G'OF |o0G°SE

000°99 |000°G9 |008°SS

“(oul ¢ [IOs

"IIOS GQHLIVAILTAD LOM

of LSE |o98'EE joSV 1G
009°PE |009°GE |000'9F
o€1'8S |000°SS |of9'9P
066'99 joL9'T9 |oSE° LG

> —- TOQUIBAON

: > TEqowo

° — raquieydeg

qasnsny

“Your ¢ [IOS

‘IIOG GHLVAILTIAD AUC

HOA ADVAGAY

58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

The stations of the foregoing observations were long dis-
tances apart, on different kinds of soils, and in different ex-
posure; and it is believed they show with accuracy the night
temperature of the soil of the country, for the period they
cover, in this latitude. The average night temperature of
the air for the entire period was 41.036°; the surface of
dry, cultivated soil, 50.282°, and, at five inches deep, 53.665°.
Wet cultivated soil averaged at the surface 48.895°, and, at
a depth of five inches, 58.937°. Dry land in grass averaged
53.150° at the surface, and 55.755° at a depth of five inches.
Wet land in grass averaged 53.092° at the surface, and
55.762° at a depth of five inches. Forest-land averaged
54.050° at the surface, and 55.235° at a depth of five inches.
The average temperature of the soil to the depth of five
inches, as found by the whole investigation from Aug. 1 to
Dec. 1, was 53.881°, or 12.345° warmer than the air at night
for the same period. It has ever been taught that wet soils,
as compared with dry, are cold, from which assumed fact many
important conclusions have been drawn; but, if no mistake
in observation has been made, this is an error. The average
temperature of all the dry soils examined, and to the depth
of five inches, was 53.3881°; that of the wet soils to the same
depth was 52.921°, or 460° colder. Practically the temper-

ature is the same. The temperature of dry soils by day is_

higher than that of wet, and the diurnal variation greater ;
but the equality of temperature at night indicates pretty
clearly that temperature is by no means the only factor to
be considered in discussing the condition and improvement
of wet lands.

The result of the investigations to ascertain the compara-
tive temperature of the soil and air during the night, and in
natural conditions, made it more than doubtful if the general
belief respecting the comportment of soils to the vapor of
water in the air is in agreement with the fact. If I am not
mistaken, it is believed and taught, that at night the soil
obtains water from the air, and in such considerable quanti-
ties as to be of the “ utmost agricultural value,” and, that in
time of scarcity of rain, it invigorates and sustains plants,
which, but for this supply, would wither and die. ‘This, we
are taught, is the result of the operation of three causes, each
of which is worthy of examination and careful analysis. The

mis: :

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 59

first cause is the “ hygroscopic property of soils.” Water,
in both the lquid and vapor forms, seeks an equilibrium.
When the substances containing unequal quantities of water
are brought in contact, the element passes from the wet to
the dry, or from the moist to the less moist substance. It is
assumed that the soil is the dry, and the air the moist object,
and during the night there is a movement of water from the
latter to the former. This is accepted as a proved fact by
the experiments of Schubler, Davy, and others. But all
those experiments were tried under such perfectly unnatural
and distorted conditions, that it is more than doubtful if they
illustrate the natural fact in the case. In those investiga-
tions the soils experimented with were first carefully and
thoroughly dried by heating to 212° F., and were then con-
fined over water in saturated air. ‘They absorbed the vapor
of the water, and increased their weight. But that is not
singular. A plate of burnished steel or flint-glass would have
done the same thing, — would have absorbed moisture after
heating to 212°, even in the atmosphere of a warm room;
and the experiments do not show any peculiar property of
soils in this respect, nor prove, that, in natural position in the
field and in free air, they would absorb vapor. That soils are
hygroscopic there is no doubt; but such investigations do not
reach the case. By an examination of the soil of a culti-
vated field in time of drought, or in average summer con-
dition, the following facts will be found: first, a thin layer
of soil on the surface fully exposed to the air, and which, if
not in absolute hygroscopic equilibrium with it, is simply air-
dry: it must contain more rather than less water than the
air in contact with it, and it lies on, and is intimately con-
nected with, a lower layer of soil, which contains not only
hygroscopic water, but moving capillary water, which is con-
stantly passing upward to it, and through it into the air;
and both the lower and upper layers have a higher tempera-
ture at night than the air. ‘These being the facts respecting
the condition of the soil and air, it is hardly possible that the
film of water found on the surface of the upper layer of soil
on a summer morning could have been received from the
air; but it would be very natural and reasonable that it
should be moisture which arose from the lower layer, and
was condensed on the surface by the colder air of the night.

60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

The second influence which causes absorption of water by
the soil from the vapor of the air is stated as follows: Dur-
ing the day the soil absorbs the heat created by the sun’s
rays, and becomes very warm. At night this heat is radiated,
and the soil cools rapidly, becoming colder than the air at or
near its surface. It thus cools and condenses the vapor it
contains, which is deposited upon and absorbed by the soil.
To this theory'there are some objections, and many natural
facts it is difficult to explain by it. For example: a cock
of hay standing on a dry gravel-knoll during the night will
always be found in the morning quite moist entirely through
at the bottom. The mower drops his scythe-stone on the
ground just at nightfall: in the morning he finds it dry on
the top, and covered with water below. A board is thrown
upon the ground at night: in the morning it is dry on the
top; but the bottom is wet. Now, it is a fact, that all soils
are warmed, and evaporate watery vapor, during the day; and
it may be said that in these and similar cases, as the soil is
covered at night, its heat is not radiated, and evaporation
continues, which would be checked but for the covering, and
this causes the local moisture beneath. ‘This is undoubtedly
true to a certain extent. But allow the hay, the board, or the
stone, to lie on the ground during the following day, or many
days, so that the soil cannot be warmed by the heat of the
day, and it will become comparatively cold; yet every night
moisture will accumulate beneath. But,if no mistake has
been made in relation to the comparative temperature of the
soil and air at night, this theory cannot be true. If the aver-
age night temperature of our general soils is 12.345° warmer
than that of the air, there can be no condensation of watery
vapor caused by the soil, there is no absorption by it of
water from the air; but the natural phenomenon of evapora-
tion from the soil is continued through the night, though
less rapidly than in the daytime.

The last natural influence given as conveying water from
vapor to the soil is called ‘“ dew-fall,”’ and is almost identical
in principle and result with that just considered as condensa-
tion and absorption. The principle is fully and clearly illus-
trated by the phenomenon of the “ice-pitcher.” The vessel
filled with iced water during a warm day, when the air has a
high per cent of humidity, soon has its outside covered with

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 61

a. perceptible film of moisture, which rapidly increases ; and
soon liquid water is trickling down its side. ‘This is water
condensed, and taken from the air; and the belief is, that at
night the soil is in the same relation to the air as the pitcher
during the day, and in like manner receives water. ‘This
whole matter is one vastly too important to be left unde-
termined except by speculation; and an extensive series of
investigations was instituted to ascertain the precise facts.
And, first, does the soil stand in the same relation to the air
as the “ice-pitcher”’ in the illustration given? If so, then
the pitcher filled with soil directly from the field would be
soon covered with moisture.

pe.

if; ys wig

Ph iy
Ae (MM hi
uf il WAAL i a at a i

HH oe i rid
ia UT at ie Wi Wy) yin § y: if ne ae ee Vie Witce
pel A Ml fe

# Mes (ef
Fig. 2. The box containing soil, with the lid on, but no dew on the outside.
Fig. 3, A. The box with the lid raised, showing the water on the under side.
Fig. 3, B. Soil in the box.

a Vi

EXPERIMENT 1.— A can of thin tin was prepared, which
was three inches square, five inches deep, and without top or
bottom. At eight o’clock of the evening of July 20, it was
filled with soil from a cultivated field, in the same manner as
the soil is taken into a lysimeter. It was placed on a grass-
plot, and there remained until the morning of the 21st, and,
though the surrounding grass was loaded with dew, there
was not the slightest trace of it on the box. At four A.M. of

62 ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

the 21st the temperature of the soil in the box was 66°; that
of the air was 60°. The experiment was repeated many
times, with identical results. The soil does not bear the same
relation to the air as the “ice-pitcher.” On the night of
July 25 a loose cover was placed on the top of the box:
on the succeeding morning the top of this cover was dry;
but the under side, next to the soil, was thickly studded
with drops of water. Plate II., Figs. 2 and 3, represent this
device.

The principle illustrated by the “‘ice-pitcher” is a natural:
one; but it does not apply to the soil: in this case the soil
becomes the warm, moist substance, performing the office of
the air, and the air the cold substance, condensing its evapo-
rating water. If the soil of the field gathers water from the
air at night, then a given portion of it in natural position
will be heavier in the morning than at night; if it evapo-
rates water, it will be lighter.

EXPERIMENT 2.— Two boxes were prepared with capacity
of a cubic foot. They were filled with soil in the same man-
ner that soil is taken into a lysimeter, and without disturbing
its particles, or disarranging its strata. One was filled with
absorbent, retentive loam, the other with peat; and these
soils were taken, because it was supposed that evaporation
from them would be less rapid than from gravel or sand.
Tight bottoms were nailed upon them, and they were placed
in a trench in the open field, level with the surrounding
ground, and exposed to all the vicissitudes of the weather.
The experiment commenced the 1st of June, and was con-
tinued through the month, except when interrupted by rain
or fog, the boxes being weighed night and morning. It will
be noticed that the increase and decrease of the weight was
not uniform, which was due to varying amounts of rainfall;
but the results were as follbws : —

1879.] | SENATE — No. 100. 68

DATE. LOAM,

Ped) CRORE od) r0se,)) AIRING) | MORMINGH |oaxm,| nab.
June, 5 ;

Ibs. 02. Ibs. 0%. | OZ | OZ, Ibs. 0Z. Ibs. OZ. | OZ | OZ.
1 Moe a | Loe | 0) 38 eee Oy LEE) By) OF
2 Pees domes | OF OOO) 2) 110 | 0) QO) 2
3 DUO eco O°! 1) 10am) 12) 108 | 12; 0 | 0
4 PO ede Os 0 | Ov lym 6) 107.) 7) 1 | 0
5 BOT i | OG ko. | O..| 2 Met | 105; 2) 1) 90
6 HG) G) MGGa a) 0) |. 1 108 | 138} 1038 | 10) 0] 38
7 Piet | eOsr ieada ON! aide 5 | 102 | 1) 0| 4
9 ioe oe) Miho) 0) 13d) 1 MOam) O | 108 | 13) 0) 8
14 Pilea 0) ai Oem 4 i. 109 | 0}. 0 1 4
15 Peon pene Ol Le Ome. 9 | 107 | 8) .0 7} 1
17 113 |} 18 | 118 |; 18; 0]; O | 106 | 9) 106+) 7) 0} 2
19 eee eee) 0) |) 2) )) Oe aN tOf! 2) 0] 2
20 LOD es LOS i 3) 0. | 1 10s lee te | 12) 0 |. 2
21 DO eee) | 0 | O | LORete, Ol |:12; 0 | 1
23 Deemer an) Os Teer | 107.) 6 | O | 1
28 Pye tees oe Or) 2 1061s) 106) 14 | 0. | 0
29 Bean eee Oo) 20 LOS TOOR EL | 0.1

This experiment, though not conclusive, indicates that the
soil at night evaporates water, and that it is possible that the
little moisture we find on the surface of a field in the morn-
ing may have been received from deeper soil rather than from
the air. But the experiment was crude, the weights taken
large, and the danger of mistake in exact fine weighing im-
minent: therefore the fact was sought by a different method.

EXPERIMENT 35.— A tin cup or can was prepared, seven
inches in diameter and eight inches high, and holding 308.67
cubic inches of air. ‘The sides were made double, but with ~
the tin plates an inch and a half apart to contain water
to reduce the temperature within the can to the same degree
as the air outside: it was without bottom, but had a top
through which was an orifice made. tight by a cork, but in
which was an aperture to insert a thermometer. It was well
soldered ; so that when it was put down upon, and its lower
edge cut into, the soil, it was practically air-tight. For the
purpose of absorbing moisture a piece of fine sponge was taken
of twenty grams’ weight. The sponge was placed under
the can on a pine pin two inches above the ground or board,
on which the cup was alternately placed, and was weighed
night and morning. It was assumed, that, if the water

64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

absorbed by the sponge came from the air, there would be
a marked uniformity in the weight of the sponge, whether
the can stood on the board or the ground; but, if it came

res

dif Mens netize ge La yail Helle DN
iY. Lys UE fi
Ue Gy (yey (Fi, psy Hl V/, He ts

Fig. 4. The can as used on aboard.

from the soil, its weight would be greatest when the board
was removed. When the can stood on the board, the outside

hea

a vs Ni) Lily i}
: J, lee Nf y te Os
ath hi Ma

an Tae
yy we Lys a ia i (

; Mia A ‘ici Wi Gh pl we
OG GERM il

MNT SE i, ep

ig. 5. A vertical section of the cup. A, space for water; B, inner space; C, thermometer.
ig. 6. The sponge on the pin as covered by the can.

a
F

air was excluded by banking around the bottom with dry
soil. Plate III., Figs. 4, 5, and 6, represent this device.
The following table exhibits the result of the trial: —

SENATE — No. 100.

]

1879.

‘qstoum Ar90A pue ‘paog ysnf punory

‘HIRI 1ejjJv pooy you punory

"JOM [tos puv ‘ep snoradid urey

"SAAVAAY

ohh
069
oG9
099
099
oL9
o0L
oV9
oV9
oG9
oG9
o89
009
o$G
oGG
o9G
089

“IOS Jo
9inyered ure J,

Ol's
GEG

SUIVIS 00'S

‘esuo0dg
uo dIN4sloyT

‘dNOOUD NO dnQ|‘auvog No ang

‘SUIBLS 0&0"

T&v"

‘asu0dg
UO 9IN4SLOPT

"91njvIeduray,
OpIsuo

oG9
069
obG
o6G
o8G
oGG
06S
oGG
009
o8G
o8G
oGG
o8G
o0G
olG
ofG
obG

‘eI VIBACUIdT,
epIsuy

96
c6
18
18
68
OL
88
OL
PL
69
88
oh
88
- 88
66
98
L9

“ayy Uf
Ayprumny yo
queo 19g

6G 93
8G »
GG

66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. - [Feb.

Rapidity of evaporation from any object is supposed to be
according to its temperature and the amount of water it
contains, modified by the motion of the air, its temperature,
and its per cent of humidity. But the table does not show
by the amount of water collected over the ground or board,
any special uniformity in this respect. It is noticeable that
when the air under the can was comparatively dry, as on the
nights of the 16th, 17th, 19th, and 21st, the least water was
collected; but no attempt was made to ascertain, if, during
that time, its humidity was increased by the soil evaporation,
or decreased by sponge absorption on the nights of the
10th, 20th, 28th, and 29th, when it had a high per cent of
moisture, and sponge contained the most water. It is
quite possible, however, that, when the humidity of the air
was near the point of saturation, the sponge received all the ©
water evaporated by the soil, making its quantity large, and,
on the other hand, when the air was dry, that received and
held a portion of the evaporation, making the sponge collec-
tion small. Asarule, the amount of moisture taken by the
sponge was largest immediately after rain, when the soil was
wet, and at a high temperature. The result, as a whole, cor-
roborates the conclusions drawn from the second experiment.
The amount of water collected, though small, must have been
received principally from soil evaporation ; but it does not de-
termine what the maximum evaporation would be if the soil
had not been covered by the can; for, as the contained air
approached saturation, the sponge would not fully relieve it,
and there must be a diminution in the soil evaporation.
Therefore the more completely to eliminate the whole truth,
the investigations were continued in the following manner.

EXPERIMENT 4.— A double vessel of thin tin was prepared,
which within would cover one square foot of soil, and contain
half a cubic foot of air, and of the’same holding-capacity
in the outside receptacle. On the inside, one inch above
the bottom edge, a gutter was soldered on the four sides,
slightly inclining to one point, and connected with a tube
which passed through the side of the vessel; a tight-fitting
rubber-hose was drawn over this, and its outer end inserted in
a phial. When in use, the lower edge of the vessel was cut
into the soil to the depth of one inch, or as deep as the gutter -
would allow, to exclude the external air, and the outside re-

1879. | SENATE — No. 100. 67

ceptacle was filled with ice and water to act as a condenser of
the water-vapor within. The can is represented by Plate IV.

if | | , pp i
WM MY ee
LN Mla ted i

Na Mi el
fl

idle MH Wi "i
Ae

WIE a
LA ENG
TN MMW y Cit
Re a Any
( fi, = ZA Pl
uh a oe i i Mi fe a

OF |

Fie 8

A
weg

\ Apes
GEE

The results of its use on cultivated and sod-land, and on a
board, were as follows : —

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

‘@pis}o
ssvid UO 9[9}I] ynq ‘Mop | of ; ee wae
UTA pepeoy yr zapun see od 09 CPL F9 9T9G'LT O8h LI P89T'0 98 9 »
pue ‘puvlssvls uO [ESSA ; : :
‘pu, Apuvs Arp uo Jesse obL o89 POE SP Gr68s'cl 0SO'ST Gast 0 G8 : Ye aap
“pteogd @ UO TESSeA |, obL o0L 8180 S81I¢'0 a 1966'0 G6 j TL oa
“Avp SNOTA me ; : on Ieee 7
-erd urer Savoy £q yom prog | { 264 09d, 91S ‘Gol PISL SS o9o'se | 9822°0 c6 OT »
‘pooy Syuoo jt, ae ae je ee esas nik
-O1 [tos uep1esd Uo [esse A. 5 fo} o9L TV ya CGI6 ST 0GG 61 CPOE » 6 yy)
‘aqny oy} Je YVol VW oGh 00) 0968 GT6E'G 0G¢'G GccT'0 G8 : * 9. Sing
*s[od1vq ‘SUIVIS *SUIvIS *SUIvIS JO JUSIN
CRE ROT he pve 1 yo [OV 12d pauteyao Pest aha “poute}qo ‘pesopoue my | iets ee
ein} vi1gdUas I, seamen IajB@M JO JUMOUTY eet IOWVAA [enjoy | Ul 19jvV AA [eNIOV ree Eee f

}

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 69

The water collected in this experiment was the evaporation
from a square foot of surface, and, though so small as to be
hardly appreciable for that area, yet in nature it is a vast
movement, as can be seen by noticing the collection of the
night of July 10, when it was at the rate of more than a
hundred and twenty-two barrels per acre. This may or may
not be the maximum of soil evaporation at night; but it
conclusively proves that the law of evaporation is not sus-
pended or contravened, but is in active operation, at night,
modified, of course, in degree by those influences which
affect it during the day. The drift of the four separate in-
vestigations is clearly in one direction, and teaches, that in
the open field, with soil and air in natural condition, — the
general soil, the upper stratum or film of air-dry soil, —

lifeless substances lying on the ground or near it do not

absorb water from the comparatively cold, dry air, but obtain
it directly from the water which is being evaporated by the
warmer and more moist soil. On this principle, and this
alone, can the phenomena to which allusion has been made
be understood or explained, or that more striking natural
appearance commonly known as “ground fog.” This is seen
during the night, when there is no perceptible motion to the -
air, as a compact sheet of mist of one or two feet in thickness,
and resembling a covering of snow, and always over water
or very wet land. The surface-soil beneath the fog is many
degrees warmer than the air, and contains hundreds of times
more water in an equal space. Its abundance and warmth
cause rapid evaporation, which is immediately condensed and
made visible by the colder air. The principle which these
observations appear to establish as governing the natural
relations which exist between the soil and water in both the

| liquid and vapor forms, and its movement thence to the-air,

may have a more extended influence and application than has
now been given it, and exhibit the cause and process of “ dew-
fall” in the case of the living plant; which phase of the sub-
ject should here receive our careful examination.

Allusion has already been made to the principle of “ dew-
fall”’ as illustrated by the “‘ice-pitcher ;”’ and dew is described
as ‘¢*moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies
on their surfaces at night. With the principle and the fact
as stated, the belief appears to be and is in harmony, if no

70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

mistake is made in the application. It is, however, pertinent
to inquire if this universally-accepted and time-honored
theory of “ dew-fall”’ is consistent with many well-established
laws of plant-life and many well-known natural phenomena.
And, first, the plant is endowed with a most wonderful and
elaborate system of roots, extending deep, far, and wide in the
soil, which has a temperature at night many degrees warmer
than the air, and saturated with water of its own temperature.
The most important function of this root-system is to gather
soil-water, and force it upward, through every part of the
structure of the plant, to the leaves. Their power is so great,
that when the plant is in rapid growth, and there is a full
water-supply in the soil, it is subjected to great pressure. The
root-force of plants has been frequently investigated, but
never more completely, or with a clearer or more decided
- record, than by the experiments at the Agricultural College,
under the direction of President Clark, in the years 1874 and
1875. It is recorded in those experiments that the pressure
exerted by a birch-root severed from its connection with the
tree was equal to a column of water 85 feet in height;
and that of a squash-plant eight weeks old, soft, open in its
texture, and very tender, exerted a force equal to a column
of water 45.5 feet high. Such plants as corn, tobacco, and
the dahlia, exhibited a similar power. The leaves, acting in
conjunction with the roots, pass nearly all the water thus
forced into their tissues, through their stomata, into the air.
A rapidly-growing calla in the College conservatory has been
noticed to exude water from its leaf-pores in such quantity as
to stand upon the surface or fall to the ground in large drops.
An Indian-corn plant, during its season of growth, has been
found to evaporate thirty-six times its own weight of water.
It has been stated, after careful investigation, that the
leaves on an average acre of forest exhale many thousand
tons of water during their summer growth, and a sunflower-
plant has evaporated three pounds in twenty-four hours.
There is no natural reason why this evaporation should not
be constant during growth, modified only in quantity by the
supply of water in the soil, its temperature as affecting the
activity of the roots, the rapidity of the motion of the air,
and its content of water. Second, young, succulent, rapidly-
growing plants standing in the field by the side of those nearly

Paints

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. T1

ripe and comparatively dry always exhibit much the most
dew. Third, other things being equal, those leaves and
plants nearest to the ground “collect” the most dew.
Fourth, other things being equal, plants growing on soils
fully supplied with water show more dew than those on dry
land. The Colorado wheat-grower, producing his crop by
irrigation, determines when his lands are dry, and need water-
ing, not by examining the soil, but by viewing the growing
erop early in the morning. If this is well covered with water,
he knows the soil is moist; if it has little or none upon it,
it is the reverse, and the irrigating-sluices are at once opened.
Fifth, some plants, at certain stages of their existence, have

Ta ?

a) | Me
RAAAA\\\ hy, ve
dif Wah i | i i at willy “lf

df Aaah

A
a

7 NA —_\ He ey

1 oe 3 VY, i
eA 221012 Fea FO le ee

SN GEM, MY
AG aie Wid & LM

Se any

dew upon them, if the direct rays of the sun do not strike
them, although it is several hours above the horizon, and the
temperature several degrees above the “dew-point.” These
phenomena may not prove that plants do not receive their
dew from the air; but they give occasion for serious doubts,
and indicate the possibility that it may come from the plant

_ itself, or be a deposit of moisture rising from the soil as in the

case of the “ground fog.” <A consideration of the mutual
relations of root-action and leaf-evaporation leads to the con-
viction that it is hardly possible that the force or the result
is one of diurnal periods, as in the case of the opening and
closing of certain flowers, but rather that the cause is active

(2 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Feb.

day and night, unintermitted during the period of growth.
But the positive fact could be proved only by investigation,
and was, therefore, attempted in the following manner: Do
plants evaporate water at night? Two petunias and a cab-
bage-plant were selected, of convenient size for the experi-
ment, and in thrifty, growing condition. A tin pot was
prepared for each, in which they were potted and soldered in.
Tubes were inserted in the top and bottom to admit water,
and for drainage. The orifice around the stems was closed
perfectly with grafting-wax, and, when on trial, the apertures
for water and drainage were plugged with rubber-lined corks,
so that it was impossible for any thing to escape from the
pots but through the stems and leaves of the plants. In this
condition the plants, with their pots, were weighed night and
morning. The corks were removed during the day, and the
plants watered as their health required. Fig. 9 represents
one of these plants as potted for use. Plants show no dew
when kept at night in a sitting-room, a conservatory, or under
a roof; and to know if, during that time, evaporation was
taking place, one of the petunia-plants was kept under cover,
and weighed evening and morning, with the following re-
sult : —

Date. ay oe Loss. | Gain. REMARKS.

Eagles “1 gene eh |\tosoue ees

Junel0 . | 240.040 | 238.260] 1.78 | 0 analy Ah e

“11. . [231.050 | 229.850! 1.20] 0 tan aty saeean
«90 . «| 294.180 | 292.910] 1.22| 0
«91 . , | 989.065 | 281.955! 1.21] 0
«93 . .| 999.595 | 298.885] 1.96] 0
«94°. , | 988.685 | 932.445] 1.19] 0
«95 . , | 980.575 | 299.145 1.48] 0
“96 . .| 290.605 219.395] 1.21 1° 0
«98 . .| 298.355] 296.975| 1.38| 0
«99 . | 914.785 | 213.895| 1.46] 0
«30 . . | 288.825 | 282.295| 1.53| 0

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 73

Though the result shows no regularity of loss in pro-
portion to the whole weight, yet the unvarying decrease
proves conclusively that one plant evaporated water at
night, and indicates clearly that that may be the law of
all, whether situated in the open air orina room. But, to
prove or disprove this supposition, one of the potted petunias
and the cabbage-plant were nightly placed in the open air in
the garden, with the pots thoroughly wrapped in cloth to
prevent their collecting water from the soil, and with results
as follows : — |

Petunia-Plant.

Temper- | Percent| Water

Evenin Mornin
DATE. Wei ae Wei a Loss. Gain. atureof | of Hu- | on the
ee ae the Air. | midity. | Plant.
grams. grams. grams, grams. grams.

Sunewis| 221.700 | 218.370 | 3.38 0.00 52° | 88 =
14} 246.800: | 246.550°| 0.25 0.00 GO? AL: 72 os
«© 615) 252.900 | 251.460 | 0.44 0.00 61° | 88 =
617] 242.880 | 242.160 | 0.76 0.00 G22) 74 a
“¢ 20} 148.060 | 148.240 | 0.00 0.14 64° | 88 “
91] 169.125 | 169.165 | 0.00 0.35 61° | 70 =
695) 167.905 | 167.605 | 0.30 0.00 56° | 66 | 0.52
eo tGo.505 | 165.105.! 0.20 0.00 57% | 87% -| 0.93
66 699! 158.955 | 158.925 | 0.48 0.00 72° | 96 | 0.88

Duly G)) 158.395, | 158.155 | 0.24 0.00 83° | 65 | 0.46

Cabbage-Plant.

Temper-| Percent} Water

Evening Morning ;
DATE. ‘ ; Loss. Gain. ature of | of Hu- | onthe
Weight. Weight. : fe:
the Air. | midity. | Plant.
grams. grams. grams. grams. grams.

June 26) 234.685 | 232.725 1.96 0.00 oEo-t BE 1.80
se 627) «259.005 | 254.775 4.23 0.00 63° | 91 Perit
28) 250.720 |). 250:805 0.00 0.85 64° 93 | 4.87
Smuiae?| 258,250 |) 237.705 0.55 0.00 F221. OG 4.15

74 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Cabbage-plant placed under tin can on a board, and the temper-
ature reduced.

grams. grams. grams. grams. grams.

June 380| 253.145 248.925 4,22 0.00 73° — | 1.32
July 5| 203.745 198 955 4.79 -0.00 66° — | 0.90
ae 6| 178.875 173.405 0.47 0.00 51° — | 0.47

No attempt was made to determine the amount of water
on the plants as dew until the 25th, when, after the morning
weighing, the leaves were wiped with a soft sponge as dry as
possible, and the plant re-weighed. It will be noticed, that,
on nights when the plants lost weight materially, they at the
same time had dew upon them. This is explained by the
fact that frequently the plants stood in the garden several
hours before they gathered moisture: at other times it com-
menced gathering very soon after they were carried out. It
may be, that, in the former case, the loss was occasioned by
evaporation which was not condensed. It was assumed that
if the plants in the morning, with the dew upon them,
weighed more than at night, it would be proof that the dew
came from the general air, or moisture arising immediately
from the ground; if they weighed the same, or less, it must
have exhaled from and accumulated on the leaves. The
result is not an absolute demonstration; but it furnishes the ~
missing link in the chain of evidence which will enable us to
deduce conclusions having all the force of principle; and,
that the evidence may be distinctly seen in its proper re-
lations, we recapitulate. The declaration is made, ‘“ that dew
on plants is water of vapor of the air, which is deposited on
cold objects at night, it being condensed thereby.” Proof:
The exhibit of the ‘“ice-pitcher.” Answer, lst: The pitcher
is at least twelve degrees colder than the surrounding air,
and on the outside hygroscopically much dryer; and plants
at night are, on the average, at least as warm as the air, and
could not condense it. Answer, 2d: The natural office of
the leaves under force and pressure of the roots is to exhale
water into the air, and they do it at night, nearly regardless

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 15

of temperature. Answer, 3d: Some plants exhibit dew in
the daytime, if removed from the evaporating influence of
the direct rays of the sun, and when the temperature of the
air which surrounds them is many degrees warmer than what
is technically termed the “dew-point.” Answer, 4th: Plants
abundantly supplied with, and containing, the largest per
cent of water, and whose roots and leaves are the most
active, exhibit the most dew. Answer, 5th:-~In time of
severe drought, plants have little dew, though there is a high
per cent of moisture in the air, and the nights are cold. Is it
probable, then, that living, growing plants are under the
control of the law exhibited by the “ ice-pitcher,” or has a
mistake been made in the application of the principle ?

But, again: the declaration is made, that dew on plants is
caused by condensation, by the air, of warm vapor as it rises
from the soil, and which therefore collects on plant-leaves.
Proofs. 1st: The vapor of the soilis much warmer at night
than the air, and would be condensed by it. 2d: Vapor from
the soil is soon diffused and equalized in the whole atmos-
phere, but is in largest proportion when evaporation is taking
place near the surface of the soil; and, other things being
equal, leaves and plants near the earth have the most dew.
8d: Dew under boards, hay-cocks, and like objects on the
ground, could receive it from no other source. Answers.
1st: Admitting the facts, can they annul or make inoperative
the law of evaporation from the surface of leaves at night,
and its condensation there? 2d: Living organisms in the
action of their functions are superior to, supersede, and in a
measure control, the laws of dead substance ; and the subject-
matter of dew relates more specifically to the living herbage
of the fields. 38d: Water on the leaves of a plant on a
board under a can could not have been received from
the ground. The declaration is here made, that dew is the
condensed exhalation of the plant. Proofs. 1st: Plants
evaporate water at night. 2d: The air is colder than the
plant and its exhaled vapor, and would condense it at the
surface. 8d: The great preponderance of testimony is, that,
other things being equal, plants with the dew on them weigh
less in the morning than on the previous evening, which
could not be possible if it was received from any foreign
source. 4th: A plant confined at night or during the day

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

from the general air and the ground will, if the temperature
is reduced, have more dew upon it after eight hours’ seclusion
than all the water in the air with which it is confined.
Though of the greatest importance to the cultivator of the
_ soil, the natural phenomena we have thus investigated are so
extremely subtle and delicate in their nature as to make
absolute demonstration a matter of the greatest difficulty.
But the facts obtained harmonize quite perfectly with the
known natural laws of the absorption, retention, and radiation
of heat by different kinds of matter, and the movement and
changes of form of liquid water in the soil and plant. They
give a rational and-consistent explanation of many facts and
phenomena which have been enveloped in more or less of
mystery, and may direct to. better or more ee
methods in the treatment of soils and crops.

If the facts are as they appear, the soil receives no water
from the airin the form of vapor, but liquid water, as rain
or fine falling mist. Its evaporation is rapid; and proper
means should be employed, when the supply is deficient, to
conserve it for the time of sorest need. Our climate is one
of extremes, and is not so favorable for the development of
plant-food out of crude material as that of many countries.
The mean of meteorological influences during the season
gives us abundant crops ; but, if the season is characterized by
extremes, the crops are materially diminished, if not destroyed.
Extremes of water-supply and temperature, as ‘cold and
wet,” “hot and dry,” are the farmer’s most formidable diffi-
culties, and how the soil should be treated in such emergen-
cies to avoid or mitigate their blighting effects, is a matter of
much moment. In time of drought, with the soil at a high
temperature, and the little water it contains rapidly moving
to the surface and passing away, with crops withering and
dying, can the farmer do any thing to save it for the benefit
of his plants? Will tillage save it, or hasten its dissipation ?
Should the farmer cultivate and hoe in such emergency, or
allow the soil to remain untouched? Being aware that in
this matter opinions and practices differ widely, and that
both extremes could not be correct, the subject has been
investigated by the following method.

Six boxes were prepared of a cubic foot capacity, and were
filled with soil, immediately after a rainfall of .78 of an inch,

1879.] ‘SENATE — No. 100. TT

without disturbing the position of its particles or strata.
The soils were taken from fields in cultivation with corn,
and manured on the surface with yard-manure. ‘Two were
filled with light, sandy loam ; two with heavy, retentive loam ;
and two with heavy, clayey loam or clay. After the soils had
been taken into the boxes, the latter were fitted with tight
bottoms, weighed, and placed in a trench, with their surfaces
level with the surface of the ground. ‘The soil in one box of
- each variety was well hoed every morning, and turned over
to the depth of four inches, pulverizing and bringing up the
moist soil to the surface. The experiment extended through
seven days,—from June 26 to July 4,—and was closed in
consequence of approaching rain. During the time the
weather was very warm, and the sky clear of clouds both
day and night, the average day temperature of the soil was
98.14°, and of the night, 70.85°. ‘The average day tempera-
ture of the soil was 95°, its night temperature 67°, and the
average humidity of the air 70. The afternoon of July 4,
the boxes were all re-weighed, and the shrinkage of each
variety of soil, and of that tilled and untilled, recorded. The
results were as follows: The box of clay soil which was
tilled lost 5 pounds, 5 ounces, or at the rate of 904 barrels
per acre; the untilled clay lost 6 pounds, 14 ounces, or at
the rate of 1,170 barrels per acre. The untilled clay lost 256
barrels the most per acre. The box of light sand which was
tilled lost 38 pounds, 3 ounces, or 542 barrels, 12 gallons, per
acre; the untilled lost 7 pounds, 8 ounces, or at the rate of
1,276 barrels per acre. The untilled lost 734 barrels the most
per acre. The box of heavy loam which was tilled lost 6
pounds, 13 ounces, or at the rate of 1,106 barrels per acre;
the untilled lost 7 pounds, 13 ounces, or at the rate of 1,329
barrels per acre. ‘The untilled lost 223 barrels more than
that tilled. The average diurnal loss of water by evapora-
tion per acre was, from the tilled clay, 129 barrels, from the
untilled, 167 barrels; from the tilled sand, 77 barrels, from
the untilled, 182 barrels; from the tilled heavy loam, 158
barrels, and from the untilled, 189 barrels. In other words,
a farmer who should as thoroughly cultivate an acre of land
in similar weather, and during the same time, would if it
was heavy loam save 228 barrels, if it was clay 256 barrels,
and if it was sand 734 barrels of water, which would be lost

78 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

if. it remained uncultivated. The lesson is, cultivate the land
to save crops from the dire effects of drought. The quantity
of water evaporated is surprising; but it does not tell the
quantity which would have been carried off if the soil had
been in perfectly natural position. The bottom of the box
prevented the ascension of water from the deep subsoil to
take the place of that evaporated, which decreased the
evaporation, and made the soil dryer than that which sur-
rounded it.

At first thought the result of this experiment is a perfect
enigma. We turn over and shake up our hay and other
objects that they may dry the faster, and produce that result.
But in this case the disturbance of the soil—the turning of
it over, and bringing the moist soil to the surface, and expos-
ure to the sun’s rays and a temperature of nearly one hun-
dred degrees — has retarded drying; yet it is what might
have been anticipated, and in accordance with physical laws.
The place of the water carried from the surface by evapora-
tion is continually supplied from the deeper soil by capillary
attraction. The water moves upward in fine tubes formed
by the particles of soil: if the soil is compact, as when beaten
down by rain, the tubes are perfect, and the water moves
upward to the surface rapidly; but if the tubes are broken
up, the soil particles being separated by cultivation, the sub-
soil water must rise slowly, although the immediate surface
is very dry. Heat also has its influence. Solid bodies
transmit it more rapidly, and hold it longer, than those which
are light and porous. In this case, the boxes with perfect
capillary tubes and the most heat (the untilled) must evapo-
rate the fastest. The average temperature of the untilled
soil at a depth of six inches was three degrees warmer than
that of the tilled. This investigation was repeated three
times between recurring rains, a change being made in each
case of the soil tilled, and with identical results in the pro-
portion evaporated by the tilled and untilled; but the total
quantity lost varied with the change of temperature.

But drought is not,the only water difficulty with which the
farmer has to contend. Superabundance of the liquid is as
injurious as its scarcity, and one of these extremes is liable to
succeed the other. Retentive soils, drained or undrained,
may by great and constant rains become so completely water-

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 79

clogged as to retard the growth of crops by suffocating or
drowning the roots. In such an emergency can any thing
be done to give immediate relief? Will tillage doit? We
have just seen that this preserves the water; but then we
were at the other extreme, or far removed from the point of
saturation; and it may be possible that a saturated soil could
be greatly relieved, to a certain point, by breaking its rain-
formed crust, and roughening or increasing its surface space
for the action of the sun’s rays, An investigation was there-
fore made in this direction. The boxes which have been
described were taken from the trench, and drenched with
water beyond the point of saturation, and allowed to stand
in the air until percolation ceased: they were then weighed,
the soil in one of each variety turned over, and loosened to
the depth of four inches, and the boxes replaced. The trial
continued six days, during which time they were weighed
each morning, but not tilled. The result was, that the first
day the sand tilled lost 1 pound, 8 ounces; the untilled, 10
ounces. The heavy loam tilled lost 1 pound, 14 ounces; the
untilled lost nothing. The tilled clay lost 1 pound, 3 ounces ;
the untilled, 4 ounces. From the first day there was a pro-
portional increase of the loss from the untilled, which, before
the close of the trial by rain, materially exceeded that of the
tilled in the clay. The entire loss in each was: Tilled sand,
&) pounds, 13 ounces; untilled sand,4 pounds. Heavy loam,
tilled, 6 pounds, 15 ounces; untilled, 4 pounds, 11 ounces.
Clay, tilled, 4 pounds, 4 ounces; untilled, 5 pounds, 15 ounces.
It is clear, then, that, in open field-culture, such cultivation
gives relief from both these extremes ; but it is obvious, that,
in the latter case, tillage should not commence until the soil
so relieved of its surplus water, that it will not be solidified is
by the incident pressure.

For the purposes of this report these investigations were
assumed to be completed on the 30th of November; but they
will be continued regularly to the end of the year, so far as
waterfall and percolation are concerned; and at intervals the
temperature of the soil will be examined, in forest and field,
beneath the frost-crust if any exists. Their peculiar nature
has demanded uninterrupted care, attention, and labor, not
only by day, but by night, not only near the homestead, but
abroad in the open field and forest, which could not be dele-

80 * AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb. ’79.

gated to assistants. They have consumed a great amount
of time difficult to spare from other duties; but if any facts
have been found which are new to science, or any method
discovered to make old facts more practically useful in the
treatment of soils and plants, the compensation will be ample.
With this series, these and kindred investigations should be
considered not as completed, but only commenced, and should
be persistently continued year after year ; and it is earnestly
to be hoped, that, in the interest of an improved and advanced
agriculture, the means may be provided to carry forward and
make the work of the station permanent.

| S2 |
? an oe
| | = Bae
| |. = | es
: ee eee see |
4 ie = 5 |
ieee Se | |
ee |
aoe eet | ,
| Cees =
a | ares oe ie ie

tate

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND

STUDENTS.

Board of Trustees.

MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS.

His Excertency THOMAS TALBOT, Governor of the Commonwealth.

WILLIAM S. CLARK, LL.D., President of the College.

JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education.

CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

MEMBERS BY ELECTION.

MARSHALL P. WILDER
CHARLES G. DAVIS.
HENRY COLT . ;
PHINEAS STEDMAN .
JAMES G. GRINNELL
HENRY L. WHITING
HENRY F. HILLS
DANIEL NEEDHAM .
WILLIAM KNOWLTON
JOHN CUMMINGS
RICHARD GOODMAN

Executive Committee.

Boston.
PLYMOUTH.
PITTSFIELD.
CHICOPEE.
GREENFIELD.
CAMBRIDGE.
AMHERST.
GROTON.
Upton.

‘W OoBURN.
LENOX.

WILLIAM 8S. CLARK. HENRY COLT. WILLIAM KNOWLTON.
HENRY F. HILLS. PHINEAS STEDMAN.

Secretary.

CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston.

Auditor.

HENRY COLT or PITTSFIELD.

84 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Treasurer.
GEORGE MONTAGUE or AmueErst.

Board of Overseers.
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Examining Committee of Overseers.

JAMES R. NICHOLS z : : : . of Haverhill.

O. B. HADWEN ; : : 5 3 - Of Worcester.
JOHN B. MOORE . : , : : . of Concord.
CHARLES S. SARGENT ; : : . of Brookline.

J. IN. BAGG. (oon. : ; ; : . of West Springfield.

Members of Faculty.

WILLIAM §S. CLARK, Pu.D., LL.D.,
President, and Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
Professor of Agriculture.

HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A.,
Professor of Modern Languages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

HENRY W. PARKER, M.A.,
Professor of Mental, Moral, and Social Science.

WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M.A.,
Professor of Physics and Cwil Engineering.
First Lizrut. CHARLES MORRIS, Firra Articurry, U.S.A.,
Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

M. FAYETTE DICKINSON, Jun.,

Lecturer on Rural Law.

CHARLES P. LYMAN, V.S. Envrn.,

Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice.

GEORGE MONTAGUE,
Instructor in Book-keeping.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S.,

Gardener, and Assistant Professor of Horticulture.

ANDRE A. SOUTHWICK, B.S., Farm SuprerRINTENDENT.

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 85

Graduates of 1878.!

Baker, David Erastus . : . Franklin.

Boutwell, Willie Levi (Boston Univ, ) oe everett:

Brigham, Arthur Amber : Marlborough.
Choate, Edward Carlisle (Boston Unie ) Cambridge.
Clark, Xenos Young (Boston Univ.) . San Francisco, Cal.

Coburn, Charles Francis (Boston Univ.) Lowell.

Foote, Sandford Dwight (Boston Univ.). Springfield.

Hall, Josiah Newhall (Boston Univ.) . Revere.

Howe, Charles Sumner (Boston Univ.) . Boston.

Hubbard, Henry Francis (Boston Univ.) New Rochelle, N.Y.

Hunt, John Franklin. : Amherst.
Koch, Henry Gustave Heath G@oston Uni-

versity) . : . New-York City.
Lovell, Charles Otto feesion ee ) . Amherst.
Lyman, Charles Elihu (Boston Univ.) . Middlefield, Conn.
Myrick, Lockwood : : Concord.
Osgood, Frederick Huntington (Boston

University ) : . Cambridge.

Spofford, Amos Little Gaaston Univ: ) . Georgetown.
Stockbridge, Horace Edward (Boston
University) : ‘ ; . Amherst.
Tuckerman, Frederick (Boston mie: ) . Boston.
Washburn, John Hosea (Boston Univ.) . Bridgewater.
Woodbury, Rufus Putnam oe Univ.) Norwalk, Conn.
Total . : : : : : ; : sok

Senior Class..

Dickinson, Richard Storrs (Boston Univ.) Amherst.

Green, Samuel Bowdlear (Boston Univ.) Chelsea.

Howard, Joseph Clark . .° . . West Bridgewater.
Knox, Reuben .. New-York City.
Sherman, Walter Alden esion Uni. . Lowell.

Smith, George Parmenter (Boston Univ.) Sunderland.

Swan, Roscoe Willard (Boston Univ.) . Framingham.
Vaill, William Henry . : ; - Binfield.
Waldron, Hiram Edmund Baylies . . Rochester.
Total . : : : : : : . : sae

1 The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of
two academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as
have been connected with the College during any portion of the year 1878.

86 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Junior Class.

Endicott, George . : : : . New-York City.
Fowler, Alvan Luther . , : . Westfield.
Gladwin, Frederick Eugene . : . Westfield.
Hall, Alfred Sigourney . : ; . Revere.
Lee, William Gilbert . : é . Amherst. .
McQueen, Charles Manjie .. Longmeadow.
Parker, William Colverd (eoston Ua

versity) . : . ; ‘ . Wakefield.
Ripley, George Arms . : . Worcester.
Rudolph, Charles (Boston Univers) . New Haven, Conn.
Stone, Almon Humphrey ; ; . Phillipston.
Wood, Lewis ; : ‘ : . West Upton.

Total . g ; ; : : ; : : rele

Sophomore Class.

Brooks, William Cummings . . - Boston.

Clark, Wallace Valentin : : . Arbherst.
Fairfield, Frank Hamilton . 5 . Waltham.
Flint, Charles Louis, jun. . ‘ . Boston.

Hall, Albert Oliver , : : . Chelsea.

Hills, Joseph Lawrence . Boston.
Hobbs, John Folsom North Hampton, N.H.
Howe, Elmer Dwight Marlborough.
Howe, Winslow Brigham Marlborough.
Perry, Alfred Dwight Worcester.
Peters, Austin Boston.
Sattler, Hermann Gates Baltimore, Md.
Whitaker, Arthur . Needham.

Wilcox, Henry Harrison
Wolfe, Walter Madson .

Wood, Wilbur
Total .

Freshman Class.

Nawiliwili, S.I.
Montclair, N.J.
West Upton. .

Bee |

Abercrombie, Fred Norman . Boston.
Allen, Francis Sherwin . Medfield.
Allen, George Dickinson Ambherst.

Aplin, George Thomas .
Beach, Charles Edward .
Bingham, Eugene Percyval

East Putney, Vt.
Hartford, Conn.
Fitchburg.

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100.

Bishop, William Herbert
Bowman, Charles Abel .
Boynton, Charles Enoch
Brodt, Harry Snowden .
Brown, Charles Henry .
Carr, Walter Frank
Casparian, Gregory
Chandler, Everett Sawyer
Chandler, Willard Mayne
Chapin, Henry Edgerton
Chase, Harry Kirk
Chipman, Frank Ellsworth
Clarke, Henry Little
Clay, Cassius Morey

Cochran, Robert Armstrong .

Comins, William Henry
Crafts, George Eben
Currier, George Francis
Cutter, John Ashburton
Damon, Saniuel Chester
Delano, Julio Joaquin .
Deuel, Frank Dennis
Doyle, John Joseph

Dutton, Charles Kitteridge .

Fish, Charles Sumner

Floyd, Charles Walter ee eston a ye

Goodale, David

Gowdy, Harry Morgan .
Harris, Louis Lincoln
Harris, Richard Brown .
Hashiguchi, Boonzo
Hillman, Charles Dexter
Hill, Charles Henry
Holmes, Samuel Judd
Howard, Joseph Henry .
Howe, George Dickinson
Jackson, Andrew .
Johnson, Frank Prescott
Jones, Edward Spaulding
Jones, Frank Waldo
Jones, Nathaniel Nelson
Joyner, Frank Hall
Kenfield, Charles Robert
Kingman, Morris Bird .

. Diamond Hill, R.I.

Billerica.
Groveland.
Dansville, N.Y.
Taunton.
Clinton.
Nicomedia, Turkey.
Coldwater, Mich.
South Natick.
Springfield.
Boston.

Beverly.

New Bedford.
Westminster, Vt.
Maysville, Ky.
North Hadley.
North Hadley.
Amherst.
Cambridge.
Lancaster.
Valparaiso, Chili.
Amherst.
Sunderland.
Hatfield.

South Boston.
Boston.
Marlborough.
Westfield.
Westfield.
Boston.

Tokio, Japan.
Hardwick.

North Amherst.
Montclair, N.J.
Hyannis.

North Hadley.
San Francisco, Cal.
Waltham.
Worcester.
South Scituate.
Georgetown.
North Egremont.
Amherst.
Amherst.

88 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Kinney, Burton Arial

Knowles, William Fletcher, jun.
Krauss, Alonzo Augustus ‘
Leonard, Arthur (Boston University)
Livermore, Nathaniel Lyon

Lindsey, Frank B.

Luques, Edward Childs .
Manton, William James
May, Frederick Goddard
Meade, William George

Miller, Willie Smith

Morse, William Austin .

Myrick, Herbert

Paige, James Breckenridge
Parsons, Howard Albert
Perkins, Charles Brookhouse .

Perkins, Dana Edson

Plumb, Charles Sumner .
Putnam, Henry Anderson
Rawson, Edward Briggs
Rhodes, William Herbert

Shiverick, Asa Frank

Smith, Hermann Kellogg

Smith, Hiram Fred Meridey

Spalding, Abel Walter .

Stone, Winthrop Ellsworth :
Taft, Levi Rawson (Boston University) .
Taylor, Alfred Howland

Taylor, Frederick Patterson .

Thurston, Wilbur Herbert

Warner, Clarence Duane (Boston Univ. ’
Wheeler, Henry Lewis .

Wheelock, Victor Lamont

Wilder, John Emery
Willard, Daniel

Williams, James Stoddard
Wilmarth, Frederick Augustus Boston

University)

Windsor, Joseph Isaac?

Total.

Bristol, Frank Edwin

Chittenden, Edgar Davis

Select Class.

Lowell.

North Cambridge.
Boston.

Rock. ;
Clinton City, Io.
Clayton.
Biddeford, Me.
Line Rock, R.I.
Boston.
Springfield.
South Hadley.
Boston.

Concord.
Prescott.

Enfield, Conn.
Salem.

Lynn.

Westfield.
Worcester.
Brooklyn, L.I.
Boston.

Wood’s Holl.
Hadley.
Cleveland, O.
Billerica.
Amherst.
Mendon.
Yarmouth.
Boston.

Upton.

Granby.

Great Barrington.
North Amherst.
Lancaster. .
North Hartland, Vt.
Glastonbury, Conn.

Upton.
Grafton.
. 88

Harwinton, Conn..
Sunderland.

1879.] SENATE — No.

Codman, Francis .
Courtney, Matthew
Hawley, Amasa Stetson
McKenna, James Peter .
- Porter, Royal Luther
Smith, Benjamin Salter.
Smith, John Leland
Warner, William Edward
Wing, Edgar Russell é
Young, Charles Elisha . : :
Zabriskie, Frank Hunter
Total .

Post-Graduates.

Benson, B. S., David Henry (Boston
University) ; : ; :

Bragg, B.S., Everett Bunt

Clark, B. S., Atherton (Boston Univ. ie

- Howe, B. S., Charles Sumner (Boston
University) : :

Hunt, B. S., John Franklin :

Lovell, M. A., Henry Lyman (Against
College)

Stockbridge, B.S., beierace Haat (Bos.
ton University) . : :

Total .

Summary.

Post-Graduates

Graduates of 1878

Senior Class

Junior Class

Sophomore Class .

Freshman Class

Select Class.

Total
Deduct for names Sade ‘Cates

Total

100.

Brookline.
Amherst.
Hadley.
Amherst.
Brooklyn, L.I.

New-York City.

Barre.
Newton.
Needham.
Amherst.

New-York City.

Bridgewater.
Amherst.
Amherst.

Boston.
Amherst.

Amherst.

Axherst.

90 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

GRADUATES.

Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Humboldt, Allen County, Kan., Agent
Adams Express Company.

Bagley, David A., ’76, Franklin, Brakeman, N. Y. & N. E. R.R.

Baker, David E., ’78, Franklin, Travelling Agent.

Barrett, Joseph F.,-?75, 3 Park Place, New-York City, Travelling
Salesman, W. H. Bowker & Co.

Barri, John A., ’75, 13 Norfolk Street, Cambridgeport, Clerk,
Metropolitan National Bank, Boston.

Bassett, Andrew L., ’71, New-York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R.R.
& Steamship Co.

Bell, Burleigh C., ’72, Arcata, Humboldt County, Cal., Druggist.

Bellamy, John, ’76, Brookline, Clerk.

Benedict, John M., ’74, Bethel, Conn., Student of Medicine.

Benson, David H., ’77, Boston, Superintendent, Fertilizer-W orks
of W. Bradley & Co.

- Birnie, William P.,.’71, Springfield, Conductor, Conn. Central
Railroad.

Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt., Farmer.

Boutwell, Willie Levi, ’78, Leverett, Farmer.

Bowker, William H., ’71, 48 Chatham Street, Boston, Manufac-
turer and Importer of Fertilizers.

Brage, Everett B., ’75, 43 Chatham Street, Boston, Consulting
Chemist, W. H. Bowker & Co.

Brett, William F., ’72, Fall River, Merchant.

Brewer, Charles, ’77, North Wilbraham, Teacher.

Brigham, Arthur A., *78, Marlborough, Farmer.

‘Brooks, William P., ’75, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agriculture,
and Farm ancrnrenaene Agricultural College.

Bunker, Madison, ’75, 3 Park Place, New-York City, Denier in
Fertilizers, W. H. Bowker & Co.

Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Grantville, Florist.

Campbell, Frederick G., °75, West Westminster, Vt., Farmer,

Caswell, Lilley B., ’71, Athol, Civil Engineer and ee

Chandler, Edward P., ’74, Abilene, Kan., Farmer.

Chickering, Darius O., ’76, Enfield, Farmer.

Choate, Edward C., ’78, Cambridge, no business.

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. 91

Clark, Atherton, ’77, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agric. College.

Clark, John W., ’72, Amherst, Nurseryman, Agricultural College.

Clark, Xenos Y., ’78, San Francisco, Cal., Teacher.

Clay, Jabez W., ’75, 43 Chatham Street, Boston, Dealer in Fer-
tilizers, W. H. Bowker & Co.

Coburn, Charles F., ’78, Lowell, Assistant Editor, ‘* Lowell Daily
Citizen.’’

Cowles, Frank C., ’72, Amherst, Farmer.

Cowles, Homer L., ’71, Hadley, Farmer.

Curtis,’ Wolfred F., ’74.

Cutter, John C., Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Anatomy, Physiol-
ogy, and Hygiene, Sapporo Agricultural College.

Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, Druggist. |

Dodge, George R., ’75, 43 Chatham Street, Boston, Superintend-
ent Fertilizer Factory, Brighton, W. H. Bowker & Co.

Dyer, Edward N., ’72, Kohala, S.I., Teacher.

Easterbrook, Isaac ial "72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer.

Eldred, Frederick C., ’73, New-York City, Insurance Agent.

Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, Ashfield, Farmer.

3 Fisher, Jabez F.,’71, Fitchburg, Local Freight Cashier, Fitchburg

Railroad.

Fiske, Edward R., ’72, Philadelphia, Penn., Merchant, Folwell &
Brothers.

Flagg, Charles O., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer.

Foote, Sandford D., ’78, Springfield, no business.

Fuller, George E., ’71, Greenfield, Civil Engineer.

Grover, Richard B., ’72, Andover, Student of Theology.

Guild, George W. M., ’76, Boston, no business.

Hague, Henry, ’75, Manville, R.I., Clergyman.

Hall, Josiah N.,’78, Revere, Medical Student, Harvard University.

Harwood, Peter M., ’75, Barre, Farmer.

Hawley, Frank W., ’71, Trucking business, F. Hamlin.

Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., Banker’s Clerk.

Herrick, Frederick St. C., ’71, Methuen, Farmer.

Hibbard, Joseph R., ’77 Stoughton, Wis., Farmer.

Hitchcock, Daniel G., ’74, Warren, Merchant.

Hobbs, John A., ’74, Bloomington, Neb., Farmer.

Holmes, Lemuel LeB., ’72, Mattapoisett, Lawyer.

Howe, Charles S., ’78, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agric. College.

Howe, Waldo V., ’77, Framingham, Clerk, Framingham Brick Co.

Hubbard, Henry F., ’78, 93 Duane Street, New-York City, Office,
James HE. Halsey.

1 Died Novy. 8, 1878, of inflammation of the brain.

92 ; AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | [ Feb.

Hunt, John F.,’78, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural College.

Kendall, Hiram, ’76, Providence, R.I., Chemist and Superintend-
ent, Kendall Manufacturing Company. |

Kimball, Francis E., ’72, Worcester, Clerk, B. B. & G. R.R.

Knapp, Walter H., ’75, Grantville, Florist.

Koch, Henry G. H., ’78, Wurmdorf, Hanover, Germany, Farmer.

Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, Boston, Student.

Lee, Lauren K., ’75, Grinnell, Io., Hotel Clerk.

Leland, Walter S., ’73, Sherborn, Farmer.

Leonard, George, ’71, Springfield, Lawyer.

Libby, Edgar H., ’74, New-York City, Editor, ‘‘ American Agri-
culturist.”’:

Livermore, Russell W., ’72, Toledo, O., Lawyer, firm of Bissell
& Gorrill.

Lovell, Charles O., ’78, Amherst, Photographer.

Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Manistee, Mich., Druggist.

Lyman, Charles E., ’78, Middlefield, Conn., Farmer.

Lyman,’ Henry, ’74.

Lyman, Robert W., ’71, Boston, Law Student, Boston Divan

Mackie, George, 7 2, Attleborough, Physician.

Macleod, William A., ’76, Boston, Student of Law, Boston Uni-
versity, Office of Dana & Harding.

Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Manufacturer.

Martin, William E., ’76, Clerk, Excelsior, Minn.

Maynard, Samuel T., ’72, Amherst, Assistant Professor Horticul-
ture, Agricultural College. ;

McConnel, Charles W., ’76, Woonsocket, R.I., Student of Den-
tistry.

Miles, George M., ’75, Miles City, Montana, Judge U. S. Comm.
and Raiser of Sheep.

Mills, George W., ’73, Medford, Physician.

Minor, John B., 73, New Britain, Conn., Clerk, Union Mfg. Co.

Montague, Arthur His °74, South Hadley, Farmer.

Morey, Herbert E., 72, 49 Haverhill Street, Boston, Clerk, Mona
& Smith.

Morse, James H., ’71, Salem, Civil Engineer.

Myrick, Lockwood, ’78, Concord, Law Student, Office, Hon. E.
R. Hoar, Boston. |

Nichols, Lewis A., ’71, Chelsea, Civil Engineer.

Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, Farmer.

Nye, George E., 77, Sandwich, Farmer.

Osgood, Frederick H., ’78, Edinburgh, Scotland, Student of Ve-

| terinary.

1 Died Jan. 8, 1879, of pneumonia, at Middlefield, Conn.

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 93

Otis, Harry P.,’75, Leeds, Supt., Northampton Emery Wheel Co.

Page, Joel B., ’71, Conway, Farmer.

Parker, George A.,’76, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Gardener, Vassar Coll.

Parker, George L., ’76, Dorchester, Florist.

Parker, Henry F., ’77, Bristol, R.I., Draughtsman.

Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kan., General Agent, A. T.
&S. F. R.R.

Penhallow, David P.,’73, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Chemistry
and Botany, Agricultural College.

Phelps, Charles H., ’76, South Framingham, Florist.

Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Northampton, Dealer in Fertilizers.

Porter, William H., ’76, Hatfield, Farmer.

Porto, Raymundo M. daS8., ’77, Para, Brazil, Planter.

Potter, William S., ’76, LaFayette, Ind., law firm of W. D. Wallace.

Renshaw, James B., *73, Oberlin, O., Student of Theology.

Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, Boston, Professor of Penmanship,
French’s Business College.

Rice, Frank H.,’75, Aurora, Nev., Clerk.

_ Root, Joseph E., ’76, Hartford, Conn., Assistant Superintendent,
Walnut Hill Asylum.

Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Chemist.

Salisbury, Frank B., ’72, Diamond Fields, South Africa, Clerk.

Sears, John M., ’76, Ashfield, Farmer.

Shaw, Elliot D., ’72, Holyoke, Florist.

Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., Farmer.

Smead, Edwin, ’71, 83 Edmonson Avenue, Baltimore, Md., Dealer
in Coal.

Smith, Frank S., ’74, Hampden, Woollen Manufacturer.

‘Smith, Thomas E., ’76, West Chesterfield, Manufacturer.

Snow, George H., ’72, Leominster, Farmer. 8
Somers, Frederick M., ’72, San Francisco, Cal., Editor ‘‘ Argo-
naut.’’

Southmayd,’ John E.,.’77.

Southwick, Andre A., ’75, Amherst, Farm Supt., Agric. College.

Sparrow, Lewis A., ’71, 48 Chatham Street, Boston, Chemist, W.
H. Bowker & Co. |

Spofford, Amos L., °78, Georgetown, Student of Medicine, Har-
vard University.

Stockbridge, Horace E.,’78, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agric. Coll.

Strickland, George P., ’71, Stillwater, Mich., Machinist, Seymour,
Sabin, & Company.

Taft, Cyrus A., ’76, Whitinsville, Machinist.

1 Died Dec. 11, 1878, of consumption, at Minneapolis, Minn.

94 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Thompson, Edgar E., ’71, Brockton, Druggist.

Thompson, Samuel C., ’72, Natick, Civil Engineer.

Tucker, George H., ’71, Dakota, Farmer and Sheep-Raiser.

Tuckerman, Frederick, ’78, Tunbridge Wells, Eng., travelling in
Europe.

Urner, George P., ’76, 54 Leonard Street, New-York City, Super-
intendent, American Ruffie-Works.

Wakefield, Albert T., ’73, Peoria, Ill., Physician.

Ware, Willard C.,’71, 82 North Street, Boston, Salesman, Oak
Hall.

Warner, Seth S., ’73, San Francisco, Cal., Clerk.

Washburn, John H., ’78, North Raynham, Teacher.

Webb, James H., ’73, New Haven, Conn., Attorney-at-Law.

Wellington, Charles, ’73, Washington, D.C., Chemist, U. S. Ag-
ricultural Department.

Wells, Henry, ’72, Rochester, N.Y., Clerk.

Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, New-York City, Student of Medicine.

Wheeler, William, ’71, Sapporo, Japan, Pres. Agric. College.

‘Whitney, Frank LeP.,’71..

Whitney, William C., ’72, Boston, Architect.

Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, Editor, ‘* Record.”’

Winchester, John F., ’75, Lawrence, Veterinary Surgeon.

Wood, Frank W., ’73, Providence, R.I., Civil Engineer.

Woodbury, Rufus P., ’78.

Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Jersey City, N.J., Florist, Peter
Henderson.

Wyman, Joseph, ’77, Arlington, Farmer.

Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Farmer.

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 95

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

Second Term.—Inorganic Chemistry, 2 hours; Botany, 3
hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 8 hours; English, 2
hours ; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 3 hours; Military
Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—Systematic Botany, 4 hours; Geometry, 4
hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2
hours ; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First Term. — Systematic Botany, 3 hours each week; Geome-
try, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2
hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual
Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.—Geology, 3 hours; Trigonometry, 5 hours;

_ French, 4 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 3 hours; Decla-

mation, 1 hour; Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours ;
Third Term. — Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agri-

culture, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Level-

ling, 3 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

JUNIOR YEAR.

First Term.— German, 5 hours each week ; Mechanics, 5 hours ;
Entomology, 2 hours; Market-Gardening, 2 hours; Horticulture,
2 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term. — German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Practical
Chemistry, 9 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1
hour ; Declamation, 1 hour ; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. —German, 4 hours; Astronomy, 4 hours; Prac-
tical Chemistry, 9 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Stock and Dairy
Farming, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6
hours.

96 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. . [Feb.

SENIOR YEAR.

First Term. — English Literature, 4 hours each week ; Practical
Chemistry, 7 hours ; Book-keeping, 2 hours ; Roads and Railroads,
3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours ; Original Declamation, 1 hour ;
Military Drill, 3 hours.

Second Term.— English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour;
Mental Science, 4 hours ; Agriculture, 2 hours; Veterinary Science,
3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours; Mili-
tary Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. — Veterinary Science, 2 hours; Military Science,
2 hours; Botany, 3 hours; Landscape-Gardening, 3 hours; Rural
Law, 1 hour; Lectures on English Language, 2 hours; Theses,
1 hour; Agricultural Review, 4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours.

LIST OF BOOKS.
BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE.

Gray’s Lessons, Manual and Botanical Text-Book.

Sachs’ Text-Book of Botany, Morphological and Physiological.

Masters’ Henfrey’s Elementary Course of Botany.

Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.

Cooke’s Microscopic Fungi.

Carpenter’s The Microscope and its Revelations.

Flint’s Grasses and Forage-Plants.

Downing’s Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America.

Thomas’s American Fruit-Culturist.

Hoope’s Book of Evergreens.

Strong’s Grape-Culture.

Henderson’s Practical Floriculture.

Fuller’s Forest-Tree Culturist.

Williams’s Choice Stove and Greenhouse Plants.

Helmsley’s Hand-Book of Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous
Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopzedia of Plants.

Loudon’s Cyclopedia of Gardening.

Lindley and Moore’s Treasury of Botany.

Kemp’s Landscape-Gardening.

Downing’s Landseape-Gardening.

AGRICULTURE.
Johnson’s How Crops Grow.
Johnson’s How Crops Feed.
Pendleton’s Scientific Agriculture.

1879.] SENATE — No. 100. Y7

Hyde’s Lowell Lectures on Agriculture.

Liebig’s Natural Laws of Husbandry.

French’s Farm Drainage.

Flint’s Milch Cows and Dairy Farming.
Sturtevant’s, The Dairy Cow, — Ayrshire.

Waring’s Handy-Book of Husbandry.

Henderson’s Gardening for Profit.

Donaldson’s British Agriculture.

Morton’s Cyclopedia of Agriculture.

Low’s Domesticated Animals.

Flint’s Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts.
Agricultural Gazette and Gardener’s Chronicle, London, Eng.

CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY.

Bolton’s Hooker’s Chemistry.

Watt’s Fownes’s Manual of Elementary Chemistry.
Sibson’s Agricultural Chemistry.

Caldwell’s Agricultural Chemical Analysis.
Smith’s Classen’s Quantitative Analysis.

Nason’s Woehler’s Chemical Analysis.

Will’s Analytical Chemistry.

Johnson’s Fresenius’ Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.
Liebig’s Ernahrung der Pflanzen.

Wolff's Landwirthschaftliche Analyse.

Hoffman’s Ackerbau Chemie.

Watt’s Chemical Dictionary.

Dana’s Mineralogy.

Hitchcock’s Geology.

Dana’s Text-Book and Manual of Geology.

VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ZOOLOGY.

Fleming’s Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy of Domesticated
Animals.
Dalton’s Human Physiology.
Cleland’s Animal Physiology.
Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Surgery.
Williams’s Principles of Veterinary Medicine.
Gamgee’s On Horse-shoeing and Lameness.
Gamgee’s On Domestic Animals in Health and Disease.
Armitage’s Clater’s Cattle Doctor.
Youatt’s Treatises on the Domestic Animals.
Blaine’s Veterinary Art.
Morton’s Manual of Pharmacy.

Wood and Bache’s United-States Dispensatory.
13

98 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Harbison’s Elementary Zodlogy.

Lankester’s Advanced Zodélogy.

Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects.
Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation.
Westwood’s Principles of Classification of Insects.
Baird’s Mammals of North America.

Murray’s Geographical Distribution of Mammals.
Samuels’s Birds of New England.

Cobbold’s Entozoa.

Denney’s Parasitic Insects.

Moquin-Tandon’s Manual of Medical Zodlogy.

MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, AND CIVIL ENGINEERING.

Wells’s Algebra.

Loomis’s Geometry and Conic Sections.
Murray’s Land-Surveying.

Greenleaf’s Trigonometry.

Gilmore’s Roads and Railroads.

Hill’s Stewart’s Natural Philosophy.
Kverett’s Deschanel’s Natural Philosophy.
Atkinson’s Ganot’s Physics.

Peabody’s Astronomy.

Loomis’s Meteorology.

ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN.

Hart’s Composition.
Fowler’s English Grammar.
Shaw’s Complete Manual of English Literature.
Chambers’s Cyclopedia of English Literature.
Morley’s English Writers.
Taine’s History of English Literature.
Languillier and Monsanto’s French Grammar. :
Spiers and Surenne’s French Dictionary.
Glaubensklee’s German Grammar.
Adler’s German Dictionary.
The French and German books for translation are changed
every year, selections being made from recent literary and scientific
publications.

MENTAL, MORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

Haven’s Mental Science.

Hickok’s Empirical Psychology.

Porter’s Elements of Intellectual Science.
Seelye’s Schwegler’s History of Philosophy. :

Oe OO), . Pe Peg pilin: ee

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 99

Hickok’s Moral Science.

‘Haven’s Moral Philosophy.

Hopkins’s Law of Love, and Love as Law.
Chadbourne’s Natural Theology.

Walker’s Science of Wealth.

Perry’s Political Economy.

Carey’s Principles of Social Science.

Stirling’s Bastiat’s Harmonies of Political Economy.

MILITARY SCIENCE.

Lippitt’s Tactical Use of the Three Arms.

Lippitt’s Treatise on Intrenchments.

Lippitt’s Field Service in Time of War.

Lippitt’s Special Operations of War.

Welcker’s Military Lessons.

Upton’s Infantry Tactics.

United-States Artillery ea

Kent’s Commentaries.

Benet’s Courts-Martial.

Holt’s Digest of Opinions.

Halleck’s International Law.

Regulations of United-States Army.

United-States Ordnance Manual. :

General and State Militia and Volunteer Laws.

Scott’s Military History.

Histories of Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, and Re-
bellion.°

Public Documents, and Reports of Naval and Military Depart-
ments.

CALENDAR FOR 1879.

The third term of the collegiate year begins March 27, and
continues till June 25.

The first term begins Aug. 28, and continues till Nov. 27.

The second term begins Dec. 11, and continues till March 11,
1880. |

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to
the College, at the Botanic Museum, at nine a.m., Tuesday, June
24, and also on Thursday, Aug. 28.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening,
June 23.

The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell
Prize for excellence in agriculture, and the examination of the

100 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

other classes in the studies of the term, will take place ou Tuesday
forenoon, June 24.
The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 25.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined,
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram-

mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations,
and the History of the United States.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in.the studies gone over by the class to which they may wena
admission.

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years
of age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of
good character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security
for the prompt payment of term-bills. Tuition and room-rent
must be paid in advance, at the beginning of each term; and bills
for board, fuel, &c., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at nine o’clock a.m., Tuesday, June 24, and on Thurs-
day, Aug. 28; but candidates may be examined and admitted at
any other time in the year.

EXPENSES.
Tuition : ‘ : ; : ; . $25 00 per term.
Room-rent . : ‘ . : - 9) 00 to 10 00:
Board . : : ; . 2 50 to 3 50 per week.
Expenses of chemical taluk ne? to students
of practical chemistry : : : E 10 00 per term.
Public and private damages, including value
of chemical apparatus destroyed or injured, at cost.
Annual expenses, including books : . 250 00 to 350 00.
REMARKS.

The regular course of study occupies four years; and those who
complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma
being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president
of the corporation.

Regular students of the Collese may also, on application, be-
come members of Boston University, and upon graduation receive

No. 100. 101

1879.] SENATE

its diploma in addition to that of the College, thereby becoming
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni.

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the
graduates to write and speak English with correctness and effect,
and to translate German and French with facility. The scientific
course is as thorough and practical as possible, and every science
is taught with constant reference to its application to agriculture
and the wants of the farmer.

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every
branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu-
setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is dis-
cussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-house
or field, where every student is obliged to labor. The amount of
required work, however, is limited to six hours per week, in order
that it may not interfere with study. Students are allowed to do
additional work for wages, provided they maintain the necessary
rank as scholars.

Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer
about the College or farm buildings, or in the field; but it is
hardly possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one hun-
dred dollars per annum besides performing other duties. So far
as is consistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to
select such varieties of labor as they may for special reasons desire
to engage in. |

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures
with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire
special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veteri-
nary science, agriculture or horticulture, may make private ar-

rangements with the officers having charge of these departments.

An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro-
vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either
new or second-hand. At the beginning of the second term of
attendance each student is required to provide himself with the
full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets,
the cost of which is about thirty dollars.

On Sundays students are required to attend church in the fore-
noon, and invited to join a class for the study of the Bible in
the afternoon. They will be permitted to select their place of
attendance from among the churches in the town, of the follow-
ing denominations; viz., Baptist, Congregational, Episcopalian,
Methodist, and Romagn-Catholic.

102 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy,
from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies
under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry, or other
members of the faculty in their respective departments.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The Library of the College contains about fifteen hundred vol-
umes. Among them are several valuable sets of cyclopeedias,
magazines, and newspapers, reports of agricultural societies and
state boards of agriculture, and many standard works on agri-
culture and horticulture. There are also many useful works of
reference in chemistry, botany, surveying, and drawing.

The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing
books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con-
tains over thirty thousand volumes.

The State Cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston
to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand
species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of
duplicates. ‘The Botanic Museum is supplied with many interest-
ing and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models.
There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and system-
atic botany, including about three thousand figures.

About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti-
vated in the Durfee Plant-House, affording much pleasure and
information to students and visitors.

The chemical, engineering, and military departments of the
Agricultural College are well furnished.

The class in microscopy has the use of seven of Tolles’s best
compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-
eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 1038

PRIZES.

FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS.

Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided
a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, which is to be used for the pur-
chase of gold and silver medals, to be annually awarded, under the
direction of the College Faculty, for excellence in Declamation.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thousand
dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, and a
second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell Agricul-
tural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York.
These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the
oraduating class who may pass the best oral and written examina-

tion in Theoretical and Practical Agriculture.

HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES.

For the best Herbarium collected by a member of the class of
1879, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best,
a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best
collection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collec-
tion of specimens of dried plants, from the College Farm.

TOTTEN MILITARY PRIZE.

For the best Essay by a member of the Senior class on such
topic as may be assigned, a prize of twenty-five dollars is offered.
Subject for 1879, ‘* The Sword and the Plough.”’

REGULATIONS.

I. — Students are forbidden to combine together for the purpose
of absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating
any known regulation of the College.

IJ. — The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of

- the bell for each exercise of the College, by the officer in charge,

unless a monitor be employed ; and students who do not answer to
their names shall be marked absent, provided that any student
coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy.
Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence.

III. — Absence from a single exercise may be alloweed or excused

104 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

by the officer in charge of the same, if requested beforehand; but
permission to be absent from several exercises must be obtained
in advance from the general excusing officer, or from the president.
In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of
excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is
permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence
from all exercises occurring within the time specified.

IV. — Excuses for all absences, whether with permission obtained
beforehand or not, must be submitted to the excusing committee.
They must be rendered promptly within one week from the date of
absence ; and those deemed unsatisfactory will be returned to the
student with the indorsement of the committee.

VI. — Students are forbidden to absent themselves without excuse
from the regular examinations, to give up any study without per-
mission from the president, or to remove from one room to another
without authority from the officer in charge of the dormitory build-
ings; and no student shall be permitted to make such change
until he has procured from the inspecting officer a written state-
ment that the room about to be vacated is in perfect order.

VIL. — Students shall be required to attend the church of their
selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to
the excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they attended
or not.

VIII. — The record of deportment, scholarship, and attendance,
will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a stu-
dent falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member
of the College except by a-special vote of the faculty. Admission
to the College, and promotion from class to class, as well as to
graduation, are granted only by vote of the faculty.

IX.— Students are required to abstain from any thing injurious
to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all
respects to conduct themselves with propriety.

X.— Parents and guardians are specially urged to co-operate
with the faculty in securing the faithful attendance of students
upon every appointed exercise of the College.

eee %

1879. ] SENATE — No. 100. 1065

SIZE OF ROOMS.

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the
following measurements are given. In the south dormitory the
main corner-rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoining
bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are fourteen
by fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the
north dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and
the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms
are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the
bedrooms eight by eight feet.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture pays
annually into the treasury of the College the sum of three hundred
dollars, which is assigned by the faculty to the payment of the
tuition of four worthy indigent students who intend to engage in
agricultural pursuits after graduation.

The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the
faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy.

The Trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free
scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the

tate. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the
representative from the district to which the applicant belongs.
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination would
seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars, of vig-
orous constitution ; and should enter College with the intention of
remaining through the course, and then engaging in some pursuit
connected with agriculture. To every such student the cash value

of a scholarship is three hundred dollars.
14

106 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT, Jay. 1,

REAL ESTATE.
College Farm and Quarry

North College

South College

College Hall .

South Boarding-House .

North Boarding-House .

Durfee Plant-House

Botanic Museum

South Barn

Farm-House . : : : ; :
Four Dwellings and Barns purchased with the Estate,

Total Real Estate, Cost

FARM STATEMENT.

Value of Live-Stock
Vehicles and Implements
Produce on Hand .

[ Feb.

1oig:

$37,500 00
36,000 00
36,000 00
30,000 00

8,000 00
8,000: 00
12,000 00
5,000 00
14,500 00
4,000 00
9.000 00

$200,000 00

$4,470 00
1,246 00
1,617 50

FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF COLLEGE, IN CHARGE OF THE STATE

TREASURER.
Agricultural College Fund.

Cash Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1879
Present investments, —

City of Lynn Bonds . $25,000 00
Chelsea Note : : 4 25,000 00

Town of Milford Bonds . . . 14,200 00
Hudson Note . ‘ : 39,000 00

Brighton Note . : : 10,000 00

$71,000 00

=a S

1879.] SENATE —

Town of Milton Note
Plymouth Note.
West-Roxbury Note .
Westborough Note
Lee Note .

Somerset Note .

County of Hampden Notes

Massachusetts, Troy, and Greenfield
Railroad Bonds 3
Massachusetts Bonds

Maine Bonds

Total Fund

No. 100.

$10,000 00

6,724 65
30,000 00
12,000 00

4,142 75
10,000 00
75,000 .00

$8,000 00
20,000 00

107

$257,067 40

28,000 00
4,000 00

$360,067 40

Two-thirds of the income of this fund is by law paid to the
Treasurer of the College, and one-third to the Treasurer of the

Institute of Technology.

The Hills Fund of ten thousand dollars, for the maintenance
of the Botanic Garden, is in charge of the College Treasurer.

To this sum should be added the receipts for tuition and room-
rent, and the receipts from the sale of the products of the farm and

garden.

[Feb.
|
|

Cy009 OUR” | 76 OES GFhs-90 GO GLB 2EU69T 268) Gs OM eee Or B22 6pR | tt a ne TIO,

= = = ~ - — ; : ; ; * puny ozig AreqiTp, 109907,

= = _ - - - ’ ; : . : * puny [[euUULLy eulooUT
3 = = = _ - - : : : : : : puny eziig [TeuuLry
ch gx a = — -- - : : : : . * puny oZLtd YYLOMSULG
a 72 s = a = = ‘ ; : ° : * puny MosUTqory Axe
S mn = = = - : ‘ : . ‘ : ‘ oouUvINSUT
= ue = m = — - : : ‘ ‘ , : syisodeqy Uo 4soroquy
O88 SI SL 18% OL 6IL z ; 5 DS eee ae
© 69 901 aR = 86 LOT . °F ; : : : : * qguowyqieded jeoruejoq
4 $9 Ge6CI | 99 FOGET | 88 PESIT | 18 0692 = * Ses ae ee 2 ea SS Eber eee
S 2 fr 00 000‘LT ck a . : . : . . . : eiqvdvg STILT
oc 0000 _ | 00 00¢ 00 00¢ 00 00 = Sob Oe ie 8 PEST a OO
Ss) = 00 009° = e8 ShScl = = ‘ : " spuelty pur eso[[og ysxoywy
KX 10 9 81 F00'°S 90 OFS‘T 91 HOGS | G OL > ds ee " yunoooy WIE
= = s a 19 9CT‘09 - : ; : : SpucolIy puv ysr3eyuy Jo UMOT,
=) - = = = 00 000‘0T = ee i ee eH Eo ea aN ae
S a a eS = = OF 812'6S : : : : * driog puvry 4! 107 peatoooy
2 00 000'0S ~—|:00 000‘ | 00 0000S | 00 000'0S a 00 onus | > tt tt stoudomddy ayeng
ct 6 «GS FNS'SIG | GS GE8'FS | GE GEo'6s | OL 8006's 00 0g6‘ors = | PUT S810) (BINA ely ULoas ano
< a = = &8 CSP tS = = cacao - + gouereq

‘LLST ‘OLST "6981 "S9SI ‘LOST ‘99-981

"GZ8ST ‘I “Une 02 SegsST wm uoijnsod
-woouyt spr wotf -abayog pounynowbp syasnyoosspyy ayz fo Juno.Pp Uo sjdiaoeyy pun awmoour yo fo juawanig hunwungy

108

109

SENATE — No. 100.

1879.]

80 OFD‘Zes. 09 FF0'Le8 | TO 6SP'Gcs | FO GFS'cEs | TO GET‘cck | 6S LIT‘SES | LL 6cP'6ck | ° : ; ; 3 = (elon,
00 ¢ | - = = - - - : : * pung oztig Areqyiyy uo],
00 0S 00 08 00 08 00 08 . 00 OOT = = : : ; * puny TeuurLrg euroouy
= = = a 00 000‘T, cs = ‘ js . 2 puny oeziig [jeuulsy
00 OOT 00 OOT 00 OOT 00 00T 00 06 = = ; : "puny oZLIg Y}IOMSUIV |
00 ¢¢ = = = 00 000‘T = = : : ; ee Arey
7 = oa = ae = eg 10¢‘T © O : : 2 oouvINSUT
= - = 00 OFT = 00 068 : ; : " - sptsodeq, Uo 4sea0} Uy
€¢ 60F FL 199 ZB LE TS 6 09 O6T 6¢ 06 = : : : " puny juesutyu0g
6¢ FF9'T | ZO 990'G If 680°T 08 Ec6 0G 6FS 6G 08g G6 Pal ; : : " qguoujredeg [voruejog
CG OFI'S. | 88 G9B‘L 90 OGO'IT | 8G LOT'ET | G6 G6S‘6 Tg ¢68°6 GO) OSG OT ps ee ee
00 000'9 | 00 00c‘t% | GF 069‘'0G | 00 000'F 00 00¢‘g 00 O9F‘OT = z ; : : : grqvdAvg stig
00 00¢ 00 00g 00 00¢ 00 00S 00 00¢ 00 00 00 00g : : , * puny sity Jo emoouy
= — == = — = 2 - Spire pue 8.09][09 9S.10Y OY
7 BPE T -| SAe20°¢ +9 CG I GI L19‘T FG SPT 69 LOT'S 0¢ 18 ; : ° gunoooy ULIey

= . ° spuelig pue ysieyury jo uMOs,
ax a x » sm as = : * PSNOF]-JULTY 10} sez.ing *N Aq

; : 3 * QoUR[eg

‘SLSI “LLST “OLST “SLST “PLST “SLST “SLST

‘popnpuog — “6zST ‘T ‘vv 07 ‘eggT us uorn.sod
~Loatey sy wolf ‘abayog jnunynniby syasnyonssnyy ay? fo qunooop uo sjdiaoaay pun awooug yo fo quawmanig hinwung

[Feb.

- - - - ~ _ ; : : : : : * pred ssoupoyqopuy
= == — = = = 2 a 2 rie SOZIIG. [VOLLOPOYY YALOMSUL
: _ - ~ - ~ ~ , : : 2 * SoZzlig [BInq[NoLisy [jeuULLy
= = ‘ — a = = = 7 * puny OZII [[puULLy) aio) JUOULYSOAUT
eal 00 SPPT GS €68°T = re 3 x ee SeenON ONS a eae
= 06 1409 99 Tar 98 G9 = = = ee remade anna aay
S GG §g8°9 19 9FL'F LG GLO'G 98 LID PD = = oe Ee ee PRION Or EGE
0 6G GET'S 19 61¢°F 69 P19'F €8 F68'T = re qunosoy A1oyetoqey pur ‘sosucdxy [Tq wre],
HK 16 69% 00 08 ‘PP 186 G6 OSPF = = " 5 ss gno pred puny sit Jo euoouy
= 00 g8¢ 1€ S&I'T 03 6LE'T 19 G98 eS > Te le SR SO SES ee ee oe
> 00 000°TT = z = = = TES SS oe eo Gie ear ee ina
= €8 LE8°9 LL 9TT'9 ST €66°9 TL LOP'S 99 PLOIT oe Be a Soames eee
=e G0 vel el | 1.01.9 96 OF9'ST | &% 989°6 86 P68'LT | 93 ES6'8 a Ses ee ri ®)
Se cr tie 66 900°IT | TL 6IV'TS | GT aes'TS | 6 06z'ES = GE OE ee Se OO ese nea
ee = - 00 000° 00 000°9 = OG GOPcee | * 9% 2 SOUP TRUE eee
= 19 910'GTS | G6 68E‘OTS | GL 6SPF'SIS | 00 OGs‘cs | 00 OGzs‘6s = ee ee ISS
‘TAST “OLST “69ST “S9ST “LOST *99-P9ST

oO ‘6LST ab “Unt? 02 ‘egsT Ut UOUDLOTLOOUT

7 syu Wolf ‘abanog jounynoiby syasnyoossppy ay) fo ywnooopy Uo saunypuaduy pun suamhvg yo fo quawanig hunwung

111

SENATE — No. 100.

1879.]

= = GI G8a = = = = ; ° ts o> + pied ssoupeyqepuy

00 00T 00 00T 00 00T oo 410 00 02 = = : : SOZLIG [VOLLOPOYY YILOMSUIV A

00 OL 00 OL 00 OL 00 OL 00 LIT = ie : : " Sozlig [VANY[NOLISY [[OUULIY

= = = = 00 000‘T - a : puny eziig [[JoUULLH Jo yUSTIySeAUT

7 = = 88 F99 00 00% = 00 9F8 ; ; : : " UOLPOUTYSUT BIIXY

€9 Sco‘T | GL SOT'S 68 GI6 Gg LITT 96 SLP GL PLZ 8e F9E : . : " quowyredeq [voruejog

g¢ g9s’s | 6T S6L‘T LE O06L'E 1G SLL'P 16 1G8° G8 186 PF IS 6F6'F ; : E ; “sqyuepnyg Jo prvog
FS ec0°S | 98 T9G‘S FI PLS €8 GPL's 66 893'T Gl GIG &I 180° rt Cae ae eee qun0d

-0V Ar10;e.10qe'T pue ‘sosuod xq Ta LOO BIN §

¥ OIO'T | L6 OFZ Sh OIP F0 G&G 70 60¢ eh SbL GP 916 " * - qno pred puny s[[t_ Jo euroouy

99 18ST | FZ 989'T 08 G68 66 6L0'T GO #89 91 TLE = : : : ; ; .. qso.ioquy

00 000°E | 00 00c‘Ss | BF 069‘FT = 00 096‘ = = ; 2a ae : : eiqvdvg sig

+9 F1¢'S | 08 699‘ GO OST‘ 00 S6rs VG GCG F GG 8th 7G SIS‘L : : : * sesuodxa wey

GT LITS | Ge I8c‘F GS F80°S 96 998°9 9T GGL‘3I | 6h 9gg‘9 6G 9G9'6 : : : : * sosuedxy query

5 Zi * iS = rr ; ; : " pung surprimg

ee Z = = = - - ° : 2 * sseuULpliIng pur puey

0G S69°T$| 00 OSe'9TS | 0G GEO'6TS | OG GLV'sTS | €8 GE66'6TS | 68 OFG'ETS | 00 GOL*ATB }* © ° * * * — *SeLTETES

"SLST “LLST ‘O9LST “SLST ‘PLST “ELST “SAST

‘popnppu0g — "64ST ‘7 “une 02 ‘Eg9T uw Uuounsod.oour
sp wolf ‘abayop jounynowbhy syasnyoossnpy oy, fo qunooop uo saunjypuedum pun squawhng yo fo quawewig henwungy

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

112

Ssurredoid pue

1g ¢ss‘6o2$
0G O92

1g Gol‘6a24
al eeae

00 000°T

00 L8F

00 LIF

00 000'T

G9 Shas

G9 E19‘)

SPF OLS‘ LF
90 1¢66'08
0G SOI‘'S

88 Sts'6

GP OGI‘9G
F6 SCG F9
99 TIO'SII
FS OSLO
0G 66P'SF
&6 966'CSI4

“WIR] OG) JO UO!WALI[ND ayy WO’Z JOUTSIP YOM — ‘OU0ZS PUL [OATS ZUTTNVY ‘sSurpyinq Jo uoTepunoy vqy

GLSL ‘T uve sourleg

91ST pied ‘ssoupoyqopuy
: * GuOTAISeAUT PUNY WosuTqoy ALVA]

popuedxe ‘pung oziig yJIoMste | autoouy
pepuedxe ‘puny oztig [Jeuutiy smoouy

: * quletySeAUT PUN oZlIg [[OUULIr

SoIn}oe"] PUB UOTPNAYSUT VAYX
: : : * quotmgieded [vorurjyog
* sqyuepnyg jo pavog
"quNODOY [[Lq ULtay,
pepuodxe ” puny sy[tpT Fo euoouy
: : * gunoooy 4so.lezU]
* qiqudeg Siitq
,JuNODOY We T
qunosoy osuedxi queting
‘qunosoy puny surpring

: : : ' SOUIp[INg pur pue'y
* SOLIB[VG

‘

“SAM OLIGNGIXY ANY SINUNWAVG

C8g‘6aL18

g
Oat
000‘T
06F
cg

000‘T
10¢‘T
Og
$61
78 2
6ST‘STT
OET‘08
898°C

6 lente
000°EL
000‘0T
82266
000'S&S
GES‘ OST
cor‘ ts

-xoun

‘puny

Surpers ‘spvot Supiedot pue Surpling: al stv, puv wow Jo 1oqv] oy} OS[e sopnyour sosuodxo WILY sv pos.eyo o1oy wns oy} Jo yAUd o[qeAopIsuoD W _

* puny omg Avvqrprpy 199407,
puny oztig [feuuLTy Jo suloouy
puny, oZiIq [JOUUL
‘puny oZlIg YOMsSuIR y

popued

uosurqoy Arp SsTy JO ouLooUT
mosurqou Aue SSI Jo ysoubog

POURINSUT

syisodaq] Uo 4ser0zUy

* pung yuosuryu0)
quouryieday Teoruvyog,
gunoooy T[Iq ULto 7,
‘orqudeg sig
puny s[[t[{T Jo suoouy

qUNODOW WLR

SpUolLIy puv 4sLayULyW JO UMOT,
OSNOF{-JULI J OF ooFanqy uvyy eN “aq
TIE jo opel me oy di1og pur'yT yyUey-0uG
suoryiidoiddy 07%49
pun a es9]109 [eanyNo1is WO. emIooiry UIO.LT
[ ‘uve ‘oourreg

"SLIINOAY AGNV ANWOONT

SORT '

"GIST ST (Uep 02 ‘E9ST ur uornsoduoouy spr wmosf ‘abayjo9 yowngna

why syasnyonssnyy ay} fo qunoop uo sainppuedamy pun sjuamhing yw pun sydieoaay puy awoour yp fo yuawanrg hunwung

113

‘wonpry “LTOO AUNGDH
‘sroqouoa redoid oy} Aq potuvdimoooe pu ‘peyeys A[JO0TIOD Uleyy PU puv ‘sjUN0d0v Ss TOINSvEIT, 9Y} pounuVexe savy T

= ‘dadnsvalT, “TNOVINOW ‘OD

= ‘peqiuiqns AT[njyoodsoxy

S |

Zz |

| | 1S 08z'sat

TS 083'8zs | ——

| 00 000‘9 Temouer pur suvoy oj soqony ‘opqeded sytg

: 06 O9L | ; : 3 ; : i SOU eral 64 PPOT |° SROUAO TINE eRe

<j ‘Te"9Eqi @) 90G1 |- quopuoqurtodng ULIG

= ZA ol Feet ‘ puny toqe7y wor pred ‘sig ,squepnyg Ch Gene |. : * syuepnyg woz s}dresey

= 00 000‘¢ : Ss pue pred sojon ‘afquded STIG 00 & . . pun ezitg 9140],

= 00 O6L i Z qUNOVDY YZ 00-O08T . : : * spuny eziig ;
99 18g‘T g : * qunooosy 4Se1oJUy 00 Ge é * puny uosutqoy Arey
79 FIGS -\ : : quod. VW ULE OL Pee‘T | ° : : loqey] ,syuep
€9 8c9'T Z : * JuNOSOY [BoTUR{OT -njg 10oy uoyeridoiddy 2%49
G8 LOL G : qunoosdy Jtuesutyu0D 83 F90°ET | ° pa qFUOTUMOPUY 2424S : ss}
FS OLO'T y : qunoosoy pung STITH sestedxgy GL 66S : p pun STITH JO ouloouy
0g £69'ST¢! ° ; * gzez.ivnb 9014} OJ seLmeles kg 9¢ LETTS |° : : : * eouRleg OF, | *[T “ue:

“SLST “SLST

‘IDUTION IVUALTIOOANVW SLIGSAHOVSSV]L YZMN JUNO. Us Ssatnsnaty, SHNOVINO] ANAOUL) “Gh

wt
. » i ’ 7 4 j - a . a ’ i? ; T = . oy v4, <
ae tr * SAE a Lge Sao T ie Yes ee eke aa, C +a - ” “ gas _ ; , : ; 7

> " . . a
; tal) = FF ; s F > F = > re 4
= a rg gperte i or ae a a ; : ; oh
FP eae ale. Se NE Boater ks eat Py 2 St. hbase S t P 7 ; a,
- Sm s E
> r ‘ 8 Ss t s
ia Ee pier: 2 y ; 4 > i a eae
= Ss 5 1 } S , 4 * tly qe i? > 7 ; a. ¥
Rh | + Se ce ’ = ‘e “<4 ¥ Rass ox . . . ~ Gm p ae
an: east en 5 a " 2 ieeny : iy z ae rol Sapa vf em 4 r 4
s : 4 3 ry. ia P wha: sb ed acing De uc de PE Ce GPE eo pe) ee eS. 4 Ses
BPs * eet Sa . ; 3 * a z , , . 4 i. a . Pa z a. ‘ r , 5
* i, s - = : ’ ‘ L. *~ .
i Pant : - = es, * F ;
le : pe: ea. S a.
i Sk ae oes ; . & 4
af G aes -
. MA , ’ ;
5 : : ; Ses f
. ae ‘ - j -
x £ oy Se b . a’ * . bd ime we
« ~ aro es P, -
a ~ > > ¢ = e 4 ' 4 : | .
-,. ons
y x f ? ‘ae aoa é
: , I » * 4 by ae + +6 @ > ¢ -. be
we 3 : ; a : agate
< ; : . \ . 4 7
A i 5 5
= a 3 .
“ ‘1 ¥
=4 .
: : |
; my
ba -
re ; :
f .
: \ . MS F
. : Sete
o ; K .
" , °
. fy =
: F ‘ =
© 7 " ir

SUMMARY

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE YEAR
1878.

TAKEN AT AMHERST, MAss., BY Miss SaBRA C. SNELL.

LATITUDE, 42° 22’ 17’’. LoNnGITuDE, 72° 34’ 30”. ELEVATION ABOVE THE
SrA LEVEL, 267 FEET.

‘Uy ‘ i
.
‘
re
‘
‘
"
‘ 5
‘ a
; \
i
, 5
F \
o ‘
‘ 245
os
ui —
o- oe eo) . ” cel ies - ~e
aw, pe ey Tar one
F .
f zy 2
: , are
: pie a ee oe
6
writs
avis le
. . - i peng th <meta
sham: Heth, Oy Jat eon
ee
“* ne es ee eee
ie epee ae
.
’
od
4 ’
.
“

117

SENATE — No. 100.

Feb. "79.]

GL | § | OOL || 608° | 900° | FIG’ || 829°6e
69°) & 26 OcGT” | 900° | EGP || L99°6%
19 | €L | OOT || 99T° | L¥0° | Sc& || S69 6?e
OL | IT | OOT |} SOS" | 160° | GEG || 2E2 6c
v8 | 6E | OOT || I6ér | 9ET” | S98" || [Z8°6%e
68 | TP | OOT || ALG" | Gcé" | PIG” || Sc9°6e
68 | SE | 66 66¢° | PLT” | 006° || PL9°66
CL | 6¢ | 66 Str | SOT’ | PLL" || 199°6%
69 | Gq | F6 SIS | SEL) S19 | SE9'6e
IZ | 94 | OOT || G8a° | GFL | GES” || 699°6¢
89 | Te | 86 991° | 0SO” | SEE" || FS9°G6e
TZ} Ge | OOT || PIT’ | <c0° | OTS’ || 999°6e
TZ | 9& | OOT || 9GT° | GIO’ | GGG’ || GhL'6™
swan ‘Ul | ‘XVIT "UVdTL “UIT ‘XB “UROTL
“NOILVAURALVS "SOlOUT UT

HO NOLLOVUA
dO ALICIN

“OH WAILVIEY

‘IOdVA AO

ANOSSTNd YO TOVOA

1¥9'86

I¥9°86
CEL'86
V6L 66
GOP 6G
986 6G
1VG 66
06 66
LEG 66
LE6°8G
V9L'86
661 °66
IE8'$e

"UT

“INIOd

VLE 0E

9LT OE
616° 0E
19008
066 '0€
G66 66
VV6 66
O86 66
100°08
900 0&
606 '0E
89666
PLE OE

GG | &6 | 8P

GI | 16-| 6G
Sql oe tals
Le | G6 | LP
& | ve | IS
98 | 66 | SE
Le | 8& | c&
CG | OF | IP
0S | 48 | 8g
98 | SG \ GE
6 | Oe | £9
a AS
GL | GI | &9

-
co ¢
rc

SOADmonddWon tX~
i)

oD CO ©
i ial
or)

‘XVI

ONIZAAAA OL CANIGAY LHDITH
UTALANOUV £

“HN | as as “MON

“aOuOg
QNY ANIL 10 INDO wad
SANIM

T'S |O°8G | G6S OP
9°G 10°6 | 0G60°9
ele 6EE'°S
GG as FLO G
(G) oe 1é8'G
Gries FL.6°9
Gal E91 G
Cen nee §00 9
Ne 0986
i io eal eae €G8 GC
eC ales COG'G
9'F IG’ST! GODS
eS 029) sees
bar este eae
£2 |ES |Baps
Bes |" 52
pg) Fee
Se 3 5

LYV6P | GEI-| G6 | ~ “TROT
C6°86 | LIT | L°&G | * tequreoey
TT 68] 8 61 | GLE | *“toquieaony
SP tG| O24 | S12 4° 10q0z20O
0G 29 | 0 8E | GTS Taqureydag
€9'°89| 66h | GGg | *° ysueny
Efe) | CCG ece |e = Aimy
6179 | POP | G06 | ° *ounr
S8°LG | SOF | Ges | ° > Le
Bb eGal= O2)Ge\| ces [ludy
G'6E1 cE HELCUOY gee Oley
FL 121 oe- | fog | ° Ateniqa7
66°¢%| @GI-| FH | * Avenuee
“UBOL UNIT “XBIT
"HINOW

‘aIY NUdO NI
ULLANWOKTIAL

"SLOT 40f suoinasesqC jombopo.oajayy fo hunwungy

Se ee ee

SSS SS
—S SSS
———— = ————

ic, ==

———— .
= —— ————————
SSS

akin il ee
eccrine gg (iit |

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, MASS.

a _ ee

SENATE. No. 125.

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

j 7 : JANUARY, 1880.

(Gla
me

RNS
RAYNER
ASS

? BOSTON :
Band, Aberv, & Co:, Printers to the Commonwealth,

117 FRANKLIN STREET.

1880.

Le ee eee ee

Commonwealth of sM#assachusetts.

StatTE Houses, Boston,
Feb. 12, 1880.
To his Excellency, Joun D. Lone: —

Str, —I have the honor herewith to present to your Excel-
lency and the Honorable Council the Seventeenth Annual
Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Very respectfully your obedient servant,
CHARLES L. FLINT,
President.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, BOSTON,
Feb. 12, 1880.

To the Honorable the Senate: —
I have the honor herewith to transmit for the consideration
of the General Court the Seventeenth Annual Report of the

Massachusetts Agricultural College
JOHN D. LONG.

HN: (DB Xe

Prosperity of the College . : ‘ : :
_ Financial Status of the oo

College Facilities . . : :

Subjects Investigated . . .

Opinions of Experts. : - : - -
othe Pecan OOS Se
Anniversary Exercises .. : : :

Agricultural Act of Congress

Act for the Reception of a Grant of Cue &e.

Charter of College . : : :

Catalogue of Officers, Students, and Gain
Course of Study and Training . - : :
Calendar for 1880 . : - . : :

Terms of Admission . ; A

Expenses . : : s - - -
‘Post-Graduate Course : Be elt, ve : :
Prizes 4 : é : : ‘ : 3

Regulations . : ;
Scholarships. : ‘ : : : “a
(iessrerseAccountb. . . . «. «

ANNUAL REPORT.

To his Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council : —

Tue Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
respectfully submit their Seventeenth Annual Report.

The College is now, for the first time in several years, prac-
ically free from debt. Since the adjournment of the last
egislature, it has been thoroughly re-organized, so as to place
it}if possible, upon a sound and strong financial or business
basis. The current expenses have been reduced by more than
tenthousand dollars a year, — sufficient to bring them within
the mcome of the institution, and to leave a small margin.

To\effect this reduction, it has been necessary to abolish
one professorship and to withhold the president’s salary.
The salaries of one or two professors, and that of the treas-
urer, though small already, were somewhat cut down; while
a saving pf about four hundred dollars has been made in the

farm superintendent. It is impossible to see how the ex-
penses can be reduced to a much lower figure, without seri-
ously crippling the usefulness of the College, and curtailing
its efficiency.\

The origin of the fund received under the Act of Congress
of July 2, 1862, and the Act establishing the College by the
Legislature of 1868, were stated in detail in the last Annual

_ janitor’s ‘nt and a little more than that in the office of

Report of the Trustees. As but few copies of that report

were printed, and it is not readily accessible, the Acts of
Congress and of the Legislature accepting the grant, and
establishing the College, are presented on a subsequent page,
where they will be found convenient for reference,

The real estate of the College, or what, to use a business
phrase, may be called “the plant,” —including the land of

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

the farm, the dormitories, halls, boarding-houses, and other
college and farm buildings, —have cost two hundred thou-
sand dollars. The college fund now in the hands of the State
treasurer, and to be kept there in accordance with the pro-
visions of the Act of Congress accepted and agreed to by the
formal action of the Legislature, amounts to $360,067.40.
Two-thirds of the income of this fund is by law paid over
to the treasurer of the College, and one-third to the treasurer
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. When it is
reported, therefore, that the State has at different times
appropriated $255,000 for the establishment and maintenance
of the College, it ought, in justice, to be borne in mind that
the greater part of this large aggregate (nearly three-fifths)
was given in the form of an addition to the fund arising
from the sale of national land scrip, not a dollar of which has
been expended, and that the College receives but two-thirds
of the income of this fund; so that the advantage of these
generous gifts does not wholly accrue to the Agricultural
College, and its income is, in manta very much Jess
than it otherwise would be.

The financial embarrassments of the College have arisen,
in part, from the reduction of the income of the fund m the
hands of the State treasurer, consequent upon the general
depression of business so universally prevalent dunng the
last few years, and in part, it must be admitted, from want of
attention to business details in the expenditures of the farm
and other departments of the institution. The re-organiza-
tion was designed to remedy these defects, and it is believed
that it has accomplished the object. The financial status of
the College may be presented substantially as follows : —

Beallestate Al uc’) Sib jca he Ge ee te ie oe

Farm stock appraised at . : . : : 2,747 00
Implements, vehicles, &c. : ; : : 1,005 50
Farm produce on hand . : 2 : : 2,019 25

| $205,771 75

RESOURCES.

Income of fund in State treasury . : . $12,000 00
Income from other funds ; ; 5 : 700 00
Income from tuition, room-rent, &c. : 5 3,500 00

Total income ‘ , : : - $16,200 00

{

—— =. —

:
|
:

wee = ees
a Se ol - =
at tea

1880.] SENATE — No. 125. 11
EXPENDITURES.
Salary account ; ; : : : . $10,100 00
Current expense account ; : : : 4,000 00
Extra instruction . : ‘ : : : 800 00
Cost i. é : ‘ ; . « $14,900 00

The ledger balance and treasurer’s report will be found on
a subsequent page. :

In the above estimate of expenditures no allowance is
made for a president’s salary. It is impracticable to reduce
the teaching force of the College below its present limits.
One professorship, as already stated, has been vacated by
the action of the trustees during the past year, for the ex-
press purpose of keeping the expenses within the income;
but it must be evident that this reduction cannot be carried
further without great injury to the reputation of the institu-
tion. ‘The studies to be pursued must be such in variety,
in extent, and in value, as shall meet in good faith the re-
quirements of the Act of Congress to which we are indebt-
ed for the original endowment. It must be presumed that
in accepting the grant, and obligating itself to fulfil its con-
ditions, the State meant to do it honorably, and to comply

with the spirit as well as with the letter of the Act.

No one can fail to see, in reading the conditions of the
grant, that it implies something more than the maintenance
of a mere manual labor school. ‘The very name of ‘College ”’
implies a broader and more generous culture: it implies a
place of education for the young. Whatever the institution
may do in the way of affording models of farming for the
public, or in searching for new facts, or the investigation of
scientific principles applied to agriculture, must be secon-
dary, and subordinate to the main objects, which the very
name given in the Act of Congress implies. The leading
and prominent idea conveyed is that learning and labor,
Science and practice, are to meet in a more profitable life
upon the farm; that the chief aim shall be to develop the
man in the farmer, and to develop farming through the man
engaged init. This means discipline, which lies at the foun-
dation of all genuine education: it means that we are to do
something to educate the mind as well as the hand, to make
intelligent men and good citizens, and this object has been
kept constantly in view.

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

It is to be borne in mind, that, at the time the College was
founded, there were no models in this country by which our
early steps could be guided. Many institutions of the kind
had been established and maintained by most of the govern-
ments of Europe, and some of them were broader in scope
than our own; but they could hardly furnish any complete
guide for us in circumstances so widely different. Mistakes
might, therefore, have reasonably been expected. But what-
ever mistakes may have been made by the trustees, acting
as the agents of the Commonwealth, the history and the
record of the College have, on the whole, been honorable, and
highly creditable to the State. It was opened for the admis-
sion of students in 1867; and since that time more than six
hundred and fifty have been admitted on examination or
diploma. The yearly average number of students has ex-
ceeded a hundred. Its first class graduated in 1871, and it
has graduated a hundred and fifty-seven in all, more than a
third of whom are devoting themselves exclusively to agri-
culture, and pursuits intimately connected with it. In addi-
tion, it has given instruction to four hundred others who
have taken partial courses in agriculture, and returned to the
farms from which they came.

The facilities gathered there for illustration, and for im-
parting a sound and substantial education, in which the natu-
ral sciences constitute the basis, are much greater than has
been commonly supposed. The College library consists of
over two thousand volumes, mostly on technical subjects,
embracing every department of agriculture and the natural
sciences. The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than
ten thousand species of catalogued plants and _ botanical
specimens. The State cabinet of geology, ornithology, and
entomology, is complete in its illustration of the natural
history of Massachusetts. The chemical laboratory has ac-
commodations for seventy students. This department is in
a high state of efficiency. Practical laboratory work is re-
quired of each student daily for an entire year. .

The department of physics and civil engineering, under
the charge of Professor Graves, is well equipped with appa-
ratus ; and practical field-work in surveying, laying out roads,
&¢c., is required of every student, sufficient to give him a
knowledge of the most approved instruments, and methods —

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. 13

to be pursued under a great variety of circumstances. ‘The
military department, required, officered, and equipped by
the General Government, and under the charge of an accom-
plished army officer, a graduate of West Point, affords un-
surpassed facilities for valuable discipline, and is educating
far more thoroughly and completely than any militia system
can be expected to do, a large number of young men, who
go out capable of serving as officers or soldiers in case of
emergency. ‘This feature of the course of study and train-
ing, as was said in the last Report, is far more important than
is generally supposed, and has from the first received the
most careful attention, and been eminently successful. The
horticultural department, under the charge of Professor May-
nard, contains extensive plant and propagating houses, peach,
pear, and apple orchards, vineyards and nurseries, afford-
ing ample facilities for instruction and for the labor of stu-
dents, who are paid by the hour for all work beyond the
limits of what is called “ class-work,” which is required of
all students six hours a week as a part of the educational
course.

The farm, of nearly four hundred acres, must be regarded
as an important adjunct of the College, as it affords facilities
for observation and labor which could not be had without
it. It has been somewhat cramped for means, and has been
required to do a vast amount of work — in the way of grading
grounds, building roads and walks, and teaming of various
kinds — for the College, so that its accounts have not shown
its actual working ; but its capacities for usefulness in connec-
tion with other departments of the College are too obvious to
need comment.

Though the education and training of young men must be
regarded as the primary object, the contributions of the
College to the science and practice of agriculture have been
extensive and valuable; and they are universally recognized
throughout the country as in the highest degree creditable
to the institution and to the State: they have, indeed, in
repeated instances, been taken as the basis of important legis-
lative action in other States. The following may be stated
as a few of the subjects that have been investigated, most of
them exhaustively, and with valuable practical results : —

1. The growing of sugar-beets, the manufacture of sugar

14 ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [ Feb.

from them, and trials of their value for cattle foods. This
industry is soon to grow up in our midst, and to absorb large
amounts of capital.

2. The sources of supply and the quantity and quality of
our manurial agents. These careful scientific investigations —
have been the prime means of revolutionizing the manufac-
ture and trade in fertilizers, not only in this State, but
throughout the country.

3. Laboratory and physical examinations of the South-
Carolina phosphates, and trials of their agricultural value in
the raw state, and after treatment with acids.

4. On the use and effect of common salt on the pig and
root crops. |

5. The chemical and physical condition of the salt-marshes
of the State, and the devising of methods by which they can
be made available for agricultural purposes.

6. Experiments with compound commercial fertilizers to
test their comparative agricultural value, and their value as
compared with single elements. :

7. To determine what elements will make practically a
complete manure on our average soils.

8. Investigations of the quality and composition of com-
mercial fertilizers offered for sale, and the protection of the
community, by legal control and inspection, from frauds in
them.

9. Observations and study of the phenomena of plant-life.

10. The circulation of sap in plants, and their expansive
power during growth.

11. To determine the proportions of different elements of
nutrition in feeding substances to be used, to save needless
expense, and to produce the most cer tain results.

12. Experiments on the continuous growth of crops on the
same soil, with chemical fertilizers alone.

13. The influence of different kinds of fodder-plants fed to
milch cows on the quantity and quality of their milk and
butter. |

14. Examinations and trials to test the comparative value
of different methods of setting and treating milk in the
butter-dairy.

15. Practical trials of new implements and a great variety
of farm machinery.

1880. | SENATE — No. 125. 15

16. Investigations as to the effect of girdling fruit-trees
and plants to hasten the time of ripening, and to improve the
quality of the fruit.

17. The effect of chemical salts on the carbo-hydrate con-
tents of plants and the quality of fruits.

18. The construction and repair of common roads.

19. The growing of early-amber cane, and the manufacture
of sugar from its juice.

20. The influence of temperature, and the vital functions
of plants, and temperature of soils and air, on the changes in
form of water in soils, and plants and vapor in air. —

21. Investigations in relation to the evaporation and per-
colation of water from the soil.

22. The tilling of soils of different characteristics as foe
ing the loss of water by evaporation.

23. The determination of the elements of plant-nutrition
lost from the soil by leaching and of those it retains.

24. Investigations in relation to the comparative tempera-
ture of the soil and air by day and by night.

25. The establishment of true meridian lines to regulate
the practice of surveying.

26. The comparative study of the milk of different breeds
of cows.
+27. Accurate investigations of the comparative nutritive

and feeding value of N orthern, Southern, and Western varie-
ties of Indian-corn.

This list, which might be greatly extended, will serve to
show the wide range of scientific study and investigation to
_ which the attention of the College has been devoted. “From
this day forward,” said Professor Agassiz, when a single one
of the above papers was presented to the State Board of
Agriculture in 1878, — “from this day forward, the Agricul-
tural College at Amherst has its place among scientific insti-
tutions, if it had not before; for only those institutions have
a place in the scientific world which do something, and this |
is something extraordinary: it is a revelation to physiologists.

Let me say to those who have not thought that the Agricul-

tural College was doing any thing worth its expense, that the
production of this one paper has amply paid for every dollar
which the State has thus far bestowed upon the institution.”

Equally unqualified testimony might be presented with ref-

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

erence to the high character and value of nearly every one of
the investigations named in the above list. Every land-sur-
veyor, for instance, knows that previous to the establishment
of permanent monuments in every county of the State, giving
the accurate meridian lines, the means of correcting his in-
struments were comparatively difficult of access ; and when it
is considered that very many of our farms are bounded and
described by the points of the compass, often for long dis-
tances, it 1s easy to see that the College has had its influence
upon nearly every farm in the State, and that, too, in more
ways than one. It can justly challenge comparison with the
work of any other similar institution in the country, both in
its contributions to science and to the methods and results of
intelligent practice.

But these investigations, as already intimated, are second-
ary, and subordinate to the chief object of the institution, —
the education of young men for the practical pursuits of life.
That the College has fulfilled its mission in this direction is
sufficiently evident from the reports of the Examining Com-
mittee of the State Board of Agriculture. In its capacity as
a Board of Overseers of the College, it has, for several years,
appointed a committee to examine into the condition and
working of the institution, and especially to examine the
graduating classes from year to year, and to report upon their
proficiency. These reports have appeared in the reports of
the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, where they
are accessible to the public.

It will not be out of place, for obvious reasons, to present,
as briefly as possible, the opinions of experts who not only
had abundant opportunity, but whose special duty it was,
to investigate all departments of the College, and pass judg-
ment upon them. The Examining Committee of the past
year, Dr. James R. Nichols of Haverhill, editor of “* The
Journal of Chemistry,” chairman, submitted a report, from
which the following is an extract: “The duty assigned to
me the present year, of visiting the Agricultural College at
Amherst, and conducting the examination of the senior class,
was pleasant, and also encouraging as regards the usefulness
of the institution. The College has labored under some pe-
culiar difficulties and discouragements in the present and
past years, owing to the want of means to carry forward the

¥
a

1880.) SENATE — No. 125. 17

work of the institution as planned by its officers. The grad-
uating class was found to be small, numbering only seven ;
but their appearance and acquirements were certainly very
creditable.

“The examination was conducted with the view of obtaining
as clear an insight into the results of the practical workings
of the College as possible; and every facility was afforded
by Professor Stockbridge and others that could be desired.
For a period of nearly or quite three hours the young men
of the class were under examination; and the questions put
to them were such as must of necessity call out answers to
be made promptly, without the aid of books or instructors ;
and the results were highly gratifying. A prominent aim
was to ascertain if the young men were really qualified to
go upon a farm, and conduct its operations in an intelligent
and practical manner. It was deemed desirable to learn if
they had been instructed in a way to enable them to carry
forward the principles of advanced husbandry so as to pro-
mote its best interests wherever they might be located. This
requires a knowledge of the principles and practice of chem-
istry, also an acquaintance with the physical character of
soils, their origin, and methods of reclamation and fertiliza-
tion; the nature and nutritive value of the cereal grains,
roots, and grasses; the value of the different breeds of ani-

mals, and the best methods of feeding and utilizing their

products; the care of seeds; and all the implements of hus-
bandry. Upon these points and many others the young men
were.examined sufficiently in detail to bring out what they
really knew; and it is gratifying to report that the answers
showed: marked proficiency in these departments of study.
They were such as to increase our confidence in the useful-
ness of the College in its direct bearings upon the agri-
culture of our state and country.” |

An equally authoritative indorsement might be presented
from every committee whose duty it has been to examine
into and report upon the details of the working and effi-
ciency of the College. The Committee of 1870, for instance,
Professor Louis Agassiz, chairman, say, “The examinations

of the students in classes have been upon agriculture, horti-

culture, botany, physiology, chemistry, geology, mental and
kindred sciences; and we have witnessed the military drills,

18. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

and observed with gratification the topographical drawings
by the students. We are convinced that the system of
instruction is well calculated for the ends in view, that the
students are making commendable progress in their studies,
and that the several professors are not only accomplished in
their respective departments, but earnest and thorough in
the prosecution of their duties.

“The leading object in this institution, in compliance
with the Act of Congress to which it owes its endowment,
is to teach such branches of learning as are related to agri-
culture, and to include military tactics; and it seems to us
that the course of instruction laid down is eminently in
consonance with that object, and that the sciences taught are
with pointed reference to the uses of the farm. The theory
of scientific agriculture is thoroughly taught, and the appli-
cation of such knowledge is made on the farm, under the
direction of the professor of agriculture, who is a practical
farmer; and all students are compelled to work at the
details of husbandry ; so that manual labor becomes a valua-
ble adjunct to mental application. Chemistry, botany, phy-
siology, and zoology, are, of course, invaluable to the farmer
in regard to the analysis of soils, the use of manures, the
food of animals, the growth of grains and fruits, the anatomy
and physiology of animals, and the conditions and habits of
destructive insects; and mathematics and civil engineering,
in the case of the chain, compass, and level, are almost
equally necessary. |

“Your Committee cannot refrain from alluding to the
interest which all the young men take in the drills, and the
evident beneficial effect upon their bearing and health, and
the value of the accomplished soldiers and officers thus made
for the future service of the Commonwealth in the event of
another call to send forth her sons for herself or the nation.
Were no other result accomplished by this institution, the
money of the Commonwealth could be no more judiciously
expended; and yet this instruction is but an incident to the
regular course.”

The Examining Committee of 1871, of which Professor
Agassiz was still the chairman, after visiting the College
several times, and a careful inspection of all its details, state
in their report that “the graduating class, consisting of

~ Se eee eee
. .

1880.] SENATE — No. 125. 19

twenty-seven members, acquitted themselves with great
eredit in their several examinations and graduating exercises.
Their uniformly gentlemanly bearing and manly appearance
were noticeable in a marked degree. No one could look upon
that company of young men without realizing the wisdom
and foresight of those minds that originated the idea of
requiring ‘military tactics’ to be taught in agricultural
colleges. The influence of their military training was so
manifest, not only upon their general physical health and
development, but also in those indispensable attributes which
help to make a true gentlemen, that we do not believe too
much importance can be laid upon this branch of their edu-
cation, both as exerting a healthful influence upon the stu-
dents themselves and as a safeguard for the protection of
our country in the future.”

The Examining Committee of 1872, Hon. Leverett Salton-
stall, chairman, having attended the quarterly examinations,
and the annual graduation exercises in the month of June,
say in their report, “It is truly wonderful, that, in so short a
time, this admirable institution should have assumed such
proportions. Only incorporated in 1863, receiving its first
class late in 1867, it now stands in the front rank of agricul-
tural colleges in this country, — an object of reasonable pride
to the Commonwealth.

“The classes in April were examined in botany, moral phi-
losophy, agricultural chemistry, mathematics, English litera-
ture, and practical farming; at Commencement (inter alia),
in the relation of science to.practice in agriculture, renova-
tion of exhausted soils, rotation of crops, manures, stock-
husbandry, and in agriculture as a business-pursuit ; in
November, in road and railroad construction, zodlogy, use of
manures, chemistry, and military drill; all of which were
creditable alike to professors and students, the relations
between whom seem to be of the most agreeable nature.”

The Committee of 1873, Dr. Horace P. Wakefield, chair-
man, enter into the condition of the institution at considera-
ble length, both as to the details of the farm and the educa-
tional departments, and say, ‘In November, at the close of
the term, the freshmen were examined in physiology, the
sophomores in agriculture, the juniors in physics, and the
seniors in botany. The classes acquitted themselves credita-

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. _ [Feb.

bly, and, when compared with similar performances a little to
the south forty years ago, they were of a high order. But
facilities, advantages, and times change, and boys must change
with them. Not that every student was a perfect master of
the subject he had studied, an adept in science, —the teach-
ers themselves would not claim that, — but these young men
were familiar with the principles laid down in text-books, and
inculcated by their teachers, and showed that they had them
fixed in their minds, and could use them in stating a proposi-
tion, and defending the same, even when questioned by the
professors. Having gathered a few facts, they had made
them their own, and had the manliness to stand by their
theories, and defend their positions. Evidently they«had
been taught to think, and that is education in its essence.

“The conservatory is an honor to the institution and the
State. From the laboratory, with its appliances for teaching
agricultural chemistry, and its liberal, learned, and live pro-
fessor, so competent to fill such a position anywhere in the
world, results may be looked for of the highest order, and
expectation without limit must be realized.

*« The College affords young men an opportunity to obtain
a good, substantial knowledge of the science of farming, and
also a fair knowledge of the practical part thereof; and every
farmer’s son in the Commonwealth stands a better chance to
obtain an education, and prepare himself to meet and grapple
successfully with opposing forces, and with honor compete
with other young men struggling for honorable distinction
in the various pursuits of business, — especially every farmer’s
son who belongs to the poorer class, or the class of moderate
means, —from the fact that this institution has been estab-
lished.”

The Committee of 1874, Joseph N. Sturtevant, Esq., chair-
man, visited the College several times, carefully examined
-into the workings of all its departments, and say in their
report that “the occasion of the examination of the grad-
uating class, to mark who should be the recipients of the
Grinnell Agricultural Prizes, was of much interest. The
young men, as they replied to the questions addressed to
them, in language lucid, unconventional, and thoughtful,
showed that they carried with them from the College some- —
thing of real value. We think of no occasion when the Col-
lege appeared to so good advantage.

1880.] SENATE — No. 125. 21

“The presence at the College of a United-States army offi-
cer as professor of military science and tactics secures able
instruction in this essential part of the education of the com-

_ plete citizen. If we pass by the chance of war, and the value
of possessing among the people individuals fitted by previous
training to become militia officers upon sudden call, the
value of a military training as promotive of a manly bear-
ing, orderliness, promptness of action, and fitness of speech,
&c., is obvious, and recurs with greater force to such as wit-
ness the several classes in their military manceuvres. We
trust there will be no diminution of interest in the military
features of the College.”

The Committee of 1875, Hon. Edmund H. Bennett, chair-
man, made two official visits to the College. Judge Bennett
says in his report, that the committee “ were deeply impressed
with the value and importance of a scientific agricultural
school and an experimental farm such as we there possess,
and of the general success with which the same has been
managed. ‘They desire also to express their high apprecia-
tion of the scientific experiments made there, and its impor-
tance as a permanent scientific station.

“The ‘leading object’ of the College is, as its charter
declares ‘to teach such branches of learning as are related
to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in order to promote
the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes
in the several pursuits and professions of life.’ From this
it seems that the primary purpose was to give to farmers’
sons and others of the industrial class such useful and prac-
tical training as would best fit them for their contemplated
pursuits in ife. Other branches of scientific and even clas-
sical study might also be pursued; but apparently they were,
in the mind of the Legislature, but auxiliary to the main pur-
pose of this particular school. Without saying whether one
course of study is more or less important as a general rule in
society, this institution was not founded as a classical, a
medical, or a theological school, but simply as an agricultural
college. With its splendid endowment, its large and noble
farm, its healthful and admirable situation, its convenient
and ample buildings, its admirable and salutary military disci-

‘pline, its corps of accomplished, scientific, and enthusiastic
instructors, it ought to oceupy a high position in the agricul-

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

tural world; it ought to be ‘a burning and a shining light,’
attracting the attention, and becoming the pride and admira-
tion, of every son of Massachusetts throughout the land.”

The Committee of 1877, O. B. Hadwen, Esq., chairman,
reported at considerable length upon the management of the
farm, and say, ‘The productive capacity of the farm is
rapidly increasing, the acres yielding larger annual returns.
Unproductive lands are being renovated, and brought into
profit; rough places being made smooth; the preliminary
labors with view of improvement are nearly completed; and
the whole outlook of the lands is more pleasing to the eye
in all respects. As far as we are able to form an opinion
from observation, we are satisfied that the Agricultural
College will instruct and turn out men who can use both
head and hands, — men pre-eminently fitted for the business
relations of life; and that agriculture will be exalted and
stimulated by men trained to close and exact observation in
the varied departments of rural and farming pursuits.”

The Examining Committee of 1878, Dr. James R. Nichols
editor of “ The Journal of Chemistry,” chairman, say, —

“The senior class, in the examination for the Grinnell Prizes, fell
under our special supervision, and a very thorough examination resulted.
Here were twenty students before us who had completed the course of
study as set down in the College curriculum ; and an opportunity was
afforded for obtaining some knowledge of the extent and value of their
acquisition as students of agriculture. The practical nature of the
examination is shown by a glance at the topics considered, — ‘ Origin and
Composition of Soils ;’ ‘Implements of Tillage ;’ ‘ Plants, their Com-
position, and Sources from which the Material is obtained ;’ ‘The Sus-
ceptibility of the Plant to Modification and Improvement by Cultivation ;’
‘Changes produced in Soil by the Growth of Plants ;’ ‘ Methods by which
the Fertility of the Soil may be retained, or Exhausted Soils restored ;’
‘Grain-Growing, its Influence on the Fertility of the Farm, and how
retaining in its Culture;’ ‘Root-Crops;’ ‘Hay and Grass Crops;’
‘Fruit-Culture on the Farm ;’ ‘Stock-Husbandry, and the Adaptation
of the United States to this Industry ;’ and, ‘ Breeds of Cattle.’

‘Tt is true, a class-examination, however fair and above-board it may
be, is not an infallible test of the positive attainments of students in any
branch of education: still any one with a clear comprehension of the
nature of the topics introduced, and possessing ordinary sagacity, can
judge quite satisfactorily and justly of the value of the instruction
imparted. ;

‘‘ We say unhesitatingly that the young men acquitted themselves
exceedingly well; and no one of them appeared incompetent for taking

1880. ] SENATE — No. 1285. 23

charge of a farm, and conducting its affairs in accordance with good
sense, and advanced knowledge of husbandry. They had evidently been
well drilled in the ‘science of agriculture;’ and the drill embraced the
various departments which closely and remotely relate to the interests of
the farm. Each of the young men was required to write upon a practical
topic, without text-books, or any aid except what his own knowledge
supplied ; and thus above twenty essays were placed in the hands of the
Committee for examination. This was an important test of scholarship,
and supplied a clew to the general training or culture of the students at
the College. Some of their papers were quite extended and able essays,
_ worthy even of publication. We are pleased to be able to bear testimony
to the good appearance of the graduating class at Amherst.’’

THE FARM.

The stock on the farm now consists of twenty-five head,
old and young, all but two of which are pure Ayrshires.
The Trustees felt obliged, by the advice of the Governor and
Council, and the existence of a very considerable debt, which
the appropriation of the last Legislature did not cover, to
dispose of the Shorthorn, Jersey, and Brittany cattle belong-
ing to the farm; and it was accordingly sold at auction on
the 12th of June, and realized about twelve hundred dol-
lars, — a sum which was found to be quite insufficient to ex-
tinguish the debt. /

The crops of the season were satisfactory, the first crop of
grass yielding nearly a hundred and fifty tons of hay; while
the second crop, or rowen, together with the corn fodder and
roots, was nearly sufficient to carry the present stock of cat-
tle through the winter. The farm will have from seventy-
five to a hundred tons of hay for sale.

The horticultural department has been nearly or quite
self-sustaining, and has been kept in as satisfactory a condi-
tion as could be expected, with the large amount of work
which has been undertaken. The crops, with one or two ex-
‘ceptions, were good. The vineyard produced a large crop ;
but owing to a heavy hail-storm, and perhaps, also, to the
want of some additional fertilization, the bunches were
small, and required more labor than would otherwise have
been the case to prepare them for market. The crop yielded
about a hundred and fifty dollars. The nursery is in good
condition, and contains a very large stock of peach and other
fruit and ornamental trees, consisting of apple, pear, plum,

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

and peach seedlings (root grafted or budded), quince stocks
budded with pear, grape-vines from cuttings, evergreens
(mostly Japanese) from cuttings, a large stock of the um-
brella pine, Japanese maple, &c. Many of these trees and
shrubs will be in a condition for sale the coming year. The
severe wind and hail storm which occurred in August, and
did extensive damage in most parts of the State, destroyed
about five hundred lights in the plant houses. The lights
have been reset, and the sash bars painted on the outside.
Various other repairs and improvements have been made,
entirely by the help of students, who are paid by the hour
for their labor. |

ANNIVERSARY EXERCISES.

The ninth anniversary exercises, or graduation of the sen-
ior class, began with the Farnsworth Prize declamations, in
Amherst College Hall, on Monday, June 23. The prizes con-
sist of two gold medals of fifty dollars each, and two silver
medals of twenty-five dollars each, to be competed for by
members of the sophomore and freshman classes. The judges
selected were Professor E. P. Crowell of Amherst College,
Dr. James R. Nichols of Haverhill, Benjamin P. Ware, Esq.,
of Marblehead, W. H. Bowker, Esq., of Boston, and Dr.
George Mackie of Attleborough. The prizes in the sopho-
more class were awarded, to Charles L. Flint, jun., the gold
medal, and to Joseph S. Hills the silver medal; in the fresh-
man class, to George D. Allen the gold medal, and to John
EK. Wilder the silver medal.

The examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell
Prizes took place in the chapel on Tuesday; the committee
consisting of Dr. James R. Nichols of Haverhill, O. B. Had-
wen, Esq., of Worcester, J. F. Brown, Esq., of Lunenburg,
and Benjamin P. Ware, Esq., of Marblehead. The exami-
nation embraced the following topics : —

Sorts. — Composition and origin of soils; practical varie-
ties of soils, their characteristics and adaptations; soil till-
age; the methods and effect of the same.

Pants. — The structure of plants; the organs of plants
and their offices; composition of plants, and the sources from
which the materials of their structure are obtained.

Sorts AND PLANTS.— The effect on the soil of natural

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. | 25

plant-growth ; effect of artificial production; the. condition
of an exhausted soil; fertilization, what agents or substances
may be employed for the purpose; sources from which they
may be obtained, and their influence on soils and plants.

FARM MANAGEMENT. — Farm economy; farm accounts ;
selection, division, fencing, and cropping of a general farm ;
the influence of agriculture on national character, wealth,
and prosperity ; growing grain as a market-product, and its
effect on the farm; the fruits of the farm; the demand for
cattle and their products, and the source and extent of the
supply; improved breeds of cattle, their characteristics.

The Grinnell Prizes were awarded, to Samuel B. Greene
of Chelsea a first prize of fifty dollars, to George P. Smith
of Sunderland a second prize of thirty dollars. The Hills
Botanical Prizes were awarded, first to Walter A. Sherman
of Chelsea, fifteen dollars; the second to Richard 8S. Dickin-
son of Amherst, ten dollars.

The diplomas were distributed, after the graduation exer-
cises on Wednesday, by his Honor Lieut.-Gov. Long, with an
eloquent and appropriate address.

Respectfully submitted by order of the Trustees. —

; CHARLES L. FuLint, President.
Boston, Feb. 6, 1880.

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Feb.

AN ACT

Donating Pusiic LANDS TO THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITO-
RIES WHICH MAY PROVIDE COLLEGES FOR THE BENEFIT OF AGRI-
CULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTs.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, —

That there be granted to the several States, for the purposes hereinafter
mentioned, an amount of public land, to be apportioned to each State, a
quantity equal to thirty thousand acres for each senator and representa™
tive in Congress, to which the States are respectively entitled by the ap-
portionment under the census of eighteen hundred and sixty, provided
that no mineral lands shall be selected or purchased under the provisions
of this act .

Sect. 2. And be it further enacted, That the land aforesaid, after being
surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections, or subdi-
visions of sections not less than one-quarter of a section ; and, whenever
there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry at one dol-
lar and twenty-five cents per acre, the quantity to which said State shall
be entitled shall be selected from such lands within the limits of such
State. And the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to
each of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands sub-
ject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, to
which said State may be entitled under the provisions of this act, land-
scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive share ;
said scrip to be sold by said States, and the proceeds thereof applied to
the uses and purposes prescribed in this act, and for no other use or pur-
pose whatsoever : provided, that in no case shall any State to which land-
scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits
of any other State, or of any Territory of the United States ; but their
assignees may thus locate said land-scrip upon any of the unappropriated
lands of the United States, subject to sale at private entry at one dollar
and twenty-five cents or less per acre : and provided further, that not more
than one million acres shall be located by such assignees in any one of the
States : and provided further, that no such location shall be made before
one year from the passage of this act.

Sect. 38. And be it further enacted, That all the expenses of manage-
ment, superintendence, and taxes, from date of selection of such lands,
previous to their sales, and all expenses incurred in the management and
disbursements of the moncys which may be received therefrom, shall be
paid by the States to which they may belong out of the treasury of said
States, so that the entire proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be applied,
without any diminution whatever, to the purposes hereinafter mentioned.

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. 27

Srcr. 4. And be it further enacted, That all moneys derived from the
sale of the lands aforesaid by the States to which the lands are appor-
tioned, and from the sales of land-scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall
be invested in stocks of the United States, or of the States, or some other
safe stocks yielding not less than five per centum upon the par value of
said stocks ; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual
fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished (except so
far as may be provided in section fifth of this act), and the interest of
which shall be inviolably appropriated by each State which may take and
claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support, and maintenance
of at least one college, where the leading object shall be—without ex-
cluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tac-
tics — to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and
the mechanic arts, in such manner as the Legislatures of the States
may respectively prescribe in order to promote the liberal and practical
education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions
of life. ;

Sect. 5. And be it further enacted, That the grant of land, and land-
scrip hereby authorized, shall be made on the following conditions, to
which, as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous
assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts.

First, If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the foregoing
section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall by any action or con-
tingency be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which
it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undimin-
ished ; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without dimi-
nution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except
that a sum not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount received by any
State under the provisions of this act may be expended for the purchase
of lands for sites or experimental farms, whenever authorized by the re-
spective Legislatures of said States.

Second, No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be
applied directly or indirectly, under any pretence whatever, to the pur-
chase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings.

Third, Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provis-
ions of this act shall provide, within five years, at least not less than one
college, as described in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to
such State shall cease : and said State shall be bound to pay the United
States the amount received of any lands previously sold, and that the title
to purchasers under the State shall be valid.

Fourth, An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each
college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their
cost and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and
economical statistics, as may be supposed useful ; one copy of which shall
be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all other colleges which may be
endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secre-
tary of the Interior.

Fifth, When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised
to double the minimum price, in consequence of railroad grants, they shall

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number of
acres proportionally diminished.

Sixth, No State, while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection
against the Government of the United States, shall be entitled. to the
benefit of this act.

Seventh, No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it
shall express its acceptance thereof by its Legislature within two years
from the date of its approval by the President.

Sect. 8. And be it further enacted, That the governors of the several
States to which scrip shall be issued under this act shall be required to
report annually to Congres all sales made of such scrip until the whole
shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appro-
priation has been made of the proceeds.

Approved July 2, 1862.

An ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE RECEPTION OF A GRANT OF CONGRESS,
AND TO CREATE A FUND FOR THE PROMOTION OF EDUCATION IN
AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court
Assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : — .

Sect. 1. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts hereby accepts the
grant offered to it by the United States, as set forth and defined in the
act of Congress entitled “‘ An Act donating public lands to the several
States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agri-
culture and the mechanic arts,’’ said act being chapter one hundred and
thirty of the statutes of the United States, passed at the second session
of the thirty-seventh Congress, and approved by the President July second,
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, upon the terms and conditions con-
tained and set forth in said act of Congress ; and the Governor of the
Commonwealth is hereby authorized and instructed to give due notice
thereof to the Government of the United States.

Sect. 2. The Governor is hereby authorized and instructed to receive
by himself or his order, from the Secretary of the Interior, or any other
person authorized to issue the same, all the land-scrip to which this Com-
monwealth may be entitled by the provisions of the before-mentioned
act of Congress.

Sect. 3. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the
‘Council, is hereby authorized and instructed to appoint a commis-

——

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. 29

sioner, whose duty it shall be to locate, without unnecessary delay, all
the land-scrip which may come into the possession of the Common-
wealth by virtue of this act, and to sell the same, from time to time, on
such terms as the Governor and Council shall determine. Said commis-
sioner shall give a bond, with sufficient sureties, in the penal sum of fifty
thousand dollars, to be approved by the Governor and Council, that he
will faithfully perform the duties of his office, and shall render full and
accurate returns to them at the end of every six months, or oftener if
required to do so by them, of his proceedings under this act. The com-
pensation of said commissioner shall be fixed by Governor and Council,
and shall be paid out of the treasury of the Commonwealth, and the Goy-
ernor is hereby authorized to draw his warrant therefor.

Srxot. 4. All moneys received by virtue of this act, for the sale of
land-scrip, shall be immediately deposited with the Treasurer of the Com-
monwealth, who shall invest and hold the same in accordance with the
fourth section of the before-mentioned act of Congress. The moneys
so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, to be entitled the Fund for
the Promotion of Education in Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts,
which shall be appropriated and used in such manner as the Legislature
shall prescribe, and in accordance with the said act of Congress.

Snot. 5. This act shall take effect upon its passage. Approved
March 18, 1863.

AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE TRUSTEES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court
Assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : —

Section 1. Marshall P.. Wilder of Dorchester, Charles G. Davis of
Plymouth, Nathan Durfee of Fall River, John Brooks of Princeton,
Henry Colt of Pittsfield, William S. Southworth of Lowell, Charles C.
Sewall of Medfield, Paoli Lathrop of South Hadley, Phinehas Stedman
of Chicopee, Allen W. Dodge of Hamilton, George Marston of Barnsta-
ble, William B. Washburn of Greenfield, Henry L. Whiting of Tisbury,
John B. King of Nantucket, their associates and successors, are hereby
constituted a body corporate, by the name of the Trustees of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, the leading object of which shall be, with-
out excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military
tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture

and the mechanic arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical edu-

cation of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of
life, to be located as hereinafter provided ; and they and their successors,
and such as shall be duly elected members of said corporation, shall be
and remain a body corporate by that name forever. And, for the orderly
conducting of the business of said corporation, the said trustees shall
have power and authority from time to time, as occasion may require, to
elect a president, vice-president, secretary, and treasurer, and such other

30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

officers of said corporation as may be found necessary, and to declare
the duties and tenures of their respective offices ; and also to remove any
trustee from the same corporation, when, in their judgment, he shall be
rendered incapable, by age or otherwise, of discharging the duties of his
office, or shall neglect or refuse to perform the same; and, whenever
vacancies shall occur in the Board of Trustees, the Legislature shall fill
the same : provided, nevertheless, that the number of members shall never
be greater than fourteen, exclusive of the Governor of the Common-
wealth, the Secretary of the Board of Education, the Secretary of the
Board of Agriculture, and the President of the Faculty, each of whom
shall be, ex officio, a member of said corporation.

Sect. 2. The said corporation shall have full power and authority
to determine at what times and places their meetings shall be holden,
and the manner of notifying the trustees to convene at such meetings ;
and also, from time to time, to elect a president of said college, and such
professors, tutors, instructors, and other officers of said college, as they
shall judge most for the interest thereof, and to determine the duties,
salaries, emoluments, responsiblilities, and tenures of their several offices.
And the said corporation are further empowered to purchase or erect, and
keep in repair, such houses and other buildings as they shall judge neces-
sary for the said college; and also to make and ordain, as occasion may
require, reasonable rules, orders, and by-laws not repugnant to the Con-
stitution and laws of this Commonwealth, with reasonable penalties, for
the good government of the said college and for the regulation of their
own body, and also to determine and regulate the course of instruction
in said college, and to confer such appropriate degrees as they may deter-
mine and prescribe ; provided, nevertheless, that no corporate business
shall be transacted at any meeting unless one-half at least of the trustees
are present.

Sect. 8. The said corporation may have a common seal, which they
may alter or renew at their pleasure; and all deeds sealed with the seal
of said corporation, and signed by their order, shall, when made in their
corporate name, be considered in law as the deeds of said corporation;
and said corporation may sue and be sued in all actions, real, personal,
or mixed, and may prosecute the same to final judgement and execution,
by the name of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College;
and said corporatiohn shall be capable of taking and holding in fee sim-
ple, or any less estate, by gift, grant, bequest, devise, or otherwise, any
lands, tenements, or other estate, real or personal: provided that the
clear annual income of the same shall not exceed thirty thousand dollars.

Sect. 4. The clear rents and profits of all the estate, real and per-
sonal, of which the said corporation shall be seized and possessed, shall
be appropriated to the uses of said college in such manner as shall most
effectually promote the objects declared in the first section of this act,
and as may be recommended from time to time by the said corporation,
they conforming to the will of any donor or donors in the application
of any estate which may be given, devised, or bequeathed, for any par-
ticular object connected with the college.

Sect. 5. The Legislature of this Commonwealth may grant any

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. 31

further powers to, or alter, limit, annul, or restrain, any of the powers
vested by this act in, the said corporation, as shall be found necessary
to promote the best interests of the said college ; and more especially may —
appoint and establish overseers or visitors of the said college, with all
necessary powers for the better aid, preservation, and government thereof.
The said corporation shall make an annual report of its condition, finan-
cial and otherwise, to the Legislature at the commencement of its ses-
sion.

Sect. 6. The Board of Trustees shall determine the location of said
college in some suitable place within the limits of this Commonwealth,
and shall purchase, or obtain by gift, grant, or otherwise, in connection
therewith, a tract of land containing at least one hundred acres, to be
used as an experimental farm, or otherwise, so as best to promote the
objects of the institution ; and, in establishing the by-laws and regula-
tions of said college, they shall make such provision for the manual
labor of the students on said farm as they may deem just and reasona-
ble. The location, plan of organization, government, and course of
study, prescribed for the college, shall be subject to the approval of the
Legislature.

Sect. 7. One-tenth part of all the moneys which may be received
by the State treasurer from the sale of land-scrip, by virtue of the pro-
visions of the one hundred and thirtieth chapter of the acts of the thirty-
seventh Congress, at the second session thereof, approved July second,
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and of the laws of this Common-
wealth, shall be paid to said college, and appropriated towards the pur-
chase of said site or farm, provided, nevertheless, that the said college
shall first secure, by valid subscriptions or otherwise, the further sum of
seventy-five thousand dollars, for the purpose of erecting suitable build-
ings thereon ; and, upon satisfactory evidence that this proviso has been
complied with, the Governor is authorized from time to time to draw his
warrants therefor.

Sect. 8. When the said college shall have been duly organized,
located, and established, as and for the purposes specified in this act,
there shall be appropriated and paid to its treasurer each year, on the
warrant of the Governor, two-thirds of the annual interest or income
which may be received from the fund created under and by virtue of the
act of Congress named in the seventh section of this act and the laws of
this Commonwealth, accepting the provisions thereof, and relating to the
same.

Seor. 9. In the event of a dissolution of said corporation by its vol-
untary act at any time, the real and personal property belonging to the
corporation shall revert and belong to the Commonwealth, to be held by
the same, and be disposed of as it may see fit, in the advancement of
education in agriculture and the mechanic arts. The Legislature shall
have authority at any time to withhold the portion of the interest or income
from said fund provided in this act, whenever the corporation shall cease
or fail to maintain a college within the provisions and spirit of this act
and the before-mentioned act of Congress, or for any cause which they
deem suflicient.

Approved April 29, 1863.

ete

yy
i
e'
SS eo
=
4
©

CATALOGUE

OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS.

1879.

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND

STUDENTS.

Board of Trustees.

MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS.

His Excettency JOHN D. LONG, Governor of the Commonwealth.

CHARLES L. FLINT, President of the College.

JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education.
CHARLES L. FLINT, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

MEMBERS BY ELECTION.

MARSHALL P. WILDER. Boston.
CHARLES G. DAVIS PLYMOUTH.
HENRY COLT PITTSFIELD.
PHINEAS STEDMAN CHICOPEE.
JAMES S. GRINNELL GREENFIELD.
HENRY L. WHITING CAMBRIDGE.
DANIEL NEEDHAM. GROTON.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON Upton.
JOHN CUMMINGS WoBURN.
RICHARD GOODMAN LENOX
BENJAMIN P. WARE MARBLEHEAD.
O. B. HADWEN WORCESTER.
Hxecutive Committee.
CHARLES L. FLINT, HENRY COLT.

PHINEAS STEDMAN,

Secretary.

CHARLES L. FLINT oF Boston.

Auditor.

HENRY COLT or PirTsFixe.p.

WILLIAM KNOWLTON,

36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

- Treasurer,
JOHN CUMMINGS or Wobsurn.

Board of Overseers.
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Examining Committee of Overseers.

JAMES R. NICHOLS . 3 } : : . of Haverhill.
JOHN F. BROWN . se ; ; : ; . of Lunenburg.
JOHN B. MOORE . : : i : d . of Concord.
AVERY P. SLADE b é ; : : . of Somerset.

E. F. BOWDITCH . 9.0). 0. 2 Oo pee

Members of Faculty.
CHARLES L. FLINT, PReEsIpeEnt.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
Professor of Agriculture.

HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A.,
Professor of Modern Languages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pua.D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M A.,
Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering.
SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S.,

Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

First Lizut. CHARLES MORRIS, Firrxa Artiutuery, U.S.A.

Professor of Military Science and Tuctics.

GEORGE MONTAGUE,

Instructor in Book-keeping.

JOHN W. CLARK, B.S.,

Superintendent of Nurseries.

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. 37

Graduates of 1879.,

Br iaton, Richard Storrs

Green, Samuel Bowdlear (Boston cae. )
Rudolph, Charles (Boston Univ.) . :
Sherman, Walter Alden (Boston Univ.)
Smith, George Parmenter (Boston Univ.)
Swan, Roscoe Westley (Boston Univ.) .
Waldron. Hiram Edmund ra lies eae

ton University) .
Total .

Endicott, George .
Fowler, Alvan Luther

Gladwin, Frederic Eugene

Lee, William Gilbert

McQueen, Charles Manjie
Parker, William Colvard (Boston line: )

Ripley, George Arms

Stone, Almon Humphrey

Wood, Lewis
Total .

Bowman, Charles Abel .
Clark, Wallace Valentin

Fairfield, Frank Hamilton
Flint, Charles Louis, jun.

Hall, Albert Oliver

Hills, Joseph Lawrence .

Howe, Elmer Dwight

Howe, Winslow Brigham

Perry, Alfred Dwight
Peters, Austin
Rawson, Edward Bribes

Sattler, Hermann Charles

Spalding, Abel Walter .

Whitaker, Arthur .

Wilcox, Henry Harrison
Total .

Senior Class.

Junior Class.

Amherst.

Chelsea.

New Haven, Conn.
Lowell.
Sunderland.
Framingham.

Rochester.

New-York City.
Westfield.
Westfield.
Amherst.
Longmeadow.
Wakefield.

“Worcester.

Phillipston.
West Upton.

Billerica.
Amherst.
Waltham.
Boston.
Chelsea.
Boston.
Marlborough.
Marlborough.
Worcester.
Boston.
Brooklyn, L.I.
Baltimore, Md.
Billerica.
Needham.
Nawiliwili, S.I.
15

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Sophomore Class.

Abercrombie, Fred Norman .

Allen, Francis Sherwin .
Allen, George Dickinson
Aplin, George Thomas .
Beach, Charles Edward .
Bingham, Eugene Percival
Bishop, William Herbert
Boynton, Charles Enoch
Brodt, Harry Snowden .
Brown, Charles Henry .
Carr, Walter Frank
Chandler, Everett Sawyer
Chapin, Henry Edgerton
Chase, Harry Kirk
Chipman, Frank Ellsworth
Clay, Cassius Morey
Comins, William Henry
Cooper, James Willard .
Currier, George Francis
Cutter, John Ashburton
Damon, Samuel Chester
Deuel, Frank Dennis
Dutton, Charles Kitteridge
Fish, Charles Sumner

Floyd, Charles Walter (Basten fay, on

Goodale, David .
Gowdy, Harry Morgan .
Harris, Louis Lincoln
Hillman, Charles Dexter
Holmes, Samuel Judd
Howard, Joseph Henry .
Howe, George Dickinson
Jones, Frank Waldo
Jones, Nathaniel Nelson
Joyner, Frank Hall
Kingman, Morris Bird
Kinney, Burton Arial
Krauss, Alonzo Augustus
Livermore, Nathaniel Lyon
Lindsey, Frank B. :
May, Frederick Goddard
Meade, William George

Boston.
Medfield.
Amherst.
Putney, Vt.
Hartford, Conn.
Fitchburg.
Diamond Hill, R.I.
Groveland.
Dansville, N.Y.
Taunton.
Clinton.
Coldwater, Mich.
Springfield.
New-York City.
Beverly.
Westminster, Vt.
North Hadley.
East Bridgewater.
Amherst.
Boston.
Lancaster.
Amherst.
Hatfield.

South Boston.
Boston.
Marlborough.
Westfield.
Westfield.
Hardwick.
Montclair, N.J.
Hyannis.

North Hadley.
South Scituate.
Georgetown.
North Egremont.
Amherst.

Lowell.

Boston.
Alexandria, Minn.
Clayton. |
Boston.
Springfield.

[Feb.

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. 39

Miller, Willie Smith South Hadley.

Morse, William Austin . : ; . Boston.
Myrick, Herbert . ‘ ‘ : . Concord.
Paige, James Breckenridge . : . Prescott.
Perkins, Charles Brookhouse . ; . Salem.
Perkins, Dana Edson . ; ‘ . Lynn.

Platt, John Cheney . : . New-York City.
Plumb, Charles Sumner : : . Westfield.

Putnam, Henry Anderson . : . Worcester.
Shiverick, Asa Frank é - Wood’s Holl.
Stone, Winthrop Ellsworth . ‘ . Ambherst.

Taft, Levi Rawson (Boston Univ.) . Mendon.

Taylor, Alfred Howland : ‘ - Yarmouth.

Taylor, Frederic Patterson . Boston.

Thurston, Wilbur Herbert (Boston Uni ) Upton.

Warner, Clarence Duane (Boston Univ.) Granby.

Wheeler, Henry Lewis . Great Barrington.
Wheelock, Victor Lamont - North Amherst.
Wilder, John Emery . ; : . Lancaster.

Willard, Daniel : North Hartland, Vt.
Williams, James Stoddard Glastonbury, Conn.
Wilmarth, Frederick Augustus @Goafon

University ) 4 : ; . Upton.
Windsor, Joseph ipber 3 i . Grafton.
Total . ‘ : A : ‘ eth as ‘ 5)

Freshman Class.

Bagley, Sydney Currier. ‘ : - Boston.

Bishop, Edgar Allen Diamond Hill, R.I.
Chaplin, John Dorr Hayward East Bridgewater.
Fletcher, Frank Howard : : . Townsend.

Hevia, Alfred Armand . Havana, Cuba.

Holman, Samuel Morey. Attleborough.
Manton, William James Lime Rock, R.I.
Minott, Charles Walter . Westminster.
Nourse, David Oliver . : : - Bolton.

Owen, Henry Willard . ; : . Amherst.
Preston, Charles Henry . ; : . Danvers.
Seldon, John Lincoln . ‘ : . Ashfield.

Smith, William Edward : : . Sheffield.

——-

Tryon, Charles Osmer
Wheeler, Homer Jay
Total .

So. Glastonbury, Conn.
Bolton.
15

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

Casparian, Gregory

Chandler, Willard Mayne
Chittenden, Edgar Davis

Clarke, Henry Little

Cochran, Robert Armstrong, jun.

Delano, Julio Joaquin
Hashiguchi, Boonzo
Hill, Charles Henry
Jackson, Andrew .

Johnson, Frank Prescott
Jones, Edward Spaulding
Knowles, William Fletcher, jun.

Leonard, Arthur

McKenna, James Peter .
Parsons, Howard Albert

Porter, Royal Luther

Smith, Benjamin Salter .
Smith, Hiram Fred Markley .

Smith, John Leland

Wolfe, Walter Madson .

Wood, Wilbur

Young, Charles Elisha .

Total .

College)

Stockbridge, B.S., Horace Pawar: (Bos-

ton University) .
Total .

Post-Graduates
Graduates of 1879
Senior Class
Junior Class
Sophomore Class .
Freshman Class
Select Class .

Total

Select Class.
Brooks, William Cummings .

Post-Graduates.
Clark, B.S., Atherton (Boston Univ.)
Hunt, B.S., John Franklin ;
Lovell, M. ne pa Lyman (Asaietst

Boston.
Nicomedia, Turkey.
South Natick.
Sunderland.

New Bedford.
Maysville, Ky.
Valparaiso, Chili.
Tokio, Japan.
North Amherst.
San Francisco, Cal.
Waltham.
Worcester.

North Cambridge.
Rock.

Amherst.

Enfield, Conn.
Brooklyn, L.I.
New-York City.
Cleveland, O.

Barre.
Montclair, N.J.
West Upton.
Amherst.
23
Amherst.
Amherst.
Arherst.
Amherst.
4
4
|
9
15
65
15
23
138

.
1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. 41

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

First Term. — Chemistry, 3 hours each week ; Human Anatomy,
Physiology, and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; English,
2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour ; Military
Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.—Inorganic Chemistry, 3 hours; Botany, 3
hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; English, 2
hours ; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 3 hours; Military
Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.—Systematic Botany, 4 hours; Geometry, 4
hours; French, 5 hours; Elocution, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2
hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First Term. —Systematic Botany, 3 hours each week ; Geome-
try, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2
hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual
Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.— Geology, 3 hours; Trigonometry, 5 hours;
French, 4 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 3 hours; Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. — Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agri-
culture, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Level-
ling, 3 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

JUNIOR YEAR.

First Term. — Mechanics, 5 hours each week; Entomology, 2
hours ; Market-Gardening, 2 hours ; Horticulture, 2 hours ; Military
Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term. — Physics, 5 hours ; Practical Chemistry, 9 hours ;

i Drawing, 3 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1 hour ; Declamation,
_ Lhour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.— Astronomy, 4 hours; Practical Chemistry, 9
é * hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Stock and Dairy Farming, 2 hours ;
Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

SENIOR YEAR.

First Term. — English Literature, 4 hours each week; Practical
Chemistry, 7 hours ; Book-keeping, 2 hours ; Roads and Railroads,
3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours ; Original Déclamation, 1 hour ;
Military Drill, 3 hours.

Second Term. — English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour ;
Mental Science, 4 hours ; Agriculture, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science,
3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours; Mili-
tary Drill, 3 hours.

CALENDAR FOR 1880.

The third term of the collegiate year begins March 25, and con-
tinues till June 23.

The first term begins Aug. 26, and continues till Nov. 24.

The second term begins Dec. 9, and continues till March 9,
1881.

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
College, at the Botanic Museum, at nine a.m., Tuesday, June 22,
and also on Thursday, Aug. 26.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening,
June 21.

The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell
Prize for excellence in agriculture, and the examination of the
other classes in the studies of the term, will take place on Tues-
day-forenoon, June 22.

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 23.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also

in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire

admission.
No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years

1880.] SENATE — No. 125. 43

of age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of
good character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security
for the prompt payment of term-bills. Tuition and room-rent
must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term; and bills
for board, fuel, &c., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at nine o’clock a.m., Tuesday, June 22, and on Thurs-
day, Aug. 26; but candidates may be examined and admitted at
any other time in the year.

EXPENSES.

Tuition é : : ; j : , $12 OO per term.
Room-rent . : ; Baap ote ~~ d 00l te 10-00 a
Board ; a : - 2 80 to 3 50 per week.
Expenses of chemical inbeeatony to students of

practical chemistry . : : 4 10 00 per term.
Public and private damages, ichiting value of

chemical apparatus destroyed or injured . At cost.

Annual expenses, including books : - $250 00 to 350 00

REMARKS.

The regular course of study occupies four years; and those who
complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma
_ being signed by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president
of the corporation.
Regular students of the College may also, on application, become
_ members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its
_ diplomas in addition to that of the College, thereby becoming
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni.
The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the grad-
uates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and
t to translate French with facility. The scientific course is as
thorough and practical as possible; and every science is taught
with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the
wants of the farmer.

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every
_ branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu-
_ setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is dis-
cussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-
house or field, where every student is obliged to labor. The |
_ amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per

44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

week in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are
allowed to do additional work for wages, provided they maintain
the necessary rank as scholars.

Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer
about the College or farm buildings, or in the field ; but it is hardly
possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one hundred dol-
lars per annum, besides performing other duties. So far as is
consistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select
such varieties of labor as they may, for special reasons, desire to
engage in.

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures
with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire
special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veteri-
nary science, agriculture, or horticulture, may make private ar-
rangements with the officers having charge of these departments.

An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro-
vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either
new or second-hand. At the beginning of the second term of
attendance each student is required to provide himself with the
full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets,
the cost of which is about thirty dollars.

On Sundays students are required to attend church in the fore-

noon, and invited to join a class for the study of the Bible in the

afternoon. They will be permitted to select their place of attend-
ance from among the churches in the town, of the following
denominations ; viz., Baptist, Congregational, Episcopalian, Meth-
odist, and Roman Catholic.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philoso-
phy, from the College or from the University, and pursue their
studies under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry,
or other members of the faculty in their respective departments.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The library of the College contains about two thousand vol-
umes. Among them are several sets of cyclopzedias, magazines,
and newspapers, reports of agricultural societies and state boards
of agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. * 45

horticulture. There are also many useful works of reference in
chemistry, botany, surveying, and drawing.

The faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing
books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con-
tains over thirty thousand volumes.

The State Cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston
to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand
Species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number
of duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many in-
teresting and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models.
There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and sys-
tematic botany, including about three thousand figures.

About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti-
vated in the Durfee Plant-House, i Ae much pleasure and
information to students and visitors.

The class in microscopy has the use of seven of Tolles’ best
compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-
eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

PRIZES.

FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou-
sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars,
and a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell
Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New
York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members
of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written
examination in theoretical and practical agriculture.

HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES.”

For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of
1880, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best,
a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col-
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection
of dried plants from the College Farm.

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Feb.

REGULATIONS.

I.—Students are forbidden to combine for the purpose of
absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any
known regulation of the College.

II. —The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of
the bell for each exercise of the College, by the officer in charge,
unless a monitor be employed; and students who do not answer
to their names will be marked absent, provided that any student
coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy.
Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence.

III. — Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused
by the officer in charge of the same, if requested beforehand ; but
permission to be absent from several exercises must be obtained
in advance from the general excusing officer, or from the president.
In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of
excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is
permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence
from all exercises occurring within the time specified.

IV.— Excuses for all absences, whether with permission ob-
tained beforehand or not, must be submitted to the excusing
committee. They must be rendered promptly within one week
from the date of absence; and those deemed unsatisfactory will be
returned to the student with the indorsement of the committee.

VI. — Students are forbidden to absent themselves without ex-
cuse from the regular examinations, to give up any study without
permission from the president, or to remove from one room to
another without authority from the officer in charge of the dor-
mitory buildings; and no student shall be permitted to make such
change until he has procured from the inspecting officer a written
statement that the room about to be vacated is in perfect order.

VII. — Students shall be required to attend the church of their
selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to
the excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they attended
or not.

VILL. — The record of deportment, scholarship, and attendance,
will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a stu-

+ tia

—

1880. ] SENATE — No. 125. 47

dent falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member
of the College, except by a special vote of the faculty. Admission
to the College, and promotion from class to class, as well as to
graduation, are granted only by vote of the faculty.

IX.— Students are required to abstain from any thing injurious
to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all
respects to conduct themselves with propriety.

X.— Parents and guardians are specially urged to co-operate
with the faculty in securing the faithful attendance of students
upon every appointed exercise of the College.

SIZE OF ROOMS.

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the
following measurements are given. In the south dormitory the
main corner-rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoining
bedrooms eight by twelve feet. ‘The inside rooms are fourteen by
fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the north
dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the
annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are
thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bed-
rooms eight by eight feet.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the
faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy.

The Trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free
scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the
State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the ,
representative from the district to which the applicant belongs.
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination
would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars,
of vigorous constitution; and should enter College with the inten-
tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some
pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the
cash value of a scholarship is one hundred and forty-four dollars.

[Feb. ’80:,

‘wadnsnedT, “SONTINWOO NHOL

9T 6r9'L9$ . 9T 6F9'L9$
00 000‘T : ; * 9929S9 JOo1]G SUIITY AA
6h GLG ; : : - yseo ‘sourreq Aq| ‘oT ‘uee|| 22, 8c : : * — gunoaoe A107e10qe"T
9% 68 : $ : - qunoooe osued xn,
00 000‘T Poonam Jo 030A £q poysoa ‘O88T 00 00& B i - qunoovoe Arepeg
-UL ‘pun 3o0199 SUTIN AA 00 OOT * euooU ‘puny oZIg YJIOMSUIL 7]
00 08 ; puny eZziiq [[euul4yy 00 0¢e‘6 ; : : eiqeded sig
e) 09 * puny oziig yoMsule 7] 00 000‘ZE : ° . uorermdordde 04%4¢
96 G8e : * gunoooe A10;e10qQVvT Il 02221 ‘oulooUL ‘puny JUueUMOpUT 29899
00 ogs‘ee | ° - eiqvded sit 61 09 t =| F ° qUNODO’ [BVOLUBIOT
O& TOF ZT | ° ‘ gunoosoe Areyeg 00 OL * guroout ‘puny MOSH COR Arey
%6 TIS‘T ; * gunoooe [BVoluejoOq OG OF9. 4 * guloour ‘puny sT[tp
00 OL - pung uosutqoy Arey Ch Ze - g990U U0 o¥qor ‘4quUNODOR 4Se10}UT
96 SPIT s yunods0e puny sTtH 00 S d * gunoooe puny oZiiq uep}OT,
cv SIL , * — gunod0€ 4se.1e} Uy 00 08 ; qunooov puny oZLIg [[eUULI4
L6 GSZ‘S 2 * gunoooe [Iq Ue, €9 6&6‘ : e . qyuLooow [Iq Ulta],
&6 OFG6'F *gunoooe esuedxe yuerINg GO 8&6‘'S é ° * c qunoooe ule, ‘sydreoexy
OT Sexes | ° : - qunoooe wie 7 ‘sosuedxy Aq 02 092% ‘QuSvyUOP[ 901004) JO spuvy Ur ‘ysvo ‘eourleg oy, | ‘[ ‘uve

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

"ag ‘ADHTION IVANLIOOUDW SLLASAHOVSSVL YM JuNnoDDp us ‘launsvaty, ‘SONINWAD NBO "aq

SENATE. | No. 14.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MASSACHUSHTTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

JANUARY, 1881.

S——
E_EUT™TmAd =
eae

$3
HAUL EX (CD

BOSTON:
Rand, Aberv, & Coa., Printers to the Commonwealth,

117 FRANKLIN STREET.

1881.

% MEL,

——~

= = :

EXEEITOIT

——S
—————
aasaSSSSSssssSSa==
all =
i
|

iS : =

Commonwealth of sM#assachusetts.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, Jan. 14, 1881.
To the Honorable Senate.

I HAVE the honor herewith to transmit for the information
and use of the General Court the Eighteenth Annual Report
of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

JOHN D LONG.

{
\
A
ir ;
t Br

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
AMHERST, MaAss., Jan. 13, 1881.

To His Excellency Joun D. Lone.

DEAR Sir, —I have the honor herewith to present to your
Excellency and the Honorable Council the Eighteenth An-
nual Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College.

I am, sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President.

INDEX.

The School

Improvements of the Bark

College Farm :

Horticultural pe nactmont .

Experiment Station .

The Chemical Department

Report of Botanic Department .

Catalogue of Officers, Students, and Gia luntee:
Course of Study and Training .

Calendar for 1881 5

Terms of Admission .

Expenses .

Post-Graduate Giggice

Books, Apparatus, and Srecimens | in ‘Nafanal ERstory
Prizes 5 : : ‘ . ; ; :
Regulations

Size of Rooms .

Scholarships 4

Report of the Board of ae

Report of Committee :

Treasurer’s Account .

oe hal
nig

%
ma
~~

ANNUAL REPORT.

To His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council.

THE Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
respectfully submit their Eighteenth Annual Report.

In the last Annual Report a detailed statement was made
of the efforts of the Trustees of the College to contract the
field of its activities to correspond with its diminished income
and the mandate of the Legislature by reducing the wages
for student labor, by discharging a portion of the Faculty,
lessening the salaries, and increasing the duties of those
retained, and by deferring the procurement of appliances to
make the exercises of the recitation-room more efficient and
instructive.

The resignation of President William 8S. Clark, whose
popular talents and prestige as a successful educator con-
tributed so largely to the success of the College during the
first eleven years of its operations, and the two subsequent
changes of its executive head, making three administrations
in a period of ten months, were a very important part of
these modifications, and were sufficiently radical and influen-
tial to derange or stagger an older and more thoroughly
established institution. It is perhaps now too early to deter-
mine what is to be the ultimate result of these changes on
the College as an educational institution, or on its position
and influence in winning the community to such an accord
with its plans and purposes, as to secure the desired accession
of students, and the sympathetic aid of a liberal public.
The enactment of the Legislature of 1879, growing in part
undoubtedly out of the strife of parties to secure the com-
mendation of the people as the special champions of re-
trenchment and financial reform, and which made the Goy-

ernor and Council a commission to examine into the status
2

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

of the institution with the intent of severing its connection
with, and releasing the State from, its obligations and guar-
anties to the General Government respecting it, culminated
in areport to the Legislature of 1880, practically recom-
mending that the College with all its real and personal estate,
with its trust funds received from the United States for its
specific support, be given to Amherst College, and further
effort to maintain it be abandoned. The phraseology of the
resolve creating the commission, and defining its work, was
so peculiar, that it had little or no discretionary power, and
there was no other course for it to take. But it was a meas-
ure so radical and subversive of the integrity of the State,
so forgetful of the intent and design for which Congress
gave its endowment fund, that it not only met with no favor-
able public response, but with almost universal remonstrance,
especially so by the agricultural portion of the community ;
and no effort was made by the Legislature to accept of the
proposal, or to give it legal force. It is charitable to believe
that the original authors of this measure had no intent to
destroy or injure the institution for the benefit of another,
but an honest purpose to relieve the tax burdenof the Com-
monwealth. But the suspicion of such a purpose called out
the latent friendship and sympathies of farmers and the
friends of high education for agricultural pursuits, and
aroused them to a consciousness of the fact, that, though
the College was the ward of the State, its perpetuity, power,
and influence could be enhanced by their active moral sup-
port. This effort to settle, or unsettle, the status of the Col-
lege, resulted in giving it strength. And it may be reason-
able to conclude that just this struggle was required to per-
manently establish its relations to the State, and to show
that there must be a union of public and private duty and
responsibility, if it would attain the highest prosperity and
usefulness.

The operations of the past year have demonstrated the
fact that the College can live, and secure, temporarily at
least, a certain measure of success on its present basis. But
we should remember that it was endowed by the Congress of
the United States, with the approval of the nation, for the
legally defined, but unique and noble purpose of giving
advanced education to the producing classes, to secure: their

oe Ses

1881. ] SENATE —No. 14. 11

elevation, and increase their wealth-producing power; was
adopted by Massachusetts, under bond to foster, maintain,
and provide for it; and it cannot be seriously said that this
basis is a credit to, or in keeping with, its high origin, or that
it can be very efficient in accomplishing its originally de-
signed work. The Trustees act as the agents of the State,
and are ready at all times to obey its behests by employing
the means placed at their disposal, be they large or small, in
the best manner their judgment can direct to secure the
greatest and best possible results. But they cannot believe
that the very large expenditures made during the early years
of its history were enhanced by either extravagance or folly.
They accepted in good faith the clearly expressed ideas of
the originators of the College grant; and, guided by the
detailed plan of the institution adopted by the Governor and
Council by the direction of the Legislature, they made an
earnest endeavor to provide for it in farm lands and build-
ings, dormitories and boarding-houses for students, structures
for recitation-rooms and other public purposes, physical,
chemical, and mathemetical apparatus, and other appliances
for the lecture-room, to elucidate the facts of science, and to
convey knowledge, discipline, and culture to the pupil. All
this in the direction of, but not above, or hardly equal to,
the model of it, which was exhibited in the Statutes of the
United States and Massachusetts. The total of the expendi-
tures for all these purposes was a large sum, but no larger than
should have been anticipated by the legislators, who thorough-
ly discussed the objects to be attained, and adopted the plan;
but too large in the opinion of any one who considered the
plan to be simply that of a manual-labor school, or one of an
inferior grade.

In some respects, also, the period from 1867 to 1873,
when the larger expenditures occurred, was very unfavora-
ble. The sums appropriated were estimated and recorded
as dollars; but to the Trustees they were not dollars of
a value currency. Neither could they be exchanged for a
dollar of real value in any of the details of the expendi-
ture. Without any choice on their part, they were obliged
to expend the fixed sums at their disposal for the countless
needs of their work, receiving small values at fictitious
prices, and were perhaps somewhat influenced by the ex-

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

panded views of all private business men and municipalities
then in vogue. If, during the period named, and when these
large outlays were principally made, they had not been
obliged to pay common laborers from two to two and a half,
and mechanics from three to four dollars per day, and for
every form of material required in that proportion, instead
of one and two dollars per day for different kinds of labor,
and material on that basis, as now, the record would have
shown an expenditure of a hundred thousand dollars less
than it now does.

The personal farm equipment of stock, teams, tools, im-
plements, vehicles, and machines, was unavoidably procured
on the high-price basis; and if from year to year the inven-
tory has shown a decreased money value, notwithstanding
the increase of stock, the result can only be charged to that
general depreciation of prices which has effected the entire
property of the State, and plunged many careful, judicious
men into ruin.

To reap the full advantage which the property acquired
under these circumstances is capable of yielding, a larger
annual income is required.

Though extremely desirous of securing, for the institution,
every modern appliance of practical education and culture,
and of enlarging the sphere of its influence in its special
field, yet we are satisfied, that, by the practice of the most
scrupulous economy in the management of its affairs, and
some personal sacrifice on the part of its Faculty, its future
will not be devoid of usefulness.

THE SCHOOL.

Considering all the circumstances of the case, the work of
the year may be pronounced a success. There has been
no serious diminution in the number of students. They
have manifested their usual interest in their specific routine
of study, work, and drill, and in the general welfare and
progress of the College. They were never before so public-
spirited, and eager to contribute their effort for its improve-
ment, as is evinced by the erection by the class of °82 of an
elegant fountain, at the cost of two hundred and fifty dollars,
in the centre of the grass-plat in front of the buildings,
which adds greatly to the beauty of the scene. It is worthy

1881.] SENATE — No. 14. 13

of note, that they have taken the most lively interest in the
agricultural operations of the surrounding vicinity, attending
and participating in the essays and discussion of the agricul-
tural organizations, and serving as judges, and writing reports
on different departments of their exhibitions. The good has
been mutual. The farming community has taken much more
interest in the young men as such, as students of agriculture,
and in the College, its work, and progress.

An invitation having been extended to the College Battal-
ion to attend and participate as a military organization in
the ceremonies attendant on the celebration of the settlement
of Boston on the 17th of September, and our late president,
Charles L. Flint, and Isaac Farnsworth, Esq., having gener-
ously offered to defray the expense of transportation, the
invitation was accepted. Under the command of its military
instructor, Lieut. Charles Morris, it left Amherst on Thurs-
day, Sept. 16, after College exercises, and returned and
broke ranks for home duty on the 18th. There was a doubt
in the minds of some of the College officers, of the propriety
of the excursion, and fears of its influence on the students
individually, and on the institution; but the result was
altogether favorable. By the quiet and gentlemanly deport-
‘ ment of the young men when out of the ranks, and the sol-
dierly appearance, the precision of movement, and admirable
drill exhibited by the battalion in the procession and on the
line of march, they won the highest praise of their com-
manding officer, and the warm encomiums of both friends
and strangers. In the exhibition of all the qualities which
combine to make an efficient military organization, it was, by
the best judges, accredited as second to but one in the im-
mense military array of the occasion.

The devotion of the officers of the different departments,
and the alacrity and cheerfulness with which they discharge
their increased and arduous duties, was never more marked
than at present. In this connection it should be remem-
bered, that, though the teaching force has been seriously
decreased, the regular course of instruction according to the
curriculum has been retained. The branches of study taught
by the discharged professors, nearly all of which were of the
highest importance, have in some cases been assigned to those
who remain, and others have been continued by special in-

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

structors from abroad. In the latter cases the attempt has
been successfully made to secure the services of proficient
and experienced teachers in the departments to be taught.
But, however advantageous this may be to the pupils, prac-
tically, it does not increase the Faculty, or divide with its
members the care, iabor, and responsibility of the general
management of College affairs.

The anniversary exercises, instead of being held in the
centre of the town, a mile from the College premises, as in
most former years, were conducted in the College chapel,
which, though of meager seating capacity, accommodated
the different assemblies with little discomfort; this, with
the fact that the musical associations of the students fur-
nished all the music for the military parade and the in-
door exercises, served to concentrate and unify the College
sentiment, which apparently was shared alike by the College
fraternity, friends, and visiting strangers. The exercises
were attended by his Excellency the Governor, a large pro-
portion of the Board of Trustees, the examining committee
of the Board of Overseers, and a larger number than usual
of citizen farmers from the surrounding community and
different parts of the State; all of whom evinced great inter-
est in the College and its work, and expressed satisfaction
with the character of the exercises. After an address preg-
nant with good advice to the graduates, the Faculty, and
Trustees, congratulations at the success of the institution,
and pleasure at the spirit which appeared to pervade all,
the Governor delivered the diplomas of the State to the
members of the graduating class, conferring the degree of
Bachelor of Science; and the diplomas of the Boston Uni-
versity were delivered by the College president.

The Grinnell prizes offered to the members of the gradu-
ating class for the two best written and oral examinations
in agriculture, and the Farnsworth prizes to the sophomore
and freshman classes for excellence in declamation, were
sharply competed for, and great interest was manifested in
each. But the importance of the former exercise is not
fully appreciated, and does not attract the full attention
of the public which its importance deserves. While the
hope of winning the fifty or thirty dollar prize may stimu-
late the members of the class to excel, and temporarily

1881.] SENATE — No. 14. 15

constitute the absorbing feature of the exercise, to the
friends of the College and of agriculture it has a vastly
more important phase. The topics selected for the examina-
tion are intended, as far as possible, to embrace the whole
field of scientific agriculture, and the best modes of farm-
practice in all its details. And their discussion is not only
an exhibit of the culture and proficiency of the members
of the class, but also of the correctness, the thoroughness,
and the practicability of the instruction in this most impor-
tant field of the College work. There is no better method
for fault-finders and friends, to determine whether the in-
struction is fulfilling its mission, than by attending and
participating in these annual examinations as examiners,
as are all earnestly urged to do. In this examination the
first prize was awarded to Almon H. Stone of Phillipston,
and the second to William G. Lee of Amherst. The gold
medals of the Farnsworth prizes were awarded to Samuel C.
Damon of Lancaster, and. David O. Nourse of Bolton; and
the silver medals to John E. Wilder of Lancaster, and
Homer J. Wheeler of Bolton. The Hills botanical prizes
for the best general herbarium, and the best collection of
native woods, were awarded, the first to Almon H. Stone
of Phillipston, and the second to William C. Parker of
Wakefield.

Professors Goodell, Goessmann, Graves, Maynard, and
Morris have each conducted their departments with ability
and a good measure of success, though all, but especially the -
_ physical department under the care of Professor Graves, are
crippled by a deficiency of apparatus to make the instruction
more clear and complete. The wants of the agricultural
department are-radical, and its equipment radically defective,
and must remain so, until, by the acquisition of large means,
the way is opened for the erection of commodious buildings,
and the collection of illustrative inaterial.

IMPROVEMENTS OF THE YEAR.

Great as are all the school wants which have been last
enumerated, they have not been considered so immediately
and economically pressing as the need of repairs to many of
the buildings; some of which by thirteen years’ use and
exposure had taken on a neglected appearance, and suffered

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

a marked deterioration, and others were being injured by
defects in the original structure: therefore, money saved
from many sources hes been expended in this direction.

The North College dormitory, which had settled in the cen-
tre, by the decay and “ brooming” up of the post-pillars in
the basement, has been lifted to its original position, and sup-
ported on granite blocks bedded down to hardpan. All the
wood-work on this and the other brick dormitory has been
thoroughly painted and sanded. The large laboratory chapel
and drill-hall building, the dwelling-house until recently
occupied by Professor Graves, the boarding-house, the botanic
museum building, the plant-house, the old farmhouse occu-
pied by the president, and the dwelling occupied by Professor
Maynard, have all been well. painted; and the. latter struc-
ture has been improved by erecting an addition, which makes
it much more commodious and convenient, as well as in-
creases its attractiveness. These special repairs were made
at a cost of nine hundred and fifty dollars. The whole work
has. materially improved the appearance of the estate, and
contributed to the preservation of the property. By natural
wear, and perhaps somewhat by carelessness of employés,
the furniture of the kitchen and dining-room of the boarding-
house had become so broken and marred as to be hardly
serviceable or suitable for use. This has been replaced by
new, at considerable expense; the establishment placed
under the care of a competent matron who has succeeded in
managing its affairs so as to preserve the College property,
and make the house homelike and pleasant for the students.

The water-supply of the estate has never been in sufficient
quantity, or of sufficient force, to be of any practical utility
in the emergency of a fire, and recently, owing to the gradual
filling-up of the reservoir with wash, and the decay of its
log dam, has afforded a scant supply for ordinary use some
months of the year; and, the Amherst Water Company hav-
ing brought it from Pelham to the vicinity, a contract was
made, for taking any quantity of it which was desired, for
one hundred and fifty dollars a year. An eight-inch pipe
has therefore been connected with their main and the reser-
voir-pipe, which gives an unlimited quantity to every part of
the estate, and with sufficient head to throw it over the high-
est building, which gives such security that it should lessen
the cost of fire insurance.

hh its) i

~— ?

1881.] SENATE — No. 14. Li

The distance from building to building, which the students
are obliged to walk to their various exercises and to their
meals, has always made the matter of walks of great con-
sequence, and much pains has been taken to construct and
keep them in repair with gravel. But in wet weather, and
in the spring and fall, the sinking of the gravel to the clay
has made them any thing but desirable, and a source of great
annoyance in consequence of the mud which was unavoidably
carried to the halls and rooms. To obviate the difficulty, a
contract was made to supply gravel from the knoll south of
the president’s house, to construct tarred walks in the village,
compensation being made by laying such walks around the
College buildings. The amount of gravel thus taken has been
sufficient to construct this year an eight-foot walk from South
to North College and the laboratory, and from the main en-
trances of the buildings to the travelled road, thence over
the worst ground to the boarding-house. They are found
to be a'source of great convenience, of cleanliness, and a
marked improvement to the general appearance of the
grounds.

COLLEGE FARM.

On the abolition of the office of farm superintendent, in
consequence of straitened financial circumstances, its duties
practically devolved upon the professor of agriculture. But
the subsequent election of that officer to the presidency
has made it utterly impossible for him to give a personal
supervision to the details of farm work, or to have more than
a general care of its business affairs. All details and much
specific business has been committed to Mr. Henry Tillson
as farm foreman, who with his family has occupied the farm-
house, and boarded the persons employed as teamsters. Mr.
Tillson has taken great interest in his work, and discharged
his delicate and arduous duties in the care of the farm, its
labor, stock, crops, and general property, with gratifying
success.

For the reasons above stated, Mr. John W. Clark, a
graduate of the College, who for two or three years has
been superintendent of the nurseries, has kindly assumed
the care and management of the. required farm work of
students. Mr. Clark, who as a student had become familiar

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

with this exercise, has experienced no difficulty in the task,
and has succeeded in maintaining the syavem in its —
efficiency. |

Though the farm crops in certain cases have badened
somewhat for want of rain, they have been generally good,
and of good quality. The following is the acreage and
the crop yield of the past year, some of it given by esti-
mation, but more by actual weight and measure: Corn,
ten acres on the stump pasture, yield five hundred bushels
shelled corn and twenty tons fodder; sugar-beets, three
acres grown for the Franklin factory, yield. thirty-six tons;
potatoes, four acres on the light sandy loam west of the
College buildings, yield five hundred bushels; oats, on land
adjoining the pasture, twenty acres, yield one thousand
bushels; rye, twelve acres on the light land north of the
ravine, yield two hundred and fifty bushels; oat and rye
straw, thirty-five tons; mowing land, seventy-five acres, yield
of hay one hundred and fifty tons. .The apple-crop of the
farm was abundant, but of small market value, and was
largely fed to cattle and swine, in both the raw and cooked
state, and with marked beneficial results in both cases. The
live stock has increased in number and value, the details of
which will be found in the inventory of farm property
annexed. !

As a purely money-making and business affair, the year’s
operations on the farm have not been a success, though
an analysis af the treasurer’s report will show a deficiency
of but from five to six hundred dollars. The management
of the farm for this purpose never has been, and it is
more than doubtful, if all the lands in their present con-
dition are to be used for that purpose, if it ever can be. It
may be said with truth, perhaps, that what the farm loses
the institution gains; but that gives no brighter view of the
farm balance as such. Though farm lands, with all their
attachments, are absolutely essential as an illustration for a
college of agriculture, and make a valuable return as do
other educational appliances, yet their complication with
school wants and affairs makes it difficult, if not impossible,
to manage them on those strict business principles which are
indispensable for profit. If the prime objects of connecting
farm lands with the College are to give practical illustration

1881. ] SENATE — No, 14. 19

to school-room instruction, to give opportunity for experi-
ments with soils, crops, and farm stock, to give students the
privilege of learning something of farm labor, or to assist
themselves to a limited extent by labor wages, it may be
seriously considered whether they could not be as well or
even better secured, with one hundred or one hundred and
fifty acres of suitable variety and quality, as with four hun-
dred in an unimproved condition, and whose improvement
when attempted is practically a failure for want of sufficient
means. If the income of the College, and the number of
students, is permanently to remain as at present, it may be
a matter worthy of thought, whether that portion of the
large farm now held, which is not needed for school purposes
and experiment, might not be sold at some opportune time,
and the avails invested for the increase of the annual income.

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

_ The horticultural and botanical department has been con-
ducted by Professor Maynard with. his usual skill and faith-
fulness. Its value for educational purposes, not only to the
students of the College, but also to the general community,
is every year becoming more apparent. While this is its
chief value, the production and sale of choice varieties of
plants, but especially of nursery stock, is highly appreciated,
and the demand constantly increasing. ‘The sales from this
department during the year have amounted to the sum of
$2,792.76. For details respecting it, reference is made to the
report of Professor Maynard annexed.

EXPERIMENT STATION.

The experiment station organized and put in operation at
the College in the spring of 1878, on the basis of a meager
private donation, not having been supported by public or
private aid, and the officers upon whom devolved the re-
sponsibility of conducting it having been crowded with
increased duties in other directions incident to the. changes
of the following year, has been necessarily suspended, so far
as any systematic assigned work is concerned. The Sixteenth
Annual Report contains a detailed account of the finished
_work, and of the investigations then in progress.

The experiments with sorghum as a sugar-producing plant

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

forever settled the fact, that no known variety of it can be
profitably employed for that purpose, unless chemical science
can discover a law by which glucose can be changed to cane
sugar. .

The experiments in feeding different kinds of fruit-bear-
ing plants with special chemical elements, to improve the
quantity and quality of their products, have been continued
to date, and a synopsis of their progress may be found in the
annexed report of Professor Goessmann on the condition of
the chemical department. ‘The investigations into the physi-
cal deportment of certain soils to temperature and water,
and its influence on plant-growth, were continued in 1879,
and to a limited extent in 1880. The rainfall in the former
year, at the point where the lysimeter is located, during the
months from April to November was 22.3 inches, which was
equivalent to 608,430 gallons per acre. The percolation was
89.520 gallons per acre; or, of the rainfall, 14.71 per cent
percolated, and 85.29 per cent evaporated. In the same
months of 1880 the rainfall was 19.11 inches, equivalent to
543,620 gallons per acre. Of this, 4.75 per cent, or 25,800
gallons, percolated, and 95.25 per cent, or 517,820 gallons,
evaporated. There was 64,810 gallons more water to the
acre in 1879 than in 1880, but the percolation was more than
three times as much in the former as in the latter year. The
fall of rain in 1880 was generally small in each storm, evenly
distributed, and with no percolation in four months of the
six named. In 1879 the rainfall of single storms was very
large, with more than a corresponding amount of percolation.
In 1879 a record was kept of the temperature of dry gravel
and wet peat soil in natural position, at the surface and five
inches in depth, at 5 A.M. and 2.30 p.m., from April to Octo-
ber. The average temperature of the whole surface soil of
five inches in depth, day and night for the whole time, was
found to be, for gravel, 70.2°, and peat, 66.86°; a result that
corroborates and sustains the conclusions of the much smaller
number of observations made in 1878, to which reference is
made. =
Early in the year a vacancy occurred in the Board of
Trustees by the resignation of Hon. Richard Goodman of
Lenox. It was filled at a meeting in June by the election
of William Wheeler, B.S., of Concord, a graduate of the

1881. ] SENATE —No. 14. 21

College in the class of 1871. This election is an epoch in
the College history, indicating its advancement in age, and
bringing the experience and sympathy of the Alumni into
connection with its active management, which must be to
them a cause of pleasure and pride.

In 1879 a bequest of a thousand dollars to the College
was received from the executors of Whiting Street of
Northampton. The bequest did not specify any special
purpose for which it should be used, and it was tempor-
arily employed for contingent wants. But it has now been
invested, and is to be known as the Whiting Street Fund.
An examination of the treasurer’s report will show, that,
notwithstanding the special expenditure of nearly a thou-
sand dollars in repairs, which cannot soon occur again,
there is in his hands a balance to the credit of the College
of $1,238.01.

Respectfully submitted ue order of the Trustees.
LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST,
Jan. 12, 1881.

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.
REPORT BY PROFESSOR CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

THE entire course of instruction in theoretical and experi-
mental chemistry during the past year has been given in
accordance with the lately revised plan of studies. The
change in transferring the branches of applied chemistry
from the sophomore to the junior and senior year has proved
very acceptable to both the students and the teacher. The
attendance of all classes engaged in the various exercises of
the department has been quite satisfactory, and their prog-
ress, on the whole, encouraging. The chemical labora-
tory is kept open five days during the week, four hours in
the forenoon of each day, to accommodate all who wish to
pursue a special course in practical chemistry. Several post-
graduates have availed themselves of this opportunity dur-
ing the past year; and quite a number of students of all
classes have spent their spare hours in some practical labora-
tory work suited to their particular state of information, or
related to their future special occupation. ‘This course of
action, judging from past experience, serves two purposes:
it creates among the students a desirable interest in the study
of chemistry, and aids essentially in procuring the pecuniary
means to meet the unavoidable expenses of the department,
as far as the regular instructions, specified in the College
curriculum, necessitate. The expenses of the department
have been kept, as in past years, within its income from the
fees charged to those who take part in laboratory exercises.

Aside from the regular class duties, much time has been
devoted to analytical chemical investigations in various direc-
tions. The examination of the commercial fertilizers offered
for sale in our markets, as well as the composition of noted
refuse materials recommended for fertilizing purposes, have
received careful attention. The results of this work will
be published, in conformity with our State laws for the regu-
lation of the-trade-in “commercial fertilizers,” through the

1881.] SENATE —No. 14. | 23

coming report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agri-
culture. The inquiry into the action of special fertilizers
upon the quantity and the quality of fruit, mentioned already
in a previous annual report, has been continued. Although
some interesting facts have been noticed, it seems advisable
to defer their publication, in the interest of a more complete
presentation, to a future suitable occasion. Some active part
has also been taken in securing desirable material for the
examination of the chemical composition, and the compara-
tive agricultural value of reputed fodder crops of Europe, —
new to our farm industry. Forty varieties of seeds of forage
plants, secured from a reliable seed-dealer in Germany, have
been handed over for cultivation to the botanical department,
where they receive a careful attention. In this connection,
it gives me particular pleasure to state that I have enjoyed,
throughout the entire course of my experimental field work,
the hearty co-operation of Professor Maynard, to whose
report I leave the task of describing the details of the latter.

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

REPORT OF BOTANIC DEPARTMENT.

BY PROFESSOR SAMUEL T. MAYNARD.

INSTRUCTION.

THE freshman and sophomore classes have been instructed
in botany and drawing; the junior class in theoretical and
practical horticulture; and the senior class in botany, mi-
croscopy, and landscape-gardening.

BOTANY.

The method pursued in the study of botany has been,
first, to give the student a thorough knowledge of the struc-
ture of plants and the function of each part, using the mi-
croscope to show the actual appearance.

This is followed by the study of systematic botany, devot-
ing most of the time to the study of the more common
plants, such as weeds, grasses; and other useful plants. The
one term with the senior class was devoted to systematic
botany, giving particular attention to the characteristics of
the different divisions, classes, and families, especially the
injurious fungi and other cryptogamic plants, with the aid of
the microscope.

HORTICULTURE.

In horticulture the limited time assigned was devoted to
the most practical points in the cultivation of fruits, trees,
shrubs and flowers, and the construction and care of green-
houses, pits, hot-beds and cold-frames, &c. It has been my
aim to give each student actual practice, in the field and
greenhouse, in every branch of the subject taken up in the
class-room. In order to make this branch of instruction as
valuable as it ought to be, more time should be allowed, as
it is impossible to do justice to the large range of subjects
that ought to be taken up, in one term of two hours each
week. I would suggest that but four hours each week for

1881.] SENATE — No. 14. 25

the summer and fall terms be devoted to class work, and
that the two hours thus gained be employed in the instruc-
tion of horticulture.

MICROSCOPY.

The course of instruction consists in the study of the mi-
croscope itself, how to use it properly, and, at the same time,
taking up a careful and systematic study of plant-tissue.

This enables the student to review the entire subject of
‘the structure and uses of the various organs of plant-growth,
while he is gaining knowledge of the manipulation and care
of the microscope.

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING.

The time assigned to this subject was taken up in the
study of the most important trees and shrubs used for orna-
mental purposes, together with the principles upon which are
based the artistic arrangement of trees, shrubs, flowers, —
lawns, buildings, &c.

DRAWING.

This work, although not directly in the line of botany or
horticulture, was assigned to me, for want of better arrange-
ments. The course with the freshman class has been,. in-
struction in freehand drawing, giving most of the time, after
the study of some of the elementary principles, to. object-
drawing. ‘The sophomore class have received instruction in
instrumental drawing, taking up such work as making plans
of buildings from actual measurement, after the preliminary
instruction in the care and use of the instruments. Both
classes have made good progress, considering the limited time
given to the elementary instruction.

GREENHOUSES AND FRAMES.

The Durfee Plant-House, while a very ornamental struc-
ture, and a good one in which to keep large specimens for
instructional purposes, is not. adapted to the use we are now
obliged to make of it; ie., the growing of plants for the.
trade.

The sash-bars and other parts of the structure are are in

need. of repairs.and painting. Material has been cut for. the
4

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

renewal of the walks and benches, and drawn to the mill for
sawing. :

To put this house and the new one in thorough repair,
will require the expenditure of from three to five hundred
dollars.

The lower wood-work outside of the large house, the sash
of the new one, and between sixty and seventy of the cold-
frame sash have been painted the past season.

This work was done wholly by students, as are all the
repairs of glass, and many other things, which, in other
departments, are done by assistance from outside.

CROPS.

The farm crops grown have been: corn, two acres; oats,
one and a half acres; potatoes, one acre; peas, an eighth of
an acre ; squashes, three-quarters of an acre ; early cabbages,
half an acre; late cabbages, a quarter of an acre. About two
and a half tons of hay has been cut and put into the barn in
good condition, and about the same amount sold standing.

The fruit-crop has been above the average: peaches and
grapes being very good; raspberries and blackberries, fair ;
and strawberries, light.

The sales of plants have been: larger than in previous
years. The total sales of trees, plants, fruit, and vegetables,
amount to $2,796.72. Of this amount, $630.27 are the sales
of the nursery.

About three and a half acres Bet land north-east from the
pear-orchard has been seeded down the past season, and one
and a half acres south of the plant-house was turned over
and reseeded. Three-quarters of an acre was planted with
strawberries last spring, and the old plantation ploughed
under, after the crop had been gathered. The new planta-
tion bids fair to be the best ice we have ever had.

NURSERY.

About five acres are devoted to the growth of trees, shrubs,
vines, &c., which are in a very flourishing condition, the sales
the past year amounting to a little over six hundred dollars,
with orders for the spring trade for nearly three hundred
dollars more.

The sales, up. to the ripen time, have been largely of

1881.] SENATE—No. 14. 27

stock on hand at the time of starting the business, or which
has been bought in to be resold.

After the present year, shins every thing sold will be of
our Own growing.

te the stock that is siieuuhanls fine, are about six
thousand peach-trees one year from bud, several thousand
apple-trees three years from root graft, with a good stock
of vines, shrubs, small fruits, and a large and very com-
plete stock of the various varieties of retinosporas and the
more dwarf arbor- vites.

NEW PLANTS AND FRUITS.

Several of the new plants introduced by Col. Clark from
Japan promise to be very valuable. Among them is the
vigorous and hardy vine Actinidia polygama, and the beauti-
ful deciduous tree Cercidophyllum. We are fortunate in
having a good stock of the above, as well as of the noted
umbrella-pine. The climbing hydrangea, which was intro-
duced at the same time, is very slow in growth, and requires
more time to prove whether it will be valuable or not. In |
the pear-orchard are several trees grafted with the promising
new pears originated by Francis Dana, Esq., the stock of
which was kindly sent us by Col. Stone of Dedham. The
grafts have made a good growth, and will probably bear the
coming season. The names of the varieties are President
Clark, Francis Dana, Student, and Crumbs of Comfort.

_ As the first has been favorably mentioned by the commit-
tee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, I think it
desirable to propagate a few of them for sale.

EXPERIMENTS.

In the pear-orchard, upon alternate rows, has been sown
iron in two forms, to determine its effect upon the growth of
the tree, and particularly upon the diseases to which they are
lable. Upon the first row was sown Navassa phosphate,
containing a large per cent of iron, about two pounds to each
tree. Upon the second row was applied the same quantity
of iron filings and sweepings from the blacksmith’s shop.
This course was continued through the orchard, and ex-
tended to the peach-trees and a few rows of vines in the
vineyard.

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

In the peach-orchard experiments have been made for
several years to determine the effect of severe pruning and
an abundance of plant-food, particularly the chloride of po-
tassa, upon the disease known as the “ yellows.” The results
have been so marked, that we hope to be able to show that
the disease is due to the exhausted condition of the soil
and the injuries of the borer, and that a remedy is in the
hands of every cultivator. In fact, every experiment we
have made upon the various diseases: attacking plant-life
leads us to the conclusion that fungoid growths only attack
living plants when they are in an unnatural or unhealthy
condition.

“A-large collection of grasses and forage plants has been
gerown in plats twelve feet square, and each kind carefully
labelled with both the Latin and common name,.so that stu-
dents and others can make a study of their characteristics.

It is proposed to make this collection as complete as possi-
ble by adding all the grasses and forage plants of any value
that we can obtain.

A small plat of sugar-beets were grown from seed slitatned
by Dr. Goessmann from. France and Germany. !

Although the results were not as satisfactory as could
be desired, it is hoped, by the application of special fertil-
izers, to produce a variety that will yield a larger per cent
of sugar than any now grown in this country. A fine lot of
seed was grown from a small lot of roots imported at the
same time as the seed, which will serve as a basis for next
year’s experiment.

The experimental fruit-plats sahled on for Dr. Goessmann
are in a good growing condition.

From each of the five plats, strawberries of two varieties
were gathered for analysis; and the coming season will yield
raspberries, currants, gooseberries, and possibly grapes, from |
which something of the effects of the different fertilizers
upon the character of the fruit may be determined.

Our knowledge of plant-life, and the effects of the differ-
ent fertilizing elements upon their growth, must largely
depend upon the work of the chemist; and no institution can
boast of better facilities for original work than our own.

Upon the east: side of the above: plats, it is- proposed to
devote a narrow strip of land to the growth of the newer
small fruits.

1881.] SENATE— No. 14. 29

IMPROVEMENTS.

A border of trees and shrubs was planted last spring, be-
ginning near the new propagating house, and extending
south of the large houses and a short distance along the main
road toward the village. These have made a good growth,
and, in a year or two, will add much to the beauty of the
place. The willow hedge above the large house having
become a nuisance, as a harbor for insects and vermin, and

. by the exhaustion of the soil upon either side, has been

pulled out by the roots, and burned, and the space devoted
to the growth of pear-seedlings.

It is proposed to obtain the desired wind-break by plant-
ing a row of hemlocks and spruces along the north side of
the road leading to Col. Clark’s.

LABOR.

The labor of the department the past year has been nearly
all done by students; and, while it may not be as profitable
as if done by more regular help, yet there is great pleas-
ure in having the work done by young men who desire to
learn, and who are faithful and inteligent in the discharge
of their duties.

The main difficulty in the way of the successful employ-
ment of students’ labor is in our inability to arrange for
their irregular work.

This requires a thorough equipment and some skilled
labor to assist in the preparation.

(ee

ba ifs
at

suod

chet tg
4 aa’

Tiny

J ah

se i
Lees |

be “a ay Sa

Lhe

- 4

.
arog

cre,

\ s*
=

ns r
GhHe) ett

Set A LOG U E

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS,

1880.

ied take &

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND
STUDENTS.

Board of Trustees.

MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS.
His Excettency JOHN D. LONG, Governor of the Commonwealth.
LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President of the College.
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education.
JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

MEMBERS BY ELECTION.

MARSHALL P. WILDER . : ‘ : : Boston.
CHARLES G. DAVIS . , ‘ : : 4 PLYMOUTH.
HENRY COLT ; : - : ; f p PITTSFIELD.
PHINEAS STEDMAN . ! : : : : CHICOPEE.
HENRY L. WHITING . ; : : ; : CAMBRIDGE.
DANIEL NEEDHAM . : ; : ‘ ; GROTON.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON : E : ; é Upton.
JOHN CUMMINGS , ; : : : A W oOBURN.
JAMES S. GRINNELL ; : : ; : GREENFIELD.
BENJAMIN P. WARE . ; ; : d MARBLEHEAD.
O. B. HADWEN . : ; : : : : WORCESTER.
GEORGE NOYES . ' : : 3 : ; Boston.
JAMES H. DEMOND . ; : ‘ ; ; NORTHAMPTON.
WILLIAM WHEELER . ; 3 , 3 é ConcorpD.

Executive Committee.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE. JAMES H. DEMOND.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON. PHINEAS STEDMAN.
JOHN E. RUSSELL.

Secretary.
CHARLES L. FLINT or Bosron.

Auditor.
HENRY COLT or PITTsFI£ELD.

34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Treasurer.
JOHN CUMMINGS or Wosurn.

Board of Overseers.
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Hxamining Committee of Overseers.

JOHN F. BROWN : 5 ; ; 5 : of Lunenburg.
JOHN B. MOORE é t : : ; : of Concord.
AVERY P. SLADE. ; ae eae ; : of Somerset.
EK. F. BOWDITCH , : : : : A of Framingham.
JOHN P. LYNDE ‘ é F , ; : of Athol.

Members of Faculty.
LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
President and Professor of Agriculture.

HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A.,
Professor of Modern Languages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

WILLIAM B. GRAVES, M.A.,
Professor of Physics and Cwwil Engineering.
SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S.,

Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

FIRST LIEUT. CHARLES MORRIS, Fifth Artillery, U.S.A.,
Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

JOHN F. WINCHESTER, D.V.S.,

Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice.

BENJAMIN K. EMERSON, Pu.D.,
Lecturer on Geology.

JOHN M. TYLER, M.A.,
Lecturer on Zoblogy and Entomology.

JOHN W. CLARK, B.S.,

Superintendent of Nurseries.

1881.]

SENATE — No. 14. 35

Graduates of 1880.*

Fowler, Alvan Luther
Gladwin, Frederic Eugene
Lee, William Gilbert
McQueen, Charles Manjie
Parker, William Colvard (Boston Unie: ;
Ripley, George Arms
Stone, Almon Humphrey
Total

Senior Class.

Bowman, Charles Abel (Boston Univ.) .

Boynton, Charles Enoch

Carr, Walter Frank

Chapin, Henry Edgerton

Fairfield, Frank Hamilton( Boston Gane

Flint, Charles Louis, jun. (Boston Univ.),

Hashiguchi, Boonzo (Boston Univ.)

Hills, Joseph Lawrence (Boston Univ. :

Howe, Elmer Dwight ;

Perry, Alfred Dwight

Peters, Austin (Boston Univ.)

Rawson, Edward Briggs

Sattler, Hermann Charles ; :

Smith, Hiram Fred Markley . ; .

Spalding, Abel Walter (Boston Univ.) .

Taylor, Frederic Patterson (Bost. Univ.),

Warner, Clarence Duane (Boston Univ.),

Whittaker, Arthur.

Wilcox, Henry Harrison : ;
Total , ; ‘ . , ,

Junior Class.

Allen, Francis Sherwin .
Allen, George Dickinson
Aplin, George Thomas .

Westfield.
Westfield.
Amherst.
Longmeadow.
Wakefield.
Worcester.
Phillipston.
: : heed

Billerica,
Groveland,
Clinton.
Springfield.
W althain.
Boston.
Tokio, Japan.
Boston,
Marlborough.
Worcester.
Boston.
Brooklyn, N.Y.
Baltimore, Md.
North Hadley,
Billerica.
Boston.
Granby.
Needham.
Nawiliwili, S.I.
- ; : ea ie

Medfield.
Amherst.
East Putney, Vt.

* The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of
two academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as
have been connected with the College during any portion of the year 1880.

36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Beach, Charles Edward .
Bingham, Eugene Percival
Bishop, William Herbert
Brodt, Harry Snowden .
Chandler, Everett Sawyer
Chipman, Frank Ellsworth
Cooper, James Willard .
Cutter, John Ashburton
Damon, Samuel Chester
Floyd, Charles Walter
Goodale, David

Hillman, Charles Better
Holmes, Samuel Judd
Howard, Joseph Henry .
Howe, George Dickinson
Jones, Frank Waldo
Jones, Nathaniel Nelson
Joyner, Frank Hall
Kingman, Morris Bird .
Kinney, Burton Arial

Knowles, William Fletcher, jun.

May, Frederick Goddard
Morse, William Austin .
Myrick, Herbert
Paige, James Breckenridge
Perkins, Charles Brookhouse .
Perkins, Dana Edson
Platt, John Cheney
Plumb, Charles Sumner
Putnam, Henry Anderson
Shiverick, Asa Frank
Stone, Winthrop Ellsworth
Taft, Levi Rawson
Taylor, Alfred Howland
Thurston, Wilbur Herbert
Wheeler, Henry Lewis .
Wheelock, Victor Lamont
Wilder, John Emery
Williams, James Stoddard
Wilmarth, Frederick Augustus
Windsor, Joseph ee
Total

Hartford, Conn.
Fitchburg.
Diamond Hill, R.1I.
Dansville, N.Y.
Coldwater, Mich.
Beverly.
East Bridgewater.
New-York City.
Lancaster.
Boston.
Marlborough.
Hardwick.
Montclair, N.J.
Hyannis.
North Hadley.
South Scituate.
Georgetown.
North Egremont.
Amherst.
Lowell.
North Cambridge.
Boston.
Boston.
Concord.
Prescott.
Salem.
Wakefield.
New-York City.
Westfield.
Worcester.
Woods Holl.
Amherst.
Mendon.
Yarmouthport.
Upton.
Great Barrington.
North Amherst.
Lancaster.
Glastonbury, Conn.
Upton.
Grafton.

. 44

1881.]

SENATE — No. 14. 37

Sophomore Class.

Bagley, Sydney Currier .
Bishop, Edgar Allen
Chaplin, John Dorr Hayward
Conger, Charles Thompson
Fletcher, Frank Howard
Hevia, Alfred Armand .
Lindsey, Joseph Bridgeo
Manton, William James
Minott, Charles Walter .
Nourse, David Oliver
Owen Henry Willard
Preston, Charles Henry .
Selden, John Lincoln
Smith, William Edward
Tryon, Charles Osmer .
Wheeler, Homer Jay

Total

Freshman Class.

Braune, Domingos Henrique .
Brown, Henry Clinton .
Dickinson, Howard Wilmot
Dwight, Edwin Wells
Goessman, Henry Edward Victor
Herms, Charles 3
Holland, Harry Dickinson
Jones, Elisha Adams
Lublin, Alfred William .
Mayo, Walter Parker
Redding, Merton Jay
Smith, Llewellyn .
Smith, William Henderson
Smith, William Ratliffe .
Total

Select Class.
Casparian, Gregory
Chandler, Willard Mayne

Boston.

Diamond Hill, R.I.

Kast Bridgewater.

New-York City.

Townsend.

Havana, Cuba.

Marblehead.

Lime Rock, R.I.

Westminster.

Bolton.

Amherst.

Danvers.

Ashfield.

Sheffield.

S. Glastonbury, Conn.

Bolton.
' . 16

Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
Pittsfield.

Amherst.

Pittsfield.
Amherst.
Louisville, Ky.
Amherst.
Rockville.
New-York City.
Wellesley.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Amherst.
14

Nicomedia, Turkey.
South Natick.

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Clay, Cassius Morey . : ‘ . Westminster, Vt.
Cochran, Robert Armstrong, jun. . ©. Maysville, Ky.
Cutler, George, jun. . : i . Amherst.

Davis, Arthur Emmons . é : . Amherst.

Fish, Charles Sumner . 4 . oe Bestone

Holman, Samuel Morey : : . Attleborough.
Jackson, Andrew .° . : j . San Francisco, Cal.
Johnson, Frank Prescott é ; .. Waltham:

Jones, Edward Spaulding : b . Worcester.
Kenfield, Charles Robert : ; . Amherst. |
Smith, Benjamin Salter : A . New-York City.

Total . e : : : } 4 ; 5 Aes

Post-Graduates.

Clark, B.S., Atherton (Boston Univ.) . Amherst.
Lovell, M.A., Henry Lyman (Amherst

College) . Amherst.
Parker, B.S., William Colvard (poston

Univ.) 5 . Wakefield.
Stockbridge, B.S., dorae Ravan ee

ton Univ.) : ‘ : Amherst.

Stone, B.S., Almon pees : . Phillipston.
Total . ‘ ; : - ; ‘ : ; eet

Summary.
Post-Graduates .« 5 : 3 s] 5 ‘ ‘ edited
Graduates of 1880 é : ; j : . : pubiiek,
Senior Class : ‘ : : ha glee é F siete os
Junior Class ‘ ‘ ; ; : ‘ ‘ : .» 44
Sophomore Class . : : : : ‘ : , 5 AltG
Freshman Class . ‘ : : : ; F F id
Select Class F ‘ : of o ; i : 413

Total . 3 Satna foe : ID het: : 2 es

1881. ] SENATE —No. 14. 39

GRADUATES.

Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Winfield, Cowley Co., Kan., Agent,
Adams Express Co.

Bagley, David A., ’76, Winchendon, Farmer.

Baker, David E.,’78, Franklin, Student, Harvard Medical School.

Barrett, Joseph F., ’75, 3 Park Place, New-York City, Salesman,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.

Barri, John A., ’75, 65 Austin St., Cambridgeport, Student.

Bassett, Andrew L. ’71, New-York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R.R.
& Steamship Co.

Bell, Burleigh C., ’72, 118 Third’ St., San Francisco, Cal.,
Druggist.

Bellamy, John, ’76, 659 Washington St., Boston, Nichols, Bellamy
& Co.

Benedict, John M., ’74, 3 Park Place, New-York City, Bowker
Fertilizer Co.

Benson, David H., ’77, 3 Park Place, New-York City, Chemist
and Superintendent, Works, Bowker Fertilizer Co. at Eliza-
bethport, N.J.

Birnie, William P., ’71, Springfield, Conductor, Conn. Central R.R.

Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt., Farmer.

-Boutwell, Willie L., ’78, Leverett, Farmer.

Bowker, William H., ’71, 48 Chatham St., Boston, President,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.

Bragg, Everett B.,.’75, 3 Park Place, New-York City, Manager
New-York Office, Bowker Fertilizer Co.

Brett, William F., ’72, Brockton, Clerk, B. H. White & Co.,
Boston.

Brewer, Charles, ’77, Pelham, Farmer.

Brigham, Arthur A., ’78, Marlborough, Farmer.

Brooks, William P., ’75, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agricul
ture and Farm Superintendent, Japan Agricultural College.

Bunker, Madison, ’75, New-York City, Student, American Veteri-
nary College.

Callender, Thomas R. ’75, Grantville, Florist.

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

Campbell, Frederick G., ’75, West Westminster, Vt., Farmer.

Caswell, Lilley B., 71, Athol,-Civil Engineer and Farmer.

Chandler, Edward P., ’74, Abilene, Kan., Farmer.

Chickering, Darius O., ’76, Enfield, Farmer.

Choate, Edward C., ’78, Southborough, Farmer.

Clark, Atherton, ’¢7, Georgetown, El Dorado Co., Cal., Miner.

Clark, John W., ’¢2, Amherst, Superintendent of Nurseries, Agri-
cultural College.

Clark, Xenos Y., ’78, Baltimore, Md., Fellow, John Hopkins
University.

*Clay, Jabez W., ’75.

Coburn, Charles F., ’78, Lowell, Teller, Five Cents Savings Bank,
and Paragrapher, ‘* Daily Citizen.’’

Cowles, Frank C., ’72, Amherst, Farmer.

Cowles, Homer L., ’71, Hadley, Farmer.

+Curtis, Wolfred F., ’74.

Cutter, John C., ’72, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Natural
Science, Japan Agricultural College.

Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, Druggist.

Dickinson, Richard S., ’79, Odell, Livingston Co., Ill., Farmer.

Dodge, George R., ’75, Brighton, Foreman, Works, Bowxer Fer-
tilizer Co.

Dyer, Edward N., ’72, Kohala, S.I., Teacher.

Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer.

Eldred, Frederick C., ’73, 119 Chambers St., New-York City,
Salesman, D. W. Wilson & Bro.

Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, Holyoke, Architect, Civil and Mechan-
ical Engineer with D. H. & A. B. Tower.

Fisher, Jabez F., ’71, Fitchburg, Local Freight Agent, Fitchburg
Railroad.

Fiske, Edward R., ’72, Philadelphia, Penn., Merchant, Folwell,
Bro. & Co., 629 Chestnut St.

Flagg, Charles O., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer.

Foote, Sanford D.,; ’78, Springfield, Hampden Watch Co.

Fowler, Alvan L., ’80, Westfield, Clerk and Paymaster, Smith &
Ripley.

Fuller, George E., ’71.

Gladwin, Frederic E., ’80, Westfield, Surveyor.

Green, Samuel B., ’79, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural
College.

Grover, Richard B.,’72, Andover, Student, Theological Seminary.

* Died Oct. 1, 1880, of pneumonia, at New-York City.
{+ Died Nov. 8, 1878, of inflammation of the brain, at Westminster.

1881. ] SENATE —No. 14. 41

Guild, George W. M., ’76, New-York City, employ of Adams
Express Company.

Hague, Henry, ’75, Manville, R.I., Clergyman.

Hall, Josiah N., ’78, Revere, Student, Harvard Medical School.

Harwood, Peter M., ’?75, Barre, Farmer.

Hawley, Frank W., ’71, Hadley, Farmer.

Hawley, Joseph M.,’76, Berlin, Wis., Banker, C. A. Mather & Co.

Herrick, Frederick St. C., ’71, Methuen, Farmer.

Hibbard, Joseph R., ’7/, Stoughton, Wis., Farmer.

Hitchcock, Daniel G., ’74, Warren, Merchant.

Hobbs, John A., ’74, Bloomington, Neb., Farmer.

Holmes, Lemuel Le B., ’72, Mattapoisett, Lawyer.

Howe, Charles S., ’78, Albuquerque, N.M., Principal, Albu-
querque Academy.

Howe, Waldo V., 77, Framingham, Superintendent, Framingham
Brick Co.

Hubbard, Henry F., ’78, New Rochelle, N.Y., Surveyor.

Hunt, John F., ’78, Atascosa, Baxar Co., Texas, Surveyor.

Kendall, Hiram, ’76, Providence, R.I., Chemist and Superintend-
ent, Kendall Manufacturing Co.

Kimball, Francis E., ’72, Worcester, Clerk, B. B. & G. R.R.

Knapp, Walter H., ’75, Grantville, Florist.
Koch, Henry G. H., ’78, Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Qt., New-
York City, H. C. F. Koch & Son.
Ladd, Thomas H., ‘76, care Wm. Dadmun, Watertown, Student.
Lee, Lauren K., ’°75, Des Moines, Ia., Agent, Kellogg &
McDougal, Buffalo Linseed Oil Works.

Lee, William G., ’80, Georgetown, El Dorado Co., Cal., Miner.

Leland, Walter S., ’73, Concord, Officer, State Prison.

Leonard, George, ’71, Springfield, Lawyer.

Libby, Edgar H., ’74, Agricultural Journalist.

Livermore, Russell W., ’72, 9 and 11 Chamber of Commerce,
Toledo, O., Attorney-at-Law.

Lovell, Charles O., ’78, Rutland, Vt., with A. D. Perkins, Photog-
rapher.

Lyman, Ashael H.,’73, Manistee, Mich., Druggist and Bookseller.

Lyman, Charles E., ’78, Middlefield, Conn., Farmer.

*Lyman, Henry, ’74.

Lyman, Robert W., ’71, Belchertown, Lawyer.

Mackie, George, ’72, Attleborough, Physician. )

Macleod, William A., ’76, 60 Devonshire St., Boston, Lawyer,
with J. K. Maynadier.

* Died Jan. 8, 1879, of pneumonia, at Middlefield, Conn.
6

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Manufacturer.

Martin, William E., ’76, Excelsior, Minn., Clerk.

Maynard, Samuel T., ’72, Amherst, Professor of Botany and
Horticulture, Massachusetts Agricultural College.

McConnel, Charles W., ’76, Lonsdale, R.I., Dentist.

McQueen, Charles M., ’80, Longmeadow, Nursery Agent.

Miles, George M., ’75, Miles City, Montana, U. S. Commissioner
of Courts, and engaged in sheep-raising.

Mills, George W., ’73, Medford, Physician.

Minor, John B., ’73, New Britain, Conn., Clerk, Russell & Erwin
Manufacturing Co.

Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, Farmer.

Morey, Herbert E., ’72, 49 Haverhill St., Boston, Merchant,
Morey, Smith & Co.

Morse, James H., ’71, 251 Essex St., Salem, Civil Engineer.

Myrick, Lockwood, ’78, Tremont Bank Building, State St., Bos-
ton, Clerk, Soluble Pacific Guano Co.

Nichols, Lewis A., ’71, Santa Fé, New Mexico, Civil Engineer.

Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, Postmaster.

Nye, George E., ’77, 70 Exchange Building, Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, Ill., Bookkeeper, G. L. Swift.

Osgood, Frederick H., ’78, 10 Albany St., Edinburgh, Scotland,
Veterinary Student.

Otis, Harry P., ’75, Leeds, Superintendent, Northampton Emery
Wheel Co.

Page, Joel B., ’71, Conway, Farmer.

Parker, George A., ’76, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Gardener, Vassar
College.

Parker, George L., ’76, Dorchester, Florist.

Parker, Henry F., ’77, 229 Broadway, New-York City, Draughts-
man, A. V. Briesen.

Parker, William C., 780, Wakefield, Farmer.

Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kan., General Agent, Atchi-
son, Topeka, & Santa Fé Railroad.

Penhallow, David P., ’73, Europe, Student.

Phelps, Charles H., ’76, South Framingham, Florist.

Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Northampton, Dealer in Fertilizers.

Porter, William H , ’76, Hatfield, Farmer.

Porto, Raymundo M. da S., ’77, Para, Brazil, Planter.

Potter, William S., ’76, Lafayette, Ind., Lawyer, firm of W. De
Witt Wallace.

Renshaw, James B., ’73, Hutchinson, Minn., Clergyman.

Rice, Frank H., ’75, Aurora, Nev., Clerk.

1881. ] SENATE — No. 14. 43

Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, 245 Broadway, New-York City, Cor-
respondent Branch Office, Chicago Medical Record.

Ripley, George A., ’80, Lincoln House, Worcester, no business.

Root, Joseph E., ’76, Barre, Student of Medicine, New-York City.

Rudolph, Charles, ’79.

Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Chemist, Montague
Paper Company.

Salisbury, Frank B., ’72, Kimberley Diamond Fields, South
Africa, Clerk.

Sears, John M., ’76, Ashfield, Farmer.

Shaw, Elliot D., ’72, Holyoke, Florist.

Sherman, Walter A., °79, 141 West Fifty-fourth St., New-York
City, Student, American Veterinary College.

Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., Farmer. .

Smead, Edwin, ’71, 129 Camden St., Baltimore, Md., Dealer in
Scrap Iron.

Smith, Frank 8., ’74, Hampden, Woollen Manufacturer.

Smith, George P., ’79, Sunderland, Farmer.

Smith, Thomas E., ’76, West Chesterfield, Manufacturer.

Snow, George H., ’72, Leominster, Farmer.

Somers, Frederick M., ’72, San Francisco, Cal., Editor, ‘* Argo-
naut.’’

*Southmayd, John E., ’77.

Southwick, Andre A., ’75, Talladega, Ala., Instructor in Agricul-
ture, Talladega College.

Sparrow, Lewis A., ’71, 43 Chatham St., Boston, Chemist, Bow-
ker Fertilizer Co.

Spofford, Amos L., ’78, Georgetown, Shoe-cutter.

Stockbridge, Horace E., ’78, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricul-
tural College.

Stone, Almon H., ’80, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural
College.

Strickland, George P.,’71, Stillwater, Minn., Machinist, Seymour,
Sabin & Co.

Swan, Roscoe W., ’79, Framingham, Student, Harvard Medical
School.

Taft, Cyrus A.. ’76, Whitinsville, Machinist.

Thompson, Edgar E., ’71, East Weymouth, Teacher.

Thompson, Samuel C., ’72, Natick, Civil Engineer.

Tucker, George H., ’71, Grandin Farm, Dakota, Farmer.

Tuckerman, Frederick, ’78, Dedham, Student, Harvard Medical
School.

* Died Dec. 11, 1878, of consumption, at Minneapolis, Minn.

tt AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Urner, George P., ’76, 116 Franklin St., New-York City,
Superintendent Magic Ruffle Company.

Wakefield, Albert T., ’73, Peoria, Ill., Physician.

Waldron, Hiram E. B., ’79, North Rochester, Farmer.

Ware, Willard C., ’71, 255 Middle St., Portland, Me., Manager,
Boston & Portland Clothing Company.

Warner, Seth S., ’73, Florence, Farmer.

Washburn, John H., ’78, Providence, R.I., Teacher, State Reform
School, and Student, Brown University.

Webb, James H., ’73, New Haven, Conn., Attorney-at-Law. .

Wellington, Charles, ’73, Washington, D.C., Chemist, United
States Agricu:tural Department.

Wells, Henry, ’72, Rochester, N.Y., Clerk, ‘‘ Blue Line,’’ Fast-
Freight Office. .

Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, 3 East Seventeenth St., New-York
City, Physician.

Wheeler, William, ’71, Concord, Civil Engineer and Inventor.

Whitney, Frank Le P., ’71.

Whitney, William C., ’72, Minneapolis, Minn., Architect.

Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, Editor, ‘‘ Record.”’

Winchester, John F., ’75, Lawrence, Veterinary Surgeon and
Lecturer, Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Wood, Frank W., ’73, Providence, R.I., Civil Engineer.

Woodbury, Rufus P., ’78, Elk Falls, Howard Co., Kan., Druggist
and News-dealer.

Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Danvers, Florist, E. & C. Woodman.

Wyman, Joseph, ’77, Arlington, Farmer.

Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Agent, Singer Sewing
Machine Company.

1881. ] SENATE —No. 14. 45

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

First Term.— Chemistry, 3 hours each week ; Human Anatomy,
Physiology, and Hygiene, 3 hours; Algebra, 5 hours; English,
2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military
Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.— Inorganic Chemistry, 3 hours; Botany, 3 -
hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; English, 2
hours; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 3 hours; Military
Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term.— Systematic Botany, 4 hours ; Geometry, 4 hours ;
French, 5 hours; Elocution, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Mili-
tary Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First Term.—Systematic Botany, 3 hours each week; Geome-
try, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2
hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual’
Labor, 6 hours. |

Second Term.— Geology, 3 hours; Trigonometry, 5 hours;
French, 4 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 3 hours; Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. — Zoology, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agri-
culture, 2 hours; English, 3 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Level-
ling, 3 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

JUNIOR YEAR.

First Term.— German, 5 hours each week ; Mechanics, 5 hours ;
Entomology, 2 hours; Market-Gardening, 2 hours; Horticulture,
2 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term. — German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Practical
Chemistry, 9 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1
hour; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. — German, 4 hours ; Astronomy, 4 hours ; Practical

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Chemistry, 9 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Stock and Dairy Farm-
ing, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SENIOR YEAR.

First Term. — English Literature, 4 hours each week; Practical
Chemistry, 7 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Roads and Railroads,
3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Original Declamation, 1 hour ;
Military Drill, 3 hours.

Second Term. — English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour;
Mental Science, 4 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science,
3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours; Mili-
tary Drill, 3 hours.

CALENDAR FOR 1881.

The third term of the collegiate year begins March 24, and con-
tinues till June 22.

The first term begins Aug. 25, and continues till Nov. 23.

The second term begins Dec. 8, and continues till March 8,
1882.

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a.m., Tuesday, June 21,
and also on Thursday, Aug. 25.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening,
June 20.

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 22.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined,
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram-
mar, Geography, ‘Animhemeen. Algebra through simple caeitia
and the History of the United States.

1881.] SENATE — No. 14. 47

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire
admission.

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years
‘of age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of
good character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security
for the prompt payment of term-bills. Tuition and room-rent
must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term; and bills
for board, fuel, &c., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at nine o’clock a.m., Tuesday, June 21, and on Thurs-
day, Aug. 25; but candidates may be examined and admitted at
any other time in the year.

EXPENSES.
Tuition : i : : $12 00 per term.
Room-rent . f ; : f . 58 00to10 00 *
Board ‘ 5 : . 2 50 to 3 50 per week.
Expenses of chemical eBesatbr y to students of ,
practical chemistry . i 10 00 per term.
Public and private damages, fielding ‘uli of
chemical apparatus destroyed or injured . At cost.
Annual expenses, including books : - $250 00 to 350 00
REMARKS.

Regular students of the College may also, on application, become
members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its
diplomas in addition to that of the College, thereby becoming
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni.

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify we orad-
uates to write and speak English with correctness and effect, and
to translate French with facility. The scientific course is as
thorough and practical as possible; and every science is taught
with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the
wants of the farmer.

48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every
branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massa-
chusetts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is
discussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-
house or field, where every student is obliged to labor. The
amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per
week in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are
allowed to do additional work for wages, provided they maintain
the necessary rank as scholars.

Indigent students are allowed to do such work as may offer
about the College or farm buildings, or in the field; but it is hardly
possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one hundred dol-
lars per annum, besides performing other duties. So far as is
consistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select
such varieties of labor as they may, for special reasons, desire to
engage in.

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures
with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire
special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veteri-
nary science, agriculture, or horticulture, may make private ar-
rangements with the officers having charge of these departments.

An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro-
vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either
new or second-hand. At the beginning of the second term of
attendance each student is required to provide himself with the
full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets,
the cost of which is about thirty dollars.

On Sundays students are required to attend church in the fore-
noon, and invited to join a class for the study of the Bible in the
afternoon. They will be permitted to select their place of attend-
ance from among the churches in the town, of the following
denominations: viz., Baptist, Congregational, Protestant Episco-
pal, Methodist Episcopal, and Roman Catholic.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Phiioso-
phy, from the College or from the University, and pursue their
studies under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry,
or other members of the faculty in their respective departments.

1881. ] SENATE — No. 14. 49

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The library of the College contains about two thousand vol-
umes. Among them are several sets of cyclopedias, magazines,
and newspapers, reports of agricultural societies and State boards
of agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and
horticulture. ‘There are also many useful works of reference in
chemistry, botany, surveying, and drawing.

The Faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing
books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con-
tains over thirty thousand volumes.

The State cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston
to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand
species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number
of duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many in-
teresting and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models.
There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and sys-
tematic botany, including about three thousand figures.

About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti-
vated in the Durfee Plant-House, affording much pleasure and
information to students and visitors.

The class in microscopy has the use of seven of Tolles’ best
compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-
eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

PRIZES.

FARNSWORTH RUETORICAL MEDALS.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou-
sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars,
and a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell
Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New
York. ‘These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two menibers

50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written
examination in theoretical and practical agriculture.

HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES.

———— a

REGULATIONS.

I.—Students are forbidden to combine for the purpose of

absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any
known regulation of the College.
_ II. — The roll shall be called, five minutes after the ringing of
the bell for each exercise of the College, by the officer in charge,
unless a monitor be employed; and students who do not answer
to their names will be marked absent, provided that any student
coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy.
Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence.

IV.— Excuses for all absences, whether with permission ob-
tained beforehand or not, must be submitted fo the excusing
committee. They must be rendered promptly within one week
from the date of absence; and those deemed unsatisfactory will be
returned to the student with the indorsement of the eommittee.

VI. — Students are forbidden to absent themselves without ex-

1881. ] SENATE —No. 14. 51

cuse from the regular examinations, to give up any study without
permission from the president, or to remove from one room to
another without authority from the officer in charge of the dor-
mitory buildings; and no student shall be permitted to make such
change until he has procured from the inspecting officer a written
statement that the room about to be vacated is in perfect order.

VII. — Students shall be required to attend the church of their
selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to
the excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they attended
or not. |

VIII. — The record of deportment, scholarship, and attendance,
will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a stu-
dent falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member
of the College, except by a special vote of the Faculty. Admission
to the College, and promotion from class to class, as well as to
graduation, are granted only by vote of the Faculty.

IX. —Students are required to abstain from any thing injurious
to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all
respects to conduct themselves with propriety.

X.— Parents and guardians are specially urged to co-operate
with the Faculty in securing the faithful attendance of students
upon every appointed exercise of the College.

SIZE OF ROOMS.

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the
following measurements are given: In the south dormitory the
main corner-rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoining
bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are fourteen by
fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the north
dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the
annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are
thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bed-
rooms eight by eight feet.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the
Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy.

The Trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free

o2 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the
State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the
representative from the district to which the applicant belongs.
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination
would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars,
of vigorous constitution ; and should enter College with the inten-
tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some
pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the
cash value of a scholarship is one hundred and forty-four dollars.

1881.] | SENATE—No. 14. 53

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF OVERSEERS.

THE committee appointed by the State Board of Agricul-
ture to examine the Agricultural College ask leave to submit
the following report : —

We assume that the Board desires something more than a
mere report of the graduating exercises of the students, and
with that view we have carefully examined other depart-
ments and the working of the College.

The members of this committee have visited the institution
at various times the last year; and some of us have watched
its progress from the time it was founded, to the present
time, with a great deal of interest.

The Act of Congress passed in the year 1862, donating
public lands for the purpose of founding colleges to benefit
agriculture and the mechanic arts, was a noble act; and it
will live in history as a monument of the wisdom of our
government, which, in the dark days of the war, had the fore-
sight to encourage that great interest lying at the founda-
ton of all national prosperity, and in comparison to which
any other interest sinks into insignificance, and the product
of which is to-day paying the national debt.

In 1863 the State of Massachusetts accepted the offer of
the United States, and incorporated the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College, and, with its proverbial liberality, has given
it, at different times, between two and three hundred thou-
sand dollars.

All new enterprises cost more than well-settled projects:
the Hoosac Tunnel cost the State some twenty millions of
dollars, and, as an engineer has said, fifteen millions to find
out how, and five millions to make it. Like all new enter-
prises, it costs more to find out how, than it does to do it:
our College is not an exception to this rule.

The establishment of an institution for the purpose of teach-
ing practical, and we may also say theoretical, agriculture,

54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

was an experiment in this country. There were no trained
instructors who could teach the art of producing crops in
the greatest perfection, nor the natural sciences relating
to the animal or vegetable kingdom, the true knowledge of
causes and effects, and the laws of nature, which, we may
say, is science applied to agriculture.

All these difficulties we have had to contend with. Is it
any wonder, then, that mistakes have been made? And these
mistakes have not been in the College itself ; but, like the tun-
nel, it has been in developing how the best work can be done.

FARM.

We found last June that the fields of grass were looking
in a fair condition, and the corn about the same, and that
there was about the usual amount of each harvested in their
season. The means at the disposal of the Trustees of the
College are so limited, that they are unable to make the
improvements on the farm which would exhibit to the farm-
ers of Massachusetts those evidences of improved and pro-
gressive agriculture which they would have a right to expect
on a model farm of the State.

The policy adopted by the Trustees in the year 1880, in
regard to the farm, was to sell the hay, and also a part of the
stock. This course reduces the quantity of manure to be ap-
plied to the land, and therefore necessarily impairs its power
of production of future crops, unless an equivalent be re-
turned in some form to the soil, which, we are informed, has
not been done. A long continuance of cropping without
manure means sterility.

We do not mean to censure any one for this: the circum-
stances in which the finances of the College were unfortu-
nately found may have rendered it necessary to pursue the
course which was adopted; neither should we expect the
farm to pay, as it is termed. A student in chemistry, to
acquire even a small amount of knowledge, has to work out
under his teacher his problems in the laboratory, which
must be thoroughly equipped so as to give the best instruc-
tion. Why? Theoretical chemistry seldom makes a chemist ;
theoretical farming never makes a farmer. The student —
after receiving the theoretical knowledge as to raising crops,
and the management of every thing pertaining to the farm,

1881. ] SENATE — No. 14. ay)

which, we think, is well taught here — should be required, as
a part of his course of studies, to do all the operations re-
quired on the farm, so that he may fully understand practi-
cally, as well as theoretically, what farming means, to the
end that he may make a farmer that will be competent to
instruct in that branch in any institution, or by his example
on a farm to elevate and adorn the great business of farming.
This requires a teacher on the farm itself, one who is compe-
tent to instruct any student how to plant and cultivate all
kinds of crops, the management of stock, the use of tools,
and to economically manage and improve a farm.

HORTICULTURAL.

We found the plants in the greenhouses in as good condi-
tion as we could expect. These houses, or rather the large
house, is not so constructed as to be economical in its run-
ning expenses. In fact, a house costing one-half as much
would accommodate as many plants, could be run at one-
half the expense, would grow plants better, could be used to
illustrate in the teaching just as well, and we only wonder
that Professor Maynard has succeeded so well in growing
plants under such difficulties.

In the gardens and pleasure-grounds we found every thing
neat, orderly, and in good condition. ‘The nurseries, seed-
ling trees, &c., were promising, all looking well, and showing
evidence of good cultivation.

The orchards of apples, pears, and peaches, were in an un-
satisfactory condition, some of the trees growing well, while
others were stunted and dying. There was only a very
small crop of fruit in the vineyard. No method of pruning
seems to have been adopted, and here was where we would
like to have seen the various methods of pruning grape-
vines illustrated: it would involve no particular trouble or
expense, and would be practical teaching to the students,
and also to the public who visit the College. |

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

As usual, the laboratory and every thing connected with
this department was in perfect order; the researches of the
able gentleman at its head have been of great value to the
farming interest of our State as well as to the College itself;

56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

and his methods of imparting knowledge to his classes are
said to be admirable.

In all of the recitation-rooms every thing appeared to be
going along properly. In the examinations the students dis-
played a great interest, and appeared well.

The president is enthusiastic, and works hard to make all
departments of the institution a success, and, as a teacher of
theoretical agriculture, hardly has his equal.

FINANCIAL.

There has been an improvement in the financial exhibit of
the College.

For the first time in its existence it has lived within its
means, and has a balance in its treasury. The outlay needed
for repairs, however, would probably absorb all of this bal-
ance. | |

It is economy for the State to keep the College buildings
in good repair, and there is great need of it at the present
time. One of the large buildings occupied by the students
was apparently finished with unseasoned lumber, and, al-
though nearly new, is almost unfit for use, and will require a
large expenditure to put it in a proper condition for the
suitable accommodation of the occupants.

We know that the College is in need of more money. One
great mistake has been, that the management have endeavored
to do more than their means would allow. And, as a rule,
we should say, —

Ist, That the College should not incur any debts.

2d, That the teaching should be directed to the exact
purpose for which the College was founded; viz., to support
one college where the leading object shall be to teach such
branches of learning as are related to agriculture.

3d, The farm. No more acres should be cultivated than
can be done in the very best manner, to the end that such
cultivation may illustrate practically, to the students, ad-
vanced and progressive agriculture; and also compel the
respect and admiration of visitors in the actual working of
the farm.

All of which is respectfully submitted.
JOHN B. MOORE.
A. P. SLADE.
M. I. WHEELER.

1881.] SENATE — No. 14. 57

REPORT OF COMMITTEE.

THE committee appointed by the Board of Agriculture to
visit the Agricultural College, and examine the senior class in
agriculture, attended to that duty June 23, 1880.

Only one member of the committee reached the College in
the morning in season to participate in the public exercises
as advertised; and Mr. Benjamin P. Ware of Marblehead, a
member of our Board, and W. L. Warner of Sunderland,
President of the Hampshire Argicultural Society, very kindly
assisted your committee in the examination.

The class was small in numbers; but we hope and trust that
this deficiency was more than compensated for in the quality
of brain, culture, and acquirements of the young men.

The public examination continued for two hours, embra-
cing a variety of topics: such as soils, their composition,
origin, varieties, characteristics, adaptations, the methods and
effects of tillage.

Plants, their structure; organs of plants, and their offices ;
their composition, and the sources from which the materials
of their structure are obtained.

Soils and plants, the effect on the soil of natural plant-
growth, and the effect of artificial production.

The conditions of an exhausted soil, fertilization of the soil,
agents and substances employed for this purpose, how ob-
tained, and their influences on soils and plants.

Farm management, economy, and accounts; selection,
division, and cropping of a farm.

Growing grain as a market-product, and its effect on the
farm. |

The influence of agriculture on national character, wealth,
and prosperity ; and several other topics.

The young men acquitted themselves very creditably,

showing that they had been carefully and thoroughly in-
8

58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

structed in general principles, answering questions readily
and intelligently, expressing their thoughts in good English,
clearly, properly, concisely.

Essays were submitted for our examination, written by the
class in the presence of President Stockbridge, without the
aid of books, upon topics given out by him at the time.

The merits of these papers, together with the oral exami-
nation in the morning, was to determine the award of the
Grinnell prizes of fifty and thirty dollars.

That of fifty dollars was awarded to Almon H. Stone of
Phillipston, and that of thirty dollars to William G. Lee of
Amherst.

Your committee were present at the rhetorical exercises
of the other classes, and the graduating exercises of the
seniors in the presence of his Excellency Gov. Long, the
Trustees and Faculty of the College, and the public. Wealso
witnessed the military drills and observed the deportment of
the young men in their intercourse with each other, the
Faculty, and visitors; and it gives us much pleasure to
express our appreciation of their gentlemanly bearing and
refined manners, and the respect, good will, and esteem
they manifested towards President Stockbridge and the
Faculty of instructors.

We fully believe that the institution is doing good faith-
ful work in the line of practical education for the duties of
the field and laboratory, and also fitting its young men for
military service and the varied duties of citizenship; and
we trust the time is not far in the future when a larger share
of that public confidence, which is the support and most
powerful incentive to high attainment of all institutions of
learning recognized and fostered by the parental care of the
State, may be more generously extended to this young Col-
lege; filling its halls with students; securing from its friends
and from the State a more ample pecuniary endowment; ena-
bling its board of management and Faculty to provide more
perfect courses and appliances of instruction, enter new fields
of investigation and experiment, enlarging the boundaries of
human knowledge, and devising new and improved methods

of employing the vast productive forces of Nature and civil-

ization, and thus elevate the laborer by relieving him of
drudgery, giving intelligent direction to his powerful ener-

1881. ] SENATE — No. 14. 59

gies, while securing to him those results and rewards that
can only be achieved, in any department of human industry,
by the exercise of skill, based on the possession of scientific
knowledge.

JAMES P. LYNDE,

For the Committee.
JAN. 10, 1881,

‘dainspedy, “SONINWOO NHOL

,
|
|

= LL &&e' ves | LL S8e"red
eal TO S&T | ° ; : : : ysey ‘aourreg Aq | ‘oT ‘uve gO 8/9 : : qgunoooe A107;R.10qv'T
— 00 SI : * gunooov 4s9.10]UT ‘ISs— || $0 SIT : qunoo0v esuedxe yuolINg
a 00 O02 4,008 pun : UOSULqOYy Are IN 00 OOT 4 908 PUNY oz YOMSUIRT
oS 00 886 popes puny arYysreloyog ‘sse yl - 1G 080°8T aoO8 eet JUSUIMOpUTT FES
9) 0 18 qUNOD0B UOTJONAYSUT VAYXY 89 60'S : * qunodoe [vOLNeyog
-) 61 619°% qunooor [eoruRyog 00 OL $ Z : " - gunoooe
—< 91 Gl L a ae ean ce [ooysg wosurqoy Arep
ce 66 Sc6'% gunoo0e osuedxe yuan 00 88z * gunooov puny
= (0 €9 4,008 [gee A eZlig YIOMSUIe TT Jooysg Ajoto0g szyesnyoussey
EY 00 TOL OT | ° * gunoooe Arepeg ) 00 009 : : Toole spun STE
= 19! Goc : gunoo0v puny sii 00 08 ‘qunoooe pun oZlig [[euUtID
= 00 08 qunoooe puny oZzlig [feuULIy EG ECZ‘F : : qunodoe T[Iq-WI10 T,
LY Ig 066. : : ‘{UNODO® ][Iq-UL.1a J, @) C6E'S : , : qunoooe ule ‘syd1ese1y7
ce 10 Foe'Sh | ° : : qunoooe weg ‘sosuodxy Aq 6Pr GL1ce : : : puey uo yseg ‘oouvleg oy, | ‘oT ‘uve
e . Osst ‘OSST

ee ae
"ag ‘ADATION TVYALINOIUDY SLLASAHOVSSVY Ym JUNODDP ut ‘uaunspat, ‘SONINWOQ NUOP ‘ad

1881.] SENATE — No. 14.

Sunpriges Dr. To Mass. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, JAN. 1, 1881.

Real estate :

Live stock, appraised .
Implements, vehicles, &c. .
Produce on hand

Cash .

Mass. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE DR. TO SUNDRIES.

Robinson Prize Fund account
Farnsworth Prize Fund account .
Grinnell Prize Fund account
Toten Prize Fund account .
Hills Fund account .
Laboratory account

. $200,000 00
3,202 00
1,896 00
2.023 00
1,238 01

$35 00

74 27

“ 50 00
8 00

132 76

173 54

$208,359 OL

$473 57

iS : ‘ i
si
\
‘ ‘
we vB cr)
é) 4 Mapa ea eu .
i’ oe
‘ Yt
aha faent
\ 4
rae uh
j Ra ee
Very ts
€Fiy ‘
ee,
in en A
04 yea be poems
’ . a ae
i ce hat es rt re i way is r :
Mal eat eee ea: Ae BLN ATP \
’ , 5 , n * ft
- r * a“ + .
P si ‘* -
diene eb Pr) s Py
Lau, OP « oat 4 4
‘gt y te >
wa? , . * . °
) ; ¥
ie
wy ’ 2 * .
‘ &
ote Ve
as WwW oe \ © ” o
<) Ws , ¥ apn rete
-— « Aiwt te we a
are : 4
5 ae
'
’
, “ary
¥ , ~,
=" F « u
d eet
‘
ws
F . ‘
" ~ : - 74
— Fa 7 ,
} -t aes
4 a ee
ms
vine «
£ 5 Ty -
™ P.
ye i
he
i a
ES 3 3 a F
fs ‘
£ Bs
a * b
¥ 4 \ - +
= + ae yy
re ; om % =e
» ote 3 a ee
; ; 7 bet 1 3k
ve Lame i: ahs =o
- nok oy iy se ae
= S 44.55 Py
A H , J
‘yh *% { - ae
vata re
Sted Ne net Oe NN
‘ os. ty oe et Se ne
ioe Ur oe
* 4 ©
4 gear race a
Dee aa 4 ae, ? hes
ee o Sats = ini
et a Pay tT
St
4
A et
Nes A ;
7 Fi
5
19 y
34
.
f H ,
p
° ,"
¥
‘ a x A

HOUSE DOCUMENT. | No. 35.

NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

JANUARY, 1882.

BOSTON:
Rand, Avery, & Co., Printers to the Commonwealth,

117 FRANKLIN STREET,

1882.

Commonwealth of SHassachusetts.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Boston, Jan. 28, 1882.

To the Honorable the House of Representatives.

I HAVE the honor herewith to transmit for the information
and use of the General Court the Nineteenth Annual Report
of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

JOHN D. LONG.

Ps
f
Fo ote ms Saree = a tober ae
} nt ; Age SEP iL SER ot See Ae
: 4
; in
et 5
‘
A
’
b
y
‘ ‘

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
AMHERST, MAss., Jan. 27, 1882.
To his Excellency Joun D. Lona.

DEAR Sir, —I have the honor herewith to present to your
Excellency and the Honorable Council the Nineteenth Annual
Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College.

I am, sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President.

ones

——— v

PRUE OA. SORE ARS Ree Ree)

~
2

Be AAR oo Mee sare NRA eae

¥
Teh eee

ea PT a Lat

—

:
Sy
. “
’ = 1
m
rs
$4 ‘ 4
Se

JIN De Xe.

Wants of the Institution .

Chemical Department

Report of the Botanic Department

Statement of Horticultural Department
Department of Physics and Civil Engineering .
Report on the Military Department . °
Catalogue of Officers, Students, and Gxanhates
Course of Study and Training .

Calendar for 1882. ; : -

Terms of Admission .

Expenses .

Remarks .

Post-Graduate es

Books, or and Sadtienend in N sera Ector
Prizes - : :
Regulations :

Size of Rooms . : é :

Scholarships

Statement of Cash Beceists ind Payments

PAGE

14
22
24
27
28
29
35
50
51
51
52
52
53
54
54
55
56
57
58

ANNUAL REPORT.

To his Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council.

THE Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
in compliance with the provisions of law, herewith present
their annual report. During the year, they and their College
officers have made the most strenuous efforts to continue
and maintain the established system in all departments, and,
considering the difficulties of the present situation, with a
good degree of success. By assigning extra work to the pro-
fessors, and keeping their salaries at the lowest point possible
without losing their services, by refusing all appropriations
for investigations and improvements on the estate, by con-
fining all our operations to those of imperative necessity, and
the practice of rigid economy in these, we have succeeded in
keeping our expenses within our income, and making sundry
needed repairs on the buildings. The work of the farm has
been directed to ordinary crop operations, with the exception
of ploughing and reseeding some portions of the pasture for
the purpose of increasing the quantity and improving the
quality of its grasses. The area in tillage was forty-seven
acres; viz., Indian corn, twenty acres, yielding eighteen hun-
dred bushels of ears and forty-five tons of fodder; rye,
twelve acres, yielding a hundred and eighty bushels of grain
and fifteen tons of straw; oats, eight acres, yielding four hun-
dred bushels of grain and fourteen tons of straw; potatoes,
four acres, yielding five hundred bushels; turnips, one acre,
yielding four hundred bushels; and two acres in cabbage
and other garden vegetables. Seventy-five acres were in

grass, yielding a hundred and sixty tons of hay. Twelve acres

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

have been ploughed and sown with winter rye for next year’s
crop, and forty acres were ploughed in the fall to be cropped
next year. The neat stock at the present time is forty-three
head, included in which are two pairs of large oxen, being
stall fed, and nineteen cows. There are ninety swine of the
Berkshire breed. The herd of cattle has nearly doubled
since its reduction in 1879, and is in good condition, with
many choice animals. It has not been sufficiently large, since
the time named, to consume the hay and fodder product of
the farm, quite a large part of which has been sold, and a
portion of the proceeds expended in purchasing stable ma-
nure at the village, or commercial fertilizers. The receipts

and expenditures for the farm, including the payment for

student-labor, show a small balance in its favor.

Mr. D. H. Tillson as farm-foreman has discharged his diffi-
cult and responsible duties with great fidelity, and made
unwearied efforts to command success. As usual, the horti-
cultural department has been ably conducted by Professor
Maynard. Its business is enlarging and becoming more im-
portant every year. The sale of flowers, bedding and potted
plants, shrubs, ornamental trees, fruit-trees, and fruits, is
quite large, aggregating during the last season about four
thousand dollars. What may be called the business of this
department is carried on at a profit, and would show a de-
cided balance in its favor; but this balance is more than con-
sumed in the support of the Durfee Plant-House, which is
little but a show-house, returning small revenue, though of
much interest to the public, and very valuable for study and
instruction. For further information of this department,
reference is made to the annexed report of Professor May-
nard. During the past year there have been the following
changes in our corps of instructors: Professor William B.
Graves, who for six years occupied the chair of physics and
mathematics, and discharged its duties with fidelity and suc-
cess, resigned his position in August to take a situation at
Phillips Academy in Andover; and the place has been tem-

porarily filled by the employment of Professor Charles L..

Harrington, whose course here has fully sustained his repu-
tation as a successful and enthusiastic teacher. ‘The detail
period of three years of Lieut. Charles Morris, as instructor
of military science and tactics, expired the 1st of September;

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 11

and he returned to his regiment. The United States Govern-
ment detailed Lieut. Victor H. Bridgman to the place, and
he has entered upon his duties in such a manner as to give
bright promise of the greatest efficiency and success. These
hew men have apparently imbibed to the full of the Agricul-
tural College enterprise, have harmonized perfectly with the
previous members of the faculty, giving their sympathy and
co-operation in all their trials and successes. Annexed is
a report from each on the present condition and wants of
their respective departments. The other members — Profess-
ors Goodell, Goessmann, and Maynard — have as usual put
forth every effort to maintain the efficiency of their depart-
ments, the general morale of the College, and a high standard
as an educational institution. Though the duties of the per-
manent members have been increased to a dangerous point
since 1879, they have found it impossible to give instruction
in all the branches required by the curriculum; and it has
been necessary to employ specialists to take the courses in
geology, zodlogy, and veterinary. ‘There has been no mate-
rial diminution in the number of students. At the opening
of the college year nineteen were received to the freshman
class in the regular course, one as a special, and five for the
post-graduate course. ‘The students as a whole have availed
themselves of their privileges, and performed their required
duties with cheerfulness and alacrity, have respected the
regulations of the College, been earnest in contributing to
maintain its high character, and enthusiastic in supporting
its distinctive features. The present winter they have origi-
nated and carried into successful operation a course of weekly
evening lectures from specialists in the science and practice
of agriculture, which the public are invited to attend, and
which cannot fail of being highly beneficial. The anniversary
exercises were of a superior order. They were attended by
his Excellency the Governor and staff, by the members of the
Board of Agriculture, the friends of the College and graduates,
many of the Alumni, and more generally than usual by the
public. It is evident that these exercises are yearly attract-
ing more and more attention, that the circle of their influence
is enlarging, and that the agricultural portion of the commu-
nity are coming to consider the commencement exercises of
the College an occasion of great import. The Farnsworth

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

prizes for excellence in declamation were awarded, — the
gold medals to Charles T. Conger of New York, of the sopho-
more class, and George Cutler, jun., of Amherst, of the fresh-
man class; the silver medals to Homer J. Wheeler of Boston,
of the sophomore class, and Elisha A. Jones of Rockville,
Mass., of the freshman class. The Grinnell prizes to the
graduating class for the best written and oral examinations
in agriculture were awarded, the first, of fifty dollars, to
Henry W. Wilcox of Nawiliwili, S.I., and the second, of thirty
dollars, to Austin Peters of Boston. The graduating class
numbered nineteen, who, having completed the required
course of study and examinations, received the degree of
Bachelor of Science; and seven of the number who were
matriculants of the Boston University received the diplomas
of that institution. A valuable addition has been recently
made to the natural-history cabinet of the College, by a dona-
tion from Winfred A. Stearns, a young naturalist of Amherst.
It consists of many thousand specimens in the departments
of mineralogy, entomology, and conchology, and a large col-
lection of the nests and eggs of the birds of New England.
Want of room and cases have seriously interfered with its
arrangement in suitable order for exhibition and study, but
yet it is a great acquisition to this department. For want of
means the improvements of the year on the land or buildings
have been few, and those more in the direction of preserv-
ing what we have from unavoidable decay and deterioration
rather than of changes for permanent improvement. On the
farm, work, in gradually developing the arranged system of
drainage, and breaking up and subduing the uncultivated
land near the western boundary, was discontinued in the fall
of 1879, and has not been renewed; but, as already stated,
fourteen acres of the pasture, which was becoming infested
with small shrubs and coarse grasses, have been ploughed and
reseeded; and there has been much grading and reseeding
done near the L. D. Cowles homestead. The Durfee Plant-
House, which was getting seriously out of repair by the set-
tling of the arches of the roof, and the decay of the sills, the
floors, and benches, has been repaired by lifting the arches,
and supporting them with iron standards, putting down new
floors, benches, and shelves, and painting the entire structure
inside and out, the whole cost of which has been more than

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 13

six hundred dollars. At an early day it will require further
repairs on the foundations, sills, and walls of the propagating
pits. By act of the last Legislature, the Massachusetts Cen-
tral Railroad was granted the right of way to cross the Col-
lege farm ; and the surveys have been made, and the permanent
line definitely located. The line runs from the south farm-
bound in a north-west direction on a long curve, through the
full width of the estate, about thirty rods west of the College
buildings and farm-barn, and between the latter and the pas-
tures. The road does not come at grade with the surface to
any extent, but consists of cuts and fills, and will be a serious
disarrangement of our system of field-plotting, will cause no
little inconvenience in the management and care of the farm-
stock, and the general operations of carrying on the west
half of the farm. ‘The land-damages have not been adjusted,
though propositions have been made by both parties. It is
believed that a settlement will soon be made, reasonable
compensation given, direct and indirect, in money and privi-
leges; but it must result in a lasting injury to the estate.
When the Commonwealth received the endowment-fund
of the College from the United States, it was stipulated in
the compact that the State should provide all the buildings
needed by the institution, and keep them in repair, without —
using any of the fund, or the income thereof, for that purpose.
In 1867 and 1868 funds were provided by the State and the
town of Amherst for the erection of such structures as were
deemed necessary. Some of them were built rapidly, to meet
existing emergencies ; and thirteen years’ use, and perhaps, in
some cases, the original employment of improper material
and poor workmanship, has caused much deterioration and
need of repair. The State having made no provision for such °
necessities, the Trustees, to prevent serious losses, have deemed
it their duty, during the last two years, to expend sixteen
hundred dollars for this purpose from their general income.
The money thus expended was greatly needed vy the different
educational departments, and nothing but the imperative
necessities of the case could justify its employment in this
manner. Similar work is still needed; and we respectfully
suggest to the consideration of the Legislature whether the
spirit or letter of the compact with the General Government
can be complied with, only by the State assuming this obliga-

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

tion, and employing the income exclusively for educational
purposes.

WANTS OF THE INSTITUTION.

As the law required military tactics and drill to be taught
in the College, it was deemed best, that, so far as possible, this
instruction should be given in the winter months, when the
students could not have full employment on the farm; and, as
winter drill in the field was impracticable, a drill-hall was

provided in the third or attic story of the laboratory build-.

ing. But the marching and evolutions of the battalion,
continued for ten years, have so strained and weakened the
structure, as to create serious apprehension of its complete
ruin: therefore, for three years, its use for this purpose has
been discontinued ; and the winter drill, so important in the
general system, has been practically abandoned. Estimates
were made by a practical builder of the cost of such repairs
and supports as were considered necessary to make the
structure secure and safe to the battalion; but it has been
beyond our power to make the necessary repairs and improve-
ments. The agricultural department has always suffered for
want of proper accommodations and applances, and for appa-
ratus and objects for lecture instruction. To make it thor-
oughly effective and useful, the professor should have an ample
lecture-room, with cabinet-rooms adjoining, where specimen
crops, tools, implements, and farm machines and appliances
in all its departments could be collected and arranged for
use before his classes, and for private study. Such a cabinet
would cost no money, but would be of incalculable advan-
tage to the students, and a place of resort and instruction to
the farmers of the State. A suitable building could be erected

for fifteen thousand dollars; and on the earth in its basement —

a military drill-room could be provided, for winter and stormy
weather, which would be convenient, and beyond the possi-
bility of injury by the marching and evolutions of the cadets.
By this method the expense of repairs on the present hall
would be avoided ; and it could be used for other college pur-
poses, and the suffering want of the agricultural department
supplied. Repairs and refitting are needed at the boarding-
house ; and the kitchen and dining-room furniture, which has
been in constant use fourteen years, should be replaced by

1882.) HOUSE — No. 35. 15

new. ‘The library is far from being what is needed, either in
the number of its volumes or its departments; and it is thus,
not because the Trustees do not appreciate the great value
of books to both instructors and students, but because of their
inability to replenish it from year to year with new and
standard works for culture, reference, and instruction. When
the College was opened, the trustees of Amherst College
kindly offered the use of their extensive and valuable library
to our students and Faculty on the same conditions as to their
own. This generous offer has been availed of quite freely,
and its advantages highly prized; but there is an extensive
line of works specially needed, and adapted to the wants of
the students of the Agricultural College, which are not found
there: and its distance is such as to make its use a great in-
convenience. Some means should be provided for making
regular additions to the College library, and a suitable room
for its keeping; and the College will be far from having its
necessary equipment until this is done. We thus express
our views of the wants of the institution committed to our
care, with the feeling that it is doubtful if the general public,
or even the Legislature, fully appreciate the magnitude of the
enterprise, or the skill, intelligence, and means necessary to
carry it forward successfully, or in a manner creditable to
the State. As was intended by its founders, the College
is an educational institution, with its distinct departments,
apparatus, cabinets, and instructors like other New England
colleges, but with the addition of technical courses relating
to the theory and practice of agriculture, and other industrial
arts, to make which efficient and useful, requires of its Trus-
tees the same executive care and oversight in all details, the
same financial provisions, and the same responsibilities in
kind and extent as are required of the trustees of other
colleges. The farm is a very large one, with its buildings,
stock, tools, teams, crops, and business operations of all kinds,
like other large farms, and, owing to the peculiar circum-
stances of its connections and objects, requires more than
ordinary care, foresight, and responsibility. The horticultural
department, with its conservatories, nurseries, fruiteries, and
landscape gardening areas, is a business operation of no small
magnitude. ach of these divisions of the enterprise is indis-
pensable as a part of the general system of the institution;

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

and each, from a business stand-point, is of sufficient size and
importance to monopolize the time and thought of an able
board of direction, the skill and energy of the best executive
talent; and the whole and each is enlarged and complicated
by the necessity of making each contribute to the technical
education of the students. In addition to this, there is a
somewhat pronounced public opinion that constant effort
should be made, and expenses incurred, for the benefit of the
general agriculture of the State, by carrying forward investi-
gations to demonstrate and establish principles of practical
importance. If the entire institution consisted of the College
proper, with the indispensable professorships supplied with
the necessary appliances and apparatus to make the instruc-
tion what it should be, the present income of the College
would be inadequate to its proper support; and, as the farm
and horticultural departments must be used to a greater or
less extent to give technical education to students, they can-
not be relied upon to contribute to this purpose. Our efforts
the last two years to bring the College to the highest effi-
ciency having convinced us of its impossibility with only its
present income, it was thought desirable to institute measures
to increase the endowment-fund to such an amount as is
required to yield an ample and reliable revenue. Therefore
a joint convention to consider the subject, consisting of his
Excellency the Governor and Executive Council, the Board
of Trustees, and the Board of Agriculture, was held at the
College on: the 22d of last June.

Gov. Long acted as president of the convention, and
called upon Hon. Daniel Needham of the Board of Trustees
to make statements showing the condition and wants of the
College, and the reasons for calling the convention. In re-
sponse Col. Needham passed in rapid review the history of
the agricultural colleges of Europe, and the great benefit
resulting therefrom; the early efforts to establish them in
this country, alluding in particular to the commission given
by the State of Massachusetts in 1851 to Dr. Hitchcock, to
examine the agricultural schools of England, France, and
Germany, and his report thereon to the Legislature. He
traced, with some detail, the subsequent efforts to establish
agricultural schools in several of the States, and the gradual
and decided change in. public opinion in their favor until
about 1860, when the — |

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 385. It

‘¢ Hon. Justin S. Morrill of Vermont, then a member of the House of
Representatives, brought the matter again before Congress. It was dis-
eussed from time to time, — now prostrated by defeat, and again bidding
fair promise of success, until 1862, when the Act upon which the present
Agricultural College is based was passed by both Houses of Congress,
received the signature of the President, and became a law.

‘« As is well known, the law provided grants of lands proportioned to
the population in the several States, as a fund for the support of agri-
cultural colleges. Among the provisions of the Act, was one that
military tactics should be taught in the College. I think this has been
one of the most difficult obstacles we have had to overcome. ‘The people
have found it difficult to see the connection between agriculture and
military tactics. Many a severe jest has been made, based upon the
provisions of this requirement. But the provision is in the law, and we
eannot go back of it. It is no fault of the State that it is there; it is
no fault of the trustees that it is there: and perhaps, as we are a nation
of citizen soldiers, keeping no standing army, and forever dependent
upon the citizens, in case of rebellion or invasion from a foreign foe, it
is well that the requirement is made; for, without a soldier’s education,
the American citizen cannot perform the full duties of citizenship.

‘¢ In 1863 the Massachusetts Legislature considered the Act providing
for the establishmert of colleges in the several States. It was discussed
in committee, and reported favorably; it was discussed in the House and
Senate, — discussed carefully in detail; every objection was considered
and weighed and overcome; and the bill making provision for the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural College was passed by both Houses of the Legis-
lature, received the signature of the Governor, and became the law of
the State. The bill fully, unequivocally, and unreservedly accepted the
national bounty and the terms of the congressional Act. The State
accepted the contract. If it was a mistake, it is now too late to rectify
it. The Legislature and the executive head of the State entered into a
solemn and deliberate contract with the nation. That responsibility
once accepted was accepted for all time. Massachusetts will not go back
of her contracts, —she is no repudiator. She cannot shift this College
off to other shoulders. She cannot make it a part of another institution.
It is an independent organization, — chartered and created for independ-
ent work; and the time to regret it has long since passed.

“Jn the bill accepting the grant, a Board of Trustees was elected by
both branches of the Legislature. The gentlemen elected were carefully
selected, and were elected without their request or solicitation. They
accepted the responsibility, —it was a great one, for an Agricultural
College was a new thing, an experiment in Massachusetts: it had
older and richer institutions to compete with, it had prejudice from
the people to combat, it had a plan to make and shape for which it had
no precedent. ‘The agricultural colleges established by despotic govern-
ments were no model for the College in the republic of America. So
they felt their way —slowly— little by littlek—in great doubt, uncer-
tainty, and darkness —seldom with great confidence except in the fact

na we ft

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

that the principle was sound, the object good, and that in the end the
College would justify the act of its founders.

‘‘ The town of Amherst, in its recognition of the value of the institu-
tion, invited the Trustees to locate it within its borders, and, as an induce-
ment, offered seventy-five thousand dollars. After great deliberation the
offer was accepted. In this liberal offer the people of Amherst had the
right to expect that the College would be well maintained, and that both
State and Trustees would see that no stone would be left unturned to
secure success.

‘¢The College was not richly endowed, and the number of students
was not large. For this reason poverty met the Trustees at every turn, —
in the compensation of professors, in the management of the farm, in
the erection of houses for the Faculty; but this poverty was no fault
of the Trustees, — they had not agreed, neither could it be expected, that
they would furnish money from their own pockets to make good deficits
that might occur. So from time to time appeals were made to the Legis-
lature to which every year a full report of the management and condition
was made by the Trustees.

‘¢ By and by legislators grew weary of these annual or bi-annnal calls.
The press took up the complaint. Denunciations of the College were in
every-day editorials, and at times the public press seemed to be striving
to see which could get the lead in its abusive attempts to set forth the
uselessness of the State Agricultural College.

‘‘In 1870 or thereabout, the Legislature made a change in the election
of the members of the Board of Trustees. heretofore elected by the
Legislature, it was now provided that the Board should be self-perpetuat-
ing, and in this way brought into harmony with all educational boards
that had been chartered by the State. It was thought, too, that this
change would relieve the State of the burden of the College, and that
the new Act would shift responsibility.

‘¢ The Trustees made no interference with the new action of the tee
lature. They had not asked it; they did not oppose it: but, knowing
the history of the College, they knew that State responsibility could not
be thrown off. Acts might be passed, the statute-book might be cov-
ered with resolutions, but this great fact would remain the same. It was
too late — too late. By solemn obligation and deliberation the responsi-
bility had been assumed, the lands granted by the government had been
sold, the gift of the town of Amherst had been accepted, and there
was nothing to be done except for the State to fulfil its part of the
contract.

‘¢ The Trustees under the new Act of legislation continued to strug-
gle on. The press was against them, and many of the leading farmers
of the State preferred to make them and the College the basis of a joke
rather than give a word of encouragement.

‘¢ At last, determining to test the popular will, free scholarships were
offered. That was three years since, and to their delight the College for
the first time was filled. Then it was discovered that the people were
beginning to appreciate the College, and that prejudice was giving way.
But in another year it was found that the finances of the College would

1882. | HOUSE — No. 35. 19

not justify free scholarships, and with deep regret the Trustees were
obliged to renew the former policy. The College classes relapsed into
their former small numbers, and the taunt of a want of appreciation or
absolute uselessness was revived by the press.

‘¢ But was it the fault of the Trustees that the College was poor?
Had it been for once only that they would be called upon to bridge over
a deficit, or even twice, and then they could have assurance that the
College would move on with ease and certainty, they would have gladly
put their hands in their pockets, and made good the needed funds. But
if free scholarships were to be given the public, there would be no end
to this demand; and therefore necessity compelled the change which was
most reluctantly made.

‘¢ But one thing is now established, and established beyond questions.
The farming public have yielded their prejudices, and the Agricultura]
College is recognized as one of the great means demanded by our advan-
cing civilization. The only impediment now is our poverty. With
means we can again offer free scholarships, and with free scholarships
our College will be filled.

‘¢ As a means, then, for meeting our great want, and removing the only
remaining obstacle in the pathway of the State Agricultural College, I
present the following resolution: —

‘© Whereas, The opportunity afforded for free tuition three years since
fully demonstrated that the Agricultural College was appreciated by a
large proportion of our farming population, by the increased numbers
who sought and secured membership; and

‘¢ Whereas, The increasing necessities of our civilization demand free
scholarships of all our young men who are ambitious to secure practical
education, and whose circumstances do not favor the expenses of tuition ;
and

‘¢ Whereas, The only remaining obstacle in the development and pros-
perity of the Agricultural College is found in the small means at its dis-
posal, thereby preventing the Trustees from continuing the liberal policy
of free scholarships so successfully inaugurated three years since; there-
fore,

‘« Resolved, That a committee be appointed to consider the perfect
means for the establishment of a large permanent fund for the College,
in addition to its present endowment, that its usefulness shall be made
commensurate with the designs of its originators, and its scholarships
brought within the reach of all the youth of the Commonwealth.’’

The resolutions were unanimously adopted after full and
free discussion. The following gentlemen were appointed
as a committee to consider the entire subject, and to submit
a plan at a subsequent meeting of the College Trustees: Hon.
Daniel Needham of Groton, Hon. William Knowlton of
Upton, Hon. George Taylor of Chicopee, Lieut.-Gov. Weston
of Dalton, and Hon. C. L. Flint of Boston. By the sug-

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

gestion of Gov. Long, the following resolution was passed,
and the convention adjourned : —

Resolved, ‘‘ That the State Board of Agriculture be requested to re-
quire all agricultural societies in this State receiving bounties to support
at an expense not less than $75 one student residing within its limits
at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and that, in case no student
is so supported, such amount shall be withheld in the payment of the
agricultural bounty to said society, and applied to the general uses of the
College.’’

The committee attended to their assigned duties; and at
the annual meeting, by their chairman, Hon. Daniel Need-
ham, reported the following plan : —

‘¢' That a fund of one hundred thousand dollars be raised by subscrip-
tions of one thousand dollars each, payable in ten instalments of one hun-
dred dollars a year, with interest at four per centum on all unpaid bal-
ances, until the entire sum is paid; and that, whenever said one hundred
thousand dollars shall be paid, it shall be handed over by the committee
to the treasurer of the College as a permanent fund, the income of which
shall be used under the direction of the Board of Trustees.

‘¢ That the conditions upon which this fund shall be bound, shall be
as follows: 1st, The present system of electing trustees for filling vacan-
cies shall not be changed. 2d, That the committee shall be perpetuated
by the filling of vacancies by the Board of Trustees during the period of
ten years during the time which the subscription shall be open.’’

The report was accepted, and laid on the table; and it was
voted that the plan should be considered in detail, and meas-
ures perfected at an adjourned meeting for its execution.

The Trustees of the College, though a legal “ body corpo-
rate,” are simply the agents of the State, with duties and
powers clearly defined by law. In the statute of Congress
the great aims and purposes for which the College endowment
was provided, and the obligations assumed by the State in
accepting it, are fully set forth; and in the statute of the
State the details of administration by which it is proposed
to realize those aims are defined, even to the course of study
to be pursued, and the proportion of time to be given to
each. The responsibility of the Trustees is confined to an
economical expenditure of the funds committed to them for
purposes expressly defined, and a faithful adherence to the
established system. If this is incapable of producing the

1882.] | HOUSE — No. 35. 21

designed result, or if the income from funds is inadequate
to sustain and develop the system, the responsibility must
belong to the State. The experience of fourteen years has
demonstrated that the plan of organization is no more exten-
sive, its grade is no higher, than was contemplated by the
donors of the endowment, or than is essential to the attain-
ment of the ends sought. Therefore as it exists, in all these
respects, it should be supported and maintained.

Respectfully submitted by order of the Trustees.
LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST,
Jan. 27, 1882.

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.
REPORT BY PROFESSOR CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

THE instructions in theoretical and practical chemistry
have been given during the past year in conformity with the
prescribed general course of studies. The freshman class has
attended lectures with recitations on elementary chemistry,
the junior class on analytical and organic chemistry, and the
senior class on industrial and agricultural chemistry. The
senior and the junior classes have also devoted the usual time
assigned for practical chemical analysis. ‘The substances
tested by the students in the laboratory were selected with
reference to their interest in every-day life as well as to their
special relation to various branches of chemical agricultural
industry, and to practical agriculture in particular. Both
classes have manifested during the entire year a gratifying
interest in these exercises. Five graduates have returned to
continue their studies in practical chemistry for a more or
less extended period. The number of students attending
the exercises in the laboratory during the main part of the
year amounted to from forty to forty-five. Aside from the
regular class instruction, the usual amount of analytical work
has been carried out in the interest of the farming com-
munity, which will be reported in the official report of the
inspector of commercial fertilizers to the State Board of Agri-
culture. The investigations regarding the special action of
_ particular articles of plant-food on the character of the plant
and on the composition of the fruits has been continued, and
some of the results will soon be ready for publication.

The finances of the chemical department are, in conse-
quence of a rigid economy and a large attendance of the
practical exercises in the laboratory, in a very satisfactory
condition, as may be noticed from the detailed statement of
the financial agent of the College, which accompanies this
report. The sum credited to the department on the Ist
of January, 1882, after deducting all expenses previously

1882.] HOUSE — No. 35. 23

incurred, amounts to eight hundred and twelve dollars. The
interest of the College, as well as of the chemical depart-
ment, render it desirable that permission should be granted
to devote at least two-thirds of the above-stated surplus, as
soon as convenient, to the increase of collections, and of appa-
ratus for the illustration of lectures in chemistry, and of the
practical instruction in the chemical laboratory.

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. {Jan.

REPORT OF THE BOTANIC DEPARTMENT.
BY PROFESSOR SAMUEL T. MAYNARD.

DuRInG the past season the “ Durfee Plant-House”’ has
been thoroughly repaired and painted. This work required
the expenditure of the entire appropriation ; besides, a large
amount of work has been done by students, and others in our
regular employ.

The plants in these houses, although somewhat injured in
the process of repairs, are again presenting a fair condition.

The orchards are in better condition than ever before,
having received better cultivation than in any previous year.
The peach-trees have again yielded a moderate crop of fruit,
which, owing to the cool summer, was of rather poor quality.
Some of these trees, from ten to fourteen years old, and which
have, apparently, passed through all the stages of the disease
known as the “yellows,” are now in perfect health, and bore
some fine fruit the past season.

The vineyard has done remarkably well the past season,
considering the care it has received. The income from the
sales of fruit amounted to $259.69, although nearly one ton
of unripe fruit was destroyed by the frosts. ‘The vines are
all trained in a natural fan system, as requiring the least
care. The vines planted in the experimental plots, it is
designed to train according to four or five of the leading
systems, for illustration.

The small fruits, aside from the grapes, consist of about
two acres of strawberries, which are in fine condition; the
raspberries and blackberries planted in and around the or-
chards, and one and one-half acres of the same planted this
fall, with the more lately introduced and promising varieties.
The varieties of strawberries grown are, for the main crop,
Charles Downing, Crescent Seedling, Wilson’s Albany, Sharp-
less, Glendale, Forest Rose, with smaller lots of these new
and promising kinds; viz., Bidwell, Crystal City, Triple
Crown, Oliver Goldsmith, Duchesse, Miner’s Prolific, Hervey

1882.] HOUSE — No. 35. 25

Davis, Pioneer, Champion, Golden Defiance, and Manches-
ter. The latter varieties have been planted in widely vary-
ing soil and with several kinds of fertilizers, to enable us to
test their real merits for general cultivation.

The varieties of raspberries grown are the Turner, Cuth-
bert, Caroline, Henrietta, Herstine, and Highland Hardy ;
with the two most common black-caps, Doolittle and Mam-
moth Cluster. Of the blackberries we have the Kittatinny,
Wilson’s Early, Dorchester, Wachusett, Snyder, Taylor’s
Prolific, and Sable Queen.

IMPROVEMENTS.

The two unsightly gravel-pits on the land, under the direc-
tion of this department, have been graded off, compost carted
on, and seeded to grass.

Upon the hillside, near the reservoir, about six hundred
feet of tile have been laid, to take away the water from sev-
eral surface springs, the underbrush and a few of the useless
trees removed, and the whole thoroughly ploughed.

A walk has been constructed from the plant-house door to
the south boundary of the farm along the side of the road.
In its construction about seventy-five loads of stone, taken
from the land in the orchard, were used to fill in along the
roadside opposite the house ou by President Stock-
bridge.

The land to be esd next spring has all been ploughed,
and much done to help along the work in the spring. Ma-
nure has been carted around the fruit-trees, grape-vines, rasp-
berries, blackberries, and the ornamental trees and shrubs,
more liberally than ever before.

EXPERIMENTS.

Besides the experimental plots of fruit under the direction
of Dr. Goessmann, which have been cared for, several experi-
ments have been carried on ; but limited space will permit of
the mention of only one. In July twelve rows of grape-vines
were selected ; and all surplus canes, 1e., those not needed
for the formation of the next season’s fruit-spurs, having
good bunches of fruit upon them, were girdled by taking out
a ving of bark one-fourth of an inch wide just below the

fruit. Account of the cost of this labor, which extended
4.

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan.

from July 10 to Aug. 1, was kept, and the sales of fruit from
the girdled branches, before the main crop ripened. The
cost of labor was $18.75 (about one-half more than it ought
to have been), and the fruit sold for $36.18 above the price
for the same amount of fruit from the main crop. No injury
to the vine has ever been noticed from this practice.

INSTRUCTION.

Aside from the duties directly connected with the Botanic
Department, —i.e., the teaching of Botany and Horticulture,
the direction of the business and care of the grounds, — extra
work has been done in teaching Microscopy, Freehand Draw-
ing, and Landscape Gardening.

SUGGESTIONS.

I would again urge that the course of study be so changed
that botany be taught during the summer and fall terms, and
not, as is now done, during the winter term, when very few
illustrations can be had. I would also ask that more time
be allowed me for the instruction of botany and horticul-
ture, and that it be more evenly distributed through the four
years’ course of study.

To this I have appended a detailed statement of the
accounts of the department, as far as my books can show,
together with a statement of the amounts received from the
sale of each crop.

To this might be added the crop of hay, oats, and corn,
which is sufficient for the keeping of two horses, besides
exchanging several tons of hay for stable manure.

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 385.

STATEMENT OF HORTICULTURAL
| MENT.

Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1881
Total cash paid Treasurer from —
sales of plants, fruits, etc. . °
from sales of nursery . . :
paid for labor, materials, sit siitldits: ‘
on hand Jan. 1,1882 .

Total Cash sales of the Botanic Department

Plants turned to balance bills —
for labor, materials, etc.
trees, etc., for College grounds and fora
Outstanding bills due ;
Trees exchanged for nursery stock .
Bills of College paid by fruit .

Total sales of Botanic Department .

SALES IN DETAIL.

Plants . : : : ; : : 4
Flowers . é : : ; : §

Apples . : - : : :

Pears; i: ‘ . S : é . , : ,
Peaches . 4 ‘ 3 A ‘ ‘

Grapes . . ‘ - : : ‘

Strawberries . 3 5 A : ‘ 4
Blackberries . d - ; : . :
Raspberries . ‘ :

Cabbages : F : : : : ‘
Cabbage-plants . - : : :
Strawberry-plants . : , :

Pease . : A : : .
Squashes ° : : : :
Beans (green), : ; ° : :
Sweet corn. -
Potatoes . : : « : 5 ‘ : : é
Celery . ; . : : : : : j s
Beets. : “ : : : : : : a
Turnips . a ‘ : : : : : ; .
Cucumbers. : : : :
Tomatoes : F : d : : <
Sundries ; : : : : : : ° .
Total sales of nursery . . : :

Total sales of Botanic Department . : 5 :

DEPART-

$2 59

1,566 26
875 82

. 792 56
100 56

. $3,337 79

$125 25
103 45
209 84

47 60
21 71

. $3,845 64

$825 46
421 10

: 16 61
41 40

117 42 -

259 69

265 53

: 13 75
. 25 54
100 91

: 210 40
° 28 10
55 09

45 00

20 34

31 21

30 72

15 00

16 05

5 95

5 42

: 6 09
37 64
leon a2

. $3,845 64

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND CIVIL ENGI-
NEERING.

REPORT BY PROFESSOR CHARLES L. HARRINGTON.

THE work in this department is progressing favorably.
The science of physics is growing of more importance, as
new discoveries are made in electricity and chemistry ; and,
while it is not advisable to make this branch of study as
prominent as some others, it is advisable to make it corre-
spond to the needs of the College. ‘To this end I have, so far
as practicable, introduced the lecture method of giving
instruction ; and I find that the students have a better under-
standing of the matter under discussion, take more inter-
est in their work, and accomplish double the work in the
same time as under the method formerly in vogue. To fully
carry out my plan, the apparatus should be repaired and
increased. Mechanics and electricity are well provided for ;
but sound, heat, and light are wholly deficient. Four thou-
sand dollars is the amount required to place the physical cabi-
net in even respectable condition for a college in the position
of our Agricultural College. As soon as your Board are in
a condition to make the additions and changes you so much
desire, this matter should be thoroughly examined and acted
upon. The cabinet in its present position is unsafe; and,
whenever a new building is erected, I would recommend that
a change be made to a more safe position. If these sugges-
tions result according to my desire, I cannot but believe that
you will be fully repaid by the increased interest of the stu-
dents in their study.

The time allotted for mathematics is used to the best
advantage. I would like your Board to consider whether it
would not be advisable to raise the standard of admission so
as to include one or perhaps two books of geometry. The
change would enable us to accomplish that for which now
we have no time, and which is necessary to a full under-
standing of some other branches of study.

Your Board have reason to be congratulated on the pres-
ent condition of the department, and any change for the
better will be heartily welcomed by those most interested in
the success of the College. .

1882.] HOUSE — No. 85. 29

REPORT ON THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT.

BY PROFESSOR VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, LIEUTENANT SECOND
UNITED STATES ARTILLERY.

I HAVE the honor to submit the following as a brief report
of the military department, and my observations and sugges-
tions concerning same. It has been under my charge during
the past four months.

On Aug. 27, 1881, I received orders from the War Depart-
ment, Washington, to report to you, relieving Lieut. Charles
Morris, Fifth Artillery, as professor of military science and
tactics at this institution. Before my arrival he had been
necessarily called away; so that, unacquainted with the re-
quirements of the position, and with no defined order of
instruction to be followed, I found some temporary embarrass-
ment in the satisfactory execution of my office. This was
greatly diminished by the kindness of Lieut. Morris, who
had left some general instructions for my guidance. The
necessity of a carefully defined course of instruction being
thus presented, it has met my early attention; and the re-
quest that each class, commencing as freshmen, should be
called to the section-room, has resulted therefrom.

Previously seniors alone have had theoretical instruction,
and with these results: The studies which naturally first
engage their attention are tactical. Satisfactorily pursued
with the time allotted, —two hours each week, — they must
engage their attention one-half of their senior year, leaving
too little time for military science. Upon entering their final
year, it has become the recognized plan of the department
to place all seniors by detail in active charge of practical
work on the drill-ground, both to familiarize them in the
actual requirements of such duties, teaching them to com-
mand, and as a necessary aid to the military professor, who
can only take a supervisory charge when, as is ordinarily the.
case, two or three distinct drills are being carried on at the
same time in different parts of the drill-ground by different

30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. |

classes. It is obvious that a system which perfected instruct-
ors only after half of the time in which they were to instruct
had elapsed is faulty. Tactical accuracy is especially neces-
sary, and any imperfect instruction creates faults hard to
eradicate. Again, junior classes, as they advance in succes-
sive years, will take a more decided interest in drills while
acquiring them for the first time than months after, when
exercised therein more to keep them up to a proper standard
than to acquire what, at least, is generally known. Each
class in the section-room for from six to eight weeks, two
hours each week, the latter half of their first term of succes-
sive school years, called upon to explain theoretically what
they are there learning practically for the first time, will be
accurately taught; and, the time being brief, the lessons do
not become a burden. In this way seniors will take their
places well prepared to perform such duties as devolve upon
them, and their entire year can be devoted to scientific and
other profitable study. Hereto appended is the modified
course of theoretical and practical instruction of this depart-
ment; and I earnestly recommend that it may be incorporated
into the curriculum of the institution entire, thereby intro-
ducing the desired changes. The time asked for each junior
class does not exceed sixteen hours in the section-room for
an entire year; and, from the experience I am now having,
the advantage of this course will be invaluable. Much detri-
ment to the proper continuance of practical instruction dur-
ing the winter months and in inclement weather is caused by
the insecurity of the drill-hall. Its location in the upper
story of a not over-strong building is unfortunate. At pres-
ent the hall can with safety be used but little for the purposes
designed. The winter months are particularly useful for such
preliminary drills as lay the basis to extended exercises; and,
as these are thus greatly restricted, the effect is to partially
defeat the purposes of this instruction. I recommend that
immediate steps be taken to repair this hall, and would sug-
gest that the most expedient method would be the erection
of a new building, the lower story to be used for military
purposes. The present uniform, while neat and military in
appearance, does not fulfil the requirements of all the drills.
A jacket allowing more freedom for the upper portion of the
body at mortar and artillery drills is desirable. This can be

1882. | HOUSE — No. 35. 31

introduced, still keeping within the prescribed cost of the
military outfit; and it would be generally worn at all times.
A suitable military cabinet would be of material aid in the
section-room, and could be obtained from the State without
much expense. The department is in serious need of a small
permanent fund to be used for the gradual formation of a
military library. The necessity for this is self-evident, and
its lack is especially felt in the more advanced studies.

It seems proper to call the attention of the honorable
Board of Trustees to the excellent military condition of the
school. The time devoted to all drills does not exceed four
hours per week, scarcely more than students at other colleges,
for healthful purposes, devote to prescribed physical exer-
cises. ‘To-day it may safely be asserted, that, on short notice,
the corps could creditably appear on company, skirmish, bat-
talion, mortar, and artillery drills; and that the majority of
the present senior class will graduate, prepared, if an emer-
gency should require it, to immediately perform efficient ser-
vice, at least, as company officers. The purposes of the
endowment of 1862 on the part of the General Govern-
ment —the quasi-military education of the students, that
they shall be enabled to impart that instruction, and, when
needed, be capable of exercising subordinate military offices
—seems to be successfully carried out at this institution..
This is largely due to the interest manifested by the students,
who, as a class, respond cheerfully to the performance of all
duties. Additional means should be taken to encourage
them to more zealous efforts. The inducement held out by
the State or General Government to some official position for
excellence seems the most natural means of effecting this.
This department is at all times prepared to practically ex-
plain its utility to visitors; and more frequent visits from the
honorable Board of Trustees, collectively or individually, as
well as from others, would induce additional exertion. I am
convinced that a more generat knowledge of the interior
workings of the department would result markedly to its
advantage.

Promptness of conception and execution must follow the
proper execution of the drills. Self-command and self-disci-
pline must obtain to the individual who efficiently commands
the same; all of which, in their natural order, falls to the lot

32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. ‘[Jam

of the student at this College. While the avowed purpose of
the United States, in endowing this and similar institutions,
was to diffuse a limited military instruction, the result is
directly beneficial to the individual student in any life-avoca-
tion he may select. To this may be added the advanced
course which is given to seniors, embracing, as it always will,
a variety of useful and interesting subjects. |

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

All students, unless disqualified physically, are required to
attend prescribed military exercises, those who pursue spe-
cial or partial courses at the College not being exempt so
long as they remain at the institution. By the commence-
ment of their second term, students are required to provide
themselves with a full uniform, the cost of which is less
than thirty dollars.

Correctness of deportment and discipline is required of
all, the routine of the West Point Academy being followed
as closely as circumstances will permit. To insure a proper

sanitary condition of the College, the commandant makes.

careful inspections of all rooms and College buildings each
Saturday morning, during which all students in uniform are
required to be in their rooms, for the proper police of which
they are held to a strict accountability.

At the beginning of each term, issues of such equipments
as they will require are made to all students. They will be
charged for all injury, loss, and for any neglect in the care
of the same.

For practical instruction the following public property is
in the hands of the College authorities : —

One platoon of light Napoleons (dismounted).

One six-pounder with limber and equipments.

Seventy-five sabres and belts.

One hundred and fifty breech-loading rifles (Cadet model).

Several accurate target rifles.

Two 8-inch siege mortars with complete equipments.

For practice firing, the United States furnishes blank car-
tridges for all guns, and ball cartridges for rifle target prac-
tice, which is encouraged by the department.

Fall term, freshman year.

Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s). School of the

BL) tee

oe ie so

1882.] HOUSE — No. 35. 83

soldier. School of the company. Skirmish drill. Two hours
per week for eight weeks.

Fall term, sophomore year.

Recitations in United States artillery tactics.

School of the soldier (dismounted), sabre exercise, manual
of the piece and mechanical manceuvres, bayonet exercise
(infantry tactics). Ammunition, equipment of carriages.
Modified service of 8-inch mortars. Two hours per week for
six weeks. |

Fall term, junior year..

Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s).

School of the battalion. Ceremonies. Camping and field
service.. Two hours per week for eight weeks.

Spring term, junior year.

A general review of all tactical studies two hours per week:
for six weeks. |

Drills amounting to about four hours per week as fol-
lows: —

Infantry tactics; the schools of the soldier, company, and
battalion; manual of arms. and sword; bayonet exercise,
skirmish drill, target practice ; ceremonies, marches, and field
service.

Artillery, tactics: the schools of the soldier, detachment,
and. battery (dismounted). Mortar drill, sabre exercise,
pointing, and field service.

MILITARY SCIENCE.

This instruction is given to seniors, extending through the
entire college year, two hours per week.

It will include, in the form of lectures and recitations from
selected text-books, the following subjects : —

Ordnance and gunnery; constitutional and military law
and history; campaigns and battles; systems of warfare,
present and past; an elementary course in strategy and en-
gineering. It will be modified by such additions and changes
as shall seem desirable.

Two essays are required from each senior on military sub-
jects during the course. Those of the first set are read
before the entire college during the winter term. The sec-
ond set, all upon the same subject, are written for prizes.

The award of same is left to a board of army officers, and the
5

354 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. ’82.

successful competitors read their productions at the gradu-
ating exercises.

Subject for class of 1882, The Military Problem of the
United States.”

BATTALION ORGANIZATION.

For instruction in infantry tactics and discipline, the ca-
dets are organized into a battalion of two or more companies
under the commandant. ‘The officers, commissioned and non-
commissioned, are selected from those cadets who are best
instructed and most soldier-like in the discharge of their
duties. As arule, the commissioned officers are taken from
the seniors, the sergeants from the juniors, and the corporals
from the sophomores. All seniors are detailed to act as
commissioned officers.

Commissioned Staff.
J. E. WiLpeER, Capt. and Adjutant. S.C. Damon, Lieut. and Quarter-

master.
Captains.
B. A. KInNEY. A: H,. TAYLOR:
Lieutenants.
F. S. May. W. H. Bisnop. D. GooDALE.
A. F. SuiveErRick: C. D. Hitiman. J. S. WILLIAMS.

W. H. TuurstTon.

Non-commissioned Staff.
A. A. Hevia, Sergeant-Major. D. O. Nourse, Q. AZ. Sergeant.

Sergeants.

H. J. WHEELER. C. W. MInNoTT.
F. H. FLETCHER. S. C. BAGEERY,
Corporals.

G. CUTLER. H. E. V. GorEssMANN. C. HERMEs.

E. A. JONES. W. A. Mayo.

See bALOGUE

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND STUDENTS,

1882.

—.

—

A
\

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND
STUDENTS. |

Board of Trustees.

MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS.

His Excertency JOHN D. LONG, Governor of the Commonwealth.
LEVI STOCKBRIDGE, President of the College.

JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education.

JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

MEMBERS BY ELECTION.

MARSHALL P. WILDER . e : i: ; Boston.
CHARLES G. DAVIS. |. ; 5 : . PLYMOUTH.
HENRY COLT . : : é c : : PITTSFIELD.
PHINEAS STEDMAN . ‘ . F é ‘ CHICOPEE.
HENRY L. WHITING ‘ 3 ‘ . CAMBRIDGE.
DANIEL NEEDHAM . : 3 : “Sua hiae GROTON.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON. - a - ; Upton.
TORIC WMNMNGS 4. . wt ys | Wopurn.
JAMES S. GRINNELL j 8 ‘ 5 GREENFIELD.
BENJAMIN P. WARE - 3 : : 3 MARBLEHEAD.
O. B. HADWEN . ‘ : : Ee : ‘ WORCESTER.
GEORGE NOYES. ‘ E ‘ F : : Boston.

J. H. DEMOND . 5 A : : ; é NORTHAMPTON.

WILLIAM WHEELER . ° : : ; Concorp.

Executive Committee.

LEVI STOCKBRIDGE. J. H. DEMOND.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON. PHINEAS STEDMAN.
JOHN E. RUSSELL.

Secretary.
CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston.

Auditor.’
HENRY GOUL OF PE EREELD.

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Treasurer.
JOHN CUMMINGS or Wosurn.

Board of Overseers.
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Hxamining Committee of Overseers.

GEORGE JEWETT . : : : . of Fitchburg.
AVERY P. SLADE . . . . . of Somerset.

E. F. BOWDITCH : . . : ° of Framingham.
JOHN P. LYNDE. : ° > “ : of Athol.
MERRITT I. WHEELER . . . . __ of Great Barrington.

Members of Faculty.
LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
President and Professor of Agriculture.

HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A.,
Professor of Modern Lanquages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Puz.D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S.,
Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

CHARLES L. HARRINGTON, M.A.,
Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering.

SECOND LIEUT. VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, Second Artillery, U.S.A.,
Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

JOHN F. WINCHESTER, D.V.S.,

Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice.

BENJAMIN K. EMERSON, Pa.D.,
Lecturer on Geology.

JOHN M. TYLER, M.A.,
Lecturer on Zoblogy and Entomology.

JOHN W. CLARK, B.S.,
Superintendent of Nurseries.

1882. ]

HOUSE — No. 35.

Graduates of 1881.*

Bowman, Charles Abel (Boston Univ.) .
Boynton, Charles Enoch 3
Carr, Walter Frank ‘ ‘

Chapin, Henry Edgerton

Fairfield, Frank Hamilton Pa paicudicin ),
Flint, Charles Louis, jun. (Boston Univ.),
Hashiguchi, Boonzo (Boston Univ.)
Hills, Joseph Lawrence (Boston Univ.) .
Howe, Elmer Dwight :
Peters, Austin (Boston Univ.) .
Rawson, Edward Briggs : : :
Smith, Hiram Fred Markley . : .
Spalding, Abel Walter (Boston Univ.) .
Taylor, Frederic Patterson (Bost. Univ.),

Warner, Clarence Duane : : ‘
Whittaker, Arthur 5 : B
Wilcox, Henry Harrison ‘ : .

otal. i a

Senior Class.

Allen, Francis Sherwin . ; ; ;
Aplmeceorse Thomas. .- . .
Beach, Charles Edward . ; ? F
Bingham, Eugene Percival . °
Bishop, William Herbert . :
Brodt, Harry Snowden . ° -

Chandler, Everett Sawyer .
Cooper, James Willard . :

Cutter, John Ashburton 5 ‘
Damon, Samuel Chester : : :
Floyd, Charles Walter

Goodale, David . : :

Hillman, Charles Wecies F
Howard, Joseph Henry . :

Howe, George Dickinson ;

Jones, Frank Waldo . ° - :
Joyner, Frank Hall : ° ° .
Kingman, Morris Bird . ° ; .

Billerica.
Groveland.
Clinton.
Springfield.
Waltham.
Boston.

Tokio, Japan.
Boston.
Marlborough.
Boston.
Brooklyn, N.Y.
North Hadley.
Billerica.
Boston.
Granby.
Needham.
Nawiliwili, S.I.

Medfield.

East Putney, Vt.
Hartford, Conn.
Fitchburg.

Diamond Hill, R.I.

Dansville, N.Y.
Coldwater, Mich.
East Bridgewater.
New York City.
Lancaster.
Boston.
Marlborough.
Hardwick.
Hyannis.

North Hadley.
South Scituate.
North Egremont.
Amherst.

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Kinney, Burton Arial
May, Frederick Goddard
Morse, William Austin .
Myrick, Herbert
Paige, James Breckenridge
Perkins, Dana Edson
Plumb, Charles Sumner.
Shiverick, Asa Frank
Stone, Winthrop Ellsworth
Taft, Levi Rawson
Taylor, Alfred Howland
Thurston, Wilbur Herbert
Wheeler, Henry Lewis .
Wilder, John Emery
Williams, James Stoddard
“Wilmarth, Frederick Augustus
Windsor, Joseph Libbey
Total ‘

Junior Class.

Bagley, Sydney Currier .
Bishop, Edgar Allen
Braune, Domingos Henrique .
Conger, Charles Thompson
Fletcher, Frank Howard
Hevia, Alfred Armand .
Holman, Samuel Morey
Lindsey, Joseph Bridgeo
Minott, Charles Walter .
Nourse, David Oliver
Preston, Charles Henry .
Selden, John Lincoln
Wheeler, Homer Jay

Total

Lowell.
Boston.
Boston.
Concord.
Prescott.
Wakefield.
Westfield.
Woods Holl.
Amherst.
Mendon.
Yarmouthport.
Upton.
Great Barrington.
Lancaster.
Glastonbury, Conn.
Upton.
Grafton.

» 8d

Boston.

Diamond Hill, R.I.
Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
New York City.
Townsend.
Havana, Cuba.
Attleborough.
Marblehead.
Westminster.
Bolton.

Danvers.

Ashfield.

Bolton.

Sophomore Class.

Brown, Henry Clinton. .
Dickinson, Howard Wilmot
Dwight, Edwin Wells

Goessmann, Henry Edward actos

Herms, Charles: ... ... -.

Pittsfield.

.. Amherst.

Pittsfield.
Ambherst..:

.. Louisville; Ky.

1882. ] HOUSE — No.
Holland, Harry Dickinson

Jones, Elisha Adams

Lublin, Alfred William .

Mayo, Walter Parker

Redding, Merton Jay

Smith, Llewellyn

Smith, William Henderson

Smith, William Ratliffe .
Total ‘

Freshman Class.

Allen, Edwin West
Almeida, Luciano José de
Barber, George Holcomb
Brooks, Paul Cuff Phelps
Browne, Charles William __.
Buffington, Charles Owen
Cutter, Charles Sumner .
Day, William Lyman
Dickinson, John Francis
Howell, Hezekiah . E :
March, Wilbur Marriam : F
Nichols, Andrew, jun.
Phelps, Charles Shepard
Putnam, George Herbert
Spaulding, Charles Plumb
Spaulding, George Edwin
Tekirian, Benon Onnig . 2
Whittemore, Joseph Sidney . ,
Woodhull, George Gouge

Total .. : : : :

Select Class.

Cutler, George, jun.

Davis, Arthur Emmons .

Fish, Charles Sumner : :
Kendall, Charles Irving ‘ : :
Kenfield, Charles Robert : :
Owen, Henry Willard . ; : 5

Total. «.. : A Z x ‘

36.

Amherst.

Rockville.

New York City.
Wellesley.

Amherst.

file

Amherst. ve

Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Glastonbury, Conn.

Boston.

Salem.

Ware.

Arlington.

Warren.

Amherst.

Blooming Grove, N.Y.

Millbury.

Danvers.

Florence.

Millbury.

Amherst.

Billerica.

Yozgad, Turkey.

Leicester.

Blooming Grove, N.Y.
: s i A

Amherst.
Amherst.
Boston.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Amherst.
é . : Re Ae,

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Post-Graduates.
Fairfield, B.S., Frank Hamilton (Boston

Univ.) : Waltham.
Green, B.S., Sami Bom ‘lear ciaeton

Univ.) F Chelsea.
Hills, B.S., J Seon eae (Boston .

Univ.) ‘ ‘ i : : . Boston.
Lovell, M.A., Henry Lyman Sse ses

College) . . Amherst.
Smith, B.S., fvatn Fr ed niaeitey . North Hadley.
Sisek niles, B.S., Horace Edward (Bos-

ton Uniy.) : : . Amherst.
Stone, B.S., Almon Fisnipne ; Phillipston.
Washburn, B.S., John Hosea (Boston |

Univ.) : : s : . . Bridgewater.

Total , . ; i ' 5 is ; ; # 7 a

Specials in Chemistry.
Cardoso, Peleusia . ‘ ; P . Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
Jaqueth, Isaac Samuel . y ° . Liverpool, N.Y.
Total . ; : ‘ ; , ‘ ° : aa 4

Summary.
Specials in Chemistry . , : : ‘ : ‘ Pe
Post-Graduates . ; ; : g ; . . eure
Graduates of 1881 : : : 4 : * A ae
Senior Class . , é : : - ; : ; » OO
Junior Class . F 3 : ; : 7 ; : . 18
Sophomore Class . : : ‘ ; ; ‘ ; (ae
Freshman Class . : : : : ; ; , gone

Select Class . : : : ; 2 : ; Beef
Total . : : P ‘ - : x F . 113

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 43

GRADUATES.

Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Winfield, Cowley Co., Kan., Agent, Wells,
Fargo, & Co.’s Express.

Bagley, David A., ?76, Winchendon, Farmer.

Baker, David E., ’78, Franklin, Student, Harvard Medical School.

Barrett, Joseph F., ’75, 84 Broad St., New York City, Travelling
Salesman, Boe ker Fertilizer Co.

’ Barri, John A., ’75, 84 Broad St., New York City, Office Clerk,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.

Bassett, Andrew L., ’71, New York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R.R.
& Steamship Co.

Bell, Burleigh C., ’72, corner 16th and Howard Streets, San
Francisco, Cal., Druggist and Chemist.

Bellamy, John, ’76, 659 Washington St., Boston, Nichols, Bel-
lamy, & Co., Hardware and Cutlery.

Benedict, John M., ’74, 138 Second Avenue, New York City, Stu-
dent of Medicine.

Benson, David H., ’77, South Weymouth, Superintendent of Acid
Works, Hvadley Fertilizer Co.

Birnie, William P., ’71, Springfield, Salesman, Birnie Paper Co.

Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt., Farm Laborer.

Boutwell, Willie L., ’?78, Leverett, Farmer.

Bowker, William H., ’71, 43 Chatham St., Boston, President,
Bowker Fertilizer Co.

Bowman, Charles A., ’81, Billerica, Farmer.

Boynton, Charles E., ’81, Great Falls, N.H., Student, law-office
of Copeland & Edgley. 7

Brage, Everett B., *75, 84 Broad St., New York City, Buying
Agent, Bowker Fertilizer Co.

Brett, William F., ’72, Brockton, Clerk, B. H. White & Co.,
Boston.

Brewer, Charles, ’77, 88 Worthington St., Spey Assistant
Book-keeper, prey Laundry. ,

Brigham, Arthur A., ’78, Marlborough, Farmer.

Brooks, William P., ’75, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agricul-
ture and Farm Superintendent, Japan Agricultural College.

44 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

Bunker, Madison, ’75, 141 West 54th St., New York City, House
Surgeon, American Veterinary College.

Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Grantville, Florist.

Campbell, Frederick G., ’75, West Westminster, Vt., Farmer.

Carr, Walter F., ’81, Boston, Student, Massachusetts Institute
Technology. ‘

Caswell, Lilley B., ’?71, Athol, Civil Engineer and Farmer.

Chandler, Edward P., ’74, Abilene, Kan., Farmer.

Chapin, Henry E., ’81, Boylston, Teacher.

Chickering, Darius O., ’76, Enfield, Farmer.

Choate, Edward C., ’78, Southborough, Farmer.

Clark, Atherton, 77, Grass Valley, Nevada Co., Cal., Assistant
Manager, Menlo Gold Quartz Co.

Clark, John W.,’72, Amherst, Superintendent of Nurseries, Agri-
cultural College. :

Clark, Xenos Y., ’78, Oakland, Cal., Scientist.

*Clay, Jabez W., 775.

Coburn, Charles F., ’78, Lowell, Teller, Five Cents Saving Bank,
and Paragrapher, ‘* Daily Citizen.”’

Cowles, Frank C., ’72, Amherst, Farmer.

Cowles, Homer L., ’71, Hadley, Farmer.

t Curtis, Wolfred F., 774.

Cutter, John C., ’72, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Natural Sci-
ence, Japan Agricultural College.

Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, Druggist.

Dickinson, Richard 8., ’79, Kankakee, Ill., Contractor, grading
of railroads.

Dodge, George R., ’75, Brighton, Shipping Clerk, Bowker Fertil-
izer Co. )

Dyer, Edward N., ’72, Kohala, S.I., Teacher.

Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer.

Eldred, Frederick C., ’73, 119 Chambers St., New York City,
Salesman, Wilson Bros. Toy Co.

Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, Holyoke, Architect, Civil and Mechan-
ical Engineer with D. H. & A. B. Tower.

Fairfield, Frank H., ’81, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural
College. ;

Fisher, Jabez F., ’71, Fitchburg, Local Freight Agent, Fitchburg
Railroad. , |

Fiske, Edward R., ’72, 625 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Penn.,

~ Merchant, Folwell, Bro., & Co.
Flagg, Charles O., ’72, Diamond Hill, R.I., Farmer.

_* Died Oct. 1, 1880, of pneumonia, at New York City.
ft Died Nov. 8, 1878, of inflammation of the brain, at Westminster.

1882.} HOUSE — No. 35. 45

Flint, Charles L., jun., ’81, 29 Newbury St., Boston, no business.

Foote, Sanford D., ’78, Springfield, Hampden Watch Co.

Fowler, Alvan L., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, Superintendent, Wo¢
ronoco Mining Co.

Fuller, George E., ’71.

Gladwin, Frederic E., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, Superintendent.

Green, Samuel B., ’79, Chelsea, no business.

Grover, Richard B., ’72, Ludlow, Vt., Clergyman.

Guild, George W. M., ’76

Hague, Henry, ’75, Manville, R.I., Clergyman.

Hall, Josiah N., ’78, City Hospital, Boston, House Physician.

Harwood, Peter M., ’75, Barre, Farmer.

Hashiguchi, Boonzo, ’81, Tokio, Ja; an, Department of Agri-
culture. | we

Hawley, Frank W., ’71, Fayetteville, Ark., with S. A. Brown &
Co., Lumber Dealers,

Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., Banker, C. A. Mather &

_ Co. |

Herrick, Frederick St. C., ’71, Methuen, Farmer.

Hibbard, Joseph R., ’77, Stoughton, Wis., Farmer.

Hills, Joseph L., ’81, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural Col-
lege. 5

Hitcheock, < oar G., 74, Warren, Agent American Express Co.

Hobbs, John A., ’74, Etogndna ton, Neb., Farmer.

Holmes, Teel Le B., ’72, Mattapoisett, Lawyer.

Howe, Charles S., ’78, Prescott, Arizona, Mining Expert.

Howe, Elmer D., ’81, ‘Marlborough, Farmer.

Howe, Waldo v., 77, Framingham, Agent, Framingham Brick
Co.

Hubbard, Henry F., ’78, 94 Front St., New York City, with Jno.
H. Catherwood & Co.

Hunt, John F., ’78, Guerrero, Mexico, Care E. R. Larroche,
Surveyor.

Kendall, Hiram, ’76, Providence, R.I., Chemist and Superintend-
ent, Kendall Manufacturing Co.

Kimball, Francis E., ’72, 15 Union St., Worcester, Book-keeper,
E. W. Vaill.

Knapp, Walter H., ’75, Grantville, Florist.

Koch, Henry G. H., ’78, Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Street,
New York City, H. C. F. Koch & Son.

Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, care Wm. Dadmun, Watertown, no busi-
ness.

Lee, Lauren K., ’75, Des’ Moines, Ia.; Manager, Buffalo Linseed,
Oil Works. —

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Lee, William G., ’80, Grass Valley, Nev. Co., Cal., Miner.

Leland, Walter S., ’73, Concord, Officer, State Prison.

Leonard, George, ’71, Springfield, Lawyer.

Libby, Edgar H., ’74, Chicago, Ill., Editor, ‘‘ Farmer’s Review.’’

Livermore, Russell W., ’72, 9 and 11 Chamber of Commerce, To-
ledo, O., Attorney-at-Law.

Lovell, Charles O., ’78, 178 Washington St., Boston, General
Agent for James H. Earle, Publisher.

Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Manistee, Mich., Druggist and Book-
seller.

Lyman, Charles E., ’78, Middlefield, Conn., Farmer.

* Lyman, Henry, ’74.

Lyman, Robert W., ’71, Belchertown, Lawyer.

Mackie, George, ’72, Attleborough, Physician.

Macleod, William A., ’76, 60 Devonshire St., Boston, Patent
Lawyer.

Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Manufacturer.

Martin, William E.,’76, Excelsior, Minn., Clerk in Post-Office.

Maynard, Samuel T., *72, Amherst, Professor of Botany and
Horticulture, Massachusetts Agricultural College.

McConnel, Charles W., ’76, 14 North Pearl St., Albany, N.Y.,
Dentist.

McQueen, Charles M., ’80, Springfield, W. G. Medlicott & Co.

Miles, George M.,’75, Miles City, Montana, Hardware Merchant
and Real-Estate Dealer.

Mills, George W., ’73, Medford, Physician.

Minor, John B., ’73, New Britain, Conn., Clerk, Russell & Erwin
Manufacturing Co.

Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, Farmer.

Morey, Herbert E., ’72, 49 Haverhill St., Boston, Merchant, Mo-
rey, Smith, & Co.

Morse, James H., ’71, 251 Essex St., Salem, Civil Engineer.

Myrick, Lockwood, ’78, Tremont Bank Building, State St., Bos-
ton, Chemical Clerk, Pacific Guano Co.

Nichols, Lewis A., ’71, San Diego, Cal., Civil Engineer.

Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, Postmaster.

Nye, George E., ’77, 70 Exchange Building, Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, Il., Book-keeper, G. F. Swift & Co.

Osgood, Frederick H., ’78, Springfield, Veterinary Surgeon.

Otis, Harry P., ’75, Leeds, Superintendent, Northampton Emery
Wheel Co.

Page, Joel B., ’*71, Conway, Farmer.

...™ Died Jan, 8, 1879, of pneumonia, at Middlefield, Conn.

1882.] HOUSE — No. 85. AT

Parker, George A.,’76, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Bailiff of ‘* Cliffdale.”’

Parker, George L., ’76, Dorchester, Florist.

Parker, Henry F., ’77, 229 Broadway, New York City, Briesen &
Betts. Student of Law at University of City of New York.

Parker, William C., ’80, Wakefield, Farmer.

Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kan., General Agent, lies
son, Topeka, & Santa Fé Railroad.

Penhallow, David P., ’73, 85 Brattle St., Cambridge, Lecturer on
Botany.

Peters, Austin, ’81, 141 West 54th St., New York City, Student,
American Veterinary College.

Phelps, Charles H., ’76, South Framingham, Florist.

Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Northampton, Dealer in Fertilizers.

Porter, William H., ’76, Hatfield, Farmer.

Porto, Raymundo M. da S., ’77, Para, Brazil, Planter.

Potter, William S., ’76, Lafayette, Ind., Lawyer.

Rawson, Edward B., ’81, Wilcox, Elk Co., Penn., Civil Engineer.

Renshaw, James B., ’73, Hutchinson, Minn., Clergyman.

Rice, Frank H., ’75, Aurora, Nev., Trader in Cattle.

Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, Altoona, Orange Co., Fla., Planter.

Ripley, George A., 780, 5 Franklin St., Worcester, Dealer in
Grain.»

Root, Joseph E., °76, Barre, Student of Medicine, New York
City.

Rudolph, Charles, 779, New York City, Student, Columbia Law
School.

Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Montague Paper Com-
pany.

Salisbury, Frank B., ’72, Kimberley Diamond Fields, South Af-
rica, Trader.

Sears, John M., ’76, Ashfield, Farmer.

Shaw, Elliot D., ’72, Holyoke, Florist.

Sherman, Walter A., ’79, Long Island College, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
Student of Medicine.

Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., Farmer.

Smead, Edwin, 771, 223 North Cary St., Wiitimors, Md., Dealer
in Scrap Iron.

Smith, Frank S., ’74, Hampden, Woollen Manufacturer.

Smith, George P., ’79, Sunderland, Farmer.

Smith, Hiram F. M., ’81, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural
College.

Smith, Thomas E., ’76, West Chesterfield, Manufacturer.

Snow, George H., 772, Leominster, Farmer.

48 AGRICULTURAL: COLLEGE. [Jams

Somers, Frederick M., ’72, San Francisco, Cal., Newspaper Cor-
respondent. | 7

* Southmayd, John E., ’77.

Southwick, Andre A., ’75, Talladega, Ala., Instructor in Agri-
culture, Talletees College.

Spalding, Abel W., ’81, 907 North Main St., St. Louis, Mo.,
with Ripley & Kimball.

Sparrow, Lewis A., ’71, 43 Chatham St., Boston, Chemist, Bow-
ker Fertilizer Co.

Spofford, Amos L., ’78, Georgetown, Shoe-cutter.

Stockbridge, Horace E., ’78, Germany, Student.

Stone, Almon H., 780, Phillipston, Farmer.

Strickland, George P., ’71, Stillwater, Minn., Machinist, Sey-
mour, Sabin, & Co. |

Swan, Roscoe W., ’79, Framingham, Student, Harvard Medieal
School.

Taft, Cyrus A., ’76, Whitinsville, Machinist.

Taylor, TCHor P., ’81, Hartford, Conn., Foreman, Vine Hill
Farm.

Thompson, Edgar E., ’71, East Weymouth, Teacher.

Thompson, Samuel.C., ’72, Natick, Civil Engineer.

Tucker, George H., ’71, Fargo, Dakota, Civil Engineer.

Tuckerman, Frederick, ’78, Hotel Brunswick, Boston, Student,
Harvard Medical School.

Urner, George P., ’76, 116 Franklin Street, New York City, Super-
intendent, Magic Ruffie Co.

Wakefield, Albert T., 73, Peoria, Ill., Physician.

Waldron, Hiram E. B., ’79, North Rochester, Farmer.

Ware, Willard C., ’71, 255 Middle Street, Portland, Me., Man-
ager, Boston & Portland Clothing Co.

Warner, Clarence D., ’81, Providence, R.I., Teacher, Rhode .
Island State Reform School.

Warner, Seth S., ’73, 48 Chatham Street, Boston, Travelling
Salesman, Bowker Fertilizer Co.

Washburn, John H., ’78, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural
College.

Webb, James H., ’73, 20 Exchange Building, New Haven, Conn.,
Attorney-at-Law.

Wellington, Charles, ’73, Germany, Student.

Wells, Henry, ’72, Rochester, N.Y., Clerk, ‘‘ Blue Line,’’ Fast-.
Freight Office.

Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, 3 East 17th Street, New York City,
Physician. |

* Died Dec. 11, 1878, of consumption, at Minneapolis, Minn.

:
ij
4
A
J
d

1882.] HOUSE — No. 365. 49

Wheeler, William, ’71, 70 Kilby Street, Boston, President,
Wheeler Reflector Co.

Whitney, Frank Le P., ’71.

Whitney, William C., ’72, Minneapolis, Minn., Architect.

Whittaker, Arthur, ’81, Needham, Farmer.

Wilcox, Henry H., ’81, Nawiliwili, S.I., Sugar industry.

Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, Editor, ‘‘ Record.’’

Winchester, John F., ’75, Lawrence, Veterinary Surgeon and Lec-
turer, Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Wood, Frank W., ’73, Providence, R.I., Civil Engineer.

Woodbury, Rufus P., ’78, Kansas City, Mo., News and Telegraph
Editor of ‘‘ Kansas City Daily Times.”’

Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Danvers, Florist, E. & C. Woodman.

Wyman, Joseph, ’77, 68 Belmont Ave., Boston, Produce Dealer.

Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Student of Teleg-
raphy.

50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

Second Term.— Inorganic Chemistry, 3 hours; Botany, 3
hours; Geometry, 5 hours; Agriculture, 3 hours; English, 2
hours ; Elocution, 1 hour; Freehand Drawing, 3 hours; Military
Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. — Systematic Botany, 4 hours ; Geometry, 4 hours ;
French, 5 hours; Elocution, 2 hours; Agriculture, 2 hours; Mili-
tary Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First Term. — Systematic Botany, 3 hours each week; Geome-
try, 4 hours; French, 5 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 2
hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 4 hours; Recita-
tion in Tactics, 1 hour; Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term.— Geology, 3 hours; Trigonometry, 5 hours;
French, 4 hours; English, 1 hour; Agriculture, 3 hours; Decla-
mation, 1 hour; Drawing, 3 hours; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. — Zodlogy, 5 hours; Surveying, 5 hours; Agri-
culture, 2 hours; Lectures in History, 3 hours; Declamation, 1
hour; Levelling, 3 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor,
6 hours. .

JUNIOR YEAR.

First Term. — German, 5 hours each week ; Mechanics, 5 hours ;
Entomology, 2 hours; Market-Gardening, 2 hours; Horticulture,
2 hours; Military Drill, 8 hours; Recitation in Tactics, 1 hour;
Manual Labor, 6 hours.

Second Term. — German, 4 hours; Physics, 5 hours; Practical
Chemistry, 9 hours; Drawing, 3 hours; Agricultural Debate, 1
hour ; Declamation, 1 hour; Military Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. — German, 4 hours; Roads and Railroads, 4 hours ;

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 51

Practical Chemistry, 9 hours; Declamation, 1 hour; Stock and
Dairy Farming, 2 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours; Manual Labor,
6 hours.

SENIOR YEAR.

First Term. — Lectures in History, 4 hours each week ; Practical
' Chemistry, 7 hours ; Book-keeping, 2 hours; Astronomy, 3 hours ;
Military Science, 2 hours ; Original Declamation, 1 hour; Military
Drill, 3 hours.

Second Term. — English Literature, 4 hours; Theses, 1 hour;
Mental Science, 4 hours ; Agriculture, 2 hours ; Veterinary Science,
3 hours; Military Science, 2 hours; Microscopy, 4 hours; Mili-
tary Drill, 3 hours.

Third Term. — Veterinary Science, 2 hours; Military Science,
2 hours; Botany, 3 hours; Landscape-Gardening, 3 hours; Rural
Law, 1 hour; English Literature, 3 hours; Agricultural Review,
4 hours; Military Drill, 4 hours.

CALENDAR FOR 1882.

The third term of the collegiate year begins March 23, and con-
tinues till June 21. :

The first term begins Aug. 24, and continues till Nov. 22.

The second term begins Dec. 7, and continues till March 7,
1883. |

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
College, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a.m., Tuesday, June 20,
and also on Thursday, Aug. 24.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening,
June 19.

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 21.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also

52 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire
admission.

No one can be admitted to the College until he is fifteen years
of age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of
good character from his late pastor or teacher, and to give security
for the prompt payment of term-bills. Tuition and room-rent must
be paid in advance at the beginning of each term, and bills for
board, fuel, etc., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at nine o’clock a.m., Tuesday, June 21, and on Thursday,
Aug. 25; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any
other time in the year. |

EXPENSES.
Tuition i : ; i. : ; $12 00 per term.
Room-rent . ; : , ; . $5 00 to 10700 ae
Board : ; ‘ ‘ . 2 50to 3 50 per week.
Expenses of chemical iebatmeey to eae of
practical chemistry . f : . © 10 00 pertena.
Public and private damages, ieolnne value of
chemical apparatus destroyed or injured. At cost.
Annual expenses, including books : . $250 00 to $350 00
REMARKS.

The instruction in the languages is intended to qualify the
graduates to write and speak English with correctness and effect,
and to translate French with facility. The scientific course is as
thorough and practical as possible, and every science is taught
with constant reference to its application to agriculture and the
wants of the farmer. |

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every
branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massa-

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 385. d3

chusetts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is
discussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-
house or field, where every student is obliged to labor. ‘The
amount of required work, however, is limited to six hours per
week, in order that it may not interfere with study. Students are
allowed to do additional work for wages, provided they maintain
the necessary rank as scholars.

Indigent students are altowed to do such work as may offer
about the College or farm buildings, or in the field; but it is hardly
possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one Siundred
dollars per annum, besides performing other duties. So far as is
consistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select
such varieties of labor as they may, for special reasons, desire to
engage in.

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures
with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire
special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veterinary
science, agriculture. or horticulture, may make private arrangements
with the officers having charge of these departments.

An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro-
vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either
new or second-hand. At the beginning of the second term of
attendance each student is required to provide himself with the
full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets,
the cost of which is about thirty dollars.

On Sundays students are required to attend church in the fore-
noon, and invited to join a class for the study of the Bible in the
afternoon. They will be permitted to select their place of attend-
ance from among the churches in the town, of the following de-
nominations: viz., Baptist, Congregational, Protestant Episcopal,
Methodist Episcopal, and Roman Catholic.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy,
from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies
under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry, or other
members of the Faculty in their respective departments.

ee”

‘54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The library of the College contains about two thousand volumes.
Among them are several sets of cyclopsedias, magazines, and
newspapers, reports of agricultural societies, and State boards of
agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and horticul-
ture. There are also many useful works of reference in chemistry,
botany, surveying, and drawing.

The Faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing
books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con-
tains over thirty thousand volumes.

The State cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and

natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston
to the College, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.
_ The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand
species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number
of duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many inter-
esting and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models.
There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and system-
atic botany, including about three thousand figures.

About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti-
vated in the Durfee Plant-House, affording much pleasure and in-
ful mation to students and visitors.

- The class in microscopy has the use of seven of Tolles’ s best
compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-
eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

PRIZES.

FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou-
sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, —
and a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell
Agricultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New
York. ‘These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members

1882.] HOUSE — No. 35. 55

of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written
examination in theoretical and practical agriculture.

HILLS BOTANICAL PRIZES.

REGULATIONS.

I. — Students are forbidden to combine for the purpose of ab-
senting themselves from any required exercise, or violating any
known regulation of the College.

II. — The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of
the bell for each exercise of the College, by the officer in charge,
unless a monitor be employed; and students who do not answer
to their names will be marked absent, provided that any student
coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy.
Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence.

IlI. — Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or excused
by the officer in charge of the same, if requested beforehand ; but
permission to be absent from several exercises must be obtained in
advance from the general excusing officer, or from the president.
In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certificate of
excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence is
permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence >
from all exercises occurring within the time specified.

IV. — Excuse for absence from a College exercise must be ob-
tained before the same occurs ; and no excuse will be granted after-
wards, unless the student shows the cause of the absence to be
one of imperative neccssity, and which could not be foreseen or
prevented.

Permission to be absent from several consecutive exercises must
be obtained from the excusing officer or the president; but excuse
for absence from a single exercise must be obtained of the officer
in charge of the same.

Permission for absence by the excusing officer or president will
be given in the form of a certificate, the recipient of which must
exhibit the same to each officer from whose exercise it gives leave

of absence, as soon as the first exercise of the officer at which he

is thereafter present; and his failure to do so will annul his right
to excuse from the exercise of such officer.

56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

A record of all tardinesses will be rigidly kept; and, unless
excused by the officer with whom they occur, two such will be
entered on the record as an unexcused absence.

Each unexcused absence will be considered disobedience to
College rule; and, if the aggregate number of such absences in all
departments reaches two, the student so delinquent shall be in-
formed of the fact. If the number of such absences reaches four,
the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of his
delinquencies; and, if five such delinquencies are justly recorded
against any student, his connection with the College may be termi-
nated.

V.—Students are forbidden to absent themselves without ex-
cuse from the regular examinations, to give up any study without
permission from the president, or to remove from one room to
another without authority from the officer in charge of the dor-
mitory buildings; and no student shall be permitted to make such
change until he has procured from the inspecting officer a written
statement that the room about to be vacated is in perfect order.

VI. —Students shall be required to attend the church of their
selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to the
excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they attended
or not.

VII. — The record of deportment, scholarship, and attendance
will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a stu-
dent falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member
of the College, except by a special vote of the Faculty. Admission
to the College, and promotion from class to class, as well as to
graduation, are granted only by vote of the Faculty.

VIII. — Students are required to abstain from any thing inju-
rious to the buildings and other property of the College, and in all
respects to conduct themselves with propriety.

IX.— Parents and guardians are specially urged to co-operate
with the Faculty in securing the faithful attendance of students
upon every appointed exercise of the College.

X.— Military drill must be continued to graduation; and any
student who neglects this exercise any part of graduation week,
will not be entitled to a recommendation for a College diploma.

SIZE OF ROOMS.

- For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms,
the following measurements are given: In the south dormitory
the main corner-rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoin-

tara

Se.

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 57

ing bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are four-
teen by fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the
north dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and
the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms
are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the
bedrooms eight by eight feet.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the
Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy.

The Trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free
scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the

- State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the

representative from the district to which the applicant belongs.
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination
would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars,
of vigorous constitution, and should enter Co:lege with the inten-
tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some
pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the

cash value of a scholarship is one hundred and forty-four dollars.
8

fas}
lm)
Loy

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Che ‘toe

F9GG

18¢‘ec#

: : * g0uvleq
62
2 MET ZB EMME) 8&
‘puny ozlig YAOMsSuIE 00
: : : eoltellys) 00
: qunoooe A107%.10qv'T 00
; i Se OSS Er 00
: * gunodov ssuedxq 69
g * gunoooe [[Iq-WI9 J, GI
: " gunoooe [voLuRyog 1g
: °- gunodoR UIE] SI
— ‘sosuedxq || [0

‘squawhod

ChS Fak

8a I$

- qgunoooe A10ze10Ge] WOIT
‘ ; PUD ee EA Ont
" puny 4o0.4g SUIQTY AA
‘ "puny ozlig [[euutsy
° pung ozlig yomsurey
puny uosurqoy Arey, wort
Asos.nu pue esnoy-juvyd woz
, * gonpoid-wi1ey wWoIT
: : * S[[Iq-WI1e4 UOT
* —- punj-JueUMOPUS WOIF oUODUT
: ; - puvy uo souvleg
“sydiaaaay

“1ISst

"T8981 40ax ay) sof sjuawhog pup sjdiaoay yspg fo quawmawiy

1882. ] HOUSE — No. 35. 59

SunprRiEs Dr. To MAssacHusETTs AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, JAN. l,

1882.
Real estate . : : g ; s - $200,000 00
Live-stock account .« A : ‘ ‘ ‘ 5,182 00
Implements and vehicles account . ; 3 1,842 00
Farm account for produce on hand . : : 3,240 00

—— $210,264 00

HOUSE...... sreee NO LORD;

’

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT >.

ja,

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS
GRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

es Ne UA Rx eB 3.

i tata

ala alata st
iii are

BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,
18 Posr OFFICE SQUARE,
1883.

———ss > = == == =
SS eS SS SSS == =
5 S42 5 FS FS EE ==
= - EEE SE Zz
SSS

= SS
SSS

= =
SSS

SS —=

=——s
“ B,;

—<—=—

=
ee 4
ae) o
SQW EN Hp
\

\ am

————

=
=> ~ =

S— SS

——:

——

———
—=

——
———
S
SS
= se

—S=S

————
—S SS
—J ——=
: ——

——————
————

——
——=

h
I
iD
WN
al \\\

~
y

= =——
Fi
a
=

SS55
SSS
: ——S
= =

=—<——

cy
—

—
?

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,

Boston, February 23, 1883.

To the Honorable the House of Representatives :

I have the honor to transmit herewith the twentieth
annual report of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College, and in so doing I take leave to more than
make a formal transmission of that document to the House.
I especially call attention to its contents, and submit that in
the opinion of the Executive it would be for the benefit of
the people of the Commonwealth, that a very considerable
number of copies of it should be printed and widely distrib-
uted.

I am convinced, both from the state of my own knowledge
heretofore, of the Agricultural College, and from conversa-
tion with several gentlemen of intelligence, that that institu-
tion is entirely misunderstood as to its purposes, its meth-
ods of instruction and the scope of its educational power.
A too commonly received opinion seems to be that at that
college only some information is imparted to the pupil con-
cerning soils, the methods of treating them, and the practi-
cal work of the farm, and therefore that only sons of farm-
ers, or those who are intending to devote their lives to farm-
ing, should seek to obtain an education therein. While it is
true that these things are taught and well taught therein,
they are by no means the limit of the educational course.

For practical instruction, to every branch of professional
life except perhaps theology, the eurriculum, and the meth-
ods of imparting knowledge to the pupil, are as beneficial as
those of any other institution of learning. In addition, the

7 2..G

4 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

elements of military science, so far’ as the ‘‘school of the
soldier,” and the officer of the battalion are concerned, are
imparted to the pupil, and he is fitted, if attentive and apt,
to take a commission in any regiment, practically quite as
well in so far as if from West Point.

The instruction in the order of business, in neatness and
care of the person, in habits of cleanliness in the care of
apartments wherein men live, which are the embodied results
of the experience of all armies, are as useful to the civilian
who shall have the care of others, especially if dependents,
as they are to the officer in the care of his men. From ex-
perimental knowledge I testify to the value of this branch of
instruction.

From the economy which can well be practised by the stu-
dent at the Agricultural College, because of the cheapness of
living, the absence of those inducements to extraordinary
expenses by the pupil which render a college course so bur-
densome to men of moderate means, the sons of such men
will be enabled either by their own exertions, or the support
of their parents, to obtain at a cost within their reach a good
practical education, as good in my judgment as anywhere
else to fit them for the business of life. ©

I commend, therefore, this institution, founded both by en-
dowment by the United States and the State, to the atten-
tion of the legislature, and ask for it such appropriations as
may meet its very economical needs.

BENJ. F. BUTLER. ,

1883. | HOUSE —No. 325: )

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
AMHERST, Jan. 30, 1883.

To His Excellency BENJAMIN F. BUTLER:

_ Sir, —I have the honor herewith to present to your Ex-
cellency and the Honorable Council the Twentieth Annual
Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College. |

I am, sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,

P. A. CHADBOURNE,
President.

.
—
;
.

rey
wee
i

re a
'
4
.
i:
vit

‘
‘
4
a
\
i
ne
Wii ig
’
‘
\ :
= t
-
sie
ni $
ii

7
s

os
b

BN DER X.

Educational Plan of the College,

Repairs, . ; : : : a
Improvements, .

Wants of the College,

Report of D. H. Tillson, .

Botanic Department, .

Mathematics and Physics,

Report of the Military Depar (mene

Catalogue of Trustees, Overseers, Faculty and Bandents
Course of Study and Training,

Practical Agriculture,

Report of the Department of English ond the MedeeH areucnes
Calendar for 1883,

Admission, —

Expenses, .

Extra Expenses,

Size of Rooms, .

Scholarship,

Post-Graduate Course, é
Books, Apparatus, and Bhetinens in pNataenl History :
Prizes, :

Regulations,

Treasurer’s Account, .

PAGH

ALD) ey £ eran ae ’ KLE i
¢ 5 Y
f el me : bad Te
4 = a , <
ie) 7%) (i i \ ‘
i . oe etal -
‘ ; ts
* i zr
- } Pia : ,
¥ ' ' ‘5 i ‘
4 \ 5 oh j :
ther 5 Mg
j ‘ \ bi x. Fi
\ i 4
« = ; ‘ i
ih i
h
. \ 7, ora
° /
iy y
y : : :
* ae
% { ' a) \
Ne iy . ' t
\ v :
i ‘i
x i

«
, ‘ * "
R a8 ‘ ;
4 ae ‘ i a /
» \ i
. fi
4 Br ith Preven:
i
4 m i
‘ o ° i
x +
‘ 1 4 b
dab eae
aN y ee ate \ ; rw i
© r ¥ i"
; Da bat ° fot ol fat }
s “ Ae Ci hg
’ 4 . } i , r
\ > . ‘ ihe
. Y
' nas i t
oF f ' h :
, x > e c % a
vi P y ah \ ' ! ; 1d
tl | ate Sees ‘ i A =
ree r 4 ! , <
" } a ts ¥
A ‘ihe is ‘ ‘ {
: i ;
ae So ‘ Age . 4% \ \
‘ . cae ¥ q — \y +
Bene t ¥ » 2b F
x / \ r { ° -
a . * - 5 y ‘ \
iach \ t , a ; f a a 4 hie
% a. i { + ie : | I r rds i#
ies, \ +.
, ec oe _ ud
acre Atta wT 2 th} rs Cd ae
In
1, es ' = '
4 f ; age
‘ ine lak * le |
; ‘ " '
¢ ; \ é
ae ‘ \ ’ ee
: \ ‘ eed A og t
j URC Rok Gone Cato eben HD Lie kee em
ov: ' ‘ 1 i =
t , ites a *X "Ny ° * ‘ na .
‘4 + \ 4
i ~ ; f hah
A
, ff P : '

ah t it ’ r S
; Rom ’ 4 eh, aa
f : y
Ay i. ‘ ae Poke
I a * ‘ * ‘
Week « bp {
: 4 hei : ‘ von F i te 24 ©,
« i
| ; 4 { 4 ~ 5 ‘ ( * ‘
i 6 h ‘ ‘ i F ¥
“mt J ; ’ PUA LS t P pe ee ees w i « e ¥ i ys
i 4 ‘ - i

* ars
i 5 i id So ‘ | : . heutese Bek Sob ok ee OM Aas poeh on
ihe (PS Aa\8 menial qe Uae SEPM af enact

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

To His Hxcellency the Governor and the Honorable Council :

Since the last report was made, important changes have
occurred among the officers of government and instruction
in the college. Edward C. Chcate of Southborough has
been elected trustee in place of William Wheeler, resigned.
Both of these gentlemen are graduates of the college.
The resignation: of the Hon. Levi Stockbridge, as presi-
dent, has removed from the college one who has been iden-
tified with it from the beginning, and who, by his long and
successful labors here, has won for himself a high position
among the agriculturists and educators of the country. His
place was filled by the election of P. A. Chadbourne, late
president of Williams College and formerly president of this
institution. Mr. A. B. Bassett has been elected to the chair
of mathematics and physics, and is performing his work
with marked skill and success. The chair of agricul-
ture, left vacant by the resignation of President Stockbridge,
has been temporarily filled in a very acceptable manner by
Mr. John W. Clark. Dr. Manly Miles, formerly of the
Michigan Agricultural College, has been elected to this chair
and commences his instruction the present ‘term. Mr. Clark
will continue as associate instructor in agriculture, having
care of the class work in the field. Robert W. Lyman,
Esq., of Belchertown, a graduate of the college, has given
instruction in rural law, and Dr. Edward Hitchcock, Jr., in

10 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

elocution. The president has given instruction in general
zoology, entomology, and mental philosophy. In the pres-
ent year he is also to give instruction in“geology. He also
conducts religious worship on the Sabbath in the college
chapel. ‘The other departments of instruction remain as
they were at the time of the last report.

The course of study has been so far modified as to intro-
duce more instruction in the structure of the English Jan-
guage, rhetoric and history. The study of French and Ger-
man heretofore required has been made optional, and the
time of recitations so arranged that each student ean study
both languages if he so elects. :

‘The work of the college has been most efficiently done.
The improvement of the students in their studies and in that
good order and gentlemanly deportment so desirable in col-
lege, has been highly satisfactory.

While we could use to great advantage much larger means
than we have, and should have the assistance of specialists
in different departments of science, which our limited means
do not warrant us now in securing, we should be false to the
best interests of the college, as well as ungrateful towards
the nation and Commonwealth, if we did not fairly recognize
what they have already done in making this college an effi-
cient agency in the work of practical, liberal education. In
seeking for more which is needful, we have perhaps too
much lost sight of, or kept from the public view, what we now
have.

It is plainly evident that the people of the State, as a
whole, have not understood the provisions here made for the
education of the young men of Massachusetts. When com-
mittees from the legislature and others have visited the insti-
tution and become acquainted with its organization, its
means of instruction, and its actual work, the college has
proved its own best advocate. To make the college and its
work better known to all the people of the State, we ask a
careful consideration of the course of study and of the reports
of various departments. Wealso feel justified in once more
calling the attention of the legislature and the people of the
State to the founding and organization of this institution as
well as to its present condition.

:
*

1883. | HOUSK—No. 325. 1]

‘The grant of land and land-scrip for founding agricultural
colleges was made by the general government in 1862. The
civil war had brought out with great clearness the elements
of national strength, — varied production in agriculture and
the mechanic arts, and a citizen soldiery well trained in the
art of war. To secure all these in their greatest perfection,
was the aim of the bill for establishing «‘ Industrial Colleges”
in the various loyal States. Whatever mistakes may have
been made in the organization and management of these in-
stitutions, no fault can be charged home to the original bill.
It was eminently a wise measure, and suggested an outline
of organization and management that has not as yet been
improved upon. Its significant words are as follows: ‘* The
endowment, support and maintenance of at least one college
where the leading object shall be, without excluding scientific
and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach
such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and
the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the
States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the
liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the
several pursuits and professions of life.” No branch of
learning peculiar to the old colleges was to be necessarily
excluded ; but the new colleges were to push on to the prac-
tical application of the sciences they taught, and they were
to train all their students as defenders of their country
against domestic rebellion or foreign invasion. In a word,
they were to educate their students as men and as American
citizens. ‘The rank of the education given is ‘* liberal,” the
term applied to the education given by the highest institu-
tions then known. It was to be so broad as to fit men for
the ‘* several pursuits and professions of life.” The object
of these colleges was to obliterate the supposed superiority
of the so-called ‘‘ learned professions,” by securing a ‘é lib-
eral,” that is, the highest education, for those who chose in-
dustrial pursuits, thus lifting agriculture and the mechanic
arts from the plane of mere routine labor to the dignity of
learned professions, founded upon scientific knowledge and
allied to, or connected with, those branches of learning es-
sential for a broad and generous culture of the whole man.
Many who have attempted the management of these col-

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

leges, as well as many who have criticised them, have appar-
ently overlooked the broad and generous plan upon which |
they were founded. It is doubtful if they will ever accom-
plish the great work for which they were intended, until
their original purpose is so fully and constantly recognized
and carried out by judicious, painstaking work, that the cur-
rents of education shall be once fairly turned toward these
new channels. When once fairly turned, that they will con-
tinue to flow can no more be doubted than we can donbt
the success of any natural process when not artificially ob-
structed. An education that ‘‘ gives boys what they need
to daily use when they become men,” commends itself as
rational and practical. All true education should aim at
this. And this certainly is the idea that is embodied in the
bill founding the industrial colleges of the several States.
The provisions of this bill were accepted by Massachusetts.
One-third of the funds received from the United States was
given to the Institute of Technology in Boston for the pro-
motion of the mechanic arts, and two-thirds were devoted to
founding a college at Amherst for the special work of agri-
culture. By the gift to the Institute of Technology, the
Agricultural College has been freed from much labor in
building up a mechanical department, — a fact that has been
lost sight of by some, — and is left free to carry out the idea
of a college making agriculture the leading idea, while it
secures rigid training in military tactics and provides such
arange of studies in science, literature and philosophy, as
shall, in the words of the bill, promote ‘‘ liberal education.”
The college now has 3833 acres of land for farm, gardens,
nurseries, etc. It has college buildings, laboratory, botanic
museum, plant-houses, gardens and nurseries, so that provi-
sion is made for teaching all the sciences that relate to the
cultivation of the soil, and these sciences are practically
applied to all the work of the farm, garden, vineyard and
orchard. The Durfee plant-house and propagating houses
afford practical instruction the year round. |
The course of study aims to do what the original bill
declared should be done,— give a practical knowledge of
agriculture and horticulture, and at the same time so educate
the man, that the students from the Agricultural College

1883.] HOUSE — No. 325. 13

shall not be mere artisans, having learned a trade or business
and nothing more, but be liberally educated, so that, as
farmers, they shall rank in intellectual training with those
who chose what have heretofore been called the ‘ learned
professions.” It is plain that farming will never take its
true place, nor farmers have that influence in the government
of our land which they ought to have, until they take their
place with those in other professions, not only as men of
power and practical ability, but as men of learning and cul-
ture. Those who claim that the farmer’s life forbids this
result, have never yet fully appreciated the farm as a place
for study and thought, as well as a place for labor.

The course of study in the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, at the present time, embraces the following topics :—

vig SB annahes on Health and Habits of study, and general
plan of the college work. These lectures are now given by
the president. The student, as he begins his college work,
is instructed as to the best means of preserving health, the
best methods of study and of recitation to secure knowledge,
and the best mental training at the same time. He has laid
before him the studies of the whole course, so far as he then
is able to understand them, that he may in the beginning
have some just idea of the value of the different studies,
may understand why they come in the order they do, and
how they make a complete educational whole to secure the
purpose for which the college exists.

2. Botany — structural and systematic — special applica-
tion to cultivated plants — Microscopy.

3. Zodlogy — systematic, with special studies in Ento-
mology.

4, Agriculture — extending éitoth the entire course of
four years — study of soils — mettiods of working — fertili-
zers — draining — farm implements — special crops, etc.
Stock and Dairy Farming, with lectures on Veterinary
Science. Work on the Farm under direction of the Professor
of Agriculture, six hours a week, when such work can be
supplied.

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

propagating houses and vineyard done under direction of
Professor of Horticulture.
6. Chemisiry. Theoretical and practical. Work in
Laboratory, Junior and Senior years, under direction of the
- Professor of Chemistry.

7. Geology and Mineralogy, with special reference to
Agriculture. The origin of soils, location of Artesian wells,
etic.

8. Military Science and Military Drill continued through
the whole course under direction of officers of the Reeu-

lar Army, detailed by the United States Government for this
special service. This includes weekly inspection of all halls

and rooms in college buildings, thus securing neatness and
proper sanitary conditions. The students of the college
when graduated are competent, in their military knowledge,
to receive commissions in the Regular Army.

9. Mathematics — Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and
its application, Mechanics, Physics and Astronomy.

10. Hnglish Literature, History, Constitution of the
United States, Elocution, Essay Writing and Debates, Book-
Keeping, Drawing. |

11. Rural Law, Outlines of Mental and Moral Science.

12. French and German Languages. |

This is a brief outline of studies, without any attempt at
systematic arrangement, as they are given in the curriculum
of terms. Other subjects are introduced as circumstances
favor. To some of the subjects here named, but little time
can be given, and this varies with different classes; but to
those studies, like Botany, Chemistry, Agriculture and
Horticulture, which are the practical studies of the course,
the time and strength of the student are specially given.

The course of study is so arranged that students may be
absent from the college during the spring and summer, and yet
go on with their classes. The studies of the first and second

terms of each year make a connected course, or one which |

the student can complete bya moderate amount of study
while absent in the summer. Students who complete this
partial course receive certificates, but not the regular degree
of Bachelor of Science.

1883.) HOUSE — No. 325. 15

In addition to the college proper, the work of which
henceforth will be mainly that of instruction, the State has
now established an experiment station which will give to the
student a constant acquaintance with the methods and re-
sults of agricultural experimenting under the direction of
the most competent men the board of control can employ.
The college can use to advantage larger funds than it has.
In many directions, increased funds are absolutely essential
for carrying out the true idea of the college.

The apparent income, as shown by the treasurer’s report,

is quite delusive. Several of the items generally given
there represent the amount of business done by the farm
and department of horticulture, rather than income for
support of the institution. The net income is very small,
while the work of instruction in practical science is very |
great, much greater than in an ordinary classical college
_that has no special scientific department. Small classes
require the same amount of instruction as large ones. .

The farm and department of horticulture are both sub-:
jected to large expense in the care of roads, grounds, plant-
houses, etc., all of which must be kept in order for the credit
of the institution, and as a means of instruction in practical
work. This special care 2nd ornamentative of grounds 1s
provided for in most institutions by special funds. Here
this expense, which is very large, is charged to the depart-
ments. They are thus made accountable for expense that
does not properly belong to them. This gives their prod-
ucts an apparent cost which misrepresents the real state of
the case. An attempt will be made to separate these items
of expense, so that the real working of the farm and horticul-
tural department shall be more clearly seen.

We feel the need of larger funds for every department of
college work. We must look to private individuals as well
as to the State for the aid the college must have to sustain
and increase its efficiency, and make it second to none in the
facilities it offers. While money is given so freely to edu-
cate men away from productive pursuits, it is certainly
strange that in Massachusetts not a dollar has yet been given
by private benevolence for the endowment of a chair of in-
struction in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, — an

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

institution founded to fit men to become intelligent producers
in time of peace, and efficient defenders of the State and
Union in time of war. When all the legislators and citizens
understand the true state of the case, we believe that the
Massachusetts Agricultural College will never lack for stu-
dents or the funds needful for carrying on this institution
founded by the joint action of the United States and the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. |

EDUCATIONAL PLAN OF THE COLLEGE.

For the outline of studies and the special work in each de-
yartment, we refer to the course of study, and the tabulated
report of work in each department in the second part of this
report.

It is the aim of the trustees to keep the requirements for
entrance such that every boy in the State can find facilities
for fitting himself for the college, without leaving his home,
er incurring any expense for schooling which the well-
ordered schools of the various towns cannot afford. If boys
from fifteen to twenty years of age come with a good com-
mon-school education and give themselves heartily to the
work here presented for them, they will, in four years’ time,
be well educated to begin any practical business of life.

The expense of education for four years is a serious matter
for most farmers’ sons. ‘The other colleges have large funds
for aiding indigent students, and a large proportion of those
thus aided are as well able to pay their bills as the average
farmer’s son. It should be the aim of this college, then, to
reduce as much as possible the college expenses, and to fos-
ter habits of economy among the students themselves. It
now furnishes free scholarships, but it has no funds except a
single scholarship to make good the loss of tuition. So that
while the college diminishes the expense of the student, it
_ diminishes its own power to do for him what ought to be
done. Professors can do double work for a time, but there
is a limit to their time and strength, and to their ability to
properly teach so many subjects as are now required of
them. :

From necessity the college makes provision for the board
of students, and it secures this at reduced cost by giving

1883. ] HOUSE — No. 325. 17

rent free the boarding-house and its furniture. The neces-
sity for this provision arises from the fact that the college is
so far removed from the thickly settled portion of the town
‘that boarding places are difficult to be obtained within rea-
sonable distance from the college grounds.

REPAIRS.

The legislature of 1882 granted to the college $4,000 for
repairs. This money has been expended and the bills de- .
posited with the treasurer of the State. The farm buildings
have been repaired and painted; the laboratory repaired
and painted, and provided with cases for proper protection
of\ apparatus and specimens. The botanic museum has
been painted outside and in. The lecture-room repaired
and provided with cases for protection of specimens and in-
struments. The Durfee plant-house and propagating houses
have been thoroughly repaired and painted. The heat and
‘moisture in those houses had caused more serious damage
than at first appeared. The farm-house now occupied by the
market gardener has been shingled and otherwise repaired.
The barns connected with this house have been remod-
elled and repaired for the use of the horticultural depart-
ment, and the professor’s house, to be occupied by Prof.
_ Miles, has been repaired, painted and papered. All of these
buildings from long neglect of repairs from want of means
had become in many places unsightly and hardly fit for oc-
‘cupation. They are now essentially in good order, though
much more might have been done to most of them with great
profit, had the appropriation allowed. As is generally the
case, the work proved more formidable than, it appeared
before it was begun. The carpenter in charge gave entire
satisfaction, and we believe every dollar of the money has
been judiciously expended. It would require at least
$1,000 to complete the repairs upon the buildings, including
the painting of the roofs which would be economy in the
end. ‘

It was supposed by the trustees that the Cowles buildings
would be taken and repaired by the board of control of the
experiment station. No estimate was therefore made for
their repairs. If these buildings are not taken by the experi-

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

ment station, they can be made of great service to the col-
lege for the assistant professor of agriculture. It will
require $2,000 to put them in proper order for college use.

IMPROVEMENTS.

The unsightly gravel-pit near the road has been filled at
large expense, and other important improvements have been
made as indicated in the farm and horticultural reports.

Mr. Danforth K. Bangs has given to the college three-
fourths of an acre of land at the intersection of the two roads
that cross the college grounds from the south. This piece
of land, rough, neglected and unsightly, was a great injury
to the appearance of the college property. By this generous
gift of Mr. Bangs, we have been able to transform this piece
of land to a small ornamental park, so that the entrance to
our grounds is now marked by the appearance of ornamenta-
tion and culture, instead of roughness and neglect.

The plan henceforth will be to concentrate the farm-work
near the roads and farm buildings, and spend less money
upon the pastures and swamps, till we have more to expend.
Much of such labor gives very slow returns, and much of
this kind of labor is still to be done on this farm.’ With so
much land to be cared for by the work of students and by
hired help, it is a very difficult problem to gain profit while
trying to use the farm as a means of education. Much labor
upon it has thus far been like labor in the laboratory, without
any direct pecuniary profit. Now that the experiment station
is to take the burden of experimenting, the farm-work should
be narrowed to that limit that it can be done with profit.
The position of the college, away from markets, renders the
work more difficult for both the farm and garden than it
would be were the institution near some large city affording
a ready market for the most profitable crops. —

Notwithstanding the improvements made, involving large

expense, and the loss on nearly all crops in consequence of —

the unprecedented drought, the expenses of the college as a
whole have been kept within its income. If we add to the
reported balance $1,309,12, paid on debts of 1881, and
$2,045.19, income delayed on account of change in securi-
‘ties, we should show a balance of $4,098.07, as the real con-

i ills a i

Sg te oe)

eal

eee a ae

Soe A ee ee
2 ‘vy yer

1883.] _ HOUSE— No. 325. 19

dition of the college, January, 1883, as compared with Jan-
uary, 1882. It is estimated that the bills due the college

will pay its present outstanding debts.

WANTS OF THE COLLEGE.

While we have set forth the capabilities of the college, we
have not lost sight of what it urgently needs to increase its
efficiency. Its library is not adequate for our purpose, — for
the wants of the students. . We have no proper library-room.
There is no proper place for the cabinet, which is a valua-
ble one for the purposes of instruction. It is the ‘«‘ State
Collection,” enlarged and enriched by private donations.
During the past year it has received valuable additions of
several thousand specimens of minerals, fossils, shells, in-
sects and bird’s eggs and nests, the entire private collection
of Mr. Winfred A. Stearns, who presented it to the college,
and personally superintended its classification and arrange-,
ment. Both this and the library are in dormitory buildings,
with all their inconvenience for such purposes, and exposure
to fire. We have no room suitable for public college exer-
cises. The hall we now use for chapel is too small for any
commencement exercise, and this room is needed to enlarge
the chemical department.

One of our pressing needs, therefore, is a public building
containing hall for public exercises, for the library and cabi-
net. We trust some public-spirited man will soon give funds
for such a building. The names of the Hills, of Knowlton,
and Durfee remind us of what has already been generously
given to the college for specific purposes, and we feel that
when the work and needs of the college are known, other
names will be added to the list of our benefactors.

Our second need, perhaps first in importance, is a fund for
payment of instructors. We should have more men, and
they should be better paid. We must have men, the equals
at least of those in other colleges, and they have more work
to do than is ordinarily required of professors in classical col-
leges.

It was found to be impracticable to erect such a building
as the college should have for the military department, for

$5,000. The plans were cut down, but still no bid warranted

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

the trustees in making a contract. They concluded to build

by the day. The work has progressed far enough to show

that a large saving has been made over the lowest contract
price. Still, the grant will not complete the building. It
will be covered so that it can be used for drilling, but it will
require from $1,000 to $1,500, to complete it for its whole
work as driil-hall, armory, gymnasium and lecture room com-
bined. The grant for repairs has been exhausted, and $1,500
is needed to complete those repairs, and put the old drill-
hall in proper condition for a museum of agriculture.

It is hoped that the Cowles buildings may be found
adapted to the wants of the experiment station, in which
case those buildings will be repaired from the experiment
station fund.

Norer. — The present condition of the several departments is set forth
in the special reports hereto annexed, and the plan and work of the
college, as an educational institution, are given in the second part of
this report, in the curriculum of studies and the schedules of work in
the several full departments of instruction.

a, i. el

1883. ] HOUSE — No. 325. 21

REPORT OF D. H. TILLSON,

FARM SUPERINTENDENT.

The farm has suffered by the very severe and long-con-
tinued drouth, which made crops lighter than they would
have been, and almost entirely destroyed the second crop of
grass. |

The whole area in tillage was 63 acres. Seventeen acres
planted to corn yielded 1,500 bushels of ears, and 30 tons of
fodder. A part of this corn was the Longfellow variety,
raised for seed corn, and was planted in such position on the
farm as to keep it free from mixture with the Sturtevant
variety, which constituted the bulk of the crop. Both of
these varieties give good satisfaction. Four acres to pota-
toes gave 500 bushels; 1{ acres fodder-corn, 6 tons; 1 acre
turnips, 400 bushels: 13 acres wheat, 41 bushels; 8 acres
oats, 350 bushels; 12 acres rye, 180 bushels; wheat and
rye straw, 16 tons; 1 acre in garden; 60 acres in grass
yielded 90 tons.

The diminished amount of hay cut the present year is
accounted for by the loss of the second crop through
drouth, by the setting off from the farm of 12 acres highly
manured land to the horticultural department, and by keep- —
ing as pasture 12 acres more, that, for two years, had been
highly manured for grass. Seventeen acres were seeded to
rye for feed, and to rye and grass.

Fall seeding. Fourteen acres to rye and grass for feed in
pasture; 20 acres to rye; 5 acres to winter wheat; 25 acres
to grass; 30 acres were ploughed in the fall, to be cropped
next year. The swamp in front of the Cowles house has
been drained; loam in brook has been carted on to the
clayey knolls in front of the laboratory ; 100 loads of loam
have been carted into the bain cellar, bushes cut on 4
acres of pasture, and roads on college farm and grounds
kept in good repair. This, from the extent of the grounds

22 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

and the nature of the roads, is an important item in our
labor account.

The teams have done extra work in grading drill-hall,
drawing lumber, stone, coal, etc., to an amount of. $411.34.

The neat stock consists of 42 head: 16 cows, 3 oxen, 6
three-year-old steers, 18 head of young cattle, and 1 bull, —
all Ayrshire stock. |

There are 25 pure blood Berkshire swine, and two small
Yorkshires, the latter the gift to the college from Samuel
Goodwin of Miller’s Falls. |

A portion of the college farm is to be set off for the use
of the experiment station. This will, for the coming year,
further diminish the grass land belonging to the college farm —
proper. But the remote parts of the farm can be cultivated
only at large expense, and the directions for the coming
year are to cultivate less ground, and that near the farm
buildings. It is difficult to secure help that will be profit-
able except under immediate supervision of the superinten-
dent, and the Jabor from students is more for instruction
and practice than for profit as labor on the farm. But the
experiment station will relieve the farm from all special
expense in experimenting, and leave it to do simple farm-
work, as a means of giving the students an opportunity to
have practical experience in raising crops and managing
stock.

' Notg.—As Dr. Miles entered upon his duties January 1, 1883, no
report from his department i is included in the present trustees’ report.
For an outline of the course of instruction, proposed by Dr. Miles,
reference is made to the schedules of work in the various departments
of the college, as given in the second part of this report.

1883. |. HOUSE — No. 325, 23

BOTANIC DEPARTMENT.

I have the honor to report the following upon the condi-
tion of the botanic department.

The year past has been, as a whole, a prosperous one,
although nearly all of the field crops have been injured more
or less by drouth. ‘The crops, although not large, have been
sold at good prices, which, ina measure, will compensate for
the falling off in quantity.

The expenses of the department, as will be seen by the
treasurer’s report, have exceeded our income; but if the cost
of improvements made, and the increased value of the stock
and tools be added to the income, the balance will be found
on the other side.

The nursery stock in general has been kept fully up to that
of 1881, with an increase of 25,000 peach trees budded last

fall, and 3,000 budded in 1881, the value of which will

exceed -$650, and an increase in the value of teams and
tools of more than $150.
The Durfee plant-house and the propagating house have

been put in thorough repair, but an annual expenditure of

from $100 to $200 must be made to keep them in their pres-
ent condition. The stock of plants has been very much
improved, but if it is desirable to keep them in a ‘‘ show”
condition, much more help must be employed in taking care
of them. Itis hoped that we shall soon be able to have all

the plants in the houses, and the trees and shrubs-on the

grounds, neatly labelled for the instruction of students and
visitors. |

The undertaking of new work, and the employment of a
man to take charge of the details of the market gardening
and seed-growing business, has necessitated the expenditure

24 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

of quite a large sum for fertilizers, teams and implements,
and fitting the land for future work. Owing to the drouth,
the income from this work has been very small compared
with the expenses.

We labor under a great disadvantage in carrying on busi-
ness of any kind here, that our time is often taken up by
other matters than of a purely business nature. The longer
I am engaged in this work the more fully I am convinced
that those departments devoted to business should be given

up largely to the superintendence of persons who can devote

their entire attention to the work; general superintendence
only being needed to keep the work in harmony with the

theory of instruction in each department. The special —

branches of business engaged in, as seed-growing, nursery,
plant and fruit-growing, require an unusualamount of intel-
ligence and skill to compete successfully with those already
in the field. | ; 7
+ Much of the land of the botanic department is unsuited, from
its location, for profitable cultivation, and I would again
offer the suggestion made in my last report that such land,
when properly fitted, be planted with fruit-trees, which in a
few years will give more income than could be obtained from
it in any other way. The cost of planting would be but
trifling, and the trees are already grown in the nurseries on
the grounds.

It is difficult to determine how much effort should be di-
rected to the purely ornamental in the. care of the green-
houses and grounds; and in passing judgment upon their
condition, it must be remembered that the extent of land
laid out in walks and roads, and occupied by buildings, the
surroundings of which must be more or less ornamented,
is exceeded by the public parks of few of the cities of this
Commonwealth, and that to keep them in a thoroughly neat
and pleasing condition, would require the expenditure of sev-
eral thousands of dollars.

There are within the limits of the college grounds not far
from two and one-half miles of regularly laid out and
gravelled roads, the surface of which must be kept in good con-
dition for a large amount of travel, and their borders so as to
present a neat appearance at all times during the year.

3
:
:
4
i

1883.] HOUSE —No. 325. 25

There are also not far from one and one-half miles of walks,
which must be kept in passable condition during the winter,
the borders kept trimmed, and the surface smooth and free
from weeds during the summer.

More than one thousand ornamental trees and shrubs have
been planted on the grounds, requiring a great amount of
care to keep them in a good growing condition. In addition
to the above, all employees are liable to be interrupted at any
time by visitors to whom some courtesy must be shown.

It is hoped that some of the work of this department,
which in years past has been experimental, will be assumed
by the experiment station, thus relieving us of some expense
and enabling us to do better the work we undertake.

The following is a statement of the income of the botanic
department for 1882 :—

Total cash received from sales of plants, vegetables, fruits,

flowers, etc., : 2 ' . $2,830 28
Total cash received kom ails of iveea shite, vines, etc., 1,419 78
Total cash income, . : ; ihe ih j : . $4,250 06
Outstanding bills of nursery, : : : - o2 09
Outstanding bills of plant-house, . 308 21
360 30
Produce on hand to sell: —
Cabbages, . : : 4 i : : . 75 00
Girnots: ‘ : 4 : ‘ : 20 00
Seed, carrots and Enpees, ; : : : 25 00
120 00
Increase in nursery stock : —
25,000 budded peach-trees, : . $500 00
3,000 budded peach-trees, ; ; 4 : 150 00
Increase in value of teams, tools, ete. : ‘ 150 00 |
800 00
Total income, ; : : z ; : $5,030 36

From the expenses of the department, as shown by the treasurer's
report, should be deducted the following items: — ~

Expense of grading, filling, seeding and planting the

gravel-pit lot, . : ae : . : ‘ : $325 00
Same on Bangs lot, : : : : : ‘ 75 00
Care of walks and roads, _ . : : 50) 00
Plants for decorating grounds of Pathe nee. does:

ries, boarding-house, ING . ; . . : ‘ 22 00

26 ~ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

Trees and shrubs for grounds, t A $35 00
Keeping horse and carriage used in part by pr cee ten Carry- |

ing college mail, and care of botanic museum.,. : : 50 00

' $057 00

The details of the work of the department have been car-
ried out by Mr. L. R. Taft, in the care of the plant-houses,
grounds, and sales of produce, etc.; and by Mr. David
Wentzell, in the growth and care of the vegetables and other
out-door crops. Both have been very faithful in the dis-
charge of their various duties. |

The students employed have generally been faithful in
doing the work given them, and many of them have shown ~
special skill in various brauches of the work.

The changes in the course of study made during the past
year are such as to make the instruction in botany and horti-
culture much more satisfactory than ever before.

In every particular | am glad to report that this depart-
ment was never in better condition for future work than at
present.
Very respectfully submitted,

S. T. MAYNARD.

1883. ] HOUSE — No. 325. 27

MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.

The present report embodies no novel features of work in
the mathematical department. Its scheme of studies is
affected but slightly by the modifications of the curriculum.
The allowance of time for mechanics, physics, levelling, and
roads and railroads has been diminished, but the work of
this department still bears much the same relation to the
entire course of study as in previous years.

The mathematics comprise the chief disciplinary studies of
the course; therefore my first aim is to develop in the stu-
dents the mental habit of exactness, not only indispensable
for mastery of the pure mathematics, but the first requisite
for successful pursuit of all branchesof natural science. My
second aim is to introduce such exercises as will stimulate
ingenuity and originality. My third aim is to give a practi-
cal bearing to all studies, by means of experiment and illus-
tration drawn from familiar fields of observation.

During the past term, instruction has been given in alge-
bra, geometry, mechanics and astronomy. The freshmen
have made five recitations weekly in algebra. The time
allotted would be sufficient for proper treatment of this sub-
ject, if the students were at the outset well grounded upon
the rudiments of the science. In the present instance the
subject will be continued for one month. The sophomores
have devoted four hours weekly to the geometry of planes
and solids, and the parabola. It is desirable that in future
the entire geometry of conic sections be included in the
course. Wentworth’s Geometry has been introduced for the
use of the freshmen who begin this study in the second term.
I agree with my predecessor upon the desirability of requir-
ing of candidates for admission. some preparatory work in

28 | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

geometry. A newly revised edition of Peck’s Ganot’s Popu-
lar Physics, is used as text-book of mechanics and physics.
Recitations upon the text are supplemented with frequent
use of illustrative apparatus, informal lectures, and citation
of illustrations. The students have opportunity to become
personally familiar with the use of such apparatus as the
college possesses, but the incomplete equipment of the
department, lack of time, and the policy of the institution,
do not favor extensive individual work in the physical labora-
tory. Special effort will be made to present clearly the sub-
ject of sound, heat and light, in which our apparatus is
entirely deficient. The college is without facilities for giving
instruction in astronomy; and our course of mathematics
does not adequately prepare the average student to pursue a
demonstrative treatment of the subject. I am_ therefore
convinced that the attention of the class should be chiefly
directed to a descriptive view of the science. Particular
emphasis seems due to the apparent and actual planetary
movements, and their important practical effects, the meas-
urement of time, and familiarity with prominent constella-
tions and first magnitude stars. To this study are allotted
three hours weekly during the first term of senior year.
Five hours of recitation weekly are assigned to the sopho-
mores in trigonometry, and its application to surveying, nav-
igation and celestial measurements. In this connection, par-
ticular attention will be given to mensuration, with reference
to measurement of lumber, masonry and excavations. The
work in surveying and levelling occupies five hours weekly
in the third term, divided between class-room exercises and
actual field practice. It is probable that additional time for
field work may be secured. It is hoped that every student
will become proficient in the use of the instruments com-
monly employed in engineering work, and will acquire prac-
tical familiarity with various methods of land measurement
and division. The work in levelling anticipates the study of
roads and railroads, to which is assigned three hours weekly
in the third term of junior year. The policy of the college
prescribes that special attention be given to the discussion of
approved and economical methods of making highways. To
such extent as time will allow, field’ work will be provided

1883.] HOUSE — No. 325. 29

in the experimental location of roads, side ditches, culverts
and curves, and in the calculation of earthwork from notes
of actual railroad surveys.

I infer from recent observation that the applicants for
admission to the college have for the most part no syste-
matic preparatory training. As a consequence they differ
widely in attainments, and in capacity for steady applica-
tion. Some weeks must therefore be spent in bringing the
less advanced students into line with their classmates, and
in awakening a resolute scholarly spirit among them. Such
time is well-nigh lost so far as the curriculum work is con-
cerned. This dificulty may be partially obviated, and bet-.
ter preparation secured, by increasing the requirements for
admission, or by setting more rigid entrance examinations
than heretofore. In my opinion such an elevation of its
scholarship would promote the interests of the college.

The trustees and other friends of the institution will be
very welcome at the class exercises of the mathematical de-
partment. Such manifestation of interest would gratify and
stimulate both students and instructor.

AUSTIN B. BASSETT.

30, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

REPORT ON THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT.

Hon. Paut A. CHADBOURNE,

President of the Massachusetis Agricultural College.

Str:—T have the honor to make the following report of
the military department, and to append its theoretical and
practical course of instruction.

The fall drills, where seniors for the first time act as
instructors, have been more than usually successful. Prompt-
ness in efficiently performing their duties has been the rule.
This, in a large degree, must be attributed to the few hours
that they were assigned to the tactical section room, while
juniors. From this, and from the general progress to be
seen in the entire corps, which may be reasonably traced to
their tactical recitations, and to the added zeal always arising
from more complete success, — I am encouraged to urge that
juniors be assigned to the tactical section room for one
hour per week, in fall terms of succeeding years. Sixteen
hours recitation for an entire year, cannot be of injury to
them in other departments, and in this will produce the
most satisfactory results. It is worthy of note that all the
various artillery and infantry drills of the course occupy
little more than three hours per week, not varying essentially
in time from the calisthenics of the average college. They are
of a character to give the most general exercise to the entire
body, —are in the main, out of doors, and necessitate the
united action of the mind and body. Upon graduation, the
average student has received such instruction, that under
equal circumstances, he would immediately occupy a respon-
sible position alike beneficial to himself and the general gov-
ernment, should circumstances make his services necessary.

ReSar he HOUSE — No. 325. 31

While thus obtaining needed physical exercise, a// must
secure lasting benefit, from the discipline and self-command
acquired, the military etiquette, personal neatness enforced
by careful inspections at all exercises and the weekly inspec-
tion of dormitories, — which will follow them into any
_ future position. The immediate advantages resulting from
the establishment of a military library, to all seeking the
information therein contained, are fully realized. A small
permanent fund for its gradual increase is needed. At the
least, it is hoped that an increased appropriation may be
made this year for this purpose. Powder in its various
forms, projectiles, fuzes, etc., with little expense could be
obtained from this State, or from the United States. This
would serve as the nucleus of a military cabinet, of general
interest, and whose lack makes much needed instruction dif-
ficult. Some changes will be considered the coming year,
looking to’a rigid accountability from cadet officers, who
may be assigned to the charge of sub-divisions in the col-
lege dormitories. Some modified form of the system in vogue
at West Point may be successfully introduced. The rifle
association has been creditably conducted this year. It is
entirely optional, and yet fully one-half the students have
taken active part. Such rules have been adopted as make
the practice as free from danger as possible. <A_ build-
ing, now in an advanced stage of construction, which will
add much to the general beauty of the college grounds, re-
places the inconvenient and unsafe rooms formerly used for
drills in the winter. It contains suitable recitation and gun
rooms, and no obstruction to regular exercises will be expe-
rienced in the future from inclement weather. The State
has been generous in its appropriation, and can expect a fit-
ting return from the students. It is especially gratifying to
me to note the general excellence of the prize theses of last
year’s graduates. The commendation extended to them as
aclass by the board of award through its president, Major
John H. Calef, U. S. A., was flattering in the extreme. I
may be permitted to urge that the benefits derivable from
such stimulants should not escape the attention of the hon-
orable board of trustees.

32 AGRICULTURAI COLLEGE. | [ Jan.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CouURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

THEORY.

Fall term, Freshman year. One hour per week for the
term. Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s). School
‘of the Soldier. School of the Company. Skirmish drill.

Fail term, Sophomore year. One hour per week for the |
term. Recitations in U. S. Artillery: tactics. School of the
Soldier (dismounted), sabre exercise, manual of the piece
and mechanical manceuvres, bayonet exercise (infantry tac-
tics). Ammunition, equipment of carriages. Modified ser-
vice of 8-inch mortars.

Fall term, Junior year. Recitations in infantry tactics
(Upton’s). One hour per week for the term. School of
the battalion. Ceremonies. Company and field service.

MiInirary SCIENCE.

This instruction is given to seniors, extending through the
entire college year, two hours per week. |

It will include in the form of lectures and recitations from
selected text-books, the following subjects : — Ordnance
and Gunnery ; constitutional and military law and history ;
campaigns and battles ; systems of warfare, present and past ;
an elementary course in strategy and engineering. It will
be modified by such additions and changes as shall seem
desirable. Essays are required from each senior on military
subjects, when they have become sufficiently instructed to
prepare them advantageously. These papers will be read in
the recitation room for general note and criticism, or before
the entire college. One set, all upon the same subject, are
written for prizes, —the award being made by a board of
army oOfficers.. The successful competitors read their produc-
tions at the graduating exercises. Subject for the class of
1883, Military education as a factor of American govern-
ment.

The competition of the class of 1882 resulted as fol-
lows :— :

1883.] HOUSE — No. 325. 33

Boarp oF AWARD.
Major Joun H. CALer, Second U. S. Artillery.
Captain JAMES CHESTER, Third U.S. Artillery.
Lieutenant CONSTANTINE CHASE, Third U.S. Artillery.
Subject.
The Military Problem of the United States.

‘Award.
First prize, $25. W.E. Stone, Amherst, Mass.
Second prize, $15. W. A. Morse, Boston, Mass.
Lispecial Mention.

J. B. Paige, Prescott, Mass. J. D. Howe, North Hadley. J. E.Wilder,
Lancaster. A. F. Shiverick, Woods Holl, Mass. D. Goodale, Marl-
borough, Mass. W. H. Thurston, Upton, Mass.

PRACTICE.

All students unless disqualified physically, are required to
attend prescribed military exercises, those who pursue spe-
cial or partial courses at the college not being exempt so long
as they remain at the institution. By the commencement ef
their second term, students are required to provide them-
selves with a full uniform, comprising coat, blouse, trowsers,
cap, white gloves, etc., all of which costs about $30. Cor-
rectness of deportment and discipline are required of all,
the routine of the West Point Academy being followed as
closely as circumstances will permit. To insure a proper
sanitary condition of the college, the commandant makes
careful inspections of all rooms and college buildings each
Saturday morning, during which all students in full uni-
form are required to be in their rooms, for the proper police
of which they are held to a strict accountability.

At the beginning of each term, issues of such equipments as
they will require are made to all students. They will be-
charged for all injury, loss, and for any neglect in the care
of the same. ;

For practical instruction, the following public property is
in the hands of the college authorities : —

One platoon of light Napoleons (dismounted).

One six-pounder with limber and equipments.
Seventy-five sabres and belts.

One hundred and fifty breech loading rifles (cadet model).

34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan.’83

Several accurate target rifles.

Two 8-inch siege mortars with complete equipments.

For practice firing, the United States furnishes blank-ear-
tridges for all guns, and ball-cartridges for rifle practice,
which is encouraged by the department.

Drills, amounting to rather less than four hours per week,
are as follows :—

Infantry : schools of the soldier, company, and battalion ;
manual of arms, and sword; bayonet exercise, skirmish
drill, target practice ; ceremonies, marches, field service.

Artillery : schools of the soldier, detachment, and battery
(dismounted). Mortar drill, sabre exercise, pointing, and
field service.

BATTALION ORGANIZATION.

For instruction in infantry tactics and discipline, the |

cadets are organized into a battalion of two or more com-
panies under the commandant. The officers, commissioned
and non-commissioned, are selected from those cadets who
are best instructed and most soldier-like in the discharge of
their duties. As a rule, the commissioned officers are eae
from the seniors, the sergeants from the juniors, and the
corporals from the sophomores. All seniors are detailed to
act as commissioned officers.

Commissioned Staff.

A. A. HEvIA, Jetta: and Adjutant. D. O. Nourse, Lieut. and Quarter-
master.

Captains.
1. C.H. PRESTON. 2. E. A. BISHOP. 3. H.J. WHEELER.

Iieutenants.
1. J. BY TANDseEyY, 2. S. CC) ExAeuae

Non-commissioned Staff.

C. Hers, Sergeant-Major.

Sergeants.
1. C. W. Minott. 2. S. M. HoLMAn. 3. E. A. JONES.
Corporals.
1 aso o SARE 9) PP. Co PBEOORS: 3. G. H. PUTNAM.
4. G. H. BARBER. Bei? P. SPAULDING. 6. C. W. BROWNE.

:
:
:

fe PA LOGUE
or
TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS.
1882.

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY, AND
STUDENTS.

Board of Trustees.

: MEMBERS EX OFFICIIS.
His EXCELLENCY BENJ. F. BUTLER, Governor of the Commonwealth.
PAUL A. CHADBOURNE, President of the College.
JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education.
JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

MEMBERS BY ELECTION.

MARSHALL P. WILDER, . : ; : : BOSTON.
CHAnMEES'G. "DAVIS, . . : : : PLYMOUTH.
HENRY COLT, ; f L : k ; : PITTSFIELD.
PHINEAS STEDMAN, . : ‘ : 5 : CHICOPEE.
HENRY L. WHITING,. : : F : : CAMBRIDGE.
DANIEL NEEDHAM, . : ; 3 : : GROTON.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, . ; : ; UPTON

JOHN CUMMINGS, Bs A be : 2 : ‘ WOBURN.
JAMES S. GRINNELL, e ; : : d GREENFIELD.
BENJAMIN P. WARE, : ; Mie MARBLEHEAD.
O. B. HADWEN, . : , ; 5 Lge, WORCESTER. ~
GEORGE NOYES, . i f : : p : Boston.

J. H. DEMOND, . ; . 5 : ! . NORTHAMPTON.
EDWARD C. CHOATE, ; ; s é ; SOUTHBOROUGH.

Executive Committee.

PAUL A. CHADBOURNE. JOHN E. RUSSELL.

O. B. HADWEN. J. H. DEMOND.

BENJAMIN P. WARE. GEORGE NOYES.
Secretary.

CHARLES L. FLINT or Bosron.

Auditor.
HENRY COLT orf PITTSFIELD,

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan. @

Treasurer. ="

JOHN CUMMINGS or Wosury. }

Board of Overseers. .

THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. I

Examining Committee of Overseers.

JOHN P. LYNDE, : : ; : : of Athol.

GEORGE JEWETT, . : : : : : : of Fitchburg.

AVERY P. SLADE, . ; é ; ; ; : of Somerset. /
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, . ; : s of Hampden.
DANIEL E. DAMON, f 2 : ; ‘ , of.Plymouth.

Members of Faculty.

PAUL A. CHADBOURNE, D.D., LLD.,
President.* |

HENRY H. GOODELL, M.A.,
Professor of Modern Languages.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu.D,
Professor of Chemistry.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B.S.,
Professor of Botany and Agriculture.

AUSTIN B. BASSETT, A.B.,
Professor of Physics and Civil Engineering. ‘sky

' MANLY MILES, M.D.,
Professor of Agriculture.

SECOND LIEUT. VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, Second Artillery, U.S.A.,
Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

JOHN F. WINCHESTER, D.V.S.,
Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice.

ROBERT W. LYMAN, Esq,
Lecturer on Rural Law.

JOHN W. CLARK, B.S.,
Superintendent of Nurseries and Instructor in Agriculture.

EDWARD HITCHCOCK, Jr., M.D.,
Special Instructor in Elocution.

D. H. TILLSON,
Farm Superintendent.

* Gives instruction in Mental and Moral Philosophy and Natural History.

1883. ] HOUSE — No. 825. 39

Graduates of 1882.*

Allen, Francis Sherwin, . : ; . Medfield.
Aplin, George Thomas, . . East Putney, Vt.

Beach, Charles Edward (Becton tae ),' . Hartford, Conn.
Bingham, Eugene Percival (Bost. Univ.), Fitchburg.
Bishop, William Herbert, 4 : . Diamond Hill, R. I.

Brodt, Harry Snowden, . q 2 . Dansville, N. Y.
Chandler, Everett Sawyer, 5 : . Coldwater, Mich.
Cooper, James Willard, . 5 . East Bridgewater.

Cutter, John Ashburton (Boston Cay. ),- New York City.
Damon, Samuel Chester (Boston Univ.),. Lancaster.
Floyd, Charles Walter (Boston Univ.), . Boston.
Goodale, David (Boston Univ.), —. . Marlborough.
Hillman, Charles Dexter, . 2 3 . Hardwick.

Howard, Joseph Henry, .— Hyannis.
Howe, George Dickinson @Beaton Univ. ), North Hadley.
Kingman, Morris Bird, . : : . Amherst.
Kinney, Burton Arial, . . Lowell.

May, Frederick Goddard iecston inn, ), Boston.
Morse, William Austin (Boston Univ.), . Boston.
Myrick, Herbert (Boston Univ.), . . Concord.

Paige, James Breckenridge, . ; . Prescott.
Perkins, Dana Edson, * . , : . Wakefield.
Plumb, Charles Sumner, . : . Westfield.

Shiverick, Asa Frank (Boston Univ. . - Woods Holl.
- Stone, Winthrop Ellsworth, . ; . Amherst.
Taft, Levi Rawson (Boston Univ.), . Mendon.
Taylor, Alfred Howland (Boston Univ.), . Yarmouth Port.
Thurston, Wilbur Herbert (Boston Univ.), Upton.
Wilder, John Emery (Boston Univ.), . Lancaster.
Williams, James Stoddard (Bost. Univ.), Glastonbury, Conn.
Windsor, Joseph Libbey, . : : . Grafton.
Total, .. ; : : : : ‘ : : - oll

Senior Class.
Bagley, Sydney Currier, . : : . Boston.
Bishop,-Edgar Allen, . °. : . Diamond Hill, R. I.
Braune, Domingos Henrique, . : - Nova Friburgo, Brazil.
Fletcher, Frank Howard, : ; . Townsend.
Hevia, Alfred Armand, . : : . Havana, Cuba.
*The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two

academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been
connected with the college during any portion of the year 1882.

AQ AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.:

Holman, Samuel Morey, .

Lindsey, Joseph Bridgeo,

Minott, Charles Walter, .

Nourse, David Oliver,

Preston, Charles Henry, .

Wheeler, Homer Jay,
Total, :

* Goessmann, Henry Edward Victor,

Herms, Charles,

Holland, Harry Dickinson,

Jones, Elisha Adams,

Mayo, Walter Parker,

Redding, Merton Jay,

Smith, Llewellyn,
Total,

Junior Class.

. Attleborongh.
- Marblehead.
. Westminster.
. Bolton.

. Danvers.

~ . Bolten.

oon Bl

. Amherst.

. Louisville, Ky.
. Amherst.

. Rockville.

» Wellesley.

. Amherst.

Sophomore Class.

‘ Allen, Edwin West,

Almeida, Luciano Jose de,

Barber, George Holcomb,

Brooks, Paul Cuff Phelps,

3rowne, Charles William,

Buffington, Charles Owen,
Chadbourne, Albert Hopkins, .
Cutter, Charles Sumner, .

Day, William Lyman,

Dickinson, John Francis,.

Flint, Edward Rawson,

Goldthwait, Joel Ernest, .

Howell, Hezekiah, .
Leary, Lewis Calvert,

March, Wilbur Marriam, .

Nash, John Adams,
Nichols, Andrew, Jr.,
Phelps, Charles Shepard,
Putnam, George Herbert,
Spalding, George Edwin,

Spaulding, Charles Plumb,
Taylor, Isaac Newton, Jr.,

. Amherst.

. $20 Paulo, Brazil.
. Glastonbury, Conn.
. Boston.

. Salem.

. Ware.

. Amherst.

. Arlington.

. Warren.

. Amherst.

. Boston.

. Marblehead.

. Blooming Grove, N. Y.
. Brooklyn, N. Y.

» Millbury.

. Amherst.

. Danvers.

. West Springfield.
. Millbury.

. Billerica.

. Amherst.

. Northampton.

* Died April 27, 1882, of inflammation of brain.

1883.]

Tekirian Benoni,

Whittemore, Joseph Sian,

Woodhull, George Gouge,
Total,

Freshman Class.

. Three Rivers.

. North Amherst.

. Montague.

. Springfield.

. Philadelphia, Penn.
. Piermont-on-Hudson,

Barker, John King, .
Bement, John Emery,
Clapp, Charles Wellington,
Copeland, Alfred Bigelo,
Doucet, Walter Hobart,
Eaton, William Alfred,

Felt, Charles Frederick Wilson,
Gaskill, Milo Audubon, .
Kinney, Arno Lewis,
Leland, William Edwin, .
Palmer, Robert Manning,
Stone, George Edward,
Winslow, Edgar Daniel,

Total,

Select Class.

Almeida, Luis Augusto de,
Cutler, George, Jr.,
Danks, Edward Field,
Davis, Arthur Emmons, .
Day, Robert Cutler, —
Kendall, Charles Irving, .
Kenfield, Charles Robert,
Lang, Charles Joseph,
Owen, Henry Willard,
Smith, Walter Storm,
Total,

Post-Graduates.

. Medfield.

. Amherst.

Fairfield, B S., Frank Hamilton (oaton
; : . Waltham.

Allen, B.S., Francis Sherwin, .
Brewer, BS., Charles,

Uniy.),

HOUSE — No. 3825

r mn o
. Yozgad, Turkey.
. Leicester.
. Monroe, N. Y.

INSEY:,

- Northborough.
. Mendon.

. Lowell.

- Grafton.

- Brookline.

. Spencer.

. Ware.

. »2a0 Paulo, Brazil.
. Amherst.

. Chicopee.

. Amherst.

. South Framingham.
. Amherst.

. Amherst.

. Washington, D. C.
. Amherst.

- syracuse, N. Y.

pele)

A2 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

Floyd, B.S., Chas. Walter (Boston Univ.), Boston.
Hills, B.S., Joseph Lawrence (Boston

Univ.), 5 : . Boston.
Kinney, B.S., Haren Aviale ‘ : . Lowell.
Plumb, B S., Charles Sumner, . : . Westfield.

Smith, B.S., Hiram Fred Markley, . . North Hadley.
Stockbridge, B.S., Horace Edward (Bos-
ton Univ.), . : . Amherst.
Taft, B.S., Levi iayeon (Boston Univ. ), Mendon.
Washburn, B.S., John Hosea (Boston
Univ.), : : j ; : . Bridgewater.
Total, Z Y : : :

Specials in Chemistry.

Cardoso, Peleusia, . : : : . Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
Jaqueth, Isaac Samuel, . : 4 . Liverpool, N. Y.
Total, : : ; : , : ; : -

Summary.
Specials in Chemistry, . : ; : ; . :
Post-Graduates, : | .
Graduates of 1882, .
Senior Class,
Junior Class, .
Sophomore Class,
Freshman Class, : ‘ 2
Select Class, . 5 : : ;

Total oom. ‘ ‘ ‘ : ‘ -

1883.] HOUSE — No. 325. 43

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN’ YEAR.

First Term. —Structural Botany; Lectures on Agriculture ;
Algebra; Declamations ; Military Tactics ; Lectures on health and
habits of study, and general plan of college work ; Military Drill ;
Practical work in Agriculture under direction of Professor ;
French (optional).

Second Term. — Agriculture; Systematic Botany; Freehand
Drawing; Declamations; Geometry; Rhetoric and Elements of
Composition ; Military Drill; French (optional).

Third Term.— Agriculture; Geometry; Systematic Botany ;
History; Declamations; Compositions; Military Drill; Labor,
under direction of Professors of Agriculture and Horticulture ;
French (optional).

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

First Term. — Botany, with special reference to forage, field and
garden crops; Chemistry; Agriculture; History; Compositions ;
Declamations; Military Tactics; Geometry and Trigonometry ;
Military Drill; Labor; German (optional). :

Second Term.— Agriculture ; Practical Study in Plant-house ;
Chemistry ; Zoology ; Declamations; Trigonometry and its appli-
cations ; Military Drill; German (optional).

Third Term.— Human Anatomy and special subjects in
Zoology ; Practical Surveying, with use of instruments in the field ;
History; Compositions; Declamations; Military Drill; Labor;
German (optional).

JUNIOR CLASS.

First Term. — Agriculture ; Horticulture and Market Garden-
ing; Entomology, — useful and injurious insects, — care of bees,
etc.; Mechanics; English Literature; Military Tactics ; Compo;
sitions ; Declamations; Military Drill; Labor.

Second Term. — Practical Chemistry ; Arboriculture and care of
Nurseries ; Physics ; Mechanical Drawing ; Original Declamations ;
Agricultural Debate ; Military Drill.

AA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan.’83

Third Term. — Practical Chemistry; English Literature ;
Modern History and Constitution of the United States; Original
Declamations; Road-making and Railroads; Military Drill;

Labor.
SENIOR YEAR.

First Term. Stock and Dairy Farming; Practical Chemistry ;
Original Declamations; Book-keeping and business forms;
Astronomy ; Military Science ; Mental Science ; Military Drill.

Second Term.— Agriculture; Geology and Mineralogy, with
special reference to Agriculture; Original Declamations; Forma-
tion of English Language, its history and elements; Lectures on
Veterinary ; Organic Chemistry ; Microscopy; Military Science ;
Military Drill.

Third Term.— Forestry and Landscape Gardening; Agricultu-
ral Reviews ; Military Science ; Moral Science ; Formation of Eng-
lish Language, its history and elements ; Elocution ; Military Drill.

Notre. — For a fuller account of the work done, reference is made to
the following outlines and explanations of the work in each of the leading
departments of the college.

INSTRUCTION NOW GIVEN BY THE PRESIDENT.*

FRESHMAN CLASS.
Lectures on health and habits of study; the best use of time in
college ; explanation of the plan and work of the college; outline
of the work in each department.

SOPHOMORE CLASS.

General Zoology, with text-book and lectures:
Special studies in Zoology: Domestic animals; Insects in-
jurious and beneficial; care of bees, etc.

SENIOR CLASS.

Geology, with text-book and lectures: Structure of the earth’s
crust ; Geological agencies now in operation; formation of soils,
marsh-beds, peat-beds, etc.

Outline Study of Man: His physical organization; outlines
of mental and moral philosophy ; principles of logic.

For the study of all these subjects needing illustration, the
college furnishes ample facilities in its cabinets, collection of
plates, manikins, skeletons.

* The subjects taught by special instructors and lecturers are not ie in the fol-
‘lowing list of departments.

puanees icc Seah en = SS EB ES A CT SL ee a

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT

ENGLISH AND THE MODERN LANGUAGES.

By Pror. H. H. GooDELtu.

a EE A SL Al SS NN

REPORT.

Presipent Paut A. CHApBouRNE:
Sir, —I have the honor to submit the following tabularized
statement of the department of which I have charge : —

English Studies.
History. ENGLISH LITERATURE.

2d Term —

RHETORIC.
Rhetoric and Elements of Com- |
position.
History, European.
History, English.

4 hours.
FRESHMAN
3d Term — 4 hours.

eis ane | 1st Term — 1 hour. >
od Term —4 hours. History, American.
1st Term — 4 hours. : :
JUNIOR i kin lish Literature.
ie od Term —4 hours. 2
R 2d Term—1 hour. } Formation of the English Lan-
ENIOR AE ee
3d Term—1 hour. cuage, treated historically.
Composition.
FRESHMAN | eo \ Deseriptive.
od Term —1 hour:
g { 1st Term—1 hour. Biographical.
OPHOMORE
3d Term—1 hour. Historical.
lst Term—1 hour. Imaginative & Argumentative.
JONI }2 Beg) tute \ Original Declamations.
od Term —1 hour.
1st Term — 1 hour.
SENIOR }2 Term — 1 hour. Original Declamations.
od Term —1 hour.

Drill in Elocution.
One hour per week for each class.

Modern Languages.

(Optional. )

FRENCH.

ist Term — 4 hours.
F'RestimMAN ja Term — 4 hours.
3d Term — 4 hours.

Grammar and Reader.
Translation Fiction or History.
Translation Scientific Works.

56 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

GERMAN.
1st Term — 4 hours. Grammar and Reader.
SOPHOMORE | Term —4 hours. Fiction or History.
3d Term —4 hours. Scientific Works.

The aim has been to make the course progressive and thor-
oughly practical. Commencing in freshman year with the study of
rhetoric and the principles of composition, the student is led by
easy and successive steps, from exercises in simple, descriptive
narration, up to the higher forms of essay and original declama-
tion. The instruction in history during freshman and sophomore
years is given partly by text-book and partly by lecture. Of the
three terms set apart for this work, the first is devoted to a dis-
cussion of the prominent points of European history; the second
to English history, with special reference to its bearing upon that
of our own country; and the third to American history, — the
whole being introductory to a study of the Constitution of the
United States as provided for in the third term of junior year.

The course in modern languages has, during the past year, been
made optional. The method of instruction pursued has been the
same in both languages, the object being to secure fluency and
ease in translation, rather than to make finished scholars. To this
end, the first term has been devoted to mastering the general prin-
ciples of grammar, the rules for pronunciation, and to the reading
of some light, easy work. In the second term, more advanced
translation has been attempted, usually from some standard author
in fiction or history ; while in the third, the selection has been made
of a scientific work, which should not only afford practice in trans-
lation, but furnish information in some one of the various depart-
ments of agriculture. In this way have been read Puys — Plants
under Glass; Vaulx — What Constitutes a Dairy ; Schleiden —
Plant-Life ; Prosch — Breeding and Care of Cattle.

DAILY ROUTINE, FIRST TERM, 1882-83.

GENERAL EXERCISES.

IN aE NG iio. << : J A : , : . Breakfast.
Solos ss . ‘ : : : : ; . Chapel.

Ooa0y “mee : : . Inspection rooms, Saturdays.
1) SSO tS ee : 5 : : : Church, Sundays.
1253.0 FEW. ae : é ’ ‘ ‘ . Dinner.

76 UO aie eve ous 5 é : . Declamation, Wednesdays.
Or COs) * : : ; : , ; ; ., ‘Supper.

1883. |
At 8.80 4a.M., .
S.o0,., **
mao %
Gad: ss
10.90:—.*
LO.30)" \
LOLS O! 6°
(0S Ol
ie oO: .*s
Pestle), °°

HOUSE — No. 325. 57

Exercises of Senior Class.
Chemistry, Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays.
Stock and Dairy Farming, Thurs., Fridays.
Chemistry, Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays.
. Mental Science, Thursdays, Fridays.
. Stock and Dairy Farming, Mondays.
Bookkeeping, Tuesdays.
BU litary Science, Wednesdays, ‘Thursdays.
Chemistry, Fridays.
einen Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs.
Bookkeeping, ielaye:

Rukearonls as fee ctod: Military drill as ordered.

At<8.50 A. M., .
ea
HORM
O50: **
Ll aO)),
HAE SO 6% 5,
NEO OP. Migs

At 3.50 A. Mos .

Sea0 ye
Dao! (<8
4/5) 0) ites
OBO.
TOLSO!. °¢
SOT 1 98
DI BOy i) i
LOOP s NM. 6
At 8.380 a. M., .
Dead). %$
TOZS0, 7) °*
Hanne €
ORO) > 8
tO) |S
1.50 P. M.,

Exercises of Junior Class.
gh re Mondays, Tuesdays.
English.
Mechanics, Aa “3 Ts. Wed., Thurs.
. Rehearsals, Foidaye:
Hoteainire, Mondays, Tuesdays.
Entomology, Wed., Thursdays, Fridays.
: Class Work as directed.
Military Drill as ordered.

Exercises of Sophomore Class.
English, Mondays.
oon Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri.
Geometry, Mon., mace ., Wed., Fri.
‘ Military Tactics, athanieie,
.B Jotany, Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays.
i Agriculture, Thursdays, Fridays.
Chemistry, Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs.
: : 5 : English, Fridays.
Rehearsals as directed.
Class Work as directed.
Militar vy Drill as ordered.

Exercises of Freshman Class.

Algebra.
Botany.
Preturas on Health, Mondays.
. Agriculture, Tuesdays, Wednesdays.
Rehearsals, Fridays.
Military Tactics, Thursdays.
Class Work as directed.
Military Drill as ordered.

58 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

CALENDAR FOR 1883.

The third term of the collegiate: year begins April 5, and con-
tinues till June 20.

The first term begins Sept. 13, and continues till Dec. 18.

The second term begins Jan. 10, and continues till April 4, 1884.

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
college, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a.m., Tuesday, June 19, and
also on Thursday, Sept. 13.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday evening
June 18.

The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell
Prize for excellence in Agriculture, will take place on Tuesday
forenoon, June 19.

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 20.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire
admission.

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of
age; and every student is required to furnish a certificate of good
character from his late pastor or teacher. ‘Tuition and room-rent
must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term, and bills
for board, fuel, etc., at the end of every term.

The regular examinations for admission are held at the Botanic
Museum, at 9 o’clock, a.m., Tuesday, June 19, and on Thursday
Sept. 13; but candidates may be examined and admitted at any:
other time in the year.

Certificates. — Students who have completed the whole work of
preparation may be admitted on diplomas of high schools. All
students are admitted on probation only, and if not able to go on
with their classes in a satisfactory manner, they will be notified
to leave. .

1883.] HOUSE — No. 325. 59

EXPENSES.
Tuition, : : ; $12 00 per term.
Room-rent, . . : . $5 00 to 10 00 per term.
Board, ; : . 2 50 to 3 50 per week.
Expenses of ieibat ies atory to students
of practical chemistry, . : 10 00 per term.

Public and private damages, iain alte
of chemical apparatus destroyed or in-
jured, : ‘ : ‘ At cost.
Annual expenses, including ian ; . $250 00 to $350 00

REMARKS.

The regular course of study occupies four years; and those who
complete it receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma
being signed by the Governor of mea Se who is eens
of the corporation.

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become
members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its
diplomas in addition to that of the college, thereby becoming
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni.

The instruction in agriculture and horticulture includes every
branch of farming and gardening which is practised in Massachu-
setts, and is both theoretical and practical. Each topic is dis-
cussed thoroughly in the lecture-room, and again in the plant-
house or field, where every student is obliged to labor under the
direction of the professor when suitable work can be done on the
‘farm, gardens or nurseries. The amount of required work, how-
ever, is limited to six hours per week, in order that it may not
interfere with study. Students are allowed to do additional work
for wages, provided they maintain the necessary rank as scholars.

Indigent students are allowed to .do such work as may offer
about the college or farm buildings, or in the field ; but it is hardly
possible for one to earn more than from fifty to one hundred
dollars per annum, besides performing other duties, So far as it

60 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

consistent with circumstances, students will be permitted to select
such varieties of labor as they may, for special reasons, desire to
engage in. |

Those who pursue a select course attend recitations and lectures.
with the regular classes; but those properly qualified, who desire
special instruction in botany, chemistry, civil engineering, veter-
inary science, agriculture, or horticulture, may make private
arrangements with the officers having charge of these departments.

EXTRA EXPENSES.

An expenditure of from ten to fifty dollars is necessary to pro-
vide furniture, which may be purchased at reasonable rates, either
new or second hand. At the beginning of the second term of
attendance each student is required to provide himself with the
full uniform prescribed for the battalion of Agricultural Cadets,
the cost of which is about thirty dollars. Students tax themselves
for the support of a reading-room and literary societies.

SIZE OF ROOMS.

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms,
the following measurements are given: In the south dormitory
the main corner-rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoin-
ing bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are fourteen
by fifteen feet, and the, bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the
north dormitory the corner-rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and
the annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms
are thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the
bedrooms eight by eight feet.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the
Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy.

1883. | HOUSE — No. 325. 61

The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination
would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars,
of vigorous constitution, and should enter college with the inten-
tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some
pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the
cash value of a scholarship is one hundred and forty-four dollars.

RELIGIOUS SERVICES.

Prayers in chapel every morning at a quarter before eight
o’clock. On Sundays the students, unless excused by request of
their parents to attend church elsewhere, attend service in the
chapel. This service is conducted by the president or such
clergyman as he invites. The students are also invited to join
a class for the study of the Bible. :

The Young Men’s Christian Association holds weekly meetings.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy,
from the College or from the University, and pursue their studies
under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry, or other
members of the Faculty in their respective departments.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The library of the college contains about two thousand volumes.
Among them are several sets of cyclopzedias, magazines, and
newspapers, reports of agricultural societies, and State boards of
agriculture, and many standard works on agriculture and horticul-
ture. There are also many useful works of reference in chemistry,
botany, surveying, and drawing. |

The Faculty and students also have the privilege of drawing
books from the excellent library of Amherst College, which con-
tains over thirty thousand volumes.

The State cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston
to the college, and is of much value for purposes of instruction.

62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand
species of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of
duplicates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many interest-
ing and useful specimens of seeds, woods, and fruit-models.
There is also a set of diagrams illustrating structural and sys-
tematic botany, including about three thousand figures.

About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti-
vated in the Durfee Plant-House, affording much pleasure and
information to students and visitors.

The class in microscopy has the use of seven of Tolles’s best
compound microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-
eighth of an inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

PRIZES.

FARNSWORTH RHETORICAL MEDALS.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou-
sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, and
a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell Agri-
cultural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New
York. These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members
of the graduating class who may pass the best oral and written
examination in theoretical and practical agriculture.

HILL’S BOTANICAL PRIZES.

For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of
1883, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best,
a prize of ten dollars; also a prize of five dollars for the best col-
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection
of dried plants from the College Farm.

REGULATIONS.

I.—Students are forbidden to combine for the purpose of
absenting themselves from any required exercise, or violating
any known regulation of the college. ,

II. — The roll shall be called five minutes after the ringing of
the bell for each exercise of the college, by the officer in charge,

1883. ] HOUSE — No. 325. 33

unless a monitor be employed ; and students who do not answer
to their names will be marked absent, provided that any student
coming in after his name has been called shall be marked tardy.
Two tardinesses shall be reckoned as one absence.

IiI.— Absence from a single exercise may be allowed or ex-
cused by the officer in charge of the same, if requested beforehand ;
but permission to be absent from several exercises must be ob-
tained in advance from the general excusing officer, or from the
president. In such cases the officer excusing will furnish a certifi-
cate of excuse, which shall state the precise time for which absence
is permitted, and which shall be a satisfactory reason for absence
from all exercises occurring within the time specified.

IV.— Excuse for absence from a college exercise must be
obtained before the same occurs; and no excuse will be granted
afterwards, unless the student shows the cause of the absence to
be one of imperative necessity, and which could not be foreseen or
prevented.

Permission to be absent from-several consecutive exercises must
be obtained from the excusing officer or the president ; but excuse
for absence from a single exercise must be obtained of the officer
in charge of the same.

Permission for absence by the excusing officer or president will
be given in the form of a certificate, the recipient of which must
exhibit the same to each officer from whose exercise it gives leave
of absence, as soon as the first exercise of the officer at which he
is thereafter present ; and his failure to do so will annul his right
to excuse from the exercise of such officer.

A record of all tardiness will be rigidly kept; and, unless
excused by the officer with whom they occur, two such will be
entered on the record as an unexcused absence.

Each unexcused absence will be considered disobedience to
college rule; and, if the aggregate number of such absences in all
departments reaches two, the student so delinquent shall be
informed of the fact. If the number of such absences reaches.
four, the parent or guardian of the student shall be informed of
his delinquencies; and, if jive such delinquencies are justly
recorded against any student, his connection with the college may
be terminated.

V.—Students are forbidden to absent themselves without
excuse from the regular examinations, to give up any study with-
out permission from the president, or to remove from one room
to another without authority from the officer in charge of the
dormitory buildings ; and no student shall be permitted to make
such change until he has procured from the inspecting officer a

64 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. / / alge

written statement that the room about to be vacated is in perfect
order.

VI. — Students shall be required to attend the church of their
selection regularly on Sunday morning, and report in writing to the
excusing officer, during the ensuing week, whether they attended
or not. .

VII. — The record of deportment, scholarship and attendance
will be carefully kept; and, whenever the average rank of a student
falls below fifty, he will not be allowed to remain a member of the
college, except by a special vote of the Faculty.” Admission to
the college, and promotion from class to class, as well as to
graduation, are granted only by vote of the Faculty.

VIII. — Students are required to abstain from any thing -inju-
rious to the buildings and other property of the college, and in all
respects to conduct themselves with propriety.

IX. — Parents and guardians are specially urged to co-operate
with the Faculty in securing the faithful attendance of students
upon every appointed exercise of the college.

X.— Military drill must be continued to graduation; and any
student who neglects this exercise any part of graduation week,
will not be entitled to a recommendation for a college diploma.

pon

HOUSE — No. 325.

1883. |

e18 PUL 93e1g OY} MOTIF 8}dleded VSL] OU,L,

‘adnsna4T, “SONTNIWNO NHOL

6¢ 1¢0°¢zs
92 FPL

G8 908° F2$
00 08

eg ¢9

Sh GPL 6
GL 9¢L

I8 6FF

FP OPES
19 100°
Ce GG6a¢
82 Fl19°F$

*19Q0}00 pue [Lidy UI Mou
"ZQSL UL GO'FLL' TH Julese se ‘Qe'g99‘7% AjUO sum ‘Ege, “ULE PUNJ SIG} WOIJ postooat BWIOOUL oY} Sarjlinoos ul esuvgo Aq x

“QOUL[C

' “pany oziig [jouutsy
“pang OZ1Iq YOMSUIL

*“SOLLB[By

‘ ‘qunoo0B A107R.10qv'T

‘puny s{itH

: * Yunooov osuedxy
: “‘qUNnOdd’ [[1Q-ULLIJ,
: ‘qunoooe [volULyod
“‘{UNODOV WB iT

‘spwauhog

—‘sosuodxy

C6G
OF

¢)

02
Cgg‘e
9821S
6FS‘S
SSP IT
$96 cH

6¢ 190 G2$

" ‘pang sittq »
‘puny 300199 OUINYM >»
‘pung oZlig [[ouulty ,,
‘pun eZLIq YOasuIvA —»
‘pung uosurqoy Airy.

‘<1asinu pus ssnoy-jurld ,,

’ Qonpoid Wavy ,,
: ‘ST[IG-U110} ,,

gag ‘puny jUoULMOpUS ULOZ oOLOOUT
‘puevy uo soured

‘sydvavay

)

‘ZOST vax oy) 40f sjuauhng pun sidraoay ysog fo juswanig

ni: “irra
Preeti few Sovtut-iinlie
Tt | ke Siete Mae eee bow? Baantdan anhe 2

SO Ber <5 ai Fei . ee pie. Pee DRO ee oe se rence waited Etro vs tet fre
AS: ees Line ve dinette DAES i pie oer 10d PAT 3: .
CFBR et Es py AON Pe one 5

’ <¢ — mF a < ad
ee > 3 S#) 4ie ¥ as 7 F peor =o} OG @ 3 jeans? Fai ,
: ef as 2 : y . act ~ » , <<. fa) 7 Js 43 ee
= > = ee oe : - 2 ” a ‘ 4 5 af ™ oe oo ‘ ‘ feetti a ih i wires ? x . ¥
2 ye = ee = ae ud $ ; ‘a ; Z to MOD Pra } flay Pei Pe -* ee vy P 534 ae Spee eS
; ie tomy Lt! A> ; « =. > 5 = LA in ‘ ? forts j i 2tiety 4 ” Coghct ae
z ~*~ E [ - 2 J { . 2 : vite + ‘ o SiS 4 -< - ie
oo oe es hay sxc beuntid os sexe ae Ai emaian Ske
| Set SRR LAMA TAY ik 2 ee aS. See erik Ss * : a ae ; : ee es
rf \- es ba ~*~ ao = 4 — of re : c “ ys - ' Peeks “ r ‘ * = H
Ps ne el Aiea eee omnes > naan . ; - e ; p . ’ 4 r . e
. ‘ ALT Ares ws : ie ! - my < x .
= Ma i , ’ P 7 «
; ~ Aol A Fe %% ¥ j ~ =e ; * - 2 $37
ra . ‘5 2 on s oe « ‘tt » ~ . v ay aD j
Toi ae, ~s a = ‘ _ 7 = ri pt e S . ‘ =
7 J 7 . “ “ a 7 — ais | « i Cs
ss ote ns ~» aaa | * ~ , 2 , * se . 1s. ;
OF Tf 5 ay? 4 < b , bi q aie. : , i. :
a SI ieee jel 5S \ : ; : var ; 4 ee . a peek: as
; oS ‘ od ' ~ ¢ : ed =
~ a : j > y =| : : a - oe Ra — . 7 3 a
oe - bam 7 eS - 7 ¢ * _ « a ee +: . . oe. - me rs « = A
re : ss : 4 s os vy ue NE mt SF OL). Gee? iri aes Pour bei = - i =. a
0 *-« ‘ 4 4 - ¥ > ee ~ i ‘ 2 é. os
“ z Q Ss 5 Ae es oh: F ’ -* be - ’ % { a ae . Pesce? See ts "on :
ea - : : = ‘ ; :
7 «5 ig : “i t ~ 7
\ cy Ae by ey ney , , \ F \
‘ . ‘ ‘< : < { 7 i ‘ ; ; , - Bsn
‘ =
N
bs _ _
. ‘ - : “
i H ? =
- ; = - . jae rae :
é } 2 ‘

SENATE.

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Janu AR yw LSet .

BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,
18 Post OFFICE SQuaARtE.
18845) .),

ON EE

——SS==

Commontoealth of Massachusetts.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
Boston, January 11, 1884.

To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives :

I have the honor herewith to transmit, for the information
and use of the General Court, the Twenty-first Annual
Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural

College.
GEO. D. ROBINSON,

Governor.

BO es ©

ren rian
.s 1 ,
© .
m= a\
=)
aT, A \
Y o ’
; th
‘
. +i ‘
ri 7) . \
H
\ ‘
et =
a :
‘-) ‘
iJ
oy
’
os One
t 3 +
4
ri
g .
/
A
Py aa wi - f
vy
4
4
¥
’
;
:
‘ae
*, 7”
Nis
t
”
“ >
serene 4s
7 i a LAST :
ta
5
iad ried *
caf AUOFFLF EL 4
teehee Lh
QS 43.0255

Commonwealth of Wassachusetts.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
AMHERST, Jan. 10, 1884.
To His Excellency Gro. D. RoBINsoN:

Str, —I have the honor herewith to present to your Ex-_
cellency and the Honorable Council the Twenty-first Annual
Report of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural

College.
I am, sir, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

JAMES C. GREENOUGH,
President.

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Tv His Excellency the Governor and the Honorable Council :

The year that has passed will doubtless prove one of the
most important in the history of the college. The energy,
the wisdom and the devotion of Dr. Chadbourne, aided by
many friends of the college, have begun to yield fruit
promising lasting benefit to every section of the State. It
is seldom that an institution is subjected to so severe a loss
as the college sustained in the death of its president, Paul
A. Chadbourne, LL.D., Feb. 28, 1883. Speaking of his
acceptance of the office early in 1882, a member of the

Board of Trustees says : —

‘*¢ After due consideration, he consented to accept the proffered
position, and lost no time in entering upon the duties it involved.
The State College at that time needed all the energy, oversight,
executive ability, ripe experience, innate enthusiasm and educa-
tional resources which such a man only could supply. Rarely
have a man and his work so happily met. He seemed to compre-
hend the extent and peculiarity of the field on which he had
entered, as it were with a single steady glance; and it at once
became obvious that the college was to have the benefit of a
masterly mind and charzcter.”

In the obituary sketch which is found in the Alumni
Record of 1883 Prof. Bassett thus speaks of him:

‘¢ During the period of his service here, President Chadbourne
impressed himself upon faculty and students as a man of power
and sincere purpose. All have caught in some measure his earnest,

‘o

10 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Jan

resolute spirit. He imparted an impetus to the college which has
become a vigorous internal life. His plans were large, his execu-
tion prompt and effectual. The erection of a commodious drill
hall, the improvement of other buildings and their surroundings,
and the revision of the curriculum, are evident features of his
work. More valuable, even, were his services in securing to the —
college the interest and confidence of the people. . .. He is
mourned by associates in business interests, who found him enter-
prising and sagacious; by the champions of pure legislation and
civil-service reform, who will miss from their councils one whom
they knew to be fair-minded in his opinions, unflinching in his con-
victions, and fearless in assault upon false systems and corrupt
institutions; by the people of Massachusetts, who esteemed him a
trustworthy citizen, actuated by pure motives for the public weal ;
by fellow-members of scientific and literary associations, who valued
his scholarly labors and respected his high attainments; by the
friends of truth and righteousness, nation-wide, who honor him as
the foe of evil and the advocate of true religion; by hundreds of
men who have caught inspiration from his teachings and wisdom
from his counsels; by the trustees, faculty and students of the
college to which his last strength was given. Few men have
touched human life at so many points or with so firm a hand. Few
have exerted influence so permanent; written records so fair; be-
queathed memories more fragrant. None have been more loyal
to high purposes; none more true to convictions of duty.”

We cannot specifically state the good work for the college
attempted by Dr. Chadbourne, but we are able to give the
general outline of what he proposed, in his own words.
Speaking of the act of Congress, in accordance with which
our own college and those in other States were founded, he
says: —

- ‘* Whatever mistakes may have been made in the organization
and management of these institutions, no fault can be charged
home to the original bill. It was eminently a wise measure, and
suggested an outline of organization and management that has not
as yet been improved upon. Its significant words are as follows:
‘The endowment, support and maintenance of at least one college
where the leading object shall be, without excluding scientific and
classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such
branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic
arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respect-
ively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical educa-

1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 11

tion of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions
of life.’ No branch of learning peculiar to the old colleges was to
be necessarily excluded ; but the new colleges were to push on to
the practical application of the sciences they taught, and they were
to train all their students as defenders of their country against
domestic rebellion or foreign invasion. In a word, they were to
educate their students as men and as American citizens. The rank
of the education given is ‘liberal,’ the term: applied to the educa-
tion given by the highest institutions then known. It was to be so
broad as to fit men for the ‘several pursuits and professions of
life.’ . . . Many who have attempted the management of these
colleges, as well as many who have criticised them, have appar-
ently overlooked the broad and generous plan upon which they
were founded. It is doubtful if they will ever accomplish the
great work for which they were intended. until their original pur-
pose is so fully and constantly recognized and carried out by judi-
cious, painstaking work, that the currents of education shall be
once fairly turned toward these new channels. When once fairly
turned, that they will continue to flow can no more be doubted than
we can doubt the success of any natural process when not artifi-
cially obstructed. An education that ‘gives boys what they need
to daily use when they become men,’ commends itself as rational
and practical.”

The plan as thus in general outlined secured the hearty
approval of the trustees, and its execution was well begun
when Dr. Chadbourne was suddenly removed by death.

From the time of his death until the beginning of the
present college year, the affairs of the college were wisely
administered by Prof. H. H. Goodell, as acting president.
As he was unwilling to assume the duties of the presidency
permanently, the trustees, by a special committee, sought a
successor to Dr. Chadbourne. After much inquiry and
eareful deliberation, it was determined to secure the ser-
vices of James C. Greenough, a graduate of Williams Col-
lege, who, by his early training, was skilled in agriculture,
and who, owing to his administrative ability, his acquire-
ments, and his success in teaching, had already been urged
to accept the presidency of a classical college in another
State. Mr. Greenough refused to allow his name to be used
as a candidate, but as the trustees, through their committee,
persistently urged the need of his services at the college, and

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

the wide field for usefulness which it presented, he at length
severed his connection with the State Normal School in
Rhode Island, and entered upon his duties as president in
September, 1883.

CouRSE OF STUDY.

After a careful study of the condition and prospects of the
college, President Greenough determined to specifically work
out the plan proposed by Dr. Chadbourne. The studies of
the college course are now so arranged as to form two
general courses of study. One is termed the Scientific and
Agricultural Course, the other is termed the Scientific and
Literary Course. The first provides for all the agricultural
study which our facilities allow. We are increasing the
. opportunities for special instruction in agriculture as fast as
we can. We believe it will be for the advantage of the State
to invest more in the farm as a means of agricultural train-
ing. To make the farm the effective basis of a training
school, considerable expenditures must be made. To secure
desirable practical results, a variety of crops should be culti-
vated under different conditions, as a means of instruction
rather than of profit. In training to any employment so
varied and complex as agriculture in its several departments,
there must be loss of material.

The Scientific and Literary course of study is adapted to
those whose previous practical knowledge of agriculture, or
whose choice of other employments than that of tilling the
soil, requires that less time shall be spent in field work.
The college, as now organized, offers its course of instruc-
tion to any young man who is qualified to pursue it. The
question may here be asked, ‘‘Do not other colleges in the
State provide for the instruction of those who are not to be
farmers?” The other colleges in the State require for ad-
mission to their regular course from two to four years’ pre-
paratory study of Latin and Greek. Many students cannot
afford to give so much time to the study of these languages
before entering college, and wish to pursue other branches
during their college course. These students need the culture
that comes by the study of language and literature, and this
they must secure by the critical study of the English

1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 13

language and by the study of the modern languages. Some
of those who were graduated at our older colleges, and who
appreciate the culture there gained, prefer for their sons the
more practical course at the State College. This college, as
now organized, fills a place in our general system of educa-
tion that no other of our colleges can fill. It meets the
wants of those who have been trained in our common schools,
our high schools and our academies; but who have not
pursued a course of preparatory study in Latin and Greek.
It supplements the work in the English department of our
high schools, as the older colleges supplement the work of
the classic department.

It is evident that the State College must lack that organized
support which the older colleges are able to secure through
their graduates. Owing to the brief period during which the
college has been established, its graduates are yet young
men and comparatively few in number. They have not
acquired that wealth and influence which will be theirs at the
close of another decade, yet they have evinced a deep
interest in the welfare of the college. They have begun to
contribute liberally toward the establishment of a library
fund for the college. The success of the graduates in their
several fields of labor, and their zeal for the welfare of the
college, augur well for its future.

But the college is not a private institution, and neither the
alumni nor the trustees can so regard it. Its appeal must be
to the people of the State, and this is just, for it is organized
to meet their wants. It is not organized upon the basis of
any medizval models. It is a State college, organized to
serve the present interests of the people, by providing prac-
tical instruction for a large and increasing number of young
men. It should be so liberally sustained, and the expense
of attendance should be so reduced, that every boy in the
State will consider it possible for him, by industry, frugality
and faithful study, to find a path through it to competence
and usefulness. It must be steadily adapted to meet the
wants of our young men, especially of those who are to
engage in the productive industries.

The question may here be put, ‘‘ By thus broadening the
field and the work of the college, will it not lose its value as

14 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

an ‘ agricultural’ college?” In answer to this we may say,
that if the institution is narrowed to the special needs of
those who are to till the soil, it beeomes a mere technical
school, and loses the distinctive characteristics of a college.
Every college must do something more than teach the
technics of any employment, or it is no longer a college.
The objects of study and training are two, —to form the
man and to form the workman. The work of a college is,
mainly, to develop manhood. The object of an agricultural
college is to form men, and also to furnish special training
for those who are to till the soil, or are to direct others in
tilling the soil. No narrow structure was contemplated in
the broad foundation proposed by the act of Congress, under
which the Massachusetts Agricultural College was estab-
lished. It has ever striven to make men, though it has
often suffered the misfortune of being considered a mere
training school for farmers. This view is degrading to the
farmers and to their employment. Technical training with-
out liberal culture subordinates the man to his employment,
and tends to make him something less than a man. The
full course of study, as now arranged, is needed by every
young man who attends the college, whatever may be his
future employment.

But the question may still be urged: ‘‘ How is this col-
lege to aid the agricultural interests of the State?” In reply
to this question, we would say that the college enables a
large class of young men to prepare for wide usefulness who
cannot pursue, or who do not wish to pursue, the courses of
study in the older colleges. Through the intelligent labor
of these graduates, agriculture and other productive indus-
tries of the State will receive fresh impulse, and will be
more wisely developed.

The question may be asked: ‘*‘ How.does this college pro-
mote the agricultural interests of the State as other institu-
tions of the State do not?” We answer: —

1. By providing special opportunities for the culture and
training of those engaged in agricultural pursuits, thus em-
phasizing the importance of such pursuits.

2. By recognizing the value of a thorough education for
those engaged in agricultural pursuits. The day is past

1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 15

when it can be said that a farmer needs little or no educa-
tion beyond the ability to read, to write and to cipher. His
success to-day depends upon his ability to understand the
principles of physics involved in the machinery he uses. By
means of the mechanical contrivances of our time, the farmer
is now able to accomplish quickly with his horses what was
once slowly accomplished by hand. The great advance in
agricultural chemistry renders a knowledge of the principles
of this science necessary to the farmer who would correctly
~ note the changes in the laboratory of nature, and read the
books and papers published to aid him in his work. The
progress in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables renders it
needful that he understand the laws of plant life. The study
of botany is becoming more and more a necessity. The laws
of animal life are also indispensable to him who would intel-
ligently care for the animals in his charge.

But the college recognizes the fact that the farmer needs
more than scientific and technical knowledge. He needs to
know himself and his relations to his fellow-men. He needs
to be able to wisely discharge the duties of citizenship. He
needs to be a man qualified for that leadership in public
affairs which in the past has secured to our land the wise
counsel of her yeomanry.

3. By providing for that instruction and training in the
field which is requisite to success in every department of
agriculture. Agriculture is an art as well as a science, and
hence it demands manual training.

4. By giving those engaged in agricultural pursuits an
opportunity to gain a scientific education adapted to their
needs. All the sciences taught in the college are taught
in their relations to agriculture.

Every scientific principle taught in a college course must
be presented in some of its applications in order to be under-
stood. In the State College the applications are made in
the several departments of agriculture and in kindred em-
ployments. We here touch one important difference between
the proper work of the State College and the work of other
institutions. For instance, the principles of chemistry are
the same whether taught in one place or in another. The
illustrations and the applications by which the principles are

16 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

taught and understood are not the same in every institution.
In the State College the illustrations and applications relate
to agriculture. The same is true of botany, and should be
true of every department of science.

This is the only justifiable mode of teaching sciences in an
agricultural college. This mode is none the less serviceable
to those who are not to be farmers. There is no better way
of understanding the sciences than by the illustrations and
- applications taken from the field. Those who are thus
taught. whether their future employment is in the field, or
shop, or office, cannot fail to be interested in agriculture,
-and may be expected to co-operate with farmers in devising
‘better methods of developing the productive industries of
‘the field.

But scientific training is not sufficient to form the true
‘man, nor the wise leader of others. That one may wisely
forecast the future, he must study the past. History prop-
erly finds its place in our curriculum. Every young man
entering upon active life should know the social forces acting
about him. Civil polity, political economy and kindred
studies should not be disregarded in any college course.
Every graduate should have knowledge of his own mental
and moral powers, and the laws of their proper exercise.
Hence studies that lead to this knowledge are wisely incor-
porated into the course of the college.

In the modern discussions respecting the value of scien-
tific studies, the necessity of literary culture is too often
overlooked or denied. No course of study is liberal from
which is excluded that culture which is the result of the
patient study of language and literature. This college ex-
cludes an extended course in the study of the ancient classics,
hence the greater the necessity of providing other means of
literary culture. Here, if nowhere else, the English lan-
guage, both in its spoken and written forms, should be
thoroughly studied. Because of their aid in a knowledge
of the English language, and their help in its use, Latin,
to some extent, French and German, should be patiently
studied. There are many other evident reasons for the
study of these languages at this college which it is un-
necessary to mention. The thorough work which has been

1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 17

done in the department of literature and language should
be increased. Every student should be trained to accurate,
effective and graceful expression, both oral and written.
No one is prepared for the battle of life until he is ready to
find solace, inspiration and guidance by converse, through
our literature, with the great masters that have preceded us.

Nor is the course, as thus partially outlined, sufficient.
Man is a religious being. The college should provide means
of religious culture. The brief chapel exercise of each
morning, and the Sabbath services now regularly held,
together with such other means of religious culture as are
now provided, we believe are essential to the highest welfare
of every student.

GIFTS TO THE COLLEGE.

Gifts to Library.

From Leander Wetherell, of Boston, 1,410 bound volumes,
including complete sets of Agricultural Reports of Ohio,
New York, Vermont, and several hundred pamphlets.

From Herbert S. Carruth, of Boston, seventy volumes of
latest publications in history, science and literature.

Gifts to Museum.

From the United States Fish Commission, a representative
collection, numbering some two hundred species of the in-
vertebrates of the coast.

From W. E. Rutherford, of Westhampton, a collection of
one hundred and fifty specimens of birds’ eggs, containing
some quite rare species.

Gift to Botanical Museum.

From William S. Lyon, of Los Angeles, Cal., over two
hundred specimens of the flora of California, to the herbarium
of the college.

Gift to the College.

From the United States Government, a set of weights
and measures, to be kept as a standard of authority. (Joint
Resolution of Congress, March 3, 1881.)

18 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF THE COLLEGE.

1. The North College is well-nigh unfit for occupancy.
Repairs have been made from time to time, but, owing to
the fact that the building was hastily and cheaply built, and
has been subjected to constant wear for some fifteen years,
it needs a thorough renovation. The estimated cost of the
repairs and necessary improvements is $5,000. Unless this
building is put in good condition, it will be impossible to
accommodate the next class that enters.

2. A house on the grounds, to be occupied by the presi-
dent and his family, is an admitted necessity. President
Chadbourne selected a site, and the trustees were planning
to build, at the time of his death. At the time of the ap-
pointment of President Greenough, it was agreed to provide
a house upon the grounds. A balance in the treasury of the
college justified the trustees in beginning the house in Au-
gust. As the funds of the college did not allow us to finish
the building, nothing has been done upon it since the early
days of November, when the first coat of plastering was put
on. It did not seem wise to stop the work at an earlier
stage. The amount expended upon the house is about
$2,000. The amount needed to pay outstanding bills, and
to complete the house and the grading, will be $6,000. It
will be more economical for the State to complete this house
than to continue the allowance for house-rent agreed to be
paid to the president until it is finished. The main reason,
however, for completing the house, is that the services of
the president, when living on the grounds, will be of far
more value to the ieee than they can be while he is
obliged to live at a ee of a mile from the college.

3. The room now used as a chapel for morning ae Sab-
bath services is part of the chemical building. The increased
work in the chemical department of the college demands
that the whole building shall at once be occupied by that
department. In fact, much of the work incident to the
Experiment Station is now accomplished with difficulty, be-
cause of the lack of room in the chemical building. Our
present chapel room must be given up to the chen
department. Where, then, shall the students assemble for

1884.) SENATE — No. 5. 19.

morning service, for lectures and for Sabbath services? The
only way of meeting this question is by the erection of a
chapel. When this building is erected, provision should be
made for a library. We have noticed elsewhere the gifts
of Leander Wetherell, Esq., and others to the library. We
have no suitable room in which to put.these books. Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder has agreed to place a set of books, which
cost him upwards of $500, in the library, as his gift. These
books would be of great practical value to the college; but
we cannot transfer them to Amherst until the State shall
provide a suitable place.

During the month of December, in response to the solici-
tations of the President, several thousands of dollars were
pledged, as a permanent fund for a library. Most of this
was pledged by certain gentlemen now on the board of trus-
tees of the college. If allowed, we would gladly give the
names of those who have thus provided a permanent library
fund. Three thousand dollars have been collected, but all
of the remainder cannot be collected, nor the income used,
unless a suitable place is provided for keeping the books.
The alumni of the college are also moving to secure an
alumni fund for the library. It is seldom that one of our
State institutions has received such gifts as are now proffered.’ _
Whether these gifts shall be available depends upon the
action of the present legislature. |

In the accompanying reports some of the needed appli-
ances by which the work of the several departments of the
college can be made more effective, are specifically noted.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

The elass that entered last September was, for the most
part, made up of those admitted by competitive examina-
tion, in the several senatorial districts, under the direction
of State senators.

The faithfulness of the senators in giving notice in their
several districts, and in arranging for examinations, indi-
cated an earnest purpose on their part to extend the useful-
ness of the college. Though the measure was new, and but
partially understood in many sections of the State, sixty-six
of those examined reached the required rank and were

20 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

admitted to the college. The lack of means and other cir-
cumstances have prevented some of these from attending.
Upwards of fifty have been in attendance, constituting one of
the best classes that was ever admitted to the college. ‘This
class will be increased by others who are soon to be ad-
mitted. The number admitted from Franklin County is
larger than from any other county in the State.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Those who enter this college are, with few exceptions,
young men who have learned by their own labor the value
of money, and are disposed to make the most of their oppor-
tunities for study and personal improvement. They are
worthy of more liberal provisions for their wants at the
college than the State has yet made.

The members of the Faculty are something more than
excellent instructors of classes; they care for the students
individually, and the students, in turn, cordially co-operate
with their instructors.

As the experiment station is now separate from the college,
we present, in connection with the reports of the several
departments of the college, a list prepared by Dr. Goess-
mann of the more important experiments carried on at the
Massachusetts Agricultural College since 1870.

1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 21

DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL |
AGRICULTURE.

President JAMES C, GREENOUGH.

Sir:—The following report on the course of instruction
in this department, for the year 1883, is respectfully pre-
sented : —

In accordance with arrangements which assigned a part of
my time to work in connection with the experiment station,
my duties at the college have been strictly confined to
instruction in the class room.

Owing to a revision of the courses of study, at the begin-
ning of the year, it has been necessary to give instruction in
special topics in a different order than that laid down in the
regular course, to bring the standing of the several classes in
agriculture in harmony with the curriculum published in the
catalogue. |

From the want of suitable text-books, instruction in agri-
culture must be given almost entirely by lectures, and a
certain amount of mental discipline, particularly in the habit
of concentrated systematic attention, is required on the part
of the student to enable him to derive the greatest profit
from them. For this reason, it seems desirable that the
course in agriculture should not begin until the last term of
the freshman year.

My aim has been, in all parts of the course, to give prom-
inence to the practical principles of the art, which represent
the accumulated experience of the best farmers.

The mission of science, in its relations to agriculture, in
its several departments of physics, — chemistry, biology
(including animal and vegetable physiology), and political

29 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

and social economy, — is to explain the established methods
of practice, interpret the more exact results obtained in
experiments, and to suggest new lines of experimental in-
quiry in regard to improved methods of practice.

The applications of science to agriculture have, therefore,
been discussed with reference to their bearing upon questions
of practical importance, and particular attention has been
given to the results of experiments which have been made
for the improvement of the art.

One of the leading objects, in the course of instruction in
agriculture, is to develop in the student correct habits of
observation, and give him a knowledge of the exact methods
of experimentation which are required for the solution of the
many problems that may present themselves in his practice.
Empirical knowledge is thus brought in contact with a con-
sistent interpretation of natural laws, and practice and
science are thus made to go hand in hand in the class-room,
as they must in the work of the farm, if the student is to
receive the full benefits of an agricultural education.
Theories are discussed with reference to their legitimate
use as a means of investigation, and they are not presented
as representing the aggregate of established truths.

In the second term of the year, lectures were given to the
sophomore class (two hours a week, or nineteen exercises)
on the history of agriculture, tracing the development of
rules of practice, — pioneer farming and mixed husbandry,
-— and the properties and management of different soils.

The junior class had a course of lectures on animal hus-
bandry (one hour each week).

The course of the senior class (two hours per week, or
nineteen exercises) embraced methods of agricultural im-
provement, including experiments and how to conduct them,
the methods and results of high farming, and the nitrification
of soils, with the practical applications indicated in the
results of experiments.

In the third term, lectures were given to the senior class
(five hours per week, or forty-five exercises) on stock-breed-
ing, mixed husbandry, drainage, and a general review of the
course.

In the first term, the sophomore class had twenty-six

1884. | SENATE — No. 5. 23

exercises in stock-breeding and animal motors, partly by
lectures and partly with text-book.

- The junior course consisted of twenty lectures on manures
and crop rotations, and a course of lectures (twenty-six
exercises) was also given to the senior class on stock
breeding.

In addition to the regular class work, a number of illus-
trated lectures have been given to the students generally,
and to the members of the Natural History Society, on
topics relating to agriculture not embraced in the regular
course.

Lectures to farmers’ clubs have likewise been given in
different parts of the State.

A class-room is very much needed for the use of this
department, and it should have connected with it a room for
apparatus and for preparing experiments to illustrate the
course, and an agricultural museum.

The advantages of object teaching in the course of instruc-
tion in agriculture are largely lost from want of a class-
room, where charts, models and selected specimens can be
displayed to illustrate the subjects under discussion.

My large collection of stereopticon views of animal
portraits and other objects, with a lantern for their exhibi-
tion, are of but little use in teaching, from the want of a
suitable room in which they can be exhibited.

It is impossible to present to the student the detailed
applications of the wide range of sciences relating to agricul-
ture, in a form that will enable him to fully appreciate them,
without the best possible facilities for illustrating the facts
presented from so many sources.

MANLY MILES,
Professor of Agriculture.

oa AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

REPORT OF J. W. CLARK,

Farm SUPERINTENDENT.

President JAMES C. GREENOUGH. °

Sir:—I have the honor to submit my report of farm
operations since April lst, 1883. During the past year the
farm was under the control of Mr. D. H. Tillson until April
1st, when it came under its present management. The plans
for the season had been formed in part, so that little change
was made in the general work of the farm; but from the
first the aim has been to systematize the work so that it
might be done with the least possible expense. In caring
for the stock it has been insisted on that it should be done
with regularity and by competent men, which shows a marked
improvement in both the yield of milk and the condition of
stock. A careful record of the number of pounds of milk
given by each cow has been kept, and such as do not prove
themselves profitable have been or will be disposed of just
as soon as they do not pay for the food consumed ; this being
the only way that stock can be kept with profit. The board-
ing-house has been supplied with milk, and some sold to
families living near the farm; the remainder has been set
and the cream sent to the Amherst Creamery, which is found
more profitable than making butter on the farm.

_ The crops grown the past season have been: corn, twelve
acres ; potatoes, four acres; fodder corn, one acre; carrots,
one and one-half acres ; mangels, one acre ; Swedish turnips,
one-half acre; buckwheat, six acres; wheat, two and one-
half acres; rye, ten acres. The corn was so injured by the
frost that not more than half a crop of sound corn was har-

1884. ] ' SENATE—No. 5. 25

vested. The buckwheat also gave promise of a large yield,
but was injured by the frost. The root crops were all good.
The greater portion of the land on which the rye was sown
was low and wet, causing much of it to be thrown out and
killed by the frost, in consequence of which the crop was
light. The hay crop was below that of previous years,
owing to the dry weather preventing the second crop, and
the practice of selling hay and grain when it should have
been fed upon the farm and the number of the stock in-
creased. The crops of the farm should be fully double what
they are at present. The soil of the farm is particularly
adapted to grass, and the farm might be made one of the
best dairy farms in the State, if the right course was taken
to reclaim the wastes of the pasture and break up and re-seed
some of the worn-out pieces of mowing, giving them a liberal
dressing of manure and draining where it is needed. This
will of necessity require considerable outlay, but it will be
money well invested. A private individual could not afford
to let his land remain in the condition of many acres on this
farm, neither can the State afford it, and the sooner every
available acre is made to produce a full crop, the sooner will
the farm become a credit to the State and a paying invest-
ment. A beginning has been made the past season. About
fourteen acres of land in the pasture that was ploughed the
year before, and left without anything being sown upon it, has
been re-ploughed and sown to rye and grass-seed, to furnish
_ pasturing where the past year was nothing but smartweed,
positively worthless for feed. Besides this, some sixteen
acres of the pasture grown up to alders, briers, etc., have
been grubbed out and ploughed, a part of it for the first
time. This, well fitted, and sown to oats and erass-seed
in the spring, will add fully thirty acres of feed to the
pasture. | |

The stock of the farm consists of 27 head of Ayrshires, 3
grade cows, 2 yoke of steers, 1 yoke of cattle, 1 fine
Guernsey bull, —a gift of Mr. W. A. Reed, of Hadley,
Mass., —and 1 Ayrshire bull presented by Ben. P. Ware,
of Marblehead, Mass.; 3 horses, 20 Berkshire swine, 3
medium Yorkshires and 1 grade hog, —all of which, with

26 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

the exception of the last mentioned, are pedigree animals,—
and 75 fowls.

In taking the inventory of stock, I have put the value
according to the worth of the animal, and what it would
sell for if placed on the market. In this way the value
of the stock can be compared from year to year, without
the uncertainty of fancy prices, for these vary greatly differ-
ent seasons, and also with different breeders, one selling an
animal for $500 which another could not for $100. I include
in this report the inventory of stock, hay, grain, etc., as I
found it April Ist, giving credit for all stock since sold and
the price received. To the value of the young stock I have
added from $5 to $15 each, according to the growth and con-
dition of the several animals. The increased value of the
steers is the increase in weight, reckoned at five cents per
pound. Comparing the value of live stock of April lst,
1883, with that of Jan. Ist, 1884, a balance is found in favor
of Jan. 1st, 1884. The value of the hay, grain, roots, etc.,
will vary little from what it was Jan. 1st, 1883. The tools
and vehicles have been taken at the value given last year,
they being fully as valuable as then. Besides doing the
regular farm work, the roads have been kept in order, grad-
ing has been done about the Drill Hall and other college
buildings, the grounds have been kept in order, the cellar
dug for the president’s house and the grounds about it
graded. The team-work of the experiment station has been
done, the crops harvested, grading about its buildings and
construction of the road upon its grounds. Besides having
charge of the farm, I have given instruction in agriculture
to the freshman class throughout the year, and also taken
charge of class work.

The first great need of the farm is to settle upon some
fixed plan for the future, to decide what branch of farming
shall be carried on, and then to work for that, and not be
shifting from one thing to another. The buildings and soil
of the farm are adapted to stock farming, and money should
be furnished with which to purchase fertilizers the coming
spring, that more hay, grain and roots may be grown, that
more stock may be kept, and in this way to improve. the

1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 27

farm by the increased amount of manure made: for the more
stock kept, the more manure, and the more manure the
greater will be the crops, and the larger the crops the more
stock can be kept. The milk can be set and the cream
taken every day by the Creamery Association, netting about
24 cents per quart for the milk set, and the skim-milk can
be fed to swine and young stock; in this way returning
nearly all of the valuable constituents of the food back
to the farm, making it better and more productive each
year.

Another need of the farm is suitable shed-room for the
wagons and carts where it will be convenient, that all such
property may be housed when not in actual use, and not be
exposed to the weather as was the case the past summer. If
the shed which now extends across the south side of the
barn-yard were moved so as to form a continuation of the
shed on the west side of the yard, a portion of it converted
into a place for storing wagons, carts, etc., much space
which is now of little use could be made valuable, and the
barn-yard which is now nearly ruined by this shed, shutting
out the sunshine, would be made comfortable during the
winter months. One end of the shed should be made into a
tenement for the help, and the farm be saved the expense of
hiring a tenement for the men, off the farm. The Agricul-
tural Department of the college needs more money than any
other branch of the institution to place it on a level with
the other departments. It has always been compelled to
take a secondary place in importance, but the time has come
when it should rank second to none, and money should be
given for a building to be known as the Agricultural Hall,
where different kinds of farm produce and implements can
be brought together to be used for illustrations. The other
departments of the institution have their collections to aid
them in explaining or applying the subjects taught, and why
not the agricultural? for a more useful and interesting col-
lection could not be brought together than one composed of
agricultural products and implements.

- The farm account from April Ist, 1883, to Jan. Ist, 1884,
without giving the farm credit for the improvement made in

28 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan,

the pasture, which cost at the lowest estimate $175, or
credit for other improvements, stands as follows : —

Expenses from April Ist, 1883, to Jan. Ist, 1884, $2,872 05
Cash received since April Ist, _. : : . PSL ooo ae
Bills handed in ‘“ Se HCH URGE ‘ 5 " : 1,067 96
Bills due, . : ; : ‘ : 290 16
Increased value of stock since April Ist, . : 177 25
—— 2,868 54
$3 51

Respectfully submitted,
J. W. CLARK.

1884. ] SENATE —No. 5. 29

REPORT OF THE BOTANIC DHEPART-
MENT.

J. C. GREENOUGH, President.

Thave the honor to report the following upon the condi-
tion of the department under my charge. |

Early in the year this department met with a great loss in
the burning of the ‘‘ Durfee Plant House” and the destruc-
tion of a large and very valuable collection of plants, includ-
ing most of the stock for the propagation of bedding plants
for the spring sales and for planting.

About 8 o’clock in the evening of January 234, fire was
discovered in the work-room, but it had gained such head-
way that nothing could save the main building. The stu-
dents were soon on the grounds, and by the use of light
snow, which was abundant, the two wings —the lily and
stove rooms, and the propagating pits were saved, although
the plants within them were very much injured. At ne
time the thermometer indicated 8° below 0°, and as soon as
the flames were under control, stoves were procured, by
which means, and covering the sides of the houses with
mats the temperature within was kept above freezing until
the boiler and pipes could be repaired, which was not until
the afternoon of the 25th. The origin of the fire cannot be
satisfactorily accounted for, but it undoubtedly started in a
pile of wood not far from the large boiler.

The wings and the pits were at once temporarily repaired,
and stock plants purchased for propagation for spring sales.
The two most valuable plants in the collection, the sago and
fan palms, were taken up as soon as possible the next morn-
ing, and although their tops were burned completely off, and
they were exposed to extreme cold for more than twelve

30 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

hours they are now growing vigorously and in a few years
will reach their original proportions.

During the summer and fall the parts of the building
destroyed have been replaced by structures which are thought
to be much more ornamental and are certainly more conven-
ient and better adapted to the work of the department. The
work-room which covers the furnace cellar is two stories
high, the lower one being divided into two rooms, one for a
reception or waiting and sales-room, and the other the work-
room proper. In the second story two rooms have been
fitted up for a study and sleeping room, while the north half
is devoted to the purposes of a tool and work room. The
foundation of this building was raised one foot higher than
that of the one destroyed, and by removing two or three
large piers and rearranging the heating pipes, more space
has been obtained, and the risk from fire very greatly
reduced.

The sales of flowers and plants for the remainder of the
winter and spring was much less than it would have been but
for this accident.

CRops.
The crops, notwithstanding the drought, have been much
better than last season. A detailed statement of the income
is appended to this report.

IMPROVEMENTS.

Among the improvements made upon the grounds of the
department are the draining of the land between the county
road and the one leading by the Botanic Museum, and the
springy side hill south-east from the plant houses. Nearly,
2,000 feet of tile was laid in the most thorough manner in
the former, and the land, which, before scarcely produced
hay enough to pay for cutting, planted with corn, cabbages,
squashes and turnips. The crops upon this land were very.
satisfactory, and it is now in the best possible condition for
almost any farm crop. The side-hill lot was underdrained
with stone-drains,—the stones being gathered from the
orchard and other land on the hill east from the plant house.
The drains are working perfectly and the land produced a
fine crop of squashes.

1884.1 SENATE — No. 5. 31

The hot-beds, which were located west of the propagating
house, have been removed to 2 more sheltered location south
of the same, and the land graded and seeded and the collec-
tion of some twenty-five varieties of Japanese maples planted
in groups or singly. More than the usual amount of work
has been done the past season in keeping the roads and walks
in good condition and in the decoration of the grounds. .

WANTS.

One of the urgent needs of this department is a barn for
keeping two horses, carriages, tools, etc., and for packing
trees and shrubs during wet weather. A cellar is also
needed for storing vegetables and fruit, and a portion of it
for storing half-hardy trees and shrubs. The barn where
the work horses and the heavy wagons and tools are now
kept is fully occupied by them; the stable in the rear of the
Botanic Museum will only accommodate one horse and hay
enough to keep it for only three or four weeks, while the
room is much needed for small tools of the department and
for a work-room. ;

When the president of the college becomes located in his
new house on the grounds, a stable will be needed to accom-
modate his horse and carriages also. These needs will
require a building 40 by 60 feet, with 14 or 16 feet posts and
a frost-proof cellar. For the construction of such a building
timber for the frame can be easily and cheaply obtained from
the chestnut grove near by, without injury to it, and pine
lumber in large quantities is already on hand at the farm
buildings.

Another urgent need is a complete set of gardening tools,
independent of those used for the ordinary business of the
department, which may always be on hand for illustration or
educational purposes.

Sources OF INCOME For 1884.

In addition to the same sources of income as the past
season, we have about one acre of asparagus, one and one-
half acres of raspberries and blackberries, and about three-
fourths of an acre of currants, all two years from planting.
Besides the above, we have about 25,000 more peach trees

32 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

for sale than last year, and a much larger general nursery
stock, and the orders now in indicate a very much larger sale
than ever before. The land under cultivation is in a much
improved condition, and having been kept quite clear from
weeds for the past three years, can be cultivated at less
expense. Nearly all the land to be planted next spring has
been’ ploughed, which will greatly assist in the work of the
spring.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

CasH Dr.
Cash on hand Jan. 1st, 1883, . : : 4 L : : $18 06
received for plants, . : : : , 5 : . 1,096 48
flowers, . : A 2 ; : ‘ 338 74
vegetables, . : : ‘ : : . 1,001 14
trees and shrubs, ; : : . se:
FRAG SOF f ; , ‘ t , ; 573 98
sundries, . : 4 ‘ ; ; 89 95
collected by Bursar, : | aa 4 : F ‘ : 450 29
income of Hills fund, : : 6 : \ : : 675 92
on hand Dee. 3lst, . is : : i ‘ : : 7 58
Total cash income, . ‘ ‘ : , : - $5,970 21

To the above should be added credits as follows : —

Outstanding bills, . ; ‘ : : ‘ . 350 65
Expense of draining side-hill ee : , . - ’ : 145 00
Expense of draining north lot, : : . : : : 215 00
Work upon roads, walks, ete., . , : ‘ : ‘ : 102 50
Planting trees along roadway,. . ONG Die 20 00
Plants for decorating grounds of farm- res ae waite . . 25 00
Increased value of produce on hand, : : : = 25 00
Increased value of grain, ; : . : : ; ; 35 00
Increased value of nursery stock, . : : ; a . 1,000 00
Value of seeds on hand, . 5 ‘ d : ‘ : ; 55 00

Total income, . : : : : é : : . $7,943 36

CasH CR.

Total cash paid out, F e 5 : : : ¢ . | 6822 5

Balance, ., : : : ‘ : ‘ : ‘ . $1,120 97

S. T. MAYNARD.

1884.) SENATE — No. 5.

APPENDIX.

4
List OF PLANTS DESIRED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES, TO REPLACE
THOSE DESTROYED BY FIRE.

Illicium religiosum,
Bixa orellana, .
Polygala Dalmaisiana,
Camellia Japonica, .

‘¢ —s Sasanqua, .
Thea Bohea,

Se VETICIS, ''.
Hiptage mandablota,
Swietenia mahagoni,
Hibiscus splendens,

‘¢ sinensis,
Pistachia lentiscus, . A
Acacia melanoxylon,
Indigo-fera tinctoria,

nf anil,
Tamarindus Indicus,
Myrtus communis,
Lagerstroemia Indica,
Eryngium eburnum,
Aralia papyrifera,

Coffea Arabica,
Posiqueria longiflora,
Montanoa hieracleifolia,
- Stylidium,

Azalea Indica,

oe. FOULICA,
Volckameria acauleata,
Cobea scandens variegata,
Stephanotus floribundus,
Olea sativa,

Mackaya bella,
Laurus camphora,

‘¢ cinnamomum,
Grevillea asplenifolia,
Piper nigra,

‘¢ betel,

*¢ cubeba, . ;
Stenocarpus Cunninghamii,

Arnotta.

Double and single.
Varieties.
Black Tea.

. Green Tea

Mahogany.

Mastic tree.
Indigo.
Tamarind.
Myrtle.

Crape Myrtle.

Paper aralia.
Coffee.

. Tree Astor.

Single and double var.

Olive.

Camphor tree.
Cinnamon ‘

Black pepper.
goetet «1 88
Cubeb ‘*

34 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Manihot utilissima, .
Croton pictum,
Artrocarpus Indicus,
Ficus elasticus,
Siphonia elastica,
Damara australis,
Cycas cercinalis,

Zamia tennifolia,
Phoenix dactylifera,
Cocos nucifera,

Elaeis guineensis,
Areca catechu,

Sagus laevis, .

Caryota urens,
Ceroxylon audicolor,
Phytelphus macrocarpa, .
Calamus Rotang,
Zinziber officinalis,
Maranta arundinacea,
Testudinaria elephantipes,
Diosperus ebenum, .
Victoria regia,

Papyrus antiquorum,
Ny mphea cceerulea,
Ouverandria fenestralis,
Dicksonia antartica,
Alsophylla Australis,
Platycerium grande,
Dendrobium nobile.

[ Jan.
Tapioca.

Bread-fruit.

India rubber.
Caoutchouc.
Broad leaved pine.
Sayo cycad.

Date palm.
Cocoa-nut palm.
Oil Ee
Betel ¢f
Sago ij
Sugar tf
Waza 6
Ivory $s
Rattan ae
Ginger.

Arrow-root.

Ebony tree.

Amazon lily.

Paper papyrus.
Blue lily.

Lace leaf.

Tree fern.

Tree fern, 6 ft. high.
Stag-horn Fern.

1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 35

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

J.C. Greenouan, President.

The instructions in theoretical and practical chemistry
during the past year have been given in conformity to the
curriculum of the college. It has been the aim ot the
instructor to make the instructions as practical as time and
circumstances admitted. The elements were treated with
reference to their importance in science and art; and the
illustrations were chosen with a design to promote the special
object of the institution, — to prepare the student for the
-various branches of industry, and of agriculture in partic-
ular. The instructions in the lecture-room are followed by
practical observations in the laboratory. The characteristics
of the various elements, and their most important compounds
are studied by chemical analysis. Mineral substances prom-
inent in the sciences and arts, as well as in agriculture are
carefully tested, and their constituents ascertained. As soon
as the student has become familiar by personal observation
with the general qualities of many of these compounds, is
competent to recognize the more common elements in their
various combinations, and comprehends the working of the
chemical laws in mineral matter, he receives a course of
instruction in organic chemistry. Lectures in chemistry,
applied in the sciences and arts, and especially in agricul-
ture, finish the course of instruction.

The following regular class instructions have been given |
during the past year: The Sophomore class has attended
one term of lectures and recitations in elementary chemistry —
on metallic elements. The Junior class has received for two
terms, instructions in analytical chemistry, on the modes of
ascertaining the constituents of industrial products. The

nee

36 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Senior class has studied for one term the composition of
ores, ashes, fertilizers, and soils.

Besides this regular class exercise, a considerable amount
of work has been carried on by special students in chemistry,
and by post-graduates of the college.

The rooms of the chemical department of the college

which have been spacious enough during past years, will be
insufficient to meet the demands of incoming larger classes,
and of the experiment station.

As it will be impossible to accommodate satisfactorily
both institutions a year hence, it seems most desirable that
action should be taken soon, to meet the growing wants of
the chemical department of the college in regard to addi
tional rooms and permanent assistance.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

1884. | SENATE — No. 5. 3

EXPERIMENTS

CARRIED ON AT THE Massacuusetts AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
SINCE 1870.

The growing of sugar-beets, the manufacture of sugar
from them, and trials of their value for cattle foods. This
industry is soon to grow up in our midst, and to absorb
large amounts of capital.

The sources of supply, and the quantity and quality of
our manurial agents. These careful scientific investiga-
tions have been the prime means of revolutionizing the man-
ufacture and trade in fertilizers, not only in ae State, but
throughout the country.

Laboratory and physical examinations of the South Caro-
lina phosphates, and trials of their agricultural value in the
raw state, and after treatment with acids.

On the use and effect of common salt, on grain and root
crops. ,

The chemical and physical condition of the salt marshes
of the State, and the devising of methods by which they can
be made available for agricultural purposes.

Experiments with compound commercial fertilizers, to test
their comparative agricultural value, and their value as com-
pared with single elements.

To determine what elements will make practically a com-
plete manure, on our average soils.

Investigations of the quality and composition of commer-
cial fertilizers offered for sale, and the protection of the
community by legal control and inspection from frauds in
them.

Observations and study of the phenomena of plant-life.

38 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. yan!

The circulation of sap in plants, and their expansive power
during growth.

To determine the proportions of different elements of
nutrition in feeding substances to be used to save needless
expense, and to produce the most certain results.

Experiments on the continuous growth of crops, on the
same soil, with chemical fertilizers alone.

The influence of different kinds of fodder-plants fed to
milch cows on the quality and quantity of their milk and
butter.

Contribution to the chemistry of American wild and culti-
vated varieties of grape-vines.

Investigations of dairy products, — oleo-margarine, Jer-
sey, and skim-milk cheese.

Examinations of animal secretions; variety of urinary
calculi, etc.

Examinations of various vegetables and fruits.

Examinations of varieties of sugar-beets raised through-
out the State of New York, Lower Canada, and the Connec-
ticut River Valley.

Investigations concerning the saccharine qualities of sev-
eral varieties of corn and melons.

Examinations and trials to test the comparative value of
different methods of setting and treating milk in the butter-
dairy. | |

Practical trials of new implements, and a great variety of
farm machinery.

- Investigations as to the effect of girdling fruit-trees and
plants to hasten the time of ripening, and to improve the
quality of the fruits.

The effect of chemical salts on the carbo-hydrate contents
of plants, and the quality of the fruits.

The construction and repair of common roads.

The growing of early-amber cane, and the manufacture of
sugar from its juice.

The influence of temperature, and the vital functions of
plants, and temperature of soils and air, on the changes in
form of water in soils, and plants and vapor in air.

Investigations in relation to the evaporation and percola-
tion of water from the soil.-

1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 39

The tilling of soils of different characteristics, as affecting
the loss of water by evaporation.

~The determination of the elements of plant nutrition lost
from the soil by leaching, and of those it retains.

Investigations in relation to the comparative temperature
of the soil and air by day and by night.

The establishment of true meridian lines, to regulate the
practice of surveying.

The comparative study of milk of different breeds of
cows.

Accurate investigations of the comparative nutritive and
feeding value of Northern, Southern and Western varieties
of Indian corn.

Experiments regarding diseased peach trees, yellows, etc.

Experiments regarding the influence of special manures
on fruits, etc.

40 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.

The work of the mathematical department during the past
year has been conducted upon the plan indicated in the last
annual report. The only variation in the amount or order
of work indicated in that schedule was the substitution of
nine hours instead of five hours for instruction in surveying
during the third term. Much of this time was occupied in
actual field practice, making surveys by various methods,
and plotting and calculating areas from the notes. The
revised course increases slightly the time devoted to. mathe-
matical studies, but the changes are so immaterial that the
schedule presented in the present report may be referred to
for an outline of the work of this department during the
past as well as the present year.

Some obstacles to satisfactory work in this department
still present themselves. Although the average scholarship
of the present freshman class is creditable, and in the case
of a few individuals very gratifying, there is a greater
diversity of ability and attainment than is noticeable in
institutions whose students have all been subjected to a
somewhat uniform course of preparatory training. As a
result, there is difficulty in allotting work sufficiently rigid
to properly occupy the better trained members of the class,
which shall not overburden and discourage the less forward
ones. This evil manifests itself especially in the study of
algebra. The progress of the class during the past term
has therefore been retarded by the necessity of an effort to
bring the poorly trained students into line. It is impossible
to entirely obviate this difficulty by increasing the require-
ments for admission. The remedy lies in the hands of the
teachers of high schools throughout the State, upon whom

1884.] SENATE —No. 5. 41

rests the responsibility of giving a thorough drill in the
principles and operations of elementary algebra to all young
men anticipating membership in this college.

Another obstacle is the deficiency in the apparatus for
illustrating sound, heat and light, branches of science which
especially require demonstration to the senses. An ade-
quate enlargement of the physical cabinet is certainly one ©
’ of the most stringent needs of the institution.

The mathematics comprise the chief disciplinary studies
of the course; therefore my first aim is to develop in the
students the mental habit of exactness, not only indispen-
sable for mastery of the pure mathematics, but the first
requisite for successful pursuit of all branches of science.
My second aim is to introduce such exercises as will stimu-
late ingenuity and originality. My third aim is to give a
practical bearing to all studies, by means of experiment and
illustration drawa from familiar fields of observation.

AUSTIN B. BASSETT.

42 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. | Jan.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND THE
MODERN LANGUAGES.

President JAMES C. GREENOUGH.

Str :—TI have the honor to submit the following report
of the department of modern languages and English liter-
ature.

The course as now established does not differ materially
from that of preceding years. Its most essential feature is
the making optional the study of French and German. The
change in the time of commencing these studies, making
them coincide with the opening of the college year, cannot
fail to be of practical advantage to the student, allowing him
three consecutive terms of work without the intervening of
the long summer vacation. The method of instruction pur-
sued has been the same in both languages, the object being
to secure fluency and ease in translation rather than to make
finished scholars. To this end the first term has been de-
voted to mastering the general principles of grammar, the
rules for pronunciation, and the reading of some light, easy
work. In the second term, more advanced translation has
been attempted, usually from some standard author in fiction
or history ; while in the third, the selection has been made
of a scientific work, which should combine practice in trans-
lation with information in some one of the various depart-
ments of agriculture. In this way have been read, among
other books, Puys— Plants under Glass ; Marion — Wonders
of Vegetation; Vaulx — What Constitutes a Dairy ; Schlei-
den — Plant-Life ; Prosch — Breeding and Care of Cattle ;
Peschel — Physical Geography.

The instruction in English literature has been partly oral

1884. ] SENATE —No. 5. 43

and partly by the study of a text-book. A series of lectures
on the great race epochs of English history opened the
course, and the text-book has been supplemented by lectures
at the close of each literary period. English history and
English literature have been, as far as practicable, taught
together, and it has been the constant aim to make the one
the complement of the other.

MILITARY DEPARTMENT.

JAMES C. GREENOUGH,
President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Str:—I have the honor to submit the following brief
report, and to append the theoretical and practical course of
the military department, with the names and grades of those
holding official places in the present battalion organization.

It is a pleasure to note a general improvement in all which
pertains to this department. A building enclosing recita-
tion-room, office, armory and an ample drill-hall has finally
been completed. Its tasteful design adds much to the
appearance of the grounds, and it at once embodies and.
supplies the needs which have been particularly apparent in
winter, a season which inclines the student to the least exer-
cise. Much of the old regalia, as hats, plumes, sashes, has
been replaced by new. A small but growing military library,
thoroughly interesting to all, has been established. A few
samples of powder, shells, fuzes, etc., form the basis of a
museum which, improved, will materially aid in giving the
student proper ideas of Ordnance. ‘The interest, discipline
and information of the students are constantly improving,
and the present assurance of larger classes is the sure pre-
cursor of still greater advancement. In considering the
scope of this department, the plan thus far followed has been
to take a middle course in discipline and instruction between
a distinctly military institution like our National Academy,
and the ordinary literary college. Due recognition is given
to the claims of the United States, its purpose in founding
this and similar colleges, — and to the fact that the student
after graduation is not identified with, dependent upon or
especially aided by the government. The tactical instruc-

1884.1] SENATE —No. 5. 45

tion has therefore been confined to the time devoted by the
best colleges to calisthenics. The student acquires with his
physical exercise what will be of mutual profit to his country
and himself in case of need. Should our volunteer soldiery
be called into active service, the average graduate of this
college could not fail to secure an honorable position at once.
The varied drills, mainly in the open air, besides exercising
every part of the body, and under the most favorable cir-
cumstances, for health, — have a purpose beyond the devel-
opment of the mere physical man. The student must use
his reason, his voice, his body. He must control himself as
well as others. The artillery, mortar, company, skirmish
and battalion drills have each their different commands,
different formations and distinctive objects. They are alike
only in requiring exact discipline, quick and implicit obe-
dience from the instructed; from the instructors, — usually
seniors, — a comprehension of their purposes and a capacity -
to control and command obedience from others. To be
straightened into ‘‘ the position of the soldier,” once, is to be
benefited ; and no estimate can be made of the good derived
by those who even reluctantly are brought to a regular
methodical course of drills for four years. These matters
are not sufficiently considered when boys are sent away from
their homes for an advanced education. The weekly inspec-
tion of the dormitories, and the daily inspection at all drills,
are calculated to remedy the careless tendencies of students
by the enforcement of personal neatness, which is the basis
of a proper, healthful and instructed life. ‘Tactical studies
are taken in regular course, but not to exceed one hour per
week during the first term of each school year for each of
the junior classes. The time thus employed, as it is distrib-
uted is scarcely missed, and more perfected practical instruc-
tion is thus permitted. The studies pursued by the seniors,
amounting to two hours each week through the year, alone
take appreciable time from the students. They are ar-
ranged to include the elements of fortifications and ord-
nance, especially useful in war, —a brief survey of Consti-
tutional and military law, and much important history, by
the review of prominent campaigns of ancient and modern
times. Itis not desired to give exact information concerning

46 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

marches, camping, field fortifications, and such other matters
as would be of especial importance to field and company
officers in the service; but rather to excite some taste for
the future reading of military works, than to go into the
_ reasons for intricate strategic movements. It is hoped that
the State or general government will respond to a demand
for a second platoon of field pieces, which the increasing
numbers in the lower classes will soon require. It is pro-
posed, commencing with the next school year, for obtaining
more perfect quiet in the dormitories during study hours, to
place cadet officers, under proper regulations, in control
of the different entries. The best results are anticipated
where interest and the confidence reposed, combine to urge
a strict compliance with the requirements. I take this oppor-
tunity of urging that a more intimate connection be recom-
mended to His Excellency the Governor, between this
corps as an organization and the State militia. Massachu-
setts takes much merited pride in her present organization,
and a wisdom among legislators and officials which recog-
nizes the necessity of having an experienced body of State
troops ever ready, — must see the desirability of giving the
students of the State College, where military duties are an
essential feature, an opportunity for a few weeks camp
life, yearly. It seems practical that this corps should be
placed on the same footing with regimental organizations of
the State, transported to Framingham, and paid at the same
rates as the same grades in the militia. Two weeks yearly
in camp, at a convenient time in the summer, would be of
the greatest advantage. The few hundreds thus expended
would be an economical outlay, and some additional inter-
est might be excited in the State college, and in the stu-
dents who seek an education there which prepares them at
once to be intelligent men in peace and valuable soldiers
in war.
Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

VICTOR A. BRIDGMAN,
Ist Lieut. 2d U.S Artillery,
Prof. of Military Sctence and Tactics

1884. | SENATE — No. 5. 47

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CouURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

THEORY.

Fall term, Freshman year. One hour per week for the
term. Recitations in infantry tactics (Upton’s). School of
the Soldier. School of the Company. Skirmish drill.

Fall term, Sophomore year. One hour per week for the
term. Recitations in U. 8. Artillery tactics. School of the
Soldier (dismounted), sabre exercise, manual of the piece
and mechanical manceuvres, bayonet exercise (infantry tac-
tics). Ammunition, equipment of carriages. Modified ser-
vice of 8-inch mortars.

Fall term, Junior year. Recitations in infantry tactics
(Upton’s). One hour per week for the term. School of the
battalion. Ceremonies. Company and field service.

MiIniraArRy SCIENCE.

This instruction is given to seniors, extending thr ough the
entire college year, two hours per week.

It will inohide, in the form of lectures and recitations from
selected text-books, the following subjects : — Ordnance and
Gunnery ; constitutional and military law and history ; cam-
paigns and battles; systems of warfare, present and past;
an elementary course in strategy and engineering. It will
be modified by such additions and changes as shall seem de-
sirable. Essays are required from each senior on military
subjects, when they have become sufficiently instructed to
prepare them advantageously. These papers will be read in
the recitation room for general note and criticism, or before
the entire college. One set, all upon the same subject, are
written for prizes, — the award being made by a board of
army officers. The successful competitors read their produc-
tions at the graduating exercises. Subject for the class of
1883, Military education as a factor of American govern-
ment.

The competition of the class of 1883 resulted as fol-
lows : —

48 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

Boarp oF AWARD.

First Lieutenant C. A. L. Totten, Fourth Artillery.
First Lieutenant A. B. Dyer, Fourth Artillery.
Lieutenant H. A. Springett, Fourth Artillery.

Subject.

Military Education as a Factor of American Government.

Award.

First prize, $25. J.B. Lindsey, Marblehead.
Second prize, $15. 8. M. Holman, Jr., Attleborough.

Especial Mention.
S. C. Bagley, Boston, and E. A. Bishop, Diamond Hill, R. I.

PRACTICE.

All students, unless disqualified physically, are required to
attend prescribed military exercises, those who pursue spe-
cial or partial courses at the college not being exempt so long
as they remain at the institution. By the commencement of
their second term, students are required to provide them-
selves with a full uniform, comprising coat, blouse, trowsers,
cap, white gloves, etc., all of which costs about $30. Cor-
rectness of deportment and discipline are required of all, the
routine of the West Point Academy being followed as closely
as circumstances will permit. To insure a proper sanitary
condition of the college, the commandant makes careful in-
spections of all rooms and college buildings each Saturday
morning, during which all students in full uniform are re-
quired to be in their rooms, for the proper police of which
they are held to a strict accountability.

At the beginning of each term, issues of such equipments
as they will require are made to all students. They will be
charged for all injury, loss, and for any neglect in the care
of the same.

For practical instruction, the following public property is
in the hands of the college authorities : —

One platoon of light Napoleons (dismounted).

One six-pounder with limber and equipments.
Seventy-five sabres and belts.

One hundred and fifty breech loading rifles (cadet model).

1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 49

Several accurate target ritles.

Two 8-inch siege mortars, with complete equipments.

For practice firing, the United States furnishes blank-car
tridges for all guns, and ball-cartridges for rifle practice,
which is encouraged by the department.

Drills, amounting to rather less than four hours per week,
are as follows : —

Infantry : schools of the soldier, company, and battalion ;
manual of arms, and sword; bayonet exercise, skirmish drill,
target practice ; ceremonies, marches, field service.

Artillery : schools of the soldier, detatchment, and battery
(dismounted). Mortar drill, sabre exercise, pointing, and
field service.

BATTALION ORGANIZATION.

For instruction in infantry tactics and discipline, the ca-
dets are organized into a battalion of two or more companies
under the commandant. The officers, commissioned and non-
commissioned, are selected from those cadets who are best
instructed and most soldier-like in the discharge of their
duties. As arule, the commissioned officers are taken from.
the seniors, the sergeants from the juniors, and the corporals
from the sophomores. All seniors are detailed to act as com-
Missioned oflicers.

Commissioned Staff.

J. E. GOLDTHWaIT, First Lieut and Adjutant.
H. D. HOLLAND, First Lieut. and Quartermaster

Non-commissioned Staff.
G H. BARBER, Sergeani-Major.
. W. BROWNE, Quariermaster Sergeant.

‘@)

Color Guard.

Sergeants — E. R. FLINT, National Colors; H. HOWELL, State Colors.
Corporals —G. W. WHEELER; C. W. CLapp; K. SANBORN
Privates —L. J. DE ALMEIDA; J. A. NasH; E. D. WINSLOW.

Captains.
(. HErRMs, Co. A. E. A. JONES, Co. B. »

Lieutenants.
L. SMITH, Co. A. G. H. Putnam, Co. A.. E. W. ALLEN, Co. B,

50 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan. ’84-

First Sergeants.

P. C. P. BRooKs, Co. A. C. S. PHELPS, Co. B.
Sergeants. -
E. R. Frnt, Co. A. H. HOWELL, Co. B.
C. S. CuTtTER, Co. A. B. TEKIRIAN, Co. B.
Corporais.

A.L Kinney, Co. A. C. W.CLApp, Co,A. K. SANBORN, Co. A.
G. W. WHEELER, Co. B. C. F. W. FELT, Co. B. W. Ayrzs, Co. B.

CATALOGUE

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND STUDENTS,

1885.

CALENDAR FOR 1884.

The third term of the collegiate year begins April 9th and con-
tinues till June 25th. |

The first term begins Wednesday, Sept. 10th, and continues till
Dec. 18th. .

The second term begins Jan. 7th and continues till March 31st,
1885. :

There will be an examination of candidates for admission to the
college, at the Botanic Museum, at 9 a.m., Tuesday, June 24th,
and also on Tuesday, Sept. 9th.

The Farnsworth Prize Declamations take place Monday even-
ing, June 23d.

The public examination of the graduating class for the Grinnell
Prize for excellence in Agriculture, will take place on Tuesday
forenoon, June 24th.

The exercises of Graduation Day occur June 25th.

TRUSTEES, OVERSEERS, FACULTY AND
STUDENTS.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

Members Ex-Officiis.

His EXCELLENCy GEO. D. ROBINSON, Governor of the Commonwealth,
JAMES C. GREENOUGH, President of the College.

JOHN W. DICKINSON, Secretary of Board of Education.

JOHN E. RUSSELL, Secretary of Board of Agriculture.

Members by Election. —

MARSHALL P. WILDER, Bosron.
CHARLES G. DAVIS, . , : ; PLYMOUTH.
HENRY COLT, : ; ; ? : ; PITTSFIELD.
PHINEAS STEDMAN, . : : ; CHICOPEE.
HENRY L. WHITING, . _ ; ; CAMBRIDGE.
DANIEL NEEDHAM, . 2 : : ; GROTON.
WILLIAM KNOWLTON, . ; : : UPTON.

JOHN CUMMINGS, ; ; d é : WOBURN.
JAMES S. GRINNELL,. ... . GREENFIELD.
BENJAMIN P. WARE, . i : 4 : MARBLEHEAD.
O. B. HADWEN, . : ; , WORCESTER.
GEORGE NOYES, . ‘ } i ; i Boston.

J. H. DEMOND, .. : J ; A : ‘ NORTHAMPTON.
EDWARD C. CHOATE, : : ; ; SOUTHBOROUGH.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. —

JAMES C. GREENOUGH, JOHN E. RUSSELL,

O. B. HADWEN, J. H. DEMOND,

BENJAMIN P. WARE, GEORGE NOYES.
SECRETARY.

CHARLES L. FLINT or Boston.

AUDITOR.
HENRY COLT or PITTSFIELD.

54 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

TREASURER.
DANIEL NEEDHAM oF Groton.

BOARD OF OVERSEERS,
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

EXAMINING COMMITTEE OF OVERSEERS.

GEORGE JEWETT, . : ; , : of Fitchburg.
AVERY P. SLADE, . : ; of Somerset.
WILLIAM R. SESSIONS, . : RCO : f of Hampden.
DANIEL E. DAMON, . : : ; of Plymouth.
ATKINSON C. VARNUM, . ; of Lowell.
JONATHAN BUDDINGTON, . of Leyden.

MEMBERS OF FACULTY.
PAUL A. CHADBOURNE, D. D., LL. D.,
President.*

JAMES C. GREENOUGH, M. A.,
President. |
College Pastor and Professor of Mental and Moral Science.
Provisional Instructor of Political Economy and History.
LEVI STOCKBRIDGE,
Honorary Professor of Agriculture.

HENRY H. GOODELL, M. A.,

Professor of Modern Languages and English Literature.
Provisional Instructor of Rhetoric and English Composition.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN, Pu. D.,
Professor of Chemistry.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, B. S.,
Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

AUSTIN B. BASSETT, A. B.,

Professor of Mathematics and Physics.
Provisional Instructor in Elocution.

MANLY MILES, M.D,
Professor of Agriculture.

Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Veterinary Science.

* Died February 23, 1883.

1884. ] SENATE — No. 5.

4y5)

FIRST LIEUT. VICTOR H. BRIDGMAN, Second Artillery, U.S. A.,

Professor of Military Science and Tactics.

HORACE E. STOCKBRIDGE, Pu. D.,
Assistant Professor of Chemistry.

JOHN F. WINCHESTER, D. V.S.,

- Lecturer on Veterinary Science and Practice.

ROBERT W. LYMAN, Esq.,

Lecturer on Rural Law.

EDWARD HITCHCOCK, Jr., M. D.,
Special Instructor in Elocution.

WINFRED A. STEARNS, A. B.,
Instructor in Entomology.

FREDERICK TUCKERMAN, M. D.,
Instructor in Physiology.

JOHN W. CLARK, B.S.,
Farm Superintendent and Instructor in Agriculture.

LEVI R. TAFT, B.S
Bursar and Assistant Professor in Horticulture.

GRADUATES OF 1883.*

Bagley, Sydney Currier, . . Boston.
Bishop, Edgar Allen (Boston nee . . Diamond Hill, R. I.
Braune, Domingos Henrique, : - Nova Friburgo, Brazil.

Hevia, Alfred Armand (Boston Univ.), . Havana, Cuba.
Holman, Samuel Morey, Jr. (Boston ,

Winiv.),. Attleborough.
Lindsey, Joseph ean dFoston Univ), Marblehead.
Minott, Charles Walter (Boston Univ.), Westminster.

Nourse, David Oliver (Boston Univ.), . Bolton.

Preston, Charles Henry (Boston Univ.), . Danvers.

Wheeler, Homer Jay (Boston Univ.), . Bolton.
Total, : ; :

* The Annual Report, being made in January, necessarily includes parts of two
academic years; and the catalogue gives the names of such students as have been

connected with the college during any portion of the year 1883.

56. | AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

SENIOR CLASS.

Herms, Charles, : : . Louisville, Ky.
Holland, Harry Picwinson: , . Amherst.
Jones, Elisha Adams, : - : . Rockville.
Owen, Henry Willard, : ; : «, Amherst.
Smith, Llewellyn, . : : : . Amherst.
Total, . : 5 ; : ‘ : E i : PANS

JUNIOR CLASS.

Allen, Edwin West, . i i . Amherst.
Almeida, Luciano José de, q . Bananal, Sao Paulo, Brazil:
Barber, George Holcomb, . Glastonbury, Ct.
Brooks, Paul Cuff Phelps, { . Boston,
Browne, Charles William, ; : . Salem.
Buffington, Charles Owen, ; : . Ware
Chadbourne, Albert Hopkins, . d , Ambherst.
Cutter, Charles Sumner, : . Arlington.
Flint, Edward Rawson, . ; : . Boston.
Goldthwait, Joel Ernest, . . . Marblehead.
Howell, Hezekiah, . : , : . Blooming Grove, N. Y.
Leary, Lewis Calvert, : . Amberst.
Nash, John Adams, . ; . Ambherst.
Phelps, Charles Shepard, . : ; . West Springfield.
Putnam, George Herbert, . : . Millbury.
Spaulding, Charles Plumb, : i . Amherst.
Taylor, Isaac Newton, Jr., , . Northampton.
Tekirian, Benoni, : ; ‘ . Yozgad, Turkey.
Whittemore, Joseph Sidney, . Leicester.
otal... ; as : ; : : : ee

SOPHOMORE CLASS.

Atkins, William Holland, . f : . Westfield.

Ayres, Winfield, , . Oakham.

Barker, John King, . . .. . . Three Rivers.
Bement, John Emery, : : : . North Amherst.
Carpenter, David Frederic, : ’ . Millington.

Clapp, Charles Wellington, . . Montague.
Copeland, Alfred Bigelo, . ‘ . Springfield.
Doucet, Walter Hobart, . : 4 . Philadelphia, Penn.
Eaton, William Alfred, . : : . Piermont-on-Hudson, N. Y.
Felt, Charles Frederic Wilson, . . Northborough.
Fowler, John Henry, : : ‘ . Westfield.

Kinney, Arno Lewis, : : . Lowell.

Lang, Charles Joseph, 4 ; ; . Washington, D. C.
Leland, William Edwin, . ’ 2) ib «/y), aratton,
Mackintosh, Richards Bryant, . . Dedham.

Palmer, Robert Manning, . Brookline.

1884. ] | SENATE—No. 5.

Sanborn, Kingsbury,
Smith, Walter Storm,
Stone, George Edward,
Stone, George Sawyer,

Wheeler, George Waterbury,

Winslow, Edgar Daniel,
Total,

FRESHMAN

Allen, Frederick Cunningham,

Almeida, Augusto Luis de,
Ateshian, Osgan Hagope, .
Avery, David Ebenezer,
Ball, William Monroe,
Barrett, Edward William,
Bond, Richard Henry,
Breen, Timothy Richard,
Brown, Herbert Lewis,

Caldwell, William Hudson,

Carpenter, Frank Berton,
Chapin, Clinton Gerdine,
Chase, William Edward,
Clarke, Frank Scripture,
Cushman, Ralph Henry,
Daniels, Joseph Frank,
Davis, Fred Augustus,
Duncan, Richard Francis,
Felton, Truman Page,

_ Fisherdick, Cyrus Webster,
Fowler, Fred Homer,

Hathaway, Bradford Oakman,

Howe, Clinton Samuel,
Kasmire, George Frank,
Long, Stephen Henry,
Marsh, James Morrill,

Marshall, Charles Leander,

Martin, Joseph, second,

Meehan, Thomas Francis Benedict,

Merchant, Charles Eddy, .
Merritt, Walter Heston,
Nourse, Silas Johnson,
Osterhout, Jeremiah Clark,
Paine, Ansel Wass,

Rice, Thomas, second,

Rideout, Henry Norman reap wiotth,

Robinson, George Prescott,
“Rose, Newton Augustus,

Shaughnessy, John Joseph,

Lawrence,
Syracuse, N. Y.
Spencer.

Otter River.
Deposit, N. Y.
Ware.

CLASS.

West Newton.

Bananal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Sivas, Turkey.
Plymouth.
Amherst.

Milford.

Brookline.

Ware.

Peabody.
Peterborough, N. H.

. Leyden.

Chicopee.
Warwick.
Lowell.
Bernardston.
Somerville.
Lynn.
Williamstown.
Berlin.
Palmer.

North Hadley.
New Bedford.
Marlborough.
New Bedford.
East Shelbourne.
Lynn.

Lowell.
Marblehead.
Boston.

East Weymouth.
Amherst.
Bolton.
Lowell.
Boston.
Shrewsbury.
Quincy.
Northampton.
Fitchburg.
Stowe.

Stone, Fremont Ernest,

Tolman, William Nichols,

Torelly, Firmino da Silva,

Tucker, Frederick Deming, ;

White, Herbert Judson, :
Rotaileisa:

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

[ Jan.

Heath.

Concord

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Monson.

Post-GRADUATES.

Brewer, B.S., Charles,

* Floyd, B.S., Charles Walter (Boston
Univ.),

Groeger, Gustavus (ica: 18 Ae)

Hills, B.S., Joseph Lawrence (Boston
Univ.),

Jaqueth, Isaac eUicee

Kingman, B.S., Morris Bird,

Lindsey, B.S., Joseph oe (Boston
Univ.),

Myrick, B. S., iaeernens

Nourse, B.S., David Ghee: (Boston
Univ.),
Preston, BS., Ghanies Hence Boston
Univ.),

Taft, B.S., ie Renee (Boston Cae

Washburn, B.S., John Hosea (Boston
Univ.), : ;
Wheeler, BS., Homer Jay (Boston
Univ.),
Total,

SUMMARY.

Post-Graduates,
Graduates of 1883,
Senior Class,
Junior Class,
Sophomore Class,
Freshman Class,

Total,

GRADUATES.

Wakefield.
44
Amherst.
Boston.
Amherst.
Boston.
Liverpool, N. Y.
Amherst.
Marblehead.
Concord.
Bolton.
Danvers.
Amherst.
Mansfield, Ct.
Bolton.
13
13
10
5
19
4
44
113

Allen, Francis S., ’82, 141 West Fifty-fourth St., New York City, Student,

American Veterinary College.

* Died October 10, 1888, of consumption.

and Surgeon.

ee ies Salesman, Bowker

Fertilizer Co.

Barri, John A., 75, Water St. and Fairfield Ave., Bridgeport, Conn.,
Chittenden, Barri & Sanderson, National Fertilizer Co.

Bassett, Andrew L., °71, New York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R. R. &
Steamship Co.

Beach, Charles E., ’82, care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., Farmer.

Bell, Burleigh C., 72, 16th and Howard Sts., San Francisco, Cal., Drug--
gist and Chemist.

Bellamy, John, ’76, 659 Washington St., Boston, Nichols, Bellamy & Co.
Hardware and Cutlery.

Benedict, John M., °74, Commercial Block, Bank St., Waterbury, Conn.,
Physician.

Benson, Davide H., 77, North Weymouth, Analytical and Consulting
Chemist and Superintendent of Chemical Works, Bradley Fertilizer
Co.

Bingham, Eugene P., ’82, 13 Foster Wharf, Boston, Bingham & Bennison,
Makers of Embalming and Disinfecting Fluids.

Birnie, William P., 71, Springfield, Salesman, Birnie Paper Co.

Bishop, Edgar A., ’83, Diamond Hill, R. L., Farmer.

Bishop, William H., 82, Tongaloo, Miss., Superintendent of Industrial

' Department, Tongaloo University.

Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt:, Farm Laborer.

Boutwell, Willie L., 78, Leverett, Farmer.

Bowker, William H., 71, 48 Chatham St., Boston, President Bowker

| Fertilizer Co.

Bowman, Charles A., ’81, Brookline, Civil Engineer.

Boynton, Charles E., ’81, Groveland, Lecturer.

Bragg, Everett B., ’75, Glidden & Curtis, Tremont Bank Building, Bos-
ton, Chemist.

Braune, Domingos H., "83, Nova Fribu rgo, Province of Rio de Janeiro
Brazil, Planter.

Brett, William F., 72, Brockton, Clerk, R. H. White & Co., 518 Washing-

ton St., Boston.

Brewer, Charies, 77, Orange, Florist.

Brigham, Arthur A., 78, Marlborough, Farmer.

Brodt, Harry S., ’82, Frankfort, N. Y., Surveying, North Re Construc-
_ tion Co., N. Y. West Shore & Buffalo R. R.

Brooks, William P., °75, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agriculture, Japan
Agricultural College.

anieer Madison, ’75, Newton, Veterinary Surgeon,

Callender, Thomas R., 75, Everett, Florist,

58 AG.

Stone, Fremont Erni
Tolman, William N
Torelly, Firmino da
Tucker, Frederick I
White, Herbert Jud —
Total,

Brewer, B.S., Charles,

* Floyd, B.S., hanes Walter
Univ.),

Groeger, one (Utne. of Toa),

Hills, B.S., Joseph Lawrence (Reston
Univ.), ; :

Jaqueth, eae daa! eas

Kingman, B.S., Morris Bird, :

Lindsey, B.S., Joseph pant (Boston
Univ.),

Myrick, B. Bh he ene ,

David Oliver

(Boston

Nourse, B.S.,
Univ.),

Preston, B. - Chawids Henny (Boston
Univ.), ;

Taft, B.S., ten eee (Basten Cae),
Washburn, B.S., John Hosea (Boston
Univ.),
Wheeler,
Univ.), ; : ;
Motaly ie : ; i

BS., Mamett Jay (Boston

SUMMARY.

Post-Graduates,
Graduates of 1883,
Senior Class,
Junior Class,
Sophomore Class,
Freshman Class,

Total,

; GRADUATES.
Allen, Francis S., °82, 141 West Fifty-fourth St., New York City, Student,

American Veterinary College.

* Died October 10, 1883, of consumption.

Amherst.

Boston.
Amherst.

Boston.
Liverpool, N. Y.
Amherst.

Marblehead.
Concord.

Bolton.

Danvers. :
Amherst. - j

Mansfield, Ct.

eee ee

Bolton.

—
iy)
a ee ay a eee ee eee

1884.) SENATE — No. 5. 59

Allen, Gideon H., ’71, Winfield, Cowley Co., Kans., Agent, Wells, Fargo
& Co.’s Express.

Aplin, George T., °82, East Putney, Vt., Farmer.

Bagley, David A., 76.

Bagley, Sydney Currier, ’83, 62 Sudbury St., Boston, Clerk and Assistant
Gary Magneto-Signal Co,

Baker, David E., ’78, Newton Lower Falls, Physician and Surgeon.

Barrett, Joseph F., 75, 84 Broad St., New York City, Salesman, Bowker

Fertilizer Co.

Barri, John A., 775, Water St. and Fairfield Ave., Bridgeport, Conn.,
Chittenden, Barri & Sanderson, National Fertilizer Co.

Bassett, Andrew L., 71, New York City, Clerk, Vermont C. R. R. &
Steamship Co.

Beach, Charles E., ’82, care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., Farmer.

Bell, Burleigh C., °72, 16th and Howard Sts., San Francisco, Cal., Drug--
gist and Chemist.

Bellamy, John, ’76, 659 Washington St., Boston, Nichols, Bellamy & Co.>
Hardware and Cutlery.

Benedict, John M., 74, Commercial Block, Bank St., Waterbury, Conn.,
Physician.

Benson, Davide H., 77, North Weymouth, Analytical and Consulting
Chemist and Superintendent of Chemical Works, Bradley Fertilizer
Co.

Bingham, Eugene P., 82, 13 Foster Wharf, Boston, Bingham & Bennison,
Makers of Embalming and Disinfecting Fluids.

Birnie, William P., °71, Springfield, Salesman, Birnie Paper Co.

Bishop, Edgar A., ’83, Diamond Hill, R. I., Farmer.

Bishop, William H., 82, Tongaloo, Miss., Superintendent of Industrial

Department, Tongaloo University.

Blanchard, William H., ’74, Westminster, Vt:, Farm Laborer.

Boutwell, Willie L., ’°78, Leverett, Farmer.

Bowker, William H., 71, 43 Chatham St., Boston, President Bowker
Fertilizer Co.

Bowman, Charles A., ’81, Brookline, Civil Engineer.

Boynton, Charles E., 81, Groveland, Lecturer.

Bragg, Everett B., °75, Glidden & Curtis, Tremont Bank Building, Bos-
ton, Chemist.

Braune, Domingos H., ’83, Nova Fribu rgo, Province of Rio de Janeiro
Brazil, Planter.

Brett, William F., 72, Brockton, Clerk, R. H. White & Co., 518 Washing-
ton St., Boston.

Brewer, Charies, 77, Orange, Florist.

Brigham, Arthur A., ’78, Marlborough, Farmer.

Brodt, Harry S., ’82, Frankfort, N. Y., Surveying, North River Construc-
tion Co., N. Y. West Shore & Buffalo R. R.

Brooks, William P., 75, Sapporo, Japan, Professor of Agriculture, Japan
Agricultural College. .

Bunker, Madison, ’75, Newton, Veterinary Surgeon.

Callender, Thomas R., ’75, Everett, Florist,

60 AGRICULTURAL ‘COLLEGE. [Jan.

Campbell, Frederick G., 75, West Westminster, Vt., Farmer.

Carr, Walter F., ’81, Boston, Student, Massachusetts Institute of Tech:
nology.

Caswell, Lilley B., 71, Athol, Civil Engineer and Farmer.

Chandler, Edward P., °74, Andersonville, Montana, Cattle Raiser.

Chandler, Everett S.,’82, 20 Orchard St., North Cambridge, Student, Har-
vard Law School.

Chapin, Henry E , ’81, Chicago, Ils., “‘ Farmers’ Review,” Journalist.

Chickering, Darius O ,’76, Enfield, Farmer.

Choate, Edward C., ’78, Southborough, Farmer.

Clark, Atherton, ’77, 131 Tremont St., Boston, Clerk.

Clark, John W., 72, Amherst, Farm Superintendent, Agricultural Col-
lege, and Assistant Professor of Agriculture. |

Clark, Xenos, Y., 78, P. O. Box, 1151, Boston, Scientist.

*Clay, Jabez W.., 75.

Coburn, Charles F., ’78, Lowell, Teller, Five Cents Savings Bank, and
Editor ‘“* Daily Citizen.”

Cooper, James W., jr., 82, East Bridgewater, Drug Clerk.

Cowles, Frank C., °72, City Engineer’s Office, Worcester, Civil Engineer.

Cowles, Homer L., ’°71, Amherst, Farmer.

+Curtis, Wolfred F., °74. %

Cutter, John A, ’82, 213 West Thirty-fourth St., New York City, Student
at Albany Medical College.

Cutter, John C., °72, Sapporo, Japan, Consulting Physician Sapporo Ken
Hospital and Professor of Physical and Comparative Anatomy,
Imperial College of Agriculture.

Damon, Samue! C., ’82, Lancaster, Farmer.

Deuel, Charles F., ’76, Amherst, Druggist.

Dickinson, Richard S , ’°79, Columbus, Neb., Farmer.

Dodge, George R., ’75, Brighton, Superintendent of Factory, Bowker
Fertilizer Co.

Dyer, Edward N., 72, Kohala, S. I., Pastor Native Church.

Easterbrook, Isaac H., ’72, Diamond Hill, R. I., Farmer.

Eldred, Frederick C , 73, 128 Chambers St., New York City, New York
Manager of Montpelier Carriage Co.

Ellsworth, Emory A., ’71, 164 High St., Holyoke, Architect and Mechan-
ical and Civil Engineer.

Fairfield, Frank H.,’81, 30 Kilby St., Boston, Standard Fertilizer Co.,
Chemist.

Fisher, Jabez F., 71, Fitchburg, Freight Cashier, Fitchburg R. R. Co.

Fiske, Edward R.., ’72, 625 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., Folwell Bro.
& Co., Merchant.

Flagg, Charles O., ’72, Diamond Hill, R. I., Farmer.

Flint, Charles L., jun., ’81, 29 Newbury St., Boston, no business.

tFloyd, Charles W.., ’82.

Foot, Sanford D.,’78, Paterson, N. J., Kearney & Foot, File Manufacturers.

* Died Oct. 1, 1880, of pneumonia, at New York City.
+ Died Nov. 8, 1878, of inflammation of the brain, at Westminster.
+ Died Oct. 10, 1883, of consumption, at Boston.

1884.] SENATE — No. 5. 61

Fowler, Alvan L., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, Superintendent Woronoco
Mining Co.

Fuller, George E., 71.

Gladwin, Frederic E., ’80, Tombstone, Arizona, Assayer Woronoco Min-
ing Co.

Goodale, David, ’82, Marlborough, Farmer.

Green, Samuel B., ’79, Mountainville, Orange Co., N. Y., Superintende nt
Horticultural Department, Houghton Farm.

Grover, Richard B., ’72, Ludlow, Vt., Clergyman.

Guild, George W. M., 76, 17 & 19 Cornhill, Boston, Wire business.

Hague, Henry, ’75, South Worcester, Rector St. Mathews.

Hall, Josiah N , 78, Sterling, Weld Co., Col., Physician.

Harwood, Peter M., ’°75, Barre, Farmer.

Hashiguchi, Boonzo, 81, Department of Commerce and Agriculture,
Tokio, Japan, President Government Sugar Beet Co.

*Hawley, Frank W., 71.

Hawley, Joseph M., ’76, Berlin, Wis., C. A. Mather & Co., Banker.

+Herrick, Frederick St. C., 71.

Hevia, Alfred A.,’83, 13 Fifth St., Brooklyn E. D., N. Y., with “ Universe
Subscription Agency,” 150 Nassau St., New York City.

Hibbard, Joseph B., 77, Stoughton, Wis., Farmer.

Hillman, Charles D., ’°82, Fresno City, Cal., Nurseryman.

Hills, Joseph L., 81, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural College.

Hitchcock, Daniel G., ’74, Warren, Agent, American Express Co.

Hobbs, John A., 74, Bloomington, Neb., Farmer.

Holman, Samuel M., jun.,’83, Attleborough, Student, Harvard Medical
School.

Holmes, Lemuel Le B., ’72, Mattapoisett, Lawyer.

Howard, Joseph H.,’82, Springfield, Meter Inspector, Springfield Gas-
Light Co.

Howe, Charles S., 78, Akron, Ohio, Buchtel College, Adjunct Professor
of Mathematics.

Howe, Elmer D., 81, Marlborough, Farmer.

Howe, George D., ’82, North Hadley, C. D. Dickinson & Son, Clerk.

Howe, Waldo V., 77, Framingham, Agent, Framingham Brick Co.

Hubbard, Henry F., 78, 94 Front Street, New York City, with John H.
Catherwood & Co.

Hunt, John F., ’78, Belmont, Civil Engineer.

Kendall, Hiram, °76, Providence, R. J., Superintendent and Chemist,
Kendall Manufacturing Co.

Kimball, Francis E., °72, 15 Union Street, Worcester, Book-keeper, E.
W. Vaill.

Kingman, Morris B., ’82, Amherst, Post-Graduate, Agricultural College.

Kinney, Burton A., 82, United States Signal Service, Fort Myer, Va.

Knapp, Walter H., 75, Wellesley Hills, Florist.

Koch, Henry G. H., 78, Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Street, New York
City, H. C. F. Koch & Son.

* Died Oct, 28, 1883, of congestive apoplexy, at Belchertown.
+ Died Jan. 19, 1884, at Methnne.

62 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [Jan.

Ladd, Thomas H., ’76, care Wm. Dadmun, Watertown, no business.

Lee, Lauren K., 75, Valley Springs, Dak., Superintendent of Seed Farm
for Kellogg & McDougall, Buffalo Linseed Oil Works.

Lee, William G., ’80, Rock Point, Jackson Co., Oregon, Surveyor for
Railroad. .

Leland, Walter S.,’73, Concord, Officer State Prison.

Leonard, George, 71, Springfield, Lawyer.

Libby, Edgar H., °74, Rochester, N. Y., Journalist and Agricultural
Specialist, Farm and Garden Deane of Hiram ees & Co.,
Seedsmen.

Lindsey, Joseph B., ’83, Amherst, Assistant Chemist, Experiment Sta-
tion.

Livermore, Russell W., ’72. Pates Robeson Co., North Carolina, Lawyer.

Lovell, Charles O., 78, Amherst, Photographer.

Lyman, Asahel H., ’73, Manistee, Mich., Druggist and BookbeHlin

Lyman, Charles E., 78, Middlefield, Conn., Farmer.

*Lyman, Henry, ’74.

Lyman, Robert W., 71, Belchertown, Lawyer and Lecturer Mass. Agri-
cultural College.

Mackie, George, 72, Attleborough, Physician. —

Macleod, William A., °76, 60 Devonshire Street, Boston, Patent
Lawyer.

Mann, George H., ’76, Sharon, Superintendent of Cotton Duck Mills.

Martin, William E., ’76, Excelsior, Minn., Postmaster. .

May, Frederick G., °82, Orlando (P. O. Box 192), Orange Co., Fla.,
Farmer.

Maynard, Samuel T., 72, Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural College,
Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

McConnel, Charles W., ’76, 100 State Street, Albany, Dentist.

McQueen, Charles M., ’80, First National Bank Building, Dearborn and
Monroe Streets, Chicago, Ill., Standard Book Co., Treasurer.

Miles, George M., °75, Miles City, Montana, Miles & Strevell, Jobbers of
Hardware.

Mills, George W., °73, Medford, Physician.

Minor, John B., 73, New Britain, Conn., Russell & Erwin Manufactur-
ing Co., Clerk.

Minott, Charles W., 83, 2 Washington Square, Worcester, with W. H.
Earle, Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store.

Montague, Arthur H., ’74, South Hadley, Farmer.

Morey, Herbert E., ’72, 49 Haverhill Street, Boston, Morey, Smith & Co.,
Merchant.

+Morse, James H., °71. :

Morse, William A., 82, 19 Milk Street, Boston, with Denison Manufac-
turing Co.

Myrick, Herbert, ’82, Springfield, Assistant Editor “ New England
Homestead.”

Myrick, Lockwood, ’78, Boston, Pacific Guano Co., Chemist.

* Died Jan. 8, 1879, of pneumonia, at Middlefield, Conn.
t+ Died June 21, 1883, of Bright’s disease, at Salem.

1884. ] SENATE —No. 5. 63

Nichols, Lewis A., 71, San Diequito, Mexico, via Laredo & Monteray,
care Sr. Don edro del Hoyo, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Civil En-
gineer.

Norcross, Arthur D., ’71, Monson, Postmaster.

Nourse, David O., ’83, Amherst, a in Feeding Department,
Experiment Gistion:

Nye, George E.,’77, 70 Exchange Bidliditaes Union Stock Yards, Chicago,
RUS, Gok. Swift & Co., Book-keeper.

Osgood, Frederick H., 78, Springfield, Veterinary Surgeon.

Otis, Harry P., 75, Leeds, Superintendent, Northampton Emery Wheel
Company.

Page, Joel B., 71, Conway, Farmer.

Paige, James B., ’82, Prescott, F. B. Paige & Son, Mellen Valley Fruit
Farm.

Parker, George A., ‘76, Tunis Mills, Talbot Co., Md., Pent,
“ Fairview Farm.”

Parker, George L., 76, Dorchester, Florist. 1th:

Parker, Henry F., 77, 5 Beekman Street and 182 Centre Street, New
York City, Mechanical Engineer. |

Parker, William C., ’80, Wakefield, Farmer.

Peabody, William R., ’72, Atchison, Kans., General A gine Atchison, To-
peka & Santa Fé Railroad.

Penhallow, David P., 73, Montreal, Canada, MeGull University, Tiofedean
of Botany.

Perkins, Dana E., ’82, care C. M. Winchell, U. S. Survey Boat Tennessee,
Mississippi fer Commission.

Peters, Austin, ’81, care Peters & Parkinson, Boston, Student, Harvard
Medical School.

Phelps, Charles H., 76, South Framingham, Florist.

Phelps, Henry L., ’74, Northampton, Dealer in Fertilizers.

Plumb, Charles S., ’82, 34 Park Row, New York City, Associate Editor
“ Rural New Yorker.”

Porter, William H., ’76, Watertown, Foreman S. R. Payson’s farm.

Porto, Raymundo M. da S., 77, Para, Brazil, Planter.

Potter, William S., 76, Lafayette, Ind., Rice & Potter, Lawyer.

Preston, Charles H.,’83, Amherst, Assistant Chemist, Experiment Station.

Rawson, Edward B., 81, Brockport, Elk Co., Penn., N. Y. L E. & Ww. ny
R. Co., Civil Engineer.

Renshaw, James B., 73, Spokane Falls, Washington Territory, Clergy-
man.

Rice, Frank H., 75, Hawthorne, Nev., County Recorder and ex officto
Auditor of Esmeralda Co.

Richmond, Samuel H., ’71, Ocala, Marion Co., Fla., nee and
Deputy Clerk of Great: Court.

Ripley, George A., ’80,5 Franklin St., Worcester.

Root, Joseph E., ’76, Hartford, Conn., Retreat for Insane, Assistant Phy-
sician.

Rudolph, Charles, 79, Mitchell, Dak., Lawyer.

Russell, William D., ’71, Turner’s Falls, Montague Paper Co.

64 - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

Salisbury, Frank B., 72, Kimberley Diamond Fields, South Africa,
Trader.

Sears, John M., ’°76, Ashfield, Farmer.

Shaw, Elliot D., 72, Holyoke, Florist.

Sherman, Walter A.,’79, 182 Central Street, Lowell, Veterinary Surgeon.

Shiverick, Asa F.,’82, Wood’s Holl, Pacific Guano Co., Chemist.

Simpson, Henry B., ’73, Centreville, Md., Farmer.

Smead, Edwin, ’71, 3 Cable St., Baltimore, Md., Clerk, Bushey, Carr &
Co., Flour and Grain Commission Merchants.

Smith, Frank S., ’74, Hampden, Woolen Manufacturer.

Smith, George P., 79, Sunderland, Farmer.

Smith, Hiram F. M., 81, 42 Austin St., Cambridgeport, Student, Harvard
Medical School.

Smith, Thomas E., ’°76, West Chesterfield, Manufacturer.

Snow, George H., ’72, Leominster, Farmer.

Somers, Frederick M.,’72, 49 Broadway, New York City, Watson & Gib-
son, Brokers.

* Southmayd, John E., ’77.

Southwick, Andre A.,’75, Care Beach & Co., Hartford, Conn., Superin-
tendent “ Vine Hill and Ridge Farms.”

Spalding, Abel W., 81,907 North Main St., St. Louis, Mo., Ripley &
Kimball, Clerk.

Sparrow, Lewis A., 71, 19 South Market St., Boston, Judson & Sparrow, .
Dealers in Fertilizers.

Spofford, Amos L., 78, Georgetown, Shoe-cutter. ;

Stockbridge, Horace E., 78, Assistant Professor of Chemistry, elect,
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Stone, Almon H., ’80, Phillipston, Farmer.

Stone, Winthrop E., ’82, Mountainville, Orange Co.,N Y., Experiment
Department, Houghton Farm.

Strickland, George P., °71, Stillwater, Minn., Seymour, Sabin & Co., Ma-
chinist.

Swan, Roscoe W., ’79, 32 Pleasant St., Worcester, Physician. -

Taft, Cyrus A., °76, Whitinsville, Machinist.

Taft, Levi R., ’82, Amherst, Bursar and Assistant Professor Horticulture,
Agricultural College.

Taylor, Alfred H., °82, Red Oak, Ia., Stock-raiser.

Taylor, Frederick P., °81, Athens, East Tenn., Farmer.

Thompson, Edgar E., °71, East Weymouth, Teacher.

Thompson, Samuel C.,’72, New York City, Department Public Works,
Annexed District, Assistant Engineer.

Thurston, Wilbur H., 82, Upton, Farmer.

Tucker, George H., ’71, Fargo, Dak., Civil Engineer,

Tuckerman, Frederick, ’78, Amherst, Physician and Lecturer, Agricul-
tural College. |

Urner, George P., 76, Sweet Grass, Montana, Sheep-raiser.

Wakefield, Albert T., °73, Peoria, I1]., Physician.

Waldron, Hiram E. B.,°79, North Rochester, Farmer.

* Died December 11, 1878, of consumption, at Minneapolis, Minn,

1884. ] SENATE — No. 5. 65

Ware, Willard C.,°71, 255 Middle St., Portland, Me., Manager Boston
& Portland Clothing Co.

Warner, Clarence D., ’81, Baltimore, Md., Student, Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity.

Warner, Seth S.,’73, 43 Chatham St., Boston, Travelling Salesman, Bow-
ker Fertilizer Co.

Washburn, John H.,’78, Mansfield, Conn., Professor of General and Ag-
ricultural Chemistry, Storrs Agricultural School.

Webb, James H., ’73, 81 Church St., New Haven, Conn., Clark, Swan &
Webb, Attorneys and Counsellors at Law.

Wellington, Charles, ’73, Germany, Student.

Wells, Henry, ’72,105 North 3d St., St. Louis, Mo., Contracting ieeent
West-bound Freight, “ Blue Line,” Fast Freight Office.

Wetmore, Howard G., ’76, 41 West 9th St., New York City, Physician.

Wheeler, Homer J., 83, Amherst, Assistant Chemist, Experiment Station.

Wheeler, William, ’71,70 Kilby St., Boston, President, Wheeler Reflector
Co.

Whitney, Frank Le P., 71, 280 Westminster St., Providence, R. 1, F. L
Whitney & C. H. Kimball, Dealers in Oil Stoves and Kerosene
Fixtures.

Whitney, William C., 72, Minneapolis, Minn., Architect.

Whittaker, Arthur, ’81, Needham, Farmer.

Wilcox, Henry H., ’81, Nawiliwili, S. I., Sugar Industry.

Wilder, John E., ’82, 179 Lake St., Chicago, l., Wilder & Hale, Dealers
in Leather.

Williams, James S., ’82, North Glastonbury, Conn., Farmer,

Williams, John E., ’76, Amherst, Editor “ Record.”

Winchester, John F., °75, Lawrence, Veterinary Surgeon and Lecturer,
Massachusetts Agricultural College.

Windsor, Joseph L., 82, St. Paul, Minn., Office North Pacific R. R. Co.,
Stenographer.

Wood, Frank W., °73.

Woodbury, Rufus P., °78, Kansas City, Mo., News and Telegraph Editor
of “ Kansas City Daily Times.”

Woodman, Edward E., ’74, Danvers, E. & C. Woodman, Florists.

Wyman, Joseph, 77, Cambridgeport, Book-keeper at 52 to 60 Blackstone
St., Boston.

Zeller, Harrie McK., ’74, Hagerstown, Md., Baltimore & Ohio Telegraph
Co., Manager of Commercial Office.

66 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

[ Jan.

COURSE OF STUDY AND TRAINING.

FRESHMAN YEAR.

Scientific and Literary.

Ist Term.— Algebra.
Botany.
French.
2d Term.— Geometry.

History.
Botany.
Lessons in Language.
Free-Hand Drawing.
French.

3d Term.— Geometry.
Botany.
French.

Scientific and Agricultural.

Lsi Term. — Algebra.
Botany.
Agriculture.
2d Term. — Geometry.
History.
Botany.
Lessons in Language.
Free-Hand Drawing.
Agriculture.
3d Term. — Geometry.
Botany.
Agriculture.

SOPHOMORE YEAR.

Ist Term.—Geometry and Trigo- | Zst Term.— Geometry and Trigo-

nometry.

Botany.
Chemistry.
German.

2d Term.— Trigonometry.
Chemistry.
Physiology.
Mechanical Drawing.
German.

3d Term.—Surveying.
Botany.
Zoology.

German.

nometry.
Botany.
Chemistry.
Agriculture.
2d Term.— Trigonometry.
Chemistry.
Physiology.
Mechanical Drawing.
Agriculture.
3d Term. — Surveying.
Botany.
Zoology.
Agriculture.
Horticulture and Mar-
ket Gardening.

1884. ] |, SENATE—No. 5. 67

JUNIOR YEAR,

Ist Term.— Mechanics. Ist Term.— Mechanics.
English Literature. English Literature.
( Agriculture.

Constitutional History. ) Entomology
gy.

2d Term.—Physics. 2d Term.— Physics.
English Literature. 3 English Literature.
Chemistry. Chemistry.
Agricultural Debate.
Latin }Atoretr and
Care of Nurseries.
3d Term.— Physics. 8d Term. — Physics.
Chemistry. . Chemistry.
Latin. - Roads and Railroads.
SENIOR YEAR.
Ist Term.— Book-keeping. - | Lst Term — Book-keeping.
Chemistry. Cheniistry.
Mental Science. Mental Science.
Mineralogy. Agriculture.
2d Term. — Organic Chemistry. | 2d Term.— Organic Chemistry.
Political Economy. Political Economy.
Microscopy. | Agriculture.
3d Term. — Moral Science. | 3d Term.— Moral Science.
Geology. ; Geology.

History of Philosophy. Agriculture.

In all studies, students are to be trained to accurate and ready
oral and written expression, and to use drawing as language.
Military tactics and military drill, as ordered throughout the
course. Weekly exercises in compositions and declamations.
throughout the course. ‘The instruction in agriculture and horti- —
culture is both theoretical and practical. Instruction in the field
and manual training is given whenever such instruction and train-
ing will conduce to the progress of the student. Students are
allowed to work for wages during such leisure hours as are at their
command. A limited amount of work has been found to be bene-
ficial, but work that withdraws the energy of the student from his
studies is unprofitable to him. Students sometimes earn from fifty
to one hundred dollars per annum. Those who complete the course
receive the degree of Bachelor of Science, the diploma being signed
by the Governor of Massachusetts, who is president of the cor-
poration. i

Regular students of the college may also, on application, become
members of Boston University, and, upon graduation, receive its

68 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. — [Jan.

diplomas in addition to that of the college, thereby igs
entitled to all the privileges of its alumni.

LECTURES.

In addition to the instruction given by the resident instructors,
gentlemen eminent in their several vocations give lectures on sub-
jects of practical value to the students. Among those who have
favored us or are to favor us with lectures during the present col-
lege year are: Hon. Levi Stockbridge, Amherst; Col. J. E. Rus-.
sell, Secretary of Board of Agriculture; Hon. J. S. Grinnell,
Greenfield; Major H. E. Alvord, Houghton Farm, Orange Co.,
N.Y.; B. P. Ware, Esq., Marblehead; Dr. J. R. Nichols, Haver-
hill; Rev. G. S. Dickerman, Amherst. All interested in the lec-
tures given at the college, or in any other general exercises, are
cordially invited to be present.

ADMISSION.

Candidates for admission to the Freshman Class are examined:
orally and in writing, upon the following subjects: English Gram-
mar, Geography, Arithmetic, Algebra through simple equations,
and the History of the United States.

Candidates for higher standing are examined as above, and also
in the studies gone over by the class to which they may desire
admission.

No one can be admitted to the college until he is fifteen years of
age. Every applicant is required to furnish a certificate of good
character from his late pastor or teacher. Candidates are requested
to furnish the Examining Committee with their standing in the
schools they have last attended. The previous rank of the candi-
date will be considered in admitting him. Tuition and room-rent
must be paid in advance at the beginning of each term. .

EXPENSES.
Tuition, : : * . $12 00 per term.
Room-rent, . $5 006 to 10 00 per term.
*Board, : AS 3 00 to 5 00 per week.

* At the time of issuing this report, board was furnished at the State boarding
house at $3.25 per week, payable in advance, at the beginning of each term.

1884.] SENATE —No. 5. ea

Expenses of chemica] laboratory to students of

practical chemistry, : ! - ; . $10 00 per term.
Furniture, . : : 15 00 to 50 00
Uniform for the four yy course, . ! 30 00
Public and private damages, including pate of

chemical apparatus destr aad or injured, . At cost.
Annual expenses, including books, . : ; . $250 00 to 350 00

SIZE OF ROOMS.

For the information of those desiring to carpet their rooms, the
following measurements are given: In the south dormitory the
main corner rooms are fifteen by eighteen feet, and the adjoining
bedrooms eight by twelve feet. The inside rooms are fourteen by
fifteen feet, and the bedrooms eight by eight feet. In the north
dormitory the corner rooms are fourteen by fifteen feet, and the
annexed bedrooms eight by ten feet; while the inside rooms are
thirteen feet and a half by fourteen feet and a half, and the bed-
rooms eight by eight feet.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

The income of the Robinson Fund of one thousand dollars, the
bequest of Miss Mary Robinson of Medfield, is assigned by the
_ Faculty to such indigent student as they may deem most worthy.

The trustees voted in January, 1878, to establish one free
scholarship for each of the eleven congressional districts of the
State. Applications for such scholarships should be made to the
representative from the district to which the applicant belongs.
The selection for these scholarships will be determined as each
member of Congress may prefer; but, where several applications
are sent in from the same district, a competitive examination
would seem to be desirable. Applicants should be good scholars,
of vigorous constitution, and should enter college with the inten-
tion of remaining through the course, and then engaging in some
pursuit connected with agriculture. To every such student the
cash value of a scholarship is one hundred and forty-four dollars.

The legislature of 1883 passed the following Resolve in favor of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College : —

fesolved, That there shall be paid annually, for the term of four years,
from the treasury of the Commonwealth to the treasurer of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, the sum of ten thousand dollars, to enable

70 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. [ Jan.

the trustees of said college to provide for the students of said institution,
the theoretical and practical education required by its charter and the
law of the United States relating thereto.

Resolved, That annually for the term of four years, eighty free scholar-
ships be and hereby are established at the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, the same to be given by appointment to persons in this Com-
monwealth, after a competitive examination, under rules prescribed by -
the president of the college, at such time and place, as the senator then
in office from each district shall designate ; and the said scholarships shall
be assigned equally to each senatorial district; but if there shall be less
than two successful applicants for scholarships from any senatorial dis-
trict, such scholarships may be distributed by the president of the college
equally among the other districts, as nearly as possible, but no applicant
shall be entitled to a scholarship unless he shall pass an examination in
accordance with the rules to be established as herein before provided.

In accordance with these resolves, any one desiring admission
to the college can apply to the senator of his district for a scholar-
ship.

RELIGIOUS SERVICES.

Prayers in chapel every morning at a quarter after eight o’clock.
On Sundays the students, unless excused by request of their parents
to attend church elsewhere, attend service in the chapel. This ser-
vice is conducted by the president or such clergyman as he invites.
The students are also invited to join a class for the study of the
Bible.

The Young Men’s Christian Association holds weekly meetings.

POST-GRADUATE COURSE.

Graduates of colleges and scientific schools may become candi-
dates for the degree of Doctor of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy,
from the college or from the University, and pursue their studies
under the direction of Professor Goessmann in chemistry, or other
members of the Faculty in their respective departments.

BOOKS, APPARATUS, AND SPECIMENS IN NATURAL
HISTORY.

The library of the college contains at present about three thou-
sand volumes. The income of the fund raised by the alumni and
others is devoted to its increase, and additions are made from
time to time, as the needs of the several departments require.

1884.1 SENATE — No. 5. 11

The State cabinet of specimens, illustrating the geology and
natural history of Massachusetts, has been removed from Boston to
the college, and is of much value for purposes of instruction. It
has recently received valuable additions of several thousand speci-
mens of minerals, fossils, shells, insects and birds’ eggs and nests.

The Knowlton Herbarium contains more than ten thousand spe-
cies of named botanical specimens, besides a large number of dupli-
cates. The Botanic Museum is supplied with many interesting and
useful specimens of seeds, woods and fruit-models. There is also
a set of diagrams illustrating structural and systematic botany, in-
cluding about three thousand figures.

About fifteen hundred species and varieties of plants are culti-
vated in the Durfee Plant House, affording the student an invaluable
opportunity of studying the most important types of the vegetable
kingdom in their scientific and economic relations.

The class in microscopy has the use of Tolles’s best compound
microscopes, with objectives from four inches to one-eighth of an
inch in focal distance, and a variety of eye-pieces.

PRIZES.

FarnswortH RueETorRIcAL MEDALS.

Isaac D. Farnsworth, Esq., of Boston, has generously provided
a fund of fifteen hundred dollars, the income of which is to be used.
as prizes, to be annually awarded, under the direction of the Col-
lege Faculty, for excellence in declamation.

GRINNELL AGRICULTURAL PRIZES.

Hon. William Claflin of Boston has given the sum of one thou-
sand dollars for the endowment of a first prize of fifty dollars, and
a second prize of thirty dollars, to be called the Grinnell Agricul-
tural Prizes, in honor of George B. Grinnell, Esq., of New York.
These prizes are to be paid in cash to those two members of the
graduating class who may pass the best oral and written examina-
tion in theoretical and practical ‘agriculture.

Hitwu’s BoranicaL PRIzES.

For the best herbarium collected by a member of the class of
1884, a prize of fifteen dollars is offered, and, for the second best,
a prize of ten dollars ; also a prize of five dollars for the best col-
lection of woods, and a prize of five dollars for the best collection
of dried plants from the College Farm.

12 AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. (Jan.

CONDUCT.

Students are expected to co-operate with their instructors and
with each other in promoting the welfare of the college, in order
that every student may receive the best possible results of the
course of study and training. Whenever it is evident that itis not .
for the good of a student to remain in the college, or that the wel-
fare of the college requires that he should not remain, he will be
dismissed. |

LOCATION.

Amherst is on the New London & Northern R.R., connecting
at Palmer with the Boston & Albany R.R., and at Miller’s Falls
with the Fitchburg R.R. A stage route of seven miles connects
Amherst at Northampton with the Connecticut River R.R., and with
the New Haven & Northampton R.R. The college buildings are
on a healthful site commanding one of the finest views in New Eng-
land. The large farm of three hundred and eighty-three acres with
its varied surface and native forests gives the student the freedom
and the quiet of a conntry home. ‘The surrounding country is very
helpful to the student of natural science. The location of the build-
ings prevents the student from the interruptions to study, incident
on residence in a town or city,-and helps to secure all the moral as
well as the intellectual advantages of a college in the country.

1884. ] SENATE — No. 5.

STATEMENT

Or CAsH RECEIPTS AND EXPENSES OF MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE FOR YEAR ENDING JAN. IST, 1884.

Cash on hand Jan. Ist, 1883,
Term Bill Account,

Botanic Account, .

Farm Account,

Boarding House Account,
President’s House,
Laboratory Account,

Hills Fund,

Expense Account,

John Cummings, Treasurer,
Plant House Cons. Account,
Drill Hall Cons. Account,
Grinnell Fund,

Farnsworth Fund,

Salary Account,

Cash on hand Jan. 1st, 1884,

Receipts.

Payments.

AMHERST, Mass., Jan. 1, 1884.

$738 59
4,361 58
5,104 44

2,711 40
1,938 07

04 82

305 87
19,974 36

$34,989 08

$1,339 19
6,637 77
3,829 89
1,917 48
2,082 85

673 92
89 18
4,939 87

2,634 52
1,877 76
80 00)
65 30
8,502 92
318 48

$34,989 08

LEVI R. TAFT,

Bursar.

Vuanseiy nani imibedabebin cr. a oe ce

bel J

j +E

; BMC EAT

wna
¢
-
= +
4 A
4 he
ere wi
= "ey ”
+
, €)
Bt ce *
Tek a
4
P
t

pees if

BS ERO OR ATH AEG ahaa ene a rae
ee LAS GCS SEA One see

Bs iti ae es VAS A eae >t

Tomy A

Miadpshinkhshaieiicd cureitens Cite ee

r 1 Na \ 4 ) d
¥ Vaitige ae ay
= 4 *" 5 7 i a
\ ae 4 ¥
S41 Ae).
am 4 ra , ie hate
Ri a eee
2s eh" Le
Ve ts ve
AEs! 4 eth?
f ' .
a
S ‘
; %
ayn BP a a f “il >t
at ge Ts :
u ,
ry th * ey . t
ra
Kp ; iy
Be ‘ , :
ne! ~ « ‘ . y 4 sy ww
1 abs 3 \ ies
’
‘ . '
t } ie 4 if Var ,
' ? ’
k , lL ae
b J
t ne ar 7
‘ .
ok’ : : + ¥
¢ a: 5 tes |
+
r ‘
, A ‘
eb ia
‘ , = ay,
if j ; - ‘
* -
$ J : } ¥ '
. ‘
; ¥ bs eee i i
4 '
Mee a, ’ r ’’
er BT ed he (AE,
‘
:

pes | RUGS
unt We

M ;
“ 4 ana?
i {
Orynat
wh ® Ste
a
* >.
jh ox
“nn *
S| "ey it iG r a
i rt if
*
-e
eT MAPLE
f 5 ?.
| ihe ae | oT RO Fal
ay eres &
*
1% 2
ne
- i
; 4
= ‘ 4 -
!
"
. ss ae 5

Real
ye

AT!

ZACS ITAL

ane

incur, = anal

: i

ee bt
ie i cae -
he isp
rn ty) mt thw
i en | miBling a sn
oh va

GT TP
ae ud Ve

Bheig
COIN ar

NG A
ees
or es
‘cm lis 1)" a
NaS Satie a
os) a ih fe

ms wi iy Sig
As

ina
Hin (ke ie

on,
Ni
By

‘Hy

fii,
m 30112 111895543

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Annual report"

See other formats