Annual report of the Commissioner of Agriculture ..

hes

Sore
hs
Seok

ui

Ree
phere

ae

3t

Ge
vas
oa

nap

eee ir es tk ek it ee

3:

a:
Ss

i

es
eh tiie

State of New York—Department of Agriculture

THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

New York
Agricultural Experiment Station

(GENEVA, ONTARIO COUNTY)

FOR THE YEAR 1912

With Reports of Director and Other Officers

TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 15, 1913

ALBANY
J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS
1913

oY oe

m lolsic iasmneeaeet
(tareuoR, anny poms

‘eTer sci sme sios |

Bi oS | stp pi 10 TesiI0 ns ovo 6 se

Na LP ety am

: CE Br MAY, MSTIT 6.9 3 aoe
| yi
i apie
v-
a

Es CHE aD

ROT A SEAS a at
Grey

STATE OF NEw YORK

No. 29.

IN ASSEMBLY

JANUARY 15, 1913.

THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE NEW YORK AGRI-
CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

STATE OF NEW YORK:
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Ausany, January 15, 1913.

To the Assembly of the State of New York:

I have the honor to submit herewith the Thirty-first Annual
Report of the Director and Board of Control of the New York
Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in pursuance
of the provisions of the Agricultural Law.

I am, respectfully yours,

CALVIN J. HUSON,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
W. H. Jorpan, Director.

Geneva, N. Y., January 11, 1913.

Hon. Carvin J. Huson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany,
RES a

Dear Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of
the Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station
for the year 1912.

Yours respectfully,
i BOWILSON,
President Board of Control.

BOARD OF CONTROL.

Governor Joun A. Dix, Albany.
CommissioneR Carvin J. Huson, Albany.

Tuomas B. WIiLson,

Hall.

AtFrReD G. Lewis, Geneva.

Lewis L.

Morreit, KinpeRHOOoK.

Burt E. Smauiey, Interlaken.
G. Hypr Ciarke, Cooperstown.
Henry C. Harrenpine, Dundee.
Eucenge M. Anprews, Union.

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.

Tuomas B. Wixson,
President.

Wixuram O’HanNton,
Secretary and Treasurer.

STATION STAFF.
Wuitman H. Jorpan, Sc.D., LL.D., Director.

Grorce W. CuurRcHILL,
Agriculturist and Superin-
tendent of Labor.
Witiram P. WHEELER,
First Assistant (Animal
Industry).
Harry A. Harpine, Px.D.,
Bacteriologist.
Harow J. Conn, Pu.D.,
Associate Bacteriologist.
Goprrry L. A. Ruruz, M.S.,
1James D. Brew, B.S.,
Assistant Bacteriologists.
Frep C. Stewart, M.S., Botanist.
2Joun G. GrossENBACHER, Pp.B., A.B.,
2Watter. O. Guorrer, A.M.,
Associate Botanists.
4G. TatBor Frencz, B.S.,
6Minerva Coutins, B.S.,
8Mancet T. Munn, B.S.,
| Assistant Botanists.
Pu.D.,
Chemist.

Lucius L. Van Siyxe,

ALFRED W. Boswortn, B.S.,
Ernest L. Baker, B.S.,
Ruvourex J. AnpErson, B.S.,
Associate Chemists.
_ArtTHUR W. Crars, B.S.,
-Morean P. Sweeney, A.M.,
James T. Cusick, B.S.,
Orro McCreary, B.S.,
Orrin B. Winter, B.S.,
Assistant Chemists.
Grorce A. Smrrn, Dairy Expert.
Franx H. Hatt, B.S.,
Editor and Librarian.
Percivau J. Parrorr, M.A.,
Entomologist.

Wiiu1am J. ScHorne, M.S.,
Associate Entomologist.
Haroip E. Hopexiss, ee
1 BENTLEY B. Futon, B.A.,
Assistant Entomologists.
Utyssres P. Heprick, M.S.,
Horticulturist.
RicHarp WELLINGTON, M.S.,
Associate Horticulturist.
Grorce H. Hows, B.S.A.,
Cuartes B. Tusercen, B.S.,
Assistant Horticulturists.
Orrin M. Taytor,
Foreman in Horticulture.
JosppH F. Barker, M.S.,
In Charge of Soil Investigations.
S5RicHarD F. Kreiner, A.B.,
Assistant Chemist (Soils).
7RueinaLD C. Coiuison, M.S.,
Assistant Chemist (Soils
and Horticulture).
°F, Arwoop SirRine, M.S.,
Special Agent.
JENNIE TERWILLIGER,
2GERTRUDE 8S. Mayo,
Director’s Secretaries.
Frank E. Newron,
Wittarp F. Parcuin,
Lena G. Curtis,
Aenes E. Ryan,
Estuer F, Hawkins,
Clerks and Stenographers.
Apin H. Horton,
Computer and Mailing Clerk,
“Prep Z. Hartzevy, M.A.,
Associate Entomologist.
4 Frep EK. Giapwin, B.S.,
Special Agent.

Address all correspondence, not to individual members of the staff, but to the
paw York AcricutturAL Expermment Station, Geneva, N. Y.
The Bulletins published by the Station will be sent free, to any farmer applying

r them.

“ a » Appointed June 20, 1912.
™ 2 Resigned September 1, 1912.
9 3 Appointed April 15, 1912.

4 Resigned February 15, 1912.
*) ¢ Appointed April 1, 1912.
a ® Appointed February 15, 1912;
Bune 30, 1912.

# 7 Appointed June 18, 1912.

5

resigned

8 Appointed July 1, 1912.

® Riverhead, N. Y.

10 Absent on leave.

11 Resigned December 1, 1912.

12 Appointed December 18, pale

13 Resigned November 9, 19

14 Connected with the eraians Grape
Work.

—
ai i

| meee
iv ve ean ier ofa

Robi ae rN. a eh meal

Pan Mesh bee TAA Ua

Ea). vay vo
ih rans: ey eee } nS i my a od hae ie

(ab, ‘ ri ae F rae i a tra
~*: TEN hig hy gt - ae ina ching)

ee . eA ay: ie Ore ‘qe, ¥! , ne ee tay digit oa seat Z
ae ae PA OE RI Coen | ;
AY : , i : ql \ ; ‘ Ay i ae ay * 9 iwi an r oes

aw yay ae
|

h. } Jy - : a =,
pans | mW, Noewetaie ny 2, ey at we ae
ey ie tLe if Ni tebe : re i Ah, >
> i oh Avia # it at webts ik preys |
ai | ob : oe SAT Rae wy wane 1) ie

sail
* ; ai yore iS eu

| | ) eer any Lf ; ' ; News Bae (i “ee 5 ol
, ;
{ . % q 5 : , wie a ay, Re re Ww“. TAK. AM aa Nu e y

lad © Ware ="

e
=
~

Healing ie Ne wy
vad : et) aie
: OL kee
mv ; hey), Qwipem y a

ot mass Wa

ane if. yeu je “ ee

es . we 5
Pe

a aris a
1
= i

/
we more en

ca Mas hine tone)” al te % LAA

- hau)

yee

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
PRT EAS UTES MUG ONU Remy secre tear or enc ceeds lee See ee cH tlerc cal Sal oft (enelis sje televs oy e's eK 1
DINE ClORB ee POLGE ree eee ced Pee tLe eee an a Sane Tale favelenalealafalie sve big wicks aia seats 8

Report of the Department of Animal Industry:
Milking machines: Effect of the machine method of milking upon the milk
FLOW area een TREATS LCi rey eye eitavar svat, wie eee aon Ses era geaea AS aug 57
A study of the metabolism and physiological effects of certain phosphorus
COMMPOUNGS wwithemMll GhkCOWSeei- mick. we oe eae ae Sisal eer See ctarctere Siete

Phytin and phosphoric acid esters of inosite............. 000. cc eee c eee 122
Phytin and pyrophosphoric acid esters of inosite................0..000005 137
The organic phosphoric acid compound of wheat bran.................... 151
The organic phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal............... 000 cee eee 166
Report of the Botanical Department:
Seed testsimaderat the station during 190i. 2 4.5. s see ss sla es tne 179
A comparative test of lime-sulphur, lead benzoate and bordeaux mixture
TOLISPLA VANE POUALOES Sampnmhapnepce voir mae lols. oi ckcaehaeloid vain telnie onclatinia hese vale 193
Lime-sulphur vs. bordeaux mixture as a spray for potatoes............... 201
Potato spraying experimencs, 1902-1911............ EE cichek eee ieee cet 209
Crown-rotiof fruititrees:; “Wield @studices./.5~ 22.26.2202) ne eens 250

Report of the Chemical Department:
Composition and properties of some casein and paracasein compounds and

ther wel a tionsdta CHEESE varaere versa ier orn ateralie a ars he ee crayons “6 oe arate ieee ae 309
Report of the Entomological Department:
IM aveys Seri M Doty) OS Sacer chan Cl ocnoaniciem atin ORO CREE Re eC Oe ae 341
hegrrape leal-hoppetangsits control... 4. cae cre noe bee ees 367
herdppleiand! cherryvermine: Moths: sss: 5.eeisase coos wee te oe eee wee 382
Report of the Horticultural Department:
Influence of crossing in increasing the yield of the tomato................. 423
Anrexperiment inbreeding Tappless.. osc \slclsc 44 sieve oie aRisle onnsaiseresen 1S oe 443
Grapeystocksvionr American STapes 2. aft 23: 6) ois sated youstaeee Madu noe deen 489
edi erectee itll SCRY DOC erp ie oye cine. sis 2 Sie Solas Ne wied wise nl alates eee oe 522
(GUARDS), GULLIT TE APG Gio. tac ceo CERO ERECT ES Cee Ne ee a 530
Report on Inspection Work:
Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides.................. 541
inispections of lecdingeetuiisescy sri. chica ooe Seas ook cosa sie & Reis Ree ODO
EMEUy Ses GL COMMELEIA WELUIZETS. = occ fob eds eho eos celeb ok cele eee ees 687
Appendix:
Popular Editions of Station bulletins:
Anew fruit-tree enemy int New -Viorkey..\\e)...c case he een os as oa emees 809
Highting leaf-hoppers im the) vineyard... ..........:-0-seec nce ecess 815
Quality of farm secdarumlOlt Fa Sas Gee oe dc hse occd o Selew es 820
Crossing tomatoes to increase the yield.............0.-.--.c00s00ee% 823
LLime-sulphur dwarfs potatos plants: :.5..)..-. 20. oss 2s ste tenses. 830
Menyyearstor potato: Sprayingerimeiar is srislos.o tie ovis eyes oulucse oa ce 831
Some new apples from known parents..................0000000e eee 840
Lime-sulphur not a good potato spray.................. Tb. ete te 850
Machine milking does not affect milk flow..................-e0e-0-0 851
New. sVorkgrapesion mew. TOOtsMaer a4. cs sinc teroteeniciones « sete: 860
Perlodicalsirecetved bythe Stationery... 42402. ces dee e tee eee lee 869
Meteorologicalirecordsmor lol? , “tamer Vig dh Pacts. Sera 875

pea

alias

iy | ‘
Sy

Tuirty-First ANNUAL REporT

OF THE

Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station

TREASURER’S REPORT.

Geneva, N. Y., October 1, 1912.
To the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experi
ment Station:

As Treasurer of the Board of Control, I respectfully submit the
following report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912:

MAINTENANCE Funp — NecrEssary EXPENSE.

APPROPRIATION 1911-1912.

191.4. Receipts. Dr.
Oct. Porbalanee on handeee. .. ssc. > 6 3: $2,683 06
To amount received from Comptroller. 22,500 00

$25,183 06

2 REpPoRT OF THE TREASURER OF THE

Expenditures. Cr.
By building and epairs: oo. a $982 08
By cheuncal sippligsss..y- 3. ee 823 54
By contingent expenses: 29022 - ee 3,553 23
By feeding Stuliseer see a, ee 1,164 34
By fertilizers =.) Seen ets ast-3 sara see ie 694 45
By freight and express. . 2. . 2.0525: 942 86
By furniture and fixtures.......... 205 33
By heat, light and water........... 952 42
By library io. 2.0. = 2. ; ae eee 1,146 90
By livestock, 3.0.02 erie anes 86 25
By postage and stationery.......... 1,882 86
By publications... ¢: 22 eeeee ee 1,665 75
By scientilic apparatus, json eens: 966 60
By seeds, plants and sundry supplies. . 4,412 57
By tools, implements and machinery. . 1,282 82
1912. By traveling expenses ............. 3,401 69

Pepeypyed: by.balance’ .4 <pawachhe 2 nee: 1,019 37

$25,183 06

GENERAL ExprEnse — Heat, Licut, Warer, Evc.

APPROPRIATION 1911-1912.

1914. Receipts. Dr.
Oct. i- To’ balance on hand... ; see bee $304 91

To amount received from Comptroller. 5,500 00

$5,804 91

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 3

Expenditures. Cr.
By buildime: and repairs)... 2...» $2,943 13
By heat, light and water............ 2,555 53
1.912. By tools, implements and machinery. . 303 62
Bepice cl). Inne Detlameenie sts Biya es coy oto tas eee Os 2 63
$5,804 91

SALARIES.

gs 0 i Receipts. Dr.
Oct. iv Borbalance-ont Wand. 2.2... 2c. . 3s $5,574 08
To amount received from Comptroller. 52,000 00

$57,574 08

Expenditures. Cr.
Beale ee ny SAI ATIOS tot ania wma Same eianos $52,419 33
See OUSt Dy balamee 5 sjaposees Jigen Seer = pa bay Sore

LABor,

1911. Receipts. Dr.
Oct. ie Epabalancewon hand’. «2 5 <<. saied ot $858 56
To amount received from Comptroller. 15,800 00
$16,658 56

Expenditures. Cr.
2 NS 82) ilo ee a Cn eg $16,618 13
Brepiay7o0. By balancecccs 3 «+ 1aedes rion si 3 Ewieid!. 40 43

$16,658 56

4 REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE

SpeciaL Funp — HorticuLturAL INVESTIGATIONS.

1 ite Receipts. Dr.
Oct. 1. To balance on hand? ie ee ee $18 27
1912. Expenditures. Cr.

Septappa0: “by balances.) ee, oe a ene $18 27

FERTILIZER INSPECTION.
1841: Receipts. Dr.

Oct. 1, “Ho balance “on: hand... . 00 eee $109 11
To amount received from Comptroller. 10,000 00

$10,109 11

Expenditures. Cr.
‘by chemical supplies." s...eeeese $1,071 82
By contingent expenses ............ 3 00
By frewht.and expresstce..t.¢ > oer 47 68
By heat, light and water........... 168 90
By postage and stationery.......... 1 25
By publications! 7. -.2%.... .., eee 1,811 76
By salaries 8-e.00 Ube: sions See 6,440 65
1912. By traveling expenses." 2." = 2 - 95 39
Sept.) 7630. “By balance. .-.5.+ <3... 286. 20 468 66
$10,109 11

CONCENTRATED FEEDING Sturrs INSPECTION.

1Ofts Receipts. Dr.
Oct. 1. To balance .on~hand . .2282>~ 52.20% $98 83
To amount received from Comptroller. 3,500 00

$3,598 83

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,

Expenditures.

By chemical supplies: 2222.25...
by continent “expensey... 44 miei ei «
By reign and expresses. of .%. 6 2fs 2.
By heat, light and water....2:.....
By postage and stationery..........
By publications stilts ake s ss oko
He SA EEICS, Sins 68s oe oi de npn bots
By seeds, plants and sundry supplies.
f0i2. . By travelmevexpensesys .) 2. 6 =9e:s 2s

Bapey 30. Jey balance 7) oie aa 22 see ele 6s

CHAUTAUQUA GRAPE INVESTIGATION FUND.

£911. Receipts.

Oct. 1. To amount received from Comptroller.

Expenditures.

iby chemical supplies...) 52.4...
By contingent expenses... .........
J D/L S) GLTEY, 3) 2A Ra oe gn
by freight and express... 0..5.5....
iy heat, lightsand, waters, .........
Peapigea WOT). sae nett hems eu ue. oie,
By postage and stationery..........
Bydealaties .’ >See, Mt} 3G

By seeds, plants and sundry supplies.

By traveling expenses .............

Dr.
$4,248

$4,248

15

03
40
25
03
24
00

ff 8

57
53

5 89

~J

Or

6 Report OF THE TRBASURER OF THE

InsuRANCE MOoNneEY.

taht. Receipts. Dr:
Oct. 1. To ‘balance on hand? a7. 2eea ee $22 O7
1912. Expenditures. Cr.
pepe 00. By halanevrs - masattatere eee Nido $22 07

Apams Funp.
Receipts. Di:
1. To receipts from the Treasurer of the
United States, as per appropriations
for fiscal year ended June 30, 1912,
under act of Congress approved

March 16; 1906! [ovine:{/miemia | $1,500 00
Expenditures. Cr.
SBS YBa AACS a i hl el $1,500 00

Hatrcu Founp.
Receipts. Dr.
To receipts from the Treasurer of the
United States, as per appropriations
for fiscal year ended June 30, 1912,
under act of Congress approved
Manca 2. ASST . . scammers sis mieten hoe $1,500 00

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Th

Expenditures. Cr.
By labors ys apes Peg ty Eps bypope ayo $829 67
iEay aa laE Lear “Hrs stetant stale. ee les te 670 33

$1,500 00

All expenditures are supported by vouchers approved by the
Auditing Committee of the Board of Control and have been
forwarded to the Comptroller of the State of New York.

(Signed) W. O’Hanton,

Treasurer.

DIRECTOR'S REPOR DE POR giz."

To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station:

Gentlemen.— I have the honor to submit to you herewith a re-
port of this institution for the calendar year 1912. In this report,
I have endeavored to set forth as clearly as possible the financial
conditions and needs of the Station and, in addition, such a review
of our activities and our results as will make clear to you and to
the agricultural public the nature of the problems to which we
are giving attention and the policy and methods which prevail in
carrying on our work. I desire to make sincere acknowledgment
to the Board of Control of the Station for the efficient support and
direction which I have received in administering the affairs of the
Station, and to my associates on the staff for their loyal aid and

co-operation.
ADMINISTRATION.

STATION STAFF.

Since presenting my last report, Mr. Martin J. Prucha, Asso-
ciate Bacteriologist, and Mr. James K. Wilson, Assistant Bacteri-
ologist, who, during 1910 and 1911, were pursuing special studies
at Cornell University, have permanently disconnected themselves
from this institution. Mr. Prucha is now a member of the faculty
of the New York State College of Agriculture.

Mr. John G. Grossenbacher, Associate Botanist, has resigned to
enter upon important work in plant pathology with the United
States Department of Agriculture.

Mr. James T. Cusick, Assistant Chemist, was transferred on
October Ist, to the State Department of Agriculture, as one of its
chemists.

All of these gentlemen carry with them the best wishes of their
former associates for their future success.
~ * A reprint of Bulletin No. 356, December, 1912.

[8]

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9

During the year, the following appointments have been made:

Miss Minerva Collins, B. S., a graduate of the University. of
Kentucky, was appointed to the position of Assistant Botanist on
February 15th, which position she held until June 30th. The ap-
pointment was of a temporary character in order that certain
work in seed inspection might be accomplished.

Mr. Reginald C. Collison, M. S., received an appointment as
Assistant Chemist on June 18th. At the time of his appointment,
he held the position of Assistant Chemist in the staff of the Ohio
State Experiment Station. His work at this institution will be
chiefly in the Department of Soil Investigations.

Mr. Walter O. Gloyer, A. M., was selected to fill the place va-
cated by Mr. Grossenbacher and entered upon his duties on April
15th. He had previously occupied the position of Assistant Bota-
nist at the Ohio State Experiment Station. He is at present en-
gaged in research work in plant pathology.

Mr. Richard F. Keeler, A. B., a graduate of the University of
Michigan, received an appointment as Assistant Chemist on April
1, 1912, and is assigned to the Department of Soil Investigations.

Mr. Mancel T. Munn, B. S., was appointed to the position of
Assistant Botanist on July 1, 1912. Mr. Munn is a graduate of
the Michigan Agricultural College and is at present giving his
attention chiefly to seed inspection, with the details of which he
had become familiar previous to his appointment.

Mr. Bentley B. Fulton, B. A., was added to the Entomological
staff as assistant on June 20th. Mr. Fulton is a graduate of the
Ohio State University.

Mr. James D. Brew, B. S., a graduate of Cornell University,
was appointed as Assistant Bacteriologist on June 20th. He is
giving attention chiefly to the problems of milk sanitation.

Tn accordance with the action of your Board, three of the above
appointments — those of Mr. Collison, Mr. Fulton and Mr. Brew
— were made in order to extend the experimental work of the in-
stitution more fully over the State. Our activities in this direc-
tion will be more fully presented in a subsequent part of this
report.

10 Drrectror’s REPoRT OF THE

MAINTENANCE FUNDS.

The funds available for the support of the institution during
the fiscal year ending September 30, 1912, were as follows:

Salaries’. ~eL ss Mees AE PASE s SOL eee tes eRe ee $52,000
ADOT S85 ertecucehese niko Sho Bi swab ckerays cues) ae ae eahet chore h Onare iets ete ete eae 15, 800
Maintenance of the work of the Station departments............ 22, 500
General expense, heat, light, water, repairs, etc................. 5,500

AOL eS igen een RAR ee ne ary he cay PERS. Oka arin meme eM Oe $95,800

Expense of chemical work in analyzing samples of fertilizers and
feeds submitted as required by law by the Commissioner of
Agriculture:

Wertilier IMSPCCbION ss.cids « sseie doc lhe ele Sineeieeiet Sees eee $10,000
Feeding satus; inspection a6.) Fei 2. Lash Seas Renee o- 3, 500
MOGAN estas Saksis the Ric lt ec o18 chess evs isle aie a eloleteceus eters Meee aw $13,500

The State appropriations for the current fiscal year are as follows:

SAIATION chet hs « Serene cieeneie ge oh. eet ions tre win inva ee CRO cme ewan cate ee $52, 000
ADOT AE ee Rh, Bb SE ER Se ate Ss OS ER EE eae ain? Beene 15, 800
Maintenance of work of Station departments.................... 24,000
Special grape work in Chautauqua county...................... 7,500
General expense, heat, light, water, repairs, etc................. 5, 500

ANOURL Es Bis aw eth A ete a aete a! ste Pate ot dha Acta BR Ae RRA eed EM $105, 800

Expense of chemical work in analyzing samples of fertilizers and
feeds submitted as required by law to the Commissioner of
Agriculture:

Hentilizers ANS PECLION: cae ci-leyeio sp tetvsadalale oye sysiaysis. oiovchesteis louee tere oteueier $11, 000
Needing ‘stufisinspection Vsti). Fp Salve. bane sok lete ahs dele ohenmenietene 4,500
AUC) 2 (Pe eee OR ie An a NE gee RO EE Sn ale eats! $15,500

Owing to a failure to receive from the Legislature any appro-
priation for 1912 for the Chautauqua grape work, it became
necessary to support this work from the general funds of the in-
stitution during the last four or five months of the fiscal year end-
ing September 30, 1912. This placed limitations on our work
both at the Station and in the Chautauqua district.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ita

ESTIMATED FINANCIAL NEEDS OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE
FISCAL YEAR 1913-1914.

In making public the estimates decided upon by your Board as
needed appropriations for the institution during the fiscal year
1913-19114 it is proper that certain explanations should be offered.

It will be noticed that the items requested for the maintenance
of the Station for the next fiscal year, outside of the aid given the
Commissioner of Agriculture in the administration of agricul-
tural law, exceed the appropriation for the present year by
$16,700. ‘This increase is distributed among the items for sal-
aries, labor and expenses for maintaining the various lines of re-
search and experimentation carried on by the institution.

It is easily seen that this increase is not requested for any single
purpose, but is regarded as necessary because of the general en-
largement of the activities of the Station due to the steady growth
of the demands made upon us by the agricultural public. It
should not be forgotten in this connection that agricultural prac-
tice has undergone, during the past few decades, very far-reach-
ing changes largely in the direction of a steadily increasing de-
pendence upon the conclusions of science. For this reason, the
agricultural public is more and more turning to such agencies as
the college of agriculture and the experiment station for the
solution of problems and for direction in farm practice. It may
be said that there seems to be no limit to what may be expended
in agricultural research and education and it is true that the
amounts appropriated by the State for the support of its agricul-
tural agencies has been steadily increasing until they are now an
important item in the State’s annual financial budget.

The real question to be considered, however, is whether these
expenditures are profitable, whether it is really worth while to
secure and apply knowledge that results in more economical pro-
duction, whether it is worth while to defend the farmer against
pests, which, without the application of modern methods, would
render almost impossible the production of certain farm: crops.
It is safe to assert that the action of the State Legislature in liber-

12 Drrecror’s Report OF THE

ally supporting the various agricultural agencies that have been
established is heartily ratified, on the basis of experience, by the
intelligent agricultural public.

If this institution is to meet the increasing see: made upon
it, it must have more liberal financial support and it is for this
reason that your Board has asked for enlarged resources for the
following fiscal year.

The items decided upon are as follows:

Wor Salaries \.o sete: lk ete loe tee ec ee ee CCS ee neice eee $60,000
Hor Labor 2a y ce S32 se ee oe eee osteo Oe SPER E eee ote ae etka eee era 18, 000
Maintenance of work of Station departments.................... 28,000
Investigations in the interests of grape growing................ 10, 000
General expenses, including heat, light, water, repairs, ete........ 5, 500

ED OG aN rete crea revevasevsisnel sire we shonaita Pr oihenens eilsiguckertatotenes Stone rasiete cucamme emer tease: $121,500

It has become the policy of the State to regulate, through inspec-
tion laws, the sale of various commercial articles important to
the farmer, including commercial fertilizers, concentrated feed-
ing stuffs, fungicides and insecticides, and agricultural seeds. In
addition to this, all glassware used in measuring the fat content
of milk and cream, where such products are bought on the fat
basis, must be inspected and marked by this institution. The first
inspection law enacted in this State related to commercial fer-
tilizers, which was followed some years later by an act regulating
the sale of concentrated feeding stuffs. There has gradually fol-
lowed inspection along the other lines mentioned.

The chemical and other scientific work involved in this inspec-
tion has all been placed among the required duties of the Director
of this institution, but for only two lines of inspection, viz., fer-
tilizers and feeding stuffs, are special funds provided to meet the
necessary expense. Whatever has previously been accomplished
in the analysis of fungicides and insecticides, in the examination
of agricultural seeds and in the testing and marking of Babcock
glassware has been done by the use of funds not appropriated for
these purposes. The time has now come when there must be some
recognition in our maintenance appropriation of the expense in-
volved in these required duties.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 13

The expense in these several directions is not itemized for each
line of work for the reason that the same force of chemists is
active along these several lines, which is true of other departments
of the Station, and it is somewhat difficult to make divisions of
salaries and other expenses on an exact basis of time used and of
laboratory expenditures. The item is, therefore, presented as
follows:

Upon enforcing the provisions of the law in relation to commercial

fertilizers, concentrated feeding stuffs, fungicides and insecticides,
agricultural seeds, and the testing and marking of Babcock glass-

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Station fall under six heads:

(1) Technical Bulletins, the subject-matter of which is tech-
nically scientific and sets forth the results of investigations that
are regarded as fundamental to succeeding attempts at the solu-
tion of practical problems. The bulletins are not intended for
popular use and have a limited circulation.

(2) Complete Bulletins, which give in full detail the methods.
followed in studying certain practical problems and the entire
data from which the conclusions are drawn. Through such com-
plete statements, every investigator or experimenter is bound to
set forth the results of his work in order that his methods and con-
clusions may be open to the fullest inspection and criticism. This
is especially to be desired if it is expected that the dicta of Station
publications are to be accepted and applied in practice. The com-
plete bulletins of the Station are evidently found useful by many
teachers both in colleges and in schools of a lower grade. They
are also sought by a small percentage of persons engaged in prac-
tical agriculture.

(3) Popular Bulletins are somewhat popular presentations of
the more extensive and more technical subject-matter of the com-
plete bulletins. They are intended to make plain to the non-

14 Drrector’s REPorRT oF THE

scientific reader the practical bearing and application of the re
sults of the Station investigations. These bulletins are written by
the Station Editor, in all cases in consultation with the member
of the staff who is responsible for the complete bulletin under
consideration.

The experience of fifteen years has taught us that the presenta-
tion to the public of our work through the popular bulletins is a
more efficient way and financially a more economical way than to
issue the complete form to the entire mailing list. We have
reason to believe, also, that the public regards our methods as
satisfactory.

A glance at the figures below will show that the complete bulle-
tins are desired by a comparatively small proportion of our mail-
ing list.

(4) Circulars are prepared as a means of placing information
in the hands of a special class of practitioners, such as cheese-
makers or apple growers. These also aid in replying to the
numerous requests for information that come to the Station. They
are not for distribution to our general mailing list.

(5) Leaflets, mostly of such a size as may be enclosed in an
ordinary correspondence envelope, are informational briefs that
are prepared and used as a means of lessening the immense labor
of correspondence that is imposed on the Station, which, at the
best, sometimes taxes the energies of the members of the staff to
an extent that hampers their more important activities.

(6) Annual Reports are intended to be complete presentations
of the status and work of the Station, each report covering a cal-
endar, rather than a fiscal, year.

They are made up chiefly of the complete bulletins. In ac-
cordance with law, they are submitted to the Commissioner of
Agriculture and are printed as a part of his annual report, 2,000
copies being assigned to the Station.

The fruit publications of the Station, viz., The Apples of New
York, The Grapes of New York and The Plums of New York,
constituted one part of the annual reports of the Station for the

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15

years 1903, 1907 and 1910, respectively. The original editions
of these publications were as follows:

EE MeCN RUE Kate t's stot arele we acnistal aieley ate rete etalatd wists ate es 8 sis o) alco 19, 000
Meme Obe New, SUOr iss. "fa\rs?. Mohteta satel stele = mots ena dere bidte eo os ares 9,000

PARIS OL ONC WEY OL K2t.3 8s telctelclsfotclocts Gre evoetens = tate BiG iSeh aR Ne OERO ENA 9,000

These were divided for distribution into three lots.

Members of the Legislature:

ATplEs One New, Y OF joc Cet. iter Pe et fae cdo cil as bade: Sletad Mraler ots are els 15, 000
CRETES CLUS Od ae Baiada od ddce cr aes aes Saoeo bens Onna at 5,000
ewe sy OF NE WANCOLKS oS poier a atatets lett ehe Siar > sicie Braco sels Sohoeeds Malek 5, 000

Commissioner of Agriculture:
AiipeAchenmplicaian'. pais Wades nels. meter. Laks Win sil. Bh. Saat 2, 000

Agricultural Experiment Station:
Ofrrenchy Wublicationer 425 9. /ielsnsd sacks Spobatien a sees Sach eel Sheba etary es 2, 000

The Legislature of 1912 authorized the printing of 5,000 more
copies of The Apples of New York of which 4,530 copies were
assigned to the Legislature and 470 copies to the Station. The
number which the Station will have for distribution will average
less than eight for each county, provided none are retained for
future needs. It is evident that from our quota we can not meet
extensive demands for this publication. The endeavor will be to
place our supply of copies where they will be of the greatest pos-
sible use as a means of education.

The supply of both the Grapes of New York and the Plums of
New York is now practically exhausted, a limited number of cop-
ies being retained to meet future library, school and professional
needs within the State.

Bulletins in the several forms are now issued as follows:

POPULAR BULLETINS.

Residents wOleNe wey Okay. scts eee ee etiols diet ee eae. 38, 465
Residentoromarnersstatesss.s.. ¢ amar nina ses Doss wale bo bie esas Dealiye
Me WSPApenieas ete ele ae . S o'.\s cee Petean othnss onsite e hate. tees 780
Experiment sutlonsvand her Staltsyaemetscyor pe ececrs 4 tslersvacl«cycuetereie 1,756
MES CellanGOus rats ctteta ct toes 2s 0. o stn care etoile erase eldete Bales 100

16 Drrectror’s REPORT OF THE

COMPLETE BULLETINS.

Experiment stations and their staffs... f- ac. « cmp eupetiee eda re 1, 756
\nibraries; scientists; etc. . +... sc eoee rene het eRe eer 300
Bare tom: LISt, 5.5055 &sjoie invln anaes aie oat atte oh het = eet see ae 320
riety dials. «2.25. sccsavece aitihe ota toyota Riahe bones Marae rae RAI eee ae eee 3,367
MIsCell ANE OUS 5. 2.5:¥ seit a snelevate vere seve eae @ eho) ar abiarcks sia lotelo oaa ey Rae Ree ae 100

POE 21 ac, diez ovaues ove See eee ACERT OO Fein eee 5, 843

NEW CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIRS.

The Legislature of 1912 appropriated $3,000 to replace and
equip the carpenter shop destroyed by fire in the winter of 1912.
The building is now in process of construction under a contract
which leaves a balance sufficient to purchase the necessary tools
and other equipment.

The general repairs which it is necessary to make include paint-
ing some twenty-seven buildings, repairs to the buildings on the
farm purchased in 1911 and the renovation of the interior of the
Chemical Laboratcry. It is now evident that this will be accom-
plished at an expense that will leave, out of the $6,000 appropri-
ated for these purposes, a balance sufficient to make some other
needed repairs.

A NEW BUILDING.

An appropriation for the much needed Administration and
Demonstration building has been made by three Legislatures and
in each instance, disapproved by the Governor on the ground of
an insufficiency of funds.

The amount which your Board has decided to ask for this pur-
pose, one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000), is considerably
larger than the previous requests for the following reasons: The
Soils Investigation Department, located in the Chemical Building,
needs for its development space now used for dormitory purposes,
and the space in the present Administration Building (the old
mansion house bought with the Station farm) should be converted
into living rooms for members of the staff. This means the trans-
ference of the library to new quarters, which should be fireproof,
as the Station library is now valuable.

New York AGricutTuRAL ExprERIMENT STATION. A by

Aside from the above reason for the erection of a new building,
to contain administrative offices, demonstration space, the library
and an audience room, the following needs justify the request of
your Board, which are restated here as given in my last two re-
ports.

(1) There is no place at the institution where an audience can
be assembled, excepting out of doors in the pleasant days of the
warm season. This is wrong; for the work of the Station stands
in such relation to educational interests and farm practice that
some way of assembling audiences on the Station ground and bring-
ing them into close range with the Station activities and results
should be made possible.

(2) It is extremely desirable that space shall be provided where
the results of Station work can be illustrated in a concrete form.
We have many visitors who state that they come to see what the
Station is doing, not realizing that in the progress of our inquiries
they can only see a single point in the progress of an experiment
or investigation, which to the untrained eye may be meaningless.

Space is needed for the objective display of results that have
been reached in dairy work, in the study of farm pests, field experi-
ments and in other directions. Such an exhibit would be espe-
cially useful and instructive in connection with meetings here of
horticultural societies and other bodies interested in special lines
of production.

(3) The number of the scientific staff is now such that more
office room is needed. This can be provided by removing the
museum collections in the building now occupied by the depart-
ments of bacteriology, botany, dairying, entomology and horticul-
ture, to the proposed new building. |

(4) The building now used for administrative and library pur-
poses is needed for other uses. It has come to be necessary to ar-
range for boarding the unmarried members of the staff at some
point nearer than the city. Rooms are now available on the Sta-
tion grounds, but arrangements for meals near the Station are now
difficult and uncertain, sometimes impossible. With slight ex-

18 Drrecror’s Report oF THE

pense the building now used for offices and library could be
adapted to the uses indicated and it would be a much needed con-
venience. Getting a noon lunch a mile or a mile and a half away
occasions either much loss of time or such haste as is equally detri-
mental to health and good work.

FIELD WORK CARRIED ON BY THE STATION IN VARIOUS PARTS
OF THE STATE.

It is not possible for the Station to study the numerous prob-
lems which it undertakes to solve through experiments or observa-
tions on the Station farm, or even on farms in the vicinity of the
Station. It is necessary to locate field work in those places where
the problems exist, as, for instance, among pear growers for the
study of the pear thrips, or among potato growers for the study of
the methods and economy of spraying. ‘This necessity has led to
the location of experimental work, during 1912, in fifty-six towns
in the State on ninety-seven farms. There follows a list of this
experimental work giving the subject of the experiment, the name
of the farmer or fruit grower co-operating and the location of the
experiments. Acknowledgment should be made to all of these
gentlemen for their hearty co-operation in carrying out the details
of the work undertaken.

OuTSIDE WORK CARRIED ON BY THE STATION DURING THE SEASON OF 1912.
BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT: EXPERIMENTAL.

Nature of Experiment. Co-operator. Location.
Control of currant diseases. James R. Clark.......... Milton.
Causes of poor potato stand F. A. Sirrine............. Riverhead.

ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT: EXPERIMENTAL,

Control of apple aphis..... Frank Bacon *... 1. 5eneeee Albion.
Control of apple aphis..... John Beckwith........... New Haven.
Control of apple aphis..... William Bugbee.......... Gasport.
Control of apple aphis..... Lyman Burrows.........- Albion.
Control of apple aphis..... Chas. Dunkelberger....... Gasport.
Control of apple aphis..... Samuel Smith leeys sya -.- Albion.
Control of cabbage aphis... Daniel De Lea........... Seneca Castle.
Control of cabbage aphis... Tuttle & Russell......... Williamson.
Control of cabbage aphis... T. D. Whitney........... Stanley.
Control of cabbage maggot. L. A. Page.............. Seneca Castle.
Control of cranberry leaf- R. C. Brown............. Riverhead.

hopper

New York AcricutturaL ExprrrMent Station. Lg

Nature of Experiment. Co-operator. Location.
Control of grape insects... James Barnes............ Prospect Station.
Control of grape insects... Louis Bourne............ Westfield.
Control of grape insects... H. L. Cumming.......... Fredonia.
Control of grape insects... Charles Horton .......... Silver Creek.
Control of grape: imsects ... S. J. Lowell....3.......: Fredonia.
Control of grape insects... M. J. Sackett (2lines).... W. Irving.
Control of grape, insects ... Chas. Secord............. W. Irving.
Control of green pear bug.. G. W. Dauchy............ Pavilion.
Control of green pear bug.. E. E. Crosby............. Lockport.
Control of Hessian fly..... Lee lll Sees eerie Clyde
Control of Hessian fly..... Experiment Station....... Geneva
Control of Hessian fly..... G PEPIN OVEOUL 502 8 He hog Corning.
Control of pear psylla..... Wramic, GIDSOR as) 6 > = a. aya55 Albion.
Control of pear psylla..... ie By Etanboare. 0... 08 < oe Medina.
Control of pear psylla..... Hie Bae Dreher oii x ~, 2) Sanborn.
Control of pear thrips..... Ashley & Rockefeller...... Germantown.
Control of pear thrips..... Cay li EOver ti AS 8 Ss Germantown.
Control of pear thrips..... A. W. Hover & Bro...... Germantown.
Control of pear thrips..... CIZFence ONY GET «ca. .00e--< North Germantown.
Control of pear thrips..... ppencer Bross 3% .'2.iehs «= Hudson.
Control of willow beetle ... Mrs. L. C. Parshall....... Lyons.
Control of willow snout W. & T. Smith Co........ Geneva.

beetle
Control of willow weevil... Stuart Nursery Co....... Newark
Control of willow weevil... W. & T. Smith Co........ Geneva

ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT: DEMONSTRATION.

Control of green apple aphis. E. E. Barnum............ Albion.
Control of green apple aphis. E, L. Chapman........... Albion.
Control of green apple aphis. E. E. Crosby............ Lockport.
Control of green apple aphis. Yale Forbes ............. Brockport.
Control of green apple aphis. Frank Gibson............ Albion.
Control of green apple aphis. F. E. Hanlon............. Medina.
Control of green apple aphis. John Larwood........... Albion.
Control of green apple aphis. Albert Wood Estate...... Carlton.
Control of cabbage maggot.. Alfred Armington........ Orleans.
Control of cabbage maggot.. James Brewer............ Stanley.
Control of cabbage maggot.. W. T. Cooper............ Seneca Castle.
Control of cabbage maggot.. Daniel De Lea........... Seneca Castle.
Control of cabbage maggot.. T. C. Hays.............. Seneca Castle.
Control of cabbage maggot.. Benjamin Jones.......... Orleans.
Control of cabbage maggot... W.P. Jones.............. Stanley.
Control of cabbage maggot.. L. D. Knapp............. Seneca Castle.
Control of cabbage maggot.. Robert Ritchie ........... Seneca Castle.
Control of cabbage maggot.. O. W. Winburn........... Seneca Castle.
Control of pear psylla..... BE 5 03S a ae Medina.
Control of pear psylla..... Pranks? Bacon (2). 0" sc «20 Albion.
Control of pear psylla ..... Spencer Brownell......... Oswego.
Control of pear psylla..... Ty gM Ee tarsi oycct areas a) oi Hilton.
Control of pear psylla..... Collamer) Bros. /s5).).¢.)..1: Hilton.
Control of pear psylla..... JONM CRAMOT ao cre cas «son Middleport.
Control of pear psylla..... Nrankee@urtiser: sists eciere o- Hilton.
Control of pear psylla..... Chas:. DuiColen.....)..,.)...).- Hilton.
Control of pear psylla ..... Car Ey EGBe Brest ecco. oe 2 Gasport.

20 Drrecror’s Report or THE

Nature of Experiment. Co-operator. Location.
Control of pear psylla..... Fy, SPo Haveltone cso views Le Roy.
Control of pear psylla..... Sets Lakoyel ents) ets BN boc Youngstown.
Control of pear psylla..... Hi, SHAG © Sec as iaie sd ree Albion.
Control of pear psylla..... Hy BO Wel ate tcc Medina.
Control of pear psylla..... Which Mates eee ceo Hilton.
Control of pear psylla..... SW ateCollims. 5... Lockport.
Control of pear psylla..... E. Moody & Sons......... Lockport.
Control of pear psylla..... C: GRE: Oaks. .8 = North Rose.
Control. of pean psylla. 3.5. ALC WReases er Re. ee Oswego.
Control of pear psylla..... Iimay PCASCt sre crete. Secs: -telsta the Oswego.
Control of pear psylla..... Ta CAR MENG B TBS taste ate Albion.
Control of pear psylla..... Dayad Samp ee. ost ee Middleport.
Control of pear psylla..... Delos Renny fees eee Hilton.
Control of pear psylla..... Hy I D@TnY, Sortie. hte Hilton.
Control of pear psylla..... Wee Ww lifaaria oo ttc Hilton.
Control of pear psylla..... Albert Wood Estate...... Albion.
Control of pear psylla..... F. M. Woolworth......... Youngstown.
Control of pear psylla..... Lawrence Wright......... Hilton.

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT: EXPERIMENTAL,

Apple orchards, dwarf..... Wood Orchard’. 2). 9207 =... Carlton Station.
Apple orchards, dwarf..... HE: Dawileyet. 2 ee ne. & Fayetteville.
Apple orchards, dwarf..... Edward Van Alstyne..... Kinderhook.
Apple orchards, fertilizers W. D. Auchter........... South Greece.
for
Apple orchards, tillage of.. W. D. Auchter........... South Greece.
Apple orchards, tillage of.. Grant Hitchings ........ South Onondaga.
Grapes, fertilizers for...... HH, Benjamin. 3 2. .duvies Fredonia.
Grapes, fertilizers for...... S. S. Grandin 2.2% secter Westfield.
Grapes, fertilizers for...... Cy MoHamil tonsa. eens Ripley.
Grapes, fertilizers for...... Miss Frances Jennings.... Silver Creek.
Grapes, fertilizers for...... H, ‘GreMisier Bias. s2hhead West Sheridan.
SOILS DEPARTMENT: EXPERIMENTAL,
Alfalfa, fertilizers for...... We PcMeadis tev et aso aie Jamestown.
Alfalfa, fertilizers for...... i aING DOUG ae a apcre oc segs Watkins.
Apples, fertilizers for...... Reo By Densmore scr. cece - Albion.
Nursery stock, fertilizers for W. & T. Smith Co....... Geneva.
Peaches, fertilizers for..... ODS aE ISG pees Bye, e, 5 Seen ea Trumansburg.
Pears, fertilizers for....... Lawrence Howard........ Kinderhook.
Pears, tillage and cover L. L. Morrell............. Kinderhook.
crops
Young vineyard, fertilizers D. W. Blood............ . Fredonia.
for
Young vineyard, fertilizers S. E. Stone............., Fredonia.
for

THE STATION FARM.

The Station farm, including the grounds on which the buildings
are located, now comprises about two hundred and twenty (220)
acres. Approximately four-fifths of this area is devoted to experi-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21

ments, horticultural work occupying the larger part. Only a
small part of the land is given up to general farming as a means
of sustaining the dairy herd.

The Station authorities are sometimes questioned as to the
profits of the farm under scientific management. The farm does
not return a profit in dollars and cents and if it did, it would be
a miserable failure. It is regarded very properly as a piece of
apparatus to be used in agricultural investigation and when so
used, it not only returns no profits, but is a heavy bill of expense.
This would be easily understood by anyone who would take the
trouble to learn the details of our experimental work. For in-
stance, the varieties of fruit on the farm number several thousand,
at times as many as 10,000. With the large fruits there are but
two or three trees of a variety and with the small fruits only a
short row of vines or bushes for each kind. Careful records are
kept of these fruits which, in the case of the varieties that we have
bred, are much in detail and time-consuming. The fruits can not
be handled to advantage commercially because there is so small an
amount of each kind.

As another illustration, there is under cultivation a twelve-acre
field that has been handled experimentally for sixteen years. This
field is divided into eight plats and is devoted to a rotation of
crops. In order to secure the data desired, the weighed fer-
tilizers and farm manures are put on with great care so as to se-
cure uniform distribution. The crops are weighed and sampled.
Great pains is taken to secure uniformity of treatment on all the
plats outside of the differences in fertilizers. This requires care
in every detail at a much greater expense than would be incurred
on a farm managed merely for commercial purposes.

The dairy herd here is a fine one and very productive, but it is
constantly under experimental observation for such purposes as
testing milking machines, determining the important factors in
milk sanitation and making observations of other kinds. Now all
this work can not be done in the way which is essential to accurate
experimentation without incurring several times the expense that

99° Direcror’s REPorRT oF THE

would be necessary for mere commercial operations. It is for
these reasons then that an experimental farm should be regarded
as a failure if it returns a financial profit, because the existence of
such profit would mean that little experimental work of a high
character is carried on.

INVESTIGATION,

ANIMAL NUTRITION.

The problems pertaining to the feeding of animals are among
the most complex and difficult of solution with which science has
to deal. This is due largely to the fact that the processes of nutri-
tion are hidden. Direct observations are, in the main, not pos-
sible, and the conclusions reached must be largely inferential in
their nature. When a milch cow, for instance, consumes a given
quantity of food of a certain kind, we have as exterior results the
production of a certain quantity of milk and the maintenance of
the body of the animal at a given weight, or with a gain or loss in
body substance as the case may be. These measurements give
little clue to the function of the various constituents of which the
food is composed.

The study of the problems of animal nutrition enters the field
of both chemistry and physiology and the patient studies carried
on during the past half century have revealed a great many facts
which we now regard as thoroughly established. We know much
about the functions of ash constituents, proteins, carbohydrates
and fats and we have quite definite data as to the quantities of
nutrients necessary to support the various classes of animals under
given conditions. This knowledge is embodied in feeding
standards.

In recent years, these standards appear to be shifting from quan-
tities of nutrients to energy measurements, this change having
been brought about by exhaustive studies of energy and heat rela-
tions by the aid of what is known as the respiration calorimeter.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 23.

At present, studies in animal nutrition are turning from what
may be called bookkeeping with the animal organism, that is, a
study of balances of matter and energy, to researches concerning
the specific reactions of individual compounds upon the animal
organism, and it is along this line that we may expect the most
useful future progress in the knowledge of feeding animals.

Some seven years ago, the writer instituted investigations that
were intended, as their primary object, to get additional data, if
possible, concerning the relation between the production in the
milch cow of the phosphorus-bearing body in the milk, known as
casein, and the supply in the food of certain phosphorus-bearing
compounds. In attempting to carry on such an investigation, it was
found desirable to compare a ration having a high phosphorus
content with one low in phosphorus, even lower than the demands
of a producing cow. This led to the leaching of wheat bran with
a slightly acid solution in order to reduce the phosphorus content
to the lowest possible limit, this so-called “‘ washed bran ” to consti-
tute a considerable part of the low phosphorus ration. In compar-
ing a ration containing unwashed bran with one containing washed
bran, marked physiological differences in effect were observed,
these differences being the following:

1. Drier and much firmer feces with the washed bran ration,
accompanied by a constipated condition, requiring in some cases
the use of a purgative.

2. A marked disturbance of appetite (in Experiment 3) when
a sudden change was made from the washed bran ration to the one
containing the unwashed bran, indicating some specific physiolog-
ical influence of the compound or compounds removed from the
bran by leaching.

3. A greatly reduced flow of urine following a change from the
unwashed bran to the washed bran ration, the reverse taking place
when a reverse change was made.

4, An increase in the flow of milk consequent upon the with-
drawal from the ration of the phytin and other water-soluble con-
stituents of bran.

24 Drrecror’s Report OF THE

5. A reduction, sometimes large, in the percentage of fat in the
milk consequent upon the withdrawal from the ration of phytin
and other water-soluble constituents of bran.

6. A decreased production of butter-fat during the period the
washed bran ration was fed, notwithstanding a somewhat increased
flow of milk.

7. The entire cessation of the cestrum period with cow 1 and a
temporary disturbance of this period with cow 2.

8. The foregoing effects were observed chiefly in experiments 1
and 3, in which the difference in the phosphorus content of the
two rations was brought about by leaching the phytin and other
soluble compounds out of the wheat bran. In experiment number
2 where the phytin content was small and remained unchanged,
similar physiological influences were not sufticiently marked to
place much emphasis upon them.

No definite conclusions were reached as to the compound, or
compounds, withdrawn from the bran by washing, which caused
these differences. In view of the fact that the principal
body leached from the bran was a phosphorus compound believed
to be phytin, it was inferred that the physiological effects observed
were due to this substance, but it was distinctly stated in Tech-
nical Bulletin No. 1 that no definite conclusion was reached. Sub-
sequent experimental work conducted by Mr. A. R. Rose corrobo-
rated the observations of the former experiments in some particu-
lars, but not in others. The details of this later work are given in
Technical Bulletin No. 20.

While there is no doubt but that the leachings from the wheat
bran contained substances having marked physiological reactions,
we are not yet able to connect these reactions with specific com-
pounds. One of our weaknesses in an attack upon this problem
is a lack of definite knowledge concerning the exact nature of the
phosphorus-bearing compounds in the various feeding stuffs. At
the time of the first experiment, it was believed that the main
phosphorus-bearing body of wheat bran was phytin. More recent
researches indicate that this is not the case. The investigation of

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 25

other feeding stuffs appears to show that while all feeding stuffs
contain organic phosphorus compounds, somewhat similar, these
compounds differ, as, for instance, the compound in corn meal is
phytin, while in cottonseed meal and wheat bran, it is not. Below
is a summary of the studies of these phosphorus-bearing compounds
up to the present time, which studies are being continued.

In Technical Bulletin No. 19 are reported results of an investi-
gation concerning the chemical properties of phytic acid, particu-
larly as to its salts with inorganic bases. A continuation of this
work was reported in Technical Bulletin No. 21. In these bulle-
tins, experiments towards the synthesis of phytic acid are also
reported. As it was believed that phytic acid was an ester or com-
plex compound of inosite and phosphoric or pyrophosphorie acid,
efforts were made to synthesize the substance by acting on inosite
with those acids under different conditions. In these reactions,
however, only inosite esters of the respective acids were formed
which, although similar to, were not identical with, phytic acid.

Technical Bulletin No. 22 contains a report of the chemical in-
vestigation of the organic phosphoric acid of wheat bran. It had
been believed previously that wheat bran contained phytin but as
only a substance of quite different composition could be isolated,
the opinion seems justified that it is not phytin, but a differently
constituted compound, which is present in wheat bran.

The importance of cottonseed meal as a feeding stuff and the
fact that it is believed to contain some poisonous principle led to
an investigation of the organic phosphoric acid present in this
material. The results are reported in Technical Bulletin No. 25.
It was found that the organic phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal
was chemically very similar to phytic acid and, while its physi-
ological effects have not yet been fully studied, it was shown that
it does not possess any marked toxic properties.

It should be observed that such physiological studies based
largely upon chemical investigations are time-consuming and ex-
pensive, but as a matter of fact, they are the only means of reach-
ing the knowledge that is fundamental in animal nutrition. Very

26 Drrecror’s Report oF THE

many so-called practical feeding experiments have been carried on,
and while these are very useful as a test of theories and of formule
based upon severer investigation it is safe to say that they will
not form foundation material for the science of cattle feeding.

BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES.

The science of bacteriology has come to have very definite rela-
tions to farm practice in several directions. We now know that
soil bacteria are important agents in the preparation of plant food.
These organisms are intimately associated with the development
of leguminous plants such as alfalfa and clover, and one of the
triumphs of modern agricultural science is the inoculation of the
soil with bacteria as one essential preparation for the growth of
alfalfa and other legumes.

Barn and dairy sanitation, now established on a fairly definite
basis, is the outcome of bacteriological investigations; for it is
this class of organisms that is responsible for the degradation of
dairy products through undesirable and excessive fermentation, to
say nothing of the presence of disease germs. The technical
processes used in the manufacture of butter and cheese are based
upon fermentative changes caused by lactic acid ferments and
other forms of germ life.

Progress in bacteriological investigation has to quite an extent
been limited by the development of methods of work and the ex-
tent of our knowledge of the various classes of bacteria and their
reactions. For this reason, it has been found necessary and is
still necessary to devote much time to the technics of the labora-
tory and the study of the various types of organisms irrespective
of their economic relations.

Several years ago the Station began a study of the changes
which occur in the curing of cheese, changes brought about
through the action of ferments, both chemical and bacterial. In
making these investigations it was found desirable to suppress
the action of one class of ferments or of all ferments in order to
discover, if possible, what agencies were operating to cause the

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Patt

breaking down of the cheese substance. This led to the study of
the influence of chloroform in varying quantities not only upon
bacteria but also upon the chemical ferments known as enzymes.
It also was found necessary to gain a more complete knowledge
concerning the classes of bacteria found in fermenting cheese as
the first step in gaining some knowledge of the specific action of
the several classes. This led to an extensive technical study of
cheese flora with the result that a marked advance was made in
our knowledge of the various groups of bacteria involved in the
problem of cheese curing. These are technical studies which may
appear to the unscientific mind as not coming within the limits
of practical agricultural investigation, but without which success-
ful investigation along the lines indicated could not be carried on.
It should be stated that these cheese studies are not yet completed.
It is felt, however, that a large amount of fundamental knowledge
has been obtained and the outlook for directly practical results is
hopeful.

The bacteriological staff has devoted much time to studies in
connection with milk sanitation. In recent years, great interest
has been shown in the production for commercial use of milk that
is as free as possible from germ life in order that the health of the
consumers may not in any way be threatened by unsanitary milk
or milk carrying disease germs. There has appeared in the large
markets what is known as certified milk — in other words, milk
produced at great cost because of the precautions necessary, or
regarded as necessary, to reduce the germ content of the milk to
a very low figure. Certified milk production, as carried on in
some places, has involved the washing of the stable walls, the bath-
ing of the animals, scrupulous neatness on the part of the em-
ployees drawing and handling the milk, and great precaution in
cooling and bottling of the milk. Such methods have been finan-
cially possible only through the disposal of the milk at very high
prices. These expensive methods of producing sanitary milk
were adopted without any definite knowledge as to the absolute or
relative influence of the various factors involved, such as the

28 Direcror’s REeEPorRT OF THE

cleanliness of the walls, the cleanliness of the animals and their
attendants, the condition of the barn air, or in fact any other
factor.

For the last five or six years, the Station has been engaged in
a study of the relative influence and importance of these factors.
These studies have been instituted on the theory that in the pro-
duction of thoroughly sanitary milk, too much importance is being
given to certain operations and that milk of the most healthful
character may be placed on the market without the excessive cost
that has been incurred by certain certified milk producers. These
investigations are still in progress.

Certain results have been made public, however. Probably no
single factor has a greater influence upon the bacterial content of
the milk than the form of milk pail used, and attention was first
given to this part of the problem. The inquiry involved a com-
parison between the old type of open pail and pails with a partially
closed top. These tests were extensive and were made under such
conditions as could be steadily maintained in good dairy manage-
ment and tests were made only when these conditions seemed to be
normal. Various narrow-mouthed pails were compared with the
open pail. A large number of observations showed that the covered
pail reduced the number of bacteria in the milk from 50 to 70 per
ct. The covered pail is now in general use in stables where an at-
tempt is made to improve the sanitary quality of the milk.

One of the most important publications issued by this Station
is Bulletin No. 337, giving the results of an effort at improving
the milk supply of the city of Geneva. The connection of the
Station with this municipal experiment was indirect and unofli-
cial. In 1907, the head of the Bacteriological Department of the
Station became a member of the Geneva board of health and in
this way an opportunity was offered for an officer of the Station
to aid in instituting an effort at improving the milk supply of the
city, which, at that time, was none too good.

The means adopted for securing an improvement in the sani-
tary condition surrounding the production of the city milk supply

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29

included a regular and systematic inypection of all the dairies
furnishing milk to the city, the grading of these dairies on the
basis of a score card, the publishing of the scores given to the sev-
eral farms and payment for the milk somewhat on the basis of the
sanitary quality of the product. ‘The dairies were classified as
excellent, good, medium and poor. The initial inspection showed
that 37.5 per ct. were “ poor,” 57.5 per ct. “medium,” and 5
per ct. “good.” After three years of inspection and publicity
of the results, the first quarter of the fourth year showed that 12.8
per ct. of the dairies ranked as “ excellent,” 87.2 per ct. as
“ vood,” the “medium” and “ poor”’ grades having entirely dis-
appeared. This desirable result was made possible through the
co-operation of the board of health of the city and the milkmen.
A similar result may be secured in any of the smaller cities of the
State if similar means are adopted. One fact should be borne in
mind, however, that dairy farmers and milk dealers will not un-
dertake the labor and expense necessary to the production and sale
of clean milk unless the consumer is willing to pay a price com-
mensurate with the cost of the milk delivered at his door.

One of the innovations in dairy farming is the milking machine.
When this machine was first introduced, questions were at once
raised as to its efficiency and economy. It was important to know
what the effect of the machine would be on the sanitary quality
of the milk, and whether its continued use would affect the quantity
of milk produced, or would cause troubles with the udder of the
cow. It seemed to the management of the Station that these were
among the questions that it should attempt to answer. The first
results of our inquiries in this direction that were made public
related to the influence of the milking machine on the germ con-
tent of the milk. The conclusions reached were based upon
numerous and long continued observations. The investigation re-
quired a study of numerous factors involved in the use of the
milking machine, such as operation of filters, treatment of the
rubber parts of the machine with septicides, and so on. After
considerable experience and the attainment of the desirable con-

30 Drrecror’s REPoRT OF THE

trol of the use of the machines, it was found that the bacterial con-
tent of the milk remained well below 10,000 per cubic centimeter,
ranging in a majority of cases between 2,000 and 5,000. These
tests were carried out under ordinarily good barn management and
indicate that the milking machine, properly handled, may be made
an important factor in the production of sanitary milk.

Another important line of investigation recently instituted by
the bacteriological department is the study of soil bacteria, espe-
cially as influenced by the application to the soil of lime and other
substances. We have come to understand that soil flora are inti-
mately related to fertility and it is well within the range of proba-
bility that the effect of lime or other materials applied to the soil
may be in part due to a modification of the kind and activities of
soil bacteria. ‘This investigation has not proceeded beyond the
preliminary steps that are necessary to the carrying on of an ex-
tended piece of research.

Vegetable growers have at times met with serious losses from
what are known as soft rots. The soft rot of cabbage has received
the attention of the Station for some years. It is now known
that the causal organism, or group of organisms, is bacterial in its
character. As far back as 1902, this Station and the Experiment
Station of Vermont entered into a co-operative investigation of
the soft rots of cabbage, cauliflower and turnip. This investiga-
tion has not proceeded farther than a study of the various strains
of organisms related to the soft rots and an attempt at their classi-
fication. The knowledge gained forms a basis for further inquiry
as to the possible control of vegetable soft rots.

CHEMICAL WORK.

The most laborious and expensive chemical work performed at
the Station is the analysis of various materials that are inspected
under the authority of the State Commissioner of Agriculture.
Samples of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, fungicides and insecticides
are selected in the open market by the agents of the Commissioner,
which samples are forwarded to the Station for analysis. The an-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ai

nual number of samples of all kinds now analyzed is at least
1600. This work has been increasingly expensive, so far as feed-
ing stuffs are concerned, because of changes in the law requiring
not only a chemical analysis, but a determination of the ingredi-
ents in the various samples. The results of these various exam-
inations are published annually in the bulletins which are dis-
tributed to a list of over 40,000 persons.

The desire is often expressed by dealers and farmers that these
analyses might be published each year before it is necessary to
purchase these commodities. It is not possible to accomplish this.
For instance, samples of fertilizers can not be taken with any
economy whatever until the goods for a given year are well dis-
tributed in the market. To take samples at the manufacturing
establishments would be little short of mockery. This means,
then, that sampling will not begin actively until early in March
and it is impossible to select a thousand or more samples and se-
cure their analysis before the sale and use of fertilizers begin.
The fertilizer bulletins are chiefly valuable in indicating to pur-
chasers those brands of fertilizers that have uniformly been as
good as the guarantees, and purchasers may safely bank upon the
continued reliability of goods that have been maintained up to
their guarantees during a period of years.

At the present time, the feeding stuff trade is a source of per-
plexity both to the inspecting authorities and the consumer.
There are now being placed upon the market many brands of feed-
ing stuffs that are made up in part of inferior materials such as
ground corncobs, oat hulls, low grade screenings and the like.
Manufacturers are becoming somewhat expert in the use of these
inferior materials in such a way as to deceive the purchaser and
make difficult their identification. The Station is doing its best
to so display the composition of these questionable goods that the
consumer will have no difficulty in understanding what he is buy-
ing. It is to be feared that farmers are not paying sufficient at-
tention to the published reports setting forth the real character of
the proprietary feeding stuffs now in the market. The State is

32 Drrector’s REPoRT OF THE

endeavoring to defend the farmers against fraud and it remains
for purchasers to make an intelligent use of the information that
is placed in their hands.

Chemical investigation is now related to almost every line of
farm practice. At this Institution, much attention has been given
to the chemical side of the dairy question. The extensive work
which was begun more than twenty years ago, touching the rela-
tion of milk to manufactured products, especially cheese, has been
largely instrumental in establishing certain standards by which
milk of various grades is now purchased for manufacturing pur-
poses. Investigations that were carried on in the earlier days at
this Station also threw a good deal of light upon the causes of
waste in butter and cheese making. This is all set forth in the
Anniversary Report of the Station published January 1, 1908.

More lately, the attention of the Chemical Department has been
directed toward the changes which occur in cheese during the
process of fermentation. While these changes are almost entirely
brought about through the actions of ferments, they must be
measured in kind and quantity by chemical methods. These later
results, including a determination of the influence of temperature
upon cheese curing, are also summarized in the annual report men-
tioned above.

One of the most important pieces of work undertaken by the
Chemical Department since 1907 was an investigation of the com-
position and economical manufacture of the lime-sulphur wash.
This wash has come to have an important place in fruit growing
as a means of preventing the ravages of fungus and insect pests.
The results of this investigation were embodied in a formula to
be followed by the manufacturer such as would accomplish the
desired combination of the lime and sulphur without waste. The
investigation also provided the data for a more accurate standard-
ization of lime-sulphur washes of varying strengths and for the
proper dilution of the commercial preparations when used for
various purposes.

An interesting investigation that was carried on by the Chemical
Department and one giving results of much promise was the study

New Yorx AGricutturRAL ExprrIMENT STATION, 33

of the effect of treating milk with carbon dioxide gas under pres-
sure. Pasteurized milk charged at a high pressure with carbon
dioxide was kept for five months with little increase of acidity.
Fresh milk similarly treated kept nearly as long in some instances.
In view of the fact that carbonated milk is a pleasant beverage
and constitutes a healthful drink, this method of keeping it for a
long time in a fresh condition makes it possible for this drink
to be commonly served during the heated season without loss to
the manufacturer.

Other chemical studies essential to the methods of investigating
milk and its products have been carried on, such as a volumetric
method for determining casein, useful in cheese factories, and a
study of the constitution of casein.

A fundamental question in relation to the composition of milk
and the various transformations through which milk goes in the
manufacture and ripening of cheese is the relation of calcium to
easein. This investigation has been carried on for several years.
Sorme new compounds of calcium with casein and paracasein have
been found which have important relations to the changes taking
place when milk is made into cheese. Not only have calcium
compounds been formed and studied but also combinations of
casein with sodium, potassium, ammonium, borium and strontium.
From. the results of the investigations thus far carried on, as sum-
marized in Technical Bulletin No. 26, there appear to be not less
than four different compounds of calcium and casein.

CROP PRODUCTION.

It is undoubtedly true that farmers are more or less given to
looking for new crops that have unusual properties rather than
to attempting improvements in the culture of crops already estab-
lished. In a majority of instances, the new crops introduced in
later years have not proved to have any advantages over those
long under cultivation. This is not true of alfalfa, however. The
establishment of this plant on the farms of this State marks a

notable step in advance in the production of cattle feed. Not
2

34 Drrecror’s REPoRT OF THE

only is the acreage production of nutritive material large, but
the alfalfa plant has a distinct value as a soil renovator and as a
means of maintaining the necessary nitrogen supply of the farm.
There is probably no other instance that can be mentioned in
which scientific investigation has been of more marked benefit
than in the increase of alfalfa-growing areas.

Leguminous plants, including alfalfa, sustain a peculiar re-
lation to bacteria. Plants of this class act as hosts to certain forms
of germ life and unless, for instance, numbers of this bacterium
are present in the soil, alfalfa does not flourish. Moreover, the
prosperity of this essential bacterium depends very much upon
the soil reaction, whether highly acid or not, and so it has been
found that the acidity of a particular field needs to be corrected
before the soil can be used successfully in alfalfa growing.

For several years, the Bacteriological and Botanical Depart-
ments of the Station gave much attention to the conditions favor-
able to the growth of the alfalfa plant. In a bulletin published
in 1908, there is reported the results of experiments in the
inoculation of soil for alfalfa growing in 67 fields distributed
among 33 counties of this State. It was found that the bacteria,
which enable alfalfa to appropriate nitrogen from the air, were
almost universally present, but in sufficient numbers in only about
one-fourth of the 67 fields to produce the desired inoculation. On
33 of the 67 fields which were tested the application of soil from an
old alfalfa field rich in the necessary bacteria changed alfalfa
growing from a failure to a success in those particular fields. On
15 fields, a successful crop was produced without this in-
oculation. This showed beyond question that in many parts of
the State soil inoculation is essential to the establishment of the
alfalfa plant. Inoculation was but part of the problem; the
influence of liming, or the modification of soil acidity, was still
to be considered and to what extent liming New York soils was
necessary to successful alfalfa production. A bulletin published
in 1909 gave the results of more than 100 co-operative experi-
ments in growing alfalfa in about half of the counties of the State.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35

These observations showed that where neither lime nor inoculation
was practiced, the chance of a successful crop of alfalfa was not
more than one in five. The addition of lime raised the chance of
successful crops to two out of five, and with inoculation alone
success was attained in about three-fifths of the trials; but where
both lime and inoculation were resorted to, success was attained
in four-fifths of the experiments. On the basis of such results,
alfalfa growing has developed rapidly in the State and is now an
important adjunct to dairy farming in many sections.

Other troubles developed in alfalfa production. One of the
most serious of these was the adulteration of alfalfa seed chiefly
with the seeds of other legumes such as yellow trefoil, bur clover
and sweet clover, and with the seed of dodder. In order to cor-
rect the evil of adulteration, the Botanical Department of the
Station invited farmers to submit samples of alfalfa seed for exam-
ination. Bulletin No. 305 showed that out of 548 samples of
alfalfa seed examined, 126 contained dodder. This was an impor-
tant fact because dodder is a parasitic plant which preys upon
alfalfa, clover and other legumes and, if allowed to spread, be-
comes a source of great loss.

The Botanical Department devised a means of ridding alfalfa
seed of the seeds of this pest by the use of a screen which would
allow the dodder seed to pass through, but held back the alfalfa.
This contrivance was widely advertised. Dodder has now largely
disappeared from commercial alfalfa seed in this State.

The examination for the other adulterants mentioned, such as
trefoil, led purchasers of alfalfa seed to be cautious in buying, and
dealers in séed to be careful concerning what they offered in the
market.

Various fungus diseases of the alfalfa plant have been given
consideration, but none of these appear to be especially destruc-
tive, the most important disease being what is known as leaf spot.
It is observed at the Station that in years when there is sufficient
moisture this fungus seldom develops to any extent.

36 Direcror’s REPORT OF THE

DAIRYING.

Dairying is the leading agricultural industry in this State.
Dairy products are probably sold from not less than 200,000
farms, involving the keeping of more than a million and a half of
cows. The annual sale of dairy products at the time of the last
census could not have been less than $60,000,000, and notwith-
standing the magnitude of this industry it is unprofitable on
many farms, although in many eases this may not be realized. The
lack of profit is due to several factors, among which are the low
price at which bulk milk is sold and the keeping of inferior cows.

The keeping of careful records of the feeding and production
of the Station herd gives an opportunity to illustrate the influence
upon profit of the individuality of the animals. The animals in
the Station herd present a high grade of efficiency and they are
more uniform in their productive capacity than would be the case
on any but very exceptional farms. Nevertheless, the range of
yield during three years’ records was from 3,350 pounds of milk
for the poorest cow to 10,150 pounds for the largest yielding cow.
This means that one animal produced three times as much milk
as the other and twice as much butter-fat, with the consumption
by the better animal of only one-tenth more food.

The following is a quotation from the conclusions presented in
Bulletin No. 322, published in 1910: ‘If for the poorer half of
the herd, we had substituted animals equal to those in the better
half, it would have increased the yearly revenue $237.40 if we
had sold milk at current shippers’ prices, or $379.90 if we had sold
butter-fat, with an added expense of only $40 as the cost of the
extra food consumed by the better cows.”

As emphasizing the results with the Station herd, mention may
be made of the records at the Stations of two farmers, one of whom
received in one year $877 from the product of eight cows, while
the other farmer received only $868 from the product of twenty-
two cows. The Dairy Department of the Station has urged upon
the dairymen of the State the wisdom of ascertaining the produc-
tivity of the individuals in their herds and the weeding out as fast
as possible of the poorer animals.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 37

As previously suggested, one of the questions involved in test-
ing the efficiency of the milking machine was the effect of its con-
tinued use upon the yield of milk and the welfare of the animal,
especially in the maintenance of the udder in a normal condition.
The acquisition of accurate data on this point is difficult. It is
not possible to milk the same animal by hand and by the machine
throughout the same lactation period, and for this reason it was
necessary to determine the yield of milk between two methods with
a generous number of animals and through several lactation
periods. There was involved in this study not only the effect of
machine milking upon yield, but also the question of economy in
the use of the machine in the saving of the time of men. The fol-
lowing is a summary of the conclusions given in Bulletin No. 353,
reprinted in this report:

One of the limiting factors in the development of the dairy busi-
ness is the difficulty in obtaining regular and efficient milkers. In-
terest in the milking machine is largely due to the possibility of
displacing a considerable amount of low-grade labor by a single
higher grade, better paid man.

This study of the effect of hand and machine methods of milk-
ing upon the flow of milk covered over four years. At each suc-
ceeding period of lactation the manner of milking was changed
so that each cow was alternately milked by machine and by hand
during succeeding periods. Satisfactory data were thus obtained
from 71 lactation periods.

The normal variation in flow in a large group of cows is at least
1 per ct. The effect of the manner of milking, provided it is
thoroughly done, is less than this amount and therefore is not
measurable.

In a dairy of 15 cows one man using two machines wiil milk
cows within an average time of 3 minutes but the time lost in pre-
paring and cleaning the machine will equal 1 minute per cow.
With larger dairies this latter item will be proportionately re-
duced.

38 Drrecror’s Report oF THE

The Station is now in possession of a herd of milch goats num-
bering forty-two animals. While the milch goat is not ordinarily
thought of as a dairy animal, it is believed that as a source of milk
for certain purposes, it will have a place of increasing importance
in this country, particularly as a source of food for very young
children who are unable to thrive on food of any other kind.

The purpose of keeping this herd is to determine the cost of
maintenance, the yield of milk and the uses to which the milk can
be put. Very encouraging success has already been reached with
infants and young children who were not previously prospering.
No results have been published, however, and will not be until data
are secured covering a considerable period of time and a large
amount of experience in the use of the milk.

The Station has no animals for sale. It will retain all desirable
animals and the undesirable ones will be disposed of otherwise.

FRUIT PRODUCTION.

The Experiment Station has devoted a great deal of attention
to the interests of the fruit grower. Not only has the Horticul-
tural Department directed its energies almost wholly along this
line, but the Departments of Botany and Entomology have been
occupied to a great extent with the study and control of the pests
from which the fruit grower must be defended. It is quite nat-
ural that a generous share of the Station’s activities should be di-
rected toward aiding the fruit interests, partly because these are
greatly important in this State and are increasing in magnitude,
and partly because fruit production has offered definite problems
that have been available for study. Moreover, among the fruit
growers of the State have been many men who have had the dis-
position and the ability to co-operate with the Station in the study
of their problems.

The Station has made extensive observations as to the character
and value of varieties of fruit. This has been accomplished partly
by the cultivation of a large number of varieties of several classes
of fruit on the Station grounds. The usefulness of variety tests

New Yorx AqricutturAL ExprertMENT STATION. 39

at a single locality has been the subject of much discussion and,
doubtless, much work of this kind has been of little benefit. It
is felt, however, that the variety studies at the Station have been
of great value. They have provided the foundation data for the
preparation of three important publications, ‘* The Apples of New
York,” “ The Grapes of New York,” and “ The Plums of New
York.” Other publications are in preparation and contemplated.
More than this, the Station has served as a bureau of information,
and the members of the Horticultural Department have needed to
be in immediate contact with an extensive museum of living fruits
in order to speak from actual observation.

The efforts of the Station have not been confined to old varieties,
but it has been active in the study of the new fruits that have been
offered to the public and has, on its own account, in the course of
its breeding experiments, developed a number of new varieties that
promise to be of great value. ‘These new varieties include small
fruits, such as strawberries and raspberries, as well as grapes and
apples. Some of them have been distributed throughout the State
for trial by practical fruit growers and so fast as additional varie
ties seem to be worthy of a more extensive trial, they will also be
distributed.

One of the most laborious pieces of work that the Station has
ever undertaken was the preparation of the fruit publications re-
ferred to above. The collection and organization of the data pre-
sented in these volumes has been a work of great magnitude and it
is very gratifying that these volumes seem likely to occupy an im-
portant place in the horticultural literature of the world. They
have been in great demand, much beyond the supply, not only
within the borders of the State, but also throughout the United
States and in foreign countries. It has not been possible to meet
fully the outside demand without doing injustice to local needs,
but it has been felt wise to place a limited number of volumes
where they would serve to promote the interests of fruit growing
in a widespread way. For this reason, other experiment stations,
important libraries and a limited number of professional men have
been supplied with these publications.

40 Drrector’s REeporT OF THE

The extensive studies of the fruits of the State made necessary
in the preparation of these fruit publications made it possible to
prepare bulletins giving advice as to the varieties, particularly
of apples, best adapted to the various sections of the State. The
bulletin on apple distribution has been much in demand and with-
out doubt has been found to be very suggestive and useful.

The field work of the Horticultural Department of the Station
has not been limited to the Station farm although there has been
developed on the farm, including the breeding experiments, a col-
lection at one time of approximately 10,000 varieties of fruits,
both large and small. In order to study important problems, the
Station has acquired the control of several areas of land in vari-
ous parts of the State. Some years ago, the question of the use of
dwarf trees in apple culture was much discussed and in co-opera-
tion with a committee of the New York State Fruit Growers’
Association, three dwarf orchards of two acres each were estab-
lished in the State, one in the western portion, one near Syracuse
and one in the Hudson River valley. The results of five years’
observation has been rather discouraging as to the general value of
dwarf trees, considered from the standpoint of acreage production.
This type of orchard seems to be promising in the production of a
limited number of varieties, such as the McIntosh Red, the Lady,
the Wealthy and the Jonathan, particularly the two former. The
experiments show, however, that with the most of the leading
commercial sorts of apples, standard trees are preferable.

Ten or twelve years ago, a very active controversy developed
over methods of orchard management. The merits of cultivation
combined with the use of cover crops as against what was termed
“sod culture” were warmly debated. This matter being so
important, the Station leased an orchard of ten acres which seemed
to be well adapted to the pursuit of experimental work for the com-
parison of the two methods under discussion. Nine years’ results
have been secured and the work will be continued only one year
more. So far as the results of this orchard are concerned, that is
located on land typical of large areas in western New York, the
verdict is decidedly in favor of cultivation and the use of cover

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 41

crops. This outcome is in accordance with the judgment of a
large proportion of the best orchardists in the State. It is not
claimed on the basis of this experiment that sod culture, so-called,
is never advisable; for there are some notable instances of its suc-
cess where the conditions are somewhat unusual. In some
localities, sod culture may be the only feasible method of main-
taining an orchard. Notwithstanding all this, the experiment
stands as an object lesson to the orchardists of western New York
which, if generally heeded, would greatly increase the output of
apples and the profits of the grower.

An experiment conducted on the Station farm, which was
begun some fifteen years ago, has given results that have attracted
wide attention, and the publication of them has caused a great va-
riety of comment. Reference is made to an experiment in growing
apple trees to test the influence and economy of applying commer-
cial fertilizers as well as farm manure. The most careful and
extensive observations have revealed no more than a hardly appre-
ciable difference between the growth and yield of the trees which
were given good cultivation with cover crops but no fertilizer of
any kind, and those trees receiving the same culture and liberal
applications of fertilizers and farm manure in addition. The
statements in the Station bulletin setting forth the facts pertain-
ing to the experiments have been sharply criticised by commercial
interests.

As in the case of the experiment in orchard management, so
here it is not claimed that fertilizers are never useful in apple
production, but it is believed that on large areas of orchard land
in the western half of the State, good cultivation and the use of
cover crops will abundantly maintain the desired growth and
yield of fruit. There are other reasons for the belief that a great
deal of money is spent for fertilizers in fruit production which
might be saved if the right methods of culture were followed.
The members of the Station staff are bound to set forth honestly,
and so far as it is in their power, judicially, the results of the
experimental work which they carry on. No amount of prejudice

49. Direcror’s REPORT OF THE

will brush away facts. Caution should be exercised, however, as
to making too broad an application of local observations.

During the year 1912, several bulletins have been published by
the Horticultural Department, a summary of the main facts and
conclusions therein presented being given below:

Influence of crossing in increasing the yield of the tomato.—
Bulletin No. 346 shows that an infusion of new blood obtained by
crossing closely related varieties of tomatoes increases the vigor
of the plant and the yield of fruit to a marked degree. It is
uncertain, from the experiments carried on, whether the stimu-
lating effects of the crossing are due to an increase in size or in
number of cells. The results obtained seem to warrant the cross-
ing of tomatoes not only by growers but by seedsmen who wish
to furnish the best grade of seed. The production of such seed
would, of course, require time and care and the seed would have
to be sold at higher prices. Recommendations are given for making
tomato crosses and also suggestions as to how new characters may
be obtained and maintained. Other field or garden crops are
named that are thought capable of improvement by crossing.

An experiment in breeding apples.— There have been few
efforts to improve apples, nearly all varieties having come from
chance seedlings. With the knowledge of recent discoveries in
plant-breeding we ought to breed this fruit more advantageously
than in the past. Bulletin No. 350 is a record of an experiment
in breeding apples in the light of the new knowledge. The
material for this experiment came from 148 crosses made in 1898
and 1899. Grafted trees of these crosses began to bear in 1904
and the seedlings came in fruiting in 1908. The crosses have
been studied from both the grafts and seedlings, the orchards hay-
ing had the care usually given commercial plantations.

The crosses which have fruited, with the number of each, are:
From Ben Davis X Esopus 4; from Ben Davis X Green Newtown
13, from Ben Davis X Jonathan 11, from Ben Davis X McIntosh
11, Ben Davis X Mother 20, from Esopus X Ben Davis 29,
Esopus X Jonathan 2, McIntosh X Lawver 1, Ralls X Northern
Spy 9, Rome X Northern Spy 1, and Sutton X Northern Spy 5.
These seedlings show marked vigor and are healthier and more

New Yorr AcricunturaL ExPERIMENT STATION. 43

productive than others from self-pollinated seeds, of which con-
siderable numbers are growing at the Station, comparable in age
to the crossed seedlings. Contrary to the usual belief, these seed-
lings have not “ reverted to the wild,” but show to a marked degree
the characteristics of the parents. So evident is the inheritance
of parental characters that one familiar with the varieties crossed
could in most cases select the parents for individual seedlings.
Indeed, so surprisingly uniform has been the transmission of the
good qualities of the selected varieties that the fruit of 14 of the
106 fruiting seedlings is considered as good or better than either
of the parents, and the trees are satisfactorily productive. These
seedlings have been named from counties in New York State
and are already distributed to some extent among apple growers.

Grape stocks for American grapes.— Bulletin No. 355 is the
report of an experiment in grafting grapes on roots of several
species with the hope of improving the viticulture of New York.
The experiment was tried with 19 varieties each having some
weakness which it was hoped could be overcome by grafting on
one of three different stocks. The vines passed through many
vicissitudes during the ten years the test was carried on, but despite
these it was evident throughout the experiment that the grafted
grapes surpassed those on their own roots. The grafted vines were
most productive and showed greatest vigor. The grapes on the
grafted vines ripened a few days earlier than those on their own
roots. The experiment suggests that it would be profitable to
grow some of the fancy grapes of this region on grafted vines
and that it is well within the bounds of possibility that main-crop
grapes can be profitably grafted. It is recommended that grape
growers try small vineyards of grafted grapes, using as stocks the
three tried in this experiment.

Pedigreed nursery stock.— Circular 18 from this Department
holds that there is but shght foundation for the claims of nursery-
men and fruit growers who advocate propagating trees only from
buds taken from selected trees. The assertions that trees propa-
gated from selected stock are better than those taken from other
trees of the same variety far outstrip the evidence. ‘To attempt

44 Drrecror’s RErPorT oF THE

putting in practice the reform demanded would revolutionize
nursery practice — sheer folly without real, precise, abundant
evidence of good to be accomplished. The chief defense of the
position taken in the circular is that the variations commonly
found in trees are fluctuating ones due to environment and are
not, unless in very exceptional cases, transmissible. It must be
proved that a character of any particular tree is transmissible
before it will be worth while propagating for that character.

INJURIOUS INSECTS.

The efforts of the Entomological Department of the Station
have been devoted largely to the defense of the farm and orchard
against insect pests. This has involved not only a study of the
means of preventing the ravages of well-known insects, but also
an investigation of the life history of new forms of insect life
with a development of the means of preventing the injuries they
would cause.

The insects of which the life history has been studied during the
last five years, in part through laboratory investigation, and in
part through field observations, are the following: The poplar
and willow borer, leaf-blister mites, the tussock moth, grape-leaf
hopper, the fidia or root worm, tree hoppers, the ermine moth and
the pear thrips. The important better known insects with which
this Department has dealt are the San José scale, the cabbage
maggot and the pear psylla.

With the newer insects, the following results have been secured:
The studies of the poplar and willow borer resulted in recommend-
ing the cutting out and destroying in June of the parts affected
with the grubs and, in addition, spraying during July with bor-
deaux mixture containing an arsenical poison.

The ravages of the leaf-blister mite have been general through-
out the apple-growing areas of western New York. Experiments
demonstrated that the lime-sulphur wash, oil emulsions and
miscible oils are efficient remedies for this pest. It is found that
orchards regularly sprayed with any of these mixtures are not

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 45

subject to injuries by the mite. Generally one application of
either of these sprays has prevented the spotting of the foliage.

The caterpillars, or larve, of the tussock moth damage young
apple and pear fruits. This pest seldom appears in destructive
numbers. When it does, the egg masses should be collected and
destroyed and arsenical sprays should be used to prevent devasta-
tion by the caterpillars.

The very serious pest in the grape regions of New York, espe-
cially in Chautauqua county, is the grape leaf hopper and the
results of our experiments appear on the following pages in a
summary of Bulletin No. 344.

The ermine moth, an insect of somewhat recent importation,
and the pear thrips, an insect very destructive in certain sections
of the State, especially in the Hudson River valley, have also been
studied and the results of the investigations and experiments
appear later in the summaries of Technical Bulletin No. 24 and
Bulletin No. 343.

In view of the fact that cabbage growing is an important
industry in this State, much attention has been given to insects
attacking the cabbage plant, particularly the turnip flea beetle and
the cabbage maggot. An efficient prevention of the depredation
of these insects, particularly the maggot, was found in the
screening of cabbage seed beds with cheesecloth. This method of
growing the young plants conserves the moisture in the bed, raises
the temperature and furnishes congenial conditions for growth
so that plants under cloth start sooner, grow faster and reach
the desired size a week or ten days earlier than plants in the open.
Moreover, this screening completely protects the seedlings from
maggot injury with the result that the growing crop is not injured
by this insect. It was found, also, that certain grades of cheese-
cloth would prevent injury by the flea beetles.

Some seven years ago the apple growers of the State were
greatly concerned over the spread and destructive effects of the
San José scale, an insect that first made its appearance in this
country in California, and through the distribution of nursery
stock and by other means, has spread over a large portion of the

46 Direcror’s REPorT OF THE

fruit growing regions. Even some of the more intelligent apple
growers nearly concluded that they would be obliged to give up
apple growing. It was feared that in the case of large trees no
means of preventing the destructive effects of the scale could be
devised. ‘There was laid upon the Station the imperative duty of
giving to this insect a large amount of attention, for it was true
that unless some means could be found of minimizing its destruc-
tive effects an end to apple growing in the State of New York
would inevitably come. Investigations in regard to the use of va-
rious spraying liquids were begun at this and other stations with
the result that today the San José scale is no longer feared as a
menace to fruit growing. This Station was able to demonstrate
in an orchard at Youngstown, N. Y., that large trees already
badly affected could be restored to a productive condition and so
maintained. It has been finally concluded that no spraying
liquid is equally efficient with the lime-sulphur wash, and the fruit
growers of the State have been put in possession of the details of
manufacturing for themselves this wash in an economical way
and at much less cost than is involved in the use of commercial
preparations. It is not too much to claim when it is stated that
this one service to the fruit-growing interests of New York has
repaid the State many times over for the cost of the scientific
agencies that are now working in the interest of the farmer.

The pear thrips.—In Bulletin No. 343 the attention of fruit
growers is called to the discovery of the pear thrips (Huthrips
pyri Daniel) in the Hudson River valley. The occurrence of the
pest in New York is of special interest as this is the only region
in the United States, outside of the heretofore recognized area
of infestation in California, where the thrips is known to exist.

It is noted that in its appearance and habits the thrips is quite
different from all other insects which growers in this State have
been accustomed to combat. The adult, which is largely respon-
sible for the injuries to the trees, is a small, darkish brown, winged
insect measuring about one-twentieth of an inch in length. It
appears in destructive numbers when the buds are opening,
attacking the tenderest of the flower parts. The eggs are mostly

New Yorx AaricunturaAL ExpPpERIMENT STATION. 47

deposited beneath the epidermis of the blossom and fruit stems.
Hatching takes place in a few days and the larve seek preferably
the calyx cups, undersides of calyces, and the folds or under sur-
faces of the tender, expanding leaves. The larve feed for about
two weeks and drop to the ground, in which they form a pro-
tecting cell. In this cell the insect completes its transformations
and emerges from the ground in’ the spring as an adult. The
thrips is single brooded, and the most active and destructive
stages are coincident with the period that includes the life events
of the swelling and opening of the buds and dropping of blossoms
and calyces. If the thrips are numerous the injured buds of pear
trees become sticky with a brownish liquid and cease to develop,
while the blossom clusters have a stunted, shriveled and brownish
appearance as if blasted. Apple trees, while visited by large
numbers of the adults, suffer to a much less extent, but dwarfed
and curled leaves and occasionally stunted fruits may be observed
in most orchards. The stems of sweet cherries are especially
attractive to the adults for the deposition of the eggs, and as a rule
they show considerable scarification. The effects of this injury
on fruit yields was not ascertained.

During 1911 the actual range of the distribution of the thrips
in this State was not determined. It was quite destructive to pear
orchards, generally about North Germantown, Germantown and
Cheviot, and there were reasons for believing that the pest was
distributed over a large area of the Hudson River valley. In
western New York specimens of the insect were found on apples
growing about Geneva.

A brief report is given of experiments to develop efficient
methods of control. Spraying with nicotine extract in combin-
ation with kerosene emulsion or soap when buds are breaking and
until they are entirely opened is the most promising means of
protecting the trees.

The grape leaf-hopper and tts control— This Bulletin, No.
344, is a report of the life-history studies on this insect and of
various experiments to devise an effective and safe insecticide
for the protection of grape vineyards. Considerable emphasis is

48 Drrector’s REPORT OF THE

placed upon the effects of the destructive work of the insect upon
the quality of the fruit, as well as on the yields, which has not been
fully appreciated by growers generally. It is shown that the
grape leaf-hopper feeds by sucking, and preferably on the under
sides of the leaves. It pierces the skin of the leaf, feeds until
satisfied and then withdraws its proboscis or sucking tube, thus
leaving an opening from which the plant juices dry out, not only
from the pierced cell but from adjoining ones. There is soon
formed about each puncture a spot of dead tissue. When the
insects are superabundant there is a severe drain on the vitality
of the leaf and it takes on an unhealthy yellow hue. The death
of so many starch-making cells lessens the amount of wood pro-
duced and of fruit formed; and seriously affects the quality of
the fruit, making it ill-flavored or sour and poorly colored. The
rich blue-black of the Concord becomes a lifeless reddish color
while the attractive flavor may be lost so that grape-juice makers
and most buyers of grapes for the table reject the fruit.

Brief descriptions are given of a number of spraying experi-
ments which showed that a spray containing two one-hundredths
of 1 per ct. of nicotine (Black Leaf 40, one gallon to sixteen
hundred gallons of water) is the most effective and safest insecti-
cide for the control of this pest. The bulletin concludes with
general directions for spraying. The application of the mixture
can be done by the usual hand-spraying with trailing hose or by an
automatic leaf-hopper sprayer which is completely described. The
latter device was developed during the year’s work and has proven
most satisfactory. With high pressure and the proper adjustment
of the nozzles almost complete protection has been afforded to a
number of commercial vineyards.

The apple and cherry ermine moths.—In Technical Bulletin
No. 24 attention is called to the occurrence of these insects in the
United States and to their economic importance as fruit pests.
These insects were introduced in shipments of foreign nursery
stock and appeared in plantations of apple and cherry seedlings.
It is stated that since the insects were first detected in 1909 special
precautions have been taken by the agents of the Division of

New Yorx AGricuLtTuRAL ExPpERIMENT STATION. 49

Nursery Inspection of the New York Department of Agriculture
with plantings of foreign-grown seedings, and during the past four
years infested plants have been collected in thirteen localities in
the State.

A report is given of life-history studies on some of the insect
material which was forwarded to this Station for identification.
Two species of moths were bred — Yponomeuta malinellus Zell.,
which thrives largely on apple and Y. padellus L., which is a
more general feeder, showing preference for hawthorn, plum and
cherry. Both species are common and destructive fruit insects
in Europe. The bulletin closes with a discussion as to the réle
these insects are destined to play as fruit pests in the United
States. Careful inspections of nursery plantations and the sur-
roundings of nurseries indicate that these lepidopterons have not
gained a footing in New York. In states where there has not
been such inspection the danger that such has taken place is
obviously great. With the ability of these insects to survive the
conditions incidental to the importation of nursery stock from
abroad and to escape ordinary nursery inspection, the wonder is
that they have not before this succeeded in establishing themselves
along the avenues of trade in America.

PLANT DISEASES.

The annual loss to the agriculture of New York from the de-
vastations of fungus and other plant diseases is very large. These
diseases are in the nature of parasites living upon such hosts as
fruit trees, the potato and other important agricultural plants.
Their successful prevention is often very difficult and, in some
cases, practically impossible, for the treatment that would be severe
enough to destroy the fungus would also be fatal to the host.

Economically considered one of the most important pieces of
work carried on by the Botanical Department has been the so-
called ten-year experiments in spraying potatoes. Before this
experiment began, it was known that the proper application of
the bordeaux preparation would practically control potato blight.

50 Drrector’s REPorT oF THE

It was not definitely determined that annual spraying would be
profitable during a series of years because the blight does not
attack the potato plant every season and when this disease is not
prevalent, spraying is less necessary. The year 1911 was
the tenth year of this experiment and there follows later a sum-
mary of the results, showing that the average results for the ten
years indicate a material net profit from the annual spraying.

During recent years, the attention of the Station has been called
to a very prevalent disease of fruit trees known as the “ crown
rot.” In all sections of the State much loss has been caused by
this affection. Various explanations have been offered, such as
the attack of a fungus, and arsenical spraying. Extended investi-
gations by this Station have led to the conclusion that this disease
(if it may be called such) is due chiefly to winter injury. An
account of the investigation is given in Technical Bulletin No. 23
of which a summary is given on p. 561.

The Botanical Department of the Station has demonstrated its
usefulness in maintaining a very careful survey of the plant
diseases prevalent in the State. As an illustration of the value
of the watchfulness that has been maintained, this Department
first called attention to the existence of the currant rust in this
country, doubtless imported from Europe. This disease caused
great damage to pine forests in other countries and it has been
found necessary to destroy thousands of imported pine trees that
were affected with this pest. More recently, it has been found
that the currant rust is now well distributed in portions of New
York in currant plantations and this matter will require the most
careful attention by the State to prevent serious loss from its
possible spread to our pine forests.

The Botanical Department has also been asked to advise in the
matter of controlling that most destructive disease, the chestnut
blight, which is causing the death of large numbers of chestnut
trees, particularly in Pennsylvania and in certain sections of New
York. The head of this Department has united with other
specialists in urging that much more study must be given to the
life history of the disease and to the manner in which it is spread

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 51

before we shall be in a position to enter upon an active campaign
for the purpose of preventing further injury.

Several new diseases have been studied, particularly diseases
of the raspberry and the currant, and while no means has been
discovered for preventing the blight affecting these two classes of
plants, a foundation knowledge has been laid for further efforts.

For several years, the Station has consented to the inspection of
samples of seeds sent in by farmers. The opportunity thus
offered has been utilized by very many persons. The Legislature
of 1912 passed a seed inspection law, which throws upon the
Station the duty of examining all samples of seeds sent to it
officially by the Commissioner of Agriculture. Later may be seen
a summary of the work accomplished during 1911 as given in
Bulletin No. 345. During 1912 a larger number of samples have
been examined because of the legislation before mentioned.

Seed testing— During 1911, 1,015 samples of agricultural
seeds were tested for purity. Dodder was found in 12.9 per ct.
of the alfalfa samples and 4.74 per ct. of the red clover samples.
Two samples of red clover and twelve of alsike clover were found
to be adulterated. Many samples of alfalfa contained seeds of
Russian thistle and roquette, but these weeds are quite harmless
in New York. The bleaching of oats by means of sulphur fumes
injures their germination. Several failures in oat seedlings were
found to be due to this cause. Full details of the seed work have
been published in Bulletin 345.

Potato-spraying expervments.— The series of experiments de-
signed to determine the profit from spraying potatoes was closed
in 1911 and the results published in Bulletin 349. These experi-
ments demonstrate beyond doubt that the spraying of potatoes is
highly profitable in New York.

In the so-called ten-year experiments, the ten-year average in-
crease in yield is as follows:

At Geneva, three sprayings, 69 bushels per acre.

At Geneva, five to seven sprayings, 97.5 bushels per acre.

At Riverhead, three sprayings, 25 bushels per acre.

At Riverhead, five to seven sprayings, 45.7 bushels per acre.

52 Drrecror’s REPorT OF THE

In the farmers’ business experiments (6 to 15 each year) the
nine-year averages are as follows:

Increase in yield, 36.1 bushels per acre.

Total expense of spraying, $4.74 per acre.

Net profit from spraying, $14.43 per acre.

In 1911, the Station made a comparative test of lime-sulphur,
lead benzoate and bordeaux mixture for spraying potatoes. The
results of the experiment plainly show that neither lime-sulphur
nor Jead benzoate can be profitably substituted for bordeaux in
spraying potatoes. Both lack the stimulative influence possessed
by bordeaux while lime-sulphur also dwarfs the plants and lowers
the yield. A repetition of the experiment in 1912 gave similar
results. For details of these experiments see Bulletins 347 and
352.

Crown-rot of fruit trees.— Crown-rot is a disease of trees in
which patches of dead bark or bare wood occur on the trunk near
the surface of the soil. An extended investigation of this disease
shows that it is due chiefly to winter injury. It is most liable
to occur on trees in wind-exposed situations, particularly on those
which have made very rapid growth and gone into the winter
with their wood unripened. Hence, it appears probable that it
may be at least partially prevented by planting the varieties
which are least susceptible, providing windbreaks, heading low,
avoiding excessively rapid growth and inducing early ripening of
the wood, In order to prevent trunk rot which often follows the
initial injury the areas of dead bark should be detected and
treated as early as possible. The trunks of young apple trees
should be carefully examined twice a year— May and July.
Wherever dead bark is found it should be carefully cut away, the
wound disinfected with a 1 to 1,000 solution of corrosive subli-
mate and then covered with grafting wax or gas tar to keep out
moisture and induce healing. A full account of the investigation
is given in Technical Bulletin 23.

PLANT NUTRITION.

The only work in plant nutrition, the results of which have been
published during the past five years, is a report of experiments

New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 53

on Long Island to test the comparative merits of methods of
application of fertilizers and the efficiency of the various forms
of nitrogen. These tests showed little difference in the efficiency
of organic nitrogen from dried blood as compared with inorganic
nitrogen from nitrate of soda. It was noticed, however, that
where there was sufficient rainfall, there was a more rapid growth
of vines from the nitrate of soda. As to the manner of applica-
tion, there appeared to be a small difference in favor of distri-
buting the fertilizer in rows. The advantage was slight, how-
ever. These tests ratify much more extended experiments made
some years ago in showing that when fertilizers are used in excess
of 1,000 lbs. per acre, there is not a corresponding increase of
yield and either practically no profit or a loss.

During the past sixteen years, there have been maintained on
the Station farm, fertilizer experiments having for their object
a comparison of certain methods of maintaining soil fertility. No
reports have yet been made of this work, but after harvesting a
crop of 1913, the results for this long period of time will be made
public.

POULTRY PRODUCTION.

While but little has been published in recent years from the
Poultry Department of the Station, work has been going on
steadily chiefly along breeding and nutrition lines. This work
is of such a nature that it is necessary to continue it for a long
period of time in order to get results that are reliable and upon
which conclusions can be based.

PUBLICATIONS ISSUED DURING 1912.

BULLETINS.

No. 343. January. The pear thrips. P. J. Parrott. Pages 28; color
plate 1, plates 4, figs. 5. Popular edition, pages 6, plate 1.

No. 344. February. The grape leaf-hopper and its control. F. Z. Hart-
zell. Pages 15; plates 4, figs. 3. Popular edition, pages 5, plates 1, figs. 2.

No. 345. February. Seed tests made at the Station during 1911. G. T.
French. Pages 14. Popular edition, pages 3.

No. 346. March. Influence of crossing in increasing the yield of the
tomato. Richard Wellington. Pages 20. Popular edition, pages 6.

54 Direcror’s Report,

No. 347. March. A comparative test of lime-sulphur, lead benzoate and
bordeaux mixture for spraying potatoes. F. C. Stewart and G. T. French.
Pages 14; plates 4. Popular edition, pages 1.

No. 348. May. Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides.
Pages 14.

No. 349. June. Potato spraying experiments, 1902-1911. F. C. Stewart,
G. T. French and F. A. Sirrine. Pages 41. Popular edition, pages 9.

No. 350. June. An experiment in breeding apples. U. P. Hedrick and
Richard Wellington. Pages 46; plates 17. Popular edition, pages 10.

No. 351. September. Inspection of feeding stuffs. Pages 131.

No. 352. November. Lime-sulphur vs. bordeaux mixture as a spray for
potatoes. M. T. Munn. Pages 7; plate 1. Popular edition, pages 1.

No. 353. November. Milking machines: Effect of machine method of
milking upon the milk flow. G. A. Smith and H. A. Harding. Pages 35;
plate 1, fig. 1. Popular edition, pages 9.

No. 354. November. Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers collected
by the Commissioner of Agriculture during 1912. Pages 120.

No, 355. December. Grape stocks for American grapes. U. P. Hedrick.
Pages 32; plates 5. Popular edition, pages 8.

No. 356. December. Director’s report for 1912. W.H.Jordan. Pages 48.

TECHNICAL BULLETINS.

No. 19. April. Phytin and phosphoric acid esters of inosite. R. J. Ander-
son. Pages 15.

No. 20. May. <A study of the metabolism and physiological effects of cer-
tain phosphorus compounds with milch cows, II. A. R. Rose. Pages 30;
figs. 4.

No. 21. June. Phytin and pyrophosphoric acid esters of inosite. II. R.
J. Anderson. Pages 14.

No. 22. September. The organic-phosphorie acid compound of wheat bran.
R. J. Anderson. Pages 14.

No. 23. September. Crown-rot of fruit trees; field studies. J. G. Grossen-
bacher. Pages 57; plates 23.

No. 24. November. The apple and cherry ermine moths. P. J. Parrott
and W. J. Schoene. Pages 40; plates 9, figs. 10.

No. 25. December. ‘The organic phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal. R. J.
Anderson. Pages 10.

No. 26. December. Composition and properties of some casein and para-
casein compounds and their relation to cheese. L. L. Van Slyke and A. W.
Bosworth. (In press.)

CIRCULARS.

No. 18. February. Pedigreed nursery stock. U. P. Hedrick. Pages 8.
No. 19. February. Grape culture. F. E. Gladwin. Pages 8.

New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, N. Y., December 31, 1912.

W. H. Jorpan,
Director.

REPORT

OF THE

Department of Animal Industry.

W. H. Jorpan, Director.

H. A. Harpine, Bacteriologist.

G. A. Smitru, Dairy Expert.

R. J. AnpErson, Associate Chemist.
A. R. Ross, Assistant Chemist.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

. Milking machines: Effect of the machine method of milking

upon the milk flow.

. A study of the metabolism and physiological effects of certain

phosphorus compounds with milch cows.

. Phytin and phosphoric esters of inosite.
. Phytin and pyrophosphoric esters of inosite.
. The organic phosphoric acid compound of wheat bran.

. The organic phosphoric acid of cottonseed meal.

[55 ]

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

MILKING MACHINES: EFFECT OF THE MACHINE
METHOD OF MILKING UPON THE MILK FLOW.*
G. A. SMITH anp H. A. HARDING.

SUMMARY.

1.— The milking machine is of interest mainly because of the
labor problem. Using two machines one man can milk fifty cows.

2.— This study of the influence of hand and machine methods
upon the flow of milk covers a period of over four years and
includes 71 lactation periods after eliminating the questionable
data.

3.— The influence of the machine method of milking upon the
flow of milk was too small to be measured even when the other
factors were eliminated as fully as possible. It was probably
responsible for less than 1 per ct. of the variation in flow under
the conditions of this experiment.

4.— All of the cows milked well with the machine when they
were provided with properly fitting teat cups. Two cows which
were failures with hand milking were successfully milked by
the machine.

5.— Machine milking has proven practicable. The problem
now is to develop the machines along most helpful lines and to
learn to handle them most efficiently.

INTRODUCTION.

In practically all branches of farming the high price and
scarcity of labor have been met by the use of labor-saving
machinery. Hand milking of cows is still the ordinary method
but the difficulty of getting efficient hand milkers is one of the
limiting factors in the development of modern dairying and there
is an insistent demand for milking machines.

Milking by machines is not a new idea. Many types of ma-
chines have been tried and pronounced worthless. Accordingly
the question is being constantly asked, Are the machines at pres-
ent on the market a success? Manifestly there is no specific
answer to such a general question. Automobiles are generally

* A reprint of Bulletin No. 353, November, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,”
see p. 851.
[57]

58 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL [INDUSTRY OF THE

considered a success though many find them both troublesome
and expensive and there are wide differences in quality among
tthe various makes. It is probable that the various milking
machines now on the market are likewise of unequal efficiency.

The studies of milking machines at this Station were begun
in 1906 with a Globe machine, which was found to be unsuc-
cessful in practically every particular. This was replaced in the
spring of 1907 by the Burrell-Lawrence-Kennedy milker, which
has been in constant use since that time. The results given in
this bulletin are those obtained with this latter machine.

Since the accurate study of a milking machine requires that
it be under observation for a considerable time it is manifestly
impossible for this Station to test all of the various makes which
are upon the market. On the other hand all milking machines
fall into one of two general classes: (1) Those which me-
chanically force the milk from the teat after the manner of hand
milking, and (2) those which depend upon the action of a vacuum
producing an effect similar to that of the mouth of the calf.
The machine which was used in these studies was a representa-
tive of the latter class. While the basic principles involved in
the operation of these machines are few they are not identical
in the two types and accordingly the results here obtained may
not all apply to machines of the other class.

While some representatives of the teat-compressing milkers
are in use in this country all of the tests of milking machines
thus far reported, with the exception of those of the “ Murch-
land” and “ Thistle ” at Guelph, have been made with the same
class and make of milkers as that used in these studies. There-
fore the results obtained here and at the other experiment sta-
tions are fairly comparable.

In Bulletin 3171 were presented the results of our studies of
the effects of methods of handling milking machines upon the

1 Harding, H. A., Wilson, J. K., and Smith, G. A. Milking machines: Ef-
fect of method of handling on the germ content of the milk. N. Y. Agr.

Exp. Sta. Bul. 317, 1909; also N. Y. Agr. Exp. Station Ann. Rpt. 28 (1909):
56-95. 1910.

New Yorxk AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 59

germ content of the milk. While the present publication pre-
sents observations upon some other economic aspects of milking
machines, it is principally concerned with influence of the
machine method of milking upon the flow of milk.

PREVIOUS WORK.

The milking machine appears to have first gained an extensive
foothold in Australia,t and McMillan? states that the Hawkes-
bury Agricultural College at Richmond, N. S. W., has used such
machines continuously in its dairy since about 1902. He gives
the comparative yields of eight cows during two-week periods
in which they were milked by the machine and by hand, re-
spectively, but these results do not show that the machine exerts
any influence on the flow. He also states that after using the
machine for nine years on some cows through five lactation
periods no objectionable results were evident.

The earliest studies of milking machines at an American
experiment station were probably those made at Guelph,’ Canada.
The “ Murchland,” a suction, non-pulsating machine, was tried
in 1895 but soon pronounced a failure. In 1898 the “ Thistle ”*
a combined suction and squeezing machine, was tested and re-
jected because of the difficulty of cleaning it. During 1906 the
Burrell-Lawrence-Kennedy machine was studied, and comparisons
made between yields from cows milked during alternate periods
by the machine and by hand. The number of cows ranged from
5 to 15 during the different periods and the test periods were

1 Wicken, P. G. Milking machines. Jour. Dept. Agr. W. Aust. 18: 301-3,
1906; cited from Expt. Sta. Rec. 17: 1182. 1906.

Suter, P. H. The milking machine. Jour. Dept. Agr. S. Aust. 8: 658-61,
1905; cited from Hapt. Sta. Rec. 17: 180. 1905.

2McMillan, J. G. Machine vs. hand milking. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales. 22:
859-68, 1911; abs. in Expt. Sta. Rec. 26: 274. 1912.

3 Dean, H. H., and Edwards, 8. F. Milking machines. Ont. Dept. of Agr.
Bul. 159. 1907.

4Harrison, F. C. Machine-drawn milk vs. hand-drawn milk. Cent. Bakt.,
II Abt., 5: 183-189. 1899.

60 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

from 10 days to 1 month long. The average results were in
favor of hand milking in all the tests except one.

Erf' traced the history of the development of milking machines
and states that “ From a series of thirty-two tests to compare the
thoroughness of milking it was found that the average cow milked
by a machine is milked slightly cleaner than by average hand
milking.” He does not give his data nor state the duration of
these tests but the context suggests that they were of brief
duration.

Lane” gave the results of a 30-day test of a milking machine on
two farms. The comparison was made by milking cows by hand
and by machine during alternate 10-day periods. On a farm
where the cows had been milked with a machine for about three
years a slightly larger flow was obtained by the machine. On
the second farm where the machine had been used a shorter time
slightly more milk was obtained by hand milking.

Beach® studied the effect of a milking machine during nine
weeks and contrasted the observed shrinkage with that found with
hand milking. The shrinkage when the machine was used was
slightly larger than that observed with other cows by hand
milking.

Mairs* divided 10 cows into two equal lots, one being milked
by hand and the other by machine. At the end of four weeks the
manner of milking each lot was reversed. The experiment was
continued 16 weeks, changing the manner of milking at the end
of each four weeks. He states that “‘ No difference in yield of
milk was observed that could be attributed to the milking ma-
chine, but there was usually a slight drop when changing from
one method to the other, always in changing from hand to ma-
chine milking.”

1Erf, O. Milking machines. Kan. Agr. Exp. Station Bul. 140. 1906.

2ZLane, C. B. Practical studies of a milking machine. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
BoA. EL. Bol. 925 90ve

3 Beach, C. L. Milking machines. Part II. Effect upon milk yield. Conn.
(Storrs) Sta. Bul. 47. 1907.

4Mairs, T. I. Test of a mechanical cow milker. Penn. Agr. Exp. Station
Bul. 85. Jan. 1908.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 61

It will be noted that each of the above comparisons was made
on the basis of short-period tests of the two methods of milking
and in practically all cases the cows used in these tests were not
accustomed to milking machines. All of these workers have been
familiar with the fact that cows are adverse to changes in their
habits and decrease their milk flow when changes are instituted.
They adopted this unsatisfactory method of experimentation with
a recognition of its limitations because they were making pre-
liminary explorations of a new field and did not think it wise
to risk their animals on longer experiments until the safety of
the procedure had been fairly demonstrated.

While Price’ did not conduct any short time experiments on
this subject he reported observations from an 18-months’ use of
the milking machine. Contrasting the yields with machine milk-
ing with those previously obtained by hand he concluded that
“Some cows give more milk by machine milking and others less.
Present knowledge indicates that machine milking is as efficient
as hand milking under average conditions.”

The futility of short time experiments was strongly emphasized
by Haecker and Little.” They conducted a number of trials of
this kind and coneluded that ‘‘ The two methods of milking are so
radically different in operation that when the milker was sub-
stituted for hand labor the cows did not milk out completely.
The amount of strippings increased as the experiment progressed,
plainly indicating that the method (of experimentation) was
detrimental.” They also gave the yield from 20 cows milked
through an entire lactation. period with the machine and in the
ease of 11 cows contrasted these results with the yield from one
or more lactation periods with hand milking. With 10 of the 11
cows the yield with machine milking was less than the average
of the available records of the particular cow. In a number of
instances the decrease was quite marked.

1Price, Jas. N. Home grown rations in economical production of milk
and butter. Tenn. Agr. Exp. Station Bul. 80. June 1908.

2Haecker, A. L., and Little, E. M. Milking machines. Neb. Agr. Exp.
Station Bul. 108. Dee. 1908.

62 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

Woll and Humphrey’ gave the results of a study of the milk-
ing machine extending from October, 1906, to July, 1908.
Twenty-nine cows were milked for periods varying from 4 to 76
weeks. The influence of the milking machine was deduced
mainly from the rate of shrinkage as contrasted with other hand-
milked cows and this data was checked in a measure by compari-
sons with the yield of the same cows at corresponding periods
of previous lactations when they were hand milked. They con-
cluded that “ The figures for the average weekly decrease in pro-
duction for cows kept under similar conditions as these, except
that they were milked by hand, has been found to be identical
with these, viz., on the average, 2.9 pounds of milk and 0.12
pounds of fat. There is, therefore, no difference between the
results obtained by hand milking and the average data given in
the table for machine-milked cows.” Contrasting the results ob-
tained by machine milking with the yields obtained in corre-
sponding periods of lactation from the same cows when milked
by hand they say: ‘‘ These results agree so closely that they may
be considered identical for all practical purposes.”

The main difficulty in measuring the effect of any method of
milking lies in the fact that a cow can be milked by only one
method at a time. It has been shown that if the method of milk-
ing is changed frequently the change itself becomes a disturbing
factor which destroys the value of the comparison. This diffi-
culty was reduced but not avoided in the Pennsylvania and Wis-

consin experiments by making the periods relatively long. These

objectionable results would seem to be minimized by making the
lactation period the unit of comparison as was done in the Ne-
braska studies. However the use of the lactation period in this
way involves the fact that the production of a cow during any
period is influenced by a number of factors in addition to the
manner in which she may be milked. Assuming that her feed

1 Woll, F. W., and Humphrey, G. C. The efficiency, economy and physio-
logical effect of machine milking. Wis. Agr. Exp. Station Research Bul. 3,

1909; also Milking machine experiments. Wis. Agr. Exp. Station Bul. 173.
1909.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 63

is carefully controlled the most important disturbing factors are
her health, length of the interval between lactation periods and
her age. These difficulties in obtaining an accurate measure of
the influence of machine milking can be best met by studying the
effect on 2 number of cows for several years, arranging the de-
tails so as to neutralize the disturbing factors so far as possible.

THE MILKING MACHINE.

The Burrell-Lawrence-Kennedy milking machine arranged for
milking two cows simultaneously, as it appeared during the latter
portion of these experiments, is shown in Plate I. Its most im-
portant elements are the portions within which the milking is
actually done — the funnel-shaped teat cups which surround and
support the teats. These are shown in the illustration, supported
by the handle of the pulsator in a manner convenient for carrying
about the stable. The large upper ends of the teat cups are pro-
vided with rubber curtains which prevent the entrance of air
at that point when the cups are on the teats. The small lower
ends are connected with the pail by rubber tubes. The vacuum
within the pail is transmitted through these tubes to the teat
cups and the milk as it comes from the teats flows through these
tubes to the pail. A vacuum of approximately one-half an
atmosphere is maintained in a reservoir by an air pump and this
reservoir is connected with the pail by suitable piping.

When the milking machine has been connected with this
vacuum reservoir and placed in operation a mechanism on the
eover of the pail automatically interrupts the connection between
the vacuum reservoir and the teat cups about once per second,
the exact rate being under the control of the operator. During
the brief period in which the vacuum acts upon the teat the
muscle at the end of the teat relaxes and the milk in the teat
flows out into the tube at the base of the teat cup. During the
alternate periods in which the vacuum is interrupted the opening
at the end of the teat closes and the teat refills from the milk
cistern above it.

64 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

OUR OWN STUDIES.

Logically the first step in studying any machine is to become
familiar with its manner of operation. Accordingly, for some
months, the authors personally attended to the daily milking of a
number of cows with the milking machine. After they became
familiar with the details of its working the barn foreman was
likewise carefully trained in the work. Before undertaking the
studies of the Burrell-Lawrence-Kennedy machine in 1907 the
barn foreman spent two weeks in the private dairy of the manu-
facturer acquainting himself with all of the points peculiar to the
manipulation of this machine. At the time of installing the
machine and on a number of subsequent occasions we have had the
advantage of advice and instruction from the company’s
representatives who have been skilled in the operation of the
machine. Throughout these studies the aim has been to operate
these milking machines in accord with the directions furnished by
the manufacturers except in so far as it was necessary to depart
from these in the study of some particular phase of the milking
machine problem. |

These studies have been complicated by the fact that, though
but one make and type of machine has been under investigation
during the five years, the machines themselves have been undergo-
ing marked changes. The sum total of these changes has been
so great that the milking machine of 1912 bears little resemblance
to that of 1907. :

The problems connected with the milking machine are too
numerous and too complicated to be solved by any single line of
experiments or within a short period. During the years in which.
the present machine has been continuously under observation in-
formation has been accumulated regarding several phases of the
question. While it is the aim of this publication to discuss the
relation of the machine method of milking to the yield of the cow
it seems desirable here to summarize, at least, the other observa-
tions, especially as some of them are intimately related to the
larger question of milk flow.

Prare I.— Burrect-LAWRENCE-KENNEDY MiL_kinG MACHINE
UseED IN STATION EXPERIMENTS.

erm

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 65

GERM CONTENT OF THE MILK.

Bulletin 317’ of this Station discussed the effect of methods of
handling milking machines upon the germ content of the milk.
The results of this study may be summarized as follows:

1. The immersion of the teat cups and the rubber parts of the
machine in a 10 per ct. solution of salt (NaCl) between milk-
ings 1s important. When daily washing and scalding of these
parts was contrasted with washing them once per week and
keeping them in a salt solution during the remainder of the time
this latter treatment reduced the average germ content of the milk
from over 180,000 germs per ce. to less than 20,000 per ce.

2. The air filters are also important in proportion as they re-
move the germ-laden dust from the air which enters the pail dur-
ing the milking process. On the later types of machines used
these filters were large enough to be quite efficient and the germ
content of the milk, when the tubes had been held in brine and
the filter cups had been properly filled with cotton, was almost
always markedly below 10,000 per cc.

3. Dropping the teat cups on the floor during the milking
process or any gross carelessness in handling the machine caused
a surprising rise in the germ content of the milk. Occasionally
very high counts were obtained where no definite cause could be
found.

4. The point which is emphasized by these studies is that the
quality of milk obtained from a milking machine depends
primarily upon the intelligent care which is exercised in the
manipulation of the machine.

While immersion in a solution of common salt supplemented by
a careful hand washing of the teat cups and rubber tubes once per
week was found to be both cheaper and more efficient than daily
hand washing, the question of what is the best solution for pro-
tecting the rubber parts is still unsettled. This problem is being
studied and the results will be reported later.

1See footnote 1, p. 58,

3

66 Report oF DepaRTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

TIME CONSUMED BY MACHINE MILKING.

An important economic question is the relative amounts of time
consumed by hand and by machine milking. In practice the time
required by either method varies greatly with the local conditions
and those at this Station can not be considered as quite normal
because there is here a distinct tendency to perform each opera-
tion more carefully and more slowly than under private condi-
tions. This difference is especially marked in connection with
milking, because the milk from each cow at each milking is
weighed and recorded separately by the milker. From February
to September, 1911, 144 sets of records were made by the barn
foreman, Wm. Casey, of the time actually consumed by one man
in using two milking machines, at the afternoon milkings.

Under the head, “‘ Preparing the machine,” these records show
the time occupied in taking the teat cups and tubes from the brine,
rinsing them, attaching them to the milking machines and filling
the air filter in the dome with cotton. The time consumed by
these operations ranged from three to seven minutes, averaging
3.36 minutes. It should be noted that this is the time for pre-
paring two milking machines each provided with two sets of teat
cups. The time required for one machine would be practically
one-half of this or 1.68 minutes. With the earlier type of
machine which required six to eight different sizes of teat cups
the time would be longer. Likewise the filling of all of the air
filters with cotton would have increased the time by about one-
half minute. The time consumed in starting the electric motor
and the vacuum pump, approximately one-half minute, should
also be included in that of the preparations for milking, instead
of in that of the milking process as in the present records.

Under the head, “ Time of milking,” these records include the
time consumed in starting the electric motor and pump, taking
the two machines into the stable, attaching them, milking each
cow with the machine and stripping her by hand, weighing and
recording the total yield of each cow separately and pouring the
milk upon the cooler. With, all of these items to attend to, two
machines are as many as one man can satisfactorily manage.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 67

The number of cows milked each day ranged from 12 to 18,
with a mathematical average of 16.7 for each of the 144 days.
The total time consumed in milking 2,400 cows was 7,197 minutes
or an average of a cow in 2.94 minutes. Since four cows were
being milked simultaneously this is really an allowance of 11.76
minutes per cow, including the time lost in emptying and trans-
ferring the machines.

The average yield per cow at the afternoon milking was 7.38
pounds.

Under the head, “ Cleaning up at the barn,” is included the
rinsing out of the teat cups and machines, first with cold water,
then with a hot solution of sal-soda or other cleaning compound,
finally with hot water. This rinsing was accomplished by alter-
nately plunging in and withdrawing the teat cups from a pail of
the fluid so that air and fluid were alternately drawn through by
the milking mechanism. After this rinsing the motor and
vaccum pump were stopped and the teat cups and rubber tubes
were replaced in the brine solution. The average time consumed
by one man in thus cleaning two machines, including the time
taken to prepare the sal-soda solution, was 7.68 minutes. The
time required for rinsing one machine would have been more
than one-half as long since one pail of fluid served for both ma-
chines in each instance.

In addition to the rinsing which the milking machines re-
ceived at the barn after each milking the teat cups and rubber
tubes were cleaned by hand once a week and the remaining parts
of the milkers were carefully washed each day. According to
the records kept by Thos. McGuiness, the average time consumed
on 29 days by one man in washing the four sets of teat cups
and rubber tubes was 18.3 minutes. The washing of the remain-
ing parts of the two milkers on 174 days required an average of
8.13 minutes per day. This does not include the time of steam-
ing the metal parts since they required no supervision after being
placed in the steam box.

68 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

Combining these averages on the basis of a fifteen-cow dairy
and assuming that these cows were milked by one man using two
milking machines the computation would be as follows:

Preparing the machines night and morning. . 6.72 minutes
Milking 30 cows (15 might and morning).... 88.20 minutes
Rinsing machines at barn night and morning. 15.36 minutes
Cleaning teat cups and tubes (1/7 of 18.3).. 2.61 minutes
Washing remaining parts of machines....... 8.13 minutes

Total time required for milking 30 cows. 121.02 minutes
Average time required to milk one cow...... 4.034 minutes

These computations give an average of almost exactly four min-
utes per cow or a rate of fifteen cows per hour. Considering that
in these experiments the yield of each cow was weighed and
recorded separately and that one man did all of the work con-
nected with the care of the milk and the milking machines, it
would seem that under commercial conditions these figures would
be easily equalled or excelled. It should also be noted that these
figures are on the basis of fifteen cows which is probably as small
a number as will be found profitable in connection with present
machine milking. In this case approximately one-third of the
total time was spent in other operations than in actually milking
cows. As the number of cows increased, this extra consumption
of time would become relatively less and the average time re-
quired per cow would decrease accordingly.

The average time taken by our hand milkers for milking, re-
cording the weight and pouring the milk upon the cooler has been
seven minutes per cow.

The question of the length of time required to milk cows by
machines has been discussed by a number of experimenters.
Lane’ found that one man milking four cows with one machine
averaged 3.32 minutes per cow for the actual milking time. One
man milking ten cows with five machines completed the milking
process in an average time of 1.85 minutes per cow.

1See footnote 2, p. 60.

New York AgGricuLtuRAL ExprerIMENT STaTIon. 69

Erf' calculated that the average time for the milking process
with a machine was 2.3 minutes per cow.

Woll and Humphrey” found that where one man used two
machines on twelve cows and did not have to record the weight
of the milk he milked the cows with the machines and stripped
them with an average of three minutes per cow.

These findings are at least roughly comparable with our obser-
vations where the actual milking of the cows and the care of
the milk averaged 2.9 minutes per cow.

Haecker and Little® observed the time required by one man to
milk, strip, and record the yield from twelve cows using one, two
and three milking machines. In this case the time included that
taken to rinse the machines both prior to and after the milking
process (about 8 minutes). They found that with one milk-
ing machine the average time was 7.7 minutes; with two ma-
chines, 5.7 minutes; with three machines, 4.7 minutes.

The observations at this Station reduced to a comparable basis
would be as follows:

Preparation of two machine milkers.......... 3.36 minutes
Milking 12 cows at 2.94 minutes each......... 35.28 minutes
Mlcamimx up EWwO MIUK@ES;. 6550050555 e055 55s 7.68 minutes

Rot mite tor Fr COWS... en. ses eee 6s 46.32 minutes
Pvetave tilie fOr One COW... 5-----26ss+2056 3.86 minutes

From this it will be seen that the time consumed in milking
at the Nebraska Station was nearly double that taken by the
present experiments.

A part of this difference may be ascribed to the fact that the
Nebraska time tests were made in 1907-8 with an earlier type
of machine using six different sizes of teat eups while those at this
Station were made in 1911 with a later type using but a single
size of teat cups. Obviously the time lost in changing from one

1See footnote 1, p. 60.

2See footnote 1, p. 62.
3See footnote 2, p. 61.

70 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

size cup to another would increase the total time consumed by
the milking process.

In view of the unsatisfactory results which follow the failure
to remove the milking machine when secretion has stopped, es-
pecially where the fit of the teat cup is not good, it seems possible
that their somewhat unfavorable results with the milking machine
may be closely connected with the fact that the milking machine
was evidently left on the cows for unusually long periods.

COST OF MAINTENANCE,

Owing to the numerous changes in the milker on account of
improvements which have been introduced there has been no op-
portunity to determine the expense of maintenance due to the
wearing out of various mechanical parts of the machine.

IMPORTANCE OF TEAT CUPS.

In successful machine milking of cows the teat cup is of prime
importance. Apparently the function of the teat cup is to sup-
port the exterior of the teat, allowing the vaccum to periodically
release the sphincter muscle at its extremity and allow the milk to
escape. Whenever the cup does not support the surface of the
teat the return of blood through the veins is retarded, the extrem-
ity of the teat soon becomes enlarged and blue, the milk channel
is closed and the milk cannot escape.

The teat cups furnished with the “Globe” machine were
simply straight, stiff, rubber tubes with a soft collapsible upper
edge and an outlet at the bottom to carry off the milk. These
cups did not coincide with the outline of the teat and they were
a failure. All teat cups furnished us with the Burrell-Lawrence-
Kennedy machine have been conical.

With the earliest teat cups furnished with the present machine,
eight different sizes were necessary in milking the Station herd.
The form has undergone modification so that the same herd is
now more efficiently milked with a single size of teat cup.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TI

This improvement in the teat cups has reduced the labor of
using the milking machine by doing away with the constant
changing of the cups during the milking process; it has removed
the danger of using the wrong cup on a cow by mistake as some-
times occurred with the former cups and it has practically ob-
viated the misfits which were constantly occurring with cows
whose teats were midway between the available sizes or due to
the gradual decrease in size of the teat which occurs as lactation
progresses.

This improvement in the teat cups is clearly shown in the
relative amounts of strippings obtained with the various forms of
teat cups.

During the two weeks following April 4, 1907, seventeen cows
were milked with the machine equipped with the earlier form
of teat cup. At the beginning of this period the machine had
been in use four weeks, the cows had become fairly accustomed
to it and the operator had decided the question of the proper size
of teat cup.

The milk obtained by hand stripping from these seventeen
cows during fourteen days amounted to 116.1 lbs. or a daily aver-
age of 0.49 lbs. per cow. In no case did the daily strippings fall
below 0.2 lbs. from any cow and with ten of them they equalled
or exceeded 1 lb. during one or more days. The maximum
weight of daily strippings from a single cow was 2.8 lbs.

During the two weeks following May 10, 1912, ten cows were be-
ing milked with the same machines equipped with the newer type
of teat cup with which but a single size is necessary in milking
the entire herd. At this time the amount of strippings obtainable
in most cases from a single cow was too small to weigh upon the
available scales, the strippings from six of the cows being practi-
cally nothing. Accordingly the strippings obtainable from the en-
tire ten cows were collected and weighed together. The maximum
amount obtained in this way from the ten cows at any milking
was 1 lb. and it reached this figure on only one day. The average
daily strippings amounted to 0.11 lb. per cow or 0.055 Ib. per

72 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

milking. This is approximately one-fifth of the amount obtained
while using the earlier form of teat cup and is an amount closely
approximating the natural secretion occurring between the close
of the milking and the beginning of the stripping process.

EFFECT OF CHANGES IN VACUUM.

With this milking machine the milk is drawn by means of a
vacuum, produced by an air pump and intermittently applied to
the teat cups. The extent of this vacuum is measured by the
inches it would depress a mercurial barometer and is indicated by
an instrument similar to a steam gage. This vacuum, alternately
formed and destroyed within the teat cup, simulates the sucking
action of the calf’s mouth. The violence of this sucking action
and, within certain limits, the rate of milking depends upon the
extent of the vacuum and the duration of the period through
which it is applied. As already referred to under the discussion
of teat cups, the vacuum, under unfavorable conditions, tends to
change the blood flow and produce congestion of the teat. Not
only does this congestion interfere with the escape of milk but
when carried too far it may even result in escape of blood from
the interior of the teat. This extreme result occurred with the
straight sided teat cups of the Globe machine but has not been
observed in connection with the present milking machine. In
view of these serious consequences the question of vacuum has
received much attention from the machine manufacturers and the
influence of this factor has been observed during this study. “ It
is the conclusion of the manufacturers, after observing the effect
of vacuum at several hundred installations during a period of
five or six years, that the best results can be obtained by accu-
rately maintaining the vacuum at 15 inches.”

During the spring of 1911 Prof. R. 8. Breed, of Allegheny
College, made an extensive study of the cellular content in the
milk from the Station herd and in connection with this study

1 Letter from Loomis Burrell, dated Nov. 14, 1912.

Naw York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 73

made observations upon the effect of variations in vacuum in
machine milking. The results of his study will appear later as a
bulletin of this Station but it will be of interest in this connec-
tion to note the effects produced upon the flow of milk and upon
the teats of the cow by somewhat wide changes in vacuum con-
tinued for only a relatively short time.

Three cows which were in the later stages of their lactation
periods were used in this study and all of the details of the
machine milking were performed as usual except that the extent
of the vacuum was varied. The varying amounts of vacuum em-
ployed and the amounts of milk obtained are given in Table I.

TasLe I.— Cuances IN Mitxinac Macuing Vacuum AND ITs Errect oN MILK

FLow.
Gertie F. No. 2. Ruth F. Millie D.
— Vaeuum —---—————— = | >
Date. in Per Per Per
inches. | milk- Daily. | milk- Daily milk- Daily.
ing. ing. ing.

1911 Lbs Lbs. Lbs Lbs Lbs. Lbs
ReberlGtets 4s. 15 Gelelp eur Gea ere SEOMW crvsdees
5.8 11.9 4.6 10.8 5.0 10.0

2) YE, dew eee cee aa OP Aah Bait chet e Thee woke Peake Lit ste nal |, eating
6.3 1229 8 isi 4.5 9.3

id] 12) lin doe deme ie Ui he 1503.2 ||s deere Gea eee ATS) eee ae ed
6.4 ie 7 ald Ma e/ 4.5 9.3

ME el eg td kee Ge Oilers os EADY lraectetanee S30 oil lo enswerteieed
SES 1225 3.0 10.0 3.5 8.5

CS 92/0) hd ogee ae tote | Newmont Thee \epeeee oer AP Osan
5.8 116 el, ISRO 4.8 9.3

A) ALL 2A 18 Niele ae Pe ee Silanes tee Oc 4d errr ARE) Pe ae’
5.4 ie 2 59.83 MiSe/ 4.4 9.1

USNS DOR} Te da at eat aa TELUS Neike cours yal): {eb ee ole ASS hg ep
5.8 12.8 Dee 10.8 4.4 8.7

Bar 37315 BROS EER are Dahle: ot Le os | Oe eae BuO ee ae
IS ; 11.0 5.8 12, 3.6 8.6

ul OSL by dat atae ® |lGeew kre A Super: POM. aoe AeA NRT Beat
7.6 12.4 5.4 3S 3.8 8.2

a" BOG kat eval he is acre eet AO" ee 155 fae lle AS AN erste... tee
fod iabeal 5.0 1057, 4.0 8.4

EG Beare nll en hy ya eee (}6(0):i| area yal) Ra eee ae:
5.9 10.9 5.0 11.0 3.8 8.8

OA bs ty ok A ee |e 632.4 Se bs yats om |Iils crate are COST al aC ee
6.0 V2.2, 4.8 10.2 3.6 8.3

Se DOee Ete. S|) ata tes of 2a eee SOM were tees OE ges tee
6.3 aS Sel 10.6 3.8 8.0

74 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

TaBLe I.— Cuanoes in Mixikinc Macninge Vacuum AND ITs Errect on MILK

Date.
1911.

Marchi a 623.9
« Fit Sion ae
x Sivene t-
$ 2 ae
ve Ie eiseetiete
€ Gein
a bie ee
« 8 pees
as ket ae
Soe ara
ce AO ee.
calipatiie |11D le Soller
ilies 23° ye ae
Mies 12 3- neoee
ae! |? a eee
SR CD ARERR,
scat | aSy ee ce
lth l7(e ea 3
wie NSE, Beet oz
BO OA at shes
Se ee OOP ey:
ee eee 2 I
27

Fiow (continued).

Gertie F. No. 2.

Daily.

Per
milk-

Millie D.

cooew

Vacuum|—
in Per
inches. | milk-
ing.
Lbs.
15.5 4.4
7.0
ee 4.8
6.3
phopese yeil
16.5

RCC! Clg

see eee

os vines

RATER WOD OO Ow Ort

© 8 ain iohwee

Pe Cie

seen

OO

see eee

eR RWWODN OF POS

eee w eee

——— eee

ae
ra)

Ruth F.

Per

milk- Daily.

ing.

Lbs. Lbs.
Onda) Pare:
5.5 10.9
sete htien triton
6.0 11.8
sd eel eects oars
4.9 9.6
SG alates
5.0 10.7
1 a eae
4.8 9.6
yA sl trae
4.3 9.7
A reat
Sri, 9.3
‘59m ee ere Bec
4.8 9.9
Say Peal ciate
3.9 9.6
ODN vai meee
3.4 8.9
Hae oy Nei, oie
4.3 9:9
he Daal xs srorcene
4.0 8.5
Oe ati ctspeux
4.4 9.4
ALS Wa tacks s
4.5 8.8
Aas | reckons
4.0 8.2
is Ne oo
4.1 8.5
2 OY (on ae doe
4.1 8.8
eM aroxste esos
4.1 8.3
Com po aeoe
3.5 8.3
AA lien ee
4.4 8.8
Ae Ie a
3.5 PASE
167 a aa
3.5 7.9

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15

TasBLeE I.— Cuances In Miuxina Macuinge Vacuum AND Its Errect on MILK
Fiow (concluded).

Gertie F. No. 2. Ruth F. Millie D.
Vacuum JI]
Date. in Per Per Per
inches. } milk- | Daily. | milk- | Daily. | milk- | Daily.
ing ing. ing
1911. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Marent23 ee. oe 18.5 ANOS | Pees: ce all aire 420s oeneren
17.5 7.0 11.6 4.6 9.0 3.1 (rol
of eae eee 16.5 G20) |e e SHON Saar e CS (Ree gee ae
15.5 6.8 12.8 3.5 7.4 3.0 7.8
op mast. vk 15.0 ALOE E I 0: Ste? Rew! Asis BO
8.0 12.0 4.3 7.5 3.0 aed
SRC ee ae | seas: ye al eer 4..0- seen Bdrm qoncearatenewons
6.7 apa 5.5 9.5 3.3 | 7.0
~~ thet (RRP Se Ge ee Gide |) se. s% Spill faites ARO <oib seas ahs
6.9 13.6 3.5 7.2 3.5 7.5
ST Bosc seisaralies cee BF gal gerbe ers Adil cede e Br 2 ul edie «
6.5 12.2 3.2 7.4 3.5 dak
LSA tae Si atl Pater ae rSCF. - S35) ee ee re As OU eats.8%
6.0 12.5 3.2 6.7 3.3 0.3
fe | Oana a aa ED) EN ae sh Oh basen A er AP OE |e ecchnsden:
7.2 12.2 3.4 7.0 3.3 7.3
ORR | ee Rate at eee 630) leah aed SAG by gawk es 5 BOO es aaa
5.3 11.3 2.9 6.5 3.4 (fant

It will be seen from Table I that these marked changes in the
vacuum produced no correspondingly marked changes in the flow
of milk.

During the 44 days covered by this experiment there was a
marked decrease in flow in the case of Ruth, a smaller decrease
with Millie D. and practically none at all with Gertie. There is
a close connection between this decrease in flow and the period
of lactation of the cows. Ruth F. who gave 4.12 lbs. of milk per
day less during the last week of the experiment than during the
first was then within 29 days of the close of her lactation period.
Millie D. who during the same time had decreased her daily flow
only 1.99 Ibs. continued in milk 42 days after the close of this
experiment, while Gertie F. No. 2, whose milk flow did not de-
crease during the experiment, gave milk for 92 additional days.

76 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

Not only is there no effect of the change of vacuum shown in
the general trend of the milk flow but also there is no evidence of
any checking effect even at the time when the changes in vacuum
occurred. A comparison of the yield at the fifteen milkings at
which the vacuum was raised with that at the last corresponding
milkings before the change shows that there was a slight increase
in milk flow accompanying the increase in vacuum in the case of
Gertie F. No. 2 and Millie D. and a somewhat larger decrease in
the case of Ruth. This resulted in an average decrease of 0.1 Ib.,
due to the fact that Ruth was decreasing very rapidly in her milk
flow. This slight change in the immediate milk flow in connec-
tion with the marked change in vacuum is especially noteworthy
since cows respond immediately to any detectable change in their
milking conditions and this response almost always takes the
form of a decreased milk flow.

The relation of the vacuum to the milk flow as given in Table I
is shown graphically in Graph I, opposite.

Not only was there no demonstrable effect of the change of
vacuum upon the flow of milk but also there were no objectionable
local effects upon the cows. It is true that at the close of the
milking process with the higher vacuum there was some difference
of opinion as to the presence of a slight congestion at the ex-
tremity of the teats on Ruth F. Whatever abnormality may have
been present passed away within a few minutes leaving no ob-
jectionable after effect.

In considering the bearing of this experiment upon the relation
of vacuum to the flow of milk it should be remembered that the
test was made upon only three cows. These were late in their
period of lactation when they may have been less susceptible to
unfavorable influences and they were provided with good fitting
teat. cups which would reduce any unfavorable influences of the
high vacuum. Under such conditions it seems fairly clear that
the higher vacuum exerted no measurable influence upon the flow.

On the other hand it should be remembered that under ordinary
dairy conditions it is difficult to insure a perfect fit of the teat
cup in all cases and any error in manipulation will be exaggerated

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TC

SE

Se
LL

31

17

10

MAR.4

Grapu I.— Revation or Vacuum To MILK Fiow.

23

a= IS oJ ao 1 oe Oo £ a

_— —

FEB.16

1911

SAHONI NI WANDWA WiiwW 40 SONNOd

(See Table I.)

78 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

in the presence of a higher vacuum. As there is no evidence that
the higher vacuum contributes anything to the success of the
machine milking and as its use is attended with grave dangers it
is the part of wisdom to operate the milking machine with as
slight a vacuum as is feasible.

IMPORTANCE OF THE OPERATOR.

In this and other publications on milking machines emphasis
is laid upon the intelligence of the man in immediate charge of
the machine as a large factor in its success. Unless he is above
the average of farm laborers in mechanical skill and general trust-
worthiness the best results are not to be expected. On the other
hand it would be erroneous to assume that it is only the excep-
tional man who can operate milking machines successfully. Dur-
ing the five years covered by this test our barn men have changed
frequently so that the actual running of one or both of the two
machines has been intrusted to six different men. Two of these
men ran a machine for three and four months respectively, two
for one year each, one for one and one-half and one for three
years. None of these men had had any previous experience with
milking machines except what two of them had acquired from the
Globe milker, and the prejudice which they received from the
failure of this machine fully offset any gain they may have ob-
tained from that experience. Taken as a whole they represented
very well the better class of farm workmen and they had been
selected for reasons entirely aside from their ability to operate
machinery. While the degree of their success with the machines
varied slightly none of them would be classed as failures and the
results given in this publication are those obtained by them with-
out any omissions or corrections.

While these facts make it evident that the successful operation
of milking machines is not restricted to persons of unusual ability
they should not be understood as showing that the personality of
the men is unimportant since all of these were in a sense picked
men and they were at all times under the supervision of one of us

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 79

(S) who was actually present at a very considerable proportion
of the milking periods.

EFFECT OF MACHINE MILKING ON FLOW.

In 1907 the Station herd was milked by machine. A compari-
son of the milk flow during that season with the corresponding
yields for the preceding period of lactation is open to criticism
since the weather conditions each season markedly influenced the
quality of the available food supply. Accordingly as the cows
began their lactation period in 1908 they were divided into two
groups, one of which was milked by machines and the other by
hand. In forming these groups care was exercised to divide the
herd as evenly as possible with regard both to the age of the cows
and their general productivity.

At each succeeding period of lactation the manner of milking
was changed so that each cow was milked by machine and by
hand during alternate periods, and during any given season ap-
proximately the same number of cows were being milked by each
method.

The progress of this test was necessarily disturbed by the mis-
haps incident to handling a dairy herd. The disturbances in milk
flow due to abortion make it desirable to omit a period of lactation
from the comparisons in the case of six cows. Sterility, accidents
and the weeding-out process which is constantly going on in all
good herds also led to the sale of a number of animals. These
changes not only resulted in a reduction in the amount of com-
parable data but they tended also to destroy the balance between
the two groups of animals during any given year. In order to
correct these evils as fully as possible the removals from each
class were replaced by heifers as fast as they became available.

The records obtained by comparing 29 cows during two or more
periods of lactation are given in Table II. In the column of
yields in this table, H and M indicate respectively, hand and
machine milking.

80. Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

‘y[eus AIOA S}BOJ,

“Jaq 10} Plog

*qse1 Buoy Aq poyyorg
“AIp 05 4ou pid
4801 Suc] Aq poyoig

“4801 Buoy Aq poyyoig
“WOTsesIpUl PH
‘AIp 03 you pig

60, ‘Fueploow JePpy

‘GI, OWMUS FNOgG Platz

+H4++ i+

i i++

++

i++

“UOTPRLIBA
JO WOTpoIIG

sSimss

i

bh 9

HS

Are

19 tH

. Gi . . . . je | .

Tent Catan | tacae
com | tae | tip oo | MoO
OO | OBH | MAMAS

Le) OY SHLD rt

1919 | Ori9r® | ipinininn | COOOS | 169

96 °9

ANAL

‘yr uy

IT-Ol61

OI-606T
6-806T
8-2061

Z-906T

IT-Ol6l
OI-6061
6-806T
8-2061

Z-906T

6-8061
8-L061

Z-9061

IT-O161
OI-6061
6-8061
8-LO6T
Z-906T

“IBOK

Hig ©

HINO rmO | TOMO | OF ODS | MOMI9VOr | oH

qR

"supa X

03

*fosier “Vy ssooulg

“++ Kassep “Hy joqeyiy

“*fosroe “g Jo Lareg

*- asiop ‘Aaleg “Fd

‘7+ fesrep “Ot

“+++ fosioe “ OtTIAT

‘pesiq pus suey

aie 3 9 ‘oN

¢ ‘oN

p ‘ON

@ ‘ON

Z ‘ON

“‘raquan NY

‘Saoludd NOWVLOVY SNILVNUGLTY NI ANIHOV]T YO GNVA{ AM GAAWTIPY SMO) AO ATAIX NI NOILVIUVA —]T] DIAVy;

81

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

BS) eet a0 CS
"geDI"H °60, PICS
“AUIS = 60. PICS
“quaplooe Joppa
aU Tr PIGS

‘queprIooe JOppy
‘60. PIOS

"q0S28K) “OT, PICS
“HOS “Tl. PIS
“OTIS = °60. PICS

+44

++

i++

116" 9 ‘IN
190° 1 °IN

901‘2 “H

F0L‘S ‘IN

109‘9 *H

196‘9 IW
26h ‘8S “H
9ST‘ LW
88¢‘S "IN
6zr‘S “H

26L'L "H

188‘8 "IW

FS‘ L ‘H

Do elie)
Ld 1D WD 1D AD std OD CD <H

ie)

|
|

Hod
~oO
Inu Oo

>t
mo © o>
wud | Whig ww

>)

6-8061
8-L06T

2-906T

8-206T
2-906T

IT-O16I

OI-606T
6-806T
8-L06T

2-906T

6-806T
8-L06T

2-906T

01-6061
6-8061
8-L06T

2-9061

8-061
2-906T

~~ Or O19 sH

TI-O16T
OI-6061
6-8061
8-L061

Z-9061

8-206T
2-9061

So

|
|

Lola

ORO alive) OO Hid oon oO Hig Or o) <H

“UI94S]OF]

‘AOSIOL OpBIy

*‘Aasiop apeiry

“£asIop apBIy
“"""7 ‘ON puourureyy

‘WOHtIg Oty

epRiy
"+ AOUBN GI ‘ON
“ore | ott PI ‘ON
“eon [**° "OT ‘ONT
e ATOM se eee an ‘ON
“gugmy [oot IL ON
‘Pangan foocc OT ON
eaneg [oo 6 ‘ON
3: ON
“Kasia
CeCe = a (ON

82 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

‘PIOS

‘qingemeid J[eO

‘ginyeueid j[VQ

“AIp O08 you pid

‘Iojloy SB payI0qy

|
|
|
|
)
|
|

be
aes
se ie
+
a eee
ee
+
+
ar,
a
ee
ats
e | #
Blea
“UOTPBIIGA

jo UOIPOOIIC,

AINA

mk | No
be Oe >) boa

co o> wt
O10 P= lo eho 6)

’ a NO O19
wd | 1d H Oca} | 291919219 | 1919 | OOO | OO

np Rleway Ete)

oD > bk
pten) -rio

LEE GL
G9E 28
SOE 19
866 6
9oE %
8S 0€
ege aaa
oss 0S
8 G9
COs 00
c9E 00
Ig€ FE
c9E GS
€0€ 00
COs 00
98 cP
67 0S
COE aa
SE (a9
9c¢ 0G
‘sivq |'shoqg
"yr uy | “Aq

IL-Ol6l

OI-606T

IT-O16T
OI-606T
6-8061

01-6061
6-806T

II-O161
01-6061
6-806T

8-LO6T

IT-OI6I
O1-606T
6-806T

8-LO6T

IIT-O016!
01-6061

6-8061

01-6061
6-806T

PUL.

Hind NOD sH NA oD HAD Noo stid | NOD | NOD SH Noo

wa

"supa X

‘O0V

***Kosrop ‘yy "Gg Aoreg

Aasiot “qt “a “A OUT

* Kossop ‘Z “D Pq8 I

see **osior UP | OLIN

“Aasiof opeiry
“TON “up Oday

“Asia? OPBI)
JS od Bin on er Twuny

“Aesiap apBiry
Sah end boone 4 Buy

*poolq pues sure Ny

“67 ON

*19quInN|

* (papnjauod) Saorudg NOWLVLOV'T ONILVNUGLTY NI GNIHOV]. uo ANV]] Ad ayy SMO‘) FO atary NX NI NOILVINY A —* 1Df Wray J,

83

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

pox] surgovur Ape

‘oinjemeid j[eQ

“IajloYy 8B payIOqy

‘uoKseSIpUl pry

‘IOJIOY Se payloqy

‘Wor;SeSIPU! PEY

sa

4

a8)

a
=

++

ca.
aoe
sistist Jasin | isin | oo | oO

TA

O19

ans

++

a
a

oe

CI-TI61

II-O161

GI-TI6T

TI-O161

IT-Ol6T

OI-606T

IL-O161

OI-606T

IT-Ol61
OI-606T

6-S806T

IT-O161
OI-606T

TT-O161
OI-606T
6-806T

“Aaslaf apeity

pes ora eta Sap oA CGI

“Aasiope “qq ‘Gg forego

*foslor opelyy

sages bari. dae ° “7H otprer)

*AaSIof apBiy

Zz ‘yi puowmuresy

_ *faslef aperry

"SON “ZANE

*Aasiop~ apeiy

“ F a0TTD

“£asI9 opBity
‘T ‘ON ‘q{ puourureyy

84 Report or DeparTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

The records of the 29 cows as given in the above table include
five lactation periods of five cows, four periods of three cows,
three periods of nine cows and two periods of twelve cows, or a
total of 88 complete lactation periods. During 43 of these
periods the cow was milked by hand and during 45 periods by
machine. :

By comparing the yields obtained when any cow was milked by
the two methods during successive periods it is possible to obtain
55 comparisons of which 32 were in favor of the hand method and
23 were favorable to the machine method of milking. On the
face of these results it appears that while the amount of milk ob-
tained by the two methods is about the same the chances are
about two out of three that a little more milk will be obtained by
hand milking.

From the column of remarks at the right of the table it will be
seen that many of the cows were somewhat abnormal at some time
during the test. ,

Five of the cows lost portions of their udders either through
accident or from garget. In such eases the yields for the periods
of lactation in which such mishaps occurred are not included in
the table and the cows were removed from the experiment.

Four of the cows were sold on account of sterility. During
their last milking periods two were milked by hand and two by
machine. These items would seem to be well balanced were it not
for the fact that No. 8 in her closing period had an unusual flow.
Her gain of 2,700 lbs. was probably not due to the fact that she
was hand milked, as she had yielded fairly uniformly during the
four preceding years. It may be ascribed to great bodily vigor
unhampered by the demands of gestation.

During 1908 four of the young cows calved prematurely as
well as one each in 1909 and 1910. Under such conditions their
yields can not be considered as normal and their failure to pro-
duce as much as during other lactation periods can not justly be
ascribed to the method of milking. Accordingly the results from
these six periods of lactation should be omitted from the compari-
sons. This would destroy eight of the above comparisons, four of
which were favorable to each method.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 85

Three cows suffered severely from indigestion and their yields
dropped 1,200 to 1,900 Ibs. below their preceding yields. <A
fair treatment of the data demands that the yields during these
years be dropped. This will eliminate four comparisons all of
which were favorable to hand milking.

Discarding the questionable results as indicated above leaves
43 comparisons of the yields of which 24 are favorable to hand
and 19 to the machine method of milking.

An inspection of the yields shows that the length of time dur-
ing which a cow was dry exerted a marked influence upon the
next period of lactation. In seven cases there was no interval be-
tween lactation periods. Three of these have been dropped from
the comparison on account of abortion or indigestion. There re-
mains a total of 15 instances where the interval between ‘lactation
periods was less than 21 days. Such short intervals are not ideal
and might be considered as abnormal if they did not constitute
approximately 20 per ct. of the total. Since the number of
instances is considerable and is quite evenly divided between the
two methods of milking it seems allowable to use the data in this
comparison. Disearding this portion of the data would change
the final balance by 7,806 Ibs. in favor of the hand method.

In considering the relative merits of these two methods atten-
tion should be drawn to cows Nos. 6 and 29. The former had
such small teats that hand milking was a slow and unsatisfactory
process while the latter had large teats but was so hard to milk
that she was drying up rapidly when the machine was substituted
for the hand method. Neither of these cows would have been
a desirable member of a hand-milked herd while both were satis-
factory when milked by machine.

The above comparison of the yields of cows suggests that they
have a tendency to give a larger flow when milked by hand than
when milked by machine. A measurement of this tendency can
be obtained in pounds of milk by striking a balance at the close
of each year of the experiment. The balance for each of the
four years as well as the balance for the entire experiment is

given in Table ITT.

86 Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

“(PET'PLG) 1890} Jo “yo sod [| sq] Z90‘9 ‘(Zury[rar puvy Jo 104%} Ur) souKleq ;eULT

PLE ‘S
9S1 ‘Ze

I19‘T
9ZE ‘8S

GIL‘9Z

c6c‘L
‘BOT

SLI F i
SEI‘Ze 096'ZE
To's | PAT’ 2,

‘SQT pS 07
; ‘606T
; O16T ‘oulyo
pury CN

69S
69g

ILI ‘6P

0z1‘Z bodes a
OZ1‘Z eonwee
9G0‘ TOL 986‘86
190'2 | 901‘2
¥0L‘°¢ | 109‘9
8sc‘¢ | 6zF‘S
188° | Frei 2
OLI‘2 | SF9‘9
TS2Z‘OL | 2g¢‘9

816°9 | 600°
GOLF | LZ‘S
9cr‘9 | 1z8‘¢

eT ‘8OT

*g0uB[eq [enuuy
“*goueyeq dno

“sss -grBIOT,

*raquIn Ny

(‘Byep ALOJOVISIVBS [[B@ Sopnpouy)
‘DNIXTIPY AO GOHLAW OL FAG ATLNGYVddY NOILVIUVA IVLOJ, GNV IVANNY —']]J BIavy,

New York AGrRicutturAL ExpPpERIMENT STATION. 87

During their lactation periods beginning in 1906 the cows
were milked by hand and during 1907 by machine. A compari-
son of the results for these two years is open to the criticism that
they may have been influenced by seasonal variation. Beginning
with their periods in 1908 one-half of the cows were milked by
each method to meet this objection. However, comparison in
yields could not be made in 1908 for the cows milked by machine,
since these cows had also been milked by machine in 1907; so
these yields do not appear in this table until the following year.
Beginning with the comparison for 1908-1909 the data is so ar-
ranged as fairly to neutralize the influence of seasonal variation
upon the yield.

Considering the results shown under the head of group balances
and noting the variations of yield of the members of the given
group it will be seen that in four of the six groups there is at
least one cow whose variation in yield in successive years is
greater than the group balance. Under such circumstances the
elimination of this variable cow from any of the above groups
would have caused the group balance to favor the opposite method
of milking.

It will be seen from the record of Cows Nos. 1 and 13 as given
in Table II that these large variations in yield are not necessarily
connected with the manner of milking. During the successive
seasons when these cows were milked by machine they varied
1,000 and 1,500 lbs. respectively.

Moreover these seasonal variations in the yields are in perfect
accord with ordinary experience among hand-milked cows. The
data on earlier yields during succeeding lactation periods in the
Station herd were burned with our barn in 1904 and similar data
on the basis of lactation periods have not been found in Station
literature. However data for the yields during two successive
calendar years are available for 13 cows in the Annual Reports
of the Maine Station’ for 1897 and 1898. The total yield of

1Gowell, G. M. Herd records. Me. Agr. Exp. Station An. Reps. 13 (1897):
192-200. 1898; and 14 (1898): 148-157. 1899.

88 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

the 13 cows during these two years was 155,308 lbs., that for
1898 being the smaller by 8,712 lbs. or 5.6 per ct. Likewise in
Bulletin 102 of the Wisconsin Station’ there is given the annual
yield of 27 cows during two years. The total yield was 398,690
Ibs. with a difference of 4,128 Ibs. or 1 per ct. in favor of the
second year. Combining the data from these two groups in such
a way as to reduce the variation as far as possible the yield of
these 40 cows during two succeeding years varied by 4,584 lbs.
which was .82 per ct. of the total yield during a time equivalent
to 80 lactation periods.

From this data it would appear plain that the increase of 1 per
et. in yield during the hand milking of the cows as given in
Table III is clearly within the variation which may reasonably
be expected from the annual fluctuations in the yield of cows.

The fact that the final balance in favor of the hand method
in Table III is merely an accidental result of the method of
grouping the data is well illustrated by arranging the data on a
slightly different but equally logical basis. If the comparison
of the otherwise satisfactory data be restricted to those cases
where there are data for an even number of successive years for
one cow milked alternately by the two methods, the data from
nine lactation periods will be rejected. The data thus selected
are given in Table IV.

This arrangement of the data shows that in the 62 lactation
periods, 31 of which were with hand milking and 31 with ma-
chine milking, 3,285 pounds more milk were obtained by the
machine than by hand. Here again the difference is unimportant
being only 0.8 per ct. of the total milk obtained. Had the
yields of cow No. 10 for 1906 and 1907 been omitted the balance
would have been 909 pounds in favor of hand milking. Here
also the accumulated variation between two groups of 31 mem-
bers each is less than the variation between individual members
of the group.

1Carlyle, W. L., and Woll, F. W. Studies in milk production. Wis. Agr.
Exp. Station Bul. 102. 1903.

89

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

"(TOT OTF) 18909 Jo “49 sad g'( = Gz‘

090‘ 02
Bee
6879.
2
La
‘OI6T
‘Qulqoe

6/8) 86 106 BHdne (d)s).6 0 410 @ oa le) 60.6) a6 wa 88 eere.s * (auIyORUT jo IOAB} ul) aouRleg
SOF ‘ 0% ie) 6) ee a) Ove. oe alle hala sienee ise s, «-v0cn) 8 a6)» © site 8\6 9 im 8) mw) B\im)e) (aw) Gant n eye Bie \euele\'s 6a oe (pave ewer puey 1®10,L
£69 ‘ 90Z Spake <a) \atiniie) aife)ra).wi 0: 5 else" siete) os) is) a: ’e ee) s, s\:p, 6 BMECS 0) ih. .o)'e eee: elulve: e)"ele: sletfatis) oi feds) «| <lehs: aise ‘oes eae ouULyoOvUl 1®10.L

£82 ‘SZ Z18'8¢ €80‘ LF GIL‘ 9G 9c1 ‘Ze 960‘ TOT OCGHSB, [a te ee Oa es S[B}OL,
CQ) 'h gTe‘9 oipmat slow etalre Mill’ sleWal.e® duaiic (oM@ ll vee’ ciccllemelete: ||| ie! (c:upuwstie ‘ehG™ |||) “aWeie aa) su@em || WNNtclis 3) 01 6 tetacsucie ie) eMtetho.(a) etre list ais. elie teslel out BoA
1z0‘8 PLL‘ 2 eo etareis see a) Pie ele, sie 6 S|) ome) eeieiecetion | -e to & a » see). Rae 0.0. © e\ieiiny “|\cWe) 0 0) wolfe leMs elrene:s s.a, setae abit une fae e..e eee be 92
ee) tate (a8 6, |) uate) set w.le) 6 0.5 TZ-G yee eeereeeee a) eo) shee om Oy SOO fag a ie can S ga SEN: ceigeg oe 2 eR
a .o dunce eas, jl) seca avn e . £68'9 16¢‘9 enw) « ¢heaale = Oy LET Wee C6 ee 046 08w eee ae eke Sele AST ee agp noie ge) SSE ary
Bae Meakareys resseees | Bqatg poe weeteeee | eee eeee | eee eee Levent eect tert r tee e eee eee ne stage
@ 0: o\jsre.e@ of O. erere, @ 6, 6.6 tres eeyG oS eye, Supe) oF © nude «64 afd ew Sos aie ia ns ty gece oS a eT
fe 86L'S a fewite waste (ei)! <c.s lel 6) ome 2 6 eee c Sa) 6-(0; 60 /cuerm || aie oa se we |\eNe ohede le apie, ollel eo skd, cc) Op, heme « 0).01 00: eke. a) ts 02
G11’ 9o1'8 Bac nee || Ine hacemos type etre Aras |W maar ce aie ale oh SA. ome Snes, OP. Ore ela es Raa ee 6I
Z08'F Z8e'2, 28 eee [ORN acc ahs “ca Me MP lic seep oul lace ieee el oD an RE IER, no OMS ao 2 eg SA SI
teed 5 veveneee | prety af OR eae tienen [eee e eens [eee etter eee tenet ener e eee
oe . eee 808‘9 sv el or odeme @ Bi. °.0 Suske.d s © ve 026 ‘9 wast b) Oise. 6 Ge || Pree urine, etee” ||iever le) 0 ‘ee. io: ints) sigue ic 6. ele bibles) Cheap @ vite aS e20. eke o. age OI
ee . O: || eles. Mwite inte) | oe nate, eau tule ec} It 6. BAe of ees CM mecevetmre wie 290'L 9012 nee) ue kun oleh due, a). 0). Sens sunita, Cuekay eer alis. = Men siete Git
wae Pee Save, iC s aeete oe MIP eRe eRe Meal ata ames: oe FOL‘G TO9'9 [tcc ctr etree teres vee ogy
. eunné 6.0 oF |, "e..9. (eee 0 6. ne Z6Fr ‘8 9ET'L alate’ a jewe ee 88g'S 6zF‘S ‘Cuvee te» usa. oleum a sabe amen afwas pf) © "sue. sme s).e) a: el
eee ry | ‘Sena. (eve \uilal nisl ip. oe, MUP Cote. osemins eben) OME € etewe « & T88‘8 FPS‘ 2 Cyeteyere Cy cva.etete 6 eo Ctwi wa kets 4 eMe Ge) 6 )s ve n)e he ZI
eee ee ewe 826 '9 a ePet\e wets: aualil) | s (hle6et mw 0\\6 120‘9 OL1'2 eF9‘9 4u0 (0) Gabe) olin, 0 .eceMe) oes ef se es Lhe isp) se ince oie) e Il
. Wohey pA bRD. || Ee pnedie a) eee, ie ete daliace teaele! |) cf RWeteiche wis i} ees S eee e TSZ OL 1¢¢‘9 G86 Ciepe © 8 0: esse epee eves 6 6 6 Bees mus Suate OL
. . D, Uleewnt a ae te sve 8 | se) evele eemtelel |) sss, 5 os ele || ‘share a. C6L‘6 969 ‘TT wid Disa eb enee is 0.8 @ @ 0 6 « \Ai) 0) NS © 8618) 6) 600) 8: oa 6
eee ee ee . 9F2‘9 ene oc aia eis es || 6 ele (elipitat es te 99¢ p Per’, 6F9‘2 Dee aL) 0 CMO OROEOR OOM UCR SS Det & ORCI ICRC) Oarhcr Cece cl 8
eleCerehe Cmts. \\ uae. >) ake e eee © ehele «eee siete « pe oe aw els \dee6 © 8 €8g°L TFG ‘8 Sane a EA ies aes OCS kent peer eay)
eee ee ene fe. UL Oke isifela) © © ole e «elle 8 a) Seis) ores © e Micah tere goe'¢ LSP ope mS aa a a aap aca ae 20)
ee ekede 6 0Ne lke 6 shee 18).W6 |e je wishes omens a i]! (ce: ele) eWete, os.) “aun @ oe 1eh ggg ‘e Se eS eee oadane KG)
. zoc‘e o (euiek © egeeete. MIP oun tale, G0 8) © Og 9 806 °F O28 ‘Ff Se) efae es fe.:e) 0) a).5 a) Shia lb) een 4d isle ee mre, © 6: 618 a
eee ee . ees eeeee Urlegaiel ete 6.0 tiiede: © aWerle~e ehvle eens, ele 816‘9 600‘ 2 aR I I Te RNa ee Ae as SS «)
Loti et bt CRO clan | Chon: na eOacCiae | EORO"O Ca) oun eee eecesese GOL‘F LbZ‘C ENE LD RY OR iO As an a 2
i 8 sete qweein |) |e a: 6) 0) velo 8 cee‘ 2 cc‘) Ole; 6) eters ¢ 18 gcP ‘9 1z3‘¢ ISOS ES Ee aig deg Yai = ECS |
‘SOT ‘SqT ‘SQT “SQT ‘SOT ‘SOT “SqT
‘OL6T “*606T “6061 “S061 “S06T “LO6T ‘906T -zoquin
‘puvyy ‘QUIYO® JA ‘puryy ‘QULOR IN ‘puvyy “‘QULYORI ‘pueyT

(‘Moo Youve JOJ SpOlod paduvyeq A[aO Surpnyouy)
“ANIHOVJ, GNVY GNV]PT 4d GEWTITY SMOD AO SATAIX —A] WIAVY,

90 Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF TIIE

In handling data which is subject to considerable variation
reliable measurements may often be obtained by accumulating
such a mass of data as to equalize the disturbing factors. How-
ever in the present instance the natural variation in the yield of
the cow is so very large and the influence of the manner of
milking, when properly done, is so very small that the actual
measurement of the influence of the machine method of milking
upon the flow of milk under present conditions is practically
impossible.

In connection with this statement it should be distinetly under-
stood that just as hand milking varies from a manipulation which
promptly stops the flow to that which encourages the flow to the
full capacity of the cow so machine milking may be of every
degree of desirability depending upon the mechanical principles
of the machine and the skill with which it is operated.

The problems in this connection which now await solution are
the relative merits of the various mechanical principles and the
conditions under which they can be applied most advantageously.

CONCLUSIONS.

One of the limiting factors in the development of the dairy
business is the difficulty in obtaining regular and efficient milkers.
The interest in the milking machine is largely due to the possi-
bility of displacing a considerable amount of low-grade labor
by a single higher grade, better paid man.

This study of the influence of hand and machine methods upon
the flow of milk covers a period of over four years. During this
time approximately 11 cows were milked by machine and an
equal number by hand during their lactation period. All ma-
chine milked cows were stripped by hand and the milk so ob-
tained was credited to their flow. As the result of mishaps inci-
dent to dairying satisfactory data was obtained from only 71
lactations.

Owing to the interest on the investment in machinery and to
the time which is necessarily lost in preparing and later clean-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91

ing the milking machines it is probably not profitable to use
machines in dairies of less than 15 cows. In such a dairy one
man using two machines will milk cows within an average time
of 3 minutes but the time lost in preparing and cleaning the ma-
chine will equal 1 minute per cow. With a larger dairy this
latter item will be much reduced.

The normal variation in flow in a large group of cows is at
least 1 per ct. The effect of the manner of milking, provided
that it is thoroughly done, is less than this amount and therefore
is not measurable.

During the earlier years difficulty was experienced in milking
some of the cows. This difficulty arose from the failure of the
teat cups to fit properly. When this was overcome the cows
milked well. One small-teated and one very hard-milking cow,
neither of which was suitable for hand milking, did well with the
machine.

The success of the milking machine, like any other machine,
is closely associated with the personality of the operator. Dur-
ing this experiment the machines have been operated by six dif-
ferent men, all of whom have done at least fairly well.

In this study the attempt has been made to contrast the ma-
chine and hand methods of milking at their best. Unquestionably
it takes a higher grade man to operate a milking machine success-
fully than to hand-milk a cow equally well. There is every
reason to think that in the hands of careless operators the ma-
chines will work injury to the cows but the same result is too
often obtained from inefficient hand milking.

The milking machine is becoming a recognized part of the
equipment of large dairies. It has already reached the point
where it compares favorably with ordinary hand milking in the
items of germ content of the milk and in its effect upon the flow.
There is still room for much improvement from the mechanical
standpoint, especially in the matter of simplicity and expense of
installation.

A STUDY OF THE METABOLISM AND PHYSIO.
LOGICAL EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PHOSPHORUS
COMPOUNDS WITH MILCH COWS, II. *

A. R. ROSE.
SUMMARY.

The chief aim of this experiment was to check the results reported
in Technical Bulletin No. 1, of this Station, by repeating the work
in such a way as to eliminate more of the variable factors. This
was effected by adjusting one of the animals used in the previous
experiments to a low-phosphorus ration very nearly identical with
the one formerly employed and adding thereto the calcium salt
of phytin.

In this, as in the former experiments, the organic phosphorus in-
gested was eliminated very largely in the form of inorganic phosphorus
by way of the intestine, the amounts of phosphorus in the urine being
very small. When phytin was withdrawn from the ration, the
decrease of phosphorus in the urine was immediate; when phytin
was added, a rise in phosphorus occurred after a lag of two days.
Phytin caused more phosphorus to be eliminated through the kidney
than did whole wheat bran. The long duration of the low-
phosphorus period did not in itself affect the phosphorus content
of the urine nor the phosphorus balance.

The insoluble phosphorus of the feces diminished with decreasing
amounts of insoluble phosphorus in the rations, when the latter
ranged above fourteen grams.

The soluble organic phosphorus disappeared very largely from
the alimentary tract. The apparent utilization was poorer in the
low-phosphorus periods and in the calcium phytate period than in
the whole-bran period.

For maintenance of phosphorus equilibrium in this species of
animal the requirement would seem to be the amount of phosphorus
eliminated in the milk plus twenty-six milligrams per kilo of body
weight; an excess over this amount causes phosphorus retention,
and smaller quantities result in loss of phosphorus from the
organism.

The addition of calcium phytate increased the potassium both in
the urine and dung, and changed the path of elimination of part of
the magnesium from the kidney to the intestine. The calcium
added as calcium phytate was almost entirely eliminated by the
intestine immediately after administration. The calcium of the
urine increased with decreasing phosphorus in the rations and
decreased when calcium phytate was added.

* A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 20, May, 1912.
[92]

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 93

The nitrogen compounds of the ration were well utilized and for
the most part a positive nitrogen balance was maintained. The
animal gained 19 kilos during the experiment, half of which could
be accounted for by the plus balance of nitrogen. There was a
suggestion of a parallelism between the nitrogen. and phosphorus
balances.

The former observations as to the influence of phosphorus com-
pounds on the oestrum and the amount of urine voided were not
corroborated; neither was the laxative effect previously noted.
The difference in the moisture content of the feces of the several
periods of this experiment was very small.

A long low-phosphorus period resulted in unfavorable symptoms.
The animal returned to a normal condition after a week’s feeding
on ash-rich rations including alfalfa, silage and wheat bran.

The volume of the milk fluctuated inversely with the amount of
phytin phosphorus in the rations. The increase of milk flow on
removal of phytin was not a mere dilution. Except for the change
in the amount of fat, the composition of the milk was not materially
altered. The responses of the fat to the fluctuations of phytin
phosphorus were immediate and consistent, as distinct, though not
quite as large, as in the previous experiments. The best milk flow,
both as to amount and fat content, happened to occur in the period
of phosphorus equilibrium.

INTRODUCTION.

The work reported in this bulletin is the fourth experiment in a
series planned by Director Jordan in 1904, for the purpose of ascer-
taining the specific influence of the ash constituents of plants upon
animal metabolism and especially to learn what effect these very
important elements may have on milk production. As biochemical
research progresses, we have come to realize more and more the
very important part which the ash constituents play in all process
of life. Agricultural chemists have given much attention to phos-
phorus, and this important substance has become familiar to farmers.
It was naturally, therefore, the first element to be studied in this
undertaking, and this substance still holds the chief interest of those
carrying out Director Jordan’s comprehensive program.

The first task of the investigators was to find out the nature of
phosphorus in the grains and forage plants usually employed in
feeding cattle. This work was published as bulletins 238 and 250
of this Station by Hart and Andrews, and Patten and Hart, respec-
tively.!. In these bulletins it is shown that the phosphorus of the
grains is very largely in the form of a soluble organic compound,

1 Hart and Andrews, N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 238.
Patten and Hart, N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 250.

94 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

previously described and named by the Swiss chemist, Posternak.!
Phytin, as this compound is called, is in itself a very interesting
substance; but its physical and chemical properties will not be dis-
cussed in this report. For descriptions of phytin, the reader is
referred to the bulletins mentioned above and the paper by Poster-
nak. The author wishes, however, to make a correction with respect
to the constitution of phytin as given in these bulletins. The more
recent work? has demonstrated that its acid is not anhydrooxy-
methylenediphosphoric acid as stated by Posternak and accepted by
Hart at the time of publication of his work, but is an inositephos-
phoric acid. Recent work by Anderson’ carried on in the laboratory
of this Station confirms this later view of the chemical constitution

of phytin.
PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS.

The role of phosphorus in metabolism has been a live question
for a long time and a large mass of data has been accumulated
regarding it. A number of important facts are definitely established
and others have been suggested. > Since these have been summarized
by Jordan, Hart, and Patten? and more recently reviewed in detail
by Albau and Neuberg,® the reader is referred to these and only
those references will be made which bear on special points as the
discussion progresses. Technical Bulletin No. 1 of this Station
reports the first three feeding experiments in this series and is a
valuable contribution to our knowledge of mineral metabolism.
The chief component of the rations used was wheat bran, chosen
because of its relatively high content of phytin, which can be easily
removed by leaching, the other constituents contributing but a very
small amount of phosphorus. By alternating periods of rations
containing washed and unwashed bran, a marked contrast in the
amount of administered phosphorus was produced. This ranged
from thirteen to sixteen grams in the low phosphorus period and
from seventy-seven to eighty-one grams in the high phosphorus
period. Excepting the variations in calcium, magnesium, and potas-
sium, the other conditions were kept as constant as is practicable
in experiments of this kind. A large number of observations were
made and from the mass of analytical data the authors drew con-
clusions which may be briefly summed up as follows:

Increase of phosphorus in the ration increases the phosphorus
elimination;

1 Posternak; Rev. Gen. Bot. 12: 5, 65 (1900); Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 55: 1190 (1902);
Compt. Rend. 137: 202, 337, 439 (1903); 140: 322 (1905).

2 Suzuki, Yoshimura, Takaishi. Bul. Coll. Agr. Tokio, 7: 495, 503, 1907.
Apa Biochem. Ztschr. 9: 557 (1908); Starkenstein; Biochem. Ztschr. 30: 56
A u ee R. J. N. Y. Agri. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 19.

4 Jordan, Hart and Patten. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. 1.
5 Albau and Neuberg. Physiologie und Pathologie des Mineralstoffwechsels.

New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 95

Increase of organic phosphorus in the ration causes an increased
elimination of inorganic phosphorus, the quantity of outgoing organic
phosphorus being but slightly affected by the intake of organic
phosphorus.

Increased phosphorus elimination is, in the herbivora, mostly by
way of the intestines.

A large intake of phosphorus causes a retention of this element.

When the phosphorus given is insufficient in quantity the organism
uses for its normal functions the phosphorus previously stored in
the body, or that which is not serving an immediately vital purpose.

These results substantiate work done in other laboratories.

The following results which were also noted suggest other possible
conclusions. These, if verified, would constitute new contributions
to our knowledge and are of fundamental interest:

Sudden withdrawal of phosphorus from the ration causes dryer
and firmer feces, sometimes constipation.

The volume of the urine varies directly with the quantity of
phosphorus insoluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid, and indirectly
with the phosphorus soluble in this reagent.

The milk flow increases with the withdrawal of phosphorus and
decreases when phosphorus is added to the ration.

Increase of phosphorus in the ration increases the fat in the milk,
and vice versa.

These results were pronounced and consistent and must therefore
be due to the differences produced in the wheat bran by leaching it
with water. By this process, several substances were removed from
the wheat bran; some protein, a small amount of carbohydrate,
magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. The loss in the protein
was made good by an equivalent amount in the form of wheat
gluten; that in carbohydrate was deemed negligible. The largest
differences were in the amounts of magnesium, potassium and
phosphorus. Of these variable factors in the experiment, the phos-
phorus, in the form of phytin, was thought to be the most significant;
the magnesium and calcium are probably combined with the phos-
phorus in the phytin. Following this suggestive clue, the plans so
developed as to include other experiments in which the phosphorus
would be made more definitely the variable factor by adding some
salt or combination of salts of phytin to a basal ration of a very
low phosphorus content, and thus discover specifically what forms
of phosphorus, or combinations of bases with phosphorus, are respon-
sible for these striking physiological effects. Inasmuch as calcium
phytate can be bought in the market, and is also a single basic salt
and therefore presents a simpler problem than the double salts,
offering only two variable elements, it was chosen for the next experi-
ment, which is the subject of the present report.

96 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

FOURTH EXPERIMENT.
PLAN.

The cow used in experiment II proved to be a hardy animal, a
good milker, and hearty eater, by far the most suitable animal in
the herd, and was therefore chosen as the subject of this experiment.
When the work began she weighed 495 Ko. and gave nine and one-
half kilos of milk. She did not come in regularly, but aborted on
February 7. By April 11 she had been adjusted to the follow-
ing ration: oat straw 4,536 grams, rice meal 2,724 grams, wheat
bran 4,536 grams, wheat gluten 597 grams, which gives a total of
249.6 grams nitrogen, and 66.5 grams of phosphorus, 51.1 grams
of the latter being in the form of phytin phosphorus. She was then
removed from the herd and placed in a comfortable room planned
for metabolism work, and after eighteen days on the ration as given
above, samples for analysis were taken daily. The days of the
experiment were numbered consecutively from the first day of
sampling, April 29, to the end of the experiment, eighty-five days
later. In the laboratory the samples were known by these numbers.
The time was divided into five main periods with transition periods
between each two as follows:

Period I, days 1-6 (April 29-May 4), The whole wheat bran
period, with the ration as specified above;

Transition period, days 7-10, in which the whole bran was gradually
replaced by washed bran;

Period II, days 11-19 (May 9-May 17), The phosphorus equilib-
rium period, in which the intake and outgo of phosphorus were
approximately the same, 24.2 grams per day.

Period III, days 23-33 (May 21-—May 31), The low phosphorus
period in which<the phosphorus was reduced to fifteen grams;

Transition period, on the thirty-fourth day, 50 grams of calcium
phytate were added to this ration, this salt was increased to
125 grams on the next day;

Period IV, days 36-45 (June 3-June 12), The calcium phytate
period, which was the same as the preceding period (III) plus
one hundred and seventy-five grams of calcium phytate;

Transition period, days 46-50, in which decreasing amounts of the
phytate were added to the ration;

Period V, days 51-78 (June 18-July 15), The protracted low-
phosphorus period in which the ration was the same as that
offered in Period III.

The plan included a sixth period identical with the first, in which
striking results were anticipated as consequence of the change
from the long continued low-phosphorus ration to one high in this
element, but pathological conditions developed and the animal was
perforce discharged on the eighty-sixth day.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 97

In this plan we think we have maintained as nearly as possible
constant conditions with respect to all factors involved, except the
soluble bran constituents which were purposely changed at the end
of the first and fifth periods and the addition of calcium phytate in
Period IV. The salient points m the plan of the experiments are:
a large decrease of total phosphorus, including soluble organic phos-
phorus and inorganic phosphorus; a decrease of magnesium and of
potassium in the rations at the end of the first period, and an increase
of calcium and phosphorus during the fourth period. This made
the first and fourth periods high in phosphorus intake, and the
others low, and the fourth distinguished from the first by having
calcium phytate added to a ration, otherwise low in phosphorus.

THE EXPERIMENT IN PROGRESS.

In regard to the details, the management of the experiment was
as like that reported in Technical Bulletin No. 1 of this Station,
page 5 et seq., as it could practically be made. The division between
the days was made at seven o’clock in the morning. The cow was
milked twice a day instead of three times. The attendants for the
cow were the same men as were employed for this purpose in the
previous experiments.

The components of the rations were separately mixed and weighed
into paper bags, at which time the samples were taken. The oat
straw was a baled article purchased in the local market. Two
separate batches of straw were used, the first (F6) lasting from
April 11 to tune 2, the other (F14) from June 3 to the end of the
experiment. hese differed somewhat in their analysis, as is shown
in Table 1. , Large quantities of wheat bran were extracted with
water and‘dried (F5). The original bran (F2) contained 1.48 per ct.
of total phosphorus, of which 73 per ct. of the phosphorus was
soluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid; the washed bran (F5) used
in the second period had a total phosphorus content of 0.326 per ct.
This latter bran was later rewashed (F11, F12, F138) and the phos-
phorus reduced to only 0.123 per ct.; this was used in the last three
periods. The rice was of good quality, well polished and therefore
low in ash constituents. It was ground in a local mill and weighed
up at three different times (F7, F9, F15). The analyses of the
samples agreed well with one another, and the values used are an
average of the three. The wheat gluten was weighed up from two
lots (F10, F36), the latter being introduced in the fifth period. It
contained a little more moisture and calcium phosphate but did not
differ enough from the first to affect the problem materially. The
largest discrepancies introduced by the renewal of the components
of the rations are those in the straw, which in terms of grams per
day are: Total phosphorus 0.63, soluble phosphorus 0.36, organic
phosphorus 1.45.

4

98

TaBLe I.— MINERAL ConstTITUENTS OF FreEps USED.

(CEA) eee

Rican ao eire es 6a
Gluten* (F 10)..
(F 36)..

Bran (F 2

eeeee

sees

Per ct.
0.40
0.38
Ved)

REporRt OF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

PHOSPHORUS.
Cal- | Mag- | Potas-
wan Solu- Tnor- cium. |nesium.| sium.
e. | ganic.

'Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct.| Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct.
0.122 | 0.085 | 0.045 0.41 | 0.153 0.954
0.108 | 0.093 | 0.077 | 0.35 | 0.150 | 0.941
0.083 | 0.036 | 0.014 0.09 | 0.020 0.025
0.220 | 0.094 | 0.0384 | 0.38 | 0.050 | 0.043
0.196 | 0.055 | 0.040 0.20 | 0.033 0.030
1.485 | 1.080 | 0.014 0.14 | 0.540 1.380
Os 3265)40 S12 al OZ O5Giilneeeie eae eee eee
0.123 | 0.039 | 0.005 0.37 | 0.080 0.075
20.32 | 20.382 | 2.00 1S 7 OR550R eee

* Fed in period I 597 grams, II, III, IV, 796 grams, V 530 grams.

The animal was given plenty of protein and carbohydrate and
ate her rations well until the seventeenth day, when she began to
refuse varying amounts of feeds which were carefully gathered up
and analyzed, and the daily ration corrected accordingly. The

actual intake of the elements studied is given in Table II. This

TABLE LS ag NiTRoGEN AND PHosPHORUS INGESTED. _

AVERAGE Datty CONSUMPTION OF

1k ‘i

PERIOD. Days Nitro: |. hosphorus
gen Solu- | Insol- Inor-
total, | Total ble. uble Phyan ganic
Grams. | Grams.| Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.
ss kes epn, totic 1-6 April | 249.7 76.5 54.4 Ppt ty ea she

29 to
May 1

be. teiney. Sooke t 11-14 | May 9| 249.3 24.2 10.7 13.5 5.4 3
13-17 to 247 .2 24.0 10.6 13.4 5.4 Dae
16-19 | May 17| 246.0 23.9 10.5 13.4 Sige 5.2
18) bey ee eee oe 25-29 |May 23] 215.6 12.6 5.9 6.7 3.6 2p
27-31 to 192.0 12.6 5.8 6.8 3.4 2.4
29-32 |May 30} 213.3 13.4 6.3 (fail Reis 2.6
1, adnan arene 39-42 | June 6 | 184.0 41.6 39.2 2.4 oon. 6.5
42-45 to 179.0 46.1 42.2 3.9 Soe 6.9
36-45 | June 12} 190.3 43.8 40.0 3.8 one 6.9
Vi. SE OLRE.. SOO Wee see 201.8 13.6 C2 5.9 2.6 4.0
59-64 |June 26) 167.2 11.0 5.4 5.6 Zed Shy7/
66-71 to 184.2 17 Gar 5.0 2.8 3.9
72-77 | July 14! 193.3 13.0 7.0 6.0 oe 3.9

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 99

refusal of part of the ration may have been due to an excess over
her requirements and desires but was more probably due to her
dislike for the washed bran and rice, and in the fourth and fifth
periods to physiological disturbances. By the end of the fourth
period she left such large quantities untouched that it was deemed
advisable to decrease some of the rations.

COLLECTION AND TABULATION OF DATA.

The methods of sampling and analysis were the same as those
given in Technical Bulletin No. 1. There were altogether 1,998
analyses recorded, mostly done in duplicate and a few in triplicate.
The greatest number of these analyses were made by M. P. Sweeney
and J. T. Cusick. This mass of data was tabulated, and in order
to facilitate interpretation of results, groups of days have been
averaged. These days were chosen before any study of the material
had been made in order to eliminate any partiality that might
unconsciously creep in.

‘The cow was kept for eighteen days on the first ration so as to
become fully adjusted to it, and the figures for the six following days
were averaged as Period I to represent the normal status of the
animal. The ration planned to give phosphorus equilibrium covered
thirteen days, the last nine of which were divided into three groups.
The days of the first low-phosphorus period, also thirteen, were
grouped in the same manner. To this ration calcium phytate was

TasLe II].— Apparent Dicestipiniry* or NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS.

E PHOSPHORUS.

Days _ Nitrogen.
Total Insoluble Phytin

Grams. | Per ct. | Grams. | Per ct.'| Grams. | Per ct. | Grams.| Per ct.

I 1-6 ane 65.2 | 25.9) 33.9] 11.9 54.2 | 47.7 93.5

3

oe 1-145) 17933 | 6.2) 10-1., | 41.8 7.0] 49.8 3.6) 66.6
d3-172) TS 28 Gl. 3 ATT |. 48,9 6.8 | 50.0 5.2 96.3
16-199) 17057 | 60.9) “TP2.| |46.9 6.7} 50.0 3.9 75.1

TI 25-29 ; 157.5 | 73.1 4.4} 35.1 2.7} 40.3 2.7 75.0
27-31 | 131.5 | 68.5 3.8 | 30.0 Low riot 2.5 73.9
29-32 | 158.2 | 74.1 5.5 | 41.2 2.3] 32.4 2.3 75.9

IV 39-42; 135.2 | 73.4) 24.1 | 58.0] 3.1)! ..... 33.0 91.1
42-450), 118.5 P66.2 | 92227 | 49RD. (2.8) 05. 2 31.3 80.0
Ged | sod |. @0.0, 24.6 | 960.2) G28), ) oo. 5. 31.8 86.7

V 59-64 | 113.8] 67.6 3.2 | 29.0 1.6] 29.8 0.0 0.0
66-71 | 121.0] 65.6 2.9} 24.9 1.6] 23.8 1.3 46.5

4.0} 30.0 0.4 7.6 1.6 50.0

72-77 | 123.6 | 64.0

_ * The difference between the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus in the feces and
the rations consumed.

100 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

added on the days Nos. 34 to 50, 50 grams on the 34th, 125 grams
on the 35th, and 175 grams on each succeeding day until the 50th
day, after which the amounts were gradually decreased. Four days
were chosen in the middle and four days at the end of this period.
Inasmuch as this period (IV) is the main feature of the experiment,
an average is also taken of the entire time when the full amount of
calcium phytate was added (days 36 to 45). The second low-
phosphorus period was prolonged to show the effects of an exagger-
ated case of phosphorus starvation, and lasted from the 51st day to
the 77th day. The average of days 51 to 56 is given to show the
first changes induced by the withholding of the phosphorus from
the ration, the other groups of days selected were three of six days
each at the end of the period. These averages of the days of the
several periods are presented in the main tables.

TasLe [V.— INTAKE AND OvutTGo oF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS.

A.—NITROGEN.

a a nf ood

OurTeo.
Period. Days. Intake. Balance.

Grams Grams. Grams. Grams Grams Grams.
1 esas 1-6 249.6 86.6 92.9 58.7 238 .2 +11.4
1 ie are 11-14 249.7 70.4 103.2 S¥aif/ 2oleo +18.4
13-17 247 .0 65.2 107.8 57.8 230.8 +16.2
16-19 246.0 woud 103.9 57.8 236.5 +9.5
2 Re eee 25-29 215.6 58.1 101.1 56.7 215.9

B.—TOTAL PHOSPHORUS.
| oe 1-6 76.5 50.6 2.2 9.5 62.2

eters 11-14 24.2 14.1 0.30 10.6 25.0
13-17 24.0 12.3 0.18 10.8 23.3
16-19 23.9 12.7 0.17 10.8 23.7

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

101

Taste IV.— INTAKE AND OuTGco or NITROGEN AND PHospHORUS—Continued

B.—TOTAL PHOSPHORUS—Continued.

OuTGo.
Intake.
Dung. Urine. Milk
Grams. Grams. Giana. | Grams.
12.6 8.2 0.13 10.5
12.6 8.8 0.13 10.5
13.4 7.9 0.13 10.3
41.5 17.4 Seo 9.2
46.1 23.4 7 9.4
43.8 19.2 4.0 ars
13.6 10.1 0.11 10.3
11.0 7.8 0.15 8.4
aL Ae/ 8.8 0.11 8.8
13.0 9.0 0.18 One
C.—SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS.
54.4 40.4 2.2 | 7.0
UO) 7 a6 0.30 8.2
10.6 5.5 0.18 8.5
10.5 6.0 0.17 8.4
5.9 3.2 0.13 8.3
5.8 333° 0.13 8.2
6.3 Bian | 0.13 8.2
39.2 11.9 one a3
42.2 16.6 ond 7.6
40.0 12.7 4.0 Chath
6.5 4.7 0.11 7.9
5.4 4.0 0.15 6.5
6.7 Salt 0.11 6.8
av) 3.4 0.18 6.7
D.—INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS.
PPA AL OP Zia eee 2.5
13.5 USOT O teas os ae 2.4
13.4 GAS lp Rae. 2.3
13.4 Gut ld carson 2.4
6.7 DEO ae Qe
6.8 FES salt Meek Ses, He 7) ic
fol Pc aaah, bt Poe Drill

Total.

Grams.
18.9
19.4
18.3

31.9
38.5
32.9

20.5

16.4
Fle (4
17.9

49.6

16.1
14.18
14.57

11.53
11.63
11.43

24.5
29.9
24.4

12.7
10.7

10.6
10.3

—

OnNN Oo bo

© 00 to

—
ll <=) ~J

Balance.

Grams.

te 44

anos
DAR ror
bo Own 00m

b

coded
wow

102. Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

TABLE 1V.—INTAKE AND OuTGO OF NITROGEN AND PHOsSPHORUS—Continued.

‘D.—INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS—Continued.

Period.

Days.

Balance.

OurTeo.
Intake.

Dung Urine. Milk. Total
Grams Grams. Grams. Grams. Gram
2.4 DRO) eae. 1.9 Wee:
3.9 GESerh Rae 1.8 8.6
3.8 GED di BaShe 2.0 8.5
Toul £5 ae ape | ene, So 2.4 7.8
5.6 Sami asatake 1.9 ied
D0 tie] Basie pear are 2.0 ell
6.0 OHO: OF aoe. 2.0 7.6

E.—SOLUBLE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS.
hal 3.4 SRE | Saris Ome | dabev ate
5.4 Sa er eye ite eects ol meee
5.4 Ox 2 ial’ Weedless cre UN cach aes
53.83 11 SME OR nak on ey (Pe kG 2A NM, Sn Se
3340) 0) Nal aap megieeer aie iegtetees vrai iba aX,
3.4 Lj (0 MT At ce Ray Rae et eae
35% (0). | meen de Sean Fee fs Oia AS oe or
36.2 Cie a (ees ie een | PUM ah Ae mh eve, Hern
38.8 7a am | ae ee | Cae see aay? |b
36.6 ia et ST |e eR | Seas Gace Baa) SE,
2.6 DED Wy BG sem Sle: oe eee. |b eee
yi TOS lb cseeyee tie aero altos
2.8 Ty NP peers eat Wee evcsettaal |e wears tees
3.1 UNG I aR Sees |e Caer ek || RI ae

F.—-INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS.

plo 37.0 2.2 0 46.2
o-0 5.8 0.30 8.2 14.3
SZ 5.3 0.18 8.5 14.0
5.2 4.6 0.17 8.4 13.2
Qe 2.3 Ons 8.3 10.7
2.4 2.4 0.12 8.2 10.7
2.6 2.2 0.138 8.2 10.6
3.0 8.7 5.3 7.3 21.3
3.4 9.1 5.7 7.6 22.4
3.4 7.9 4.0 Test 19.6
4.0 2.5 0.11 7.9 10.5

New York AGRicutTuRAL ExprerRIMENT Station. 103

TABLE IV.—INTAKE AND OuTGo oF NITROGEN AND PHosPHORUS—Concluded.
F.—INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS—Concluded.

OuTGO.

Period. Days. Intake. Balance.
Dung. Urine. Milk. Total.

Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Gra

ms. Grams.
Wi ieae 4. 59-64 edi Phe? 0.15 6.5 8.8 —5.1
66-71 3.9 PAP? 0.11 6.8 9.1 —5.2
72-77 3.9 1.8 0.18 Gini 8.7 —4.8

TaBLE V.— DISTRIBUTION AND BALANCE OF CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM AND Porassrum.

OutTGo IN—
Days. | Intake. Balance.
Milk. Urine. | Dung. | Total.

Calcium: Grams. | Grams.| Grams. | Grams.| Grams. | Grams.

Licey Sere ae 1-6 29.5 13.9 0.8 124. PPA +2.4

iB Teena, Sa 23-32 OPA) 14.7 2.8 18.4 35.9 —3.4

VE. AB: 43-45 5650 12.9 0.6 Sil: 51.0 +5.5

Vistceecrace kids 74-77 34.3 13.6 308) 30.5 47.4 | —13.1
Magnesium

Ne tee 1-6 VPA DE 1.07 5.2 1 WES Pe +4.6

110 eh ee ee 23-32 8.7 IESG a7 10.1 16.0 —7.3

VE ee OH . 43-45 11.6 1.10 2.0 12.9 16.0 —4.4

Ving Pack SUE rig 74-77 10.5 1.00 1.8 10.6 13.4 —2.9
Potassium:

Ae Verna Bee 1-6 106.7 14.2 60.9 56.3 131.4 —24.5
haar ss 23-32 46.9 13.4 35.9 26.3 75.6 —28.7
Vitesse 43-45 44.4 12a 42.1 Sone 87.5 —43.1

Wir drink 35 sia 74-77 41.6 10.4 49.0 Pyar 82.6 —41.0

DISCUSSION OF THE DATA.

Nitrogen.— Jordan, Hart and Patten' make the statement that
there is no relation whatever between the excretion of phosphorus
and nitrogen. Two papers have since appeared which are inter-
esting in this connection. The one reports experiments on four
rabbits by Le Clere and Cook,’ showing that the addition of inor-
ganic phosphorus to a normal ration increases the nitrogen meta-

1 Jordan, Hart and Patten, N. Y. Agrl, Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. 1, p. 48.
2 Le Clere and Cook, Jour. Biol. Chem., 2: 303, 1906.

104. Report or DeparTMENT or ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

bolism, but when the phosphorus is added to a phosphorus-poor
diet, the reverse is true. The same results were given by soluble
organic phosphorus. These authors state that the phosphorus of
bran is very readily absorbed, but that the nitrogen, on the other hand,
is utilized very poorly; and quote Girard and Lindet! as having
arrived at the same conclusion in their work upon rabbits. This, if
true, is interesting with respect to the nitrogen in that it shows a
marked difference in the nutritive economy among the species of
herbivorous animals, for it is the common experience of agricultural
chemists that cattle utilize bran proteins very well.2. In Table III
it is shown that our animal assimilated over 60 per ct. of the nitro-
genous constituents of the rations, 78 per ct. of which was derived
from wheat, and almost half of this from the bran. The other
paper relates to an extensive experiment upon rats by Gregersen,?
in which his purpose was to demonstrate that inorganic phosphorus
is synthesized into protein phosphorus by the animal organism.
He states definitely that there is a parallelism between the
phosphorus and nitrogen elimination.

Sécheret,* studying the therapeutic value of phytin, claims that
this phosphorus compound stimulates protein metabolism and
increases the nitrogen elimination, but this is in direct conflict with
the observations of Rogosinski,? who also worked on man. This
latter author found no relation whatsoever between the protein and
phosphorus metabolism when phytin, lecithin, and disodium phos-
phate were fed.

The experiments of this Station do not show any very striking
relationships between these two excreted products; there is, however,
an apparent resemblance between the curve of nitrogen and total
phosphorus intake and outgo, as is shown in Figure 1. As Le Clere
and Cook state, the addition of phosphorus to a phosphorus-poor
ration is followed by a decrease of the nitrogen output, immediately
followed by an increase when the addition of phytate phosphorus
is discontinued. This parallelism is independent of the relations
between the apparent digestibility of the nitrogen and phosphorus,
as is shown in Table III. In drawing conclusions from the data of
this experiment, it must be borne in mind that the animal was not
in nitrogen equilibrium and the amount of rations voluntarily con-
sumed by the cow varied considerably in the latter period of the
experiment; however, if we review the former experiments of this
series and construct curves for them, we get very much the same

1 Girard and Lindet Froment et sa monture, 1903.

2 Jordan and Hall, U. S. Dept. Agr., O. E. 8. Bull. 77, p. 79.

5 Gregersen, Ztschr. Physiol. Chem. 71: 49. 1901.

4Sécheret; Thése de Paris, 1904, p. 131, from Maly’s Johrber. Tierehem., 34: 729.
1904.

>Rogosinski Anz. Akad. Wiss. Krakau, B 1910, p. 260; from Chem. Centrbl.
31, IL: 1558. 1910.

105

New York AcricvutturaL ExpERIMENT STATION.

‘WSITOEVEAPT NADOULIN GNV SQUOHdSOHY NIGMLAG NOVI Y— |] “ory

Kj AT TI at Ie 1
Poldag |

“ane Gm @ an
aor bse <
a O +
\ /
} cena @& =o
d 240) U| em
0fjnQ — —— — \
N eyequi \
ee te See ES \
Bil + aS \
GIi+ ae so Cet \
\
G+ fe om 2
\

Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

106

O¢

Set

CT ON Unel[ng [wormyoay, Ul vyep wIOIy poyonsqysuoD)
“HONVIVG NADOULIN GNV SNUOHdSOHY NATMLAG NOILVIGY —'°Z “Dy

eouejeg UePouyiyy eyo, ————— Bouejeg sn4oydsoug jeyo, — — — —
ze 8} £E we eee 91 £O¢ 8-2
poaysaéuy snuoudsoud jej0) suean
rdx3 Fee \ [-dxq
/
- /
& :
Bee ue
Big
b+
| +

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 107

picture (Fig. 2). In the first experiment, the intake of nitrogen
was almost constant; the results of this experiment differ from those
of the fourth experiment in that there exists a parallelism between
the apparent digestibility of the nitrogen and the phosphorus intake.
This is also true of Experiment Three. The second experiment
shows no such parallelism, but this should not be given much weight
in the argument inasmuch a new factor (nucleo-protein in the rations)
is here involved which might be responsible for the discrepancy. In
view of all this, one is almost justified in assuming that there may
exist between phosphorus and nitrogen metabolism some intimate
relationship involved in the synthesis or cleavage of the nucleopro-
teins in the organism, but the facts so far established are not sufficient
to warrant any conclusion on the fundamental principles here
suggested.

Total phosphorus.— The ingested phosphorus was mostly elimi-
nated by way of the intestines. The amount of phosphorus excreted
in the urine was relatively very small, as little as one-half of one
per ct. of the total outgo of this element on a phosphorus-poor diet.
The amount of phosphorus in the urine is readily changed by increas-
ing the phosphorus intake (Period IV, Table IVb), as is evident
from the study of the data of the phytin period, where the urine
phosphorus rose to 15 per ct. of the total outgo. The response to
the change in the ration was immediate. Twenty-five grams
of phytin were withheld on the forty-sixth day, the next day’s
urinary phosphorus was 1.31 grams less than on the preceding
day; on the fifty-first day, the phytin intake had been reduced to
the minimum and the corresponding urine had 90 per ct. less of
phosphorus. The same effects are also shown in the other tran-
sition periods. In the days between periods I and II there is an
immediate drop of 50 per ct. in response to the substitution of
washed bran for whole bran. These cases cited above are those
of reduction of phosphorus in the rations. When it is a matter of
increase the quantitative change is equally striking, but follows a
lag of two days. One set of figures will illustrate this pot: On
the 36th day, there was 0.3 grams P in the urine; 37th day 0.24
grams; 38th day, 0.23 grams; 39th day, 3.85 grams; 40th day, 44.1
grams P in the urine, the full portion of phytin, 175 grams, having
been added on the thirty-seventh day. These quantitative changes
of the phosphorus in the urine were not wholly due to the relative total
amounts of this element in the rations, but also to the nature of its
chemical combination or the internal relations of the phosphorus
in the feeds themselves. No other assumption can explain the
differences between periods I and IV in which the urine of the former
contains less phosphorus than that of the latter, though in its ration
there was twice as much phosphorus, and in both periods more than
half of the ingested phosphorus was in the form of phytin. - In
comparing the experiments II and III by Jordan, Hart and Patten,

108 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

we have a suggestion of the difference induced by the nature of the
chemical combination of the phosphorus in the rations. In )Experi-
ment II, which is a study of nucleo-protein phosphorus, there was
no change in the phosphorus content of the urine but in the other
experiment, which was a phytin problem, there is recorded a drop
of 99 per ct. when the soluble organic phosphorus compound is
withdrawn. Experiment II should be repeated before definite con-
clusions are drawn, not only because it is a single experiment, but
in that the amount of phosphorus fed in its principal period was too
small to maintain even an equilibrium of this element.

The minimum amount of phosphorus in the urine did not occur
in the samples from the end of the protracted low-phosphorus period,
as one might have expected; the urine of this period was no poorer
in phosphorus than that of Period III. The lowest urimary phos-
phorus occurred in the week following the last feeding of calcium
phytate.

From Table IV we see that the animal maintained approximately a
phosphorus equilibrium on an intake of twenty-four grams of total
phosphorus while giving milk carrying eleven grams of the element,
leaving thirteen grams per day for the other physiological functions.
The phosphorus requirement aside from the milk production would
therefore seem to be about twenty-six milligrams per kilo body
weight, as a minimum for this animal. When less phosphorus is
given than the organism requires, the physiological functions con-
tinue at the expense of the phosphorus previously stored in the
tissues of the body. Such a storage takes place when a greater
amount of phosphorus than is indicated above is being fed, but this
is not in direct proportion to the amounts of the increase as can be
readily seen by studying periods I and IV in Table IV. Twenty
days of very low phosphorus intake did not materially change the
phosphorus balance. This is in harmony with previous experiments.

Insoluble phosphorus.— The insoluble phosphorus was obtained, as
in the previous work, by subtracting the soluble phosphorus from
the total phosphorus, and was considered, as in the former experi-
ments, to be chiefly nucleo-protein phosphorus. There is less
insoluble phosphorus in the washed bran than in the original, because
it is carried out mechanically by the water along with considerable
starch and gluten.

An inspection of Table IV shows that when the amount of insolu-
ble phosphorus in the ration is changed, the amount of this form of
phosphorus in the feces also. changes; but when the insoluble phos-
phorus in the feed is reduced to 13.5 grams per day, further reduc-
tion does not result in corresponding decrease in the amount of this
form of phosphorus in the dung. The insoluble phosphorus was
very largely changed to inorganic phosphorus. This is not apparent
when the amount of intake was less than 13.5 grams, as is indicated
by the data in the table for the days following number 13, in which

New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 109

there seems to be an approximate regularity in the excretion of
insoluble phosphorus independent of the amount of this form .of
phosphorus ingested.

Soluble organic phosphorus.—In the organic phosphorus compounds
soluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid, we have the phytin of the
grains and feces and such small amounts of glycero-phosphates as
may occur in the feces. The amount of soluble organic phosphorus
in the dung is relatively very small, less than 5 per ct. of the total
phosphorus passed from the animal body, except in the fifth period
when the phytin content of the feces increased. Only a very small
amount of phytin is excreted into the milk and urine.’ It forms
less than 3 per ct. of the urinary phosphorus and its presence in
the milk has not yet been sufficiently demonstrated. In this experi-
ment, the soluble organic phosphorus in the milk and urine was
not deemed significant at the time the analyses were made and its
determination therein were omitted. Our study of phytin phos-
phorus is therefore confined to the figures obtained from the analyses
of the rations and feces. In Table III, where these data are recorded,
we see a relatively small amount of phytin phosphorus in the feces,
even in the first and fourth periods when the phytin intake was 51.1
grams and 36.6 grams per day respectively, from which we must
conclude that the phytin disappears from the alimentary tract to
a very large extent. It is readily absorbed and in the tissues is
hydrolyzed by enzymes and converted into inorganic phosphate
and inosite.2 Any which fails of absorption, or is returned to the
intestine after absorption, may also be split by intestinal bacteria,
specifically B. coli.3 Rogosinski, whose work was referred to on
p. 15 found that human fecal matter completely destroyed phytin.
The dog on the other hand eliminated 70 per ct. of the administered
phytin without any change in it. The other 30 per ct. was assimi-
lated and a corresponding amount of inorganic phosphorus eliminated
in the urine. Hence considering the enormous bacterial flora of the
cow’s interior it is not surprising to find that only 6.5 per ct. of the
soluble organic phosphorus fed in the first period was recovered
in the feces. The apparent utilization of the phytin in the calcium
phytate period was appreciably less, ranging from 89 to 91 per ct.,
with one-third more soluble phosphorus in the feces than in the
first period, although less phytin was fed. In Table IV, a compari-
son between the total phosphorus ingested and the phosphorus
balance in periods 3, 2 and 4, shows that the output fluctuates
with the intake, hence there is a more direct relation between
the two than is observed in nitrogen metabolism, in which the balance
is not so immediately influenced by the amount ingested. The

1Starkenstein. Biochem. Ztschr. 30:56. 1910.
2 McCallum and Hart, Jour. Biol. Chem. 4: 497. 1908.
3 Unpublished data by the author, -

110 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

average intake of total phosphorus in the transition period between
periods 1 and 2 is 51.2 grams, and the outgo is 46.3 grams, giving
a balance less than any in the calcium phytate period with an average
ingestion of 43.8 grams of total phosphorus per day. The apparent
digestibility of phytin phosphorus in the low-phosphorus period is
even less. These figures suggest that the various phytins are not
utilized with equal ease, and those which were less readily washed
out of the original bran were the more apt to pass through the
alimentary tract unchanged. This is purely speculative; more
data are required before an intelligent interpretation can be made.

Inorganic phosphorus.— In this experiment, as in the previous
work, there was in all cases more inorganic phosphorus eliminated
than had been given in the rations. The end product of phosphorus
metabolism is inorganic phosphate, which in the herbivora is excreted
chiefly by way of the intestinal canal as salts of the alkali earths.!

Bases.— In all the periods, more potassium was excreted than was
taken into the system. The amount of this element in the bran
was reduced by the leaching to which it had been subjected, so that
there was, therefore, a lessened intake in the periods during which
washed bran was fed, accompanied by a decreased elimination in the
feces and urine. On the addition of calcium phytate, there was an
increase of potassium in the dung and urine amounting to somewhat
more than six grams in each; on the withdrawal of calcium phytate,
fecal potassium fell ten grams per daily output but the urinary potas-
sium slightly increased.

The whole-bran period gave a magnesium balance of + 4.6; all the
other periods were deficient in this element. The magnesium differed
from the calcium and potassium in that the amount in the urine
decreased constantly from the first period to the end of the experi-
ment. The decrease was most marked between the third and fourth
periods, probably due to the influence of calcium phytate which
seemed to draw the magnesium toward the intestinal canal. The
fecal magnesium was quite constant, about ten grams per day,
except in the fourth period when it seems to have been influenced
by the increased calcium intake. At the beginning of the experi-
ment, about half as much magnesium was excreted in the urine
as in the feces, but at the end, when the labile magnesium of the
body had been largely exhausted, only about one-fifth as much
was eliminated in the urine.

The calcium elimination in the urine increased remarkably when
the phosphorus intake was diminished, and fell again to its former
level when the phosphorus was increased. In the last period, when
the low phosphorus ration was given for a long time, the calcium
in the urine rose to five times the amount excreted through this
channel in the phytin period. The calcium in the dung also in-

1 According to Berg as tri-basic calcium phosphate, Biochem. Ztschr. 30: 107. 1910.

Lid

New York AGRICULTURAL ExpEeRIMENT Sarton.

28 9° SP 8: 22¢
8'8 v SP 8° O86
Vs € oF F 066
€ Ot L F¢ € OFE
16 9°0¢ L ¥1&
v6 CSP 9°S80E
G6 € OF G’ SOE
Tv OL G&S 6 FIE
CoOL PF g¢ €°c0E
GOL 0°9¢ LZ L08
¢ OL 21°S¢ IT OT€
8°01 €° 12g 9°69
8°01 8° Lg € 69
9'OT LiealG: € GLE
G’6 JES AS I 9F€
‘SUUDID | “SUDID | ‘SWDLD
‘snioyd ‘uo8 :
-soyg | -omy | 7

NGDOULIN ‘LV,J JO LNGLNOD

ie8)

=)

onl
eSnete! Sy) eee)

~

=)

il
ooo

‘snioyd
-soyd
T?40L,

SLI GNV

S
A)
st
Smee eS Se =

io)

ae)

s
ooo

‘mas
-O1}1U
ulesey

fo)
Ne}
uw
ooo i=) oo°oo

Soo

9180 | 3 °SI
e780 | G2°a1
0r8"0 | 9°SI
6FS'O | SF°ZT
6680 | 89°ZT
0F8'0 | SE°SI
F980. | 93°21
£980 | $8°SI
¢98'0 | FI°ZE
6980. | &2°Z1
108°0 | 26°21
16L'0 | 96°21
G08'O | 26°21
G08'0. | 6ZI

SY. 4) “SPHOS

“wD

OOnn
OD OD OD 9A) OD 6D CO OD

S
N
OD CY) OD

y's | LL-ZL
82°83 | TL-99
ees | $9-6¢
o¢'6 - | 9¢-T¢
66°8 | oh-98
eg°s | Gh-cF
eS | Zh-6E
C16 | OF-98
ZE-EZ
116 | 28-62
16°6 | 18-22
Z8'6 | 62-€2
61-11
e2°6 | 61-91
e¢°6 | I-81
eg°6 | PI-II
626 | 1
so.
mW | kee

** porod snioyd
-soyd Mo] poqyovryjorg

ee ee . poriod
ayy Ayd UINID[BO

snioydsoyd MOT

“***powed umd
-qyimbe snioydsoyg

** “potted werq ao A

lil

polleg

“SNUOHdSOHG UNV

‘HTITY GHL dO NOILISOdWO() GNV GTHIR ATIVG AHL 40 LNANALVLG GOVUGAY — TA WIaVy,

112 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

creased with the decrease of phosphorus. The increase in the
calcium of the feces in the calcium-phytate period was equivalent
to about the amount of calcium increase in the ration. In the last
period, the calcium was very much in excess of the calcium in the
feces of the first two periods.

INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS ON THE MILK.

The remarkable results of the work reported by Jordan, Hart and
Patten in which it was clearly shown that the removal of various
compounds from the bran influenced both milk fat and milk flow
were confirmed in this experiment, though not in so striking a
degree. The data in Table VI are graphically presented in Fig. 3
whose ordinates represent the percentage of fat in the milk, the
amount of fat in the milk and the amount of milk flow. The abscissa
is not used here for quantitative representation. The base line is
divided into parts representing the successive periods, with
space for the transition periods, and the amounts of phosphorus
given are also indicated here by numerals. Hach curve has a differ-
ent scale and is placed at a convenient distance from the others
to facilitate comparison. The top curve (A) represents the per-
centage of fat in the milk and is drawn to a scale of one-tenth of
1 per ct. to .03 inch; the middle curve (B) represents the total
amount of fat and is drawn to a scale of 4 grams to .03 inch; the
lowest curve (C) represents the milk yield and is drawn to ascale of
fifty grams to .03 inch. For comparison, the results of the previous
experiments (by Jordan, Hart and Patten), are plotted in a similar
manner (Fig. No. 4). The curves have a general tendency to decline
as the period of lactation progresses; this makes the high average
yield during the week following the end of the calcium phytate
period significant. In all cases where the phosphorus of the ration
increases it is immediately followed by a drop in the milk flow, and
the withdrawal of phosphorus is followed by a larger yield of milk.
Between the week of rapid rise in milk flow which followed the calcium
phytate period, and the prolonged low phosphorus period, there
is a large decline due to some unknown factor, probably lack of
appetite and associated disturbances, but during this low phosphorus
period, the milk flow was on a gradual though small increase until
the final break which caused the discontinuance of the experiment.
These changes are small—from 2 to 20 per cf. in experiments
I, II, and III, and from 5 to 7 per ct. in experiment IV — but the
results are consistent, with the exception of the last period of experi-
ment III, in which are probably shown the effects of protracted
malnutrition. The line representing the fat content of the milk
moves up and down regularly as the amount of phosphorus in the
ration increases and decreases. The response is in this case also
immediate. The change is not a mere matter of fluctuation in

113

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“MOTT MTIJ, GNV LVA AO INNOWY GNV FSVINGOUNd NO ANVIN] SHAOHdSOHG JO DONANTANT —'§ “OI

t 09 Orel eet +e! 6 €¢ swesd 6°92
snaoydsouy ayequy
se-62 £2-SS oS -I¢ S+-9E (2E-Se Gle-tl a
ZN Al tt If I
pole,
Se +8 oF.

UlEO= AI'W SOM SO'O

x WiEQ= 1es “Sud +»
\ AT ey eee “ul EO's 124" 12 424 1-E
\

: a? re 327Vv0S TESTS
om \ \ A €6
062 ~~~ \ pee ee a
a. : 96 86
af fe (G08)
SOE ey
ble et
ye \
/ \
/ gre \ yey Sweap
--~ / : % O46
SZE -_ ———_ore Nwoo 4
Sa aes SE : \ \ Z
o€ \ eae ar oe
\ °
e4 ePae 22€ = +24 /o

THE

+
4

NT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF

ME?

114 Report or Depart

CT ON UjeyNg [eormyoay ur vyep wo1y poyonsysuoD)
“MOTT MII GNV LVJ JO LNQOWY GNV ADVINGONTG NO snuoHdsOHg dO FONTAN] —"f “pI

ars 91 2h O¢ 2€ e1 mee Sil €'e9 9!) 204

Sl

(swesd) eyejuy snuoudsoud

al quausedx 7] Tl juauiisedx-y YI'WoW
eae [esa I quewisedx}
\ / \ ! - <
‘ / \ , Ze >
\ ! \ / —-— aa
\ 4'Wed —— \ ! 7 , "7
am 7 7
- o'r) aya ‘ u ey euup ‘ . .
\ —!_— | FOF =< t 1% Ne a
7 \ ! ‘
\ / \ \ "
¢ o— NN ! camara
\ / ] Sant \ / \ \
ne NEN \ | \ 1
U SN n / \ ‘
! \ \yey sua \ ; ! x ,
é BS ef efo \ f] / \
/ 5 =, — mim" <
1 eZe \ \ / c
\ \ / eA EL
/ \ 4 pS ES VG ‘ke / an
i \ ae e222 \ /
/
!
ey,

NW
€9!

VJs Susy

1e¢
‘ IE 40%
92€

New York AGRicuLtturAL Experiment Sration. 115

water content, but an actual increase of fat secretion by the mammary
glands, as is most strikingly shown by the middle line in period 4
of Fig. 3, recording an actual fat increase at the time of a milk
decrease. The relative differences in the fat production in the
several experiments, induced by the change in the rations were
not constant. In experiment I this difference amounted to
24 per ct. of the total fat, while in experiments IJ and III, it was
only 5 per cent; in experiment IV the differences in the fat output
of the several periods were relatively greater than in the previvus
work, but the largest difference was less than the largest difference
in experiment I.

The period of phosphorus equilibrium shows the most favorable
fat and milk production, which in this particular instance amounts
to seven ounces fat and two and one-half pounds of milk per week
in excess of the production on the normal rations. This can readily
be explained by the assumption that the change in the ration was
sufficient to change the milk flow but not enough to lower the rela-
tive amount of fat in the milk. If further experiments establish
this as a physiological fact it will be interesting scientifically and
practically suggestive.

Aside from the fat, the tables show but a relatively small change
in the composition of the milk. Since the fat has been shown to
vary with the rations, it should be deducted from the total solids,
before a study of the solids is undertaken. In Table VII, in which
the average composition of the milk for each period is given, the
fat-free solids and the fat-free, ash-free solids are listed in columns
six and eight. The differences between the percentages are small
for both the solids and the ash. The small variations seem to follow
the changes in the milk flow, so that the actual increase in the milk
solids resulting from the decrease in the phosphorus in the ration
is somewhat more pronounced than the changes in the milk volume,
the same being true of the decrease when calcium phytate was added.
The increased milk flow may therefore be considered as a true
secretion of milk and not a mere dilution analogous to polyuria.

TaBiEe VII.— YieLtp aND CoMPOSITION OF THE MILK IN THE SEVERAL PERIODS.

Fat- |

Fat- free, | Total |Casein

Day Milk. | Fat. |Solids.} free | Ash. | ash- | nitro-|nitro-| P. Ca. K. | Mg.
-Nos. solids. nee gen, | gen.

solids.

El Pee Chal eiae Che ke Cbs ie been Cra kee deta ele aiCen lakes Clay || eon Cle || ees Chas ebeetch

Kgs. | P. ct
I 1-6 9 99 3.75) 12.9 9.15} 0.805) 8.3 0.63) 0.47) 1.01) 0.147] 0.155} 0.011
IIi6-1 aioe lo. |LLeeo mas 9. 17} OS807|F"SraG) POSGOh Ol 47a ME. eee epee alle te kere
III29-32 9.77| 3.05) 12.34) 9.29) 0.863) 8.44) 0.57) 0.44; 1.06) 0.144} 0.130) 0.011
IV36-45 8.99] 3.50] 12.43) 8.93) 0.849) 8.05) 0.56) 0.43) 1.09) 0.145) 0.136) 0.012
V51-56 9.50) 3.60} 12.64) 9.04) 0.840) 8.2 OF SA) (O45 FOG) eel cow ale aera
V72-77 8.44 3. 25} 12.22) 8.97] 0.833) 8.2 0.54) 0.43] 1.03) 0.159) 0.124) 0.013

116 Report or DEpaRTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

The tendency of the ash is to follow the milk solids. The several
components of the ash mentioned in the table may be considered
as constant, with the exception of potassium, which seems to decrease
slightly throughout the experiment. On the 79th day, whole bran
was introduced into the ration, and according to the data in the
previous periods, one would expect a decrease in the milk flow and
milk solids. The volume of milk had been decreasing throughout
the long preceding period and no marked change was noted in the
milk flow which could be ascribed to the whole bran; the solids,
however, increased on the 82d day. This is obviously a different
matter from the former fluctuations in the milk solids, and may be
likened to the phenomena commonly observed at the end of a period
of lactation. The analytical data for this period are as follows:
Number of day............ 77 78 79 80. = 81 82 83 = 84

Percentage of fat.......... 12D DOOMED LD, 1. 2a OL en TORO) tel cA eee ey
Percentage of fat-free solids. 9.0 8.80 9.10 8.9 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.5

The percentages of total and casein nitrogen show very small
but gradually decreasing values throughout the five periods, which
is in contrast to the three former experiments of this series in which
a small but gradual increase is indicated. These authors stated
that aside from the change in the fat content there was no influence

TaBLE VIII. ANALYsIS OF MiLkK Fotutow1ne PEerRtIop V; RATIONS THE SAME AS IN

Prriop I.
|
Day. Fat. Solids. Ash. Total N. | Casein N.
Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct.
7S he teed Homais Rts ani A ae tear oraD Zl 0.810 0.55 0.43
GOMeeE Oss fi BS Seley 12.26 0.863 0.55 0.44
SOMME. EEL BLES ASE 3.20 iA 0.840 0.56 0.44
Ss 2 ae ee ee Oe ee 3.6 IVEY 0.803 0.57 0.44
1S ais Sa I Pee Oe ERR, OM. 3.8 12.88 0.848 0.55 0.45
So Sos ernie Daten Be ach gs ae at Ss 4.4 13.67 0.777 0.57 0.44
Saree Let Oy eos 4.7 13.24 0.825 0.55 0.44

Taste I1X.— AVERAGE PER Day or THE ASH CONSTITUENTS IN THE MILK.

Period. K. Ca. Mg. Ky Ca. Mg.
Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Grams. Grams. Grams.
Tetee cee 0.155 0.147 0.011 14.19 13.88 1.07
1 ee ee 0.130 0.144 0.012 13.34 14.07 | 1.19
PVetees S28 0.136 0.145 0.013 12.20 12.91 ue ht
Weds a 0.124 | 0.159 0 012 10.41 13.61 1.02

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 117

on the milk due to changes of the amount of phosphorus in the
ration. Their tables justify such a conclusion; for in only one
instance is there such a relation, namely in the fifth period of experi-
ment !, where the following quantities are recorded:

Phosphorus fed...... 83.3 21.4 80.7 grams
Fat-free solids....... 8.3 8.6 8.2 per cent

If a change is induced in the composition of the milk by the varia-
tion of the phosphorus of the diet, we would expect this to affect
the casein, but in all four experiments the casein varies but little
and in no definite relation to the phosphorus intake. The other
organic phosphorus compound of the milk, lecithin, was not deter-
mined. If we return to the total phosphorus and recalculate these
amounts to a fat-free milk, we obtain the following percentages:

Period I II Ill IV Vi
12) o00)2)0) ¢(0) 9 eae eae 0.107 0.115 0.108 0.118 0.106

This makes a maximum difference of 0.009 per ct. Similar cal-
culation of the data from the experiments reported in Technical
Bulletin No. 1, gives:

Experiment I II Til

Grams P in rations 12 8 78.7 16.0 83.3 21.4 37.0 18.0 37.0 20.0 77.0 16.0
re titormilk..." 0.090 0.089 0.086 0.083 0.090 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.110 0.104 0.110
or a maximum difference for the two animals of only 0.032 per ct.
and for the one animal, ‘‘ Nancy,” used in experiments II, III and
IV of only 0.011 per ct. which may well be considered within the
limits of unavoidable error. This suggests that the phosphorus
contents of the solids vary with the individual animal and not
with the phosphorus content of the rations fed.

Until more evidence to the contrary has been brought forth we
may safely assume that the fat is the only milk constituent changed
by alteration of the phosphorus content of the rations, and that
there is a definite relation between the phosphorus supply and the
yield of milk and butter fat.

It has not been conclusively proven that all the changes noted
in the milk production are due specifically to phytin phosphorus
but the evidence warrants the assumption that this substance is in
whole or in part responsible for the phenomena observed. When
further experiments which have been planned for this series are
completed it is hoped that the evidence will show more definitely
just what part the phytin salts as a whole, or its cations and anion
will play in the physiological functions of the milk cow and how
the associated bran extractives may modify this action.

INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS ON EXCRETA

There were in this experiment no gross changes in the nature of
the dung like those reported in the previous experiment but changes

118 Reporr or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

in the weight of the samples dried at 60° C. indicate different moisture-
content of the feces of the several periods. ‘This bears no relation
to the consumption of water nor to the total phosphorus of the
ration as is shown by the following figures:

Period I II Ill IV Vv
Water intake, kilos......... 42.3 44.3 40.0 42.0 42.1
Phosphorus intake, grams... 76.5 24.0 13.4 43.8 13
Water in feces, kilos........ 20.0 18.0 17.6 Ted 20.0
Water in feces, perct....... 86.0 81.5 83.5 79.3 82.8

From experiences in past work in this Station, one would expect
dryer feces to result from the change from a whole-bran ration to
one in which the bran was washed. ‘This we see to be the case if
we examine the eighth column of Table X. The moisture of the
feces drops gradually, in a four-day lag, from 86 per ct. in period I
to 81.5 per ct. in period II. With a further decrease of the phos-
phorus in the ration, the moisture of the feces rose instead of

TABLE X.— INTAKE AND OUTGO OF WATER.

WATER.
Per- | Difference
OUTGO IN— Total centage | between | Atmos-
Period. | Days. " in intake pheric
Intake. ou"e° | dung. | and outgo.| temp.*
Milk.| Urine. Dung.) . 77
corded.

Kgs. | Kgs. | Kgs. Kgs. | Koss2 | Perel: Kgs. :
I 1-6 42.3] 8.28, 9.39} 20.1 37.5 86

II | 13-17} 44.2) 8.34) 8.09) 17.4 33.8 81.7

a
ein 00
bes |
ive)
°

tol) SN on CoO >
Oo
for)
_
°

6.22) 19.7 33.0 82.9
6.88} 20.0 34.5 82.6

16-19} 44.5) 8.46) 7.36) 18.6 34.4 81.4 78°
Til | 27-31, 39.7) 8.61] 7.98) 17.8 33.8 83.5 62°
29-32} 40.2) 8.64) 7.62) 17.4 33.6 83.4
IV | 42-45) 42.7) 7.72) 7.521 15.4 30.6 79.1 12/1) oan
36-45} 41.2; 7.83) 7.30) 16.0 31.1 79.5 10.1} 68°
5
5

V | 66-71| 42.2) 7.
72-11) AZ A 7

On

* The temperature recorded was kindly furnished by Mr. Newell and is the average
maximum per day, taken in a shaded and properly ventilated place about 150 feet
from the metabolism room.

becoming less, though the animal took in 4.3 kilos less of water per
day. The laxative effect observed in previous experiments was
probably due to some other factors than the phosphorus compounds
or potassium and magnesium. The ingestion of phosphorus, potas-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 119

sium and magnesium was about the same in the fifth period as in
the third; a little more water was consumed but the feces were
somewhat drier. If the laxative effect of wheat bran is due to the
phytin anion, one would expect a wetter feces in the fourth period
when 175 grams of calcium phytate was administered with the
rations, but the dung of this period contained less water than that
of any other. It is interesting to note however that the average
moisture content of the dung of the second four days after the
beginning of the phytate feeding was 87.6 per ct. but it soon dropped
and gave an average for the period of less than eighty per ct. It
is a peculiar incident that the cow desired more water when the
moisture in each hundred grams of feces became less. The intake
of water seems not to influence the amount of this substance passed
out through the intestine.

It has been noted above that the volume of the milk changed in
an inverse order to the amount of phosphorus intake, as may be
seen from the table of water intake and outgo. (Table X.)
The volume of urine shows no parallelism either with the amounts
of phosphorus or of water ingested and therefore differs from
previous experience in this series of problems. It is probably
another peculiar coincidence that the water intake and water outgo
in the urine if plotted give curves which run in opposite directions
to one another. There is however a suggestion that the urie
fluctuates inversely with the temperature of the atmosphere, which
is probably accounted for by differences in the amount of perspira-
tion. A curve plotted from the figures obtained by subtracting the
values for the water content of dung, urine and milk from those
for the water content of the ration (column 9, Table VIII) resembles
a similar curve plotted for the atmospheric temperature during the
time of the experiment. In the fourth and fifth periods the differ-
ences between the temperature and the water balance are such
as to lead one to suspect a marked retention of water. The moisture
elations in the problem are probably significant, but under the circum-
stances, inasmuch as a calorimeter was not available, actual determi-
nations could not be made, and a true water balance is therefore
impossible.

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION.

At the beginning of the experiment, the animal was in good health,
and the rations were so planned that she should have an abundance
both of protein and carbohydrates. During the experiment, the
cow gained 19 kilos in body weight. At first she ate well, cleaning
up all the rations offered, but beginning with the 17th day, ten
days after washed bran had first been administered in place of
the whole bran, she refused varying amounts of feed. The intro-
duction of small amounts of aromatic substances did not seem to

120 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

improve the ration from the cow’s point of view. At first the amounts
refused were small and irregular, but as the experiment progressed,
they became increasingly larger and occurred every day, so that it
was deemed advisable to decrease the rations in the fourth period.
The lack of appetite was at first considered as a natural aversion
on the part of the animal to the ration. But as she ate the ration
during the first week with relish such aversion must then have
developed from monotony. It is more probable, however, that
there was no real dislike for the food but a decreased appetite due
to physiological disturbances. Certain remarks of Professor
Mendel in a recent public lecture suggested this idea. These
were based on his observations on experiments with rats and the
data reported by Hart and McCollum. In Science for November
24, 1911, the following sentences occur in Mendel and Osborne’s
article: ‘‘ And whereas nutritive decline has commonly been
attributed to the anorexia consequent upon the monotony of diet,
we are more than ever inclined to shift the explanation in many
such cases to malnutrition as a primary cause. From _ this
point of view improper diet and malnutrition may be the occa-
sion rather than the outcome of the failure to eat —a distinction
perhaps not sufficiently recognized heretofore.” The interesting
and significant data obtained by Mendel and Osborne are published
in Carnegie Institution Publications No. 156. Hart & McCollum’s
data are published as Research Bulletin No. 17 of the Wisconsin
Agricultural Experiment Station. The addition of calcium phytate
did not mitigate the situation. Up to the fifth period, the animal
showed no outward signs of constitutional disturbance except this
constant decrease of appetite but by the close of this period untoward
symptoms resulted from the protracted malnutrition. It is interest-
ing to note that the weight of the cow increased eleven kilos during
the last period, which, judged by her appetite, was the least promising
period in the whole experiment. The increase in weight during the
first two periods was almost at the rate of one kilo per day; for the
next thirty-four days, i. e., to the end of the fourth period, the
weight remained approximately constant, in the last period, the
average weight was nine kilos more than in the two preceding periods.
Of the total increase in weight during the whole experiment, less
than half can be accounted for by the nitrogen balance. From
the eightieth day, the animal began to develop pathological con-
ditions, difficult to describe, but perfectly apparent to the men on
the farm familiar with live stock. She seemed in good flesh
and showed a glossy coat but refused to eat, manifesting positive
distaste for her food. Her limbs became stiff and somewhat enlarged
about the joints, and her movements were decidedly awkward.
She was prone to lie down and had difficulty in getting upon her
feet. There was no disturbance of the oestrum throughout the

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LZ

experiment. The milk flow, which had begun to decrease on the
seventy-seventh day, dropped rapidly to four kilos. As it was not
permissible to slaughter the animal nor cause her permanent injury,
the experiment was closed on the eighty-sixth day, and the cow
removed to a box stall where she was given a plentiful supply of
alfalfa and silage and whole bran. In the course of a week there
were no more signs of malnutrition; she maintained the weight
she had gained, the stiffness passed off, and the milk flow increased
according to the following records kindly furnished by Mr. Smith,
Station Dairy Expert.

Date Number of Amount of
days milk
RAUL eara Peters ite aeneeret sree tera ciety cue fens eh cldiclave shore levsme\ ass 86 3.76 kilos
DE Pete Sees eels Des WHEE os CONDOS TED Maa TS 88 3.90
DD. BAS ord te 8 ED ROI TI OS atta ICO ETA ECL a IB e 89 4.89
DH a a.0, 6 SASSO (OIE EN A. CS a: 90 5.62
DSse at oR CSRS a DOLE COR een 91 5.99

PHYTIN AND PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS OF
INOSITE.*
R. J. ANDERSON.

SUMMARY.

1. The barium salt of phytic acid, C;H2,O.;P;, obtained from very
dilute hydrochloric acid or 10 per ct. phytic-acid solutions
corresponds to the general formula C;Hi;0.;P;M;. Apparently
the same relation holds for other binary cases.

z. From neutral or alkaline solutions salts of the general formula
C;H1,02;,P;M, are obtained.

3. From very dilute acetic-acid solutions intermediate salts are
formed.

4. The acids isolated from the organic-phosphorus compound known
as phytin, derived from different sources, have been shown to
be identical. The constitution of the substance, however, still
remains in doubt.

5. Attempts to synthesize phytic acid by acting on inosite with dry
phosphoric-acid in vacuum at 140°-160° C. failed. In this
reaction the tetra-phosphoric acid ester of inosite was produced.

6. The tetra-phosphoric ester was found to be very similar to phytic
acid. Its barium salt obtained from very dilute hydrochloric
acid solutions corresponds to the general formula C,H,(OH).O,
[(PO;H).M)..

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS.

In continuation of the physiological investigation concerning the
metabolism of the organic-phcsphorus compound known as phytin,
which has been and is being carried out at this institution by Dr.
Jordan, a closer study of the chemical properties of this substance,
phytin, became necessary. Much work has already been done and
reported on this subject by various investigators. Definite infor-
mation, however, concerning different kinds of salts formed by the
free phytic acid or inosite phosphoric acid is seldom met with in the
literature. Frequently impure salts have been analyzed.

Posternak, who first successfully prepared phytin in pure form,!
also studied its chemical properties. Among the salts mentioned? is
one, calcium-magnesium, as well as one crystalline, calctum-sodium,
double salt, for which he gives the formula 2C.H,P,O,.Nas+
C.H,P2Ca,+8H2O. Winterstein® describes a calcium-magnesium
compound which, after removing the calcium with oxalic acid and
precipitating with alcohol, contained 42.24 per ct. P2O; and 12.97
per ct. MgO. Patten and Hart,‘ working in this laboratory, isolated
from wheat bran an impure magnesium-calcium-potassium com-

1 Rev. gen. Bot. 12: 5; Compt. Rend. 137: 202.

2 Compt. Rend. 137: 337 and 439.

® Ber. deut. chem. Ges. 30: 2299.

4 Amer. Chem. Journal 31: 566.

*A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 19, April, 1912.

[122]

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 123

pound. Levene! describes a semi-crystalline barium: salt which
corresponds to a tetra-barium phytate. Vorbrodt? mentions a crys-
talline barium salt obtained by partially neutralizing phytic acid
with barium hydroxide and evaporating in vacuum, to which he
assigns the formula Ci2H»sO.sBazPu. Although crystalline, this com-
pound was undoubtedly impure. By neutralizing the mother-liquor
from the above with barium hydroxide he obtained an amorphous
precipitate of the composition C 5.75 per ct., H 0.77 per ct., Ba
52.97 per ct., P 11.60 per ct. This corresponds approximately with
a hexa-barium phytate.

Of the several salts mentioned in this paper some were obtained
from commercial phytin and from an organic-phosphorus magnesium
compound by precipitating with barium chloride and barium hydrox-
ide; others were prepared from previously purified phytic acid.
These products will be more fully described in the experimental part.

The tri-barium phytate, CsH1.0, [(PO3H)2BalJ3, is obtained pure as
an amorphous white powder by repeatedly precipitating barium
phytate in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with a like volume of alcohol.
It may also be obtained in crystalline form by dissolving the amor-
phous salt in a10 per ct. solution of phytic acid in which it is very
soluble and from which it again slowly crystallizes out on standing
at ordinary temperature.

A penta-barium phytate, CsH1,Oe7P;Bas, is obtained when a solu-
tion of the tri-barium phytate in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid is
neutralized with barium hydroxide and then made faintly acid with
acetic acid.

The penta-barium ammonium phytate, CsHi2.027P;Ba;(NH4,)2, is
obtained when the above mentioned amorphous tri-barium salt is
digested with dilute ammonia.

The penta-magnesium ammonium phytate, CsHi2.0.7P;Mg;(NH4)2,
is thrown down as a white amorphous precipitate when excess of
magnesia mixture is added to an aqueous solution of phytic acid, or
when ammonium phytate is precipitated with magnesia mixture.

A tetra-cupric di-calcium phytate, CsHw.O27,PsCusCag, in nearly
pure form is obtained when a slightly acid solution of calcium
ammonium phytate is precipitated with excess of copper acetate.
If the magnesium ammonium phytate is precipitated under the
same conditions an impure compound is obtained which contains
about 1 per ct. Mg, 0.6 per ct. N, 34 per ct. Cu and 15.6 per ct. P.
No effort was made to obtain these salts pure. It was only desired
to find out to what extent other bases were removed when precipi-
tating with copper acetate.

Starkenstein® claims that commercial phytin always contains free
inosite together with inorganic phosphates and that merely drying
the substance at 100° C. causes nearly complete decomposition into
inorganic phosphate and free inosite.

That phytin is so easily decomposed seemed very improbable, as
several months’ work on the substance has shown that it is relatively

1 Biochem. Ztschr. 16: 399.

2 Anzeiger Akad. Wiss. Krakau 1910, Series A: 414.
3 Biochem. Ztschr. 30: 59.

124 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

stable when pure and when no mineral acids are present. Moreover,
Contardi! reports that when phytin is heated in an autoclave with
pure water for several hours to a temperature of 200° C. only very
small quantities of inosite could be isolated.

In order to determine if inosite is present in determinable quantity
100 gm. of commercial phytin in the form of the acid calcium salt,
which had been imported from Europe and kept in the laboratory
for several years, was shaken up with 1 liter of water, filtered at
once and washed with water. The filtrate was precipitated with
barium hydroxide, again filtered and the excess of barium precipi-
tated with carbon dioxide, and the filtrate from the latter evaporated
on the water-bath. In the very slight residue which remained,
consisting mostly of barium carbonate with a trace of barium chloride,
no trace of inosite could be detected by the most painstaking method
of isolation. Of the same phytin 100 gm. was dried to constant
weight at 115° C. and was then treated in the same manner. Even
here no trace of inosite could be obtained. Subjecting to the same
treatment 50 gm. of the same phytin, after previously mixing with
0.5 gm. inosite, resulted in the recovery of 0.4 gm. inosite.

This proves that phytin is by no means so easily split as Starken-
stein claims. The results in his case may have been due to other
causes besides mere drying at 100° C.

The same author (loc. cit.) also states that when phytic acid is
precipitated with ammoniacal magnesia mixture it is not the mag-
nesilum ammonium compound which is formed, but only the diffi-
cultly soluble magnesium phytate. This is an error. Under these
conditions the previously mentioned penta-magnesium ammonium
phytate, CeHi2027PsMg5(NH,)o, 1 1S formed.

For the free phytic acid Posternak’ proposed the empirical formula
C2HsO.P2 which he considered toflhave'tthe following constitution:

H|

CHO: PO(OH)
(O% a :
a
‘CHO: Potoiny,

H

which finds expression in the name “ anhydro-oxymethylen di-
phosphoric acid.”

As is well known the free acid, as well as its salts, is easily split
under the influence of dilute mineral acids into inosite and ortho-
phosphoric acid. This fact and the discovery by Neuberg® that

1 Atti R. Accad. dei. Lincei, Roma (5), 18, I: 64.

2 Compt. Rend. 137: 489
3 Biochem. Ztschr. 9: 551 and 557.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPRRIMENT STATION. 125

both inosite and phytin yield furfurol when distilled with phosphorus
pentoxide and phosphoric acid, respectively, lead him to believe
that the inosite ring exists already formed in phytin. In accordance
ne ue view he proposed the following structural formula for
the acid:

O
(OH);P P(OH)s
O O
CH—CH
(OH); | (OH),
P—O—CH CH—O—P
om So

aa
(OH); P—O—CH—CH—O—P (OH);

This is just treble the molecular weight of the anhydro oxymethylen
di-phosphoric acid of Posternak.

Suzuki and Yoshimura! considered that phytic acid was the
hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite.

Starkenstein? believes that phytin represents a complex pyro-
phosphoric acid compound with inosite and he proposes the follew-
ing constitutional formula:

(OH). (OH).
P = 0'HO:HC — CH:0H'0 — P
ce | | a:
Bisel eal
P=O°HO'HC CH'OH'O=—P

(OH)s | (OH)s
(OH): P = 0-HO:HC — CH‘0H'0 = P (OH),

Vorbrodt (loc. cit.) proposes still another formula.

1 Bull, College of Agric., Tokyo, 7: 495.
2 Biochem. Ztschr. 30: 56.

126 Reporr oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

It is impossible at the present time to decide definitely between
any of the above constitutional formulas, as the substance has not
yet been synthesized in the laboratory.

As represented by the empirical formula, CsH2sO2;P., phytic acid
corresponds to a hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite plus 3 HO.
CsH¢O¢6{PO(OH)e2],+3H20.

At present it is impossible to say whether the compound represents
a pyrophosphate or if the water is lmked in some other way. That
the acid contains 12 acid (OH) groups as expressed in the formula
of Starkenstein, which would also be the case if it were a hexa-
phosphoric acid ester of inosite, and not 18 (OH) groups as in the
formula of Neuberg, seems certain, for in no case have we been
able to prepare any salt in which more than 12 H-valences were
replaced by bases.

As observed by Starkenstein only one half of the 12(OH) groups
are particularly reactive. This finds expression in the fact that
the barium salt obtained from acid solutions contains only 3 Ba
to6 P. As suggested by the above author, it is probable that these
reactive hydroxyls are adjacent but linked to different phosphoric-
acid residues. The salts with binary bases would then be represented
by the following:

A further confirmation of this is found in the fact that the tri-barium
phytate as well as other similar salts of phytic acid with binary
bases are strongly acid in reaction.

The presence of only 8 acid (OH) groups, however, can be shown
by titrating an aqueous solution of the acid with deci-normal sodium
hydroxide using phenolphthalein as indicator. Patten and Hart
(loc. cit.) who titrated with deci-normal barium hydroxide using
phenolphthalein as indicator obtained results agreeing with a hexa-
barium salt.

Of special interest in connection with the constitution of phytin
are the phosphoric acid esters of inosite.

Neuberg and Kretschner! report obtaining a poly-phosphoric
acid ester of inosite by their method of preparing phosphoric acid
esters of the carbohydrates and glycerine, that is, by the action of
phosphorus oxychloride. The product could, however, not be
obtained pure as it was found impossible to separate it from the
inorganic phosphates.

1 Biochem. Zischr. 363 5.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 127

Contardi! claims to have prepared the hexa-phosphoric acid
ester of inosite by heating inosite with an excess of phosphoric
acid in a stream of carbon dioxide to 160°-165° C. The product
was purified as the barium salt and after decomposing the latter
with sulphuric acid the free ester was obtained, which he describes
as identical with phytic acid. The same author’ claims to have
prepared poly-phosphoric acid esters of mannite, quercite and
glucose by the same method.

Carré,? however, repeating these experiments, found that the
products described by Contardi were merely mixtures of free phos-
phoriec acid and the polyhydric alcohols in question together
with their decomposition products mixed with some monobarium
phosphate.

Many fruitless efforts have been made in this laboratory to
synthesize phytic acid and the hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite.
All experiments in this direction lead only to the tetra-phosphoric
acid ester of inosite, CsH¢(OH)2 O41 [PO(OH):],.

The method of Contardi was modified to the extent that inosite,
either dry or with water of crystallization, was heated with phos-
phoric acid, previously dried at 100° to constant weight, in vacuum
to a temperature of 140°-160° C. for about two hours.

The same product, viz., the tetraphosphoric ester was obtained
whether the phosphoric acid was present in large or small excess
above six molecules of H;PO, to one molecule of inosite. When it
was present in less quantity than this, however, for instance 1
molecule of inosite to 3 molecules of H;PO,, then a mixture of
esters was formed. It was found impossible to separate these
products completely owing to the fact that they possess about
the same solubility.

The tetraphosphoric ester is most conveniently isolated by means
of its barium salt. The separation of the ester from the excess of
the phosphoric acid or barium phosphate succeeded because its
barium salt is much less soluble in dilute alcohol acidified with
hydrochloric acid than is barium phosphate.

The new ester is a well characterized compound, very similar in
appearance and reactions to phytic acid. By heating with acids,
inosite and phosphoric acid are regenerated. It gives a white
precipitate with the ordinary molybdate solution, and with excess
of silver nitrate a white precipitate is also produced. These re-
actions are identical with those of phytic acid.

The inosite used in these experiments was prepared from the
crude magnesium compound previously mentioned and carefully
purified by recrystallization.

The reason why phytic acid could not be obtained by the action
of phosphoric acid on inosite is no doubt to be found in that it is
not a simple ester but a complex compound as suggested by Starken-

1 Atti R. Accad. dei. Lincet, Roma (5) 19, I: 23.

2 Atti R. Accad. dei. Lincei, Roma (5) 19, I: 823.
3 Bull. Soc. Chim. France (4) 9: 195.

128 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

stein. It is, however, difficult to understand why the hexa-phos-
phoric ester was not obtained by this method. The only explanation
that can be offered is that under the conditions of these experiments
it is not stable.

One reason alleged by Starkenstein for considering phytin a
pyrophosphate is based upon its giving a white precipitate with
silver nitrate. This is certainly a characteristic reacton of pyro-
phosphates. Yet the tetraphosphoric ester gives a pure white
precipitate with the same reagent. As the ester cannot be in the
form of a pyrophosphate the fact that phytic acid gives the same
colored silver compound is not necessarily an indication that it
represents a pyrophosphate compound.

The phytic acid used in these experiments was prepared from
products obtained from two different sources. The starting material
in one case was a calcium phytate imported from Europe; the other
was a crude natural magnesium organic-phosphorus compound
extracted in this country and kindly supplied us by Dr. Carl 8.
Miner of Chicago.

As shown by the analyses of the carefully purified salts and of
the free acid, these two preparations were identical and they were
also identical with the product described as phytic acid by Pos-
ternak and other investigators.

EXPERIMENTAL PART.
TRI-BARIUM PHYTATE.

The commercial phytin was purified for analysis by means of
the barium salt. 30 gm. calcium phytate was dissolved in a small
quantity of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, diluted to about 2 liters
with water and a concentrated solution of 30 gm. barium chloride
was added. The precipitate was dissolved without filtering by
the addition of just sufficient dilute hydrochloric acid. It was
then precipitated by adding barium hydroxide to faintly alkaline
reaction. The mixture was then acidified with acetic acid and after
standing over night was filtered and well washed in water. It was
re-precipitated in the same manner three times. After finally
filtering and washing in water the substance was dissolved in about
1 liter of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered and the filtrate pre-
cipitated by adding a like volume of alcohol. After repeating this
operation the substance was filtered, washed free of chlorides with
50 per ct. alcohol and finally washed in alcohol and ether and dried
in vacuum over sulphuric acid.

The product so obtained was a light, perfectly white semi-crystal-
line or amorphous powder. Placed on moist litmus paper, it showed
a strong acid reaction. It is very slightly soluble in water, slightly
soluble in acetic acid and readily soluble in mineral acids.

For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C.

0.2728 gm. substance gave 0.0352 gm. H.O and 0.0643 gm. COs.
0.2763 gm. - “ 0.1749 gm. BaSO, and 0.1675 gm. MgeP2O;.
0.1909 gm. “ “ 0.1206 gm. BaSO, and 0.1154 gm. MgeP2O;.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129

For CsHi205 [(PO3H)> Bals = 1120.
Calculated C 6.42 per ct.,H 1.60 per ct., P 16.60 perct., Ba36.78 perct.
Found C 6.42 per ct., H 1.44 per ct., P 16.89 per ct., Ba37.25 per ct.
P 16.85 perct., Ba37.17 perct.
The barium salt prepared in the same manner from a natural
crude magnesium organic phosphorus compound gave the following
result on analysis:
0.2057 gm. substance gave 0.0273 gm. H2O and 0.0480 gm. CO.
0.1422 gm “ 0.0886 gm. BaSO, and 0.0841 gm. Mg,P.O7.
Found C 6.36 per ct., H 1.48 per ct., P 16.48 per ct., Ba 36.66 per ct.
The two salts are therefore identical.

CRYSTALLIZED TRI-BARIUM PHYTATE.

One gm. purified phytic acid was dissolved in 10 ce. water and 4
gm. of the above mentioned tri-barium phytate added. Jt was
filtered from traces of undissolved particles and allowed to stand for
two days at room temperature. The substance had then separated
as a heavy crystalline powder of irregular form. From less con-
centrated solutions the substance separates in small, needle-shaped
crystals.

The substance was filtered, washed well in water and finally in
alcohol and ether and dried in the air.

For analysis it was dried at 120° C.

0.1972 gm. substance lost 0.0153 gm. H.O.

0.2028 gm. substance gave 0.1251 gm. BaSO, and 0.1216 gm. Mg»P2Oy.
Found P 16.71 per ct., Ba 36.30 per ct.

Calculated for 5H.O, 7.44 per ct. Found 7.75 per ct.

PENTA-BARIUM PHYTATE.

This salt is obtained on neutralizing a solution of the tri-barium
phytate in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with barium hydroxide and
then acidifying with acetic acid. The precipitate was filtered,
washed thoroughly in water, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum
over sulphuric acid.

The product was a white amorphous powder. For analysis the
substance was dried at 130° C.

0.2970 gm. substance gave 0.0307 gm. H20 and 0.0500 gm. CO..
0.2507 gm. & “ 0.2080 gm. BaSO, and 0.1207 gm. Mg2P20;.
0.1856 gm 4 “ 0.1543 gm. BaSO, and 0.0899 gm. MgsP20;.

For E.HOx,P, Ba; = = F391:

Calculated C 5.17 perct.,H 1.00 per ct., P13.37 per ct., Ba 49.37 per ct.
Found C 4.59 per ct.,H 1.15 per ct. P13. 42 per ct. "Ba 4s. 82 per ct.
’p 13.50 per ct. ‘Ba 48.92 per ct.

PENTA-BARIUM AMMONIUM PHYTATE.

When the tri-barium phytate is digested in dilute ammonia it is
transformed into the penta-barium ammonium salt and ammonium

~

o

130 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

phytate. The latter product, however, was found to contain some
barium.

Two gm. of the analyzed tri-barium phytate was digested for
two hours in 25 cc. of 2.5 per ct. ammonia, filtered and washed in
dilute ammonia and finally in alcohol and dried in vacuum over
sulphuric acid. The product was a heavy white amorphous powder.
On moist litmus paper it showed a neutral reaction.

For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C.

0.1509 gm. substance gave 0.1205 gm. BaSO, and 0.0762 gm. Mg»P:O;.
0.1747 gm. i “0.0026 gm. N (Kjeldahl*)
For CgH12027P Bas (NH,)s = 425:
Calculated P 13.05 per ct., Ba 48.19 per ct., N 1.96 per ct.
Found P 14.07 per ct., Ba 46.99 per ct., N 1.48 per ct.

By evaporating the filtrate from the above to dryness on the
water-bath an amber-colored mass remained which after drying
at 130° C. gave the following result on analysis:

Found P 20.51 per ct., Ba 6.65 per ct., N 10.48 per ct.

PENTA-MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHYTATE.

Two gm. phytic acid was dissolved in 400 cc. water and then
precipitated by adding excess of magnesia mixture slowly and under
constant shaking. After the precipitate had settled the supernatant
liquid was decanted, the residue filtered and washed with water until
free from chlorides and finally washed in alcohol and ether and dried
in vacuum over sulphuric acid.

The product was a fine white amorphous powder and weighed
2.7 gm. It reacts neutral on moist litmus paper.

For analysis it was dried at 130°.

0.1089 gm. substance gave 0.0832 gm. MgeP20; for P.

0.1089 gm. 2 “ 0.0705 gm. MgoP.O;7 for Mg.
0.1248 em. « « 0.0039 gm. N y-
0.0893 gm. “ 0.0028 gm. N Kjeldahl)

For (6Hi2007P6Mg5(N Ha)2 = SHO.
Found P 21.29 per ct., Mg 14.13 perct., N 3.12 per ct.—3.13 per ct.
Calculated P 21.64 per ct., Mg 14.13 per ct., N 3.25 per ct.

If the phytic acid is first neutralized with ammonia and then
precipitated with magnesia mixture the same product is obtained.

Two gm. phytic acid in 400 ce. water was neutralized with ammonia,
precipitated with excess of magnesia mixture, filtered, washed free
of chlorides with dilute ammonia and then in alcohol and dried in
vacuum over sulphuric acid.

For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C.

Found P 21.49 per ct., Mg 13.96 per ct., N 3.47 per ct., 3.48 per ct.

TETRA-CUPRIC DI-CALCIUM PHYTATE.

To a solution of 2 gm. phytic acid in 200 ec. water excess of calcium
chloride was added and the solution then neutralized with ammonia.

* This and subsequent nitrogen determinations were made by Mr. M. P. Sweeney.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 131

The precipitate was just “dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and
the solution precipitated with copper acetate. The bluish-green
colored copper-compound was filtered off, washed with water until
free from chlorides and then in alcohol and dried in vacuum over
sulphuric acid.

The dry substance was a light blue amorphous powder. It is
very slightly soluble in water or in very dilute acids, readily soluble
in the ordinary dilute mineral acids. It is readily soluble in 2.5
per ct. ammonia with a deep blue color. In this solution con-
centrated ammonia or alcohol produces a light-blue colored pre-
cipitate.

The compound represents a nearly pure tetra-cupric di-calcium
phytate. It contained 0.17 per ct. N.

For CeHi209(PO3Cu)4*° (PO3Ca)2 = 1036.

Calculated Cu 24.51 per ct., Ca 7.72 per ct., P 17.95 per ct.
Found Cu 25.58 per ct., Ca 7.69 per ct., P 16.85 per ct.

If a slightly acid solution of magnesium ammonium phytate is
precipitated with copper acetate a light blue colored copper compound
is obtained. After washing and drying it gave the following result
on analysis:

Mg 1.11 per ct., Cu 34.27 per ct., N 0.64 per ct., and 0.52 per ct.,
P 15.66 per ct.

This compound is exceedingly soluble in dilute and concentrated
ammonia. By the careful addition of alcohol to the ammoniacal
solution a substance separates in light blue colored crystals on
standing. This is evidently a complex copper-ammonium salt but
it was not further examined.

PHYTIC ACID.

This was prepared after the method of Patten and Hart (loc. cit.).
The analyzed tri-barium salt was decomposed with the calculated
quantity of deci-normal sulphuric acid. After removing the barium
sulphate, the solution was precipitated with copper acetate. The
copper compound was decomposed with hydrogen sulphide, the
copper sulphide filtered off, the filtrate concentrated in vacuum and
finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The products obtained
from both the calcium phytate and the magnesium compound
were light amber-colored, very thick liquids and corresponded in
all respects with the body described by other investigators as phytic
acid.

For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C.

a. From calcium phytate.

0.3193 gm. substance gave 0.0917 gm. H.O and 0.1238 gm. COs.
0.1505 gm. - “ 0.1424 gm. MgeP2O7.

b. From the magnesium compound.

0.2789 gm. substance gave 0.0804 gm. H.O and 0.1101 gm. COs.
0.1236 gm. : “ ~ 0.1160 gm. MgeP207.

132 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

For C.Hou Oo7P5 =i ds

Calculated. Found a. Found b.
C 10.08 per ct. 10.57 per ct. 10.76 per ct.
H#3360h £ oot” ut 322 ait
P2605" 26:31 9 * 26.16 “

Titrated against deci-normal sodium hydroxide using phenol-
phthalein as indicator the following results were obtained:

0.2648 gm. acid required 30.7 cc. N/10 NaOH.
Calculated for 8 NaOH 29.65 ce.

0.1593 gm. acid required 18.60 ec. N/10 NaOH.
Calculated for 8 NaOH 17.60 ce.

INOSITE FROM THE CRUDE MAGNESIUM COMPOUND.

Twenty-five gms. of the air-dried substance, containing 20 per ct. of
moisture, was heated with 100 cc. 30 per ct. sulphuric acid in a sealed
tube for about three hours at a temperature of 140° C. Two tubes
equally charged were heated at the same time. After cooling, the
reaction mixture was of dark brown color and a considerable quantity
of magnesium salts had crystallized out.

The contents were washed into a beaker, filtered and diluted with
water to about 1500 cc. The sulphuric and phosphoric acids and
the magnesium were then precipitated by barium hydroxide, filtered
and well washed in hot water. The filtrate was evaporated to about
350 cc. and the excess of barium removed by carbon dioxide, filtered,
the filtrate decolorized with animal charcoal and then evaporated
on the water bath to a syrupy consistency. This was taken up in
a small quantity of hot water, filtered and alcohol added to the
filtrate until a cloudiness was produced. By scratching with a
glass rod crystallization began; more alcohol was then added and
the mixture placed in the ice-chest over night. After filtering and
washing in alcohol and ether and drying in the air the product
weighed from 5.1 to 5.4 gm. From the mother liquor a further
quantity of crystals from 0.4 to 0.6 gm. could be obtained on the
addition of ether and allowing to stand for twenty-four hours in
the cold.

For purification the raw product was dissolved in 6 parts of water
and again brought to crystallization by the addition of alcohol as
before. It was then obtained in large, thin, colorless plates.

It gave the reaction of Scherer. The dried substance melted at
220° C. (uncor.)

Dried at 100° C. 0.4136 gm. substance lost 0.0669 gm. HO and
0.1600 gm. lost 0.0258 gm. H.O.

The dried substance was analyzed.

0.1342 gm. substance gave 0.0791 gm. H.O and 0.1981 gm. CQOs:.

For C.H«(OH), = 180.

Calculated C 40.00 per ct., H 6.66 per ct., 2 H2O 16.66 per ct.
Found C 40.26 per ct., H 6. 59 per ct., 2 H.O 16.17 per ct. - 16.12
per ct.

This substance was used in subsequent experiments with phos-
phoric acid. Some 40 gm. of inosite were prepared in this way.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 133

TETRA-PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER OF INOSITE.

4.32 gm. (2 mol.) crystallized inosite was powdered and mixed
in a distillation flask with 24 gm. phosphoric acid (about 24 mol.
or double the quantity. required to form the hexa-phosphoric ester)
The acid had been previously dried at 100° C. to constant weight.
The flask was connected with the vacuum pump and heated in an
oil bath to 140°-160° C. for about two hours. By 120° water began
to come over and the reaction was practically complete at the end
of one hour. After cooling, the reaction mixture was a thick, reddish-
brown colored, nearly solid mass. This was dissolved in about
1 liter of water and a solution of 40 gms. of barium chloride in 400 ce.
of water was added. The barium salt of the ester was then pre-
cipitated by the addition of about 1 liter of alcohol.

A solution containing phosphoric acid and barium chloride in
the same dilution as above remains perfectly soluble on the addition
of a like volume of alcohol.

The voluminous flaky precipitate was filtered off at once and
thoroughly washed in 333 per ct. alcohol.

For purification the substance was dissolved in 700 cc. of 0.5 per
ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered from slight insoluble residue, the
filtrate diluted with 500 cc. of water, some barium chloride added
and then precipitated by the addition of a like volume of alcohol.
This was repeated a second time. ‘The substance was then dissolved
in 500 ce. of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, precipitated by adding
barium hydroxide to slightly alkaline reaction, then acidifying with
hydrochloric acid and adding 500 cc. alcohol. After filtering and
washing as before the substance was again twice precipitated from
0.5 per ct. hydrochloric-acid solution with alcohol and finally washed
in 50 per ct. alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over
sulphuric acid. The product weighed 8.9 gm. It was a white
voluminous amorphous powder. On moist litmus paper it showed
a strong acid reaction. The solubility of the product was practically
the same as for the tri-barium phytate.

For analysis it was dried at 100° and 130° C.

0.3252 gm. substance lost 0.0281 gm. H.O.

0.2697 gm. substance gave 0.0442 gm.H.,O and0.0878 gm. CO2.

0.2038 gm. “ 0.0300 gm. HO “ 0.0685 gm. CQ».

0.2482 gm. v “ 0.1505 gm. BaSO, “ 0.1434 gm. Mg»P.O;.
0.1833 gm. « “ 0.1108 gm. BaSO, “ 0.1075 gm. Mg>P.O7.
0.1776 gm. “ 0.1074 gm. BaSO. “ 0.1038 gm. MgeP.0;.

For €.H«(OH).0, [(PO3H)2Bals = =F (ON (i
Calcul’d C 9.34 per ct., H 1.55 per ct., P 16.08 per ct., Ba 35.64 per ct.
Found ;C 8.87 per ct.., H 1.83 per ct.., P 16.10 per ct., Ba 35.68 per ct.

C 9.16 per ct., H 1.64 per ct., P 16.34 per ct., Ba 35.57 per ct.
P 16.29 per ct., Ba 35.58 per ct.

Calculated for 4 H,O, 8.55 per ct. Found 8.64 per ct.

Another lot prepared by heating 1.80 gm. dry inosite (1 mol.)
with 7.9 gm. dry phosphoric acid (about 8 mol.) and isolated in the
same manner gave the following results on analysis:

0.2879 gm. substance lost 0.0240 gm. H.0O.

1384 Reporr or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

The dried substance was analyzed.
0.2639 gm. substance gave 0.0452 gm.H,O and 0.0936 gm. COz.
0.1480 gm. - “ 0.0866 gm. BaSO, “ 0.0846 gm. Mg,P.07.
0.1632 gm. : “ 0.0959 gm. BaSO, “ 0.0933 gm. Mg,P.07.

Found C 9.67 per ct., H 1.91 per ct., P 15.93 per ct., Ba 34.43 per ct.
H,0 8.33 per ct., P 15.93 per ct., Ba 34.58 per ct.

A third lot prepared by heating 1.80 gm. dry inosite (1 mol.) with
5.88 gm. dry phosphoric acid (6 mol.) and isolating in the same
manner as before gave the following:

C 9.69 per ct., H 1.75 per ct., P 16.06 per ct., Ba 36.33 per ct.

It is apparent therefore that in each of the above experiments the
same compound was produced.

THE FREE TETRA-PHOSPHORIC ESTER.

About 5 gm. of the purified barium salt was decomposed by
digesting it with the calculated quantity of deci-normal sulphuric
acid. After removing the barium sulphate the solution was precipi-
tated with excess of copper acetate. The copper precipitate was
filtered, thoroughly washed with water, suspended in water and
decomposed with hydrogen sulphide. The copper sulphide was
removed by filtration, the filtrate concentrated in vacuum and
finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid until it was of a thick,
syrupy consistency.

For analysis the substance was dried at 130° C.

0.3020 gm. substance gave 0.0933 gm. H.O and 0.1577 gm. CQz.
0.1605 gm. s “ 0.1387 gm. MgeP20v.

For CsHe(OH)20.4 [PO(OH)sJ. = 500.

Calculated C 14.40 per ct., H 3.20 per ct., P 24.80 per ct.
Found C 14.24 per ct., H 3.45 per ct., P 24.09 per ct.

0.1663 gm. substance ‘required 16.5 cc. deci-normal sodium
hydroxide using phenolphthalein as indicator. This corresponds to
5 acid (OH) groups.

Calculated for 5 NaOH 16.63 cc.

PROPERTIES OF THE FREE ESTER.

The concentrated aqueous solution of the ester is very similar to
phytic acid. It is a very thick, light, amber-colored liquid of sharp
acid, slightly astringent taste and strong acid reaction. On longer
keeping in the desicator over sulphuric acid it becomes hard and
brittle and may be powdered. It is then very hygroscopic.

The dry substance is slowly but completely soluble in alcohol,
readily soluble in water.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTIon. 135

The concentrated aqueous solution gives a white precipitate with
silver nitrate in excess which dissolves on largely diluting with
water. The precipitate is readily soluble in ammonia, dilute nitric,
sulphuric and acetic acids, insoluble in glacial acetic acid.

With ferric chloride it gives a white or faintly yellowish precipitate
which is very sparingly soluble in acids.

With lead acetate a white precipitate is produced, readily soluble
in dilute nitric acid, but sparingly soluble in acetic acid.

With barium chloride it gives a white precipitate slightly soluble
in acetic acid, but readily soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids.

Calcium chloride does not give a precipitate, but, on heating, the
calcium salt is thrown down as a white precipitate which redissolves
on cooling.

Magnesium salts do not cause a precipitate, and on heating the
solution merely turns cloudy; on cooling it clears up again.

With the ordinary molybdate solution it gives in the cold a white
voluminous flaky precipitate which slowly turns yellowish in color.
Phytic acid under the same conditions gives a white precipitate
which remains unchanged in the cold. On drying at 110° or 130°
the substance turns very dark in color.

The ester, like phytic acid, fails to give directly the Scherer reaction
for inosite.

INOSITE FROM THE TETRA-PHOSPHORIC ESTER.

Ten gm. of the purified barium salt was heated with 25 cc. 30 per
cet. sulphuric acid in a sealed tube to about 150° C. for three hours.
After precipitating the sulphuric and phosphoric acids with barium
hydroxide the inosite was isolated by the usual method and recrys-
tallized from hot dilute alcohol. It was filtered and washed in
alcohol and ether and dried in the air. Yield 1.52 gm. It was
obtained in the form of small colorless six-sided plates, free from
water or crystallization. The air-dried, water-free substance melted
at 221° C., uncor.

0.2094 gm. substance gave 0.1259 gm. H2O and 0.3033 gm. COz.

0.1360 gm. 4 “ 0.0827 gm. H2O “ 0.1991 gm. CO:.

For C.5Hi206 = 180.

Calculated C 40.00 per ct., H 6.66 per ct.
Found C 39.50 per ct., H 6.72 per ct.
C 39.93 per ct., H 6.80 per ct.

As already mentioned, if a mixture of inosite and phosphoric acid
is heated when less than 6 mol. H3PO, are present to 1 mol. inosite,
a mixture of esters is obtained. It was found impossible to separate
these bodies as barium salts and obtain pure compounds, since their
solubilities are apparently nearly alike.

3.60 gm. dry inosite (2 mol.) and 5.88 gm. dry phosphoric acid
(6 mol.) were heated in a distillation flask as before to 180°-190° for

1386 Report or DepartTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

about two hours, until water ceased coming over. The reaction
mixture was in form of a very bulky, thin flaky mass, very brittle
and of yellowish-brown color, mixed with some very dark-colored
substance. It was broken up with a glass rod and removed from
the flask and treated with water, in which the dark-colored portion
was readily soluble, but the lighter-colored substance was insoluble
in this medium. It was powdered in a mortar and thoroughly
washed in water and alcohol and dried in vacuum over sulphuric
acid.

The substance was apparently insoluble in boiling water, in boiling
dilute acids and in glacial acetic acid; also insoluble in alcohol, ether
and other organic solvents. After drying at 130° the substance was
analyzed.

0.2500 gm. substance gave 0.0838 gm. H2O and 0.2085 gm. COz.
0.1500gm. « “ 0.1145 gm. Mg2P20;.
0.1542 gm. g “ 0.1178 gm. Mg2P20,.

Found C 22.74 per ct., H 3.75 per ct., P 21.28 per ct., 21.29 per ct.

This agrees approximately with a mono-pyro-phosphoric ester of
inosite, but the phosphorus is too high.

It was decided to purify it by means of the barium salt. The
substance was dissolved by boiling in dilute sodium hydroxide, in
which it gave a dark amber-colored solution. After filtering it was
precipitated with barium chloride; the barium precipitate filtered
and washed free of alkali. It was then dissolved in 500 ce. 0.5
per ct. hydrochloric acid and precipitated by barium hydroxide.
After filtering and washing it was repeatedly precipitated with
alcohol from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric-acid solution until finally a
small amount of a white amorphous powder was obtained. After
drying at 130° this was analyzed.

0.2028 gm. substance gave 0.0412 gm.H.O0 and0.0979 gm. CO:.
0.2207¢m. “ 0.0413gm.H,O “ 0.1042 gm.CO».
0.1982 gm. f “ 0.0996 gm. BaSO, “ 0.1103 gm. MgoP2O;.

Found C 13.16 per ct., H 2.27/per ct., P 15.51 per ct., Ba 29.57 per ct.
C 12.88 per ct., H 2.09 per ct.

In this compound the relation between the carbon and phosphorus
is nearly 6 C to 3 P, which would indicate a tri-phosphoric ester.
The substance was, however, far from pure, and lack of material
prevented any further investigation of this body, which is apparently
a mixture of various esters.

PHYTIN AND PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS
OF INOSITE. II*

R. J. ANDERSON.
SUMMARY.

Several new salts of phytic acid are described, viz.: The calcium-
magnesium-potassium phytate, the penta-calcium phytate, the tetra-
calcium phytate, the penta-magnesium phytate, the copper salts
obtained when precipitating phytic acid with copper acetate, the
octa-silver phytate and the hepta-silver phytate.

Efforts to synthesize phytic acid by acting on dry inosite with dry
pyrophosphoric acid lead to the formation of esters.

Two of these, viz., the di-pyrophosphoric acid ester of inosite and a
di-inosite tri-pyrophosphoric acid ester were obtained in pure form
and analyzed.

These esters are very similar to phytic acid in appearance, taste
and reactions. They yield similar acid salts and on hydrolysis
inosite and phosphoric acid are produced.

INTRODUCTION.

In the last report ! from this laboratory on the chemistry of phytin,
various salts of phytic acid were described, as well as the tetra-
phosphoric acid ester of inosite. Since then the investigation has
been continued in connection with another problem dealing with the
form in which phytin exists in wheat bran, which is not yet finished,
but as the present work is closely related to that reported earlier,
it seems advisable to publish it at this time.

In addition to the salts of phytic acid described before, the follow-
ing have been prepared:

The calcium-magnesium-potassium phytate, CsH1.0.7,PsCa;sMg,Ko,
a white amorphous powder obtained by neutralizing a solution of
calcium-magnesium phytate in dilute hydrochloric acid with potas-
sium hydroxide.

The penta-calcium phytate, CsH1,02;P.Cas, is obtained as a white
powder on precipitating an aqueous solution of phytic acid with
calcium acetate.

The tetra-calcium phytate, CeHigO27,PsCas + 12H,0 is obtained as
a white, semi-crystalline or fine granular powder when the above
penta-calcium phytate in dilute hydrochloric acid solution is evapo-
rated in vacuum in the presence of calcium acetate.

The penta-magnesium phytate, CsH.O2rPsMg; + 24H20, is
obtained as crystalline powder when an aqueous solution of phytic
acid and excess of magnesium acetate is evaporated in vacuum.

A copper salt corresponding to a hexacupric phytate, Ce6H12007P «Cus,
is obtained when phytic acid is precipitated with copper acetate.

1 Jour. Biological Chem. 11: 471, (1912); and Tech. Bul. No. 19 of this Station.
* A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 21, June, 1912.

[137]

138 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

The octa-silver phytate, CeHisOQ2e7PsAgs, is precipitated as a white
amorphous powder by alcohol from an aqueous solution of phytic
acid containing twelve equivalents of silver nitrate.

The hepta-silver phytate, CsHi;O2;PsAg;, results when the dilute
nitric-acid solution of the above octa-silver phytate is precipitated
with alcohol.

Since various attempts to synthesize phytic acid or to prepare a
hexa-phosphoric acid ester of inosite by acting on inosite with phos-
phoric acid only lead to the formation of the tetra-phosphoric acid
ester of inosite* it seemed of interest to determine what products
would be formed when acting on inosite with pyrophosphoric acid.
If phytin were a complex pyrophosphoric acid compound of inosite
as suggested by Starkenstein? it appeared not impossible to syn-
thesize it from these constituents. Such a synthesis would be of
considerable theoretical and scientific value in connection with the
chemistry of phytin and would also furnish an additional proof of the
presence of pyrophosphoric acid compounds in nature.

Several futile efforts were made in this direction but it was found
that the reactions tried only lead to pyrophosphoric acid esters of
inosite. These esters are very easily formed but their purification
is very difficult.

When acting on dry inosite (1 mol.) with dry pyrophosphoric acid
(3 mol. or sufficient to form phytic acid) at a temperature of 200°-
220° a new and stable ester is formed. On analysis, results were
obtained corresponding to a di-pyrophosphoric acid ester of inosite,
a compound isomeric with the tetra-phosphoric acid ester described
in a former paper.

Attempts to isolate the reaction product by the method described
for the tetra-phosphoric ester, * that is, by precipitating as a barium
salt with alcohol, in the presence of hydrochloric acid, failed at first
because barium pyrophosphate is equally insoluble in acidified dilute
alcohol as barium phytate, for instance, or the pyrophosphoric acid
esters. Various other salts were tried with negative results; the
pyrophosphate invariably would be precipitated at the same time.

As is well known, pyrophosphoric acid when boiled with dilute
mineral acids is very easily transformed into orthophosphorie acid.
The isolation of the new ester was made possible by taking advantage
of this property.

In the last paper ‘ it was reported that phytin, when dry and free
from mineral acids, is stable; that drying at 115° C. caused no appre-
ciable decomposition and that no inosite could be isolated from
100 gms. of phytin after drying to constant weight at this temperature.

1 Anderson, loc. cit.

2 Biochem. Zischr. 30: 56.
3 Anderson, loc. cit.

4 Ibid, loc. cit.

>

New York AGRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srarion. 139

Experience since then has shown that phytin may be boiled for
hours in dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid without suffering
marked decomposition. In fact it may be boiled for days with 30
per ct. sulphuric acid without a determinable quantity of inosite
being formed. ‘This seemed strange as various other investigators
have emphasized the fact that phytin is very easily hydrolyzed and
that even in water it suffers a more or less rapid decomposition.
The action of nitric acid seems to cause a more rapid decomposi-
tion; for even the purest phytin when warmed in dilute nitric acid
solution with ammonium molybdate gives very quickly the char-
acteristic yellow precipitate of ammonium-phosphomolybdate.
Several days, however, are required to cause complete decomposition
in dilute nitric acid solution at a temperature of 60°-70° C. Quanti-
tative experiments to measure the rate of decomposition have not
been carried out, but it could very easily be done as the change is
very slow.

The following will illustrate this point:

In an analysis of two different phytin preparations the substance
was boiled with concentrated nitric acid under occasional additions
of concentrated hydrochloric acid for about half an hour. At the
end of this time the organic matter was apparently destroyed, as
the solution was practically colorless. The phosphorus was deter-
mined in this solution by the usual molybdate method. After
keeping at a temperature of 60° C. for one hour the precipitate was
filtered off and the filtrate again warmed on the water-bath for
another hour. A new portion of the yellow precipitate had then
formed which was removed by filtration and the filtrate again warmed
on the water-bath. A yellow precipitate continued to form slowly
but continuously for two days when the experiment was discontinued.
During this time the water lost by evaporation was replaced from
time to time and small quantities of nitric acid were also added.
The phosphorus determined in the first precipitate and in that which
formed during the first day amounted to only 9.92 and 10.25 per ct.,
whereas when determined after first destroying the organic matter
ey Be Neumann method 14.42 and 15.23 per ct. respectively were
ound.

In another case 100 gm. of calcium phytate was boiled under a
reflux condenser with about 300 cc. of 30 per ct. sulphuric acid con-
tinuously for one day; over night it was heated on the water-bath
and the next day the boiling was continued all day. After precipi-
tating with excess of barium hydroxide, thorough washing in hot
water, removal of excess of barium by carbon dioxide and evaporat-
ing on the water-bath, no inosite could be found in the slight residue
which remained.

To determine if the phytin molecule suffered any partial decompo-
sition on boiling with dilute acids, 1 gm. of phytic acid, dissolved

140 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

in 100 cc. of water acidified with 10 ec. 5/N hydrochloric acid, was
boiled over a free flame for one hour. After cooling, barium chloride
was added and the barium phytate precipitated by the addition of
alcohol. The substance was twice purified by precipitating its
hydrochloric acid solution with alcohol. On analysis, results were
obtained which showed that the substance was a pure tri-barium
phytate, the salt which is always obtained under the above conditions
of precipitation.

In view of this relative stability of the phytin molecule it was
thought that the pyrophosphoric acid ester referred to above might
be more stable than the pyrophosphoric acid in the reaction mixture.
Qualitative experiments showed that this was actually the case.

An aqueous solution of pyrophosphorie acid, acidified with hydro-
chloric acid and a solution of the above inosite-pyrophosphoric acid
reaction-mixture, also acidified with hydrochloric acid, were boiled
for one hour. Some barium chloride and a like volume of alcohol.
were then added. The solution containing only pyrophosphoric acid
gave no precipitate, while, before boiling, alcohol produced at once
a white precipitate of barium pyrophosphate. The solution con-
taining the inosite-pyrophosphoric acid reaction mixture gave a
white flocculent precipitate, the barium salt of the new ester.

As the excess of the pyrophosphoric acid was present as ortho-
phosphoric acid after boiling it did not interfere with the purifi-
cation of the compound by the dilute acid alcohol method.

By acting on dry inosite (one mol.) with dry pyrophosphoric acid
(six mol.) at a temperature of 200°-220° C., another new pyrophos-
phoric ester was obtained. After boiling, as before, with dilute
hydrochloric acid and purifying as the barium salt this product was
found to be a di-inosite tri-pyrophosphoric acid ester; that is, its
molecule was evidently made up of two molecules of dipyrophos-
phoric acid esters of inosite joined through one molecule of pyro-
phosphoric acid and, accordingly, it corresponds with the following

formula:
; CseHo(OH)3;0; =[P203(OH)s)>

CsH«(OH);0; —[P203(OH)s]o

It is evident therefore that complex compounds such as phytic
acid is supposed to be cannot be formed at elevated temperatures,

New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 141

as in the various reactions tried in these experiments only esters
were produced, and at lower temperatures apparently no reaction
takes place. These compounds are in physical and chemical prop-
erties very similar to phytic acid. They form analogous acid salts
which in appearance and solubility seem almost identical with salts
of phytic acid. Whether esters, such as above, are found in nature
is at present unknown. It is, however, not impossible that a part
of the organically bound phosphorus existing in plants may be present
in some such, or similar, forms.

The silver salts previously referred to were prepared in the hope
that they might serve for the preparation of an ester of phytic acid with
which molecular weight determinations might be made. As was to be
expected, however, only acid salts were obtained and, as such, were
quite useless for the purpose in view. In the reaction between
phytic acid and silver nitrate, nitric acid is of course liberated and
when any strong acid is present only acid phytates are obtained.

Efforts made to prepare an ester by acting on sodium phytate
with methylsulphate proved useless as no ester could be isolated.
Further experiments along this line are contemplated and will be
reported later.

In an article concerning the phosphorus compounds found in food
materials which appeared in a Swedish chemical journal little known
in this country and which is not abstracted by any of the larger
chemical journals, a valuable contribution to the chemistry of phytin
was made by A. Rising.’ Among other things he describes a silver
phytate of the following composition: C 5.5, H 1.08, P 13.2 and
Ag 52.65 per ct., from which results he concludes that it must
represent a complex pyrophosphoric acid compound of inosite. It
is noteworthy that this author and E. Starkenstein,? independently,
and practically at the same time expressed the same opinion, viz:
that phytin represents a complex pyrophosphoric acid compound of
inosite.

The silver salt described by Rising corresponds to the hepta-silver
phytate mentioned in this paper. He proposes the following empiri-
cal formula: C ,HywAgsP;O2, but his results agree equally well with
a hepta-silver phytate: CsH17O27PsAg;.

Found by Found for hepta-silver phytate

Calculated Rising. - in this laboratory
(OO? BY ne 5.50
Ey AG alt 8 ts 1.08
Bato te tines «3 13.20 13.02 per cent.
(Ag. D1.B4. 2. secseia 52.65 52.43 per cent.

From the above there appears to be no doubt that these salts are
identical.

1 Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift 22: 143 (1910).

Notr.— [I am indebted to Mr. A. R. Rose of Columbia University for this as well
as for many other valuable references to literature.

2 Loc. cit.

142 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

The several salts of phytic acid reported in this paper were pre-
pared from previously purified and analyzed phytic acid and for
this reason it was deemed quite superfluous to make carbon and
hydrogen determinations on each salt.

EXPERIMENTAL.

CALCIUM MAGNESIUM POTASSIUM PHYTATE.

Two gms. phytic acid was dissolved in about 100 cc. of water,
0.224 gm. of MgO (2 mol.), and 0.84 gm. CaCO; (3 mol.) added.
The MgO dissolved at once and nearly all the calcium carbonate
but the salt of phytic acid was precipitated at the same time as a
white precipitate. This was dissolved by a few drops of hydro-
chloric acid, the solution filtered and the filtrate rendered slightly
alkaline to litmus with potassium hydroxide. After the precipitate
has settled it was filtered off, washed well in 50 per ct. alcohol,
alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The
product was a fine white amorphous powder. It was free from
chlorine. On moist litmus paper it showed a faintly alkaline reac-
tion. It was slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in dilute
acids. Yield 2.9 gm.

After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide it
was analyzed.

For C6H12007Ps Cas;Mge K, == 948

Calculated Ca 12.65; Mg 5.12, K 8.24, P 19.60 per ct.

Found Ca 13.03; Mg 4.29, K 6.42, P 19.07 per ct.

This shows the difficulty of obtaining pure salts of phytic acid when
several bases are combined in the same molecule of the salt.

PENTA—CALCIUM PHYTATE.

One gm. phytic acid was dissolved in about 50 cc. of water and
excess of calcium acetate added. On the first addition of the calcium
acetate a white precipitate is produced, but on shaking this redis-
solves and only after a liberal excess of the acetate has been added
is the precipitate permanent. After settling, the product was
filtered and thoroughly washed in 50 per ct. alcohol, alcohol and
ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The substance was
a perfectly white amorphous powder. On moist litmus paper it
showed an acid reaction. It is only slightly soluble in water, readily
soluble in dilute mineral acids, less soluble in acetic acid.

For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus
pentoxide.

For CeHysOo7P Cas = 904

Calculated Ca 22.12: P 20.57 per ct.

Found Ca 22.46: P 20.62 per ct.

New York AGRicuLTuRAL ExpERIMENT Srarion. 143

TETRA—CALCIUM PHYTATE.

Various attempts were made to obtain a penta-calcium phytate
in crystalline form without success. A tetra-calcitum phytate was
finally obtained by the following method:

The penta-calcium phytate was dissolved in a small quantity of
0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, a concentrated solution of calcium
acetate was added until a permanent precipitate remained which
was then dissolved by the addition of a few drops of dilute hydro-
chloric acid. On now concentrating in vacuum to somewhat less
than half the bulk at a temperature of 40° the calcium salt separates.
The product was filtered off, washed thoroughly in 50 per ct. alcohol,
alcohol and ether and dried in the air. The substance was a white
semicrystalline or fine granular powder of irregular form. Its solu-
bility was practically the same as for the penta-calcium phytate.
It was free from chlorine.

On drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide the sub-
stance lost water corresponding to 12 H,0.

0.2120 gm. subst.: 0.0422 gm. H.0. ‘
0.1238 gm. subst. gave 0.0308 gm. CaO and‘0.0967 gm. Mg»P:0;.
0.1857 gm. subst. gave 0.0456 gm. CaO and 0.1448 gm. Mg>P20;.

For C>5HieQ27P Cas => 866

Calculated Ca 18.47: P 21.47 per ct.

Found Ca-17.78: P.21.77 per ct.
Ca 17.55: P 21.73 per ct.

For 12 H.0 calculated 19.96: found 19.90 per ct.

PENTA—MAGNESIUM PHYTATE.

After dissolving 2.5 gm. phytic acid in about 100 cc. of water,
a concentrated solution of magnesium acetate was added. This
did not cause any precipitate nor could the substance be brought
to crystallization by any of the usual methods. The solution was
then concentrated to about half its bulk in vacuum at a tempera-
ture of 35°-40°. As the concentration proceeded the substance
began to separate as a heavy powder. This was filtered off, well
washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in the air.
The product was a perfectly white semi-crystalline or loose granular
powder of irregular form. On moist litmus paper it showed an
acid reaction. It was slightly soluble in water, readily soluble in
acids.

For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pent-
oxide. It lost water corresponding to 24 H.O.

0.1504 gm. subst. gave 0.0510 gm. HO.

0.0997 gm. subst. gave 0.0671 gm. MgeP,O; for Mg.

0.0498 gm. subst. gave 0.0393 gm. Mg,P20O; for P.

144. Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

For CsHisO27P.Mg; == 825.5

Calculated Mg 14.71: P 22.53 per ct.

Found Mg 14.69: P 21.99 per ct.

For 24 H,O Calculated 34.86: found 33.91 per cent.

HEXA—CUPRIC PHYTATE.

This salt is precipitated directly from phytic acid solutions by copper
acetate. It is difficult, however, to obtain a pure compound as it
is apt to contain either too little or too much copper, depending
upon the conditions under which the precipitate is formed. In the
purification of phytic acid it is usual to remove other bases which
are present by repeatedly precipitating with barium chloride; the
barium salt which is finally obtained is then decomposed with sul-
phuric acid. It is found, however, that if only the calculated quantity
of sulphuric acid is used the barium sulphate which is formed is
in an extremely fine condition which it is impossible to remove com-
pletely either by repeated filtrations or even by day-long centri-
fuging. But if a slight excess of sulphuric acid is used the barium
sulphate in the course of only a few hours becomes heavy and gran-
ular and may be easily removed by simple filtration. In order to
get rid of the excess of sulphuric acid the solution is now precipitated
with copper acetate. The copper salt can be easily washed free
of the sulphate and acetate with water as it is very slightly soluble
in very dilute acids. The pure copper salt is then easily decomposed
with hydrogen sulphide and the free phytic acid obtained.

The copper phytate obtained from such slightly acid solutions
was analyzed and the following results obtained:

For CeHi2007P Cus — 1083
Calculated Cu 35.18: P 17.17 per ct
Found Cu 33.54: P 16.88 per ct.

Pure phytic acid in water was precipitated with pure copper
acetate when a compound was obtained which had the following
composition:

Cu 37.57: P 15.13 per ct.

It is seen from above that from slightly acid solutions of phytic
acid a copper salt is precipitated which contains somewhat too little
copper while from an aqueous phytic acid solution a salt is obtained
which contains over 2 per ct. excess of copper.

The copper phytate is, like all other phytates, exceedingly soluble
in 10 per ct. phytic acid. It dissolves readily until a thick heavy
syrup is formed, but it was found impossible to bring this solution
to crystallization. Both of the above copper salts show an acid

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 145

reaction on moist litmus paper. The red color is only developed
slowly and is probably due to hydrolysis.

OCTA-SILVER PHYTATE.

This salt is obtained when an equeous solution of phytic acid,
mixed with twelve equivalents of silver nitrate, is precipitated with
alcohol. The product is a heavy, white, flocculent precipitate which
settles at once. It was filtered off, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol
and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product
is only slightly affected by light but on continued exposure turns first
yellowish and later dark in color. In the dry state it is a heavy
white amorphous powder of acid reaction on moist litmus paper.
It is very soluble in dilute nitric acid and exceedingly soluble in
phytic acid. Many attempts were made to bring it to crystallization
from the latter solution without success.

For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus
pentoxide.

For CeHigO27P Ags =——1569
Calculated Ag 55.00; P 11.85 per ct.
Found Ag 55.98: P 11.94 per ct.

HEPTA-SILVER PHYTATE.

This salt is obtained when the octa-silver phytate, dissolved in
dilute nitric acid, is precipitated with alcohol. The precipitate after
filtering, washing and drying as before was analyzed. In appearance
and properties it was identical with the octa salt.

For CeHi7027P.Agz = 1462
Calculated Ag 51.64: P 12.72 per ct.
Found Ag 52.43: P 13.02 per ct.

DI-PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER OF INOSITE.

Dry pyrophosphoric acid 17.02 gm. (little over 9 mol.) was heated
in a flask in an oil bath to about 200°C. and 5.4 gm. (3 mol.) dry
inosite added. At this temperature the inosite dissolved at once
forming a thick reddish-brown colored solution. After heating to
220° for a few minutes the flask was removed and allowed to cool.
The reaction mixture was dissolved in 500 cc. of water, 20 ec. 5/N
hydrochloric acid added and the whole boiled for about one hour.
At the end of this time the excess of the pyrophosphoric acid has
become changed to orthophosphoric acid and as such does not
interfere with the precipitation of the barium salt of the ester with
alcohol.

After cooling the above solution containing the new ester it was
diluted to 1 liter with water, a solution of 40 gm. of barium chloride
in water was added and the barium salt of the ester was then pre-

146 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL [INDUSTRY OF THE

cipitated by adding 1 liter of alcohol. The resulting precipitate was
filtered off at once and for the purpose of removing adhering inorganic
phosphate was precipitated twice from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid,
in the presence of a small quantity of barium chloride, with alcohol
and then twice from the same strength hydrochloric acid with alcohol.
After finally filtering and thoroughly washing in 50 per ct. alcohol,
alcohol and ether it was dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The
product so obtained was a white amorphous powder. In appear-
ance it was very similar to the tribarium phytate and the barium
salt of the tetra phosphoric acid ester of inosite except that when
precipitated with alcohol the particles appeared coarser. On moist
litmus paper it showed a strong acid reaction. It was readily soluble
in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids, less soluble in acetic acid,
very slightly soluble in water and exceedingly soluble in 10 per ct.
phytic acid. It was free from chlorine. Yield 118 gm.

After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide the
substance was analyzed.

0.2617 gm. subst. gave 0.0421 gm. H.O and 0.1016 gm. CO,
0.2796 gm. subst. gave 0.0488 gm. H.O and 0.1080 gm. CO,
0.2566 gm. subst. gave 0.1495 gm. BaSQO, and 0.1443 gm.
MgeP2O,7
Found: C 10.58: H 1.80: P 15.67: Ba 34.28 per ct.
C 10.53: H 1.95 per ct.

The substance was not yet pure being probably mixed with some
monopyrophosphoric acid ester of inosite; at least the high carbon
and low phosphorus points to such a conclusion.

It was hoped that the exceeding solubility of the substance in
phytic acid might serve to separate these bodies. For this purpose
the whole substance was dissolved in 20 ce. 10 per ct. phytic acid.
On diluting with water a portion of the substance separated as a
heavy granular powder. To complete the separation 100 cc. of
water was added and then allowed to stand two days at room tem-
perature. This precipitate was discarded; as analysis, after purifying
by precipitating from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol,
showed that it was still impure and only 0.9 gm. had been obtained.
The great bulk of the substance was accordingly contained in the
filtrate from the above. This filtrate was diluted to 300 cc. with
water and then precipitated by adding 300 cc. alcohol. The volu-
minous white precipitate was filtered off, washed thoroughly in 50
per ct. alcohol and alcohol. For purification it was dissolved in

0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and precipitated by alcohol. After
' filtering and thoroughly washing in dilute alcohol until free from
chlorine it was washed in alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum
over sulphuric acid. The product so obtained was a pure white
amorphous powder. On moist litmus paper it showed a strong

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTIon. 147

acid reaction. The solubility corresponded with that previously
observed. Yield 7.7 gm.

For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus
pentoxide.

0.2914 gm. subst. gave 0.0440 gm. H2O and .1026 gm. CO.
0.1667 gm. subst. gave 0.0977 gm. Ba So, and 0.0960 gm. Mg2P20;.

For C;H.(OH), O.(P20;HBa)>2 —— Oat
Calculated C 9.34: H 1.55: P 16.08: Ba 35.64 per ct.
Found C 9.60: H 1.68: P 16.05: Ba 34.48 per ct.

The barium was found to be a little low but this is compensated
for through a slightly high carbon content; moreover it is sometimes
difficult to obtain amorphous salts of this kind which show closer
agreement than the above. The analysis leaves no doubt that the
substance was the barium salt of the ester in question. It will be
noticed that the dipyrophosphoric acid ester is isomeric with the tetra-
phosphoric acid ester of inosite previously referred to. Lack of time
has prevented the determination of the free alcoholic (OH) groups
in the inosite ring in either of these compounds. Experiments along
this line are contemplated, however.

That the reaction between the inosite and the pyrophosphoric acid
actually occurred along the lines discussed above may be judged
by the amount of water given off. To determine this point 0.36
gm. inosite (one mol.) and 1.06 gm. pyrophosphoric acid (3 mol.)
both previously dried at 100° C. were heated in a small flask in oil
bath at 200°-220° under the same conditions as in the above experi-
ment. The water, which began to come over at a temperature of
about 200°, was collected in a weighed calcium-chloride tube. The
aqueous vapors were removed by means of the suction pump but
no special effort was made to secure quantitative results. The water
obtained weighed 0.0494 gm. whereas the quantity calculated for
2 mol. HO is 0.072 gm. The amount obtained is therefore only
about 68 per ct. of the theory.

PREPARATION OF THE FREE DIPYROPHOSPHORIC ESTER.

The air-dried barium salt of the ester (4 gm.) was suspended in
water and decomposed with a slight excess of sulphuric acid, the
barium sulphate was removed and the solution precipitated with
copper acetate. The copper salt was filtered off, thoroughly washed
in water, suspended in water and decomposed with hydrogen sul-
phide. It was found impossible to remove the copper sulphide com-
pletely by filtration as it formed a colloidal solution, but by acidify-
ing with a few drops of hydrochloric acid and heating to boiling the
copper sulphide precipitated. After filtering, the filtrate was evap-
orated several times in vacuum for the removal of the hydrochloric

148 Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

acid and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid and potassium
hydroxide until it was of a thick syrupy consistency. The product
obtained was of the same appearance as phytic acid or the tetra-
phosphoric ester, viz.: a thick, light amber colored liquid. After
drying at 105° the substance was analyzed.

0.1709 gm. subst. gave 0.0552 gm. HO and 0.0892 gm. COx.
0.1739 gm. subst. gave 0.1517 gm. MgpP20;.

For CsH.(OH)s02 [P.O3 (OH)s]> —
Calculated C 14.40: H 3.20: P 24.80 per ct.
Found C 14.23: H 3.61: P 24.31 per ct.

PROPERTIES OF THE FREE DIPYROPHOSPHORIC ESTER.

The concentrated aqueous solution is a thick, light amber colored
syrup. On longer drying over sulphuric acid it becomes a hard and
brittle hygroscopic mass.
| The aqueous solution is of strong acid reaction and sharp acid
taste.

With barium chloride no precipitate is produced either in the
cold or on heating; alcohol or ammonia produces a white precipitate
in this solution.

Calcium chloride gives no precipitate even on heating but alcohol
causes in this solution a voluminous flocculent precipitate.

Calcium acetate produces at once a white precipitate sparingly
soluble in acetic but readily soluble in mineral acids.

Magnesium acetate gives a white precipitate readily soluble in
acids.

Ferric chloride gives a white or faintly yellowish precipitate very
sparingly soluble in acids.

Barium acetate gives a white precipitate sparingly soluble in acetic
acid but readily soluble in dilute hydrochloric or nitric acids.

Dilute silver nitrate does not cause a precipitate but concentrated
silver nitrate gives a white precipitate.

With ordinary molybdate solution no precipitate is produced but
neutral molybdate gives a white precipitate which slowly turns
yellowish in color. On drying at 105° the substance turns very dark
in color.

INOSITE FROM DI-PYROPHOSPHORIC ESTER.

The free ester, 0.65 gm., was heated with 20 cc. 5/N sulphuric
acid in sealed tube to 150° for about three hours. The inosite was
isolated by the usual method and crystallized from dilute alcohol
after addition of ether. After recrystallizing from hot dilute alcohol,
adding ether and allowing to stand several hours in the cold, the sub-
stance was obtained in small colorless crystals free from water of
crystallization: Yield 0.18 gm. or 75 per ct. of the theory. The

New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 149

air-dried, water-free substance melted at 221° C. (uncor.) and it

gave the reaction of Scherer. Drying at 110° for one hour caused

no loss of weight. On analysis the following results were obtained:
0.1634 gm. subst. gave 0.0981 HO and 0.2374 gm. COs.

For C.Hi20¢ ==)
Calculated C 40.00: H 6.66 per ct.
Found C 39.62: H 6.71 per ct.

DI-INOSITE TRIPYROPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER

This ester is formed when dry inosite is heated with excess of
pyrophosphoric acid. The molecule of the new ester evidently con-
sists of two molecules dipyrophosphoric acid esters of inosite joined
by one molecule of pyrophosphoric acid.

Dry inosite 1.8 gm. (1 mol.) were heated with 10.7 gm. (6 mol.)
pyrophosphoric acid under the same conditions as described for the
dipyrophosphoric ester and it was isolated as the barium salt in
exactly the same way. After precipitating five times from 0.5 per
ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol the product was finally obtained
as a perfectly white amorphous powder. Its solubilities corresponded
practically with those mentioned for the dipyrophosphoric acid ester
and likewise it showed a strong acid reaction on moist litmus paper.

For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pent-
oxide.

0.2086 gm. subst. gave 0.0296 gm. H.O and 0.0614 gm. CO,-
0.1412 gm. subst. gave 0.0879 gm. BaSO, and 0.0844 gm. MgeP20;.
Found C 8.02: H 1.58: P 16.66: Ba 36.63 per ct.

This substance was then again precipitated twice from 0.5 per ct.
hydrochloric acid with alcohol and after drying at 105° gave the
following result on analysis:

0.2420 gm. subst. gave 0.0342 gm. H,O and 0.0725 gm. CO.
0.2331 gm. subst. gave. 0.1422 gm. BaSO and 0.1384 gm. Mg»P2Ov.

For Cy2H 204, P 10 Bas = 1818

Calculated C 7.92: H 1.21: P 1705: Ba 37 73 per ct.
Found IC 8.02: H 1.58: P 16.66: Ba 36.66 per ct.
Found II C 8.17: H 1.58: P 16.55: Ba 35.90 per ct.

_ As repeated precipitations did not alter the composition it was:
undoubtedly a homogeneous compound. The barium was found to
be too low, but as previously remarked, it is difficult to obtain these
amorphous salts in absolutely pure form. The percentage of the:
base combined with the acid is apt to vary more or less, depending
upon conditions. The analysis of the free ester leaves no doubt
but that the substance was the compound in question.

150 Report or DEeparTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

PREPARATION OF THE FREE DI-INOSITE TRI-PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID
ESTER.

The purified dry barium salt (1.5 gm.) was suspended in water,
decomposed with slight excess of sulphuric acid, the barium sulphate
removed and the solution precipitated with copper acetate. The
copper salt was decomposed and the free ester obtained in exactly
the same way as described for the di-pyrophosphoric ester.

In this case also the copper sulphide could be precipitated only
after the solution had been acidified with hydrochloric acid. For
the removal of the hydrochloric acid the filtrate was evaporated
several times in vacuum with water and finally dried in vacuum over
sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide. The product, like the
previous compound, was a thick, light amber colored syrup. For
analysis it was dried at 105° C.

0.1607 gm. subst. gave 0.0466 gm. H,O and 0.0744 gm. CO,.
0.1083 gm. subst. gave 0.1030 gm. MgeP207.

For Cy2H32041P io =— 1142
Calculated C 12.60: H 2.80: P 27.14 per ct.
Found C 12.62: H 3.24: P 26.51 per ct.

PROPERTIES OF THE DI-INOSITE TRI-PYROPHOSPHORIC ESTER

The preperties of this ester agree in the main with those mentioned
of the di-pyrophosphoric ester. The concentrated solution of the
ester forms a thick, light amber colored syrup which on longer drying
in desiccator becomes brittle and hygroscopic. The aqueous solution
is of strong acid reaction and pleasant acid taste. The precipitates
produced with calcium, magnesium, silver and iron salts are identical
with those given by the di-pyrophosphoric ester.

Barium chloride produces at once a white precipitate sparingly
soluble in acetic but readily soluble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric
acids.

Ordinary molybdate solution produces a white precipitate which
does not turn yellowish in color, being in this respect identical with
phytic acid.

Neutral molybdate solution causes at first a voluminous white
precipitate which redissolves almost immediately. The addition of
a few drops of the ordinary acid molybdate to this solution and
scratching with a glass rod causes the separation of long white needle-
shaped crystals. The crystals and the precipitate caused by the
ordinary molybdate solution are readily soluble in ammonia.

On drying at 105° the substance turns very dark in color.

Lack of material prevented the hydrolysis of this ester and the
isolation of inosite as one of the products of decomposition had
therefore to be omitted.

THE ORGANIC-PHOSPHORIC ACID COMPOUND
OF WHEAT BRAN: PRELIMINARY REPORT.*

(THIRD PAPER CN PHYTIN.)
R. J. ANDERSON.

SUMMARY.

In the examination of the organic-phosphoric acid compound of
wheat bran none of the characteristic salts of phytic acid could be
isolated.

The purified barium salts of the compound corresponded to the
following formulas: C.; H;; O54 Py Ba; and Cop Hi; O19 Py Bas.

Attempts to isolate the free acid corresponding to the first salt
did not succeed. From both salts the same acid, corresponding to
that of the second salt, Co H;; O19 Py was obtained. This acid is
apparently formed from the first by the splitting off of the elements
of one pentose.

Crystalline salts of the acid Co H;; O19 Py with inorganic bases
could not be obtained. A crystalline brucine salt Co H;; Ouy Po
(Co3 Hee O4 Ny) 10+30 H2O was easily formed.

Since all the purified barium salts prepared under different con-
ditions, either from the previously isolated crude substance or from
the bran extract itself, could all finally be changed into salts of the
acid Co H;; Og Py under liberation of reducing substances, the
conclusion seems justified that this acid is the only organic-
phosphoric-acid present and that wheat bran does not contain
phytin.

INTRODUCTION.

In the last two papers dealing with the chemistry of phytin,
various salts of phytic acid with inorganic bases have been described
as well as various phosphoric and pyrophosphoric acid esters of
inosite. In connection with the above work the subject of the
organic phosphorus compound of wheat bran was taken up.

Patten and Hart? had shown that wheat bran contains an organic-
phosphorus body which on cleavage with 30 per ct. sulphuric acid
in a sealed tube gave inosite as one of the products of decomposition.
They also obtained an acid from a 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid
extract of bran which on analysis gave results corresponding very
closely with the theoretical composition of phytic acid or, as the
substance was then called, ‘‘ anhydro-oxymethylene di-phosphoric
acid)’?.

1 Jour. Biol. Chem. 11:471, and 12:97; and Technical Bulls. 19 and 21 of this
Station.

2 Amer. Chem. Jour. 313566. 1904.

* A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 22, September, 1912; also appeared
in Jour. Biol. Chem, 11:447. 1912.

[151]

152 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

These results led the above authors to believe that the substance
which they had isolated was identical with the organic-phosphorus
compound described by Palladin,! Schulze and Winterstein,? and
later by Winterstein,? and which was finally obtained in pure form
by Posternak,* who gave the substance the name “ phytin”’.

The above substance, isolated by Patten and Hart and which
they assumed to be phytin, has since then been regarded as such
by other investigators, among whom may be mentioned Suzuki and
Yoshimura,®> Neuberg,® and Forbes.7’ These authors do not, how-
ever, report any complete analyses of the substance.

Since the investigation of the organic-phosphorus compound of
wheat bran by Patten and Hart, several feeding experiments, some
of which have not yet been published, to determine the physiological
effect of phytin have been carried out at this institution by Dr.
Jordan. In these experiments it has been found that the effect of
pure phytin salts has been decidedly different from that obtained by
feeding varying quantities of washed and unwashed wheat bran.’
These anomalous results could not be explained on the assumption
that only ‘‘ phytin”’ was removed from the bran by washing. What
still more complicated the problem was the fact that previous work
had shown that very little besides phosphorus compounds and
inorganic bases had been removed from the wheat bran in the process
of washing or leaching.°

In the hope of throwing some light on this subject, the chemical
investigation of the products removed from wheat bran by washing
it in dilute acid was again taken up. The chief object was to isolate
and identify the organic-phosphorus body and to determine what
bases were associated with it.

If ordinary wheat bran be extracted with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric
acid and the resulting filtered extract precipitated with alcohol, a
body is obtained which, after repeated precipitations from 0.2 per ct.
hydrochloric acid with alcohol, shows a relatively uniform com-~
position. The composition varies somewhat, depending upon the
conditions under which the substance is prepared, but on an average
it has been found to be about as follows: C 21.0, H 3.5, P 14.0
per ct. The substance also contains calcium, magnesium, potassium
and sodium in varying amounts, together with traces of iron, and it
always contains nitrogen varying from 2.1 to 0.4 per ct. The
nitrogen, however, is not present as ammonia.

1Ztschr. Biol. 31: 199. 1894.

2Ztschr. physiol. Chem. 22: 90.

3 Ber. deut. Chem. Ges. 30: 2299.

4 Rev. Gen. Bot. 12: 5 and 65 (1900) and Compt. Rend. 137: 202, 337 and 439 (1903).
5 Bull. Coll. Agric. (Tokyo) 7: 498.

6 Biochem. Ztschr. 16: 405.

7 Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 215.

8 Amer. Jour. Physiol. 16: 268. 1906.

° Ibid. 16: 274 and 304. 1906.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 153

This compound reduces Fehling’s solution on boiling. It gives
reactions with orcine and phloroglucine and yields furfurol when
distilled with 12 per ct. hydrochloric acid It was first described by
Patten and Hart,! although they do not mention the above reac-
tions. As previously stated, they considered it identical with phytin,
although according to their analysis it had the following composition:

C 18.52, H 3.83, P 16.38, Ca 1.13, Mg 5.80, K 2.60, N 0.37 per ct.

It will be noticed at once that for a salt of phytic acid the above
compound has about 10 per ct. too much carbon and about 6 per ct.
too little phosphorus.

After isolating and purifying some of the substance, as will be
described in the experimental part, a product was finally obtained
which had the composition mentioned above, viz: C 21.0 per ct., ete.
It was believed at first that it was an impure phytin compound,
probably associated with some carbohydrate group and some complex
nitrogen-containing body. All attempts to prepare any of the
characteristic salts of phytic acid from the substance have failed.
We have found, however, that it is possible by the action of barium
hydroxide to separate the substance into two constituents: one an
organic-phosphoric acid free from nitrogen, and a second body
containing nitrogen.

The nitrogen-containing compound also contains phosphorus in
organic combination. It has, however, not been obtained in pure
form. It has not been analyzed and its nature is at present entirely
unknown.

The barium salt of the nitrogen-free body corresponds to
’ the formula Co; Hss Os4 Po Bas. The isolation of the free acid,
Cos Hes Oss Po, corresponding to the above barium salt, has not
succeeded. Attempts to isolate it led to an organic-phosphoric
acid, lower in carbon and higher in phosphorus, of the composition
Coo Hss Org Po. In the process of isolation apparently the elements
of one pentose are split off:

Cos Hes O54 Py — Cs Hio Os = Coo H55 Ong Po.

If, in the preparation of the above barium salt from the crude
substance, the solution is allowed to stand in contact with dilute
hydrochloric acid for any length of time a barium salt is obtained
corresponding to the second acid, Coo H4s; Ory Py Ba; from which
salt the free acid may be generated.

The barium salt, Cz; Hs; O54 Ps Bas, yields furfurol on distillation
with 12 per ct. hydrochloric acid but the salt Coo Hi; Ou Po Bas
does not do so.

The acid, Coo Hs; Or Ps, apparently represents the nucleus of
the molecule of the organic-phosphorus compound, as it has been
found impossible to obtain any simpler organic-phosphoric acid
from it by treatment with acids.

1 Loc. cit.

154 Report or DrepARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

On boiling with normal sulphuric acid at ordinary pressure it is
slowly decomposed with formation of phosphoric acid and reducing
bodies, apparently carbohydrates, as the solution reduces Fehling’s
solution and gives reactions with orcine and phloroglucine; but no
trace of inosite could be isolated. The unchanged portion isolated
from the reaction mixture has exactly the same composition as it
had before boiling, which indicates that the molecule is gradually
broken up into reducing bodies and phosphoric acid without suffer-
ing any intermediate or partial decomposition.

On heating the substance in a sealed tube with 5/N sulphuric
acid the cleavage appears to go in another direction; for in this
case 90 per ct. of the total carbon was recovered in the form of
inosite and absolutely no reducing bodies were present in the reaction
mixture. No explanation can be offered at this time concerning
this peculiar behavior towards sulphuric acid under ordinary pressure
and in a sealed tube.

It is evident that this compound is not phytin. The only similar-
ity between these substances is found in that they are both organic-
phosphoric acids and that when heated in a sealed tube with acids
they yield inosite as one of the products of decomposition. Whether
this new compound contains the inosite as such or whether it is
only formed in the process of decomposition cannot be definitely
determined at this time. However, if it were a complex compound
of inosite and phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid, the isolation of
inosite should be possible after cleavage with dilute acid at ordinary
pressure. As has been stated, this cannot be done and, moreover,
the empirical formula of the substance can hardly be brought into
accord with any inosite compound.

The substance is probably similar to, if not identical with, the
glucophosphoric acid described by Levene.1 The same author?
also described an organic-phosphoric acid compound isolated from
hemp seed which gave reactions for pentose or glucoronic acid.
Since phytin does not give these reactions, as stated by Neuberg,*
it is very probable that the products examined by Levene were of
the same nature as that described in this paper.

The chief support of the assumption of Patten and Hart* that
the organic-phosphorus compound of wheat bran was phytin was
no doubt based upon the fact that they had obtained a substance
from dilute hydrochloric-acid extract of bran which corresponded
closely in composition with that required for the ‘‘ anhydro-oxyme-
thylene di-phosphoric acid ” of Posternak.

Serious objection, however, must be raised against their method
of isolating this substance in so far as they made absolutely no

1 Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc 24: 190 (1902), and Amer. Jour. Physiol. 8: XI (1903).
2 Biochem. Ztschr. 16: 399.

3 Ibid. 16: p. 405.

4 Loc. cit.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 155

effort to remove inorganic phosphates. From the work of Hart and
Andrews! they believed themselves justified in considering the
inorganic soluble phosphates present in wheat bran as a negligible
quantity. While we cannot enter into any discussion of the above
work here, it is to be noted that in the determination of the soluble
inorganic phosphates in plant constituents Hart and Andrews
extracted the material with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid for 15
minutes and determined the inorganic phosphorus in the filtered
extract by precipitating with nearly neutral ammonium molybdate.
By this method they found 0.036 per ct. inorganic phosphorus in
wheat bran. The total amount of phosphorus compounds soluble
in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid was found to be equivalent to 0.951
per ct. phosphorus.

The inorganic phosphorus found by the above authors is there-
fore equal to 3.78 per ct. of the total phosphorus soluble in 0.2 per
ct. hydrochloric acid.

Suzuki and Yoshimura? report phosphorus determinations in
wheat bran. They found 0.638 per ct. phosphorus soluble in 0.2
per ct. hydrochloric acid; of this, 0.050 per ct. was found to be
inorganic, and 0.579 per ct. organic. The inorganic phosphorus
found in this case is therefore equal to 8.63 per ct. of the total phos-
phorus soluble in 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid.

The work of Forbes and associates? seems to show that the time
allowed by Hart and Andrews, 15 minutes, is not sufficient for com-
plete extraction and that neutral molybdate solution is not suitable
for precipitation in all cases; that when three hours is allowed for
extraction a considerably larger amount of inorganic phosphorus is
obtained.

In the preparation of the “‘ phytin”’ products from wheat bran
Patten and Hart* do not mention any definite time allowed for
extraction but only state that ‘‘ the bran was extracted for several
hours with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid,’’ apparently therefore a
longer time than allowed by Hart and Andrews in their determi-
nations of inorganic-phosphorus.

When wheat bran is digested for several hours in 0.2 per ct.
hydrochloric acid we have found that the resulting extract always
contains a considerable quantity of inorganic phosphates. Quanti-
tative determinations have, however, not been carried out and we
are at present unable to state whether the inorganic phosphates
were present in the bran originally or if they have been formed by
hydrolysis of the organic-phosphorus compounds, but we purpose
to take up this phase of the subject later.

IN. Y. Agr. Exp. Station Bull. 238. 1903.
2 Bull. Coll. Agr. (Tokyo) 7: 498.

8 Loc., cit.

4 Loc. cit.

“

156 Repvorr or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

On precipitating a bran extract, prepared as indicated above,
with any of the usual reagents for the isolation of the organic-
phosphorus compound the inorganic phosphates are more or less
completely precipitated at the same time. In order to remove
these inorganic phosphates we have found it necessary to repeatedly
precipitate the substance from 0.2 or 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid
with alcohol. In other words the substance has been re-precipitated
until the dilute nitric acid solution of the resulting product does not
give any immediate reaction with ammonium molybdate. The
slight amount of phospho-molybdate precipitated from the solution
on longer standing is no doubt due to cleavage rather than to admixed
inorganic phosphates.

In order to determine if any barium salt of different composition
from those discussed above could be prepared directly from wheat
bran extract, the following experiment was carried out: The 0.2
per ct. hydrochloric acid extract of bran prepared as before was
precipitated with barium chloride and alcohol. The substance
was purified by precipitating from 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid
solution with alcohol until it gave no immediate reaction with
ammonium molybdate (compare experimental part).

Analysis showed that this compound contained a higher per-
centage of carbon and lower of phosphorus than the barium salt pre-
pared from the previously isolated crude substance and it gave a
larger amount of furfurol on distillation with 12 per ct. hydrochloric
acid. By treating this compound with dilute sulphuric acid for a
short time some reducing body was split off and the organic-phos-
porus substance finally isolated from the reaction mixture corre-
sponded in composition with the barium salt first prepared, viz.,
C2; Hs; O54 Py Bas. This compound is, however, easily transformed
into Coo H;; O49 Po as has already been shown.

Since we have been unable to isolate any compound from wheat
bran corresponding in composition to a salt of phytic acid we have
come to the conclusion that wheat bran does not contain phytin and
that the above compound C2» H;5 O49 Ps is the only organic-phos-
phoric acid existing in bran. It appears, however, that in its natural
condition in the bran one or more as yet unidentified reducing
bodies, yielding furfurol on distillation with hydrochloric acid, and
which are easily split off by the action of dilute acids, are loosely
bound to this nucleus.

The so-called ‘‘ anhydro-oxymethylene di-phosphoric acid” an-
alyzed by Patten and Hart was undoubtedly a mixture of the above
compound and free phosphoric acid. This seems the more probable
as they had not made any effort to remove inorganic phosphates
in the preparation of their acid.

The empirical formulas suggested in this paper are of course
purely tentative. We are now preparing larger quantities of the

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157

substance from wheat bran and hope shortly to be able to report
further concerning this compound. Various other cereals and
feeding stuffs are also being examined to determine if they contain
phytin or if this other organic-phosphoric acid compound is
present.

EXPERIMENTAL.

PREPARATION OF THE ORGANIC-PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND FROM
WHEAT BRAN.

The bran was digested with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid over
night and the extract after straining and filtering was precipitated
with alcohol according to the method of Patten & Hart (loc. cit.).
The resulting precipitate was purified by precipitating five times
from 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid with alcohol. From 500 grams
bran 2.5 grams substance was obtained as a white amorphous non-
hygroscopic powder. It is readily soluble in its own weight of
water, forming a thick light-amber-colored solution of pleasant
and characteristic but faint acid odor. The substance reduces
Fehling’s solution on boiling and it gives the orcine and phloroglucine
reactions. The aqueous solution is of acid reaction on litmus
paper. It is precipitated by alkalies and solutions of salts of other
metals. Warmed with dilute nitric acid and ammonium molybdate
it does not give any immediate precipitate but on standing for
several hours a trace of yellow phosphomolybdate is precipitated

After drying at 120° the substance was analyzed.

0.1642 gram substance gave 0.0522 gm. H2O and 0.1285 gm. CO>.

0.0860 gram substance gave 0.0428 gm. Mg»P.O; for P.

0.1720 gram substance gave 0.0264 gm. MgeP.O; for Mg.

0.1720 gram substance gave 0.0054 gm. CaO.

0.3897 gram substance gave 0.0085 gm. N (Kjeldahl).

The substance contained only a very small quantity of K.

Found C 21.34, H 3.55, P 13.87, Ca 2.24, Mg 3.35, N 2.18 per ct.

A larger quantity of the product was then prepared by extracting
3 kg. of bran. After isolating and purifying in the same way as
before 47 grams substance was obtained or about 1.5 per ct. of the
weight of the bran used. In appearance and properties it was
identical with the foregoing.

After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide the
substance was analyzed.

0.2444 gram substance gave 0.0710 gm. H.O and 0.1940 gm. CO».

0.3936 gram substance gave 0.0149 gm. CaO and 0.0861 MgeP20;.

0.3936 gram substance gave 0.0623 gm. Ky PtCle.

Phosphorus and nitrogen determinations were not made.

Found C 21.64, H 3.25, Ca 2.70, Mg 4.77, K 2.54 per ct.

158 Reporr oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

The substance was again precipitated from 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric
acid, washed and dried as before when the following results were
obtained on analysis:

0.1934 gram substance gave 0.0639 gm. H,O and 0.1523 gm, COs.

0.3313 gram substance gave 0.0131 gm. CaO and 0.0717 gm.
MegeP207 for Mg.

0.3313 gram substance gave 0.0444 gm. Ke PtCl,.

0.1656 gram substance gave 0.0857 gm. MgeP.O; for P.

0.4639 gram substance gave 0.0058 gm. N (Kjeldahl).

Found C 21.47, H3.69, P 14.42, Ca2.82, Mg 4.72, K 2.15,
N 1.25 per ct.

Sodium was not determined but qualitative tests showed that it
was present.

The reprecipitated substance, 0.3887 gm., distilled with 12 per ct.
HCl gave 0.0367 gm. phloroglucid.

As the composition did not change by reprecipitation it was
deemed sufficiently pure to use in the subsequent experiments.

It was thought at first that this substance might be phytin mixed
with some carbohydrate and some basic nitrogen body. In the
hope of separating these and to obtain pure compounds the sub-
stance was treated with barium hydroxide and the resulting barium
salt purified as follows:

PREPARATION OF THE BARIUM SALT.

Five grams of the substance were dissolved in 10 cc. of water and
the solution diluted to 200 cc. with water. Barium hydroxide was
then added until distinctly alkaline and the mixture heated nearly
to boiling. It was then filtered hot and washed with hot water,
the filtrate being reserved for examination.

The washed barium precipitate was dissolved in just sufficient
0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered, again precipitated with barium
hydroxide, the resulting precipitate dissolved by the careful addition
of dilute hydrochloric acid and then precipitated by the addition
of a like volume of alcohol. The substance was filtered, washed
in dilute alcohol, again dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid
and precipitated in the same manner as before. These operations
were repeated four times. It was then dissolved in the same strength
hydrochloric acid, precipitated with alcohol, filtered, washed in
dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric
acid, The product was a perfectly white amorphous powder.
Yield 3.9 grams.

The substance was slightly soluble in boiling water. On cooling,
however, it does not crystallize out and on concentrating in vacuum
it separates in an amorphous form. Alcohol also produces a white
amorphous precipitate. Various other methods were tried to obtain
the substance in crystalline form but without success. On moist

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 159

litmus paper it shows a strong acid reaction. It was free from
nitrogen.

As it was found impossible to crystallize the substance it was
analyzed directly after drying at 130°.

0.2564 grams substance gave 0.0604 gm. H.O and 0.1314 gm. COx.

0.2903 grams substance gave 0.1544 gm. BaSO, and 0.1324 gm.
Meg:P.07.

Found C 13.97, H 2.63, P 12.71, Ba 31.29 per ct.

Of this substance 1.2124 gm. was distilled with 12 per ct. HCl
when 0.0053 gm. phloroglucid was obtained.

The composition of the above salt is entirely different from that
of a barium phytate. The relation of the numbers found lead to
the empirical formula Cos Hzs Osa Py Ba;=2185.

Calculated for this C 13.73, H 2.51, P 12.76, Ba 31.44 per ct.

EXAMINATION OF THE FILTRATE FROM THH ABOVE COMPOUND AFTER
FRECIPITATING WITH BARIUM HYDROXIDE.

The filtrate was of light amber color. The excess of barium
hydroxide was removed with carbon dioxide, filtered and the filtrate
concentrated on the waterbath; again filtered from traces of barium
carbonate and then dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. There
remained a small quantity of a yellowish amber-colored, somewhat
gummy mass. It contained a large quantity of nitrogen. It did
not reduce Fehling’s solution and gave only a faint biuret reaction.

The substance is readily soluble in water and is again precipitated
by alcohol but it is not precipitated by tannic acid. The aqueous
solution acidified with nitric acid gives no reaction with ammonium
molybdate.

After combustion the ash was found to contain potassium, sodium
and phosphorus. When the crude substance is treated by the
Van Slyke method for amino nitrogen a small quantity of nitrogen
is liberated. ;

Lack of time has prevented the further examination of this body
and it has not been isolated in pure form.

ISOLATION OF THE FREE ACID FROM THE FOREGOING BARIUM SALT.

The barium salt (3.2 grams dry substance) was suspended in
100 ce. of water and decomposed with a slight excess of dilute sul-
phuric acid; the barium sulphate was removed by filtration and
the filtrate precipitated with excess of copper acetate. The copper
salt was filtered, thoroughly washed in water, suspended in water
and decomposed with hydrogen sulphide. The copper sulphide
was filtered off and the filtrate concentrated in vacuum to small
bulk and finally dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid until it was
of a thick syrupy consistency. After drying at 100° to constant
weight the substance was analyzed.

160 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

0.2907 gram substance gave 0.1052 gm. H:,O and 0.1855 gm. COs.
0.1787 gram substance gave 0.0642 gm. H.O and 0.1144 gm. COs.
0.1816 gram substance gave 0.1331 gm. MgeP.O;.

Found I C 17.40, H 4.04, P 20.43 per ct.

II C 17.46, H 4.02 per ct.

These results lead to the empirical formula Cop Hs; O49 Po.

Calculated for Coo Hss O4g Po=1358.

C 17.67, H 4.05, P 20.54 per ct.

This compound differs in composition from the barium salt from
which it was prepared by C; Hio O;; in other words by the elements
of one pentose. This had probably been split off in the decomposition
of the barium salt with the dilute sulphuric acid or else by the copper
acetate, and if so should be found in the filtrate after the copper
salt of the acid had been removed. The filtrate was therefore
examined as follows: The copper was removed by hydrogen sul-
phide and the filtrate, after boiling off excess of H.S, was precipitated
with excess of barium hydroxide; filtered, and the barium precipi-
tated quantitatively with sulphuric acid and the resulting filtrate
evaporated to small bulk in vacuum. The solution was then found
to reduce Fehling’s solution on boiling and ammoniacal silver nitrate
was also reduced. Unfortunately the substance obtained was too
small for any further examination. There is, however, absolutely
no doubt that a reducing body was present and this was most likely
the above mentioned pentose.

PROPERTIES OF THE FREE ACID,
Coo Hiss Ors Po.

Dried in the desiccator it forms first a light-amber-colored thick
syrup which on continued drying forms a thick sticky mass. It is
very soluble in water and also readily soluble in alcohol from which
solution it is thrown out by the addition of ether as a white precipitate
which collects on the sides of the test tube in small oily drops.

The aqueous solution has a strong acid reaction and a pleasant
sharp acid taste and it gives the following reactions:

Magnesium acetate does not give a precipitate but the addition of
calcium acetate, barium chloride or alcohol causes in this solution
a white precipitate.

Silver nitrate does not produce any precipitate but the addition
of alcohol gives a white amorphous precipitate of the silver salt.

It is not precipitated by barium or calcium chlorides but the
acetates of these metals and their hydroxides give white amorphous
precipitates which are soluble in acetic and mineral acids.

Ferric chloride causes a white precipitate which is readily soluble
in dilute hydrochloric or nitric acids.

The alkali salts are very soluble in water but in these solutions
salts of the alkaline earths or the heavy metals produce white

New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTion. 161

precipitates. The addition of alcohol also produces white
precipitates.

The ordinary molybdate solution does not give any precipitate
in dilute solutions of the acid; in concentrated solutions a yellowish
white precipitate is obtained. On acidifying with nitric acid and
heating, the yellow phospho-molybdate is slowly precipitated.

The aqueous solution of the acid is only incompletely precipitated
by magnesia mixture. A slight white-colored amorphous precipitate
is obtained but the addition of alcohol produces a voluminous white
precipitate. This product is, however, not a pure salt as shown by
the following results which were obtained on analysis of the dried
precipitate:

Found Mg 11.29, N 2.40, P 16.45 per ct., which numbers do not
agree with any formula for a pure magnesium ammonium salt of
the above acid.

A larger quantity of the barium salt was prepared by treating 25
grams of the substance with barium hydroxide and purifying the
barium salt in the same way as before, except that after precipitating
the dilute hydrochloric-acid solution with alcohol the mixture was
allowed to stand for several days.

After drying at 125° the following results were obtained on analysis:

C 12.05, H 2.46, P 13.83, Ba 32.19 per ct.

C 11.85, H 2.32, P 13.82, Ba 32.08 per ct.

Although the barium is found somewhat low this salt corresponds
to the penta-barium salt of the acid Cop Hs; Oug Po.

For Coo Ha; Ou Py Ba; eae | BA

Calculated C 11.79, H 2.21, P 13.71, Ba 33.76 per ct.

The free acid prepared from this salt by the same method as before
gave the following results on analysis after previously drying at 130°.

C 16.91, H 3.96, P 20.88 per ct.

C 16.91, H 3.84.

It appears then that the substance Co; He; O15 Po is very sensitive
to acids and that when it is kept in contact with even dilute acids
for any length of time the elements of one pentose, C; Hio O;, are
split off.

BRUCINE SALT OF THE ACID,
Cao Hiss Os Po.

While it was impossible to obtain any erystalline salts of the
above acid with inorganic bases it gave a crystalline brucine salt
of the formula Cg H;; Org Ps (Cas Hoe O. N2) 1e +30 H.O.

About one gram of the acid was dissolved in a small quantity of
water and brucine was then added until the solution showed a slight
alkaline reaction. After diluting the solution with 150 cc. alcohol
and 30 cc. chloroform, ether was added until a slight permanent
turbidity remained. On standing for several days xt room tempera-

6

162 Rerort oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

ture in a well-closed Erlenmeyer flask the substance separated
slowly in long white silky needle-shaped crystals.

In the absence of chloroform or in more concentrated solutions
only amorphous white precipitates are obtained.

The crystals were filtered off and washed in a mixture containing
equal parts of alcohol and ether and finally in ether and dried in
the air. Yield about 0.5 grams.

The substance is very soluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol,
but insoluble in ether or chloroform.

Heated in a capillary tube the substance melts at 196°-198°, but
the melting point is not sharp. On moist litmus paper it shows a
strong acid reaction. It loses weight on drying corresponding to
30 HO. The dried substance was analyzed.

0.1364 gm. substance lost 0.0124 gm. HO and 0.1308 gm. sub-
stance lost 0.0118 gm. H,O.

0.1240 gm. substance gave 0.0694 gm. H.O and 0.2557 gm. COs.

0.1383 gm. substance gave 0.0233 gm. MgeP.O7.

0.1190 gm. substance gave 6.1 cc. nitrogen by 16° and 746 mm.

For Cao H;; Or4g Py (Coz Hoe. O, Ne) 10 = 9298.

Calculated C 56.62, H 5.94, P 5.26, N 5.28 per ct.

Found C 56.24, H 6.26, P 4.69, N 5.86 per ct.

Calculated for 30 HO 9.24 per ct.; found 9.09 and 9.02 per ct.

ACTION OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID ON THE BARIUM SALT.

Five grams of the air-dried salt, Coo H4; O49 Py Bas, were boiled
for one hour under a reflux condenser with 100 ce. N/1 Hz SO,4. The
reaction mixture was precipitated with slight excess of barium
hydroxide, filterd and washed with water. The filtrate was exam-~
ined as mentioned below.

The barium precipitate was shaken up with 300 cc. 0.5 per ct.
hydrochloric acid and the insoluble portion filtered off. To the
filtrate was added an equal volume of alcohol and the white flocculent
precipitate filtered off and washed in dilute alcohol. It was again
dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, precipitated with alcohol,
filtered, washed free of hydrochloric acid with dilute alcohol and
then in alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid.
Yield 2 grams. The product was a white amorphous powder. After
drying at 120° the following results were obtained on analysis:

Found C 11.64, H 2.25, P 13.95, Ba 33.26 per ct.

This corresponds exactly with the composition of the substance
before treatment with N/1 H, SO,. It is apparent therefore that no
partial decomposition takes place.

EXAMINATION OF THE FILTRATE FROM ABOVE.

The excess of barium hydroxide was removed with carbon dioxide
and, after filtering, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum at a

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 163

temperature of 35°—40° to small bulk, again filtered and finally dried
in vacuum over sulphuric acid. There remained 0.08 gram of a
slightly amber-colored amorphous mass of weak acid reaction on
litmus paper and a slight acid taste. The aqueous solution reduced
Fehling’s solution strongly on boiling, and it also gave the orcine
and phloroglucine reactions. The small quantity of the substance
prevented any further examination.

In another case 2} grams of the same barium salt were boiled
with 100 cc. N/1 Hs SO, under reflux condenser for ten hours. After
treating in the same way as above 0.3 gm. unchanged substance was
obtained and the filtrate showed exactly the same properties as
mentioned above. That is, it reduced Fehling’s solution strongly
on boiling, gave the reactions with orcine and phloroglucine, but
attempts to isolate inosite failed, as no trace of this substance could
be found.

PREPARATION OF INOSITE FROM THE BARIUM SALT.

Of the same barium salt (Coo Hu; Ou Po Ba;) 2.73 grams and
20 ec. 5/N Hz SO, were heated in a sealed tube for three hours to 160°.
There was no pressure noticeable on opening the tube. Some free
carbon had separated and the solution was of light-brown color.
The neutralized solution did not reduce Fehling’s solution. The
inosite was isolated in the usual way, and after re-crystallizing from
dilute alcohol and ether was obtained in needle-shaped crystals free
from water of crystallization. It gave the reaction of Scherer and
melted at 220.5° (uncorrected), which leaves no doubt but that the
substance was pure inosite. Yield 0.73 gm., which is equal to
90 per ct. of the total carbon present in the barium salt used. The
air-dried substance was analyzed.

0.1649 gm. substance gave 0.1038 gm. H.O and 0.2406 gm. CO».

0.1323 gm. substance gave 0.0815 gm. H.O and 0.1931 gm. COs».

For Ce H, (OH).= 180.

Calculated C 40.00 H 6.66 per ct.

Found C 39.80 H 7.04 per ct.

C 39.80 H 6.89 per ct.

The 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid extract of bran contains some
dissolved proteins. On precipitating with alcohol these are thrown
down together with the phosphorus compounds. Their presence
makes the subsequent purification difficult, especially the filtrations,
because the proteins have been rendered more or less insoluble and
form a fine slimy mass which clogs the filter paper to such an extent
as to make filtration even by suction extremely tedious.

In order to obviate this the suggestion was made by Dr. Jordan
to first precipitate the bran extract with tannic acid.

The addition of tannic acid was found to cause a voluminous and
very fine precipitate which after standing a short time becomes

164 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

coarser and may then be easily removed by simple filtration. The
resulting filtrate is nearly colorless or of light amber color. Alcohol
produces in this solution a nearly colorless precipitate which is much
more easily purified than the product obtained without first precipi-
tating with tannic acid.

With only this modification some of the substance was prepared
from wheat bran. It was found, however, to differ slightly in com-
position from that obtained by the first method. On analysis the
following results were obtained: C 19.51, H 3.09, P 15.23, Ca 0.38,
Mg 7.35, K 2.75, N 0.57 per ct.

On treating this substance with barium hydroxide and purifying
the resulting precipitate in the same way as before the same barium
salt was obtained:

For Cos H:;; Osa Py Bas =2184.

Calculated C 13.73, H 2.51, P 12.76, Ba 31.44 per ct.

Found C 13.00, H 2.46, P 12.47, Ba 33.00 per ct.

The difference in composition of the crude substance must there-
fore be due to the smaller amount of the nitrogen-containing body
which this preparation was found to hold. In the analysis of the
crude substance only 0.57 per ct. nitrogen was found, whereas the
first preparation had four times, and the second preparation two
times as much.

ISOLATION OF THE SUBSTANCE AS A BARIUM SALT DIRECTLY FROM
THE BRAN EXTRACT.

The bran was digested with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid over
night The strained extract was precipitated with tannic acid,
filtered, and a solution of barium chloride added, which caused a
small precipitate to separate. An equal volume of alcohol was then
added. After settling, the precipitate was filtered and purified as
follows: The substance was dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric
acid, precipitated with barium hydroxide in excess, filtered, again
dissolved in the same strength hydrochloric acid and then precipi-
tated with alcohol. It was then precipitated a second time with
barium hydroxide, and after that precipitated from 0.5 per ct.
hydrochloric acid with alcohol until the product did not give any
reaction with ammonium molybdate.

A white amorphous powder was finally obtained. On moist
litmus paper it showed a strong acid reaction. After drying at 105°
in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide it was analyzed:

0.2870 gm. substance gave 0.0630 gm. H2O and 0.1584 gm. CO».

0.3066 gm. substance gave 0.0653 gm. H,O and 0.1700 gm. COs.

0.2632 gm. substance gave 0.1437 gm. BaSO, and 0.1020 gm.
Mg»P20;.

Found I C 15.05, H 2.45, P 10.80, Ba 32.12 per ct.

TIC 15912, 2538:

New Yorx AcricutturaL Exprriment Station. 165

Distilled with 12 per ct. HCl 0.4736 gm. substance gave 0.071 gm.
phloroglucid.

As will be noticed, this compound contains a considerably larger
percentage of carbon than any of the previous preparations and a
correspondingly low percentage of phosphorus. Calculated on the
same basis as before, it would correspond to a molecule with C 30 or
C 32. By acting upon this compound with dilute sulphuric acid
some reducing body is split off and the salt C2; Hs; O54 Py Ba; results,
identical with that obtained in the first case from the crude substance.

One gram of the above barium salt was digested for about ten
minutes with 20 cc. normal sulphuric acid and heated nearly to
boiling. It was then precipitated with excess of barium hydroxide
and filtered.

The filtrate was freed from excess of barium hydroxide with carbon
dioxide, filtered and evaporated to small bulk, and again filtered.
It was then found to reduce Fehling’s solution strongly on boiling
and to give the orcine and phloroglucine reactions, showing con-
clusively that a reducing body of some kind had been split off by the
action of the sulphuric acid.

The barium precipitate from the above was shaken up with a
small quantity of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered, and the
filtrate precipitated by adding an equal volume of alcohol. After
again precipitating in the same manner the substance was filtered,
washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether, and dried in vacuum
over sulphuric acid. The substance weighed 0.45 grams. For
analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide.

0.2326 gm. substance gave 0.0525 gm. H.O and 0.1208 gm. COs.
_ 0.1859 gm. substance gave 0.1009 gm. BaSO, and 0.0804 gm.
Me, ik 2 Ov.

Found C 14.16, H 2.52, P 12.05, Ba 31.94 per ct.

Calculated for Cos Hiss Osa iPS Ba;=2184.

C'13.73, H 2.51, ‘PP 12:76, Ba‘ 31/44 per ct.

This substance is therefore identical with the barium salt prepared
from the previously isolated crude compound.

We are planning to carry out a complete investigation concerning
this organic-phosphoric acid of wheat bran and its cleavage products.
It is desired especially to isolate and identify the reducing bodies
formed on cleavage with dilute acid. We also wish to take up the
study of the nitrogen-containing substance and beg to reserve the
further investigation of these bodies.

THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORIC ACID OF COTTON-
SEED MEAL.*

R. J. ANDERSON.

SUMMARY.

Cottonseed meal contains an organic phosphoric acid which is
very similar to phytic acid. When heated in a sealed tube with
dilute sulphuric acid it decomposes into inosite and phosphoric
acid. Whether the substance is identical with phytin could not
be determined. The acid gives easily crystallizing barium salts.

The aqueous solution of the free acid gives all those reactions
which have been attributed previously to the presence of pyro- and
metaphosphoric acids in cottonseed meal.

The acid when given in 0.5 and 1 gram doses to rabbits does not
show any marked toxic properties. Symptoms of distress were
produced but the animals recovered their normal appearance after
two or three hours.

INTRODUCTION.

In the investigation of the organic phosphoric acids present in
various cereals and feeding stuffs which is being carried out in this
laboratory, cottonseed meal was also examined. Earlier work by
other investigators has shown that this product probably contains
some complex organic phosphoric acid.’ It seems, however, that
if such a substance is present it has not been isolated in pure form
nor have its properties been fully studied.

The opinion seems to be generally held that cottonseed meal
contains some poisonous principle, but the exact nature of this
principle has never been definitely determined. It has been claimed
that pyro- and metaphosphoric acids were present in cottonseed
meal’ and it was thought that the poisonous properties of the pro-
duct were due to the presence of salts of these acids. More recent
work by Crawford’ led him to believe that the poisonous principle
was a Salt of either a simple inorganic or a complex organic pyro-
phosphoric acid.

The presence of these acids has been adduced from the fact that
the extracts of cottonseed meal give reactions similar to those of
the above acids, viz., anomalous behavior towards ammonium
molybdate, white precipitates with silver nitrate and coagulation of
egg albumen; further, the poisonous effects resemble those given
by these acids. Aside from these reactions, however, there is no

Rather, Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 146 (1912); see p. 176 of this Report.
? Hardin, So. Carolina Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 8, New Series (1892).
3 Crawford, Jour. Pharm. and Exper. Ther. 1: 519 (1910).

* A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 25, December, 1912.
[166]

New York AcricutturaAL Experiment Station. 167

proof whatever that either pyro- or metaphosphoric acid is present
in cottonseed meal.

The purpose of the present investigation was to isolate and
identify, if possible, the organic phosphoric acid in cottonseed meal.
We are, consequently, unable either to deny or affirm the absence
or presence of pyro- or metaphosphoric acid in this product. We
have found, however, that the organic phosphoric acid isolated
from cottonseed meal gives all the reactions reported by the above
authors, which they considered as evidence of the presence of pyro-
and metaphosphoric acid. It seems, therefore, probable that the
reactions referred to are due to the organic phosphoric acid rather
than to pyro- or metaphosphoric acids.

The preparation of the substance and its purification will be more
fully described in the experimental part. It will suffice to state
here that cottonseed meal was extracted with 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric
* acid and the substance isolated as the barium salt. The purifica-
tion of the substance is very difficult. The extract contains large
quantities of soluble impurities, mucilaginous substances, proteins,
etc., which render the purification extremely difficult and tedious.
In addition to the above, there is apparently some carbohydrate
associated with the organic phosphoric acid, the removal of which
requires much time. For the same reasons the yield of the pure
product is very unsatisfactory.

The compound finally obtained is very similar to phytic acid so
far as composition and reactions are concerned. In fact it is im-
possible, from the present data, to determine whether the sub-
stance is phytic acid or an isomer. Both yield inosite when
heated in a sealed tube with dilute sulphuric acid and the reactions
of aqueous solutions of the free acids can hardly be differentiated.

The most striking difference is that the barium salt of the product
from cottonseed meal shows a decided tendency to crystallize, a
property which we have never observed when working with barium
phytate under the same conditions.

If the substance from cottonseed meal is precipitated from acid
solutions with barium hydroxide it separates as a white amorphous
precipitate. When the dried precipitate is digested in 0.5 per ct.
hydrochloric acid it dissolves very readily but after a few minutes
it precipitates again. Under the microscope this precipitate is
seen to consist of balls or globular masses of very fine needle-shaped
crystals. The dilute hydrochloric acid solution of the barium salt
gives a white amorphous precipitate on the addition of alcohol; by
standing for several hours, however, it slowly assumes the same
crystalline form as mentioned above. ‘The free acid is not precip-
itated by barium chloride but if such a solution is allowed to stand
over night or longer the barium salt will separate in fine. needle-
shaped crystals, grouped in the same general form as above but the
individual crystals are much larger. The amorphous precipitates

168 Report or DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

are very soluble in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid but after the sub-
stance has assumed the crystalline form, it is very slightly soluble
in this medium.

While the barium salt was easily obtained in crystalline form it
did not contain a constant amount of the base.

The variations would sometimes amount to as much as 3 or 4
per ct., depending upon the amount of the base present in the
solution and the conditions under which the substance separated.
In the presence of a large excess of barium chloride a salt correspond-
ing nearly to tetrabarium phytate crystallizes out; when a small
amount of barium chloride is present salts showing the above men-
tioned variations are formed; but when the substance has been
repeatedly separated from acid solutions with alcohol a salt is
obtained which corresponds nearly to tribarium phytate.

The aqueous solution of the free acid gives a heavy white
amorphous precipitate with excess of silver nitrate; with ammonium
molybdate a heavy white crystalline precipitate is produced which
remains unchanged in the cold for a long time but when heated it
soon turns yellowish in color. These reactions are identical with
those given by phytic acid; with other metals both acids give appar-
ently identical reactions.

The dilute aqueous solution of the acid coagulates egg albumen
at once. This property, however, is not peculiar to the acid from
cottonseed meal. Phytic acid was found to produce an identical
effect. The tetraphosphoric acid ester of inosite! and the pyro-
phosphoric acid esters of inosite? mentioned in former papers also
gave the same reaction. In view of the fact that the last mentioned
substances coagulate egg albumen, it appears probable that this
property is common to organically bound phosphoric acids.

As will be noticed from the foregoing the organic phosphoric acid
of cottonseed meal gives all the reactions previously attributed to
the presence of pyro- and metaphosphoric acids. But the question
whether or not it is also the toxic principle in cottonseed meal remains
unanswered. Preliminary experiments carried out with the acid
obtained from the purified barium salt on rabbits are not con-
clusive. Given in 0.5 and 1 gram doses, both the free acid and its
potassium salt produced strong symptoms of distress, but after a
few hours the animals regained their normal appearance. Larger
doses passed through the bowel in a very short time and no definite
symptoms developed.

It is difficult to determine just what caused the toxicity of the
preparations which were used in the experiments described by
Crawford. It is evident that very impure substances were given.

1 Anderson, Jour. Biol. Chem. 11: 484 (1912) and Tech. Bull. No. 19, N. Y. Agr.
Exp. Sta. (1912).
. * Ibid, 12: 109 and 111 (1912) and Tech. Bull. No. 21, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. (1912).
3 Loc. cit.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 169

It is our purpose to carry out a series of experiments to determine
the toxicity of the acid from cottonseed meal in comparison with

phytic acid.
EXPERIMENTAL.

The cottonseed meal used in these experiments was obtained from
the stock used as cattle feed at this station. For the first prepara-
tion 4500 grams of meal were digested in 10 liters of 0.2 per ct.
hydrochloric acid over night. It was then pressed through cheese-
cloth and the extract filtered through a layer of clean sand. The
extract was a thick, mucilaginous, very dirty-colored liquid which
could not be filtered through paper. It measured about 5 liters.
It was mixed with about 8 liters of alcohol which produced a very
fine and voluminous dirty precipitate. After settling over night the
supernatant liquid was syphoned off and the residue centrifuged.
The precepitate was then digested in a considerable quantity of
0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and the insoluble portion removed by
centrifuging and the solution precipitated with excess of barium
hydroxide. The mixture was heated nearly to boiling and then
allowed to cool and settle. It was again centrifuged and the residue
treated with 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid in which it was readily
soluble. After a few minutes, however, it began to separate as a
fine crystalline precipitate. The mixture was then filtered and the
above precipitate reserved for special examination.

The filtrate was precipitated by the addition of alcohol, filtered,
and again treated with 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, filtered from
insoluble matter and the filtrate again precipitated by alcohol. It
was filtered and washed in dilute alcohol and then dissolved in 0.5
per ct. hydrochloric acid; heated nearly to boiling and filtered.
The filtrate was now nearly colorless and it was slightly opalescent
in appearance. After again precipitating the hydrochloric acid
solution with alcohol the substance was obtained as a white
amorphous powder. It was very soluble in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric
acid but the solution had a thick, mucilaginous and slightly opal-
escent appearance. This solution was now precipitated with excess
of barium hydroxide when a voluminous, tenacious, ropy precipitate
was obtained. The mixture was thoroughly shaken for some time
and then filtered and washed in water. The washed residue was
dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and precipitated with
alcohol. After repeating this operation the substance was filtered,
washed free of chlorides with dilute alcohol and finally washed in
alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The
product was then a snow-white amorphous powder and it weighed
10.2 grams.

It was but slightly soluble in boiling water. With phloroglucine
and hydrochloric acid it gives a light red color which soon changes
to a reddish-brown. With orcine it gives at first a reddish color
which soon fades leaving a dirty-colored precipitate. After boiling

170 Report or DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

the substance in dilute hydrochloric acid, precipitating the barium

with sulphuric acid, filtering and neutralizing, it strongly reduces

Fehling’s solution on boiling. The nitric acid solution gave no

reaction with ammonium molybdate but after continued heating

a slight precipitate was obtained. The substance was free from

nitrogen and sulphur.

After drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide it
was analyzed.

0.2925 gram subst. gave 0.0894 gm. H2O and 0.2338 gm. COz

0.2514 gram subst. gave 0.0972 gm. BaSO, and 0.0933 gm. MgeP2O;.
Found C = 21.80; H=3.42; P=10.34; Ba = 22.75 per ct.

While the substance was very slightly soluble in boiling water it
was found when it was rubbed up in a mortar with a small quantity
of cold water that it quickly dissolved but it began soon to separate
again. Under the microscope the precipitate was seen to consist of
small balls or globular masses of very fine microscopic needles.

Four grams of the substance were treated as mentioned above.
After standing for two days at room temperature the crystalline
precipitate was filtered off, washed in water, alcohol and ether and
dried in the air. The snow-white crystalline powder was analyzed
after previously drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide. _
0.2092 gram subst. lost 0.0291 gm. H,O
0.1801 gram subst. gave 0.0232 gm. H.O and 0.0379 gm. CO»

0.1754 gram subst. gave 0.1262 gm. BaSO, and 0.0965 gm. Mgs Pp» O;.
Found C = 5.73; H = 1.44; P = 15.33; Ba = 42.34; HO = 13.91 per ct.
The composition of this product differs entirely from that of the

starting material but it agrees closely with that required for tetra-

barium phytate.

Calculated for tetrabarium phytate, CsH:ieQ27;PsBay = 1255.

C=5.73; B= h27;\P =14.82; Ba= 43.74; 1150 =13,62 per ct:

The filtrate from the above crystalline compound was precipitated
by. alcohol, filtered, washed and dried in vacuum over sulphuric
acid. It was a perfectly white amorphous powder. It was analyzed
after drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide.

0.1758 gram subst. gave 0.0790 gm. H2O and 0.2222 gm. COs

0.1247 gram subst. gave 0.0223 gm. BaSO, and 0.0201 gm. MgeP2O;.
Found C = 34.47; H = 5.02; P = 4.49; Ba = 10.52 per ct.

The substance was very soluble in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid
in which it gave the same thick, mucilaginous, slightly opalescent
solution as mentioned above.

The compound first analyzed is evidently not homogeneous. It
apparently consists of some carbohydrate or gummy substance
and an organic phosphorus compound; the latter crystallizes from
the aqueous solution in nearly pure form but the substance cannot
be separated by precipitating the dilute acid solutions with alcohol.
This gummy substance has not been isolated in pure form and we
are entirely in the dark as to its nature and composition.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 171

A portion of the above crystalline barium salt was used for the
preparation of the free acid. The substance was, however, not
pure and it had not been washed free of the mother liquor. The
acid was prepared by the usual method, that is, the barium salt was
decomposed with a slight excess of sulphuric acid, the filtered solution
precipitated with copper acetate, the latter filtered, washed and
decomposed with hydrogen sulphide, again filtered and the filtrate
evaporated in vacuum at a temperature of 40-45° and finally dried
in vacuum over sulphuric acid. In appearance and reactions the
acid was practically identical with phytic acid except that after
boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid and neutralizing it slightly
reduced Fehling’s solution. This reduction, however, we believe
to be due to admixed impurities; for, as stated above, the acid was
not prepared from a pure compound.

The aqueous solution of the acid coagulates egg albumen at once.
As has been already mentioned phytic acid gives the same reaction
as well as the inosite esters of phosphoric and pyrophosphorie acids.
Apparently, therefore, no special significance can be attached to
this reaction.

The acid gave the following result on analysis after previously
drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide:

Found C= 714 23:07 P= 26135 ‘per ct:

The crystalline precipitate mentioned on page 6, which separated
from the solution of the first barium precipitate in 0.5 per ct.
hydrochloric acid, was treated with about 5 per ct. hydrochloric
acid in which the greater portion dissolved. The insoluble matter
was removed by centrifuging and the solution precipitated with
alcohol. This operation was repeated a second time when the
substance was obtained nearly white. It differed from the first
preparation in that its solution in dilute hydrochloric acid was
neither mucilaginous nor opalescent. For further purification the
substance was first precipitated by barium hydroxide from its dilute
hydrochloric acid solution, and then twice precipitated from dilute
hydrochloric acid with alcohol. The precipitates produced by the
alcohol were amorphous at first but when allowed to stand over
night in the mother liquor they always changed to the same crystal-
line form as previously mentioned.

After precipitating the last time with alcohol the substance was
quickly filtered, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and
dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid. The product was a snow-
white amorphous powder and it weighed 7.4 grams.

The filtrate from the above was allowed to stand over night when
a small amount of the substance crystallized out. The crystals
were filtered, washed in dilute alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried
in the air. The substance was free from chlorine and gave no
appreciable color reaction with phloroglucine or orcine. For analysis
it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide.

172 Report oF DEPARTMENT oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY OF THE

0.2450 gram subst. lost 0.0272 gm. H2O on drying

0.2178 gram subst. gave 0.0284 gm. H.O and 0.0522 gm. CO,

0.1776 gram subst. gave 0.1170 gm. BaSO, and 0.1078 gm. MgsP.0;.
Found C = 6.53; H = 1.45; P = 16.91; Ba = 38.76; H.O = 11.10 per ct.
This substance agrees nearly in composition with tribarium phytate.
Calculated for tribarium phytate, CsHis027PsBa3 = 1120.

C =6.42; H=1.60; P= 16.60; Ba = 36.78; 8H2O = 11.39 per ct.

The amorphous product (7.4 grams) mentioned above was analyzed
after previous drying at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide
and the following results obtained:

C=8.04; H=1.62; P=16.65; Ba=36.55 per ct.

The substance was free from chlorine. It was very slightly
soluble in boiling water. With phloroglucine it gave a cherry red
color; with orcine only a faintly, greenish color was produced.
After boiling in dilute hydrochloric acid, precipitating the barium
with sulphuric acid, filtering and neutralizing, it reduced Fehling’s
solution slightly on boiling. Evidently some carbohydrate was still
present.

For further purification the substance was dissolved in 0.5 per ct.
hydrochloric acid, filtered and alcohol added until a faint permanent
turbidity remained. This was cleared up by the addition of a few
drops of dilute hydrochloric acid and the solution allowed to stand
at room temperature. The substance soon began to separate in
the same crystalline form as before. After standing for two days
the crystalline substance was filtered off, washed in water, alcohol
and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid.

The mother liquor was diluted with more alcohol and allowed to
stand as before when a further quantity of the same shaped crystals
was obtained. After filtering, washing and drying as before these
salts were analyzed after first drying at 105°.

Found, first crop of crystals:

C= 7.06; H = 1:53; P = 16.46; Ba =38.16 per ct:

Found, second crop of crystals:

C=1.4/7; WH =1.58;-P =1646,, Ba = 35:12 peri ct,

In order to determine if further treatment would alter the com-
position the whole substance was digested in 50 per ct. acetic acid
over night, filtered, washed in water, alcohol and ether and dried in
the desiccator. It was then dissolved in 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric
acid, filtered and the solution brought to crystallization by the
careful addition of alcohol as before. The product finally obtained
weighed 3.8 grams and it was a snow-white crystalline powder.
For analysis it was dried at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pent-
oxides Bound: C= 7/103. 1052: Pi=27e1 aia = Sheik iperinek
As continued treatment did not alter the composition and as it
separated in crystalline form it was undoubtedly a homogeneous
compound.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 173

The free acid prepared from this purified barium salt by the same
method as before gave the following result on analysis after previous
drying at 78° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide:

0.2626 gram subst. gave 0.0763 gm. H,O and 0.1049 gm. CO.
0.1733 gram subst. gave 0.1686 gm. Mg» P» Oy.

Found C = 10.89; H=3.25; P = 27.11 per ct.

Caleulated for phytic acid CgHosOo7P, = 714.

C=10.08; H=3.36; P = 26.05 per ct.

This acid gave the same reactions as previously described.

PREPARATION OF INOSITE FROM THE ABOVE BARIUM SALT.

Of the dry salt, 1.34 grams were heated in a sealed tube with
10 cc. 5/N sulphuric acid to 160° for about three hours. After pre-
cipitating with barium hydroxide, the inosite was isolated in the
usual way and recrystallized from dilute alcohol with addition of
ether. The product was obtained in colorless needles free from
water of crystallization. The yield was 0.17 grams or about 77
per ct. of the theory. It gave the reaction of Scherer and melted at
221° (uncorrected). The air dried substance was analyzed:

Found C = 39.81; H = 6.96 per ct.

A further quantity of the barium salt was prepared by the fol-
lowing method, which was found to be much less laborious than that
used at first. The cottonseed meal, 8 kilograms, was digested in
16 liters of 0.2 per ct. hydrochloric acid for about 5 hours. It was
then pressed through cheesecloth and the extract filtered through
absorbent cotton. The extract was precipitated with excess of
barium hydroxide, allowed to settle and then centrifuged. The
precipitate was digested in several liters of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric
acid and again centrifuged. The free acid was then nearly neutral-
ized with barium hydroxide. The precipitate which separated was
the barium salt of the organic phosphoric acid. This was filtered
and treated with 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid, in which it was readily
soluble at first, but it soon separated in the usual crystal aggregates.
This was filtered and washed and dissolved in sufficient dilute hydro-
chloric acid and again filtered. The practically colorless filtrate was
precipitated by alcohol. After filtering, it was again dissolved in
dilute hydrochloric acid and precipitated with barium hydroxide,
filtered and washed in water. It was then dissolved in dilute hydro-
chloriec acid, precipitated with alcohol, filtered, washed in dilute
alcohol, alcohol and ether and dried in vacuum over sulphuric acid.
The product was a snow-white amorphous powder, and it weighed
24 grams. It was dissolved in about 300 cc. 0.5 per ct. hydro-
chloric acid filtered and allowed to stand a short time, when a portion
crystallized out. This was filtered off, washed several times in
water and finally in alcohol and ether, and dried in the air. The
white crystalline powder weighed 7.4 grams. The filtrate and

174 Report oF DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

washings from above were united and precipitated by alcohol.
After standing over night the amorphous precipitate had changed
to the usual crystalline form. After filtering, washing and drying in
vacuum over sulphuric acid it weighed 14.7 grams.

The above salts were free from chlorine. The nitric acid solutions
gave no immediate reaction with ammonium molybdate. No
appreciable color reactions were obtained with phloroglucine or
orcine and they did not reduce Fehling’s solution. Metals other
than barium were absent. For analysis the substances were dried
at 105° in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide.

The first crystalline compound gave the following: C=6.05;
H=1.45; P=16.51; Ba=40.04; HzO =12.06 per ct. This salt is
evidently a mixture of the tri- and tetrabarium salt. It was recrys-
tallized as follows: One gram of the substance was dissolved in
about 150 ce. of 0.5 per ct. hydrochloric acid and the free acid nearly
neutralized with barium hydroxide. About 0.5 gram of barium
chloride was then added and the solution allowed to stand for two
days at room temperature. The substance separated slowly in the
same general crystal form as before, except that the individual
crystals were much larger. These were filtered, washed in water,
alcohol and ether and dried in the air. Under the microscope the
substance appeared homogeneous. Yield 0.9 grams. After drying
at 105° in vacuum it was analyzed:

0.4067 grams subst. lost 0.0496 grams on drying.
0.3571 grams subst. gave 0.0358 grams H.O and 0.0699 grams COs>.
0.2068 grams subst. gave 0.1530 grams Ba SO, and 0.1160 grams
Mg2P20;.
Found: C=5.338; H=1.12; P=15.63; Ba=43.53; H,.O=12.19
per ct.
Calculated for tetrabarium phytate CsHigO27PsBay = 1255.
C=5.73; H=1.27; P=14.82; Ba= 43.74; 10 H.O = 12.54 per ct.
The second crystalline compound mentioned above gave the fol-
lowing result on analysis:
C=6.88; H=1.50; P=15.94; Ba = 37.38 per ct.
P= 16.28; Ba = 37.21 per ct.
This corresponds to a tribarium salt.

A further quantity of the free acid was prepared from this salt by
the usual method. From 7 grams of the substance practically the
theoretical quantity of acid was obtained. After drying at 100° the
substance was analyzed:

0.2319 grams subst. gave 0.0767 grams H20 and 0.0925 grams COs.

After drying over boiling chloroform over phosphorus pentoxide:
0.2378 grams subst. gave 0.0703 grams H2O and 0.0961 grams COs.
0.1495 grams subst. gave 0.1414 grams Mg» P2 O;.

Found C = 10.87; H=3.70 per ct.

C=11.02; H=3.30; P = 26.36 per ct.

New York AcricutruraL Exprerrment Srarion. 175

Calculated for phytic acid, CsH2s:Ox;Ps = 714.

C=10.08; H=3.36; P= 26.05 per ct.

This preparation gave the same reactions as those previously
mentioned. When carefully prepared the acid is a thick colorless
syrup readily soluble in water and alcohol. Attempts were made to
prepare crystalline salts of the acid with organic bases like pyridine
and brucine, but without success. These salts could not be obtained
in crystalline form. In every case they separated as thick liquids,
which could not be brought to crystallize even after long standing.

The reactions of the aqueous solution of the acid with inorganic
bases may be briefly stated as follows:

It is not precipitated by chlorides of the alkaline earths, but
acetates and hydroxides produce white amorphous precipitates.
Ammonium molybdate gives a heavy white crystalline precipitate.
Silver nitrate in excess produces a heavy white amorphous precipitate.
Magnesia mixture also gives a voluminous white amorphous pre-
cipitate. While barium chloride does not give any precipitate, if
the solution is allowed to stand at room temperature over night
or longer the barium salt crystallizes out in delicate needle-shaped
crystals. In shape and arrangement these crystals are identical with
those previously referred to but they are much larger. It immedi-
ately coagulates egg albumen.

A neutral solution of the acid does not reduce Fehling’s solution:
even after boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid for some time no
reduction takes place. No appreciable color reaction is given with
phloroglucine or orcine.

Ferric chloride gives a white precipitate very sparingly soluble in
hydrochloric acid. Copper acetate in excess gives a bluish-white
precipitate.

On drying at 78° or 100° the substance turns very dark in color,
but on drying at 60° the color changes but slightly. All the barium
salts obtained were strongly acid in reaction on moist litmus paper.

It is evident that the substance isolated from cottonseed meal is
very similar to phytin. The various salts which have been analyzed
show but little difference in composition as compared with the
corresponding phytin derivatives. It may be noted, however, that
the analytical results of the purified, so-called, tri-barium salts point
to the empirical formula C2, Hy P, Os; Ba. Such a compound might
be a monobasic acid of the formula CH; PO,, but it is also isomeric
with inosite hexaphosphate and accordingly differs very little in
composition from phytic acid.

Whether the organic phosphoric acid in cottonseed meal is identical
with phytin, an isomer, or is a somewhat differently constituted
substance, can hardly be determined from the data presented in
this paper. The investigation will be continued.

Norr.— In describing the properties of the organic phosphoric
acid of cottonseed meal, Technical Bulletin No. 25, the author
regrets that, through oversight, he omitted to mention that some
similar reactions had been reported by J. B. Rather, Bulletin
146, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (1912), in his work
on “The Forms of Phosphorus in Cottonseed Meal.” This ap-
plies particularly to the reactions which formerly had been con-
sidered indicative of the presence of pyro- and metaphosphorie
acids. In the above work Mr. Rather attributes these reactions
to the compounds which he had isolated rather than to pyro- and
metaphosphoric acids and states, p. 14, “ It appears that, since the
compounds described on the preceding pages have properties very
similar to meta- and pyrophosphoric acids, conclusions that the
latter are present in cottonseed meal have no value when based on
these reactions.”

, [176]

REPORT

OF THE

Botanical Department.

F.C. Stewart, Botanist.
*J. G. GrossENBACHER, Associate Botanist.
W. O. Grover, Associate Botanist.
M. T. Monn, Assistant Botanist.
F. A. Srrrine, Special Agent.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

I. Seed tests made at the Station during 1911.
II. A comparative test of limesulphur, lead benzoate and bor-
deaux mixture for spraying potatoes.
III. Lime-sulphur vs. bordeaux mixture as a spray for potatoes.
IV. Potato-spraying experiments, 1902-1911.
V. Crown-rot of fruit trees: Field studies.

* Resigned before close of year.

[177]

Yall wre,
Ra (cites
ea ro
hy
AeA ae]
ors
¥ wecce ‘ wt
, tow
«
vay
ia \¢
ss
A
ba bs ye

wiul.of eittorenad avant, t echisoal sued tt

Mugwts Wat, shiek ono eR ;
Shy eh alah Bebo HDR
2. Venue Sar: eS. urcaat ;
o0.° Tae Firing off Oe Na ae
Thien, Partintlyr: 4 yan tnjuspig’ tnealain
Pty ry "1 Taiiew ties et ; :
poids," Ty tha abewk wap we Miike ayerhale Cina
Be the ecivivntindg Sw ts hae: alge! isa bya
a ea y: res . Ca i Break og BLART Me 1 Ke) tet inet a5
a ae Pale simon side “nang oN
eT cae erett bh coe hae oa %
then rieriisoc til gittusty soln Ge te inate
mek bain Sima nt dns te
oolmog yatranqe wh esutsine eatuob
ssotaiog tol verge a un etutxiar xiuphrod ne .
LLG1-20@) tagnshsogea ga
eoifurte blot st eaect dirk ;

REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT.

SEED TESTS MADE AT THE STATION DURING
L911

SUMMARY.

During 1911 there were received by the Station and tested
for purity, 1015 samples of agricultural seeds: 548 of alfalfa, 253
of red clover, 98 of timothy, 86 of alsike clover, and 30 of miscel-
laneous plants. Dodder occurred in 12.9 per ct. of the alfalfa
samples and in 4.74 per ct. of the red clover samples, a slightly
larger percentage in each case than in 1g10. Large-seeded
dodder occurred in twice as many samples as did the small-
seeded kind. Red clover and alsike clover contained rather
more noxious weeds this year than last. Adulteration was
found in two cases of red clover seed, and twelve of alsike
clover. Yellow trefoil grows readily in alsike clover fields and
our observations indicate that several cases of adulteration of
alsike seed with yellow trefoil were due to the presence of yel-
low trefoil in the field. Many samples were altogether too
small for dependable tests. Centaurea repens was found in sev-
eral alfalfa seed samples,— an indication that the seed was im-
ported. Russian thistle and roquette continue to attract
attention in alfalfa fields but we have no evidence that indicates
danger from these weeds in this State. Several failures in oat
seedings were found to be due to sowing oats that had been
bleached with sulphur fumes.

INTRODUCTION.

During the past year the Station has continued to make purity
tests of agricultural seeds sent in by farmers and seedsmen of the
State. In all, 1015 samples were tested during the calendar year
1911: 548 of alfalfa, 253 of red clover, 98 of timothy, 86 of
alsike clover and 30 of miscellaneous seeds.

* A reprint of Bulletin No. 345, February, 1912; for “Popular Edition,”

see p. 820.
{179]

180 Report oF THE BotranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

Frequent requests were made for germination tests, as was the
ease last year; but the Station has not, as yet, the facilities for
making large numbers of such tests and we were unable to comply
except in a few special cases. Germination tests are important,
since the purchaser should know the viability of seed that he in-
tends to sow, but the method of making these tests is so simple
that any crop raiser can easily make them at home. Many of
the samples received were too small for a reliable test and the
writer takes this opportunity of again calling attention to the
importance of sending samples that represent so far as possible
the bulk of seed from which they are taken. We strongly urge
that of alfalfa and clover, 2 ounces be sent for purity tests, and
of grass seeds, 1 ounce. For a guide to the standards of purity
and germination of seeds the reader is referred to the Yearbook
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1896 (p. 624), or to
“complete” Bulletin No. 333 of this Station. The percentages
there given have been carefully worked out and are recommended
as a standard.

RESULTS OF ALFALFA SEED TESTS.

The analyses of the 548 alfalfa seed samples tested for purity
this year indicate that such seed for sale in the State during the
season of 1911 was, in general, good, high-grade seed. However,
a few samples were received that contained several noxious
weeds, a few that contained dodder, a few that contained too
much dirt and chaff, and a few that were largely brown, shriveled
and immature seed. It is evident, therefore, that the safest rule
for the purchaser to follow is to buy seeds only by sample. This
helps materially to insure a crop and reduces to a minimum the
danger of introducing troublesome weeds.

Of the 548 samples tested, 71, or 12.9 per ct., contained
dodder, 198, or 36 per ct. were less than 1 oz. in weight, 39, or.
7 per ct., were below the average in general appearance, 76, or
13.8 per ct., contained a species of mustard (Brassica sp.), and
72, or 11 per ct., either because of color or because of the pres-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 181

ence of Centaurea repens, were considered Turkestan alfalfa.
There was no case of adulteration; that is, no sample contained
5 per ct. or more of any impurity. However, 91 samples con-
tained sweet clover and in 7 of these it was present at the rate of
2 per ct.; five contained yellow trefoil in small amounts; and 23
samples contained a considerable amount of brown, shriveled
alfalfa seed, most of which would not germinate. Samples like
the last named show the importance and need of germination
tests. Impure seed or seed of low viability is expensive at any
price and should be avoided.

Dodder seed.— The amount of dodder seed found ranged from
less than twenty seeds to the pound in 32 samples to 1,500 seeds
in one sample, 2,000 in another and 2,800 in another, while 36
samples contained from 20 to 200 seeds. Two-thirds of the 71
dodder-infested samples contained the large-seeded kinds, about
the same proportion as last year. Four samples contained both
large and small-seeded dodder. Alfalfa seed containing dodder
should be avoided. The small-seeded kind* may be removed by
careful sifting; but this is impossible, so far as the writer is
aware, in the case of the large-seeded kind.

Sweet clover— Only 13 samples of alfalfa seed contained 1
per ct. or more of sweet clover seed, 7 samples showing from
1 to 2 per ct. and 6 samples from 2 to 3144 per ct. of this
impurity.

General appearance.— Considering principally the characters
of color, plumpness and size, and disregarding the impurities
contained, 12 samples were graded as poor, 27 poor to average,
83 average, 96 average to excellent, and 330 excellent.

Weight of samples.— Many of the samples were too small to
represent fairly the bulk of seed from which they were taken.
Of those received during 1911, 80 samples weighed less than half
an ounce, 63 one-half ounce, 55 three-fourths of an ounce, 75 one

*In this report “small-seeded” dodder seeds are such as will pass
through a 20-mesh sieve made from No. 34 W. and M. steel wire. See Bul-
letin No. 305 of this Station. Seeds of the “large-seeded” dodder will not
pass through such a sieve.

182 Report or THE BoTanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

ounce, 75 one and one-half ounces and 200 samples two ounces
or more. A purity test made from small samples can not be as
reliable as a similar test made from larger samples.

Weed seeds found.— The following list shows the foreign seeds
that oceurred most frequently in the samples tested. In nearly
all cases these seeds were present only in traces and the exact
proportion was not determined.

Noxious WEEDS.

English plantain (Plantago lanceolata)........... eccurred in 88 samples
Chicory (Otchorium intybus) .........ccccecdevese occurred in 66 samples
Dock -p(tteanes ¢ 8p.) 5516 a gore 8s feraits hs Gey Seas aiaeiek occurred in 65 samples
Wald carrot, (Oducus” carotayc oncemaccee fencer occurred in 33 samples

CoMMON WEEDS.

Green foxtail (Setaria viridis) ...............000. occurred in 377 samples
Lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album)............ occurred in 225 samples
Russian thistle (Salsola kali var. tenwifolia...... occurred in 171 samples
Yellow =toxtail~ (SetamaSqlaucn)..2 acs. eos ne occurred in 161 samples
Sweet clover (Melilotus sp.) .5........0.ceeceeee occurred in 91 samples
DEPRUTS IQUE OL Os PIG ES oie EI OOF OO UL GOO NO OD OeakG aa occurred in 76 samples
ALLTUPLED SPeentte cree he ae a ahs Achaea Sietere eit Metaene siete) tate occurred in 76 samples
Mallow (Malva rotundifolia) ........ccscccecevcce occurred in 50 samples
Mehlot. (Melsotus’: Sp.) owes = sas 6 oa 8 lence acs occurred in 51 samples
CEntanUred? FEPeENS¥. “cae. dike cm atan lorraine hi= oho sails occurred in 52 samples
Timothy (Phleum pratense) .....026000.000se0008 occurred in 49 samples
Catchity \.(Stlene- sp.) oo. .h ree rete ceeas Pore eee occurred in 20 samples
Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum) ...........+-4- occurred in 14 samples
Roquette (Chruca salva) « . iio0%igt we srae wisie'g.si0e Coes occurred in 33 samples
Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense)..........+0+. occurred in 26 samples
Trianthema MONogynd, .. 26.622 vaerceccevnssccoess occurred in 26 samples
Shaftal (Trifolium: suaveolens) oo... ee cece cess occurred in 16 samples
Lance-leaved sage (Salvia lanceaefolia).......... occurred in 10 samples
Barnyard grass (Hehinochloa crusgalli).........4. occurred in 9 samples

RESULTS OF RED CLOVER SEED TESTS.

The 253 tests of red clover seed made during 1911 show that it
maintains its bad reputation as to impurities, the seed this year
falling below that of the previous year in purity. More samples
contained noxious weeds in considerable quantities, more con-
tained dodder, and two cases indicated adulteration. In general
appearance the seed ranks well; for only 3 per ct. of the number
tested were graded below average.

Weight of samples.— As with the alfalfa, many samples of red
clover seed were too small in weight for satisfactory determin-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 183

ations; 52 weighed less than half an ounce, 27 half an ounce, 37
three-fourths of an ounce, 31 one ounce, 21 one and one-half
ounces and 85 two ounces or more.

General appearance.— Leaving impurities out of consideration
and regarding principally color, size and plumpness, 4 samples
were poor, 5 poor to average, 27 average, 26 average to excellent
and 121 excellent.

Dodder.— Only 12 samples contained dodder — 5 large-seeded
dodder only, 3 small-seeded only and 4 both kinds, the number of
seeds to the pound ranging from 6 to 96 in 8 samples and from
272 to 2688 in the other 4 samples,

Adulterated samples.— Two samples of red clover were found
to contain at least 5 per et. of a single impurity and are there-
fore classed as adulterated. One sample contained 35 per ct.
of alsike clover and 60 per ct. of yellow trefoil; and the other
sample 5 per ct. of alsike clover.

Weed seeds found.— The following list gives the foreign seeds
which occurred most frequently. The figures indicate the number
of samples in which the given impurity occurred.

TABLE 1.— COMMON IMPURITIES OF RED CLOVER SEED.

Amount. Amount,

a SS SSS
Con- Total Con- Total
sider- no. of sider- no. of
Impurity. Traces. able. samples, Impurity. Traces. able. samples.
English plantain..... 157 6 163 Lamb’s quarters.... 94 L 95
Curled dock........ 146 Ljyl47 ~Sheeppsorrel.... 22: 90 6. 06
Wild Rearratin ac, cscs AMiid-sno20 Groadjjplantain .... 98 14,99
Canada thistle...... 16; Sekw nlG. Ragweed. .......,....:s,< 72 1 73
GLEN CS “eal eee ae Gries 6 lLady’s thumb....... 65. asfete 68
Mustard (Brassica Watchilivers.. satel 51 1 Ree
Sib) ablcadeaeovoe DAES Sere 12) Yellowatoxtaill. o- oc Din <oeabnees
Green foxtail ..... 143 Oo. (148) “Big-weed ois tases s« =) 2a Asie ee
Mamet SP. e eprorar 99 2; 101. Crab-grass, ......... 23 Ly 24
Alsike clover....... 101 5 106 Yellow trefoil...... 20s... | 20

All the impurities in the following list were taken from one
red clover sample, showing what may be expected in typical low-
grade seed: Four per ct. of green foxtail, considerable crab
grass, traces of English plantain, curled dock, ragweed, Canada

184 Report or THE BotTanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

thistle, broad-leaved plantain, lamb’s quarters, lady’s thumb, yel-
low foxtail, mustard and alsike clover, as well as quite a little
brown, shriveled clover seed, most of which would not germinate.
The sample graded poor in general appearance.

RESULTS OF ALSIKE CLOVER SEED TESTS.

The 86 alsike clover tests seem to indicate that there was more
impure alsike seed on the market during 1911 than in 1910.
Several samples contained a considerable amount of noxious weed
seed and 13 of the samples were adulterated. In general appear-
ance the alsike seed seemed to be, in most cases, bright and plump,
and only 14 per ct. was marked as falling below average. No
dodder was found in any of the samples.

Adulterated samples—— Thirteen samples were adulterated,
four with 6 or 7 per ct. of timothy and one with 35 per ct. of
the same seed, one with 15 per ct. of sorrel, one with 9 per ct.
of white clover, another with 6 per ct. of red clover, one with 6
per ct. of catchfly, and four with from 5 to 17 per ct. of yellow
trefoil.

TABLE II.— FoREIGN SEEDS FouND Most FREQUENTLY IN ALSIKE CLOVER

SAMPLES.
Amount. Amount.

Consid- ~~ Consid-

Impurity. Traces. erable. Impurity. Traces. erable.
SUES bake Spoocmoicgnce 49 } ‘Green’ foxtaill, 21..c.g0eeet QP il yal
AMMOUDY, Wares oe ee Le Ne 54 9 Uambis quarters.........% Litetrig2
Airetowl ya. rate arcnieyieyeiore ator A614 ‘Broad: splantaininn creel 12 :
Wocki Pt. acetone seh e hme 38" Ge: Pig-weed 224. ik.cs cee 3 -
Catechifiivss caters -totetetetenctborate 33 4 ¢Wild.-carrot.::..-2 he ees +8 2 3
Canada thistle ........ 29°. Lady's thumb..2ehei /. DINK
English plantain ...... 27e.. > “Ox-eye: daisy” 2s. 5h ner 1 4

In general appearance two samples were poor, 11 poor to
average, 13 average, 7 average to excellent and 53 excellent.

Weight of samples.— Low weight of samples again hindered,
as 22 samples weighed less than half an ounce, 14 one-half ounce,
4 three-fourths ounce, 10 one ounce, 13 one and one-half ounces
and 22 two ounces or more,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 185

RESULTS OF TIMOTHY SEED TESTS.

The timothy seed examined during 1911 indicates that this
seed is seldom low-grade as far as purity is concerned, being quite
free from noxious weeds and inert matter. Alsike clover and
broad-leaved plantain are the impurities most frequently found.
One sample contained 15 per ct. of alsike clover.

General appearance.— From color, size and plumpness 1 sam-
ple was graded as poor, 4 poor to average, 11 average, 1 average
to excellent, and 81 excellent.

Weight of samples.— Of the 98 samples 36 weighed less than
one-half ounce, 12 one-half ounce, 9 three-quarters ounce and 41
one ounce or more.

TABIE III.— WEED SEED OccURRING MOST FREQUENTLY IN TIMOTHY SEED

SAMPLES,
Amount. Amount.

Consid- ~~ Gonsid-

Impurity. Traces. erable. Impurity. Traces. erable.
ISIRORCIOVED es sjaisis clo 5 67 Ae CAtchilys (sets iis, otc attesens f(
Broad plantain.......... Gd! keen pe Chickweed) th. chcennntes . 6
EPPEL! PTAGS co. nlesore eee 40 ly. May weed).csoccchaurnn esos 6

Lamb’s quarters.......... 40 Lcjn" 0 Whiteviclover. 2osirry vat: 4 1
Evening primrose........ Oi: | ae Ox-eyer daisy |, eae 3
SEO Get Gon pecndep mene 29 PP Crap-grans: fot eet ce ete 4
Gmmnmerai se oo. Seen ee Oana aw ist less eerste 3
Mellow daisy... 7... ss a ON rosa | MET ESONCE, BOs Se areca ae 2

English plantain......... 12

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLES TESTED.

There were 30 miscellaneous samples tested during 1911 as
follows:

Samples. Samples,
White clover ...... ee 4 Kentucky blue grass.... 2
ere ts |) aa eR 5 Corn, oats, cabbage, lawn
German. tat) 6b os secs, fy sere 2 SEAS MIXHITCS «ain ana 7
Crimgon, clover, o:.:s 6:2 « 8

No case of adulteration or misbranding was found in any of
these miscellaneous samples.

186 Report oF THE BoTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

GERMINATION TESTS.

In order to get some idea of the percentage of viable seeds in
samples sent to this laboratory during 1911, a comparatively small
number of samples were tested in the Geneva seed tester. In
considering the results secured it will be well to bear in mind
the U. S. Department of Agriculture germination standards,
which are, for the sorts tested: Alfalfa, red clover and timothy,
85-90 per ct. viable; alsike clover, 75-80 per ct. viable.

VIABILITY OF ALFALFA SEED SAMPLES.

In the case of alfalfa, ten high grade samples and ten poor sam-
ples were selected for tests. The appearance of the seed was used
as the basis for the selection of these samples, the amount of im-
purities present being disregarded.

Ten high grade samples.— In all of these tests duplicate sets of
100 seeds each were used and the duration of the test was seven
days.

The average percentage of germination (not including hard seeds)

WEN Beye css tchsue sus ave ’ar eBoy ices OOS TR Maso coisa, MMe ace dens ie Rl eveTie ee eeeen 1.9
The average percentage (including 144 of hard seeds) was.......... 8714
The lowest percentage iene seedsunot viable) Bwiases oats - ciel 56.5
The lowest percentage (14 hard seeds viable) ..........+..++-+eees 73.
The highest percentage (hard seeds not viable) .. 2.002 sesceceses 92.
The highest percentage (1%4 hard seeds viable)................-- 94.

One sample contained 52% per ct. of hard seeds at the
end of the 7 day test. It is generally conceded that one-third of
all leguminous seeds which remain hard during a test should be
considered as viable. In that case the viability of this sample
would be 73 instead of 56%. In order to test this point the
hard seeds of the above sample were placed in moist petri
dishes; at the end of two months rather more than one-third of
them had germinated. The germination, however, was slow and
not vigorous. The use of seed which showed so many hard seeds
is not advisable.

Ten low-grade samples.— These samples were selected because
of the presence of brown and shriveled alfalfa seed. The dura-

New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 187

tion of the test was six days. One hundred seeds in duplicate
were used in each test, thus making a total of 2,000 seeds. The
average germination, not including hard seeds, was 71.8 per ct.
Counting one-third of the hard seeds as viable, the average was

74.6 per ct.

The lowest percentage (hard seeds not viable)...............+..-- 3hie
The lowest percentage (14 hard seeds viable) ............200+e00: 33.
The highest percentage (hard seeds not viable).................. 8814
The highest percentage (14 hard seeds viable).................. 90%

VIABILITY OF RED CLOVER SEED SAMPLES,
Ten samples of red clover seed selected because their general
appearance was “ average or better ” were tested in the same man-
ner as were the alfalfa samples for their viability.

The average percentage of germination (not including hard seeds) .. 92.1
‘The average percentage of germination (including 4% of hard seeds

ISA VALEL LC) meee pen rt ue aN pita onda inc Mees Loci denn cepa later diane array a erase 93.5
The lowest germination for any one sample (not including hard

BEC SI MPM aese oe eS cera hah ten AN OR teh Sorta oe Nis wi len Sco regia eye yn SiS AAG 841%
The lowest germination (including 1% of hard seeds as viable)..... 8714
dhe highest) (not including hardiseeds )...4 5. m, «fey4 aya, nr oyecsesis «boll Bld =e 97%
They mchest wincludina 24° hard seeds)... 02... 6-2 pes 9 e240 e100 6 971%

The largest number of hard secds found in any one sample

was 16.

VIABILITY OF ALSIKE CLOVER SEED SAMPLES.

Ten samples of alsike clover were selected and tested as were
the red clover seed samples.

The average percentage of germination (not including 1% of hard

ROPING te ovine tai, staat ete alta’ | POI a ere sete ties Ce oe te eee 80.1
The average percentage (including 14 of hard seeds).............. 84.2
Including 14% of hard seeds as viable, the lowest percentage of

viability PWIAS Diatsiecheca.g ate roe ere chee fen etanes Aen RR AA ADU NTR SGOT SEETE 72%
Including % of hard seeds as viable, the highest percentage of

WAU NG RIE MUNA na areal ravi: v40 o,» sisi Maemo a again «aren ce oe 921%

The largest number of hard seeds found in any one sample
was 23.
The duration of test was 8 days.

188 Report or THE BotanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

VIABILITY OF TIMOTHY SEED SAMPLES,

Ten timothy seed samples were selected and tested for germi-
nation, as were the red clover and alsike seed samples,

The average percentage of viability was..................seseeees 88.4
The lowest, percentage. of. viability was... :.. 0... en. + e-.-capemttes 70.
The highest. percentage of viability was..............2.cccesssose 97.

NOTES ON ADULTERATED SAMPLES.

It appears from the evidence that has come to our attention
during the past year that adulteration with yellow trefoil occurs
in two ways: by willful addition of this seed to higher priced
clover seed or by natural infestation in the field. A sample of
seed bought for red clover and sent in to this Station during March,
1911, was found to contain 60 per ct. of yellow trefoil and 35
per ct. alsike clover. After receiving our report the dealer in-
formed us that there was about 4 quarts of the trefoil in the center
of each of the bags. This dealer stated that the one of whom he
bought the seed did not know of its presence and the matter was
dropped. This seems to be a clear case of willful adulteration.

A sample of alsike clover which had been grown in the vicinity
of Fayette, N. Y., was brought in and found to contain 5 per ct.
of trefoil seed. In this locality some of the alsike clover fields
were badly infested with yellow trefoil and this case of adultera-
tion was undoubtedly a result of natural infestation.

Another case of adulteration due to natural infestation was
brought to our notice in April. This was a sample of alsike clover
which contained 17 per ct. of yellow trefoil. The man who
grew this seed knew that it contained the foreign seed of yellowish
color but was not aware of its nature or source. He had offered it
for sale but upon learning the exact situation he was very anxious
to know of some method of separating the impurity.

It seems probable that the original introduction of yellow tre-
foil into the localities where this natural infestation occurred was
by means of adulterated clover seed. If the land where this in-
festation occurred is as badly overrun with this weed as we have
been led to believe, it is probable that the production of clean

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTiIon. 189

alsike clover seed will be impossible until the infested fields have
grown other crops which will tend to free the soil of the trefoil
seed. Farmers who meet with such an experience will undoubt-
edly see the wisdom of sowing pure seed.

MISCELLANEOUS WEEDS AND SEEDS.

RUSSIAN THISTLE.
(Salsola kali var. tenuifolia)

This seed continues to occur in many alfalfa seed samples and
the plant has been sent in to us for identification from several
sources, but it always appears during the first year after seeding
and no trouble from it in alfalfa fields after the first season has
been called to our attention. We do not, therefore, consider it
a bad weed.

ROQUETTE.
(Eruca sativa)

Roquette, like Russian thistle, has been found in alfalfa sam-
ples and has caused much anxiety to alfalfa growers because of
its rank growth in newly seeded fields. In all cases so far re-
ported to us nothing is seen of this plant after the first year and
it is evidently not to be feared in alfalfa fields of this State.

JOHNSON GRASS.
(Sorghum halapense)

The seeds of this grass have been found in a number of alfalfa
samples this year. Though this plant has not been established in
New York State, it is such a troublesome weed in the ‘South that
attention is called to it at this time. Any information on the be-
havior of Johnson grass in New York State will be appreciated by
this Station. Johnson grass frequently occurs in alfalfa as a
naked kernel or caryopsis; the outer seed coverings or glumes
being removed by the cleaning processes. The viability of some
seeds would be destroyed by this treatment but our tests show that

190 Report oF THE BoranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

a large percentage of these naked Johnson grass sceds will pro-
duce vigorous sprouts. It is possible, therefore, that this plant
may become established in New York State by means of alfalfa
seed containing it,

NEW SEEDS RECENTLY OBSERVED IN ALFALFA
SEED.

In making our seed tests we occasionally meet with foreign
seeds which are new to us and which we are unable to identify.
These seeds most frequently occur in seed that has been imported
into the United States from foreign countries. Seeds of this kind
more often occur in alfalfa seed, and during the past year several
such seeds unknown to us have been recorded in alfalfa seed
samples. Such seeds may prove to be troublesome weeds when
once established in this State and it is, therefore, important to
learn their nature and habits at the outset so that if they prove to
belong to the noxious class, farmers may be warned against them.
For these reasons, attention is called to the following three plants,
the seeds of which we have observed and recorded for the first time
as occurring in alfalfa seed. The writer is indebted to Miss
Emma Sirrine of the United States Department of Agriculture
for the identification of these seeds and to Dr. N. L. Britton of the
New York Botanical Garden for the identification of plants of
Trianthema monogyna which were grown in the Station green
house from seed collected in alfalfa samples sent to us for analysis.

Trianthema monogyna L.

The seeds of this plant were observed in 26 different alfalfa
samples. It is a low-growing, procumbent, somewhat succulent
herb, the general appearance of which suggests the common garden
purslane. It belongs to the family Aizoaceae which is closely re-
lated to the Portulacaceae, the family to which purslane belongs.
The genus Trianthema is chiefly made up of tropical or sub-trop-
ical herbs; 7’. monogyna being the only American species. Dr.
Britton informs us that he is quite familiar with it as a weed in

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 191

the West Indies. In the “ Synoptical Flora of North America ”*
it is reported as occurring from the Keys of Florida to Arizona
and on ballast in the Middle Atlantic States, in Mexico and in
Lower California. Although we are certain that seeds of this plant
have been sown with alfalfa seed, no specimens of it have been
sent in for identification and we know nothing about its behavior
in New York State.
SHAFTAL.

(Trifolium suaveolens Willd.)

This plant belongs to the clover family, is a vigorous grower
but is not likely to develop into a troublesome pest. Mr. Brandt
says of it: “ Shaftal, which is an annual plant, is the chief fodder
crop in the valleys of the northwest frontier of India. It is
always grown with irrigation and gives exceedingly good yields.”
The seed of this plant occurred in 16 samples of alfalfa seed,
but was present only in small quantities.

LANCE-LEAVED SAGE.
(Salvia lanceaefolia Poir.)

Lance-leaved sage has occurred previous to 1911 in alfalfa sam:
ples but we were not able to learn its name until this year. Its
seed was found in ten alfalfa samples and it never occurred more
than in traces. We have not been able to learn the nature of this
plant in alfalfa fields, but it is an annual and not likely to be
troublesome. Robinson and Fernald{ give its range as, “ Plains
and open soil Ind. to Neb. Tex. and Ariz.; introduced at Colum-
bus, O.” No plants of it have been sent to us for identification.

SULPHURED OR BLEACHED OATS.

During the past year we have had several samples of oats sent
in for germination tests. Growers who had sown seed from: lots
which these samples represented found that only a few seeds

* “ Synoptical Flora of North America” Vol. 1, part 1, p. 259. The older
name of this plant is here given as 7. portulacastrum L.

+U, S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 162:67.

~Gray’s New Manual of Botany. Seventh Ed. p. 703.

192 Report oF THE BorantcaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

sprouted. This had resulted in an entire failure of the crops and
we were asked to determine the cause.

In all of the samples, the seed was unusually light colored,
bright, smooth, and vigorous in appearance. The very light color
led us to suspect that it had been treated with sulphur fumes.
This process is apparently quite frequently used in the West to
improve the appearance of seed that has become moldy or dull
looking and has been reported by several of the eastern experiment
stations as one which has resulted in severe losses to oat crops.
Samples of bleached oats were sent in to this Station for the first
time during 1911.

If properly carried out, the bleaching process does not mate-
rially injure the viability of the seed, but if the seed is allowed to
remain in the fumes for any great length of time much damage
results and such seed is absolutely worthless for seeding purposes.
It is said, however, that seed so treated does not lose its nutri-
tive value and is not injurious to animals. Chemical tests
of four samples made by Mr. A. W. Bosworth, Associate
Chemist of this Station, showed that sulphuric acid was present in
large quantities. Germination tests of the same samples show the
following percentages of viable seed:

SN a ice ceed nels, Septet trate ote aad eae See a 14 per ct. viable
PAGE eNO Nett aa) cate toys Ue yeleuesorsyn ve aoe TiGus eatumaiors sip ie ereietuca ators 1 per ct. viable
Samples NoHS sa sieges ok RPA SEE, CA aes none viable
SPN NOs ed 8 cates assorted ce, s cicmu bias eines Ata eee none viable

For detailed information concerning the bleaching of oats and
barley seed with sulphur fumes and a method for detecting seed
that has been so treated, the reader is referred to two publications
of the United ‘States Department of Agriculture: Bureau of Plant
Industry Cireulars No, 40, W. P. Carroll, “A Simple Method of
Detecting Sulphured Barley and Oats,” and No. 74, Le Roy
M. Smith, “ The Sulphur Bleaching of Commercial Oats and
Barley.”

A COMPARATIVE TEST OF LIME-SULPHUR,
LEAD BENZOATE AND BORDEAUX MIX-
TURE FOR SPRAYING POTATOES, *

F, C, STEWART anp G. T. FRENCH.

SUMMARY.

This bulletin contains an account of an experiment designed
to test the relative merits of lime-sulphur (1 to 40), lead ben-
zoate (1 lb. to 50 gals.) and bordeaux mixture (6-6-50) for
spraying potatoes. The experiment included 20 rows of potatoes,
412 ft. long. Each of the three spray mixtures was applied six
times (at intervals of two weeks) to five rows and the remaining
five rows served as checks. “ Bugs” were eliminated by making
two applications of lead arsenate over the whole field. The
spraying was done very thoroughly.

There was no late blight, very few flea beetles and a very little
early blight, in October. Tip burn was the only disease of
consequence.

In October the bordeaux rows were strikingly superior to all
others. They were larger, freer from tip burn and lived longer.
The lead benzoate rows were equal to the checks. The lime-
sulphur rows were plainly smaller than the checks and as badly
affected with tip burn. None of the mixtures burned the foliage.

The bordeaux rows yielded 100.3 bu. per acre more than the
checks, lead benzoate 6 bu. less than the checks, and lime-sulphur
39.5 bu. less than the checks.

The results indicate plainly that neither lead benzoate nor
lime-sulphur can be profitably substituted for bordeaux mixture
in spraying potatoes. Both lack the stimulative influence pos-
sessed by bordeaux while lime-sulphur also dwarfs the plants
and lowers the yield.

INTRODUCTION.

Within the past few years the lime-sulphur solution has largely
superseded bordeaux mixture as a summer spray for apple scab.
While probably as efficient as bordeaux in the control of scab it is
less liable to burn the foliage and russet the fruit. Many fruit

* A reprint of Bulletin No. 347, March, 1912; for ‘ Popular Edition,”

see p. 830.
[193]

7

194 Report oF THE BorantcaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

growers are using it, also, as a fungicide on the foliage of pears,
plums, currants and gooseberries.

With the rise in popularity of lime-sulphur as an orchard spray
there has arisen the question as to its value in the potato field; that
is to say, How does it compare with bordeaux as a spray for pota-
toes? For orchardists who also grow potatoes it would be conven-
ient to use in the potato field the same spray mixture that they
use in their orchards. Besides, when used at a dilution of 1 to 40,
lime-sulphur is somewhat cheaper than bordeaux.

Some potato growers have already used lime-sulphur extensively
during the past two or three years and a few have experimented
with it more or less; but, as yet, few, if any, carefully conducted
experiments with lime-sulphur on potatoes have been reported.
Clinton states’ that, in Connecticut, in a season when there was
but little bight, commercial lime-sulphur did not prolong the life
of the vines or give increased yield while bordeaux mixture did
both. In the Vermont experiment conducted by Jones and Gid-
dings” the self-boiled lime-sulphur (Scott’s mixture) was used in-
stead of the concentrated lime-sulphur solution with which we are
dealing here.

Lead benzoate was included in the experiment because a manu-
facturer of this substance claims that it possesses marked fungi-
cidal properties.

PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT.

Including an outside row and a row which fell in a dead-furrow
(Row 13) there were 22 rows of potatoes in the experiment. The
rows were 412 x 3 ft., 35.24 rows being required to make an acre.
Adjoining the experiment field on the west was another potato
field which made an outside row on that side unnecessary.

Rows 2, 6, 10, 15 and 19 were sprayed with bordeaux.

Rows 8, 7, 11, 16 and 20 were sprayed with lead benzoate.

Rows 4, 8, 12, 17 and 21 were sprayed with lime-sulphur,

Rows, 1, 5, 9, 14 and 18 were used for checks.

1Clinton, G. P. Report of the Station Botanist 1909-1910. Conn. Sta.
Rpt. 1909-1910, Part 10:743. 1911.
2 Jones, L. R., and Giddings, N. J. Vt. Sta. Bul. 142:112-114, 1909.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 195

SOIL AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS.

The soil was heavy clay loam plowed in the fall and again in the
spring. The previous crop was a light one of peas and oats. The
field sloped toward the north sufficiently to afford excellent sur-
face drainage. Planting was done May 22 and 23, the seed being
of the variety Rural New Yorker No. 2. Furrows were opened
with a plow and the seed pieces dropped by hand 15 inches apart
the distance being determined by a gauge-rod marked at intervals
of 15 inches. Each row received 14 pounds (500 Ibs. per acre) of
a complete chemical fertilizer which was scattered in the open
furrow by hand as uniformly as possible. With the exception of
one light hoeing the cultivation was all done with a horse
cultivator.

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF SPRAY
MIXTURES.

The bordeaux mixture used contained six pounds of copper
sulphate and six pounds of unslaked lime in each fifty gallons
(6-6-50 formula).

The concentrated lime-sulphur solution used was taken from
two different lots which had been prepared for use in the Station
orchard. Both lots were made by the Geneva Station formula:

BiG (90) PeTryetn MULE is 5a stew 2 o's oo oly os 40 lbs.
Sulphur (high grade, finely ae Melee sola a 80 lbs.
WEALD Ts cose slopate ais Biola sisi sey 0 a'Sela esis 60 aoe OO> Salg,

One lot had a density of 23° B. the other, 24° B.

Both were diluted at the rate of two gallons of the concentrated
solution to fifty gallons of water. This is approximately the dilu-
tion recommended for orchard spraying, namely, 1 to 40 when the
density of the concentrated solution is 32° B.

The lead benzoate used was in the form of a white paste which,
according to the manufacturer, was 654 per ct. water. Three
pounds of this paste (=1+ lbs. dry lead benzoate) were first
thoroughly stirred into about two gallons of hot water and after-
ward diluted to fifty gallons.

196 Report oF THE BotanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

Each of the three spray mixtures was applied six times. The
first application was made on July 7 when the plants were six
to eight inches high and the others followed at intervals of two
weeks. For the control of Colorado potato beetles or “ bugs”
arsenate of lead was used with all of the spray mixtures in the
first two applications at the rate of three pounds to fifty gallons.
On the same dates the check rows were treated with three pounds
of arsenate of lead in fifty gallons of water.’

All of the spraying was done very thoroughly with a knapsack
sprayer which was used also for applying arsenate of lead to the
check rows. In the last two applications, when the plants were
full grown, the spray mixtures were applied at the rate of about
200 gallons per acre.

EFFECT ON THE FOLIAGE.

For about seven weeks following planting the weather was
very dry and the potatoes made a slow, spindling growth. Later,
rain was more abundant and the plants improved so much that
during August and the fore part of September the whole field
looked well, although the plants were somewhat smaller than
usual for this time of year. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
was entirely absent. Early blight (Alternaria solani) appeared
only to a slight extent, in October. There were very few flea
beetles. ‘‘ Bugs” were kept under control so that they were not
a factor in the results. The only disease of any consequence
affecting the plants was a form of tip burn (a browning of the tips
of the leaves) which appeared about September 10 and gradually
increased in prevalence until all rows, excepting those sprayed
with bordeaux, were killed by it. For some unknown reason this
tip burn appeared earlier and was more destructive in the north
than in the south half of the field. Its exact nature is unknown
to the writers. But for the fact that the bordeaux rows were
nearly free from it until after about October 10 it would have
~ 1Check Row 1 was treated with paris green (1 lb. to 50 gals.) instead of

arsenate of lead. This was necessary because this row served also as a check
in another experiment in which paris green was used on the checks.

(oUN] poyYF[S-I1e YITM pouseziqa punois o1tg)
‘peep Ajiveu (oY) ST puw (ANYd[ns-oumy) PT ‘(9}eozZUEq pve) QT SMOY fodBI[OF [[NJ ul (xNvapsoq) ET Moy
‘8G UTAWALdAY NO GIGI LNANINGdXY 4O GN HLYON —]] GLVIg

°g MOY UO s}UB Jo OZIs Ja][VUIS SUIMOYY ‘adBI[OF [[NJ UL (xNVEPIOG) YT MOY ‘pap (yooyo) G puv (InYdyNs-ourT]) g sMoy

‘CZ UTAOLIQ NO AIaIg LNAWIUGaXY FO ANY HLAOG UVaN —'A BLVIG

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIon. 197

passed for the natural breaking down of the tissues due to age.
Such it may have been. It seems improbable that it could have
been due to heat and drought (commonly held to be the cause of tip
burn) because it did not appear until long after the hot, dry
weather had passed. Neither is there any evidence that it was
due to a parasitic organism. So far as could be determined none
of the spray mixtures burned the foliage at any time and none of
the injury can be attributed to that cause.

Notwithstanding the scarcity of fungus and insect enemies the
beneficial influence of the bordeaux mixture began to be manifest
about the middle of September and, ultimately, became very
marked. Plants sprayed with bordeaux appeared larger than the
checks, were much freer from tip burn and lived longer. On
the other hand, lead benzoate had no influence either way while
lime-sulphur proved positively harmful. Lime-sulphur had a
dwarfing effect. Plants sprayed with it were considerably smaller
than check plants. How early this appeared we do not know. It
was first recognized on September 16. Even at that time it was
quite evident, but became more noticeable in October. That the
lime-sulphur plants were actually smaller than the check plants
there can be no doubt. Their stalks were shorter and of smaller
diameter. Whether the leaves, also, were of smaller average size
could not well be determined, owing to the numerous blemishes
caused by tip burn.’

The lead benzoate, lime-sulphur and check rows appeared to be
equally affected by tip burn and died at the same time. They
died at the north (lower) end of the field between two and three

1 Lime-sulphur may slightly affect apple foliage in a similar manner. Dr.
H. S. Reed (The Country Gentleman 77:7, Jan. 27, 1912) says: “In the
spring when the leaves of certain varieties [of apple] are tender they may
be dwarfed by the spray. This is usually done by application before the
trees bloom. Lime-sulphur is especially likely to cause this dwarfing of the
leaves.” In the spring of 1910 Mr. P. J. Parrott, Entomologist of this
Station, called our attention to a pronounced dwarfing of early-formed apple
leaves due to the use of lime-sulphur (1 to 40) in the Station orchard.
The dwarfed leaves showed no lesions of any kind. They had not been
burned by the spray. The damage done must have been very small.

Hartzell (N. Y. [State] Sta. Bul. 331:580) has described a dwarfing of

grape berries which he attributes to lime-sulphur with which the grapes had
been sprayed.

198 Report oF THE BoranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

weeks earlier than at the south (upper) end. The gradual decline
and death of the plants progressed steadily from the north toward
the south end of the field. From about October 1 to October 27
the bordeaux rows were very conspicuous because of their superior
condition. The first killing frost occurred during the night of
October 27. At this time the bordeaux rows were still quite green
throughout the south half of their length and dead throughout the
north half. All other rows had been entirely dead for more than
a week.

EFFECT ON THE YIELD.

At digging time the product of each row was carefully sorted
and weighed separately. No rotten tubers were found. The
yield by rows was as follows:

TasLe I.— YieLvps In Potato SPRAYING EXPERIMENT.

ie ;
Yield per row.* Yield per acre.

(Computed).
Row. Treatment. os
Market- Market-
able Small able Small
tubers. tubers. tubers. tubers.
Lbs. Lbs Bu. Bu.
Mei@heelk:: oo ete ie AA aces 353 9.5 207 .3 5.6
DL BOTdeaux cr. oe eae 488.5 9.5 286.9 5.6
Sijipluead benzoateri-. S214. 425 ee 321 13.6 188.5 7.9
40 | iime-sulphure: see ae see ae 266 12 156.2 7
Bl Checks kha ee eee: 323.5 9 190 Bo
6:4) "Bordeaux. on ee ete ee 481 8 282.5 4.7
7 | elena benzoate... eee eee ceo 323 9 189.7 peo
8'i| Lime-sulphur.cs a2 ee. eee 245 10 143.9 5.9
Or Check. ieee ae eee eee 291 11 170.9 6.4
10}|) Bordeaux! 2 toa eaes eae 486 9.5 285.4 5.6
ol Dead“ benzoates...ce cee eae eee 249 ili! 146.2 6.4
12 |Abime-sulphuree. 4. oat 246.5 11 144.7 6.4
13 He Dead-furrows. i... cle saves cies ' Yileld not tak/en.
14 jrGheckhiter sie. | aot, 105. ee 265.5 155 155.9 9
PS HUBordenux oat te. Selec ers 477 12 280.1 7
16 tiv Iceadtbenzoate: 9235 ee 286.5 15 168 .2 8.8
17) |Lime-sulphurmns, ..tatecee. nee 195 15 114.5 8.8
1Sial Check!-vites i Saat ews bee 263 15 154.4 | 8.8
194|"Bordesuxs. Ste88 f Short 8: 417 ll 244.9 6.4
20 |\itheadbenzoate. ....5.055%.. 28.. 2 266 12 156.2 7
21 | Mimessulphur. aes. 0 ne... tet 207 14 121.5 8.2

* Rows 412 X 3 ft. 35.24 rows—1 acre.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 199

Average yield of check rows ....... 175.7 bu. per acre.’
Average yield of bordeaux rows...... 276 bu. per acre.
Average yield of lead benzoate rows.. 169.7 bu. per acre.
Average yield of lime-sulphur rows.. 136.2 bu. per acre.

Gain from .use.of bordeaux, ....4» «+. 100.3 bu. per acre.
Loss from use of lead benzoate ..... 6 bu. per acre.
Loss from use of lime-sulphur ...... 39.5 bu. per acre.

At the time of the second spraying, check rows 1 and 5 were
sprayed with bordeaux by mistake. Because of this it is probable
that their yield is slightly greater than it should be and it may
well be argued that the first two sections (Rows 1 to 8) of the
experiment should be rejected. However, to do so would not alter
the figures materially. If we take into consideration only the last
three sections (Rows 9 to 21) the results are as follows:

Gain from use of bordeaux.......... 109.7 bu. per acre.
Loss from use of lead benzoate........ 3.5 bu. per acre.
Loss from use of lime-sulphur....... 35.5 bu. per acre.

The difference between bordeaux and lime-sulphur is slightly
greater by the second than by the first method of calculation.

Considering the dwarfed condition of the plants on the lime-
sulphur rows it is not strange that these rows gave a lower yield
than the check rows. On the other hand, the difference in yield
between lead benzoate and check rows is probably small enough to
come within the limit of experimental error. In the absence of
any apparent difference in foliage this small difference in yield
should not be accepted as conclusive evidence that the influence of
the lead benzoate was harmful.

On the bordeaux rows the tubers were of very large average size.
Many of them were so large that, probably, they could not have
been sold for full market price.

CONCLUSION.
The results of this experiment are so striking that but one con-
clusion can be drawn, viz., that neither lead benzoate nor lime-
~ 1 Marketable tubers.

200 Report oF THE Botranicat DEPARTMENT OF THE

sulphur can be profitably substituted for bordeaux mixture in the
spraying of potatoes. Both lack the stimulative influence’ pos-
sessed by bordeaux and, besides, lime-sulphur has a tendency to
dwarf the plants and lower the yield. However, it will be neces-
sary to repeat this experiment several times before the relative
efficiency of the different spray mixtures can be definitely stated.
The differences obtained in this experiment are undoubtedly
extreme.

Under other conditions the results might have been very dif-
ferent. The unusually long growing season (158 days) gave the
bordeaux an opportunity to exert its influence to the full extent.
Had the plants been killed by frost about October 1, as frequently
happens, the differences in yield would have been much smaller.

so, had the spraying been less thorough there would have been
less benefit from the bordeaux and less injury from the lime-sul-
phur. In light applications, such as are commonly made by
farmers who use horse-power sprayers, the injurious effect of the
lime-sulphur would probably not be great enough to attract atten-
tion. Had there been a severe attack of blight the results might
have been different. The value of lead benzoate and lime-sulphur
for the prevention of potato blight is yet unknown, but it is
improbable that either is superior to bordeaux mixture for this

purpose.

Postscript.— Since this bulletin was written we find in the Journal of the
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland (Vol. XII,
No. 2, Jan., 1912), an account of an experiment made by Dr. Pethybridge
in Ireland. In this experiment three applications of lime-sulphur solution
(dilution not stated) proved utterly useless as a preventive of blight
(Phytophthora infestans).

1 Although unable to explain the process, physiologically, the writers are
confident that bordeaux preserves the foliage, prolongs the life and increases
the yield of potato plants even in the absence of parasitic organisms. The
experiment reported in this bulletin is only one of several in which we have
observed what we consider evidence of the stimulative influence of bordeaux.
While this view is held by many experimenters there are some who dispute it.

(See article by O. Kirchner in Ztschr. Pflanzenkr. 18:65-81. 1908.)

LIME-SULPHUR vs. BORDEAUX MIXTURE AS
A SPRAY FOR POTATOES, IL. *
M. T. MUNN.
SUMMARY.

The experiment herein described is, in the main, a repetition
of an experiment made in 1911. The results of the 1912 experi-
ment agree essentially with those obtained in rg11. Plainly, the
lime-sulphur solution is not to be recommended as a spray for
potatoes. Six applications of bordeaux mixture prolonged the
life of the plants about two weeks and increased the yield of
marketable tubers at the rate of 111.5 bu. per acre; while rows
receiving six applications of lime-sulphur died earlier, even,
than the check rows.

Tipburn, and late blight (Phytophthora infestans) associated
with and following which is the common rot of the potato tubers,
were the chief diseases encountered in the experiment. Both were
largely controlled by bordeaux. Lime-sulphur, on the contrary,
dwarfed the plants and aggravated the tipburn, although, so
far as could be determined, it did not burn the foliage. The
effect of lime-sulphur on late blight and rot (Phytophthora in-
festans) is uncertain, but, apparently, it did not check them.

INTRODUCTION.

During the year 1911 an experiment designed to test the re-
lative merits of lime-sulphur, lead benzoate, and bordeaux
mixture, as a spray for potatoes, was conducted; and a detailed
report upon it was given by F. C. Stewart and G. T. French
in Bulletin No. 347 of this Station. It was deemed advisable to
repeat this experiment during the past season along similar lines,
but to omit the use of lead benzoate as it was conclusively shown
that this material possessed no merits as a spray for potatoes.

* A reprint of Bulletin No. 352, November, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,”

see p. 850.
[201]

202 Report oF THE BoTAanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENT.
PLAN.

The experiment field consisted of an area 212x51 feet which
allowed 17 rows, each 212 feet long and 3 feet wide, each row
thus containing approximately one sixty-ninth of an acre.
After excluding a row on each side of the field as an outside row,
there remained 5 series of rows with 3 rows in each series.
Row No. 1 of each series was sprayed with bordeaux mixture,
Row No. 2 with lime-sulphur and Row No. 3 was retained as a
check. By this arrangement Rows 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 were
sprayed with bordeaux mixture, Rows 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14, with
lime-sulphur, and Rows 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 were not sprayed.

CULTURE OF CROP.

The slope of the field was sufficient to afford good surface
drainage. The soil was a heavy clay loam. The field produced
a crop of wheat the previous year and was plowed in the spring.
Before planting, the area was harrowed twice. Seed of the
variety Sir Walter Raleigh was planted by hand on May 24.
Furrows were opened with a plow and the seed pieces placed
15 inches apart by the use of a gauge-rod. No fertilizer of any
kind was applied at the time of planting. A horse cultivator
was used during the season to keep the soil in good tilth. In
addition to this, one light hoeing was given during the early
summer. The cultivation, as a whole, was such as would be
given a potato field on any well regulated farm.

PREPARATION OF THE SPRAY MIXTURES.
The concentrated lime-sulphur solution used was taken from a
stock prepared for use in the station orchards, according to the
Geneva Station Formula:

Bame- (Oo. per ct. Pure). .rcsceure sara erelsia weet’ eke le feunte tate miata se oie eae 38 Ibs.
Sulphur (hight‘grade,“finelly sdividedMi. So thieseiasine ~clete italien 80 lbs.
WUE Te ceutitvs lors siodee o.s: tie «ae ce.ave «5 “syare elle, oe leltesel stage ove ahelle ieiiete Ronchi erence ae 50 gal.

This concentrate tested 24° Beaumé, and in order to reduce this
mixture to the strength recommended for orchard spraying (1

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 203

to 40 when the density of the concentrate is 32° Beaumé), it
was diluted at the rate of two gallons of the concentrate to
fifty gallons of water.

The bordeaux mixture used was prepared from stock solutions
and according to the 6-4-50 formula, thereby containing six
pounds of copper ay alee and four pounds of unslaked lime in
each fifty gallons.

The arsenate of lead used for the control of bugs was in the
form of a thick paste and was used at the rate of three pounds
to fifty gallons of the spray mixture, or to fifty gallons of water
in the case of the check rows.

TIME AND NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS.

On July 9, when the plants were about six to eight inches high,
the first application of the two sprays was given. This was re-
peated every two weeks until the vines were entirely dead. Six
applications in all were made during the season.

In order to control the Colorado potato beetles or “ bugs,”
arsenate of lead, at the rate of three pounds to fifty gallons of
the spray mixture, was added and applied with the first two spray-
ings. On these same dates the check rows were sprayed with
three pounds of arsenate of lead in fifty gallons of water.
Following the first spraying it was found that the bugs were
not as efficiently controlled on the lime-sulphur rows as they were
on the other rows. The cause of this is uncertain, but was
perhaps due to a lack of care in mixing the lime-sulphur and
arsenate of lead. In order to control the bugs it was neces-
sary to spray the entire field again in two days with three pounds
of arsenate of lead in fifty gallons of water. This spraying and
the addition of poison in the next regular spraying completely
controlled the bugs for the entire season, and the use of a poison
was thereafter discontinued.

Both of the spray mixtures were applied with a knapsack
sprayer, which permitted a very thorough spraying in every case.
The rate of application varied from 150 to 200 gallons per acre,
depending upon the size of the plants, and the season.

904 Report oF THE BoTranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

RESULTS.
EFFECT OF THE SPRAYS ON THE FOLIAGE,

In addition to the desirability of testing the value of lime-sul-
phur as compared with bordeaux as a preventive of potato blight
(Phytophthora infestans) it was one of the objects of this experi-
ment to determine the effect of the two preparations on the
foliage. At short intervals during the season notes were taken
upon the condition of the foliage in the experimental field. The
weather following planting was such as to induce a satisfactory
growth, and at the end of the sixth week the plants were about
eight inches high, in full foliage, even all over the field, and
growing vigorously. At this time, July 9, the first application
of the spray mixtures was given. Previous to the third spraying
all the rows looked very uniform in size and color of foliage,
but on August 6, following the third spraying, more yellow and
dead leaves were noticed on the lower branches of the plants in
the lime-sulphur rows and the check rows, than on the bordeaux
rows, which, with the exception of an occasional dead leaf, were
entirely free and presented a vigorous appearance. Flea-beetle
injury, while very slight, was more prevalent on the lime-sulphur
and check rows than on the bordeaux rows, no doubt due to the
deterrent properties of the bordeaux. About August 16 tip-
burn appeared and continued to increase gradually in ex-
tent upon the lime-sulphur rows and the checks until the
end of the season. The bordeaux rows were nearly free from
it during the entire season while on the limesulphur rows it
appeared as if the trouble was aggravated by the lime-sulphur
spray. A large percentage of the plants in the lime-sulphur rows
were completely dead from the effects of the tipburn several days
before many plants had died in the check rows. It cannot be
stated that this trouble called tipburn was due to insufficient mois-
ture owing to the fact that it appeared more destructive during
the latter part of the season and at a time when rains were
frequent, often preventing cultivation for several days. It also
appeared more destructive on the north half of the field which
was slightly lower than the south half of the field.

‘peep Ajrvou sMOI YOoyD ‘pvop AjaitjUe SMO INYC[Ns-ouII] ‘aBerpoy [[NJ UL sMol xnveplog
‘1% UTANALAGg NO GTA IVLNAWIUdaXY AO GNY HLAOG WOUE MAIA—'TA ALVIg

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 205

On August 20, attention was attracted to the slightly smaller
size of plants in the lime-sulphur rows as compared with those
in the bordeaux rows and the checks. This difference became
quite marked on August 25 when it could be plainly seen that
the plants in the lime-sulphur rows were smaller in size, not as
spreading or bushy, and the stems appeared smaller, when coro-
pared with plants in the other rows. This difference was
noticeable throughout the remainder of the season.

On September 3, late blight (Phytophthora infestans), which
caused much tuber rot later in the season, was found to be pre-
valent in a nearby potato field, but it did not appear in the
experimental field until September 25 when it was found on
the check rows upon a number of living plants that still remained
in those rows, and also upon the few living plants that still re-
mained in the lime-sulphur rows. The number of living plants
was considerably smaller in the lime-sulphur rows than in the
check rows. All of the plants then alive in both rows were soon
killed by the combined attack of the tipburn and the blight.

The late appearance of the Phytophthora blight in the field was
perhaps due to the somewhat small growth of potato foliage
caused by a lack of fertility in the soil. In nearby potato fields
the foliage blight was prevalent and followed by a severe rotting of
the potato tubers. A very little early blight (Macrosporiwm
solant) occurred in September.

The superior condition of the bordeaux rows first became ap-
parent about August 20 and the difference became conspicuous
during the latter part of the season. On October 17, the date
upon which they were harvested, the bordeaux rows still con-
tained several living plants. They outlived the lime-sulphur
and check rows over two weeks.

YIELDS.
The following table shows the kind of treatment, also the yield
as determined by carefully sorting and weighing each row
separately at the time of digging.

206 Report oF THE BotTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

TaBLE I.— CoMPaARATIVE YIELDS OF PoTaTors SPRAYED WitTH LIME-SULPHUR
AND BorDEAUX MIXTURE.

Yield per row. Computed yield per acre.
Row Kind of

No. Srosbinieny. Market- Small | Rotten Market Small | Rotten} Total

able | tubers. | tub Bele gabon: | tubers. | Saale

tubers, | tubers. | tubers. | , pers. | tubers. | tubers. | yield.

Lbs Lbs Lbs. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
1 | Bordeaux....... 217.5 | 10.0 1.0} 246.6] 11.4 el |) a0
2 | Lime-sulphur....} 148.0 | 17.0 9.0] 168.9} 19.4}; 10.2) 198.5
SiipCheck.c ec ing. 1387.5 | 10.0} 64.5] 156.9) 11.4] 73.9 | 242.2
4 | Bordeaux....... 283.5 9.0 8.0 | 3238.6] 10.2 9.1 | 342.9
5 | Lime-sulphur....| 154.0 5.5] 44.5 | 175.8 6.2] 50.8 | 2382.8
6) |p@hecke og. k. 163.5 7.0} 86.0 | 186.6 7.9 | 98.1 | 292.6
7 | Bordeaux....... 276.0 5.0 6.0} 315.1 ai 6.9 | 327.7
8 | Lime-sulphur....| 166.0 5.5 16.5 189.5 6.2 18.8} 214.5
Ouiw@heck:,..5 25... <2. 134.5 6.0} 88.0} 153.5 6.9 | 100.4 | 260.8
10 | Bordeaux....... 236.0 4.0 5.0} 269.4 4.5 5.7 | 279.6
11 | Lime-sulphur....| 152.0 DOM pel SsOn| ideo 6.2] 20.5} 200.2
eel eChecks eras. 148.5 5.0] 51.5] 169.5 Det oGnd |) 2aone
13 | Bordeaux....... 200.0 6.0 0.0 | 228.3 6.9 0.0} 235.2
14 | Lime-sulphur....| 131.0] 10.0 10] 149.5; 11.4 Vet |) 16250
15°{* Checks | rus, . 140.0 9.0 4.0} 159.0] 10.2 4.5 | 173.7

TasBLe I].— SumMMARIZED YIELDS OF PoTATOES SPRAYED WITH LimE-SULPHUR AND
BorpEAuX MIXTURE.

Average yield per acre.

Kind of treatment. ee Smaliiel etter Ts
cubes. tubers. | tubers.

Bu. Bu, Bu. Bu.
Bordeauxsmixture-. eee see eee oe 276.6 vail 4.5 288 .8
DBime-sulphur: : oe 800... ce ee Ee ele cee 171.4 9.8 20.3 201.5
Ghechi pach toc oe at cae ere en Te en 165.1 8.4 67.1 240.6

Gain from use of bordeaux 111.5 bu. marketable tubers per acre.
Gain from use of lime-sulphur, 6.3 bu. marketable tubers per acre.
Gain from use of bordeaux, 48.2 bu. in total yield per acre.

Loss from use of lime-sulphur, 39.1 bu. in total yield per acre.

Although showing a considerably smaller total yield, the lime-
sulphur rows gave a slightly larger yield of marketable tubers
than did the check rows. This is due to the smaller loss from
rot on the lime-sulphur rows. This was only 20.3 bushels as

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 207

against 67.1 bushels per acre on the check rows. One un-
familiar with the experiment might draw the conclusion that
lime-sulphur has some value as a preventive of tuber rot. How-
ever, the facts in the case do not warrant such a conclusion. The
correct interpretation seems to be as follows: There was less
tuber rot on the lime-sulphur rows because at the time blight
attacked the field there were fewer live plants on these rows.
Many were already dead and incapable of taking blight, conse-
quently they were incapable of transmitting the disease to the
tubers. On the check rows there were more living plants for the
disease to attack. Such plants as were still alive on the lime-sul-
phur rows seemed to be quite as severely attacked as those on
check rows, but the data on this point are insufficient for definite
conclusions.

It is also worthy of note that all the rotten tubers on the
bordeaux rows were found in a slight depression at the north end
of the field, where the surface water from rains flowed across
the rows and undoubtedly carried spores from the adjoining in-
fected rows. No blight was found upon plants in_ the bordeaux
rows at any time during the season.

There was a marked difference in the size of the tubers from
the rows under different kinds of treatment. Tubers from the
bordeaux rows were somewhat larger than those from the check
rows and considerably larger than those from the lime-sulphur
rows.

It is not strange that the lime-sulphur rows gave a lower yield
than the check rows when one considers the dwarfed condition
of the plants in those rows and the fact that a great many of
the plants were dead several days before those in the check rows.

Although blight did not appear until late in the season after a
large percentage of the plants had died, so that the amount of
foliage affected was not large, the severity of the tuber rot is sur-
prising. It is evident that under favorable weather conditions a
small amount of blight may cause a heavy loss from tuber rot.

208 Report oF THE BoranicaL DEPARTMENT.

CONCLUSIONS.

The information at hand is quite sufficient as a basis for some
final conclusions. It seems evident that limesulphur is not
destined to take the place of bordeaux mixture as a spray for
potatoes, in spite of the fact that it is cheaper and no doubt very
convenient to use. Under more favorable conditions, in which
late blight occurred earlier in the season and to a greater extent,
the treatment with lime-sulphur might have produced different
results, but at present it is not promising. However, the experi-
ments have not been carried far enough to determine what may
be expected under favorable conditions.

The lime-sulphur proved harmless to the potato foliage as far as
burning is concerned, but it proved to have a distinct dwarfing
effect quite similar to that noted in the previous season’s experi-
ment. The lime-sulphur also lacked the beneficial or stimulative
effect derived from the bordeaux mixture which preserved the
foliage and prolonged the life of the plants and thereby increased
the yield even in the partial absence of fungus diseases.

It could not be determined at just what time in the season or
after which application the dwarfing effect of the lime-sulphur
first occurred, but it was first noticeable on August 20 at the
time of the fourth spraying, and on August 25 following this
spraying it became quite marked. It therefore appears that the
injury 1s cumulative. The benefical effect of the bordeaux on
the foliage was observed on August 6 or approximately two weeks
before the injurious effect of the lime-sulphur was noticed, when
it was plainly evident that there were many yellow and dead
leaves on the lower branches of plants in the lime-sulphur rows
and in the check rows while there were practically none on the
bordeaux rows which held their foliage throughout the seasom

In general, then, we are led to the same conclusions published in
last year’s bulletin on a similar experiment, namely, that spraying
potatoes with bordeaux mixture increases the yield of tubers and
prolongs the life of the plants; while the use of lime-sulphur
dwarfs the plants, causes them to die earlier, and causes an appre-
ciable loss in yield. Certain it is that spraying potatoes with
bordeaux mixture should not be omitted by the potato grower.

POTATO SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS, 1902-1911.*

F. C. STEWART, G. T. FRENCH anp F. A. SIRRINE

SUMMARY.

This bulletin gives a detailed account of the potato spraying
experiments conducted by the Station in 1911 and a summary
of results obtained in similar experiments made during the nine
years preceding.

In the so-called ten-year experiments the ten-year average
increase in yield is as follows:

At Geneva, three sprayings, 69 bu. per acre.

At Geneva, five to seven sprayings, 97.5 bu. per acre.

At Riverhead, three sprayings, 25 bu. per acre.

At Riverhead, five to seven sprayings, 45.7 bu. per acre.

In the farmers’ business experiments (6 to 15 each year) the
nine-year averages are as follows:

Increase in yield, 36.1 bu. per acre.

Total expense of spraying, $4.74 per acre.

Net profit from spraying, $14.43 per acre.

In 205 volunteer experiments, covering seven years, the aver-
age increase in yield was 54.3 bu. per acre.

These experiments demonstrate, beyond doubt, that the spray-
ing of potatoes is highly profitable in New York.

Spraying with bordeaux mixture should be commenced when
the plants are six to eight inches high and repeated at intervals
of 10 to 14 days throughout the season, making five to seven
applications in all. Some poison should be added to the
bordeaux whenever bugs or flea beetles sre plentiful. The
spraying should be very thorough—the more thorough the
better.

INTRODUCTION.

Does it pay to spray potatoes in New York? Potato growers
have long asked this question. It is well known that in seasons

* A reprint of Bulletin No. 349, June, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,” see
p- 831.

[209]

210 Report or THE BotTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

when blight is destructive spraying will check the blight and
considerably increase the yield; but the majority of potato grow-
ers have doubted that spraying is profitable on the average.
They argue that blight does not appear every year. In some
seasons it causes but little if any damage, yet the spraying must
be done regularly because it is impossible to foretell the appear-
ance of blight. The result is that in some seasons spraying is
profitable while in others it is unprofitable and growers doubt that
the aggregate gain will repay the expense of spraying for a
series of years.

The Station set out to find an answer to the above question.
The investigation was begun in 1902 and concluded in 1911.
During ten consecutive years several potato spraying experiments
have been made each year. These experiments are of three
kinds: (1) Station ten-year experiments (two each year), car-
ried out entirely by the Station; (2) farmers’ business experi-
ments (12 to 15 each year), conducted by farmers in codperation
with the Station; (3) farmers’ volunteer experiments carried
out entirely by farmers. This bulletin gives details of the experi-
ments made in 1911 and a summary of the results obtained in
the previous nine years.

Bulletins of this series previously published are:

No. 221. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1902;

No. 241. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1903;

No. 264. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1904;

No. 279. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1905;

No. 290. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1906;

No. 307. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1907;

No. 311. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1908;

No. 323. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1909;

No. 338. Potato Spraying Experiments in 1910.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. bal

SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED IN TEN-YEAR
EXPERIMENTS PRIOR TO 1911.

RESULTS IN 1902.

TABLE I.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1902.

Series. Rows.* Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.t

Bu. lbs.

ee ysl blds eeandutonw so. uly Ozanne Aue. 2. ee aoa erm nee 317 41
10 yA pana 27 ONS ana lau see June 25, July 10, 23, 30, Aug. 12, 26 and Sept.

OS cite terete s are rte fous vend Sreua ovcyerwevenesay a toss 342 36

4

TI. 3. oy Gy Qiandel Sas sse Not sprayed stains & SS8 Sah ae. 15 219

* Rows 10, 11 and 12 omitted because of probable error.
t The yields given in Tables I to XVIII relate to marketable tubers only.

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 984 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying seven times, 1234 bu. per acre.

The unsprayed rows died two weeks earlier than the sprayed
rows, owing chiefly to a severe attack of late blight. They were
also somewhat injured by flea beetles, but there was no early
blight. On unsprayed rows the loss from rot was 7$ per ct.; on
sprayed rows only an occasional tuber.

TABLE IJ.— YIELD By SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1902.

Series Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

TAS Pe Dae Sana ll sty May 26, June 20 and July 12............... 295 20
1 eae V4 ands Otneaa se May 26, June 3, 20, 30, July a1. 23 and Aug. 5.| 312 35
128 ee ae SO; Oland H2e ants oe Not sprayed WR Fae ea eh. sabre) ena 267 40

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 27% bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying seven times, 45 bu. per acre.

In this experiment there were only traces of early blight and
no late blight. The larger yield on sprayed rows was due to par-
tial protection against flea beetles which were rather plentiful at
times. There was no rot.

212 Report oF THE BotanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

RESULTS IN 1903.
TABLE III.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1903.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

| (Aaa 1,(4, 7,10 and. 13... .)|| July 14, 28 and Aupi26.. soon eee eee 262 —
Wes 7058) LL and 14... 4|| duly 7, 20, Aug: 7, 2lvand sept. oon ee eonnees 292 10
LD) Baie 3; 65:9, 12 and 153. ..\|) Notisprayed..niccs eooke ook tec 174 20

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 88 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 118 bu. per acre.

Three sprayings prolonged the life of the plants 11 days; five
sprayings, 18 days. There was no early blight and the injury
from flea beetles was only slight. Late blight was again the chief
enemy. The loss from rot was even less than in 1902.

TABLE IV.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1903.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

] Ore eee 14,0 and 10). 0260. June, Mulyzce aa Ae der a1 See Sete 246 45

| fi oe Ob Siandallicn eee Jimejo ne 4o illyidseoe aNGuAtC Sion ne ener on 263 10
1 Be ia 3) 6; 9'and 12070 oo: INOUIEDIBVEG scree cs eae ecm eee 207 10

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 393 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 56 bu. per acre.

The sprayed rows outlived those unsprayed by several days.
Late blight and flea beetles were the chief enemies. Early blight,
also, caused slight damage. On the unsprayed rows the loss from
rot was 2 per ct.; on those sprayed, practically nothing.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 213

RESULTS IN 1904.

TABLE V.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1904.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.

| Bu. Ibs.
Ls Ae ea 1Oandilse... |PuUly: Loser and ApS 1D. oe ct ass eee e oie 344 30
1 ee 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....} July 8, 22 and Ate Poisand 29;...2) so 386 40

10) eee 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15....} Not sprayed i TRE SS. Fee te Se Se 153 25

Increase in yield due to spraying three tumes, 191 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five tumes, 233 bu. per acre.

Spraying prolonged the life of the plants 25 days. Late blight
was the only trouble. On both sprayed and unsprayed rows there
was a little rot at digging time. In storage, the sprayed potatoes
rotted most. Spraying materially improved the cooking qualities.

TABLE VI.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1904.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

Bee 2 lee evo (e ba eae core Junest4y Sulys2tand Aug) Ole ye a-nation celasers 257 58

1 ieee oe Dao eange ile. |. .5 ke June 14, 27, July 11, 26, Aug. 9 and 22....... 297 45
Te se 336) 9.and 12055) oo: NOt sprayed): tart. ts. at ower de - os Baha eke 201 25

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 564 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 964 bu. per acre.

The larger yield on sprayed rows was due chiefly to partial
protection against flea beetles which were unusually abundant.
Both early and late blight were also present. The loss from rot
was 38 per ct. on Series I, 1 per ct. on Series II, and 6 per ct. on

Series III.

914 Report oF THE BoTranticaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

RESULTS IN 1905.
TABLE VII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1905.

Series. Rows.* Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

Wega Ae Aces AO ANG IS. 2 oct July: 3s Aug: T,and\25e: -..t0d 9. 5ccke See ee 228 45
Lt eee 5,8, ddoand 1475. 2 ae June 29, July 13, 27, ig 12 ‘and (24: Fee 05, 241 15
or? 639° 12 and 155525): Not sprayed yav’e'abaite'gs oametaae atcromy shetars Bee ote a ea 121 52

* Rows 1, 2 and 3 omitted because of error.

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 107 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 119% bu. per acre.

From the combined attack of flea beetles, tip burn and late
blight the unsprayed rows died fully two weeks earlier than the
sprayed ones. Spraying reduced the loss from rot at the rate of
41 bushels per acre. There was no subsequent rot in storage,

TABLE VIII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1905.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

1 Deena 1, 4, 7,10 and 13....| June 14, July 18 and Aug. 11............... 253 —
Wet. 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....] June 14, 30, July 14, 28 and Aug. 11......... 302 41
HN Cee 376) Ol 2vand.15..2 3| Notisprayegrens oa er eb auc aes 221 38

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 314 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 82 bu. per acre.

Late blight caused no injury in this experiment and there was

not even a trace of rot. Flea beetles and early blight were the
enemies fought.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 215

RESULTS IN 1906.

TABLE IX.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1906.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

See ae. 1Orandela Se uly 9, Aug TOL and GUp cfops 2 cis) 0 cpeforeusacnaia ee s-4 227 25
1) res 205) So Lieand: 14% Joly’ 65 20) Aug: 6,20) and. 20. oe, Soveueigee or 258 40
1 UU ea es S160% 1o-and ae te NOt Bprayed cee mone coe Ae son acaeroe ener 195 40

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 313 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 63 bu. per acre.

Late blight, early blight, flea beetles and tip burn were all
factors in this experiment, but none of them caused much damage.
Spraying controlled blight and flea beetles completely and tip
burn partially. The loss from rot was negligible, only four rot-
ten tubers being found in the entire experiment.

TABLE X.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1906.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs

Weise « 14,0, LOand 13.) dune 12) July Stand Aug. Gis. 5 .6 © dese foto 2 172 —
eae ae 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....| June 12, 25, July 10, 25 and Aug. 6.......... 203 45
11 | Gale ene SMOH Ol aaNOel Opa ie INObBDIA YOU. avcin cc dele carci cas ors aaneeus a, arate 150 30

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 214 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 534 bu. per acre.

In the experiment at Riverhead the principal enemies were late
blight and flea beetles, there being a moderate attack of both.
Early blight was not sufficiently abundant to cause material in-
jury. There was no loss from rot.

216 Report oF THE BoTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

RESULTS IN 1907.

TABLE XI.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1907.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

Tr. 14) v,d0 and 13...) July 16;-Aug. 9 and247 <0 ao deat eaae 220 15
Eta 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....] July 15, 24, Aug. 9, 24 and Sept. 17......... 249 50
11 ae 826; 9:12 and 155! <1 Not-sprayed wee. 4 cpiere die ec reh aenee alae 176 10

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 44 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 73% bu. per acre.

Late blight and rot were wholly absent and early blight ap-
peared only in traces. There was some tip burn and a light at-
tack of flea beetles. Considering the seemingly small amount of
damage done by blight and insects it is remarkable that spraying
should have increased the yield so much.

TABLE XII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1907.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

‘See 174; 7, 10.and“43-.. .| Juneil9) July 25 andvAup: 15400 peu. eps - 186 45
II......] 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....| June 19, July 2, 17, 31, Aug. 15 and 29....... 200 5
1 ee ae 3n6:.9; 12:and' 15:2 NOt Sprayed’). cp cn 2 oe ene tee ear 168 50

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 18 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 31} bu. per acre.

There was some early blight, but no late blight. Flea beetles
were plentiful and caused much damage. The larger yield of the
sprayed rows is to be attributed to their partial protection against
flea beetles and early blight.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 217

RESULTS IN 1908.

TABLE XIII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1908.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

ee 47 10 and) 135-23) duly Sel df ANG AULT Ose cick sie od sluesoe eo 155 40
EES .| 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....| July 3, 17, Aug. 3, 18, Sept. 1, and 16........ 165 10
ESS > 2 SRG te angel oo-4 | DINOUIBDES VEO eae s cies cc clelcles oes cinch orece oa aontskers 126 10

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 294 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 39 bu. per acre.

There was no early blight, no late blight and no rot. Flea
beetles caused slight damage to the unsprayed rows, most of which
occurred after September 1st. The chief trouble was tip burn,
which was quite severe. The sprayed rows of Series II outlived
the unsprayed rows of Series III by about five days owing, ap-
parently, to the smaller amount of tip burn and flea beetle injury
on the sprayed rows.

TABLE XIV.— YIELD By SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1908.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

ert: 14. 7-10'and 13--.2| gune Lit July 9'and Aug4 = 02 oe fo Soe ee 147 35
Lo eee 2,5, 8, ll and 14....| June 11, 25, July 9, 24 and Aug. 4........... 152 10
Tilochoms 3x6; OyWlDandal Sica Not sprayed sau ( o> a sitele.-.s craacderd onictaaccesteen. « 136 50

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 103 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, 153 bu. per acre.

In this experiment there was some early blight and a moderate
attack of flea beetles, but no late blight and no rot. During July
considerable damage was done by aphids which were not checked

by the spraying.

918 Report oF THE BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

RESULTS IN 1909.
TABLE XV.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1909.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

Tey cee 14:47, 10 and 13......\| dulyO)23tandvAug sith eer eae eee 162 20
1) ete 2,5, 8, ll and 14....| July 9, 23, Aug. 11, 27, Sept. 10 and 24...... 173 25
iE ee 3,6, 19) 12'and 15.7 53" Net sprayed) e051) 5. he eae! ere eee ae 123 40

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 383 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 49% bw. per acre.

Early blight, late blight and rot were all absent. Some injury
from flea beetles was noticeable throughout the season. After Sep-
tember 1 there was considerable tip burn. As late as September
24 the difference between sprayed and unsprayed rows appeared
slight. The sprayed rows held most of their foliage until killed
by frost on October 14.

TABLE XVI.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1909.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.*
Bu. Ibs.

1 Canes 14540; LOrandulo.. 4 dune lt dulya Gand dilic.- siiecus riecioe ee 136 30

10 eer 2,5, 8, 11 and 14....| June 11, 25, July 9, 24, Aug. 6, and 21....... 160 20

0 cio 3, 6; '9> 12:and-15 5...) Not-sprayed anc cece etre ranaere i teeornrnewinn 107 50

* Marketable tubers only. Owing to their small average size it was deemed advisable to make
two grades of the marketable tubers; ‘‘ firsts ’ which sold for 80 cents per bushel and “ seconds ”
which sold for 40 cents. The increase in yield due to spraying was chiefly in the grade of ‘‘ firsts,”
the yields being as follows: rae

Rows sprayed three times, 75} bu. ‘‘ firsts ’’ and 61} bu. “‘ seconds; ” rows sprayed six times,
100 bu. “‘ firsts ”’ and 604 bu. ‘‘ seconds; ’’ unsprayed rows, 50 bu. “ firsts ”’ and 57§ bu. ‘‘ seconds.”

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 28% bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 524 bu. per acre.

There was a little early blight, but no late blight and no rot.
After July 15 the plants suffered from both drought and flea
beetles. From this time until the plants were all dead the sprayed
rows were noticeably superior to the unsprayed ones. This differ-
ence was more marked during the last week in July than on
August 21.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 219

RESULTS IN 1910.

TABLE X VIJ.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1910.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

Dee et.. « 4s 7 LOrandul sede al vulyeor 20)and Auips Sean se. eis cas bites iene 244 30
10 Wes Sie 2, 5, 8 11 and 14....] July 6, 20, Aug. 3, 18, Sept. 2 and 19........ 285 25
191 Wa eata a SUGVOe 12 andelny.ya|MiNOtADLAyeG an yer. ytciae sh ies cate ciate oh einer 222 35

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 22 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying six times, 63 bu. per acre.

A very little damage was done by flea beetles and early blight.
The chief factor was late blight which appeared about the middle
of September and wrought considerable havoe in the north one-
third of the field. In this region there was, also, some loss from
rot — 43 bu. per acre on Series I, 10.8 bu. on Series II and 37.2
bu. on Series ITI.

TABLE X VIII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1910.*

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

eee 4. Tl Oland 1S) .3.0.02 UNE ulyy LGrangeAup 1st. lersiercicrsian 163 45
DD y.fe22 5% & Sst Livand: 147 oi 558): June 20; July/3;.16, Aug $l andlsin. a-iss te 174 22
ao ae GSE T2andidig ns. see IN Gt SPLA VCC iy tracker settee deletes a Meroe ore aes ete s 148 57

* Incorrectly reported in Bulletin 338. Rows 1, 2 and 3 should have been excluded because of
their irregular yields due to some other cause than spraying.

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 14% bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times 254 bu. per acre.

The plants suffered severely from drought and were moderately
attacked by flea beetles, plant lice and early blight; but late blight
and rot were wholly absent.

220 Report oF THE BoTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

DETAILS OF THE TEN-YEAR EXPERIMENTS IN 1911.
AT GENEVA,

During 1911 the experiment at Geneva was carried out in prac-
tically the same manner as in previous years. As usual, there
were fifteen rows 290.4 feet long by three feet wide. Planting
was done by hand on May 22 and 23. The variety was Rural
New Yorker No. 2. Each row received ten pounds (500 Ibs. per
acre) of chemical fertilizer applied by hand as uniformly as pos-
sible in the open furrow at planting time. The soil was of the
same general character as that used for the experiment during the
past eight years, namely, a rather heavy gravelly clay loam with
good surface drainage. Because of the very dry weather which
prevailed for about seven weeks after planting the young potato
plants made a slow, spindling growth at first and never attained
large size. However, the unfavorable conditions at the start were
partly offset by an unusually long growing season — May 22 to
October 27 — with an abundance of rain in the last few weeks.

The five rows constituting Series I were sprayed three times
with bordeaux — July 6, 20 and August 17.

The five rows constituting Series II were sprayed seven times
with bordeaux — July 6, 20, August 4, 17, 31, September 15 and
30.

The five rows constituting Series III (check) were not sprayed
at all with bordeaux.

Colorado potato beetles or “ bugs’
experiment by means of paris green which was applied over the
entire field twice and to portions of the check rows a third time.
The first two applications were made on the dates of the first two
sprayings (July 6 and 20), the paris green being mixed with the
bordeaux used on Series I and II while on the check rows (Series
III) it was applied with lime water. The third application of
paris green (made August 17) was required only on certain
portions of the check rows which were being slightly injured by
bugs. In all cases the paris green was used at the rate of one
pound to fifty gallons.

> were eliminated from the

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTaTION. 221

In each spraying the bordeaux was applied uniformly and very
thoroughly with a knapsack sprayer, the quantity varying from
about 100 gallons in the first spraying to about 250 gallons per
acre in the later ones. ‘The bordeaux used contained six pounds
of copper sulphate in each 50 gallons and lime somewhat in
excess of the quantity required to satisfy the potassium fer-
rocyanide test. No attempt was made to spray the undersurface
of the leaves.

Until nearly the middle of September the unsprayed rows ap-
peared to be in as good condition as the sprayed ones. On Sep-
tember 15 a contrast was observed for the first time. The foliage
of the rows sprayed every two weeks was perfect while that of the
unsprayed rows began to show tip burn. Although it was not
marked there was certainly a difference. From this time until
about October 15, when the unsprayed rows were entirely dead,
the contrast between sprayed and unsprayed rows became grad-
ually more and more pronounced. The condition of the rows
sprayed three times was intermediate between that of unsprayed
rows and rows sprayed every two weeks. On all rows, the plants
in the north half of the field died somewhat earlier than in the
south half. Viewed from the south end on October 23 the rows
sprayed seven times appeared to be in nearly full foliage; while
rows sprayed three times showed only an occasional green branch;
and the check rows were entirely dead. The first killing frost
came on the night of October 27, at which time the rows sprayed
seven times were still quite green over the south half of their
length though nearly dead over the north half.

There was no late blight whatever, only a very little early
blight and a very little flea beetle injury. The unsprayed rows
were affected by no disease of any consequence except tip burn
and even of that there was only a moderate amount. As the plants
were still partially alive twenty weeks after planting it is clear
that they could not have been very much injured by anything. Yet
spraying increased the yield at the rate of 93 bu. per acre. Plainly,
we have here a striking example of the beneficial influence of
bordeaux in the absence of diseases and insect enemies. Of course,

292 Report OF THE BotTanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

the unusually long growing season gave the bordeaux an opportu:
nity to exert its full influence. Had frost come on October 1, as
frequently happens, the difference in yield between sprayed and
unsprayed rows would have been much smaller; and had frost come
on September 14, when potato fields in many localities in the
State were killed, the gain from spraying would probably have
been very small.

Several persons who saw the experiment during October after
the contrast had become marked raised the question as to whether
the sprayed rows were increasing their yield at that time. They
must have been increasing their yield rapidly else they could not
have outyielded the unsprayed rows by as much as 93 bu. per
acre.

Apparently, the increased yield of the sprayed rows was due
chiefly to the larger average size of the tubers. On the rows
sprayed seven times the tubers were quite large —so large, in
fact, that some difficulty might have been experienced in selling
them at full price in the regular potato market.

The potatoes were dug by hand and the product of each row
sorted and weighed as in previous years. The yield by rows is
shown in the following table:

TABLE XIX.— YIELDS IN THE EXPERIMENTS AT GENEVA IN 1911.

Yield per row.* Yield per acre.
Row. Treatment. Market- Bas Market- Cull
able. f able. st

Lbs. Lbs. Bulbs. | Bu. lbs.
1 RE fear Sprayed'3 times! ... cass: vs cpus sieve cle e 297 4 247 ~ 30 |.3 20
Die Sprayed 7 tlmess...... seehee «teh ede ee 364 6 B0sm 20S 00
Se Wrnsprayved=. face kde dace eet ee 2054 93 | 171 ze Marg 55
WR as: Sprayed''3 times... 92. oP riys... Seeakte nr 278 8 231 40/6 40
DE ee: Sprayed 7: times. Wan 48440 ame eee 350 6 291) 405 00
Ciena: Unspraved=cece.mat de cic eee 226 9 188 20|7 30
ieee Sprayed's) timess) vac escink ccmne eer 2653 5 221 15 | 4 10
Spee Sprayeda7ishimes) poco kc eiocsna ee wie nether 301 534 | 250 50/4 35
OR134 § Wrsprayed 65th cen aoe 208 103 | 173 20); 8 45
10s. 2 SUIAVeC Gr blMeB.... bo ae achus oti ee 245 83 | 204 10] 7 5
TAGES Spravediz times: tf)... e258 kee 332 4 276 40/3 20
LO Wrspraved™ 2s. tne tna e soe 198 6 1h5s OOF 00
1S¥ 21 Sprayed Ss times! )(t. FAs sot. BRE 266 103 | 221 40/8 45
4 eee SPravedes HIMES U vos: . ceo eas arene 323 6 269 10 | 5 00
VGtce- Unsprayed ss ooet wb ee's ie 6 ee fee sees 7275 8 229 10 |'6 40

* Rows 290.4 feet long by 3 feet wide, making the area of each row exactly one-fiftieth acre,
+ At the time of the second spraying, Row 15 was sprayed with bordeaux by mistake. This
robably explains, in part, why it yielded so much more than the other check rows; but there must
have been, also, some other disturbing factor else it would not have outyielded Row 13 sprayed
ee times.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 223

The five rows sprayed three times constitute Series I and the

average yield of these rows makes the yield for Series I. The

yields given for Series II and III have been computed in the same
way. The yield by series is shown in the following table:

TABLE XX.— YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1911.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.*
Bu. lbs.

| ees 134,07, 10: and! 13-2...) July; 62 20!and Augs 072 25.54.02. -sanins Ont 225 1
Bo ca 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....] July 6, 20, Aug. 4, 17, 31, Sept. 15 and 30....| 278 20
S| ee S609: Wand 1a... (Not enrayed 4 ro. c donc. ble ook eeeenr ae 185 25

* Marketable tubers only.

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 40 bu. per acre.
Increase in yreld due to spraying seven times, 93 bu. per acre.

AT RIVERHEAD.

With minor variations the experiment at Riverhead was car-
ried out in the same manner as the one at Geneva. The potatoes
were of the variety Carman No. 1. They were planted April 14.
The soil was sandy loam.

The five rows of Series I were sprayed with bordeaux mix-
ture three times — May 30, June 24 and July 12.

The five rows of Series IT were sprayed with bordeaux mixture
five times — May 30, June 14, 28, July 12 and 26.

The five rows of Series III (check), received no bordeaux.

Bugs were controlled with paris green used at the rate of one
and one-half pounds to fifty gallons. On Series I and II it was
applied with the bordeaux three times and on Series III twice
(June 24 and July 12), with lime water.

In this experiment flea beetles were plentiful. There was, also,
a little early blight, but no late blight and no rot. The chief cause
of the low yield was the severe drought which brought about the
premature death of the plants on all three series. Table XXI
shows the yield by rows and Table X XII the yield by series.

224 Report oF THE BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE
e
TABLE XXI.— YIELDS IN THE EXPERIMENT AT RIVERHEAD IN 1911.

Yield per acre

Yield per row.* (computed).
Row. Treatment.
Market- Market-
able. Culls. able. Culls.
Lbs. Lbs. Bu. lbs. | Bu. _ lbs.
ae Sprayedss dames’ bec sae ee a otienens 177 5 147 30 4 10
Binktsies Sprayed Or tlmes taioe ccs cieemexae snes 168 3 140 — 2 30
Bt ae Wnsprayed o04..%... 3/5 oe ee 199.5 4 166 #15 3 20
Are lne is Sprayed > times... coe ee cries cen 161.5 4 134 35 3 20
Deorewicrs = ceed DAMES /c) eee ebicee 174.5 6.51) 145 425 s 25
Co TAVOUs Reet eee ee 161 5 134 10] 4 10
Wake rece: Sarge BS TIMES... ce Seu cretate niente 133.5 7 IV AS 5 50
See. ite OS tUMESs ook fe Se oe ee 152.5 6 127 5 5 —
ee rayed We fd cL, es ER A, A 164.5 651137 5 5 25
HORS. | Spreye SB EMES ert hakt hates cera Oisteslahe 152 8 126 40 6 40
1 ye aroeere | Sprayed 5, BUMS S onc eo lotto eee ones 151 14 125 50} 11 40
Ta is eae DSPPayedre sao ee Tee eee 129 9 107. 30 7 30
TSE Acie SPEAVEO a GME icin cssils omicie @eiee aiote 183 12 152"~ 30° }:'10 —_
Aes isle Sprayedcbi times. sos oact ee oecane 157 14 130 50] 11 40
To sscs Wnsprayed je o.ae cia oetdec lots wlonnetrle 146 12 121 40] 10 _

* Rows 290.4 feet long by 3 feet wide, making the area of each row exactly one-fiftieth acre.

TABLE X XII.— YIELD BY SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1911.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

Teer. el, 454, 1Oand is s..5- May 30, June 24 and July 12............... 134 30
1) (Reeranee OA tiptety liber Wie be eee May 30, June 14, 28, July 12 and 26......... 133 50
iO eae 3, 6,9,12and15..... Not sprayed cusieteis SNe ie Man ete ee eee 133 20

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 1§ bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, $ bu. per acre.

In all our experience with potato spraying experiments this is
the only instance in which five thorough sprayings with bordeaux
mixture have failed to increase the yield. What may have been
the cause we do not know. Perhaps the severe drought had some-
thing to do with it. There is no reason to believe that the un-
sprayed rows had any advantage over the sprayed rows.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTION. 225
SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE TEN-
YEAR EXPERIMENTS.

The following table shows the results obtained in the ten-year
experiments at Geneva and Riverhead:

TABLE XXIII.— SuMMARY OF THE TEN-YEAR EXPERIMENTS.

At Geneva. At Riverhead.
Year. Gain per acre | Gain per acre | Gain per acre | Gain per acre
due to due to ue to ue to
spraying every | spraying three | spraying every | spraying three
two weeks. times. two weeks. times.
Bu Bu. Bu. Bu
WQO2RRRG A. See e eee ee ke 123.5 98.5 45 20:57
POOR ee eerie yclevetercisrs 52:8. ass 118 88 56 39.5
Dee obo be bb CD ae aE eo 233 191 96 56.5
LOUD reese eiterereie re we's, o.as)eus'a ts 119 107 82 31.5
N08 Os oreo Oe ee eae 63 32 53 21.5
NGO Metre cteterrete corte esis aiavscore Ss 13.7 44 31 18
Tt Ne nS nie Sy OER ich es 39 29.5 Lon, 10.7
LOODRES Ph. Ce Tee on ene 49.7 38.7 D2E5 28.7
TOUO Rass et eiie ee Sena S elec 63 22 25.5 14.7
LOM pert aes ba aie sca bales 93 40 5 ea
PAVETAGE fame Setelere ot eles ae | 97.5 69 45.7 25

The ten-year experiments are now concluded. They have been
carried out during ten consecutive years very nearly as planned.
Three times (twice at Geneva and once at Riverhead) it has been
necessary to reject the data from certain parts of the experiment
field because of inequalities due to other causes than spraying;
but there has been no crop failure or serious accident to break the
continuity of the experiments.

One striking feature of Table X XIIT is the difference between
the gains obtained at Geneva and those obtained at Riverhead.
At Geneva, the increase in yield due to spraying is more than
double what it is at Riverhead. It is probable that this differ-
ence is due partly to differences in the temperature and rainfall
in the two localities and partly to difference in soil. Through-
out the whole ten years the Riverhead experiment has been on
light, sandy soil while the experiment at Geneva has been on
rather heavy clay loam.

8

226 Report oF THE BoTranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

The results of these experiments, considered in connection with
other experiments and observations made by the writers, indicate
that the average benefit from spraying potatoes in New York
may vary very widely in different localities and on different soils.
The average increase of 45 bu. per acre obtained at Riverhead is
probably the minimum average increase to be expected from thor-
ough spraying since potatoes are rarely planted on lighter, drier
soil than that used for the experiment at Riverhead. On the other
hand, the maximum average is probably over 100 bu. per acre.
Many thousands of acres are planted on heavy soils in low situa-
tions where the ravages of blight and rot are considerably greater
than on such land as was used for the experiment at Geneva. What
the mean average for the State may be cannot be stated, even ap-
proximately. It can only be said to be large — somewhere be-
tween 50 and 100 bu. per acre.

Five to seven sprayings in the course of the season gave much
better results than three sprayings. Undoubtedly, the three spray-
ings would have made a better showing had they been applied
later in the season; but this was impracticable because of the
necessity of early spraying to control “ bugs.” All of our ex-
perience in spraying potatoes with bordeaux mixture indicates that
the more frequently and thoroughly the plants are sprayed the
better it is for them and the larger will be their yield of tubers.

In these experiments we have been able to greatly reduce the
ravages of early blight, late blight, rot, tip burn and flea beetles,
but have not succeeded in completely controlling any of them in
times of severe attack.

FARMERS’ BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS.

During the season of 1911 fourteen farmers in different parts
of the State conducted business experiments for the Station. The
object of these experiments is to determine the actual profit in
spraying potatoes under farm conditions. The methods employed
were essentially the same as in previous years. An accurate rec-
ord was kept of all of the expense of spraying, including labor,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 227

chemicals and wear of machinery. In each experiment a strip
of a few rows was left unsprayed for comparison.

“ Spraying,” as used in this bulletin, means the application of
bordeaux mixture exclusively. The application of paris green or
arsenite of soda in lime water is not called spraying.

Whenever “‘ arsenite of soda” is mentioned it should be under-
stood to mean the stock solution prepared by the Kedzie formula
— one pound white arsenic, four pounds sal soda and one gallon
of water boiled together twenty minutes.

By “test rows” is meant the rows used in determining the
amount of the increase in yield due to spraying. These are,
usually, the middle unsprayed row and the second sprayed row
on either side.

Unless otherwise stated, the yields given are for marketable
tubers only.

The price used in computing the value of the increased yield
is, in every case, the market price for potatoes in the locality
where the experiment was made on the date on which the test
rows were dug.

Tn ten of the experiments a few rows were double-sprayed ; that
is, at each spraying these rows were treated twice. The object of
this was to determine whether more thorough spraying would be
profitable.

298 Report oF THE BoTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

THE LANCASTER EXPERIMENT,

Conducted by F. W. Handy, Lancaster, N. Y. Six acres of
potatoes were sprayed four times (July 31, Aug. 7, 16 and 24)
with bordeaux mixture, formula 4%-6-50. The spraying was done
with a one-horse, four-row “ Iron Age ” sprayer carrying one noz-
zle per row. The potato field was about 100 yards from the water
supply. The water was pumped by a gasoline engine. Four
rows 664 feet long by 32 inches wide were left unsprayed for a
check. Owing to the absence of bugs it was unnecessary to use
any poison. On each side of the check a strip of four rows was
double-sprayed at each spraying. Apparently, the plants were
not injured by blight, yet an occasional rotten tuber was found at
digging time.

The items of expense were as follows:

150slhs: eopper sulphate (@ 5.0) Ct8s 0 b:.,. cists cease piel seins Salemi $8 25
UO TAUB: SATE hte 1.9 Gc sAseh cig) a reliastycae cies BiSra ete ce) one Bice tela ke eae face es 80
24 hrs. labor for man and horse @ 25 cts..............+-.006 6 00
Allowanée Hor swear ‘of sptayer ii). (kh cee. HIN Tee eee 2 00

HS) 00) EE ee a nee Re Assis Secon oo Os $17 05

Average expense of spraying, $2.84 per acre.

The test rows yielded as follows:

Two double-sprayed rows, 811 lbs. 166.2 bu. per acre.

Two single-sprayed rows, 714 Ibs== 146.4 bu. per acre.

Two check rows, 735.5 lbs.== 150.8 bu. per acre.

Single-spraying resulted in a loss of 4.4 bu. per acre, while
double-spraying gave a gain of 15.4 bu. per acre.

The market price of potatoes being sixty cents per bushel, the
total loss per acre from single-spraying was $5.48, while from
double-spraying there was a net profit of $3.56 per acre.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 229

THE BATAVIA EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by G. A. Prole, Batavia, N. Y. Thirty acres of
potatoes were sprayed four times with a two-horse, four-row
“Tron Age” sprayer carrying one nozzle per row. The dates of
spraying were July 7, 20, August 1 and 15. Water was obtained
from a well about fifty rods from the field. It was pumped by a
windmill. In the first and third sprayings arsenite of soda was
used with the bordeaux at the rate of four quarts to sixty gallons.
The check consisted of a strip of three unsprayed rows 953 feet
long and 2.8 feet apart. These were treated twice (July 7 and
August 1) with arsenate of lead to control bugs. The plants grew
to large size. They became considerably affected with tip burn.
Traces of late blight were discovered September 26, but no appre-
ciable damage was done by it and no rotten tubers were found at
digging time. Sprayed and unsprayed rows appeared equal
throughout the season.

The expense account contained the following items:

384 Shs. capper sulpliate @ G°cte.. <0 2. ees cae s ade wlege se $23 04
eit livicu (De 2 Meta: Si. ciierey ti sun oo Ollie Oc ere chene Oat eateretecltce, ciiets (6
SCMIDS se WNIte AESENICs ii Secs ss: sxenaties ATs tae hate hat ote ald hae ce 2 56
GAD Se Salle SOC a nel Woon CLS aaa ceavevicr 9 lover d tov ad veers velo th aoe «AVP ERS 96
80 hrs. labor for man and horse @ 30 cts...............-..00- 24 00
PAT SEN ALCE Olea OR Miver hcl hatch eter ct otek svar on shel cl dr ekcdan MOT es OR AAs As ABE 50
WW etre OW ADEA VET) 3) 05-1 svcpararevore! ctehons/atet ar ater of stot oxecan@d dota sao « SOAs Sof 5 00

PROG ores ef rope can cn Ghai ayia) rset chcsVon ob cvs av ory ov cneveva) oh 21 asa) ey at sk Se aysren onsy'se oh US $56 81

The test rows (variety Sir Walter Raleigh), yielded as follows:

Two sprayed rows, 1,474 lbs.== 200.4 bu. per acre.

Middle check row, 682 Ibs.== 185.5 bu. per acre.

Gain from spraying, 14.9 bu. per acre.

Potatoes being worth sixty cents per bushel, the gain of 14.9
bu. has a value of $8.94. After subtracting $1.88, the expense of
spraying, there remains a net profit of $7.06 per acre.

230 Report oF THE BotTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

THE ALBION EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by Ora Lee, Jr., Albion, N. Y. Seventeen acres of
potatoes (variety Sir Walter Raleigh), were sprayed. seven
times between June 27 and August 29. The spraying outfit con-
sisted, essentially, of a 250-gallon tank and a Friend pump worked
by a gasoline engine. It was mounted on a four-wheeled cart
drawn by two horses. Ten rows were covered at each passage.
The water required was pumped by a windmill from a well only a
few rods from the potato field. Arsenate of lead, at the rate of
20 Ibs. to 250 gallons, was used with the bordeaux in the first,
second and fourth sprayings. On the same dates the same poison
(with water) was applied to the check which consisted of four
rows 962 feet long by 32 inches wide. Ten rows on one side of
the check were double-sprayed. During the last three weeks of
growth the sprayed rows made a better appearance than the un-
sprayed rows. Double-sprayed rows held their foliage better than
single-sprayed rows. The principal disease was tip burn, which
was very prevalent.

The items of expense were as follows:

1180 Ibs. copper sulphate @ $4.33 per cwt...........seeeeeeree $51 10
bbls. lump Time \@ Glee... keys cs oleunseeleln rita Be > a= ase 4 60
10 sacks (40 lbs. each) ground lime @ 25 cts................- 2 50
300) Ibs:sarsenate. of lead’. @ (8 sCtSivc.eiccc sk cteu-peie ees ee 24 00
12216 linsamam lsbore@ old sctshi cece see hee pie pike see 18 38
b2Zehrssehorse labor "@ slOMets sk sce oe tee ote = eens eels ote 15 20
WeEed. of Sprayerini.:.ocehihs pbb eecenerect acer ey crane kyo 25 00
Gasoline rane VOU... \siccia oe Wiese hs ators. cypus Ne ois (6 siette. ope caps Mavens epenenenetenele 4 00

MGtAl Se Biclors Recto te's Sho Pae BSE ers rae an «oie als epee oenanee cetiarisy < $144 78

The yields were as follows:

Four double-sprayed rows, 3,485 lbs.= 246.5 bu. per acre.

Four single-sprayed rows, 2,948 Ibs.== 208.5 bu. per acre.

Four check rows, 2,779 Ibs.== 196.6 bu. per acre.

The above figures show that single-spraying, costing $8.52 per
acre, increased the yield only 11.9 bu. per acre worth $7.14.
Therefore, it was done at a loss of $1.38 per acre. On the other
hand, double-spraying resulted in a net profit of $12.90 per acre.

New York AaricuttTuRAL ExPpERIMENT STATION. 25

THE ANDOVER EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by J. M. Greene & Son, on a field of 8.5 acres at
Andover, N. Y. Four rows were left unsprayed for a check. A
strip of four rows adjoining the check on either side was single-
sprayed with bordeaux five times (See diagram on next page).
The remainder of the field was double-sprayed five times. Messrs.
Greene were led to double-spray so much of their acreage because
of the results of an experiment which they made in 1910."

In 1911 the spraying was done very nearly as in 1910. The
sprayer used was a two-horse “ Watson” covering four rows at
each passage. One nozzle per row was used in the first three
sprayings and two nozzles per row in the last two sprayings.
Water for the preparation of the bordeaux was taken from a
spring about ten rods from the potato field. Owing to the absence
of bugs it was unnecessary to use any poison even on the check
rows. Flea beetles and blight, also, were almost entirely absent
and only a few rotten tubers were found at digging time. Ap-
parently, the plants suffered from nothing which spraying might
be expected to prevent. There was little if any contrast in ap-
pearance between sprayed and unsprayed rows.

The items of expense were as follows:

215 Tbs. copper sulphate @ 5 cts........ 6... ee eee ene $10 75

U5) Mors llimaass (OMA Cte co, encucucccncatas KO CEC ICEOMOECACENTED Hao INO cD onicmone rec 215

Labor for man and team and allowance for wear of sprayer,

- estimated 2 @ 80 cts. per acre for double-spraying........--. 34 00
AEN Soo or how'd coos 0 GUniIO Uo oan Otis LOR ROL Oe ik CIO Car sorcinns OOhrs oe $46 90

Expense of making five double-sprayings, $5.52 per acre.

Expense of making five single-sprayings, $2.76 per acre.

The plants were killed by frost on September 14. Had they
been permitted to complete their growth the sprayed rows would
probably have made a better showing. The small differences in
yield of the different test rows was due, probably, to something
else than spraying. This is shown by the fact that one of the
check rows outyielded the other by 44 lbs. or 19.8 bu. per acre.

In the accompanying diagram the test rows® are indicated by
dotted lines and followed by their rate of yield.

1 Reported in Bul. 338 of this Station, pages 1384-135.

2Messrs. Greene think this estimate rather high. It is unfortunate that an
actual record was not kept.

3 The test rows were 540 ft. long by 3 ft. wide.

232 Report oF THE BoranicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

Diacgam J.— SHOWING LOCATION AND YIELDS or TkST ROWS IN THE
ANDOVER EXPERIMENT.

Double-sprayed five times......
BS tT) eee a ee 149.7 bu. per a.

Single-sprayed five times........
Pn EN. oe ie on: 157.3 bu. per a.

EET EN NN a 177.1 bu. per a.

evs Sa she Oe erie 2.224 95:8 bus pena.
Single-sprayed five times........

5 asd Aad dls SVR CREAN. « SEES OR 157.3 bu. per a.
CWhecksiesis es assiie sas SaAse eee

SoG RYSS Ee Sig tiarsure Ce 168.9 bu. per a.
Double-sprayed five times......

Average yield of double-sprayed rows, 159.3 bu. per acre.

Average yield of single-sprayed rows, 176.6 bu. per acre,

Average yield of check rows, 167.2 bu. per acre.

Gain from single-spraying, 9.4 bu. per acre.

Loss from double-spraying, 7.9 bu. per acre.

With potatoes selling at 55 cts. per bushel, 9.4 bu. would have
a value of $5.17. Subtracting from this the expense of spraying,
$2.76 per acre, there remains $2.41 per acre as the net profit from
single-spraying five times. Computed in a similar manner the
loss from double-spraying five times was $9.86 per acre.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 933

THE PHELPS EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by J. A. Page, Phelps, N. Y. Fourteen acres of
potatoes (in three fields) were sprayed four times. The spraying
was done with a two-horse, five-row Brown sprayer carrying one
nozzle per row. In each field there was a check of five rows. At
one side of each check a strip of five rows was double-sprayed.
Tip burn was severe in both fields and in the west field there was
also a little early blight, but there was no late blight and few flea
beetles. Bugs were kept under control by two applications of
arsenate of lead. In the east field spraying made little if any
difference in the appearance of the foliage, but in the west field
a contrast between sprayed and unsprayed rows was noticeable.

The expense of spraying was as follows:

Z50nIbs.scopper. sulphate G@ sSscks 225.) <1 .5) selene. along Hea sverete ata» <i $12 50
Pale [DSI LE ot CSIGa)) Se eich one o.cis Dilthe > DOO Gro SU Rr OeteG tre Goto 3 75
ONOMSnsena te Olmledd: «MoS Cusine cos ye.9 viere sep sb e f'e1.o)lelnio otesele 16 80
20 >hrsy labor tor man and team @) 35) Cts). gee. se poke ons oe eee 14 00
\NGGi? OL BORER ac song oenloge¢oun deau Cee op au UpOlods com otcolcc 10 00

ERO Leer irate ee neta fee ec sete’ el evairoe lace toe t Om alone mate mre Mitotane tater $57 05

In the east field the rows were 674 feet long by 3 feet wide.
Double-sprayed rows yielded at the rate of 108.6 bu., single-
sprayed rows 87.6 bu. and check rows 98.4 bu. per acre. In the
west field the rows were 1757 x 3 ft. Dougle-sprayed rows
yielded at the rate of 123.9 bu., single-sprayed rows 109.4 bu.
and check rows 96.4 bu. per acre.

Hence, single-spraying gave a loss of 10.8 bu. in the east field
and a gain of 13 bu. per acre in the west field, making an average
gain of 1.1 bu. per acre. Double-spraying gave a gain of 10.2 bu.
in the east field and 27.5 bu. in the west field, making an average
gain of 18.8 bu. per acre.

Potatoes being worth 70 cts. per bushel, single-spraying re-
sulted in a loss of $3.39 per acre while double-spraying gave an
average net profit of $4.84 per acre.

934 Report oF THE BoTranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

THE DRYDEN EXPERIMENT,

Conducted by D. R. Trapp, Dryden, N. Y. The experiment
included three fields containing eight acres of potatoes. Five ap-
plications of bordeaux were made with a two-horse, four-row
“Tron Age” sprayer carrying two nozzles per row. Bordeaux of
the 7-9-55 formula was used in the first three sprayings while in
the last two sprayings 8-12-55 bordeaux was used. In the first
two sprayings paris green was added to the bordeaux at the rate
of three pounds to 55 gallons for the control of bugs. In one
field a strip of three unsprayed rows was left for a check. These
rows were dusted twice with paris green and flour, which gave
good protection against bugs. The test rows were of the variety
Gold Coin. They suffered severely from tip burn and flea, beetles,
but were unaffected by blight. Neither the tip burn nor the flea
beetles were materially checked by spraying. There was very
little contrast between sprayed and unsprayed rows.

The expense of spraying was as follows:

222 lbs. eopper sulphate @ 5 cts....... cece eee ences reer evens $11 10
SOG), Wesel A as ee AAA Rin oom to coigoric odes EAS Hda.8 acc 1 90
Agelbs-parisvgreen @ 20) Cts. .b ce cnc © cle see ons le cle el sisisiele 8 60
A0Phrs labor tor mans and spears ed ONCUS em ereeitcceetet laine steals 16 00
Wear On SPTAVe? mde cys spe oe =e agape e's = See Sele winte win Iepes ae ten eae d 00

SEGAL Ci. .thetevove is hbhie cha Gidke intehetee allie w.mhetchstedetohes Braet aiocshata at $42 60

Expense of spraying one acre five times, $5.32.

Expense of spraying one acre once, $1.07.

The test rows (300 ft. x 32 in.) yielded as follows:

East sprayed row, 210 lbs== 190.6 bu. per acre.

West sprayed row, 206 lbs. 187 bu. per acre.

Average yield of sprayed rows, 188.8 bu. per acre.

Middle check row, 183 Ibs.== 166.1 bu. per acre.

Gain from spraying, 22.7 bu. per acre.

Potatoes being worth 55 cents per bushel at time of digging, the
spraying resulted in a net profit of $7.16 per acre.

New York AGrRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 235

THE CORTLAND EXPERIMENT.
Conducted by G. H. Hyde, Cortland, N. Y. A field of eight

acres was sprayed four times — seven and one-third acres single-
sprayed and two-thirds of an acre double-sprayed. A strip of
three unsprayed rows separated the single-sprayed portion of the
field from the double-sprayed portion. The bordeaux (6-6-60
formula) was applied with a one-horse, four-row “ Watson”
sprayer carrying two nozzles per row. Paris green was used with
the bordeaux in the first two sprayings. It was also used on the
check rows twice, with water. Before the end of the season the
unsprayed rows became quite conspicuous owing to their inferior
condition due, chiefly, to the ravages of flea beetles. The spraying
checked the flea beetles considerably. There was no blight and
very little tip burn.
The expense account contained the following items:

200 Ibs. copper sulphate @ 516% cts...........--- ee eee eee eee $11 00
PUUPPLDS., PINIMEK FF A etek cob ciekha Palco tele ehs cl cdePhaie he cttous oyetebe cid elelda ss 1 40
Bees. Paria green @) Zl ts... 2.00 62 eee ee nee ss de eoenatas 5 04
Z4iehrss taborestor, man and horse @: 30) cts. . 0... 5s 2 3 os ones 7 20
\WGEir Gil EPREN Coe oS epono aici LO Senin OO EnRO DN an Ain en Seine 6 00

Becht ea ey eean irareiev otters re chsh cvs cla vate rey cts) erat oveilacni alohet icon ave at diawace anayeue syeae $30 64

Expense per acre for four single-sprayings, $3.54.

Expense per acre for four double-sprayings, $7.08.

The test rows (400 x 3 ft.) yielded as follows:

One double-sprayed row, 339 lbs.== 205.1 bu. per acre.

One single-sprayed row, 271 lbs.== 164 bu. per acre.

One check row, 144.6 bu. per acre.

Gain from double-spraying, 60.5 bu. per acre.

Gain from single-spraying, 19.4 bu. per acre.

Potatoes being worth 60 cts. per bushel, 19.4 bu. would have a
value of $11.64. Subtracting from this the expense of single-
spraying, $3.54 per acre, there remains a net profit of $8.10 per
acre. Similarly, 60.5 bushels would be worth $36.30 from which
there must be deducted $7.08, leaving a net profit of $29.22 per
acre for double-spraying.

236 Report or THE BotantcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

THB CASSVILLE EXPERIMENT,

Conducted by P. S. Doolittle, Cassville, N. Y. The experiment
field contained six acres of potatoes (variety Carman No. 3),
which were sprayed five times with a two-horse, seven-row Brown
sprayer, carrying one nozzle per row. The check consisted of a
strip of seven unsprayed rows 681 feet long. On either side of the
check a strip of seven rows was double-sprayed as shown in the dia-
gram on the opposite page. The bordeaux used was of the 5-5-50
formula. Paris green (14 lbs. to 50 gals.) was used with the
bordeaux in the first two sprayings. On the same dates (July 8
and 20), the check rows were treated with the same quantity of
paris green applied with water. Tip burn was severe and there
were some flea beetles, but both early and late blight were absent
and there was no rot. Considering that there was no blight and
that the plants were killed by an early frost on September 14 the
large difference in yield between sprayed and unsprayed rows is re-
markable. However, the experiment seems to have been a fair
one in all respects.

The items of expense were as follows:

175 lbs. copper sulphate @ 5% cts.............02sceressccsvee $9 63
tS Omlbs* limes @): lA cts oo hetee cscs acc cree rc rehe eee oestoucis tors crater thers 2 PAG
Coase PALS STECM, (AOC (nai. sw cel spouses raion lal lays aisicletele siete eeistexe 4 84
21% hrs.'man labors@rZOicts Ak <a vier beste costa clas Aitare stomonee, ohevtens 4 30
18 hrs. labor foriteam: @y20ictsege seats. Salo: Sele cree oie 3 60
Wear of sprayer... \.cc- napieiel-cisiek Ae onto oh at breck Bee a> mate 6 00

Total sy Ss siclshiets took bc ccctouslos be erecta e clei tele: te srouste onary elere $30 62

Expense per acre, for five sprayings, $5.10.

The accompanying diagram shows the location of the test rows
with reference to each other. They are indicated by dotted lines
and followed by their yield.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 237
DIAGRAM 2.— SHOWING LOCATION AND YIELDS IN THE CASSVILLE EXPERIMENT.

Double-sprayed five times...... |
eae Ae grea) erate ict 188.7 bu. per a.

Re are teers ich eines 166.1 bu. per a.
Single-sprayed five times........

(ChiGGeja Spb Shenae o dor ods datos OmoRn eaescna Eames 81.7 bu. per a.

Single-sprayed five times........
SRS E ME ee Meee’ 162.5 bu. per a.

FAIS LS ine ee laicdt DU pel a.
Double-sprayed five times......

Average yield of double-sprayed rows, 183 bu. per acre.

Average yield of single-sprayed rows, 164.3 bu. per acre.

Yield of middle check row, 81.7 bu. per acre.

Gain due to single-spraying, 82.6 bu. per acre.

Gain due to double-spraying, 101.3 bu. per acre.

With potatoes selling at 70 cts. per bushel, single-spraying gave
a net profit of $52.72 per acre while double-spraying gave a net
profit of $60.71 per acre.

238 Report or THE BoranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

THE OGDENSBURG EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by Andrew Tuck, Ogdensburg, N. Y. About 4.6
acres of potatoes were sprayed six times between July 18 and
September 4. <A one-horse, four-row Aspinwall sprayer was used.
One nozzle per row was used in the first three sprayings and two
nozzles per row in the last three. A strip of three unsprayed rows
constituted the check. In all six sprayings paris green was used
with the bordeaux at the rate of three pounds te fifty gallons.
Paris green in water was applied to the check rows three times by
means of a sprinkling pot without any apparent injury to the
foliage. Four rows on one side of the check were double-sprayed.
Some contrast appeared between the check and the sprayed rows
due to the check rows being more injured by tip burn, flea beetles
and bugs. On the check rows bugs were not as well controlled as
they should have been to make the experiment entirely fair.

The following items appear in the expense account:

105 Ibs. copper sulphate @ 746 cts.....2..0 0s. ee nese cesesccees $7 88
MOB DR. Time 5, gee ais ic ones caiaaie oun ps metals ca ot oust ae p> ee 1 10
GUMbSpanis-oreenn@PZbectse ccna cee hr ereei eiciietetst steer reerietts 15 00
Sours, labor tor man and Norse |@) SOMcbse eile eietelelete oietotneleisie teres 10 80
NVDAT OL SR DY AN EP 6cc1s'apk mx o oeis 2/1 seals chonelsie’= 51a, Glee nae elete eae 1 00

Totiala. erste steeds shold Bis. clatsterets « hactereee bo diets leteierem sb Che Setenerec $35 78

Expense of single-spraying six times, $7.78 per acre.

Expense of double-spraying six times, $15.56 per acre.

The test rows (variety, Green Mountain; 171 x 3 ft.) yielded
as follows:

One double-sprayed row, 138 lbs 195.3 bu. per acre.

Two single-sprayed rows, 253 lbs.== 179 bu. per acre.

One check row, 103 lbs.== 145.8 bu. per acre.

Gain from single-spraying, 33.2 bu. per acre.

Gain from double-spraying, 49.5 bu. per acre.

Market price of potatoes, $1.00 per bushel.

Net profit from single-spraying, $25.42 per acre.

Net profit from double-spraying, $33.94 per acre.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SratTion. 239

THE CHATEAUGAY EXPERIMENT.
Conducted by O. Smith & Son, Chateaugay, N. Y. Twelve

acres of potatoes were sprayed four times with a one-horse, four-
row “Iron Age” sprayer. ‘Two unsprayed strips of three rows
each were left for checks.

Two rows on each side of both checks were double-sprayed.

The bordeaux was made by the 6-6-50 formula. To each fifty
gallons of bordeaux mixture used in the first three sprayings there
were added three pounds of paris green and two quarts of arsenic-
sal soda solution for the control of bugs. The checks were treated
four times with paris green. In Test No. 1 the test rows were of
the variety New National; in Test No. 2 they were of the variety
Sulphic Beauty. There were some flea beetles and considerable
tip burn, particularly in Test No. 1, but there was no blight. In
both tests there was a slight contrast between sprayed and un-
sprayed rows.

The items of expense were as follows:

260 Ibs. copper sulphate @ 674 cts......... 0 eee ee eee ee eeees $17 40
ey aspbume ns (@) SPOS a sic, aie «ach ated sisievs) eae celal wha as syste w/t) Heid'als Bus 2 70
Baulhs. partis eTeem @ 2D Cts. < wajsefeleici« «igus spermusiaur <ekeupin preiris- eis oan 13 25
USM bSeewANIbeLarseniG: (DG ls) (CLS\a clekers on) ofete = siaielales onchel aye) sin ale oleic Ly,
RZ ADSe Sal SOM ae GD QUA rete is «a oraa o.oca ot ete NMS ohelai Mako . OREN TALE. 1 80
Ap sings laborton manana horsey @so0) Cisity. 1:44 -)sptveter ty twetaer. >. 22190

YES da Slee Obi 6 OBC acre in Crd CIROnIR DRE ec tht bn Gn nk Ombre s F $49 22

Expense of spraying, $4.10 per acre.

The yields were as follows:

des; No. 1: Rows 1066. x 3: ft.

One double-sprayed row, 407 lbs== 92.4 bu. per acre.

One single-sprayed row, 526 Ibs.== 119.4 bu. per acre.

One check row, 396 lbs.== 89.9 bu. per acre.

Test No. 2.. Rows 353 x3 ft.

Two double-sprayed rows, 181 lbs.= 62 bu. per acre.

Two single-sprayed rows, 216 lbs.== 74 bu. per acre.

Two check rows, 160 Ibs.== 54.8 bu. per acre.

Upon averaging the results of the two tests it is found that
single-spraying gave a gain of 24.4 bu. per acre and double-spray-
ing only 4.9 bu. per acre. The net profit from single-spraying
was $11.76 per acre and the loss from double-spraying $5.02 per
acre. The cause of these irregular results is unknown.

240 Report oF THE BoTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

THE PLATTSBURGH EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by Pardy Brothers, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Thirteen
acres of potatoes were sprayed all over three times and about four-
sevenths of the field (including the test rows) were sprayed a
fourth time. A strip of six unsprayed rows constituted the check.
Bordeaux mixture of the 4-5-50 formula was used. It was made
with water pumped by hand from a well about one-fourth mile
from the potato field. The sprayer used was a two-horse, six-row
“Aroostook ” carrying one nozzle per row. Before the experiment
was commenced the entire field was treated twice with a strong
solution of arsenite of soda in water containing as much lime as
could be forced through the nozzles. This was done in an attempt
to control flea beetles and leaf hoppers. As might have been ex-
pected, the plants were considerably injured, but this does not
affect the experiment since the test rows were all treated alike.
The plants were somewhat affected by tip burn, but there was no
blight.

The items of expense were as follows:

210 lbs. copper sulphate @ $6.25 per cwt............eeeeeeeeee $13 12
WAIN, oi. Sassi eye se raie ic doers ie Gioete Bree Geln Siete el ia es CRI: PR EER b On 1 00
Doimlbsmsalusodaa@ 13/4 <ets\. <<. <<, seceyeizso.01c,ckahe,<sose) sions neve erie 3 22
Biwibs; arsenate or lead s@ WAVetsivccr.crsccioss vecioeiioren ieee h ioe 2 20
oamlbs*eawitite arsenic (@) 9 Cts.,, -ecsex;s1cs et. 2,20 wiesss yes eroketusrereroas 4 86
50-hrs; labor for man@ 15: cts.c oes fe ees ecb ecient 7 50
40 hrs. labor for, team) @'20" cisucms- os «sac seen coer 8 00
Wear on Sprayer. /ocses ca ce cts ¢3 hays oe ae eas te eee tare 8 00

MOGs io. oe ece stro yeie eiesapeaerenahass (sD tus ouerine fo feie totic teks tee Cito Te oe $47 90

Expense of spraying one acre four times, $4.68.

The test rows (var. Rose of Erin) yielded as follows:

Two sprayed rows, 224 lbs.== 69 bu. per acre.

Two check rows, 199 lbs.= 61.3 bu. per acre.

Gain from spraying, 7.7 bu. per acre.

The low yields were due, largely, to the severe drought and
early frost. With potatoes at 75 cts. per bushel spraying ap-
parently resulted in a net profit of $1.09 per acre.

New York AGricuLtturaAL ExperRIMENT STATION. 941

THE GREENWICH EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by P. C. Billings, Greenwich, N. Y. Four and
one-half acres of potatoes were double-sprayed four times with a
two-horse six-row “Aroostook” sprayer carrying one nozzle per
row. At each spraying a portion of the field was double-sprayed
so that total amount of work done was equal to spraying 25.8
acres once. The last spraying, made September 12, could have
been of little or no benefit as the plants were killed by frost on
September 14. In different sprayings the strength of the bor-
deaux varied from 5-5-50 to 74-74-50. The check consisted of
three rows 736 feet long by 2.9 feet wide. For the control of
bugs paris green, at the rate of one pound to fifty gallons, was
applied with the bordeaux in the first three sprayings. The check
rows received a single application of paris green yet they were not
injured by bugs. On account of a severe drought the plants were
much affected with tip burn. Blight and flea beetles were absent.
The superior condition of the sprayed rows as compared with the
check rows indicated that spraying checked the tip burn very
materially.

The expense account contained the following items:

99 Ibs. copper sulphate @ 64%) cts... 1... eee cece ence ee eene $6 43
SOM eemlie Cele ch sericiesc cine elese oa oi ove ee See ale tog we ler ersiebeauslerets 99
Ep bes paris ereen e202 Cte ss a2 6 co pase ersten newness ae eee 2 00
Poms ley Dote tore a) sl CLSia-2 = o.2,ce-susts o eicne cio! oy eve cha (at cle) eee cee 1 95
JOehrsselaborctoritenm s@ es0) Ltsi-co setae cse.s as ote sepee oe osc 6 ae 3 00
Per ROME LY Clits ret cee aia. osc Tale a ve egies) 6 a, Visiwinie!s skalere asks» eis 5 00

J Be AB oO onc die bo itis CIC Os Igo nia CONE oC mOOUGIIC DTC $19 37

Expense of four double-sprayings, $6.40 per acre.

The test rows (variety Noxall) yielded as follows:

Two double-sprayed rows, 492 lbs.== 83.6 bu. per acre.

One single-sprayed row, 182 lbs.== 61.9 bu. per acre.

Gain from spraying, 21.7 bu. per acre.

Potatoes being worth 70 cts. per bushel at digging time the net
profit from spraying in this experiment was $8.79 per acre.

242 Reporr or tHE BoranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

THE GLEN HEAD EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by G. T. Powell, Glen Head, Long Island. Fifteen
acres of potatoes were sprayed five times (June 14, 29, July 14,
20, and August 7) with bordeaux applied by means of a one-
horse, four-row “'‘Spramotor” sprayer carrying two nozzles per
row. Four rows were left unsprayed for a check. Four rows on
each side of the check were double-sprayed. Arsenite of soda was
used with the bordeaux in the first two sprayings at the rate of
3 qts. of the stock solution to 50 gals. of bordeaux. The check
was kept free from bugs by one application of lead arsenate.
Flea beetles were numerous and there was much tip burn but no
blight. A marked contrast between the sprayed and unsprayed
rows indicated that spraying had checked both tip burn and flea
beetles, but when the yields were taken very little difference was
found between the single-sprayed rows and the check. This leads
us to suspect that, in some way, the experiment was unfair.

The items of expense were as follows:

450 Ibs. copper sulphate @ 5 cts...... 1... cece cece eee ee eeeee $22 50
i Uys aaa eee ee ie A ee en ts AA lea RG OLR COS 6 00
LOO Abs: salsoda<@ ViAvetsiy ac oh yas we ieio ela: © eters mlelelete wie yellaleleNe loi 1 50
A0 be white. Arsenic s(): cy (CUS 2 clea ce claret s pea roreie otaie oveneretciotetatate 120
ipears.. labor tor Wan and. Horse; @) Zo Cusine. ae acres oie is ole ete 18 75
Wear of Sprayer’... <'.7%/.''s <2 a's > slo a' stein ad bie sn mis <b tetaeere 5 00

TOGA oa avis etetatee tre erate ore el alata take tala tetalateretare otter atahe: heres $54 95

Expense per acre for five sprayings, $3.66.

Expense of spraying one acre once, 73 cents.

The test rows (variety Green Mountain) yielded as follows:

Average yield of two double-sprayed rows, 166.5 bu. per acre.

Average yield of two single-sprayed rows, 147.7 bu. per acre.

Yield of one check row, 145.5 bu. per acre.

Gain due to double-spraying, 21 bu. per acre.

Gain due to single-spraying 2.2 bu. per acre.

Potatoes being worth $3 per barrel of 174 Ibs. (= $1.03 per
bu.), single-spraying resulted in a loss of $1.40 per acre, while
double-spraying gave a net profit of $14.31 per acre.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 243

THE JAMESPORT EXPERIMENT.

Conducted by Henry A. Hallock, Jamesport, Long Island.
Fifteen acres of potatoes were sprayed five times between June 9
and July 29. The sprayer used was a two-horse, four-row “ Iron
Age” sprayer, carrying one nozzle per row. The bordeaux was
made by the 7-4-50 formula. Four unsprayed rows were left for
a check. Four rows adjoining the check on one side were double-
sprayed. There being no bugs it was unnecessary to apply
poison to the check rows, but, on the sprayed portion of the field,
arsenite of soda was used with the bordeaux twice at the rate of
four quarts of the stock solution to 50 gallons of bordeaux for the
control of flea beetles which were fairly plentiful. There was
no late blight and only traces of early blight. At no time during
the season was there any marked difference between sprayed rows
and the check.

The items of expense were as follows:

1200 Ibs. copper sulphate @ 5% cts...... 22... cee eee pe nnee $63 00
HOO) Woe eave Bo cg tin OOP Cee Ben Ra Cy ea a RIE 4 00
POOR DS eSAleSOG ae nla Ch epastate rere sie ctoieusnere:e|och.ai seacrcichs, alee ouster syeveliays 2 00
NOOO ss wihttbevarsenies rd (CUS. ven .s Ce are etre re oto cle ste tre ete ns ic 5 00
HOPnsselabormlonr Man -COMCES terre ti alee bl ota ae ceatace oie sega el avelans 10 00
SOT SMlabarttoneteamin BAD: Ctr caycte clase scaledel “fe cuckellinegsbd one ier ssersiieue 22 50
SEA GMP ADEAVET:. ti te Wino’ Sie het ole wilenhe dod acces west see ea es 5 00

Pip tailiesecsten ate ctia ctevstarela eave. efoictots: suahela sich ore Aare wis eleva wielh a eiatesiels $111 50

Expense of spraying one acre once, $1.48.

Expense of spraying one acre five times, $7.40.

The test rows (variety Green Mountain) yielded as follows:

Two double-sprayed rows, 1,261 Ibs.== 221.1 bu. per acre.

Two single-sprayed rows, 1,150 lbs== 201.6 bu. per acre.

Two check rows, 1,100 lbs== 192.9 bu. per acre. ©

Gain from double-spraying, 28.2 bu. per acre.

Gain from single-spraying, 8.7 bu. per acre.

With potatoes at 90 ets. per bushel single-spraying resulted in
a net profit of 43 cts. per acre, while double-spraying gave a net
profit of $10.58.

244 Report oF THE BotanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

SUMMARY OF BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS IN 1911.

TABLE XXIV.— SHOWING RESULTS OF BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS IN 1911.

. Number ineteare or zeta. Cost Ne
- rea fe) decrease cost 0 per acre profit
Experiment. sprayed. times in yield spraying for each or loss
sprayed. | per acre. | per acre. | spraying. | per acre.
A Bu.
Capsyvalletcios ssasie. ae Sxchexs 6 5 82.6 $5 10 $1 02 $52 72
Ogdensburg. foo. 05. e 4.6 6 33.2 7 78 1 30 25 42
Ghateatrayin sce sas cae 12 4 24.4 4 10 1 02 11 76
Greenwich'.5...0.25 05.442 4.5 8* PALE 6 40 80 8 79
C@ontland S62 eos eases 8 4 19.4 3 54 89 8 10
Dryden i.e eet 8 5 22.7 5 32 1 07 7 16
AGA VART cco ceatenaete tng 30 4 14.9 1 88 47 7 06
Andover‘) <2)... beset 8.5 5 9.4 2 76 55 2 41
Plattsburgh. cscs 13 4 7.7 4 68 heilyy 1 09
PAMESPONE « 20etey iors pie bushes wie 15 5 8.7 7 40 1 48 43
NOM recs y crete eiertvele ea eal 17 7 11.9 8 52 1 22 —1 38
GlenjHead 222% os Soetas 15 5 2.2 3 66 73 —1 40
Phoelpsie sos reac e eee: 14 4 Tail 4 16 1 04 —3 39
Wancasters cccsutewncin oc hae 6 4 —4.4 2 84 71 —5 48

* Four double-sprayings.

Average increase in yield per acre, 18.2 bushels.
Average net profit per acre, $8.09.

SUMMARY OF BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS, 1903-1911.

TABLE XXV.— SHOWING RESULTS OF BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS IN 1903-11.

Average Average
Number Total Average

“ total cost Average

Year. pecs ares ia yield cost of ee ae net profit

spraye spraying or eac per acre.

ments per acre. | per acre. | spraying.
A Bu.

NGOS eereteretorereterererveleteieieiels 6 61.2 57 $4 98 $1 07 $23 47
MOGs terre ctoicke cisteicortelsterele 14 180 62.2 4 98 93 24 86
Iisa. coasHooaBeoCdoeS 13 160.7 46.5 4 25 98 20 04
QO eeccrais is cre sya ciate sieves 15 225.6 42.6 5 18 985 13 89
QO 7 seetere create toieiele ec celeine 14 152.75 36.8 5 90 1 18 17 07
W9OS jeter schists evecidieoes 14 200.25 18.5 4 30 92 8 53
TQOO Scroce scion ocelot 12 203.14 24.4 415 835 9 55
IM Vaganes sane ooo sogl: 12 218.5 19.1 4 04 90 4 39
LOU Ae geese we stelete seve 14 161.6 18.2 4 87 96 8 09

Average increase in yield for nine years, 36.1 bu. per acre.
Average net profit for nine years, $14.43 per acre.

REMARKS ON RESULTS OF BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS,

It is unfortunate that the business experiments were not com-
menced at the same time as the ten-year experiments in order that

New York AGricuLttTuRaAL EXPERIMENT -STATION. 245

they might have covered the same period; but it is deemed
unnecessary to continue them further.

Like the ten-year experiments the business experiments have
shown widely varying results in different localities. As a rule,
spraying has been more profitable on damp, loam soils than on
dry, sandy soils; and better results have been obtained in sheltered
than in exposed situations. Also, the fertility of the land and the
variety of potato are factors. Most important of all is the thor-
oughness of spraying.

Some of the experiments have been conducted quite carefully
and others carelessly. In several cases there have occurred puz-
zling differences in yield which were probably due to some other
cause than spraying. Although care has been taken in the location
of the test rows soil differences have often been a disturbing factor.
Sometimes the expense accounts have not been kept properly. In
short, the manner in which the experiments have been conducted
is far from satisfactory. Nevertheless, it is believed that the
results obtained show, approximately, the profit from spraying as
practiced by the better class of potato growers in New York. That
spraying is profitable there can no longer be any doubt. Even
if we make the generous allowances of 30 per ct. for errors there
remains an average net profit of $10 per acre. Moreover, there
is good reason to believe that the average net profit would have
been considerably larger had the spraying been properly done in
all of the experiments. In most cases the spraying was not suff-
ciently thorough. Evidence of this is seen in the results of double-
spraying as compared with single-spraying.

The writers hold that these experiments have given a very
definite answer to the question, Does it pay to spray potatoes ?
The spraying of late potatoes in New York is highly profitable.
No one who grows potatoes extensively can afford to neglect
spraying.

SINGLE- VERSUS DOUBLE-SPRAYING.

Observations on the farmers’ business experiments led us to
suspect that, in most cases, the spraying was not done thoroughly

246 Report oF THE BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

enough to secure the maximum net profit. In order to get some
information on this point arrangements were made with several
of the experimenters to double-spray a few rows at each spraying.
In some cases a strip on either side of the check was double-
sprayed; in others, double-spraying was done on only one side of
the check. The double-spraying consisted simply in going over
a few rows a second time on the date of each spraying. In com-
puting the net profit from double-spraying it has been assumed
that the expense of double-spraying is exactly double that of
single-spraying.

Five such experiments were made in 1910 and ten in 1911.
The results of the former were published in Bulletin 338 and of
the latter in this bulletin, but in order that they may be more
readily comprehended they have been tabulated in the accom-
panying table. The first five experiments given in the table are
those made in 1910; the others were made in 1911. Under the
heading “ Increase or decrease in yield” there are three columns.
The first of these relates to single-spraying, the second to double-
spraying while the third shows how much doubling the spraying
increased the yield over single-spraying. A minus sign indicates
a decrease in yield.

The figures given in the last column under “ Profit or loss”
show how doubling the spraying affected the net profit as com-
pared with single-spraying. It will be observed that double-
spraying proved profitable in eleven cases and unprofitable in the
other four, the average result being a net profit of $4.44 per acre.
The average increase in yield was increased from 20.2 bu. for
single-spraying to 34.7 bu. per acre for double-spraying.

Considering that these results were obtained in dry seasons
when spraying was less profitable than usual the showing made
by double-spraying is highly creditable. The writers are con-
vinced that most potato growers will find it to their advantage to
spray more thoroughly than they have been doing in the past.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 947

TaBLeE XXVI.— SHOWING RESULTS OF DOUBLE-SPRAYING AS COMPARED WITH
SINGLE-SPRAYING.

-—- ——

Increase or decrease in yield. | Expense | Market

Location of Tines_ |—————_- of price Profit or

experiment. sprayed.) Single- {| Double- { Differ- single- of loss.

spraying. | spraying. ence. spraying. | potatoes.
Bu. Bu. Bu. Per acre Cts

AMMOVER. «cscs ese5s 0 4 33.5 88.4 54.9 $3 58 35 $15 63
Sterling Station...... 5-7* —0.9 33:7 34.6 4 28 35 83
GienvHead:) 2. <0: 4 27.9 41.4 13.5 2 87 69 6 44
Jamesport........... 4 46.7 41.7 —5 4 53 60 —7 53
Southampton........ 4 7 —26.5 —33.5 Zita 55 —21 19
Cortland ie <7 vs;605.c10,0 4 19.4 60.5 41.1 3 54 60 21 12
GienvHlead. ... seco 5 Qe 21 18.8 3 66 103 15 71
AMBION 6 0.2 5 Aaieiesa 010 0,6 7 11.9 49.9 38 8 52 60 14 28
JaMeSpPOrbe ooh. sos eee 5 8.7 28.2 19.5 7 40 90 10 15
Lancaster........<s0. a —41.4 15.4 19.8 2 84 60 9 04
Ogdensburg.......... 6 33.2 49.5 16.3 7 78 100 8 52
EUS parataiainis Siaters ots a ; ie | 18.8 V7 7 4 16 70 8 23
Cassville ius dak cawe oo 5 82.6 101.3 18.7 5 10 70 7 99
ANA OVER «cis roses o os. 5 9.4 —7.9 —17.3 2 76 55 —12 27
Chateaugay.......... 4 24.4 4.9 —19.5 4 10 65 —16 78
SAVOTAGERI Is ic eieis <\fh due ssye, 20.2 34.7 aie ec thal (eo Corns or | 4 44

~ * There were three tests — one sprayed five times, the others seven times.
VOLUNTEER EXPERIMENTS.

From 1904 to 1910, inclusive, the Station collected and re-
corded the results of 205 volunteer experiments conducted by
farmers in various parts of the State. These experiments were
carried out entirely by farmers themselves. Although the data
relating to these experiments are probably less reliable than those
given for the farmers’ business experiments yet they have some
value. The details of the experiments have been published in
previous bulletins. Only a summary of the results need be given
here.

TABLE XXVII.— SHOWING RESULTS OF VOLUNTEER EXPERIMENTS, 1904-1910.

Average
Average market
Number Total gain price
Year. of experi- area per acre | per bushel
ments. sprayed. due to of potatoes
spraying. | at digging
time.
A. | Bu. lbs Cis
41 364 | 58 28 43.5
50 407 | 59 32 57.0
62 598 | 53 6 44.5
24 264 | 30 28 58
11 74 | 66 18 66
12 115 | 44 22 51
5 218 | 68 _ 45

Average gain for seven years (205 experiments), 54.3 bu. per
acre.

248 Report or THE Botanica DEPARTMENT OF THE

POTATO TROUBLES IN NEW YORK IN 1911.

Over the greater part of the State the growing season of 1911
was very dry. Consequently, late blight (Phytophthora infestans )
occurred very sparingly. It made its appearance in a few locali-
ties, but came too late to cause material injury to the foliage.
Neither was there much loss from rot although traces of it were
found in a considerable number of fields in central and western
New York. Early blight (Alternaria solani), also, was scarce.
As in 1910, the leading troubles of potato foliage were flea beetle
injury and tip burn. Tip burn, especially, was very prevalent.

DIRECTIONS FOR SPRAYING.

In general, commence spraying when the plants are six to eight
inches high’ and repeat the treatment at intervals of 10 to 14
days in order to keep the plants well covered with bordeaux
throughout the season. During epidemics of blight it may be
advisable to spray as often as once a week.” Usually, six applica-
tions will be required. The bordeaux should contain four pounds
of copper sulphate to each fifty gallons in the first two sprayings
and six pounds to fifty gallons in subsequent sprayings.*

1On Long Island an earlier spraying is sometimes necessary to protect the
young plants from flea beetles which attack them severely while they are
coming up. Tor the best success in the control of bugs it is necessary to
spray with bordeaux and poison just as soon as a majority of the first brood
are hatched. Usually, this occurs when the plants are six to eight inches
high. Spray applied three days or more before the bugs hatch will fail to
kill many of them, because, in the interval the plants make considerable new
growth upon which the bugs can feed with impunity and cause considerable
damage before it is time to make the next regular spraying.

2On the south shore of Long Island between Southampton and Amagansett
this is frequently necessary.

3It can not be definitely stated what formula is the best one to use. Much
depends upon the quantity used per acre and the manner of its application.
Weak bordeaux applied in the form of fine spray which covers the plants
thoroughly may give better results than stronger bordeaux carelessly applied
in the form of coarse spray. Both the cost of chemicals and the expense of
application must be taken into consideration. It is plain, however, that the
mixture should be strengthened as the season advances and the danger from
blight increases. None of the ready-made bordeaux mixtures on the market
are as good as the home-made bordeaux. Neither can the lime-sulphur solu-
tion be profitably substituted for bordeaux in spraying potatoes (See Bul.
347 of this Station). In the preparation of bordeaux the writers prefer to
use stone lime rather than any of the “ prepared” limes.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTion. 249

Whenever bugs or flea beetles are plentiful add one or two pounds
of paris green, two quarts of arsenite of soda stock solution or
three to five pounds of arsenate of lead to the quantity of bor-
deaux required to spray an acre.

Thoroughness of application is to be desired at all times, but
is especially important when flea beetles are numerous or the
weather favorable to blight. The more frequently and thoroughly
the plants are sprayed the better. There is no danger of injuring
the foliage by too much spraying. Using the same quantity of
bordeaux, frequent light applications are likely to be more effective
than heavier applications at long intervals; e. g., when a horse
power sprayer carrying but one nozzle per row is used, it is better
to go over the plants once a week than to make a double spraying
once in two weeks. In the first two sprayings, while the plants
are small, one nozzle per row may be sufficient; but when the
plants become large at least two nozzles per row should be used.
Large vines are especially liable to blight and should be sprayed
very thoroughly. Such vines will be somewhat injured by the
wheels of the sprayer, but the benefit from spraying will far out-
weigh the damage done.

A single spraying is better than none and will usually be
profitable, but more are better. Spraying may prove highly
profitable even though the blight is only partially prevented. It
is unsafe to postpone spraying until blight appears. Except, per-
haps, on small areas, it does not pay to apply poison alone for
bugs. When it is necessary to fight insects bordeaux mixture and
poison should be used together. For the best results, spraying
should be continued as long as the plants live. It is a mistake to
discontinue spraying because the weather is dry and no blight
present. A late attack of blight may result in heavy loss from
‘rot. As a rule, those who spray most obtain the largest net profit.

Acknowledgment. Throughout the ten years during which
this investigation has been in progress many farmers have had a
part in the work and given very material assistance. The writers
heartily thank these gentlemen for the service they have rendered.

CROWN-ROT OF FRUIT TREES: FIELD STUDIES.*
J. G. GROSSENBACHER.
SUMMARY.

Field studies from 1909 to 1912 have shown that in winter the
bark on the trunks of fruit and other trees is often loosened or in-
jured, near or below the surface of the ground; and observations
made at intervals throughout the year show that the most severely
affected portions of bark die and decay during the subsequent vege-
tative season, thus giving rise to crown-rot. It was also found that
similar bark injuries, resulting in cankered areas or the death of
the affected bark, occur in the bark of trunks some distance above
ground — at crotches and on parts of branches which appear to be
most subject to bending or strain in time of strong winds.

Neither the factors which induce the initial bark-injury nor those
causing the subsequent death and decay have been determined ex-
perimentally, but were selected from the environment of affected
trees in widely separated localities chiefly by elimination and deduc-
tion; however, the amount of accumulated circumstantial evidence
is so large that there seems to be no doubt about the main causes
involved and the time during which they are operative. From the
data at hand it appears that the factors which are implicated in the
production of the initial injuries are:

ist. An unusually large increase in the diameter of tree trunks
during a vegetative season, necessitating an enormous increase in
the area of the bark and resulting in high bark tension toward the
end of the growing period, or the premature cessation in the process
of differentiation of bark tissues owing to some adverse condition
of the environment;

2nd. Low temperature and the resulting contraction of the bark
with a consequent increase of bark tension; and

3rd. A wind-exposed location so that the bark at the crown or
other places of bending of tree trunks or branches is subjected to
great strain and consequent excessive evaporation during strong
winds.

Such conditions result in loosening or injuring patches of bark,
especially on the windward side of trunks and branches of trees,
which enter the dormant season with incompleted bark-growth or
with high bark-tension in regions of bending and strain.

The death of injured or loosened patches of bark seems to be due
to isolation and drying out, and it is often immediately followed by
further disorganization and decay caused by the entrance of bark
fungi like Spheropsis and Cytospora. The wood underlying

* A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 23, September, 1912.
[250]

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 251

winter-injured bark frequently becomes stained by the diffusion
into it of some substance apparently originating in the disintegrating
protoplasm of the affected tissues after resumption of vegetative
activities in early spring, thus giving rise to “‘ black-heart.’’ Often
the stained wood is then invaded by hymenomycetous fungi which
decay the discolored parts and sometimes portions of unstained wood,
thus resulting in “‘ heart-rot.”’

The different varieties of apple trees often evidenced a marked
variation in their relative susceptibility to the initial injury, but once
injured they were equally subject to the rotting of the dying parts.

Crown-rot entails a heavy loss among most fruit growers in wind-
exposed regions, and whether or not the initial injuries can be
avoided remains to be determined. It seems possible, however,
that their numbers may be reduced by inducing early and moderate
growth in young trees, and by providing windbreaks or some device to
keep the trees from swaying in the wind during winter. Theobserva-
tions also suggest that high-headed or severely pruned trees are
more susceptible to the initial injuries. If young trees were care-
fully inspected in spring for evidences of loosened or cleft areas of
bark most of the secondary injuries and rots could be prevented by
carefully cutting away, at right angles to the surface, all injured bark
and applying grafting wax or some good tar paint to the exposed wood.

INTRODUCTION.

Since the publication of a critical summary of the most important
available papers dealing with crown-rot' and some related subjects
most of the time has been devoted to a study of the disease. The
field observations made plainly indicate that winter-injury is the
first cause of the trouble; and also point to some of the predisposing
and environmental conditions resulting in crown-rot. But a his-
tological study of the initial injuries and their further development
during the early part of the following vegetative season was deemed
necessary for a better understanding of the disease. The field studies
are discussed in the present paper while the histological work will be
the basis of a subsequent report.

The observations were continued in 1910, 1911, and 1912. Not
only the orchards in which the work was started but many others
were studied with considerable care, especially during 1910 and 1911.
The disease was found to vary much in different parts of the State
and also in different orchards of the same locality, but in general it
was much like that described in the above preliminary paper and
like that found and described by many other investigators.

In these field studies an endeavor was made to find what environ-
mental conditions prevailed in and about affected orchards and which

1Crown-rot, arsenical poisoning and winter-injury.
N. Y. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. 12:367-411. 1909.

252 Report oF THE BotranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

varieties are most subject to the disease. It appeared that certain
surroundings and locations are typical of crown-rotted trees, and
other things being equal, that the different varieties seemed to possess
a rather definite relative liability to the disease. An environment or
season which induces the origin or production of tissues that for one
reason or another could not be fully matured or differentiated before
the close of the vegetative season, seemed to be associated with the
occurrence of crown-rot. Whether the completion of growth or full
maturation of the tissues is prevented by low temperature or some
other untoward conditions such as drought, etc., the net result may
be the same. A tree is thus forced into a dormant period of severe
environment in an abnormal and susceptible state. The main varietal
characteristics that were noticed as distinguishing the more sus-
ceptible from other varieties are the habits of rapid growth and early
bearing.

Another environmental factor, which in general is noticeably related
to the occurrence of crown-rot, is the wind. The relative wind ex-
posure was frequently the only observable difference in the environ-
ment of neighboring orchards, one of which was severely affected,
the other but little if at all. The direction of the prevailing
wind of a locality or its direction during a critical period usually
corresponds to the side of maximal injury.

The economic relations of crown-rot are of more consequence than
appears at first sight, because the lives of affected trees are involved.
In case of diseases of foliage or fruit the damages are largely confined
to one season while from this type of disease a loss may be sustained
which amounts to several years of time and a considerable outlay
of money.

FIELD OBSERVATIONS.

INTRODUCTORY.

During late summer of 1909 a short study was made of a few crown-
rotted orchards. The most severely affected trees were easily dis-
cerned at a distance by their rather sparse and prematurely yellowing
foliage. On examination at close range it was found that such trees
had large areas of dead, decaying bark somewhere on the stem, usually
at the crown or about the bases of the upper roots. In fact in many
such cases the decaying bark completely girdled the crown and in
others the bark of all the lateral roots, as well as of the stump, was
entirely dead and decayed, thus leaving only a few small roots under
the center of the tree intact and available for the absorption of soil
solutions. By making numerous cross and longitudinal sections it
was found that in many instances both the alburnum and duramen
were discolored or even decayed. In these same orchards, however,
were apparently normal trees having injuries of the same type sur-

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2538

rounded by healthy rolls of callus. But on counting the annual
growths in section it became evident that the injuries resulting in the
exposure of patches of dead wood on normal looking trees occurred
at the same time as those on the dying trees. The difference in the
condition of the trees seemed therefore chiefly a matter of difference
in the degree or extent of the initial injury.

In the orchards studied in 1909 no affected trees were found which
had been injured just preceding that vegetative season; in most
cases the initial injury had occurred two or more winters earlier.
The assumption that crown-rot is primarily due to winter-injury
had therefore not been deduced from observations on recent injuries
but rather from the fact that the initial injuries had all occurred
between the vegetative seasons, and could not on that account be due
to mechanical injuries arising during cultivation or to other agents
operating in the growing season; and also on the wide expanse and
often general distribution between two particular seasons’ growth,
of a discoloration which frequently shows as a complete circle in
cross-sections made even at some distance from visible external in-
juries of a tree trunk. It was during the summer of 1910 while
studying a crown-rotted orchard near Coxsackie, N. Y., which had
been briefly reported on before, that some early stages of the disease
were observed. After examining the bark on the trunks of many
normal looking trees, two of the Baldwin variety, which had been
set nine years, were found to have complete girdles of dead bark
extending downward about 8 to 14 cm. from the surface of the
ground, and including the bases of the lateral roots. The wood
appeared normal except for the discoloration of the outermost 1 to
3mm. of the alburnum. Most of the dead bark was loose and slightly
decayed, and the usual discolored zone just under the spring’s growth
extended some distance above any external indication of injury.

OBSERVATIONS DURING 1910.

The main object of the work in 1910 was to find all possible varia-
tions in the characters of the disease as it occurs in this State, and
at the same time make special note of the environmental conditions,
such as type and topography of soil, wind exposure and cultural
history of affected orchards. In most cases the varieties and the
relative degree they were affected were also recorded. The observa-
tions were made during late summer and fall.

Several orchards were studied around Geneva, Junius, Clyde, and
along the west shore of Seneca lake; in and around Rochester, Cold-
water, Sodus and Oswego; between Seneca and Cayuga lakes, around
Branchport on Keuka lake, and about Highland, Milton and Cox-
sackie in the lower Hudson River valley. Most of the orchards were
located by visiting fruit growers who wrote to the Station for infor-
mation regarding their diseased trees.

bo

54 Report oF THE BoTanicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

The affected orchards near Sodus and those near Coxsackie, in
which the work on crown-rot was begun in late summer of 1909, were
visited but once in 1910. No additional trees were found affected
in the Sodus orchard, but several of the remaining diseased ones had
died. In the Coxsackie orchard only the two additional cases de-
scribed above were found though others may have occurred, since not
all of the trees were carefully examined below the surface of the
ground. ‘Twenty more of the trees in this orchard, discussed in the
previous paper’ on the subject, were taken out in 1910 and about
twenty in 1911. The orchards around Geneva were under more con-
tinuous observation during 1910, but few new facts of any significance
were obtained from them.

Some Branchport. orchards.— The region about Branchport on
Keuka lake is principally a grape-growing locality, although many
small orchards may be seen there. About 3 miles west of the village
is a small orchard of about 300 trees (about 10 acres) which had been
set 9 years, 150 Ben Davis and the others Baldwin. The location
is uncommonly high and wind-exposed. The soil is rather gravelly;
though it seems fertile, for the trees look thrifty. Theorchard had
been tilled and cropped every year.

Considerable numbers of the trees were more or less severely
crown-rotted or dead, the two varieties being apparently about
equally affected. Some of the dead trees had been replaced by new
ones. They seem to have been injured during the winter of 1908-09,
i. e., after they had been set 5 years. Somewhere between 60 and 70
trees had been injured at the same time; and although the more
injured ones had thinner rolls of callus, they had the same number of
annual growth additions since the occurrence of the injury as were
present in the thicker rolls on the less injured trees. This is an
unusually high percentage of injured trees.

The dead or decayed bark generally extended only about 2 to
4 cm. above the surface of the ground, and quite often as much as
5 to 6 cm. below ground. Only in the most severe cases were the
upper lateral roots decayed, yet most of the injured trees were rather
loose and more easily swayed by hand than normal ones. The trees
were headed or pruned up rather high.

Twenty-one or more dead and dying trees were taken out in 1911.
All of the less injured ones looked practically normal at that time,
though small patches of bare wood, surrounded by thick rolls of
callus, still gave evidence of the former injury. No additional cases
of injury were found in 1911.

About 2 miles south of the above orchard is another small one of
some 200 apple trees which had been set 18 years. It consisted of
50 trees each of Baldwin, Ben Davis, and Greening, 25 King and
12 each of Northern Spy and Spitzenburg. The orchard had usually
been cultivated and often cropped. It is located nearer the lake and

1f.¢., p. 391.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTion. 255

has a few acres of forest about 300 m. to the northwest which may
give some protection from severe winds in winter. The soil is deeper
and less gravelly than in the first orchard described. Only Ben
Davis, King, and Spitzenburg had crown-rot. Twelve of the Ben
Davis, or 24 per ct., either died or had been more or less severely
affected by the disease. No very evident difference could be found
between the rigidity or resistance to swaying of the crown-rotted and
uninjured trees. Even severely injured trees bore nearly normal
crops during 1910, although a few of them died in 1911. No new
cases developed in 1911. The rot in this case, as in the previous one,
was also just above the ground line. All told, about 6 per ct. of the
trees in this orchard were affected with crown-rot.

The Junius orchard.— Not far from Junius, a railway station a few
miles north of Geneva, is another ten-acre apple orchard (300 trees,
mainly Greening, Baldwin and Northern Spy) which had been set
about 15 years. The soil is a sandy loam, lying very high and wind-
exposed. The orchard had been cultivated and cropped until 1909.

The rot is often wholly above ground and somewhat canker-like,
but in some cases it is just at or below the surface of the soil. Several
of the tree trunks have the so-called ‘‘ sun-scald ”’ injuries on the
west or northwest sides, to such an extent as to result in numerous
irregular areas where the bare wood is exposed. The crown-rot in-
juries, when confined to small areas, are frequently also localized on
the west and east sides. But it appears that the distribution of the
larger lateral roots has something to do with the localization of the injuries,
as noted in the paper previously cited.!. The injury inducing the rot
on these trees seems to have occurred during the winter of 1908-09.

Nine of the crown-rotted trees, including both Northern Spy and
Greening, were either dead or will die soon; while most of the other
25 diseased ones seem to be recovering and will probably survive
several seasons. The orchard is growing well and yielding good crops.

The Barnes orchards Two orchards were studied on the west
side of the southern end of Seneca lake: one had been set about 12 and
the other about 20 years. The trees were mostly Baldwin, Ben Davis
and Greening, with a less number of Northern Spy. The soil is a
rather thin, clay loam, with good drainage. There is no evident pro-
tection from the western winter winds. The orchards were plowed
once a year and cropped every season.

_ About 4 per ct. of the trees in both orchards were crown-rotted,
but the affected ones among the Ben Davis and Baldwin were more
numerous than among Northern Spy and Greening. The initial in-
jury seemed to have occurred during the winter of 1906-07. Most
of the rot was several centimeters above the ground, although on a
Northern Spy tree an almost complete girdle of exposed, dead wood
was found just below the surface of the ground. In another instance

1D.c., pp. 390-91.

~

56 Report oF THE BoTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

b

the bark on all of the upper portion of an old callus, as well as that
extending several centimeters above it, was discolored, and had some
very small longitudinal clefts from which exuded a discolored ‘‘ sap.”
The wood underneath the bark was also blackened to the depth of
several millimeters. It could not be definitely determined whether
the clefts had resulted from drying of the dead bark or whether they
occurred before the bark died. On a portion of the dead bark the
periderm was raised to form several blisters which also contained
discolored ‘‘ sap.”” The bark was not dead throughout its discolored
portion, especially toward the upper and lateral limits of the newly
injured area; in some places only the outer tissues of it were involved
while the inner bark was at least partially living. It looked a little
like a case found much later and shown in figure B on Plate XVII. In
the younger orchard many of the Baldwin and Ben Davis trees were
affected with an irregular scaling off of the periderm on the south-
west side of the stems from 5 to 15 em. above the ground up to the
lower branches. The scaling surface was very rough and irregular,
and by scraping it with a knife was found to have small groups of
dead, brown spots scattered thickly over it and extending almost
to the wood.

The Coldwater orchard.— In a medium sized 20-year-old orchard
near Coldwater were perhaps a dozen trees having more or less rot
at the crown. In this case several Northern Spy trees were prac-
tically dead as a result of crown-rot. The land is almost level but
the winter winds have a full sweep without obstruction. The soil
is very sandy. It was cultivated until recently, but is in sod now.

The rot was almost wholly at or below the surface of the ground,
and in several instances only involved the outer bark. In other
cases a complete girdle of outer bark sloughed off just below the sur-
face of the ground, leaving a somewhat irregularly pitted or pock-
marked surface on the inner bark with a rather uneven cover of re-
generated periderm. Two such corroded trees were found on which
unevenness of the outer surface of the exposed inner bark was so
marked that many of the pits extended to the wood. It seems as
though scattered groups of cells in the outer bark had died and on
account of their being so close together had become confluent by the
dying of living groups between them. In some respects it resembles
the distribution of groups of dead cells in cases of mild forms of so-
called “‘ sun-scald,”’ above ground, except that in case of the under-
ground injury the abundance of moisture favors a rapid decay of ©
dead groups, and is more favorable to the formation of wound-cork
over the outer limit of living tissues.

Maples around Geneva.— During the summer of 1910 many maple
trees were found in the parks and streets of Geneva that had some
loose bark. Plates XX to XXIII give an idea of the different types;
including cases in which long radial clefts accompanied the loosening,

Pirate VII.— Srem or WINTER-INJURED BisMARCK APPLE TREE.

A, cleft in bark 17 cm. long on northwest side; B, nearer view of A with
loosened bark removed.

(Photographed May 7 and 8, 1911.)

CTIGI ‘g Jsnony poydeisoyoyd)
“FI WOT UMOIS YnOIds Y}IM 991} po[pAls Jo dumnys ‘gq ‘xVM SUIZJVIS Y}LM poloAod poo puv peAOWoL yIvq poinful ‘9M pue V

‘CUVHOUD ACATO WOU SATU], CAYNALNI-UTLNIMY —X Givig

CTI6I ‘g snsny peydeisozoyd ‘y)

‘ZIGI ‘QT eunr uo porvodde 41 sv ‘TT-OT6T JO Jo}UIM Ur painful sel} “OD ‘ZIT “ST euNf UO pez0[oo
09013 [48 ‘apis seMy}IOU uO ware posseidep oB1e] ‘gq :10}00}0I1d JeaueA Aq papuNodins udseq peYy yey} YUNIZ ‘Vv

“SCUVHOUD ACAIO WOU SNALY ATUL-Tiddy CAUALNI-UALNIM —]X FLVIG

PuatE XII.— WInTeR-INJURED TREES FROM WEEDSPORT ORCHARD.

A, sprout grown from Baldwin stump; B and C, stems with exposed
wood painted.

(Photographed August 4, 1911.)

Puate XIII.—- Views In WEEDSPORT ORCHARD.

A, row of Baldwin in center, Ben Davis on both sides; B, entire row of Baldwin stumps
in center replaced by young trees.

(Photographed, A on August 4, 1911, and B on July 23, 1912.)

Puate XIV.— WINTER-INJURED TREES FROM GLENS FALLS ORCHARD.

A, tree with short cleft, but girdle of loosened bark extending about
half way up to A. B, another tree with loosened bark removed; had
been cleft about half its length.

(Photographed June 24, 1911.)

PiatEs XV.— WINTER-INJURED TREES FROM ANOTHER GLENS FALLS
ORCHARD.

A, tree with about two-thirds of bark loosened from trunk; B, tree with
bark cleft about 2.5 dm. long, bark loosened up to lower crotches.

(Photographed June 24, 1911.)

CTI6I ‘¢ ysnsny poydeis0yoyq)

‘a]piis Jo espe zaddn Suojye snypewo yoru} ‘sumoype Ayjeyaed yareq pep ‘pelpats Ayoya,durod very ‘gQ Spunoa
pejyured puv peuvefo Ajoyenbepeur ‘q ‘apis yynos UO pooM pBep Jo Balv potoplOg-sn][BVo YYLM ver, ‘VW

‘SCUVHOUQ NAMVIUALN] WOUd SUAUT, AAYNLNI-UGLNIMY — TAX ALVIg

#
&
¢
ae

sole?

Piate XVII.—-WiInTER-INJURED TREES FROM LE Roy OrcHArD.

A, bridge grafts at right and left of girdled stem; B, injury
resulting from winter of 1910-11, apparently an early stage of
the type shown in A,

(Photographed August 7, 1911.)

Prats XVIII.— WInTER-INJURED FRuIT TREES.

A, peach tree with dead girdle of bark removed, showing callus along upper margin; B, typically
crown-rotted apple tree, with girdling nearly complete; C, Bartlett pear tree with depressed dead
areas where inner bark was severely winter-injured.

(Photographed, ar Geneva, A on July 5, 1911; B, in August, 1911; at Medina, N. Y., C on August 16, 1911.)

(TI6I ‘BAouer 48 paydvisoj0yq)

“AIN(UI-19JULM BULMOT[OF ,, JOI-JABaY ,, JO 03vys poouwape ‘_ *4J2]
48 MOJEq SULMOYS oUO YsIy 10}JB IvoA ou Suryep AmnfuL poses B YpIA ‘uoljedoUesaL Ie[NSe1it Aq papunoiins punom plo ‘y

‘SUHU], W1ddy AIO NO SUVOG LOU-NMOUD —XIX @LV1Ig

Prats XX.— Acer platanoides INJURED IN WintTER OF 1909-10.

Section of trunk about 25 em. above ground. Initial injury forms circle with exposed
wood. Wood partially decayed by a Polyporus.

(Cut and photographed November 25, 1910.)

Prate XXI.— Acer platanoides INrURED IN WINTER oF 1909-10.

Section taken 10 em. above that on Plate XX. Specimen kept in museum from
November, 1910, to July, 1912; “ heart-rot’’ progressed; numerous Cytospora pycnidia
found on old dead bark at left, between 5 and 6.

(Cut and photographed July 3, 1912.)

Prats XXIL-- WINTER-INJURED MapLe TREES.

A, piece of trunk shown in section on Plates XX and XXI; 4, point at which section
in Plate XV was cut. B, Acer platanoides with closed injury on west side.

(Photographed, A on Nevember 25, 1910; B in 1911.)

Puate XXIIi.— WINTER-INJURED TREE TRUNKS.

A, Acer saccharinum with injury on southwest side, occurring
in winter of 1909-10, followed by double regeneration like that
shown in Plates XX, XVI B, and XXII; B, apple tree trunk
with cleft in bark, from winter of 1910-11.

(Photographed, A on July 2, 1911, and B on July 23, 1911.)

CTI6T ‘Ane ut poydess0j0qq)

‘190198 JSAM PUB 4SvO TO SPUBIS ‘OPIS JSOMYZIOU UO poyooye ‘plo sive GF “wnwiumyoovs woop “Fy
! (TI61) perp pues pepals sBa 901} ‘Q[-G0G6T JO JoyUIM Ur potind00 Aanful [BIT Yor uo Yoooq Surdsem “Ww

‘SHdU], AAVHY GALLOY-NMOUD —'ATXX @Lv1g

POL ENN A
\

|

UTE 1 NE NESS igs

CTI6I ‘Ainge ut poydvasojoyd |TV)

*JOUION JO91]S JSBOYJIOU UO SpUYS ?T [GT Ul JNO Feo] 0} poflvy .sopis Yj10U
pue YyNos UO payooye “wnwuiwwyoovs Way “Hy “LOUIOD 4901}8 SBOYINOS UO 9a} JO OPIS yo UO ‘SUOSBIS 10 SASByS 9aIYY Ul 9oB[d UdxBy
aavy 0} Ainfur SuLMoyYs ‘saprownw)d Wap ‘| “4901}S JSOM PUB 4svo UB UO Spueys ‘apis ysam uo Aun{Ul YIM saprounjnjd woop ‘Vv

‘SHNOUT GAMUT, ATdVI) GHLLOU-NMOUD —AXX WLVIG

ye ee

Puate XXVI.— A Common Type oF CrotcH CANKER.

Acer platanoides on an east and west street, with canker, A, on east side about
1.7 m. above ground; circumference at twig below canker, 81.3 cm.

(Photographed in July, 1911.)

Piate XXVII.— WINTER-INJURED MAPLE TREE TRUNKS.

A, Acer saccharinum in a wind-swept lawn, midway between two large buildings which
stand to east and west; injuries occurred on both north and south sides; tree failed to leaf
out in 1912. B, Acer platanoides, on north and south street, with injury on north side
showing double regeneration and exposed wood below; another injury near base (at X)
occurred in winter of 1910-11.

(Photographed, A in July, 1911, and B in July, 1912.)

Puiatre XX VITI.—Sections or WINTER-INJURED Acer Negundo rrom Mapison, WIs.

1, cut about 15 em. above ground, loosened bark at left; 2, cut 2.5 em. above 1,
slight cleft in bark and trace of one in wood; 3, cut 2 cm. above 2, clefts more marked;
4, cut 2.5 em. above 3, loose bark nearly all dead and callus conspicuous.

(Tree cut May 28, 1912; photographs made in Geneva July 25, 1912.)

Pirate XXIX.— Sections or Acer Negundo; Prr CANKER ON APPLE BRANCH.

5, cut about 45 cm. above 4, Plate XXVIII, cleft extending through wood; 6, cut
about 15 em. above 5, which is about 1 em. above upper end of cleft in bark; 7, cut
3.2 em. above 6, about 5 em. below first crotches; 8, “ pit canker ’’ around hole
made by bark beetle (Scolytus) at base of twig on tree frozen artificially in

September, 1911.
(Photographed in July, 1912.)

ay

“y, ‘3

or

a
Mra

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 257

and some where there was apparently only a separation somewhere
in the inner phloem with a subsequent dying of the loosened bark.

The most conspicuously affected trees seemed to vary in age from
9 to 15 years, and range from 11 to 18 cm. in diameter. In a small
park near the Experiment Station were 12 Acer platanoides and 2
A. saccharinum trees injured to such an extent as to cause their
removal in the fall of 1910.

In these particular cases the injury had occurred during the winter
of 1909-10, as evidenced by the fact, shown in cross-sections, that
the separation took place after the close of the growing season of 1909
and before growth was resumed in 1910. ‘The portion of the tree
trunk from 6 to 20 em. above the ground nearly up to or even includ-
ing the lower branches, was usually involved. In some instances the
clefts in the bark were also accompanied by clefts in the wood, as
shown in section in Plate XX. Such clefts in the wood sometimes
even extended entirely through the cylinder though in most instances
they only went to the center or pith. All of the cases of bark loosen-
ing in and around Geneva dating back to the winter of 1909-10 were
most severe on, and sometimes entirely confined to, the west or south-
west sides. Usually there was sufficient injury in the inner bark of
the entire circumference of the affected portion to show as a discolored
circle in cross-section. On sawing short cross-sections from severely
affected portions of a trunk the past season’s growth of wood some-
times fell away from the central part of the section, along the dis-
colored line. Usually both surfaces were of a dark brown color, but
they were always more or less thickly covered by scattered pin-head-
like, white specks. The raised white specks of one surface were
found to coincide with those on the other when the pieces were placed
together again. Apparently these irregularly scattered white specks
were column-like living bridges connecting the wood of 1909 and
1910 through the thin, discolored or dead tissues between the two
years’ growths. The line of separation was chiefly somewhere in the
phloem or the inner bark; but there was evidently much variation in
the location of the place of separation, as judged by the differences
in the growth and regeneration taking place in 1910.

Some of these matters will become clearer by a study of a cross-
section of one of the tree trunks. Plate XX is a section of Acer
platanoides, taken about 25 cm. above the ground; its shortest diam-
eteris 12cm. In this case the wood cylinder was cleft into two nearly
equal parts near the base, but about a meter higher up the cleft
extended only to the pith; and towards the upper limits of the exter-
nally visible injury the wood was not cleft at all, although the place
of injury is marked by a discolored circle nearly around the whole
circumference. Plate XXII, figure A, shows a large piece of the same
trunk. On the unpeeled part the bark, although having an unbroken
outer surface, is undulating or wavy owing to differences in the rate

9

258 Report oF THE BoranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

of growth at different places. These regions of different growth rate
vary from 1 to 3 dm. in length and usually of less width, and are
irregularly distributed over the surface of such injured trunks. Many
maple-tree trunks may be found most anywhere having such irregu-
larities of surface. Figure B on Plate X XVII is arather extreme case
while that in figure Ais very common. Plate X XI is a section of the
same tree taken 10 em. above that of Plate XX or at point 4 on
Plate XXII. In comparing these two sections which are only 10 cm.
apart, a striking difference is evident, giving some idea of how the
unevenness of bark surface may come about. The regions of ex-
cessive thickening in this instance are seen to be due to a sort of
double regeneration or growth. As may be seen from Plate XX,
the injury occurred when the outermost bark, 5, was still attached
to the wood surface at 2; as may also be seen by the line of discolored
tissue which makes a complete circle with the exposed wood surface.
All the growth between 2 and 5 occurred, then, during the summer of
1910. It is evident, too, that in this case the bark and the wood
were separated sufficiently by the initial injury to induce the forma-
tion of wood tissue and bark on the inner side of the old bark as well
as on the outer side of the wood cylinder. At points 1 on this plate
the regeneration along the inner side of the old bark failed, resulting
in gaps covered by dead bark. In the section taken 10 cm. above
this, as shown in Plate X XI, none of the old bark on the left of the
figure regenerated, but died. It, however, afforded sufficient pro-
tection to the regenerating wood surface to permit that to grow and
develop a new bark under the dead one. It seems that the drying
effects of the air prevented regeneration on the peeled side. About
15 cm. farther up the trunk, on the side retaining the bark, was a
patch about the size of a man’s hand where there was a tctal lack
of regeneration of both the wood and bark, thus leaving a much
depressed dead area surrounded by living bark. So this gives at
least three degrees of difference in the subsequent growth of such a
winter-injured tree: places of excessive thickening where a double
regeneration occurs, others where the normal rate prevails, and yet
others where no growth takes place but where the bark outside the
injury dies.

It seems remarkable that “ heart-rot ’’ should have begun so soon
after the initial injury: apparently nearly a fourth of the old wood
had been permeated by the mycelium of a fungus. On putting a
piece of the wood in a moist chamber an abortive fructification of a
Polyporus developed on it in a few weeks. A Cytospora was fruiting
all over the patches of dead bark shown on the left of Plate X XI and
also on the dead edges of bark shown in figure A of Plate XXI. It is
unlikely that the mycelium in the wood belongs to the same fungus
as that fruiting on the bark.

The histological studies of such injuries, beginning before growth
starts in the spring, and followed far enough into the summer to get

New York AcricunturaAL ExprRIMENT STATION. 259

all the stages of regeneration as well as of the dying of the most
severely injured bark, will make these matters clearer, and show in
more detail how dead or canker-like areas like those shown in figure B
on Plate V and figure C of Plate XVIII, develop on many fruit and
shade trees.

Quite often the injury on shade trees is also chiefly localized at the
crown, as it most frequently is on crown-rotted fruit trees. Numerous
street trees in this city, especially maples along windy streets and
those at windy street corners, have decayed areas of bark or exposed
dead wood at the crown, like the ones shown in Plates XXIV and
XXV. The trees shown in figure C of Plate XXV and figure A of
Plate XXVII failed to leaf out in 1912. Both also had large dead
places just opposite the ones visible on the plates. Sometimes the in-
jury occurs at the main crotches instead of at the ground or on stems
between roots and branches, as shown on Plate X XVI, which is of a
maple on an east and west street and has an injury on the east side.
But in cases of this kind the side to be injured seems usually to be
determined by the method of branching, just as the distribution of
the upper roots seems to determine the place of injury when it occurs
in the region of the root-crotches or crowns, as noted above regarding
the localization of crown-rot of fruit trees. But, as will be seen later,
when bark injuries result on that portion of the stems between the
roots and branches they more constantly occur on the same side of all
trees in a given locality, and without regard to the distribution of
roots and branches. Usually trees along streets running east and
west are more often injured. When both sides of the street are
closely built up the injury is nearly always on the west side of the
trees, but in very severe cases on the opposite side also. On streets
running north and south which are rather windy, the injured places
are on the south and north sides of the trees when both sides of the
street are built up, but usually on the southwest side when the west
side of the street is not built up. The injured trees in the east and
west streets are more numerous than in the north and south ones.
In other words, it seems as though the severity and direction of the
winds have some relation to the occurrence of the injury.

The park referred to above, in which so many maples were injured
during the winter of 1909-10, is located on a height of land at the
northwest edge of the city and is notorious for its severe west and
southwest winter winds. The trees were firmly rooted in heavy deep
soil, and were far enough apart to have sufficient room for rapid
growth. From cross-sections it is readily seen that growth had been
very good.

A Trumansburg orchard.— A short distance northeast from Tru-
mansburg, not far from the west shore of Cayuga lake, is a small
apple orchard which is shielded from the north winds by a large
peach orchard but has no protection on the west and south. The
soil is a clay loam, with gravelly subsoil, and contains much humus.

260 Report oF THE BoTranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

The trees are chiefly Ben Davis, Hubbardston, and Northern Spy,
which had been set 12 years and were uncommonly large for that
age. They have had clean cultivation every year. Along a road-
side fence on the east is a row of Ben Davis trees in sod that had been
set 17 years, but which were not quite as large as those in the orchard
set only 12 years.

On November 1, 1910, a dozen trees of the 12-year-old orchard had
been taken out because they were practically dead from crown-rot;
and 22 more were more or less severely affected, while the remaining
65 trees in the orchard were apparently uninjured. Most of the dead
and injured ones were Ben Davis although a few Hubbardstons were
also affected. Those dying in 1910 and the normal looking ones
having crown-rot seemed to have been injured during the winter of
1908-09. The diseased trees and gaps were much more numerous
in the two west-end rows, although they were scattered throughout
the orchard. The Ben Davis trees were usually injured just above
the ground, while two Hubbardstons were found having almost com-
plete girdles of dead bark underground, around the bases of the upper-
most lateral roots. The injured Hubbardstons did not stand very
firm but the affected Ben Davis trees apparently stood as firm as the
uninjured ones. Even at this late date (November 1) one could pick
out some of the injured trees by the difference in the color of their
foliage.

The rolls of callus around the old wounds were uncommonty thick
on the less injured trees, while on those dying in 1910 the growth of
the past season had been but little.

Here is another instance where the rapidity of growth seems to be
related to the occurrence of the initial injury. Like some instances
discussed in the above cited paper, trees growing slowly or in sod are
apparently less subject to this disease. The row of Ben Davis trees
in the sod along the fence, and growing so slow that the 12-year-old
trees under cultivation were even larger, had not been affected.
However, when judged by the production of fruit the cultivated trees
were more profitable.

OBSERVATIONS DURING 1911.

Since the observations in 1910 resulted in broadening the concept
crown-rot, and suggested several environmental conditions which
appear to be implicated or to co-operate in the production of the
disease, it seemed desirable to obtain more definite information
during 1911 concerning the details and range of variation of the
initial injuries.

During 1911 orchards were studied around Geneva, Medina,
Weedsport, Clyde, Branchport, Middlesex, Hemlock, Milton, Glens
Falls, Le Roy, Interlaken and Sodus.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 261

Occasional night frosts usually do not defoliate the common decidu-
ous trees of this region in autumn. In normal seasons vegetative
activities of our trees cease about the latter part of October; yet apple
trees may retain their foliage until the latter part of November, if
the rainfall has been considerable during the months of August and
September.

Goppert' gives the vegetative season or rather the time between
the appearance and fall of the leaves of pear and apple as 184 days.

In general it may be said that the conditions were very good for
vigorous and late growth in the fall of 1910. The rainfall in August
and September were 138.9 mm. and 83.6 mm. respectively, while the
averages’ for those months from 1882 to 1910 are only 96.5 mm. and
55.1 mm. The temperature was also conducive to late fall growth.
The averages in 1910 for September, October and November were
17.3°C., 12.7°C., and 2°C.; while the monthly averages of those
months for the years 1882-1910 inclusive are 17° C., 10° C., and 3.7° C.
respectively. It is thus seen that the temperature for September and
October in 1910 was above the 29-year average for those months,
and that the November temperature fell below the general average
for that month. To sum up, then, the temperature and rainfall
during August and September were above normal in 1910, and the
temperature in November was below the normal. In fact, the gen-
eral impression prevailed that wintery weather began about Novem-
ber 12 instead of the latter part of December and continued cold into
the early part of January, 1911, when it unexpectedly thawed during
terrific west and southwest winds which lasted several days.

It was during the latter part of this warm period in January that
winter-injury was found to have occurred quite commonly on fruit
trees in the western part of the State. The inner bark and very
often parts of the cortex, medullary rays and pith of stems and
ascending branches of young apple, cherry, peach, pear, plum, and
other trees were found much discolored in spots. Some complaints
and requests for advice from fruit growers also came to the Station
regarding the discoloration evident on the west or southwest sides
of trunks and branches of young pear and apple trees or on smooth-
barked, upright branches of older pear trees.

Some Medina orchards.— While visiting some such winter-injured
pear orchards near Medina, N. Y., on January 17, 1911, quite a
number of young apple trees were found which had loose bark on the
stems at the ground. The finding of one or more short and very
narrow clefts in the bark of the crowns led to the discovery. The
loose bark was living and normal in every way, except that there was
a faint brownish discoloration along its inner side and slightly more
along the radial cleft. The separation had apparently occurred in
the phloem or just outside the cambial region in most cases; but two
were found on which the separation had occurred in the cortex, so that

1 Page 269 of his monograph cited on page 296.
2 From meteorological records kept at this Station.

262 Report oF THE BotranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

only the periderm with some adhering green cortical parenchyma was
loose. The loose patches of bark were mostly on the west, north-
west, and southwest sides, and their length or vertical extension
usually exceeded that of the clefts by 3 to 10 em., 7. e., it seemed that
the formation of radial clefts in the bark need not necessarily accom-
pany tangential ones or bark loosening.

These trees were of the Baldwin variety and had been set 2 years;
the rows alternated with rows of Bartlett pears, set the same length
of time. About 80 per ct. of the pear trees had become severely
winter-injured. The soil is a sandy loam, lies rather high in a com-
paratively flat country with no wind protection on the west. The
orchard had been cultivated and cropped to cabbages, tomatoes, etc.

Diagonally across the road to the northeast of this orchard is a
smaller Bartlett pear orchard of the same age, condition and culture;
but which has a dense old apple orchard on its east side. The bark
of quite a number of the pear tree trunks and larger branches was
blackened on the west side. But only about 20 per ct. of them were
severely injured. Along the east side of the above old apple orchard
is another two-year-old Bartlett pear orchard under the same cultural
and soil conditions but having only about 1 to 2 per ct. of the trees
severely winter-injured, and nearly all of those were in the south end
of the orchard which extends some 50 meters farther south than the
apple orchard, along the east side of a barn lot. The most severely
injured trees were in the portion of this southern extension just east
of the gap between the old apple orchard and the barn.

There seems to be no doubt but that the direction of very high
winds at certain times during the winter has a relation to the pro-
duction and therefore to the localization of this type of winter-injury
as well as to the type resulting in crown-rot. In this case both types
of injury probably occurred sometime between the first of November,
1910, and the middle of January, 1911; for at the time of the last field
work in late October no such injuries were found about Geneva and a
number of other places visited during the latter part of the month.
The detailed discussion of these injuries can more profitably be taken
up in connection with the histological studies of crown-rot.

On April 4 another visit was made to the Medina orchards to study
the further development or changes that had taken place in the
winter-injured trees. The clefts in the loose bark of the Baldwin trees
mentioned above had become slightly longer and considerably wider.
In two instances the bark had died over about one-half the loosened area,
amounting to about a fourth of the circumference of the tree, but in most
cases the loose bark was yet living to within about 2mm. of the radial
clefts and with but very little additional browning on its inner side. But
the wood of the stems exposed by the clefts had become more browned.
The fruit grower was advised to remove all the loose bark with a
sharp knife by cutting it out at right angles to the surface, and then

New York AGRIcuULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTIon. 263

covering the exposed wood with grafting wax. While removing the
bark it was found that in cases where it had been in close contact
with the wood, the latter was often stained dark on the surface of
contact with the bark.

Two of the Bartlett pear trees along the road were also found to
have patches of loose bark to the extent of about a third the circum-
ference and 5 to 10 cm. high on the west side of the trunk, at the sur-
face of the ground. One of the injured trees had a loose, tin sleeve
about 35 ecm. high, surrounding the basal end of its trunk as a pro-
tection from rodents. The bark had not only died about the narrow
clefts, but nearly all of it that was loose had died and the wood under-
neath had become stained black to the depth of about a millimeter.

Some Geneva orchards.— About a mile west of Geneva is a small
young apple orchard, set 5 years to alternate trees of the Bismarck
and Baldwin varieties. The orchard is just south of an east and
west road in a slight depression which drains to the north, and just
east of a farmhouse and numerous other windbreaks. However,
there is no windbreak on the northwest, or on the north side of the
road where the land is lower. The orchard was cultivated every
year and the trees had grown very rapidly. Conical mounds of soil,
to the height of about 15 cm., had been heaped about the crown
of the trees in the fall of 1910, and left there until the latter part of
April, 1911.

When the orchard was examined on May 6, 1911, for winter-
injury four trees (1 Baldwin and 3 Bismarck) were found having loose
patches of bark on their stems just above the ground. Two of the
Bismarck variety had only the periderm with some adhering cortical
parenchyma loosened on the west side over an area extending about
one-third round the trunk and 10 to 15 cm. high. On removal of
the dead periderm the exposed cortical parenchyma had a very
uneven, corky surface; and at the line of radial rupture of the peri-
derm the bark had died practically to the wood. On a Baldwin and
on a Bismarck tree some bark was loosened on the northwest and east
sides, beginning above the ground and extending upward. The
loosened patches were cleft longitudinally, nearly their entire length.
The edges of the cleft bark stood several millimeters apart in the
middle and were much browned. The wood exposed through the
crack and that immediately under the edges of the bark was also
brown and dead on the surface; but back under the loose bark it had
a white glistening surface with a sprinkling of small brownish specks
somewhat unequally distributed. The inner side of the bark had a
similar appearance in the case of the Bismarck tree.

The above Baldwin tree with loose bark had a cleft about 6 cm.
long on the northwest side and stood open about 4mm. _ A crescent-
shaped piece of the loose bark 5 cm. long and 2 cm. wide in the middle
had died and become dry on the south side of the cleft, but along the

264 Report oF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

other side of the cleft it had died back only about 4 mm. from the
cleft edge.

The Bismarck tree referred to above had a radial cleft in the loose
bark on the northwest side 17 cm. long, and another 7 cm. long in a
loose patch opposite the large one. The edges of the larger cleft
stood apart 6 to 7 mm. in the middle, and the bark had died back
about 6 to 10 mm. on both sides of the crack. Figure A on Plate
VIL isa photograph of this tree trunk, taken May 7,1911. Without
moving the camera all the loose bark was removed and the tree re-
photographed; but the negative was spoiled, and therefore another
was made the next day. As may be seen from figure B the camera
was a little closer, although an attempt was made to set the tripod
legs into the same holes they had occupied when figure A was made.
A number of very fine wind-checks are also noticeable on the exposed
surface.

These figures show that the cleft did not extend to the ground,
although it went several centimeters below the surface of the conical
mound of soil which had been heaped about the tree during winter.
The lower end of the shorter cleft, on the opposite side of the trunk,
began at the same height as the lower end of this cleft. The longer
cleft extended practically the entire length of the loose patch of bark.
On May 7, the tree measured 23.5 cm. in circumference. After
removing all the loose bark on both sides of the trunk only two
narrow bands of adhering bark were left between them. That on
the northeast side measured 3.75 cm. and the one on the southwest
only 2 cm., thus leaving a quarter of the bark adhering to the wood
as bridges.

The loose bark was alive except along the margin of the cleft, and
seemed to have increased slightly in thickness, for its inner surface
was greyish white and glistened like a regenerating surface. The
exposed wood surface had a similar appearance except that an irregu-
lar, band-like region, exposed to the air by the crack in the bark, was
brown; and that a few other brownish spots were scattered irregu-
larly over the other portions of it. But, even though tkis wood
surface was exposed to the air about 24 hours before being covered
with grafting wax, considerable regeneration occurred later, as shown
in figure A of the next plate, by the bursting of the wax cover (August
15). On September 11 the wax was carefully removed to determine
the amount and appearance of the regeneration which had occurred.
Figure C of Plate VIII shows that a narrow strip of wood surface ex-
posed by the cleft as well as various other places failed to regenerate
or did so only partially. At that time the tree measured 28cm. in
circumference. The bridging band of bark on the southwest side
had increased to about 5.5 cm. in width by lateral growth, and that
on the northeast side to about 8 to 9 em., although its lateral limits
were not easily made out on account of the almost perfect regen-
eration taking place on the adjoining surface of exposed wood.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 265

Figure B on Plate VIII shows that the tree looked normal in every
way. In fact it was impossible to tell any difference either in the
growth, fruitfulness or color, between this and other trees of the
same variety in the orchard.

Across a little ravine on the east of this orchard is another small
apple orchard which had been set 7 years and cultivated regularly.
About 6 out of each hundred trees were affected by crown-rot, as
shown in figure B on Plate XVIII. Three of the trees died in 1911
and several had died the year before. The initial injury occurred
during the winter of 1908-09, as indicated by cross-sections through
the affected trees.

Sometimes radial clefts occur in the bark of apple and other trees
when in reality it is loosened but little, or not at all. In the case
shown in figure B on Plate X XIII a cleft occurred during the winter
of 1910-11 but no loosening of the bark had taken place. In such
instances it appears as though the normal maximum bark tension
occurring just before normal bark roughening or scaling begins is
sufficiently increased by low temperature to result in abnormal
ruptures.

The Weedsport orchards.— A short distance northwest of Weedsport
is a 7-acre apple orchard 5.5 acres of which had been set to Baldwin
trees in spring of 1909, with Ben Davis as fillers; 7. e., with trees of
Baldwin and Ben Davis alternating in each row. The other 1.5
acres was set at the same time to a mixture of Northern Spy, Wealthy,
and other varieties. The orchard is on high land draining toward
the southwest, but has a rather dense low growth of forest on
the west which also has a scattering extension on the north around °
the west end of the orchard, as shown in figures A and B on Plate
XIII. The south side, however, is wholly open and fully exposed
to the south and southwest winds.

The whole orchard was thoroughly fertilized and cultivated without
being cropped. ‘The trees were banked with soil in the fall of 1910,
which was removed in spring of 1911. The Baldwin trees had been
headed high while the Ben Davis trees were pruned but little.

The first visit was made to the place May 18, 1911, when it was
found that about 85 per ct. of the Baldwin trees had girdles of dead
or dying bark about their trunks, usually beginning 6 to 10 em.
above the ground and extending upward 10 to 18 cm. Apparently,
then, the injury occurred about the upper surface of the soil mounds
as it did in the orchard near Geneva, discussed above. The clefts
in the bark were usually on the southwest or south sides, but on
account of the fact that the bark of many of the injured girdles had
already died and become dry and wind-checked in various places, it
was impossible always to distinguish between primary and secondary
cracks. Unfortunately none of the dozen films exposed during this
visit proved good enough for reproduction, but the injured places

966 Reporr oF THE BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

looked much like those shown on Plate IX with much of the regen-
eration left out.

In some cases, however, considerable growth and regeneration had
occurred resulting in much unevenness in the bark; while in others
large areas of bark were only partially loosened, having no radial
clefts and still having a green color externally. Such loosened bark
had a rusty brown color with a sprinkling of glistening white pin-
head-like specks on the side which had been in contact with the wood.
A closer study of the inner surfaces of such pieces of bark and of the
wood surfaces from which they were taken plainly showed that the
white specks of one corresponded exactly with those on the other.
It looked as though the bark had not been entirely separated from
the wood, but that here and there living groups of cells still main-
tained a connection between bark and wood. The injury and sepa-
ration had occurred in the phloem region. In very many other cases
carefully examined, such partially adhering areas of bark were nearly
dead throughout and there was considerable brownish slime between
the bark and wood with still an indication (at intervals) of glistening
white specks indicating a living connection at a few points. But
the wood had become discolored to the depth of 2 to 12 mm. under
such areas.

In many instances, however, the whole of the bark had died,
become wind-checked and parts of it stood out from the smooth
wood surface. In general, on trees where the bark had been nearly
or entirely loosened it had apparently been dead for some time, and
there had been little or no staining of the wood beyond the outermost
1 to 3 mm.; while in the cases where the bark had been only partially
separated from the wood it was usually yet partially alive and the
wood underneath was stained more or less.

The most remarkable feature about this case is the fact that
although receiving the same treatment in every way except in the
matter of pruning, there is such a great difference here between
the Ben Davis and the Baldwin varieties as regards their suscepti-
bility to the injury. In all the orchards studied before, these varie-
ties were not found so markedly different in their relative resistance,
while in this case the Ben Davis trees were wholly immune and the
Baldwins nearly all injured more or less. Since no difference could
be found in the environment or cultivation of the trees it seems
legitimate to infer that the above mentioned difference in the prun-
ing of the two varieties may have had some relation to the occur-
rence of the injury; that is, the high-headed trees were injured while
the low-headed ones remained normal.

The Northern Spy, Wealthy and other varieties referred to above
had only a few trees among them slightly affected, and they were
mostly of the Wealthy variety.

The fruit grower was advised to cut off, below the dead region,
all the trees which were entirely or almost entirely girdled and cover

New Yorx AGRICULTURAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 267

the cut end with grafting wax or paint; and then to select the best
sprout for a tree and recut the projecting stub close to it to make the
least possible bend in the resulting trunk. It was advised to cut out
all loose or injured bark of trees having as much as a third of the
circumference of intact bark and to paint the exposed wood to prevent
the entrance of water and decay.

On August 4 the orchard had a different appearance. It seemed
as though it were a most excellent orchard of Ben Davis with a few
scrubby Baldwin trees and sprouts scattered through it. Figure A
on Plate XIII is taken down a diagonal row of Baldwins or where
they should have been, and to the right and left the Ben Dav's rows
are seen to look thrifty. In the foreground is a Baldwin sprout,
and farther down the row are two Baldwin trees with splashes of
white paint covering some exposed wood on the south side. The
injured Baldwin trees grew but little and their foliage was rather
sparse. A closer view of an injured one is shown in figure C on
Plate XII, which was taken on the above date. Figure B of the same
plate shows another one which had given rise to a thrifty sprout,
apparently due to the poor water conduction of the injured trunk.
Most of the sprouts on the stumps had made a good growth, but a
strong wind storm a few days before had broken off many of them.
The appearance of the sprouts and the manner of cutting off the tree
are shown in figure A of Plate XII.

At the time of the first visit to the above orchard on May 18, two
other orchards near it were also examined for winter-injury. One of
them, consisting of rather scattered trees which had been set 6 to 10
years, was just south of the above orchard and consists of various
varieties. On a knoll a 10-year-old tree had small patches of loose
bark on the south and north sides of the crown at. the surface of the
ground. The loose patch on the north had a cleft about 7 cm. long
and was alive except at the cleft edges. By cutting out the loose
bark it was seen that regeneration had occurred on its inner side near
the cleft and that farther from the cleft were very numerous glistening
points which corresponded with similar points on the wood surface.
It appeared as though further growth might have turned out the
edges of the bark at the cleft as it did on the maple trees discussed
above and shown on Plates XX and XXIII. On the south side of
the tree the cleft was only about 4 cm. long and the bark was lying
rather firmly against the wood. It was not removed to determine
the extent of loosening because it appeared as though it would be
better for the tree to leave it. It seemed likely that in this case
further growth would go on as it did onthe one shown on Plate XII
of the above cited paper on crown-rot.

The other orchard referred to above is about a half a mile farther
south, set four years and in an exposed situation. The grower said
that two years before a few of the trees had died in mid- and late-
summer, and on examination were found to have wide girdles of

268 Reporr oF THE BoranrcaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

dead bark just above the ground. A number of the old wounds sur-
rounded by rolls of callus were in evidence. A few of the trees were
injured in the winter of 1910-11. In these instances, which were
not very severe, the loose bark seemed to be dying out to the very
limits of the injured areas.

Some Clyde orchards.— On the northwest edge of the village of
Clyde are some apple orchards that were also injured in the winter
of 1910-11. The most severely affected one consists of about 8 acres
which had been set 4 years to Baldwin and Greening. The orchard
lies east and west across the crest of a north and south hill. The
east end of the orchard seems to be shielded from north and west
winds by the crest of the hill and a house and trees respectively;
but the middle and western portions are fully exposed to the wind.
The soil is a light, clay loam, with a gravelly subsoil. It
had been heaped about the trees over winter and removed in
spring. The eastern part of the orchard has richer soil than the
central and western part; and as a result the trees were appreciably
larger in the eastern part.

On June 3, when the orchard was first visited, about 20 per ct.
of the trees had more or less dying bark on the stems. Perhaps
three-fourths of the injured ones were Baldwin. There were as
many injured trees in the east half as in the west half of the orchard,
although the former was less exposed to the wind.

Many of the affected trees were completely girdled and a few of
them could be distinguished at some distance by a slight yellowish
tint of their foliage. Those with a bridge of living bark as wide as
one-eighth of the cireumference looked normal in every other respect.
When the injured or loosened area of bark on a tree consisted of not
more than half the circumference it was usually confined to the
southwest side of the trunk.

The injured places began from 3 to 8 cm. above ground and ex-
tended up the stem from 7 to 18 cm.; but most commonly about
11 cm. The dead or dying bark was usually cleft in a number of
places, and in cases of complete girdling much irregular callus growth
had developed on the trunk over areas where the loose bark was not
cleft. By turning to Plate IX the matter is more readily under-
stood. Figure A shows a typical example in which much regenera-
tion had occurred on the wood surface where it is covered by the old,
dead bark; while at the cleft no growth had resulted. In comparing
it with figure B, from which the loose bark had been removed, the
regenerated part is even more prominent. There were two narrower
clefts on the other or northeast side of the trunk. The figures also
show that the removal of all dead and dying bark included some
above and below the clefts which was not actually loose, but which
was discolored to a dark brown in the phloem region. The wood
underneath the discolored and partially live bark had also become

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 269

stained to the depth of several millimeters. Another and more
striking illustration of this is shown in figures C and D which are
also of a tree trunk before and after removing the dead and dying
bark. In this case the bark was dying as much as several decimeters
above the externally visible injury and the wood underneath was
much discolored, apparently by the diffusion into it of some oxidizing
agent coming from the disorganizing phloem. Figure E shows an
instance where the cleft on the southwest side was uncommonly
long; 7. e., where it had apparently extended to the full length of the
bark injury. As may be noticed, the area over which regeneration
from the wood resulted 7s correspondingly long. Although this tree
had a much longer girdle of cleft, loose bark than those shown in
figures A and C, more regeneration resulted and practically no addi-
tional bark was found discolored in the phloem, and no staining of
the wood occurred with the exception of the superficial layers. And
what is more interesting, the foliage of this and other similarly in-
jured trees was of normal color, while those with much stained wood
could be detected by the yellowish tint of their foliage.

Another thing noticeable from these figures is that some regenera-
tion had occurred over practically the whole wood surface where
the bark was completely separated but yet remained as a protecting
cover, while above and below the places of complete separation the
bark was usually more or less discolored in the phloem region and
the underlying wood stained. That is, actual separation of the
bark did not appear to be as harmful to the tree as a certain amount
of injury in the phloem when the bark was left on. But in cases where
the tree was not completely girdled the disorganization in the phloem
of partially loosened bark, was not so marked; and the staining of the
underlying wood less extensive.

The orchardist was advised to cut off all girdled trees, remove all
loose or injured bark from the less injured ones, and cover the
exposed wood with grafting wax or paint. Figures A and C on Plate
X and figure A on Plate XI show some of the typical results as they
appeared August 3, 1911. Figure B on Plate X is one of the sprouts
grown on a Baldwin stump. Grafting wax had been used to cover
the exposed wood. The wax seems to loosen from the margins of the
wood and frequently crack open; no doubt some tar paint is better
to cover dead wood surfaces, as may be seen from the results
obtained in the above Weedsport orchard.

On a neighboring bleak clay hill is a very small mixed orchard of
Ben Davis apples and peach trees, set 8 years. At the time of the
first visit in June, 1911, a number of winter-injured Ben Davis trees
were found in this orchard. There were perhaps 2 dozen apple trees
in the orchard, very large and thrifty in appearance. The bases
of the trunks had been incased in veneer protectors about 4.5 dm.
high which were still on the trees. On removal of the protectors 5
of the trees were found to have areas of partially loose and decaying

270 Report oF THE BoTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

bark on the northwest side beginning 5 to 8 em. above the ground.
But the injuries usually covered less than half of the circumference.
In three of the cases unmistakable evidence of very narrow longi-
tudinal clefts were found in the injured bark, but in the two others
which were smaller, no indications of clefts could be seen. Figure A
of Plate XI shows one of them after it had been covered with wax.

In view of the numerous other observations of this type of injury on
trees without the veneer it seems highly probable that the protectors
had no causal relation to the initial injury in this instance.

Two other Branchport orchards.— About 1.5 miles southwest of
Branchport is a small 9-year-old apple orchard which consisted of
130 trees of Baldwin, Stark and Northern Spy. The land slopes
toward the east and the soil is clay. On the south side is a small
patch of forest while the west and northwest are open.

The trees had been thoroughly fertilized and cultivated; they had
madearapid growth. In the spring of 1910 while looking for ‘‘ grubs”’
the grower found the bark of some trees injured at the ground, and
in 1911 he found many with decayed bark at the crowns. On May
11, 1911, 8 of the trees had been taken out and perhaps 15 more were
considerably crown-rotted. Their general appearance was like that
of figure B on Plate XVIII.

Trees of all three varieties were affected but the injured ones were
principally of the Baldwin variety.

Adjoining this orchard on the north was another with nearly twice
as many trees, and of the same varieties, but apparently without a
single tree injured. These trees were not as large as those in the
neighboring orchard although they had also been set 9 years. The
soil and slope of land were identical and the wind exposure seemed
even greater. The trees were also headed about alike in both
orchards. The only difference that could be found in the two was
that the crown-rotted one had been thoroughly fertilized and culti-
vated while the other remained in sod.

A Middlesex orchard.— About a mile southwest of the village of
Middlesex is a Baldwin apple orchard of 150 trees on high land,
and with rather thin, gravelly soil. It is fully wind exposed in
all directions.

The trees had been set three years and the orchard had been culti-
vated and cropped. The trees seemed rather small for that age.
On June 2, six of the trees were found to have injured bark on the
northwest side, near the ground. The most severely injured one
had a patch of partially loose, cleft bark on its northwest side which
extended more than half way round the trunk. Six injured trees
had been replaced by the grower, in May, because they seemed to
be dying.

A Milton orchard.— During the second week in June in a clean
cultivated orchard about 2 miles west of Milton 3 Baldwin trees were
found having small areas of loose, cleft bark at their crowns. About

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 271

half the loose bark was entirely dead and the remainder was evidently
dying back to the limits of the loosened areas where a rim of callus
had already begun to form.

The Hemlock orchards.— Near the eastern shore of Hemlock lake
on a high, clay ridge is a small apple orchard which had been set 5
years. The orchard had been thoroughly cultivated and fertilized
without being cropped, and the trees were large and thrifty looking
for that age.

About 7 per ct. of them were injured at the surface of the ground.
But only on four was the bark loosened in the phloem region, when
the orchard was visited on June 5. A half dozen had large patches
of periderm with some adhering cortical parenchyma cleft and loosened
on the northwest side. The areas of bark loosened in the phloem
region extended less than half way round the trunks, and only half
the injured bark was dead. In spots where it was wholly separated
from the wood considerable regeneration or callus formation, of the
type shown on Plate IX, had occurred on the wood surface. On
two of them there was some regeneration on the inner side of the
loose bark somewhat like that shown on maples in Plate XX, but
only in small patches. But on one of the trees most of the callused
bark was evidently dying. It appeared as though the wound might
become a ragged one in the course of a year or so more, like the old
wound shown in figure A on Plate XIX. An irregular rusty looking
surface had developed on the exposed patches on trees with the peri-
derm loosened. The covering seemed to be made up of dead cortical
tissues and newly formed cork.

In another small apple orchard on the same clay ridge and about
a mile south of the one described above, there were 5 trees with
yellowish foliage. They had apparently been set 8 years, and the
orchard had been cultivated and cropped. ‘The diseased trees were
found to have crown-rot resulting from injuries which occurred
during the winter of 1909-10. They were all completely girdled at
the surface of the ground, and nearly all the dead bark had decayed,
leaving a smooth surface of dead wood exposed much like that shown
in figure B on Plate XVIII, except that the girdles were only about
one-eighth as wide.

Some Glens Falls orchards.— In a wind-swept region a few miles
north of Glens Falls are a number of small bearing apple orchards
which were injured during the winter of 1910-11, but only two of
them were actually studied. One orchard which consisted of perhaps
two dozen trees of various ages and varieties adjoins farm buildings
on the west and had 5 or 6 injured trees, chiefly 10 or more years old.
The soil seemed productive and was under cultivation.

Two of the affected trees were crown-rotted in narrow bands ex-
tending about half way round the trunk at the surface of the ground.
The initial injury on these seemed to have occurred during the winter
of 1909-10. The other affected trees were injured in the winter of

972 Report oF THE BotanicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

1910-11, and their general appearence was normal. But the bark
was cleft and loosened on the north side as may be seen from figures
A and B on Plate XIV. The clefts did not extend the entire length
of the loosened area; for example, in the case shown in figure A the
bark was loosened or nearly so from a few centimeters above ground
up about twice the length of the cleft and nearly half way round the
trunk. About two-thirds of the loosened bark was still alive but in a
wilted condition. The portions around the clefts were dead and dry.
No definite regeneration had occurred between the bark and the wood
but considerable disorganized brown slime was present under it.

Figure B shows a case where the bark was loosened higher up on the
trunk and where less than the circumference was involved. In this
instance the loosened bark was nearly all alive and the wood, except
that immediately under the cleft, was discolored but little and
seemed to be regenerating and apparently establishing new connec-
tions with the live bark in many places. No indications of corky
layers were noticed between the bark and wood, as was the case
in maples shown on Plates XX and XXIII. Otherwise these cases
were very similar to those so frequently found on maples. The
nature of the injury and the type of regeneration seen in figure B of
Plate XIV seemed more like that shown on Plate XII of the above
cited paper on crown-rot, and like that shown in figure B of Plate
XXII of the present paper.

The other orchard studied is about 100 meters northeast of the
first one; it is in sod and seemed to have a more sheltered location.
The trees were mainly from 9 to 10 years old. The grower said that
they had been pruned very lightly until June, 1910, and January,
1911, when they were severely pruned. The soil was very compact
but apparently productive, for the grass and trees looked thrifty.
The trees were strongly rooted and stood firm.

The orchard consisted of 89 trees of Baldwin, Northern Spy and
other varieties. Thirteen trees were completely girdled and 28 others
were less severely injured. The bark was cleft more or less on all
affected ones, but usually only a fraction of the length of the loosened
areas. Most of it was also partly alive, at least the part somewhat
removed from the clefts. The height of the girdles of loosened bark
varied much on different trees and sometimes they were much higher
on one side than on the other, as shown in figure A on Plate XV.
Those trees having only a slight injury most commonly had that on
the northwest side near the ground. But it was usually impossible
to say which side was most affected in case a tree was completely
girdled, unless the girdle was high on one side. Figures A and B
on Plate XV are typical examples of complete girdling.

Figure A is an instance in which the greatest injury had occurred
on the northwest side, extending from the ground up to the branches;
while on the opposite side it extended only a few decimeters above
the ground. There was a cleft in the bark on the northwest extending

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 273

about half or two-thirds of the way up to the branches, and a few
very short clefts or perhaps wind-checks were scattered over the
base of the south side. About three-fourths of the loosened bark was
partly alive, and in some spots more or less regeneration had occurred
on the wood surface under it. At the right of figure A on Plate XV
scme such spots are readily seen as darkened areas. Most of the
bark on the northwest side, including the piece hanging by its upper
end, was dead and the wood surface underneath had a dark brown
color. The loose bark taken from B had been cleft at a few places
near the ground, but none of the clefts reached more than a fourth
of the way up the trunk. All of the bark except that surrounding
the clefts still appeared normal externally but on removal was found
to have a rusty or dark brown color on its inner side. Between
the closely appressed bark and the wood was some disorganized and
discolored slime. The loose bark was not uniform throughout;
there were often large areas in which it was dead and discolored only
to the outer layers of cortex, while in others even the whole of the
cortex had died in small spots. It seemed evident that the entire
loosened portion of bark was dying from within outward.

For trees of that age this is an unusually high percentage of injured
ones. Over 46 per ct. of them were more or less severely affected
and over 15 per ct. were completely girdled or fatally injured. Yet,
when the orchard was first seen the foliage of all trees appeared of
the same normal color, although after the loosened bark had been
removed one could readily imagine that the leaves of most of the
girdled trees were of a yellowish or lighter shade of green than the
others. That seemed most noticeable on trees like that in figure B
on Plate XV, which had much discoloration of the wood.

Several of the less severely affected trees also had injured bark in
their lower crotches. In some cases the injured bark looked dis-
colored or dead while in others it still appeared normal externally
although on removal was found to be partially separated from the
wood and to have a rusty to brown dark phloem. In other instances
small clefts or wind-checks were present in the dead bark, but most
frequently it was uncleft. When patches of injured bark had com-
pletely died they looked like typical crotch cankers. The dead
areas were sunken below the level of the normal bark and were
unusually delimited by a more or less conspicuous line of fissure.
In cases where the cortical portion of the affected bark was yet
mostly alive the fissure was less conspicuous or even entirely absent,
but on cutting out a piece across the indefinite region of transition
from the injured to the normal bark the cause and location of the
cleavage became apparent. A definite but thin ridge of callus was
found running around the periphery of the injured areas, indicating
that the cause of the fissure is the increase in thickness under the
normal bark and its absence of thickening, combined with the drying
out and dying of the bark, over the several affected areas.

274 Report oF THE BoranicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

Spheropsis and Cytospora were found sporulating on much of the
loosened bark which had died, and occasionally Spheropsis was also
present on bark that was loosened but not dead throughout. In a
few instances Sphzeropsis was fruiting on dead patches of bark about
injured crotches. It appeared very probable, however, that the
fungi were only saprophytes in these cases because the bark was not
found injured beyond the first callus that had formed in early summer
under the loosened bark around the periphery of the initially injured
regions.

The Interlaken orchards.— Along the western edge of Interlaken
is a small apple orchard which had been set two years. The land
has a gentle slope toward the north and is fully wind exposed on the
north, west, and southwest. It had been thoroughly cultivated.

There were 60 trees of each of the following varieties: Hubbardston,
McIntosh, Rome and Wealthy. When the orchard was visited on
August 5 the leaves on all but three trees had a normal color. On
these the foliage had a yellowish tint. The lower portion of the stem
of one of them is shown in figure C on Plate XVI. The three trees
with yellowish leaves were completely girdled as shown in this figure,
and apparently the injured region of bark was not wholly separated
from the wood for it was still adhering in many places although it was
much dried and wind-checked. A very thick roll of callus had formed
along the upper edge of the girdle but no regeneration occurred on the
wood of the injured region. The wood was much discolored to the
depth of over a centimeter. A fairly vigorous sprout had developed
from the stump of every girdled tree.

Most of the other affected trees had injured areas often extending
as far as half way round the trunks, as shown in figure A of the above
plate, which was taken after removing the dry bark that was still
partially adhering to the dead wood underneath. None of the
affected trees showed regeneration except along the edges of live
bark as shown in A.

The Hubbardston trees were apparently more susceptible than the
other varieties. |The three discussed above were of that variety, and
20 others were less severely injured. Only 2 per ct. of each of the
other varieties were affected.

About 2 miles farther northwest and not far from Lodi is an orchard
of about 17 acres which had also been set 2 years. The soil was
richer and the trees were larger than in the above orchard. It had
also been cultivated and cropped. On the south side is a dense old
apple orchard but otherwise the exposure was almost the same as
that of the one discussed above.

It consisted of 200 trees each of Baldwin, McIntosh and Wealthy;
175 Greenings, 100 Hubbardstons, and a few trees of some other
varieties. About 40 Hubbardston trees were injured on the north-
east side, but in most cases the affected areas covered less than half
the circumference of the stems just above the ground. On a few

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTION. 275

of them there was a narrowing upward extension of the injury as
shown in figure B on Plate XVI. In this instance the grower had
previously sent a man to clean out the wounds and paint them, but as
may be seen from this figure the injured bark had not all been re-
moved before paint was applied; at the upper and lower ends the
paint had been applied to the affected bark instead. The photo-
graph was taken after the additional dead bark was removed, thus
showing the result of careless work.

A few MelIntosh, two Northern Spy and about 15 Baldwin trees
were also slightly injured. One Wealthy tree was completely girdled
and looked like the Hubbardston shown in figure C referred to above.

The counts in this orchard seem also to indicate that the Hubbard-
ston is more susceptible than the Baldwin. Forty Hubbardstons
out of 100 were injured while only 15 out of 200 Baldwins were
affected.

A Le Roy orchard.— A few miles from Le Roy is an apple orchard
which had been set 9 years, consisting of over 400 trees of several
varieties. It is a sod orchard but the trees had been growing at a
good rate.

In the fall of 1906 the basal ends of the tree trunks had been in-
cased in veneer protectors about 51 cm. high, and they were not
removed until the spring of 1910. In 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911 the
grower found some of the trunks with newly diseased areas of bark,
chiefly on the southwest side, from which discolored “ sap ”’ flowed
in the spring and again the following July of the same season. The
new cases of injury became evident in large numbers in the spring
of 1910, when the protectors were removed, and again in 1911.

About 60 trees were found injured in 1910 and perhaps a similar
number in 1911, for the grower said that from June 24 to 26 he had
found the injury on 50 trees and by the last of July some additional
ones were noticed with discolored ‘“ sap’ flowing from variously
discolored spots and areas of bark on the south and southwest sides.

When the orchard was visited by the writer on August 7 the gen-
eral appearance of the newer, bleeding injuries as well as those which
had become circumscribed by rolls of healthy callus of from one to
three years’ growth, was much like that of injuries studied in one of
the Barnes orchards and somewhat like that in the Coldwater
orchard. -

Small and irregular scattered groups of cortical cells and occa-
sionally patches of underlying phloem had evidently been injured,
and in many cases the injured spots and patches had become con-
fluent by the dying of the interspersed groups of live tissues; thus
resulting in irregular dead areas in the bark which in some cases,
where the underlying phloem had been injured, extended to the wood.
Figure B on Plate XVII shows an example on which most of the in-
jured and dead bark has been removed with a sharp knife. In this case

276 Report oF THE BotrantcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

some live spots were encountered on reaching the phloem and after
cutting away the bark about 1 mm. deeper, irregular areas of live
and dead tissues were found intermingled on the cut surface, giving
it a marbled appearance. The injured spots were variously dis-
colored from pink to blue, brown and black. A dark colored ‘sap ”
had been exuding from some very short and narrow clefts in the outer
bark of this area. Some of the clefts reached even deeper than the
bark had been cut away, for several of them may be seen as small
ragged rifts in the cut surface.

The location of these injured patches, on the southwest side of
trunks, varied considerably. They were situated anywhere from a
few centimeters above the ground up to the first crotches. But the
location of the maximum injury corresponded to the height to which
normal bark roughening or scaling had attained on the trunk. It
may also be seen in the above figure that the bark surface below and
including the area of greatest injury is roughened or has begun to
scale off as the bark of trees does when a certain stage in its life history
is reached. Above the injured area are a few superficial checks here
and there, as is commonly the case in the region of transition from
rough to smooth bark. In the instance shown in figure A of Plate
XVII maximal injury resulted below the main crotches, about 85 em.
above ground. Here the greatest injury also occurred in the region
of transition from rough to smooth bark, with a few lesser spots of
exposed wood in evidence lower down. This is one of the trees
found exuding discolored ‘“‘sap”’ from injured bark covering these ex-
posed areas in 1909. At the right and left of the stem may be seen
some successful bridge grafts extending from near the ground to the
branches. The tree bore a normal crop in 1911 and will probably
live many years, although its lease on life has doubtless been fore-
shortened by leaving the exposed wood unpainted, for after the cen-
tral cylinder of wood has rotted a strong summer wind will probably
break it off.

It seems unlikely that the veneer around the bases of these trees
had any causal relation to the bark injury, as was suggested by
Stewart.! First, becase affected areas were mainly on one side of
the trunks and were frequently above the veneer. Second, because
similar new cases of injury were found in 1911 as had been observed
in 1910, and affected areas seemed always to be on a region of bark
that was in a certain stage of its development whether that be under
or above the veneer.

It seems that the two periods of exudation of “sap ”’ from such
injured patches of bark occur during the two periods of high sap
pressure, in spring and in July. Doubtless the dying, in early sum-
mer, of groups of live cells which are scattered among winter-injured

1F.C. Stewart Notes on New York plant diseases, I.
N. Y. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Bul. 328:323-24. 1910.

New York AGRICULTURAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 277

spots in the bark also contributes to the July period of exudation of
discolored “‘ sap.’’ It appears as though the high pressure forces it
out through the broken or dead tissues.

Another Sodus orchard.— In a 5-acre apple orchard near Sodus
about 5 per ct. of the trees were found affected at the crown or
crotches or both, when visited on August 9. The ground is almost
level and exposed to the wind, and the soil is a clay loam which seems
fairly productive. It is cultivated and cropped. The trees had
been set two years and had made a good growth. They are of the
varieties Wolf River and Wealthy.

The injury at the crowns had evidently been of the usual type, but
the injured and partially loose bark had all died. In most cases
but little regeneration occurred, although on a few trees the appear-
ance of unevenness due to regeneration was much like that in the
Clyde orchard described above. Only about half a dozen of them
were completely girdled at the crown and looked like that in figure C
on Plate XVI from an Interlaken orchard. Other affected trees were
chiefly less than half girdled and had normal colored leaves.

But the most interesting phase of the injury on the trees of this
orchard was confined to the crotches of the main branches. Various
sized areas of dead bark were present in and around some crotches
of perhaps 15 per ct. of the trees. In some instances the outer bark
still appeared normal externally but when cut open the phloem region
was found of a rusty brown color and disorganized into a slimy mass.
In other cases the outer bark had just died and the whole affected
area had a dark brown color and contained dark “ sap.’’? Many of
the injured patches of bark had died and become dry and sunken
below the general bark surface. On two trees Spheropsis pycnidia
had appeared on the dead bark.

On quite a number of the crotch-injured trees one or more of the
most severely affected branches had died or were dying. The wood
underneath the bark of such crotch-girdled branches was much
stained; in fact in most cases where such a crotch-injured branch had
died or had yellow foliage, the entire wood cylinder under the affected
bark had become stained. The injury at the crowns was mainly
on the west side, but that in and around crotches was localized with
reference to the manner of branching.

In a neighboring 3- to 4-year-old sour cherry orchard one of the
. largest trees seemed to have the “ yellows.’ Its foliage was said
to have had a normal color a month previous, but now it looked
bright yellow with here and there a tint of pink. On closer examina-
tion a slight enlargement was found on the stem about 7 em. above
the ground; although the bark below the swelling appeared normal
it proved to be dead down to the ground, and the enlargement was
a callus growth along the upper edge of a dead girdle of bark, very
similar to the growths resulting on girdled young apple trees. The

278 Report or tHE BoranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

space between the bark and the wood, along the lower edge of the
callus, was filled with gum and the wood under the lower half of the
girdle was stained to the depth of perhaps a centimeter. The roots
of the tree appeared normal.

A Geneva peach orchard.— In a young and bearing peach orchard
on the Experiment Station farm about 3 per ct. of the trees were
found to have patches of injured bark on their trunks just above the
ground. Three of the trees were completely girdled and more or
less enlarged above the wound, like the sour cherry tree discussed
above. But on most of the affected trees the dead areas of bark
reached less than half way round the trunks, and the trees continued
to look normal in 1911 and 1912. However, the foliage on the com-
pletely girdled ones had a yellowish tint in July and then some of it be-
came pinkish here and there. Figure A on Plate XVIII is an example
on which the enlargement was not very marked but where the dead
region was conspicuous on account of its being smaller than the trunk
above. Along the upper edge of the girdle the bark stood out from
the wood and the resulting cavity was filled with gum on July 5.
On other portions of the affected area the bark seemed only partially
loosened by the disorganization of the phloem, and no radial clefts
were present. The wood covered by the dead bark had become
stained to a depth of about 5 mm.

The so-called bark-beetles (Scolytus) were boring into the bark
of the completely girdled trees. On the trunk, larger branches and
especially about the bases of small twigs the tiny cylindrical holes
of that insect were present in large numbers, but no borer holes were
seen on the normal nor on the slightly affected trees.

During early July the stumps of several young peach trees which
had been similarly affected by winter-injury and borers, were re-
ceived at the Experiment Station from different parts of western
New York. In most of these cases a rather conspicuous enlargement
or swelling occurred just above the dead girdle. No radial clefts
were found in the dead bark and the gum was present under the
raised portion of bark just below the callus. The phloem of the
dead bark had been disorganized as in the Geneva cases and on the
Sodus cherry tree, but the roots in all cases were normal as yet.
The cases of injury involving less than a complete girdle always
occurred on the northwest side of trunks in the Geneva orchard.
There is not very much wind protection, and the trees had been
growing uncommonly fast.

During late August Cytospora pycnidia, apparently the imperfect
stage of Valsa leucostoma, were present in great numbers on the dead
bark that had been left on affected trees. But no example was seen
where the fungus had killed bark beyond the periphery of the orig-
inal injury, as bounded by callus along the margin of areas severely
affected very early in the vegetative season.

New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 279

Initial injuries resulting in crown-rot produced experimentally —
Some apple trees in a seedling orchard consisting of various crosses
between different varieties had been discarded, on account of unde-
sirable qualities of their fruit. These trees were kindly given by
the Horticulturist of this Station for experimental tests. The ones
used for this preliminary experiment were crosses of the following
varieties: Two of them were Ben Davis X Mother, germinated in
1900; one Esopus X Ben Davis, and another Ben Davis X McIntosh,
which were germinated in 1899. They were set about 3 m. apart
and were about the size of trees set 6 or 7 years. They bore full
crops of fruit when used in the experiment on September 14, 1911.

The stem of each of the four trees used was encased in oilcloth
the overlapping edge of which was sealed down with shellac. Then
a sleeve from 70 to 85 cm. long was put around each trunk by rolling
together a piece of galvanized iron and tying it with wire in such a
way as to leave a space of about 8 cm. between it and the oilcloth
surrounding the stem. Sawdust to the depth of about 5 cm. was
tamped in the bottom of the galvanized iron cylinders around the
bases of the trunks. About equal parts of finely crushed ice and
calcium chloride were then added in alternating thin layers to the
depth of 30 to 40 cm. The space above the freezing mixture was
also filled with sawdust. By the time the last sawdust had been
added hoarfrost had formed on the outside of the galvanized iron in
the region of the freezing mixture.

Ice was piled in the form of a cone around trees 2/9 (Ben Davis
X Mother) and 5/6 (Esopus X Ben Davis) up to the top of the
freezing apparatus and covered with sawdust. Four long radial
slits had been made in the bark of the trunks of numbers 2/9 and
5/6 before they were covered with oilcloth.

A thermometer for measuring low temperatures not being avail-
able no record of the resulting temperatures was obtained, but it
seems conservative to estimate it at about — 25° C., thus allowing
a loss of nearly 20° C. by conduction.

On September 16, two days after the freezing experiment was per-
formed, about a fourth of the foliage on the treated trees was dry
although still green, and much of the other drooped or curled more
or less. Many of the slender bearing twigs appeared to droop more
than those of neighboring untreated trees; all of which indicates that
water conduction had been interfered with by the freezing of the
trunks. The ice and salt in the galvanized iron cylinders had all
melted, but a few lumps of ice were still present in the sawdust
outside of two of them.

The effect of the low temperatures on the bark of the enclosed
portion of the stems varied considerably, but it had been injurious on
all of them. On tree 1/25 (Ben Davis X Mother) which measured
01.9 cm. in circumference, the bark on the northwest side had a few

280 Report oF THE Botanica DEPARTMENT OF THE

seattered brown blotches from about 3 cm. above ground up nearly
12 cm., but no clefts had resulted. On removal much of the phloem
in that region, about half way round the stem, had a brown color,
although there were groups of normal colored phloem tissues scat-
tered along in the affected area. Most of the cortex, aside from the
blotches referred to above, was of normal color and apparently unin-
jured. The whole discolored area of bark was removed and the
wood underneath it was found to have a normal color also.

Tree 2/9 (Ben Davis X Mother) having a circumference of 36 cm.
and on which the bark had been slit, sustained injuries of a different
type, but they were also confined to the lower portion of the trunk.
The evident injuries were on the north side and did not extend more
than 16 em. above ground, but there were no clefts aside from the
slits made before. A strip of bark on the north side between two of
the slits which were about a fourth of the circumference of the trunk
apart was loosened from 6 cm. above ground up 7 or 8 em. It was
of normal color except on its inner side where it was slightly browned.
The wood surface underneath had a similar appearance. The bark
on the west side was also removed but no discolored spots were found
in it; however, the edges of the bark along the slits were loose.

On tree 3/12 (Ben Davis X McIntosh) which had a circumference
of 34.3 em. the bark appeared discolored on the southwest side over
an area of about a third of the circumference and from 5 cm. above
ground up 7 or8cm. In this case there were only a few small groups
of cortical cells in the whole discolored area that were of normal
color. Practically the entire phloem was also discolored but the
wood underneath appeared normal. The tree was cut off and no
discoloration was evident in the wood. However, a few spots were
found in the phloem and inner cortex. The injury was confined to
the basal 15 cm. of the trunk.

Tree 5/6 (Esopus X Ben Davis) measured 30.5 cm. in circum-
ference. The bark was loosened very slightly on the west side along
one slit and it had a discolored area on the northwest side covering
about a third of the circumference. This discolored patch was
similar to that described on tree 1/25, except that there were fewer
and smaller normal colored spots in its interior. The discolored
and loose bark was removed and the wood underneath appeared
normal. The injury was all within 15 em. of the ground.

September 18, four days after treatment, hundreds of the bark-
beetles (Scolytus) were present on the remaining three trees, although
none could be seen on the surrounding untreated ones. They were
especially numerous on trees 1/25 and 2/9 where large numbers of
small round holes tad been dug or were being dug into the bark
of stems, main branches, and around the bases of small twigs and
spurs. It seemed as though each hole was bored by a pair of the
beetles; at any rate, in instances where a beetle was actually boring

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTIon. 281

there was always one waiting at the rim of the hole. Tree 5/6 was
infested with fewer beetles, and since the injured trees were about
the same distances apart and similarly surrounded by normal ones,
it appeared to indicate a difference in the trees which had been
treated. As a matter of fact there was a slight difference in the
amount of dead foliage on the treated trees: tree 5/6 had least and
tree 2/9 had most of it. But nearly a third of the foliage of the
latter tree was still living and appeared more turgid than it did two
days before.

Since the bark on the treated trees was all alive and of normal
color (except some on the trunks near the ground) it is difficult to
understand how these beetles selected only the injured trees on which
to bore, unless it be by differences in turgidity or water content of
the bark though the presence of clumps of dead leaves may have
been a sign for attack.

In this connection it may be of interest to note that D. H. Jones
has recently published an article’ on Scolytus rugulosus as an agent in
the spread of bacterial blight of pear trees.

OBSERVATIONS DURING 1912.

The field observations during 1912 were mainly of a supplementary
nature. Observations had shown that the types of winter-injury
under consideration, which may result in crown-rot and cankers,
occurred sometime between the middle of November, 1910, and the
first part of January, 1911; also that after thawing and during the
following vegetative activities injured tissues become discolored and
more or less disorganized, leading to discoloration and death of some
adjoining and of all isolated live tissues. During the winter of 1911-—
12 and the following summer, an effort was made to localize more
definitely the time of occurrence of these injuries in winter; to study
the histological modifications induced, and to make further observa-
tions on trees injured in winter of 1910-11. -

During last scholastic year observations were made in and around
Madison, Wisconsin, and after the first of June were continued in
New York. The histological study begun in the University of Wis-
consin had to be discontinued after arriving at the Experiment
Station on account of lack of necessary apparatus; but the field
observations and the fixing of material for the histological study were
continued. Since the material yet remaining necessary for a his-
tological study of the initial injuries and the subsequent changes
taking place in affected areas had been fixed and infiltrated with
celloidin, the gaps in the studies made in the University of Wisconsin

1D. H. Jones. Scolytus rugulosus as an agent in the spread of bacterial blight on

pear trees.
Phytopath. 1:155-58. 1911.

282 Report oF THE BoranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

and the further extension of the histological series into the early
summer may be finished at odd times so that its publication should
not be long delayed.

Late fall and early winter were rather rough and cold around
Madison. The average temperature for both October and November
was below the normal. But December was an uncommonly mild
month with the temperature ranging considerably abeve the normal,
except during the last few days when it sank to — 22.2° C. January
was colder than any previous January on the records of the United
States Weather Bureau for that region; the temperature was over
8° C. below the normal. The highest temperature was — 0.55° C.
and the lowest — 31.6° C. The temperature in February was also
2.7° C. below the normal. The highest temperature during the
month was — 7.7° C. and the lowest — 27.3° C. The March record
was 3.8° C. below normal, with a minimum of less than — 20° C.
Many periods of high winds occurred; one of the strongest lasted
most of the day on December 10 with a maximum during the middle
of the afternoon of 56 miles per hour, and exerting a force of nearly
17 pounds per square foot.

In western New York the weather was very similar to that described
for the Madison region except that it was not quite so cold.

At Madison three small apple orchards on the university farm
were easily accessible for observation and study. One had been
set about two and another about six years; while the third orchard
consisted chiefly of trees that had been set some 9 to 14 years. In
the oldest orchard many trees of undesirable varieties were kindly
put at the writer’s disposal by J. G. Moore, Professor of Horticulture
in the University. The trees in these orchards were examined several
times during the winter in order to determine if possible the time
of injury.

Only three cases of crown-rot were found, and those were on trees
in the oldest orchard. The initial bark injury seemed to have
occurred during the winter of 1909-10, as judged by the presence of
callus of two years’ growth around the wounds. In no instance,
however, did the injury extend more than half way around the base
of the trunk.

Effect of changes in temperature on the circumference of tree trunks.—
In order to secure some first-hand data on the effect of low tempera-
ture on the circumference of tree trunks a small number of apple
trees in the oldest orchards were measured at different times. The
regions around which the measurements were taken were marked
at two points on each tree in order that the different measurements
would be more comparable. ‘They were made with a steel tape-
measure which when used during low temperature naturally some-
what minimized the results of the contraction of the tree trunks,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTIOn. 283

The following table shows the changes in circumference induced by
changes in temperature:

TasBim I.—CHANGES IN CIRCUMFERENCE OF APPLE TREE TRUNKS DurRING WINTER.

——

Circum- Circum- Cireum- Circum- Maxi
Peete ference ference ference ference Patines
Be imi Nov. 8, 1911|Nov. 15, 1911} Jan. 6, 1912 | April 6, 1912) ~ Bua
temperature | temperature | temperature | temperature |_.
66°C. | —9.4°C. | —28.3°C. Dieu rcammienence
Cm. Cm. Cm. Cm. Per ct.
Oy ilonmes ee feo M3 71.0 69.6 71.0 23
y//2Btp on 2 eee 64.9 64.6 63.5 64.6 2.1
(Oe Oe Or 43.8 43.5 42.4 43.6 3.1
TRE eee 48.6 48.3 47.6 48.5 2.0
oi Fieve ae 59.5 59.1 58.4 59.5 1.8
OD Saaes £9. 37. feel 50.8 5021 51.0 1.9
Oi ORES 153.5% ls 51.5 50.8 ole 1.9
2M ow . ss 67.6 G7 al 66.4 67.6 LC

As may be seen in the last vertical column of this table the per-
centages of decrease in the circumferences of the 8 tree trunks varies
from 1.8 to 3.1, and the average is a little over 2 per ct. It is
also interesting to note that the contraction resulting from a change
of temperature from 6.6° C. to — 9.4° C. is not as great per degree of
change in temperature as it is in the range from—9.4° C. to —28.3° C.
In the first case a change of 16° C. resulted in an average con-
traction of only a little over 3 mm. or 0.19 mm. per degree of change;
while in the second an additional change of 18.9° C. caused a con-
traction averaging 8.8 mm. or 0.46 mm. per degree of change. The
measurements taken on April 6, although made at a higher temper-
ature than those of November 8, averaged less; and none of them were
above the first November measurements. Possibly that is an error
of observation, yet it may indicate a slight diminution in size due
to a loss of water during winter.

Tree trunks cleft open during the first excessive cold period.— The
excessive cold period in the winter of 1911-12 came during the first
week of January with a minimum temperature of —31.1° C. On
January 6 quite a number of tree trunks in the above apple orchard
were cleft open a little above the ground and others in the lowest
crotches. The clefts in the trunks were from 2 to 5 dm. long and
from 5 to 15 mm. wide. They extended at least to the pith as shown
by the insertion of a sharpened stick. The clefts were mostly on
the north and west sides. The crotch clefts were always at right
angles to the branching and usually widest above, appearing as
though the crotches had been split by driving in a thin wedge from

284 Report oF THE BoTAanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

above. In two instances where measurements were taken the com-
ponent parts of the crotches had separated about 2 cm., which seems
to indicate that there had also been a longitudinal contraction of the
outer portions of the trunks, thus resulting in an outward bending
of the branches. The bark, however, had not separated or loosened
from the wood along the clefts.

Many shade trees in the city of Madison, including maple, oak,
catalpa, linden, etc., also had their trunks cleft open during the first
week of January. Frequently a long cleft extended from near the
ground up as high as 2 meters, and one or more shorter ones from
near the ground up about 5 dm. or less. The longer clefts went at
least as far in as the center of the trunk. No bark had been loosened.

Changes in circumference of cleft trunks due to rise of temperature.—
Some measurements were taken on linden and catalpa trees on Jan-
uary 6 when the thermometer stood at — 28.3° C., which are recorded
in the table below. In this case, also, errors that may have arisen due
to the contraction of the steel tape-measure would result in giving
higher values to the measurements at low temperatures and thus
give slightly lower percentages of increase in the circumference when
compared with those taken at higher temperatures. The measure-
ments were made at marked points on the trunks and also included
the width of the clefts. When the second measurement was made
the clefts had all closed tightly. The change in circumference that

TaBLE II].—MEASUREMENTS ON SHADE TREES IN MapIsON WHICH WERE CLEFT
DuRING THE WINTER oF 1911-12

Circum- Circum-
ference Locati width and ference 2
DESIGNATION ocation, an . Increase in
Jan. 6, 1912, ; April 6, 1912,|_;
oF TREES (onic length of clefts epee circumference
— 28.3°C. 21° C.
Cm. Cm M. Cm. Per ct.| Per ct.
1) inden. 197.5 | South side..| 2.0] 2.4 20220} |" 92.2 ee
2. Linden... 186.7 | West side..| 1:6>) (2.5 189.6 15 2.4
3. Linden... 199.2 | Southwest..| 2.0] 2.4 202.8 1.8 2.8
4. Linden... 159.0 | Southwest..| 2.2] 4.0 161.9 1.8 Se
5. Catalpa. . 67.3 | Southeast...) 1.8} 0.7 68.6 | 1.9 3.2
6. Catalpa.. 42.8 | Northwest..| 1.3] 0.7 ASESE | S2u3 Hs)
7. Catalpa. . 40.0 | Westside...| 1.3} 1.0 40.9} 2.2] 5.6

these tree trunks underwent between January 6 and April 6 was
therefore greater than is shown by the measurements on which the
first column of percentages is based. After deducing the width of
the clefts from the measurements made on January 6, the percentages
of increase in the circumferences are appreciably higher, as shown
in the last vertical column.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 285

An experiment in rapid thawing and swaying of apple trees— On
January 8 about 5 liters of water with a temperature of nearly 60° C.
was poured in splashes on the lowest crotches of each of two apple
trees in the oldest orchard, and allowed to run down the trunks.
Immediately after application of water the trees were swayed vigor-
ously during about a minute. It was in the afternoon and the tem-
perature had risen to about — 26°C. The trees were of normal
appearance. One of them had been set about 9 and the other about
12 years. Perhaps a liter of water was left after the second tree had
been treated and was let stand in a tin vessel in the snow while the
tree was being swayed. The remaining water was then splashed on
to the lowest crotch of another large apple tree and ran down its
trunk. On another tree two branches about 2.5 cm. in diameter
were bent downward, considerably, a number of times, but not far
enough to cause any audible breaking.

By testing with a knife it was found that the bark and a little of
the outer wood had been thawed by the hot water, but a few minutes
after the application of water had been made the whole wet surface
was coated with a thin sheet of ice. One of the swayed trees was
sawed off about 20 cm. above ground and carefully examined for
indications of discoloration or injury, but none could be found in any
part of its trunk.

About the middle of March, after all aerial portions of trees had
been thawed for several days, practically the entire bark of the re-
maining tree-trunk receiving the hot water treatment in January
had died and become brown. There were only a few small blotches
of green colored outer cortex here and there that seemed to be alive.
The whole phloem as well as the outer surface of the wood had become
discolored over all parts of the tree where the hot water had been
applied. On the inner side of the branches as much as 2 dm. above
the crotches the bark had all died and become brown. All the bark
on the stump of the tree that had been sawed off was also dead and
brown to the ground. On the side on which most water had been
splashed the bark was dead below the surface of the ground and
around the bases of some roots.

The bark had not become loosened on the trees given the hot
water treatment but considerable disorganization had occurred in
the phloem region. Above ground the injured bark seemed to have
dried out a little, but underground and at its surface the affected
bark was full of brown “sap.’”? About a fourth of the bark of the
tree on which the last water had been poured was also found dead.
The greatest effect occurred in the crotch and over an irregular area
extending down the trunk about 3 to 4 dm. on the side receiving the
hot water.

The bark on both of the branches which had been bent downward
was partially loose on the upper side, and dead over a length of about

286 Report or THE BotrantcaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

2 dm. where the bending had occurred. The general appearance was
that of so-called ‘‘sun-scald.”’ The affected bark was rusty brown in
color and the phloem region was much disorganized.

Effect of low temperature on the diameter of apples and potatoes.—
On January 8 some medium-sized potato tubers and apples were
carefully measured with a caliper by adjusting it against the heads
of two pins which had been stuck into the specimens at opposite
points of the greatest diameter, up to the heads. Afterwards they
were placed out of doors and left there over night with the tempera-
ture ranging around — 27°C. Early the next morning one was taken
in at a time and remeasured over the pin-heads. The data are re-
corded in the following table:

TaBLeE JIJ.—CuHances IN DIAMETER OF APPLE FRUIT AND Potato TuBERS INDUCED
BY Low TEMPERATURE

Apple No. 1, diameter in evening 77.5 mm., in morning 77.4 mm.
“ce ‘ ac oleh “cc “cc

Apple No. 2, 3 mm., 77.0 mm.
Apple No. 3, = " e730 mam:, ieee Cie
Tuber No. 1, sf sf 2196/5 rams: “97.0 mm.
Tuber No. 2, i + eeQ8: 7 aama., HS “100.2 mm.
Tuber No. 3, * A “ 88.0 mm., “ “89.5 mm.
Tuber No. 4, ag - “* 114.0 mm., “ + £165 mam:

This shows an average decrease in the greatest diameter of the
apples of 0.16 mm. or about 0.2 per ct.; and an average increase in
the longest diameter of the potato tubers of 1.75 mm. or about
1.7 per ct.

Discoloration, after thawing, of structuresinjured by lowtemperatures.—
Winter- or low-temperature injured plant structures can usually not
be recognized as being injuriously affected until after they have
thawed and become discolored. However, in some instances injuries
may be seen by microscopic examination immediately after thawing
or even while frozen. Some of the potatoes and apples used in the
above experiment were placed outside an east window and the others
were thawed and cut in pieces for microscopic examination and for
observing the development of discoloration in air, water, etc.

The thawed tubers were very soft but of normal color. The
“sap ” could be squeezed out with the hand as readily as water from
asponge. By using thin hand sections it was easily seen that many
of the cells had been broken and others separated along the middle
lamelle. The thawed apples were soft also but not spongy like the
tubers. Fewer cells were broken and separated, in fact at the calyx
end there was practically no indication of injury.

Pieces of tubers were placed into 15, 30, 50, 70, 80, 95 per ct., and
absolute alcohol; in distilled water, and into 2 per ct. formalin.
Pieces of both apple and potato were exposed to the air over night.

On the following day the pieces of potato exposed to air had become

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srarion. 287

very dark brown on the outside, and the pieces of apple had a rusty
brown color throughout except around the calyx end, where there
was still some normal colored tissue. The pieces of potato in water
were almost as much discolored as those in air; and those in the
lower alcohols seemed to have a very faint muddy-yellow discolora-
tion. About a week later the pieces in the alcohols from 15 to 70
per ct. had all changed to a light brown or black color, while those
in 80 per ct. were but slightly discolored. The piecesin 95 per ct. and
absolute alcohol, and in 2 per ct. formalin had remained unchanged.

Crotch and other bark injuries observed in Madison orchards.— In
the three University orchards described above much bark injury
occurred during the winter of 1911-12, and presumably during the
excessive cold weather in January, because no injury could be found
in the latter part of November or before the steady cold weather
began. The fact that both bark and wood clefts occurred in the
first week in January makes it appear plausible that the bark injuries
in crotches and other parts of trees occurred at least not later than
that date; and, as will appear in another connection, it seems likely
that this injury also occurred at this time. At any rate, when the
orchards were examined again late in March and early April many
trees were found having very severe injuries in the inner bark of
crotches and callus growths around old wounds.

About a fourth of the trees in the apple orchard which had been
set about two years had the inner bark of several crotches more or
less severely injured, although no indication of injury could be seen
outside. The cortical tissues were nearly all green and normal
looking while much of the phloem was discolored and often had a
region near the cambial zone where a disorganization or partial sepa-
ration had occurred in such a way as to partially or even completely
loosen the bark in various sized areas or patches.

No difference in general appearance could be detected between
injured and sound trees, nor could the injured crotches be told
from those not affected. The injury was chiefly confined to the main
erotches and the bases of one- and two-year-old, ascending shoots
coming from the lower parts of larger branches. The affected areas
in the larger crotches involved the angle of the crotch and the inner
side of both component branches up to various heights, depending
upon the size of the affected region.

In the most severe cases the affected area usually involved from
2 to 3 em. of bark on the inside of the branches of a crotch as well as
that surrounding its angle to as much as 4 cm. below.

The injury around the bases of ascending shoots originating from
dormant or adventitious buds on the larger branches was much like
that in the crotches and was always most severe and sometimes even
confined to the bark in the lesser angle between the shoot and branch
from which it grew. In many instances, however, the inner bark or

988 Report oF THE BoranicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

phloem region was affected all around the base of shoots, and to such
a degree as to be almost entirely loosened in a girdle one or more
centimeters in width. The affected region in the phloem had a
rusty brown color just like that in injured areas of the larger crotches.
But there were no radial clefts in any of the affected regions.

Probably more than half of the trees in the other young apple
orchard which had been set about 6 or 7 years were crotch-injured.
In this case, however, the affected areas in the larger crotches often
involved the bark on the inner side of the branches and below the
angle to the extent of 8 to 10 cm. The injuries around the bases of
young ascending shoots on these trees were also more extensive and
severe than in the above younger orchard.

There were probably a half dozen of the large trees in the oldest
apple orchard (set 8 to 14 years) found injured in the crotches, but
only on two of them had the injury been severe. In these cases areas
of bark as large as a man’s hand were sufficiently affected in the phloem
region to be partially loosened. In another instance the bark on a
normal looking callus surrounding an old crown-rot scar was also
much discolored in the inner phloem and looked as though it had
been sufficiently isolated by the affected tissues to result in the death
of the entire outer bark over the injured area, thus probably giving
rise to a canker-like region of successive stages of development as is
shown on maples in figures B of Plates XXIV and XXV, and toa
less degree in figure A of Plate XIX. A similar injury was also
found on callus growths of large sour cherry trees on the north side
of this apple orchard.

In none of the cases of this type of bark injury in any of the orchards
could a trace of radial clefts be found. The loosening of the bark
seemed to have been brought about by injury or partial rupture in
the inner phloem thus isolating the bark from the wood.

Since it had proved difficult to prepare sections for microscopic
study from such injured regions of large trunks and branches on
account of the fact that the injured bark usually drops off before
pieces small enough for fixing and sectioning can be cut, suitable
sized pieces were prepared from the basal parts of some of the injured
one- and two-year-old shoots in the two younger apple orchards.
Pieces of typical examples of such shoots were fixed and infiltrated
for sectioning at intervals until the latter part of May, and will be
made the chief basis for a subsequent report on the histological modi-
fications resulting in crown-rot and certain types of cankers.

By the first part of May it became evident that most of the larger
areas of injured bark in the crotches of the apple trees were dying.
Various sized brown spots appeared on the outer surface of the most
severely affected regions and it was found that these places of exter-
nal browning were only an extension of the internal discoloration of
disorganizing phloem. By the latter part of May many injured

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 289

areas both in the main crotches and around the basal ends of ascend-
ing shoots on large branches had died completely, and around the
periphery of the region a thin callus ridge had formed under the
bark. In cases where the affected areas extended some distance up
the branches above the crotch the general appearance was surprisingly
like that of ordinary cankers, because the dead area had become
sunken and usually a fissure had begun to form around them like
that shown in figure C on Plate XVIII and figure B of Plate XI.

The wood underneath the injured bark had become very much
stained. Even in cases where the injury was not severe enough to
cause the death of the outer bark, the wood was stained to a con-
siderable depth. Many of the shoots a centimeter or more in diameter
had the entire wood cylinder stained a rusty or dark brown in the
affected region in case the bark injury had been severe all around
their bases. In instances where the bark was injured chiefly on one
side, only that half of the wood cylinder had become stained. It
appeared as though there had been a diffusion of a stain or of an
active discolorizing agent from the disorganizing phloem into the
adjoining wood, very much like that observed many times in a num-
ber of orchards during early summer of 1911. The crotch injuries
found in a Sodus orchard discussed on page 277 were apparently
later stages of this type of injury.

Radial clefts and ioosening of bark occurring together.— On a number
of thrifty young maple trees from about 5 to 15 years old, along some
streets in the western part of Madison, the bark alone and on others
both bark and wood were cleft open during the first week of January.
The clefts were mostly on the west side, even though some of the
trees were along streets going north and south, but since that portion
of the city is not closely covered by houses the speed of the west
wind is checked but little. The bark on a few of the trees on streets
going north and south was cleft either on the north or south side.
None of the bark appeared to be loose when examined in January
shortly after the occurrence of the clefts, but possibly that was due
to the fact that the trees were frozen solid. They were re-examined
in early spring and found to have loose bark on both sides, as well as
some distance above and below the ends of the clefts.

The clefts varied in length from about 1 to 6.5 dm. and were most
common on Acer platanoides and Acer Negundo. In cases where the
clefts in the bark were short the wood underneath was not cleft but
in those which were 3 dm. or more in length the wood was usually
also cleft more or less. On some vacant land near the western edge
of the city was a small clump of Acer Negundo, on the west side of
which was one having the bark and wood both cleft. The cleft in
the bark was 6.4 dm. long and was entirely closed in early spring
while the sap was flowing, but by the latter part of May it stood open
about a centimeter in the middle. The tree was sawed off on May

10

290 Report oF THE BoranicaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

28 and short sections were taken from the typical regions and pre-
served in alcohol until they could be photographed. Figures 1 to 7
on Plates XXVIII and X XIX show sections of some of these injured
regions.

Figure 1 is a section about 15 cm. above ground and 2 cm. below
the lower end of the cleft inthe bark. Its greatest diameter is 7.6 em.
In a section taken about 3 cm. nearer the ground there was but a
trace of loosening of the bark, while in one taken 2.5 cm. above 1
the loosened area is wider and there has been an appreciable growth
of callus along one edge. In the section shown in figure 1 the bark
was not entirely loose; the injured region in the inner phloem seemed
to offer slight resistance to the removal of the bark. The isolated
bark was almost of normal color in figures 1 and 2 except at the
margins of the cleft of 2. In figure 3 which was taken 2 cm. above 2,
the loosened bark was slightly discolored and seemed to be nearly
dead. The cleft in the wood shown in figure 3 to begin near the
cleft in the bark and extending toward the pith through two annual
growths may also be seen in figure 2. In figure 4 the bark above
had died while that below the cleft was still partially alive. Figure 5
is taken above the middle of the cleft and shows the typical appear-
ance of the region of maximum injury of both bark and wood. The
loose bark is entirely dead and stands out away from the wood owing
to the callus growths around the periphery of the wound and to the
entire lack of adherence between the bark and wood. At the lower
left of the figure some regeneration had occurred on the surface of
the exposed wood.

In the region of the trunk about midway between the ends of the
cleft in the bark the wood had been split through the pith to the
inner side of the bark on the opposite side, but leaving the bark unin-
jured. A rather conspicuous ridge of new wood had developed over
the end of the wood cleft; it was about as thick as the callus growth
at the lower left margin of the loose bark shown in figure 5.

Figure 6 is taken about a centimeter above the upper end of the
bark cleft and 15 cm. above figure 5. Here as in figure 1 no cleft
resulted in the wood and the partially loosened bark was still alive.
Figure 7 is of a section 3.2 em. above that shown in figure 6 and about
5 em. below the main crotches. The strip of injured bark is slightly
wider at this point but is of normal color and seems to have grown
in thickness by the development of new wood on the inner side of the
bark against last year’s growth.

As these figures plainly show, the increase in the diameter of this
tree trunk in 1911 was nearly as much as that of any two previous
seasons and therefore the bark had to increase enormously in area
to adjust itself to the unusual increase in wood growth. ‘The field
observations on fruit trees also seem to show that bark on tree-trunks
which increase unusually in diameter during one summer is most

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 291

subject to winter-injury while that on those growing at a more mod-
erate rate may be practically immune.

Further observations on apple trees experimentally injured by low
temperature.— The three remaining trees which had been treated
with a freezing mixture on September 14, 1911, in a seedling orchard
at Geneva, were re-examined on June 3, 1912, and found to have
changed much im appearance. (See page 279.) Tree 1/25 had
sparse and undersized leaves which were of normal color. ‘The tree
bore a few small fruits. Many of the distal portions of branches and
numerous small spurs had died back and had large numbers of
pycnidia of Cytospora broken through the periderm. The branches
and leaf area had apparently been reduced by a shortage in the water
supply.

Circular “‘ pit-cankers ” of various sizes surrounded the numerous
‘‘ shot-holes ”’? which were made by a bark beetle (Scolytus) a few
days after the trees had been subjected to low temperature. The
dead pits varied from about 4 to 14 mm. in diameter and most of
them had been delimited from the live tissues around them by
newly formed cork layers. However, quite a number of the largest
ones on the stem and main branches and many of those on the abaxile
side at the bases of twigs and spurs had failed to form new cork layers
between the dying bark and the wood, and thus resulted in the forma-
tion of small circular pits circumscribed by a fissure as shown in
_ figure 8 on Plate X XIX.

The remaining bark on the basal part of the stem had died and the
wood underneath had become discolored nearly to the pith. The
other wood in the girdled region had a normal color to within about
5 mm. of its outer surface. A thin callus had formed along the upper
edge of the girdle.

Tree 2/9 was nearly dead; practically none of the last year’s buds
had leafed out although the branches had died back only about half
way to the main crotches. Numerous small adventitious shoots had
arisen on the living portions of the stem and main branches. The
leaves on these shoots had a normal color but they were much curled
and distorted by aphides.

The pit cankers were more commonly of the larger type and ex-
tended to the wood, although there had been sufficient growth to
cause their delimitation from the surrounding bark by fissures.

The remaining bark around the base of the trunk had died and
the wood underneath it was not only stained to the pith but partially
decayed and permeated by the mycelium of some fungus. The
other portions of wood had a normal color to within about a centi-
meter of the exposed outer surface. Practically no callus had devel-
oped along the upper limit of the dead girdle. Strips of bark from
1 to 5 cm. wide along both sides of the slits made before the tree was
frozen, were partially loose and dead, with numerous pycnidia of

992 Report OF THE BoTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

Cytospora bursting through its periderm. The same fungus was
also fruiting on the dead portions of the branches and twigs.

No additional bark had died at the basal end of the trunk of tree
5/6, and a thick callus had formed around the old wound. The tree
had a normal appearance and seemed to be growing nearly as well
as the untreated trees around it.

The pits in the bark around the beetle holes were very small and
shallow. They had been delimited by cork layers and none were
found to reach the wood.

Some additional observations in the Clyde orchards.— The orchards
which were discussed on pages 268-270 were visited again on June 18,
and August 7, 1912, and found in good growing condition. The
callus growths around the winter-injured places of the trees which
had had veneer protectors around the trunks had crowded the graft-
ing wax towards the center of the wound and appeared normal.

In the other orchards the growth of callus around the injured
regions had also been considerable, as may be seen in figure C of
Plate XI. The roll of callus surrounding the wound is thick and
normal, and although the tree had been more than half girdled it
looks like its uninjured neighbors. As far as could be judged by
the removal of a small portion of the wax, no rot organisms had
entered the dead wood. It appears as though even such severe
wounds may be wholly covered on small trees in the course of three
years.

The sprouts which had grown from stumps of completely girdled
trees were not as promising as it was thought they would be; it would
probably have been better to replace them by new trees

A few trees in this orchard were injured during the winter of
1911-12, but on none of them was the bark cracked open. They
were more typically canker-like injuries. On the southwest side of
several of the Baldwin trees growth had been practically negligible
over certain irregular areas, usually of considerable length, while on
other parts of the trunk it had been considerable. The place of
transition from the normal to areas of negligible growth was dis-
tinctly marked by lines, as shown in figure B on Plate XI. The area
of no growth or the depressed region in this case, extended from near
the ground almost up to the first branches, and was broadest but
least marked at the crown of the tree. The “ sunken” bark still
had a green color externally and contained much live tissue on June 18.
It was found to have some discoloration in the phloem region but
much more in the inner cortex. This tree had not been visibly
affected during the summer of 1911. On August 7 the entire outer
surface of the depressed region was brown and further growth had
made the fissure wider than it appeared in the above figure. By
removing the dead portions of bark it was found that the injury had
extended only to the phloem in most cases and that only here and

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 293

there were dead spots as deep as the wood. Cork layers had de-
limited the dead from the living parts of bark.

Small patches of internally injured bark were also found in some
crotches of this and various other trees in the same orchard. Many
of the upright shoots which so commonly originate from the larger
branches on closely pruned trees, also had the phloem more or less
disorganized and the wood slightly stained about their bases, although
no trace of the injury could be detected before most of the cortex
had been removed. The histological features of such injuries and
the changes occurring in them during spring are very interesting and
will be discussed in another paper.

Further observations in a Weedsport orchard.— When seen again
on July 23, 1912, the injured Baldwin trees in the Weedsport orchard
described on page 265, and even those which had appeared unin-
jured, had not grown very well. They all looked decidedly scrubby and
stunted. Only a few of the sprouted stumps had been left and sev-
eral of them had been “ winter-killed.”” Nearly all of the stumps
had been replaced by new trees which seemed to be growing nicely.
The Ben Davis trees, however, had grown remarkably well, as may
be seen in figure B on Plate XIII which is taken down a diagonal row
where all the Baldwin stumps had been replaced by new trees.

Since the injured Baldwin trees had not grown at a normal rate the
callus growths were also smaller and had made less progress in the
process of covering the exposed wood. No additional injuries had
apparently occurred in the callus growths of trees injured in winter
of 1910-11, nor was any found on other trees‘of either the Baldwin
or Ben Davis varieties.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DISCUSSION.

THE CAUSES OF CROWN-ROT.

Introductory.— Although the foregoing observations go to show
that initial injuries which eventually result in crown-rot and canker
occur in winter, and that certain environmental factors and condi-
tions of trees at the close of a vegetative season are in some way re-
lated to the occurrence of the diseases, they afford only circum-
stantial evidence as to the factors or forces actually causing the
injuries and the disintegration and rot which follow.

The bark of trees may be injured artificially in various and sundry
ways and still give rise to results that may be very similar to each
other and to some occurring in nature, but that after all can only be
suggestive. If the factors of the environment are not thoroughly
studied and sifted to assist in the selection of the causal ones, the sig-
nificant factors actually operative in nature in the production of a
disease under consideration may be overlooked. In an endeavor to
explain the natural phenomena by means of an agent assumed to be
the cause, similar results may often be artificially secured. For

2994 Report oF THE BotranicaAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

example, gummosis may be produced in various ways, but that does
not show that in nature it is actually due to any of the agents that
may have been used to induce it artificially. The first requisite in
the investigation of a disease of plants is a thorough study of the
environment in relation to the life and seasonal history of the host
and the selection for experimentation of the most likely environ-
mental factor or factors and conditions of the host that when com-
bined may result in the disease. That the selection of the chief
causal factors is often very difficult is attested by the numerous
failures reported in endeavors to make natural inoculations on plants
with what was thought to be the real cause of disease.

Fungi not the first cause of crown-rot.— In a former paper it was
shown that crown-rot had been attributed to various causes by dif-
ferent authors; many suggesting winter-injury as the cause and others
fungi, etc. The observations recorded in the present paper show
that winter-injury is the first cause, or more accurately that the pri-
mary injuries occur during winter. The fact that fungi nearly always
appear on affected areas in the summer following the time of injury,
while some bark is still partially alive and sometimes found exuding
discolored “‘ sap,’”’ has doubtless given rise to the idea that fungi are
the cause. But since fungi seem to be confined to dead areas or to
dead spots in severely winter-injured areas of bark it seems more
logical to hold, at least until the matter can be more definitely deter-
mined, that they are only the agents of decay. in the case of the
wood-rotting fungi found in connection with this disease a similar
conclusion is reached, because the wood they invade is usually only
that which had been stained by the after effects of winter-injury and
that killed by exposure.

Can alkali be the cause? —The somewhat plausible assumption that
crown-rot is due to an excess of alkali! in the soil in some sections of
the west where vegetation is apparently often killed by alkali, seems
rather unlikely in view of the fact that a very similar disease is equally
common in regions where alkali is not present; but more especially
in view of observations made by Headden? in the same alkali sections,
which show that the roots of typically crown-rotted trees at some
distance away from the ‘“ corroded trunk ” are usually normal. It
would seem that the more delicate peripheral roots and root-hairs of
such a tree would be killed by the alkaline soil solution before the
tree trunk could be “ corroded ” at the surface of the ground.

Arsenic from spray mixtures probably has no relation to the disease.—
A little more might be said here about arsenic as the causal agent in
relation to this disease although much of the pertinent matter was
discussed in a former paper.

1B. D. Ball. Is arsenical spraying killing our fruit trees?
Jour. Econ. Ent. 2:142-48. 1909.

2W. P. Headden. Arsenical poisoning of fruit trees.
Colo. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Bul. 157:1-56. 1910.

New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 295

It was pointed out before that crown-rot occurs both in sprayed
orchards and in those which had never been sprayed; that arsenic is a
normal constituent of the soil and often occurs in fairly large quan-
tities and is therefore taken up by plants. Attention was also called
to the fact that herbaceous plants grow about crown-rotted trees, as
is even shown in some photographs used by Headden. Ball and his
associates! have more recently shown that large quantities of arsenicals
used in spray mixtures may be allowed to stand in contact with the
bark of apple trees and be poured about their roots without resulting
in harmful effects in one season. On the other hand Swingle and
Morris? have found that some arsenic compounds are more or less
injurious when held in contact with wounded bark of apple-tree
branches for some time. But some of their methods are objection-
able because the excessive moisture and lack of proper aeration may
induce hyperplastic growths and thus admit solutions which probably
could not have penetrated the normal cork layers of the bark.

When plants absorb salts containing a poisonous element they are
not necessarily injured; especially is that true of trees where so much
of the unessential matter absorbed is stored in the non-living cells of
the wood. For example, copper is one of the most active plant poisons
known, so deadly in fact that it is not advisable to use water distilled
from copper vessels when making culture solutions, yet copper is
absorbed in the soil solution by plants and may even be stored in
enormous quantities. In the vicinity of an abandoned copper mine
Lehman? found that herbaceous plants contained from 83.3 to 560 mg.
of metallic copper per kilogram of dry weight, while the different
parts of a nearby cherry tree contained from 8.75 to 112.5 mg. per
kilogram of dry weight.

MacDougal‘ also notes the presence of large quantities of metallic
copper in wood and other cells of Quercus macrocarpa.

The chief evidence that has been advanced to show that arsenic
causes crown-rot is the fact of its presence in such trees. But as
arsenic is also present in normal trees and other vegetation that
evidence is worthless; especially when it is borne in mind that
trees may store large quantities of poisonous substances without
being injured.

1E. D. Ball, E. G. Titus, and J. E. Greaves. The season’s work on arsenical poison-
ing of fruit trees.

Jour. Econ. Ent. 3:187-97. 1910.

2D. B. Swingle and H. E. Morris. A preliminary report on the effects of arsenical

compounds upon apple trees.
Phytopath. 1:79-93. 1911.

°K. B. Lehman. Der Kupfergehalt von Pflanzen und Thieren in kupferreichen
Gegenden.

Arch. Hyg. 27:1-17. 1896.

“D. T. MacDougal. Copper in plants.

Bot. Gaz. 27:68-69. 1899.

996 Report oF THE BoTanicAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

Low temperature and excessive or late growth as factors in production
of crown-rot.—As stated above these factors have not been experi-
mentally demonstrated as causes of the disease but their causal rela-
tion was chiefly inferred from observations made in a large number
of affected orchards. The observed facts show that the initial in-
juries which result in crown-rot occur in winter and that rapidly
grown trees are most subject to the disease; they indicate that bark
in certain stages of its life history is more susceptible to the injury
than in others, and also that the increase in diameter of a tree trunk in
relation to its former diameter, as well as the premature checking of bark
growth, probably have acausal relation to the occurrence of the injuries.

According to Gdéppert* bark on trees and shrubs is cleft by the
drying out of winter-injured bark after thawing and not by the
freezing of abundant sap as is commonly held; and that clefts in
crotches are caused by the wind while the tissues are frozen and
brittle. These injuries are said to be especially common on Prunus
and Pyrus.

He found that frequently injuries occurred in the medullary rays
and presumably in the inner phloem for he stated that in case the
affected parts survive, discolored tissues which are subsequently
covered by new annual rings, mark the year of injury. From his
observations and remarks made about those of several earlier inves-
tigators, it seems as though he had in mind appearances like
those shown on Plate VI of the above paper on crown-rot, and the
thin discolored line on the left side of Plate XX and figures 1, 6 and
7 on Plates XXVIII and X XIX of the present paper.

Géppert held that plants are not susceptible to winter-injury
because they contain a superabundance of sap but en account of
their stage of development or state of vitality.

Some of the older observations and experiments on this phase of
the subject are very interesting. They are to be found in both horti-
cultural and botanical literature. A few of the more pertinent ones,
with the conclusions reached, are worth noting on account of the
light they throw on the above field observations and because of the
diversity of opinion regarding factors involved in the production of
winter injuries.

W. H. de Vriese? in a discussion on ‘‘ Some principles of vegetable
physiology, bearing on the culture of plants” attributes clefts in
trees to the absorbing action of roots in winter: ‘ the rising fluid
ascends in trunks of trees and often causes large trees, the expansion
of which is prevented by the cold, to split from top to bottom.”

1H. R. Goppert. Ueber die Wirme-Entwicklung in den Pflanzen, deren Gefrieren
und die Schutzmittel gegen dasselbe. pp. XVI-+275. 1830.
Breslau.
2 W. H. de Vriese. Some principles of vegetable physiology, bearing on the culture
of plants.
Gard. Chron. Agrl. Gaz. 1854:597. 1854.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 297

During the cold weather of January and February, 1855, numerous
low-temperature clefts in trees in and around Berlin reopened, and
Caspary' made a study of the forces concerned in their production.

Early winter had been mild and rainy, but about the middle of
January severe cold weather began and the temperature continued
below freezing with an occasional freezing rain, until the latter part
of February. Measurements of many trees and their clefts were
made and the wind and weather records were closely followed
through the cold period.

Caspary concluded that clefts in tree trunks occur without refer-
ence to the points of the compass and that Goppert’s view concerning
the relation of the wind as a causal factor can therefore not be correct.
He observed, however, that only trees along roads and about the edge
of forests are cleft while those in the interior of forests were not cleft.

Since it had been shown by others that after ice is once formed it
contracts on a further lowering of the temperature, Caspary main-
tained that clefts occur in tree trunks as a result of the contraction
of the wood, and not because of expansion resulting from ice forma-
tion in their interior as many believed. If clefts were formed owing
to expansion resulting from ice formation they would close again
when the temperature sinks below the freezing point of tree-trunks
because ice has a very high coefficient of contraction, but as a matter
of fact they open wider.

In a final summary he states that clefts result in introduced annual
plants and shrubs during the first severe frost of a season, and that
they are caused by the expansion of the abundant sap while freezing,
especially in the cambial region; and that such clefts may occur on per-
fectly normal plants. However, in native trees clefts occur at lower
temperatures and are said to be chiefly due to the excessive contrac-
tion of the peripheral wood, although in case of large trees in part to
the differences in the temperature between the interior and exterior
of the trunks. The rupture is said always to occur at the weakest
point, determined by the location of decayed parts or wounds.

According to de Jonghe’ clefts are partially due to sudden changes
of temperature in spring which are said to “ cause a reflux of the
ascending sap,” but chiefly to ‘‘ the sun’s rays which cause the burst-
ing of the bark and occasion the splitting.” He says that the “‘ rents
are always on the side next the sun and never on the east, north, or
northwest sides.”’ He held also that “ In general, sun-strokes are
more common on trees growing in a strong, moist soil, than in one
that is light and dry.”

In a second article, first published in the Echo de Bruxelles, de
Jonghe? makes some further additions to his former observations.

1R. Caspary. Ueber Frostspalten.

Bot. Zeit. 13:449-62; 473-82; 489-500. 1855.
2de Jonghe. Sun strokes.

Gard. Chron. Agrl. Gaz. 1856:218. 1856.
3de Jonghe. The sun-strokes in pear trees.

Gard. Chron. Agrl. Gaz. 1856:230. 1856.

298 Report oF THE BorantcaL DEPARTMENT OF THE

He says that sun-stroke is the most destructive disease of pear
trees. ‘‘ The tender, smooth bark of a growing pear tree, being not
yet hardened, when struck directly by the solar rays, separates
longitudinally from the alburnum to the extent of from two to five
inches. The bark cracks in the middle, and its edges curling up, it
affords a refuge for insects, which take up their quarters there and
contribute by their biting to increase the size of the wound, and to
produce a canker which most frequently causes the destruction of
the tree.” He advocates the covering of the tree stems to protect
them from the sun’s rays, as is also done by some of our modern
horticulturists.

Caspary’ quotes de Jonghe’s last article in full and calls attention
to some cases of low-temperature injuries which result in the sepa-
ration of the bark from the wood, but attributes them to sudden
freezing of the sap in the cambial region in spring.

In a further contribution to the cause of wood clefts in trees Cas-
pary’ confirmed his earlier findings in part by experiment. He
found that the width of the clefts is proportional to the degree of
cold; and that clefts in smaller trees will open quicker when the tem-
perature becomes low, and close sooner when the temperature rises
than those in larger ones. He also noted that old clefts reopen when .
the temperature is only a few degrees below freezing while new clefts
do not form until a considerably lower temperature is reached.

The circumferences of short disk-like sections of tree trunks were
carefully measured and then after some of them had been cut radially
from the bark to the center with a saw, they were exposed to different
temperatures and remeasured. The radial saw cuts which had closed
on removing the saw were found open when the temperature had
sunk a little below freezing, and two uncut sections were cleft over
night by a temperature of — 7.2° C.

Measurements showed that the contraction and expansion of
these sections as well as the opening and closing of the radial clefts
followed the temperature changes just as the dimensions of the cir-
cumferences and clefts did in trees: when the temperature rose their
circumferences increased and the clefts closed, while lower tempera-
ture decreased the circumferences and opened the clefts. He also
found that the circumference of the bark changed more rapidly than
that of the wood cylinder.

From these results Caspary concludes that the coefficient of expan-
sion of tree trunks is even greater than that of ice, zinc or iron; and,
that trees are cleft because their circumferences decrease more rapidly
than their radii when the temperature is lowered.

1R. Caspary. Bewirkt die Sonne Risse in Rinde und Holz der Baume?
Bot. Zeit. 15:153-56. 1857.

?R. Caspary. Neue Untersuchungen iiber Frostspalten.
Bot. Zeit. 15:329-35; 345-50; 361-71. 1857.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIon. 299

Nordlinger! discusses some of the effects of a cold snap which oc-
curred during the first week in September, 1877; he finds that the
bark of many young trees was injured and on others shoots were
killed back. In the spring of 1878 fungi appeared on the killed bark
and the shoots. Injuries were evident in spring as brownish red
spots, especially around the bases of twigs and spurs. Some shoots
were discolored only on the sunward sides.

Nordlinger concludes that vegetative activities must continue later
at the bases of shoots and twigs, perhaps owing to the presence of
the food materials usually stored in such places. Most of the shoots
that had been severely injured at their bases subsequently died. On
older structures the injurious effects were usually proportional te the
size of the injured areas.

He holds that R. Hartig’s contention that such crotch-cankers are
due to spring frosts is erroneous, aS may be seen by the examination
of cross-sections and also on account of the fact that thousands of
cases occur high up in trees and in locations where spring frosts could
not have been harmful. He thinks it more likely that the tissues
of such injured places entered winter in an immature condition and
were injured on that account.

In a brief note in the Gardener’s Chronicle signed by A. D.? it is
stated that in December, 1887, a few old plants of Japanese chrys-
anthemum were found having the bark loosened on their stems,
above the ground. The growth of the plants had been checked by
drought and they grew again in fall. The bark was thought to have
been loosened by hoarfrost fractures.

The measurements of tree trunks made at different temperatures
during last winter and spring confirm Caspary’s observations in
showing that the lowering of temperature decreases and the raising
of temperature increases the circumference considerably. From a
few experiments done last winter with cross-section of large maple
branches and trunks of apple trees it was found that the circum-
ference of isolated rings of bark decreases appreciably more than that
of the cylinders of wood when subjected to the same low temperature
and would thus apparently lead to an increase in bark tension.

It is a well known fact first clearly set forth by Sachs in his Experi-
mental Physiologie that tensions between different kinds of tissues
result from differences in their rates of growth. The existence of
tensions between the bark and wood of a fruit tree can be readily
demonstrated by slitting the bark. This method may be used to
show that there is often quite a variation in bark tension of different
trees as well as at different heights on the same tree.

‘ Nordlinger. Die September-Fréste 1877 und der Astwurzelschaden (Astwurzel-
krebs) an Biumen.
Centbl. Gesam. Forstw. 4:489-90. 1878.
*A.D. Effects of recent frosts.
Gard. Chron. 2:691. 1887.

300 Report oF THE BoTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

Kraus' measured at various heights the bark tensions of many
trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants by isolating rings of bark and
replacing them to find the amount of contraction that had resulted.
Although the method gives neither quantitative nor even accurate
comparative results, it shows beyond question that there are regions
of maximal and minimal transverse bark tension at different heights
on a trunk.

In a one-year-old shoot or stem the transverse tension between the
bark and wood was found to increase from the tip downward so that
the basal internode had the greatest bark tension. As growth con-
tinues the tension increases up to a certain point and then the bark
cells divide and grow, and thereby reduce the tension until further
growth increases it again. This process is said to begin at the oldest
internodes and to pass gradually towards the distal end.

In some measurements of transverse tension taken during winter
considerable variation was found in the distribution of maxima and
minima on the stems and branches of trees, but it usually began with
zero at the distal end and increased to the maximum on the largest
branches before reaching the main crotches and afterwards increased
to a second maximum somewhere about the crotches. In some in-
stances the bark tension of stems decreased towards the ground and
in others it was found to increase to another maximum at the surface
of the ground or about the upper roots. Kraus holds that transverse
tension develops in the bark and gradually increases to a maximum
because the bark lags more and more in growth until at a certain
stage in its life history its outer portion ceases growth and is ruptured,
resulting in the roughened bark typical for the species. The cortical
parenchyma seems to be tardiest in tangential growth during the
first few years and therefore suffers the greatest transverse or tan-
gential strain, until after a certain number of years it reaches a maxi-
mum which is followed by a more rapid growth and a consequent
reduction of the tension.

It is thus seen that transverse bark tension has seasonal and life
history maxima and minima which may change their positions up
and down tree trunks and branches. It was also found that there
is a daily periodicity in the tension with a maximum at night and a
minimum about 2 p.m. It is held that the daily periodicity cannot
be due to root pressure nor to differences in transpiration because cut
branches immersed in water still exhibited the same periodicity.
Neither do temperature variations appear to affect the daily period-
icity as long as they do not go below vegetative requirements. But
when a branch was placed in the dark about noon (the period of mini-
mum tension) the maximum was reached in one or two hours and
remained so till exposed to light, when the normal periodicity was
again resumed.

1G. Kraus. Die Gewebespannung des Stammes und ihre Folgen.
Bot. Zeit. 25:105-19; 121-26; 129-33; 137-42. 1867.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 301

Swaying is said to decrease transverse tension at the point of bend-
ing and is followed by an increase in the rate of growth at that region.

Kraus also found many very small longitudinal clefts in the smooth
outer bark of Acer, Aisculus, and Salix, during winter and extending
as far as the cambium in some cases. The clefts are attributed to
transverse tension.

From this work it appears highly probable that toward the end of
a vegetative season the bark tension on a tree which increased much
in diameter as compared with its former diameter, may be much
greater than on one having made but little growth. It is also apparent
that in case vegetative activities are inhibited prematurely in fall or
continued in full vigor abnormally late owing to uncommon environ-
mental conditions, the seasonal maximum bark tension may be re-
tained through the following winter. The bark on trees entering
the dormant season with high growth tension maxima at certain
regions of trunks and branches, is subject to excessive strains in the
high pressure areas when the temperature drops suddenly through
many degrees; that would be true regardless of whether the tempera-
ture sank low enough to be injurious to perennial plants or not.

The above field observations show that the initial injuries resulting
in crown-rot and cankers usually occur at points which are in close
agreement with the location of the regions of maximal bark tension
found by Kraus, and in view of the researches of Sorauer which seem
to show that low temperature injury is often due to the tensions in-
duced rather than to the degree of cold, it appears probable that
initial injuries of this type are due to the combined effect of tensions
resulting from differences in growth rate, their increase by low tem-
perature, and the additional strain caused by bending in time of
strong winds.

In the case of the experiment discussed on pages 32 and 44, the
temperature was probably too low to enable one to distinguish be-
tween the effect of the degree of cold and the tensions induced. It
seemed strange, however, that some bark was loosened on a tree on
which it had been slit; yet it does not show that the old notion of
slitting the bark on the trunks of rapidly growing trees is erroneous,
for it may be that if slit at certain times and allowed only time enough
to heal the wounds before the dormant period arrives some injuries
due to excessive bark tensions might be avoided.

The wind as a factor in causing crown-rot.— As was often noted in
the field observations the relative wind exposure to which different
orchards are subjected seemed to make a decided difference in the
amount of winter-injury resulting. The injuries occurring on tree
trunks above ground and below the crotches were usually oriented
with reference to the prevailing wind. In case the location of the
injuries was not determined by the prevailing wind they were never-
theless on the same side in any particular orchard or locality, indi-
cating that the wind may have come from that direction during the

302 Report oF THE BoTanicaL DEPARTMENT,

time the injury occurred. It appears significant also that in instances
where trees had been banked with soil the injuries occurred just above
the soil while on unbanked trees it usually occurred at the surface
of the ground. But this probably does not hold when.the ground is
not frozen at the time of injury for in that case any bending that may
result from strong winds would probably occur at the surface of the
ground or even below it, and result in injury at the root crotches.

Goéppert! maintained that the wind is involved in the production
of winter injuries, especially the north wind, for injuries were some-
times found confined to plants in certain strips or zones of localities.
Excessive evaporation, an additional lowering of the temperature due
to wind he believed, were frequently the causes of killing back of
shoots and branches of trees.

Bernbeck? subjected various plants to wind rates as high as 31.3
miles per hour and obtained some very striking results. He found
that transpiration was proportional to the wind rate and to the amount
of bending or swaying undergone by plant structures, and that the
excessive loss of water ceased when bending was eliminated. His
results with lignified plant structures are especially pertinent to this
discussion.

A potted plant of Fagus silvatica was exposed to a wind rate of 31.3
miles per hour (14 m. per second) and in about 10 days brown spots
had developed in the bark, where both the cambium and cortical
perenchyma had been killed. Many cell walls are said to have been
ruptured. On a potted plant of Picea excelsa exposed to the same
wind rate a few hours, the bark on the swaying twigs was cleft open
at a number of places on the windward or convex side, exposing the
bare wood. Pinus silvestris and P. austriaca sustained similar
wounds on the convex sides of twigs when subjected to the same
treatment. The clefts closed and became invisible when the normal
environment was restored. Ulmus effusa was also injuriously af-
fected, but in this case the uninjured areas of bark remained alive,
and after a few weeks the damage done to the woody parts had been
practically repaired by growth.

On a potted specimen of Alnus incana given the same treatment,
the bark was injured in many places after several days’ exposure.
Some injuries occurred also in the wood cylinder but were not evident
externally. Knotty masses of callus developed on the injured regions.
Quercus pedunculata was similarly affected after 6 days’ exposure and
also developed knotty enlargements about the old wounds in the
course of the summer. Thin lignified twigs of Ulmus effusa, Alnus
glutinosa, Fagus silvatica, Picea excelsa, and Larix europaea were ex-
posed in duplicate (one set being firmly fixed and the other allowed

170. c. pp. 58-61.

20. Bernbeck. Der Wind als pflanzenpathologischer Faktor.

Inaug. Dissertation, Bonn. p. 116. 1907

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 303

to sway) to an air current of 22.3 miles per hour (10 m. per second),
and after 3 to 6 days all of the loose twigs had died back more or less
while the fixed ones remained apparently normal to the end of the
experiment. That is, perfect rigidity seems to afford total immunity
from wind injuries, while swaying or bending result in injury.

In order to distinguish between the swaying and drying effects of
strong winds the experiments were repeated, the plants being kept
wet by means of a spray of water. Similar results were obtained,
and it was found that the bending of plant structures has a marked
influence on the transpiration rate of both leaves and twigs even when
the surrounding air is saturated with moisture.

When the wind rates used in these experiments are compared to
those frequently occurring during the dormant period of fruit trees
they are not very high, and their pressure is therefore also lower than
that to which our trees are often subjected. The following table
taken from an article by Keller’ shows the pressure resulting from
different wind rates.

TasBLe [V.—TuHeE Rate AND RESULTING PRESSURE OF THE WIND.

Miles | Pressure Miles | Pressure
DESIGNATION. per per DESIGNATION. per per
hour. | sq. ft. hour. | sq. ft.
Wair breeze... 52.2... 5 0.126 || Stiff breeze......... 18 1.634
6} 0.181 19 1.821
7 | 0.247 20 2.018
Fresh breeze......... 8 | 0.823 || Very brisk wind..... 25 S255
9} 0.408 || High wind.......... 30 4.547
10 | 0.505 35 6.194
11 |} 0.610 || Very high wind..... 40 8.099
Tete OP726cly Galesk “evs neha. 45 10.260
13 ESSE | SU ara s ee ae ee eee 50 12.684
14 0.988 || Great storm........ 60 18.310
Stiff breeze........... 15 135" }| Hurricanes 2/250". . 7 80 |} 32.800
16 120 ornmado ss 32.2502 90 40.500
17 1.458 | 100 | -50.000

A wind blowing at the rate of 25 to 40 miles per hour is not at all
uncommon in most regions of the United States and frequently a rate
of 50 to 60 miles is maintained for some time. s

Bernbeck’s results are especially interesting when compared with
the above field observations of 1911. Most of the injuries occurring
during the winter of 1910-11 were accompanied by radial clefts in

1E. Keller. The hygiene of the small chemical laboratory.
Jour. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2:246-51. 1910.

304 Report oF THE BoTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

the bark at the region of severest injury, and the bark was loosened
on the windward-and sometimes also on the leeward side as shown on
Plate VII. The wood was not cleft, and sometimes only the periderm
and outer cortex were cleft and loosened. The trees had not been
injured in extreme cold weather, because during that winter the
injury occurred before the middle of January. However, the cases
observed near Glens Falls were slightly different in that the injury
involved a longer portion of the trunks and was sometimes confined
to the region nearly midway between the ground and first crotches,
as shown in figure B on Plate XIV. It seems as though the bending
might have occurred higher up or over a greater length than it did
in the western part of the State, possibly due to the frozen condition
of the trees and ground at the time of injury. Since the location of
the region of maximal bark-tension may determine the place of injury,
it appears possible that the tensions were more widely distributed
in this case.

When a late summer drought retards bark growth or its complete
adjustment to the increased circumference of the new wood produced
in early summer, smooth bark may not only have a high transverse
tension when the winter or dormant season begins but its lenticels
may also be in such a state of incompleteness as to permit excessive
evaporation throughout the following winter, and especially during
a windy winter thaw. The bark on trees in wet situations may be
in a similar condition on the approach of the dormant season, owing
to abnormally late growth of wood in mid-summer. In view of
Bernbeck’s observations and experiments which show that the bend-
ing of twigs and branches by the wind results in excessive loss of
water and consequent injuries on the windward side of shoots, it is
very likely that imperfect lenticels and a high bark tension increase
the liability to such injuries. The type of bark injuries which oc-
curred on smooth-barked, thrifty pear trees in the winter of 1910-11,
and which resulted in much blackened bark on the west side of trees
as described above for some Medina orchards, seems to be of this
type. During the winter of 1909-10 a similar though less extensive
injury developed on the south side of young pear, apple, plum and
cherry tree trunks and ascending branches in the western part of
this State; while in the Hudson River Valley about Poughkeepsie
and Milton, the injury occurred on the north side of trees during the
same winter. In the winter of 1909-10 as well as in that of 1910-11,
partial or complete winter thaws occurred during strong winds. In
the former the wind was very high from the south during several days
of open weather in late winter in the western part of the State, and
in the latter the wind was from the west in the same region during a
January thaw. Such injuries are usually called ‘‘ sun-scald”’ and
are attributed to an injuriously high temperature induced in such
bark by the sun, but since the injuries may also occur on the north

New Yorx Agaricvntrurat Exprerrment Sration. 205

side of trees and on trees so situated that the sun rarely shines on
their trunks the “ sun-scald’”’ hypothesis appears untenable, while
the wind swaying and excessive evaporation theory of Bernbeck
seems to afford an explanation of the observed facts. As stated before,
more or less thickly scattered groups of cells in the inner phloem and
inner cortex are injured first and sometimes all around a trunk or an
ascending branch, but in severe cases the interspersed living groups
also die; first on the windward side, and in extreme cases the entire
bark subsequently dies on upright shoots. Such shoots are then said
to have been “ winter-killed.”” In the ‘‘ sun-scald”’ and ‘ winter-
killed ” types of injuries the bark does not sustain radial clefts but
is frequently wind-checked after it dies. In case the initial injury
in the phloem and inner cortex has not been severe enough to result
in the typical ‘‘ sun-scald ” effect the bark on the windward side of
trunks frequently dies only in patches during the summer, as is shown
in figure C on Plate XVIII.

The injuries of last winter which included radial clefts, usually also
involved the wood cylinder. In many of these cases the bark was
not loosened. In considering the contraction of tree trunks (page 36)
occurring during the time of injury it seems likely that the clefts,
especially in cases where the bark had not been loosened, were mainly
due to low-temperature contraction in the wood. Yet it appears
probable that wind swaying was also concerned in the production of
wood clefts which extended through the entire wood cylinder like those
shown on Plates XX and XXIX, because it is inconceivable how
tensions due simply to peripheral contraction could result in wood
clefts extending far beyond the pith. In instances like the one shown
on Plates XXVIII and XIX, where there was a combination of bark
loosening and radial clefts in both wood and bark, the bark tension
must have been high on the approach of winter. It would appear,
then, that the chief difference between the winter injuries of the past
two years involving radial clefts, is their occurrence at different tem-
peratures. In the winter of 1910-11 the injuries occurred during only
moderately low temperature and the bark alone was cleft; while last
winter the temperature was very low during the time of their occur-
rence, and resulted in wood clefts also. In many cases of last winter
the bark loosening did not accompany the clefts, presumably because
the tension in the bark was but little in excess of that in the wood.
But the wind was probably a factor in both cases.

Low temperature probably caused the bark injuries in crotches of
young apple trees by increasing the bark tension due to growth. The
wind seems to have had only a secondary influence in those cases
since no clefts resulted. Nordlinger attributed crotch injuries to
early cold weather and the immature condition of the tissues at such
points.

The relation of growth and low-temperature tensions and the
strain induced by high winds, to the initial injuries resulting in rots

306 Report or THE BotTANIcAL DEPARTMENT OF THE

and cankers on fruit and shade trees has been inferred chiefly from
the environment of affected trees and from the type and location of
the effect produced on them. The crown, “ heart,” and root rots
which follow are doubtless due to fungi, principally of the hymeno-
mycetous group.

SOME SUGGESTIONS OF ECONOMIC BEARING.

The field observations indicate that varieties of fruit trees which
are subject to winter injuries of this type should be headed low re-
gardless of the inconveniences which may be experienced in culti-
vation; also, that excessive and late growth should be prevented if
possible. Perhaps windbreaks or some means to prevent young
trees from swaying, may also prove of value in preventing the initial
injuries. Young trees which are growing rapidly or trees whose growth
was prematurely checked by unfavorable conditions, so that they enter
the dormant period with immature bark, ought to be carefully examined
in spring and early summer for indications of loosened or injured
bark. Such bark when found should be cut out with a sharp knife at
right angles to its surface and the exposed wood, wf still of normal color,
covered with grafting wax or with tar paint if rt ts discolored or dead.

REPORT

OF THE

Department of Chemistry.

L. L. Van Sryrxe, Chemist.

*Atrrep W. Bosworrtu, Associate Chemist.
Ernest L. Baker, Associate Chemist.
Rupoten J. Anperson, Associate Chemist.

*Anton R. Roser, Assistant Chemast.
Artuur W. CrarKg, Assistant Chemist.
James T’. Cusick, Assistant Chemist.

Orro McCreary, Assistant Chemist.

Orrin B. Winter, Assistant Chemist.

*On leave.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

1. Composition and properties of some casein and paracasein
compounds and their relation to cheese.

[307]

ee

DS ee teAcre os (ree adits oe

“2 iw: hy : seer ne
. ; zi ; ea Mel OR ith Mr am “
7) ' 4
1 ‘i MAY 8 ‘! aca i pwned ae’ GAGE
Hie ihores. oheth KS) -ahisin alls ety lee an ail
is . - ui" Sa am hea

Bee Gyr Awe 4 ilar tah typos
i va :
oh Rouen . TUT) Aor Cay 7 Pres ane’ 1 BA
i rr ei 4 Silda ay it br ghas it bara é hl

4) tae Spt rye pie COME m fegionare

Fis, bai . 0 tH) i: en
Hy tes, \s er) ee i uM
6) yy hart) Bey" ino BASE

ace. ei a and f, oO Gi ied f f i yom ith 4
‘ ; Ae :

AO RCANY fy nies, Rec ur’ bree ve

bare aT } dei) cosh 2 a w gsareeth:
Labecuaatt) banter . wor’) TT mars t -
4 Lan
ead’) has saree hs mete els WB las / ew 4 9

Seba Y denbekaa to weet GS et ele ae

CN MAT HANS TY EAT. To

it RAT hia cisaay anos ty ae Se trina
yy vty OF so thelyt sind plone cx of

ee |

[.

pe

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMISTRY.

COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME
CASEIN AND PARACASEIN COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR RELATION TO CHEESE.*

LUCIUS L. VAN SLYKE anp ALFRED W. BOSWORTH.

SUMMARY.

1. Object— The work was undertaken to obtain more informa-
tion regarding the compounds formed by casein and paracasein
with bases, especially with Ca. Two compounds have been previ-
ously prepared, one neutral to phenolphthalein, containing 1.78
per ct. Ca (2.50 CaO), and the other, neutral to litmus, containing
1.07 per ct. Ca (1.50 CaO). Our main object was to learn if there
were other compounds containing less Ca. Another purpose was
to ascertain the composition of the substance formed in cheese
which is insoluble in water but soluble in 5 per ct. solution of Na Cl.

2. Method of preparing casein.— Casein must be made base-free
for use in such work. Preparations were made containing less than
0.1 per ct. of ash. The usual method was employed in part, pre-
cipitating separator skim-milk with dilute acetic acid, redissolving
the washed precipitate in dilute NH,OH, continuing precipitation
and solution three or more times. Finaily, the remaining calcium
is precipitated from the ammonia solution as oxalate, the precipitate
being removed by centrifuging and filtering, and the filtrate pre-
cipitated with dilute HCl. After washing free from HCl, the casein
is treated with alcohol and ether, and after grinding and partial
drying is dried over H.SO: under reduced pressure. Analysis of
such casein preparations agrees with the composition generally
accepted, except in the amount of phosphorus and sulphur.

3. Preparation and composition of basic calcium caseinate.— The
compound was prepared in two ways, (1) by decomposing CaCO;
with casein and (2) by treating casein with a lime-water solution
and neutralizing the excess with HCl, with phenolphthalein as
indicator. The composition of the resulting compound was deter-
mined (1) by weighing the CO, expelled from CaCO;, (2) by
determining the Ca in the resulting casein compound and (3) by
analysis of compound formed by treating lime-water solution of
casein with acid until neutral to phenolphthalein. The different
results agree closely, showing basic calcium caseinate to contain
about 1.78 per ct. Ca (2.50 CaO), or t gram ef cascin combines
with 9 x 10% gram equivalents of Ca.

* A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 26, December, 1912.
[309]

310 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

(4) Acid or unsaturated caseinates of ammonium, sodium and
potassium.— These compounds were prepared as follows: Ash-free
casein is dissolved in alkali so that 50 cc. of < alkali contain 1 gram
of casein. This is neutralized with 4 HCl, which is added in
small portions, under constant agitation, until a permanent precipi-
tate begins to appear, as shown by centrifuging a portion of the
mixture in a sedimentation tube. This method enables one to
detect the casein precipitated by 0.20 cc. of 3 HCl. The point at
which a permanent precipitate first begins to appear is noted and
addition of acid is continued until all the casein is precipitated,
which point is also noted. Three different casein preparations were
used and numerous determinations were made. It was found that
I gram of casein forms a soluble compound with each of the alkalis
used when combined with amounts somewhere between 1.10 x 107%
and 1.15 x10‘ gram equivalents of alkali; or, 1 cc. of + alkali
combines with an amount of casein somewhere between 0.87 and
c.91 gram. The proportion of basic element in each compound is
as follows: NH:, 0.20 per ct.; Na, 0.26 per ct.; and K, 0.44 per ct.
Such casein compounds contain the smallest known amount of base
and it is suggested that they be called mono-basic caseinates.

Special preparations were made of mono-ammonium caseinate,
the compound being isolated and prepared in dry form. This was
found to have the composition called for by the previous results
obtained with the volumetric work.

(5) Acid or unsaturated caseinates of calcium, strontium and
barium.— When a solution of casein in a hydroxide of calcium, etc.,
is treated with an acid, the caseinate is precipitated by the chloride
formed; this difficulty can be overcome by removal of the chloride
through simple dialysis before the amount is sufficient to cause
precipitation. One gram of ash-free casein is dissolved in 250 cc.
of X hydroxide solution and = HCl is added until the first sign
of a permanent precipitate appears, as shown by centrifuging a
portion. The solution is then dialyzed to remove soluble chloride
and then acid is again added until precipitation again occurs and
another dialysis is made. Alternate addition of acid and dialysis
are continued until finally the dialyzed solution forms a permanent
precipitate with the addition of any acid. The results of many
experiments agree in indicating the formation of two sets of com-
pounds, mono-basic and di-basic, one set containing twice as much
base as the other. In the di-basic compounds, 1 gram of casein
requires between 2.2x104 and 2.3 x104 gram equivalents of
hydroxide to form a compound soluble in water but easily precipi-
table by even a small amount of a soluble chloride of calcium,
strontium or barium. In the di-basic compounds, 1 gram of casein
combines (a) with 0.44 to 0.46 gram Ca (0.62 to 0.64 CaO), (b) with
0.96 to 1.01 gram Sr (1.14 to 1.19 SrO), and (c) with 1.51 to 1.58
grams Ba (1.69 to 1.76 BaO). In the mono-basic salts, 1 gram of

New York AaricutturRAL ExpErRIMENT STATION. saul

casein combines with about 1.1 x 10% gram equivalents of hydroxides
to form insoluble compounds, which are soluble in 5 per ct. solution
of chloride of sodium, ammonium or potassium. This solubility is
due to an exchange of bases; for example, insoluble mono-calcium
caseinate is changed by treatment with solution of NaCl into soluble
mono-sodium caseinate and CaCl, as shown by special experiments.

Special preparations were made of mono- and di-calcium casein-
ates, each compound being isolated and prepared in dry form.
These were found to have essentially the composition called for by
the previous results obtained with the volumetric work.

(6) Valency of casein molecule and molecular weight of casein.—
On the basis of the composition of the basic calcium caseinate and
mono-calcium caseinate, the former has a valency of 8. These
relations indicate the molecular weight of casein to be 8888
and the equivalent weight 1111.

(7) Method of preparing paracasein.— Separator skim-milk is
heated to 37° C. and treated with 0.12 cc. of rennet-extract (Han-
sen’s) per 1,000 cc. of milk. The milk is allowed to stand until
completely precipitated. The resulting curd is broken up by vigorous
stirring, the whey removed and the precipitated paracasein washed
freely with water. It is then dissolved in dilute NH,OH, reprecipi-
tated with acid and the operation continued and completed as in
case of casein.

(8) Preparation and composition of basic calcium paracaseinate.—
By the same methods of study, paracasein was shown to form with
calcium a paracaseinate similar in composition and properties to
that of basic calcium caseinate.

(9) Acid or unsaturated paracaseinates of ammonium, sodium
- and potassium.— In these compounds, 1 gram of paracasein com-
bines with an amount of alkali somewhere between 2.2 x 10% and
2.3 x10+ gram equivalents in forming soluble compounds with
ammonium, sodium and potassium, which are acid to both litmus
and phenolphthalein. One cc. of alkali combines with 0.435 to
0.455 gram of paracasein. The percentage of basic element in
each compound is, NH, 0.40; Na, 0.52; and K, 0.88. The amount
of each basic element in these paracaseinates is just twice that
present in the corresponding casein compounds.

A preparation of mono-ammonium paracaseinate in dry form gave
results agreeing fairly well in composition with the results obtained
by volumetric work.

(ro) Acid or unsaturated paracaseinates of calcium, strontium and
barium.— Mono- and di-basic paracaseinates were prepared in the
same manner as the corresponding caseinates and were shown to
differ from them in having just twice as much of the basic element.
In the mono-basic compounds, which are insoluble, 1 gram of para-
casein combines with about 2.3 x 104 gram equivalents of hydroxide
of calcium, etc.; in the di-basic, which are soluble, with about

312 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

4.6 x 10% gram equivalents. Their properties resemble those of the
corresponding caseinates.

(11) Valency of paracasein molecule and molecular weight of
paracasein.— The valency and molecular weight are shown to be
one-half those of casein.

(12) Action of rennet-enzym on casein in forming paracasein.—
When casein is treated with rennet-enzym, the casein molecule
appears to be split into two molecules of paracasein.

(13) Composition of brine-soluble compound in cheese.— During
the manufacture and ripening of cheddar and many other kinds of
cheese, a protein is always formed which is insoluble in water but
soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of NaCl. Former studies led to erro-
neous conclusions regarding its identity. Extended study shows
that this substance is identical with mono-calcium paracaseinate.

INTRODUCTION.

The uncombined protein, casein, shows the characteristic property
of an acid in combining with bases of the alkalis and alkaline earths
to form salts and in decomposing their carbonates. The compounds
thus formed, especially those with calcium, have been studied by
numerous investigators, the more important contributions have been
made by the following:

Hammarsten (Zur Kenntniss des Kaseins ete., Upsala, 1877);

Séldner (Landw. Versuchs.-Stat., 35: 351, 1888);

Courant (Pfliger’s Arch. Physiol., 50: 109, 1891);

Timpe (Arch. Hyg., 18: 1, 1893);

Béchamp (Bull. Soc. Chim. (8) 11:, 152, 1894);

de Jager (Maly Jahresber. Thierchem., 27: 276, 1897);

Salkowski (Zeitschr. Biol., 37: 415, 1899);

Kobrak (Pfliger’s Arch. Physiol., 80: 69, 1900);

Osborne (Jour. Physiol., 27: 398, 1901);

Laqueur and Sackur (Beitr. Chem. Physiol. u. Pathol., 3: 193, 1902);

Van Slyke and Hart (Bull. No. 261, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., and Am. Chem. Jour.,
33: 472, 1905);

Long (Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 28: 72, 1906);

Robertson (Jour. Biol. Chem., 2: 317, 1906);

Robertson (Jour. Physic. Chem., 13: 469, 1909).

Without going into details, it is sufficient for our purpose at this
point to state that results have been reported in which compounds,
formed by treating casein with calcium hydroxide, contain an equiva-
lent of calcium oxide varying all the way from 0.8 to 3 per ct. (equal
to 0.57 to 2.14 per ct. of calcium).

In the chemical laboratory of this Station, the relation of casein
and paracasein to bases has been a subject of continued study for
several years, especially in connection with changes taking place in
the operation of cheese-making. The results here presented include

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. onli

a careful revision of work published in previous bulletins of this
laboratory with material extensions of the line of investigation.

Two compounds of casein and calcium have been generally recog-
nized, one containing about 2.50 per ct. CaO (1.78 per ct. Ca), and
the other about 1.50 per ct. CaO (1.07 per ct. Ca). We have found,
in addition, two others, one containing about 0.31 per ct. CaO
(0.22 per ct. Ca), and the other double this amount. Corresponding
compounds are shown in our work to be formed by paracasein with
calcium, and also by both casein and paracasein with ammonium,
sodium, potassium, barium and strontium. A study of the methods
of preparation and of the properties of these compounds is given in
this publication; the ground covered is embraced under the following
outline:

Part I. Casein and some of its compounds.

1. Method of preparing ash-free casein.

2. Preparation and composition of basic calcium
caseinate.

3. Preparation and composition of unsaturated or acid
caseinates.

4. Valency of casein molecule and the molecular
weight of casein.

Part II. Paracasein and some of its compounds.

. Method of preparing ash-free paracasein.

. Preparation and composition of basic calcium para-
caseinate.

. Preparation and composition of unsaturated or acid
paracaseinates.

. Valency of paracasein molecule and the molecular
weight of paracasein.

. Action of rennet-enzym on casein.

Part III. Composition of brine-soluble compound in cheese.
1. Brine-soluble compound formed in cheese-making.
2. Identity of brine-soluble compound and mono-
calcium paracaseinate.

oa F O&O NE

3814 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

PART I. CASEIN AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

METHOD OF PREPARING ASH-FREE CASHIN.

Casein that is to be used in studying its relation to mineral bases
must be free from all such bases. The preparation of really ash-free
casein is much more difficult than has been commonly assumed.
The so-called chemically-pure casein furnished by chemical-supply
houses usually contains 0.6 per ct. of ash. The preparations used
in various investigations in which the ash content has been reported
rarely contain less than 0.2 per ct. of ash and not infrequently as
much as 0.6 per ct.

The principal basic element in casein preparations, as usually
made, is calcium. The calcium in casein preparations is usually due
to the presence of a compound of calcium and casein, containing
0.22 per ct. Ca (equal to 0.31 per ct. CaO), as we shall show later.
This salt is insoluble in water but easily soluble in a 5 per ct. solution
of sodium chloride, while base-free casein is insoluble in both water
and the brine solution.

When casein is carefully precipitated by dilute acids from milk
or from lime-water solutions of casein, the precipitate is apt to
contain more or less of the above-mentioned calcium caseinate
as well as base-free casein. The precipitation of this calcium salt
occurs most readily when the usual precautions in precipitating
casein from milk are most rigidly observed, that is, when excess of
acid is avoided. We have examined casein preparations obtained
from chemical-supply houses and have found that some of them are
soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride to the extent of
50 per ct., or more, of their weight.

After trying different methods of preparing casein so as to contain
a minimum amount of calcium, we have obtained the most satis-
factory results by the method described below. We have been able
to prepare casein containing only 0.06 per ct. of ash, consisting
largely of calcium phosphate, derived from the trace of calcium not
removed and the phosphorus of the casein molecule. The amount
of calcium present in 5 grams of such material was too small to
determine quantitatively.

Our method of preparation is to dilute separator skim-milk with
seven or eight times its volume of distilled water and carefully add
dilute acetic acid (6 cc. of glacial acetic acid diluted to 1 liter) until
the casein separates completely, after which the clear solution is
removed by siphon as soon as the precipitate settles. Distilled
water is then added, the mixture stirred vigorously and the precipi-
tate allowed to settle, after which the wash-water is siphoned off.
More water is then added and the casein is dissolved by adding,
for each liter of milk used, 1 liter of dilute ammonium hydroxide
(6 cc. of strong reagent diluted to 1 liter). When the solution is
complete, the whole is filtered through a thick layer of absorbent

New York AGricuttruRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 315

cotton. The casein is then precipitated again with dilute acetic
acid; the precipitate is allowed to settle, and is then washed, redis-
solved in dilute ammonium hydroxide, and filtered, the process of
precipitation, washing, dissolving, etc., being repeated not less than
four times. Finally an excess of strong ammonium hydroxide
(10 ee.) is added and then 20 cc. of saturated solution of ammonium
oxalate. The mixture is allowed to stand 12 hours or more. Cal-
cium is precipitated as oxalate in very finely divided condition, too
fine to permit its satisfactory removal by ordinary methods of fil-
tration. Better aggregation of the precipitate can, however, be
effected by means of centrifugal force. The centrifuged mixture is
then filtered through double thickness of filter paper. The filtered
solution is next treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (10 cc. of HCl,
sp. gr. 1.20, diluted to 1 liter) until the casein is precipitated. The
precipitate is washed with distilled water until free from chloride
and is then placed on a hardened filter paper in a Buchner funnel,
as much water as possible being now removed from the precipitate
by suction. The mass is next transferred to a large mortar and
thoroughly triturated with 95 per ct. alcohol. The alcohol is then
removed by suction on a Buchner funnel and the casein is then
again placed in a mortar and triturated with absolute alcohol. Most
of the alcohol is removed by filtration and the casein treated twice
with ether in a mortar by trituration, the ether being removed each
time by means of suction on a Buchner funnel. The material is
then placed in a large evaporating dish and spread out in a layer as
thin as possible; it is allowed to stand 12 hours or more in a warm
place; and is finally ground in a mortar until the particles pass a
40-mesh sieve, and is dried two days over sulphuric acid in a
’ desiccator under diminished pressure.

Three preparations made in this way were found to show an ash
content of 0.10, 0.09 and 0.06 per ct., respectively. These prepa-
rations were insoluble in water and in 50 per ct. alcohol; the first
one was very slightly soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride,
but the two others were not.

When one gram of these casein preparations was treated with
10 cc. of *< hydroxide of ammonium, sodium or potassium, and
90 ce. of water, a clear solution was obtained, the casein dissolving
completely. When to this solution a minute amount of a solution
of a barium, calcium or strontium salt was added, there developed
promptly the opalescent appearance characteristic of casein solutions
under such conditions.

Casein prepared in the manner described was analyzed, with the
following results:

Per ct. Per ct

INA GTENURE Saag eeearetae et HMR 1.09 In dry substance:
In dry substance: Nitrogen Hien ate Sees 15.80
ANSI ne, Raha Stee Ee 0.06 IPhosphorussa yi. ote. obi ae 0.71
REI Shc ay eee w zea 83 53.50 Sul HUT seins eerste eels el sences 0.72

EEVOEOGGI |. os coo sciec cess 7.18 Oxygen (by difference)...... 22.08

316 Reporr or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF BASIC CALCIUM CASEINATE.

The compound commonly known as basic calcium caseinate con-
tains the largest amount of calcium in combination with casein.
This is the compound that has been most frequently prepared and
studied by investigators, beginning with Sdldner (see references on
page 312). Varying results have been obtained by different workers,
the percentage of calcium ranging from 1.66 to 2.13 per ct. (equiva-
lent to 2.32 to 2.98 per ct. CaO).

This compound can be prepared in two different ways: (1) By
decomposing calcium carbonate with casein and (2) by treating
casein with a solution of calcium hydroxide (lime-water).

Preparation of basic calcium caseinate by treating casein with calcium
carbonate— When casein is treated with calcium carbonate, the
results of the reaction can be measured in two ways: (a) By weigh-
ing the carbon dioxide displaced, and (b) by determining the amount
of calcium in the resulting compound. Both methods were used
by us.

Casein prepared in the manner previously described was placed
in the flask of a Knorr carbon dioxide apparatus and an excess of
calcium carbonate suspended in water was added. The carbon
dioxide formed in the reaction was run into weighed bulbs con-
taining potassium hydroxide and the increase of weight due to
carbon dioxide determined at the end of the reaction. The results
are given in the following table.

Tasie I. Amounts oF Carson DioxiprE EXPELLED FROM CALCIUM CARBONATE
BY CASEIN.

Amount of Ca O

Amount of CO:z | (and Ca) for 100
expelled. grams of casein,

equivalent to CO2.

Amount of dry casein used.

Grams Grams. Grams.

LOLAcee cee eae ROE, SR SARE Bie 0.1900 2042 (173! Ca)
1O ghia ateienwebad Lee arenas) ent 0.1980 2.52 (1.80 Ca)
ee ere cots a a Re a een ee ee ae 0.1054 2.68 (1.91 Ca)
LF icant lec Acta raemesten ke cle ak Sareea opin stats be A 0.1003 2.55 (1.81 Ca)

AV ETACC RP PA TALLS. OY ee EER ee —— 2.54 (1.81 Ca)

For the purpose of measuring the results of the reaction by deter-
mining the amount of calcium in the resulting compound, the casein
was put in a mortar and thoroughly triturated with an excess of
moist calcium carbonate, the excess being removed by filtration at
the end of the reaction. The filtrate was treated with 95 per ct.

New York AGricuLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BAT

alcohol, which was free from acid, until the calcium caseinate was
precipitated, after which the precipitate was washed with alcohol
and ether, and dried at 120°C. A weighed portion of this compound
was carefully ignited and the calcium in the resulting ash was deter-
mined, with the following results:

TasBLE I1.— Amount or Ca Compinine WitH CasEIN WHEN REAcTING W1TH CaCOs.

Weight of Weight of CaO. |Weight of Ca. Weight of free | CaO (and Ca) for 100

caseinate. casein. grams of casein.
Grams Grams. Grams Grams Grams.
0.4125 0.0102 0.0073 0.4052 2.52 (1.80 Ca)
0.5134 0.0124 0.0089 0.5045 2.46 (1.76 Ca)
0.8090 0.0077 0.0055 0.3035 2.54 (1.81 Ca)
0.4253 0.0104 0.0074 0.4179 2.49 (1.77 Ca)
Ave. 0.41505 0.010175 0.00726 0.4078 2.50 (1.78 Ca)

Preparation of basic calcium caseinate by treating casein with an
excess of calcium hydroxide Weighed portions of casein were dis-
solved in an excess of lime-water. Phenolphthalein indicator was
then added to the solution and hydrochloric acid was run in until
the solution became neutral. The solution was then dialyzed to
remove the calcium chloride formed in neutralization. The dialyzed
solution was evaporated to dryness, the residue dried at 120° C.
and weighed. The determination of calcium was made after ignition,
with the following results:

Tasie IIJ].— Amount or Catcium CoMBINING WITH CASEIN ON TREATMENT WITH
CatciumM HypROXIDE.

Weight of free | CaO (and Ca) for 100

Weight of Weight of Weight of Ca

caseinate. CaO. casein. grams of casein.
Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams.

1.582 0.040 0.0286 1.5534 2.58 (1.84 Ca)

1.471 0.035 0.0250 1.4460 2,42 (1.73 Ca)

1.548 0.038 0.0271 1 5209 2.50 (1.78 Ca)

Ave. 1.534 © 0.0377 0.0269 1.5070 2.50 (1.78 Ca)

The three sets of figures presented in Tables I, II, and III indicate
that casein combines with calcium to form a compound containing
about 2.50 per ct. CaO (equal to 1.78 per ct. Ca); the compound in

318 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

solution is neutral to phenolphthalein. Expressed in another form,
1 gram of casein combines with 9 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium.
This compound is commonly known as basic calcium caseinate.

PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF UNSATURATED OR ACID
CASEINATES.

Compounds of casein with bases, in which less base is present than
in the basic calcium caseinate described above, have been reported.
Sdldner' obtained a compound of casein and calcium containing
1.11 per ct. Ca (equal to 1.55 per ct. CaO); or, expressed in another
form, 1 gram of casein combines with 5.55x10¢ gram equivalents
of calcium. This compound is neutral to litmus but acid to
phenolphthalein, and has been commonly known as neutral calcium
caseinate. This compound as prepared by Van Slyke and Hart?
contains about 1.07 per ct. Ca (equal to about 1.50 per ct. CaO),
or 1 gram of casein combines with 5.35x 104 gram equivalents of
calcium. Courant? believes that, in addition to the basic and neutral
compounds of casein and calcium, a third exists, in which the calcium
is present in about one-half the amount contained in the neutral
compound and one-third that contained in the basic compound; he
regards them as mono-, di- and tri-calcium caseinates. Timpe‘
reports a compound containing 0.961 per ct. Na (equal to 0.868
per ct. CaO or 0.62 per ct. Ca; or 1 gram of casein combines with
3.1.x 10% gram equivalents of calcium). Long® was able to dissolve
1 gram of casein in just one-half the amount of alkali required for
the phenolphthalein neutralization, and therefore inferred the
existence of acid caseinates containing one-half the amount of base
contained in basic calcium caseinate. The existence of such a
combination is questioned by Robertson.®

In the course of our work, we became convinced that casein forms
compounds containing less base than any of those reported by other
workers. While we were at work on this point, an article by Robert-
son’ appeared, in which was reported a combination of casein and
sodium hydroxide, 1 ce. of the alkali combining with 0.877 gram
of casein. Our further work confirms Robertson’s results, although
we have used a different method of procedure. In addition, we
have been able to prepare and isolate several salts for analysis. Our
study of these individual salts shows that ammonium, sodium and
potassium compounds possess properties of solubility very different
from those of barium, calcium and strontium. As previously stated,

1Landw. Versuchs.-Stat., 35: 351, 1888.

2N. Y. Agrl. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 261, 1905.
3 Pfliger’s Archiv. Physiol., 50: 109, 1891.
4Arch. Hyg. 18:1, 1893.

5Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 28: 372, 1906.

®Jour. Biol. Chem., 2: 336, 1906.

iJour. Physical Chem., 13: 469, 1909.

New Yorx AcricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 319

we have prepared and studied two sets of compounds of casein with
bases, in one of which 1 gram of casein combines approximately
with 1.125x104 gram equivalents of base, while in the other
1 gram of casein combines with about 2.25x 10% gram equivalents
of base.

We will next take up the details of our experimental work in
preparing acid caseinates of the bases of the more common alkalis
and alkaline earths.

The specific object of our work was to ascertain the smallest
quantity of base with which casein combines to form a definite salt.
In the volumetric work our method of procedure was as follows:
In 200 ce. of * alkali, we dissolved 5 grams of pure casein as quickly
as possible and then made the volume to 250 cc. Each 50 cc. of
this solution therefore represents 1 gram of casein dissolved in 50 ce.
of X alkali. A preliminary or trial determination was next made in
the following manner: Into a 300 cc. Erlenmeyer flask, we measure
50 cc. of the caseinate solution and then add, a drop at a time,
some 7 HCl, until we have used 5 cc., the contents of the flask being
kept in constant agitation in order to prevent premature precipi-
tation of casein. After addition of the 5 cc. of acid, a portion of the
contents of the flask is centrifuged, in order to cause the sedimenta-
tion of precipitated casein, if any, a precipitate serving as an indi-
cator. A sedimentation tube of 50 cc. capacity can be used; the
precipitate collects in the lower V-shaped portion. It is possible in
this manner to detect the casein precipitated by 0.20 cc. of 3 HCl.
In case no casein is precipitated by the first addition of 5 cc. of acid,
another equal amount of acid is added and a portion of the mixture
centrifuged; the process of adding 5 ce. portions of acid and centri-
fuging is continued until a permanent, precipitate of casein is
obtained. This shows, within 5 cc. of > HCl, how much acid is
required to start definite precipitation of the casein. In order to
ascertain the exact point more closely, another set of determinations
is made, using 50 cc. of the caseinate solution and adding in the
same cautious manner an amount of + HCl which is 5 ce. less than
the amount causing the first appearance of a permanent precipitate
in the trial or preliminary determination. The acid is now added
in small amounts with constant agitation of the mixture to prevent
the premature separation of any precipitate, and centrifuged after
the addition of each 0.25 cc. The point at which a permanent
precipitate first appears is noted; the addition of acid is continued
until all the casein is precipitated and this point is also noted. In
our work this method of determination was repeated several times
with each combination of casein and alkali and three different casein
preparations were used in preparing each caseinate. We will now
present the results of our experimental work in connection with the
unsaturated or acid caseinates of, first, ammonium, sodium and
potassium, and, second, barium, strontium and calcium.

320 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

Acid caseinates of ammonium, sodium and potassium.—In the
manner described above, we made numerous determinations in the
case of preparations of base-free casein dissolved in the hydroxide of
ammonium, sodium and potassium, respectively. Tabulated below,
we give the average results of many such determinations. :

TaBLe ITV.— Rewation or ALKALI Bases To Casern In Acip CASEINATES.

Amount of alkali left Amount
eecas eae ammount Merorrt of 3 ‘HCl combined with casein. ar x HCl
of casein alkali of 50 required to a first #9 |———————————————__, required

used. used alkali sign of permanent to pre-
used. precipitation, N N cipitate
50. 10. all of the
casein.
Gram. Ce: Ce. | Ce. Ce. Cec;
1 NH, OH 50 | Between 44.25 and 44.50 /|5.5t05.75/]1.1to01.15 50
1 Na OH 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 50
1 K Oo H 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 50

The results in this table indicate that 1 gram of casein forms a
soluble compound with ammonium, sodium and potassium, when
combined with amounts of each somewhere between 1.10 x 10% and
ela xiOr gram equivalents of alkali; or, expressed in another
form, 1 cc. of * alkali combines with an amount of casein somewhere
between 0.87 and 0.91 gram. The proportion of basic element in
each compound is approximately the following: NHy, 0.20 per ct.;
Na, 0.26 per ct.; and K, 0.44 per ct. Caseinates combining with the
amount of alkali base indicated contain the smallest known amount
of base, according to our present knowledge. It seems proper,
therefore, to suggest that such compounds be called mono-basie
caseinates.

Preparation of mono-ammonium caseinate-— It seemed desirable
that we should carry the work somewhat farther and prepare one
pure compound, at least, in dry form for study. The ammonium
compound was chosen as the one offering least difficulty. The
method of preparation. was as follows: In 2 liters of distilled water
containing 250 cc. of + NH,OH, 25 grams of base-free casein were
dissolved. After solution was complete, we slowly added 125 ee.
of * HCl, care being taken to agitate the mixture during the addi-
tion of the acid, in order to prevent premature precipitation of any
casein. There was next added very cautiously 4 HCl until a per-
manent precipitate began to appear, as shown by centrifuging the
mixture. The solution was then filtered and measured. The
amount of ~ HCl required to precipitate the casein completely was
determined in an aliquot part. Then one-third of this amount was
added to insure the presence of only mono-basic caseinate. Any
precipitate formed was removed by filtration and the filtrate was
dialyzed until the ammonium chloride that had been formed in the

New York AGricuLturAL ExprrIMENT STATION. 321

reaction was completely removed. The resulting solution, con-
taining mono-ammonium caseinate, was then precipitated by addi-
tion of acid-free alcohol. The precipitate was filtered, washed with
acid-free alcohol and ether and dried at 120° C. In several prepara-
tions thus made the amount of ammonia was determined; the results
are given in the following table:

TaBLE V.— Composition OF MoNno-AMMONIUM CASEINATE.

Amount | Amount of Percentage
of N NH: OH Relation of casein to NH.OH in caseinate. of NH, in
caseinate | 2 found. caseinate.
used.
Grams. Ce
5.891 6.64 | 1 gram of casein to 1.127 x 10+ grams equivalents 0.203
4.870 5.38 | 1 ; be SOT 105x042 4 bs 0.200
*4 000 4.30 | 1 ; bs SRODxi104) “ § 0.194
*3.000 3.16 | 1 ¢ ‘f “O53 x10* -“ « 0.190

* Preparations of caseinates made by Mr. O. B. Winter.

Acid caseinates of calcium, strontium and barium.— In making
preparations of the caseinates of the alkaline earth bases, difficulty
was experienced in obtaining concordant results. The trouble was
finally found to be due to the presence of the chloride formed when
the solution of the caseinate is treated with hydrochloric acid. Such
chlorides tend to cause precipitation of the caseinates either by
decreasing their solubility or, perhaps, by formation of double salts,
consisting of the chloride in combination with the caseinate.! The
difficulty of insolubility is readily overcome by removal of the
chloride through simple dialysis before the amount is sufficient to
cause precipitation. To accomplish this, we made use of the fol-
lowing process: In 200 ce. of > hydroxide of calcium, strontium or
barium, we dissolved 5 grams of casein and then diluted the solution
to 250 ce. A preliminary or trial determination was made by adding
s HCl to 50 ce. of the caseinate solution in portions of 5 cc. at a
time, agitating constantly and, after each addition, testing for the
presence of a precipitate by centrifuging a portion, until a precipi-
tate appeared, just as in the case of preparing alkaline caseinates
(p. 319). Then to each of several flasks containing 50 cc. of the
caseinate solution we added an amount of + HCl that was 5 cc.
less than the amount causing the first appearance of a permanent
precipitate in the preliminary trial. The contents of the flask were
then placed in dialyzing tubes and, by frequent changes of the sur-
rounding water, most of the soluble chloride that had been formed
was removed. The contents of one tube were then used for another

1 Pfeiffer and Modelski, Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 81: 329, 1912.
11

322 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

preliminary test. An amount of acid less than that required to
produce a precipitate in this second test was then added to all the
tubes and the contents again dialyzed. This operation was con-
tinued in the manner indicated in the following table:

TaBLeE VI.— ILLustratTION oF MetuHop Usep In PREPARING AcID CASEINATES OF
CatciuM, STRONTIUM AND BARIUM.

Amount | Amount of | An f

of casein | \ hydroxide see Sign of
in solution 50 precipitation.

solution. used. added.

Gram. Cc: Ce.

1 50 30 Precip. First trial.
1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next.
1 50 30 0) “ “ “ “ “
1 50 35 Precip.
1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next.
1 50 30 (0) “ “ “ “ “
1 50 35 0
1 50 40 Precip
1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next.
1 50 30 0) “ “ “« “ “
1 50 35 0) “ “ “ “ “
1 50 36 0)
1 50 37 0
1 50 38 Precip
1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next.
1 50 30 0 “ “ “ “ “
1 50 35 0 «“ “ “ “ “
il 50 37 0) “ «“ «“ “ “
1 50 38 0
1 50 39 Precip
1 50 25 0 Dialyzed and used for next.
1 50 30 0 “ “ “ “ “
1 50 35 0 “ “ “ “ “
1 50 37 0 “ «“ “ “ “
1 50 38 0 «“ “ “ “ “
1 50 38.5 0
1 50 39 Precip.

In the manner described above, we have made numerous prepara-
tions of calcium, strontium and barium caseinates; the averages of
many results are given in Table VII.

We have found that in adding 4 HCl to 50 ce. of a_caseinate
solution containing 1 gram of casein dissolved in 50 ec. of + solution
of hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium, it requires less than

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Sao

50 cc. of acid to precipitate the casein completely; the exact amount
is 44.5 ce. yl 0 + HCl. The remaining amount of base, equal to
5.5 cc. of © hydroxide, or 1.1 ce. of = hydroxide, appears to be
held in combination in the insoluble compound.

TaBLE VII.— CasEINaTES oF CALCIUM, STRONTIUM AND Barium.

Amount of base com- Amount of base
Amount bined with casein in precipitated
ae Nuc in solution. Amount casein.
Amount Amount 50 eh
of Kind of eee required |————_—_——_ 50 HCl
casein | hydroxide | % 50 to cause required
used. used. hydrox- | first sign to pre-
ide used.) of perma- N N cipitate N N
nent pre- bu 10 all casein. bo 10
cipitate.
Grams. Ce. Ce: Ce: Ce. Ce: Ce. Ce.
1 Ca (OH)2 50 | 38.5 to 39 | 11 to 11.5] 2.2to2.3 44.5 5.5 1.1
1 Sr (OH)s2 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “
1 Ba (OH): 50 “ “ “ “ «“ “ “ “ “ “ : “

These results indicate the formation of two sets of compounds,
when casein is dissolved in a hydroxide of calcium, strontium or
barium and this solution is neutralized with acid under the conditions
of our experiments. One set of compounds contains twice as much
base as the other.

Attention is called to additional details in the following statements:

(1) In the di-basic compounds, as the results show, 1 gram of
casein requires between 2.2.x 104 and 2.3 x 10% gram equivalents
of hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium to form a compound
which is soluble in water when there is not present any, or more
than a trace of, soluble chloride of any of these elements. The
addition of even a small amount of a soluble salt of any of these
elements to a solution of any of these di-basic caseinates causes the
formation of a precipitate.

(2) In these di-basic compounds, 100 grams of casein combine
(a) with 0.44 to 0.46 gram Ca (equal to 0.62 to 0.64 gram CaO),
(b) with 0.96 to 1.01 gram Sr (equal to 1.14 to 1.19 grams SrO),
or (c) with 1.51 to 1.58 grams Ba (equal to 1.69 to 1.76 grams BaQO).

(3) Apparently, with the treatment described above, 1 gram of
casein combines with about 1.1 x 104 gram equivalents of the hydrox-
ide of calcium, strontium or barium to form an znsoluble compound,
when an acid is added in amount just sufficient to precipitate the
casein completely. These compounds are regarded as mono-basic.

(4) In these insoluble mono-basic compounds 100 grams of casein
combine approximately (a) with 0.22 gram Ca (equal to 0.31 gram
CaO), (b) with 0.48 gram Sr (equal to 0.57 gram SrQO), or (c) with
0.76 gram Ba (equal to 0.85 gram BaO).

(5) These insoluble compounds possess some highly interesting
properties; they are soluble in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium, potas-

324 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

sium or ammonium chloride. This solubility is due to an exchange
of bases, which, for our purpose, can be represented by the following
reversible reaction:

caseinate PRE a
Cache ene + 2 NaCl -—— 2 Na caseinate+ CaCle
caseinate
(insoluble) (soluble)

That the reaction is a reversible one is supported by the following
experimental evidence: Mono-calcium caseinate was prepared and
freed from soluble calcium salts by washing and dialysis. The
compound was then dissolved in a 5 per ct. solution of calcium-free
sodium chloride. That an interchange of bases had taken place was
shown by the fact that when the caseinate brine solution was dialyzed,
calcium was found in the solution outside the dialyzing tube. This
brine solution of caseinate was then dialyzed until free from cal-
cium and was then filtered. A solution of calcium chloride was
then added to this dialyzed solution and at once a precipitate of
calcium caseinate was produced. That this precipitate is a calcium
salt can be shown in two ways: (1) By washing and dialyzing until
free from soluble chloride and then igniting. Calcium is found in
the ash. (2) By washing and dialyzing until free from soluble
calcium, then redissolving in 5 per ct. solution of calcium-free sodium
chloride and dialyzing. Calcium is found to dialyze out of this
brine solution of caseinate.

There is another point of interest in connection with this com-
pound which we will briefly refer to here but consider in more detail
in the report of another investigation. When a small amount of
acid is added to milk or is formed in milk by lactic fermentation,
a substance separates on warming which is very stringy and which
easily dissolves in a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride. This
substance is probably mono-calcium caseinate.

Preparation of mono- and di-calcium caseinates.— In order to study
the composition and properties of these compounds more fully,
preparations of mono- and di-calcium caseinates were made. The
following method was employed: In 800 cc. of % Ca(OH): there
were dissolved 20 grams of base-free casein. To this solution was
added 400 ce. of } HCl; the solution was then dialyzed to remove
most of the resulting calcium chloride. Then 4 sy HCl was added
very cautiously under constant agitation of the mixture until a
permanent precipitate began to appear, as shown by centrifuge.
The solution was then dialyzed again and then more acid was added
until a precipitate once more began to form. Alternate dialysis and
addition of acid were continued until no more acid could be added
without causing a precipitate. The amount of acid necessary to
precipitate all of the casein was next determined in an aliquot por-
tion, and one-third of this amount of acid was then added. The

New York AGricuttuRAL ExprErRIMENT STATION. 325

precipitated casein was filtered out and the filtrate was dialyzed. This
solution contained di-calcium caseinate. The solution was divided,
one portion being used for the preparation of the di-calcium caseinate
and the other for the mono-calcium caseinate.

In completing the preparation of the di-calcium caseinate, the
salt was precipitated by addition of acid-free alcohol, the precipitate
being washed with acid-free alcohol and ether, and then dried at
120° C. The composition of this preparation is given in Table IX.

In preparing the mono-calcium caseinate, the solution of
di-calcium caseinate was treated with enough acid to precipitate
three-fourths of the casein. The resulting precipitate was filtered,
washed with water, acid-free alcohol and ether and then dried at
120° C. The results in Table VIII show the amount of calcium
found in the preparation.

TasLE VIII— Composition or Mono-Catcrum CASEINATE PREPARATION.

Amount
of com- Amount of CaO Percentage of CaO |Relation of casein to cal-
pound found. in compound. cium in compound.
used.
Grams. Gram.

0.0149 (0.0106 Ca) 0.298 (0.213 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1.06
x 10+ gram equivalents.
5 0.0141 (0.0101 Ca) 0.282 (0.201 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1.01
x 107 gram equivalents.
5 0.0146 (0.0104 Ca) 0.292 (0.209 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1.04
x 10+ gram equivalents.

Average...| 0.01453 (0.0104 Ca) 0.291 (0.208 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1.04
x 10“ gram equivalents.

TasBLe IX.— Composition oF Di-Catcrum CASEINATE PREPARATION.

Amount
of com- Amount of CaO Percentage of CaO | Relation of casein to calcium
pound found. in compound. in compound.

used.

Grams.

Grams.
4.2825 | 0.0233 (0.0167 Ca) 0.544 (0.39 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 1,.95x
10% gram equivalents.
4.1215 | 0.0235 (0.0168 Ca) 0.572 (0.41 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 2.04x
10+ gram equivalents.

Ave. 4.202 | 0.0234 (0.01675 Ca)| 0.558 (0.40 Ca) | 1 gram of casein to 2.00 x
10* gram equivalents.

If we compare the results given in Tables VIII and IX with the
figures given in paragraphs (1), (2), (3) and (4) on page 323, it is
obvious that the results embodied in these tables are lower. The
higher results are obtained by the volumetric method and are believed

326 Rerort or THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

to be nearer the truth, owing to the difficulty of preparing these
caseinates in pure form. The values by the volumetric method are:
1 gram of casein to 1.10 (to 1.15) x 10% gram equivalents of cal-
cium for the mono-basic caseinate, and 1 gram of casein to 2.2 (to
2.3) x 104 gram equivalents of calcium for the di-basic caseinate.

VALENCY OF CASEIN MOLECULE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF CASEIN.

In the case of the compound of casein and calcium, which is neutral
to phenolphthalein, it is found that 1 gram of casein combines with
9x 104 gram equivalents of calcium. In the case of the mono-
ammonium caseinate, the combination is in the proportion of 1 gram
of casein to a value between 1.1 x 10* and 1.15 x 10% gram equiva-
lents. Since we have one compound of known composition and
another of approximately known composition, it should be possible
by applying the rule of constant proportioas to determine the true
composition of the mono-basic caseinate and also the number of
valencies satisfied in the caseinate neutral to phenolphthalein.

We have reason to believe that the proportion, 1 gram of casein
to 1.125 x 10* gram equivalents of alkali, is the true value, since,
first, this lies between the two limits (1.10 and 1.15) found in our
volumetric work, and, second, this figure agrees with that found by
assuming a valency of 8 for the basic calcium caseinate, in which
1 gram of casein combines with 9 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium.
Thus, if the valencies satisfied are 8, the proportion becomes 1 gram
of casein to 1.125x 104 gram equivalents of alkali for mono-basic
caseinates. If, however, we were to assume that the number of
valencies in the basic compound is 7 rather than 8, then the mono-
basie salt would, theoretically, have the composition, 1 gram of
casein to 1.285 x 104 gram equivalents of alkali, a value too high
for our analytical results. If, on the other hand, we were to assume
the number of valencies in the basic compound to be 9, then the
proportion in the mono-basic compound would become 1 gram of
casein to 1x 10* gram equivalents of alkali, a value too low for
our analytical results obtained with mono-ammonium and other
alkali caseinates. Assuming 8 as the true valency of basic calcium
caseinate gives us the value, 1 gram of casein to 1.125 x 10* gram
equivalents of alkali, a result which agrees with the volumetric
results obtained in case of the mono-alkali caseinates.

If we use the sulphur content as a basis for calculating the mole-
cular weight of casein we have n(*2;3*) 100==-n4454+. Here the
value of n appears to be 2, and the molecular weight would be 8908,
which is in very close agreement with the value found above,
8888+. This would indicate that there are two atoms of sulphur in
each molecule of casein.

The amount of phosphorus in casein was found to be 0.71 per ct.,
which would lead to the molecular weight, n(4t7i#) 100 = n4372—.
If the value of n is 2, the molecular weight of casein becomes 8744.

New York AaricutturaL EXprErIMENT STATION. Byatt

On the basis of 8 representing the true number of valencies satis-
fied in the basic-calcium caseinate molecule, the molecular weight
of casein is y--23xr0-¢ or 8888+. Robertson! reaches similar
results by deducing the molecular weight of casein in several
different ways. This would also make the equivalent weight of
casein equal to %%* or 1111. This value is in close agreement with
the equivalent weight assigned by other workers to casein prepared
from cow’s milk. Laqueur and Sackur? give about 1135; Mat-
thaiopoulos*® gives 1131.5; Long* gives 1124.

As a result of the work here reported, it would seem possible,
theoretically, to prepare a series of not less than eight combinations
of casein with each of the basic elements studied.

According to what we have reason to believe at the present time,
not less than four of these combinations have been prepared.
Using the calcium compounds, we have the following series:

Name of compound. | Grams Ca for 100 grams of casein. Varnes
Mono-calcium caseinate............. 0).22 (equal to 0,31 CaO)... ...... 1
Di-calcium caseinate................ 0.44 (equal to 0.62 CaO)........ 2
Neutral calcium caseinate............| 1.07 (equal to 1.50 CaO)........ 5
Basic calcium caseinate.............. 1.78 (equal to 2.50'CaO)...:.... 8

It is noticeable that in this series compounds are absent repre-
senting valencies of 3, 4, 6 and 7. Whether such compounds can
be prepared no one can say at present.

PART II. PARACASEIN AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

The term paracasein is generally applied to the precipitated
protein compounds formed by treating milk with rennet-extract.
The relations between casein and paracasein are not satisfactorily
understood as yet. Little study has been given to the compounds
formed by paracasein. Van Slyke and Hart® have shown that
paracasein combines with calcium to form a compound neutral to
phenolphthalein, containing about 2.40 per ct. CaO (1.71 per ct. Ca),
or 1 gram of paracasein combines with 8.55 x 10* gram equivalents
of calcium, They also found a compound neutral to litmus, in
which there was about 1.50 per ct. CaO (1.07 per ct. Ca), or 1 gram
of paracasein combines with 5.35x10* gram equivalents of cal-
cium, According to their results, the compound containing the

1Jour. Physical Chem., 15: 179, 1911.

*Hofmeister’s Beitrage, 3: 193, 1902.

3Zisch Analyt. Chem., 47: 492, 1908.

4Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 28: 372, 1906.

®>N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 261, and Am. Chem. Jour., 33: 472, 1905.

328 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

higher amount of calcium is soluble in water, while the other is
insoluble. It will be later shown by us that both of these com-
pounds are soluble in pure water. In reporting the compound
neutral to litmus to be insoluble in water, the fact was overlooked
that, under the conditions of their experiments, there was always
present in the mixture a considerable amount of calcium chloride,
which was formed by the reaction of the hydrochloric acid upon the
lime-water solution of paracasein, and the presence of this calcium
chloride caused the precipitation of the neutral calcium paracaseinate,
as we shall show later.

We have been able to prepare compounds of paracasein corre-
sponding to the mono- and di-basic caseinates, in which, however,
the proportion by weight of paracasein to base is just one-half that
found in the caseinates.

PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF ASH-FREE PARACASEIN.

Milk from which the fat has been removed as completely as pos-
sible by centrifugal force was heated to 37° C. and rennet-extract
(Hansen’s) was added in the proportion of 0.12 ce. per 1,000 ce. of
milk. The milk was allowed to stand until the precipitated para-
caseinate had separated as completely as possible. The resulting
curd was then stirred vigorously in order to break it into small
pieces and hasten the separation of the whey. When the curd had
settled, the supernatant whey was removed by siphon. The para-
caseinate was washed with distilled water several times, and finally
5 liters of water were added for each liter of milk originally used.
Dilute ammonium hydroxide (6 ce. of strong reagent diluted to
1,000 cc.) was then added, as in the case of the preparatien of casein
(p. 314), and the mixture stirred until the paracaseinate was dissolved.
The process of precipitating, washing and redissolving was con-
tinued as in the case of casein; the remaining calcium was finally
separated by addition of ammonium oxalate and centrifuging. One
preparation made in this way contained 0.07 per ct. of ash. One
gram gave a clear solution when dissolved in 10 cc. of 4 NH,OH
and 90 cc. of water. One preparation, with high ash content, gave
the following results on analysis:

Per ct. In dry substance: Per ct.

Woistures:, Steen sen see eK ee 1.63 INitropen\: pesmi. 15.80

UNG| tien oer cased o tsteaes CMe racic Pietsch oA ~ 0.61 Phosphorusteeeer ase. se nleas 0.83

In dry substance: Sulphur. sete. ke eee 0.87

Carbonieterets . 11.0: byeers leeyee 53.50 Oxygen (by difference)...... 21.13
Tahypalvorgsyaliee a epee Gam ne Ral cn 7.26

Another preparation with exceptionally low ash content gave the
following results:

Ashen se 0.07 per ct. Phosphorus.... 0.71 perct. Sulphur..... 0.72 per ct.

New Yorx AaGricuttruraL Exprriment STArIon. 329

PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF BASIC CALCIUM PARACASEINATE.

Like casein, paracasein manifests its acid character by its power
to liberate carbon dioxide from calcium carbonate, forming a calcium
paracaseinate. The results of the reaction were measured by us in
the same manner as in the ease of casein (p.316), and it is, therefore,
not necessary to report any of the details of methods or results.
The average of many determinations indicates that paracasein
unites with calcium to form a paracaseinate which is neutral to
phenolphthalein and has the same general composition; 1 gram of
paracasein combines with 9 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium.

PREPARATION AND COMPOSITION OF UNSATURATED OR ACID
PARACASEINATES.

In preparing acid paracaseinates of bases, the same volumetric
method of procedure was followed as in case of the casein salts
(p. 318). The appearance of a precipitate in a centrifuged portion
after addition of acid to an alkali solution of paracaseinate was
made to serve as an indicator in regard to the end point of the reaction.
We dissolved 5 grams of the ash-free paracaseinate in 200 cc. of %
alkali, made up the solution to 250 cc. and then determined the end
points by careful addition of $ HCl to 50 ce. portions.

Acid paracaseinates of ammonium, sodium and potassium.— In the
manner described, determinations were made in the case of base-
free paracasein dissolved in hydroxide of ammonium, sodium and
potassium, with the results tabulated below:

TaBLE X— RELATION oF ALKALI Bases TO PARACASEIN IN AcID PARACASEINATES.

ae eae left. Aqnatnt
Amount Amount combined with paracasein. N
Giiearaz it. Kind of ey Amount of = * HCl of = HCl
casein alkali Of 50 required to Eee first required to
used. used, alkali sign of permanent N N precipitate
used. precipitate. 60 10 all of
3 paracasein.
Gram. Ce. Gc: Ce. Ce. Ce.
1 NH, OH 50 Between 38.5 and 39 | 11 to 11.5 | 2.2 to 2.3 50
1 Na OH 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “
1! KOH 50 “ “ “ “ “ if i “ “

These results show that 1 gram of paracasein combines with an
amount of alkali somewhere between 2.2 x 10* and 2.3.x 10% gram
equivalents, in forming soluble compounds with ammonium, sodium
and potassium, which are acid to both litmus and phenolphthalein.
Expressed in another form, 1 cc. of % alkali combines with an amount
of paracasein somewhere between 0.485 and 0.455 gram. The
proportion of basic element in each compound is approximately as
follows: NHy, 0.40 per ct.; Na, 0.52 per ct.; K, 0.88 per ct. The
amount of each basic element in these paracaseinates is just double
that present in the corresponding casein compounds (p. 320).

330 Rerorr or true Department or CHEMISTRY OF THE

The amount of acid required to precipitate completely the para-
casein in these compounds is exactly equal to the alkali used to
dissolve the paracasein; this indicates that there is no additional
paracaseinate, in insoluble form, containing less of these basic
elements.

Preparation of mono-ammonium paracaseinate.— This compound
was isolated and prepared in dry form, for futher study, in the
manner already described in the preparation of mono-ammonium
caseinate (p. 320). Care must be taken to use a paracasein prepa-
ration free from casein or salts of calcium, strontium, barium, ete.
A determination of the amount of ammonia present in preparations
thus made is given below.

Taste XI.— Composition oF Mono-AMMONIUM PARACASBINATE.

SSS

Amount |Amount of Percent-
of para- |“ NH:OH| Relation of paracasein to NH:OH in paracaseinate.| aze of
caseinate| ‘” found. NH in
used. para-
caseinate.
Grams. Ce.
4 8.20 | | gram of paracasein to 2.05 x 104 gram equivalents 0.37
4 Weagoe ple se o ZOO AO ‘ 0.36

These results show the difficulty of making a pure compound, but
they indicate that the percentage of ammonium is double that found
in the corresponding mono-ammonium caseinate.

Acid paracaseinates of calcium, strontium and barium.— In pre-
paring paracasein salts of calcium, strontium and barium, the pres-
ence of their chlorides causes much more trouble in respect to pre-
cipitation than in case of the casein salts. Special care must be
taken to prevent the accumulation of chlorides of these elements.
By sufficiently frequent dialysis it was possible to obtain the results
reported below (Table XIII). Another point in connection with
paracasein is the fact of its slow rate of solution in the hydroxides
of calcium, strontium and barium; on this account we used 400 ce.
of * hydroxide to dissolve 5 grams of paracasein, making the volume
up to 500 cc. with water.

Trial or preliminary determinations were made in the same manner
as with casein (p. 321), in order to determine the amount of * HCl
required to precipitate the paracasein in the absence of chlorides of
calcium, strontium and barium. The specific details employed and
results obtained are indicated in the following table:

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

dol

TABLE XII.— ItLusTRATION OF MertHop or PREPARING AcID PARACASEINATES Oi
CaLicuM, STRONTIUM AND BARIUM.

Amount Amount of Amount of
of para- §% hydroxide) N pq
casein in | solution 50
solution. used. added.
Grams. Ce: Ce

1 100 80

1 100 75

1 100 80

if 100 75

1 100 76

1 100 77

1 100 TAB

1 100 76

1 100 76.5

1 100 77

il 100 75

1 100 76

1 100 76.5

1 100 Ga

1 100 Gis

1 100 75

1 100 76

1 100 76.5

ih 100 Te

1 100 VU hess)

1 100 77.50

Precipita-
tion.
Precip First trial.
0 Dialyzed and used for next.
Precip
0 Dialyzed and used for next.
0) “ «“
Precip
0 Dialyzed and used for next.
(6) a “ “
0) «“ “ “ “ “
Precip
0 Dialyzed | and used for next.
“ “
“ “ “ “ “
0) «“ “ “ “ “
Precip
0) Dialyzed and used for next
“
. “ 9 “ “ “
0) “ “ “ “ “
0) “ “ “ “ “
Precip.

The results obtained by the method of procedure indicated above
are given in the following table for calcium, strontium and barium.

TaBLe XIII.— PaRACASEINATES OF CALCIUM, STRONTIUM AND Barium.

Amount | Kind of
of para-| hydrox-
casein. ide.
Gram.
1 Ca (OH):
1 Sr (OH):

1 Ba (OH)2

oe

SUES of x HCl

of 50 required

hydrox- to cause
ide used.| first sign of
permanent
precipitate.

Ce. Ce.

100 |77.25 to77.:
100 (77.25 to77.
100 (77 .25 to 77.

Amount of base left
combined with para-
casein in solution.

N any
50 10

Ce. Gel
5 to 22.

a
of = (0)
required
to pre-
cipitate
all para-
casein.

Amount, of base
in precipitated
paracasein.

N N
50 10

Ce. Ce:
11.5 Das
1S 2:3
15 2.3

332 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

These results indicate the formation of two sets of compounds
when paracasein is dissolved in a hydroxide of calcium, strontium
or barium and this solution is neutralized with acid under the condi-
tions of our experiments. One set of compounds contains twice as
much base as the other, corresponding to the two sets of casein
compounds. Additional details are discussed below:

(1) In the di-basic compounds, the results show that 1 gram of
paracasein requires between 4.5x10* and 4.55x 10* gram equiv-
alents of hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium to form a com-
pound which is soluble in pure water. These compounds are easily
precipitated from their water solutions by a minute amount of a
soluble salt of calcium, strontium or barium.

(2) In these di-basic compounds, 100 grams of paracasein com-
bine, approximately, (a) with 0.90 gram Ca (equal to 1.26 grams
CaO), (b) with 1.97 grams Sr (equal to 2.33 grams SrO), or (c) with
3.09 grams Ba (equal to 3.45 grams BaQO).

(3) It is indicated that, with the treatment described above,
1 gram of paracasein combines with about 2.3.x 10* gram equiva-
lents of the hydroxide of calcium, strontium or barium to form an
insoluble compound. These compounds are regarded as mono-basic
paracaseinates.

(4) In these insoluble mono-basic paracaseinates, 100 grams of
paracasein combine, approximately, (a) with 0.46 gram Ca (equal
to 0.64 gram CaQ), (b) with 1.01 grams Sr (equal to 1.19 grams
SrO), or (c) with 1.58 grams Ba (equal to 1.76 grams BaQ).

(5) Mono-basic paracaseinates of calcium, strontium and barium
are completely soluble in warm 5 per ct. solution of ammonium, '
sodium or potassium chloride. This solubility is due to interchange
of bases, just as in the case of caseinates (p. 18); the reaction was
studied experimentally with paracaseinates and the same results
obtained as in case of the caseinates.

(6) A comparison of the composition of the caseinates and para-
caseinates shows that twice as much base is present in paracaseinates
as in the corresponding caseinates. This is easily seen in the fol-
lowing table.

TaBLE XIV.— ComPaRISON OF COMPOSITION OF CASEINATES AND PARACASEINATES.

Amount of basic element combined with 100 grams of casein and paracasein.

Basic In mono-basic | In mono-basic In di-basic In di-basic
element. caseinates. | paracaseinates. caseinates. paracaseinates.
Gram. Grams Grams Grams
Ca einh as 0.22 0.46 0.44 to 0.46 0.90
SS) ae oe eee 0.48 1.01 0.96 to 1.01 1.97
Ba. pacers 0.76 1.58 1.51 to 1.58 3.09

New York AGrRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 333

Preparation of mono- and di-caleium paracaseinates.— In order to
study the composition and properties of these compounds further,
preparations of the mono- and di-calcium paracaseinates were made.
The first steps in making these compounds are the same. An excess
of ash-free paracasein is agitated with lime-water until a saturated
solution is formed, the undissolved paracasein being removed by
filtration. To the solution % HCl is added until a permanent pre-
cipitate begins to appear. The solution is again filtered and then
dialyzed. Alternate addition of acid and dialysis are continued
until no more acid can be added after dialysis without causing
precipitation. The amount of + HCl required to precipitate all
the paracasein is next determined in an aliquot portion, and one-
third that amount of acid is added. The solution is then filtered
and dialyzed. This solution contains di-calctum paracaseinate.
This solution is divided into two portions; in one the di-calcium
paracaseinate is precipitated by addition of acid-free alcohol, the
precipitate being washed with acid-free alcohol and ether and dried
at 120°C. This preparation was found to contain between 4.2 x 10*
and 4.6 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium for 1 gram of paracasein.

x the second portion of di-calcium paracaseinate solution, enough
* HCl is very slowly added to precipitate three-fourths of the para-
casein in solution. The precipitate is mono-calcium paracaseinate;
this is filtered, washed with acid-free alcohol and ether, and dried
at 120° C. Before being washed with alcohol, the precipitate is
completely soluble in 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride. This
compound, mono-calcium paracaseinate, is identical in its properties
with the brine-soluble compound formed in cheddar cheese, to which
attention was first called by Van Slyke and Hart under the expres-
sion, ‘‘ salt-soluble compound.” Attention will again be called to
this compound later. An analysis of this preparation showed it to
contain between 2x 10* and 2.3 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium
for 1 gram of paracasein.

VALENCY OF PARACASEIN MOLECULE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF
PARACASEIN.

In the case of basic calcium paracaseinate, the compound that is
neutral to phenolphthalein, it is found that 1 gram combines with
9x10* gram equivalents of calcium, while in the case of mono-
ammonium paracaseinate the combination is in the ratio of 1 gram
of paracasein to a value between 2.2x10* and 2.3x10* gram
equivalents. According to the rule of constant proportions, the
number of valencies satisfied in the first compound would be between
go and #3 or 4. The molecular weight of paracasein would
therefore be sa¢eiax or 4444+. Our results indicate that the
molecular weight of casein, 8888, is just twice that of paracasein
4444, Using the sulphur content as a basis for calculating the
molecular weight of paracasein, we have n(#§:45) 100 =n 4454+.

334 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

The percentage of phosphorus would give n(#4:7+) 100 =n 4372—.
The value of n appears to be 1 and each molecule of paracasein
would contain one atom each of sulphur and phosphorus.

Theoretically, it should be possible to make a series of four salts
of paracasein with bases. We have prepared three, those in which
one, two and four valencies are satisfied.

ACTION OF RENNET ENZYM ON CASEIN IN FORMING PARACASEIN.

The action of the principal enzym contained in rennet-extract in
splitting casein into two molecules of paracasein is further shown
by the following experiment: Five grams of casein are dissolved
in 250 cc. of 3 KOH. Using the volumetric method given on page 13,
it was found "that 44.5 ec. of S HCl could be added to 50 ce. of the
caseinate solution, containing if gram of casein, before a permanent
precipitate begins to appear. To another 59 cc. of caseinate solu-
tion a few drops of neutral rennet-extract are added. Under the
conditions of the experiment, no precipitate or curd is produced by
the action of the rennet-enzym. After a few minutes =; HCl is
added and it is found that a permanent precipitate begins to form
as soon as we add only 39 cc. % HCl.

We have in hand a more extended investigation relating to the
action of rennet-enzym upon casein, the results of which will be
published later.

PART HI. COMPOSITION OF THE BRINE-SOLUBLE COM-
POUND IN CHEESE.

During the manufacture and ripening of cheddar cheese and of
many other kinds of cheese there is always found a protein that is
soluble in a warm 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride. The exis-
tence of such a substance in cheddar cheese was first brought to
attention by work done at this Station! The presence of this
brine-soluble protein was shown to be associated in some way with
the formation of acid in the cheese and, on the basis of some early
experiments, Van Slyke and Hart were led to conclude erroneously
that the substance consists of a combination of paracasein and
lactic acid (called by them paracasein mono-lactate), which by the
addition of more lactic acid becomes insoluble in dilute brine solution,
forming a compound which they mistakenly regarded as paracasein
di-lactate. As a result of later work? they changed their first views
and came to the conclusion that the so-called paracasein mono-
lactate is simply the uncombined protein, paracasein, and that the
so-called paracasein di-lactate is a compound of paracasein and

1N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 214, 1902.
2N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 261, 1905.

NEw YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 300

lactic acid (1 gram of paracasein uniting supposedly with about
0.5 cc. 4} acid). It may be stated here, in passing, that it was later
shown by L. L. Van Slyke and D. D. Van Slyke! that the protein
casein does not unite with acids to form insoluble compounds, but
that the action is simply one of adsorption, by which more or less
acid is taken from the surrounding solution and concentrated on
the surface of the solid particles of protein; in other words, it was
shown that casein or paracasein mono-lactate or di-lactate have no
existence as applied to the compounds in question. It still remained,
therefore, to find out what the brine-soluble substance really is, and
work was continued along this line by the writers.2 We noticed
that calcium is always to be found associated with the brine-soluble
substance when it is separated from the other cheese constituents
by extraction with a solution of calcium-free sodium chloride after
previous removal of all water-soluble constituents. This fact sug-
gested the possibility that the brine-soluble substance might be a
combination of paracasein and calcium, containing less calcium than
had been previously found in any combination of this element with
paracasein. On the basis of such a possibility, it could be explained
that with the formation of increased amounts of lactic acid in cheese-
making, as a result of the bacterial decomposition of milk-sugar,
the acid would combine with more or less of the calcium contained
in calcium paracaseinate, resulting in the production of a para-
caseinate containing less calcium. This suggestion was strengthened
by the fact that in Camembert cheese, the brine-soluble compound
is formed during certain stages of the manufacturing process but
soon disappears, its formation and disappearance being explained
as follows according to Bosworth:? The brine-soluble substance is at
first formed in Camembert cheese, as also in the case of cheddar
cheese, but, owing to the method of making this type of cheese,
more acid is allowed to form in the cheese, and, as a consequence,
the brine-soluble substance loses its calctum and becomes free para-
casein, which is insoluble in brine solution. Therefore, in the manu-
facture of Camembert cheese, it is found after the first few hours
that the cheese contains no brine-soluble material and, what is also
significant, all the calcium is found in the water extract. The rela-
tion between the brine-soluble substance and the calcium found in
the brine extract in the two types of cheese is illustrated in
Table XV.

The question necessarily suggests itself as to whether the calcium
always found in the brine-soluble extract of cheese is not there
incidentally in a mechanical state rather than in combination with
paracasein. In order to study this question the following work

1N Y. Agr Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 3, 1906.
2N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 4, 1907.
3N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. No. 5, 1907.

336 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY OF THE

TaBLE XV.— CoMPARISON OF CHANGES IN CHEDDAR AND CAMEMBERT CHEESE.

Total nitrogen |Total calcium
in the form of | found in

Age of cheese. Kind of cheese. banesoluble’ | brine-soleuia
compound. compound.

éqia Per ct Per ct.

hed@ars oo eee Steyils? trace.

When curd was cut......... | Camembert......:... 6.72 trace.

C@heddarseeen te ee 96.00 27.96

10 hours.................. | Camembert.......... 94.00 17.76

od [ieeidameiiot gaye | 68.87 24.47

rest AACR SS GRR Re ea SiS Camembert.......... 4.39 trace.

4smonths.e tee eee Cheddar. siete! 43.09 24.28

was done: Twenty-five grams of cheese were ground with sand and
extracted with water at about 55° C., using 150 ce. portions, until -
the extract amounted to 1,000 cc. The residue, containing the
brine-soluble substance, was placed in a dialyzing apparatus and
allowed to dialyze to insure the removal of all soluble calcium.
Sodium chloride was then added to the contents of the dialyzing
tube, which was then placed in a beaker of water and allowed to
remain 4 hours. Upon adding ammonium oxalate to some of the
water in the beaker, a precipitate of calcium oxalate appeared.
This result leads to the belief that the calcium is present in com-
bination in an insoluble form and that an interchange takes place
between it and sodium, when the insoluble compound is treated
with sodium chloride solution.

In order to throw further light on the character of the brine-
soluble compound, a study was made of the solvent effect of several
different chlorides. One kilogram of cheddar cheese was ground
fine, thoroughly mixed, and then 25-gram portions were ground
with sand, placed in bottles and extracted with water in the manner
described in the preceding paragraph. The residues were then
extracted with solutions of chlorides and the results given in the
following table were obtained. The solutions of the salts were used
in such strength that 1,000 cc. contained equivalent gram molecules.
In the case of the weakest solution, extraction was continued as long
as appreciable amounts of protein were obtained in the extract,
4,000 cc. being used; the results in these cases are given for each
1,000 cc. of extract, as well as for the total.

In connection with the data in Table XVI, attention is called to
certain phases of the results.

(1) The chlorides of barium and calcium have no solvent effect.
The chloride of magnesium in strong molecular concentrations acts
much like the chlorides of sodium, ammonium and potassium,
while in lower molecular concentrations its solvent power is
greatly reduced. :

New York AGrIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 33°

Taste XVI.— Sotvent Action oF NEUTRAL CHLORIDES ON THE BRINE-SOLUBLE
CoMPOUND IN CHEESE.

Strength of Percentage of total nitrogen in water-insoluble residue
solution. of cheese extracted by —
Gram Amount of
equivalents extract.
per 1,000. Na Cl. | NH; Cl.]| KCl. | Mg Ch | Ba Ck | Ca Ch
Ce

ROSA A 1,000 | 68.57 | 67.62} 50.47 | 63.81 0 0
ORS 22h. 1,000 | 69.29 | 65.24 |) 50.47 | 48.33 0 0
ORGra err. «sto 1,000 | 56.19} 56.43 | 45.95 lost 0 0
(0) eee 1,000 | 51.48 | 51.19 | 44.52 | 23.57 0 0
ORD Ist 1,000 | 47.62} 49.05 | 40.95 4.00 0 0
OUZE Si... 2nd 1,000} 13.33] 10.48 | 13.90 5.24 0 0
O22) exec 3rd 1,000 2.95 4.10 2.00 4.29
OR evs 4th 1,000 trace trace trace =
GOuA Ge bos 4,000 | 63.90} 63.63 | 56.85 —

(2) Sammis and Hart! undertook to study the solvent effect of
these salts on the same material, but reached results not concordant
with one another and not in agreement with ours. While we used
solutions of such strength as to show the relation existing between
the solvent action of the salt solution and its molecular concentra-
tion, they used solutions containing a uniform percentage by weight
of different salts and extracted in every case with the same volume
of solution. By using solutions of different salts having the same
percentage composition by weight, but with a different molecular
concentration, one would, under the circumstances, expect to obtain
only discordant results, because the solvent effect of the solution is
apparently a result of the mass action of the salt in solution (p. 324).
If Sammis and Hart had in their work continued extraction until
no more solvent effect was appreciable, their results would have been
in satisfactory agreement with ours. This is strikingly shown in
the above table in the case of the 0.2 normal solutions; by continued
extraction, the total amounts extracted are found to be essentially
the same as in case of the more concentrated solutions.

IDENTITY OF THE BRINE-SOLUBLE COMPOUND OF CHEESE WITH MONO-
CALCIUM PARACASEINATE.

We have shown (p.332) that paracasein combines with calcium to
form a compound insoluble in water but soluble in 5 per ct. solution
of sodium chloride (sodium replacing calcium). In this compound,
we have shown, 1 gram of paracasein is in combination with

1Jour, Biol. Chem., 6: 181, 1909.

338 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY.

2.25 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium. Indications pointed to the
identity of the brine-soluble compound of cheese with this mono-
calcium paracaseinate, and it remained to ascertain whether the
protein part of the molecule in these two compounds is the same.
In order to accomplish this, a preparation of the protein in the
brine-soluble compound was made from cheese and its composition
and properties were studied.

One kilogram of cheddar cheese was ground fine and then extracted
with numerous portions of distilled water at about 55° C. in order
to remove all soluble compounds. The residue was then extracted
with many portions of a 5 per ct. solution of sodium chloride and
filtered, first through absorbent cotton and then through paper.
Dilute acetic acid was then added, giving a heavy precipitate, which
was washed with water, redissolved in dilute ammonia and again
precipitated with acid. The process was then completed as in the
preparation of casein (p. 315). The preparation on analysis gave the
following results, which are probably high, owing to the ash content:

Per ct. In dry substance: Per ct.

Moistiretavticicncsiee eee. 2.32 Nitroreniss. HS iaisies eases 15.82

YL creer SOS ORO Ie aed oa 0.25 IPhosphordss. cease eae ee 0.75

In dry substance: Sulphur rene: see eer 0.78

Carbonss2 Bs, Paras aes 52.97 Oxygen (by difference)..... 22.28
Hydrogenist 42. as sie eiseheiae ele « vie ts)

A study of the properties of this substance resulted as follows:

(1) The substance acts as an acid in combining with bases.

(2) It decomposes calcium carbonate and gives a compound in
which 100 grams of substance combines with the equivalent of 2.52
grams CaO (equal to 1.80 grams Ca), or 1 gram of substance com-
bines with 9 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium.

(3) The solution of this calcium compound is neutral to
phenolphthalein.

(4) Measured by the volumetric method, it was found to form a
compound with ammonia represented by the combination of 1 gram
of substance with 2.3 x 10% gram equivalents.

(5) With calcium it forms a compound soluble in 5 per ct. solution
of sodium chloride but insoluble in water, which contains 1 gram of
substance combined with 2.3 x 10* gram equivalents of calcium.

(6) It forms also a compound with calcium that is soluble in water,
containing 1 gram of substance combined with 4.5x10* gram
equivalents.

In view of the marked agreement of the composition and prop-
erties of the brine-soluble substance, formed in cheese, with the
compound, mono-calcium paracaseinate, as prepared by us, there is
good reason to believe that the brine-soluble substance is mono-
calcium paracaseinate, having the composition of 1 gram of para-
casein combined with 2.25 x 10% gram equivalents of calcium.

REPORT

OF THE

Department of Entomology.

P. J. Parrorr, Hntomologist.

W. J. ScuoEns, Associate Entomologist.
H. E. Hopvexiss, Assistant Entomologist.
B. B. Furron, Assistant Entomologist.

F. Z. Harrzeir, Associate Entomologist.

(Connected with Chautauqua Grape Investigations.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I. The pear thrips.

II. The grape leaf-hopper and its control.
III. The apple and cherry ermine moths.

[339 ]

ve
tne
+ SOT,

R shy % rt Bt

, ‘ par > 3 f
| ( firy ehh od 39%
' rp . m
9" ? ene Ls:
: - g é
x. Widait aa
5 ¥ ‘ :
para he :
4 ‘
‘oT | 4 ,
- Sale
ay 7
y. .
5
"Wy
a) ae 4 .
Hi
»
4 oh

Sraces or PrEar Bups anp Btiossoms SHowinG TIME TO SpRAY FOR THRIPS.

Conditions of buds for most effective spraying (1, 2) against adult thrips——to prevent
injuries to blossom clusters; and (38) to destroy thrips escaping previous treatments.
(4) Petals fallen from blossoms; time to spray for larvee.

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENTOMOLOGY.

THE PEAR THRIPS.*
P, J. PARROTT.

SUMMARY.

For several years pear blossoms in orchards in the Hudson
River Valley have blighted, resulting in more or less extensive
losses in fruit yields. Studies during the past spring have shown
that the injury is caused by the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri
Daniel), a new orchard pest, which has attracted considerable
attention in recent years in California because of its destructive-
ness to various deciduous fruits.

The adult thrips, which is largely responsible for the injuries
to the trees, is a small, darkish brown, winged insect measuring
about one-twentieth of an inch in length. It appears in de-
structive numbers when the buds are opening, attacking the
tenderest of the flower parts. The eggs are mostly deposited
beneath the epidermis of the blossom and fruit stems. Hatch-
ing takes place within a few days, and the larve seek preferably
the calyx cups, undersides of calyces, and the folds or under
surfaces of the tender, expanding leaves. The larvze feed for
about two weeks and drop to the ground, in which they form a
protecting cell. In this cell the insect completes its transforma-
tions and emerges from the ground in the spring as an adult.
The thrips is single brooded; and the most active and destruc-
tive stages are coincident with the period that includes the life
events of the swelling and opening of the buds and dropping of
blossoms and calyces.

Injuries by the thrips in the Hudson Valley have apparently
occurred over a period of five years. During the past three
years fruitgrowers generally have noticed blighting of blossom
clusters of pear trees, although the nature of the causal agent

*A reprint of Bulletin No. 343, January, 1912; for “Popular Edition,”
see p. 809.
[341]

342 Revorr OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

seems not to have been suspected. According to statements of
fruitgrowers the most severe attack of the thrips occurred during
1910, when the pear crop in many orchards was much reduced.
Besides losses in yields the trees were seriously checked by in-
juries to leaf buds and leaf clusters; and in some orchards the
season was much advanced before the trees presented normal
conditions of growth. The productiveness of pear orchards dur-
ing IGII was greater than the preceding year, but blighting of
blossom clusters was general and orchards suffered losses in
yields according to the severity of the attacks by the thrips.

The actual range of distribution of the thrips in this State has
not been determined. Its destructiveness to pear orchards has
attracted the attention generally of growers about North Ger-
mantown, Germantown and Cheviot. Scattering numbers of this
insect were found on pears growing south of this region, about
Tivoli, to the north about Stuyvesant, and eastward to a line
running between Chatham, Glencoe Mills and Clermont. It is
reported also to occur across the Hudson River in orchards
about Milton and Marlboro. The thrips is probably distributed
over a larger territory in this valley than is indicated by these
bounds. In western New York, specimens of this insect were
found on apples growing about Geneva.

During rg11 the thrips was very abundant on apricots, appl.s,
sour and sweet cherries, pears, peaches and plums about Ger-
mantown. The injurious work of the insect was most notice-
able on pears, principally on the varieties Kieffer and Seckel.
While sour and sweet cherries and apples were much infested
by adult thrips, no material losses in the crops of these fruits
were observed. The stems of sweet cherries are especially at-
tractive to the adults for the deposition of the eggs, and they
showed quite generally considerable scarification; but these in-
juries did not appear to cause any premature dropping of fruit
er to affect the quality or yields. The work of the thrips in
pear orchards was given chief attention, but future efforts will
include the study of the thrips on other kinds of fruit.

New York AcricutruraL ExrertMenr Station. 343
The thrips is a difficult pest to combat because of the nature
and suddenness of its attacks. Spraying is the most efficient
method of control. The period for effective spraying is during
the time when the buds are breaking and until they are en-
tirely opened at the tips. The most promising spraying mix-
tures are the nicotine preparations in combination with kerosene
emulsion or soap. Two or three applications on successive days
during the past year largely prevented important injuries to
pear trees. The physical features of the locations of the or-
chards, such as the direction and elevation of the slopes of the
land, proximity to the Hudson River and character of the soil,
have a marked influence on the development of the buds and
the time of blossoming. The time for effective spraying will
therefore vary with individual orchards.

NOTES ON THE INSECT.

DISCOVERY.

At farmers’ institutes in the Hudson Valley during the spring
of 1911, mention was frequently made of a peculiar blighting of
pear blossoms which often resulted in a considerable loss of the
crop. -Chief interest in this trouble centered about Germantown,
where certain fruitgrowers were alarmed at the unproductiveness
of their orchards in spite of a promising showing of blossom buds
for successive years. Judging from the sentiments of the orchard-
ists and the knowledge that was available, the destruction of the
blossoms could not be satisfactorily attributed to one of the more
common insects or diseases that attack pears in this State. In
order to determine the primary cause of the trouble, arrange-
ments were made with Mr. A. W. Hover, an extensive fruitgrower
at Germantown, to forward to this Station from time to time dur-
ing April and early May pear buds in various stages of develop-
ment. The shipments were made in a most satisfactory manner
and on April 26 a bundle of pear wood was received by the En-
tomological Department which showed a few thrips crawling about
the fruit spurs. In order that the insect should be correctly iden-

344 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

tified microscopic mounts were made of the specimens, which were
sent to Dr. W. E. Hinds, of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
who has made a special study of this group of insects. He iden-
tified the insect as the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel), a de-
structive fruit pest, not known heretofore to occur in the eastern
states but which during recent years has attracted considerable
attention among fruitgrowers in California.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

This insect has secured its reputation as a destructive pest from
its ruinous attacks in recent years, commencing about 1904, on
deciduous fruits in California. According to Foster and Jones
the pear thrips is at present the most important insect in the
region where it is established that growers of deciduous fruits
have to combat. During the period of 1904 to 1910 the thrips,
according to conservative estimates, caused losses in the Santa
Clara Valley alone amounting to the value of nearly $2,000,000.
The amount of damage done by the insect in this State during
the past seven years has been computed’ at seven millions of dol-
lars. And this estimate does not take into account the money
expended in spraying and other operations against the thrips.

In describing conditions in California, Moulton states that
pears, prunes and cherries are most subject to injury, which he
explains is due to the spreading of their buds at the time when
the thrips are out in maximum numbers. Pears suffer mostly
during the early development of the buds, and the blossoms are
nearly all dead, at times of destructive outbreaks, before the clus-
ters open. The fruits that set may be ill-shaped and badly
scabbed. The attacks of the thrips on cherries and prunes are
similarly destructive. The adult insect attacks the developing
buds which checks the natural growth, and blossom clusters most
seriously affected eventually fall. The deposition of eggs in the
fruit stems weakens the stems, causing the young fruit to drop.

1Caj. Hort. Com., Monthly Bul. 1:52. (1912.)

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 345

The quality of prunes that mature may also be impaired by the
feeding of the larve on the skin of the fruit causing a diseased
condition known as “scab.”’ The Napoleon Bigarreau and Black
Tartarian cherries and Imperial prune are among the varieties
known to New York fruitgrowers, that are attacked by the thrips.
Almonds, apricots and peaches, while also subject to injuries, do
not usually sustain such serious losses unless the thrips are very
numerous.

DESCRIPTION, LIFE HISTORY AND SEASONAL NOTES.

Adult.—The adult, which is the most destructive stage of the
species, is a dark-brownish, four-winged insect about one-twentieth
of an inch long. The wings are long and narrow and are deli-
eately fringed with long hairs; when at rest they lie horizontally,
along the back and are then very inconspicuous, thus often deceiv-
ing one momentarily as to the nature and range of the activities
of the insect. On account of the structure of the wings these in-
sects used to be designated “ fringe-wings ” (See Fig. 1), but now
they are more often popularly called “ thrips,” which is a Latin
name derived from the Greek %p!¢ , meaning a wood Jouse. The
species attacking pears is known as the “ pear thrips” because it
was first discovered in pear blossoms to which it proved to be very
destructive, although it has since been shown that other fruits
suffer equally from its injurious work. The mouth parts of the
thrips are largely suctorial in function, and consist of a broad,
cone-like structure projecting from the underside of the head.
The apex of this organ is quite sharp and of a horny nature,
adapted to lacerating soft vegetable tissues. In feeding, the
thrips punctures and rasps tender flower and leaf structures, set-
ting free the plant juices, which are sucked up into the alimentary
canal. This feeding may cause much damage to fruit trees. The
insects seek preferably the rudimentary flower and leaf parts in
the partially opened buds, but when the buds are more fully devel-
oped they feed more or less openly on the stamens, pistils, petals,
tender leaves and apparently on the secretions from the nectaries

346 Report or trHE DEPARTMENT oF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

in the center of the blossoms. If the thrips are numerous the
injured buds of pear trees become sticky with a brownish liquid
and cease to develop, while the blossom clusters have a stunted,
SS y® shriveled and brownish appearance as if blasted.

my gh With slight jarring the bud scales fall to the
ground in unusually large numbers, while the
dead blossom elusters usually adhere longer
and slough off grad-
ually. In clusters only
ee partially injured the

I A \Y petals may be small and

uneven in size, the
stems dwarfed and of
irregular lengths, and

me the calyces and other
WW \ structures of the blos-
ZA ARSS : : :
Y, ee soms more or less blackish or brownish. The
YZ. “ leaves of the first-formed clusters are generally
Uf \\\ {\ ¥} 2 “f 5 s a Ls rf ms -
Uf \\ dwarfed in size, crinkly or eup-shaped or other
wise deformed, with the margins irregularly

Fie. 1—Prar_ broken and blackened. These deformations are
TurRIps: ADULT. . .
Giichlcalaceedy ane ne OF less in evidence on the trees throughout
the summer. The fruit setting on such clusters
generally has weak stems and falls prematurely. However, some
trees under circumstances not wholly understood may have the
appearance of being severely injured and withal show a fair
setting of pears. The effects of the attacks of the thrips on fruit
yields depend on the numbers of blossom buds destroyed. Dur-
ing the past season some trees on account of the severity of the
attack produced little or nothing, while on adjoining trees the
work of the thrips was not so extensive, being confined largely to
individual branches or portions of the trees, causing a very uneven
setting of the fruit.
On cherries the adults injure the stems of the fruit during the
act of oviposition and they also produce discolored areas and holes

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. B47

in the foliage, as described in detail for the larve. Deposition
of eggs is most active during the period which includes the open-
ing of the buds, blossoming and the dropping of blossoms and
calyces, but oviposition probably occurs throughout. the life of
the adult although somewhat intermittently during its latter days.

While the thrips are winged and are capable of sustained flight,
no concerted aerial excursions by any appreciable numbers of the
insects were observed. In walking beneath the trees an occasional
thrips dropped on the note-book and a few specimens were caught
on sheets of sticky fly-paper purposely placed to detect their move-
ments. Throughout their attacks on pears the thrips seemed to
remain close to the trees, passing from one bud to another by
creeping as the blossom and leaf clusters reached the desirable
stages of development. According to Moulton? injuries to trees
may be so severe that they no longer afford suitable food, when
the thrips may migrate to other less affected orchards. Accord-
ing to him migration occurs during warm, clear weather, and the
thrips distribute themselves generally wherever conditions are
favorable for their sustenance and propagation.

Eqg.— The egg (Fig. 2) is a microscopic, whitish and some-
what elongated object which may be compared to a bean or kidney
in shape. The eggs are deposited in largest
numbers in the stems of blossoms and leaves.
The female thrips is equipped with a stout,
curved, saw-like ovipositor and by means of
this organ slits are cut in the tissues of the
plant for the reception of the eggs. The in- Fic. nen i
cision is small but oviposition is frequently Eaas.
so extensive, especially in sweet cherries, that Oy BAYT
the stems show plainly the effects of the wounds. During the
past season these injuries did not appear to have any appreciable
influence on either the quality or yield of fruit, but according

to Moulton so many incisions may be cut into a single stem
that it will weaken and turn yellow and the young fruit fall

1U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bul. No. 80, p. 57.

348 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

prematurely. The injury to prunes and cherries in California
through the deposition of eggs is at times very noticeable and
is apparently the cause of considerable dropping of fruit. The
incubation of the egg is of short duration and hatching occurs
within a week after oviposition.

Larva.—The larva is a small, white, soft-bodied creature with
a single pair of eyes, and its shape and the character of its exter-
nal structures are represented in Fig. 3,
The larvee may be detected about the time
of blossoming when they emerge from blos-
som and leaf stems, and later from the sur-
faces of the young fruits. When Kieffer
pears were commencing to bloom the larve
were observed in considerable numbers
pushing their way up through slits made
in the plant tissues for the reception of
the eggs. Their presence was plainly indi-
cated by the pimpling of the stems and
young fruits and by the appearance of tiny
whitish objects of indefinite shape, ren-
dered conspicuous by two reddish spots
which proved to be the eyes of the newly
hatched insects. By struggling and sway-
ing their bodies the young thrips gradually
release their appendages and emerge from

Fig. 3.—Prear Turips: pie ; a ae
Larva. the nidi of the eggs as fragile, mite-like

(Much enlarged) creatures. The time consumed for the en-

tire process from the extrusion of its head to the release of the
larva from the egg shell is variable but with some individuals it
occupied as much as thirty to forty minutes. Upon their release
the larve seek the calyx basins or the axils and rolled margins of
the leaves where they may be quite readily seen by a careful,
observing orchardist.

The larva has mouth-parts similar in structure and function
to those of the mature insect, and it feeds in like manner. Com-

New York AcGricutturaAL Experiment Station. 349

pared with the winged thrips it is less active and less destructive
on the whole to the trees, but it is nevertheless capable of causing
quite a little damage under certain conditions. On pears the
principal injuries by the larve are to the young leaves. ‘The pro-
duction of the young is unfortunately most abundant on those
trees which suffer the most from the adult thrips because oviposi-
tion largely accompanies feeding at the time when the trees are
most severely injured. The destruction of a considerable per-
centage of blossom and leaf buds by the adults is a great shock to
the tree, and because of its weakened state it is usually slow in
recovering its normal conditions of foliage. The new growth
from the weak leaf clusters and the adventitious buds is likely
to be feeble and small in quantity, and not infrequently young
leaves in the opening buds or before they have unrolled are
killed by the young thrips, or are so injured that on ex-
panding they are stunted and ill-shapen. This accumulated
injury by the larve further retards the recuperation of the
tree and may result in premature dropping of the young pears or
in the death of fruit spurs. With the dropping of the petals the
calyx basins of the fruits become less and less attractive to the
larvee and eventually most of them find their way to the foliage.
The folds or rolled edges of unfolding leaves, particularly of the
terminal growth, are especially sought by them. Globules of sap
accumulate from wounds as a result of the feeding punctures and
the young leaves become blackened along the margins and cup-
shaped or otherwise distorted in appearance. On cherries, espe-
cially of the sweet varieties, the larve collect in large numbers
under loosened calyces of the young fruits and cause abrasions
in the surface of the skin. During the past season these injuries
were superficial and did not appreciably affect the appearance of
the fruit. The larve also feed on the foliage and seem to prefer
to work on the under surfaces of the leaves, principally along the
main rib or in the angles formed by the secondary veins. Light-
colored blotches with brownish centers develop which become quite
conspicuous at the time the calyces are dropping, for hardly a leaf

350 Reporr or tur Drrarrwent or ExromoLocy or THE

is unaffected. These wounded areas later form holes and the
leaves become much perforated and quite ragged in appearance.
The larvee attack plum leaves and fruit in a similar manner,
After feeding for about two weeks the larve begin to drop from
the foliage, when they may be found on weeds beneath the trees.
From these they obtain subsistence for a short period when they
enter the ground and form resting cells in which to complete their
transformations,— in the autumn to pup, and later in the season
to adults.

Seasonal history.— In the spring the adults emerge from the
ground and seek the trees which afford attractive conditions for
subsistence and the deposition of eggs. Selecting the buds that
are beginning to open at the tips, the winged thrips work their
way within and attack the tender flower and leaf parts. The date
when the mature insects first appeared on the trees this spring was
not obtained, but a few specimens were observed on April 26.
They seemed to be most numerous and destructive from April 28
through the first week in May. With the falling of the petals
from May 11 to May 14 the adults became less numerous on pear
trees, and practically disappeared from plantings of this fruit by
the latter part of the month. Oviposition was most active during
the last few days of April and up to the middle of May. The
first young thrips was detected on May 9, and on succeeding days
larvee emerged in large numbers, being very conspicuous in the
calyx basins of the fruit following blossoming. The latest date of
emergence of Jarvee was May 25. The young thrips commenced
to drop to the ground beneath the trees on May 17, when several
of them were caught on sheets of sticky fly-paper. Plants under
the trees were then examined and many larve were found on
leaves of burdock, bitter-sweet, chick-weed, dandelion and wild
rose. Quite a few individuals were entrapped in spider webs.
Siftings of the earth during the summer and fall revealed no
changes in the conditions of the larve until October 13, when the
first pupa was found. The first adult to be found in an earthen
cell was obtained on November 29.

1D

VE ris =
New York Agricurtvran Exrerriorexr Srarron. 351

DISTRIBUTION,

The pear thrips occurs in the region about San Francisco Bay,
California. It has also been reported by Bagnall’ to occur in
England. This bulletin calls attention to the discovery of this
pest in New York, which it is of interest to note is the only region
in the United States outside of the heretofore recognized area of
infestation where the thrips is known to exist.

The actual range of distribution of this
insect in this State has not been ascertained.
Its destructiveness to pear orchards has
attracted the attention generally of pear
growers about North Germantown, Ger-
mantown and Cheviot. Scattering num-
bers of the insect have been observed on

ALBANY!

Ortuyvesant

Ovtnatnam

pears grown south of this region, about
Tivoli, to the north about Stuyvesant, and
eastward to a line running between
Chatham, Glencoe Mills and Clermont.
Some growers who have read descriptions
of the work of this insect state that it also
occurs across the Hudson River in orchards
about Milton and Marlboro. It is not im-
probable that the thrips occurs over a larger
area in this valley than is indicated by
these bounds. Fig. 4. Fic. 4—— Known Distrt-

On April 26 specimens of thrips were sutton cr Puar Turirs
found at Geneva in apple buds, which ” Se eas
plainly showed evidences of injury. While the season was too far
advanced to find adults, many pear orchards were examined dur-
ing May and June in Oswego, Wayne, Monroe, Orleans, Niagara
and Erie counties for evidences of the thrips’ work on blossom
clusters and leaves, but without success. Its distribution in the
State is a matter for future inquiry.

OGienco Mills

N. Germantown

Germantown
OCilermont

Cneviot

Tivoli

Pougnneepsle

1 Jour. Econ. Biol. 4: 37.

352 Report or tHE DEparRTMENT or EnromoLoay or THE

FOOD PLANTS.

In California the thrips attacks deciduous fruits, including al-
mond, apple, apricot, cherry, fig, grape, peach, pear, plum and
prune and the English walnut. In England it has been found in
wild plum blossoms. During the past year the thrips was observed
in New York chiefly on apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears,
plums and quinces.

LITERATURE,

The literature dealing with this species is not extensive as it
has only in recent years come to be seriously considered by both
systematic and economic workers. ‘The insect was first described
in 1904 by Miss S. M. Daniel in Hntomological News,’ from
specimens obtained from pear blossoms in the vicinity of San
Leandro, California. In 1905 a cireular entitled “ The Pear
Thrips” by Dudley Moulton was issued by the California
State Commission of Horticulture which called the attention of
the fruitgrowers of that State to the destructiveness of this new
pest to the deciduous fruits. This author has continued his inves-
tigations on the life history and habits of the pear thrips and
methods of control which are discussed with considerable detail
in bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture.”
A circular by S. W. Foster and P. R, Jones® of the same Bureau
ts more popular in its nature and is a most serviceable publication
for the orchardist. It holds out encouragement to fruitgrowers
for the contro] of the thrips by efficient spraying,

PEAR THRIPS AT GERMANTOWN,
EXPERIENCE OF FRUITGROWERS.

The occurrence and discovery of the pest for the first time in a
region so remote from its heretofore known range of distribution
in the United States constitute in themselves interesting facts.
The questions now arise how long has the thrips been established

in the Hudson River Valley and what is its importance to the
1 Ent. News, 15: 294.

2U, S. Dept. Agr., Ent. Buls. 68, pt. 1, and 80, pt. 4.
3U. S. Dept. Agr., Ent. Cire. 131.

PLATE XX X.—KIEFFER PEARS BEFORE BLOSSOMING: (1) BLOSSOM-CLUSTERS INJURED
BY THRIPS; (2) UNINJURED BLOSSOM-CLUSTERS OF SAME AGE,

PLATE XXXI.— Kierrer BRANCH SHOWING “ BLIGHTING” OF BLOSSOM-CLUSTERS
DveE TO WorK OF THE THRIPS.

PLATE XXXII.—Kierrer BRANCH SHOWING ‘“ SLOUGHING-OFF” OF BLOSSOM-
CLUSTERS, AND YOUNG LEAF-CLUSTERS INJURED By THRIPS LARVA.

PLATE XXXIII.—AppiLe BLOSSoM-CLUSTER INJURED BY THRIPS AND YOUNG
PEAR SHOWING THRIPS LARVA® IN CALYX BASIN.

New York AaricutruraAL ExreErRIMENT STATION, 353

fruit interests. The experiences of fruitgrowers with this insect
affords some light on these questions. The following statements
obtained by personal interview with individual growers are but a
few secured reporting the occurrence vf this pest in their orchards.
Those chosen for publication bring out some special phases of the
subject: as length of time the thrips has been destructive in the
community, nature and extent of injuries, varieties of fruit af-
fected; in short, such notes as will in any way afford light on the
occurrence and behavior of the thrips in their respective plant-
ings.

EpMuND BuNK, Germantown.— Kieffer blossoms ‘and some leaves turn
brown about the time of blossoming, and believed the trouble was due to
frost. First saw the blighting in 1910.

M. M. RivenspurcH, Germantown.—Seckels have always been the
most injured and during the past five years have had only one fair crop.
Should have from 75 to 100 barrels of fruit, but since this pest appeared
have harvested only about 10 barrels each year. In 1910 the crop was only
2 barrels. Kieffers have suffered losses next in importance to the Seckels,
running from one-third to two-thirds of a crop on many trees, the injury
increasing each year until this year. The injuries to Bartletts and Clapp
Favorites have only been slight as yet. About the time of blossoming the
trees most severely attacked turn brown. Have always thought that the
injury was due to frost or to use of spraying mixtures.

Peter Fincar, North Germantown.— In 1910 Kieffers turned brown as if
burned; the leaves fell and later the fruits so that the trees looked as if in
winter. My loss was probably one-half of the crop. Later on the leaves
came out but the trees did not produce many fruit buds and thus shortened
the crop for this year. Same injuries to a less extent on Clapp Favorites
and Bartletts. Heard of the same trouble on Seckels over three years ago.

Roy LasHer, Germantown.— Have had good crops of Kieffers until 1910
when the yield was practically a failure. About blossoming time trees ap-
peared as if they were blighted. Leaves and blossoms dropped and later a
new crop of leaves appeared. The unfavorable conditions of the trees were
generally attributed to frosts or spraying mixtures.

CLARENCE SNYDER, North Germantown.— Blossom and leaf clusters turned
brown about blossoming time in 1910, causing a loss of over half the crop.
Some trees were late in getting another crop of leaves. Principal injuries
are to Kieffers, and the trees most seriously affected in 1910 show this
year little or no fruit and less than the normal amount of foliage.

C. A. LasuEr, Germantown.— First noticed injuries to blossom buds In
1910 when varieties such as Seckel, Bartlett, Beurre Bosc, Vermont Beauty
and Dana Hovey were attacked. The pest was most destructive to Seckels
and caused a loss of over two-thirds of the crop.

WEBSTER Coons, Germantown.— Injuries were first noticed on Kieffers
last year when the trees at time of blossoming had the appearance of being
swept by fire. The loss was about two-thirds of a crop.

12

354 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

CiypE LasHer, North Germantown.— First noticed the work of the thrips
during the spring of 1911, especially on Bartletts which are much affected.
Injuries are less on Kieffers, Clapp Favorites and Seckels.

B. C. SnypER, North Germantown.— First noticed the work of the thrips
during 1910 in spots in my pear orchard, the Kieffers being most affected.
This year it has also appeared on Seckels. My losses from this pest have
not been so great as those of other pear growers.

SAMUEL SHEFFER, Germantown.— For the last three years I have prac-
tically had no crops from my pears. In 1910 I had 220 barrels when I
should have had not less than 1,000 barrels. Had thought my losses were
due to frosts. While there was much evidence of the thrips’ work this
spring, my trees yielded better this year.

GARFIELD MoorEe, Germantown.—Injuries are most conspicuous on Kieffers
and in 1910 lost practically the entire crop. Clapp Favorites also have
shown losses in blossom clusters.

C. E. Hover, Germantown.— For five years preceding 1911 have not har-
vested a satisfactory Kieffer crop and one orchard has yielded absolutely
nothing during this period. Trees may blossom but I do not get any pears.
The blossom clusters and leaves turn brown and gummy and drop. Clapp
Favorites do not seem to be injured to the same degree and Bartletts suffer
apparently the least from this pest. I believe the thrips is distributed
throughout this region in a radius of about ten miles, although it is not
equally destructive in all orchards.

ALEX. Hover & Bro., Germantown.— Our Kieffers in one orchard have been
blighted for three years. The greatest damage was in 1910 when blossoms
and leaves turned brown and dropped; and there was practically no fruit
worth picking. Bartletts and Clapp Favorites have as a rule not been much
affected.

BERNES VAN TASSEL, North Germantown.— Have observed injuries to pear
trees for three years, but the trees suffered the most during 1910. My
Seckels had greater losses than any other variety, and it was not till late
summer that the trees had a satisfactory amount of foliage.

The foregoing statements show that the thrips has been present
in some orchards about Germantown for about five years and dur-
ing the past three years it has become injurious to such a degree
that its work is generally recognized throughout the community.
It is of interest also to note that the growers without exception
complain of losses to pears, but the attacks of the thrips on other
fruits receive no comment. Injuries to Kieffer pears are re-
ported by many orchardists and the yields of this fruit seem to
have been most affected, especially during 1910. The financial
loss with some growers was large because of the susceptibility of
this variety and the extensiveness of the plantings. Kieffers are
grown in larger numbers than any other pear. Some growers

New York AGricuLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 355

even assert that the plantings exceed those of all other varieties
combined.

Because of the increasing destructiveness of the thrips during
recent years, the opinion quite generally prevails that the intro-
duction of the pest in this community is of recent origin. How-
ever, there are no data on which to base any statement, and the
circumstances of its introduction and early history are conjectural.
The thrips has undoubtedly been longer established than has been
indicated, and the outbreaks during the past few years, culminat-
ing in the destructive attacks of 1910, were probably induced by
predisposing conditions arising chiefly from severe and prolonged
droughts for successive summers and the abnormally early devel-
opment of fruit buds during that year.’

OUTBREAK OF THE THRIPS DURING 1911.

The thrips was first observed on April 25 when a few specimens
were captured on pear trees. On April 28 the insects were gener-
ally more abundant and they were seen in varying numbers on
apricots, apples, sour and sweet cherries, pears and plums. Espe-
cially noticeable was the rciatively greater abundance of the thrips
on Kieffer pears, and it appeared that the advanced growth of the
buds in orchards on warm and protected slopes made the trees
of this variety more attractive than other fruits in somewhat dif-
ferent situations. During the next few days the thrips swarmed
about the Kieffer buds which, while still compact, were now pro-
jecting beyond the bud scales. From the trees there exuded a
clear or brownish liquid while blossom clusters as yet not expanded

1The spring of 1910 was early and sudden. No records are available

showing the dates of blooming of pears at Germantown, but the season is
generally regarded to be from ten to fourteen days in advance of conditions
at Geneva. The dates for blooming of Seckel (a variety much subject to
injury the thrips) at Geneva from 1904 to 1911 is as follows:

1904 May 14 to May 17.

1905 No bloom.

1906 May 4 to May 18.

1907 May 16 to May 22.

1908 May 17 to May 21.

1909 May 14 to May 17.

1910 April 25 to May 2.

1911 May 10 to May 13.

356 Report or THE DrpaArRTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

were beginning to turn brownish or blackish. On May 1st the
destructive effects of the thrips’ work seemed to be the most con-
spicuous. ‘The trees most seriously injured were wet with sap
which ran down the fruit spurs, discoloring the bark of the large
branches, while bud scales, leaf stipules, blossom bracts, sepals of
unopened blossoms and margins of leaves were blackish or dis-
colored. On May 9 Kieffers were in full bloom, and there was
a marked contrast between the healthy and affected trees because
those that were much injured appeared as if struck by blight. On
fruit spurs there were dead buds and many brownish shriveled
blossom clusters, while the leaves were small and cup-like with
blackened margins. During blossoming the larve appeared, in-
juring the tender leaves and causing them to be deformed. About
Germantown Kieffers suffered the most and there was scarcely an
orchard of this variety that did not show evidences of the work of
the thrips. While some fruitgrowers lost a goodly percentage of
their crops, the thrips was not equally destructive in all orchards.
Its work was spotted and showed up more on some trees or in
some orchards than others. The reduction in fruit yields varied
apparently in proportion to the numbers of the thrips and the
severity of the attack. On the whole the Kieffer crop of 1911
was much more satisfactory than that of the preceding year.
Seckel orchards were oftentimes similarly injured while Bartletts
and Clapp Favorites, though showing considerable blighting of
blossom clusters in different plantings, were not in the main seri-
ously affected. The almost complete destruction of blossom clus-
ters was observed on trees of Beurre Bose, Beurre Anjou, Ver-
mont Beauty, Dana Hovey, Clairgeau, Rhode Island and Vicar
of Wakefield. As these varieties are not grown extensively the
losses to these crops were locally of comparatively little
importance,

Apples were generally infested with thrips, but the destruction
of blossom clusters was not so common as with the pears. In
spite of the presence of large numbers of the thrips in the buds
there was usually a large setting of apples. While all of the lead-
ing commercial varieties were more or less infested by the thrips,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 357

the most conspicuous injuries to blossom and leaf clusters during
the past season were observed with such varieties as Astrachan,
Gravenstein, McIntosh, Ben Davis and Oldenburg. Proximity
to pear and sweet-cherry plantings rather than varietal suscepti-
bility may be the true explanation for the differences in the extent
of injury among these fruits.

Sweet cherries, including such varieties as Black Tartarian,
Napoleon Bigarreau, Schmidt Bigarreau and Windsor, the leading
commercial sorts, were frequented by large numbers of the thrips
from the time of the spreading of the winter bud scales to the
dropping of the blossoms. Bearing in mind the destructiveness
of the thrips to this fruit in California, careful observations were
made to ascertain the effects of the pest upon sweet cherries.
While the conditions were apparently favorable for its activities
it caused very little harm. In spite of the abundance of the in-
sect the trees produced good yields and the fruit was of superior
quality. The most noticeable work of the insect showed on the
stems of the cherries, which were scarred and rough in outline as
a result of the incisions made by the adult females in depositing
their eggs; and on the leaves, which were spotted with pale areas
and were full of holes through the feeding of the larve and adults
on the undersurfaces. The effects of oviposition upon the stems
of cherries will be studied closely in the future as nearly all grow-
ers state that the yellowing of cherry stems is of quite common
occurrence and is frequently attended by early dropping of much
of the fruit. This has been attributed to imperfect fertilization,
but it is possible that under some conditions the deposition of eggs
by the adults weakens the cherry stems and induces premature
dropping. Larve were observed in large numbers under the husks
or loose ealyces of the fruits and although they caused abrasions
in the surfaces of the cherries such injuries were of no material
importance.

Sour cherries such as Montmoreney and Morello showed similar
injuries but to a less extent than upon the sweet sorts. Plums
were generally infested with the thrips and its work upon fruit

358 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

stems and foliage could be seen in most plantings. Blossoms of
apricots, peaches and quinces were also rarely free from adult
thrips.

SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN THE HOVER
ORCHARD.

The early discovery of the thrips during the past spring en-
abled the Station to carry out a number of spraying experiments
to determine methods for the protection of orchards. Besides,
opportunity was also afforded to assist a number of fruitgrowers
to determine what they could accomplish by spraying under their
own conditions. Of these efforts the experiments conducted in
the Kieffer orchard of A. W. Hover & Brother were the most suc-
cessful. As they are very instructive as to the difficulties of the
problem and as to the requirements for efficient work against the
thrips the principal details of the various tests in this planting
are discussed quite fully to guide fruitgrowers in future spraying
operations.

DESCRIPTION OF ORCHARD.

This orchard consists of about three hundred and thirty-four
trees which are nearly all Kieffers, interplanted with a few Bart:
letts. The trees are fourteen years old and are fifteen feet apart.
This planting is located on a warm, protected slope with an east-
ern exposure, and the soil is a shale loam which is kept in a high
state of fertility by cultivation, cover crops and commercial fer-
tilizers. Injuries to the trees were first noticed in 1909, which
resulted in an abnormally small yield. In 1910 the showing of
blossom clusters was promising, but a severe blighting set in
which was not only followed by a total loss of fruit, but the trees
received a severe setback because of the destruction of many of
the leaf buds and blossom clusters. This orchard is only one of
a number belonging to this firm, but on account of its location,
which favors an early opening of the buds, the losses by the thrips
have always been much more extensive than in other plantings of
Kieffers, Bartletts and Clapp Favorites variously located on the
farm.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

PLAN OF TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ORCHARD.

The spraying mixtures used in the experimental tests in

359

this

orchard were (1) kerosene emulsion diluted with ten parts of
water; (2) Black Leaf 40 in the proportions of 34 pint of the

eeeeee e
N eeee#eee
eoe3ee 8 &@ @
@ ere © ©. 8 ©
Ww E eoeeeeee
eee ee @ @ ©
oeoefe @ e@
ee 66 .e ©. -e @
5 Ce ee
Bue sat eute pia ere’ ye @)*°@ (©. 6410.10) 46, 6) @ Oe 1 1 0)\e © ¢
pina) compere". ee “ep.e "e676 (e*\e Vier el @ ee), © ©) (Clr @ OO 8
arse eMLigntts) 16ite!1 81) Oe e) 61 6,8 ee © (6, 6; © OF & @ Ss JO
M7 Laale) 61 CPG 6146.6 ©). 6 6 8. 6) 0 6) Oe Oe oe oven e@
© os 6. @.e' je. (eo "ee 6 6 ee 6 e @ -e'@ 10 @."6 e 6
Oi ore @ (6ielse se 6! ie. © Vesie) eer elec ie
oe5eocoeeeee @ x *« & © @ @

PB Pepi sails wat clove efinoe te om

7
PLAT G

Piat A.— Sprays APPLIED: eee @

April 29, kerosene emulsion for adult thrips
May 1, kerosene emulsion for adult thrips
May 11, “* Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve ee

Piat B.— Sprays APPLIED: Ogee ule
April 28, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” with soap for adult thrips
April 29, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” and kerosene emulsion for adult thrips
May 1, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” and kerosene emulsion for adult thrips sibs be etal Xo
May 10, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve
May 12, “ Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve

Prat C.— Sprays APPLIED: pied "0°
April 29, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” with soap for adult thrips Gorn FS
May 1, “ Black Leaf 40”’ with soap for adult thrips e eee
May 10, ‘‘ Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve
May 12, “ Black Leaf 40” with soap for larve PURT: -

* Indicates a check tree

Fie. 5.— DiaGRaM oF THE Hover ORCHARD, SHOWING SPRAYING PLATS

e 8
ee
ee
°°
eo °@
ee
°°
ee
ee
eo°6
ee
ee
e 8
ee
e ©
e @
PLAT B
ee
2 e@
eo @
e e
e e
e °@
ee
ee
ee
e e

860 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF INTOMOLOGY OF THE

preparation to 100 gallons of water to which were added 3 gallons
of stock emulsion; and (3) Black Leaf 40, 34 pint to 100 gallons
of water and 5 pounds of soap. The accompanying chart shows
the arrangements of the plats and dates of the applications of the
sprays. ‘The treatments during the period of April 28 to May 1
were made for the purpose of protecting the opening blossom buds
and blossom clusters from the adult thrips, while the sprayings
from May 10 to 12 were intended to destroy the young larve on
the fruits and foliage.

DETAILS OF SPRAYING AND RESULTS ON THRIPS.

The first treatment of Plat B was made on April 28, when the
most advanced Kieffer buds were quite compact, and at least three
days before any blossom clusters separated at the tips. ‘The ma-
jority of the thrips were on the outsides of the buds. Quite a
few of them were working their way into the ends of the buds,
although most of these were still in more or less exposed positions.
The nicotine extract with soap was used liberally and the trees
were thoroughly drenched. The treatment was, in the main, very
effective, killing all of the insects which were wetted with the
spray. With the exception of the comparatively few thrips buried
deeply in the substance of the buds, the sprayed trees were during
the remainder of the day noticeably freer of the insects than the
untreated portions of the orchard. While many thrips escaped
treatment the effect of the day’s work was to encourage the belief
that by thorough and repeated spraying the thrips could be re-
duced to unimportant numbers.

On April 29 the buds were in a condition of growth that fav-
ored deeper penetration by the insects and a much larger per-
centage of the thrips on the trees were within the buds feeding
apparently about the pedicels of the rudimentary flowers. Sap,
too, was flowing from injured blossom clusters. During the first
application of this day’s spraying large numbers of the thrips were
killed but it was practically impossible to reduce materially the
numbers ef those well within the compact blossom clusters.

New York AGRricutruraAL ExprrimMent Station. 361

Nozzles adapted to making a rather coarse, driving spray were
then attached to the spraying poles and two power spraying rigs
were used to apply the mixtures in order to insure the treatment
of all of the orchard during the day. Provision was also made
for a test of oil emulsion alone or in combination with the nico-
tine extract to determine comparative penetrating properties. See
Fig. 5, Plats A, B, C. With the use of the new nozzles and by
taking more pains to direct the spray into the ends of the buds a
large percentage of the thrips were killed. The reduction in the
numbers of the insects resulted in a conspicuous difference be-
tween sprayed and unsprayed trees which began to show on the
following day and noticeably increased as the days passed by. The
contrast was largely due to the unwithered and freshened appear-
ance of the blossom and leaf clusters of the sprayed trees in com-
parison with those on the untreated trees which were beginning to
turn brown and were now wet with sap. These differences were
noted and commented on by quite a number of visiting orchard-
ists in the community. The spraying mixtures seemed to be
equally effective. Nevertheless the oil emulsion possesses superior
penetrating properties, and as a result of the day’s test it is be-
lieved that the use of emulsion with the nicotine should make the
combination the most desirable spray for the treatment of par-
tially opened buds and compact blossom clusters to reach the hid-
den thrips.

On May 1 the blossom clusters were generally separated at the
tips, and the thrips were now feeding mainly at the points of con-
tact of two flower buds. The entire orchard was sprayed again
as outlined in Fig. 5, Plats A, B, C. The exposed positions of
the thrips, due to the spreading of the blossom clusters, rendered
them very susceptible to all of the treatments and because of the
large percentage that were killed no further spraying was deemed
necessary for the adults.

On May 10 the larve were apparently out in their maximum
numbers and were most noticeable in the calyx basins of the young
fruits and on the under surfaces of the leaves. To prevent in-

362 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

juries to the fruit and foliage and to reduce to the smallest pos-
sible numbers the insects that would seek to hibernate in the soil,
all of the plats were sprayed with nicotine extract and soap. The
larvee are very readily killed on Kieffer pears, and with the ex-
ception of small numbers of them that were feeding along the
rolled edges of the unfolding leaves very few escaped the treat-
ment. The damage to the foliage by the remaining larve was
unimportant.

THE EFFECTS OF SPRAYING MIXTURES ON FOLIAGE,

Notwithstanding the repeated sprayings in a short space of time,
in none of the experimental plats did the applications of the nico-
tine extracts, in combination with soap or kerosene emulsion in
the proportions as given, cause any injuries to the tender unfold-
ing leaves. Throughout the attacks by the young and old thrips
the foliage of the trees in the sprayed plats presented for the most
part a fresh and healthful appearance which contrasted strongly
with that of the untreated trees. There was also no apparent
checking of the new growth, which appeared to be of normal vigor
and amount. In some orchards kerosene emulsion when used
alone in strong mixtures caused considerable injury both to the
foliage and bark of the young wood. ‘The emulsions were appar-
ently stable, but they proved, in spite of the great dilution, to be
the least safe of the spraying mixtures when used in quantities to
drench the trees, as is necessary for the successful control of the
thrips.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS,

In its appearance and habits the thrips is quite different from
all other insects which the pear growers in this State have been
accustomed to combat. It also has the reputation of being a very
difficult species to control satisfactorily, which has been well borne
out in this season’s work. The insect is more susceptible to spray-
ing than any other measure, but it is a formidable pest to combat
by even these means because it works rapidly and the prospects of

New York AcricurturaL ExprrrMent Station. 369

a crop may be ruined in a few days through the destruciion of
rudimentary blossom parts, and because of the repeated spraying
and thoroughness of treatments required to destroy the thrips con-
cealed in the partly opened buds.

In this season’s work at Germantown two ee greatly fay-
ored the experimental operations: the relatively small size of the
pear orchards in the community, which permitted thorough spray-
ing of entire orchards by power outfits on successive days, and
the rapid development of the buds owing to unseasonable hot
weather during the latter part of April which made the thrips
more exposed to treatment than if the growth of the buds had been
less rapid.

Under the conditions which prevailed this year spraying proved
very efficient, and no treatment was made which did not effect a
considerable reduction of the numbers of thrips in the different
plats. Two or three sprayings on successive days reduced the
adult thrips to a very small percentage of those that were origi-
nally present on the trees. The larve on pears proved especially
susceptible to treatment, and in the Hover orchard very few
escaped, which should greatly simplify future operations in this
planting for this pest.

In view of the history of the thrips it is not desirable to draw
conclusions on a single season’s experiments as the problem may
take on new aspects under different seasonal conditions. It is the
intention of the Station to continue its investigations on the thrips
until efficient methods of control have been satisfactorily demon-
strated. The purpose of this bulletin has been largely to encour-
age spraying as the most promising remedy for the present, and
to make more available locally the knowledge that exists on a new
and important fruit pest.

364 Rerorr or tuk DerarrmMenr or EnroMoLoGy OF THE

METHODS OF TREATMENT.

FORMULAS OF SPRAYING MIXTURES.
1

Nicotine extract 2.7 per ct. (Black Leaf)...... Oa ob inst Aiea 6 qts.

Watery bycersemes = srauyite, 2) che) sereyats owrsys afew oasisupe tre @ wiayelegs ere yh ou Me yous seus oe 100 gals.

SODp greets ser pena tietle eral oleate stave teeters e olere Cuca matter a> or etme tenets 2 to 5 Ibs.
or

IRCTOSENE COMMISION: Boo 5.c tee gius ne afeehaliaeo aan 2 aia elie ee eee 3 gals
2.

Wicotine, extract 40 per ct. (Black Leaf 40)". 7.02.6 .c.csc-- ee % to % pt.2

Water Soo sc8 Sue, i ot Res BRAS EE Se ee 100 gals.

Gap ys: a hte delay cesarean sepeyas Dae xivliala sjciy nee etcetera 2 to 5 lbs.
or

Kerosene: emulsion.) 2c) S30 aS2). feels 2 dead. 4 shel ae Bde 3 gals

DIRECTIONS FOR SPRAYING.

In spraying, two objects should be kept in mind,—(1) fo kill

the winged thrips working in and about expanding buds and blos-

som clusters to prevent njury to the tender flower and leaf parts;

and (2) to destroy the larve after petals drop to reduce the num-
bers of insects which will mature in the ground.

1The addition of soap or kerosene emulsion to the nicotine preparation
increases its adhesive and penetrating properties. According to Foster and
Jones, (U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Circular 131), a combination distillate-oil
emulsion and nicotine solution is given preference to all other sprays. The
spreading properties of the oil makes this mixture especially efficient against
the thrips concealed in the buds.

Directions for making kerosene emulsion are as follows:

IGETOSENE™. aie: cute as eee nice Olek s aus arama areteee ere tia echo e CCT eter aetsleraie relics 2 gals.
Whale-oil. or, fish-oil soapté stain ais dopbees oll. qnhae ty ae metede ania es VY, |b.
SOlt WALT, «fina. J cts dacs. atapaec asians og,s eke ebuniels Cs Salve em ae ee eta 1 gal.

Dissolve the soap, which has been finely divided, in one gallon of boiling
water. Remove the vessel from the stove and add the oil. Then agitate the
mixture violently for from three to five minutes by pumping into itself un-
der high pressure until a creamy mass is formed, from which the oil does
not separate. Fruitgrowers are advised not to employ an emulsion which
shows a separation of the oil as applications of such preparations may
cause injuries to the trees.

2 Experiments conducted in California (See Circular 131 mentioned in
Footnote 1) show that the Black Leaf 40 may be used effectively in the
proportions of one-half pint of the extract to one hundred gallons of water.
In the Station’s tests three-quarters of a pint was always used. Future
experiments may show that the latter amount is unnecessarily strong and
that the smaller quantity of the nicotine extract may be safely used. It
should also be stated that on account of greater concentration the express
and other transportation charges for Black Leaf 40 are much less than for
the Black Leaf, and during the past season the former was, on this account,
preferred by pear growers about Germantown.

New York AcricutruraL Experiment Station. 365

The period for effective spraying against the adult or winged
thrips is during the time when the buds are swollen and partly
open and until they are entirely opened at the tips. The first
treatment should be made as soon as the thrips become numerous
on the trees. The number of the applications required will de-
pend on the thoroughness of the treatments. The grower should
spray on successive days or every few days until the thrips are
reduced to comparatively few individuals. Two, or certainly not
more than three, sprayings are required to afford efficient protec-
tion to the trees from the adult thrips. Especially hard to kill
are the insects within the buds, as they are often hidden; and it is
difficult to force the spraying mixture in between the growing
structures of the bud. While it is not possible to reach all of
these, many of them may be destroyed by careful work in apply- .
ing the sprays. By successive applications important injuries
may be largely or entirely prevented. To derive the greatest
benefits from the treatments, apply the spraying mixtures in lib-
eral quantities as a rather coarse driving spray, holding the nozzle
fatrly close to the buds in order to force the liquid into the ends
of the buds. The “ angle nozzles” of the large chamber type or
nozzles set on an angle to the extension rod, maintaining a press-
ure of not less than one hundred fifty pounds are preferable for
this purpose.

The larvee may be seen in large numbers as small, whitish crea-
tures in the calyx cups; and on pears especially they are much ex-
posed to spraying because of the open nature of the blossom ends
of the young fruits. One or two careful sprayings will practically
free the trees of the insects. In making an application both sur-
faces of the leaves and the calyx ends of the young fruit should
be thoroughly wetted by the liquid. Spraying for the larvez is
important because it will greatly reduce the numbers of the insects
which seek shelter in the ground until the following spring. The
accumulative benefits from the destruction of the larve for suc-
cessive years, while not as yet definitely known, must be consid-
erable.

366 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.

CULTIVATION,

According to Moulton, experiments have clearly demonstrated
that deep fall plowing is an efficient aid to spraying if it is done
at a proper time and with care. The thrips undergo their pupal
development during the late fall and early winter, and when in
this stage they are apparently, under certain conditions, suscep-
tible to disturbances of the soil. For prune orchards in California
Foster and Jones recommend plowing to the depth of seven or
eight inches during the months of October and November, fol-
lowed by harrowing; and then cross plowing eight or nine inches
deep with subsequent harrowing. On the other hand it is also
stated by them that on certain fruit areas in that State such treat-
ment, especially for pear orchards, has not given as satisfactory
results as have been obtained in other localities.

Fall plowing of orchards in New York is not regarded with
favor by most orchardists, and moreover an opinion prevails that
such practice on the lighter soils is attended with risks from winter
injuries. In view of the absence of data showing effects on both
trees and the insect, fall plowing of orchards for the thrips in this
State should be pursued advisedly and in an experimental way.

GENERAL CARE OF ORCHARD.

Severe attacks by the thrips are a serious drain on the vitality
and productiveness of the trees. In their weakened state they are
also more subject to injuries by adverse weather or environment,
and to attacks by various wood-boring insects. The needs of the
orchard with respect to cultivation, fertilizers, pruning and spray-
ing for other insects and diseases should be carefully considered in
order that the most favorable conditions for recovery to health
and productiveness may be afforded to the trees.

THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER AND ITS CONTROL.*
F. Z, HARTZELL.

SUMMARY.

The grape leaf-hopper is an important pest of the grape and
during the past two years it has been on the increase in Chau-
tauqua county. In many vineyards the necessity for efficient
methods of control has been apparent. The insect weakens the
vines by piercing the epidermis of the under side of the leaf and
sucking the cell sap, thus injuring the cells and exposing them
to the drying action of the air. This injury results in a decrease
in the amount of wood, and it also affects the quantity and
quality of the fruit. Fruit from badly infested vines is poorly
ripened.

The leaf-hopper is a sucking insect and lives on the under sides
of the grape leaves. Eggs are laid during June by the overwin-
tering adults, and by the beginning of July the young nymphs
are on the vines in abundance. These nymphs pass through five
stages or instars before becoming adults. Nymphs of the first
brood mature during the latter part of July and early part of
August, and during normal seasons many of them lay eggs from
which develops a partial second brood. During 1911 a complete
second brood was observed. Young nymphs of the first instar
were found as late as October 1. Most of these nymphs become
adults before the leaves drop from the grape vine. The adults
hibernate among rubbish, grass, weeds and fallen leaves. They
are active during the warmer days of the hibernating period and
feed on various grasses, preferring the leaves of bush fruits dur-
ing the spring before returning to the young foliage of the grape
vines.

During the summer the adults are of a yellowish appearance
being covered with darker yellow lines. These darker areas
turn salmon before the insects leave the vines in the fall ana
they become dark red when the insects are in their winter

* A reprint of Bulletin No. 344, February, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,”

see p. S15.
[367]

368 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

quarters. As soon as they have fed again upon grape foliage in
the spring these areas become yellow.

Experiments have proven that a spray containing 2/100 of one
per ct. nicotine is the most effective and safest contact insecti-
cide for the control of the grape leaf-hopper. This must be di-
rected against the nymphs, which are hit by applying the spray
to the under sides of the leaves.

The application of the spray for this insect can be done by the
usual hand spraying with trailing hose or by an automatic leaf-
hopper sprayer which is described in this bulletin. This latter
device was developed during the past season and it has done
efficient work. With high pressure and proper adjustment of
the nozzles the insect can be efficiently controlled.

INTRODUCTION.

The grape leaf-hopper (T'yphiocyba comes Say) (Fig. 6), or,
as it is often called, ‘‘ grape thrips,” is a very common insect in
the vineyards of New York State. Although its numbers during
years of average infestation are not sufficient to cause apprehension
on the part of the growers as a whole, nevertheless each year some
grape plantings are injured by its feeding. Its work is especially
noticeable in vineyards near woodland or grass-land, which affords
good hibernating places for the insects. The grape leaf-hopper,
like other insects, has periods of scarcity and abundance, and when
abundant it is very destructive, compelling the growers to resort to
remedial measures.

During the summer of 1910 it was seen that this insect was
becoming very numerous in Chautauqua county, the browned
foliage and poorly ripened fruit, resulting from its work, showing
plainly in many vineyards. Observations in 1911 soon proved the
number of “ hopper-infested ” vineyards greater than in 1910; in
fact, the increase of the insect was so great as to cause alarm on
the part of the grape growers, since a large crop of fruit had set
which was threatened both in quality and quantity. The attack
affected chiefly the quality, although several vineyards showed a
marked decrease in the yield between the vines upon which the

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 369

leaf-hoppers were killed by spraying mixtures and those not so
treated. It is apparent that the numbers of the insect have been
approaching the crest of a wave, and one cannot, at present, tell
whether the summer of 1911 records the “ high-water mark” or
whether we are to expect a further increase during 1912. The
millions of adults that went into hibernation the past fall would
indicate that a favorable winter for the insects will spell trouble
for many of the vineyardists, since these adult “ hoppers” will
feed on the young foliage, and, if numerous, will cause much
injury at a time when the grape foliage is tender and the insects
are most difficult to kill.

Noting the increase in numbers of the insects in certain vine-
yards, experiments were conducted in 1910' and 1911 to learn
better methods of control. Having found an effective remedy,
so far as the insecticide is concerned, during the previous year,
it early became evident that a better method of applying the
material was needed; so more attention was paid the past summer
to developing a machine for applying the material than to efforts
in finding cheaper spraying materials. This bulletin has to do
largely with the results of experiments and the description of the
machine devised for applying the spray.

THE INSECT AND ITS WORK.
HABITS,

The grape leaf-hopper belongs to the group of insects that obtain
their food by sucking the juices of plants. They are seldom found
on the upper surfaces of the leaves but they usually seek the
under sides and there do practically all their feeding. While
immature the insects, then called nymphs, pess through five
stages or instars (Figs. 7 and 8). During the nymphal instars the
wings increase from mere swellings in the first instar to large wing
pads in the last stage. The adults have two pairs of wings or, more
correctly speaking, the front pair of so-called wings are wing

1Bulletin 331, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 568-579.

370 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

covers or elytra which are held motionless during flight as are the
front ‘‘ wings” of grasshoppers. The true wings are smaller, are
used for propelling the insect and are folded under the elytra when
at rest. The wing covers rest in the posi-
tion shown in Fig. 6, covering the insect’s
body like a roof.

The adults are more conspicuous than
the nymphs and are especially noticeable

Fic. 6—Mature Grape
Lear-Hopper.
(Enlarged.)

Fic. 7—First Four NyMPHAL INSTARS OF
GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER.
(Enlarged.)

at the time the grapes are being harvested.
They are then very annoying because they
get into the mouths, ears and noses of the
pickers. At this time they fly about,
especially on warm and calm days during
the latter part of the season and drift to
other vines, or to grass fields, brush land
Fic. 8—Firry Nympnau In- and thickets. In fact, they seek any place
=e pl ats Lear ‘that will shelter them during the winter,
(Enlarged.) although many of the insects remain

among the fallen leaves in the vineyards.

The adults are about one-eighth of an inch in length and during
the summer they appear light yellow in color, but they grow

New York AGricutturaL ExperIMENT STATiIon. 371

darker as the season advances, becoming salmon colored before
leaving the vines and changing to dark red in their winter hiding
places. There are many variations in color and color patterns
among individuals of the same species so that nine distinct species
have been described; but our leading authorities regard these
diverse forms merely as varieties of T. comes.

CHARACTER OF INJURY AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

The grape leaf-hopper, being a sucking insect, secures its food
by inserting its proboscis or beak through the epidermis or skin
of the leaf, piercing the underlying tissue and sucking up the cell
sap. Having satisfied its hunger it withdraws its beak and wanders
about the leaf. With the withdrawal of the proboscis the injured
leaf tissue is exposed to the drying action of the air which not only
completes the destruction of the injured cells but dries out the
surrounding cells, thus causing a small portion of the leaf to die.
This area is small but the accumulative effect is of importance in
the economy of the plant. These injured parts turn yellow and,
as the injuries increase by the feeding of the insects, the leaves
become dotted with spots until by September these areas are so
numerous as to cause the leaves to have a decidedly yellow appear-
ance when contrasted with healthy foliage.

It is not unusual to find 100 leaf-hopper nymphs on a single
leaf. If each insect should feed only twice each day and remain
on the leaf for a period of two months we would find that there
had accumulated on the leaf 12,000 injured areas. This would
be a moderate damage; for counts show that leaves of average size,
if badly infested, may have as many as 20,000 such injured areas.

Thus there are two factors in the work of the leaf-hopper: the
removal of the cell sap by the leaf-hoppers as food ; and the destruc-
tion of tissue by the drying out and death of the cells surrounding
those pierced by the insects. The latter is the more important
factor. The death of these cells means a lessening of the growth
of wood and a decrease in the yield of fruit. This is evident on

312 REpoRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

vines that yearly are extensively infested by the leaf-hopper. Like-
wise serious infestation in any vineyard has a similar influence on
the amount of wood produced and the amount of fruit grown.
This is cumulative in its effect and can be shown best by weighing
the crop from treated and untreated areas year after year. In the
aggregate the quantity of fruit lost during years of average in-
festation has not been conspicuous enough to attract attention. It
is in the exceptional years, as in 1901-2, that the loss is sufficient
to cause alarm and action on the part of the grape growers. One
important effect of average infestation is the poor quality of fruit |
from infested vineyards. The Concord grape when well ripened
is dark purple and sweet, but when the leaves are injured by grape
leaf-hoppers the fruit has a red appearance and a rather insipid,
sour taste. The decrease in the amount of sugar in such fruit
makes it especially undesirable for packing in four-pound and
eight-pound baskets since choice table grapes should be of excellent
quality. Poorly ripened grapes will not be used by the manufac-
turers of grape juice. Since the best prices are being paid for
grapes for these two purposes, it follows that the leaf-hopper may
cause serious loss by depreciating the quality of the fruit. How-
ever, growers as a whole pay little attention to the attacks of the
“hopper ” since grapes of poor quality usually fetch as good prices
as superior fruits because of faulty methods in marketing. With
the better system of packing and grading grapes, which must come
if Chautauqua grapes are to be worth growing, the importance of
controlling the pest will generally be better appreciated.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER IN CHAUTAUQUA
COUNTY.

The species of grape leaf-hopper most common on Concord
grapes in Chautauqua county is Typhlocyba comes Say. There is
much variation in this species, although the typical form prevails.
Occasionally one finds variety octonotata Walsh. The typical
comes, during the summer, has zigzag yellow lines and three black
spots on the elytra: one on the costal (outer) margin, which is

New York Agricutruran Experiment Srarion. O73
round and near the apex of the wings; another on the costal
margin, which is nearly rectangular and is about half the distance
from the base to the apex of the wing, another on the inner
margin about one-fifth the distance from the apex to the scutellum.
The black spots on the elytra remain constant during the insect’s
life, but the yellow markings are subject to change. The bright
yellow of summer turns to salmon before the insects leave the vine
in autumn, and by winter the markings become red. These indi-
viduals change again to yellow in the spring after the insects have
been feeding on the grape.

The variety octonotata differs from the typical comes in having
a broad, dark median stripe on the scutellum (the triangular piece
at the base of the wings) and has a large dark spot on the inner
margin near the base of the “wing.” During 1911 there were less
than one-tenth as many of the variety octonotata in the vineyards
as of the typical comes. On certain varieties of grapes (which
are listed later) T. comes is practically absent but its place is
taken by another species T. tricincta’ Fitch which is rather
striking in appearance. This species is seldom found on the Con-
cord in Chautauqua county and so cannot be called a common
insect. So far as it has been studied its life history is similar to
T. comes and it is apparently susceptible to the same treatment.

FOOD PLANTS.

The several species of grape leaf-hoppers doubtless fed origin-
ally on the various species of wild grapes that are indigenous to
the Lake Erie valley. Since 7. comes and T. tricincta differ in
the variety of grapes each infests the food plants of each species
will, for the sake of clearness, be discussed separately. 17’. comes

1This species is slightly larger than T. comes and may be recognized by
the following characters: Across the elytra there are three dark bands. The
band at the apex is dusky, except a dark spot, and covers the apical fourth
of the elytron. The middle band extends across each wing cover, being sub-
triangular. The outer portions are composed of a black spot almost rec-
tangular in shape and situated about one-half the distance from the base to
the apex. From this spot the band widens until it reaches the inner margin,
being a dark red. The third band extends across the base of the elytra, the
seutellum and the posterior part of the prothorax, and varies from red
to purple. The eyes and sides of the prothorax are purple.

374 Report or tHE DerartMent or Enromonocy oF THE

feeds chiefly on the species and varieties of grapes having thick
leaves with the under sides covered with pubescence. Vitis bicolor
Le Conte (the summer or blue grape) is the most common species
of wild grape in Chautauqua county. It has thick leaves with a
downy under surface and it is a common occurrence to find
T. comes breeding upon it. The varieties of cultivated grapes upon
which 7’. comes has been observed breeding are as follows:

Severely infested and badly injured: Agawam, Brilliant, Camp-
bell Early, Catawba, Concord, Delaware, Goff, Herbert, Iona,
Lindley, Mills, Regal, Salem, Winchell and Worden.

Badly infested but not as severely injured as the preceding:
Brighton, Jefferson, Niagara, Noah, Vergennes and Wilder.

Seldom infested: Bacchus, Clevener and Clinton.

Tt will be noted that two thin, smooth-leaved varieties, Dela-
ware and Winchell, are included in this list, but all the others are
varieties having pubescence on the under surfaces of the leaves,
which are thick or moderately thick.

T tricincta breeds on Vitis vulpina L. (the frost or riverbank
grape) a thin-leaved species of wild grape that is found occasion-
ally in Chautauqua county. It also breeds on the following varie-
ties of cultivated grapes:

Very abundant: Bacchus, Clevener, Clinton and Gloire.

Few to one-half the number present (the other being 7. comes) :
Agawam, Brighton, Brilliant, Delaware, Herbert, Iona, Lindley,
Mills, Salem, Vergennes and Wilder.

The tendency of this species to select smooth-leaved varieties is
shown, but it should also be noted that it breeds on some of the
varieties in common with 7’. comes. It, however, has never been
seen by the author breeding on the following varieties: Campbell
Early, Catawba, Concord, Goff, Jefferson, Niagara, Noah, Regal,
Winchell or Worden, all of which have pubescence on the under
surfaces of the leaves.

During the warmer days of the hibernating period both species
feed on various weeds and green plants. Timothy and blue grass
afford favorite harbors for them.

lots)
I
On

New York Aaericcrtorat Exprrrrment Station.

LIFE HISTORY,

Emergence in the spring.— When the warm spring days cause
the various perennial weeds and other plants to begin growth, the
grape leaf-hopper seeks these and feeds upon them, but prefers
plants belonging to the bush fruits. They feed on these until the
new growth of the grape vines has started, when they migrate to
them and feed particularly on the shoots and leaves nearer the
ground. It is the lower portion of a vine that first shows the
results of leaf-hopper infestation, and the infested leaves turn
yellow early in the summer. As the season advances and the lower
growths become seriously injured the adult “ hoppers” attack the
leaves higher on the vines.

Egg stage.—The leaf-hoppers seek the vines during the first
two weeks in May and, after feeding for a short time, copulate.
The eggs are laid in the tissues of the under sides of the leaves
and are so carefully hidden under the epidermis that they are
difficult to find. June is the month in which most of the eggs
are laid and these give rise to the first brood of nymphs. In an
advanced season oviposition may commence as early as the first
week in June, but if the year is backward the first eggs may not be
deposited until near the middle of this month. The number of eggs
deposited reaches its maximum in the latter part of June. Since
many of the old hoppers are still alive on the vines when the
nymphs reach maturity, it is rather difficult to determine the time
of last egg-laying of the over-wintering adults. Of the eggs which
are deposited during August the majority undoubtedly are laid by
the new brood of adults. The second period of egg laying may
last until the middle of September.

Nymphal stage— During 1911 the first nymphs appeared June
12, and the maximum numbers were on the vines by July 1.
Many were changing to adults about July 15. During the latter
part of August large numbers of nymphs in various stages of
development were again observed. Individuals of the first instar
were observed as late as October 1. There is little doubt that the
long warm summer season of 1911 produced two distinct broods,

376 Rerorr or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

It is the common belief that the species during normal years is
limited to a single brood with a partial second brood. By the
time the leaves of the grape fall most nymphs have transformed
to adults. The question of the number of broods can be settled
only by a series of breedings extending through normal and ab-
normal seasons.

Adults.—As has been mentioned before, the winter is passed
in the adult stage. These adults, after returning to the vines
in the spring, copulate and the females begin oviposition during
June. The over-wintering adults live until August and perhaps
longer. Thus one can find this stage of the insect on the vines
or among the fallen leaves in the vineyard during the entire
year.

EXPERIMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF GRAPE LEAF-
HOPPER;

During the seasons of 1910 and 1911 experiments to find the
best method of control for the “ hopper ” were conducted in the
vineyards of Mr. Charles C. Horton, Mr. Mark J. Sackett and
Mr. Charles Secord of Silver Creek and during 1911 in the vine-
yard of Mr. F. A. Morehouse of Ripley. The experiments dur-
ing 1910 have been discussed in Bulletin 331, and it will be noted
that the most satisfactory spraying mixture contained nicotine.
The weakest dilution used was one part of “ Black Leaf Tobacco
Extract” to 100 parts of water. The experiments during 1911
were planned to corroborate the results of 1910 and also to test
out various brands of nicotine products and other contact insecti-
cides. About thirty acres of vineyard were used in the experi-
ments.

From the standpoint of effectiveness in the control of the in-
sect, ease of application and safety to the grape foliage, the nico-
tine sprays have proven the best of the materials tried. The
most economical dilution of a nicotine product was found to be
that in which the spray material contained 2/100 of one per ct.
nicotine. It was demonstrated that with very thorough appli-

New York AGricuLtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BY ar |

cation the younger nymphs were killed with somewhat weaker
solutions but that the older nymphs would escape unless the work
was carefuly done. On the basis of the nicotine content, the proper
dilutions for mixtures to control the grape leaf-hopper are “ Black
Leaf Tobacco Extract” one part to 150 parts water, and “ Black
Leaf 40” one part to 1600 parts water. %

In the tests it was very apparent that the older the nymph the
greater its power of resistance to the mixtures. It required less
material to kill the younger nymphs. Even a fine-mist spray
will suffice for the very immature insects, but it will not prove
effective against the larger nymphs. The adult insects are fre-
quently hit while on the wing, but as a rule they are affected in
too small numbers to be considered in the spraying operations.

The experiments also proved that the most satisfactory results
can only be attained when the material is applied with a pressure
of about 125 lbs. and nozzles are used that throw a coarse spray
against the under sides of the leaves. Nozzles throwing a mist
spray, even if a high pressure is maintained, will not cover the
insects sufficiently to kill them; and nozzles throwing a coarse
spray are ineilective with low pressures. This is especially true
when using an automatic leaf-hopper sprayer (described below)
or when the trailing-hose outfit, operated by hand, is employed.
Even with hand-spraying, the men operating the nozzles must be
very careful to do thorough work or failure will result. Efficient
results were always obtained when the vines were thoroughly
sprayed.

One objection to the use of nicotine sprays when applied by
means of “ trailers” is the saturation of the clothes of the men
handling the nozzles. This has caused nausea in several in-
stances and led to attempts by various growers to arrange fixed
nozzles to throw the spray on the under sides of the leaves. These
devices were failures as they did not do thorough work on vines
with heavy foliage. Among the various contrivances that were
devised was one made by Mr. F. A. Morehouse which had some
good points but, however, several serious faults. In order to

378 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

make this workable, improvements were needed, and the author
finally devised the machine with three booms with adjustable
nozzles. Mr. Morehouse and the author together then developed
the complete spraying attachment as shown. (Plates XX XIV-
XXXVII.) The machine when used with a pressure of 125-150
Ibs. was very effective in killing the nymphs since between 80 and
90 per ct. of the foliage on dense vines was covered with a coarse
spray. ‘This outfit is described as follows:

AN AUTOMATIC GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER SPRAYING
ATTACHMENT.

DESCRIPTION.

The outfit consists of two frames, one placed on each side of a
vineyard sprayer (Plates XX XIV-XXXVII). Each frame (F,
Plate XX XVII) is more or less rectangular in shape and is
attached to the sprayer by three supports (S) which are bolted as
shown in the figure. The frame carries three booms (B) swing-
ing outward from the frame and each is kept pressed away from
the frame by means of a spring (A). Near the free end of each
boom is placed a cyclone type of nozzle (N) set so as to deliver
the spray upward. This nozzle is prevented from tearing the
young canes of the grape and at same time is protected by means
of the slanting projection (P). The spray material is delivered
to the pipe (G) from which it is distributed by hose (H.) and pipe
connections (C). The upper and middle booms are of different
lengths and swing from the forward part of the frame, the shorter
being above. The lower boom is of the same length as the middle
one but is swung from the upright at the offset in the frame.

This attachment as used in the experiments mentioned before
was built under the author’s directions by Mr. George Laurie of
Silver Creek, who constructed it with the following dimensions
and materials: The frame is of %4-inch iron pipe, being of the di-
mensions shown in the drawing (Plate XX XIII). Screw threads
are cut on the pipes which are fitted into the various elbows and
T’s used. The supports are °*4-inch iron rods having serew

‘INANHOVLLY DNIAVYdG AAddOP-AVA] Advay OLLVNOLAY 40 ‘AvaY Woud “MATA TVSANAY) —ATXXX SLVTd

“EINGWHOVLLY SNIAVEdS YAddOl{-Ava'T Udviy OILYNOLNY Ao ‘ada WOUd “MATA IWHHNDY —AXXX LVI d

‘LUVO AVUdG WOW GAAOWAY ‘LNANHOVLLY ONIAVAdG AdddOY-AVAT Advay OLLVWOLAVY—J[AXXX ILVId

“INGUNHOVLLY ONIAVEdS WddOY[-AVAT Adve OILVNOLOY 40 NVId Tividq —]IAXXX 4LvV1d

Cae ahnie 5 enue

INAWHOVLLY

> 3 2’@_________,

New York AcricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 379

threads at one end to fit into the T’s, and the other end flattened
to a width of 114 inches with 14-inch holes drilled about 6 inches
apart. The booms are made of 7s-inch tire steel 2 inches wide and
have the shapes shown in the illustrations (Plates XX XIV—
XXXVII). One end of each boom is bent entirely around
the pipe, thus forming a bearing. Brass spring wire ¥g inch in
diameter is inserted in a small hole in the pipe and the wire
wound about the pipe several times, thus forming a coil spring
with the end attached to the boom about one foot from the spring.
The springs are above the middle and lower booms, but the spring
is below the upper one, thus serving to hold the boom in position.
The slanting projection is a piece of tire steel 4 inch wide, ¥%
inch thick and 6 inches in length. This is riveted to the inner
side of the boom about 8 inches from the end and set at an angle
of 20°. The nozzle is of the cyclone type with a large apertured
disc. The nozzle is connected to a short pipe by means of two
street L’s which allow the placing of the nozzle in any position.
The pipe is about one foot in length, is fastened to the boom end
and connects with the hose by means of an elbow ard a nipple.
The hose is 14 inch in diameter and connects by a nipple fastened
to the sunnly pipe. The lower boom should be about 8 inches from
the ground, which would place the middle boom about 1 foot 8
inches and the upper one 8 feet 4 inches above ground. This ap-
paratus is designed for grapes on wires with the rows 8 to 10
feet apart. It can be built by a blacksmith or plumber for less
than $20 (not including the cost of the nozzles).

RECOMMENDATIONS.

To obtain efficient results against the leaf-hopper with either
the trailing hose and extensions or the automatic grape leaf-
hopper sprayer, the following precautions should be observed :

(1) The spraying must be done at the proper time.— This time
will vary with the season, but in Chautauqua county it is some-
time during the month of July. The first nymphs appeared
June 12, 1911, whereas the first nymphs for normal years ap-

380 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

pear between the 15th and 20th of June. The maximum number
of nymphs appeared the last week of June and the first two weeks
of July in 1911, but in normal years the maximum numbers ap-
pear from about July 4 until the first of August. Spraying should
be done when the maximum number of nymphs are present, thus
killing the largest number of insects which will usually confine
the number of sprayings to one. One must judge the time by
watching the development of the insects.

(2) The proper contact insecticide must be used and at the
proper strength.— The experiments mentioned before show that a
nicotine solution diluted until there is 2/100 of 1 per ct. nicotine
in the spray material will kill the nymphs. This means that
“Black Leaf 40” (40 per ct. nicotine) should be used 1 part
to 1600 parts of water, and “ Black Leaf Tobacco Extract” (2.7
per ct. nicotine) should be used 1 part to 150 parts of water.
Other preparations must be diluted according to their nicotine
contents.

(3) Sufficient spray mixture must be used to drench the in-
sects.— Where the foliage is dense this is accomplished by means
of nozzles adapted to throw a large amount of coarse spray. Noz-
zles of the cyclone type with large apertured discs are preferred.
The folly of using a fine mist spray when the foliage is heavy has
repeatedly been shown since with nozzles throwing such a spray
the leaf-hopper nymphs were not killed in sufficient numbers,
even though the spraying mixture contained as high as 5/100
of 1 per ct. nicotine.

(4) A pressure of from 125 to 150 pounds per square inch
is necessary.— Use a pressure gage as the grower may then know
the amount of pressure the sprayer is carrying. Applications
at low pressure are a waste of time and material. Experiments
conducted with a sprayer carrying the automatic leaf-hopper
spraying attachment and operating at from only 60 to 80 pounds
pressure were failures.

(5) The under sides of the leaves must be thoroughly hit by
the spray.— This means that when the spraying is done by the
trailing hose and extensions, the work must be done carefully.

New York AGricutturRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 381

If the automatic leaf-hopper sprayer is used, the nozzles must be
set at the proper angles on the booms. There is no fixed rule.
Each nozzle must be set so as to cover the under sides of the most
foliage. Usually the nozzle on the lower boom is set to throw
the spray vertically, since this boom can swing under the vines
farther than the others. The nozzles on the middle and top booms
must be set at slightly different angles. The height of the vines,
the manner of trimming and the direction of the wind must all
be taken into consideration: One should examine the under sides
of the sprayed leaves from time to time to see that the nozzles are
properly adjusted.

(6) Drive slow tf foliage 1s dense.— If one is using a traction
sprayer (one in which the power is secured by gearing attached
to the wheels of the sprayer) it should have a pump of sufficient
capacity to maintain a pressure of 150 lbs. per sq. in., using six
large apertured nozzles and driving slowly. With gasoline en-
gine sprayers it is necessary to have an engine and pump of
sufficient capacity to carry the required pressure with six large
nozzles.

Spraying as directed one would use nearly 150 gallons of spray
material per acre where the foliage is dense. Where vines are
weak or young and the foliage is not dense, one can secure good
results by using discs with slightly smaller apertures, thus using
less spray per acre. One’s judgment must govern him in the
use of material economically.

With the use of 150 gallons of material per acre, using the nico-
tine preparations at the present prices, it would cost about $1.25
per acre for material to control the grape leaf-hopper for a
season.

THE APPLE AND CHERRY ERMINE MOTHS.*
P. J. PARROTT anv W. J. SCHOENE.

SUMMARY.

During recent years colonies of the caterpillars of the apple and
cherry ermine moths have been discovered in considerable numbers
in the State of New York. These insects were introduced in ship-
ments of foreign nursery stock and appeared in plantations of
imported apple and cherry seedlings. According to the records of
the Division of Nursery Inspection infested plants have been found at
Lockport, Hilton, Chili, Dansville, Rochester, Penfield, Newark,
Orleans, Seneca and Geneva in western New York; at Johnstown
and Schoharie in the Mohawk Valley region, and at Blauvelt, in the
Hudson River Valley.

From the material that has been collected two species of moths
were bred — Yponomeuta malinellus Zell., which thrives largely on
apple, and Y. padellus L., which is a more general feeder, showing
preference for hawthorn, plum and cherry. Both species are com-
mon and destructive fruit pests in Europe.

The adult insects are small moths, with snowy white, black-
dotted anterior wings. The hind wings are gray or leaden in color,
with long fringes on lateral and posterior margins. The wing
expanse is about 20 mm. The caterpillars are quite variable in
color, ranging from pale to grayish or greenish brown, and they
average about 15 mm. in length. They have web-forming habits
and live in a common web, and in this they spin their cocoons.

In the studies on the life history of these insects during the past
four years the moths appeared during the first two weeks in July,
and oviposition began about the middle of this month. The eggs
are deposited in oval-shaped masses near a bud, usually of the
current year’s terminal growth, and less frequently on the older
wood. Hatching takes place in early autumn and the young larve
remain through the winter under the protecting crust of the egg
shells. In the spring they assemble among the tender leaflets of
an adjacent bud, which they attack. The older caterpillars feed
openly on the foliage under the protection of a thin, grayish web.
With the need of more food they extend their webs, seizing and
involving fresh leaves in a common nest. In severe attacks trees
may be defoliated and completely covered with the silken tents of
the insects. Pupation took place during the latter part of June and
early July and the moths lived from the beginning of July to
about the middle of August.

+A reprint of Technical Bulletin No. 24. November, 1912.

[382]

New York AgGricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 383

These insects have, in their normal habitat, a large number of
natural enemies, the most important of which belong to the orders
Hymenoptera and Diptera. In spite of the large numbers of the
moths’ eggs imported into the United States, the lepidopterons
were apparently unaccompanied by their more common and efficient
parasites. An ichneumon, Mesochorus sp., was obtained from
padellus reared on cherry, and a tachinid, Hvxorista arvicola Meigen,
was quite abundant in some colonies of malinellus caterpillars
subsisting on apple.

Comparisons of the structures of the caterpillars and of the male
genitalia show no tangible structural differences between padellus
and malinellus. The absence of differential features suggests that
the moths from ‘hawthorn and cherry and those from apple consti-
tute a single species; but cross breeding experiments are desirable
to settle definitely the status of the two forms.

An outbreak of these insects is to be expected from two sources:
(1) From the annual importation of infested foreign-grown nursery
stock, and (2) from spread of the pests that may have established
themselves along the avenues of trade in previous shipments. The
remedy is careful inspection of nurseries during June and the
destruction of infested plants. As fruit pests, the insects would
prove amenable to prevailing spraying practices.

INTRODUCTION.

A study of the insect outbreaks from year to year in the State of
New York will impress one with the number of introduced species
and their great importance to its fruit interests. These constitute
a steady and a severe drain on its horticultural resources. Many of
the principal introductions in the past had their origin in Europe,
and in the diverse and constantly increasing intercourse with the
United States there is a marked trend of migration of the common
and destructive species to this country. Common pests of fruit
trees in all parts of the continent are certain insects, known as
“ermine moths,” which are discussed in almost every leading work
upon European economic entomology. Interest is now directed to
these insects as they have during recent years been brought into this
State in considerable numbers in foreign importations of nursery
stock. It is desired to call attention to their injurious nature, the
circumstances of their discovery and the danger that exists of these
pests being introduced, if they have not already become established.

THE ERMINE MOTHS.

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

These moths constitute the genus Yponomeuta of the family
Yponomeutide. In Dyar’s list of North American Lepidoptera this

384 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

family is placed between the Tortricide and the Gelechiide. The
genus is a small one, but it contains a few species which, because of
their common occurrence and economic importance, are well-known
insects in their normal range of distribution. The moths are small
and have an expanse of wings which varies from about twenty to
twenty-five millimeters, according to the species. A characteristic
feature of these insects is that the anterior wings of most species are
brilliantly snowy white, and marked with black dots. The hind
wings are generally darker, being grayish or leaden in color, and
possess long fringes on the lateral and posterior margins. The
caterpillars are gregarious and have web-forming habits. They live
in a common web which may involve many twigs and leaves, and in
this they spin their cocoons.

HISTORICAL NOTES AND SYNONYMY.

The history and synonymy of padellus and malinellus are as fol-
lows: The former was described by Linnzus! in 1758 under the
name of Phalena (Tinea) padella,? and fruit trees are given as its
host plants. Fabricius * in 1775 describes the moth, larva and pupa
and states that the insect occurs on fruit trees. Believing that it
was distinct from padellus, Zeller, in 1844, designated the form
occurring on apple as malinellus. The species described by him as
variabilis is listed by most writers as a synonym of padellus.

Latreille > in 1796 describes the genus Yponomeuta,® and in 18027
he gives Tinea evonymella L. as the type. Stephens® in 1829
established the family Yponomeutide. Sodoffsky® in 1837 changed

1Linnaeus. Systema Nature, 10th Ed. 1:535. 1758.

2 Padella, so named from Prunus padus L., the European bird cherry. The Linnzan
names for several of the Yponomeuta species are very misleading. Prunus padus is
the principal host plant of Y. evonymellus L., but the insect’s name would imply that
it lives on Evonymus. This confusion Zeller sought to correct.

3 Fabricius. Systema Entomologie, p. 656. 1775.

4TJsis, p. 220. 1844.

5 Latreille. Précis des Caractéres génériques des Insectes, p. 146. 1796.

6 This is of Greek origin Szuvopsbw “I mine,” and is presumably taken to mean
“one who undermines” or “who works under the surface’. The derivative
bzovopedtys belongs to the first declension masculine, and we have therefore used
“us ” endings in the names of the species.

It should also be noted that words which begin with ‘‘ upsilon ”’ have the rough
breathing, which is represented by the letter ‘“‘h”’ in words derived from the Greek,
— thus Szozptt7¢ becomes hypocrite in English. If Latreille had followed this rule
he would have designated his genus Hyponomeuta instead of Yponomeuta, but in
spite of its unusual formation, which is a modern invention, there appears to be no
other choice than to accept his selection.

7 Latreille. Histoire Naturelle générale et particuliére des Crustacés et des Insectes.
3: 467. 1802.

8Stephens. Catalogue of British Insects, p. 193. 1829.

9 Sodoffsky. Etymologische Untersuchungen ueber die Gattungsnamen der Schmet-
terlinge, p. 21. 1837.

q
n

New York AaricutrurRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 385

Y ponomeuta to Hyponomeuta' which was adopted by Zeller, Stainton
and other systematic and economic writers. In Dyar’s? list, 1902,
Busck reverted to the original orthography Yponomeuta, which we
have adopted.

ATTACKS UPON FRUIT TREES; HOST PLANTS. *

Many of the ermine moths attack fruit trees. The most common
and destructive species is perhaps Yponomeuta padellus L., which
feeds principally on the cultivated plum, blackthorn (Prunus
spinosa L.) and hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha L.). 'Taschenberg,?
Boisduval,! Rebaté® and Theobald ® record it as attacking either
wild or cultivated cherries. There has been some doubt as to
whether padellus actually thrives on apples, but many writers
including Major,’ Delacour,* Westwood,’ Stainton, K6llar 4 and
Ormerod ” list this fruit among its host plants. In England padellus
has been generally regarded as the species attacking apple.
Schéyen ™ of Norway states that padellus is the common species on
apples, and Bos “ of Holland has observed padellus migrating from
Crategus to apple trees. Nd6rdlinger,!’ Mokshetsky © and Reh
record the pear as one of its hosts. Other plants mentioned by
various writers are the medlar (Mespilus germanica L.), the Euro-
pean mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and the ash (Fraxinus
excelsior L.). In describing conditions in Crimea Mokshetsky
gives the white willow (Salix alba L.) and the spindle tree (Hvonymus
verrucosa Scop.) as the chief host plants, and the larch and the
plum (Prunus domestica) as less subject to attack.

1 See footnote 6 on previous page.

2Dyar. North American Lepidoptera, p. 489. 1902.

3 Quoted from Judeich-Nitsche’s Foist-Insektenkunde, 2: 1069.
4 Essai sur l’Entomologie Horticole, p. 574. 1867.

5 La Chenille Fileuse du Prunier, p. 8. 1909.

5 Insect Pests of Fruit, p. 91. 1909.

1 Treatise on Insects. 1829.

8 Hssai sur les Insectes, p. 293. 1850.

9 The Gardeners Magazine, 13: 433-489. 1837.

10 Lepidoptera Tineina, pp. 58-61. 1854.

1 Treatise on Insects, trans. by Loudon, p. 226. 1840.

2 Manual of Injurious Insects, p. 263. 1881.

B Ztschr. Pflanzenkr., 3: 268-269. 1893.

4 Letter of April 26, 1910.

15 Die Kieinen Feinde der Landwirthschaft, p. 460. 1869.

1% The Apple Moth, p. 15. 1907.

1 Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten (Sorauer), 3: pp. 271-274. 1909.

* The difficulty of identifying certain of the ermine moths has led to confusion as
to the food plants of each. This is especially true of the species padellus and
malinellus, which have unquestionably been mistaken one for the other, and perhaps
confounded with other forms of very similar appearance.

15

886 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT or ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

Y. malinellus Zell., as the name implies, thrives on the apple,
which constitutes its favorite host. Marchal‘! records its occurrence
in destructive numbers on the almond (Amygdalus communis L.).
Dahlbom, according to Kaltenbach,? included the wild service tree
(Sorbus torminalis Crtz.). It has not generally been considered as
a British species, but on the other hand Theobald? asserts that it
exists in that country on apples and has been confused with padellus.
Kuwana?‘ states that while malinellus occurs most commonly on
apples in Japan, it nevertheless may feed on the sand pear (Pyrus
sinensis Lindl.), the Chinese flowering apple (P. spectabilis Ait.),
the quince (Cydonia vulgaris Pers.), the peach (Amygdalus persica
Sieb. and Zucce.), the Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus pseudo-
cerasus Lindl.), and the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.).

Besides these two moths there are several other species of relatively
minor importance which are recorded as attacking fruit trees; and
these are respectively as follows:

Y. mahalebellus Gn., which is recorded by Marchal! as common
on the Mahaleb cherry.

Y. cognatellus Hb. is very similar in appearance to the foregoing
species, and according to Wahl® and Kirchner ° is a common pest
on cultivated plums. Mokshetsky’ records it also upon the
Mahaleb cherry and apple.

Y. irrorellus Hb. occurs, according to Hess,’ principally on the
spindle tree (Hvonymus europeus L.) and sometimes feeds on plum.

Y. rorellus Hb., which is said to be similar to padellus, commonly
thrives on the willow. Rossler,® however, reported its occurrence
on cultivated plums.

Y. evonymellus L., which is quite readily distinguished from other
species by its size and larger number of black spots on wings, breeds
chiefly on the European bird cherry (Prunus padus L.). Lunardoni 1°
reports it upon cultivated cherries, and Theobald * on both cherries
and apples.

COMMON NAMES.

As they are quite common insects and are widely distributed
throughout Europe, these moths have been designated by many
local and popular names: Delacour! called padellus ‘‘ La teigne
hermine ’’, the ‘‘ Ermine moth ”’, which was suggested by the anterior

1 Bul. Soc. d’ Etud. et Vulg. Zool. Agric., p. 17. 1902.

2 From Kaltenbach’s Die Pflanzenfeinde, p. 194. 1874.

3 Insect Pests of Fruit, p. 91. 1909.

4 Letter of Mar. 31, 1911.

> Die Bekimpfung der Gespinstmotten, p. 4. 1907.

6 Die Obstbaumgespinstmotten, p. 3. 1905.

7The Apple Moth, p. 15. 1907.

® Die Feinde des Obstbaues, p. 259. 1892.

® Quoted from Kaltenbach’s Die Pflanzenfeinde, p. 169.

10 Mentioned by Marchal in Bul. Soc. d’Etud. et Vulg. Zool. Agric. 1902, p. 23 (foot-
note).

11 Hissai sur les Insectes, p. 293. 1850.

New York AGricuLtuRAL ExprrIMENT STATION. 387

silken white wings punctuated by black spots. This name has gen-
erally been accepted for popular usage in England, where these
moths are known as the “ Small”’,! or ‘‘ Little, ermine moths ”’.
Species of economic importance in that country are commonly
referred to as the ‘“‘ Hawthorn ermine moth ” or the ‘“‘ Apple ermine
moth”’, etc., according to the host. Judeich-Nitsche? designated
this group of moths as ‘‘ Schwarzpunktmotten ”’, which obviously
was also suggested by the aspect of the front wings. The gauzy
texture of the webs or tents spun by the caterpillars doubtless led
Jablonowski* of Hungary to call these insects “‘ Pékhal6s Molyok ”’,
“cobweb moths ’’, and in taxonomic treatises by German writers
these insects are frequently referred to as the ‘‘ Gespinstmotten ”’,
which again suggests their web-spinning habits.

The more destructive species have received a variety of names
throughout their range of distribution. Particularly is this true of
the form attacking apples which in England is known as the “‘ Apple
ermine moth” (Theobald, Collinge); in France as “ La chenille
fileuse du pommier ” (Rebaté) or “ L’ hyponomeute du pommier ”
(Marchal); in Germany and Austria as the “‘ Apfelgespinstmotte ”
(Wahl, Kirchner, Hess); in Norway as “‘ Eplespindmol ” (Schéyen),
in Sweden as “ Apelspinnmal ” (Lampa); in Crimea as ‘‘ Yablonnaya
mol”, the “Apple moth” (Mokshetsky); and in Japan as the
“Ringo no sumushi”, the “Apple veil worm,” or “ Ringo
kemushi’’, the ‘“ Apple caterpillar’? (Kuwana). These also indi-
cate the importance which is attached to this species as a destructive
pest of the apple.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

The ermine moths are regarded abroad as very destructive pests
of fruit trees, and because of their importance to horticultural inter-
ests, standard European works of reference on orchard insects usually
contain a very complete account of these species. Y. padellus has
largely derived its reputation for destructiveness from its attacks
on hawthorns and plums, and with these some writers would also
include cherries and apples. During certain seasons it is a very
common pest on hawthorn which may be rendered very unsightly

1 The prefix “little ” as frequently used by British entomologists in this connection
is apparently employed for the purpose of distinguishing these moths from some
arctiid species which are of somewhat similar appearance but are much larger. Kappel
and Kirby in British and European Butterflies and Moths (1895) mention the fol-
lowing species: Ermine moth (Spilosoma lubricipeda Fabr.); Water ermine moth
(Spilosoma urtice Esp.) and White ermine moth (Spilosoma menthastri W. V.). In
this connection it is also of interest to note that Riley in ‘ Shade Trees and their
Insect Defoliators ’, U.S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Bul. 10, referred to the form punctatisstma
of Hyphantria cunea Drury as the ‘‘ Many spotted ermine moth ”’, while Smith in
Economic Entomology, p. 266, designates Spilosoma virginica as the ‘‘ White ermine
moth ”’.

2 Forst-Insektenkunde, 2: 1067.

3 A Gyiimdlesfak és a $2616 K4rtevé Rovarai, p. 45. 1902.

388 Report oF THE DEePARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

by being stripped of the foliage while the bare wood is covered by
the conspicuous webs or tents of the insects. In the leading plum-
growing districts of France, such as the ‘‘ Départements ”’ of Lot-et-
Garonne, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Dordogne and Gironde, this species
constitutes one of the chief pests of this fruit. Rebaté and Bernés
report that serious outbreaks of the insect occur periodically. In
an account of the history of the pest in the Département of Lot-et-
Garonne they state that in 1848 all trees were attacked and from
1867 to 1871, in 1882 and again in 1888 much damage was done by it.
There was an outbreak in 1901 which was followed by a more severe
one in 1902, and it was not until 1904 that its injurious attacks
ceased. During 1908 the caterpillars again increased to destructive
numbers and serious depredations to plums occurred during 1909.

The apple is especially susceptible to attacks by the ermine moth
and wherever this fruit is grown in Europe this insect is one of the
most common and destructive pests. In 1838 according to Maurice
Girard, “the farmers of Normandy [France] beheld the distressing
spectacle of [apple] trees stripped of their foliage and covered with
thousands of caterpillars. These, having nothing more on which
to subsist hung here and there suspended in enormous masses within
a web, while the trunks of the trees were enshrouded with a silken
web which concealed the bark. Not only was the crop destroyed
in various cantons for several years, but a large number of trees in
full bearing succumbed to the injuries.’””?’ Marchal reports that in
certain areas of France malinellus appears almost every year in
more or less destructive numbers, and that in some communities
where there have been serious outbreaks for successive years almond
trees have been killed. This species was, in 1902, very abundant
and destructive throughout France.

Theobald regards malinellus as an important pest of apples in
England. According to Whitehead? an Yponomeuta caused
“ exceeding destruction in this country in 1865. It was also very
troublesome in most of the large apple-producing districts in the
year 1877 and in some few places again in 1880. * * * Whole
orchards were entirely devastated in the two first-named years, so
that at the commencement of July the trees were as bare of foliage
as in December. Leaves, blossoms and fruit were all cleared off by
the innumerable caterpillars which not only devoured every particle
of these, but also actually began to gnaw the most tender portions
of the fruit-bearing spurs. Not only did they utterly ruin the crop
in these seasons, but they also injured the trees so extensively that
they only yielded a small crop in the subsequent seasons.”

Reh? writes that malinellus was a great scourge in Germany
during 1910, and that apple trees were seriously affected. ;

1 Quoted from G. Barbut, Le Progres Agricole a enti p. 307. 1899.

* Rept. Inj. Ins. to Fruit Crops No. 3, p. 68.
3 Letter of June 27, 1910.

1 9 E
New Yorx AcricutruraAL ExpreriIMENT STATION. 389

Lampa records that in 1908 malinellus ravaged apple orchards
generally in Onsala and Fjire in the Province of Holland, Sweden.
in one orchard all trees were completely attacked, not a single one
escaping. A lesser attack occurred in 1909. During the outbreak
of this year the trees were defoliated in five days and were so covered
with webs that they had the appearance of a “‘ fur coat ”’.

According to Mokshetsky malinellus has caused much damage to
apple orchards, especially in the regions of Russia subject to dry
climate. It is a common insect in fruit plantings, but from time
to time it increases to incredible numbers. These outbreaks are of
a periodical nature and coincide with years of exceptional droughts,
approximately once in ten years. Such took place in 1874-75, in
1884-86, in 1894-96, and lastly in 1904-05. Orchards that are
severely attacked have the leaves all eaten off, standing as bare as
in winter, and are merely covered by a web containing worm-eaten
fragments and clusters of the cocoons of the moth. The remnants
of the leaves dry up and redden. In consequence of the heat of
summer, growth is slow, and under such conditions the production
of fruit may be checked for several years. According to Schreiner
the yearly loss to the apple crop in the Government of Saratov alone
approximates three million marks.

Kuwana says that it is one of the most troublesome insects of
apple growers and is a familiar species to most persons in the apple-
growing regions of northern Japan. The conspicuous feature of
its damage is the defoliation of the trees.

Saracomenos says that a large number of fruit trees, such as
apple, pear and plum, which are grown on an extensive scale on
the Island of Cyprus, are attacked by padellus and malinellus.
These insects may not only destroy the crops, but if they appear
in large numbers for a series of years they may also cause the death
of the trees. Other writers in still different fruit-growing regions
of Europe comment in like manner on the destructive capacity of
these insects.

DISTRIBUTION.

These two moths are generally distributed throughout Europe.
The form padellus occurs in England, Scotland and Ireland, and on
the continent, ranging from Norway and Sweden to the north and
Italy and the Island of Cyprus to the south. Staudinger! and
Rebel mention in its range of distribution Sarajevo, Croatia, Fiume,
Dalmatia, Siebenbiirgen, Roumania, West Bulgaria, Greece, Armenia
and Tura (West Siberia). According to Képpen it probably occurs
over a greater part of European Russia and Turkestan.

The associated form, malinellus, has a range similar to the fore-
going species. Mokshetsky states that in the extreme northwest
of Russia and in Poland, where there are many orchards of the

1 Ann. d. K. K. Naturhis. Hofmus. Wien, 1904, p. 346.

390 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOM9DLOGY OF THE

principal varieties of apples, the moth occurs only in trifling numbers;
but it is most severely felt in southern and middle Russia where the
dry, continental climate of this region seems to be more favorable
for the propagation of the insect. Its distribution is largely con-
fined to the area of apple growing, which is bounded by the govern-
mental states of Livonia, St. Petersburg and Viatka on the north
to Taurida, Saratov and Kursk southward. Unlike padellus this
moth occurs in Japan, and according to Kuwana it is very common
in the kens or prefectures of Hokkaido, Aomori, Akita, Iwate,
Yamagata and Nagano, all of which are in the northern and eastern
portions of the kingdom.

BIGLOGY OF THE ERMINE MOTHS.

LIFE STAGES OF padellus.

Egg.— The eggs are deposited in masses, usually oval in shape,
which are elongated in the general direction of the twig on which
they are situated. The egg mass appears as a reticulated disk or
pellicle, which is flattened but slightly convex, and is closely attached
to the bark. The dimensions are generally from three to five milli-
meters in length and upwards of four millimeters in width, but the
egg masses vary much in size as well as in shape, depending on the
number of eggs they contain and their accommodation to the
positions on the convex surfaces of the twigs. Not infrequently
they very much resemble a eulecanium scale in its earlier stages of
development. The individual egg has the appearance of a flattened,
yellow, soft disk, oval in shape, with the central area slightly raised,
and marked with longitudinal ribbings. It measures about seven
hundred microns wide and eight hundred to nine hundred fifty
microns in length. The eggs are arranged in rows and are super-
imposed on one another like tiles on a roof, the imbrication being
very noticeable under slight magnification. The number of eggs
in an assemblage is variable,! running in some instances to only a
few, but ordinarily upwards of fifty to eighty in a mass. At the
time of deposition the egg mass is covered with a glutinous sub-
stance which on exposure to the air forms a resistant protective
covering. ‘This is at first yellow, but with the progress of embryonic
development it becomes mottled with red and later turns brownish
or greyish brown, thus resembling in color the bark on which the
eggs are attached. The eggs are usually placed near a bud of the
current year’s terminal growth and less frequently on the older
wood.

First larval stage-— Length about 1 mm., ranging from about
eight hundred to nine hundred and fifty microns; head, cervical

1 The smallest number of malinellus eggs observed ina cluster on seedlings was nine,
and the largest number was eighty-three, while the majority of egg masses had between
thirty and forty eggs.

New York AGricuLttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 391

shield, anal plate and legs dark; body pale, but under magnification
and with transmitted light it is dirty yellow in color and tuberculose;
spiracles brownish, and those commencing with the fourth abdominal
segment have above them a pigmented spot, bearing a spine; hairs
on dorsum of thorax and abdomen fine and few in number. This
description is based on caterpillars in the hibernating stage as taken
from the egg mass.

Mature larva.— The general characters of the larva are as follows:
Head, thoracic shield and anal plate, black; anterior and posterior
extremities much more narrow than remainder of body; head con-
spicuously notched behind; body pale, light yellow, dirty grey or
greenish, sometimes appearing brownish on dorsum; four dark
setigerous tubercles on dorsum of segments IV to XI inclusive;
sides of segments with two rows of similar tubercles more widely
separated; segments II to XI with two large dark, kidney-shaped
pigmented areas subdorsally; average length 15 mm. Plate XL.

The following is a detailed description of the full-grown larva, or
last instar: Length, 15 mm. average; greatest width 2 mm.; body
cylindrical, attenuated at both extremities, especially on posterior
part. The segments are outlined by constrictions, and are more
or less distinctly divided into three annulets. Pile is very fine
and visible only when magnified, otherwise the body appears naked
except for a few fine, slender sete that project from minute,
almost obscure, tubercles; feet black and equal; prolegs rather short,
with a semi-circular brown band on outer face of each foot; crochets
three rows deep in a circle; anal plate black and of small size; anal-
leg plate brown on dorsal and median portion and black on ventral
side. Spiracles are small, slightly elliptical, that of segment XII
being the largest.

Head black, smooth, inclined to oblate in shape, conspicuously
incised on posterior margin, sparsely covered with light-colored
hairs; antenne small; antenne, epistoma and labrum brown; tips
of mandibles dark or blackish brown; clypeus of medium height,
acutely triangular, its lateral margins sinuate, and near its base
four sete arranged in an inverted arch; paraclypeal pieces long,
narrowing toward bases, with two spines one above the other near
apex of clypeus; ocelli six in number, with or without pigmentation,
the group being protected by sete.

Cervical shield black, divided on median or deeply incised on
posterior margin, with six fine, dark sete arranged in rows of three
on each lateral one-half of shield,— one row parallel to anterior
margin and one row parallel to posterior margin; laterad of the
shield, cephalad of spiracle, a small black pigmented area with three
sete of which the central one is longest; directly laterad two sete
from a small black pigmented area; spiracle oval and brownish.

392 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

LARVAL STRUCTURES.

1 and 3, Lateral and dorsal views of dark. form; 2, light form, showing sete and
markings of abdominal segments; 4, sete on front of head and thoracic shield of
caterpillar; 5, rear of head, showing sete; 6, antenna of caterpillar; 7, labrum of
larva.

New York AaricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9893

On segments IT to XII a median dorsal and two sub-dorsal shaded
areas which appear as three lines or bands. These lines vary in
distinctness in different individuals. Each sub-dorsal band _ is
interrupted by a distinct brown or black blotch on the second annulet
of the IV to XJ segments. The positions of the tubercles on segments
V to IX are: —ii slightly dorsal to i, 1 being situated at the upper
border of a sub-dorsal black patch; iii lateral;iv and v remote, iv being
out of line with v, slightly below lower border of spiracle; vi posteriorly
sub-vented; vii, of the three setze on base of leg, the upper one not
closely approximated to the other two; vill next midventral line.
The arrangement of the setz on segments IV, X, XI is similar to
the above except that tubercle vii is represented by two sete on
segments IV and X, and by one seta on segment XI. On segment
XII, i, ii, ti and viii are normal, and in the place of tubercles iv, v,
vi and vii there are three or four sets, occurring as pairs with some
larvee and in other specimens as one pair and a single seta. This
difference in the number of these sets was frequently noticed on
the right and left sides of the same segment.

Pupa.— The head, wing covers and tip of abdomen usually
blackish brown and the remainder of the body yellowish. This
coloration seems to be quite constant for the insects reared on
hawthorn, but pup from caterpillars reared on cherry were yellow
or light orange, and dark about head and tip of abdomen. The
cremaster consists of six spines, surrounding the anal end. The
length is about 9 mm. and the width is 2.6 mm. Plate XL.

Cocoon.— The cocoon is greyish and is from 10 to 12 mm. in
length and 3 mm. in width. It is elongated oval in shape, though
some specimens are distinctly pointed at one end, giving the cocoon
the form of an oat or barley kernel. The cocoons from caterpillars
reared on hawthorn are delicate and thin in texture so that the
pupa within is generally visible. The cocoons from plum were more
compact, and whitish. Plate XLI.

Adult— Head, palpi and antenne white. Thorax white with
a few black dots. Legs and abdomen white with a silvery
sheen. Fore wings snowy white or greyish. The grey coloration
is variable in extent and in depth of shade. Frequently the wings
are entirely clouded or the grey marking appears as a blotch extend-
ing from the costa to the fold or merely as a streak along the outer
or costal margin of the wing. The upper sides of the fore wings
have usually from twenty to thirty or more dots principally dis-
tributed in three rows; one near costal margin and one on each side
of the wing fold, with a variable number about the apex. Cilia
pale grey or white with greyish tips. The undersides of the wings
are grey or brownish grey and cilia grey. The hind wings are
ashen-grey or fuscous, with fringe sometimes somewhat paler.
Undersides grey, not differing appreciably from the upper surface.
Expanse of wings 19 to 22mm. Plate XLII.

394 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

LIFE STAGES OF malinellus.

Hgg.— This is apparently not distinguishable from that of padellus.
The egg masses are also of a similar appearance. Plate XX XVIII.

Larva.— The mature caterpillar is apparently not different in its
external characters from the padellus larva. The caterpillars reared
on apple seedlings varied much in coloration, and the majority of
them were yellow and lacked the median dorsal and sub-dorsal
shaded areas which usually prevailed with the preceding species.
Plates XX XIX and XL

Pupa.— Light orange yellow or brown, with the extremities
sometimes dark. Length, 6-8 mm. Plate XL.

Cocoon.— White and more densely woven than with preceding
form. Cocoons are thickly massed in the tent. Plate XLI.

Adult.— Similar to the light form of padellus and indistinguishable
from it. Plates XLI and XLII.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.

Oviposition occurs principally during the latter part of June or
during July, according to latitude and seasonal conditions, and
hatching takes place in early autumn. ‘The young larve at this
season are inactive and remain sheltered through the winter under
the protecting crust of the eggs. They abandon their winter quarters
as the first leaves begin to unfold in the spring, making their
exit through one of several tiny holes in the covering of the egg
mass. The young caterpillars assemble among the tender leaflets:
of an adjacent bud and those of malinellus on apple bore into the
parenchyma, beginning at the edge and usually near the apex of
the leaf. As many as a dozen of the insects may exist as a colony
within the pulpy substance of a single leaf. Within a few days
after their entrance the leaves turn reddish at the points of injury,
and those more severely mined may wither and die. ‘Towards the
end of the time of blossoming the caterpillars cease to burrow and
feed openly on the leaves, concealing themselves with a greyish web.
With the need of more food they extend their webs, seizing and
involving fresh leaves in the common nest, on which they feed.
Having destroyed the foliage on one branch they migrate ‘‘ en masse ”’
to another, and in severe attacks the trees may be defoliated and
completely covered with a veiling, which becomes discolored by
stains from the enclosed fragments of leaves and the dust-like
excremental particles of the insects. On reaching maturity the
larve spin their cocoons in contact with each other and, according
to Mokshetsky, there may be during very destructive outbreaks
as many as fifteen hundred cocoons placed side by side in regular
rows within the silken tent. The moths make their appearance
during the latter part of June or early July, and egg-laying commences

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 395

in about fifteen days after their emergence. The adults are motion-
less during the daytime, but with the approach of night they fly
gently for short distances in a zig-zag course. The larvee of padellus
apparently do not have the mining habit; but, aside from the fact
that they do not burrow into the leaves of their favorite host plants,
as hawthorn, plum, ete., the life history and habits of this insect
are similar to those of the above moth.

OCCURRENCE OF ERMINE MOTHS IN NEW YORK.

THE DISCOVERY.

The discovery of padellus in the State of New York was due to
the close supervision of foreign importations of nursery stock during
the spring of 1909 by the agents of the Division of Nursery Inspec-
tion of the New York Department of Agriculture. Special pre-
cautions were observed this year with such stock, which have since
been followed, because many nests of the notorious ‘“ brown-tail
moth” (Huproctis chrysorrhea L.) were detected among the ship-
ments, a source of danger from this insect which was not fully
appreciated until this experience. After the setting out of the plants,
the plantations were frequently examined for the appearance of
destructive insects. Nothing was noted to arouse any suspicion
until June 23 when Mr. John Maney, an official nursery inspector,
detected three cherry seedlings completely covered with webs. The
unfamiliar appearance of the nests and the enclosed caterpillars,
coupled with the fact that the specimens were taken from foreign
nursery stock, influenced him to bring the material to the Depart-
ment of Entomology of this Station for identification. The planta-
tion. from which the insects were obtained was inspected again
several times, and on June 24 five more infested cherry seedlings
were secured. Examinations were made a little later in this and
other similar plantings in different parts of the State to find more
specimens of the caterpillars or traces of the insect but without
success.

IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES.

Nearly all the material collected during 1909 was immediately
destroyed to avoid taking chances on the escape of any of the insects.
Some caterpillars, however, were reared in the laboratory to obtain
a few adults in order that the species should be correctly determined.
Six moths were obtained, which were compared with descriptions
by various authorities, and the insect was identified as Yponomeuta
padellus L. A statement to that effect was published in a technical
periodical.!. To make certain the identity of the species which we

1 Jour. Econ. Ent., 2: 305. 1909.

396 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

had bred, several specimens of the moths were later sent to Dr.
Paul Marchal of Paris, France, who has devoted considerable study
to these insects and his report was a confirmation of our identification.

IMPORTATIONS FROM 1910 To 1912.

During the spring of 1910 the local importations of foreign seed-
lings were very large. The same conditions prevailed with regard
to the brown-tail moth, although the winter nests of this species
were much less numerous than during the previous year. All
stocks were carefully examined for evidences of other injurious
insects and the usual precautionary measures were taken as before
under the direction of the Division of Nursery Inspection. The
local nurseries were carefully watched during June for the appear-
ance of Yponomeuta caterpillars, and on the 24th of this month
colonies of the insects were found on apple seedlings. Mr. G. G.
Atwood, Chief of the Division of Nursery Inspection, was promptly
notified of the discovery and instructions were at once sent to the
inspectors in the field to make an immediate and careful canvass
of all plantings of nursery stock set out during 1909 and 1910.
During the following two weeks infestations were discovered in
other plantings about Geneva and in nurseries about Orleans,
Newark, Hilton, Schoharie, Blauvelt and Dansville; and from these,
eight hundred and seventy-three colonies of caterpillars were
obtained.

The plantings of foreign seedlings during 1911 were noticeably
much more free of Yponomeuta nests than during the two preceding
years. On June 8 a single nest of about fifty caterpillars was
obtained at Lockport, and during the latter part of this month and
early July a few infested plants were found about Geneva, Penfield,
Chili, Johnstown and Schoharie. At the last-named locality empty
cocoons of the insect were discovered which indicated that the
caterpillars had pupated and the moths had made their emergence.

During 1912 the nests and caterpillars obtained were less in
number than in any year since our attention has been called to the
occurrence of these pests in this State. Infested seedlings were
first detected at Seneca and later colonies of the insects were found
in nursery plantings about Geneva and Rochester.

The following table showing the collections of colonies of the
ermine moths in this State during these years is based on data
which was kindly furnished by Mr. G. G. Atwood through the
courtesy of Calvin J. Huson, Commissioner of Agriculture of the
State of New York.

5397

aL EXPERIMENT STATION.

>
.We

New York AGRICULTUE

“SHLO[, GNINUY HLIM
daLSa4iny ‘dNnOF NGG GAVH SONITGAAG CHLYOdN]T HOIHM NI SAHILITVOOT—'T dvjV

a
9 off Va
soe |
2 |
patel
a
of
Si
jog
| |
a

ro {_ \c
spp” OTANI { an
ol é\
WISIN S MII
pele noiH © | 480dW207

! j :s

398 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

Tasie 1.—Eruine Morus Coititectep In New York Durina THE YEARS 1909-12.

Number of
Date. Name of inspector. | seedlings Kind of Locality.
with nests seedling.
June 23, 1909..... John A. Maney... ule Cherry? sehen Geneva.
24, 1909.....| John A. Maney... 5 |e@herr parse a Geneva.
DA ONO E eee John A. Maney... 69) Apple An€ a. Geneva.
DOL OUO eee John A. Maney... 624), Apple... .2 2 Geneva.
2O LOU ORe .:: John A. Maney... TWO" PApplesae aarer Geneva.
21 POOR SE Je bardens. eer 10 Apple wees Orleans.
Zor GLO ees James Goold...... Lx) sApplersn . Fe Schoharie.
Der ONO ee ae P. L. Huested..... 8, || Applekeste ass Blauvelt.
28. 1910) Orleans.
to J.J Barden. ye -e 663 | Apple........ Newark.
July 5, 1910... Dansville.
June 29, 1910..... James Goold...... 23 Apples eee Schoharie.
SO IG1OM ee John A. Maney... ZL PApplesa es cner Geneva
July, pal, 1OOR ee John A. Maney... S|) Apple... se sen Geneva
DOOR er J. A. Thompson... Lie An plear see Hilton
Juner Ts) LOU ee Bernard Blanch... 2) SApple. wae oe Lockport.
19 el Iie J. A. Thompson... 2 |\wAmple: 745 7ae | Penfield.
PPP ANN John A. Maney... 5 Applets) «eee Geneva
Pray AMS) ea 35 J. A. Thompson... 4 | Apple........ Chili
July, GO MIe eee James Goold...... Sal eAp ples wor. Schoharie.
Cpa OM ae, 5 a James Goold...... 1s | (Cherryamre 44. Johnstown.
dis VOUS ye eee James Goold...... ZaieApplesaes ce Johnstown.
dunes 2191227 ee Bernard Blanch... 414) Apple S0s.2)0% Seneca.
OMG 2A eae Charles Darrow... eye walyoyol kel: Ge aa Seneca.
205 LOUD ee J. A. Thompson... 62) Applesee - = Rochester.
28) 1912. 3 .ee John A. Maney... Cal SAG ple rae. ee Geneva.

1 The nest at the time of delivery to the Station had five pup.
2 This nest was reported as having about 50 caterpillars.

3 On this date cocoons were formed and moths had escaped.

4 This nest contained 3 caterpillars.

5 Three, 14 and 36 caterpillars respectively.

6 Nine and 16 caterpillars respectively.

7 Five caterpillars.

NOTES ON IDENTITY OF APPLE SPECIES.
CHARACTERS FOR SEPARATION OF SPECIES.

The determination of the moth bred from cherry as padellus has
already been mentioned, and it is now to be noted in Table I that
by far the larger number of Yponomeuta larve were collected from
apples. The question arises, ‘“‘ To which species do these belong,—
_to padellus or malinellus? The moths of the former, as has been
previously indicated, are exceedingly variable in their markings,
and unfortunately the identification of the two species seems to
rest largely upon color distinction of the adult insects. In spite

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 399

of seeming morphological and biologic differences the separation
of these insects is difficult and unsatisfactory, and there exists
consequently considerable uncertainty as to the actual status of
these two forms.

According to Dr. Marchal! “ the ground color of the front wings
is entirely white with malinellus, and more or less tinted with grey
with padellus. The fringe of the anterior wings, examined from
below, is whitish for the most part with malinellus, while with
padellus it is grey or almost entirely grey. Finally the under-
surfaces of the front wings of padellus are entirely grey, while the
margins of the wings of malinellus, examined from below, are finely
bordered with white. . . . . padellus is extremely vari-
able, and the variation extends to the characters which are used
to distinguish it from malinellus. Certain examples have the
anterior wings largely tinted with grey, others have white wings,
while some are intermediate. The fringes are also variable in their
coloration, and the narrow white border of the lower surface is not
always a constant character.”

Some apparent differences in feeding habits and appearances
of the caterpillars, and in the coloration of the pupz and texture
of the cocoons have also been noted. Lewis? in 1836 called atten-
tion to the fact that the larve of the Yponomeuta on apple upon
‘emerging from the egg masses in the spring are leaf miners. This
was verified by Delacour * in 1850 and Bissiére + in 1876 and while
this habit has been overlooked by many writers it has been described
with much deteil by Mokshetsky in his recent treatise. Marchal
also records that mahalebellus,> a closely related species, similarly
burrows into the leaves of the Mahaleb cherry. Curiously enough
the mining instinct which manifests itself with the foregoing species
has apparently not been observed or at least satisfactorily estab-
lished for padellus caterpillars. Rebaté and Bernés also call atten-
tion to apparent preferences for host plants which, coupled with
slight differences in the appearance of the moths, larve and pup
are given by them to support the opinion that the insects represent
distinct species. According to them branches of plums and apples
may intercross, and, depending on which of the two forms is present
one fruit will have the foliage eaten while the other will be immune.
Moreover in some experiments conducted by them the larve of
padellus, reared on plum, would not attack apple foliage; and vice
versa caterpillars of malinellus taken from apple would not feed on
plum. To the contrary Gruvel® states that in a test conducted

1 Bul. Soc. d’ Btud. et Vulg. Zool. Agric. D. 23, 1902.
2 Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1:21-22, 1836.

3 Wssai sur les Insectes, 1850, p. 296.

4 Bul. d’ Insectologie Agricole, No. 4, p. 83, 1876.

5 Bul. Soc. d’ Etud. Vulg. Zool. Agric., p. 21, 1902.

6 Quoted from La Chenille Fileuse, Rebaté and Bernés.

400 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

by him young larve of malinellus taken from apple subsisted equally
well on plum foliage and mined the leaves, as is their normal habit
on their favorite host. The opinion of Schéyen that padellus is
the common species on apples in Norway and the observation by
Bos of padellus migrating from Cratzegus to apple trees have already
been mentioned.

The differences noted by Rebaté in the appearances of the larve
and cocoons of padellus as reared on plums in comparison with these
stages of malinellus bred on apple are as follows: — The caterpillar
of the former species is of a yellowish-grey color. The cocoons
are thin in texture, of a greyish-white color and more or less detached
from one another in the tent, while the caterpillars of the latter
species are lighter in color and a little shorter and more slender.
The cocoons are white, more dense and compact, and are attached
one to another forming clusters or packets which vary in size accord-
ing to the numbers of the caterpillars in the colony. Theobald
observes similar differences in the cocoons and adds that the nest or
tent is likewise not nearly as compact with padellus as with the
apple-feeding species.

COMPARISONS OF COLLECTIONS OF padellus AND malinellus.

Bearing in mind the foregoing distinctions it is now of interest
to compare collections of these insects from various geographical
areas to note the range of variation and the forms that are in the
region of their occurrence understood as constituting padellus and
malinellus respectively. There is also included in this comparison
the material bred from apple and cherry in New York.

Padellus.
Habitat,! Germany.
Host plant, hawthorn.
Moth, primaries, including fringe,
clouded and dark. Expanse of wings
22 to 23 mm.

Larva, dark olive-green with dorsal spots
ratherindistinct. Length15 to 17 mm.

Pupa, head, wing pads and tip of abdomen
dark brown or black and remainder of
body yellow. Length 7 to 9 mm.

Cocoon, greyish-white, thin and pupa
visible.

Habitat, France.
Host plant, hawthorn.

Malinellus.

Habitat,? Germany.

Host plant, apple.

Moth, primaries entirely white or white
with exception of fringe which may
be slightly clouded. Expanse of wings
19 to 20 mm.

Larva, pale, dirty white or greenish-
yellow with dorsal spots distinct.
Length 10 to 12 mm.

Pupa, pale or brown. Length 6 to 8 mm.

Cocoon, white, densely woven, and con-
cealing pupa.

Habitat,’ France.
Host plant, apple.

1 Collection, 2 adults, 3 larve and 12 pupex from Dr. L. Reh, Hamburg, Germany.
? Collection, 7 adults, 3 larve and 4 pupe from Dr. L. Reh, Hamburg, Germany.
3 Collection, 2 adults, 4 larvee and 3 pupe from M. J. de Joannis, Paris, France.
‘Collection, 17 adults, 3 larve and 5 pup# from M. J. de Joannis, Paris, France.

New Yorx AGricuttuRAL Experiment STATION.

Padellus.
Moth, primaries clouded, with apex and
fringe noticeably darker. Expanse of
wings 17 to 18 mm.

Larva, dirty-white, greenish-yellow, or
olive green, dorsal spots distinet with
light forms. Length 12 to 16 mm.

Pupa, head, wing pads and tipof abdomen
dark brown or black; remainder of
body yellow. Length 8 to9 mm.

Habitat,? Scotland.

Host plant, apple.

Moth, primaries white, expanse of wings
16 to 20 mm.

Larva, pale with conspicuous dorsal spots
or dark olive-green with markings less
distinct. Length 10to 12 mm.

Pupa, pale to yellowish with extremities
brownish. Length 6 to 8 mm.

Cocoon, white and of dense texture con-
cealing enclosed pupa, in compact
clusters.

Habitat,? Holland.

Host plant, hawthorn.

Moth, primaries generally dark showing
cloudy or lead-colored areas about
fringe or costal margin. Few speci-
mens almost white. Compared with
moths reared on apple this collection
appears on the whole quite dark.
Expanse of wings 21 to 22 mm.

Larva, pale to dark olive green. Length
15 to 17 mm.

Pupa, head, wing pads and tip of abdomen
black; remainder of body yellow.
Length 7 to 10 mm.

Cocoon, greyish white and
texture showing the pupa.

of thin

401

Malinellus.

Moth, primaries usually entirely white,
but quite a few specimens have fringe
slightly shaded. ‘Two specimens have
a very distinct grey fringe and a dark
blotch along costal margin. Expanse
of wings 16 to 22 mm.

Larva, pale, and dorsal spots distinct or
dark olive in color with dorsal mark-
ings less conspicuous. Length 11 to
15 mm.

Pupa, light orange yellow with head and
tip of abdomen dark brown or black-
ish. Length 7 to 10 mm.

Habitat,! Hungary.

Host plant, apple.

Moth, primaries white with only an
occasional specimen with clouded apex
or fringe. Expanse of wings 18 to
20 mm.

Larva, pale and dorsal spots prominent.
Length 15 to 16 mm.

Cocoon, white, dense
massed.

and thickly

1 Collection, 31 adults, 3 larve and 10 cocoons from F. A. Cerva, Szigetesep, Hungary.
? Collection, 7 adults, 10 larve and 3 pupx from Prof. R. Stewart MacDougall,

Edinburgh, Scotland.

3 Collection, 20 adults, 3 larve and 8 pupe from Prof. J. Ritzema Bos, Wageningen,

Holland.

Padellus.

Habitat,2 New York.

Host plant, Mahaleb cherry.

Moth, primaries white with fringe slightly
clouded. Expanse of wings 18 to
19 mm.

Larva, pale or greenish-yellow or olive
green. Length 12 to 16 mm.

Pupa, light orange yellow and dark brown
or black about head and tip of abdo-
men. Length 8 to 9 mm.

Cocoon, white and concealing pupa.

Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

Malinellus.

Habitat,! Japan.

Host plant, apple.

Moth, primaries including fringe usually
white, but fringe is sometimes slightly
clouded. One moth also shows shad-
ing on costal margin. Expanse of
wings 20 to 22 mm.

Larva, dark olive green.
15 mm.

Pupa, head, wing pads and tip of abdo-
men dark brown, and about constric-
tions of abdominal segments lighter
brown. Length 10 to 12 mm.

Cocoon somewhat thin in texture, grey-
ish or white in color, and thickly
massed.

Length 12 to

Habitat,3 New York.

Host plant, erab.

Moth, primaries white or white with
fringe slightly clouded. Expanse of
wings 18 to 20 mm.

Larva, pale, greyish-brown or dark green-
ish yellow. Length 12 to 15 mm.

Pupa, light orange yellow and some speci-
mens with extremities dark. Length
6 to 8 mm.

Cocoon, usually white and densely woven,

but some specimens were thin in tex-
ture, showing the pupz.

From the foregoing comparisons it will be observed that the adults
of padellus from hawthorn and of malinellus from apple represent
for the most part extremes in wing coloration. The former contains
a majority of moths which have the primaries and fringes clouded,
greyish or lead colored, while the latter has a majority of moths
with primaries and fringes white. The two are distinct enough
when characteristic examples are selected, but the separation of
them becomes difficult when the intergrading forms are considered,
as they merge into each other by imperceptible gradations.

The larve of both forms are quite variable in color but they
present no structural differences. In the collections from apple
seedlings pale forms predominated. The pups and cocoons of the
insects from hawthorn as shown by Rebaté consistently differ from
those taken from apple, but no constant differences were observed
in the material collected from cherry in comparison with that
obtained from apple. If any differences exist in the insects reared
by us from cherry and apple they are principally that the moths

1 Collection, 14 adults, 15 larve and 3 pupe from Dr. S. I. Kuwana, Tokio, Japan.

2 Collection, 6 adults, 12 larve and 2 pupz from imported seedling cherries growing
in nursery plantations about Geneva.

’Collection, 76 adults, 16 larve, 7 pup2 from imported apple seedlings growing
in nursery plantations about Geneva.

New York Acricutturat ExperIMENT STATION. 403

reared from cherry invariably had shaded areas along the outer
margins of the wings, while those from apple had for the most part
white primaries.

Taking all characters into consideration, the prevailing white
anterior wings of the adults, habits of larvee, coloration of pupe,
texture and massing of cocoons in the web, the species we have
reared on apple seems unquestionably to be identical with the form
commonly known in Europe as malinellus.

CROSS-FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.

The contradictory results obtained by various writers in feeding
tests with padellus and malinellus by interchanging their host plants
led us to make some tests along similar lines. Three small sections
of wood, each containing a colony of padellus larvee, were, at about
the period for their migration from the egg masses, placed near
opening apple buds and slightly moistened each day to prevent
drying. None of the larvee emerged and all eventually died. Later
living larvee were taken from their hibernating quarters on cherry
and transferred to apple buds which were just showing the tips of
the first leaves. These apparently did no feeding, nor did they make
any efforts to burrow into the apple leaves. After struggling for
several days on the surfaces of the leaves and frequently precipi-
tating themselves to the ground, they finally succumbed. Their
efforts were feeble as if they had suffered from the handling and
confinement during storage of the nursery stock or the conditions
incidental to their removal or opening of their hibernating quarters
were abnormal and injurious to them.

Tests with older caterpillars of malinellus were more satisfactory.
Twenty full-grown specimens of malinellus, reared on imported
apple seedlings, were placed in a cage containing twigs from Baldwin
apple and Montmorency cherry. Webs were at once spun over both
fruits but the insects fed only on the apple and apparently made
no effort to attack the cherry. This experiment was repeated with
a similar number of insects, but only a single twig of apple was
used which was placed in the center of a number of shoots of Mont-
morency cherry. The caterpillars quickly selected the apple twig
and after consuming the apple leaves they extended their webs
over the cherry foliage but in no case did they feed upon it.

A third test was then made with thirty caterpillars which were
confined to a young Mahaleb cherry seedling. They were at first
very restless and seemed to exhibit an aversion for the foliage;
but later this was overcome and apparently under the stress of
hunger several were observed to eat the leaves with relish. Most
of the insects, however, fed very little. Twigs of an imported
apple seedling were then introduced into the cage which were attacked
in a ravenous manner. In spite of an abundance of apple foliage
a caterpillar was occasionally observed nibbling on cherry leaves.

404 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

COMPARISONS OF GENITALIA.

With these moths the uncus is long and slender, and it is sinuate
towards the tip which is acute and a little hooked. The lateral
pieces or claspers are broad and hemispherical, with the apices
gently rounded or somewhat acutely rounded according to their
positions in the mounts. The sexual parts of the male are symmetri-
cal or very closely so, and the general type of the genitalia of this
group of moths is shown in Plate XLIII.

A study of a goodly series of mounts of padellus from hawthorn
and malinellus from apple from different geographical areas reveal
no tangible structural differences between them. The lobe or spur
at the base of the uncus varies slightly in width and length with
some individuals, but this variation may also be detected with any
assemblage of males from either of these hosts. A comparison of
the figures, Plate XLIII, plainly shows that there are no obvious dis-
tinctions in the more important organs which will bear out these
minor differences.

Considering all differential features, structural as well as super-
ficial, it appears that the moths of malinellus do not possess sufficiently
diverse values to entitle them to specific distinction and that the
specimens bred from hawthorn, cherry and apple really constitute
a single species. Breeding experiments are now needed to definitely
settle the status of these two moths, and these we have not under-
taken as it did not seem wise to take chances with the insects. We
have, therefore, followed the example of European writers, and
have treated the two forms as distinct species.

THE ERMINE MOTHS ON SEEDLINGS.
ORIGIN OF INFESTATION.

The stock which has been responsible for the introduction of
the ermine moths consists of one-year-old seedlings, which are fre-
quently grown in plats near hedge rows, trees or even woodland.
Such surroundings are very favorable for the breeding of various
destructive pests. The flight of the ermine moths takes place
during July and August, and in their excursions some of them have
unquestionably made their way to the nursery blocks in the immediate
vicinity and deposited their eggs on the young seedlings, which
were subsequently shipped to the United States. The life history
of the insect would indicate this course of events, and since we have
become familiar with their appearance we have collected the egg
masses on the stocks after their shipment to this country. The
conditions during 1909 with respect to these pests surrounding
some of the foreign nurseries which have been growing seedlings

Pirate XXXVIII.— Lire Staces or Yponomeuta malinellus.
(See reverse of Plate XLVI.)

/

tty

ey tag
hahaha
"? a

erm

CowtidGeoaew~

omeuta malinellus.

CATERPILI

Pirate XXXIX.—

(See reverse o

“f
*,

a

=

em

oo ee

ie

Puate XL.— Lire Sraces or Yponomeuia padeillus ano malinellus
(See reverse of Plate XLVI.)

Puate XLI.—Lire Sraces or Yponomeuta padellus AND malinellus.
(See reverse of Plate XLVI.)

Pirate XLII. Some Yronomeuta Morus.
(See reverse of Plate XLVI.)

Puate XLIII.—Srupies on GENITALIA OF YPONOMEUTA Motus
(See reverse of Plate XLVI.)

Puate XLIV.— Freevine Hasits or Yponomeuta malinellus on APPLE.

I.)

(See reverse of Plate XLV

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate XXXVIII.— Lirt Staces or Yponomeuta malinellus.

PLATE

PLATE

PLATE

PLATE

PLATE

PLATE

PLATE

PLATE

1, 2, 3, and 4, egg clusters, natural size and enlarged; 5,
egg mass reversed showing hibernating larve; 6, larve
enlarged; 7, apple leaf showing ‘‘ mined ”’ areas.

XXXIX.— CaTerRPILLARS oF Yponomeuta malinellus.

Characteristic positions on leaves and in webs, and range
of variability in color and markings.

XL.— Lire Staces or Yponomeuta padellus anv malinellus.
1, Pupx of padellus, and 2, of malinellus; 3 and 4, dorsal
views of dark and light-colored caterpillars; 5, caterpillar,
lateral view showing characteristic markings.

XLI.— Lire Stages oF Yponomeuta padellus and malinellus.

1 a and ¢, cocoons of padellus on cherry and hawthorn; 1 b,
cocoons of malinellus on apple; 2 and 3, cocoons of mali-
nellus (enlarged) and position on infested seedling; 4, mali-
nellus moths in resting positions; 5, moth enlarged.

XLII.— Somrn Yronomeuta Morus.
1, Yponomeuta padellus L.; 2, intergrading form of padellus
and malinellus; 3, Y. malinellus Zeuu.; 4, ¥Y. evonymellus
L.; 5, Y. multipunctellus Ctem.; 6, Y. mahalebellus Gn.
(Enlarged.)
XLIII.— Srupres on GENITALIA OF YPONOMEUTA Morus.
1, Yponomeuta padellus from hawthorn; 2, Y. padellus (mali-
nellus) from apple, Scotland; 3, Y. padellus from cherry,
Geneva, N. Y.; 4, Y. malinellus from apple, Japan; and
5, Y. malinellus, apple, Geneva; 6, Y. polystica (Sent by
Kuwana).

XLIV.— Frepine Hasirs or Yponomeuta malinellus on APPLE.
1, Spinning of web preparatory to feeding; 2, foliage con-
sumed; 3, character of feeding on apple leaves.
XLV.— Appte SrEepiincs SHowrne DeErouiaTIoN AND WEBS OF
Yponomeuta malinellus.

XLVI.— Cuerry SEEDLING SHowinG Wess oF Yponomeuta padellus.

New York AcricutturAL Exprriment STATION. 405

for purposes of exportation are indicated by Dr. L. O. Howard in
the following communication: !

“T saw them (Yponomeuta spp.) everywhere on my recent trip
in France, and especially upon the hedges and trees at the borders
of the plats of seedlings being grown for exportation to America.
I saw Yponomeuta larve in their webs on almost every apple tree,
sometimes only here and there a twig with some leaves webbed
together, and occasionally considerable numbers of these webs.”
During years favorable for the multiplication of these insects, the
chance of nursery stock becoming infested when grown under
such circumstances is obviously very great, as has been well
demonstrated.

FEEDING HABITS OF THE CATERPILLAR.

Before transplanting in the nurseries the seedlings are stubbed,
making a plant which, including the root, measures from fifteen to
eighteen inches in length, while the stalk has a diameter of about
one-quarter of an inch and bears from five to ten leaf buds. The
egg masses of the insects are generally found on the stalk within
six to nine inches of the ground, and from one to three egg masses
have been detected on a plant. These were placed just under or
above a leaf bud, almost touching it, or in positions intermediate
between two buds. Opportunity has not been afforded to observe
the early movements of the larvee but, judging from the conditions
of leaf clusters, it would appear that the young caterpillars on
emerging from the egg mass preferred the nearest opened bud above
them, while dormant buds were passed by unharmed. Our obser-
vations indicated that the caterpillars on apple seedlings were, at
this stage, leaf miners. The first leaves attacked by them showed
along the margins near the tips reddish or rusty-colored blotches of
varying sizes, and as a result of this injury the leaves were small as
if stunted, while others were one-half destroyed or entirely killed.
On abandoning their ‘‘ mines” the caterpillars ascended higher on
the seedlings and, on June 12, when first detected, were feeding
openly on some of the upper leaf clusters on the central stalk of the
plants or at the base of the terminal offshoots which were then from
three to four inches in length. They spun a filmy tangle of fine
silken threads between two leaves and proceeded to consume the
upper pulpy tissues of the under leaf, while the lower epidermis was
seldom or little eaten and served as the floor of their feeding grounds.
The rejected portion of the leaf was at this time of a thin papery
nature, light brown or reddish-brown in color, showing plainly the
network of little veinlets, and is characteristic of the work of the
insects at this stage. The caterpillars are social insects, feeding

1 Letter of Aug. 18, 1909.

406 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

together on a single leaf, and as one leaf is consumed a fresh one is
involved in the web, to be destroyed in like manner. By these
operations there was soon formed a nest which, on being dissected,
was found to be composed of the remnants of several leaves tightly
woven together by silken threads. Interspersed in the cluster were
the caterpillars themselves together with their molted skins and
excremental particles. The nests were subsequently abandoned and
the caterpillars marched ‘‘ en masse’”’ to higher leaf clusters or to
the top of a terminal shoot, spinning webs as they advanced. As
they approached maturity during the latter part of June the cater-
pillars were more active and ravenous. Whole leaf clusters were
covered with webs and then completely devoured with the exception
of the midribs, larger veins and stems. The injuries to the seedlings
varied somewhat in extent but colonies of caterpillars from one
dozen to two dozen in number usually completely defoliated a plant,
while in the axils of the shoots and stretching from the tips of each
shoot to the central stalks of the seedlings were the tenuous webs
of the insects. Plates XLV and XLVI. The tents were at first whitish
and compact, but on exposure to the weather and from stains due
to moisture acting on the excrement and fragments of leaves they
became discolored and ragged. On pupating, towards the latter
part of June, the caterpillars spun their cocoons in the webbing in
the tops of the seedlings; and in this operation, as in feeding, the
social instinct was strongly manifested. As if by a given signal the
larger number of them ceased feeding and, abandoning the foliage
and taking positions in the web that were parallel to and apparently
of equal distance from their neighbors, they spun their cocoons side
by side, forming a cluster as illustrated in Plate XLI.

BREEDING RECORDS.

Some caterpillars of padellus were observed feeding on cherry
seedlings on June 23, 1909, and judging from their sizes and markings,
all of them were at this time apparently mature. On June 28 some
of the larvee commenced to pupate, and on July 9 the first moths
made their appearance. At this latter date a few caterpillars had
not yet spun up. The moths lived in the breeding cages through
July and one specimen survived until August 18.

In 1910 mature caterpillars of malinellus were found on apple
seedlings on June 21. Five days later they commenced to spin
cocoons and nearly all of them were in the pupal state by the first
week in July. A few moths appeared July 6 but the adults were
out in their largest numbers about July 14. Although the majority
of them had transformed a few larve were still unchanged at this
latter date. Egg deposition was first observed on July 18, when
practically all of the moths had emerged. One moth lived until
August 10.

New Yorx AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 407

In 1911 some caterpillars continued to feed on apple leaves until
June 30. Pupation commenced June 26 and continued until July 6.
Adults first appeared on July 10, and some continued to emerge
until July 17. One moth lived until August 15.

During 1912 a colony of caterpillars, apparently in the second
larval instar, was collected on June 12 and these on June 24 were in
the fourth instar. On July 1 the caterpillars began to pupate and
the last cocoon was spun July 17. Moths made their appearance
on July 10 and some continued to emerge until July 15. One moth
which was confined in a breeding cage lived until August 17.

FUTURE IMPORTANCE OF THE INSECTS.

The occurrence of the Yponomeuta caterpillars in New York
during recent years raises the question as to the rdle these insects
are destined to play as fruit pests in the United States. This cannot
be answered satisfactorily as so little data is available upon the
actual behavior of these lepidopterons in this country. Our knowl-
edge regarding them in New York is limited solely to a small terri-
tory about nursery plantings in certain nursery centers, and if they
exist in other states they have apparently not attracted attention.
With the ability of these insects to survive the conditions incidental
to the importation of nursery stock from abroad and to escape the
ordinary nursery inspection, the wonder is that they have not before
this succeeded in establishing themselves along the avenues of trade
in America. For it is to be noted that in New York a close super-
vision over shipments and plantings of imported nursery stock has
only been maintained since 1909 and the condition of foreign pur-
chases with respect to the ermine moths and other dangerous species
as a result of more rigid inspection is well known. If earlier impor-
tations were as commonly infested with these pests as they have
been during the past four years it would seem not improbable that
somewhere these moths have made their escape from nurseries to
adjoining plantings where perhaps they have secured a foothold.
In states where there has been no such inspection the danger that
such has taken place is obviously much greater.

Since the discovery of the ermine moths in this State the Division
of Nursery Inspection has taken special precautions with imported
stock and whenever infested plants have been detected they have
been destroyed. In addition the surroundings of nurseries have
also been inspected and there has so far been no evidence that these
lepidopterons have gained a footing in New York. Nevertheless
pests of foreign origin have entailed such great losses upon our
farmers that it would be unwise for the nursery-inspection service
in all of the states not to recognize the danger threatened by these
moths and seek by precautionary and other measures to prevent
them from becoming permanently established in this country.

408 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

A NATIVE SPECIES OF ERMINE MOTH.

There is one native species of the genus Yponomeuta which is
multipunctellus Clem. Dyar records the Atlantic states as its range
of distribution; and according to Chambers it is very common in
Kentucky, while Gaumer has obtained specimens in Kansas. The
caterpillar feeds on the leaves of Hvonymus atropurpureus Jacq.
and spins its webs over the plant as is characteristic of the insects
of this genus. This species differs from European forms by the
larger number of black dots on the front wings and the marked
difference in the hind wings of the sexes. All the wings of the male
are white while the female has the anterior wings white and the
posterior wings dark gray.

NATURAL ENEMIES.

The ermine moths have a large number of natural enemies, the
most important of which belong to the orders Hymenoptera and
Diptera. Ratzeburg! has enumerated over thirty hymenopterous
species which are said to attack these insects. In southern Russia,
according to Mokshetsky 2 twelve species of hymenopterons and
three species of dipterons prey upon malinellus and during some
seasons they exert a marked regulatory and repressive action upon
the multiplication of this pest. A common and most efficient enemy
of both padellus and malinellus is the remarkable chalcid, Encyrtus
(Ageniaspis) fuscicollis Dalm., which presents the exceptional
phenomenon of polyembryony * and possesses immense reproductive
powers.

Among collections of Yponomeuta moths received from Europe
there were included a number of unnamed parasites which, through
the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard have been identified * as follows:
Herpestomus n. sp., Angitia sp. and Tetrastichus sp. from malinellus
from France; Discocheta evonymelle Ratz. from padellus from
France; Cnemedon vitripennis Meigen from padellus from Holland;
and from malinellus from Japan, Herpestomus n. sp. which according
to Kuwana is the only parasite which attacks this lepidopteron in
this country.

In spite of the large number of Yponomeuta caterpillars which
have been found in New York, it is worthy of record that we have
not reared any of the well known parasites which abound in the
normal range of distribution of these pests. The failure of the
more common and efficient species to accompany the ermine moths

1Die Ichneumon. d Forstins. Bd. 3, p. 259.

2 The Apple Moth, 1907.

3 Marchal, Paul. Recherches sur la Biologie et le Developpement des Hyménoptéres
Parasites — La Polyembryonie Spécifique ou Germinogonie, Arch. Zool. Exp., 4,
2:257-335, 1904.

4 Identifications of Hymenoptera by Mr. J. C. Crawford, and of Diptera by Mr.
J. R. Malloch.

New York Aericurturat ExprrtMent Station. 409

is a striking illustration of how foreign insects upon their introduction
into the United States may find their struggle for existence a com-
paratively easy one, and by virtue of the balance in their favor
become a serious item for economic consideration.

From padellus taken from cherry seedlings in New York we have
bred a few specimens of Mesochorus sp., while the most common
parasite of both padellus and malinellus was the tachinid, Hzorista
arvicola Meig. Some colonies had as many as 25 per ct. of the
caterpillars carrying from one to three eggs of this fly, which were
in the constrictions principally of the head and thoracic segments.
The eggs are of a cream color and measure about .52 mm. long,

10

An Ermine Motu Parasits, Exzorista arvicola Mrieun.
8, Eggs on malinellus caterpillar; 9, puparium in malinellus pupa; 10, adult.
(All figures en'arged, last greatly)

.o3 mm. wide and .19 mm. high. They are oval in shape, one end
being broader than the other and are convex on the upper side.
The surface is smooth and is covered with a delicate tracing of raised
lines which give the appearance of a network of cells, pentagonal or
hexagonal in outline. In hatching, a crack forms around the base
about the wider end and extends upwards around the sides to about
the middle. The portion above the crack raises up like a lid. The
eggs of arvicola were first observed on mature caterpillars on June
25, 1912, which began to pupate on July 2. Moths from non-
parasitized caterpillars commenced to emerge on July 10, while the
tachinids appeared from July 10 to July 12.

A capsid,! Atractotomus mali Meig., is listed as an enemy of the
ermine moths, and starlings ? are said to feed upon the caterpillars.

!Pommerol, Rev. sc. Bourbonn. 14:18-23, 1901.
2 Theobald, 2nd Rept. p. 35, 1904.

410 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

METHODS OF CONTROL.

The present situation regarding the ermine moths suggests the
great importance of a careful inspection of nurseries, especially of
the plantings of foreign-grown seedlings. Owing to the incon-
spicuousness of the egg masses, due to their small size and their
color, which resembles that of the bark, very few of them are likely to
be detected at the customary examination at the time of spring deliv-
eries when the stock is being unpacked and sorted. The most effect-
ive work can be done during June, when the inspector should look
for plants which show the webs or tents of the insect. Plates XLIV
and XLV. All infested plants should be uprooted and destroyed.
Experience has demonstrated very clearly the importance of more
than one examination, and if two are made one inspection should
be planned for the latter part of June when the work of the insects
will be more conspicuous because the caterpillars are then full grown
and will have spun their larger webs. If the work is delayed beyond
this time there is danger that the insects may have pupated and
transformed to moths. As insects may have escaped from previous
infestations, premises adjoining nurseries should be similarly
examined.

The caterpillars are quite susceptible to arsenical poisons and
should it ever become necessary to combat them in plantings of
older trees little or no modification will probably be required in
existing spraying practices for orchards.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

For literature and specimens of insects we are indebted io Prof.
George H. Carpenter, Dublin, Ireland; Prof. R. Stewart Mac Dougall,
Edinburgh, Scotland; M. J. de Joannis and Dr. Paul Marchal, Paris,
France; Dr. L. Reh, Hamburg, Germany; Mr. Sigismond Mok-
shetsky, Crimea, Russia; Prof. W. M. Schoyen, Christiania, Norway;
Prof. Sven Lampa, Stockholm, Sweden; Prof. J. Ritzema Bos,
Wageningen, Holland, and Dr. 8. I. Kuwana, Tokio, Japan.

Prof. C. H. Fernald allowed the use of his library and the card
catalogue of entomological literature at the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College, for which courtesies we are under great obligations.
Prof. J. H. Comstock kindly permitted the use of the library of the
Department of Entomology of Cornell University for reference pur-
poses. For the compilation of the bibliographies, aside from refer-
ences to economic literature, we are largely indebted to Mr. H.
E. Hodgkiss of this department. The translation of Mokshetsky’s
treatise was the work of the late Dr. Francis P. Nash of Hobart
College. His interest in our study and his disinterested labor amid
the exacting duties of his own specialty calls for our gratitude and
appreciation of his scholarly attainments.

New York AgcricutturaL Experiment Stratton.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF YPONOMEUTA PADELLUS! LINN.

Phalena (Tinea) padella

Phalena padella
Phalena (Tinea) padella
Tinea padella

Phalena (Tinea) padella

Tinea padella

Phalena padella
Phalena (Tin.) padella

Yponomeuta padelle; Y. padella

Tinea padella

sielis'.ei oe, 60, e oa\(e eee’ Wie ee) \p! O26) w uay'.e\ e)'@, els

Er. (Tinea) padella

Yponomeuta padella

Phalena padella*

Yponomeuta padella

Tinea padella

Ghee laiaie; ea) Se @ie.la alee 0.6, aa eeshese eles»

Cc

ANA

Linnzus, Carl. Syst. Nat., Ed. X,

1:535. 1758. Fauna Svecica, p.

354. 1761. Syst. Nat., Ed. XII,

1,pt.2: 885. 1767. Ibid, Ed. XIII,
2586. 1788.

Seopoli, A. J. Entomol. Carniolica,
p. 247. 1763.

Merian, M. 8S. de. Hist. Gen. d. Ins.
de Surinam, 2:64. 1771.

Fabricius, J.C. Systema Entomolog.,
TONGS Iiiaos

Fabricius, J. C. Species Insectorum,
2: 290. 1781.

Fabricius, J.C. Mantissa Insectorum,
22240. “1787.

Schwarz, Christian. Raupenkalender,
pp. 474-6, 775. 1791.

Fabricius, J.C. Entomolog. Systemat.
Supplimentum, p. 482. 1798.

Illiger, D.C. Syst. Verzeich. Schmett.
der Weiner Gegend, 2:105. (1800)
1801.

Donavan, E. British Insects, 10: 80.
1801.

Bechstein, J. M. Vollstand.
geschicht des schadlich.
ten, pp. 799-800. 1804.

Latreille, P. A. Histoire Naturelle,
14: 250. 1805 (1804-05).

Schrank, F. von Paula. Denk. Acad.
Wissensch. Miinchen, pp. 69-88.
(1816-1817) 1820.

Charpentier, T. von and S. Die Zins-
ler, Wickler, Schaben und Geistchen,

Natur-
Forstinsek-

pp. 138-140. 1821.
Haworth, A. H. Lepidopt. Britannice,
Dies, prols. 1828:

Treitschke, Friedrich. Die Schmett.
von Europa, 7: 217. 1829.

Stephens, J. F. A Syst. Cat. of Brit.
Insects, p. 203. 1829.

Major, Joshua. Treatise on Insects,
pp. . 1829.

Treitschke, Friedrich. Die Schmett.
von Kuropa, Bd. IX, pt. 1: 217. 1830.

Curtis, John. British Entomology,
9:412. 1832.

Bouché, Peter Friedrick. Naturge-
schichte der Insekten, p. 128. 1834.

Lewis, R. H. Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1: 21-22. 1834.

Stephens, J. F. Ill. Brit. Ent., 4: 243-
244. 1834.

Dahlbom, A. G. Vertensk. Acad. Handl.
p. 30-40. 1835.

1Titles marked by asterisk (*) have not been verified.

¢ Dr — rit + Van
412 Revort OF -THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

Yponomeuta padella. « sisicice'ssins cee vie icles

Ph. (Hyponomeuta) padella..............-
Tinea (Yponomeuta) padella..............
UE RODS TG TANT PRGA BER Ma et oe Setar ae a ta

Haponomeuta vartabilisy. ct) + 0 setae el
WpOnomeuta Adela ya. cise leit ee ciere

Yponomeuta padella var. malivorella.........

Hyponomeuta variabilis............. 00 ee
VPONOMCULE PAGEL a j.teicyelene s{ciesncteleeielerie
Hiyponomeita padeilusrmas teletesciacl-isieetele es
Phalena:padellass sarst 2 statetel «2 fgets os, S008 res
Haponomeuta padells rere .1ectmi2 4) iitelso 1 =)
VONOMEUL POGEIGawraie ctteinlasa\tpheveictsieter= ie

Ha ponomeuta, PadellUsiarc is cyotsle\«is{0' + <is1s 6 «12.»

Hyponomeuta padella..............-0.0--
VY ONOMeULG UGE! siaeyn classte)oisi-i= eyeteyicte i
Hyponomeuta padellus..........e.esee0-
TEVOTILUTIUS — DOUELL Gay lay \ecajaiatele tsicielotel oe
Hyponomeutus padellus.........eseeeeees

TON COS DOAELUD a. ttre c seisiclete sroleoselcteterstoreeters) >

Hyponomeuta variabilis. ......seecccecees

UOTUADULE:. eiclelele <u cine ote iS charereiete

. Hartmann, August.

Godart, J. B. and Duponchel, P. A. J.
Histoire Nat. d. Lepidopt., 10: 333-5.
1836.

Westwood, J. O. Gard. Mag., 13: 433.
439. 1837.

Westwood, J. O. Introduction to Clas-
sification of Insects, 2: 404-409. 1840.

Ratzeburg, J.T. C. Die Forst. Insect.,
pt. 2, pp. 248-251. 1840.

Kollar, Vincent. Treatise on Insects,
trans. by J. M. Loudon, pp. 226-229.
1840.

Zeller, O. Ent. Z., 2:13. 1841.

Zeller, P. Hnt. Z., 5: 381. 1844.

Guenée, A. Ann. Société Entomolo-
gique, p. 342. 1845.

Europeorum microlepidopt., Index
methodicus. 1845.

.Guenée, A. Ann. Soc. Entomologique,

p. 342. 1845.

Goureau, Col. a Collongé. Ann. Soc.
Ent. Fr., 2d ser.. T, 5: 239-244. 1847.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E. Ann. Soc. Ent.
Fr., ser. 2,T. 6. Bul. p.65. 1848.

Zeller, P.C. Ent. Z. 11: 149. 1850.

Delacour, Charles. Essai sur les in-
sectes qui attaquent les arbres fruit-
iers, pp. 293-301. 1850.

Heydenreich, G. H. Verzeich. der
Europzisch Schmett, p. 19. 1851.

Wood, W. Index Entomologicus, Rev.
Ed. p. 186. 1854.

Stainton, H. T. Insecta Britannica
Lepidoptera Tineina, 3: 58-61. 1854.

Goureau, Col. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
p. 35. 1855.

; . An Accentuated List
of Brit. Lepidopt. Ent. Soc. Oxford
and Cambridge, p. 81. 1858.

Stainton, H. T. Man. of Brit. Moths
and Butterflies, 2: 308. 1859.

Herrich-Schiaffer, G. A. W. Syst. Verz.
Sch. von Europa, p. 19. 1862.

Boisduval, J. A. Traite d’ Entomo-
logie Horticole, pp. 572-579. 1867.

Stainton, H. T. Brit. Butterflies and
Moths, pp. 269-270. 1867.

Ratzeburg, J. T. C. Die Waldverderb-
niss, Bd. 2, p. 419. 1868.

Nordlinger, H. Die Kleinen Feinde der
Landwirthschaft, p. 460. 1869.

Praun, Sigmund von. Microlepidopt.
Die Europdischen Kleinschmett. Gat-
tung XI. 1869.

Tengstrém, J. M. J. Lepidopt. Faun
Fennicz Preecursorius, p. 341. 1869.

Die Kleinschmett.

p. 52. 1870.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 4135

Wepono Menta spOnellapr dy... stele. cteleials hele exer « Ragonot, Emile-L. Bul. Soc. Ent. Fr.
Ser. 5,3: 112. 1878.

Tinea (Hyponomeuta) padella............... Taschenberg, E. L. Ent. fiir Gartner
und Gartenfreunde, pp. 324-326.
1874.

Hai POnOMeEULG: DAGELUUSE Is a .tierteb = 6 0s. os 6 = Erschoff, N.G. Ent. Z.,35: 413. 1874.

Hyponomeuta variabilis. 306. ..22 sates. - Kaltenbach, J. H. Die Pflanzenfeinde

aus der Klasse der Insekten, pp. 169,
194, 206. 1874.

TA ONOMCUT POUELUS ae nett etal 2-12) Wallengren, H. D. J. Species Tortricum
et Tinearum Scandinavie, Bihang
till K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. 3,
No. 5, p. 40. 1875.

Yponomeuta padella L. = variabilis Zell....... Girard, Maurice. Note Entomologique
sur les Yponomeutes, Bull. d’ Insec-
tologie Agricole, p. 86. 1876:

Chenille di prunier .282 Wa... 5 eee ss ces Bissiére, Bul. d’ Insectologie
Agricole No. 4, pp. 64-72 and 80-83.
1876.

Wipanomentanpadellar...-Prte-laieiaelveecets tal psec Rothschild, J. Musee Entomologique,
Tome 2, Les Papillons, p. 163. 1877.

Hijponomeutavaniabilts... ./-).: sae. << Zeller, P.C. Ent. Z., p. 122. 1878.

Hyponomeuta variabilis Zell. = (H. padella L.).Taschenberg, E. L. Praktische Insek-
ten-kunde, 3: 268. 1879.

Yponomeutapadellus +... ..eseees 2 Ormerod, E. A. Rpt. on Inj. Insects,
pp. 29, 42. 1879 (1880).

Hyponomeuta variabilis Z. (padella L.)....... Frey, Heinrich. Die Lepidopt. der
Schweiz., p. 845. 1880.

i PONOTCULas POGEILUS mmr. <j tatarere re on= = = Bittner, F. O. Die Pommerschen,

Ent. Z., 41: 429. 1880.
Hyponomeuta variabilis Zell. (padella L.)..... K6ppen, F. T. Die Schidlichen Insek-
ten Russlands, p. 416-417. 1880.

POLACLUULS ree sehos kas HOO rahe os ee Hartmann, August. Die Kleinschmett.

p. 65. 1880.

Yeponomeuta:padellusi.... <1 aecmee ee ss Ormerod, E. A. Rpt. on Inj. Insects,
p. 34. (1880) 1881.

Vponomeutas padelldm. s.r « - oc > Ormerod, E. A. Man. of Inj. Ins., pp.
263-266. 1881.

TAR NON OMEULORUARTAOLLISPR aid. aRee A. os ee - Altum, Bernard. Forst Zoologie
3: 204-6. 1881.

Hyponomeuta variabilis Z. (= padella)........ Altum, Bernard. Forst Zoologie,
3: 204-206. 1881.

Eliponomentian padellsts «rye 9-1-2 oy Snellen, P. C. T. Microlepidoptera,
1: 508-9. 1882.

Y ponomeuta padella var. malivorella.......... Ormerod, E. A. pp. 3, 4, Rept. 1883 (4).

TE ORUAR UG TUES! Bees. ce siecle. (ota rv ARERR Wiaitons. 's No6rdlinger, H. Die Kleinen Feinde der
Landwirthschaft, p. 73. 1884.

EHujnonomeutarpadeulan 2 xc4.,.2% « ciaeiaine «oe a Whitehead, Chas. Insects Injurious to

Fruit Crops, Rept. 3, pp. 68-71. 1886.
Whitehead, Chas. Rept. Agr. Adviser,
England 2: 32-4. 1888.

WePONOMeCUla, PAGELLAMA a... Paste eReas «oc 33 Ormerod, E. A. Rept. 12: 12-13.
1888 (9).

Dea) L DAE i hss oars se ss Altum, Bernard. Waldbeschidigungen
durch Thiere und Gegenmittel, p. 129.
1889.

Hijponomeuta padenay + x5 xs atolls «6 3) sis Whitehead, Chas. Rept. Agr. Adviser,

3: 16-17. 1889.

414 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT

Huyponomeuta padellusemcmiaietn ieee cnet

Haponomeute pocello meres kee eee
Hiyponomeuia variabiliss ae neieieeiee eee

‘Hyponomeuta padellus L. (variabilis Zell.) ....

OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

Wynne, Brian. Our Hardy Fruits, p.
51. 1890.

Ormerod, E. A. Man. Inj. Ins., pp.
295-297. 1890.

Mosely, S. L. Naturalists’ Guide, v. 6,
pt. 1, pp. 42,97. 1890.

Hess, W. Die Feinde des Obstbaues,
p. 256. 1892.

Schéyen, W. M. Zétschr. Pflanzenkr.,
3: 268-269. 1893.

Hg ponomeutampadellusMene eis. ae nce oe Schoyen, W. M._ Fort. over Norges

Hyponomeuta padellus L. (variabilis Z.)......
Vponamentaypadellise yan Geen oe
Tinea padella L. (variabilis Z.).............
Hiyponomeutaypadella ee =< sclank elon. 2 =e

Hyponomeuta variabilis (or padellus).........

Hyponomeutapadellus. .ctisttcrs 1s daar
iponomeuta padellan. sheen eee ee

Hiyponomeutapadellusss a..0 eee er

Huponomeutaypadelias..k hem acca eerie
Vponomeutapadelligst LRP 1) 5. Pk Go. occ

EU PONOMeutarpadellus) tweets eve) eel eee oe

Hyponomeutus padellus L. (=variabilis Z.)....
Vnonomeviawpadellusas...0- eee...

Hijponomeutaspodeila.. sie. ©. nies eee

Hyponomeuta variabilis Zil. (=padelia Hb.)....

Lepidoptera Christiania Videnskabs-
Selskabs Forhndl., No. 13, 1893.
Nickerl, Ottokar. Catalogus Insec-

torum Faune Bohemice, 3:18. 1894.

Rebel, H. Verhdl. der K. Zool. Bot.
Gesellschft., Wien. 1895.

Meyrick, Edward. Handbook Brit.
Lep., pp. 695-697. 1895.

Judeich-Nitsche. Forstinsektenkunde,
Bd. 2, p. 1067. 1895.

Henschel, G. H. O. Forst. und Obst-
baum Insekten. 1895.

Schéyen, W. M. Beretning om Skade-
insekter og Piantesygdomme, pp.
50-51. 1896.

Howard, L. O. U.S. Dept. Agr.
Yearbook, p. 550. 1897.

Warburton, Cecil. Jour. Roy. Agr.
Soc., 9:765. 1898.

Ormerod, E. A. Handbook Orchard
and Bush Fruit Insects, pp. 27-29.
1898.

Ormerod, E. A. Rept. 22:12-15.
1898(9).

Staudinger and Rebel. Cat. Lep. Pal.
Faunengeb, p. 132. 1901.

Jablonowski, Jézsef. A Gyiimdélesfak
a Sz6l6 Kartevé Rovarai, pp. 45-48.
1902. 2

Bouyat, André. Bul. Soc. d’Etud.
et Vulg. Zool. Agr. Bul. No. 4, p. 11.
1902. :

Marchal, Paul. Bul. Soc. d’Htud.
Vulg. Zool. Agr., pp. 18-26. 1902.

Rebel, H. Ann. des K. Naturhis
Hofmuseums. Wien., p. 346. 1904.

Theobald, F. V. 2nd Rept. on Econ.
Zool. (Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.), p. 31.
1904.

Kirchner, Oskar. Die Obstbaumges-
pinstmotten Cire. 7, Hohenheim
Anstalt fiir Pflanzenschutz. 1905.

Collinge, W. E. Rept. Inj. Ins., 4:29.
1906 (1907).

Mokshetsky, C. A. The Apple Moth,
p. 15. 1907.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 415

Kinonomeutaypadellais: 20% tectcih. «teteeites «> « Wahl, Bruno. Mitteil. der K. Pflan-
zenschutzstation, Wien, pp. 1-11.
1907.

Hyponomeuta padella L. (H. variabilis Zell.)..Bd. of Agr. and Fisheries (London)
Leafiet, 65 (revised). 1908.

VWnonomenutat padellaes ss... «4. treeivateds os so Joannis, J. de. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
77: 789. 1908.
Hnjponomeutarpadelluss JF. -\..scisceriiet «<= - Carpenter, G. H. Inj. Ins. and Other
Animals, I, pt. 15:583. 1908.
RE MONOMeULUS DANELUSis oe). pcos « lo, Rebaté, E. Développement et des-

truction de la chenille fileuse du
prunier, Agen. Imp. Quillot. 1908.

Hajponomeuta variabilts, 23555. 2cre ks... es Schéyen, W. M. Beretning om Skade-
insekter og Plantesygdommer, p. 26.
1908.

EAU MONOMEULON DOE Gare ete. ey tee etees ich Saracomenos, D. Cyprus Journal, p.
275. 1908.

Jia Chenille Fileuse du Prunier............. Vermorel, V. Les Ennemis des Arbres
Fruitiers, p. 16. 1909.

CI DONOMECULGINOGCIIG. . 1.1... era ac Parrott, P.J. Jour. Econ. Ent., 2: 305.
1909.

Howard, L. O. Rept. of Entomologist,

U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 37. 1909.
Cs Sie, eRe” BOON NAS, Tee Schéyen, W. M. Beretning om Skade-
insekter og Plantesygdommer, p. 16.

1909.

Yponomeuta variabilis............. ec Soe Reh, L. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank-
heiten (Sorauer), Bd. 3, pp. 271-274.
1909.

EU MOnNOMeuLasBAGella ys. <t8- -eveperereltia te 6-6 Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit
pp. 86-91. 1909.

Enmonomenuia padelluse atone eres «26 = > Rebaté, E., and Bernés, J. La Chenille
Fileuse du Prunier, pp. 3-32. 1909.

ELE MONOMLC TTR AULILO) wean aravigs Vapee peer ei Parrott, P. J. Jour. Econ. Ent.,

3:157-161. 1910.

Felt, E. P. Jour. Econ. Ent., 3:341
1910.

Marlatt, C. L. Jour. Econ. Ent.,
Ass OTe

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF YPONOMEUTA MALINELLUS ZELL.

Yponomeuta matinelluss. 05 .. .asisles... s+ Zeller, O. Isis, S. 70. 1888.

Zeller, O. Jsis, S. 194. 18389.
tmnenunalenellus wae)... dodanie ts vee enews Zeller, O. Ent. Z., 2:13. 1841. —-
UE ONMLOLIT CLO RS: POUR. ok reps Brag ed Freyer, C. F. New. Beit. 43161, pl.

384. 1842.
Hyponomeuta malinellus...........0..0004 Zeller, Paul. Ent. Z., p. 3881. 1844.

Zeller, P.C. Isis, Hft.3, p. 220. 1844.

Zeller, P. C. Isis, Hit. 3 and 4, p.
175-302. 1846.

Zeller, P.C. Hnt. Z., p. 149. 1850.

Heydenreich, G. H. Verzeich. der
Kuropeich. Schmett, p. 19. 1851.

Vponomeuta matinelia..atia..t dient «>> o « Goureau, Col. de. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
p. 30. 1855.
Huponomeuta malinella dnceichisiind «+++ Herrich-Schiffer, G. A. W. Schmett.

von Europa, 5:92. 1855.

416 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

Hyponomeuta malinellus.. 1.0... eee Sievers, Jr: J.C. Schmett. im Gouv.

Hyponomeuta malinella

Yponomeuta cognatella (malinella)

Tinea mualinella Ae. set ST

Yponomeuta malinellar $s 22s 0.eceeeen es. a

Dnean Hope) nQuinellai =... ase ee ee

Hiuponomeutavmatenella ns... 22 eee mee

Hyponomeuta malinellus...................

La Chenille du Pommier BAe ote Ia eae ee ale kal

Vinonomeutamalincila. os. ae eee eee

Haponomeuia malinella 23 S25. 228 ees 5 -

Hyponomeuta malinelius: vic. = a> ie aus wxstyysie

Hyponomeuta malinella...............-...-

Hyponomeuta malinellus...... be 2

Hyponomeutatinalimellame’. 220 = 5 jane «oes

Yponomeula malivorella..............0..05.

Viponomeutamalinella 1... eee eee aoe

Tinea malinella

von. St. Petersburg, p. 10. May,
1858.

SR; ATES: ih ke ORI Herrich-Schiaffer, G. A. W. Syst. verz.

Sch. von Europa, p. 19. 1862.

RO ina Boisduval, J. A. Traite d’ Entomologie

Horticole, p. 575. 1867.
Ratzeburg, J.T. C. Die Waldverderb-
niss, Bd. 2, p. 419. 1868.

OT os Keferstein (Gerichtsrath). Ent. Z., p.

199. 1869.

Tengstrom, J. M. J. Cat. Lepidopt.
Faune Fennice Precursorius, p. 341.
1869.

Hartmann, A. Die Kleinschmett, p.
52. 1870.

Heineman, H. V. Die Schmett.
Deutch. und der Schweiz., Band 2,
Heft. 1, p. 110. 1870.

Laboulbene, Al. Bul. Ent. Soc. Fr.,
Ser: 5, os 2) seo:

Ragonet, Emile-L. Bul. Ent. Soc. Fr.,
Ser. 5, 3:112. 1873.

Taschenberg, E. L. Ent. fiir Girtner
und Gartenfreunde, p. 328-329.
1874.

Kaltenbach, J. H. Die Pflanzenfeinde
aus der Klasse der Insekten, p. 194.
1874.

Wallengren, H. D. J. Species Tortri-
cum et Tinearum Scandinavie,
Bihang Till K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl.
Bd. 3, No. 5, p. 40. 1875.

Bissiére, —————. Bul. d’ Insecto-
logie Agricole, No. 4, pp. 83-86.
1876.

Dillon, —————. Bul. d’ Insectologie
Agricole, pp. 1-4. 1878.

Taschenberg, E. L. Praktische Insek-
ten-kunde, 3:270. 1879.

Bittner, F. O. Die pomm. Lepid.,
Ent. Z., p. 429. 1880.

K6éppen, F. T. Die Schidlichen
Insekten Russlands, p. 418. 1880.
Frey, Heinrich. Die Lepidopt. der

Schweiz, p. 345. 1880.

Hartmann, A. Die Kleinschmett., p.
65. 1880.

Altum, Bernard. Forst Zoologie,
3:204-206. 1881.

Ormerod, E. A. Man. Inj. Ins., p. 265.
1881.

Snellen, P. C. T. De Vlinders van
Nederland, (1): pt. 1, 509. 1882.
(2): pt. 1, 509. 1882.

Noérdlinger H. Die Kleinen Feinde der
Landwirthschaft, p. 73. 1884.

New York AGRICULTURAL

Hyponomeuta malinellus..........0. 0. eee
Hajponomeuta malinella tee. 22 ete. = «3 =
Hyponomeuta malinellus..............+.45-
hinea, (Hap:). matinella}. ves ee Sees one =

Hyponomeuta malinella.............+00-5--

WPONCMEUTAMINGLENELLUS hie tla «cites ssl seis ois

*

1/7
EXPERIMENT STATION. AVG

Porchinski, J. A. Insects Destructive
to the Orchard in Crimea. 1886.
(Cited by Mokshetsky.)

Glaser, L. Cat. Etym. Coleop. et.
Lepidopt., p. 24. 1887.

Hess, W. Die Feinde des Obstbaues,
p. 258. 1892.

Nickerl, Ottokar. Catalogus Insec-
torum Faune Bohemice, 3:18. 1894.

Judeich-Nitsche. Forst-insektenkunde,
p. 1068. 1895.

Henschel, G. H. O. Forst und Obst-
baum Insekten. 1895.

Frank, A. B. Krankheiten der Pflanzen,
p. 234. 1896.

Nippon Konchu Gakeu (Entomology
of Japan) p. 184. 1898.

Barbut, G. Prog. Agr. et Vit., 32:305-
309. 1899.

.Schreiner, Y. F. The Apple Moth and

Means to Fight It. 1899. (Cited by
Mokshetsky.)

NID pO Galcht hen
(Economic Entomology of Japan),
pp. 86-88. 1899.

Zimmermann, H. Insektenbdrse (Leip-
zig), pp. 133-134, 1899.

Berlese, Antonio. Principali Insetti
Nocivi alle Piante da Frutto, p. 10.
1901.

Staudinger and Rebel. Cat. Lep. d.
Pal. Faunengeb, p. 132. 1901.

Lindemann, C. E. Insects of Fruit
Trees, pp. 55-63. 1901. (Cited
from Mokshetsky.)

Hyponomeuia malinellus......0...0..--05.-- Jablonowski, Jézsef A. Gyiimdlesfak

Hyponomeutus malinellus........2ceeeeeees

*Huponomeuta malinellas oy. .c.cssc cesses

Yponomeuia malinellus......es0 oiresoo DOC

Hyponomeutus malinellus.......sceeeoeeee

*Hyponomeuta malinella........c.cceeeeees

14

a Sz6l6 Kartevé Rovarai, pp. 45-48.
1902.

Marchal, Paul. Bul. Soc. d’ Bud. et
Vulg. Zool. Agr., pp. 138-26. 1902.
Akitaken N@Ojishikenjo (Akita Proy.
Agr. Exp. Sta.), Report, p. 5. 1902.
Onuki, Zitsuy6 Konchu Gaku (Prac-
tical Entomology), pp. 199-200.

1903.

———. Yamagata Ken
Nojishikenjo (Yamagata Province
Agr. Exp. Sta.), Bul. on Insect Pests,
pp. 18-19. 1903.

Rebel, H. Studien tiber die Lepidopt.
der Balkanlander, Ann. K. Natur-
historisch. Hofmus., Wien, p. 346.
1904.

Noel, Paul. Bul. du Lab. Rég. d’ Ent.
Prem. Trim., pp. 5-7. 1904.

—_—__—__ ————.. Iwate Ken N@ji-
shikenjo (Iwate Province Agr. Exp.
Sta.), How to Combat Injurious
Insects, pp. 45-46. 1904.

418 Report or THE

Hyponomeuta malinella.....

*Yponomeuta malinella.....

*Hyponomeuta malinella....

pint aol e, (4, a, 01's

*

Yponomeuta malinella......
Hyponomeuta malinella.....

Yponomeuta malinellus.....

*Hyponomeuta malinella....

Hyponomeutus malinellus.. .

Yponomeuta malinellus.....

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE

§ en ee Kirchner, Oskar. Die Obstbaumge-
spinstmotten, Hohenheim Anstalt fiir
Pflanzenschutz, Cir. 7. 1905.
Noel, Paul. Bul. du Lab. Rég. d’ Ent.
Agr. ‘Ir. ‘Trim:, p. 3; Deux. Trims
pp. 3-5. 1905.
on SOP ICIC Matsumura. Nippon Konchu Somo-
kuroku, Catalogue Insectorum Japo-
nicum, p. 236. 1905.
Imperial Agr. Exp. Sta., Tokyo. Notes
on Ringo no Sumushi, 1904. Ms.
by Kuwana, 1906.
5 te Se ar Uneda. Saikin Noésakubutsu Gaichuhen
(Insects Injurious to Agricultural
Plants), pp. 288-291. 1906.
ti, LE =
ince Agr. Exp. Sta., A manual to
Economic Ent., pp. 28-29. 1906.
——— ———.. Akita Provincial
Agr. Sta. Rept., p. 71. 1906.
Matsumura. Konchu Bunruigaku (Sys-
tematic Entomology), p. 210. 1907.
Collinge, W. E. Rept. Inj. Ins.,
4:28-29. 1906 (1907).
Be eae Wahl, Bruno. Mitteil. der K. Pflanzen-
schutzstation, Wien, No. 9, pp. 1-11.
1907.
ee Oe ree Mokshetsky, C. A. The Apple Moth,
pp. 1-34. 1907.
Bes. a ee Reh, L. Ungewoéhnlicher Massenfrass
von Gespinstmotten, Zischr. Wis-
sensch. Insektenbiol. Bd. IV, Heft 7,
p. 259-262. 1908.
Se er: ————— —— Bde ot Agrvand
Fisheries. Leaflet, 65 (revised). 1908.
Collinge, W. E. Jour. Land Agts.
Soc. p. 11. 1908.
Saracomenos, D. Cyprus Jour., p. 275.

1908.
Akita Prov. Agr Exp. Sta. Rept., pp.
85-86. 1908.

= ee 3o- es. Joannis, Jae. sAnneesoc. Fmt. slr.
77:789. 1908.

Pe eS PE ase Vermorel, VY. Les Ennemis des Arbres
Fruitiers, p. 36. 1909.

PRE ee i ae Ae Lampa, Sven. Uppsatser Praktisk
Entomologi med Statsbidrag Utgifna
af. Entomologiska Féreningen i Stock-
holm, Uppsala, p. 41. 1909.

enc Coane Akita Prov. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept., pp.
116-117. 1909.

Theobald, Fred. V. Insect Pests of
Fruit, pp. 86-91. 1909.

Were ee ts A athe Rebaté, E., and Bernés, J. La Chenille

Fileuse du Prunier, pp. 3-32. 1909.

Be ne ahs aig Reh, L. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank-
heiten (Soraurer), Bd. 3, pp. 271-274.
1909.

New York AGRICULTURAL

Hyponomeuta malineila

Yponomeuta malinellus

*Yponomeuta malinella

ee

SPCC COPECO LN CO Oat

EXPERIMENT STATION. 415

Parrott, P. J. Jour. Econ. Ent., 3:158.
1910.

Felt, E. P. Jour. Econ. Ent., 3:341.
1910.

Nagano Ken NoOjishikenjo (Rept.
Nagano Province Agr. Exp. Sta.),
pp. 102-106. 1910.

Kuwana, Aomoriken Nodjishikenjo
(Aomori Province Agr. Exp. Sta.),
Special Bul. on Injurious Insects, pp.
70-71. 1910.

Kuwana and Murata, Gaichu Bdjo
Benran (A handbook of insect pests
and how to combat them), p. 14.
1910.

Noel, Paul. Resumé des _ procédés
Pratiques de Destruction des Insectes
Nuisibles, pp. 11-12. 1910.

Tullgren, Alb. Uppsatser Praktisk
Entomologi Med. Statsbidrag Utgifna
Entomologiska Féreningen Stockholm,
patie soit

Kuwana and Fukaya, Imperial Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Nishi-
gahara, Tokyo. Note on Ringo no
Sumushi. 1912.

2. #4 Geter

Bree iw eet Ob bh OO treed,

ANNE

~ TREK pil path Ayel fT 6 bre
oUt

Jeon) olawidie7 ast bane
pat? crt sph acetinntt onigeyt
z ai SGP TE Lag

opnndideioy avalionvk. nvaAwod

4 ¥ ‘
alk 6S. SRA -sodiee’) mogik)
oy efrein? quotibial ac ist noah
OTe Ray
nije inn seth hea muda
' ] i te Dahan A) aenaolt
wel oe bidt gadewe of wod fds
oa Otel
chido vy = errgranl font faayt
rr yi Louie aly espa
O10 2)-Th aa eukfieinA
P| lvl f iby j th mnrtveliae T
. es Hie f ; f — re |
Gere 4 Pet é , | 9 if7
wloedsfaulh ose ron?
vf a5
ai. . tas 4 i: Swi a
f ? 3 be ‘ ‘
i ; r nay
‘ i“ y i
Oye ba Airy! eu :
EM t ‘i i
>: a
‘
; al
ev ‘
i
vir ¥

=)" * - 5 7 ra . i.
; ¥y i" \
Pe: ae ea : AN hae =

ad, eal
reek
he ? 4

9) pe imal

‘ TIA
hie
am i

*
. i

car ther re Ace
. a
aa

rm ine x

‘ ee
, « hbser belek alert ‘
‘Peg 7

io

.

REPORT

OF THE

Department of Horticulture.

U. P. Hepricx, Horticulturist.

Ricuarp Wexuineron, Associate Horticulturist.
Gro. H. Howe, Assistant Horticulturist.

Cuas. B. Tusrercen, Assistant Horticulturist.
Frep. E. Guapwin, Special Agent.

O. M. Taytor, Foreman.
)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

I. Influence of crossing in increasing the yield of the tomato.
II. An experiment in breeding apples.
III. Grape stocks for American grapes.
IV. Pedigreed nursery stock.

V. Grape culture.

[421]

war dae shed es

Sun wou Ion 40 in: Meats: |
| | =
* ALY vw Uraive a wi ute, ae ia

Hasthsal, obtuse wera rn. VY nla

~ oad
a thenvegVletiacee. ev ob el ayaa) a ong
~ a
. 7 jp he
Jovi biearivo Wh Satan escaney) th Ae a
; : : a7
‘ * \ ‘ a alee
Aaa yy! ., Mcrae” i vt tiated Oh AEE ie _
, . na
aprwaea 4 RLF re i o O- .
; es
1) Pe
~ Piet Eee ele
i ,
ATAITTEOD 30 Dee
"*s
TMT wit tn hei vit; eranarayr ie a be I be "

mae —— i
ov EOe Bitlet a) Fi

OIA 6 imaist f 1

“REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
HORTICULTURE.

INFLUENCE OF CROSSING IN INCREASING THE
YIELD OF THE TOMATO.*

RICHARD WELLINGTON.
SUMMARY.

The infusion of new blood obtained by crossing somewhat
closely related varieties has been found, in many plants, to in-
crease the vigor and yield of fruits to a very marked degree.
Among the common commercial crops, corn, bean and tomato
have been proven experimentally to be greatly benefited by such
crossing.

The increase in vigor and size produced by crossing is undoubt-
edly due either to the heterozygous condition, which stimulates
the growth of either the size or the number of cells; or to a com-
bination of two or more size-increasing characters, such as thick
internodes and long internodes, which dominate over characters
of decreasing dimensions.

All the experiments on tomato crosses conducted at this Sta-
tion during the years 1907-1910 have given consistent gains in
favor of the yield of the F, (the first filial) generation; and the F,
(second) and F, (third) generations have fallen off in yield in
direct ratio to the decrease in the number of heterozygous plants.
When a homozygous condition for all the plants in a strain has
been obtained, the average yield of the plants should remain con-
stant from year to year, varying only with the external factors,—
food, moisture, and temperature. Thus, if the F, plants, which
were used for the production of the F, generation grown in the
summer 1910 were mostly homozygous, the non-drop in yield
can be understood.

The results obtained in these experiments warrant the produc-
tion of F, generation tomato seed not only by the grower but by
all seedsmen who wish to furnish the best grade of seed to their
buyers. The production of such seed requires time and care, and
consequently, it must be sold at higher prices.
~ *A reprint of Bulletin No, 346, March, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,”

see p. 823.-
[423]

424 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

Recommendations are given for making tomato crosses and
also precautions that are essential for the maintenance and the
obtainment of desirable characters. In conclusion, a few sugges-
tions are given as to what commercial varieties may be improved
by crossing.

INTRODUCTION.

That increase of vigor and of size is obtained by crossing plants
and animals not too closely related is a well established principle
in the biological world. The individuals crossed may be of the
same variety or different varieties, and of the same or closely re-
lated species; but the relationship must not be so distant as to
induce sterility and weakness. This principle is so well estab-
lished that many animal breeders consider the infusion of new
blood as a necessity for the preservation of highly prized qualities.
Theoretically, if all the characters possessed by a variety or other
group of individuals were in a homozygous or pure condition, no
inferior individuals would be produced either from the self-fertil-
ized individuals or from the matings of perfect brothers and
sisters; but unfortunately, this high standard is rarely or never
obtained, for all highly organized individuals are made up of
many characters, and a combination of only perfect characters in
an individual is practically impossible.

The principle that the offspring of crossed plants are usually
more vigorous than their parents was first made prominent by
Knight, but the experimental proof of the principle was left to
Darwin (10)* who, in his work “Cross and Self Fertilization in
the Vegetable Kingdom,” built a foundation that still remains un-
shaken. Darwin found exceptions to the general law that plants
crossed with fresh stock produce offspring of greater height and
of greater weight than the self-fertilized plants, a notable example
being Eschscholtzia californica, its self-fertilized plants surpassing
the cross-fertilized plants in height in three out of four cases, re-
gardless of the fact that the crosses yielded far more seed than
the self-fertilized plants. Perhaps Darwin made this cross be-

*See Bibliography for reference numbers enclosed in parenthesis.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 495

tween genotypes inferior to the average plants, and consequently
the offspring were inferior to the average. In the case where the
cross surpassed the average plants, genotypes superior to the
average may have been used. The transmissive power of indi-
viduals can be determined only by the study of the progenitors
and the offspring, not by an inspection of the individuals.

In 1876, Dr. W. J. Beal (1), then of the Michigan Agri-
cultural College, arrived at the conclusion that a mixture of
varieties was desirable, and in his discussion on changing seeds,
he said: ‘To improve or infuse new vigor into varieties (or
races I should more properly call them) I propose in case of corn
and some other seeds to get seeds from remote parts where it has
been grown for some years, and plant near each other and mix
them. Since making the above notes (the idea was originated with
myself) I have been delighted in reading Darwin’s new work on
‘Fertilization of Plants’”. After two years of experimenting,
Beal (2) made the following statement: “ Mr. Darwin had not
tested the crossing of flowers by foreign stock in cases of our
fruits, nor had he tried the same on but few of our vegetables.
He had not tried it on any of the cereals except on Indian corn,
and on this imperfectly, because corn will not ripen in the open
air in England. It seemed to me the greatest chance ever offered
to make some experiments in this country for the benefit of our
farmers.” In a cross between two strains of yellow dent corn
grown by Mr. Wolton and Mr. Hathaway, an increase in the yield
was obtained which exceeded the yield of the uncrossed dents in
the proportion of 153 to 100. In the bean crosses, the crossing
being left to the insects, Beal secured remarkable results — the
erosses giving 1,859 pods to 992 pods of the uncrossed or pure
variety. The bean seed of the crossed stock weighed 70.33 ounces,
the seed of the uncrossed stock 29.77 ounces, or in other words,
an increase in weight of 236 to 100 was found in favor of the
crossed bean. :

In 1879, at a Connecticut farmer’s convention, Prof. W. H.
Brewer (6), of Yale College, stated that a Mr. Hinman had found
a mixture of five varieties of corn—even though poor and good

496 Reporr oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

races were represented — better in yield of good corn than the
average crop. The increase was thought to be maintained the
second and third years, but after the second year, the relative pro-
portion of the poor corn increased. In 1889, Denton (12) made the
following statement in his article on sorghum hybridization: ‘“ In
regard to the effect of crossing varieties, it can be said that it
seems to increase the vigor of the plants sometimes in a wonder-
ful degree. The crossed canes are often much larger and taller
and often have much heavier seed-heads than either parent form.”

Many conclusive statements have been published on the bene-
ficial effects secured in first-generation crosses of corn; but since
these works are so well reviewed by G. N. Collins (8) it is only
necessary to call attention to his article. Among the papers
noticed those of C. L. Ingersoll (19), J. W. Sanborn (26), G. W.
McCluer (21), G. E. Morrow and F. D: Gardner (22, 23), C. P.
Hartley (16), G. H. Shull (29, 30, 31) and E. M. East (13, 14)
are well worthy of study.

In addition to these positive proofs in regard to the increase of
vigor and yield, we find other statements in recent articles on
breeding which confirm the belief that the principle is not re-
stricted to a few genera and species. Dr. H. J. Webber (32),
in a paper on cotton breeding published by the American
Breeders’ Association, writes: ‘‘ The hybrids of the first genera-
tion where a fuzzy-seeded type of upland was used have almost
uniformly the following characters: They are taller, larger, and
more vigorous than either parent, and have leaves in general inter-
mediate in shape.”

A. D. Shamel (28) in the same publication, but one year later,
makes the statement: ‘‘ Self-fertilized tobacco seed, the result of
the closest possible degree of inbreeding, has been conclusively
demonstrated by four seasons’ experience and experiments in ex-
tensive fields of different varieties of tobacco to produce more
vigorous plants than seed cross-fertilized within the variety.
Crosses of different strains of tobacco, however, give increased
vigor of growth, leaf and seed production.”

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 427

Keeble and Pellew (20) in their study of the mode of in-
heritance of stature in peas found that the first generation crosses
between the half-dwarf varieties Autocrat and Bountiful greatly
surpassed either parent in height. Since one variety possessed a
thick stem and the other long internodes, the authors came to
the conclusion that both of these factors were requisite for the
production of maximum growth in the pea. The explanation is
best given in their own words: ‘“ The suggestion may be hazarded
that the greater height and vigor which the first generation of hy-
brids commonly exhibit may be due to the meeting in the zygote
of dominant growth-factors of more than one allelomorphic
pair, one (or more) provided by the gametes of one parent, the
other (or others) by the gametes of the other parents.” This
hypothesis was supported by a close approximation to the 9:3:3:1
ratio which signifies the presence of two allelomorphie pairs.

An older hypothesis to explain the increase in vigor, which does
not essentially disagree with that of Keeble and Pellew, is one
postulated by G. H. Shull (31). He writes: ‘In 1908, I sug-
gested a hypothesis to explain the apparent deterioration attend-
ant upon self-fertilization by pointing out that in plants, such as
maize, which show superiority as a result of cross-fertilization,
this superiority is of the same nature as that so generally met with
in F, hybrids. I assumed that the vigor in such cases is due to the
presence of heterozygous elements in the hybrids, and that the
degree of vigor is correlated with the number of characters in re-
spect to which the hybrids are heterozygous. I do not believe
that this correlation is perfect, of course, but approximate, as it is
readily conceivable that even though the general principle should
be correct, heterozygosis in some elements may be without effect
upon vigor, or even depressing. The presence of unpaired genes,
or the presence of unlike or unequal paired genes, was assumed
to produce the greater functional activity upon which larger size
and greater efficiency depend. This idea has been elaborated by
Dr. E. M. East and shown to agree with his own extensive experi-
ments in self-fertilizing and crossing maize. He suggested that

4928 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorvicuLTuRE OF THE

this stimulation due to hybridity may be analogous to that of
ionization.”

Shull further states: “A. B. Bruce proposes a slightly different
hypothesis in which the degree of vigor is assumed to depend upon
the number of dominant elements present rather than the number
of heterozygous elements.” Bruce’s view harmonizes with the one
given by Keeble and Pellew.

In addition to the benefit already noted as obtained from cross-
ing, there are obtained others of lesser importance but probably
correlated with the increased vigor, as, for example, early
flowering, early maturity, hardiness and lessened liability to
premature death. Darwin (10) cites many instances in which
the crosses have flowered earlier than plants from self-fertilized
seel— and a few where the reverse order has taken place.
Cyclamen persicum is a marked case of premature flowering, for
during two successive seasons a crossed plant flowered some weeks
before any of those from self-fertilized seed in all four pots.

The early maturity of fruit borne by crossed tomato plants is
discussed in the text of this bulletin.

The increase of hardiness of crossed plants was found by Dar-
win to be very marked in Nicotiana and Ipomea, both of which
resisted the cold and inclement weather much better than the self-
fertilized plants. ‘The offspring of plants of the eighth self-
fertilized generation of Mimulus crossed by a fresh stock, survived
a frost which killed every single self-fertilized and inter-crossed
plant of the same old stock.” Hschscholtzia, already noted as an
exception, was hardier when not cross-fertilized. Self-fertilized
seedlings of Beta vulgaris were found to perish beneath the ground
in large numbers, when the crossed seeds sown at the same time
did not suffer. These observations of Darwin, in addition to
others on the behavior of self-fertilized seeds of the petunia give
ample proof that hardiness is affected by crossing.

Since cross-fertilized plants have a greater resistance to ex-
tremes in climatic conditions, and as they are generally more
vigorous than their self-fertilized brethren, it is not unreasonable

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 499

that crossed plants are less susceptible to the attack of diseases and
physiological troubles. Varieties of wax beans are known to re-
sist the anthracnose disease for a few years, and then succumb to
its attack. Is this increasing damage by the disease due to a de-
crease in vigor, brought on by the methods of seed propagation,
or have more virulent forms of the disease arisen which are
capable of overpowering formerly resistant plants? This subject
is beyond the theme of the author; nevertheless, this phase of the
influence of crossing is too important to be overlooked.

TOMATO EXPERIMENTS.

From previous work in crossing tomatoes, Hedrick, of this
Station, was of the opinion that hybrid plants produced a greater
quantity of fruit than the varieties used as parents. With this
suggestion as a basis for work, the author in 1907 commenced an
experiment in order to determine whether crossing increased the
yield of tomatoes, and if so, how much ?

Methods of procedure.— For the insurance of a cross which was
wide enough to give appreciable results and at the same time was
not too wide, the Livingston Stone and the Dwarf Aristocrat
varieties were selected. The fruit of these varieties is identical in
color and so similar in shape that one can not separate them by
inspection, and the shape and the size of the leaves are as similar
as the fruits. The vines, however, are very distinct in stature,
one being a standard and the other a dwarf. If the Livingston
Stone is one of the parents of the Dwarf Aristocrat, as has been
suggested by E. C. Green, an Ohio tomato breeder, the similarity
of certain characters would be expected. A third variety, Hed-
rick, a strain of the Livingston Stone, which originated at the
Michigan Agricultural College, was also used in the experiment.
From previous tests and in its behavior in the following crosses,
no great difference was found in the yields of this variety and its
progenitor; in fact, they are so near alike that a good systematist
could not separate them.

In making the first crosses for this experiment, it was the in-
tention of the writer to make reciprocal crosses, but the plan was

430 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

frustrated on the start, as the Dwarf Aristocrat was planted too
late to be used for the fertilization of the Livingston Stone and
the Hedrick blossoms. Pollen of the standards, however, was
secured for the fertilization of the Dwarf Aristocrat blossoms.
This one-sided cross was probably just as satisfactory as if recip-
rocal crosses had been made; for, first, the chances are that no
differences in the reciprocal crosses would have been found; and,
second, the use of the dwarfs as female parents gave a check on
the crossing. Since the standard condition is always dominant to
the dwarf condition, the occurrence of a dwarf in the F genera-
tion, under these circumstances, would indicate that the cross had
not been made. No similar test could have been applied to the
reciprocal cross, since standard condition might in this case have
arisen either from continuance of the pure standard line or from
dominance of the standard condition in the cross.

The self-fertilizing of varieties in the experiment was per-
formed by covering the flower clusters with paper bags while the
blossoms were in the bud stage, and later, when the pollen was
ready for shedding, jarring every other day until the blooming
was completed.

The crossing of the varieties was more difficult than the self-
fertilizing and required more care. For the prevention of acci-
dental crossing, the flower clusters were covered while in bud.
One or two days before the pollen had matured, the stamens were
removed with the aid of a pair of forceps or some other instru-
ment; and two or three days later or whenever the pistils were
receptive, the stigmas were covered with the pollen of the desired
parent. Premature pollination always gave a very poor setting
of fruit.* As the blossoms in clusters mature at different times,
it was necessary to perform the emasculating and pollinating every
two or three days until the work was completed. In crossing it
should be remembered that the length of time for blossoms to
mature depends upon the temperature and that better results are
obtained when the pollen sheds freely, that is, on the bright, warm,
sunny days.

*This fact is substantiated by Hartley. (See Bibliography 15.)

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 431

SUMMER EXPERIMENT OF 1908.

Seeds for the 1908 summer experiment were obtained during
the winter 1907-1908 from self-fertilized plants of the Livingston
Stone and Dwarf Aristocrat and from cross-fertilized plants,
namely, Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone and Dwarf Ariste-
erat x Hedrick—the first parent in all the crosses mentioned
being the maternal parent. Seeds were sown April 30, 1908, the
plants pricked out on May 15, and on June 2 one hundred
plants of each lot were set out in the garden. The plants were
arranged so that the conditions for each plant were as nearly
alike as field conditions will permit. All the plants matured ex-
cept one Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone, which was acci-
dentally destroyed. The following table gives the pounds of fruit

TABLE I.— YIELD oF TOMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM F,
SEEDLINGS.

(Summer Experiment, 1908.)

Dwarf Dwarf
ae eas Aristocrat | Livingston Dwarf
+s x Stone. Aristocrat.
Livingston | Hedrick. | Standard | Dwarf
en etiethe ist genera- parent parent
ae tion (100 plants). | (100 plants).
(99 plants). (100 plants).
Time oF PICKING: Lbs. Lbs Lbs
Antes) S289 010s. Sy AT 197 1944 123%
Ase, 29=Sept: 4. 0... sea ea 100 91 56
Septeoo lod Asatte Fee: 608 560 4244
DEE OOM ee Boor ae cay: 476 375 6274
Rotalaipedruit: &2-s8 sys. 24 1,381 1, 2203 1, 2313
Total green fruit........... il 1s 1,276 856
Motalevieldiscso8 «eke « opert = 2,506 2, 4963 2,0873
Ripe fruit per plant........ 13.949 12.205 12-315" }
Green fruit per plant....... 11.364 12.76 8.56
Total fruit per plant....... 25.313 24.965 20.875

Yield per acre (2,722 plants). 68 ,898 67 ,955 56 ,822 40 , 163

432 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HoRTICULTURE OF THE

produced by each lot and the periods of picking are divided into
intervals of about ten days. The total yield of ripe and green
fruit is given for each lot, the average amount of ripe and green
fruit produced per plant, and finally the total yield of 2,722
plants — one acre with plants set 4’x 4’ each way — based on
the average yield of one plant. The results are discussed later in
the bulletin.

WINTER EXPERIMENT, 1908-1909.

The seed used for the winter crop was obtained during the sum-
mer of 1908 by self-fertilizing clusters of blossoms on four or
more vines of each lot, namely, the Dwarf Aristocrat, Livingston
Stone, and the crosses, Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone, and
Dwarf Aristocrat x Hedrick. It will be noted that two crops of
tomatoes are grown in one year — the winter crop in a forcing
house. This experiment differed from the preceding one in that
the crosses belonged to the F, generation, and, therefore, a direct
comparison of the results is impossible. All the dwarf plants
that appeared in this second generation were discarded. Accord-
ing to the Mendelian law of segregation, one-third of the stan-
dards appearing in an F, generation are in a homozygous con-
dition, and two-thirds, or the remainder, of the standards are in
a heterozygous condition. The homozygous standard plants will
always breed true to the standard type, while the heterozygous
standard plants will split into one-fourth dwarf plants and three-
fourths standards. It is thus very evident that we are dealing with
a smaller proportion of heterozygous individuals in the F, genera-
tions than in the F, generation. The heterozygous and the homozy-
gous plants were so similar in appearance that no separation could
be made by inspection, and, therefore, both kinds were planted in-
discriminately. Owing to the smaller number of heterozygous
plants in these crosses, one would expect less difference in yield
between the standard parent and the crosses. The results of this
crop agreed with this expectation, except that the differences in tlie
yields of the crosses and the parents were less marked than ex-
pected. Early maturity favored the crosses. The yield of this

New York Agaricutrorat Exprertment Station. 433

indoor crop is so inferior to the outdoor crop that it is very
evident that the strength of none of the plants was taxed. Under
such conditions all the standard plants could be expected to do
equally well.

TABLE IJ.— YIELD oF TOMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM F;,
SEEDLINGS.

(Winter Experiment, 1908-9.)

Dwarf
Aristocrat Dwarf Sk
x Aristocrat ae . Dwarf
Livingston x tone. ristocrat.
"ic. Hedrick. Standard Dwarf
2nd gen- 2nd gen- parent parent
ae eration (36 plants). | (42 plants).

(30 plants). (31 plants).

TIME OF PICKING: Lbs. ozs. Lbs. ozs. Lbs. ozs. Lbs. ozs.

ATO SU kis eisvss baie qere. Or: 9 143 10a: 9 15 10 93
Welsnl Ub er cerle mys-ns stapes 20 10 19 4 19 0 19 4
Hels GS2852 5c nace te Sen 19 5 23 9 23 8 14 10
Wareh I-16 ees fet ek 23 (ae 26.6 33 6 24 14
March 17-April 3.......... PH 4 19 9 24 13 16 10
Motaliripe imiites so 4.5 joes 100 83 98 15% 110. =6:110 85 153
otal green fruit.::........ 30 a Ceo 400 S93: DAS ee.
plo taleyiel der ses toc oes 130 8 130 153 155 =610 109 153
Ripe fruit per plant........ 3.00 3.192 3.073 2.047
Green fruit per plant....... 1.00 1.032 1.25 0.571
Total fruit per plant....... 4.35 4.224 4.323 2.618
Yield per acre (2,722 plants). 11,840 11,498 11,767 7,132

SUMMER EXPERIMENT, 1909.

The Dwarf Aristocrat, the Livingston Stone, and three filial
generations of the cross Dwarf Aristocrat x Livingston Stone
were used in this summer’s experiment. The dwarf plants in
the second and third generations were discarded, and, therefore,
only the standards were planted. The second generation standards,
as has been noted, should contain about two heterozygous te
one homozygous plants, but the proportion of the two classes in

434 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

the third generation is net known, since no records of the mother
plants were kept. If dwarf plants had not appeared in the third
generation, one could have rightly assumed that its parents had
been all homozygous standards, but as dwarfs did appear, one or
more of the mothers must have been heterozygous. The law
of probability favors more than one heterozygous mother, for the
second generation from which the third generation was obtained
should have had two heterozygous plants to every one of its
homozygous plants, and, as already stated, at least four mothers
were used. Unfortunately, the exact number of dwarfs was not
recorded, for then one could make a rough estimation on the
number of heterozygous individuals. However, if the amount of

TABLE IIJ.— YIELD oF TOMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM F,, F;
AND F, SEEDLINGS.

(Summer Experiment, 1909.)

Dwarr ARISTOCRAT X

lavyinaston STONE Hedrick | Livingston] Dwarf

Strain. Stone. Aristocrat.
/Standard| Standard Dwarf
Ist gen- | 2nd gen-| 3rd gen-
; : : parent parent parent
eration | eration | eration (54 (45 (70

(96 (85 *(28

plants). | plants). | plants). plants). | plants). plants).

Time oF PIcKING: Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Augs12-20) ..) ee 1723 1323 463 993 | 65 11/16 854
Aug. 21-Sept. 2...... 1303 68 33e 403 | 314 41}
Sept. 3-16... beeen 529 4803 1843 323 | 176 217
Sept-ul6-28 258.28 402 342 99 151 183 803
Total ripe fruit....... 1,234 | 1,023 3632 6143 | 456 3/16 4243
Total green fruit...... 688 681 140 370 | 340 253
Total yield...........} 1,9223 | 1,704 5033 984% | 796 3/16 677%
Ripe fruit per plant...) 12.855 | 12.035 | 12.986 | 11.37 10.137 6.07
Green fruit per plant..| 7.1666) 8.01 5 6.85 7.555 3.61
Total fruit per plant. .| 20.022 | 20.05 | 17.986 | 18.22 17.692 9.68
Yield per acre (2,722

PANS) ss edt 54,500 | 54,576 | 48,958 | 49,595 48 ,152 26, 349

* The low number of plants grown in this generation is due to an accidental picking
of seed fruits in the greenhouse.

New York AGricuLtturAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 435

fruit produced by a generation is any criterion of its genetical
composition, it is safe to assume that the majority of the plants
in this F,; generation were homozygous—their yield corre-
sponding very closely to that of the Livingston Stone. ‘This
assumption is further substantiated by the fact that this F'; gen-
eration, and the Fy, generation, produced by self-fertilizing the
F, generation, gave very similar results in the summer of 1910.
This season’s results show practically no difference in the total
yield of the first and second generations. The total yield of the
third generation and the Livingston Stone as noted above are
nearly identical. The total ripe fruit per plant of the third
generation exceeds that of the first and second generations — the
first. generation, however, leads at end of the second period all
the crosses and varieties by over half a pound per plant. Further
differences in the yields are discussed more fully later in the
Bulletin. |

SUMMER EXPERIMENT, 1910.

Seed for the summer crop of 1910 was obtained from plants
of the crosses and of their parents grown in the greenhouse during
the winter of 1909-1910. The 1910 experiment was conducted
in the same manner as during the previous seasons, except one
more generation was added, namely, the fourth. Results which
corresponded with the previous ones were obtained, notwithstand-
ing the fact that the plants suffered from several mishaps. On
May 27th the plants, a little too spindling, were set out in the
field. The following two days were cold and rainy and shortly
afterwards the foliage turned yellowish and appeared unhealthy.
The ground had been previously manured and plowed, so the
trouble can be laid neither to the soil nor to the lack of food.
Within a week of the date the plants were set in the field, cut-
worms had either destroyed or injured several plants. A mixture
of sweetened bran and an arsenical poison distributed in spoonful
quantities at the base of each plant stopped the work of the cut-
worm, but did not lessen the troubles. A rain following the
application of the poisoned bran washed the soluble arsenic into

436 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

the soil, and within a day or two many plants showed injury,
especially those which came accidentally in contact with the mix-
ture. Several plants died from this poisoning, several recovered,
and all probably received more or less injury. The plants that
succumbed to the trouble were discarded from the experiment.
The injured plants recovered after two or three weeks, and since
the check to growth was probably equally distributed amongst all
the lots, the results are comparable. This assumption is supported
by weights obtained (see Table IV).

The plants set in the field numbered: Of the cross, Dwarf
Aristocrat x Livingston Stone, 36 of first generation, 80 of
second, 73 of third, and 65 of fourth; of Livingston Stone, 80;
and of Dwarf Aristocrat, 44. The number from which data
were secured is given in the following table.

TarLE IV.— YIELD oF TOMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM F,, F,,
F; and F, SEEDLINGS.

(SumMER Experiment, 1910.)

DwarFr ARISTOCRAT X

NE ae
Livingston Sto Livingston! Dwarf

Stone. Aristocrat.
Ist gen- | 2nd gen-] 3rd gen- | 4th gen- sata: d ies
eration | eration | eration | eration mc 49 Pp (32

(28 (28 (45 (36

plants). | plants). | plants). | plants). plants). | plants).

Time OF PICKING: Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs.
Sept7a120.4 ie 23% 15 30 31 264 23
Septiile-28. 7000 seer ee 119 54 112 125 186 58
Sept. 29-Oct. 15...... 226 211 297 256 375 74
Total ripe fruit. ><: . .). 3683 280 439 412 5874 155
Total green fruit...... 406 424 589 445 632 248
otal yields... ~<a. 7743 704 | 1,028 857 1,210} 403
Ripe fruit per plant...} 13.161 | 10 9.7555 | 11.444 | 11.9898 7.031
Green fruit per plant..| 14.5 15.143 {13.0888 | 12.361 12.7142 7.5
Total fruit per plant. .| 27.661 | 25.143 |22.844 | 23.805 | 24.704 14.781
Yield per acre (2,722

12) 5) aaa 75,293 | 68,439 | 62,173 | 64,796 67 ,244 40 , 234

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 437

The influence of crossing is very apparent in this table—
the F, generation cross surpassing both the parents and the other
crosses in yield. The F, generation stands second in pro-
ductivity and the F; and F, generations fall below the yield of
the Livingston Stone. The number of heterozygous individuals
in the third and fourth generations are not known, but they are
probably few in number (see discussion on page 66).

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

Tt is well known that it is often unfair to draw conclusion
on the yield of an acre, based on the performance of a few plants,
but when the results are repeated for three consecutive seasons,
under good and adverse conditions, and the gain is consistent,
one may assume that the results are not a case of chance. Further
the results are supported by similar performances of many other
similar experiments on various genera and species (see
Introduction).

The summer experiment of 1908 gave gains which favored
the crosses to a marked extent. The Dwarf Aristocrat x Living-
ston averaged 4.438 pounds more fruit per plant than the Living-
ston Stone and 10.558 pounds more fruit than its maternal par-
ent, or in other words, if the plants had been set 4 feet by 4
feet, that is, 2,722 to the acre, we would have obtained about
six tons more fruit from this cross than from the Livingston
Stone and over fourteen tons more fruit than from Dwarf Aristo-
erat. If the cross had been made between two standards, instead
of a dwarf and a standard, the yield might have been greater,
but perhaps not, as the vines of the first generation are standard
in size.

The winter experiment of 1908-1909 is not comparable with
the summer experiment, as the conditions are very different, and
in addition, the same generations were not grown.

The summer experiment of 1909 gave lower yields for all the
lots than the previous season, and this fact may be partially
explained by the unusual drought which prevented the maximum

438 Report or THE DerpartMEeNnt or HorticuLtuRE OF THE

development of plants and fruits. However, as the drop in yield
occurred in all the crosses and varieties in about the same pro-
portion, the results remain comparable. The maximum yield per
plant of the F, generation was over five pounds less than the sum-
mer of 1908, and the maximum yield per plant of the Livingston
Stone, a little over three pounds less; consequently, the difference
in yield of these two lots in the summer of 1909 was only 2.328
pounds, while in the summer of 1908 it amounted to 4.438
pounds. The difference, however, in yield of the Dwarf Aris-
tocrat and the first generation obtained in 1908 is practically
identical with the difference obtained in 1909, the former being
10.558 pounds and the later 10.34 pounds. Even with a small
difference between the standard plants, of 2.328 pounds per plant,
one would obtain an increase of over three tons per acre, that is,
if the same increase held for 2,722 plants. These differences
apply only to the total yield of the plants. The difference in
yield of only ripe fruits is less marked, but nevertheless, worthy
of consideration. In 1908 the ripe fruit per plant of the F, gen-
eration exceeded the Livingston Stone by over 1.6 pounds, and
in 1909 the difference was over 2.7 pounds—a gain of over
one pound in favor of the later year, and in 1910 there was a
gain of 1.17 pounds.

The F, generation cross in 1910 yielded nearly three pounds
more per plant than the Livingston Stone and nearly thirteen
more pounds per plant than the Dwarf Aristocrat. The ripe
fruit of the F, generation, as already noted, exceeded that of the
Livingston Stone and this difference would have increased
materially if the season had been longer, for the experiment
closed with more green fruit on the vines of the former than on
those of the latter.

In consideration of the increased yield of the hybrid or crossed
tomato plants, particularly those of the F, generation, and since
the ripening season was materially advanced, there is little ques-
tion but that the crossing of tomato varieties is a sound commer-
cial proposition.

New York AGRIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 439

SUGGESTIONS FOR GROWING HYBRID SEED.

1. Desirable results have been obtained by selecting plants in-
discriminately, but better results would undoubtedly have been
obtained if high-yielding mothers had been selected for one or
more generations previous to the first crossing. This selection
can be easily accomplished, as tomatoes are readily self-fertilized.
The high yielding strains or pure lines having been isolated, they
should be preserved for future crossing, and then the crosses can
be duplicated at any future date. This is a very important con-
sideration for the grower who is desirous of putting the same
grade of product on the market from year to year. As tomato
seed remains fertile three to seven years, a grower does not need
to make his crosses oftener than once in three years. The seeds-
man, as well as the farmer, can profitably raise F, generation
seed, provided a guarantee is not given for more than one genera-
tion, for the buyer, to maintain his quality of product, will have
to purchase seed every year.

2. Too violent crosses should be avoided, as they are conducive
to weakness and sterility. In a cross between Jerusalem cherry
(Solanum. pseudo-capsicum Linn.) and the common tomato
(Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) no seed was produced, and yet
the application of pollen grains of the former caused the develop-
ment of small tomato fruits — the reciprocal pollination had no
such stimulating action, as the Jerusalem cherry blossoms
dropped without any noticeable swelling of the ovarian tissue.
This example is of course an extreme case, but it is only one of
several in which sterility is known to take place — the mule being
a classical case in the animal kingdom.

3. The best results of crossing can probably be obtained by
keeping within a species and crossing the distinct varieties and
the distinct strains. For the insurance of securing a desirable
commercial tomato, one must keep in mind the inheritance of
such qualities as smoothness, color, size, shape and earliness. To
obtain smooth fruits, one should cross only varieties with smooth
and even surfaces, as roughness will appear in the first genera-

440 Report or tHE DerartMent or HorticuLTuRE OF THE

tion. From observation of the writer, the irregularity of the
surface of the tomato is thought to be correlated with the non-
development of ovules. This postulation is not improbable, as
Ewert has found irregularity of certain fruits, as the apple, to
be due to the lack of development of seeds in one or more carpels,
and many others have noted the correlation of the development
of seed and its surrounding tissues — thus, a study of smoothness
in some cases may mean a study of sterility.

The inheritance of color in tomatoes has been carefully studied
and so it is now known that the dark red is dominant to the pink
and the yellow, and that the pink is dominant to the yellow
color — the submerged color in every case being the recessive.

Thus, to obtain a red fruit, it is necessary to make sure that
one parent is red— the other may be red, pink or yellow; to
obtain a pink fruit, one parent must be pink and the other parent
either pink or yellow; and to obtain a yellow, only yellow parents
can be used.

‘Size is inherited as if it blended into an intermediate condition,
and, therefore, one should cross large fruits to obtain large fruits,
small fruits to obtain small fruits, and small by large fruits, or
medium by medium fruits to obtain medium sized fruits. Size
is probably increased to a slight extent by the heterozygous con-
dition, but not sufficiently to be of commercial significance.

Shape, like size, is inherited more or less as an intermediate
in appearance, and, therefore, varieties not too divergent from the
desired type should always be selected.

Earliness is slightly increased by crossing, but for the attain-
ment of marked differences, one would have to make crosses with
early maturing varieties or strains. The inheritance of season in
the F, generation of the tomato is not known, but from its be-
havior in other plants, it is probably inherited as an intermediate
condition. Caution should be taken while working for earliness,
that all the other characters are all right or the attempt to improve
in one direction may be off-set by a deterioration in another of
equal importance.

New Yorx AgrictururaAL ExpERiMENT STATION. 441

SOME PLANTS THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE, OR MAY PROVE TO BE,
BENEFITED BY CROSSING.

The tomato is not the ideal plant to cross for it requires care
and time to make many crosses, but its compensating factors are
the large number of seeds produced by a single fruit and the
inereased yield of the hybrids. The cheapness of the production
of tomato seed will depend upon the number of seed borne by a
variety, and consequently, the nearly seedless varieties will be
the more expensive to produce. Corn is without a doubt the ideal
plant to cross; for the staminate and pistillate blossoms are widely
separated — the former being borne by the tassels and the latter
by the ears — the silks being the pistils. The crossing of maize
may be accomplished by simply planting the varieties or strains
in alternating rows, and as soon as the tassels appear, remove
them from one variety and allow wind to perform the pollinating.
It is essential that other varieties not wanted for crossing are
distantly located from the breeding plat or undesirable mixtures
will certainly appear.

Among the Cucurbitaceae are found monoecious plants, as
squash, melon and cucumber, which are easily crossed and are
prolific in seed production. If the beneficial effect of crossing
holds for this family, it will certainly be a valuable addition to
the list of plants known to be improved by hybridizing.

A very important field lies open to the investigators, who have
the opportunity and the patience to select the best strains or pure
lines from the complex composition of varieties propagated by
seed, and who have the ability to recombine these strains in such
a way as to obtain the highest awards given by nature.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(1) Beal, W. J. Changing seeds. Mich. State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 15: 206-207,
1876.
(2) —————— The improvement of grains, fruits and vegetables. Mich.
State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 17: 445-457, 1878.
(3) —————— Experiments in cross-breeding plants of the same variety.

Am. Journ. Arts and Set. III, 17: 343-345. 1879.
Crossing with foreign stock. Mich. State Bd. Agr. Rpt.
19; 287, 288. 1880.

Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HorTICcULTURE.

Crossing with foreign stock. Mich. State Bd. Agr. Bien-
nial Rpt. 1: 135, 136. 1880-1882.
Brewer, W. H. Conn. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 12: 57, 58. 1878-9.
Burbidge, F. W. The propagation and improvement of cultivated
plants. App. p. 599. Edinburgh and London: 1876.
Collins, G. N. The value of first generation hybrids in corn, U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Pl. Ind. Bul. 191: 7-41. 1910.
Increased yields of corn from hybrid seed. U. 8S. Dept.
Agr. Yearbook 1910, pp. 319-328.
Darwin, Chas. The effects of cross and self fertilization in the
vegetable kingdom. London: 1876.
The variation of animals and plants under domestication.
Second Edition, Revised. Vol. II.
Denton, A. A. Experiments in hybridizing or crossing varieties. U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Chem. Bul. 20: 127-137. 1889.
East, E. M. Inbreeding in corn. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept., 1907,
pp. 419-428.
The distinction between development and heredity in in-
breeding. Am. Nat. 43: 173-181. 1909.
Hartley, C. P. Injurious effects of premature pollination. U.S. Dept.
Agr. Pl. Ind., Bul. 22: 9-41. 1902.
Corn-breeding work in the United States. Am. Br. Assoc.
Rpt. 1: 34-37. 1905.
Hayes, H. K., & East, E. M. Improvement in corn. Conn. Agr. Expt.
Sta., Bul. 168: 3-18, 1911.
Hedrick, U. P., & Booth, N. O. Mendelian characters in tomatoes.
Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1907, pp. 19-24.
Ingersoll, C. L. Purdue University, An. Rpt. 9: 72, 1883.
Keeble, F., & Pellew, C. The mode of inheritance of stature and of
time of flowering in peas (Pisum sativum). Jour. Genetics.
1: 47-56. 1910.
McCluer, G. W. Corn crossing. Ill. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 21: 82-101.
1892.
Morrow, G. E., & Gardner, F. D. Field experiments with corn. III.
Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 25: 179-180. 1893.
Experiments with corn. fll. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 31:
359-360. 1894.
Piper, H. Hybridizing, cross-breeding, and degeneration in plants.
U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1867, pp. 296-317.
Price, H. L., & Drinkard, A. W., Jr. Inheritance in tomato hybrids.
Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 177: 17-53. 1908.
Sanborn, J. W. Indian corn. Me. Bd. of Agr. Rpt. 33: 78. 1889-90.
Shamel, A. D. The effect of inbreeding in plants. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Yearbook, 1905, pp. 337-392.
————— Tobacco breeding. Am. Br. Assoc. Rpt. 2: 18-20. 1906.
Shull, G. H. The composition of a field of maize. Am. Br. Assoc. Rpt.
4: 296-301. 1908.
A pure-line method in corn breeding. Am. Br. Assoc.
Rpt. 5: 51-59. 1909.
—————_ The genotype of maize. Am. Nat. 45: 234-252. 1911.
Webber, H. J. Cotton breeding. Am. Br. Assoc. Rpt. 1: 37-44. 1905.

AN EXPERIMENT IN BREEDING APPLES.*

U. P. HEDRICK anp RICHARD WELLINGTON.

SUMMARY.

1. There have been few efforts to improve apples, nearly all
varieties having come from chance seedlings. Under the knowl-
edge and inspiration of recent discoveries in plant-breeding we
ought to breed this fruit more advantageously than in the past.
This bulletin is a record of an experiment in breeding apples in
the light of the new knowledge.

2. Apples are improved only by the introduction of new vari-
eties. These originate chiefly from cross-fertilized seeds. Pos-
sibly a few have arisen from self-fertilized seed and it is known
that a very few sorts have come from sports or bud-mutations.
It is very doubtful if apples can be improved by bud selection
and the so-called “ pedigreed ” stock is probably worth no more
than trees grown under general nursery practices.

3. The material for this experiment came from 148 crosses
made in 1898 and 1899. Grafted trees of these crosses began to
bear in 1904 and the seedlings came in fruiting in 1908. The
crosses have been studied from both the grafts and seedlings,
the orchards having had the care usually given commercial
plantations.

4. The crosses which have fruited, with the number of each,
are:

ES CrMeP RE SSE ESOPEES.. LIS tani phan vali lat Se iiatey gees eee ok 4
men Wawisi on GreenmuUvewtOwmn: 2.00 350. Sic. c ee ele ee wee 13
Beliavis eu Gnlatitatres Wt. kI A) \. elvis Seles 8 ER se eid hie ete II
ee Damisiee PVVCENtOSH . 1.1. Hoek ei aaa he ois Oe oak II
AeA SPUUNNIGUHEE. oo aa. se ca fe eis dos cdo os bee Pee ee ets 20
pis CUA VIS chet. iG ens AMON. ee eee elle Oe hee he 29

abs ars PON ALMA yas... 2S. tafe ci. cee. peo hele. che tee oh 2
Pretest, me Liaw Versa. 2 25... fae oto Dome lies es I
Pdi eI OLEMEEL SVN fa Je) od. unt cee. BW ReTAL IT eo: 9
Petes fee DOLenern SPY a. 5.0.25 soe uae wat lees ae tau Ch I
Bel Otte SINGLETON SPY a oo oo s.< co ijae wade he eRe PEs dates 5

* A reprint of Bulletin No, 350, June, 1912; for “ Popular Edition,” see

p. 840.
[443]

444 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE

5. General considerations arising from the experiment are: 1.
These crosses strikingly contradict the idea that seedling apples
revert to the wild prototype. 2. The stimulus of hybridity is
very marked in the vigor of the crosses under consideration. 3.
The behavior of some of the crosses strongly suggests that ap-
ples may be prepotent in one or more of their characters.

6. The inheritance of a number of characters is discussed;
namely, color of skin, color of flesh, shape, size and acidity.

7. In color of skin, the fruits in which yellow predominates
over red seem from the data in hand to be in a heterozygous
condition for yellow and red. The fruits in which red predomin-
ates are either homozygous or heterozygous. The pure yellows
are homozygous.

8. The data are not at all conclusive as to color of flesh but
suggest very strongly that Ben Davis and McIntosh, crosses of
which gave the best opportunity of studying color of flesh, both
carry yellow and white, the white being recessive.

g. Establishing the laws of inheritance of size and shape in
apples promises to be a most difficult task, since these characters
depend upon so many external as well as internal conditions.
The data from these crosses favor the supposition that these
characters are inherited practically as intermediates.

10. The study of the inheritance of sweetness and sourness is
based wholly upon crosses of sub-acid varieties. The fact that
sweet apples appear in nearly all of the crosses is significant.
The crosses are so few that the exact 3:1 ratio could hardly be
expected in all cases, yet the total progeny indicates strongly
that crosses of these sub-acid varieties break up in the propor-
tion of three sour apples to one sweet one.

11. The following is a summary of the inheritance of the
characters discussed, in the several varieties:

Ben Davis does not carry yellow; in transmitting shape it is
less prepotent than either Green Newtown or jonathan; as a
rule its crosses are intermediate in size; sweetness is carried
as a recessive.

Esopus probably carries yellow skin color; shape is intermed-
iate in its progeny; the variable size of its progeny indicates that
at least one of its recent ancestors was small; sweetness is car-
ried as a recessive.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTIon. 445

Green Newtown possibly carries a red unit factor; the dis-
tinctive oblique shape of this variety is prepotent in crosses with
Ben Davis; the progenitors of Newtown probably bore iarge
fruits; sweetness is recessive.

Jonathan carries only red skin color; it is more prepotent than
Ben Davis in the transmission of shape; sweetness is recessive.

Lawver entered into too few individuals for even rough as-
sumptions.

McIntosh seems to carry both red and yellow skin colors;
the white flesh of the McIntosh behaved as a recessive to the
yellowish-white color of the Ben Davis; in shape as many pro-
geny of Ben Davis crossed with McIntosh resembled one parent
as the other and all were intermediate in size; the ratio of
two sweet to nine sub-acid apples supports previous statements
that sweetness is recessive.

Mother probably does not carry yellow; shape and size seem to
be inherited as intermediates; sweetness is inherited in 2:3 in-
stead of 1:3 proportions.

Northern Spy carries red and yellow skin color; shape seems
to be transmitted as an intermediate; its gametes carry large
and small size; this variety does not carry sweetness.

Ralls probably does not carry yellow; is more prepotent in
transmitting shape-determining factors than Northern Spy in
the cross with this variety; the variability in size of its crossed
progeny is so great as to suggest that among its recent parents
were large and small-fruited apples; it seems not to carry sweet-
ness.

Rome entered into but one individual, hence nothing can be
said as to the inheritance of its characters.

Sutton probably carries yellow; it is less prepotent as to shape
than Northern Spy; its crosses did not give small fruits; it did
not carry sweetness.

12. The following is the disposition of the crosses as to propa-
gation: From the eleven Ben Davis X Jonathan crosses, one
is marked for propagation, four for further testing and six for
discarding. Ben Davis X Mother gave two seedlings worthy of
propagation and eighteen for discarding. Ben Davis X Esopus
produced four worthless seedlings but the reciprocal cross con-
tributed two worthy of propagation, one for future testing,

446 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HortictuLturr OF THE

twenty-six for discarding. Ben Davis X McIntosh gave two
desirable varieties, three for further testing and six for discard-
ing. Ben Davis X Green Newtown gave four desirable varieties
from thirteen seedlings. Esopus X Jonathan gave one for fur-
ther testing, one for discarding and McIntosh X Lawver pro-
duced one individual which is still retained for further test. The
Northern Spy crosses have done well, for Sutton X Northern
Spy gave two worthy of propagation, three worthy of further
testing and none for discarding. Ralls X Northern Spy produced
one desirable variety, one worthy of further consideration and
seven undesirables; and Rome X Northern Spy gave one of no
special merit.

13. Varieties named, after counties in the State, described and
distributed, are: Clinton, Cortland, Herkimer, Nassau, Onon-
daga, Oswego, Otsego, Rensselaer, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenec-
tady, Schoharie, Tioga and Westchester.

14. The behavior of the crosses in this experiment gives some
indications of how certain characters are transmitted when found
in the varieties involved and forms a basis therefore, for breeding
work with these varieties, and suggests, at least, how the char-
acters discussed will behave in other varieties that may be used
in breeding.

15. The chief difficulties in the application of Mendelian prin-
ciples to the breeding of apples are likely to be: 1. The deter-
mination of the factors by which the various characters are
transmitted. 2. Complications arising when a character skips a
generation — does not appear in the F, generation. 3. It is pos-
sible that some characters may be linked together in transmis-
sion and that others will repel each other. 4. The bringing to-
gether of complementary characters may result in reversions and
thus produce unexpected characters. 5. The breeder will not be
able to obtain new characters by working with Mendelian char-
acters nor augment those that exist if we possibly except size
and vigor. 6. It will be necessary to work with large numbers of
plants — difficult with apples. 7. Disappointments will often
come from the attempt to work with fluctuating variations.
8. There is likely to be much confusion between “simple Men-
delian characters ” and “ blending characters.”

New York AgricunturaL ExPERIMENT StaTIon. 447

INTRODUCTION.

Apples have been cultivated for many centuries, yet there seem
never to have been well-ordered efforts to improve this fruit.
Of the three thousand or more varieties which have been de-
scribed, nearly all, as their histories show, have come from
chance seedlings. When one seeks to know what the raw material
of our cultivated apples was, and how it has been fashioned into
its present shape, he finds little but surmises. It is true that
until recently — until the onrush of discoveries made by Mendel
and his followers — plant breeding was little more than dally-
ing in the by-ways of biological science; but there seems to have
been no time when even what was passing as current coin in
plant-breeding was used to any considerable extent in improving
the apple or, for that matter, any tree fruit. Not only has there
been apathy, but error and laxity are more prominent than truth
and exactness in the little work that has been done.

It is not strange that pomologists have been laggards while
agriculturists, gardeners and florists have at least been working.
For, as all can see, it is much more difficult to put the principles
and methods of plant breeding in practice with fruits. Thus,
with trees, much more time and money are required to secure
results; the harvests have been and must ever be more meagre,
for but comparatively few trees can be grown in breeding experi-
ments; individuals have not taken up the work with fruits,
because the pecuniary rewards have been small — in most cases
nil; until recently there have been no public institutions having
plant-breeding to do and these have been forced to work in the
fields where the yields are most immediate; plant-breeding has
been so changeable that it has been impossible to lay out a piece
of work with fruits and complete the task as planned; lastly,
such laws of breeding as we have had have been worked out for
herbaceous plants and fruit growers have very generally believed
that trees do not follow the same laws —a notion that crops out
not infrequently in the scientific literature of the past.

We ought now, however, to be able to breed fruits much more
advantageously than in the past. Under the ferment of Men-
delian ideas a sufficient body of knowledge has been produced to

448 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

enable plant breeders to shorten and improve their methods.
The old feeling of uncertainty is largely gone, the limitations of
breeding are better known, and the breeder can now take aim
where before he shot at random. While his tasks, in many re-
spects, are much more difficult than those of the farmer, florist
and gardener, the breeder of fruits can take cheer in the fact
that almost nothing has been done in his field and that he has
practically a virgin soil to till.

The discoveries of the past ten years make a foundation for
fruit-breeding but not much real building can be done until we
have had more experience in handling the material. With the
apple, in particular, because of the time it takes to obtain results,
a decade at the very least, it is important that workers give to
their fellow-workmen the results of experiments as rapidly as
precise and accurate information, be it ever so slight, is obtained.
It is with the hope of adding a little to the small store of apple-
breeding knowledge now in existence that we are reporting at
this time on an experiment in crossing apples at the Geneva
Station. Though the experiment has been running fourteen
years, this is still but a preliminary report.

Before noting the behavior of the crosses to be discussed, it
seems necessary to give brief consideration to the origin of
varieties of apples.

THE ORIGIN OF VARIETIES OF APPLES.

Apples, as we shall try to show later, are improved only by
the introduction of new varieties. That is, there is no evidence
to lead one to suppose that varieties are ever changed for better
or worse by selection or degeneration as cumulative processes.
Strains, or possibly varieties, rarely arise by selecting bud-muta-
tions but no one as yet has demonstrated that by continuous
selection new characters can be developed in apples. It, there-
fore, becomes highly imporant that we know how varieties of
apples originate. Fortunately, data are at hand upon which it
seems safe to generalize. The Apples of New York’ gives all
that can be learned of the histories of 698 standard sorts of this
fruit. How have these come into existence ?

1 Beach, 8. A. The Apples of New York. N. Y. Agrl. Ex. Sta. 1905

New York AGRICULTU RAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 449

Data from The Apples of New York.— No ease is recorded
in this work of a variety known to have come from a self-
fertilized seed.

The seed parent is given for 39 varieties, probably accurate
data for it would be most natural for a man growing seedling
apples to keep a record of the seed parent if he knew it.

The seed and pollen parents of but one of the 698 apples under
consideration are certainly known; the one is the Ontario.
Parents are named for the Pewaukee and Gideon, but iu each
case one of the parents was guessed.

Four varieties are said to have come from sports or bud-
mutations.

Sorts from seeds sown without knowledge of either parent
and from natural seedlings are put down as chance seedlings;
of these there are 71.

The origin of 517 of the 698 varieties is unknown. Among
these “unknowns” are many of the best commercial and home
apples.

A discussion of this data should give some idea of the past and
the present status of apple-breeding.

Varieties from self-fertilized seed That none of the varie-
ties of apples grown in America, many of which came from
Europe, however, are known to have come from self{-fertilized
seed is a surprising fact. Either the few men who have tried to
produce new varieties of apples have not “ selfed” seed, or if
such seeds have been produced, the resulting trees have been
worthless. There are no records of attempts to obtain varieties
of this fruit through self-fertilization. Though some of the
chance seedlings or some of those of unknown origin may have
so originated, it is not likely, for two reasons, that many have.
As is well known, the apple is partially self-sterile, the blossoms
of most varieties being much more receptive to pollen from other
sorts than to their own. As contributory evidence to this pref-
erence for cross-pollination, it may be stated here, although the
facts will be set forth more fully later in the text, that it seems
almost impossible to obtain self-fertilized seed from the crossed
trees of which this bulletin is a record.

15
4

450 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

A second reason for assuming that few varieties of apples
come from self-fertilized seed, is that the apple, in common with
many plants, loses vigor under self-fertilization and new varie-
ties are not likely to be selected from feeble seedlings. When
cross-fertilization is preferred by a plant, it may, generally
speaking, be assumed that the offspring of self-fertilized seed
will be wanting in vigor, size and fertility. Two experiences
with inbred apples at this Station, while the number of trees
involved is too small to give the experiments much weight, are
suggestive as to the effects of inbreeding apples.

One of these lots of trees consists of four seedlings from Hub-
bardston self-pollinated, which are and always have been, with
the best of care, but weaklings. None of these bore fruit until
in their fourteenth season and then two of them matured one apple
each. These Hubbardston seedlings are growing in the same
block under the same treatment as the crosses to be discussed,
which are wonderfully vigorous and productive. The weakness
and sterility of the selfed seedlings are so striking that it should
be counted as something more than a coincidence. The behavior
of these Hubbardstons may be compared with that of the crosses
in Table II, page 465. In 1907 several hundred Baldwin apple
seeds taken from fruits in an orchard in which no other varieties
were growing, were sown at this Station and though there was
a fair germination but 27 rather weak plants survive — the
others having succumbed to damping-off fungi, droughts and
cold. In the many different batches of apple seedlings grown at
this Station during the past six years, none have shown such lack
of vigor as these selfed Baldwins.

From the fact that offspring of self-fertilized seeds have played
so small a part in the origination of varieties, and because of
the known consequences of close interbreeding, the use of selfed
seed does not promise much in breeding apples.

Varieties from cross-fertilized seeds—Although the data given
show that but one named variety is certainly known to be the
result of a cross, yet in spite of lack of exact knowledge it seems
certain that nearly all varieties of apples are crosses, because,
as has just been stated, apples normally prefer cross-pollination ;
and selfed seedlings lack vigor and would largely be weeded out

New York AaqricuntturaAL ExprrRIMEnt STATION. 451

through selection. The experiment in hand has to do only with
crossed apples and the behavior of these trees, since we have
almost no data from the past regarding crossed apples, should be
of especial interest to apple growers and breeders.

If it be true that the apple is to be chiefly improved by cross-
ing, apple breeding becomes a comparatively simple though not
necessarily an easy matter. The blossoms are readily interpol-
linated, the seeds grow as readily as those of vegetables or flowers,
and there remains but to select the tree of promise and _ to
propagate it. A little manual skill, knowledge of what exists and
of what is wanted in varieties of apples, patience and time, with
land to grow large numbers of seedlings, added to definite knowl-
edge of the laws of plant breeding, seem to be the requisites for
breeding apples by crossing.

Varieties of apples from mutations.— Four varieties in The
Apples of New York, are said to have come from sports. ‘These
are: Olympia, Banks, Collamer and Red Russet.

The evidence regarding these varieties needs to be examined
critically. Olympia was sent out as a “sport from the Baldwin,”
an “improved Baldwin.” Four trees in a Baldwin orchard
near Olympia, Washington, produced larger and better colored
fruits than the neighboring plants. Cions seems to reproduce
the large size and high color, and the novelty was called the
Olympia. At this Station, the Olympia from cions taken from
trees grown from the originals, is the Baldwin. We are led to
conclude that the variation in the trees in Washington was due
to some unusual environmental condition and that there is no
ground for calling it a “ sport,” a “ mutation,” or a new variety.

Banks is given as a bud-mutation of Gravenstein differing
from its parent in being bright red, less ribbed, more regular
in shape and a little smaller. This variation appeared on a
branch of a Gravenstein tree in the orchard of C. E. Banks,
Berwick, Nova Scotia, and is now widely grown about the place
of its origin. Gravenstein seems to be productive of red varia-
tions, Oberdieck', Gaucher®? and Leroy*® having described varia-
tions similar to Banks in Europe. More recently another one
~ 1Oberdieck, Dent. Obst. Sort. 1881.

2Gaucher, Pom. Prak. Obst. 1894.
3 Leroy, Dict. Pom. 1877.

452 Reporr or THe DEPARTMENT oF HortTICULTURE OF THE

has appeared in Washington quite as distinct as Banks but
similar to it."

Collamer is a bud-mutation from Twenty Ounce found in the
orchard of J. B. Collamer, Hilton, New York, sometime pre-
vious to 1900 in which year its propagation was begun. Colla-
mer differs from Twenty Ounce in bearing fruits more highly
colored, less mottled and striped, and more regular in shape.
The trees differ only in having twigs in the mutation more
deeply tinged with red. Mr. Grant Hitchings of South Onon-
daga, New York, has another red bud-mutation from Twenty
Ounce, but so far no one has grown the Collamer and Hitchings
sports under conditions that would warrant making a distinction
between them.

Red Russet is a well known bud-mutation of the Baldwin,
having appeared on a tree at Hampton Falls, New Hampshire,
about 1840. Instances are known in which both smooth and rus-
seted Baldwins are borne on the same tree. It is an interesting
fact that the Baldwin, the most largely cultivated apple on this
continent and under cultivation for at least 170 years, has given
but this one authentic variation and that by a bud-mutation — no
permanent selections having been made from the many fluctuating
variations.

The study of these 698 varieties gives no evidence of seed-
mutations in apples, and it seems to show that bud-mutations
have so far played a very small part in bringing into existence
varieties of apples. The few varieties known to have come from
bud-mutations differ from the sorts from which they sprang in
so few particulars — chiefly in color — that it can be but doubt-
fully said that new varieties so originate. Would it not be better
to call them strains or races ?

Deviations from the type which can be perpetuated as a new
race or variety of apples are exceedingly rare. In this fruit,
so far as they have been studied, they represent only modifica-

1“ In an orchard owned by Van Sent & Wipple on Orcas Island, San Juan
County, Washington, are fifty Gravenstein trees which have been bearing
about ten years. On one of these, starting from the main trunk and about
three feet from the ground, is a limb which from the time the tree com-
menced to bear, has produced beautiful red apples. We call the apple the
Red Gravenstein, because it has the Gravenstein flaver, the Gravenstein
shape, the Gravenstein core, and ripens at about the same time. In fact it is
a Gravenstein in every way except color.” From a circular sent out by the
Vineland Nursery Company, Clarkston, Washington, 1911.

New York AaricutruraL Expertment Sration. 453

tions of existing characters. Of course, even so, they may furnish
material for improvement, slight though it be. When a varia-
tion is found in an apple tree there must always be the question
as to whether it is transmissible or merely a fluctuation due to
the environment of the plant which will disappear with a change
in the environment. We are wholly ignorant of the causes or
of the conditions which give rise to mutations, although one may
now hear provisional whispers as to how they originate. Their
exceeding rarity as compared with the countless number of varia-
tions which are not transmitted through heredity, shows that
varieties of apples, as of other fruits and most other plants propa-
gated from vegetative parts, are wonderfully stable and practi-
eally continuous. This brings us to the subject of improving
apples by bud-selection.

IMPROVING APPLES BY BUD-SELECTION.

The idea is current among experiment station workers, nur-
serymen and fruit growers that the apple, and other fruits as
well, can be improved by bud-selection. It is held that the varia-
tions in fruit, tree, productiveness, vigor and hardiness to be
found in varieties of fruit, can be reproduced by taking cions or
buds from the plants possessing the variations. A number of
fruit growers and nurserymen are putting this theory in practice
and trees are now offered for sale with a “‘ pedigree” to show
that they came from known, good ancestry.

A study of the varieties of apples, grapes and plums' now
grown gives no evidence, whatever, that any sort of these fruits
has come into existence by continuous selection; that any variety
has been improved, or that any variety has degenerated through
tlie cumulative action of natural or artificial selection. No precise
experimental evidence has been offered to prove that varieties of
fruit can be changed in the least by continuous bud-selection.
The trend of scientific thought is now overwhelmingly against
the transmission of acquired characters, as most variations seem
to be, and against continuous selection as a process of improving
or changing plants grown from seeds, and would, if directed to
bud-selection, be much more against this supposed means of
improving plants.

1The histories of the best known varieties of these three fruits, so far as
they can be learned, are given in the books on these fruits published by this
Station.

454 Report or tHE Department or HorticuLTURE OF THE

The variability to be seen in all varieties of apples is due to
changing environment—if we except the rare bud-mutations
the causes of which are not known. Environmental changes
produce manifold modifications in many of the characters of
individual apple trees but there is nothing to show that such
changes have any effects on varietal characters. These fluctu-
ating variations appear when individuals of a variety have dit-
ferent environments; with a return to the same environment, they
disappear. A Baldwin taken from New York to Virginia pro-
duces an apple different from the New York Baldwin; taken to
Missouri, the Baldwin is still different; taken to Oregon, it is
unlike any of the others. If trees are brought back from these
states to New York, they become again New York Baldwins.

This discussion of variations, of necessity brief and primary,
cannot be dismissed without calling attention to the great im-
portance of further knowledge as to the origin and behavior of
bud-mutations, the “sports” of the orchardist. The discovery
of their origin, how to produce them, how to control them, might
hasten immeasurably the progress of fruit-breeding. Are they
the result of intrinsic or of extrinsic influences? If the former,
we can only continue to search for them, taking what Nature
chooses to give; but if they can be induced by extrinsic agencies,
we might do much with them in improving fruits —in making
plants evolve.

AN EXPERIMENT IN CROSSING APPLES.

The foregoing introduction prepares the way for the account
of an experiment which now follows by calling attention:
1st. To the fact there has been little effort made so far to im-
prove apples. 2d. That the apple has been, and probably can
be, improved only by the introduction of new varieties. 3d.
That while there is but little knowledge as to how varieties of
apples have originated, yet it is probable that most of them have
come from crossing varieties and that, therefore, hybridization
is the best means of obtaining new varieties of apples and of
improving this fruit.

The first task in discussing the experiment in hand, is to de-
scribe the material and the way it has been handled. This is
done at some length, with the feeling that in the present state of
fruit-breeding we need to know the manual of arms quite as
much as the principles of war.

New Yorx Aericutrurat Exprrment Station. A455

The material— The material of the following discussion
comes from 125 apple crosses growing on the grounds of the
Geneva Station. The original number of seedlings was 148
of which 46 grew from crosses made at the Station in 1898 and
102 from crosses made in 1899, the comparatively small num-
ber of 23 having fallen by the wayside from seed-pan to fruiting
age. ‘The seedlings were grown in the greenhouse from plant-
ings made the first year in March and the second year in Feb-
ruary, the seeds having been stratified during the winter. The
young trees were transplanted to nursery rows in the open as
soon as weather permitted. Of the 125 crosses, but 106 have
so far fruited.

Method of crossing.—A description of the method of crossing
now in use, much the same when these crosses were made, may
be of interest to fruit growers who have never performed the
operation. The blossom of the apple, of course, needs no de-
scription other than to say it is a hermaphrodite — that is, both
male and female organs are found in the same flower. In cross-
ing, young flowers are chosen, on the plant selected as female
parent, in which the anthers have not yet opened. The stamens
bearing the anthers are removed with a sharp scalpel or small
forceps. A few days later the stigma is pollinated with pollen
from a flower of the plant selected to be the male parent.
Accuracy is safeguarded by taking the pollen from a flower which
has been protected by a paper bag. The treated flower is then
enclosed in a paper bag to protect it from other pollen until seeds
have set. After a week or two the paper bag is removed and one
of cheesecloth substituted to remain as proteetion for the fruit
until harvest. The greatest care must be exercised in making
different crosses to have fingers and tools sterile, probably best
accomplished by the use of alcohol before each operation. The
pollinating should be done on a bright, sunny day.

Management of the trees in this experiment.— In the spring
of 1901, under the direction of Professor 8. A. Beach, then in
charge of horticulture at this Station, the crosses were all top-
worked in bearing trees in a variety orchard. These grafts
began bearing in 1904 and have continued to come into bearing
until the present year, all now living having borne some fruit.
The grafting of the seedlings on bearing trees to hasten the pro-
duction of fruit was very unsatisfactory and in breeding tree

. ‘ - ~

456 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

fruits at Geneva now we do not graft. The objections are sev-
eral: Some of the grafts do not take, others are blown out,
others blight, and insects, plant lice in particular, have a pro-
pensity for devouring grafts as the choicest morsels to be found
in a tree. The chief objection to this method is, however, that
one learns little or nothing in regard to tree characters that is
reliable — indispensable data for full knowledge of a cross either
for scientific or for practical purposes. Lastly, it is ‘‘ confusion
worse confounded ” to work with trees bearing several varieties
of fruit because of the disorder in pruning, self-pollinating and
harvesting.

Fortunately the seedling trees were left in the nursery rows
after grafting wood had been removed. Here the writer found
them in 1905, rather stunted from much crowding in the row,
but still healthy, vigorous plants. In the spring of 1906 these
trees were planted at distances of 8 feet in rows 8 feet apart
where they are now standing. The first apples were borne in
1908, a few only of the crosses setting fruit. .The plantation
came into bearing very slowly and in June, 1910, the trees were
all ringed with the result that all but 17 of the trees were
fruitful in 1911. The 17 laggards are trees which either bore
very heavily the preceding year, or had but a sprinkling of fruit
which was blown off by one or another of two gales; or, as in the
case of at least three trees, ill health and weakness may be the
cause of nonfruiting.

Until 1911 the young trees were plowed and cultivated about
as are commercial orchards in western New York. The tops of
the trees were so interlaced in 1911 that team work in the
orchard was stopped. To take the place of cultivation, a heavy
mulch of straw manure was applied this year. The plantation
has had the usual treatment for San José scale, apple scab and
codling-moth. The pruning has been very light from the start —
only crossed and dead branches having been removed in any
season.

In this and in other experiments it has been found that ring-
ing in June, taking out a section of bark an inch wide, a foot
or thereabouts from the ground, seems to be a satisfactory method
of hastening the bearing of apple trees. The operation with

New York AGricutturRAL ExPrRIMENT STATION. 457

these trees brought about the desired result and with no per-
ceptible abnormality in tree or fruit.

Difficulty in securing a seccnd generation.— In this experi-
ment we have to deal, it is to be regretted, with only the first
generation of hybrid offspring. This brings us to a difficulty
we have had in working with these young trees. The great
desirability of having the second generation has been recognizea
from the start and for several years efforts have been made to
get selfed seeds from these crosses,— with the result that we
have scarcely a score of their offspring. The maledictions of
some demon seem to have been showered upon the selfing of
these crosses in the shape of accidents, bad weather and holidays
at critical times. But beside these fortuitous obstacles, it seems
certain that it is rather more difficult to self blossoms on young,
vigorous, floriferous apple trees than it is on older plants. One
of the great difficulties in Mendelian work with apples, and other
tree fruits, will be to obtain the second generation in sufficiently
large numbers to give results than can be relied upon.

The crosses.— The crosses, with the number of each, are :—

Ben Davis X Esopus........... 4 Esopus X Jonathan............ 2
Ben Davis X Green Newtown... 13 McIntosh X Lawver............ 1
Ben Davis X Jonathan......... 11 Ralls X Northern Spy......... 9
Ben Davis X McIntosh......... 11 Rome X Northern Spy......... 1
Ben- Davis x. Mother. c= 4... <. 20 Sutton X Northern Spy........ 5
Esopus X Ben Davis.......... 29

DESCRIPTION OF THE CROSSES.

The following is a tabulated description of the characters
studied in these crosses. Unfortunately trees of the parents of
the same age as the crosses were not available. The size and
shape of the fruits of the parents and of the progeny can be com-
pared in the plates. Those not familiar with the parents, all
common varieties, can find full descriptions of them in The
Apples of New York. Detailed descriptions of the newly named
varieties are given on pages 479-486.

The abbreviations used in the table are as follows:

Shape of tree.— d, drooping; s, spreading; u, upright.

Form.— ¢, conical ; 0, oblate; ob, oblong; ov, ovate; r, roundish.

Color.—b, blush; c, carmine; d, dark; g, green; 1, light;
r, red; s, striped; y, yellow.

Flavor.— a, acid; s, sweet; sa, subacid.

Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THR

458

*si9}OBIBYyO
Ysop pus 1O[OO UI JaqyOTY seyquies
-a1 ynq ‘adeys ul siavq useg oxX!T
“1OYAOJN 0} IB[IWIS AIO,
‘SIABQ Ueg JO 9SOy} O18
orga ulseq pus AzIAvo Suydeoxe
S19}POBIVY |[B Ul JoyAOT Sopquieseyy
*10]09 UI s}UeIed Uvy} IeyIep
tedey8 Ul slAvq Uog se[quiesezy
*10B
-Jessuey poulBeN “A[[wusoJUL pus
A]jBule}xe = uUByyeUOL seal quresayy
*paiojoo A[qsIy
e10ul 4nq ‘Al][eUJojUI pus A]]eU
-1a}x9 y30q edd} uBYyyeUOLr 94} JO
“IOAVH UL IOWjUI ‘UBYyyeUOL OT]
qsep -staeq ueg oy] Al[euseyxq
“IOAB]Y UI IOWejut YonurI *orm0d
e10Ul SI 3Nq uBYyyeUOLs se[quIesey
*Jo] Bus
‘edAy usyyeuor 384} JO
*10]09
SIABG Ueg IM ‘olm0d 910UI pus
desi] yng ‘ueyyeuOor ay] edvys uy
‘1OABY UI IOWOJUI pusB 10090
Ul JoyIep ynq ‘edAy uvyyeUOL 943 JO
“pai0j[oo
A[ys1y eiour ynq ‘A[[eusJeyuUl pus
Aj[eUle}xe stAvq Ueq so[quiesey
‘sIAeq Ueg
UeY} 91OUI UBY}BUOL So[qUIESel FINI
*10]09
Url JeyxIep Yyonul ynq ‘Yysep pus
ezis ‘adeys Ul uBy}EUOL S9/qQuUIas0qT
“‘S1oJOvIBYO YSay pus
ioj0o ‘advys Ul uByyBUOL so]quiesezy

yqsnoyy

“sy 1VUIE}]

‘uBr—"AON,
‘uBr—AON,
“‘uBr—"AON

"q2q—"AON

"qed—"00q

"q2,q—"AON
“IBJN—"uBe
“IBN —"09q
"qoq-"00q

"qaqg—"00q
‘qaq—"4on

‘IB—"00q
“IBJ—"00q
“UB f—"AON,

"qo.q—"00q

“mostag

“88
“3

‘I'p “32
‘sip | ‘o‘o's
‘I°p “01
‘I°p "3 °2

“S Oi ‘q'sA hy oy
‘I'D “9 'O “x
EO] 4] A) Ho fo) ee
‘I'p 90 "2
‘I'D OZ
‘+z *0°0
‘I'p “N1
‘8 "1°p 2 “qo
‘q'A 2 °O
‘I'p *9°0
gz 9 °0
2)
2 z
= ®
ks]
ihe ®
Ss 2
7 ~
Ee. S
o .
i’)
a

“LNGWIYddxXY ONIGHAUG Widdy NI Sassoudy

BAS) |, 69.26
GLS | LES
69° | 18'S
56'S | PFS
GLO | 39'S
OL | Lene
69°S | 0S '%
69'S | S23
0S *% GS
Seer | LGuc
69% | I$ 3
oc°s | 99°S
CLaGe | aLGEe
69'S | GZS
69'S | 90'S
SayIUT) sayouT
SP es
es &
> ct
ee
om a
3 5
2 | 3
¢ | 2

Zz ‘p's | 69° g9 |r:

OF nT o9°S | OT
69 nu 90°€ | OT

9 iS os’ € | OL

**1OqOW X S1avq usg
*IeqOI X Stasq useg

**1aqO X S1asg ueg

bata outa *IOYIOP X SAB useg

usyyeuosX SlaBg uog

G8. [cc *0: Sil Zaneml tiie ee ae uByeUOrX SABC Uag
OL | ae"8s- | Gree: ame |e es UByyBUOL< SABC Leg
Zp | ‘sn | ete | or | * ‘UeMjeUOPX stlAB Ueg
PO) (SE no ee eal ones: uBywUOLX SABC, Ug
OF 8 Sean) | ieee a usyyeuorX staeq uog

O08 |) 2°05) F656) \\ Tr

601} “Pp co's | IT

08 |} Ԥ'n | 90's | OT

62 THON Wats ONE
sayouy | 19a

o| # ui} =

is © p me

5 is} 3 R

a ® 8 >

° = © °

Lene) + —->

z) 2 | 2/8

5 om

es ,

ve)

=

=

usyyeuorX stavq ug

usy}eu0rX siasq veg

usqyeuorX stavq ueg

usyqyBuorX sIawq weg

usyyeuorX slABq ueg

"89080

GHL AO

NOILdIYOSaq —] PWIAV],

Pv
(a4

anon oa
a or

“sequin

plan)

New York AaricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“‘sroyoRivyo {[B ur Adg
uevy} Ajiegoum o10Ul S|] CY Se[quiesezy
*JOTOO UI JoyyIe eytjuN + Adg
jo ysog :odvys Ul suloyy se[quiesezy
‘ODIMSO PowWlBN “10[0o
Ut JoJYSIG ynq ‘ezIsS pus IOACE
‘ysoy ‘odvys ut Adg solquiesezy
*“Adq jo ysop pus Adg oxT]
peqqtr :uojgng jo ezis pus odeyg
‘pol :10AGH
jou 4nq ‘10Jo0 puv odvys ut Adg oy]
*10]O0 UI MOTI9A ynq ‘1OAGE
pue ysop ‘odeys ‘ezis ut Adg oly
‘S1oJOVIVYO JOYZO UL
IOYIOFY BIT] -odvys Ul IoyyOPY pus
SIABG Usg_ UseMJoq o}VIPsulioz,Uy
“BIAGG
ueg Jo JOAGH YM pueB s0;oo
UI JoyYSIUq Ysnoy 1syyoTY Jo adAy,
‘Apeqjooueyog poulseNy “SIABd
uog oe[quiesel ysoy pus edvys ‘az1g
“SIAR
ueg JO o80y} ][B Ulo}s pus Ysoy
‘1O]OO ‘AAIABO YNq ‘IeyYOTY Jo odvyg
“SIAR, Uog JO yey} SI Yorum
‘oyseq ul ydeoxe odA} Joy}OFT 94} JO
* Io] [Bus
qgnq ‘sIAvBq uUog 0} JOATH pus
ysep ‘1ojoo ‘advys Ur Iv}IMIS AOA
*10]09 UI po]}JOUL o1OUL * A]]/BUI}UT
pus Al]jeusezxe sIAvq: ueg jo odAy,
ort OT
jo yYsof ‘ieyIep ysnoyq} ‘10/09
pus odvys ul stavq uog jo odAy
*IOYJOT JO Aqtavo
‘S1Aeq Uog jo 10]00 pus odevys ‘azig
“‘IOYJOT JO FBY4 YSop
pue OOo ‘stAvq uUseg jo yey} odvyg
‘oy eIpour
-IoJUI Ysoy f1oy.oyY JO osoyy
918 1O]OO pue Uleys ‘ApIABO ‘odeyg
‘odeys pus ysey’‘ure}s
*APIABO ‘1O[OO UL JeY}OT, Se[quteseyy
“IOYPOTN
jo i0joo fadeys Ul sIAeq usg
pus JoyJOT WoeMyoq 9} e1poulseqyUuy
*JO][BUIS ST ynq ‘ysop pus odeys
‘10]}00 UL SIAVq] Ud so] quiosayy
‘loMoeluL AIoA AqIjenb +o1m0d
eioul ysnoy}, odAq Jogo Ou} JO

"qoJ—"AON
Avy-—"ues

“idy—"o0q
“IBI—"00q
“Gog 99
*IB]Y—"90q

‘uer—"AON,

‘qaq—90q

“uBs—"AON

“IBj—"UBe

‘ue —"08q

“IBy—"00q

“‘UBs—"AON,

*IBJ—"00q
“qeq—"90d

‘ue e—"AON,

‘20q—"AON

“ue f—AON,

*G2q—99q
“Ged — 09g
‘idy—"uve

“e9

“Bs

"BS

“BS

‘O°B "I

“1']

SS

‘Sr

‘By

‘oI 'D

HO) es

‘O'l

°O 1

ose

Tg"

C5)

oO oO 7 ©

N

i

¥6°
os"

OF
16

89
$9

61°
10)

Le
Te"
Le"
0s”

28°

EDs
28°

7a
ce

(aoe
69"

76°
Ze"
cL

¥6°
61°

Go"
6"
¥6°

Oo Om mM Oo

6°
8

Or

or

Adg w1oq}ION X SB
San: Adg uiloy}ION X our0y.

“++ "fdg uleqjI0N &K wong
“**-"fdg uleqyIoN XK u0z4Ng
“s+ "Adg uleqyION X 0034ng
“++ *Adg uisq}ION X 0033ng

RBG * TOMO X SABC uog

"TOYO X SABC, weg
pacha *TOqIOWX stasq uog

Fe RIY “TaqJOPT X stavq useg
so" JaqIOWTX stavq weg

args *IOOP X SAB wg?
Soe * IOMJOPX staveq usg

i ee *1OqIOPX StaABq uUog
Sielchs *IOyJOIX stavq usg
‘hess syaqqgop X SIABq Eg

“ss sss QUQ0OTAX SABC Tog
“ts ***QqIOWX SIABq og

Gone * IoqOW X stavq usg
epee **IOUJOPX SAB uog
cee *IOqJOI X Slavq useg

460 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HortTICULTURE OF THE

*ysoRUpOTY UBY} Stared
Ueg OY] BOUL SiojoBIBYyO |B UT
“A][BUIOJUL SIABG Udg
YsovUpOP, + seyquresayy
“SIAR,
uog jo yseg sey pue IO[OO ut
Jal[np yng ‘adeys Url ysoPUOPY Ov]
“Y8ep
pues sojoo ut sndosqy ynq ‘advys
pue ozis Ul SlIABq Usg So[quiaseyy
“quoied Joq}10
ueyy Jayeug ‘siojovisyo Yysep
pus iojoo ‘adeys ur sndosy oxIT
*10]09 UL
JoyHO ayTyUN !stasq usg_ jo ysop
sey gnq ‘edeys ul sndosq seyqureseyy
*10]09 UI pediys sso]
pus Ja][np ynq ‘stavq usg jo odAy,
*Adg Jo 98y} SI Yoram
‘IOAvB ur qydooxe Syjey jo adAy,
*1O]OO Ul JayysIIq puw peqqts sso]
ysnoyy ‘Adg useyyON seyquiosexy
*paiojoo A[Yystq sev you
qnq <Ajasojo AOA s][VyY selquiesoyy
‘Adg oy} OXI] poqqi
£0109 a1OUl ST ynq S][BY Se;quiesay
*S19}JOBIVYD |]B UL S]]BY Jo odAyT,
2 *A][BUIO}UL
pue A][eU19}x9 S][VY Selquieses FMI
“OLIBy
-oyog poulva f10Aey pus ysop
‘1ojoo ‘adeys ‘addy Adg UleyWON JO
‘Adg ox]
e1our St WoryM ‘odeys Surydeoxe
SIo}OVIVYO [[B Ul S[[eyY salqureseyy

: A]]BUI9}x9

*syIVUIOYy

“IByI—"99q
“qoq— AON,

‘qaq—29q
“IB —"99q,
"qoq—"00q

*qeq—"99q
Ged— 3g
“IB —"99q
“qoq—09q
‘Idy—uer
‘1dy—uer
“IB —"00q
‘idy—uer
*IW]\— AON,

“idy—09q

“mOsBEg

“99

“8

2S

“@8

“BS

“IOARL

"I q *k

"90 °1 are)
*q°&
I ‘Pp

‘S-4'p

HK
J

"WIMIJ JO TOTO)

‘9 qo

‘O°l

"0 °O I

*O) “Lt

"0 °O'L

"2°O

9 ‘qo “I

a

GL°S

sayouy | sayouy

OS'S
Go's

S3'G

18°3

£13

‘sojdde jo edeyg

‘sojdde jo WIpLM

‘sajdde jo qysueT

£P
9€

cs

145)

ss

a
167
cE
66
8g
os
GP
1G
66

ia

‘TIGL Ul 4Inszy yo Spunog |

‘sn

‘gal} Jo edeyg

95°2 | OF
Gee | OL
Te"€ | OT
61s | TI
Sa'€ | OL
90°¢ || It
Ges | OF
GZS | 6
Go's | OT
90°s | 6
Z8°% | OT

Ԥ | 6
See | TT

v | GI
GL°c | OT

904} Jo WYBIOH

“yund} Jo JoysureIq

“****qsozUyOPX stavg weg | Ig
“****qsovUpOWX staBq weg | Og

****qsopalOIX stavqd uo | 6%
pape Sa sndosqy X stasgq ueg | F

“*****-sndosqX Stasq uog

oD

SEES sndosyX staeg ueg | Z
"+++ -sndosqX siasq weg | [

Adg ui0q}I0N X S]]2 iY
esate Adg aseyqION X Sew | 66
S Oarteuc *Adg Uloq}ION X S[[®U | 86
eae
"t+ss dg aieqWOoN xX syeu | 6
rorec tet Adg uloq}yION X S]I®U | #6

tre Adg useq}yION X SPU | $6

‘809,

|

“panuyuoy — INAWINddXY ONIGHAUG WIiddy NI sassou) AHL JO NOLL

alMosaq—] @1av J,

461

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

=
2S

w Yor!

u,

Ne

“e30jBIEG PoUlvNY “JOA Jo}
“joq ‘paiojoo AjYysty a10ur ‘9}8[qo
e10U 4Nq ‘SIAC sq so[qurosoyy

*Ioy}1e oyl]UN 1009
‘UMOJMON ONT A}LAB fstavqd
eg oy] Ysoy pusw uiseq ‘edvys uy
*laysoyojsa Ay POUGNY “UALOZ
-MON OI] CLOUT OSIMJIOyJO *YSop
puv IO]OO UI SIAR Uo_ so[quioseyy
‘IOABE Sutydooxo S10}
-OVIVYO [BV Ul UMOJMONY SO[qQurIasayy
*A[pseMut pus
A]pIemMjno UMOIMON sol qurIeseyy
‘SIABG Usg OXI] e10ur
SI ory ‘10j0o suiydaoxe S810}
-0B1EYO []@ UL UMOJMON So[GuLosayy
‘1OAGH UL JOOMS SI PUB OOO
UI JoyIep ‘stAaeq Ue so[quiosoayy
“LOA puB SJoJOBIBYO ‘Yysay
‘IO]OO ‘9zIS OL SIAL, UO sa[qQwesoxy
‘STABC, UNG OI] Sep yng ‘UMo7
“MON OMNI] BuvIvedde pieMyno UT
‘sIABG Dog SONI] YSep puvB Iojoo
Ul ‘UMO}JMON Uoely ey] edvys uy
‘UOYUT[H powuleNY ‘slaved
uog 0} JB[LWIIS IO[OD :UMOJMON,
eYl] IOABB pus soy ‘ezis ‘odevys uy
*IO]OO Ul JoYyIO oyT]UN
‘10oAey pus Yysop ul Ysoyuypopy
ey} ynq ‘edeys Ul sIAvq Ueg oO IIT
*10]00
Ul JueIed Jey pe Oyl[UN :qsoy pus
gzis ‘odeys ul stAvq] Usg jo odAy,
‘OB98}Q PoulBN
“ysoJUpOY JO TO[OO oy} sey yng
‘ysop pus odeys ul slAvq og oXlT
‘ysay pus ulseq ‘AjIAvO
UI SIABQ Useq Sa[quioset nq
‘10]Ooo puw odeys Ul YSOyUJOT oT
“B5Bpuo
10 poweN ‘JeMoljeA Ysop pus
O1U0dD BOUL JNG YSOJUTOFY 0} IB[LUIIG
*puRlyoD poweN ‘“sieqoBIeyo
[® UL YsozuyoyY 0} selrutis AOA
“MOT[OA
{ysoyuyOyY JO Sop 9iIqM Ivalo
94} gnq ‘stABq Usg jo odeys sey
‘A[PIVATUI SIABG Ug pus
A[pI@MjNO YSOJU] PY solquiasexy

‘1dy—"use

uBp—"AON

“ue —"AON,
“1dy—"use
‘idy—uer

“1dy—09q
‘idy—‘uee
“uBR (—"AON
‘idy—uer
SST AON

“qoq—"00q,
‘uBl—" AON
"IBIN—"AON
"qoq—"AON
"q2q—"AON

‘uBs—"AON

"qaq—"Aon

‘uBr—"400

“UB '—" AON

38

“8

“88

“eS

"eS

“BS

“BS

“BS

"I q
"9 °B I ‘D
*y ‘q “kh
*q:'&
‘q's
"9 8 *z ‘D
"I ‘Dp
“I ‘D
“q “fk
"I ‘Dp

"0 'B*q°A

‘r'q's

°0°O *1

2°0

"0 "qo ‘1
“Od
ay

‘0

“0 °O 1

&T°

6"

L8°

13°

ts"

90°
Le"

N

Nn

9g

Go"

69°

9c"

N

N

OL

$9

GZ

€P

ai

89

9¢
or

‘Sn

“8

‘Sn
‘s-n

n

‘on

nT

‘Sn

GLE | ST
Ut || (3)
69° | IT
90°€ | OT
TSS | TL

€ | OT
oss | ct
Go's | ot

“tp Kale
Go's | GI
teetey || 6)
18°3 | OL
Cc) arco en
ies Ht (Oi!
GZ'e | 6
€12| 8
G13 |8
os's | Gt
GZS | OT

“‘UMOJMON “IDX STAB Tog
“UMOJMON “IDX slaved usg

“UMO}MON “IDX slaeq uog
“UMOJMON “INX staeq ueg
“UMOJMON ‘IDX SlABq weg

“UMOJMON “IDX stavcy uog
“UIMOJMON “IDX SABC usg
“UMOJMON “IDX SIAR Ueg
“UMO}MON “IDX stasq weg

“"UMO}MON “IDX slaved uog
“UMOJMON “IDX stavq uwog
+++ YsojUpOI X SIABq wog
“++ YsoJUpOI X SIAR ueg
+99 *UsojUPOPX SAB wag
oss WsOqUpOIX StABq wag

“+ ***qSOJUTOT X SABC, Ug,
“-***UsopUpOP X SABC Uag

2Roo” ysoyupopY X Siasq, ueg
“+ qsOyUpOI X stavq ueg

ct

tI

9

6&

8

LE

98

ce
PE

te
ce

Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

462

“ay BIpeul
e19yur st qorym ‘odvys suiydooxe
S1OPIVIVYO ]]e UL sndosw] sa[quresoyy

“sndosq Jo siejovieyo ysop
pure AqAwo ‘7O[OO GAIA ang ‘edvys
pue ozis Ul SIA UNG’ So] qQUIOSEYT

S10} 0NIBYO ]|B UI SIABC Uog exIT
*10[00 Ul JUoIed JoYyIe OxI]UN
tysog ‘odeys ul slaveq usgq oyIT
‘odeys
Ul SIAeq uUog oY] ‘Ysoy pus
APABO *10]09 Ul sndosy se]quiaseyy
‘a}yB]qO a1oUl ynq ‘S194
-OB81IBYO [[B UI SIAC UE_ OY] Yonyy
‘sioyovreyo
]I® Ul sIAvq ueg Oy Yonur Aro,
“1OABE
ul sndosqy o¥l] e10Ul puv pa10joo
A]YSrYy e10ul ynq ‘stAvq Ueg jo odAT,
*sndosiy ox1] Ysop%s0joo 10
edeys ‘azis ul gueied Jey}ie oyu
*1O]OO UL JOYy1e
oxTTUN !sioyowsByo ysopy ul sndosy
gnq ‘edvys ul slAvq uegq exIT
‘sIARq Usg 93{I|
9@IOUI SI YoIyM IOABY SsuIydeoxe
S19}IVIBYO ]]B UL sndosy sej,quieseyy
‘S19}OVIVYO |]B Ul SABC
ueg uBy} ei0ul sndosy se;quieseyy
‘sndosq ol] ySop pue 10j00
‘AJIABO OY} YN ‘SIAR Us Jo edvyg
‘SIAR, Ug JO Ysey YA
‘sndosy ox!] 10]00 pus ozis ‘edeys uy
‘pot gnq ‘UMO}JMEN, Jo edAT,

*syIvUIEY

“uBs—"AON,
*IBIJ—"00C
“qeq—09C

“ue l—" AON,

‘uBr—"AON,
IRIN —"UBe

‘uB—"AON

“IB "09
‘IVI AON

‘qaq-"AON

*qoq—"99q
IBN —"UBL
*IBI—"00q

“IBY —"90q]
“IBy—"uee

“mOstag

"B8

“e8

“ymMuIy JO OJON

"0 *qO ‘1

‘so[dde Jo edeyg

0S”
oz"

GL
ZL
sayouy | sayouy

AN AN

Te"

Le"
Go"

a

AN

eT
6
It

Il
OL

sayouy | Jaay

‘sojdde jo WIPLM

“so]dde jo yysueT
gai} Jo odeyg
“yUNI} JO Je}eUIvIG,

II6I Ur yay Jo spunog

‘9013 JO 14S10H

“77 *** "SIAR Weg X sndosy

Racca te “STAB, UOgX sndosiy
wonderment SABC] UEg X sndossy

"se **-StaBq ueg > X sndosq

seeess ssraBq weg X sndosiy
veeess -BtaABC uogx sndosiy
"oes -stasq uog x sndosi

“sees -BTABC Ueg xX Ssndosy

"ee" *-BsrABq og X sndosy

‘sos * *Braeq uog xX sndosqy

“sss -BTABG UOgX sndosgy
"725s -stapqg uegxX sndosi
‘shes stauq weg xX sndosiy

CET ie SIABC] UA X sndosqy
“UMOJMON “1X SIABC Ue

*s80UD

€L
GL
We
OL

69
89
L9

99
g9

$9

£9
co
19

09
9T

*JOquINN

“papnjauo) — LNAWIEadXY ONIGHHUC WIddVY NI SASSOU) GAH

NOILdIwOSad —"[ WIV],

463

New York AaricvttvraL ExprerRIMENT STATION.

—oooloooooaaeeeeeeee_e_—eeee—e—ee a ee — ees Oe eee ee KS

essen poemen ‘sndosny
jo odvys ‘stasq uog Jo JOjoD | ‘iey—‘oeq "BB | “I "[q°A ‘O seem [Peele

*JOUITY

-10y[T +powleN “AljRuieyur pus

A][wussjx9 SIABG Usq sa/quieseyy “IBN -—"09q “88 SONG teri ORC Omit ||) 7 my el teens ak
“BSOLL,

pouen “MOTEL Buleq ‘10[09

ur ydaoxe Adg uloyION sefquissey | “AB]Y—"09q “eB ‘q’A 0°O Oe sales

*puvpyooy pews
‘Aqyenb = Buydeoxe siey08reyo
4imijy [8 Ul SIABq Uog_ sojquiesey | “WBr—"AON 2f Wp Eyal ¢o) 0) ‘Ol
“MOT[AA 91OUL
4ynq ‘I0AMBT ONT] SI YOryM IO[OO
gnq |[8 Ul YSsoRUpOP selquiesay | “qaq—"AoN “BB EROPOAS || Madstaytec I ydess

€1°s | $8 | ‘Sn

ie |

*Io[[BUIS
{soqovieyo []e ut sndosiy bedi ‘idy—"09q “28 ‘I'p ‘oO ra, || UA Ae igen
“‘s1ojyOVIVYO |v UI sndosy se[quiesey | “AB]—"oeqT “88 [1p 2°O (Hers || Meparea | He |) eh Siak
“BIAB
usg e[quioser xA[wo pus ar
tsndosy oI, Ysey pus 1ojoo ‘advyg | “uBr—"AON ‘8 i i 0) ‘Ol c9'°% | OF's | 9 ‘p's
“1OABG 1ood yyIM
pure [jeurs ‘sndosiy ex] Ysep pus
Jojoo url fslaeq uog oy odeys uy | “Uef—"AON 8 ‘erep *O CHES (Eee. |) ee yy Gave
“STAG,
ueg se[quiosel Ysoy put uiseq
‘AJIABO UT 4nq ‘edvys ul sndosy oyVy “qoq-—"09q “38 ‘1'p ‘O'OCr SOiRGOma iG ‘p ‘8
“TO[[BUIS
qnq ‘sndosy jo osoyy ee “idy—‘uur “BS a5) ce) CLS Z| &% n
*sndosq ext] Ajprem
“Ul fstABq wog ol] Al[premyng | “IBI—99q AEF || eo (PS ‘Or (OVER |) Cane ca |) Pe |] et a)
*10[00 UL JayIVN pus Jol[BuUIS
tsndosqy jo oesoy} ail] SslojowleyD | “epPy—oeq “88 ‘I'p ‘Od 0S'c | $a] 8 ‘en
*‘Ie[NSe1 pus poqqi 4
tsndosy oy] o10ur sisjovseyo [Ty | “qeq—92eq ‘6 “q's ‘O"O°l | L8°S | GIS | S 8
“sndosy jo yey} 10Aep
pu ysop formoo e10ul 4nq ‘SsIARq
ueg Oy] ezIs pus 10j00 ‘edeyg “q2eq-"09q “38 ‘1'‘p ovr LSnGaly ero aon) aos
SIAR Wed OX!]
Ayjwuseyur tsndosy oyy Ajjeusoyxq | “idy—ues “es ‘I "Dp ‘oor | L8°G | OS'S | 9S un
“duo] AIOA ulo4s !8104 |
-OBIBYO [|B Ul SIAR Udg Se[quieseyy | “IB]—"00q 8 ee Mo ‘a°AO | 0G¢'c | 90° | OG |} ‘S'n
*Ioljeus :sndosq
JO soy} o[quIesor sSiajovivyo [Ty | ‘idy—"uese “eS ep 2 °O (hgerc (PAE | ee jl eC
‘sndosy Jo ysep pu® 1000
‘Je][Bus ynq ‘sIAvq uUsg Jo edvyg | ‘Iv]y—"AON “BS ‘I"p 0's IRSA || Aloe Nh aiee: fe ala
“A[eusoezUL sndosy
:Ayjeuseyxo odAy stavq usg jo | ‘1dy—oeq “BS sey} 2 °O were {f acaecs AN sae WG
*Jo][BWIs puB Pa1ojoo
194 sso] 4yuq ‘sndosy sejquiesey | “1eyy—uer "BS *q°£ cone OOcc cee balsa ar

cL

OT

Tl

RB Muenaceveue sIaBq uog X Sndosy
“UMOJMEN “IDX SIAR TOG
“+ €dg ussq}I0N X 00949ng
eats ** TOOT X SABC, veg

sets IQAMBT X YSOPUOT

“sess -agyqeuor > sndosiy
fs citareRot ete usyyeuor X sndosry

“7+ ***-Stasq ueg X sndosiy
Se nae sIaBq uegX sndosiy

aie ache SIABq Ueg xX Sndosy
Oa stanq uog x Sndosiy
As de staeq uog x Sndosq
"sss" "Staged ueg x sndosqy

Fab stavq uegX sndosiy

pet ae alae BIABC Ueg X Sndosy
a ee sIanq ueg x Sndosiy
“c++ ** "Stand ueg xX Sndosy
"so **"-BtABC uag x Sndosy
sess * Stag deg x sndosiy
"7" *-BSTABq UegxX Sndosi
‘sees * “Brae ueg xX Sndosy

88

LT

90T

6¢

16
06
68
18
98

¢8
#8
£8
&8
T8

08
6L
8L
LL
9L
cL
tL

464 Reporr or tHE Department or HorticuLTURE OF THE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Reversions.—A striking contradiction to the idea handed down
from a remote age that seedling apples “throw back” to the
wild prototype and are almost always worthless and degenerate
fruits, is brought out in these crosses. The belief in “ reversion ”
is so strongly ingrained in the minds of fruit growers that the
term “seedling” is usually one of condemnation. Reversion in
the sweeping way it was formerly used, is, in the hght of present
knowledge, a very misleading term. Nothing is more apparent
in examining the fruit and trees under consideration than that
they have inherited the characters of their immediate parents.
This is so markedly true that in the great majority of the off-
spring, one acquainted with the parents of the several crosses
can from tree and fruit tell the two parents. Ben Davis and
McIntosh, for example, show in all of the apples into which they
entered. Reversions to remote ancestors may oecur, so we are
now taught, as the bringing together of complementary factors
which had become separated from one another. Such reversions
were not apparent in these trees. Contrary to “‘ throwing back ”
to wild apples, these crosses, in tree or fruit, were quite the
equal of any similar number of named varieties, a fact to which
many fruit growers can attest, who in the summer of 1911 saw
and admired the fruit and trees.

Vigor increased by hybridity— The stimulus of hybridity
seems to be very marked in the vigor of these crosses. In spite
of over-crowding in the nursery row for two or three years these
trees are exceptionally strong in growth. In the same block are
a few selfed Hubbardstons which are much weaker in growth.
On another part of the farm are selfed Baldwins also averaging
much weaker. These may be but coincidences but the facts are
set down for what they are worth. A study of the descriptions
of the fruits and of the plates will show that in the majority of
the crosses the apples average larger than in either parent. The
trees, too, are remarkably productive, a fact brought out by the
weights of fruit given in the tabular descriptions.

Table II contains data for the comparison of height of tree,
diameter of trunk and quantity of fruit in 1912, from these
crosses and from four selfed Hubbardstons. The number of

New York Aqricutrurat Experment Sration. 465

trees in some of the progenies is too small to make the data very
valuable but yet the figures are interesting and suggestive.

TABLE IJ.— AverRAGE HEIGHT OF TREE, DIAMETER OF TRUNKS, AND QUANTITY

OF FRUIT.

_ | Number Height | Diameter | Quantity

CROSSES. | of trees. of trees. | of trunks. | of fruit.

Feet. Inches. Pounds.
Ben Davis X Esopus.............-. 4 10.5 ome 48.5
Ben Davis X Green Newtown....... 13 10.8 3.2 50.4.
Ben Davis X Jonathan............. 11 10.4 3.0 67.3
Ben Davis X MclIntosh............ 11 9.8 2.9 40.7
Bene Daviss xo others «5. .< 45200555. 20 9.1 2.8 43.3
Esopus Ben Davis: 50. 22070. 29 10.0 2.9 32.0
Bsopusie< Jonathan... seyoeeions 1a 2 10.5 2.9 9.5
Mieintosh eX Mawver...o..-. 2 1 10.0 4.0 85.0
Ralls. X Northern Spy............. 9 10.1 3.0 S157
Rome X Northern Spy............. 1 10.0 3.5 91.0
Sutton X Northern Spy............ 5 11.2 3.3 12.0
Hubbardston (Selfed).............. 4 8.2 2.6 5

Prepotency.— In the past, horticulturists, in common with
breeders of other plants, and of animals as well, have designated
certain individuals, varieties in the case of fruits, as “ pre-
potent.” Prepotency could be ascribed much more naturally to
individuals before it was known that characters are quite inde-
pendent in transmission, although there is still question in some
quarters as to whether potency is a property of a unit character
or of all the characters in an individual. Thus because of the
great number of their named offspring we have commonly
thought the Ben Davis, Fameuse, Oldenburg and Blue Pearmain,
as examples, to be “ prepotent.”’ In the light of present informa-
tion it is very doubtful if such prepotency exists in the sense of
ability to impress all characters on the offspring.

It is generally agreed, though, that prepotency exists as to
characters — that is, that there are marked variations in potency.
Accepting this as a fact it must be conceded at once that a
variety of apples may be prepotent in two or more characters
which may be transmitted to the progeny quite independently of
each other. If such be the case we should expect the offspring
of some crosses of apples to resemble one parent more than the

466 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

other. It would seem that in Ben Davis crosses, Ben Davis
characters most largely crop out. The progeny in crosses with
Ben Davis, more often than not, have a ben Davis aspect.
Whether this is due to prepotency in one or more characters or
to the fact that most of the characters in Ben Davis are a little
off the ordinary — particularly striking — and because of this
distinctness dominate in the appearance of the Ben Davis crosses,
cannot be said.

We cannot prove from the behavior of these crosses that the
varieties of apples involved are prepotent in any of their char-
acters, but such prepotency is strongly suggested. In breeding
work with grapes, raspberries and strawberries on the Station
grounds, where many times as many crosses and plants have
been under observation, we are more certain that varieties are
prepotent in some characters. Such, too, is thought to be the
case by workers with other plants and it has long been held by
breeders of animals that individuals were “ prepotent,’”? which,
if true, in light of present knowledge, probably means that there
was prepotency in one or more characters of the animals.
Knowledge regarding prepotency is a great desideratum in apple-
breeding. The improvement of this fruit will go on much more
rapidly, if we can select varieties for crossing which have the
desired characters in greatest potency.

MENDELIAN INHERITANCES IN APPLES.

No study of heredity at the present time is worthy the name
unless it take in consideration the laws brought out by Mendei
and his followers. By aid of these laws in this experiment we
are enabled to focus ideas which otherwise would have been dim,
to give value to facts which a few years ago would have been
worthless, and to see clues running through the work which with-
out Mendel’s discovery would have remained hidden.

It had not been the intention to discuss Mendelian inheritance
in these crosses until we could add the testimony of the F, gen-
eration. That time seems at the very least a decade off and it
is thought best to see what, if anything, can be learned from the
F, progeny. It must be remembered that since apples are
propagated by budding or grafting, a variety always possesses

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 467

its hereditary characters in the same state—a given character
is permanently either homozygous or heterozygous. Theretore,
the results obtained in these crosses are to be expected whenever
the same varieties are crossed. Hence the F; generation is not
so necessary in breeding apples as with plants grown from seed.

The reader must keep in mind, however, that there may be
several explanations of the behavior of characters in the first
generation following a cross and that the crucial test of what-
ever hypotheses are set forth as regards the characters in these
hybrid apples is the behavior in the subsequent generations.
Attention must be called, too, though scarcely necessary to one
having knowledge of even the rudiments of genetics, to several
sources of error in this experiment. Thus, the number of hybrid
offspring of these crosses is so small that it is not probable that
all of the possible combinations of the different kinds of germ
cells are to be found even in the crosses having the largest pro-
genies. Again, the work is vitiated somewhat by the fact that
the total progenies of the several crosses have not been under
observation, 23 out of 148 or about 15 per cent of the total num-
ber, having succumbed to the accidents which befall seedling
plants, there being, however, no selection by the hand of man.
Lastly, we are working with material of unknown parentage.

_ The characters of the apple chosen for consideration are those
most important to apple growers; namely, color of skin, color of
flesh, shape, size and acidity.

Color of skin.— The colors of apples may be roughly divided
into five classes; yellow, yellow with a light red blush, yellow
with one-third to one-half its surface overlaid with red, nearly
solid red, and reddish black. The apples in these crosses con-
tain only three colors, yellow, red and the intermediates between
these. Whether the distribution of the intensity of color depends
upon a complex or a simplex of unit characters, is at present
impossible to determine. Unknown factors play too large a part
to permit of an easy determination. Thus, we do not know
exactly the nature of color; the amount of color in a variety de-
pends largely upon the soil and the method of orchard manage-
ment; and, we are working with material of unknown parentage.
But if we can state roughly how the color is inherited in a few

468 Reporr or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorRTICULTURE OF THE

leading varieties, the knowledge should be of value for either
identical or other crosses. From a study of all the material, we
may hazard the following provisional statements:

First, the fruits in which yellow. predominates over red are
in a heterozygous condition for yellow and red; second, the fruits
in which red predominates are either homozygous or heterozy-
gous; third, the pure yellows are recessive and consequently are
homozygous. These conclusions are drawn from the following
data.

In ithe Ben Davis X Jonathan progeny,’ we have eleven seed-
lings, all red or nearly red. The yellow portion of these apples
is so meager as not to arouse suspicion of a heterozygous con-
dition. The assumption that there is no yellow in Ben Davis or
Jonathan is supported by the results in other crosses in which
one of these varieties was a parent. If, however, red consists of
a complex of unit characters—the very light red being the
simple unit character and the dark red a multiple of red unit
characters, then, of course, it is impossible to tell from these few
individuals whether yellow is or is not a recessive in this cross.
For example, red would have to consist of only three unit char-
acters to require sixty-four individuals to give one yellow. It
would not be surprising if the red color in apples consists of
more than one unit for red, since in other plants color is often
composed of more than one unit character. Thus, Nillson-Ehle*
separated two distinct blacks in his study of the inheritance of
black color in the glumes of oats, and three distinct, inheritable
reds in a red Swedish wheat. East* found two yellow colors
in the endosperm of yellow corn, “ each behaving when crossed
with its absence, as an independent allelomorphic pair.” If one
yellow in corn gives a light yellow appearance, it is not unrea-
sonable to expect that one red in apples may give a very light
red and a complex of red unit factors a dark red. The only
method of determining this point is, of course, by segregating
the unit factors in future generations.

1

1The first name in all cases is the maternal parent and the second the
paternal.

2 Nillson-Ehle, H., 1909, “ Kreuzungsuntersuchungen an Hafer und Wei-
zen,” Lunds Universitets Arsskrigt, N. F.; Afd. 2, Bd. 5, Nr 2, 1-122.

3 East, E. M., 1910, “A Mendelian Interpretation of Variation that is Ap-
parently Continuous ”, Am. Nat. 44: 65-82.

New Yorx Acricutturat Experiment Sration. 469

In the Ben Davis X Mother apples there are seventeen appar-
ently pure reds and three individuals evidently heterozygous for
yellow and red. These three heterozygous apples might, how-
ever, under different circumstances, as for instance with a longer
season and more favorable soil conditions, develop a more intense
red, or in accordance with the assumption made, they may con-
tain a red which is less complex in organization than that of
their sisters.

The Sutton X Northern Spy progeny furnishes five individuals,
three of which are classed as red and two as yellow. This segre-
gation indicates Mendelian splitting, though the numbers are too
few to more than suggest that the red is dominant and the yellow
recessive. The yellow individuals, however, may not be pure
recessives for a light reddish tinge was present on a few speci-
mens of both trees. Does this reddish tinge signify that red
individuals will appear in future generations if the variety be
selfed, or is the red due to some physiological condition? Cer-
tain varieties, as the Yellow Transparent and Early Ripe, do not
have this very light blush of red or bronze, but among all of our
present crosses, no true yellows have appeared. Although we do
not know whether one unit of red is contained in these yellow
individuals, we suspect that both Sutton and Northern Spy must
carry yellow as a recessive. This view is substantiated by the
fact that in the other crosses in which Northern Spy is a par-
ticipant, heterozygous individuals appear which evidently carry
yellow.

The Rome X Northern Spy produced only one seedling and
this is classified as an intermediate in color.

Ralls X Northern Spy gave nine seedlings, seven of which are
classified as red, and two as heterozygous for red and yellow.
It is probable from this cross that Ralls does not carry yellow
as a simple unit character, for if it did, yellow individuals
should have appeared.

Ben Davis X Esopus gave three red and one heterozygous red,
and the reciprocal cross gave the same two classes, but in the pro-
portion of eighteen to eleven. The difference in the ratios for
these two crosses is, of course, of no significance, owing to the
few individuals in the first. As there was no evidence of a re-

470 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorRTICULTURE OF THE

cessive yellow in the eleven individuals of Ben Davis X Jona-
than, one can assume that the Esopus in the Ben Davis and
Esopus cross, is responsible for the yellow color.

Esopus X Jonathan gave two reds, in which the red was pre-
dominant. From so few individuals one can draw no conclusion,
yet the findings substantiate the statements made that Jonathan
does not carry yellow.

McIntosh is evidently a carrier of yellow, for in the McIntosh
X Lawver— the male being the very dark red — one heterozy-
gous individual is produced, and in the Ben Davis X McIntosh
seedlings — Ben Davis probably not carrying yellow as has been
previously noted —there are eight apparently pure reds and
three individuals heterozygous for red and yellow.

Ben Davis X Green Newtown is an interesting cross. The
maternal parent is supposedly a pure red and the paternal parent
is yellow with a very light red blush. In the segregation of red
and yellow, providing the former is dominant to the latter, ‘he
ratio expected would be one pure red to one heterozygous red.
Eight reds and five yellowish reds or heterozygous individuals
are obtained, the expected classes appearing, but not in a 1:1
ratio.

The distribution of skin color, whether in the form of stripes
or solid colors, cannot be expressed in Mendelian terms. The
solid and blushed individuals appeared as follows: Ralls X
Northern Spy one solid, Ben Davis X McIntosh two blushed,
Ben Davis X Green Newtown and Sutton X Northern Spy, one
blush from each cross. All of the remaining seedlings produced
fruit striped and mottled in various degrees.

Color of flesh.— In flesh colors, though a resemblance to either
one of the parents or to an intermediate condition is found in
all the individuals, the most marked differences are found in the
Ben Davis X McIntosh progeny. This would be expected since
McIntosh has a very characteristic white flesh. In the eleven
Ben Davis X McIntosh apples, six resemble Ben Davis in flesh
color, two are intermediate and three are distinctly MeIntosh
whites. From so few numbers and because of the lack of know]l-
edge of the parents of these varieties, it is hardly possible to
give the gametic constitution of color. If, however, one com-
bines the six Ben Davis colors and the two intermediates, it can

New York AaricuntturaL ExprerIMENtT STATION. 471

be assumed that both Ben Davis and McIntosh carry yellow and
white, the white being recessive. This assumption would give
nine yellows to three whites and there are eight yellowish indi-
viduals to three whites. From the general appearance of the
McIntosh flesh, one would think it to be homozygous for white.
However, it is not impossible to believe that the yellow is present
and that the factor necessary for its development is lacking.

Size and shape-—It promises to be a dificult problem to
determine inheritance of size and shape in apples. Castle has
found size to be an intermediate character in his study of the
inheritance of size in rabbits, and East has found parents of
different sizes in maize to produce ears of intermediate length
and kernels of intermediate size. The intermediates or I, gen-
eration in the maize produced progeny which varied in size from
the small to the large parent, while the F, generation of rabbits
produced only offspring of intermediate size. It may be sus-
pected, therefore, that fruits likewise produce intermediate indi-
viduals. However, if size and shape consist of a complex of
unit characters, it will be very difficult to determine whether
they are bred as intermediates or not, for to so ascertain would
require the production of thousands of individuals to obtain all
the possible combinations of a complex of five or six units.
Size and shape of fruits depend upon at least length and breadth
measurements — not mentioning such unknown factors as
nutrition, fertilization of the ovules and the like. With these
unknown factors and in consideration of the meager data, we
can draw but the roughest conclusions as to the inheritance of
these characters.

Ben Davis X Mother gave six individuals which resemble the
mother parent, four that are classed as intermediates and ten
which bear paternal characteristics as to shape and size. This
classification does not signify that the offspring are exactly like
either one of the parents but that the majority of the characters
are more like one parent than the other, and consequently bear a
closer resemblance to the one than to the other. In this cross
none of the twenty seedlings were much inferior or much su-

perior to either parent in size. The size and shape of these
crosses are shown in Plates XLVIJ, XLVIII, XLIX.

472 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE

A slightly greater variation occurred in the eleven Ben Davis
X Jonathan progeny. Ben Davis X Jonathan gave nine indi-
viduals with marked Jonathan characteristics and two with dis-
tinct ben Davis characteristics, as shown in Plates L and LI.

Sutton X Northern Spy produced three individuals of marked
paternal shape, one intermediate and one listed as maternal in
general appearance. Four of these individuals gave larger fruits
than either parent. This increase in size may be due to a
heterozygous condition, which would probably stimulate the pro-
duction of flesh tissue. These apples are shown in Plate LIT.

Rome X Northern Spy is represented by only one individual
and, this cross, therefore, throws little light on the inheritance
of size and shape. This single representative, however, resem-
bles the Rome in shape and even bears the distinct green and
wide cavity which is so characteristic of this variety. In size it
shghtly outclasses either parent. This cross is not illustrated.

The nine offspring of Ralls X Northern Spy produced great
variations in size and shape. This is to be expected since the
difference in the size of the parents is more marked. ‘The size of
these seedlings ranges from fruits smaller than the maternal to
larger than the paternal. Five of these seedlings resemble the
Ralls in shape, one the Northern Spy and three are intermedi-
ates; all are shown in Plates LIII and LIV.

In the Ben Davis X Esopus progeny are two individuals re-
sembling Ben Davis, one an intermediate and one Esopus-like in
shape, all shown in Plate LV. The reciprocal cross gave seven
of Esopus resemblance, eleven of intermediate, ten of Ben Davis
and one of unclassifiable shape. This cross gives the widest range
of variation in size and shape —a fact which may be accounted
for by the greater number of individuals, but not by the differ-
ence in size of the parents. Seven of the seedlings produced
fruit larger than Ben Davis and four of them bore fruit smaller
than the Esopus — the smallest being no larger than the Lady
apple. In shape a few individuals produced fruit more elongated
that Ben Davis while others bore fruit as oblate as the Lady.
Plates LVI, LVII, LVIII, and LIX show the size and shape of
the Esopus X Ben Davis apples.

Ben Davis X McIntosh gave three intermediates and four each
of Ben Davis and McIntosh shapes. It is interesting to note in

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 473

this cross that the distinctive calyx end of the Ben Davis fruit
was markedly impressed on a majority of the offspring. The
size of the fruit was not noticeably variable, as only two indi-
viduals out of the eleven dropped below the McIntosh in size,
and one of these two possessed a remarkably small core and pro-
duced only a few seeds — perhaps a sufficient reason for its in-
ferior size. The remaining individuals average as large as the
Ben Davis and several surpassed the McIntosh in size. Apples
from this cross are shown in Plates LX and LXI.

Ben Davis X Green Newtown produced thirteen individuals.
The size of the fruit in one of these seedlings is very large, being
one-half as large again as Ben Davis. In fact, half of these
seedlings average as large as Ben Davis and none of them fall
below the Green Newtown in size as can be seen in Plates LXIT
and LXIII. In shape, six resemble Green Newtown, three Ben
Davis and four an intermediate condition,

Acidity.—Acidity and sweetness are relative terms and un-
numbered gradations varying from one extreme to the other
occur. The separation of subacid from acid apples is difficult,
for under more favorable circumstances the acidity may decrease
to a marked degree. In this experiment all the parents are
subacid varieties, and from an examination of the following
data, it will be noted that sweet apples appear in the greater
part of the crosses. The numbers in most cases are too few to
expect an exact 3:1 ratio, yet the indications strongly favor such
an assumption. In the cases where sweet apples did not appear,
one must assume that the nonappearance is due either to chance
or that all subacid varieties do not carry sweetness as a recessive
character. This question can be settled only by further tests.
The facts are presented as they appear and conclusions are drawn
as far as the limited observations permit.

Ben Davis X Jonathan, both parents being subacid, gave two
sweets and nine subacids, while Esopus X Jonathan produced
two subacids. In the first cross, one might interpret sweetness
or absence of acidity as a recessive to acidity — both parents
carrying sweetness. The expected ratio 3:1 is very closely ap-
proximated. ‘The second of these crosses throws no light on this
assumption for the individuals are too few in number.

474 Report or true Department or Horricunture OF THE

Ben Davis X Mother gives eight sweets, eleven subacids and
one sour. If the sours and subacid fruits can not be definitely
separated, then we have a ratio of 3:2 instead of 3:1 — sweet-
ness being the recessive. Mother, according to this interpreta-
tion, must carry sweet as well as Ben Davis. ;

The four seedlings produced from Sutton X Northern Spy,
and the one from Rome X Northern Spy are all subacid. These
numbers are too few to hazard an explanation,

Ben Davis X Esopus gave four individuals, all of which are
subacid and its reciprocal cross gave a total of seven sweets,
twenty-one subacids and one sour. Assuming that the sour
individual would have lost its acidity if the season had been
more prolonged, we would have practically a 3:1 ratio in this
reciprocal cross. The proportions are, however, worthy of note,
even though they may be incorrectly interpreted. If the inter-
pretation is correct, Esopus as well as Ben Davis must carry
sweetness as a recessive character.

Ben Davis X McIntosh gives two sweets to nine subacids, and
Ben Davis X Green Newtown, the same classes but in the pro-
portion of 3 to 10. Both of these crosses are explainable by the
3:1 ratio, and this interpretation must make sweet a recessive in
both parents.

Ralls X Northern Spy gave nine subacids and no sweets. In
this case, we have two subacids giving no sweets, and therefore,
it is doubtful whether one or both varieties carry a recessive
sweet. If this be the case, subacid varieties are not necessarily
hybrids between sweets and acids. These results are at least
valuable from the practical side for it shows that sweet apples
can be secured from subacid apples.

Ripening period.— Date of ripening is another character that
is undoubtedly inherited, as from all of these crosses of late-
ripening apples, only late varieties have been produced — the
range of variation not extending on the average much more than
a month on either side of the average mean of the parents. It
is to be regretted that we have no crosses with parents differing
widely in the date of maturity. However, as no early varieties
have been obtained from these crosses, it is safe to say that earli-
ness is probably not a recessive character. Season, like size and

New York Acricutturat Experiment Station. 475

shape, may be either composed of many factors or it may be in-
herited as an intermediate condition—a question, of course,
still open for experimental evidence.

INHERITANCE IN THE SEVERAL VARIETIES.

The results of the study of Mendelian inheritance in this ex-
periment may be put in more workable shape for the apple-
breeder if the discussion of the several characters are summarized
under the varieties crossed. At the risk of considerable repeti-
tion, such a summary is now given.

Ben Davis.— In the six crosses in which this apple was used,
the results indicate that yellow is not carried by Ben Davis —
the heterozygous R y progeny being able to obtain their yellow
from the other parent in each case. In transmitting shape, Ben
Davis was less prepotent than either Jonathan or Green New-
town. In the other cases, the individuals showing preponder-
ance of Ben Davis shape were about equal in number to those
showing the shape of the other parent. The term prepotent
is here used to mean that either the shape-forming characters
of one variety are less heterozygous than those of another, or,
that such characters of one parent are dominant over those of
the other. The greater the number of heterozygous characters, the
greater the number of segregations or splittings that will take
place. In size of fruit, the Ben Davis crosses were inter-
mediate as a rule, although the cross with the Green Newtown
produced offspring larger than either parent and none smaller.
Sweetness appeared as a recessive in all Ben Davis crosses except
with Esopus and here the four individuals are too few to permit
conclusions.

Hsopus.— The crosses between Ben Davis and Esopus are the
only ones with sufficient numbers to warrant a postulation as to
the gametic constitution of the Esopus color factors. The total
individuals obtained are 21 pure reds and 12 individuals
heterozygous for red and yellow. As the Ben Davis probably
does not carry yellow, the yellow in these heterozygotes must have
come from Esopus. Assuming that Ben Davis carries R R and
Esopus R y we should expect a ratio of 1 R R to 1 Ry.
The ratio obtained, 7:4, indicates that red is not carried in such

476 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE

a simplex condition. The fruit shape in the progeny of these
crosses is intermediate, while the size is very variable, indicating
that one or more of the progenitors of the parents must have
borne small fruits. Esopus carries sweetness as a recessive, there
being 7 sweet, 25 subacid and 1 acid apple, a close approxima-
tion to a 3:1 ratio,

Green Newtown.— The inheritance of fruit characters in this
variety are based on thirteen individuals obtained from crosses
with Ben Davis. If Ben Davis carries only red and Green New-
town only yellow, all the progeny should have been heterozygous
for these colors, but 8 R R and 5 R y apples were obtained.
Perhaps the ight blush on the Green Newtown signifies the pres-
ence of a red unit factor, but this point can be settled only by
growing selfed seedlings. As previously noted, the Green New-
town shape is more prepotent than the Ben Davis — the oblique-
ness of the Newtown, in particular, appearing in the offspring.
The fruits of the progeny did not fall below either parent. This
fact indicates that the progenitors of the Green Newtown bore
large fruits, for if small size is carried as a recessive in Ben
Davis, a union of small gametes would probably have taken place
even though the numbers are small. Sweetness appeared in a
ratio of nearly 3:1, which signifies that this character is carried
as a recessive.

Jonathan.— This variety carries only red in its gametes, as
in the eleven progeny obtained from a cross with Ben Davis, no
evidence of yellow was noted. Jonathan proved to be the more
prepotent parent in the transmission of shape, for nine of the
eleven seedlings resembled the former. Sweet apples appeared
in the proportion of 2:9, which closely approximates a 1:3 ratio,
based on sweetness as a recessive to acidness.

Lawver.— No hypotheses can be advanced as to the inherit-
ance of this variety’s characters, as only one seedling, obtained
from a cross with McIntosh has been described. Its dark red
color, however, suggests an absence of yellow.

McIntosh. Three R y fruits appeared in the eleven Ben
Davis X McIntosh seedlings, and one R y in the Lawyer
cross. If the Ben Davis and Lawver are pure reds then McIn-
tosh must have supplied the yellow in both cases. The white

New York AaricutturRaAL ExpertMEntT STATION. 47

flesh of the McIntosh behaved as a recessive to the yellowish
white color of the Ben Davis. In the inheritance of shape and
size, McIntosh and Ben Davis were equally prepotent, for, as
many progeny resembled one parent as the other and all were
intermediate in size. The appearance of two sweets to nine sub-
acid fruits supports the statement that the former character is
borne as a recessive in the McIntosh.

Mother.— When crossed with Ben Davis, three heterozygous
and seventeen pure reds were produced. If these three indi-
viduals are undeveloped reds then Mother does not carry yellow.
If, however, Mother carries yellow, its red must be complex in
structure. A few more seedlings resembled the Mother in shape
than the Ben Davis, but not enough more to warrant the drawing
of conclusions. Size was inherited in an intermediate condition
and sweetness as a recessive though in the proportion of 2:3,
instead of a simple 1:3.

Northern Spy.— This variety crossed with Sutton gave three
reds and two yellows tinged with red; crossed with Ralls gave
‘seven pure reds and two heterozygous reds; in the cross with
Rome one heterozygous red was the result. The presence of
nearly yellow individuals in the first cross signifies either that
yellow is carried as a recessive or a simplex red is present in the
Northern Spy. Shape in this variety was more prepotent than
in Sutton but much less so than in Ralls which impressed its
shape on five of the nine seedlings — three being intermediates.
The Northern Spy crosses, as a rule, gave large fruits but in
the Ralls cross small fruits appeared — the presence of which
indicates that both varieties carry small size in their gametes.
(See Ralls.) No sweet apples appeared in the Northern Spy
crosses which fact indicates that sweetness is not a recessive in
this variety. However, if Ralls, Rome and Sutton, with which
it was crossed, do not carry sweetness, this character would not
appear since it would have been dominated by the acid-producing
factor.

Ralls —TIf Northern Spy carries yellow, then this variety
either does not or its red is complex in composition. This
opinion is based on the appearance of seven pure reds and only
two heterozygous reds. If both varieties carry yellow, the pro-

478 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT oF HorticuLturRE OF THE

portion should be 1 R: 2 Ry: 1 Y, that is, one pure yellow
should have appeared to three pure and heterozygous reds. As
already noted in the Northern Spy discussion, Ralls is more
prepotent in the transmission of shape-determining factors. In
the Northern Spy and Ralls progeny, we have individuals both
larger and smaller than either parent — this variability may be
explained by assuming that the progenitors of Ralls and Northern
Spy covered variations of similar magnitude. The transmission
of acidity in Ralls is discussed under Northern Spy.

fome.— Little can be said as to the inheritance of the charac-
ters of Rome from the one individual grown. Its shape and
stem cavity were transmitted to this seedling.

Sutton.— This variety gave three reds and two nearly yellows
when crossed with Northern Spy. Thus Sutton as well as the
Spy must carry either yellow or a simple red. In the transmis-
sion of shape, Northern Spy seems to be sightly prepotent, for it
impressed its shape on three fruits to the Sutton’s one. Little
can be said of the transmission of size except that the Sutton
did not give small fruits. The transmission of flavor in Sutton
is discussed under Northern Spy.

Conclusion.— The inheritance of skin color, flesh color, size
and shape are more or less hypothetical but acidity is undoubt-
edly inherited as a Mendelian character. Combining crosses,
all of which were produced from subacid parents, we get a total
of 22 sweet, 82 subacid and 2 acid apples. Fifteen of these are
from crosses in which sweetness is not carried by one or both
parents, and, therefore, must be eliminated, thus leaving 22
sweets to 69 subacids and acids, numbers which approach very
closely the theoretical 1:3 ratio. If the sweet apples contain a
higher amount of sugar ‘than the subacid apples, and this assump-
tion is favored, the results are analogous to those obtained by
Pearl and Bartlett with crosses of corn’ where high sucrose
content behaved as a recessive to low sucrose.

CONCRETE RESULTS.
All will be interested, it is certain, in knowing how many
of the progeny of these crosses seem to the writers to have sufli-

1 Pearl, R. and Bartlett, J. M., 1911. Ztschr. Induk. Abstamm. Vercb.
6: 2%. 1911.

lod

New York AGricutturaAL ExPERIMENT STATION. 479

cient value to name or test further. The following are the
number: From the eleven Ben Davis X Jonathan crosses, one
is marked for propagation, four for further testing and six for
‘discarding. Ben Davis X Mother gave two seedlings worthy of
propagation and eighteen for discarding. Ben Davis X Esopus
produced four worthless seedlings but the reciprocal cross has
contributed two worthy of propagation, one for future testing,
twenty-six for discarding. Ben Davis X McIntosh gave two
desirable varieties, three for further testing and six for discard-
ing. Ben Davis X Green Newtown gave four desirable varie-
ties from thirteen seedlings. Esopus X Jonathan gave one for
further testing, one for discarding, and McIntosh X Lawver has
produced one individual which is still retained for further test.
The Northern Spy crosses have done well, for Sutton X Northern
Spy gave two worthy of propagation, three worthy of further test-
ing and none for discarding. Ralls X Northern Spy produced
one desirable variety, one worthy of further consideration and
seven undesirables; and Rome X Northern Spy gave one of no
special merit.

The data given, even though meager, seem to show that the
Ben Davis and the Esopus crosses are of little use in breeding
work, and that the McIntosh, Northern Spy and Green Newtown
all varieties of very high quality — might well be used exten-
sively in all work where the object is to obtain varieties of high
quality. Few, indeed, of these crosses fell below the average of
cultivated varieties in size of fruit, handsome appearance of the
apples and in tree characters that make a variety desirable.
Fourteen apples worthy of propagation out of 102 crosses so far
fruited, gives a most hopeful outlook to apple breeding. These
have been more or less distributed to the fruit growers of New
-York. The following are descriptions of the new varieties:

Clinton. Ben Davis X Green Newtown.— Tree vigorous, up-
right-spreading, open-topped, productive; branches stocky, ash-
gray; leaves medium in number, 3% inches long, 1% inches
wide, dark green, pubescent, with sharply serrate margins;
petiole 158 inches long.

Season, December to February; 214 inches by 2 15-16 inches
in size, roundish to oblate-conic, often oblique, irregular; cavity

480 Report or tHe DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE

acute, of medium depth and width often heavily russeted, com-
pressed; basin of medium depth and width, abrupt, furrowed;
calyx partly open, with acute lobes; color greenish-yellow,
blushed with dull bronze, splashed with carmine, prevailing effect
red; dots large, russet, conspicuous; stem 11-16 inch long, thick;
skin tender, smooth, oily, glossy; core axile, large, partly open;
core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; car-
pels broad-oval, emarginate; seed large, plump, acute, 7 in
number ; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aro-
matic; of good quality.

This apple is very attractive in appearance and of very good
quality, resembling Green Newtown in size, shape and quality
but of a handsome red color.

Cortland. Ben Davis X McIntosh.— Tree of medium vigor,
drooping, dense-topped, productive; branches slender; leaves
numerous, 4 inches long, 244 inches wide, dark green, pubescent,
with serrate margins; petiole 1 3-16 inches long.

Season, November to February; 214 inches by 3% inches in
size, roundish-oblate, ribbed, uniform; cavity obtuse, broad,
much-russeted, smooth; basin of medium width and depth, ob-
tuse or somewhat abrupt, slightly furrowed; calyx partly open,
small, with acuminate, separated lobes broad at the base and
medium in length; color greenish-yellow overspread with bright
red, darker on the sunny side, splashed and striped with car-
mine; dots few, small, light gray; stem variable in length, aver-
aging %4 inch long, slender; skin tough, smooth, waxen, dull,
with much bloom; core partly open; core lines clasping; calyx-
tube long, conical; carpels obovate, emarginate; seed of medium
size, wide, plump, obtuse, numerous; flesh whitish, often with
slight tinge of pink, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid,
aromatic; of good quality.

Tn appearance Cortland closely resembles McIntosh in color,
shape and flesh characters. It promises to be a valuable com-
mercial apple of the McIntosh type.

Herkimer. Ben Davis X Green Newtown. Tree vigorous,
upright, shghtly spreading, medium productive; branches rather
thick; leaves 4 inches long, 22 inches wide, dark green, rather
pubescent; with margins inclined to ecrenate; petiole 1§ inches
long. |

(‘y]BY-9u0 paonpey)
"moi Joddn ut patyy ‘puvpyooyy {Mod JaMOT Ut ysIy “IoyyoPY ‘Mor roddn ut oinsy ysiy ‘sIAvd Uo

‘KNGDOUT GNV SENTUVG :UANLOWT X SIAVC NAG —TIATX FLvIg

\

| ‘ :

(‘y[ey-9u0 poonpoyy)

"MOI JOMOT UT ysIy ‘UBYYRUOL : Mod Joddn ul oINSY ysiy ‘stAvC, Ue

‘ANDDOUG GNV SENTUVG :SSOUlF) NVHLVNOS* xX SIAVG Nag —T] alvig

(J[ey-euo peonpey)
“MOI JAMO] UL OINSY patty ‘ToBpossuayy

‘INGDOUG :SSOUD NVHLVNOG X SIAVG Nag—]T] divId

(yBy-ou0 poonpoyy)

“MOI IMO] UI PUOIAS ‘OGIMSC) ! MOI IOMOT UI YYANOJ ‘VSOLT, MOI JOMOT Ul 4sIy ‘Adg ussyyaoON {Moa soddn ut oinsy ysay ‘u044ng

‘INEDOU ANV SLINGUVG :SSOUD Adg NUPHLYON X NOLLAY —]] |] aLvig

(‘yeY-010 poonpor)
*MOI JAMO] UL puodes ‘ALINYOYIG ‘MOI LOMO] UL 4SIY ‘Kdg usoyoN {Mor raddn ut oinsy ysry ‘STB YL

‘KNADOUG GNV SLNUUV :SSOUD Adg NUGHLYON XK STIVY— TIT Atv Td

en (-j1ey-ou0 poonpoy)
ss ‘KNEDOU :SSOUD Adg NUSHLYUON X STIVY —AL] aLvig

(y]ey-9u0 poonpeyy)

“MOI JAMO] UT 4say ‘sndosq ‘Mor soddn ut oinsy ysay ‘stavq ue

‘ANEDOU GNV SLNGUVG :Ssoug snaosy X SIAVG NAG —A'T ALVIg

(J[eY-9u0 poaonpeyy)
“MOL JOMO] UL 4SIY ‘STAB Ueg ‘Mot soddn ut oinsy ysay ‘sndosyy

C AT GLv Id

“ANGDOUd GNV SENAUVG +SSOU) SIAVG NAG X snoaosy a

(‘j/8y-eu0 poonpeyy)

‘XNEDOUT :SSOUM SIAVG NAG X SsNaosy —TIAT ALv1d

~ ;
Ox %

(HeY-au0 paonpay)
‘KNGDOUd :Ssoup sIAvqd Nag X sadosy—TITAT IVIg

7
Fixe, Soe >
y

(j/ey-9u0 paonpey)
“MOI IOMOT UL OINSY pry} ‘Nesse yy

‘KNEDOUG :SSOUD SIAVG Nag X snaosy —XIT BLvIg

(}[eq-9u0 poonpayy)
‘mot Joddn ut puodas ‘uozUl[D ‘MOI JAMO] UI 4sAy ‘WMOYMON Uaery {Mor saddn UI oINSY 4siy ‘SIAR Ue

“ANGDOUd GNV SINGUV :SSOUD NMOLMAN NGWUD X SIAVY NIG —][X'T BIVId

(‘JIBY-eu0 poonpay)
“MOI JAMO] UL YRANOF ‘AOUITYLOFT / MOL JAMO] UI PUOdes ‘eSozRIBG ‘ MOL Joddn UT aINSy pA} ‘104899489 MA

‘INGDOUG :SSOUD NMOLMGN NGGUD X SIAVG NAG —T]IIXT ALvId

—

New York AcricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 481

Season, December to March; large, roundish to oblong-conie,
irregular; cavity acuminate, deep, broad, marked with russet
which often overspreads upon the base, slightly furrowed; basin
deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed and corrugated; calyx slightly
open, of medium size; color greenish-yellow, partly overspread
with red, irregularly splashed and striped with dull carmine;
dots large, russet; stem of medium length, ‘thick; flesh yellow,
firm, coarse, juicy, brisk subacid; of good quality.

Herkimer resembles Ben Davis both externally and internally
more than the Green Newtown but is better in quality. Its good
quality, handsome appearance and long-keeping properties, all
commend it.

Nassau. Hsopus X Ben Davis. Tree vigorous, upright spread-
ing, productive ; branches somewhat slender; leaves 34 inches long,
27, inches wide, dark green, heavily pubescent below, with crenate
margins; petiole 1 inch long.

Fruit matures in late October or early November; season,
December to March; medium in size, oblate; cavity wide, rather
deep; basin wide, shallow, furrowed; color pale yellow, splashed,
striped and mottled with bright pinkish-red, blushed on the
sunny side; stem medium to long, thick; flesh firm, coarse, juicy,
crisp, pleasant subacid, aromatic; good in quality.

Nassau is far better in quality 'than Ben Davis but is hardly
equal to Esopus. The color is more like that of Ben Davis than
of Esopus — the contrasting colors of red and yellow being most
attractive.

Onondaga. Ben Davis XY McIntosh.— Tree not very vigor-
ous, upright, dense-topped, productive; branches slender; leaves
numerous, 334 inches long, 2 1-16 inches wide, medium green,
pubescent, with finely serrate margins; petiole 1% inches long.

Season, November to January; 23¢ inches by 2°4 inches in
size, roundish-conic, irregular; cavity obtuse, shallow, greenish-
russeted, smooth; basin shallow, obtuse, furrowed; calyx open,
large, with long, narrow, acuminate, much separated lobes; color
ercenish-yellow, almost entirely overspread with dark McIntosh
red, darker on the sunny side, splashed and mottled with dark
carmine, prevailing effect dark red; dots few, small, grayish or
pinkish, obscure; stem *4 inch long, slender; skin tough, smooth.

16

482 ReEpPorRT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF Horricutturre or THE

waxen, dull, with considerable bloom; core abaxile, small, closed ;
core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, conical; carpels oval, emar-
ginate, slightly tufted; seed large, plump, acute, 8 in number;
flesh tinged with yellow, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly sub-
acid, aromatic; of good quality.

This apple is very attractive in color and in size and is at least
desirable for cooking and would doubtless be relished by most
persons as a dessert fruit. It is the general type of McIntosh
externally except that it is sightly more conic.

Oswego. Sutton X Northern Spy.— Tree vigorous, upright-
spreading, dense-topped, productive; branches stocky; leaves
numerous, 334 inches long, 2 1-16 inches wide, dark green,
slightly pubescent, with finely serrate margin; petiole 1 7-16
inches long.

Season, December to April, 25% inches by 3 5-16 inches in
size, roundish-conic, ribbed, sides unequal; cavity acute, deep,
broad, russeted, often compressed; basin deep, abrupt, smooth;
calyx open, large, with broad, acute, separated lobes; color green-
ish-yellow overspread with dull pinkish red, splashed and striped
with darker red, prevailing effect dull red; dots numerous, large,
erayish-russet; stem °4 inch long, ‘thick; skin tough, smooth,
dull, covered with bloom; core abaxile, large, open; core lines
clasping; calyx-tube long, wide, conical; carpels roundish,
slightly emarginate; seed often abnormal being grown together,
usually small, wide, short, plump, obtuse, 12 in number; flesh
yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; very good in
quality.

Oswego resembles Northern Spy, though larger, more conical,
and brighter in color. The flesh, in color and texture, resembles
Spy but the flavor, while equal to that variety, is not that of
the Spy.

Otsego. Ben Davis X McIntosh.— Tree vigorous, upright-
spreading, open-topped, productive; branches stocky; leaves
numerous, 334 inches long, 2% inches wide, medium green,
pubescent, with slightly crenate margins; petiole 1% inches long.

Season, November to February; 2% inches by 2 5-16 inches
in size, oblong-conic, oblique, not uniform; cavity acute, deep,
russeted, compressed; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 483

compressed ; calyx closed, small, with short, narrow, acute lobes;
color pale yellow overspread with mottled dark red, splashed and
striped with carmine, prevailing effect red; dots numerous,
small; stem 11-16 inch long, slender; skin tender, smooth,
waxen, covered with bloom; core abaxile, open; core-lines clasp-
ing; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; carpels ovate, emarginate ;
seed of medium size, wide, plump, obtuse, 4 in number; flesh
yellow, firm, crisp, tender, medium juicy, mild subacid; good
in quality.

This apple is propagated because of its handsome color, good
quality, small core and sparsity of seed. The fault that will
condemn it if it fails, is small size.

Rensselaer. Ben Davis X Jonathan.—Tree ge spread-
ing, productive; branches stocky; leaves numerous, 1% inches
wide, 34% inches long, pubescent, with crenate margins; petiole
1 5-16 inches long.

Season, ee nes to February; 2°% inches by 234 inches in
size, roundish-conic to truncate, uniform; cavity acuminate,
deep, greenish-russeted, symmetrical, basin narrow, abrupt, fur-
rowed; calyx small, partly opened, with obtuse lobes; color yel-
low with a dull red blush, splashed with carmine, prevailing
effect red; dots numerous, large, yellowish; stem 7% inch long,
slender; skin tough, smooth, oily, marked with grayish scarf-
skin; core axile, of medium size, closed; core-lines clasping;
calyx-tube long, wide, conical; carpels ovate, emarginate; seed
of medium width, long, plump, acute, eight in number; flesh
yellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic; of good
quality.

While of but medium size, Rensselaer is so attractive in color
and of such high flavor as to make it a valuable dessert fruit.
It is of the type of Jonathan both externally and internally.

Rockland. Ben Davis X Mother— Tree of medium vigor,
somewhat spreading and straggling, productive; branches rather
slender; leaves 24% inches long, 2 inches wide, light green, some-
what pubescent, with serrate margins; petiole 144¢ inches long.

Season, November to January; of medium size, roundish-trun-
cate, symmetrical; cavity acuminate, deep, russeted, symmetri-
eal; basin deep, very wide, abrupt, furrowed; calyx partly open,

484 Revort oF THE DeparTMENt oF HorricuLturr oF THE

large; color yellow, entirely overspread with dark red, splashed,
mottled and obscurely striped with carmine; dots few, small,
pinkish-yellow; stem long, thick; skin tough, smooth, dull; core
axile, closed; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, conical ;
carpels obovate, emarginate; seed small, short, plump, obtuse,
tufted; flesh yellowish, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid, aromatic; good to very good in quality.

The fruit of this cross is of the type of Mother. It is most
pleasing in appearance, although small, resembling Mother in
size, shape, color, texture, flavor and quality. This apple ought
to be especially valuable as a dessert fruit.

Saratoga. Ben Davis X Green Newtown.— Tree vigorous,
upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive; branches stocky;
leaves 4 inches long, 2 3-16 inches wide, dark green, pubescent,
with sharply serrated margins; petiole 2 inches long.

Season, January to April; 2 9-16 inches by 31 inches in
size, roundish-conic to oblate, ribbed, uniform; cavity obtuse,
deep, broad, russeted, furrowed; basin deep, wide, abrupt, fur-
rowed; calyx open, large, with short, broad, acute, separated
lobes; color greenish-yellow, overspread with bright purplish-
red, splashed and mottled with crimson; dots numerous, yellow-
ish; stem % inch long, thick; skin tender, smooth, very oily;
core abaxile, large, open; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short,
wide, conical; carpels ovate, emarginate, tufted; seed wide,
plump, acute, tufted, 10 in number; flesh greenish-yellow, firm,
coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly; of good quality.

This apple is particularly valuable because of its bright color
and large size. Its quality is much superior to Ben Davis being
nearly or quite as good as Green Newtown. Its season is late.

Schenectady. Ben Davis X Mother.— Tree vigorous, upright,
dense-topped, productive; branches medium to thick; leaves
numerous, 414 inches long, 24% inches wide, dark green, pubes-
cent, with distinctly serrate margins; petiole 1 3-16 inches long.

Season, November to January; 2 15-16 inches by 3% inches
in size, roundish-conic, sides unequal, ribbed; cavity obtuse,
shallow, narrow, russeted, compressed, sometimes lipped; basin
narrow, obtuse, furrowed; calyx open, with broad, acute lobes;
color greenish-yellow overspread with bright red, mottled and

New York Acricutturat Exprertmrent Station. 485

splashed with carmine, prevailing effect red; dots numerous,
small, grayish; stem ¥g inch long, slender; skin tender, smooth,
waxen; core abaxile, large, open; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube
long, wide, conical; carpels obovate, emarginate; seed wide,
plump, acute, 8 in number; flesh yellowish, firm, coarse, crisp,
tender, juicy, subacid; of good quality.

This new variety is remarkably attractive, its size, shape and
color, all being mest pleasing. It is not quite high enough in
quality to be called a first-class dessert fruit, but it is much
better than Ben Davis and is a splendid apple.

Schoharie. Ralls X Northern Spy.— Tree vigorous, upright-
spreading, productive; branches stocky; leaves numerous, 4
inches long, 2 1-16 inches wide, dark green, slightly pubescent,
with distinctly serrate margins; petiole 1% inches long.

Season, November to March; 234 inches by 3 inches in size,
roundish-conic, ribbed, irregular; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow,
ereenish-russeted, compressed, furrowed; basin narrow, obtuse,
furrowed ; calyx open, small, with short, broad, acute lobes which
are not separated; color greenish-yellow overspread with a mot-
tled and striped dull red, prevailing effect, dull, striped red; dots
numerous, small, grayish-russet, obscure; stem 1 3-16 inches
long, slender; skin tender, smooth, waxen, core abaxile, large,
very open; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly
conical; carpels broad-ovate, emarginate; seeds small, plump,
acute, 15 in number; flesh yellowish, firm, fine-grained, crisp,
tender, juicy, pleasant but mild subacid, aromatic; of good
quality.

Schoharie is of proper size but somewhat dull in color. Its
flavor is such as to make it desirable either as a cooking or as a
dessert apple. It is the type of Northern Spy in shape and
color; the flesh, too, is that of the Northern Spy, more yellow,
but having 'the same delicious flavor and aroma.

Tioga. Sutton X Northern Spy.—tTree very vigorous, upright-
spreading, dense, medium productive; branches thick; leaves 314
inches long, 1% inches wide, dark green, with considerable pubes-
cence beneath, with serrate margins; petiole 11/, inches long.

Season, December to March; large, oblate-conic, ribbed, sym-
metrical; cavity acute, of medium depth and width, greenish-

486 Reporr or true DerartMent or HorricuLtrure oF THE

russeted, furrowed, often lipped; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse,
furrowed, sometimes compressed; calyx closed, with narrow,
acute lobes of average length; stem short, thick; skin thin, tender,
smooth, covered with heavy bloom; color pale yellow, blushed,
mottled and faintly splashed with pinkish-red, prevailing effect
yellowish; dots small, numerous, russet, often submerged; core
abaxile, large, closed; core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide,
conical; carpels ovate, emarginate; seed small, wide, short,
plump, obtuse, slightly tufted; desh yellowish, firm, coarse, crisp,
juicy, brisk subacid; of good quality.

A most promising variety because of its handsome appearance
and high quality. The fruit is the type of Northern Spy in
shape but is unlike either parent in color,

Westchester. Ben Davis X Green Newtown.— Tree vigor-
ous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; branches stocky ;
leaves numerous, 3 13-16 inches long, 2 inches wide, dark green,
pubescent, with sharply and coarsely serrate margins; petiole
1 7-16 inches long.

Season, November to January; 2°% inches by 3 inches in size,
roundish-conic, ribbed, oblique; cavity acuminate, deep, broad,
russeted, compressed; basin very deep, wide, abrupt, furrowed
and corrugated ; calyx wide, open, large, with long, narrow, acu-
minate, separated lobes; color yellow, overspread with dull red,
mottled and splashed with darker red; dots numerous, large,
grayish, obscure ; stem 13-16 inch long, thick; skin tough, smooth,
waxen and oily, covered with bloom; core axile, small, closed;
core-lines clasping; calyx-tube long, wide, conical; carpels ovate,
emarginate; seed wide, acute, 7 in number; flesh yellow, coarse,
very tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good.

Westchester resembles Green Newtown in shape, but has the
color of Ben Davis while ‘the quality is even better than that of
its justly esteemed paternal parent.

APPLICATION OF RESULTS,

We have laid so much stress upon the Mendelian behavior of
several characters of the apples crossed and so much is now
heard of Mendel and his work, that the impression may be given
that breeding apples consists almost wholly in making Mendelian

~I

New York AaricutturaL ExrreriIMeNT STATION. 48

combinations of characters. Producing new combinations of
characters by crossing is but a small part of the work of securing
superior varieties of apples. The task of selecting different
combinations of unit characters in the progenies of crosses is a
tremendous one, requiring knowledge of the many varieties of
apples, of all characters of apples and of what ones combined will
make a variety superior to existing sorts. It is hkely that the
greatest part of the work in breeding apples is, or will be when
the foundation for breeding is more firmly laid, this selection
among the manifold combination of characters that can be made.
Following in Mendel’s footsteps, we have a quicker route to the
desired results in breeding apples, but breeding will still be
laborious, slow and disappointing, differing chiefly from that of
the past in being now a problem and not of as old, a riddle.

How can Mendelian principles be made most serviceable to
breeders of apples? The aim in breeding is to produce varieties
with the greatest number of desirable characters and the least
number of undesirable ones. Mendel has shown that characters
are transmitted as units which segregate in accordance with a
definite formula. It remains, then, for the breeder to ‘take cer-
tain characters from one parent, others from another, and make
as many combinations as possible from which the best can be
selected. The first task is to determine how characters are
inherited, after which they can be associated or disassociated
somewhat as the breeder wishes. The behavior of the crosses in
this experiment gives some indications of how certain characters
are transmitted when found in the varieties involved and forms
a basis, therefore, for breeding work with these varieties, and
suggests, at least, how the characters discussed will behave in
other varieties that may be crossed.

The application of Mendelan principles to breeding apples,
as with other plants, will not be free from puzzling problems.
Some of these may be briefly stated.

The determination of the factors by which the various charac-
ters are transmitted will prove a very difficult task. If all were
simple characters depending upon a single factor, the work would
be greatly simplified, but it is likely that we shall find that some
of the most important characters of apples depend upon the

488 Reporr oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HoRTICULTURE.

simultaneous presence of several distinct factors. Thus, in the
crosses under study, there are indications that shape, size, and
color of fruit, may depend upon the presence or absence of
several factors.

Another difficulty is that characters, if recessive, may not
appear in the F, generation. Now this skipping a generation,
when it occurs, will greatly delay and complicate the breeding of
plants that are propagated vegetatively, for, if the desired char-
acters do not appear in the F, generation propagation cannot pro-
ceed at once.

The phenomena of coupling and repulsion, which has been
worked out with several plants, though not yet understood, if it
appears in apples will tend to complicate breeding processes. That
is, some factors seem to be linked together and are so transmitted
while others repel one another and refuse to be transmitted
together.

Again, the bringing together of complementary factors which
somehow in the past breeding of the fruit had become separated,
may result in reversions and thus produce unexpected characters.

A breeder may want wholly new characters in apples. These
he cannot obtain by making Mendelian combinations.

Existing characters, if we possibly except size and vigor, cannot
be augmented by crossing.

To have all of the many characters represented in the offspring
it is necessary to work with large numbers of plants — difficult
to obtain and time-taking with apples.

It is probable that disappointments will most often come from
the attempt to perpetuate variations which are fluctuations
dependent upon environment and not upon the constitution of
the gametes.

There is likely to be some confusion, for a time at least, until
we have more knowledge on the subject, between what are known
as “simple Mendelian characters”? and “blending characters,”
or those which may be complex in composition, in which the
offspring are seemingly intermediate between the parents.

GRAPE STOCKS FOR AMERICAN GRAPES.*
U. P. HEDRICK.

SUMMARY.

Different species of grapes show wide variations in adaptability
to natural and cultural conditions. Cannot grape-growers take
advantage of these variations and graft varieties that fail under
some conditions on roots of those that thrive under the same
conditions?

The possibility of improving the viticulture of New York by
such grafting was the inspiration of an experiment at this Station
to test various root stocks for the best varieties of American
grapes.

In this experiment three groups of varieties have been grafted
on St. George, Riparia Gloire and Clevener stocks and a fourth
group on their own roots. The varieties grafted On these stocks
were: Agawam, Barry, Brighton, Brilliant, Campbell Early,
Catawba, Concord, Delaware, Goff, Herbert, Iona, Jefferson,
Lindley, Mills, Niagara, Regal, Vergennes, Winchell and Worden.

The experiment was tried on the farm of I. A. Wilcox, of
Portland, Chautauqua County, New York, in the Chautauqua
Grape Belt. The vines were grown in two plats on two kinds
of soil— Dunkirk gravel and Dunkirk clay. The planting plan
and all of the vineyard operations were those common in com-
mercial vineyards.

The original plan was to graft only on growing stocks but the
loss of a large proportion of the grafted plants the first few years
made it necessary to resort to bench-grafting on rooted plants
as well. Later experiences show that bench-grafting on cuttings
is probably the best method of starting a grafted vineyard.

Yearly accounts of the vineyard show that the vines passed
through many vicissitudes. The experiment was started in 1902
when St. George and Riparia Gloire stocks from California were
set and grafted in the field. Many of these died the first year.

*A reprint of Bulletin No. 355, December, 1912; for ‘‘ Popular Edition,” see

p. 860.
[489]

490 REPORT OF THE DrPARTMENT OF TlorticuLTuRE OF THE

The winter of 1903-04 was unusually severe and many more vines
were either killed or so severely injured that they died during
the next two years. The vines on St. George, a very deep-rooting
grape, withstood the cold best. Fidia, the grape root-worm, was
found in the vineyards early in the life of the vines and did much
damage in some years. In the years of 1907 and 1909 the crops
were ruined by hail.

But despite these serious setbacks it was evident throughout
the experiment that the grafted grapes were better vines. And
so, though the experiment is a partial failure through accidents,
the results are thought to be worth publishing.

Tabies II and III show that the grafted grapes are more pro-
ductive than those on their own roots. As an example of the
differences in yield, a summary of the data for 191: from Table
III may be given. In this year, an average of all the varieties
on own roots yielded at the rate of 4.39 tons per acre; on St.
George, 5.36 tons; on Gloire, 5.32 tons; on Clevener, 5.62 tons.
The crops on the grafted vines were increased through the setting
of more bunches and the development of larger bunches and
berries.

The grapes on the grafted vines ripen a few days earlier than
those on their own roots. This holds, in particular, as regards
Gloire and Clevener, while with St. George a few varieties were
retarded in ripening. Time of maturity is very important in
this region, where there is danger of early frost to late ripening
sorts and where it is often desirable to retard the harvest time
of early grapes.

In the behavior of the vines the results correspond closely with
those given for yields. In the relative growth ratings of varieties
on different stocks the varieties on their own roots were rated in
vigor at 40; on St. George, at 63.2; on Gloire, at 65.2; on Clevener,
at 67.9. There is no way of deciding how muck the thrift of the
vines depends on adaptability to soil and how much on other
factors. Since all of the varieties were more productive and
vigorous on grafted vines than on their own roots, it may be
said that a high degree of congeniality exists between the stocks
and varieties under test.

The experiment suggests that it would be profitable to grow
some of the fancy grapes of the region on grafted vines and that

New Yorx AgericutruraL Expertmerentr Sration. 491

it is well within the bounds of possibility that main-crop grapes
can be profitably grafted.

It is recommended that grape-growers try small vineyards of
grafted grapes, using as stocks the three tried in this experiment.

For procedure in growing a grafted vineyard the experiences
given in this Bulletin should be taken in account, supplemented
by a study of methods in California where grafted vineyards are
commonly grown. Some of the practices in California are dis-
cussed on pages 517-519 but a more extended study of them
should be made before engaging largely in growing grafted
grapes.

This Station is repeating this experiment; it is hoped under
more favorable circumstances.

INTRODUCTION.

The several species from which come cultivated grapes show
wide variations in adaptability to natural and cultural conditions.
Thus, cultivated Labruscas prefer loose, warm, sandy or gravelly
soils; in the vineyard, Riparia varieties hike a somewhat richer
and heavier soil; the offspring of Vitis estivalis thrive on lighter
and shallower soils than even the Labruscas; Vitis rupestris, under
cultivation, is better adapted than any other species to hard, dry
soils. The species named respond quite differently to heat, cold,
shade or sunshine and to moisture; they have varying capacities to
withstand insects and fungi; and the productivity, the longevity
and the size of the vine depend largely upon the species. The
manifold types of grapes, too, behave quite differently under such
cultural operations as propagation, cultivation and spraying.

The query, then, at once arises, ‘Cannot grape-growers take
advantage of the variations in grapes and graft varieties that fail
in some soils or climates, or because of certain insects or fungi,
or that are not easily propagated or are short-lived, on roots of
species that withstand these adverse conditions?” The signal
success achieved in grafting varieties of Vitis vinifera, especially
susceptible to attacks of phylloxera, on roots of species resistant
to this insect, suggests that these other troubles may be more or

492 Rerorr or tHe Department or Horricutrure oF THE

less overcome by grafting on roots of species free from these
weaknesses. It was considered possible to improve the viticulture
of New York by such grafting; and this possibility was the inspir-
ation of an experiment at this Station to test various root stocks
for the best varieties of American grapes. This bulletin is a report
on the experiment
said, which does not cover the broad field indicated in the opening
paragraph, but a very limited one now to be outlined.

an experiment, however, it must be quickly

THE PROBLEM STATED.

The grapes in the work in hand are American grapes and more
especially the hybrids between cultivated natives and varieties of
Vitis vinifera. The attempt has been made to grow these grapes
on stocks that were thought to be more vigorous, hardier to cold,
better adapted to certain soils, more resistant to phylloxera and
the fidia, that were easily propagated and that quickly made good
unions in grafting. Will grafting on these selected root stocks or
on any others prove profitable in commercial vineyards? The out-
standing features of this experiment, most of which are but touched
upon in this report, were, it was believed, fraught with far-reach-
ing consequences to grape-growers—not merely a_ technical
problem.

STARTING THE EXPERIMENT.
MATERIALS.

Stocks.— Through many experiments, followed by trials every-
where in vineyards, the French and the Californians developed
stocks for nearly all conditions of grape-growing. The choice with
these experienced vineyardists depends upon the variety to be
worked on the stock, adaptation to soils, the purpose for which the
grapes are to be grown and the adverse condition to be overcome by
grafting. From the many stocks in use at home and abroad for
Vinifera varieties, two were chosen for New York, St. George and
Riparia Gloire. Since there are a few vineyards in this State
grafted on the Clevener, a vigorous, healthy, direct producer of the

New York AaricutruraL ExpeertmMent Sration. 493
region, this grape was included as a stock in the test. In the ex-
periment there are, then, three groups of grafted varieties to be
compared with a fourth in which the vines are on their own roots.
The botanical and horticultural characteristics of the stocks or
fruits are not important at this time; but the merits and defects
of the varieties as stocks, especially as to adaptations to soils, must
be indicated. Since the first two stocks are hardly known on the
Atlantic seaboard, what is said of them is based largely on their
behavior in California and France.

St. George.— This grape, known nearly as well by its synonym,
Rupestris du Lot, is a variety of Vitis rupestris, an inhabitant of
Texas and the Southwest though ranging sparingly north and
east and west of the State named to considerable distances. The
species and this variety of it in particular, are pre-eminently well
adapted to sandy, gravelly, rocky soils. St. George has remark-
ably strong roots which force themselves deeply into even very
compact soils if the water table be not too near the surface. Its
habit of deep rooting enables it to withstand drouths and seemingly,
from this experiment, the roots withstand cold. The variety is
very vigorous and communicates its strength to its grafts. It
roots readily in the nursery and makes a very good union in graft-
ing with either Vinifera varieties or other American species. It
is by no means the most resistant stock to phylloxera but this need
concern eastern growers but little. The chief defect of this stock
as it grows in New York is that it suckers too freely.

Riparia Gloire de Montpellier.— This stock, known for short
as Riparia Gloire, is, as its name suggests, a division of the well
known Vitis riparia, the most widely distributed species of
American grapes, ranging, in one region or another, eastward from
the Rocky mountains to the Atlantic in the United States. The
roots of this species and of its variety under consideration, quite
unlike those of St. George, are small, hard, numerous, branch
freely, and feed close to the surface of the ground. This stock
grows best in deep rich soils which must not approach either
extreme of wetness or dryness. MRiparia Gloire is exceedingly

494. Reporr or tur Department or Horricuururrs oF THE

vigorous, even for the strong-growing species to which it belongs,
and imparts its vigor to vines worked on it. Where hardiness is
a factor in grape-growing, this stock should prove of value. As
with all Riparias this variety grows readily from cuttings and
makes a good stock for grafting, uniting freely and usually per-
manently with other species. Riparia Gloire, as are all of its
species, is very resistant to phylloxera. The principal defect of
this stock in California and Europe is that it is very particular as
to soils. In our own experiment, there is a tendency for the cion
to overgrow the stock.

Clevener.— This variety is a well known wine-grape in New
York. It is a hybrid between Vitis labrusca and Vitis riparia
with some characters suggesting that one of its parents might
have blood of Vitis estivalis. The vine is a rampant grower,
hardy, succeeds in various soils and is probably adapted to a
greater range of soils in this region than either of the other stocks
discussed. It unites readily with other grapes and bears its grafts
well. Although not tested thoroughly as regards phylloxera, it is
probably as resistant as Riparia Gloire. In the past this has been
considered the standard stock upon which to graft in this State.

Varieties used as grafts.— The varieties used as grafts in the
experiment are, with one or two exceptions, the grapes most grown
in commercial and home vineyards in New York. The selection
of these varieties out of hundreds from which to choose, was dic-
tated by varied considerations, chief of which were defects in
adaptability to soil, climate and other environmental conditions
which it was thought top-working might overcome. The grapes
are so well known that there is no need of varietal description of
any of them but all will be interested in knowing what considera-
tions led to the selection of each variety.

Agawam.—Agawam is the most widely grown of Rogers’
hybrids in the United States. It does pre-eminently well, however,
only on heavy or clay soils and in many loealities does not yield
satisfactorily. In severe winters it is precariously hardy in New

York.

New York Acricuurura, Exrrrmrent Stratton. 495

Barry.— This is one of our best-flavored and longest-keeping
hybrid grapes, resembling in color, flavor and keeping quality its
European parent, Black Hamburg. Unfortunately it is not pro-
ductive and it was hoped that it might be made to yield more by
grafting on another stock.

Brighton.-— Brighton is one of the few Labrusca-Vinifera hy-
brids which have attained prominence in commercial vineyards.
The variety, however, has two most serious defects. It is self-
sterile and it rapidly deteriorates in quality after picking. There
was the possibility that working on another stock might influence
the latter quality somewhat.

Brilliant.— Brilliant is a handsome, well-flavored, red grape, a
cross between Lindley and Delaware, with such excellent keeping
and shipping qualities that it might be grown with great profit
in New York were it not for three faults—the bunches are vari-
able in size and ripen unevenly, and in some soils the vines lack
in productiveness. It was hoped that grafting on another stock
might at least mitigate these faults somewhat.

Campbell Harly.—At its best Campbell Early is unsurpassed
in bunch, berry and vine by any American grape. But in most
localities the variety falls far short of the perfection just indicated
because it is adapted to but few soils and must have particular
climatic and moisture conditions. Grafting on some other stock
may lessen or do away with these weaknesses.

Catawba.— Catawba thrives in a great variety of soils and
under various moisture and climatic conditions. It is the standard
red grape of the markets of eastern America, more largely grown
than any other red sort, but its cultivation could be still further
extended in New York were it not for the fact that it ripens a
week too late to be certain except in favored localities. In Europe
and California, some varieties ripen a week or more earlier if
grown on other than their own roots — hence, the trial of Catawba
in this experiment.

Concord.—The Concord, known'by all, is the dominant type of
our native grapes, taking first place in American viticulture be-
cause of the elasticity of its constitution whereby it adapts itself

496 Report oF THE DeEpPARTMENT OF HorricuLTURE OF THE

to varying conditions. Its use in this experiment is for purposes
of comparison as to its behavior on different stocks rather than
with the hope of correcting defects of adaptability.

Delaware.— Delaware is the standard in quality of all Ameri-
can grapes found on the markets. The variety, however, makes a
very slow growth and is very capricious in certain soils. It would
be a boon, indeed, if grape-growers could overcome these faults
by grafting.

Goff.— Goff, a variety originating at this Station, is hardly
surpassed in fruit characters but falls far short in bunch and vine
characters. It was hoped that these might be improved by
grafting.

Herbert.— Herbert, another of Rogers’ hybrids, very similar to
Barry in characteristics, is as near perfection in fruit characters
as we have yet attained in the evolution of American grapes but
is very capricious as to soils. It was especially hoped that this
splendid grape would do better grafted than on its own roots.

Iona.— Iona is unsurpassed among American grapes for deli-
cacy and sprightliness of flavor, keeping quality, and in making
wines and champagne. But to be grown at all well it must have
a soil exactly suited to its needs. It requires a deep, dry, sandy
or gravelly clay and will not thrive on black loams or on poor
sands or gravels — hence, the attempt to graft it on a stock more
adaptable to soils.

Jefferson.— Jefferson is a cross between Concord and Jona, the
good qualities of both parents showing. Unfortunately, it is a
little too late and a little too tender to cold for a commercial
variety, faults which it was hoped might be remedied by growing
it on other roots than its own.

Lindley.—All concede that Lindley is the best one of the red
grapes among the hybrids grown by Rogers. Yet it is little known
commercially because of precariousness in bearing and lack of
adaptation to some soils. Top-working might help overcome these
defects.

Mills.— Of all our cultivated grapes, Mills probably varies
most under different cultural conditions and because of this is

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 497

placed by some among the best sorts and by others is said to be
worthless. There was the possibility that it might be top-worked
on some stock which would cause it to bear more uniformly and
larger crops of better fruit.

Niagara.— Niagara is the leading green grape east of the Rocky
raountains, but it would be greatly improved for commercial vine-
yards if grafting on another stock should make it a little hardier
and more productive.

Regal.— This variety is worthy extensive trial in the vineyards
of New York, not, at the time this experiment was started, at least,
having been well tested. It was thought deserving a trial and on
other roots than its own.

Vergennes.— Vergennes is exceedingly variable in size of
bunches and berries and in time of ripening. The vine, too, has a
sprawling habit of growth. It is known that the last named fault
can be corrected by grafting and there was the possibility that the
other two could be, in which case this variety, because of the
attractive appearance, high flavor, long-keeping quality of the fruit
and the regularity with which it bears, would be a very profitable
grape to grow.

Winchell.— The vines of Winchell are nearly perfect in hardi-
* ness, productiveness, and adaptability to soils; and the fruit
characters are, in the main, good. The bunches, however, are
small, loose and straggling, characteristics which might change if
the vines were on other stocks.

Worden.—W orden possesses most of the good and bad qualities
of Concord, differing chiefly in being a little earlier and having
larger, sweeter and juicier berries. It is, however, a little more
fastidious as to soils, a character which might change were the
variety grafted on the stocks under trial.

SITE OF THE EXPERIMENT.

Location.—- The experimental vineyard is located on the farm
of I. A. Wilcox, about one mile south of Portland, Chautauqua
County, New York. Portland is near the middle of the Chautau-

498 Reporr or THE DEPARTMENT OF HorRTICULTURE OF THE

qua Grape Belt, a strip of land from two to six miles wide extend-
ing along the shore of Lake Erie for about 35 miles. This belt is
recognized as the most important grape area east of the Pacific
Coast. Though narrow, the strip is so variable in topography,
climate and soil that the environment of the experiment should be
noted carefully, for there is a marked difference in yield and
quality of grapes in vineyards which seemingly differ but little
in the natural factors named.

Topography.— The Chautauqua Grape Belt is divided length-
wise, parallel to the lake, by a high escarpment, the “ Hill” of the
region. The land between the escarpment and the lake is the
Erie lowlands, the surface and soil of which are comparatively
uniform. From the crest of the escarpment the land gradually
ascends in an undulating, sometimes hilly plain, the “ uplands”
of the grape belt. The Wilcox farm is in the uplands, about 214
miles from Lake Erie and at an altitude of 200 feet above it.

Climate.— The lowlands and uplands differ considerably in
climate, due to local topography, and grape-growers in the belt
generally believe that peculiarities of climate have much influence
on the growth of grapes in the region. It is held, with some show
of data to substantiate the belief, that the rainfall is greater and
the mean temperature lower on the uplands than on the lowlands.
The prevailing winds are from the west and south.

Soils.— The soils of the Chautauqua Belt are of glacial origin
and contain much foreign material in the shape of boulders, small
stones, gravel and finer debris. Yet, in some vineyards, the soil
corresponds so closely with the rocks underneath as to indicate
that the upper layer is of local origin. Practically all of the vine-
yards are on one or another of the several soils of the Dunkirk
series. Many vineyards, as is the case with this experimental one,
are growing on two or more quite distinct soils.

Vineyard plats—— The experimental vineyard is planted on two
somewhat distinct soils on the Wilcox farm. One division is on
Dunkirk gravel which many vineyardists believe grows grapes of

New York AGRiIcuLttuRAL ExpErRIMENT STATION. 499

superior quality and upon which the grapes ripen a few days in
advance of those on other soils. The plat on this soil contains
about one acre upon which are set 600 vines. The other division
of the vineyard is on Dunkirk clay, a soil more retentive of mois-
ture than the other soils of the belt and more productive but on
which the grapes are comparatively late in ripening. Of this clay
land the experiment included about two-fifths of an acre, contain-
ing 225 vines. The vines behaved much the same on these two
plats — quite contrary to expectations.

THE VINEYARDS.

Planting plan.— The grapes in both plats were set nine feet
apart in rows eight feet apart. In the smaller plat, Plat I, there
are nine rows containing twenty-five vines each; in the larger
plat, Plat II, twelve rows of fifty vines each. The plan of the
experiment calls for numbers of the varieties as given in the
diagram on the next page. |

The vineyard was laid out and planted under the general direc-
tion of Professor 8. A. Beach, who planned the experiment, in
May, 1902. Professor Beach directed the test until August, 1905,
when the writer took charge. The original plan was to graft all
vines in the vineyard and plantings of the stock for this purpose
were made in late May, 1902. At this time, 225 vines each of
Riparia Gloire and St. George were set in the experimental plats.
The Clevener stocks could not be set until the spring of 1903.

Unfortunately a poor start was made with the vines for stocks.
The plants had to be ordered from California and the long trip
across the continent, with vines severely root-pruned and not good
to start with, so weakened them that the loss at planting was great.
Of the St. George plants 49 died and of the Riparia Gloire 206.
In the fall of 1902 the vacancies in the plats of these two stocks
were filled and all of the varieties on their own roots were set.

Grafting.— Grape-grafting is as old as grape-growing. At least,
more or less precise methods are given for the operation in the
earliest printed cultural directions for this fruit. It would seem

500 Repvorr or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

Sock
Glove
St George
Quin Roots.
Glove.
St.Geovg
Owen Roots
Gloire
St.George

Omun Roots

Clevener.
Glare

St George
Qvwn Roots
Clevener
Cloir

St George
Own Root
Clevener
Glore

St George

QwnRaots

Clheveney
Gloire

St George
Own Roots
Clevenee
Clore

St George
Own Root
Clevener
owe

St George
Owe Roots

chet

ow $

ozo a
Neff Rosia a aie a) as Sey ee ei toe

: Camye e\\

2 4.6 Pirjoaae

ineyard TT

. .

‘

a

°

e

2 . 2

soe

yo

& e

a e
’

° .

v ’

°

oe jet eel x

Belhant F

S W inehell .

-

oO is 4

DIAGRAM I.— PLAT OF EXPERIMENTAL VINEYARDS SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF

VARIETIES,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 501

that grafting should be a kindergarten operation in vine-growing
and that all who work with grapes should know how to graft them.
Yet grafted vines cannot be found in many grape regions of
eastern America and grape-grafting is nowhere common. The lack
of knowledge on the subject warrants a rather full description of
the methods used in this experiment — a description all the more
necessary because of many failures in grafting.

The original plan was to graft only on growing stocks but the
loss of a large proportion of the grafted plants the first few years
made it necessary to resort to bench-grafting as well. We have,
therefore, two methods to describe.

Grafting on growing stocks.— The grape stocks were set in the
vineyard one year before grafting. The stocks came to the Station
as shown in Plate LXIV and were severely cut back, root and
branch. They were planted and subsequently cared for as un-
erafted grape vines are ordinarily grown. The young plants did
not make a satisfactory start nor did they grow well during the
summer and this unsatisfactory first season was undoubtedly the
cause of many failures of vines subsequently.

The cions, each containing two eyes, were cut in the fall and
buried in sand over winter. So far as appears from the records,
there was no selection of cions from fertile canes or vines nor
would such be the practice if the work were to be done now. At
the present time in grafting, precautions are taken to procure
cions from healthy, mature plants; and it is presumed that in this
experiment they were thus selected. Cions from young, weakened,
or diseased vines are not well lignified and do not form calluses
readily, probably because of a deficiency in reserve food materials.
The cions were six to eight inches long, the length depending upon
that of the internodes. The average diameter was about one-third
of an inch though this varied somewhat in accordance with the
variety.

The first grafting was done in May, 1903. The question may
well arise here as to whether this was the best time for field graft-
ing. Subsequent experience leads to the conclusion, one also

502 Reporr or THE DerpartTMEentT or HorrictuLTurE OF THE

reached by others, that the union is best if grafting be done when
the stock is not in full sap. Callous tissue does not develop well
when the vine is bleeding badly and the operation should, there-
fore, be done just before or just after the period of greatest activity
of sap. If done while the sap is in full flow the rooted stock should
be cut a few days before grafting. It is held in France that heavy
‘ains during grafting are almost fatal to success and that the grafts
must not be maintained under any circumstances in surroundings
excessively damp.

Preparatory to grafting, the earth was removed from around
the stocks to a depth of a few inches. The vines were then decapi-
tated just below the surface of the ground and at right angles with
the axis of the stock. The stock thus prepared was grafted with
the ordinary cleft graft, but one cion being used, however. Pre-
caution was taken to make the wedge of the graft ata node. After
the insertion of the cion the graft was securely tied with raffia and
covered with grafting wax and the vine mounded up to the upper
bud of the cion with fresh earth carefully firmed. Later experi-
ences show a much higher percentage of good grafts if grafting wax
is not used, probably because the flowing sap escapes more readily.
The mound is important and should be made of soil not too stiit
and wet and yet firm enough to maintain an even temperature,
prevent too rapid evaporation and guard the cion against being
blown or knocked out.

Late in the season all of the vines were examined for a count
of live and healthy plants and to remove roots which had developed
from the cions. In the light of more recent experience, it is
probable that the vines suffered from not having the roots of the
cions removed earlier in the season —say July or August; for,
since the cions were nourished partly by their own roots the root-
systems of the stocks, having less to do, did not make the greatest
possible growth and suffered to that extent. Eventually this prob-
ably reacted on the whole vine. The advice may be offered, in

which more experienced grafters generally agree, to sever the roots
of the cion as soon as possible. If the raffia has not rotted when the

New York AGricutturaAL Experiment Station. 503

roots are removed, it should be cut. It may be necessary to sever
the roots of cions twice during the first season, each time earthing
up as at first though not as high. The mistake was made, and here
the novice will often fail, of putting some of the grafts too deep, as
the result of which some vines grew on their own roots and the
object of grafting was thwarted. Plate LXV shows such vines.

The earth was not leveled about the vines until the following
spring, but served during the winter to protect the poorly lignified
grafts from frost and to prevent blowing out of the cions.
The vines were not staked the first year after grafting but this
would have been a profitable precaution since a number broke
either at the graft or more often just below, where the stock was
frequently smaller than the cion, possibly from the fact that roots
had been allowed to remain too long on the cion. Many suckers
appeared from the stocks, especially from the St. George, and were
removed as quickly as the work could conveniently be done. The
suckering of St. George must be set down as a serious fault of this
stock. Plate LX VI illustrates the suckering habit.

The plan to graft all vines in situ had to be abandoned, as before
stated, because the loss of many plants made apparent the necessity
of having on hand a surplus of grafted vines for the first few
years of the experiment. To secure such a surplus it was neces-
sary to resort to bench-grafting.

Bench-grafting.— The cions for the bench-grafts were pre-
pared as for the grafting in the field. The root-stocks were the
same as those set in the field but received, of course, some pre-
liminary preparation. Roots and tops were cut back severely, the
former to a few inches in length — we now cut back to an inch,
for when longer they prove troublesome in handling. The mistake
was made of grafting some of the stocks on the growth of the pre-
vicus year the result being a great number of suckers which would
not have grown, in such numbers at least, had all been grafted on
the wood of the original cutting. The bench-grafting was done in
late March and early April after which the grafts were stored
away for callousing.

504 Reporr or tue Department or HorvricuLtrure oF THE

The whip-graft, known by all fruit-growers, was used in bench-
grafting. Of the several methods of cutting cion and stock prepa-
ratory to uniting them, the style used was similar to the whip-graft-
ing of nursery stock —illustrated in Plate LXVII. Grape-growers
often ask what graft to use in bench-grafting. The choice must
depend upon the material and the graft must be used which, with
the material in hand, will best bring the cambium layer of stock
and cion into juxtaposition and hold them there until the parts
are firmly united. The method used in this experiment seemed to
answer the purposes best and at the same time was easily per-
formed. Of all grafts, this one mutilates and exposes the plant
tissues as little as any.

A few brief statements in regard to making whip-grafts may
not be out of place. The aim should be to make the cut of the
stock duplicate that of the cion so that the cut surfaces cover as
nearly as possible. The cut is made with one motion of the knife
and with a quick, sliding movement. The length of the cut sur-
face depends upon the diameter of stock and cion — the thinner
the wood the longer the surface, which will usually be in length
from three to four times the diameter of the graft. The tongues
are cut and under no circumstances split. The tongue begins
about one-third of the length of the beveled surface and extends
a little more than one-half of the remaining surface. When stock
and cion are joined, the cut surfaces should exactly cover without
projections or on the other hand without any exposure of cut sur-
face. No matter how firm the graft may seem after the parts are
placed together, tying is necessary. or this purpose, use raffa
or waxed string. Though the grafts for this experiment were
waxed, this operation is not necessary and in fact is undesirable.

As soon as made the grafts should be placed under conditions
favorable for callousing and uniting the cut surfaces, and the root-
ing of the stock. Favorable conditions for these vital actions can
be had only in a specially prepared place where moisture, tempera-
ture and aeration can be controlled. Such a callousing bed can be
made of sand or of clean sphagnum moss, in either case under

“dHAIGOaY SV SMOOLG AdvVAY —AINT ILVIg

*IIUIAIO “anloay) “49 ‘allopy vriszediy

STOCK.

Z,
iS)
o
Z
_
Ss
oe
°
ios
nM
sel
y,
5
oD
4
—_
4
Si
<3}
a
a
)
Ay

ed to cion.)

AFTING.

ato. Leni.)

Yl

is from

7
os
=

St.

"NOIQ GNV MOOLG JO NOINQ GOO) W—TJILTAXT AlviIg

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 505

cover. The bundles of grafts are placed in the bed, cions upper-
most, and the bed is then filled with the material in the interstices
in and about the bundles, to a depth of a few inches above the cions.
Air there must always be. Heat and moisture can be supplied as
is necessary to force or retard vital action in the grafts. At least
one month is required for the formation of a proper union, such
as is shown in Plate LXVIII. Finally the grafts are planted in
nursery rows where care may be given them and in a soil and
under conditions to make them grow vigorously.

It must not be inferred that the methods of grafting used for
this experiment are necessarily the best. Any one contemplating
growing a grafted vineyard would do well to study other methods.
The Californians have developed vineyard graftage to a high de-
gree and the experiment station at Berkeley, California, would
probably furnish literature to the limited number that are likely
to wish information on grafting grapes in New York. In that
State, bench-grafting cuttings, a method not used in this experi-
ment though now in use at this Station, is found more satisfactory
than bench-grafting roots or grafting in the field. The method,
so far as uniting stock and cion are concerned, is the same as that
employed in bench-grafting cions on rooted cuttings.

ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE EXPERIMENT.

The progress of the experiment is best told by giving an annual
report of the vineyard. The account shows that the vines have
had nearly all the ills that grape flesh is heir to—some of the
plants seemingly have the proverbial nine lives of a cat. The
vicissitudes of the experiment are set forth in full, for unless one
is conversant with them, the experimental value of the work cannot
be gauged.

1902.—- The vines of St. George and Riparia Gloire were set
during the last few days of May. Mr. Wilcox, in charge of plant-
ing, reported, “the plants are a poor lot and not more than 50 per
et. will grow.” In November the St. George vines were found
to be in fair condition with but 49 dead or weak plants out of

506 Report OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

225; of the 225 Riparia Gloire vines, 206 were dead. Late in the
fall, all of the varieties on their own roots were set excepting
three sorts which were put out early the next spring. For most
part the vacancies in the Riparia Gloire plantation were from
vines that failed to start either because originally poor stock or
because weakened in the trans-continental shipment.

1903.— In the spring of this year the vacancies noted the pre-
ceding fall were filled and all of the Clevener vines were set. A
surplus number of vines were bench-grafted and put in nursery
rows for possible vacancies in future years. October 1 of this
year, it was found that 17 Riparia Gloire stocks had died; 9 of
St. George; 9 of Clevener; and 29 on their own roots. Of the
erafts on Riparia Gloire 8 had died; 48 on St. George; and none
on Clevener. The vines were pruned, tilled and otherwise cared
for as in a commercial vineyard —this record need not be bur-
dened with the details.

1904.— Upon examination in early May of this year many dead
and weak vines were found. The greater number of these were
plants on which cions had not united with the stock but which
had been kept alive by roots from above the union. Most of these
seemed to have been injured by the extreme cold of 1903-04. In
digging plants to fill vacancies from nursery rows at the Station,
it was found that the union of stock and cion was not so strong
with bench-grafted plants as in the case of those grafted in the
nursery row. Many of the bench-grafted plants bore roots from
the cion, which were removed, and the plants set so that the union
was about two inches below the surface of the ground. After
planting, the vines were banked up nearly to the top of the cion.
The following were the numbers reset on the different stocks: St.
George, 85; Riparia Gloire, 56; on own roots, 48. All of the
Clevener stock was grafted this spring, May 19 and 20. In the
middle of May of this year the roots which had grown the preced-
ing year from cions were removed. May 23 and 24, a new lot of
plants were bench-grafted on the three stocks, buried until June
2 and then set in nursery rows at the experimental vineyard.

New York Acricvurtruran Experiment Sration. 507

May 3, an application of acid phosphate at the rate of 600
pounds per acre and of muriate of potash at the rate of 400
pounds was made. A trellis for the plantation was erected this
year.

1905.— The effects of the winter injury of 1903-04 showed
more and more plainly as the season of 1904 advanced. Late in
the fall the grand total of dead vines was found to be as set forth
in Table [. It is not quite fair to attribute all of the deaths in
the experimental plats to the severe cold but there is no other
apparent reason for the wholesale dying of the vines; and grapes
everywhere in the Chautauqua Belt died following this winter, so
it is safe to say that those in this vineyard were almost wholly
killed by cold. In the Wilcox vineyards adjoining the experi-
mental plantations many vines, especially young ones, succumbed
to the winter.

TasBLE I.— NuMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF DEAD VINES OF GRAPE VARIETIES GROWN
on Own Roots or GRAFTED — SPRING, 1905.

Variety. Gloire. St. George. | Clevener. Own roots.
NOM eEerch eNO, | ach NOsn |= ck. No. al) Ps ct:
J GUNES 24 Bes AE 8 eR Sirsa 2 8 8 8 25 | 100
(Chiesyolops lS Wee ae eee ety ais} ae Bs" 4} 29 8 | 55
GOnCOrden seek ecco: D) 50 Z 20 bore 4 40
Vergennes .tcci9. 20820! 14 | 56 10 | 40 10; 40 6} 24
iB lst overeinyS Bl chee See 6 40 2 13 meh Te 4 26
Vonaeeeien pak ke. RI 2 13 3 20 oa a ds 3 20
UNS OT a ee cae hee cing faryeck 10 | 40 10 | 40 12 | 48 8 | 32
Teese aera Seeeeeen Teed 2 \* 20 2 | 20 Sy lao) PBI Ne 2
Goftentrrr. Stet: ty! hake 3) joel) Bye be ets 0) 1 10 1 10
CORT OF ee eae ee 9} 90 4) 40 8} 80 2) 20
iDelawares eh Ao oee ss ote: 1 20 3 60 4 80 3 60
Brilliantatrasyscterss tose 4} 80 4}; 80 3] 60 2] 40
Witldlerrin ss ss. cra, core earia its 3] 60 on GU Al AO) BYE a | ksea ord
Briton yar yeas ¢ 4|/ 80 3 |} 60 a 60 2} 40
BATS a eee 4} 80 PE) a 5 | 100 0)
Windlevewem sec tice. 1 10 0}; OO PR PAD) 0} 00
IAT RIN BROS ody -dorp se tate <a ON 00 il 20 0; OO 0 | O00
AUCH ETSOM CE Asia ie ath ops horas 1 20 Shilll Mao) 1 20 0} OO
Winchelleyy, Pe ee. he oF | too Sniy 30 9} 90 2) 20
Worden i 625 ie owe 2 20 2 20 7 70 0} 00
87 | 40.2 | 68 | 365| 84] 446) 73) 38.9

508 Rerorr or tHe Department or Horricutrure oF THE

The numbers of vines of the several varieties are too small and
the cause of death not quite certain enough to make definite state-
ments as to what stocks and what varieties were most tender to
cold; but the figures in the table may be regarded as suggestive of
the hardiness to cold of stock and variety. These show that fewer
vines on St. George died than on any other stock. We should
not like to state it as a fact but it seems possible that the deep
rooting habit of this stock may have fitted it best for withstanding
cold.

After the injury of the calamitous freeze had been repaired as
far as possible by resetting, old and new vines made a splendid
growth in 1905, the season being most favorable. A considerable
number of vines lagged in growth, however, still showing, it seemed
to the observers, the effects of the cold of the winter preceding the
last. As a commercial venture, and in the light of subsequent
events as an experimental one, it would have been better to have
dug the vines out in 1904 and to have begun anew.

1906.— The work this season began with the filling of vacan-
cies, of which there were on Gloire stock, 34; on St. George, 27; on
Clevener, 35 ; and on own roots, 9. The dead vines were, it may be
assumed, weaklings injured by the freeze two winters past. This
was the last setting made of which any account is to be taken.
During the summer, as in all past seasons, the vineyard was left
under thorough tillage, all suckers were removed, roots severed
from cions and the best cultural treatment given. The effects of
fidia, which had appeared in the vineyard a few years previous,
began this year to show very perceptibly on some of the vines.

In the fall of this year for the first time a full record of the har-
vest was kept. A good many of the vines were not in bearing and
the ages of those in fruit were so variable that the data have little
value.

1907.—No items of experimental interest appear in the
account of the work in the vineyard for this year. The vines are
reported as making a good growth and as being free from pests of
any kind excepting the fidia and this pest seemed to be succumbing
to treatment and was not as bad as in previous years. During the

Nrew York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 5O9

summer there were prospects for a good harvest but in August a
hailstorm ruined the crop. The fruit was not picked as the crop
had no experimental value. Even the vines were severely injured
by the hail. Another episode of the year was a veritable scourge
oz leaf-hoppers which nearly defoliated the vines.

1908, 1909, 1910, 1911.—All vines to enter in the discussion
in this Bulletin had come into bearing in or before 1908. The
vineyard treatment during these years was that given commercial
plantations in the Chautauqua Belt. Another disaster must be
recorded for the year 1910 when a second hailstorm so damaged
the crop that it could not be considered in the study of results.

RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

Grafted grapes have had a trial of eleven years in this experi-
ment. In spite of the time that has been given to the work, of
expense to meet every need of the vineyard, and of every precau-
tion to carry on a careful trial, the results are not satisfactory.
The data lack precision and fullness — lack quality and quantity.
The start was on a road that seemed to lead straight ahead but
there were so many obstacles in the way that progress was mostly
through byways and backways. The experiment is all but a fail-
ure because of the loss of many vines at the start, because of poor
stock, lack of knowledge of the best means of grafting, the freeze
of 1904, the hailstorms of 1907 and 1910, and fidia.

Possibly no report should be made on an experiment that has
suffered as has this one. But throughout the test the grafted vines
have behaved differently from the ungrafted ones and in some re-
spects they were better plants, so that it may be worth while to
give the results of the experiment. Meanwhile we have started a
similar experiment elsewhere from which we shall hope to give in
time a more satisfactory report.

Grafted vines are more fertile-—Greater fruitfulness has all
along characterized the grafted vines. Yet it is most difficult to
show on paper precisely how much more productive the grafted
vines have been. There has been but one year, 1911, in which

510 Report or tHe Department or Horricutrurr oF tHE

proper comparisons of yields could be made. arly in the life of
the experiment the enormous death rate of the vines, as set forth
in the annual reports, vitiated any data to be had, because of the
differences in the ages of the plants, differences which became less
marked as all vines came into full bearing. When a sufficient
number of the vines came to an age and to a size where their
products could be somewhat accurately compared, fidia and hail-
storms all but ruined several crops. The data, then, to prove
ereater productiveness of the grafted vines will not bear critical
analysis and are chiefly valuable because they substantiate the
impressions of all who have worked with the experiment.

Table II shows that all grafted vines are more productive than
those on their own roots. The figures in this table seem to show
that the varieties on Clevener stocks are most productive, those on
Gloire next, the varieties on St. George are third most productive
and those on their own roots are least productive. The following
is a summary: The average number of pounds per vine for the
four groups of stocks are: own roots, 7.6; St. George, 10; Gloire,

Tasie II.— AvreraGre YIELD Per VINE OF OWN-ROOT AND GRAFTED GRAPE
Varieties, 1908-1909-1911.

Own St. : Clev-
Variety. roots. | George. Gloire. ener.
Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs
INT ATS Tennis Ce eee eect aly eraanet erate nate ae 8.8 14.7 15.4 13.2
Vergénnés. 3.04 eit dteatue da ct eatetina de 9.6 12.6 15.5 16.1
Campbell cc eiacrevctrsinett mis se lceeenetas Coty cee 4.4 13.0 129". 3 woe
Goncordlrr Ash ALR ol eee Reet W223 13.2 AY As loss eee
Reralrie on ty. 3 tae Siaiees Men ena 6.7 8.0 Me 8.2
Oitawhae. ee ee oe ener. eee re 10.6 AS, 13.6 13.8
Brightonetts. ascend. ateratelastupsep das ick caer ded 6.3 7.0 10.4
EB ATT is oss cane cota cae OEE OO Chaat reece oe 10.3 7.0 1.2 Ise
Pin dleyigss Aoki: Seb ix Week, Se cee 6.9 7.9 8.0 10.0
(AOI W ATID kc shoetdy os war hro ie aad OC RE oS (oP 10.5 9.3 11.8
Warn Chelle Vets 6 ak crusts 5 enolase eerie ae 6.5 10.7 11.8 14.1
Wiordentt, .2ctest choca). petiterekhoos ber Suk 7.3 9.3 8.4
IN, TS a RE pe Nee ON NEI ere ee MH Pics: 5c 11.4 11D | emer
lerbert:oi4 ss o3 SER aL, 8h: SRS 8.2 9.2 AL 0 . ee
TA oe ee Ceh est ivic iy c aay apaciaa tea 3.5 19 0.2 |

New Yorx AqaricutruraL Experiment Srarion. 511

11.2; Clevener, 11.9. From these figures may be roughly caleu-
lated the number of tons per acre as follows: own roots, 2.24; St.
George, 3.02; Gloire, 3.38; Clevener, 3.59.

The question at once arises: Is the greater productiveness due
to an influence of the stock on the cion or to the effects of grafting
acting as annular incisions, the “ringing” of the grape-grower,
are known to act? This question will be taken up later.

In Table III, the yields for 1911 are given. The crop of this
year was the only one borne uniformly over both experimental
plats, fate this year having granted immunity from the troubles
of other seasons. The figures of 1911, therefore, admit of some-
what closer analysis than those in Table Il. Making the same
calculations for the three stocks, the figures stand as follows:
pounds per vine on own roots, 14.54; St. George, 17.72; Gloire,
17.59; Clevener, 18.60; tons per acre on own roots, 4.39; St.
George, 5.36; Gloire, 5.32; Clevener, 5.62.

Taste III.— Averacr Yrrtp PER VINE OF Own-ROOT AND GRAFTED GRAPE
VarieTigs, 1911.

: Own St. : Cley-
Variety. roots. | George. Gloire. ener,

INTE, Cheeses ee Ce Ane A) aes Cee ieee Ere es 16.82 16.92 16.23 15.6

(Che izaira) eye lea GR pata Tetra a Peet Cento Oe rene 16.00 23.69 20.41 18.35
Woncordesees ee ete ys See ee Rates 16.2 16.93 TEROSt ia Te
Wiermennes sia byt? neptune doh ot Ske 17.36 22 mle 24.52 2h
IELETIOC LU eres: chore la rresicratevencrehcuetace rele eworan.oiiers IE PAL 11.89 TAOS |e cere
Tonaeeeae tena), eee REAL, WAS REL; ed 16.42 LZ AGS ees
IN rieiccas reser ef vee Eee Rat AL a SOE eR 20.51 22 oa 24250 21.79
1iGrepil heise ak Satine bah Me A As beg ce ae ke ee 15.65 WH 2? 12.94 22.65
COMA CAA eae Soe E ORR Bla catnd Cee id OF Poteet 14.56 24.87 15.58 16.91
(CDI OE bec ca etn Sie he ne alae oa ea 15.37 12.95 16.41 21.94
Delawurev nek fee ne Ee EE 1Aa75 24.25 14.25 Wiaro
ISSeTATE MaRS Sar els RSME Or eae rR RMS ae rae een 19a 1D eo Fa |e eae eS

Wylderspeen eereet re er tte Pee cn mer Men, 13.87 14.18 17.08 16.18
Bmiehtonts 2h. ot ee betaine: 14.43 15.56 13.06 17.4

IRICEN TE SE Sgt Hee RO See ee eee 13.25 15.91 20.33 22.00
Harr ily Rite, SSeS BRD ek ARAL T. UhS TARR EIET ASA ES S02 10.09 10.11 10.25 13.69
DAI A ALITA dee Doering’ Pel (fe) Sea sicatunts Mb ta: Lala 13.78 20.80 19.21 19.04
ETLCESOl seen eter eee AS art orion yaar 0 ore 2725 14.00 16.56 15.00
Wanchelle cna tae tee, ete ey 18.4 25.65 27 .42 29.55

512 Repvorr or tue DEepartTMEeNT or HorvricuLTURE OF THE

No attempt is made to compare the behavior of varieties and
stocks in the two vineyards on slightly different soils. There were
differences ; but the figures, taken under the adverse conditions of
the experiment, are in no way conclusive. Beside, the experi-
ment was not well planned for a comparison of the two vineyards,
since the varieties, with but three exceptions, are different and the
numbers of vines of these are not the same.

The crop on the grafted vines was increased through the setting
of more bunches and the growth of larger bunches and berries.
The increase in number of bunches was easily determined by actual
count but for the statement regarding size we have only the fact
that the proportion of unmarketable grapes was greater on the
ungrafted than on the top-worked vines. The greater fertility of the
varieties on other than their own roots cannot be ascribed to larger
vines. No data are available as to size of vines but Judging by the
eye alone the grafted vines do not make as much wood as do the
varieties on their own roots.

The quality of the crop, color of fruit, keeping capacity, value
of the grapes for wine or grape-juice, the latter depending largely
on sugar and acid content, could not be considered in this experi-
ment though it is probable that there are greater or less differ-
ences in all these characters — and all are very important.

So far as yield, at least, is concerned, the results of this experi-
ment are in accord with those of many experimenters abroad and
in California. So, too, in this State records of grafted vineyards,
collected from grape-growers and the press, show that when a
grape is grafted on a congenial stock the yield is generally greater
than when the variety is grown on its own roots.

Time of maturity.— The grapes on the grafted vines ripen a
few days earlier than those on their own roots. This statement
holds, in particular, as regards Gloire and Clevener but it is not
certain that there is a constant difference in the time of ripening
between the same varieties on St. George and on own roots — in
fact, some varieties on the last named stock were retarded in time
of maturity. Ripening notes were not kept accurately enough nor

New York AGRrIcuLTtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 513

over a sufficient number of years to permit of more than these gen-
eral statements in regard to maturity. In this region where time
of maturity is so important because of danger of early frost to
late-ripening sorts and where it is often desirable to retard the
harvest time of early grapes, it is a matter of prime importance
to know accurately what influence grafting on various stocks will
have on this life event. It is hoped that an experiment under way
may furnish more definite information.

Behavior of vines.— It is not fair to measure the effects of a
treatment by the crop alone unless the whole life of the plant is
considered, when, of course, the chief criterion is crop perform-
ance. But in a period of so few years as the one in which this
experiment has been in progress it is quite possible for plants to
have a high record of fruitfulness but at the expense of vigor and
longevity of plant. It might well be expected that grafting grapes
of one species on the roots of another would have very pronounced
effects on the resulting plant. Thus, amount and character of
annual growth, size, color and sparsity of foliage, diameter of
trunk, together with the effects on such life events as leafing-time,
blooming-time, fruiting-time and fall of leaf, are indispensable to
a full knowledge of any treatment of vines. The behavior of the
vines may follow from the mechanical effects of grafting, which is
very improbable; or from adaptability, or lack of it, of variety or
stock to the environment; or to congeniality or lack of it between
stock and cion. The last two factors are worth discussing.

Adaptability of stock and variety to the Chautauqua Belt condi-
tions.— The soil, climate and all conditions of environment must
be favorable to both stock and cion in a grafted vineyard — the
less favorable the poorer the grapes. All the varieties chosen for
this experiment, with the exception of Goff, were sorts that are
grown in the Chautauqua Belt and known to be adapted to the
region except in certain characters which it was hoped would do
better under grafting. The stocks. were untried, but the adapt-
ability of stocks that come from largely grown species that have
been -thoroughly tested elsewhere can be forecasted. The stocks

EY,

514 Reporr or tur Department oF HorricuLTuRE OF THE

chosen were those supposed to be best adapted to the region.
Nevertheless the diverse needs of stock and cion as to soil and
climate and their diverse behavior as to congeniality, make the be-
havior of the vines in the experiment a complicated problem.
Table IV gives ratings indicating the vigor of varieties on the sey-
eral stocks. There is no way, however, of deciding how much of
the thrift of the vines listed depends on adaptability and how much
on other factors.

Congeniality between stock and cion.— There must be congen-
iality between stock and cion in successful grafting — that is, top
and root must flourish approximately as if the cion were grafted
on its own roots. Knowledge of the habitats of species enables
one to predict very closely whether the varieties of that species
will be adapted to soil or climate, but congeniality between varie-
ties of different species can be ascertained only by grafting the one
on the other. Europeans and Californians have found that there
is a great difference in the congeniality of varieties on the several
stocks upon which Vinifera grapes are grafted. Without doubt
we shall find similar differences in grafting grapes of American
species and must ascertain by actual test what the congenialities of
varieties and stocks are before running risks by grafting for large
vineyards.

The failures in this experiment teach little as to congeniality
for it is of course impossible to say, from the few plants worked
with, whether the failures were due to lack of affinity between
stock and cion or to poor material or adverse environment. Uni-
formly good results with a variety or a stock do indicate con-
geniality and adaptability to the conditions in which the vines are
growing as well.

In Table IV the relative ratings given the varieties on the sey-
eral stocks and on their own roots show the vigor of the vines and
where high ratings are given indicate that stock and cion are con-
genial and that both are adapted to their environment. The per-
centages are averages of all the vines of the varieties and were
taken in 1910 when the vineyard had reached bearing age, when

New York Acricvtrurat Exprrtmment Srarion. 51

Or

insects and fungi were well under control and before the hailstorm
of that year ruined the crop. The ratings indicate vigor as judged
by the eye from general appearance of vines, and amount, size
and color of leaves.

Taste IV.— Revative Growth RATING OF GRAPE VARIETIES ON DIFFERENT
Stocks 1n 1910.

Own St. Clev-
Variety. roots. | George. Gloire. | ener.
ANEGITALITGLS BAB SED CEM, aise cae ol Reh Oo One eee ot oe 50.4 65 vt Fl 65.5
LEADERS Fy GRRL Pe RS HERE PONE a el naa ane ee 45 48.7 68.3 81
IBYHTGlo (RO age ees 5 Cons Gee Abi ee A PO eee 55 56 13.0 75
TB ne cys OD bel are peg ee pee 533 7/ TO | SROs 50
Cuz TONE SY EI ne he ae a im A rar a 17.3 62.1 54.6 35
(CHENG a oe Set Oe, Se Ane RS oR BO ae et eee ee Se 40 74 70 81.6
‘ CLOTTCOGT.75 SSPE EAS ERI tae OR el tee a MEN A 46.0 94 SORT Nectar en
elaware eames oe ok hos ee hl Beeps 46 60 68.7 81.6
LEISURE Beet Pee DE Me ETRE CE Oe eae SP 64.6 87.5 Sil ee tes es
KTR Seren a REED, CURTAIN Crees 8 A ans 26.8 45.6 AS” PENP CLL He tes
MEHEESON Mer Mee: Wea AINA Finite Biri i dicilasharnie & 36 38.3 Die foal beets cee
SLi KES SO RN a a 55 63 DE 93.3
WU ok oe 2 ene eo Oe Se Re eA See oe 58.6 60.4 60 5
Nite ena ae es Se e: We eww Sia es es 53.9 84.5 Deo 56.4
LRG hale pyenSBere ea oer ites aetna Re pektthl iie Ahmee ge 58 59.4 78.8
GOS Sante Eros Ses eee Ce ee 18 80 73.3 81.6
RCT CHINES regs en 18k eyo Ah eo aha m 44.1 7.8 69.2 90.38
\ io (ives seh Bee RMA | Sat od Re tO Ue ae 40 58 60 66
Wigin chelle teg ree Bete os Sean he ee 25 5225 52.8 53
VG OIG Gis ar diceta heey suena lee tale eh all can ale Ste PATI gg | 36 61.6 38.1
40.0 63.2 65.2 67.9

A comparison of this table with Tables II and III shows that
in the main the greater productiveness of the vines agrees largely
with vigor of vine. In the judgment of the writer the superiority
ot the grafted vines is best shown by vigor as indicated in this
table. Grape-growers may well take note of the figures here set
forth.

Resistance to insect and fungus pests.— Species and even varie-
ties of grapes are very unequally subject to animal or fungus para-
sites. This elementary fact, impressed upon grape-growers from
the earliest times, would, of course, suggest observations as to the
resistance of the vines in this experiment to the various vineyard

516 Report or tHE DEeparTMENT or HortTICULTURE OF THE

fungi and insects. Pests there were in the vineyard in abund-
ance, as the tales of tribulation told in the annual reports have
shown, but the knowledge gained by the experimenters as to the
comparative immunity of stocks and varieties is but a thing of
shreds and patches and is hardly worth discussion.

Toward fungus diseases, chiefly the downy and powdery mildews,
more particularly the latter though both of them were present
nearly every season, the varieties, as would be expected, behaved
on the grafted vines just as they did on their own roots. It has
been well demonstrated in California and France that the stocks
in this experiment, as well as all of the varieties on their own roots,
behave differently under the attacks of phylloxera but this pest was
at no time plentiful enough to furnish data for conclusions. The
grape-root worm, /7dia viticida, has been ravaging the vineyards
of the Chautauqua region for several years. The greatest disap-
pointment in the work with this vineyard is that a detailed state-
ment cannot be made of the differences between stocks or varieties
on their own roots as to the attacks of fidia. There are differences
and they are likely to prove as important with the fidia as with
phylloxera, but this experiment has not furnished sufficient data
to substantiate in detail the very general statement that this insect
has its likes and dislikes among the stocks and varieties under trial.

How does grafting cause its effects?— The effects of grafting
are so similar to those of annular incisions or injuries of any kind
—ereater productiveness, larger bunches and fruits, and earlier
ripening — that one might well believe the mode of action to be
the same. There is this difference, however — ringing acts but
temporarily, only as long as the flow of sap through the cambium
is interrupted, while the effects of grafting are permanent. The
mechanical effect of grafting may be the same as that of ringing
for the first year, or possibly two, but no longer. ‘The similarity
between grafting and ringing ceases as soon as stock and cion in
the graft are completely united.

This experiment furnishes no facts as to how grafting causes its
effects. It would seem, however, that it is not the operation itself

New York AGricvutturaAL ExPrerIMENT STATION. aly

or any mechanical change but rather that it is due to some physi-
ological disturbance. It may be due to a difference in the specific
gravity in the sap of stock and cion. It may be that the food
elaborated by the foliage of the cion is different from that which
the stock would have had with its own foliage. Possibly it is in-
sufficient nutrition of stock or cion. These are but conjectures as
to how the vigor and productiveness are influenced. Another set
of theories might be made as to causes of the varying adaptability
of the grafted vines to soil and still another, as to why some root-
stocks are inimical to phylloxera and fidia. They are thus briefly
brought up to suggest further experimental work and to urge them,
as physiological disturbances, as more probable causes than me-
chanical injuries.

Selection of stocks for grafting grapes.— It is necessary in seek-
ing for a vine to be used as a rootstock to obtain a well-established
variety which can be depended upon to behave in a uniform man-
ner. Wild vines of any species would be quite too variable for
practical purposes. Wild vines, too, as a rule are too slender of
growth to bear the stockier cultivated grapes which when grafted
on them overgrow the rootstock. The French, who have been pio-
neers in this work, have selected a number of strong-growing varie-
ties of several American species and our growers are fortunate
enough to have this very considerable help if they desire to try
grafting. The behavior of the stocks in this experiment leads us
to recommend ail three for trial in commercial vineyards, though
since Clevener is exceedingly hard to find it may be necessary to
start with St. George and Gloire both of which may be purchased
at reasonable rates from California nurserymen. ‘To these might
well be added Riparia grand glabre and the two hybrids between
Vitis riparia and Vitis rupestris known as 3306 and 3309.

Procedure in growing a grafted vineyard.— Should it be demon-
strated that grapes of certain varieties can be more profitably
grown on other roots than on their own and that grafting grapes is
profitable, nurserymen or growers must raise stocks for grafting
as well as varieties for cions. It is not within the province of this

518 Report or tHE DEPARTMENT oF HorTICULTURE OF THE

report to give full directions for growing stocks but a few sugges-
tions derived from practice in California are printed to forestall
questions that will be asked.

Of the several ways of grafting it is probable that that in which
the cion and stock are grafted as cuttings will be found most satis-
factory. Bioletti,t a leading authority on viticulture in Califor-
nia, compares the various methods of starting a resistant vineyard
as follows:

“ Bench grafting cuttings is unhesitatingly recommended for the following
reasons:

“1. Both stock and scion are young and of the same size. The unions
are, therefore, strong and permanent.

“2, The grafting is done under conditions favorable to rapid and effective
work.

“3. The grafting can be done in any weather, and may extend over three
or four months. Bench grafting may be done on rainy days when other
work is not pressing or cannot be done.

“4. The work is more easily supervised. One man who thoroughly under-
stands all details of the grafting can oversee the work of several unskilled
workmen, which makes it possible to employ cheaper labor for much of the
work.

“5, The cultural conditions are more easily controlled. There is much
less danger of inferior results due to excessively wet or dry weather during
the growing season. In the nursery the vines can be cultivated, irrigated,
and generally attended to much more perfectly than in the field.

“6. A rigid selection of vines for planting can be made, rendering it
possible to have nothing in the vineyard but strong plants and perfect
unions.

“7, As perfect a stand can be obtained in the vineyard the first year in
any soil or season as can be obtained when planting the ordinary non-
resistant vines.

“8, The union of every vine can be placed exactly where we want it.

“9. The land where the vineyard is to be planted can be used for other
crops for one year longer than when field grafting is adopted.

“10. <All the cultural operations during the first year are much less
expensive, as they are spread over a much smaller area of land. Two acres
of nursery will produce enough bench grafts to plant one hundred acres of
vineyard.

“In short, starting a resistant vineyard by means of bench grafts is much
better than by any other method used at present because it is the least
costly and gives the best results. This is true whether we produce our own
bench grafts or whether we buy them at the present market rate. Growers
are earnestly cautioned, however, against planting any bench grafts but
the first choice. Second and third choice are little better than field grafts,
and many have been offered for sale lately which are sure to give dis-
appointment in the vineyard. There are several nurserymen in the State
now who are producing No. 1 bench grafts which are equal, and for plant-
ing here perhaps superior, to any produced in Europe.

1Bioletti, California Sta. Bul. 180:142. 1906.

\

New Yorx Acricurrurat Experiment Sration. 519

“With regard to nursery grafting and bench grafting roots, all that can
be said in their favor is that they are fairly good methods when bench
grafting cuttings is impracticable. They enable us to produce rooted grafts
with stocks which, owing to the difficulty with which they root, are very
difficult to bench graft as cuttings. By their means we are enabled to
utilize resistant cuttings, which are too small to bench graft, and a larger
percentage of well-grown grafted vines is obtained from the nursery.

“On the other hand, as the stock is at least two years old when grafted
there is reason to fear that with some stocks many unions will fail as the
vines become older. The vines are larger when they are taken from the
nursery, Which increases the cost of removal, and there is little if any gain
in growth over bench grafts when planted in the vineyard. Finally, the
method requires a year longer and is in every way more expensive.

“Of tield grafting, nothing favorable can be said except that it is more
generally understood and the expense and work are spread over several
years instead of being principally in the first. Many of its disadvantages
may be inferred from what has already been said of the advantages of bench
grafting. The principal are the extreme difficulty of obtaining a perfect
stand, the trouble with cion roots and stock suckers, the impossibility of
detecting imperfect unions until the vines die, and finally the greater ulti-
mate cost.”

To produce cuttings for stocks mother vines must be planted and
cultivated. Here, again, Bioletti gives excellent advice from
which the following are extracts:

“Tn planting a vineyard of resistant vines for the production of cuttings
to be used for grafting it is important that a suitable soil and location
be chosen. In order to produce a large crop of good cuttings the soil
should be naturally rich or heavily fertilized. The location should be one
in which the wood always ripens early and thoroughly. Spring frosts are
almost as unfavorable to the production of good cuttings as of grapes.

“All the usual stocks are vigorous growers, and as they are planted in
fertile soil they should be given plenty of space. A distance of 9 feet by
9 feet or 8 feet by 10 feet is quite close enough. This will give about 500
vines to the acre. As a good vine properly cared for should produce 150
feet of good wood for bench grafting, the product of an acre would be about
75,000 cuttings.

“The varieties of resistant stocks which will in all probability be most used
in California are Rupestris St. George (du Lot), Riparia X Rupestris 3306,
Riparia X Rupestris 3309, Riparia Solonis 1616, Mourvedre X Rupestris
1202, Aramon X Rupestris 2, Riparia gloire, and Riparia grand glabre.
These are all varieties which have given excellent results for years in
Europe, and have all been tested successfully in California. Among them
are varieties suitable for nearly all the vineyard soils of California, with
perhaps the exception of some of the heavier clays.

“The methods of pruning and training mother vines of resistant varieties
will differ in several important respects from the methods suitable for varie-
ties grown for their fruit. In the latter case we should be careful to leave
as many fruitful buds as the vine can utilize; in the former the fruit is of
no value, and if any is produced it will be at the expense of the wood. Our
object is to produce as much wood as possible.

“Tn accordance with this idea the mother vines are often pruned in such
a way as to force out each year a growth of watersprouts from the old
wood. All the canes on the vine are cut off as close to the stump as
possible.

520 Report or tur DEPARTMENT oF HorTICULTURE OF THE

“Tt is doubtful if this is the best way. So many watersprouts are forced
out that the labor and care of thinning them are expensive. li they are not
thinned there is a large growth of wood, but the canes produced are short
and thin, and, therefore, unsuitable for grafting steck. If this method is
adopted from the beginning the vine is reduced to a prostrate stump, which
makes cultivation difficult, and as the vine becomes old it becomes full of
dead wood and difficult to prune.

“A better method is to give the vine a trunk and head exactly as in
pruning ordinary vase-formed vines. A trunk from 15 to 18 inches high
and with five or six arms will make a vine much easier to cultivate and
prune and at least equally productive of good cuttings. In pruning, very
short spurs are left, consisting simply of the base bud. The cane should
be cut off through the first bud above the base bud. This will insure the
starting of the base bud and will avoid the danger of injury which oceurs
when the cut is made too close to the bud which we desire to have grow.

“With this method of pruning the arms will lengthen so slowly that
there will never be occasion to cut them back. During the spring and
early summer all unnecessary shoots should be removed in order to throw
all the vigor of the vine into those which remain.

“A good, strong vine in rich soil should produce from 150 to 300 feet
of good grafting wood between one quarter and one half of an inch in
diameter, and a certain amount of smaller wood good for rooting. Expe-
rience only will tell how many shoots should be left to a vine. It will
depend on the age of the vine, the variety and the soil. If too few are left
there is apt to be too much thick wood unsuitable for grafting, especially
with certain varieties such as Rupestris St. George. If too many are left
there will be too many small cuttings.

“Some varieties of stocks produce good grafting wood if the canes are
allowed to grow over tle surface of the ground without support. This has
a tendency with some varieties to encourage the growth of laterals and to
make the canes short and stocky.

“To overcome this defect high poles are sometimes placed at each vine,
and the canes kept in an upright position by being tied to these poles.
The poles are sometimes 15 or 20 feet high. This method produces an
abundance of excellent grafting cuttings, but is expensive and troublesome.
A more practical method is to put a high stake—10 feet high at the end
of each row and to stretch a wire at that height along the row. The shoots
are then trained up to this wire by means of strings renewed every year.”

Better care of vineyards needed for grafted grapes.— The use
of grafted vines in New York vineyards will make necessary much
better supplementary care in the culture of vineyards. This must
not be counted in the least against grafting, for better care should
be given this fruit in every grape-growing section of the State. In-
deed, it is feared that the vineyardists of New York are nowadays
our least caretaking horticulturists. Dead vines and somnolent
vineyards are all too common. In fact, if there were no differ-
ences in yield due to the grafting, it could be said well within
bounds, that since the cultivation of grapes as grafted plants en-
forces better care, grafting is well worth while.

New York AaricutturaL ExprERIMENT STATION. 521

Not only must better care be given to secure a good stand of
vines in a grafted vineyard but different care must be given the
same variety on different stocks. This will be true, very particu-
larly, of pruning, but the stock may have to be taken into consid-
eration in plowing, tilling, fertilizing and in treatment of phyllox-
era and fidia. It is true that the same treatment was given all of
the vines in this experiment but only because identical treatment
was a necessary condition of the experiment.

Will it prove profitable to graft grapes in New York ?— Because
of the many vicissitudes through which the vineyard has passed, it
would not be safe to answer this question unqualifiedly. But be-
yond doubt the experiment demonstrates the possibility of growing
grapes in this State on roots other than their own. It suggests
that it would be a safe stroke of business to graft some of the
choicely good grapes of the region on roots of any one of several
stocks with the expectation of getting larger crops and a better
product. From the behavior of the standard sorts in the experi-
ment, it is well within the range of probability that even the main-
crop grapes can be profitably grafted. A commercial plantation
of a few acres of Concords, Niagaras, Catawbas or Delawares
grafted on one of the three stocks used is well worth trying. The
establishment of a grafted vineyard should present no great diffi-
culties. The hard places have mostly been smoothed by the
French and Californians and their experiences, with those given
in this report, should be sutticient guide for any wide-awake grape-
grower.

PEDIGREED NURSERY STOCK.*+

U. P. HEDRICK.

The horticulturist at an experiment station is a focus for all
of the new conceits of his trade. Letters and inquiries fall upon
him like the traditional thousand of brick whenever a new theory
or a new practice is born which may affect crops. It is his duty
to examine all of the discoveries that do not savor too much
of vagary or of personal gain, and report his findings. To dis-
tinguish fairly between gold and dross requires much travail,
long-continued experiments often being necessary to learn the
truth, and in giving judgment the right of reversal of opinion
must be held as a privilege. With this introduction, I am ready
for my subject, one which of late has had much attention from
fruitgrowers, nurserymen and experimenters.

‘“‘Tt takes three generations to make a gentleman,” after which
a man may record his pedigree with some pride. “ Breed is more
than feed,” is well recognized with all domesticated animals and
a horse, a cow, a pig, a dog is valued according to its pedigree.
In 1862, Hallet, an Englishman, offered pedigreed wheat for sale,
bred upon the same principle of repeated selection which has
produced pure races of animals. ‘‘ Pedigreed” seeds of plants
are now very common. A genealogical tree may tell as much
about the past of plants grown from seed as the pedigree of an
animal tells of its ancestry. But the attempt is being made to
attach importance, as in the case of men, animals and seeds, to
the pedigrees of plants propagated from buds, cions, cuttings and
off-shoots of plants. Thus it is claimed that varieties of tree, bush
and vine fruits, propagated from parts, should have their lineage
set forth before they find a place in the plantations of up-to-date
planters.

To show the position held by those who believe that such plants
should be passed through the sieve of selection, we make the

* Based on an address given at the meeting of the New York State Fruit
Growers, Rochester, N. Y., January 5, 1912.

7 A reprint of Cireular No. 18, February 10, 1912.
[522]

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 523

following quotations from three horticultural authorities in the
experiment stations of the country.

First horticulturist.— “We know that no two trees in any
orchard are alike, either in the amount of fruit which they bear
or in their vigor and habit of growth. Some are uniformly pro-
ductive, and some are uniformly unproductive. We know, too,
that scions or buds tend to reproduce the characters of the tree
from which they are taken. Why should a fruitgrower take
scions from a tree which he knows to be unprofitable?”

Second horticulturist— The pedigree idea rests upon the
most important principle of plant breeding — that of selection.
If all other plants are being improved by selection, and the im-
provements are handed down to their offspring, why not the
fruitgrower’s plants?”

Third horticulturist.— ‘My plan would be for a nursery to
go ahead and have pedigreed trees of their own selections, which
are known to produce good crops of highly colored fruit, market-
able sizes, good quality, right straight along.”

In the light of present knowledge, it is possible that those
who gave utterance to these expressions might now repudiate them.
They were, however, the beginning of the “ pedigreed” stock
movement and have given the vocabulary, as well as the idea, to
growers of pedigreed stock. The following taken from advertise-
ments of three nurseries offering pedigreed stock give an idea
of what will come in advertising should pedigreed stock become
the vogue.

First nurseryman.— “ My system of pedigreeing known fruit-
age prepotency is revolutionizing the orchard industry and making
fortunes in fruit growing sure and certain. Why gamble with
trees grown from scions cut from trees which have never borne
profitably? We are the only nursery in the world which grows
certain pedigreed parentage exclusively — by which method we
can give you the actual blood record of every tree sold you.”

Second nurseryman.— “Tt is a decided advantage to planters
to secure nursery stock propagated from the finest prize-winning
trees in the West. Quality and Pedigree certified under affidavit.”

Third nurseryman.— “ Bigger crops of better strawberries grow
from pure-bred plants because for 21 years I have devoted myself,

524 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF PIORTICULTURE OF THE

body, brain and conscience, to upbreeding and improving the
strawberry. I started right. Every year I have produced new
and more productive strains. I have found that some plants show
a strong tendency toward betterment. Proper breeding has en-
abled me to produce plants which for bearing qualities, vitality
and stamina cannot be equalled.”

Here, now, is a matter of tremendous importance to fruit-
growers and nurserymen. If varieties of fruits can be improved
by the selection of buds, cions and cuttings in propagation, the
sooner the present practices in nurseries are changed the better
for all who grow fruit. On the other hand if such selection of
propagating wood is not worth while, it is most unjust to taboo
nurserymen who cannot give the ancestry of their stock.

My own belief is that there is nothing to gain even though there
be a scintilla of truth in the claims of those who would have
nursery stock sold with a pedigree. I believe that we should be
doing great injustice to nurserymen, and indirectly therefore to
fruit-growing, should we require growers of trees to take buds or
grafts only from the bearing plants which seem to be superior
to other individuals of their kind. I believe that a fruitgrower
ean spend his time to better advantage than in attempting to breed
fruit trees by bud selection. The rest of this paper is a defense
of the position I have just stated.

At the very outset it must be pointed out that the seeming
analogy between plants propagated from buds and cions and
those grown from seeds has given a false simplicity to the facts
and has led many astray. Analogy is the most treacherous kind
of reasoning. We have here a case in which the similarity of
properties is suggestive but the two things are wholly different
upon close analysis. In the case of seeds there is a combination
of definite characters in the offspring from two parents. Since
the combinations of characters handed down from parents to
children are never the same, individual seedlings from the same
two plants may vary greatly. On the other hand a bud or a graft
is literally a “chip of the old block,’ and while plants grown
from buds may vary because of environment they do not often
vary through heredity. Overwhelming objections can be urged
against pedigreed nursery stock from both the plant-breeder’s and
the nurseryman’s standpoints. In the last ten years the whole
aspect of animal and plant breeding has changed in particulars
which must be set forth.

New York AGricuLtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 525

Recent discoveries associated with the name of Mendel, em-
phasize the fundamental nature of the great force heredity in
determining the characters of living things. “ Like begets like,”
“Race is everything,” “A chip of the old block,” “ Like father
like son,” “ Figs cannot be picked from thistles nor grapes from
thorn trees,” “ The iniquity of the father is visited upon the
children to the third and fourth generation,” are old and familiar
aphorisms recalling the general nature of heredity which present
knowledge makes more forceful than ever before. Heredity, in
the light of Mendelism, is almost a tight compartment, a closed
circle, into which new characters seldom find their way.

But new characters may get in and in their turn are inherited.
How?, The touchstone which Nature uses in introducing new
characters into living things has long been known but has been
most clearly deseribed by De Vries. It is the phenomenon familiar
to all fruitgrowers as a sport which De Vries dignifies with the
name mutation. De Vries assumes that new characters in
animals and plants are produced from existing forms by sudden
leaps. The parent remains unchanged during this process and
may repeatedly give birth to new forms.

Through the work of Mendel and De Vries old theories of
breeding have been completely upset, and, in particular, we have
changed our views of selection as a means of improving plants,
holding that as formerly practiced it is either a worthless, a very
limited, or at best a very cumbersome method of improving plants.
It is now held that most of the differences in plants within the
strain of the same variety or species are not transmitted from
parent to offspring and that, therefore, selection with them is of
no avail. There are, however, two kinds of variations and these
must be described.

Not infrequently wholly new characters, the mutations of De
Vries, appear in plants and are transmitted from parent to off-
spring. Suppose a branch of russetted, sweet or red apples in a
R. I. greening tree; or a cane bearing white, or red, or seedless
grapes on a Concord vine; or a branch of a Montmorency cherry
bearing double flowers, to represent the kind of variations that
may come true when propagated from buds or cions. Such varia-
tions are relatively rare and many men work among fruit trees
a lifetime and do not find them. On the Station grounds where
we have under observation eight or ten thousand tree, vine and
small fruits, we seek bud-variations, but do not isolate one a
year. When such a variation is found, whether or not the new

526 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE

character can be transmitted to the next generation can be deter:
mined only by trial.

There are variations of another kind, much more common than
those just described, due to the effect of the environment of the
plant. The richer the soil, the more sunlight, the better the care,
the greater the freedom from insects and diseases and the longer
the season, the more vigorous is the plant, the more fruit it pro-
duces and the larger and the more perfect is the fruit. But though
these changes and conditions produce a direct effect upon the
plant during its lifetime, there is no evidence to show that any
of the variations so brought about can be transmitted from parent
to offspring. The fruitgrower who wants to perpetuate such
variations, must renew for each generation the conditions which
gave him the desirable effects. It is a question of ‘‘ nurture” not
of “ nature.”

To illustrate: A man living in Northern Michigan had a Spy
tree which bore small, green, scrawny Spies. He attributed the
poor apples to the nature of the tree and talked much of the Spy
tree in Mother’s yard “back East” that bore marvelous apples.
He brought on grafts of Mother’s Spy. In due time the grafts
bore the same small, gnarly, green Spies. Northern Michigan Spies
are worthless because of climate and soil and not because of the
tree. The fruitgrower or nurseryman who attempts to raise stock
from the “mother’s trees,” that grow in every community, will
usually meet with like disappointment.

A Baldwin tree taken from New York to Virginia produces an
apple different from the New York Baldwin; taken to Missouri,
the Baldwin is still different; taken to Oregon, it is unlike any
of the others. If the trees are brought back from these states
to New York, they become again New York Baldwins. It is
not likely that selection can change this.

If it were true that characters acquired because of environment
were inheritable, the resulting medley would be overwhelming.
Let us see where the transmission of acquired characters would
lead us in a particular case —taking, it is true, a somewhat
extreme one. If a growing apple be put in a bottle, it will continue
to grow and will assume the shape of its covering, making a bottle-
shaped apple. If one such bottle be red and another blue, the
color as well as the shape of the apples will be changed. If many
variously shaped and colored bottles be used and if from their
seeds or buds the resulting products come true, especially if the
seeds were crossed, the imagination cannot compass the confusion

New York AgericunruraL Exprrorent Stratton. 597

in form and color of apples which would result in a few genera-
tions.

The Geneva Station has an experiment which gives precise
evidences on this question of pedigreed stock. Sixteen years ago
a fertilizer experiment was started with sixty Rome trees propa-
gated from buds taken from one branch of a Rome tree. Quite
as much variation can be found in these trees from selected buds
as could be found in an orchard of Romes propagated indiscrimin-
ately and growing under similar conditions. Data showing the
variations in diameter of tree and in productiveness can be found
in Bulletin 339 of this Station, and will go far to convince any
one that uniformity of behavior as regards vigor and productive-
ness of tree and size and color of fruit cannot be perpetuated.

We have another experiment at Geneva which ought to throw
light on pedigreed stock. Baldwin apple trees have been pur-
chased from 104 nurseries in all parts of the Union. Some of
these have been propagated from bearing trees; others have come
for generations from nursery stock; some are on French crab,
others on Doucin, and others on Paradise stocks. If allowed to
come into bearing in the regions in which we obtained the trees
we should have 104 more or less different trees bearing variously
shaped and colored apples. What will the harvest be when all
come into fruiting in the Station orchard? Will they resemble
the Baldwins from the various regions from which the trees come
or will they be New York Baldwins? Y

What I have said in regard to the improvement of fruit prop-
agated from buds is now the accepted theory in regard to the im-
provement of plants grown from seed, To be of any value in plant
improvement a variation must be inherited; mutations are in-
herited; variations resulting from environment are not inherited
or at least there is no indisputable evidence of such inheritance.
Fluctuating variations in vigor, hardiness, and size of plant
and in color, size, amount and quality of fruit play little part
in the improvement of plants. Selection was formerly considered
a continuous and a cumulative process; the revised theory is that
it is a discontinuous process and new characters are added in one
leap. Somehow, somewhere, sometime in the life of a species of
plants, a wholly new character is added, or removed, and the varia-
tion is transmissible to the succeeding generation.

May it not be true that size of fruit, vigor, hardiness or pro-
ductiveness of plant may appear as mutations and be heritable ?
These characters may appear as heritable variations but it cannot

528 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HorTICULTURE OF THE

be known without precise experiments for each case whether or not
they will be inherited. No fruitgrower or nurseryman is war-
ranted in assuming that the qualities named can be handed down
—the chances are many to one that such variations are due to
nurture and are not transmissible.

For several years the speaker has spent much time in studying
the histories of varieties of fruits. In “The Grapes of New
York,” he has had to do with about 1500 grapes; in “ The Plums
of New York,” 2000 sorts of plums; in “ The Apples of New
York,” with about 700 kinds of apples. When this knowledge of
thousands of varieties is focused, one sees in fruits stability
and not variation. The generations of varieties of fruit do not
change. The Baldwin apple, Bartlett pear, Concord grape, Mont-
morency cherry have not changed. In the Station fruit exhibit are
Greenings from a cion of the “ original ” Greening tree, 200 years
old when the cions were taken; besides them are Greenings grown
from trees propagated from nursery stock. The characters of
the two lots of fruit are identical. If indiscriminate taking of
buds for propagation means changes, we should have innumerable
types of Baldwins, Bartletts, Coneords, Montmorencies and these
two lots of Greenings ought not to look alike.

There are, probably, more than one strain of some varieties of
fruits, as of the Baldwin for example. But these strains are few,
not more than two or three for any variety and but one in the great
majority of fruits. No one knows how strains have arisen — cer-
tainly not by premeditated selection. The fact of these occasional
strains does not alter the statement that the great majority of
the infinitude of variations in every orchard are not transmissible.

The practical difficulties in growing trees from selected buds,
granting for the minute that improved stock may be so obtained,
are almost insuperable. The following are a few of them:

1st. A bearing tree surpassingly good in one quality, may be
deficient in others. A tree bearing large apples might be unpro-
ductive, subject to fungi or insects, lacking in vigor or hardiness,
or short-lived. Selecting for one quality will not do. The more
qualities, the more difficult the tree to find and the more compli-
cated is selection.

2nd. The selected buds must be worked, in the case of tree
fruits, on roots that are variable. To have “ pedigreed ”’ trees
it is necessary to have ‘‘ pedigreed ” roots as well as “‘ pedigreed ”
tops.

New Yorx AcricutturaL Experiment Sration. 529

3rd. The cost of trees would be vastly increased if nurserymen
were required to bud from or to go back every few generations
to bearing trees. Opportunities for dishonest practices would be
greatly multiphed. The advertisements of some who sell “ pedi-
greed” stock are an insult to an intelligent man and are only a
foretaste of what we shall have if fruitgrowers force nurserymen
to compete in selling “ pedigreed ” stock.

4th. It is the experience of those who have taken buds from
bearing trees that the resulting nursery plants lack vigor, and
remain weaklings for several years.

5th. If pedigreed trees become the vogue, tree-growing must
become a petty business. Climate and environment would permit
nurserymen who are growing pedigreed stock to propagate only
a half dozen varieties of any fruit. Not more than this number
of sorts is so pre-eminently adapted to any one geographical region
as to give good mother trees.

6th. Fruit trees are not sufficiently well fixed in their characters
to make selection from single “best” trees worth while even
should their characters be transmissible. Thus, trees in many
eases do not show their best attributes until late in life; or to the
contrary fail as they grow older; or are affected for better or
worse by moisture, food, or physical conditions of soil in certain
seasons; or insects and fungi may give them a variable and un-
certain standing. A nurseryman with the best intentions might
thus propagate from a prepossessing tree only to find later that
he and his customers had been deceived.

7th. Heritable variations can be told only by growing the parts
bearing them — by studying the offspring, not the ancestor; by
looking forward, not backward. This is impossible in the nursery.

In conclusion, the burden of proof is upon those who advocate
pedigreed trees, for the present practices of propagating fruit
plants are justified by the precedents of centuries. Experimenters
in this field encourage us to believe that they may sometime
illumine the darkness but one cannot see by the lights they have
thus far brought. “ The assertion that outstrips the evidence is
a crime” in this case as in any other. Let us have real, precise,
abundant evidence before demanding a reform that will revolu-
tionize nursery practices.

GRAPE CULTURE.*
F. E. GLADWIN.

Location.— The ideal location for the vineyard is gently sloping
land. Many fine vineyards are located on steep hillsides, yet the
liability of washing and difficulty of tillage tend to render such
vineyards less productive and shorter lived, The shores about the
large lakes appear to be especially well adapted to grapes,—
these districts in some instances extending several miles back
from the water. But very rarely can grapes be grown in our
northernmost latitudes without the increased labor and cost ot
covering in winter, except under the tempering influence of large
bodies of water. Low situations that prevent a free circulation of
air, such as river bottoms and the basins of small lakes, should be
avoided, as such locations are more liable to unseasonable frosts ;
and also their poor air drainage favors powdery mildew and
black rot.. There is much difference of opinion as to the direction
the rows should run, In the “Chautauqua Grape Belt” the
‘prevailing direction is north and south, where the slope is not
too steep. This is ideal for this section, as the morning sun rap-
idly dries the dew on the east side of the rows while the prevailing
wind dries it on the west. The constant west and northwest wind is
probably the chief reason why this district is so free from black
rot. Where the slope is steep, the rows must necessarily run at
right angles to it.

The foregoing does not necessarily mean that the grape can not
be grown on level land, for such is not the case. Many fine, vigor-
ous vineyards are so situated, but, as a rule, sloping land has the
better natural surface drainage. The region about a large body
of water is usually rolling or sloping. Hence, more vineyards are
found on the slopes than on the typical flat land.

Soils.— Experience shows that grapes may be grown upon a
great variety of soils. Productive vineyards are found on loam,
sandy loam, gravel, gravelly loam, heavy clay and clay loam. It
is not so much a question of the kind of soil, as the condition of

* A reprint of Circular No. 19, February 10, 1912.

[530]

New York AcricutturaAL Experiment Station. 531

that soil as to texture, drainage and fertility, and the possibility
of washing. It is true that certain varieties exhibit a soil prefer-
ence, but most commercial varieties will thrive on many types of
soil.

Drainage.—The first essential is that there be good drainage.
The cultivated grape does not thrive with its roots continuously in
water, though it be more tolerant in this respect than most fruits.
A natural conclusion prevails that sloping land is well drained ;
yet this is not always true. Especially where the soil is shallow,
an impervious rock or hardpan below may form basins or
‘kettle’ holes in which water is retained and the soil becomes
saturated, as the water must rise to the surface to escape. Under
such conditions, a slope is as badly water-logged and as poorly
drained as a lowland area. If there be not good drainage, the field
should be tiled.

Preparation of soil—tIn the preparation of the soil for setting
grape vines the grower should exercise the greatest care. <A little
thought and work before setting will pay for themselves many times
over. As a general rule it is poor practice to reset to grapes, land
that has just been in vineyard, without putting under a good green
manure crop two or three times before planting. When it is desired
to reset land where a vineyard has been pulled out, or even where
a new location is selected, sow mammoth clover in August and
plow this under just before it blossoms the following summer;
then seed it again to clover and plow it under the following spring,
when ready to plant. Deep turning under of a green manure crop,
followed by thorough dragging and rolling, puts the soil in the
best of tilth. Once gotten in good tilth after thorough preparation,
it is far easier to maintain in good condition than without such
preparation.

In fitting the field, preparatory to planting, plow as deeply as
possible, with a two-horse plow, into lands eight or nine feet
wide — the width depending on the distance apart which the
rows are to be. This will leave dead furrows eight or nine feet
apart. Then with a subsoil plow, go twice through each dead
furrow. Much of the soil loosened by the subsoiler can now be
thrown out by again going through each furrow with the two-horse
plow, once each way. This insures deep planting and increases
greatly the area for root growth.

Vines.— The selection of vines is an important part in the
foundation of the vineyard. Too often it is neglected altogether,

532 Report oF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

by reason of the inability of the prospective grower to judge vines,
or else poor vines are purchased knowingly because they are cheap.
A poor vine purchased because of cheapness is a poor investment.
A vineyard started with poor vines is handicapped at the start
and rarely, if ever, overcomes the burden, even with good after-
care.

First-grade one-year vines are to be preferred to those two years
old. They are as a rule much better, though to the amateur a
large vine promises more. Very frequently two-year vines rep-
resent the poorer one-year vines of the previous season trans-
planted and allowed to grow in the nursery row another season.
Most commercial vineyards are set with one-year vines, while the
amateur usually sets those two years old. There are doubtless
some good two-year vines, but they are the exception.

Varieties— The Coneord is pre-eminently the commercial
black grape in New York. In Chautauqua County probably 95
per ct. of the acreage is of this variety. The season of good
black grapes could be considerably lengthened by planting Moore
Early with Concord, as both these varieties stand up well and could
be shipped to the most distant markets. Moore Early and Worden
are frequently sold as Concord, as are several other black grapes.
Tn the latitude of western New York, Moore Early ripens about
ten days before Concord. If one is close to local markets, Worden
should have a place in.the commercial vineyard and by all means
in the home vinevard. Its quality is excellent, but it will not
stand shipping. It ripens about a week before Concord. Worden
has proven very productive; and its clusters are large, compact,
with large berries.

For red grapes, Catawba should certainly be planted where it
will thoroughly ripen. It is of good quality and a good keeper.
For quality, the Delaware is the grape par excellence and, with
close pruning and good feeding, it is a very profitable grape. For
green grapes, Winchell, or Green Mountain as it is listed by some
nurserymen, should more generally be planted. This is a very
early grape, of excellent quality, a good bearer of large-shouldered,
compact clusters. For markets that prefer a green grape and one
extremely early Winchell will find a ready sale. Niagara needs
no recommendation as a market grape and, with proper care and
especially allowing it to ripen fully, it will become even more
popular. By the selection of varieties, black, white and red, that
ripen in succession, the grower can overcome to a certain extent
the frequent glutting of the market that occurs in seasons of big

New Yorx AcricutruraL Experiment Station. 533

crops when only one or two varieties are grown in an entire dis-
trict and all are being shipped to the same markets. On the other
hand he must not go to the other extreme and set too many va-
rieties unless these can be handled in ear lots or disposed of
locally.

Cross-pollination.—Owing to the fact that certain varieties
(self-sterile) of grapes will not form marketable clusters when
planted by themselves, away from other varieties, it is necessary
that the prospective grower learn whether the varieties he is set-
ting be self-fertile or self-sterile. If he is setting both, he should
alternate the two classes so as to insure pollen distribution from
the self-fertile to the self-sterile. The varieties given in this Cir-
cular are all self-fertile. Never set varieties known to be self-
sterile in large solid blocks.

Distance.—There are many recommendations as to distances
apart for rows and vines. ‘Some of the older vineyards are set
10 feet by 10 feet, but the prevailing distances are rows 9 feet
apart and vines 8 feet. A most suitable distance appears to be
814 feet by 8 feet, as an 814 foot row can be plowed most sat-
isfactorily with a three-gang plow by going twice through the row,
and the subsequent tillage with spring-tooth and dise may be
economically done. Many of the newer vineyards are being set
8 feet by 6 feet, and some even 8 feet by 4 feet. In this instance
the grower plans to take out every other vine as soon as two or
three crops have been harvested; or else to leave all and put up
but half the wood per vine that is usually put up where they are
8 feet by 8 feet. But observation has shown that orchardists who
have set trees closer than they should have been — intending to
remove alternate trees when they arrived at maturity — find it
exceedingly heartbreaking to remove a healthy bearing tree; and
this, no doubt, will hold with the vineyardist who is setting 8 feet
by 4 feet with the intention of pulling out each alternate vine.

Planting.— The field having been plowed in lands of the de-
sired width, stakes are now set in the furrow at the interval de-
cided upon for the vines in the row. These should be lined care-
fully each way. Then with the hoe and shovel, the hole is dug in
the bottom of the furrow with the stake as the center. This can
be readily done, as the plowing has loosened the soil. There is
not much danger of setting the vine too deep, but rather the other
extreme. The hole should be dug deep enough so that the bottom

534 Report oF THE DrrParRTMENT oF HortTICULTURE OF THE

may be filled in with surface soil, leaving a mound in the center
of the hole upon which the base of the vine is to rest. It should
be large enough to accommodate the roots without crowding. The
roots are cut back more or less severely, depending on their growth
and condition, but generally to about eight or ten inches from the
base. The top is cut back to two or three buds. The roots are then
spread out in the hole so that they are equally disposed in all
directions, the base of the vine resting on the mound, with the roots
sloping downward at quite an angle; then a little of the surface
soil is tamped firmly upon them. More soil is added and firmly
packed, until the hole is nearly filled, but the soil last filled in is
not tamped, leaving the surface soil loose. The vine should now
be deep enough so that the two or three buds of the top are just
above the ground. The following winter or spring the growth of
the previous season is cut back to two buds, for we should aim,
above all else, to get a good, well-established root system. Then
at the beginning of the second year we find our vine in apparently
the same condition as the year of setting. This spring we should
set the trellis posts, putting on but one wire. (Sce Circular 16
of this Station for trellis construction.) The trellis is not put
up to fix the future training, but to get the canes out of the way
for cultivation. Some fruit may set this season, but it should be
removed early. The following spring the vine is ready to be
trained permanently upon the trellis and a variety of systems are
presented, (See Circular 16, “ Pruning and Training the Grape.” )
The grower can choose the one he believes best suited for his va-
rieties and local conditions. The labor problem is an important
factor to be observed in this selection as it is more costly to
prune and tie some systems than others.

Alleys.—When the vineyard is to cover more than three acres
it is best to provide alleys or driveways for each such area, these
to run both parallel and crosswise to the row. They facilitate all
vineyard practices, especially cultivation and harvesting, by per-
mitting ready access and shorter hauls. The alleys should be wide
enough to permit turning with a two-horse wagon. The tendency
is to provide too few alleys rather than too many.

Tillage.—Frequent and thorough tillage is very essential for
the vineyard. The first spring operation is plowing under the
cover crops, with the single horse and gang plows. This can be
done as soon as the weather and soil conditions will permit. A
single furrow is plowed up to or away from the vines on either

New York AgaricutturaL ExPERIMENT STATION. 535

side of the row; then follow this with the gang plow, and, if the
cover crop was particularly heavy, with the disc harrow. The
three-gang plow will cover an 8% foot row in one bout. Where
no cover crop was sown, the dise may replace the plow. The sub-
sequent cultivation is done with the grape: hoe, hand hoe, spring-
tooth harrow, and disc harrow. Just about the time that the root-
worm has transferred to the pupa or “ turtle” stage and has got-
ten into the upper layer of the soil, ready to emerge and, as adult,
to lay its egg on the canes, the grape hoe may be used to throw
a furrow away from the hills. This exposes the delicate pupal
stage of the insect to the sun and other climatic conditions which
are very destructive to it. Cultivate at regular intervals of ten
days and always just before the soil has crusted from a rain, and
especially often in a season of drought. About the first of August
discontiue cultivation, the last operations being gang plowing,
dragging, and plowing a single furrow up to each side of the hill.
Care should be observed to keep the soil level throughout the
entire width of the row during the growing season. This insures
a more uniform distribution of rainfall.

Cover crops.—The vineyard should be sown to a cover crop at
this time by broadcasting and dragging in with the spring-tooth
harrow or else drilling it. Before sowing, it is well to watch the
weather maps pretty ‘closely and try to sow just before or just
after rain. If good cultivation has been given we will have now
a good seed bed. Mammoth clover, vetch, Canada field peas, clover
mixed with cow-horn turnips, and winter wheat mixed with cow-
horn turnips can be used. Mammoth clover sown at the rate of
20 pounds per acre has proven very satisfactory and makes an
ideal nitrogenous cover crop for the vineyard. It decays rapidly
and adds much nitrogen and humus to the soil.

The next most promising nitrogenous cover crops for the vine-
yard are hairy vetch and a mixture of mammoth clover (15
pounds) and cow-horn turnips (1 pound per acre). A mixture of
winter wheat (1 bushel) and cow-horn turnips (12 ounces per
acre) promises a very satisfactory non-nitrogenous cover crop.

In addition to furnishing and liberating plant food in the soil,
the organic matter derived from a cover crop improves the me-
chanical condition and conserves moisture. A crop growing late
in the fall, after the vines have ceased growing, also utilizes nitrates
that are being formed then and would otherwise be lost by leach-
ing, especially on knolls and hillsides liable to washing. There can
be - no doubt that the grape does best under frequent and thorough

536 Report or THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE OF THE

tillage, and this means that organic matter and humus are being
rapidly burned out of the soil. Hence the loss must be supplied
by the use of stable manure, cover crops, or organic commercial
fertilizer.

Intercropping.—Many growers grow potatoes, cabbage, beans,
ete., between the rows of the young vineyard for the first two years,
while others interplant blackberries, raspberries, currants, goose-
berries and strawberries for indefinite periods. Observation shows
that neither of these plans is in keeping with the best vineyard
practices; and both the primary and secondary crops suffer as
the result of such systems. The only crop that should be allowed
in the vineyard is the cover crop.

Fertilizers.—The fertilizers required by the grape are still
largely a matter of experiment, and until this phase is thoroughly
worked out, the grower must rely on his vines to tell him what is
needed. Even should the wood growth indicate a lack of nitrogen,
it would not indicate that more nitrogen should be added to the
soil, as there might be a sufficiency already present, yet unavail-
able by reason of poor tillage, lack of drainage and other faulty
practices.

Manuring.—The above statements will apply equally well to
the use of stable manure. It is probable that stable manure does
produce vigorous wood growth in some instances and it is just as
probable that its direct fertilizing value has been overestimated.
Its greatest value lies in its power to improve the mechanical con-
dition of the soil by making it more porous and increasing its
water-holding capacity.

Spraying.—Spraying for grape insects has been fully discussed
in Bulletin No. 331 of this Station, so that nothing need be added
here. Everyone growing grapes should procure a copy of this
bulletin.

No person should attempt to grow grapes for pleasure or for
profit, unless he is willing to and can give them proper care. The
history of grape growing has been, and is to-day, one of ups and
downs, and what the specific reasons are for the fluctuations is
unknown. Possibly a combination of causes is responsible. In
every region of decline there are many vineyards that are holding
up to the standard. Why? Tn all such vineyards the grower has
given personal supervision and intelligent care and has not at-
tempted to get a great yield one year at the expense of none the

New York AGRriIcutturRAL ExpPreriMENT STATION. aya

next, but has been satisfied to produce a fair crop each year, This
should be the aim of each grower. Excessive wood growth is not
desired, nor an excessive yield in alternate years, but a balance
should be struck between these extremes.
EF. E. Guapwin.
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
Geneva, N. Y., Feb. 10, 1912.

7G iy,

ans sopra rea
wat rine Mang email
are ce OE bore oniKey
gatenl nd Bi ia Pitts pa. it ah
900000 ts

7 a . , oa P PF
- aeatell toe fl ion
a (i

Fatererdé ging Aid ~naponna re t >

i ik Qty LF “wr. Wut wiry ata, i

a while tiers it''s t Heaamchey rio, snap lnepenal ee
MEPIS SUG a On: og care : ie yet wa pert
Hae MeL Gat pe ok a ati . vi tte tanwl s\
praehe iy Ate enary rete tb a hope at

- | os ' i »
i y j x) .* ae oe ' : 1.6 iid ta

é

&!

yd) . ¥ > | a a -
B Fey oid Tiwary recor - bw the peat “vs a
f 4 I, { ‘ teehee H re, ae h Ace a ve ' wy hh
. aye +g 4 yg AR : ‘2 1 © il E 2 / - } ’ ih wing i

i4 ; Daven ‘ 4% re! Laos & we } ake

4
; , 1 149 \.4 ii
- }
; i) wid ?
Tr

: * 1

f het NY Bye sf

‘
. ; f

he . 2 atten any rts

- { ‘ a 4 nm =F Hote wad " is Foe

. ue won ove seal
7
¢ j : ' va" we er * ky i ilies ri Mt
d . . ; 4 z »
wren Fife she iff
; 7
) : ee 4 beng eer hy
ys ble ualeh > fee) ei
Pos er ie y= 2 AT
: pat ihe, ns 7 tobe =
: ry F ? f Lia : tmeds 7 a Ls

a : mn THe es. icaiey entire.
oii rey wt dee tue Thee ania viene ee a
ro Oi: Gy the Viena: Woot Tn af «ell aae
LS ROW GeNe Pericias an TMi ao] coatth
Pere pted Hegel ip rans biel nel “wee wh i

REPORT

ON

INSPECTION WORK.

I. Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides.
II. Inspection of feeding stuffs.
I{I. Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers collected by the

Commissioner of Agriculture during 1912.

[539]

aoe ‘i

ie,

W MONTIAIeRE

(TT cm i tei

slLAtstacr ta Bie lag,

j 7

ftepf itoeqeunl af

en
ator Toe ‘tech hw colt
Pr toad rtorimamory, at

w Witt) a ie

am

,

on

New York AaricutturaL ExpreRIMENT STATION.

¢0'€
0c’ €
88°€
0g €
cI?
SPT
GE'S
0g'é
ve'L

G87
0S'€
09°€
0c°€

Og's
06°2
e1'¢
0c'é

40 dad

*Opixo
snot
-uasie
a[qnyos
-19}8 A

‘apixo
raddog

"aprxo
snor
-uosry

ORURURURUOURUROUROROUROE

‘GIGLI ‘AVI ‘SPE “ON UeT[ng Jo qurador wv
‘punoy pue psozuereny Joy AJaAMoodsor pueys fF puB + y

« G9e19 suvg oind ATJOIAS pozyuv1Ie AA ,,

Aueqry ‘AUD YOK MON “OIG P 990939T
«, puBIq IByg oInd AT}014q,,,

aisdeoyysnog ‘AYUD YIOK MON “SInquoarvyT “]T poly
,;, U9013 suuBg oind A]}0113¢ ,,

ysinqMoN ‘AYO YIOR MaN “OO sppouoyxy 2 soaoq

WIOX MON ‘AUD YIOK MON ‘smog 7 spyryo
;, Weald suv ang ,,

ysingmMoN “guy ‘uopuoTy ‘uog x» JosIng stMoT
eg Oe

aisdoaxysnog ‘AY YIOK MON ‘parvyouryg “vy ‘see
,, Ueold suvg sind ApoINY¢g ,,

aisdooyysnog ‘AYO WOK Mon ‘AIV_ "fC “oy
,, U0old SIR ,,

Ausqry ‘AUD YOK MON “OD 2 soyowqsuy “g_ “Vv
,, Usald suv oind ATOIIY ,,

aisdeoyysnog ‘AYO YOK MON “OD [wormeyH vydry
*,, Waals SUB “Wg “Gg oind Apjo1NA¢g ,,

AYD HOA MON ‘AUD FOR MON “OD [BorwMIYD w IOJOD [py

‘puviq 10

MSS, SABA dUIBU OpBI} PUB JOINJOVJNUBUI Jo ssoIppv puB OUIBNY

OF 9LL
0z 662
Gp 208
&& €Z8
pane 808
86T 062
v6E 962
9T el
ot G6L
08 998

‘raquinu =| ‘Jequinu
ayBoyyIoD | o[dureg

+SACIOIONDA GNV SHCIOLLOUSNI SV GIOS STIVINALVIW AO

‘NdaaO SlaVvd

SHSATVNV

Report on Inspection Work oFr THE

42

‘punog puv pesojuvieny sof ATaatyoadser puxjs J pue OH,

.

SHAD SID OOO
LINCO AO LD AN HN OD

a]qnjos

1078

LE° 66

Oe
16.
oT 6G.
10°62.
96°82

0 Lag

*apIxo
raddog

SROROROROROR

BoIpa
AOL],

Aueqy
AOL,

Aueqry
BaIpoy

“Wdye} WO

,, Uoold slivg oind A]ON40,,
SAY) YIOX MON {OD SuUIBIT]TA\—-UIMIeyg
;, UeoIs svg oind Ap}01149 ,,
‘AUD WOK MON “OD SUIBETTEM—OLMIoYS
,, UooIs stieq oind ATyoWyg ,,
‘AUD YOK MON “OPO “T
,, Ude1d SUB 91nd opeIs-IT{ ,
SAUD YIOK MON SOD 2 UUBULIIOFY ‘SLO TAT
,, UdeIS SIIB ond opvis-t7] ,,
‘AUD YIOK MON “OD 2 uuvurrsoyzy ‘SuUIOPy
,, W013 suvg sind APOIUYS popUBIIeM,,
‘AYO YOK MON “OO ® svonyT uyor

“‘puviq 10
DUIVU PBI} PUB IOINOVJNUBUI JO ssaIppe puB sue Ny

696-92
696

LZ

LE8
882
val
L8L
CSL

SPE-E1Z-PET| 9E8

“raquinu
O}BIYIIO

“roquinu
e[dureg

‘(papnjau0))—NAAYD STUVd

543

New Yorx AgGricutturaAL ExprrrImMent STATION.

99 Lag

“OTUASIB
ayqnjos
-10}®

SP 79
+9

68°49
0G T§

€9°CE

FO &&

6&6 &&

GT Vé

VI TE

OF

LV 6&

12° Sé

69 °GE

TL ¥9

“apIxo
Beant

49 Lag

“Oprixo
o1desly

OROROROROR OF OCROROROROROROE

bt @)
Aueqry

Aueqiy
aisdoayxysnog
AUD YOK MON
aisdseyysnog

ue yIeY

ysinqmMon

aisdsayysnog
APD YOK MON
aisdooyysnog
Aueqry
qsinqMoN

“Uayey O1OT

‘punoyT puv poozwuRiensy) 1of¥ AToAtzooedsen purrs | pur 4 ,

cc PBT JO OPVUOSIV 8/4 FIMG ,,
“ssvy ‘Uoysog “oD [BorTMmeYyH ovUILey
c¢ PBOT JO OYBMOSIV 8:4 FTMG ,,
“ssvy ‘Wojsog “OD [wormeyH ovUILe yy
PUeIq yy, tOqoay |;
‘AVI YIOK MON “sorg 4903ZaT
pusiq if IBS ”
‘AULD YLOK MON ‘SInquoaeyT poly
puviq ,, AoxZ ,,
“eon ‘Aqtg Aosiap “OD [eorureyH 07e4s10, UT
puviq ,, Aoyy ,,
“Pon ‘AqIQ Aosiop “oD [eormeyD 0789810} UT
« 9YBUISIG PBI 9INg ,,
‘yI0X MON

pus “Sug ‘uopuoyT “op ading uopuoy s,AemBurureyzy]

«, 9YVUASIV PRI o1NgQ ,,
‘yIoX MON

pue “sug ‘uopuoT “og afding uopuoy s,AemSurureyzy

«¢ PBI JO oYBUASIB T]JOSsBI'D ,,
‘oly ‘puRpAasg[D “oO TeoruayD Tesserg
« AIC 5,

‘AUD YOK MON “OD sppousay yy, *O FY eoa0g *M ‘WT

Peer COT ey:

‘AUD YOK MaN “OD pavyouryg “vy ‘see
pueiq ifs o[suvny, ”

‘AYO YIOX AON “OD zp Joyowqsuy “g “Vy
puviq ,, svg ,,

‘AYO YOK MEN “OD [worweyH %W 10[oH Jo[py

‘puriq 10

oUIvU opts} PUB JOINJoVjNUBUL Jo ssoIppe pay oe Ny

166
162
98
1Z

*roquinu
op Bop TE)

‘Jequinu
efdureg

“ALVNASAV CVaT

Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE

544

“OITOSIB
a[qnyos
TOPE M

Go =| 9F'OT
80°9
cy Lt | #F 8
Ze cee
L0°€9 | 9L°SE
0€
00°6€ | 02°6T
06
OL'Te | 6€°9T
ST
60° | €6°F1
OSGI
LL IZ | v9
Pv
OC FF | OF 6T
SL°9F | 8o°ZT
8° Ty | 69°CI
0€' 246 | 99°CT
ieipcaats ST
‘plag |p laq |
‘aprxo | ‘oprxo

pve] | oruesry

«¢ DINYXIUT PBIJ-OP1IOg OJP ,,
“CON ‘SIR AV “OD [eormeyD puvpeor A
« XOIX ,,
“ssey ‘W0ysog “OD oployoesuy s,JoyMog

‘HLVNASHYVY GVaT XNVadHOod

A

7) Joysoyooy
A

D ) AUD BOR MON
A

y Ioysoqoory
A

+9) Josoyoory
d

9) ysingMe Ny
ul

+9) AOL,
A

y AOI,
A

ny qrodyooig
ul

73) WOyssULST
A

) UOISsULY,
ce

Dx ywoda[ppril

"Coye} VIO AA

«¢ PB9 JO oyeuasie ATC, ,,
“CN ‘SBA OMT “OD Teorey puejear~
«, PBA] JO oyeUOSIe O1Y99TT ,,
“CON ‘ST@L MYT “OD [eormeyD puvjoor A
puriqr,; PLeYoIO 5;
“py ‘erounnyeg “op [eormeyD uosduo0qy,
,, S8e001d MAN, ,,
‘oryO ‘puvpag[D “oD surer[[tM-Ulroys
te LOE py,
“K 'N ‘TMH repap ‘uog x JoyxvUIUOOTDG
« Alp ‘peal Jo oyeuasly ,,
“APD YOK MON “OD spjousoy “L “O Y 200 “M “A
«c OPOUISIV PBT ,,
“erydjoperyg
pue yIoxX MON ‘UozIeSuesoy ‘UBUTYYSIO\\ ‘SIOMOg
«, DYBUASIB PROT ,,
“erqdpepelyd
pus yIoX MeN ‘UoJIvSsuesOY ‘UvUTVYSIO\\ ‘sIoMOg
puviq ,, BIBSBIN ,,
“KN ‘yaodo[ppryy “OD rz9ABIdg vieseiNy

*puviq 10
dUIBU api} PUB JOINOVJNUBU JO ssaIppe puB oUIVNy

OIG
S8T

8G

‘roquinu
OYBOYT}.LOD,

“I

‘punog puv poozuvivny sof AToAtjoodser puvqys q pur Hy,

1&8
928

aquinu
eydureg

‘(papnjow0))—ALWNASUV AVAL

545

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘punog pu poojuraeny sof Apoatzoedset purys J pur H,

0'F ad « Ang oplog o1,09/q ,,
hd 9) 19}s9T0Y “CON ‘SIRT O1N9VT “OD a ysento puvpsetA | T1Z 0&8
CCI ru | puBiq “ec jo 1B TY, ”
0ST a) TILA wosue yy “BAM ‘Sinqsuyieyy “oD pusig yosrey, | gz CFS
Z'8 a __ ¢ SUBTLE M ULM IOUS,
18 9] fox], O1YO “PUB[AATD “OD SUIBITTLA-ULMIayYg | —— 98
Lg a puviq ,, loyuy ,,
£79 9) eisdeeyysnog ‘VIC. YIOK MON “OIG 3 430330_T | TH F6L
Gail ALi ce oI} XTUL XNBIPLO AIC, ay
0°91 3) Aueqiy ‘AYIQ) YIOK MON “OIG 3 490B39T | GE 192
8 FI ct « OIN}XIU XNBOPLOG ,,

y AY YIOX MON ‘AYO YOK MON “OD 2 uuvuUNLsoPy ‘SIIOTY | 67 $18
FOL Gl “ 911} XtUL xNBvoplo_ Youol 9
IZ 3) uOUIeA “FIAT “ACN ‘TETUSty ‘puowurey urrefueg | SF C98
09 a «c TJOSSBI ,,
6S ) Jo}sayopOg ‘AYIQ YIOX MON “OD [voruloyH Yessery | gC 198
8'LT ad PUCK, COM;
£0 i) aisdooyysnog ‘AUD YIOK MON “OD prvyouvg” “vy see | 00Z 682
8ST a «, OINJXTUL XNBAPIOY ,,
0°02 3) Aueqiy | ‘AYIQ YIOX MON “OD = Joyoeqsuy “q-y |; LT gc.
0'9 AG 6 aysed xnvoplog pe }B1,U900090 puriq apseq A
22. 3) AYO YOK MON ‘AUD YIOK MON “OD [worueyD 3 1OJOD JaIpy | 82 198
oP tx puviq ,, o[deq ,,
eo - Dm APD YIOX MON ‘AUIQ YIOX MON “OD [BoLUEYD 3 10JOH Jo_py | 6L 898

3 Wi
redding ‘UdyBy VIO *puviq 10 OUIBU OPI} PUB IOINJOVJNUBUI Jo SSoIppB’ puB IUIBNT aunties adtes"

AMOLIXTN XOVACUO"

18

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

546

*apixo

‘punoy pur peojuvaeny s0f ATaatzooedsor ‘purys yf pur 45 ,

A “ce O.IN}XTUL Op-H-XNT, ”
9) AOL, “KN ‘TH cepa ‘uog x JoyeuUOOYyDYg | CFT
a 9013 SMVq puev oINyxIW xnvepiog AIG
ro) Aueqry ‘AUD YOR MON “Org =» yesZ0T | ZH
Hx igs [Bxoq ”
i9\A AOL, ‘TyeuUrO
-Ul ‘YIOK MON ‘UOJSOg ‘OD oplomoesuy JeyMog oy, | ——
| “‘puziq 10 *roquinu

snot
-uasiB

a[qnyjos

-10}8

“Uayb} VOT oUIvU IPCI} PUB JOINJOVINUGUI JO SSaIPpB PUB BUIBAT aPBoIYtzIay)

“HU OLXIN NAWYD STAVd-XOVACHO

—EEE

“requinu
e[durrg

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

00°%
os T

09°T

9 lag

“quoUL
“pas

8°08

‘gq ‘shoq

Ayisuoq

69°61

16°96

GS
GL° LE

GG
69°86
69° Gc

GG
G8 ES
V9 ZT
62°81
68° GG

GY Sc
¢9
6F Gs
G9"
96 06

82°16

06
40 lag.

“MOTyNOS
ur
amydyjng

FC Fen FC Fn FC Fa CF OS Fs CO FCO

weyqyeqO
wootH
qaoda[ppry
meyzeyO
I9}saTo0yY
o][TAurOsue xT
WOT
yarodsey

Aueqry
sisdooyyanog

Aueqry
TOT

ysinqMon

‘Uoyv} VOY AA

‘NOLLO'IOS UAHA TAS-AWTT

‘punoy pue peojurieny sof Apaatjzoodsert purvys yf puv y,

“AN ‘weyyeyD ‘SIN “AL

«, UOIYNOS Inyd[ns puv oul] Vesey, ,,
“KN ‘qaoda[ppryy “oD s0Avadg viesery

«, UOTJNOS nyd[ns puv oul] vireseryy ,,
“AN ‘“Hodorppyy “oD sAvidg vareSviy

“ inydyns-owrT ”
“KN “juoyy ‘oro ueyyeN

« INYd[Ns-ourly puviq 10youy ,,
‘AYO YIOK MON “Org 3» 4303307

;, UOTZNIOS unydjns-owry ,,
“eq “erydpepepyg “op [eormeyD [winqjnoy10}y

“KN ‘Woy ‘Yyomdoyy “y “¢

«, UOIN[OS nYyd[ns-owr’y ,,
“KN ‘aodsvy ‘sockeye “gq “Vv

« UNOWIOR “yes pue imydyns-ourry ,,
“ACN ‘UPLUSW ‘puowureyy urarefueg

«, UOLNIOS nydyns-ourrT ,,
‘OrYO “PURpeAads[D “OD [worweYH fesse

«, UOIYNOS Inydyns-owry ,,
‘OLYO ‘PuUBpeAe[y “OD [worMeEYD |lesserr)

«, UOT}N[OS inydyns pue ourry ,,
“ACN ‘WOU WO “€ “V

«, UOTPNTOS
peye1yue0u0D )=puBIq UorT ,,

‘AYO YOK MON ‘preyouryg “Vy ‘see

mmydjns oul]

‘puriq 10 oureU
OpB1} PUB JoINJOVjJNUvUI JO SsoIPp’ pu’ oUIeN

LC8-TLT
866

62

£6

£6

Licey |

66T

“raquinu
azeoytyeD

ST8
TS8
T8
918
8F8
L¥8
OS

‘requinu
a,dureg

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

‘punoy pue paoajurirny soy Apoatzoodset puvys gq pue 4H,

imei GL 9% A « UONos nyd[ns-ourT ,,
ae oo €@ 13) Joysayooy, “CN ‘SI®HL O4VT “OD [eormeyH puvpesrA | Z1Z 0g8
GLY FSS ¢9 ST A , 4 5 ee
|) ps So 5 wo} ‘AN POUT eA MC | ——— 1Z8
ee 9G ‘GZ a ¢, UOTYN[OS-InYyd[Ns-awrT *A\-S ,,
ao eee | ea GS r9) Aoi], ‘OlYO ‘PpUBpEAg “OD suLeITTIM-TaTeYyy | gcz c8L
Sieg 6°66 GI IG A Poiel op 59 Cee Crem
1 ae LZ os 9) TOULAL AN GOUNA S808 “AL | 0S oc8
= 6" ee 91°92 Ax ,, UOIYNJOS inydyns puv ourly xoyxy ,,
Pe) eee SBS. Dy uOIqIy “AN ‘doysayooy ‘Aueduioy xoy | GOT G38
70 lag | ‘g ‘shaq 99 lag
: “UOT}NIOS ‘ : i
weul : 2 puviq 10 oureu Jequnu | ‘1equinu
sais Ayisuery ne eae eHAN APR} PUB IOINJOVJNUUL JO SsaIppe puv oUIeN d}BOYI}ID | ojdureg

“(papnjov0d)—NOLLATOS WAHdTAS-AWIT

549

*

‘punoy puv poozuvieny sof ATaatzoedsor1 puvys gq pur ¥)

New York AcricutturaAL ExpermMEeNtT STATION.

“imydy[ns
Sones

c¢ SPLOOFNS ,,

Aueqry ‘AUD YIOR MON “OD HPI “DO “A
« @ “A-OONS ,,

aso YWION “XN ‘osoy WON ‘purlo1y sopreyoO
;, punoduros inydjng ,,

yIoOX Ma ‘AUID YIOX MAN “OD [wormeyH yiesog
iis aursun] ”)

piojsmp yy “eon ‘dosipepl “OO suuMyovjnusyy ourqdy

“‘puriq

Tera ote AN IO SWBU OpRI} PUL JOINJOVJNUBU JO SSoIppe PUG OUIN

“raquinu
a}BoYIyIID

CLL
088
618

*‘laquinu
ajdureg

‘STIO GNV UNHdTIAS ATANIOS AO HANLXIN

~
v

THE

OF

x

otton Wor!

S

Rerort on INsSPE

u

‘punoy puv peoyuviens 10f Ajeatqzoodsot puvjs J pure Hy,

660 A « HNC O99BQOL ,,
sae mouse A “FIA “KN ‘dourea “HAL “OD Foy “VY “H | —— 798
T's ut cc H® TX,
79) STO MeN “sug ‘uopuoT ‘spreyory “HD | —— G18
0&€ SV A c¢ PPPOTOOIN 5,
GG i) SEED Io ESE “Ay ‘o1oqsuamg “oD dioyzeyeg “I “d | Sit 68
*(advyoud rod suresd ¢°6EZ) 96° 2 A « Yung-stydy w99}0FIN ,,
*(aseyoed sed sureis 992) ——— |) Ia}soyooyy “or ‘soy 49 “OD Sulmnzovjnusypy euMoolNT | LTT 928
ro 0 A « dvog oddeqoT-oydjng ,,
ro) ysingao N “AN ‘opeyng “oD P ULPeT | Sr vIs
LL€ A «¢ ODDBGOT, JO POVIJAY FeaT 9soy_,,
OLS ro) YIOX Mon | “AY ‘o[[lasmoyT “oD yonporg ovseqgoy, Ayonjusy | GFT 048
OV ul « OF J89T APIA 5,
OV 79) qoysoyooy | “AY ‘el[AsmMoT “oD yonporg ovoeqoy, AYonUoYy | SPT 868
*(eseyord red suivis 6°17) 6&°9 A «, Splotyoesuy Jodeg oooeqoy, 9UN,J-OoIN, ,,
*(eseyoud red sureis gg0'T) ——— | D foxy, | “AY ‘alftastmnoT “og yonporg oooeqoy, Ayonyuayy | [CT ISL
8y OP A E ¢¢ SUINJ-OOTN ,,
OF ro) Aueqry | “Ay ‘[tasmogy “op yonporg oooeqoy, Ayonzusy | OST GLL
LI &b H PO LAS GSN binp
SY ro) qIox MeN “Yor ‘Horyeq, “OD eutz,OoIN, F#OI}9q_ | SIT L18
680 Ax « ourydy ,,
06 °0 Dx qsingaeN “pon ‘Uostpeyy “OD Suumpowsnueyy ourydy | ¢pZ FOS
ny dee |
aa a Santee ‘puviq 10 sueUu ‘Ioequinu |*1aquinu
r400TN | ae Or AS apes} pUS IOINJOVJNUBUL Jo SSeIpPpe puv sUEN | oPWOYTYaD | epdusg

‘SNOILVUVdHUd ANILOOIN

551

w York AGricuLTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

E

N

*(proe ooquvo) jousyd jo “40 sed G{"g ose sureyuOL |

6c 1
wT
mcs
19'8
eg
697
OE
96°S

49 lad

‘Boy
-Lunduy

668

009
16°9=
606
a
8
09°
S'S

99 lag

“TEALe
1210L

cL'9

19 TT
eL'es.
ez'OL
666
ors
99°01.

VOL

90 lag

“IOYR MA

96°16

cL 9s

eu 1zh
FIs:
se18.
6°98.
0g°¢8
00°06

9 Log

‘dvog

*

ORURUOROROROROROE

*

Aueqiy
AOL,

Aueqiy
aisdooyysnog
UWOUIIA “YIN
uoqty
Io}saqooyy

ysingMoN

‘WOYe} 910M

‘punog puv poopuvieny sof ATOATJOodse1 puxjys qF pue H,

—=

« TOS T!O WH ,,
“AN ‘Aueqry ‘wosqiy) 3 JOxTeM

«, ABO [IO AVY AA IYOIV Bpog osney ,,
“AN ‘TH epaQ ‘uog 7 JexeurMOOYg

« FBO [IO HLL IMT 8.49098 ,,
‘Auvqly ‘dud "Vy 991004)

« ABog TO FY ,,
‘AUD YOK MON “YOULT Y Uys]

«¢ TOY [IO Ys puvig sioyouy ,,
‘AUD YIOK MON “OI 2 9908397

« TBOS TIO eTeY AM ,,
“eq “erydjepetyd ‘poop souve

« ABOS TIO aBYM ,,
“ed ‘erydjepeliyg ‘pooy sour

« Teog [TIO yey M pursg ourrT ,,
‘AUD WOK MON ‘prvyouryg “Vy ‘sve

‘puviq 10 sue
apvi} puv JaINpoRJNuBUT JO ssaIppe pu eMIeNy

‘NOLLATIOS dvOs

GEG 6G

9ST G82

SLL

008

&8 £98

SEG 6&8

OFS ¥68

VIE 908
“ethan -zequmnu
TOL ajdueg

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

FE 86
06°66
¥6°86

8&° 66
6966
PP 66

OOT
99 lad

‘mydyns
T23O.L

‘punoy puv poojuvieny 10fF Ajaatyoodser purvys yf pur 5,

A

y UO}SsSSUTyy
A

3) Ausqiy
A

r3) Aueqiy
d

ra) qwode|ppryAl
x

Dx aisdeoxysnog

“dayey 104M

« INnydIng paropaog ,,
‘AUD WOK MON ‘OUUM “O'S PL
« INYydIng Jo s1aMmopy ,,
“AN ‘Aueqiy ‘wosqty) 7 10x78 A
“ee inyding ”
“AN ‘Ausqry ‘Wosqiyy 7 10x18 A
« INYyd[Ng Jo s1omopy ong ,,
“KN ‘q1odolppryy “0D wAvidg viesein
« Inyd[Ng moj, purrg uATyoo.rg ,,
‘AYO YOR MON “Yoruay 32 a][9}9eq

‘puvig 10 swIvU Opel} PUB JOINJOVJNUUT JO ssoIPpe paw oUTe NY

&I-9

‘roquinu
SPOUTS)

618
POL
€9L
GPS
£08

*“requinu
e[dureg

“WNAd Th

553

New York AaGricutTtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

*910Q
-9]]9Y ouINUES Suteq jo souvivoddy
oy} pey sofdures oy} [TV “qeyras
sem sofdures ][@ jo svouvivodde
[eoidooso10TM ayy, ‘afdures yoo jo
a8Bd UL pouTe}qo sv IO[Od pai-doap
OYSWIpIBIVYO OYJ, “UloLoqaT[oy 10F
AJoayeypyenb poyso} o10M so[dures [[V

Aueq(y
uoulaA “II
aisdooyysnog
Aueqry
atsdooxyonog

UMOJAIIV

mae} OI M

« P10Q9T[9H 5,
“KN ‘Aueqry ‘Wosqiy 3» 1Ox[B AA
«¢ S1OG2[PFT PelopMOg aN ,,
‘AUD YOK MON “OD UINqIOyL "IW “£
«¢ CLOGS PelepAog ,,
“YA “Hore “OO ® stveqd Are
puerq iss royouy ”
‘AYO YIOK MON “Og 3 9909907
«¢ SMOQITOH OTM 5,
“gory ‘ovpnpuog “oD sniq ueuLINy 2 Ioqnyy
pawtd ¢; GOVT 5,
‘AYID YIOK MON “OOD pivyourlg “y sous

“‘puviq 10 ouIeU
epel} PUB JAINJOVJNUBUL JO SSoIPpB PUG oUTe Ny

“‘AYOda TIGH

POL

“Iaquinu
ayBoytyla—

‘raquInu
ajdureg

REpPoRT ON INSPECTION WorK.

554

‘uOIl Jo ayeyd[ng
“qsAr0 ageyd
-Ins 1oddoo jo ‘40 red 7776 sureyu0D
‘aptxo soddoo
jo yo aod 69°g Sutureyuod ‘oyvuU0q
-1v0 toddoo jo WorNyos [vovruowury
‘oureyyydeu yy
S[l0 9]qvIOBOA PUL [BIOUTUL JO 9INYXIPT
“apIxo
otuasie Jo “40 Jed 7G'GT pue oprxo
snouesie jo 40 Jad Jo"7Z suleyUuoD
‘aprxo snoruesie Jo “yo sod
F9'% Surareyuoo ‘dvos user ysvyod y
“plow olfoqivo puv oluosie ‘o00eq04
‘aprxo wot ‘ayeydyns win1dyeo ‘ayeyd
-jns aeddoo ‘mydjns sory sureyu0g
‘ayeydyns wmn1o[v. ‘oyeydyns 10d
-doo ‘ooavqo4 ‘imydyns sary sureyu0D
‘oprxo reddoo
jo ‘yo aod 26°F Surureyuod ‘9}yeU0qG
-1vo Joddoo jo uorjnyos [eovrmowury
i) 0) <0)
snouesiv jo ‘yo Jed FG'GE surezUOD
‘paLofoo AT[BIoy yaw ‘oyruesie UINLOTBO
‘Oyo ‘spunodui0d
wnissejod ‘snioydsoyd ‘ummroyeo
‘aol ‘aprIxo pve] ‘oprxo oulz sureyu0D
“OPIxo
snotuesie 40 Jed F'Qe Burureyuoo
‘peropoo AT[eLoyrzAe ‘oyruesae VINTO[BO

SS Ee

Sueqry
Aaeqry

19}Soooy

Auvqy

YysinqMoN
Aueqy

Aueqry

UMOPAIIV J,

Aueqy

SUIpeyN

Aueqry

qrodyoorg

MOB} CIO MA

_, Setaddoy ,,

“KN ‘Aueqry ‘Wosqty) P Joye AM
wOHATA ONIE »,

“KN ‘Aaeqry ‘wosqty 3» 10xTe MA

(, OUSILT ,,
“KN ‘IME 1BpaQ ‘suog 2 1eyxvuTUOOTg
cc PPL99[BOS ,,

‘AUO MOK MON “OD WI “D “AL

« ding wopuoT ,,

“Zuq ‘uopuoT “op o[ding uopuoT s,AeMsuruleyy
« mM AITYL, ,,

“AON ‘TIPSY ‘puourueyy urureluog

a3 yOUS ang ”

“AN ‘UPS ‘paouuep ururefdeg
«ysnq oder ,,

“XN ‘TeTUsiy ‘puourureyzy ururefueg

,, uorynjos 1oddog ,,
“KN ‘WPS ‘puouureyy urureluog

ce UPBO WIAD »;
“XN ‘asnovsdg ‘uoTUy [elysnpuy SsiowIe yy

« Uo Ing ,,
“sseyy ‘oysuruo0e'T “OD [vormeyO YyWoyued

;, Useld UOSIOY ,,

ke ONT ‘asnovi hg “09 [Boluley,) UBULioUUe A

*‘puviq 10 sured
@pBI} PUB JOINJOVJNUBUL JO SsaIppe pus 9UIBN

SAHYOLXTIN ANV STVIVALVIN SQOANVTTHOSIN

rea
vl

G9
99

96
¥G

GG

eal

“roquinu
a7BoyLI

“roquind
e[dureg

INSPECTION OF FEEDING STUFFS.{

This bulletin gives the results of the analysest of samples of feeding
stuffs collected by the Commissioner of Agriculture during the fall and
winter of 1911-12 and by him transmitted for analysis to the Director
of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, in accordance with
the provisions of Article VII of the Agricultural Law. These analyses
are published by the Director of the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station in accordance with the provisions of section 164 of said Article.

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING STUFES.

8 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude Crude
g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. 7| fiber.
a
Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct.
CoTToNSEED MEALs:
1475| Alabama Cotton Oil Co., G* 41. 9. ie
Selma, Ala. South Byron | F* 37.75 | 6.58 8.21
“Prime Cotton Seed Meal ”
3990| The American Cotton Oil Co., G 41. 9. 10.50
Little Rock, Ark. Ithaca Brae 19) el a6 7.59

““ Choice Cottonseed Meal ”

4369| American Cotton Oil Co.,
Little Rock, Ark. Pawling
““ Choice Cottonseed Meal ”

hy QD
a
—
Ne}
_
a
or
Oo

4232| The American Cotton Oil Co.,
New York, N. Y. Monroe
““ Prime Cotton Seed Meal ”

hy
ivy)
se
lor)
—_
ie.)
—
—
or
Oo

4227| American Milling Co., G 41. 8. 10.
Chicago, Ill. Florida F 41.38} 8.92 Ae
“Amco Cottonseed Meal ”’
4300| The Bartlett Co., G 41. te 10.
Detroit, Mich. Rochester B 42.37 | 28.58 5.10

“ Bartlett's Farmer Brand Fancy
Choice Cotton Seed Meal ”

3242| H. E. Bridges & Co., Ge Ai 9. 9.
Memphis, Tenn. Watertown F 39.88 | 7.14 7.69
“ Cotton Seed Meal ”’

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

{ The analyses herewith published are made in charge of the Chemical Department of the
gene the immediate oversight of the work being assigned to E. L. Baker, Associate

hemist.

tA reprint of Bulletin No. 351, September, 1912.

[555]

556 Report on Inspection Work or THE
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued).
2 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
A
Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct.
CoTToNSEED Mmats:
4383] H. E. Bridges & Co., G* 41. 9. 9.
Memphis, Tenn. Unadilla W543 2200 |S 14. 5.34
“Cotton Seed Meal ”
4405| H. E. Bridges & Co., Grain 9. 9
Memphis, Tenn. Rochester F 41.94] 8.51 6.31
“Cotton Seed Meal ”
4266] F. W. Brode & Co., G 38.62 | 6. 10.
Memphis, Tenn. Deposit By AL 065 9 ane 6.74
“ Dove Brand Cotton Seed Meal ”
4028 F. W. Brode & Co., G w38562 5/62 10.
Memphis, Tenn. Malone F 39.69} 8.11 9.03
“ Dove Brand Cotton Seed Meal ”
3842] F. W. Brode & Co., G 41. 6. 10.
Memphis, Tenn. Medina F 40.94] 7.53 5.70
“Owl Brand High Grade Cotton Seed
Meal ”
3963| F. W. Brode & Co., Geral: 6. 10.
Memphis, Tenn. Greene PALS tos bron 8.50
“ Owl Brand High Grade Cotton Seed
Meal ”
4002| F. W. Brode & Co., G 41. 6. 10.
Memphis, Tenn. Fulton F 438.88] 8.70 7.78
“ Owl Brand High Grade Cotton Seed
Meal ”
3938] F. W. Brode & Co., G 41. 6. 10.
Memphis, Tenn. Alexander F 41.60 | 11.60 5.86
“Owl Brand Pure Cotton Seed Meal ”
4102) F. W. Brode & Co., G 412 6. 10.
Memphis, Tenn. Altamont F 41. 7.35 7.55
“ Owl Brand Pure Cotton Seed Meal ”’
3818] The Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Ge s.50"| 6.50" 203
Cincinnati, O. Brooklyn F 40.50 | 8.04 7.51
“ Buckeye Prime Cottonseed Meal ”
4093| The Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., G 39. 6.50 10.
Cincinnati, O. Moravia F 40. 6.86 7.24

“ Buckeye Prime Cottonseed Meal”

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found,

| Number.

4386

3989

4546

4292

4482

4099

4189

4224

3930

4370

4500

New York AcricutturaL Expertment STagTION. 557
Anatyses oF SampLes or Feepine Strurrs — (Continued).
Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. at. ber.
Per ct. Per ct. || Per ct:
CoTTonsEED MBALs:
The Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., G* 39. 6.50 | 10.
Cincinnati, O. Cherry Valley | F* 40.81 | 7.46 7.93
“ Buckeye Prime Cottonseed Meal ”
Chapin & Co., G 41. 8. 10.
Buffalo, N. Y. Cortland F 41.60] 7.38 7.49
“ Green Diamond Brand Choice Cotton
Seed Meal ”
Chapin & Co., G 41. 8. 10.
Hammond, Ind. Hurleyville F 42.94 | 10.56 4.89
“ Green Diamond Brand Choice Cotton
Seed Meal ”
8. P. Davis, G 41. rh 10.50
Little Rock, Ark. Berkshire F 41.06) 8.33 6.53
“Good Luck Brand Cottonseed Meal
Cracked Screened Cake ”
The Dewey Bros. Co., G 41. ie 10.
Blanchester, O. Auburn F 43.81 8.48 5.46
“ Queen Cotton Seed Meal ”’
Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Gios O20 nor i123,
Memphis, Tenn. Elmira FP 42.25°) 11.05 5.44
“ Dixie Brand Cotton Seed Meal ”
Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Ga rs8. 62 |n 6: 12:
Memphis, Tenn. Castile F 41.06 | 7.77 7.59
“ Dixie Brand Cotton Seed Meal ”
Humphreys, Godwin & Co., G 38.62] 6. 12,
Memphis, Tenn. Chester F 39.63 | 6.55 8.56
“ Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal ”
Imperial Cotto Milling Co., Creal ees Vel
Memphis, Tenn. Clarence Ee 4106s aerials 6.93
“Tmperial Cotto Brand Choice Cotton
Seed Meal ”
Keeton-Krueger Co., G 41. 6. 10.
Atlanta, Ga. Brewster F 44.19] 8.30 5.98
“‘ Peacock Brand Cotton Seed Meal ”’
Keeton-Krueger Co., G 41. 6. 10.
Atlanta, Ga. S. New Berlin| F 40.94 | 11.85 6.31
“Choice Peacock Brand Cotton Seed

Meal ”

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

558

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEpING Srurrs — (Continued).

| Number.

4483

4138

4171

4091

3983

4320

4541

4269

4373

3914

3972

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name.

CoTronsEED Mnrats:
Keeton-Krueger Co.,

Atlanta, Ga.
“Peacock Brand Cotton Seed Meal”’

Kemper Mill & Elevator Co.,
z Kansas City, Mo.
“ Choice Cottonseed Meal ”

Kemper Mill & Elevator Co.,
Kansas City, Mo.
“ Choice Cotton Seed Meal ”

Memphis Cottonseed Products Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
“‘ Selden Cottonseed Meal ”

W. C. Nothern,
Little Rock, Ark.
“ Bee Brand Cotton Seed Meal Cake”

W. C. Nothern,
Little Rock, Ark.
“ Bee Brand Cotton Seed Meal Cake ”’

J. E. Soper Co.,
Boston, Mass.
“‘ Pioneer Cotton Seed Meal ”

J. Lindsay Wells Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
“‘ Star Brand Prime Finely-Ground Cot-
ton Seed Meal ”

J. Lindsay Wells Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.
“ Star Brand Prime Finely-Ground Cot-
ton Seed Meal ”

Linseep MREALs:
American Linseed Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“Old Process Oil Meal ”

American Linseed Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“Old Process Oil Meal ”

Where taken.

Fayetteville

Cooperstown

Medina

Groton

Whitney’s Pt.

Angelica

Middleburgh

Oxford

Poughkeepsie

Batavia

Vestal

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found,

Crude
protein.

Per ct.

G* 41.
F* 41.88

41.
41.25

rey CD

41.
39.19

yO

41.
39.19

he} C2

41.
38 .37

rey QD

41.
43.05

hey C2

4].
40.19

hy

38.50
41.56

Leo ep}

38.50
40.50

hy

G 32.
F 38.57

32.
38.16

ty

Crude
fat.

Per ct.

6.
8.01

Crude
fiber.

Per ct.
10.
7.16

10.
5.15

10.
7.66

10.
7.04

10.50
7.82

10.50
5.76

New York AcricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 559
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued).
3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
Z
eet Per ct. Per ct. | Per he
Linsreep MEAts:
4016|} American Linseed Co.., Grtooe . ihe
New York, N. Y. Madrid F* 39.19 | 5.89 7.63
“Old Process Oil Meal ” Springs
4106| American Linseed Co., Gi t22 DE Ue
New York, N. Y. Central Bridge| F 38.70 | 5.13 6.78
“Old Process Oil Meal ”
4447| American Linseed Co., G 34. 5. 8.
New York, N. Y. Canandaigua |F 37.13 | 5.78 8.03
“Old Process Oil Meal ”
4425| Archer-Daniels Linseed Co., Ga tee 6. 10.
Minneapolis, Minn. Waverly BE Sveloul noo 6.96
“Ground Oil Cake ”’
4382| Chapin & Co., @ sah dD: 10.
Buffalo, N. Y. Richfield IPS Gtfests): > di 0) 6.41
“Pure Linseed Oil Meal ”’ Springs
3926| Hauenstein & Co., Gs 330) 5. 10.
Buffalo, N. Y. Akron F 36.60 | 6.72 6.87
“Qld Process Linseed Meal ”
4296; Hauenstein & Co., Go ys0) 5. 10.
Buffalo, N. Y. Geneva F 36.44 | 7.61 7.41
“Old Process Linseed Meal ”
4549| Hirst & Begley Linseed Co., G 34. 8. 9.
Chicago, Ill. Troy F 38.56 | 9.39 7.08
“ Linseed Meal ”
4014} Kelloggs & Miller, Giass 5. 7.5
Amsterdam, N. Y. Boonville ean ien ded 6.75
“Pure Old Process Oil Meal ”’
4124| The Guy G. Major Co., G 30. ie 10.
Toledo, O. Oneonta BF, 27.43) 5.64 8.65
“Old Process Oil Meal ”
4366| The Mann Bros. Co., G 34. 6. 10.
Buffalo, N. Y. Millerton eS aOo | usa 6.89
“Old Process Linseed Oil Meal ”
4279| The Mann Bros. Co., G 34. 6. 10.
Buffalo, N. Y. Hamilton IB eye O | W574! 7.29

“Pure Old Process Linseed Oil Meal ”

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found,

560 Report on Inspection Work oF THE
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING SrurFs — (Continued).
3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein, fat. fiber.
Z
aay Per ct. Per ct. \\ Perict,
LinsEeeD MEAts:
3988| The Metzger Seed and Oil Co., G* 30% 5 10.
Toledo, O. Cortland F* 33.56 | 6.34 8.21
“Old Process Oil Meal ”
4132| The Metzger Seed and Oil Co., x 30 on 10.
Toledo, O. Oneonta BZ 88eeoal3 7.64
“Old Process Oil Meal ”’
4179| The Metzger Seed & Oil Co., G30) 5. 10.
Toledo, O. Wilson F 27.88 | 6.58 8.63
“Old Process Oil Meal ’’}
4182} The Metzger Seed & Oil Co., Ga730: ty 10.
Toledo, O. Geneseo F 28.88 | 6.62 7.58
“ Old Process Oil Meal ”’
4185| The Metzger Seed & Oil Co., Gaur 5. 10.
Toledo, O. Dalton BZ (sole iicot 7.57
““ Old Process Oil Meal ”
4187| The Metzger Seed & Oil Co., G 302 iy 10.
Toledo, O. Portageville F 35. 6.10 7.62
“Old Process Oil Meal ”
4184| National Feed Co., x 34. re fh
St. Louis, Mo. Nunda F 3730 18264 6.61
“Pure Old Process Linseed Meal ”
4022) The Sherwin-Williams Co., G33: 6. 8.
Cleveland, O. Castorland F 39.31 6.52 7.36
“‘ Linseed Oil Meal ”
4308| The Sherwin-Williams Co., G 33. 6. 8.
Cleveland, O. Alfred Station | F 38.75 | 7.88 6.68
“ Oil Meal ”
Matt Sprouts:
3247| American Malting Co., G 25. .019| 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Mexico F 28.32 1.68 9.79
“ Malt Sprouts ”
8819} American Malting Co., G 25. 1905) ze
New York, N. Y. New York 25.88" 1.47) 14.40
“ Malt Sprouts ”
3949| American Malting Co., G 2. .019} 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Arcade F 27.47) 1.80] 11.94

““ Malt Sprouts ”

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
+ Contains flax screenings,

| Number,

4134

4151

4452

4234

4018

4450

3929

4161

4281

4225

4578

3979

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 561
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued).
Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct
Matt Sprouts:
American Malting Co., Gae25: 1.90 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Hartwick B25. 1 ta ON| egal?
“ Malt Sprouts ”
Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., G 25. 1.5 12.
Chicago, Ill. Arcade F 24.81 1.98 12.23
“ Malt Sprouts ’’
Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., (Ge Pin 1.5 12:
Chicago, II. Sauquoit BH 25.06|, 2.53: | 13.69
“ Malt Sprouts ”
P. Ballantine & Sons, G 925302.) 1869
Newark, N. J. Monroe F 25.63 1.47 eae
“ Malt Sprouts ”
M. F. Baringer, G25. 1.60 | 13.
Philadelphia, Pa. Lowville F 24. 1.83 | 11.46
“ Malt Sprouts ’’t
Bartholomay Brewery Co., Gah: 2.26 18.91
Rochester, N. Y. Rochester F 24.94 2.15 | 12.26
“ Malt Sprouts ”’
H. V. Burns, G23 e020 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Clarence F 23.66 1.65 13.04
“* Malt Sprouts ”
Chapin & Co., (GOR 2, 13%
Hammond, Ind. Alden F 24.94 1.54 11.14
“* Marvel Malt Sprouts ”’
Chapin & Co., G, 422. 2. 13.
Hammond, Ind. Valley Mills |F 28.62 | 1.96 12.81
“ Marvel Malt Sprouts ”
Donahue-Stratton Co., Gae2o: 1.50 14.
Milwaukee, Wis. Chester F 26.56 | 1.76} 10.88
“ Hiquality Malt Sprouts ”
Donahue-Stratton Co., G25: 1.50 14,
Milwaukee, Wis. Alexander baa” ers Y fa ee ae 33 14.19
“ Hiquality Malt Sprouts ”
Francis Duhne, Jr., G 25. 2. MTS
Milwaukee, Wis. Waverly F 26.78 1.55 11.65

““ Malt Sprouts ”

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
+ Contains a few weed seeds. ;
t Contains a considerable amount of weed seeds and grit.

562 Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING SturFs — (Continued).

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name.

Where taken.

Crude

protein,

4577

4298

4137

4424

4305

4575

4247

4255

4597

3942

Maur Sprouts:
Francis Duhne, Jr.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
“ Malt Sprouts ”

The Fleischman Malting Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts ”

Geneva Malting Co.,
Geneva, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts ’’t

F. W, Goeke & Co.,
St. Louis, Mo.
“ Malt Sprouts

F. W. Goeke & Co.,
St. Louis, Mo.
“ Malt Sprouts ’’t

John Kam Malting Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“Malt Sprouts ”

Kreiner & Lehr
Buffalo, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts ”’f

Lembeck & Betz Eagle Brewing Co.,
Watkins, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts ”’ fT

Lembeck & Betz Eagle Brewing Co.,
Watkins, N. Y.
“* Malt Sprouts ’’f

C. C. Lewis,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts ’’§

C. H. McLaughlin,
Suspension Bridge, N. Y.
“* Malt Sprouts ”

4274| C. H. McLaughlin,

uffalo, N. Y
“ Malt Sprouts ”f

Holland Patent

Buffalo

Geneva

Cooperstown

Waverly

South Wales

Buffalo

Johnsons

Watkins

North Collins

Attica

New Berlin

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

+ Contains weed seeds.

t Contains a few weed seeds.

§ Contains weed seeds and coal dust.

G* 25.
F* 30.69

G
F

G
Fr

ty C2 ot) hy C2 hy hy C2 he hy hry C2

iy

24.
26.13

26.50
25.69

23.
23.81

23.
27 .56

25.
28.38

22.
26.38

28 .08
30.75

28 .08
31.81

25.
27.19

26.50
22.44

26.50
26.75

2.
1.99

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 563

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued).

3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
Zi
ett [teers (Oren
Matt Sprouts:
4277| Geo. J. Meyer Malting Co., G* 20.82 | 1.4 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. New Berlin BE Slot | 2.02 9.79
“ Malt Sprouts ”’T
4576| Geo. J. Meyer Malting Co., G 20.82 1.4 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo F 31.31 2.12 | 12.72
“ Malt Sprouts ”’f
4526| Milwaukee Malting Co., G25. 1.50 Lie
Milwaukee, Wis. Port Chester | F 25.56 | 1.60] 11.88
“Malt Sprouts ”
4477| Hiram M. Mirick G —]}-—
Lyons, N. Y. Lyons F 28.44] 2.15 | 12
“ Malt Sprouts ”’
4584| Henry C. Moffat, G 25. 1EGO"|" 12%
Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo F 33.94 2.01 9.50
“ Malt Sprouts ”
4456| Neidlinger & Co., G 26.25 .70 9.75
Oswego, N. Y. Oswego F 27.81 1.60 | 12.05
“Malt Sprouts ”
3839] Perot Malting Co., G 23. 200) I) LSe
Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo F 24.88) 1.76 | 12:07
“ Malt Sprouts ”
4245) Perot Malting Co., (Gp ie 1.10 16
Buffalo, N. Y. Middletown |F 29.81 1239) 11
“ Malt Sprouts ”
3218| M. G. Rankin & Co., G 25. ees ah al7/
Milwaukee, Wis. Potsdam F 30.20 2.26 10.31
“ Jersey Malt Sprouts ”
3246| M. G. Rankin & Co., G, 25). Je SOR lela
Milwaukee, Wis. New Haven F 26.97 1.51 10
“ Jersey Malt Sprouts ”
4379| M. G. Rankin & Co., G 25. 1 On Le
Milwaukee, Wis. Edmeston F 26.81 1.71 11
“ Jersey Malt Sprouts ’’t
4498} M. G. Rankin & Co., Cn PA 1.50 1b he
Milwaukee, Wis. New Berlin F 27.75 1.53 11.

“ Malt Sprouts ”’ J

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
+ Contains weed seeds.

564

4217

4242

4273

3937

4562

3219

3986

4130

4454

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES oF FEEDING SturFrs — (Continued).

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name.

Matt Sprouts:
Wm. Taylor,
Lyons, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts ’’f

Thompson & Mould,
Goshen, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts ”

Thompson & Mould,
Goshen, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts ”

Thompson & Mould,
Goshen, N. Y.
“ Malt Spreuts ”

Forrest Utley Co.,
Dixon, II.
““ Malt Sprouts ”

The C. Zwickel Malting Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“ Malt Sprouts

Drizep DistTILLERS’ GRAINS:
A. E. Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Distillers’ Rye Grains ”

Ajax Milling & Feed Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Ajax Flakes ”

Ajax Milling & Feed Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“« Ajax Flakes ”

Ajax Milling & Feed Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Ajax Flakes ”

Ajax Milling & Feed Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Ajax Flakes ”

Atlantic Export Co. of Wis.,
Chicago, Ill.
“ Atlantic Grains ”

Where taken.

Lyons

Goshen

Middletown

New Berlin

Alexander

Buffalo

Le Roy

Potsdam

S. Alabama

Cortland

Oneonta

Sauquoit

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
+ Contains weed seeds.

|

Crude

protein.

Per ct.

G* 26.
F* 23.50

G

ty 2 ic hep

hej CD

bj CD ky ke] coh eP)

hy C2

20.
26.94

25.
25.69

25.
26.63

24.
24.28

25.
30.33

20.81

30.
32.04

30.
31.59

30.
32.32

30.
30.13

30.
29.94

11.06

11.09

8.31

10.31

9.89

New York AcricvutturaL Exprrtment Srartion. 565
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES oF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued).
8 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
E jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
a
Per ct Per ct. | Per ct.
Driep Distitiers’ GRAINS:
4459| M. F. Baringer, Gersly 12. 13:
Philadelphia, Pa. Deansboro F* 32.06 | 13.18 7.83
“Pure Distillers’ Dried Grains ”
4264| The J. W. Biles Co., G 16. De 16.
Cincinnati, O. Deposit Ha se44n 8.49 11.44
“ Distillers’ Dried Rye Grains ”
4598| The J. W. Biles Co., Ganil6y Bi 16.
Cincinnati, O. Steamburg F 16:69) 8.57} 12.14
“ Distillers’ Dried Rye Grains ”’
3978] The J. W. Biles Co., Gini. 12) 1B
Cincinnati, O. Waverly F 31.25 | 12.60 11.50
“ Fourex Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’
4001} The J. W. Biles Co., Gitdhk De 1135.
Cincinnati, O. Fulton F 29.54.) 13.63 6.79
“XXXX Fourex Grains ”’
4116| The J. W. Biles Co., Gime. 12s 13h
Cincinnati, O. Worcester F 32.56 | 14.80 10.46
“ Fourex Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’
4177| The J. W. Biles Co., Gil: 12: ian
Cincinnati, O. Le Roy F 29.31 | 12.78 8.52
“ Fourex Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’
4415| B. J. Burns Co., G 30. 10. 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Syracuse F 32.63 | 11.17 9.25
“ Overall Distillers’ Dried Grains ”
4038} Chapin & Co., Geo 8. 16.
Buffalo, N. Y. Waterville F 29. 11.05 9.73
“A AA Distillers’ Grains ”
4168| Chapin & Co., GE SE 8. 16.
Buffalo, N. Y. Darien EF 31.63.) 9.15 9.88
“A A A Distillers’ Grains ”
4267| Chapin & Co., G 27. 8. 16.
Buffalo, N. Y. Oxford F 29.69 | 11.57 10.16
** 3-A Distillers’ Grains ”’
4065} The Clifton Springs Distilling Co., G 228: 8. 29.
Cincinnati, O. Norwich F 33.06 | 14.10 11.28

“Tmperial Corn Distillers’ Grains ”

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

566 Report on Inspection Work oF THE
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING StuFFs — (Continued).
8 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude
g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat.
a
aes Per ct. Per ct.
Driep Distitiers’ GRaAtIns:
4147| The Clifton Springs Distilling Co., G* 28. 8.
Cincinnati, O. Oneonta Heconioulel2an9
“ Tmperial Corn Distillers’ Grains ”’
4291| The Clifton Springs Distilling Co., G 28. f
Cincinnati, Q. Nichols F 34.25 | 13.74
“Imperial Corn Distillers’ Grains ”’
4294| Columbia Distilling Co., G25, 8.
Waterloo, N. Y. Waterloo F 34.94 | 13.30
“ Distillers’ Dried Grains.”
4012) Continental Cereal Co., Carole 13.5
Peoria, Ill. Holland Pat’nt)| F 32. 14.06
“ Continental Gluten Feed ’’t
4064| Continental Cereal Co., Gor'sly 13%5
Peoria, Il. Norwich F 32. 13.46
“ Continental Gluten Feed ”’f
4162} Continental Cereal Co., Gr ale 13.5
Peoria, Ill. Alden F 32.50 | 18.47
“* Continental Gluten Feed ’’f
4239| Continental Cereal Co., Graig 13.5
Peoria, Ill. Wisner F 31.94 | 18.78
“ Continental Gluten Feed ”’¢
3228] The Dewey Bros. Co., G 26: 9.
Blanchester, O. Antwerp F 28.88 | 11.84
“Corn 3 D Grains ”
3955| The Dewey Bros. Co., G 26. 9.
Blanchester, O. Binghamton |F 27.34 | 10.36
“Corn 3 D Grains ”
4122} The Dewey Bros. Co., G 30. 10.
Blanchester, O. Oneonta F 32.57 | 10.13
“ Eagle 3 D Grains”
3236| The Dewey Bros. Co., G 30. 10.
Blanchester, O. Adams F 33.59 | 138.01
“ Eagle 3 D Grains ”’
3936| The Dewey Bros. Co., G 30. 10.
Blanchester, O. Alexander F 31.53 | 138.59

“ Hagle 3 D Grains ”’

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
+ Dried distillers’ grains.

Crude
fiber.

Per ct.

29.
14.44

9.99

4341

4098

4334

4384

4491

4469

4557

4265

3227

4075

4169

3943

New York Acricurrurat Experiment Station. 567
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES oF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued).
Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
Per ct. Per ct. Per ct.
Driep DistiLtiEers’ GRAINS:
The Dewey Bros. Co., G* 30. 10. 13.
Blanchester, O. Springville F* 30.19 | 12.94] 11.89
“ Eagle 3 D Grains ”’
The Dewey Bros. Co., G20) 5. 115y
Blanchester, O. Harpursville |F 18.63 | 5.71 | 12.04
“ Buckeye Gluten Feed ” ¢
The Dewey Bros. Co., G 20. 5. 15.
Blanchester, O. Franklinville | F 21.37 | 4.62 | 10.07
“ Buckeye Gluten Feed ’’f
The Dewey Bros. Co., Gals: 4. 15.
Blanchester, O. Unadilla F 20.94 | 5.16 | 10°27
“ Queen 3 D Grains ”’ +
The Dewey Bros. Co., G 18. 4, 15.
Blanchester, O. Binghamton |F 21.68 | 5.46} 10.05
“ Queen 3 D Grains”’ f
Dock & Coal Co., G 22.80 | 9.80; 14.
Plattsburgh, N. Y. Plattsburgh F 30.44 | 10.41 10.29
“ Buttercup Feed ”
Donahue-Stratton Co., Gans0: 10. 14.
Milwaukee, Wis. Bergen F 33.63 | 12.50 | 13.69
“ Hiquality Spirits Distillers’ Grains ”’
F. W. Goeke & Co., Geld. 4.74 | ——
St. Louis, Mo. Deposit F 18.75} 6.04 9.67
“‘ Eddington Feed ”
The Hottelet Co., G 320. 10. 14.
Milwaukee, Wis. Philadelphia | F 28.35 | 11.49 9.16
“ Hector Distillers’ Dried Grains ”
The Hottelet Co., G 30. 10. 14.
Milwaukee, Wis. Canastota F 28.81 | 11.20 8.70
“ Hector Distillers’ Dried Grains ”
The Hottelet Co., G 30. 10. 14.
Milwaukee, Wis. Darien F 30.44 | 11.50 8.70
“ Hector Distillers’ Dried Grains ”
The Hottelet Co., : G23. 6. 14.
Milwaukee, Wis. Johnsonburg | F 25.38; 8.16 | 11.43

“ National Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
+ Reve distillers’ grains.

568 Report on Inspection Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued).

3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
g jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
Z
ME SERN PE a Se a a pe oe
Driep Distitters’ GRAINS:
4072| The Hottelet Co., Gru2se 6. 14.
Milwaukee, Wis., Oneida B* 26.4411 8:65)) ae7s
“ Nationai Distillers’ Dried Grains ”
4380| The Hottelet Co., G 16. 8. 14.
Milwaukee, Wis. Edmeston F 14.63 | 6.66 | 14.47

“Pure Rye Grains ”

4381] The Hottelet Co.,
Milwaukee, Wis. Edmeston
“ Pure Rye Grains ”’

3216] Husted Milling Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y Potsdam
“ Husted Distillers’ Grains.’

4142| Husted Milling Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y. N. Franklin
“ Husted Distillers’ Grains ”

3946] Meadville Penn. Distilling Co., Inc.,
Meadville, Pa. Johnsonburg
“‘ Distillers’ Dried Grains ”’f

4081} Merchants Distilling Co.,
Terre Haute, Ind. Preble
“Merchants High Grade Dairy Feed ”

br ty Eo hep) yO
(Je) [J)

eo NS 85 No
oo
J]
i
ne
— — _ —
co _ _ ee
bo
bo

yO
jet)
Fu Se
—
—_
="
_

4600] Merchants Distilling Co.,
Terre Haute, Ind. Randolph
“Merchants High Grade Dairy Feed ”’

ry
(Je)
ee
——
_—
—
re

3221] J. D. Page & Co., Inc.,
Syracuse, N. Y. Heuvelton
“Empire State Dairy Feed ”

3939| Jay D. Page & Co., Inc.,
Syracuse, N. Y. Alexander
“ Empire State Dairy Feed ”

4104| Jay D. Page & Son,
Syracuse, N. Y. Altamont
““ Mohawk Dairy Feed ”

ky hy CD
w (Se)
wo ae
(Je)

=" _
iw) iw)

yO
NS
to
ror)

4202| Jay D. Page & Co., Inc.,
Syracuse, N. Y. Granville
“Empire State Dairy Feed ”

yO
eX)
oO
©
—
bo

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
7 Rye distillers’ grains,

| Number.

4426

4319

3848

4448

4554

4086

4110

4139

4020

4410

3977

4209

New York AGricutturaL ExperRIMENT STATION. 569
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEpDING Sturrs — (Continued).
Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
Per ct Persct:\\) ten ct:
Driep DistTiLLeRS’ GRAINS:
J. D. Page & Son, Gaao0n 12. 12%
Syracuse, N. Y. Candor F* 31.81 | 11.82 9.23
“ Pure Empire State Dairy Feed ”
Purdy Brothers, G 30. 9. 12.
Jamestown, N. Y. Friendship F 31-63 | 13.74 ial ells
“Empire Flakes Pure Distillers’ Grains”
Traders and Producers Supply Co., G 28. 8. 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Jamestown F 27.81 | 11.79 USP
“ Seneca Distillers’ Grains ”’
Traders & Producers Supply Co., G 30. 10. 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Spencerport |F 31.25 | 12.61 | 11.06
“ Chippewa Distillers’ Grains ”
Traders & Producers Supply Co., Ge0r 10. 14.
Buffalo, N. Y. Batavia EF 31.63") 14.73 | 11-39
“ Chippewa Distillers’ Grains ”
United American Co., G 28. 9. 13.
Louisville, Ky. Afton F 27.56 | 10.78 5.03
“ U-A Corn Distillers’ Aerated Grain ”
United American Co., G 28. 9. Se
Louisville, Ky. Cobleskill F 28.16 | 9.92 9.62
“U-A Corn Distillers’ Aerated Grain ”
Driep BREWERS’ GRAINS:
Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass’n, Gan 6. l/s
St. Louis, Mo. Cooperstown |F 25.25 | 7.32 | 13.46
“ Dried Brewers’ Grains ”
Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass’n, G 22. 6. fe
St. Louis, Mo. Utica Be e25288) | lOn|| el3seas
“Steam Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’
Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass’n, G 22. 6. 16.
St. Louis, Mo. Chenango F 26. 5.41 14.28
“Steam Dried Brewers’ Grains ” Bridge
Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., GAT. The 13!
Chicago, III. Waverly B33e25 | 6837 | Si2e14
“Dried Brewers’ Grains ”
Atlantic Export Co. of Wis., Ch Pe We 13.
Chicago, IIl. Glens Falls 34 Shak de0Oul atl.

“Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

570 Report on Inspection Work OF TIE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued).

| Number.

4021

4090

4241

4475

4368

3958

4236

4453

4135

3248

3969

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name,

Driep BREWERS’ GRAINS:
M. F. Baringer,
Philadelphia, Pa.
“Dried Brewers’ Grains ”

M. F. Baringer,
Philadelphia, Pa.
“Dried Brewers’ Grains ”

Bartholomay Brewery Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.
“Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’

Bartholomay Brewery Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.
“ Dried Brewers’ Grains ”

Farmers Feed Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“‘ Bull-Brand Dried Brewers’ Grains ”

Francis Duhne, Jr.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
“ Tomahawk Brand Pure Dried Brew-
ers’ Grains ”’

Francis Duhne, Jr.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
“ Tomahawk Brand Pure Dried Brew-
ers’ Grains ”’

Francis Duhne, Jr.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
“ Tomahawk Brand Pure Dried Brew-
ers’ Grains ”’

F. W. Goeke & Co.,
St. Louis, Mo.
‘‘ Brewers’ Dried Grains ”’

Hoffman & Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.
‘“‘ Brewers’ Dry Grains ”

Hoffman & Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.
“ Brewers’ Dry Grains ”’

Where taken.

Utica

Groton

Middletown

Rochester

Pawling

Binghamton

Chester

Sauquoit

Cooperstown

Phoenix

Sanitaria

Springs

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

Crude

protein.

Per ct.
G* 25:
F* 32.94

25.
31.81

hy OQ

20.03
21.13

Lop)

20.60
18.88

hy

27.20
29.25

hy O

26.
29.63

Leo hep)

26.
24.31

yO

26.
30.63

hy

G 24.
F 36.25

23.
26.59

yO

23.
27.53

{©

Per ct.

6.
f Al

Per ct.

15.
11.94

15.
11.07

21.03
16.81

22.45
18.74

17.20
12.23

14.
10.57

14.
12.02

14.
12.26

13.
8.62

15.
11.24

15.
12.48

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 571

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING SturFs — (Continued).

| Number. |

4223

4427

4527

4288

4218

4457

4286

4353

3922

3985

4103

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name.

Driep BREWERS’ GRAINS:
The Hottelet Co.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
“ Holstein Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’

Leisy Brewing Co.,
Peoria, Ill.
“ Pure Dried Brewers’ Grains ”’

Milwaukee Grains & Feed Co.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
‘“‘ Crown Brewers’ Dried Grains ”’

The Pennsylvania Central Brewing Co.,
Scranton, Pa.
“Dried Brewers’ Grain ”’

Rosekrans-Snyder Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
‘“‘ Pilsner Brewers’ Dried Grains ”’

Rosekrans-Snyder Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
“ Pilsner Brewers’ Dried Grains ”’

Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
“‘ Schlitz Purity Dried Grains ”’

Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
“ Schlitz Purity Dried Grains ”’

GLUTEN FEEDs:
American Maize Products Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“Cream of Corn Gluten Feed ’’f

American Maize-Products Co.,
Roby, Ind.
“Cream of Corn Gluten Feed ’’{

American Maize-Products Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“Cream of Corn Gluten Feed ’’§

Where taken.

Chester

Binghamton

Port Chester

Conklin

Goshen

Clinton

Binghamton

Pine Bush

South
Alabama

Cortland

Altamont

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
+ Manufacturers’ guarantee: ‘‘ Artificially colored with No. 85 Orange I, No. 4

Found,

Artificially colored.

t¢ Guaranteed artificially colored.

& Guaranteed artificially colored with No. 85 Orange I, No. 4 Napthol Yellow. S.

Crude
protein.

iPerict.
Gen25.
F* 28.81

Giniets
F

yO
bo
oO

23.71
23 .94

yO

25.
32.81

yO

25.
31.75

iO

26.
27 .43

hy C2

26.
31.69

iO

23.
25.63

eo ep)

23.
26.75

Le ep)

23.
26.56

HY

Crude | Crude
fat. fiber.
Per et. | Per ct.
5: 17.
7.56 12.03
6.19 13.89
i5) 15.
6.48 i222
7.14 15.85
6.94 14.07
5 18.
6.87 12.39
5 18.
5.77 11.81
6 14.
6.74 13.03
6 14.
5.93 12.44
2.50 8.50
Silly 5.61
2.50 8.50
3.36 5.59
2.50 8.50
3.85 6.68

Napthol Yellow S.

=
bo

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEDING StTuFFs — (Continued).

Rerorr on Inspection Work OF THE

| Number,

4007

4149

3234

3921

3961

4289

4105

4174

4079

4119

4354

4423

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name.

GuuTEN FEEpDs:
Clinton Sugar Refining Co.,
Clinton, Ia.
“Clinton Gluten Feed ”’

Clinton Sugar Refining Co.,
Clinton, Ia.
“Clinton Gluten Feed ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Buffalo Gluten Feed ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Buffalo Gluten Feed ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Buffalo Gluten Feed”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Buffalo Gluten Feed ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Buffalo Gluten Feed ” +

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“‘ Crescent Gluten Feed ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“Crescent Gluten Feed ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“Globe Gluten Feed ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“Diamond Gluten Feed ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“ Diamond Gluten Feed” $

Where taken.

Rome

Oneonta

Adams

Corfu

Greene

Nichols

Central Bridge

Lockport

Tully

Worcester

Ellenville

Norwich

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.
+ Guaranteed and found artificially colored.
} Contains corn cob.

Crude
protein.

hy hy hy hy C2 eo) hy
& ns & & & %

ry QD
bo
os

yO
bo
oo

23.
28.31

L- Kep)

Crude
fat.

Per ct.

3.
3.85

Crude
fiber.

Per ct.

7.50
6.49

New York AGricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Srurrs — (Continued).

4073

3235

3919

4068

4114

4183

4235

3920

4216

4222

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name.

GuLuTEN FEEDS:
Douglas & Co.,
Cedar Rapids, Ia.
“Cedar Rapids Gluten Feed ”’

Douglas & Co.,
Cedar Rapids, Ia.
“ Cedar Rapids Gluten Feed ”

J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co.,
Keokuk, Ia.
“K K K Gluten Feed ”

J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co.,
Keokuk, Ia.
“K K K Gluten Feed ”

J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co.,
Keokuk, Ia.
“Kk K K Gluten Feed ”

J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co.,
Keokuk, Ia.
“K K K Gluten Feed ”

J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co.,
Keokuk, Ia.
“Kk K K Gluten Feed ’’{

Huron Milling Co.,
Harbor Beach, Mich.
“ Jenks’ Gluten Feed ’’t

Piel Bros. Starch Co.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
“P Bro. Gluten Feed ” §

Piel Bros. Starch Co.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
“P Bro. Gluten Feed ’’§

Union Starch & Refining Co.,
Edinburg, Ind.
“Union Gluten Feed ”

Where taken.

Corfu

Oneida

Adams

Corfu

Norwich

East

Worcester

Geneseo

Monroe

Corfu

Montgomery

Warwick

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

+ Guaranteed artificially colored with aniline.
¢ Guaranteed artificially colored with No. 4 Napthol Yellow S., No.

§ Guaranteed occasionally colored with orange No. 122.

Crude
protein.
Per ct
G* 20.
Bee
Gre22:
JOP A683
G 23.50
F 23-10
G 23.50
F 24.22
Gre2a5a0
F 24.56
G23 250
F 24.63
G23.
F 24.56
Gi 2st.
F 23.94
Gay.
P2307
Gy PAL
Be 23037
G 24.
F 25.88
85 Orange.

Crude
fat.

Hq CO
ide)
bo

H bo

Crude
fiber.

6.16

574

4003

3962

4213

4221

3239

4109

4290

3982

3993

4070

4233

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued).

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name.

GuutTeN MEats:
Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York
“ Diamond Gluten Meal ”

Corn Products Refining Co.,
New York, N. Y.
“Diamond Gluten Meal ”’

Hominy FEeps:
American Hominy Co.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
“ Homco Feed ”

American Hominy Co.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
““ Maizeline Feed ”

American Hominy Co.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
“ Homco Feed ”

M. F. Baringer
Philadelphia, Pa.
“ Hominy Feed ”

Buffalo Cereal Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“ Bufceco Hominy Feed ”

Buffalo Cereal Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“ Bufceco Hominy Feed ”

East Waverly Milling Co.,
Waverly, N. Y.
“ Hominy Feed ”

Elevator Milling Co.,
Springfield, Ill.

“ Tdeal Hominy Feed Kiln Dried ”

Empire Grain & Elevator Co.,

Binghamton, N. Y.
“ Pearl Hominy ”

Empire Grain & Elevator Co.,

Binghamton, N. Y.
“Pearl Hominy ”

Where taken.

Salamanca

Fulton

Greene

New Paltz

Goshen

Watertown

Cobleskill

Nichols

Waverly

Ithaca

Norwich

Monroe

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

Crude Crude | Crude

protein. fat. fiber.

Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct.
G* 40. 1.5 4.
F* 46.75 1.62 79
G 40. 1.50 4.
F 39.38} 3.04 1.36
Go», 900 Mme a
F 10.69 7.24 4.79

7 4. 13

Go eae ae 7

F 11 50)) 99) 4.50

Gotes: 6. 10.

F 10.82] 9.58 4.66
10 he 4

F 10.72 | 8.47 3.40

GOE i. 4

#10 700) 1263 3.63

G 11.55 | 7.68 4.11

Lt es 7.09 3.45

Gy 02 | - 7.70

Hott 10 93 4.15

(Oe 7 6.

a 7.79 3.45

G 10. hee 6

F 10.88 | 4.99 2.28

| Number.

3828

3917

3987

4268

4323

4145

4571

4201

4238

3931

3953

4107

New Yorx AGricutturaL Experiment Station. iG
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEpine Sturrs — (Continued).
|
Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. fiber.
Per ct Bench. |) lerict:
Hominy FreEps:
Evans Milling Co., Ge Oe 7.50 i
Indianapolis, Ind. Randolph TEI (O)atea See eal 3.41
“Evans Hominy Feed ”
Evans Milling Co., G. 10. 7.50 Uke
Indianapolis, Ind. Corfu F 10.78 | 9. 4.33
“Evans Hominy Feed ”
Evans Milling Co., Gayo 7.50 ibe
Indianapolis, Ind. Cortland By 105630 ono 4.34
“Evans Hominy Feed ”
Charles Herendeen Milling Co., G 10.15 | 6.40 3.55
Chicago, Ill. Oxford F 10.88] 8.14 3.84
“‘ Herendeen’s Hominy Feed ”’
Hunter-Robinson-Wenz Milling Co., Ga O28 pees
St. Louis, Mo. Cuba LAr ails yelmi(Gasts: 3.99
“Capital Pure Kiln Dried Hominy
Feed ”
Husted Milling Co., Garo: 6. 8.
Buffalo, N. Y. North B19 948 12 3.56
“Yellow Hominy Feed ” Franklin
Husted Milling Co., Gr aiOx 6. 8.
Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo F 10.44 | 7.28 3.39
“Yellow Hominy Feed ”
Chas. A. Krause Milling Co., Cr Oe ie 4.5
Milwaukee, Wis. Salem F 12.44] 7.43 2.99
“ Badger Hominy Feed ”’
Miner-Hillard Milling Co., G 10. 7.50| 5.
Wilkes Barre, Pa. Sugar Loaf Be OGM PORT 4.27
“Choice Steam Cooked Hominy Feed ”’
A. Nowak & Son, Ge aS (3). 8.
Buffalo, N. Y. Clarence EF 10.57) 8:29 4.30
“ Buffalo Hominy Feed ”’
The Patent Cereals Co., G10; ae 5.
Geneva, N. Y. Binghamton |F 10.50 | 7.06 3.88
“ Hominy Feed ”’
The Patent Cereals Co., Ge 10: a 5.
Geneva, N. Y. Central Bridge| F 11.31 | 7.87 3.15

“ Hominy Feed ”

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

576 Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING StuFFrs — (Continued).

I

3 Name and address of manufacturer or
= jobber and brand or trade name.
Za

| ee |

Hominy Freps:
4282| The Patent Cereals Co.,
Geneva, N. Y.
“ Hominy Feed ”

4371} Wm. H. Payne & Son,
New York, N. Y.
* Hominy Chop ”

4365| Suffern, Hunt & Co.,
Decatur, Il.
“ Acme Hominy Feed ”

4219| Thompson & Mould,
Goshen, N. Y.
“ Matchless Corn Bran ’’f

4229| Thompson & Mould,
Goshen, N. Y.
“‘ Special Hominy Meal ”’

3981] U.S. Frumentum Co.,
Detroit, Mich.
“ Frumentum Hominy Feed ”

Where taken.

Valley Mills

Brewster

Chatham

Goshen

Monroe

Waverly

Crude

protein.

yO hy CD

i= ep)

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

+ Hominy feed.

New York AaricunrruraL Exprrment Srarron.

“q[88 ‘qeoya |
jo sopmied rejnuvis jews ‘Aopreq

qYysT ‘W109 ABey ‘syvo YS] ‘syvo ‘WO | 19 F 96 F IE'OL A
“q[es ‘Teour yeoym ‘Aopareq ‘s7v0 ‘uIOD TOTS a: Se al i) ee
“q[Bs “yvoyM |
jo sopyied avjnueis ‘Peus ‘Aopreq | |
Ws ‘szV0 YS ‘syeo ‘U10D Iey ‘UIOD | 16'E E28 168 A
‘yue0 rod ou0 jo Jey | |
-900 4[¥s ‘Teour yeoyM ‘AoTIVq ‘s}BO ‘WIOD “COVE || Oe | ‘OL DO
‘Pegiies SV | cg 2 eo 9 | G2 8c
‘9188 ‘SSurppprur yeoyar |
‘aBiq Boy ‘[eour poosuo0}j}00 ‘feour
fo ‘Aurwmoy ‘surerd Sia[[44stp ‘woynyH | Of '8 9 ‘ DO
‘punois Apjaed spoos poam ‘syTnY | |
yeo ‘syvo 4YST] ‘sy80 ‘Teyo wrod ‘wWoD | seg | 98's | I8 Ol A
‘s][nY jvo puw |
3380 ‘qod pue uiod puv uiod ‘AoE oo. He a Cee)
Pegtaoo sy 1) 80:2 | c2 § o¢s a
‘sy[nY 4vo pue Aurwoy ‘u10D 6 "<a Deed)
‘s][nY 480 ‘pass Aururoy ‘u10D | GZ'9 | 68°F T€6 «i |
‘sy[nY 4vo puv Auruo0y ‘u10D 6 ac rei)
Yo Lad “P) L9q | ‘po 49d
‘Sy USIpoisUy | ‘1eqyg “4By “ul9}OIG
| epniy epniy epi)
|

‘punoy puv poojusreny ‘Ajaatjoadsad ‘ay BOIpPUr 199990] ASOT T, x

e}U090()

wepio}sumy

uwolyy

Boleules

Auveq(y

Lea:i}(@)

| “Hey, alo A,

cc PIA Y0FG SSO1D OFITL A ,,
TIL ‘oBvoryD
“oc uosuTyor, Woq[y ey

« PAT YOY SsoH 9}IT AA ,,
‘TIL ‘osBoryD
“OO wosUEpIg }oqry oy],

« UOHBY AIBC S,1oMog ,,
‘AN ‘uoiyy
“OO sonpolg wo1lyy

rl ast A ACTS Me
ACN ‘Borer
‘SOMIPV “LY £

« P2T SUDY ,,
‘KN ‘uvoIO
“oo SUT, owoy

“ce p21 oul yy ”
‘AN ‘uvaO
“oO SUT ewoy

‘Satay AIGANAOdNO))

‘QUIBU OpBsy 10 puBiq pus soqqol

IO JoINJOVJNUBUL JO SSoIppe puv OWIBN

OFIP

Lb0P

SC6E

O@8E

68EP

ISP

*(panuyuog) —Sd4ALyg SNIGIaT

410 SATdNVS JO SASATVNY

Report on Inspection Work or THE

578

‘(Boul peosuT] ‘UI0d

‘SUIBIS SIOMOIq ‘URIq ywoyM “YvoyA | 26°9 Te'2
‘os[9 SUIYJOU PUB [BOUT PoosuI] sseo
-o1d pjo ‘sulvis polip siemoiq ‘uBIq
yvoym ‘Jeour AuruOYy ‘ssul;pprur yeoy AA 6 9
‘payie0 sy | OFS | 682
‘aslo SUIYJOU puB ‘4/BS B[qQey
euy jo yue0 sad [[vus wv ‘synods 4yvur
Agyieq ‘feour Aurmoy ‘uviq yvoyM
I9}ULM ‘SSUI[PpIUl YvoyM o7IYM ‘TBour
peesul] ssoooid pjo ‘[vaur paesuo0}j0o
ao10yo ‘SUIBIS PoLIP ,SIO][Y4SIp xoino 7 6 oy)
‘978s “syTNY
yeo ‘ssulpprur yeo ‘eyo ulod ‘u10Dg | OS F | OTS
‘s[[NY 380 pue
S}ioys ‘ssul[pprur 4¥vO ‘UID WOIJ ape] 6 “f)
‘98S ‘sT[NY yo ‘ssuypprur yo ‘UI0D | 9% 2 | 69°F
‘S]NY 780 pus
S}1OYs }8o ‘ssUI[pprut 4vo ‘uI0D punory | [9'G | OLS
‘ssulp
-prar ywoym ‘uviq ywoym ‘W109 ‘S78Q | 7Z'G | ESF
peo} yBoYM puB UID ‘syeQ | ——— | ———
‘uviq ywoy ‘S780 ‘UI0D | 8z' PF | EZ FP
“yova £ uviq puv s}v0 U0 CMa G eehat7
yo Lag po Lag
*S}USIpoisUy “1eqy “yey
epmip | epnip

co 6I A

OLeD
Ir'oe a

9
io.)
Oh oO &

|

OIL +H
OG TT «9

49 lag

‘ureyoid
epnig

«¢ P2AT YO}G puw asiojy O¥1q 1 ,,
‘O ‘WeuupourD

“OO Set “M ‘f OL

uolyV

, oRey Aired
Apeoy soi Ox!GQ sures uoruy ,,
‘O ‘YeuUDUID
“OOD Sold “M “f UL

SInqsueps¢Q,

"GOUT “310I30q
“OC [Bealeg Yoo” syT,

« Peaq doyD [esoy_,,

aye] ovuvieg

1948949077 “Gory “4loryeqy
“OC [BaleQ Yoo oy,
cc PPA PEXTP INQ ,,

worm) ‘A ‘N ‘vor
‘doWeg “MM “Oar
«< P2AT doy Z ‘ON ,,

usx wueg "AN ‘uvXx uueg

“Od Y og ‘sMoIpUuy
‘8aaa,. GCHANAOdNWOD

*WOB} IO AA ‘ouIBU api} 10 puviq puv reqqot

10 JOINJOVJNUBUL JO ssalIppB puB Olle NT

*(panuyuo)) — SddOLg DNIGAAY AO SATAWVG dO SUSATVNY

GE6E

VOCE

vOFP

G44

TL68

579

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Bou possury ‘surei3
SieMeiq ‘U0 ‘uBIq yeoyM “4voT AA
‘as[9 SUIYJOU pUw ‘[voU poosuIT Ssoo
-o1d pjo ‘sures polip sdiameiq ‘ueIq
qeoym ‘[vour AuruoYy ‘ssuI[pprur 4yvoy A,

‘[eour poesuly ‘sures
‘uBIq yeoyM ‘yBoT
*paos
-ul[ pue Aapleq poyyeur ‘u10d ‘ywoym
peuveyo Aynjoreo jo Ajerrjue posodur0y

‘
StaMoIq U10d

“Pegty109 sy
“q[e8 ouyyueo ted [jeurs ‘synoads 4[vur
Agjaeq ‘[eour Aurmoy ‘ueviq yeoyM
IO}UIM ‘SSUI[PpPIUT yeoyM o}IYM ‘[eour
pessuly ssooo1d pjo ‘[eour possu0yyo0o
ao10yo ‘SsUIvIS Pop ,SI9][4SIP xonoy

*‘peytj1e0 sy
“4[es ‘synoids 4,vur
Agyreq ‘[eour Aurmoy ‘uviq yeoym
IOJUIM ‘SSUI[PpIUI yeoyM oyIyM ‘Teour
peesul] ssoooid pjo ‘[waur poasuo0}j00
e0104o ‘SUIBIS Pep SI9][SIP xoMoy

“pegtyteo sy
‘asjo Buryjou
pus yes o[qQe} oUy Jo quod sod []vus B
‘synoids 4jeur Aapreq ‘surei3 pomp
SiaMoiq ‘[eour Aurmoy ‘uviq yRoyM
I9}UIM ‘SSUI[PpIUT yvoyM o7IYA\ ‘Teour
peesuly sseooid po ‘[Rour paest09}00
eo10yo ‘SUIBIS peLIp (SIo][GSIP xXemMmoy

96°2

GOL

90°8

6h 2

GEL

09°2

GL8T
‘OT
18°81

OL
99° FG

mx
60° FG

‘VG
82°S¢

‘F

‘punoy pue poozuerenyy ‘Ajaatjpoedsar ‘a}CoIpUI S19}40] ESOT], x

ad
194}sqo
o
A
Seo ts
19) ‘
J
Apeoy
Sa
r)
A
Apwoyy
8] 00000)
o
d
Apeoy
039M0
19)

«, PEAT YOY puB ess10F] ONG) ,,
‘O ‘WeuupUL,)

“OO Sed “AM ‘f OGL

«c P22AT YY pus ss10F7 OF1G/) ,,
‘°C ‘YeuULDUID

“oO Soa “M “f OUL

« UoHBY Aled
OFIG) sureiy ory ,,
‘O ‘HeuuoulD
“OD Set “M ‘f PUL

sorte

« UOIyeY Aired
oxIgQ sure ory ,,
‘O ‘HeuuIoUlD
“OD SOG “M “f PUL

soit

« Toney Aed
OFIQ() SUIBIf) UWOlUy) ,,
“© ‘yWeuUlDUID
“O° Sot “M ‘f OTL

sole

9Ltb

bLbP

CSIP

Soly

€L6E

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

580

‘s][9YS BO009 punod ‘yoo1sNuIy
‘s[Que] ‘[eour uUBaq ‘;eauI paastto}}09
‘poasxepy ‘Inoy yvoyA ‘TeouL UBeq 4ysnNd0'T

‘s[IQU9] pue suveq ‘[voUI poasm0}}09
‘poosxey ‘Inoy 7B ‘[vour uBeq ysnNooT

‘s[[@Ys 80009 punois ‘yoorsnudy
‘s[qua] ‘[eour uveq ‘[wouI psesu0}}00
‘poosxey ‘Inop voy ‘[eour UBeq ysNoo'T
‘s[IjUe] pus suvaq ‘[vaUI poasuo}400
‘poasxep ‘nog yveya ‘[eour weeq 4ysNoo'T

‘s]]9YS Boo0d puNoIs ‘yooisnuoy
‘s[qua] ‘[eour uveq ‘[vouI posasu0z}00
‘poesxey ‘Inop yvoymM ‘Teour uvaq ysnov0T

‘s[IqU9] puw suveq ‘TeauI podsu04}00
‘poosxey ‘Inog ywoyM ‘Teour uveq ysno07T

*s]JoYS BO00d punodls ‘yxoorsNUd} ‘spy UOT
‘{eoul uBveq ‘[wouI paest0}}00 ‘peas
-xey ‘Inog 4eeyM ‘[eour uvoq ysnoo'T
a
p2esm0}}00 ‘poas
‘Teeul ueeq 4snoo'T

pus suvoq ‘[vour
-xBy ‘nog yeoyM

‘pues
‘qoo uloo punois ‘punoid A[,1ed spoos
pee sururezu0 sZurueeI0s ‘s][NY
yeoymyonq ‘yeyo yeeymyonq ‘u10D

“‘S}UsIpolsuy

|

vL'Y

82S

og

ers

‘8qy
apnip

Go's

Z9°S

cr?

*(panuyjuo)g) — Sd4OLg ONIGHAY JO SHTANVG AO

v6 A
“cs OD

88 A

69°& A

tc

fl A

*ure}01d
epniy

By U00UG)

qsied

moyUIBYysurg

wolyVy

uvx ued

‘meye} O14

« [89 IBD 8, P10F4F81€, 5,
TI] ‘Uesoyne
‘AIOpRT [BN HED PLOPe[Y OGL

« TL IPD §,PLOF HRI, ,,
‘TIL ‘wedoyne A
‘Aropwy [BW MEO PLOFWoye[E OL,

« [P9W HBO §,PLOF4FT ,,
TI] ‘wesoyne

‘£10908, [PPL FIVO PLOFyoVB[_ OGL

« PRATT RO 8, pr0fyqozeye_, ,,
TI] ‘uedoyne
‘£108 [BAW JIVO Plosyorerg_ oq

,, SSULMVALNG YwayMyong ,,
‘AN ‘uexX uueg
‘STUN HOLA OGL
:Saqaay AAGNALOdWO/)

‘QUIVU OpBI} 10 puviq pus sreqqol
10 JoINJOVJNUVUL JO ssoIppe pus oWBNY

ScIP

T€0P

PS6E

&&6E

90FF

“1aquin N |

SASATVYNY

581

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘s][nY 4vo ‘ssul[pprur 480

‘eoul poosul] ‘SsuI[pprur ywoym ‘pooy
uayn]s ‘poss Auruoy ‘AopIVq ‘u10d ‘syeO

‘sSUI[ppIul 4vO ‘uUBIq 4BO ‘ST[NY 4%O

‘s}eo punois ‘paey Aurmoy ‘ssulppprur
yeoym ‘post uoynis ‘Aopieq ‘u100 ‘s}zeO

‘sy]]nY 4eo ‘ssur[p

-pra 4yvo ‘pests Aurmoy ‘ssulppprur
yvoym ‘pool uaynys ‘Aoyieq ‘S380 ‘u10D

‘SSUI[PpIul yO ‘uUeIq 4vO ‘sT[NY 4BO

‘sqe0 punois ‘paey Auruoy ‘ssulppprur
yeoym ‘pooy uaynys ‘Aopieq ‘u10d ‘seo

‘s][nY yeo ‘ssul[pprur 4¢o

‘jeoul paasul] ‘poe; Aurumoy ‘ssurjppprur
qvoym ‘“poay uoynjs ‘Aojreq ‘u100 ‘s}¥%O

‘SSUI[PpIur 4vo ‘uBIq 4VO ‘sT[NY 4BO

‘sqvo punois ‘poay Aurur0y ‘ssul[pprur
yeoyM “poss ueynis ‘Aopreq ‘u100 ‘syVO

*PegtAve Sy
“SSUITPPrul 480
‘ueiq yeo ‘s][ny 4vo ‘s}vo punois
‘pees Auruoy ‘ssuI[pprur yeoyM ‘poay
ueyn[s ‘Agpieq ‘u10d ‘syeO WO] opeyy

“sT[NY 48O ‘syvo
44st ‘8480 ‘[eyo ui0o ‘ueIq UI00 ‘UI0D
‘uviq pue Agjieq ‘s}80 ‘UI0D

“Pegiieo sy
‘Boul Bj[eI[e pue u109
peyoe19 ‘s}wo poysnio jo o1njxt VW

“Pegtyied sy
‘s[[ny yeo ‘sdoyo Aurwoy ‘u10D

8h'8

Tee

09'€

88°F

19 'P

GL CL

‘OT

I€ GI

‘OT

Oo & Of

Om

‘punog pus pesjusieny ‘AjoArqoodser ‘a}eorpur §.10}40] ASOT T, x

oyegng

asnovi Ag

ey 00000)

Bon)

uAToo1g

YAOK MON

uATHoo1g

«, P80 AIO] Od90jng ,,
‘AUN Ofegng
“OC [Rela oyeyng

cc PACH VOR OoPOIn eg;
‘ACN ‘oregng
“OC [BaleD oeyng

« PIO SSIOF O990jng ,,
‘ACN ‘opegng
‘O—D [BerleD oeyng

«, Pea asIOFT Od90snNg ,,
“ACN ‘oregng
“Og [Beale oyeyng

«« P2AJ JOH oowag ,,
"KN ‘wApjoorg

“OD SUPA PY Joyeasyq usPyoorg

cc PASH POXHA ES eMeseT,
“ACN “IO MON
‘oneilg ‘q uyor

“ p29 puno.y) ”
"AN ‘udpyoorg
“OO auMog *M ‘S

O&tP

SGP

ST8&

G18

9I8€

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

582

« pexegq doyy,,

“pegiyieo SV | TE'OL | F6E | 16 A UMOT, 389AA “AN ‘oregng
‘sy[NY 4vo ‘ueiq 480 ‘peoy AuruoY ‘W109 6 1g 2 53) “O*¢ [Belen O[eyNg |9FZF
« Peaf doyD ooeojng,_ ,,
‘pogo SV | 2201 | S6E | G28 A orsgng “ACN ‘orsgng
‘s]Iny yo ‘uviq yeo “peay AuywOY “WIOD 6 § ae a3 “OD [Be19D OBEN C6IP
«< Pea doy ,,
“poptteo SV | $88 | €4'E | 616 A wepry “ACN ‘orsgng
“s][nYy 480 ‘uviq yo ‘pass AururoYy ‘W10D 6 § i 6D “OD [Bele ofByNg |O9TF
“popte0 BY | 126 | S&F | 906 a « Paaq dogg ,,
iSTMY 480 ; wopmD “ACN ‘oregng
‘ueiq 180 ‘pes Aurm0Y ‘W100 WOT} Ope] 6 He +3) “OC [Be18D O[ByNg |efOF
Peyton BY | CEL | Zeb | P68 cs POR OOTS COBAIN",
“paey uaynys OTTASUTBITTTM ‘AN ‘oregng
‘uviq vo ‘s][ny 7eo ‘peasy AuruoYy ‘u10g 6 "> iy weeXS) : “OD [BeleD OfeyNg |F6IP
Peyee eV | STL | 8oS | So6 Ff cc PPA YOOFS Oovojng ,,
“peey ueqny[s TIPIS9199°9 “AON ‘oreyng
‘uBIq 78O ‘s][INY 480 ‘pees AuruoYy “10D ‘6 'D omer) “OD [BA19D O[BPNG |SOTP
pepe SV | S82 | G8 Ph | 696 +1 ca PORT ALOORS O90 IN;
*paey uoynys 030MO “AON ‘oreyng
‘uBiq vo ‘s][NY 780 ‘peay AurWOY “WI0H ‘6 y cS i) “OD [8210 O[BEN |FL6E
:Sdqday CHANAOANOD
99 Lad 79 Lad P Lad
Z
“*s}UeIpolsuy “19qg 4B} “uroq}o1d “UayB} O10 MA ‘oUIGU Opeiy 10 puBiq pus Joqqol 5
epnig epnig epnig 10 JOIMJOVJNUBUL JO Sseippv puB OUIBN =

‘(panuyuo)) —S4INLG DNIGIAY JO SHTANVG FO SASATVNY

583

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘[eouL paesuoj}od ‘[BaUI
uioo ‘sSsul[ppiu yvoym ‘uUBIq vat
‘s]TNY VVoyMyong ‘ssul[pprur ywoyMyong

‘[eour
pessu0}j09 ‘[eou Ulod ‘UBIq yvoyM
‘sSul[pprur ywoy ‘ssur[pplu woyMyong

“pegies sy

"8780

peysnid ‘feour u1o0d ‘uBIq yeoYyM ‘INO
Sop pai ‘ahi punols ‘sBul[pprur ywoy A)

“sT[nY 4BO ‘peoy
uayNys ‘feour psesu0}}090 ‘poay AUIUIOY
‘sSuljpprur yevoyM ‘uUBIq yeoyM ‘UIOD

‘sTaY
480 ‘past ueynis ‘[eaul psesuoy4090
‘peoy AuruOY ‘SSUI[ppIul yeoyM ‘U1OD

PSB ISO: ey

“STING,

480 ‘paey uayn[s ‘Jeour poesuojj0o
‘poey AurwMoYy ‘ssUI[ppra yweyM ‘U1OD

“pagiyteo Sy

pees

UayNI{s ‘[eoUl poasuo0y}09 ‘paay AUTUIOY
‘s]]nq 4yeo ‘ssul[pprur yeoyM ‘10D

“poo AUTUIOY
woul possul, ‘psoy usjn[s ‘ueIq
yeoym ‘sT[ny 480 ‘ssul[ppru yo ‘u10D

‘s][NY 480 ‘poay uoyn{s
‘psey Aururoy ‘sSurjpprur yeoym ‘u10D

“Pegiheo SV
‘sy[nYy 4vo ‘uviq 4vo ‘pass Auru0y ‘u10D

82°F

GL ST

90°06

“ST

Om

‘puno,y pue peszatieny ‘AJaAtqoedsar ‘az vOIpUT S19449] OS0TTT, ~

AY MON

AUD) MON

opeyng

SUre[_ ov4aM

osnoe1 Ag

OPTASUTeTTIIM.

asnoe1 hg

« P89 MOD AMUISTITED ,,
‘AN ‘AHO MON
‘WB Y IMUISUIIeD

«¢ P89 WIOF{ IMUISUITED ,,
. . ‘ v
AN ‘AYO MON
° UB IMUISuITeg

;, pe0,q AtourvalDg Od90jng ,,
‘ACN ‘oreyng
“OO [Bale oreyng

« Pee ATouIBeID Od90Fng ,,
‘ACN ‘oregng
“OO [vale Oeyng

«¢ Pea ATOUIBAID ,,
‘ACN ‘OrByNg
“OD [valeD oyeyng

« Poa Arreq, ,,
“AN ‘OTegng
“O° [ealaD ofeyng

« Pea doy ooaojnq_,,
‘AN ‘orepng
“OO [BeleD oyeyng

CISP

ISP

T9SP

Sécy

vite

S6lP

Sl PP

Rerort on Inspection Work OF THE

584

PAG Ae ay, ‘OF | Sly | OL'OL of
“4/88 quad Jad au0 jo jyey-ou0
‘sq[ny yo ‘ssuljpprur yro ‘sj10ys
yeo ‘[eeur peesu0jjoo ‘Aapieq ‘u10g 6 cZ's ‘OI DO
pouMMeVEY| 90°9 | SBS’ | 6126.
‘Sp90s PaeM 10 SsUTUVAIOS
‘SOSSB[OUL “4[BS WOL} def PozPUBIIe A,
‘ueiq ywoya oind ‘sjnoids pure pooy
Agpieq ‘pee} ueynts u10od puv yRoyAr
‘AUIWIOY PUOWIVIP UseIS ‘jeaur poos
-00}}09 puoWIp W9aIs “paaj S19][19SIq COL eae 6
‘payyze0 sy | 73'S | €8'9 | 99°9T A
‘uvig yeoyM ound ‘synoids pue paoy
Aapeq ‘pee} uojnjs ur10d Io yeoyM
‘AuluM0Y puoUrI¥Ip useIS ‘[eauI poses
407409 PUOWBIP Woes ‘poay SIO] YSIG ‘Or | va.
PeBE OEY 80°84) 0879. © 0S°9C> A
“UBIG JBI oInd puB sUTBIS SIOMIIG
‘synods ‘paay Aapreq ‘paay uaqynys ‘u100
‘AulW0Y puowvIp uses ‘yeouI paos
~U0}}00 puotUBIP UseIs “pay SIoT]I}SIC OT | Sug 96- D
PEBT Teo TOS 9] c0'S8 | 89° SC al
‘uviq yeoYM oind puw suIRIS sioMoIq
‘sqynoids ‘paay Aapreq ‘poay ueyn{3 ‘u100
‘AUIMIOY pPUOTIRIP usaIS ‘[eour poos |
~W0}400 PUOWBIP Uses ‘pases S1O]]4SIC “OLa) 9g 93 «xD
79 LOT yo lad 29 Lag
|
“Sj USIpoisuy “19qy “yey “uleyoid
epniy epniy opnig

‘(panuyuo)) — SddNLG ONIGAAT AO SATAWVG JO SASATIVNY

UAB MON

MBSIT AA

ey U0ETC)

ausalty

STB
IOB[ISSUIYT

Moye} O10

«¢ PPQT YOOHG S01gsey/ ,,
‘AN ‘souvureyeg

“OD SUT O1qseyD

« Goryey Alveq w1oorg ,,
‘pul ‘puourme py
“od Y urdeyD

,, uorRy Aireq u1oowy ,,
SIM ‘oNNBANTITAT
“od 3p udeyg

uoey Aleq w10sIuy ,,
‘ACN O1Byng
“oD 3 uldeyo

« uouey Aired woorny ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“oo » urdeyD
:SdaayY GCAGNNOdWOS)

‘UVU OpBI} 10 pueiq pu saeqqot
10 JOINJORJNUBUT JO SseIPpe puL oIBN

cree

LOTP

I€Tp

696E

New York AGRIcuLtTuRAL EXPERIMENT Sra7TIon.

‘SUIBIS (SIO[]ISIP ‘UI0d

‘poay Aurmoy ‘synoids 4[evur ‘ssuI[p

-plur yeoyM ‘uUBIq JvoyM ‘[BeU poses
-Ul[ ‘BOUL peesuo}j00 ‘sUIvIS SloMoIg

*AuTULOY

‘synoids 4jeur ‘ssurjppru ‘uviq ‘[eour
[lo ‘jvour poesuo0yjoo ‘sureid (SloMolg

‘SUIBIS (SIO]]IQSIP ‘U100

‘peedy Auruoy ‘synods yyeur ‘ssurTp

-pit yeoym ‘uBIq yvoyM ‘[eeur poes
-Ul[ ‘[BOUI posesuo}j00 ‘SUIBIS SIoOMOIG

“AUIUIOY

‘sqnoids 4yvur ‘ssulpprum ‘ueiq ‘[eour
[fo ‘[weur posesuojj00 ‘suIvIs (SIoMoIg

‘syInY yo ‘ssurpprua
yeo ‘[vour posesuojjoo ‘Aapieq ‘UlOD
“4/88 yua0 ed auo Jo Jey
-au0 ‘s][ny yo ‘ssul[pprul 4vo ‘szz10ys
yeo ‘[vour posesuojjoo ‘Aopieq ‘uI0D

‘qyes ‘s][nYy 7eo ‘ssul[ppru 4vo
‘jeoul poosuojjoo ‘Aapieq ‘[eour UW10D
“4/88 yueo Jed auo Jo j[ey-ou0
‘s][ny yvo ‘ssulpprur 4vo ‘s}10y4s
yeo ‘jeour poasuojjoo ‘AopIeq ‘u10d

speed

Uoyn[s ‘UBIq Yeo ‘W100 ‘[eour pases
-Ul[ ‘[BeUI poesu0}}00 ‘suTBIZ (S.1OT]SIC.

‘[Boul U1od ‘ssul[pprur ‘uRIq ‘[eauT

P99su0}400 ‘sUIvIS PoLIp ,S1o]]YSTp Jo
suysIsuod pos Aired o4%49 ouduy

0g°¢
&
|

¢9'9

90°9

90°8

‘OT

96°9

08°9

61° SG

mx

LE VG

‘VS

69'8

‘OL

96 Ol

‘OL

*punoy pue poojuvieny ‘AjoAtjoodsar ‘ay voIpUT S10}49] OSOTLT, »

UOAW

q1odspoa

qiodspao

apRory

Boy

«, PIA Arreql ssep1e0g ,,
“AN ‘souvureleg
“OO sur, orqseyD

its peat Aled SS9]199 qT ”
"A ON ‘woueureyeg
“OD SUIT o1qseyD

ce POO 39098 S,O1qse) ,,
“AN ‘Bouvure[eg

“oc SUIT, orqseqO

aedl Pier acess lit 10 Ik
“AN ‘Bouvureyeg

“OO SUIT, O1qseyD

«oO» POON XA 5,
“AN OMY
“solg o1qseyy

SS8cP

O8bP

I8hP

OS6€

168

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

586

“Pegty100 SV
‘sZUI[ppiu VAI pue W109 9314 M ‘ssuT[p
-prur yvoyMyonq pue yweyM UWOLT

‘uUBIG UI0d ‘ST[NY 48voO ‘syBo ‘UIOD
‘s][nYy 480 ‘qod ulod punois ‘s}vo ‘UI0D

‘papuviq sy

VISE
‘s][nY 380 ‘sZul[pprut ywo ‘Aap1eq ‘u10D
“4[Bs jue.
Jad euo jo jfey-auo ‘s]jny yevo pue
SSUI[Ppru 4Bo ‘sz10Ys yRO ‘AapIeq ‘UI0D

“F188
‘s][nYy 4vo ‘ssulpppra yvo ‘Aajreq ‘u10D
“48S gue0 Jed ou0
jo j[8y-ou0 puv s][ny 380 pue ssul[p
-pra 480 ‘syloys 480 ‘Aapieq ‘WI0D

*s}UeIpeisuy

4!

‘Pp Lag

“19qy
epnig

FS CL 91
14 sei 79)
OF € Wwe
CorG | |s0Se2
I¢ T 69°06
02 T ‘06 DO
ste || tell al
€ ee)
90°F S16 «xi
€ "L «dD
49 Lag yo lag
“yey *urejo1d
epnig epnig

dorqyat

ysings}4 eq

uoAy

q8q

sduudg 1aAjig

‘Ueye} O10

« P92QT UMOIG as1BOD s[exUOTyT ,,

"YOUN “F010
“OO SUTT[I, [Blo1ouUI0D

“ce pee Aqiag, ”
“AON “YBungsye Iq
Soo urerDy 3 SuypIyYy woxur[D

“ce SBOq
jo saodlg ueyxoIg pue syonyg aq ,,
Ki ‘N ‘MOAW
“OO peg puBlaag|yD oq,

« P27 UBlOry, ,,
‘ACN ‘vouvureleg

“od Sur 1qsey

“ p22,7 welory, ”
"KN ‘souvure[eg
“OO SUNTAN O1qseqD
:saaa,y] GaaNNOawoyn

‘oUlBU Opel} 10 puviq pus roqqol
10 JOINJOVINUBU JO SseIppB puB OUIBNY

*(panuyuo)) — Sd4OLg SNIGUAY dO SHTANVG AO SASATVNY

06E

99FF

OSTP

SEPP

587

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘s]Iny yeoyMyonq ‘s}vo pue
Agreq w1oIy esnjor ‘[eour [10 ‘[eour vod
‘jeoul ‘eyjeyje ‘[eyo ulod ‘[eeur uw10Dg

*“£apreq
pue sjvo ‘ulod ‘suIvIS SlaMoiq
‘eour vod ‘[vour [lO ‘[voul ei[eyTV

‘s][NY 48O ‘ssulppprur 4v0

‘$980 ‘SSUI[PpIUl ywoyM ‘Teo u10d ‘WI0D
‘s[[NY 4v0 pue szvo

‘SSUI[Pppru 4eO puv yewoyM ‘vou U1OD

‘paytyie0 sy

‘SSUTTppra = yeoyM
‘S380 4YSI[ ‘UeIq yveyM ‘AuTMIOY ‘U10D

‘au0g poLeyo ‘ayBvo [IO W109 puNols

‘gu0g palleyo ‘ayvo [IO ul0D punoly

‘4[es ‘sqod uo. punoi3

‘mop yvoym ‘peoy Aurwmoy ‘s8ul[p

-piu 4yvo ‘s]iny 4vo ‘ssuljpprur oAr
‘SsUI[ppIu yeoyM ‘szvo punoIs ‘u10D

“48s

ques ad 9u0 jo j[vy-eu0 ‘Inoy icone

‘Sururoy ‘(SSul[pprur 4vo pus s]jny 4B)

sgonpoid-Aq [[tu [vou 4vo ‘ssul;pprur
eAI pues yvoymM ‘syvo puNoIZs ‘WI0D

66°8

“Gl

168

6r FP

06°F

GL or

‘Or

OR Oo & OO &

OR

*puno, pue poojvurreny * AjoAtzoodser ‘9; BOIPUl 810}49[ ESOT. Lx

oUArION

Azeyqy 389M

SUIUISSC—)

i Le)

arenbg [e1}09—0

SIAlar W0g

« paeg Arreq yeredg ,,
“AN ‘Goro Nn

“OD prey 2 Uleiy uoyeq ‘q “Y

« Paaq Apueq,,
“AN ‘481nqs}4e1q
“OD [80D 3 Yod

ce POO POX ,,
‘AN ‘Surutssa
‘SUIBITTIM 3 MOD

« [@WW BOF puourei_ ,,
"AN OX MON
“oo suluyey syonpolg u10g

its [Te°TN 30H] puouerd ”
"AN “YI0X MON
“oo suluygey syonpolg ul0Dg

“c p99T oslo ”
“AN ‘stAdop Hog
“OO poluo00D "HM

9907

GOrP

c09¥

9GEV

G&0P

LbSt

Reporr on Inspection Work OF THE

588

“Pogtyie0 SY
‘sy[ng yvo ‘Aurmmoy ‘U10D

“Pegs. SV

‘suI@IS

S12][4SIp ‘[eour [Io ‘uayn[s ‘[eour poses
-10}}00 ‘u100 ‘uvIq yBveyM ‘synords 4[B IT

“Pegtpiod Sy
*yu90 Jad 9U0 JO SYyINOj-a01y} povdxe
0} you 4[eVs ‘uvIq yvoym ‘sjznoids
qjeur =‘Agjieq ‘[eour wulod ‘suIvid .
SieMeiq ‘[eeul usayn[s ‘[eeuI poses
-Ul[ ‘SUTBIZ |SIO][I}SIP ‘[eour psesuo0}}0—D

“4[8s ‘s][nY 48o ‘s}80 ‘UI0D
‘uBIq U10D ‘[veUT W100 ‘s}8OQ

‘q[es ‘sSurusel0s
‘Agjreq “yeoyM jo yunowe {[euUIS
‘SING 480 ‘syeo 4ysy ‘sBur[pprar
480 ‘paey Aummoy ‘[eyo uiod ‘W109
“4[es pus
‘aeiq ui109 ‘s[[nYy 480 ‘s}7BvO puNnols ‘UI0D

“‘s}Uoipalduy

G6°9

96'€ | €9°8

ine)
B
it
5 Fe

OR

€0'€ | 696 +H
ose | G28 +9

apnig apnig

Lt) (@)

a[LAULPy UBL

ATIOL

@} 00900

SPA
quesaAAnyg

"aeye} o10N MM

« peeag ouduq ,,
‘AN ‘uvolQ
‘SIAL eatduagy

« Peeq Yoog orrdurg ,,
‘ACN ‘Oftaurpyuesy
“Od ‘By osdug eyy,

«c PIG Are [Le}1aAeN ,,
‘AN ‘uojureysurg
“OO 1oywagly 2 urery ouduq

« P828q 4Y0}g Buuvyonbsng ,,
‘KA 'N ‘8}U00mH
“OO SUIT, eowyy

“ JapusA0lg WO pue WIO/) ,,
“KN ‘8yu0009
“oo SUT exowygy

‘gUIvU 9pei} 10 puviq pus Jeqqoft
10 J9INJOBJNUBUI JO sseIppB PUB OUIBNY

GEEP

9EEP

8L0¥

9blh

‘(panuyuog) — S44OLg PNIGUEY JO SUTAWVG JO SASLIVNY

4s @. =

589

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

*peyij1e0 sy
‘]eoUr [IO pu ‘[eouI psesu0jjoo ‘UvIq
uioo ‘4]es8 yued Jed Jeyivnb-ou0 pur
euo ‘uviq 4woyM ‘[eauT U1OD ‘sSuI;p
-plul 4voyM ‘UoyN[s ‘suUIBIS SIO]]I9SIC

“P9gt}400 SV

“uBiq

U100 ‘ssuI[pprul eo ‘s]]NY 4eO punois
[eoul god puv Ul10d ‘U0 payoRID

“Pegl}eo SV

‘q]eS pus [eeu [IO psoas

-ul] ‘jeour Auru0y ‘ueIg yea ‘ssur[p
-piur yeoyM ‘S780 punois ‘jeour uloy

“poytqie0 sy
‘ssul[ppru
‘aiod9 =punoly

“Pegiicoe sy

“4yes yue9
Jed 9uo ‘[vour poesuo}j00 ‘[eour U100
‘ssuljppiu oA1 ‘djnd 490q ‘synoids 4[eyy

yeoym ‘5380 punois

ALE E CON
‘ssuIldoems ouos ‘uvIq put s}v0 ‘U10D

PORTS BY
‘sy]ny yvo ‘Aurmoy ‘u109

“Pegtz100 SV
‘s][ny yvo ‘Aurmoy ‘u10o9

Go L

€1'8

0S FZ

He oO

He UH DD

r3)

Oe

OR

‘punoy pus pooyuvienr ‘Ajaatjoadsad ‘ay BOIpPUT 810949] OS0t,T, »

esnoei hg

uapurey

UM049PPIIN

U0jSSULY

ayooryseyog

ayooryseyog

STAT Aangsiyeg

ainqny

« P99,J MOD 4sou0;y] ,,
‘AN ‘opegng
“OOD pea, 2 INop,y [e1euax)

a p27 doyo P sg ”
‘AN ‘oregng
“OC peeq 2 AMo]y [e1euex

“ P2927 OS1O FL ”
"AN ‘UM079/PPIAL
‘UOSIOAG “f “O

« PPO “M POD,
‘KN ‘uoyssury
“O° [PMprRely 2 We19Aq

« Wonporg AIA eadugz ,,
“AN ‘70H YSBYOG
“OD [80D ® THA ertdurgy

“é pe 380 pure ulo(yy) ”
"A N ‘yoo yseyog
“OD [80D 3 THA ertdugy

“ce p227 eld way ”
‘AN ‘ueaO
‘STA errduag

« Pea ordury ,,
‘AN ‘uvaIO
‘STA, errduagy

TSOP

600%

OSGP

L6EP

809F

609%

cOSh

O8FP

Rervort on Inspection Work oF THE

590

“q[8S ‘BOUL
a10d ‘uBIq yeayM ‘poay uoyn[s ‘syjny
gvoymyonq ‘ssul[pprmu 4yroyAyonq
[9 pessul] ‘;eeu poasuo}}09 ‘sureis
HMoMoarq ‘sjnoids 4yvur ‘sureis ,Sr9TySIC
‘48S puB [vou UI0d ‘UBIG YwaTLM ‘Pedy
Ue4n]s ‘ssul[ppru yeoyMyonq ‘Teour [10
sse001d pjo ‘[voul poesuo3joo ‘suTBIs
SloMoarg ‘synods yyVur ‘suTBIS SIOT]IySIC.

“48s ‘[Bour W109 ‘BIg yvaTTM ‘poo}y
Mens ‘s]Ny yeoyMyYyonq ‘ssurppprur
yeoyMyong ‘[weur posesuo}joo ‘sureis
SiaMmearg ‘synoids gyeur ‘sureis s19]][14SIq

“4/88 Jo AyWQUeNb
[Tews AIoA &@ YJIM poxtur [vou UI109
‘UBIq yvoyM ‘pae} usynis ‘ssurppprur
yeoymyong ‘[woul poaesuo0}j0o0 ‘sureisd
Siamaig ‘synoids yeu ‘sures Si9]]1ysSIq

ROU IG) BV.
‘TI® Pus qod puNOIsS seM UI0D Iva
ysnoy} se sures oy} Suleq pasn qod
jo junoWIe 9Y} ‘[eouI qod pue U0 Jo
pesoduroo st yor ‘Jeo g ‘URI yVoT A,

*peyizie0 sy
‘[eour [IO puw ‘jee posesuo0}j09 ‘uBIq
Uiod “4/88 yued Jed Jejz1Bnb-suo0 pus
euo ‘uBIq ywoyM ‘[eoul UIOD ‘sSuITp
-prur yeoyM ‘ueyn[s ‘suIBIs s1o][ISIG

‘sy USIpeiduy

60°2

86'S

‘OI
1¢°8

&I'9

vl 9

66°F

Gé"s

Go66 A

ete A

‘9 OD
GLC ff

uO) 9)
Sse ff

“ureyoid
epnig

‘ueye} CIO

« pra Arreq woyyn,7 ,,
"AN ‘u09[n,7
“OD S[OYDIN 3 yaeqyy

asnovi fg

« peaq Aired won ,,
"AN ‘wo9mngy
“OD STOYSIN 3 Weqirp

pe LU f

«SY IN plepurys ,,
"ACN ‘oregng
02 paaq 2 INO, [e10ue+

esnovifg

, P90,J MOD 4sou0T] ,,
‘ACN ‘orByng
0—2 pea 2 Ino], [B1suey
:sadaq,J GIaNnoOdNoy

oregng

‘OUIBU OpPB1} 10 puviq pus soqqot
IO 1oIN}JOVJNUBUI JO sseIppe puB oUIBN

‘(panuyuo)) — Sd4NLG DNIGATY JO SATdWVG JO SASATVNY

SSP

€&0P

S60P

591

New York AGRIcuttuRAL ExprERIMENT STATION.

“poyiqi00 sy
“u04
ey9 0} 4/88 spunod Gg 4ynoqe pure s][ny
480 pue sjvo ‘qoo puv u10d punois
‘Inop sop pai ‘peey AuruM0Y woIy ope

*poyizi00 sy
‘ueiq

W100 ‘ssUT]pprur 4vO ‘s][NY yeo punois

‘jeeur god puB ui0d ‘U10D poyxovID

‘poytyi00 sy

uRIq

U109 ‘Ssul[ppru 4%o ‘s]]NY yevo punoiZs
{soul qod pue ulod ‘ul0d poxoRID

PeBipteo sy

U0} 9Y} 07 Yes spunod Gg ynoqe

pus sy[ny 4vo put szvo ‘qoo pur us09
punois ‘imoy sop per ‘posy AurmoTzy

‘SSUIUONINS PUe [ROUT PodsULT
‘suIvIs J04}O pu xB] WIOIJ pouoosos
Spees punols pu [woul [10 sse00id pig

*Pegi}ieo sy
U0}
ay} 0} 48S spunod Gg ynoqe pur ssurp
-plur ‘jeour qoo ‘ssurusai0s Aopieq
‘peej Aurmoy ‘s]jny yvo ‘syvo ‘uI0D

‘punois A[,1ed spaas poam “Inoy oped
AMO] ‘SSUI[ppru yeoyM ‘URIG YoY “UIOD
‘U109 puUNOIS ‘NOY ospeis MoT ‘SSur[p
~plr yeoyM JoqUIM ‘URIg yVayM JOJULAA

66°8

Té TT

SPL

a

LEST

i)

aH Oo

eB Oo & ©

‘punoy pue peojuviendy ‘AjaAtjoodsas ‘ayvoIpUT 810449] OSOYT, ~

aytasayor “49

oregnd

esnov1hg

UeplV

q1odis0uedg

ouole yy

oregng

« P99q Coup T ‘ON ,,
‘AN ‘Olegng
“OD IOJVAITA IQo[H

« poag doy F Iq ,,
“ACN ‘orsgng
“OO peaq 2 INO, persue

« Peaq doyp F 31g ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OD pea 2 Io, pereuey

« pea doyD [ ‘on, ,,
“ACN ‘oreyng
“OD IOJVAI[ IQoTH

cc POO" YOO}G [SUC eUIEzUT ;,
‘ACN ‘Oreyng
“OD 10JVAV[Y IGOTH

« P27 doy) ‘d€ POD»
‘AN ‘opegng
“OD 10zBAITH BQO

«« P9AT POX STINT 9U079¢8 ,,
“ACN ‘oreygng
“OD Jasey "H ‘09H

&LbP

oScP

£S0P

99TP

6hhP

SZ0P

OSEP

Report on Inspection Work or THE

592

‘Sym
yeoyMyong yunowe j[evus ‘Aajieq
‘poss Aururo0y ‘s][NY yeo ‘yeyo us109 ‘UID

“Agpieq pus Aururo0y ‘sT[ny yo “W0D

*payiq100 sy
“4/88 puB sT]NYy 4vo
‘sdulppra Aepreq ‘apreq ‘u100 ‘s}8Q

“SSUTUIUITYS
Agyieq ‘s][ny 480 ‘szeo ‘uBIq UIOD ‘UI0D
“UBIG ULOD ‘sT[NY 9BvO ‘s}BO ‘UIOD

*paas
-xBy ‘U1od “way ‘paoy usyn]s ‘nog
qeoyM ‘sSulppru yroyM ‘uvIq Voy AA
“‘quorTpolsut
yova omvu 0} 9fqissoduit st 41 ynq
aN[vA SYNjs Surpsay SuAvy s[eiwezeur
[B1aAeS JO s}sIsuod puR poay puP
INoOY YIM pepo] syvoq worl ssurdsamg

“4[8S ‘s][NY 4BO ‘yo ‘qod pu u10D
punois ‘s3uljppru yeaya ‘paoy AuTUIO PT
M0} 9} 0} 48S JO Spunod Gg ynoqe

pue s[[ny 780 pus s}eo ‘qod pue u100
punois ‘ssuljppru inoy ‘paay Aururozy

“sJUSIpPeIsUy

)

a

na!

ad

‘r98qg
epnig

og &

yo lag

"uy
epnig

~
me OF

(oe)
OF

18'co A

79 Lad

‘uleyoid
epnig

aytAsurdg

BABS YWION

sinquosuyor

ofegng

UePly

“UdyB} 9107 A

« peaq doyD Aajieg pue syeQ ‘a100 ,,
‘ALN ‘oyftasutidg

“oo Sul Avry “]y soures

« POO“ 49048 S,UIpUBID ,,
“KN ‘UMojsouree

“OD Sul Urpuery ‘qd

« PIT SRG ,,
“AN ‘UMojsoues

‘uIpuvly “Hd

«, Ssurdaomg 40g ,,

‘A 'N ‘OleyNg
‘UBULLOY) ‘f°

cc PPT IOP STILL 9U0}4S ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OC LOJVAIT OqoTH
‘Saga, CAANNOAWO*D

‘oUIvU apB1y 10 puBsq puB Jaqqol
JO JoIN}OVJNUBW JO ssoIppe PUB OWEN

68EP

Lb6E

bP6E

£0&F

*(panuyuo)) —SddOlg DNIGAA] JO SHIdNVG 4O SUSKIVNY

593

New York AaricutturaAL Expertment Station.

“411s pue punois Apy1ed

Bpses posed SulurIeyU0D ssuTUseI0S

‘peoy uojnis ‘synoids 4yvur ‘ssul[p
“DIU 4voyM ‘UBIG JRO “INO VITA,

‘SSUIUAINS YBOYM PUB

peesxey ‘poss usjnis ‘synoads 4y;eur
‘qeoY4M WO} SSUT[PpIu puv uRIq ‘MoT

‘sT[nY FeoyMyong ‘Teyo
uloo ‘ssulpprur yvo ‘sT[ny 4vo ‘sSur[p
-prar ywoyM ‘uBIq yeoyM ‘syRo ‘UI0D

‘SSUI[PpIU 48vO puB
s[NY 48o ‘ssulpprur ‘uviq ‘syeo ‘uI0D

“pegtz190 SV
*sq10Ys 980
pue syjny 480 ‘paey Aurumoy ‘s}eo ‘u10D

“4/88 ‘[Bour By[By[e ‘ssur[p

-pra 480 ‘psey Aururoy ‘ul0d payovig
‘[BOUl BI[BI[e pus ssurp

-prar yeo ‘peay Aurmoy ‘ulod payorig

*Pegt}100 SV

*peesu0}j00 puev paasuly ‘ Ao]

-Ieq ‘[Roul 4¥O WOIJ apeyY “UINQUVD
Jed 9u0 jo sioqrenb-se1y} 4[es WINUIXe py

“4[8s “yoorsnuoy ‘Jeour poas
-10}400 ‘Tea passul] ‘Aop1eq ‘[BeUI 48O
*peesuo}j00 pue poesuly ‘Ao]
-Ieq ‘Boul 4¥O WII opvyAY “WIN}UAD
tod auo jo sioqrenb-va1Y} 4s WINUITXe]\,

“Pegtzie0 sy
*paasuo}400
pues poesuyy ‘Aogjirq ‘[wour 4vo ‘4QI¥g

GP 8

0S OT

86 F

LEP

GL°LT

“SI

i an

88° Sz

“GS
£91
“GS

i)

dD

‘punoy pus poojuvienr) ‘AjaArzoedse1 ‘9}BOIPUT S19}}0] OSOTLT, x

oye yng

suIuIoOD

SIIUIOD Ada

qnopuoy

uolny

JoyANY od

2) 009000)

«¢ POOM JOOS “§ “As,
“ACN ‘Of8gng
“QIOSSIPA, 2 ATUOFT

« Peg doyD poosry ,,
‘AN ‘Sururop
‘hq AL'S Jo 07R48q

« PPA YPOFFS 8,[[94SBH ,,
‘O ‘OpetoL
“OD ® Tl48®H *“H ‘M

«¢ PIAT BBJOZCN ,,
‘IH ‘osvoryD
“OC [8019 U19}SAM YBOIN) OT,

« TPA STBO 8,Wossary ,,
‘TIT ‘osvoryy
“OD [BalaD U19}SA\\ JBL IY,

« [897 FIBRO 8,dossary ,,
‘IIT ‘osvoryD
“OC [BeleaD UlaysaA\ YBAID OT,

‘TH ‘osvoryD
“OC [Bor9aD UI19}S9A\ YBIID OY,

6SS7

COP

9SEP

O9tF

bry

SélP

Report on INspecrion Work oF THE

594

“pegiyieo sy

‘yueo Jad auo jo j]BYy-auU0 yes

pee; Aurmoy ‘u100 ‘sSuljpprur yeoym
‘uviq #80 ‘peasy uayn[s ‘s]]ny 4vo ‘s}yVO

*PEegiytes SV
“4/88 yue0 Jad 9aUO jo J[BYy-aU0 ‘s}vo
‘aeiq 380 ‘s]jny 4vo ‘peasy Auru0y ‘uI0D

“Pegitie0. SV
“qTBS ‘s}BO
‘uBiq vo ‘sT[nNY 3vo ‘peo AurOY ‘uI0D

“4/88 ‘s][NY yo ‘ssulppprur 4vo
‘sZul[ppru yeoyam ‘paay AuruOYy ‘UI0D
‘4[es ‘ScUI[pprur yeo ‘ssuTTppru yeoyM
‘peey Aurwmoy ‘u109 ‘uRIq 4RO ‘sTTNY 4%O

“q7es ‘s]][NY 4vo ‘ssulppprur 40
‘sdul[ppra yeoya ‘peasy Auruoy ‘uI0D
“4/88 ‘SSUI[pprur 4vo ‘ssUI[pprur yRoyM
‘pees Aurwmoy ‘u10d ‘uviq 4vo ‘sTINY yO

“Pegiyieo Sy
‘yonpoid-Aq pus 4yeur Aojivg

“4UIs puv punois Ajj1ed spaas poom
SUIUIG}UOD ssuruseINS xey ‘poos xeyT
‘SSUIUBOIOS XB PUB PIdS XBT

“‘s}UeIpeisUy

“20qy
epnig

€6°€ | 9 IT A
P La)
Z0€ | 6 A
P oe 4D
}06'€ | 188
Vv BF 3D)
LYS) TE 6
& sete a 9)
AIS 3) O82
& Soa
Oe € | 69ST A
GO’E 4). $2 ST. 9D
OS ZI | GL°2T xl
“AT | GE°LT xD

2p aq yo lad

“qRy “uteyoid

epnig epnip

asnovikg

oreyng

1948949

oeyng

euouLy

sare Yynog

ojeyng

‘MOye} ION MA

*(panuyuog) — saantg

« Pe W8IOP] oUVIZTY 8,09 O-H UL»,
"ACN ‘ovegng
“OO O-H °GL

«e P2AT YOOIG puBlsug MON ,,
‘AON ‘oreyng
“OD O-H UL

« P2A,T YOOFG PUBlSU MON ,,
‘ACN ‘oregng
“OD O-H FL

« PAY W-9C ;,
"AN ‘oreyng
“OO O-H 4%L

« PPA TW-9C ,,
‘ACN ‘oreyng
“OD O-H O4L

« P22 UF »,
‘A 'N ‘oegng
“‘q1OSSIP, 2 AIUOPT

« POO ATTIAT UleAs]OF, ,,
“AN ‘oregng
‘Q1asstfy 2 ATUOF
‘Sdaa,] CHANNOANOD

‘oUIvU ope1y 10 puviq pu soqqot
10 JOINJOVJNUBUL JO SsoIPpe PUG OUTBNY

gg0P

Shsp

LEV

PPED

LOSE

908F

DNIGAG], JO SATANVG JO SUSATVNY

595

New York AGRIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“‘SSUIUIUITYS vO pue Aapieq ‘sSul;pprur

qvo ‘s][ng 4vo ‘syeo ‘Teyo ul0d ‘u10Dg
‘SSUI[PpIUI 4vo ‘SSuTUIUITYS

yeo pue Aogpieq ‘sy[Ny yo ‘syvo ‘uI0D

“4/88 ‘S][NY 4vo ‘ssurppprur yvo ‘u10D
488
‘ai0o ‘pee Auruloy ‘uviq 4vo ‘sT[NY 4eVO

‘aT88 ‘s]TnY
yeo ‘ssulppprur 4yvo ‘ssuljpprur yewoqymM
‘peey ueynis ‘[eour paasu0jj0o ‘u10D
“4/88 ‘seo ‘U100 ‘uayN{s ‘URIq 4RO ‘[RouE
p99su0}400 ‘ssuljpprur yeoym ‘sT[NY 4%O

“a188 ‘sTINY
480 ‘ssul[ppru 4vo ‘sSuljppru yeoym
‘pse} usyn[s ‘[vew psesuo0jjoo ‘u109g
“4188 ‘S38 ‘M109 ‘UeyNIS ‘UBIq 78O ‘[BauI
pe9su0}409 ‘ssUI[ppru yewaym ‘s][NY 4eO

418s ‘sTTNY
yeo ‘ssulpppru 4vo ‘ssul[ppru yoy
‘peel ueyn[s ‘Teal psesuo0jyoo ‘u0D

“q]es ‘s}'%0
‘a10d ‘uojn]s ‘uRIq 4eo ‘[vaUI poses
-00}400 ‘ssul[ppra yeoym ‘s]InyY 4e%O

“pegiteo sy

be

‘peey Aurmoy ‘u100 ‘ssulTpprur ywoym
‘uBiq vo ‘pooy uaynis ‘sT[Ny 4vo ‘s}8O

‘peyty1e0 sy

“4/88 4ue0 zed ou jo jjBYy-9u0

‘peey uayn[s ‘peey Aurmoy ‘sSurpppr
gvoqm ‘s][ny yRO ‘u100 ‘uvIq 4vO ‘syVO

ST OL

PIP

80°F

82°F

¥6'6
90°6
186
0¢°8

9¢°9T
‘FI

18°91
‘FI

Té°ST

0¢ IT

€9°TT

Oo & O F&F

*puno,y pus pooyuvieny ‘AJoAT}OOdsaI ‘9}BOTPUT 810940] OSOTLT,

SULUIO/D

opsgng

soyeyon T,

oregng

asnoevlfg

IojsMolg

uds19q

« pat doyy ,,
"AN ‘s0q pozureg
“od SUT, weuspoy

«e PAT YG S910 8,09 O-H YL ,,
"AN ‘opegng
“0D O-H WL

« P20q AN PUBsZV 8,09 O-H GL,
‘ACN ‘ovegng
“OD O-H OL

« P29AK ATA PUBIZTY 8,09 O-H YL ,,
‘ACN ‘oregng
“09 O-H UL

« P2290 ANA PUvIZTY 8,09 O-H FL ,,
"ACN ‘oregng
“OO O-H °4L

« PAT WIOY IUVIZTY 8,09 O-H LL),
‘ACN ‘opeygng
“OD O-H UL

« POAT PIOH] OUIZTY 8,09 O-H UL,
‘AON ‘oregng
“09 O-H SUL

SSCP

6bEP

vesp

ShEP

9S0F

CLEP

O6T¥

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

596

“4[8s ‘spoos
pees ‘ssurddijo 4vo ‘sureis (sio]]14stp
‘sdul[pprur ‘jvau peosuly ‘synods
4/8 UI ‘poey UezN[s ‘UID ‘[vauT passu0}}0,

‘SUIBIS SIO][ISIP
‘q[es ‘ssulppru ‘jeour [io ‘ssurddyyo
yeo ‘uaynis ‘u10D ‘[eeUr paesuo0}}0—D

“yes “4113

‘sdurddijo 4vo ‘sureis sia][ystp ‘ssur[p

-prua ‘jeour peesuy ‘ur0o ‘synoids
qjeur ‘pesos ueynjs ‘[eour paesu0j0H

*‘SUIvIS

SI9][4SIp pusw 4us0 Jad ouo jo syyIMoy

-901Y} 4[es ‘ssul[pprur ‘[vour [IO ‘uI100
‘s8uiddtjo 480 ‘ueyn[s ‘jeour paesu0}}00

“Pegtyle. SV
*yua0 Jed ao Jo Sy}ANOj-90144
4[es ‘ssul[ppru ‘s]Iny 4vo ‘syvo ‘uI0D

*[ByO Ulod ‘uBIq U10D ‘U10D
‘U100 WOT} Ope

“syUoIpeisuy

68°9

Lv'9

egg
epnip

oL'¢

92°¢

“4Ry
epnip

6°96 A
uly
-yueLy YON
‘06 OD
88°co Al
anqny
‘06 =O
90°IT a
bed a
oO v
88°6 + Oe
Sh a0)
yo lad
‘ute}01d “U9dye} O10 MA
epnig

« P2aT Arveq poysnyy ,,
‘A ‘N ‘orepng
“oD SUIT peysny

« paaq Aveq peysny ,,
‘AN ‘o[egng
“oO SUNT peysny

« P2AT esdypogy punosy euLy ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“oO sul peysny

“ce uBle ulo‘) ”
‘AN ‘oreyng
“oO SUIT peysny
-Saaga yy agannodwo/r)

‘QUIvU Opti} 10 puviq pus roqqof
10 JOINJOVJNUCUL JO SSeippe PUB OUIe NT

PrIP

L66€

SE8E

‘(panuyuo)g) — Sd4OLg PNIGAGY AO SHTAWVG AO

SUSKLIVNY

597

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

*PEgi}ie0 SV
*yuo0 Jad 90 Jo SY}INOJ-s014} yes
‘sng yvo ‘Aurmmoy More ‘s}v0 ‘uI0D

“Peptic sy
*4u90 Jed 9u0 JO SY}ANOJ-9o14} 4S
‘s]Iny yvo ‘Auraroy MoTjak ‘s}zeo ‘UI0D

‘s][nY yo ‘ssul[pprur vo ‘s}¥vo ‘uI0D
‘yua0 Jed ouo JO SYZINOJ-9a14} 4es
‘ssul[ppru ‘Aurur0y ‘s][ny 70 ‘s}vo ‘U10D

*"yeyo 109
‘s][nYy 4vo ‘ssul[pprur 4vo ‘sjyvo ‘u10D

‘qua0 Jed 9uo Jo syyINOjJ-ve1Y} 4[eS
‘ssul[pptur ‘Auruzoy ‘sT[Ny 4Bo ‘syvo ‘UI0D

“‘pegited SV
*yu90 Jed 9U0 JO SY}AINOJ-991Y} 4[BS
‘ssul[pprur ‘Auraoy ‘s][NY 480 ‘s}Bo ‘U10D

“4[e8 ‘[eour poessul] “posy UoyN[s
‘s[[Iny yvo ‘ssuljpprur 4vo ‘syvo ‘u10D
‘quod Jed
euo0 JO sqjINoj-s014} yes ‘[eour [IO
‘s][nY 480 ‘ueZn{s ‘ssutppprur ‘s}vo ‘u10D

“48S
‘SUIBIS (S1O][4SIP ‘ssulppprur itoyi
‘je0ul peasuly ‘yeyo yevo puv ssurddijo
480 ‘paey usynis ‘u10d ‘[eouI psasu04}0D
‘yue0 Jed 9u0
JO St}IMOj-oo14} 4[es ‘SUIBIS (S1O][T}
-SIp ‘sdulpprur ‘jeour [ro ‘ssurddtjo
yeo ‘uaynis ‘u1od ‘;eaur psasu0,}00

a

169

L49°¢

61 1

“Ol

GL°SG

BoBeyyy

ope yng

opegng

uoyrore Fy

ore yng

oreyng

oregng

4, WPUIAOLY MOT[EX poeysn{qq ,,
“AN ‘oregng
“oO SUNITA pewsnyH

¢ PUPACIY MOT[AX Pe}sn]{ ,,
"AN ‘oregng
“OD SUTIN peysny

«« PAT YG paysnyy ,,
‘AON ‘oreyng
“oO SUIT peisny

‘AON ‘oregng
“og SUI peisny

« PAT YOHY poysny_,,
‘AN ‘oreyng
“oO SUIT peysny

« PIAJ AIOH Posny ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“oD SUNTAN peysnH

«< pea Aired peysny ,,
‘ACN ‘oregng
“oD Su pesnH

‘punoy pus poojuBieny ‘A[AATJOOdSeL ‘ayBOIPUI S10}49] OSOTT, x

6668

GEse

16h

8LOb

Fess

99SP

POSP

Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE

598

“4[8s ‘sdurusalos ‘sT[NY 40 ‘s}Bo ‘IOD
“qyes ‘sT[NY 4vo ‘syvo ‘UI0D

“4/8s ‘sT[NY 7eo ‘syBo “eyo w109 ‘uUI10D
“q]es quod ed 9u0
jo sqynoj-so1yy ‘sy[ny yeo ‘syvo ‘UI0g

“q[8s ‘sT[nY 4Bo ‘syvo ‘UI0D
*yu90 ad ou jo
SY}INOJ-9o1Y} [Vs ‘s][NY 7voO ‘szBo ‘WIND

“9788 ‘sy[nY 4Bo ‘syvo ‘eyo u10d ‘W109
*qua0 Jed au0 jo

SY}ANOJ-901} yes ‘sy[ny 4vo ‘syvo ‘uI0D

“AIS

‘(WBYo 480 pus 109) sT[NY 4B ‘s}v0 ‘UIOD,
‘yue0 Jed 9u0 jo

SYPIMNOJ-9o1y} 4[Vs ‘s][nY yo ‘syvo ‘uI0D

"ares ‘(yeyo

480 puv W109) s[[NY 9¥vO ‘syvo 4YSIT ‘UI0D
*yu90 Jod au0 jo

SY}INOJ-sa1y} 4[es ‘sT[TNY 4vo ‘syvo ‘uI0D

‘aes ‘(yeyo
480 pus W109) s][NY vo ‘seo 4YRIT] ‘UIOD
“48S ‘s][NY 480 ‘szvo0 ‘uI0D

*s}USIpoIsuUy

“ro8qy
epnin

Ié"¢
oc’

cO'¢
Oc's
GP
Océ
88°&
oc’é

98°¢

0g '€

€&°¢

oc’é

60°¢

Oc'€

22 lad

“yey
epnig

ud)
5h
ror)
Oo. Bo6. & Oo ki. oe

Og" Z
696
os"2
Sel a
osz 0
66 A
Oz. 2
18°6 x
OSL «0
79 Lag
“u1ej01d
epnip

ysng eur

uated

UMOFI9}8 AA

asnoBitg

orepng

UILEg MON

ay[eq MON

‘MOB, CIO MM

« Pea doy yoreuoyy ,,
‘AN ‘Ofepng
“oO Sul peysny

« Pea doyD youvuoyy ,,
‘ACN ‘oregng
“oO Su peysny

« Pea doyD Yorvuojy ,,
‘AN ‘oreyng
“oO SUT pesny

pee, doyp yoreuopy ,,
“AN ‘oregng
“oO SUNT pesny

« POAT Y909G JoMOpAC], ,,
“KN ‘orspng
“oO SUTIN pesny

« PAT YFG JomopARY ,,
"AN ‘oregng
“oO SUIT pesny

« Pe YFG IoMopley ,,
‘AN ‘oreyng

“Od SUNT posny
*SCaaGy CACNAOdWO/)

‘oUIvU OpB1} 10 puviq puB ieqqgol
IO JOIN}JOVjNUBU JO ssoIppe puB OUIBNY

TSEP

LOTP

S9OSP

‘(panuyuo)) — SddOLg PNIGATY JO SAIdNVG 4O SASATVNY

599

New York AGRICULTURAL ExrErRIMENT STATION.

“PeRT}180 SV
*[eour qoo ‘u10d punois ‘UBIq Bey AA

"PeyhA00 SV
*[B9Ul Goo ‘u10d punois ‘uBIq YOY AA

“‘poyiq1e0 sy
*[Boul God ‘u10d punois ‘uBIg yvOy AA

“q]es “Ino yeoymM ‘ssuI[p

-piul yevoyM ‘Teour qod ‘uBIq voy
*[BOUI God

‘ueiq jvoyM ‘SsUI[pprur ‘Inoy 4evoy A

iDeBTtoOTSy
‘s}vo punois ‘s][ny
yeo ‘sdul[pprur yeo ‘Aururoy ‘[eeur u10D

"Pega sy
yu90 Jed 90 Jo SYZANOJ-901Y} 4]eS
‘ssul[ppru ‘s][ny yeo ‘Aapreq ‘s}yeo0 ‘uI0D

‘qres ‘sy[NY 480 ‘ssurrp
-piur 4¥%0 ‘fapieq ‘s}8o ‘[eyo u100 ‘U10D
‘quao Jed 9u0 jo SyyANOj-9014} 4[BS
‘sSul[pprul ‘sT[ny 4vo ‘Aapreq ‘s7vo ‘UI0D

“q7es ‘s][NY 78o ‘ssuI[p
-prur 480 ‘Aopreq ‘szeo ‘eyo u10d ‘U10D
*yua0 Jed 9U0 Jo SyyANOj-90I14} 48S
‘sSUl[ppru ‘s[jny 4vo ‘Aapreq ‘seo ‘uI0D

“Ppegiy1e0 sy
“4/88 yua0 ed au0
Jo sq}Anoj-seruy ‘sy[nYy 4vo ‘s}yvo ‘WI0D

89 OI

*puno,y pue psoyuvrenry ‘Ajeatqoadsal ‘97BOIPUI 8109340] BSE, J, x

uoz,UIeYy sug

BOUBUIB[BG

uoyUIey SUI

PIOFXO

opegng

Sheets |

O][LATOSTO NT

Iopuey

PELE

«< P2Y POX SULI03§ ,,
‘pul ‘oyNey] 1197,
“oO SUI eueIpuy

« P2AT POXI Surie}g,,,
*puy ‘omneyy e119 7,
“oO SUNT, BUeIpuy

cc POO BUTTIOAS ,,
*puy ‘ayneyy e110],
“oO SUNT euerpuy

«« P9AT POxt Aess0¢ ,,
*puy ‘oyney] ero],
“oo Sul, BaeIpuy

« Peg doyD prepuryg ,,
“KON ‘oregng
“oO Su onerpAyy

« PIQq YOOIS YyUIZ ,,
“AN ‘oregng
“oO SUT peysny

«c POAT Y20HG YIUEZ ,,
“AN ‘oregng
“od SUT pesny

«« P2AJ YoHg WPUIZ,,,
"AN ‘oregng
“oD Sur peysny

« MOYD [eBoy ,,
"AN ‘oreyng
“OO Sul peysny

GS6E

1E8€

Z6¥P

OLCD

961F

9bbP

cop

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

600

‘ssuruoa10s
UIvIs pouveld ‘Inoy Sop pos ‘;eour vod
‘peoy uejN[s ‘[eeul paesuo0yj}00 ‘[vour
uveq ysnooy ‘yeeisnuey ‘[eaul poosur'T

*‘ssuUTUd010S
UIBIs poUBe[o ‘SUIBIS POLIP S19][1}SIp
‘Teou vod ‘synoids 4[evur ‘peel uezN{s
‘peasxey ‘[Beur psesuo}joo ‘suTeid
SIOMeIq PolIp ‘[BeUI [IO peassuT] ‘uvaq
qsnoo] ‘peas yooisnuey ‘Inoy Zop poy

“sSuIU0010S
UIvId pouve]d ‘Inoy Sop par ‘;eour vod
‘paey ueyn[s ‘[eoul peesuojj00 ‘[vour
uvoq ysnoo, ‘yeoisnuey ‘[vour poosuly

“Inoy sop
pel ‘ssuluselos UIeIs pouvopo ‘surleiZ
pep Sie[ystp ‘Teour vod ‘synoids
qjeur ‘peoy usyn[s ‘poasxey ‘[eour poos
-10}}09 ‘SUIvIS SIOMOIG PeLIp ‘[eaur [IO
peesuly ‘uveq 4ysnoo] ‘poss ysersnus,7

*Pegtyt00 Sy
*[eeul qood ‘U10d punois ‘ueIq Yeo

*qod U10D puNnOIS puB UID ‘URIG Yeo A
‘[eeUl god ‘uI0D punols ‘uBIq yVO AA

‘S}USIpeisuy

Ge4 | cso | S646 A
8} 10000
‘Or AY Lom 19)
822 19TS | Le A
uodeyuedoy
‘Or aS) Go OD
ce yl | 86§ | G26 A quourey[V
CA | Neh 9)
18°ST | GO € | $2 OT «4 SuCTeTN
SPE Wee Ge USO
‘pag | “0 lad 90 lag |
“10qU 4B} “ureqo1d “u97B} VIO AA
epnig | epnip epnig

|
)

« TRA JIBO YSBJoIy [euoryeuis,Ty ,,
‘uulyy ‘styodvouutyy

“OD poog Yooyg [BUOKeUIEZUT |OSTF

cc PROV TBD WBjoryH [suoryVease;zT] ,,
uulyy ‘stpodveuury(y

“OD poog xo0}g [eUOTewUIEPUT

cc P2997 PEXTTAL SUIIIE45 ,,
*puy ‘oyney e110],
“oO BuIA BueIpuy

« P2AT PEXTA SUlI03¢ ,,

‘pul ‘oyneyz] e107,
“oO SUT Buerpuy

:SaaGy AIANAOdWO*D

‘gULBU OpB1} 10 puviq pus Jeqqof
IO JOINJOVJNUBUL JO SseIPps PUB oUIBN

*(penuyuo)) — SddNig OSNIGHAY JO SATANVG AO SASATVNY

LE0v

101?

*laquInNy

601

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘SSuI[P
-pIul yeoyM ‘Ino Sop pal ‘[vaur U10D

‘ssul[p
-pli yevoyM pue NOY Sop peal ozieypy

‘InOY Sop pat ‘[eoul W109 ‘URIG YVOTT A
‘Inop dop pel OZivUl pue uvIg yeoy A

“qyes ‘s}Bo ‘W100 ‘BI[BITV
*8}80 ‘U100 ‘BI[VITV

“4[8S ‘spoos
peeM SuluIe}Uu0d ssuUTUseI0s § ‘Inoy
yeoym ‘poay Aurmoy ‘s][NY 4vo ‘szVO

Wits

‘Inog ueupy ‘Aurmoy ‘s][ny 4eo ‘szeQ

“Pegipieo By
“s[[NY 4BO pus W109 UI9}S9\,

“Pegtz199 SV
‘s][NY 480 puv U10d UI94seM jo pasodui0D

*ssuUTU90I0S
Ulels pouva[o ‘Inoy Sop pat ‘;eaur vad
‘pee} ueynis ‘woul possuo}j0o ‘Teour
uveq Asnoo] ‘yselsnuey ‘[vour poesurT

“Inoy Sop
pei ‘ssuruee10s urels pouveo ‘sures
pep Siey[ysip ‘jeour ved ‘synods
y[eur “peey useyn[s ‘poesxey ‘[eoul poas
-10}}09 ‘SUIBIS SIOMOIG PoTIp ‘[BoUr [IO
peesuly ‘uveq 4 Asndo0j ‘pass yoorsnue,7

eh &
“L

¥6°¢
OF 9

GGL

‘Or

Wah)

61 €I

99° 8<

OR

9)

OR

OR

d

‘punog pus peojuesenr ‘AjeAtj{00dsai ‘azBOIpUT §19}49] ESOT T,

Uop [eM

uepleM

qonue N

MBIFSIOA CH

SeIYOR IN

eovyy]

]jeuuNn yy,

« PEXIPL MopY Fog, poy
ozreyy pue sSUr[PPIIN yeay A Jespeq ,,
SIM ‘OoyNe AIA
“oo SUTIN esneryy “Vy “styO

« Pea pextpy Aouvy iospeg_,,
SIM ‘2O¥NeMIITAL
“og SUITTY esneryy “y “seqD

cp POS SIIBPGIONT. ,,
“oy ‘A}IO sesuvy
“OD SUNITA Pea Bj[ByUI0 Sy

«, PPT SSIOP{s T ‘ON 8,Uosuyoer ,,
“A CN ‘M@I4SIOAGTT
‘uosuyor “MA ‘S

‘c P9ey wof ”
"K ‘N ‘umMojsouree
‘STUN OLj0e]y UMOJSoUIeL

poe Te 39
‘KA 'N ‘uMOjsoures
‘SIT, O11}00/q UMOJSOUB

« TR9WN SIRO YSBjory [euoyeuie,qTy ,,
‘uUlyy ‘Stjodvauuryy

“OD poog 907g [eUOTeUIyUT

8OSP

LOSP

vISp

OISh

LEEv

166€

9EFF

Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE

602

“Pegipied SV
‘uaqnys ‘synoids
qyeum Aouvy ‘Jeour [Io ssed01d pyo
‘uviq yoy JojULM AOU; ‘[voU poos
-00}}09 yuad Jod [fF [MO ‘[vaur UI0D
pus Aurmoy ‘sureis (sia][y4stp uw10D

“Pepteo By
‘uaynys ‘synoids
qjeur AouBy ‘Jwaur [Io ssodvo0id pyo
‘uBIq }Bey4M JoyUIM AOUB] ‘;voU pods
-40}309 queso Jed [fF [MO ‘[vour W100
pus Aurwoy ‘survis (sio][ystp w109g

PeBl}A00 BY
‘ueynys ‘synoids
yeu ~Aouvy ‘Teour [IO ssav01d po
‘uBiq yBveyM JoyuLM AouUBy ‘Tea poes
-40}409 yuad Jed [fF [MO ‘[eour W100
pue Aurwmoy ‘suIeis Sio][ystp W109

“Pegitoo sy
‘soul[p
-prul 4voyM puw UBIgG W100 ‘4["s quod
Jod euo jo j[ey-ou0 pue s][ny 4vo
‘ssUl[ppru vo ‘uI0D pu s}vo puUNoOI

“‘s}USIpelsuy

92'S

li
02°9

oT
LVL

aE
96°¢

coh

70 Lad

“aeqg
epnin

19°9

€o°9

oc F

72 Lad

“Ry
epnig

*‘(ponuyuoy) —Sa4OLG PNIGUT] IO SHIdNWVG AO SASLIVNY

LE°St i

Hee N98)
88°co A

Gs OD
GL:éo Af

(ed)
F6 OT +f

0G¢°9 «0D

*u1oj01d
epnig

70 lad

bat |i @)

ainqny

yae1g, Apueg

SIALOP J.10q

‘meyB} CIO MA

« OEY Arreq [wed exrenbg ,,
‘AN ‘saqop
‘TOqIIM Y Mv'T

,, uoIyey Alteq [veg orenbg ,,
“ACN ‘sut[op
‘TOTEM 2 ABT

« UoIey Arveq [eoq oienbg ,,
‘AN ‘saqjop
LOCAL 4) ABT

«: P2AT OS10F ,,
"AN ‘Stage y10g
‘ure’y 3 IvqRT

:Saaa,J AIANAOAWOD

‘QUIBU epBI} IO puviq puB reqqolt
10 JOINJOVJNUBU JO ssoIpp’ pu oUIBNY

969P

P60P

TEE

Shh

*1EquUIn Ny |

603

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘q[es ‘pues ‘punois
Ajyied spoas pooM Sururezu0d ssut
-uae10s Agp1eq pue 4vO ‘God W100 ‘pady
Aururoy ‘s][ny yvo ‘ssurppprur ‘szvo ‘W109
“4[eS pue Souludatos Aspe ‘SsuTuVaIOS
yeo ‘[wour qoo ‘Aurmoy ‘ssuljpprur
‘sqny 480 ‘s}eo punois ‘uw100 puno.y

“Pegttoo Sy

“q[Bs pus

peej ueynys ‘ssuljpprur yeoym ‘AuruOY
‘sqny 98o ‘syeo punois ‘u10d punoiy

‘syvo0 ‘ssur[p

-plur ywoym ‘ueIq yRoyM “yeoyM ‘WIOD

‘sSuruseel0s xey ‘s][NY poos
-10}}09 ‘Ba paesuoy4oo ‘[veuT PodsuUT'T

‘[Boul Paes
-003409 ‘s[[NY psesuo}j0o ‘[vour possur'yT

‘s][NY poos
-00}409 ‘[eeUl paesuo}joo ‘[vour poosur'yT

“s][NY poss
-109}00 ‘[eaUI paesto}}09 ‘frou poosurT

“Pegs sy
*‘SSUTU0INS puB Ss}vO ‘TIOD

08°8

69°8

68 7

98'S

rei [EE

Om OR Oe OR Om

Oe

‘punoy pue poasyuBienr ‘AJoATyOodse1 ‘ayeoTpUT 810449] OSE], x

Wo4yssUTyy

WO4SSULST

Allag

UsplV

uoyMBYySuUg

uAToorg

UMO}IOPC

AoY aT

«« PeT doyD 104817) ,,
"KN ‘Woqssuryy
‘HOSILLIB]T 2 SMOYZ}RTA

cc P9AT YO0FG Opsvory ,,
“KN ‘woyssury
‘WOSLLIV]] 2 SMO}IRIAT

«, UCIG PUB S7BO ‘UI05 ,,
“KON ‘Attog
“UIMBIN “f “Lf

ce TPP1N, EQ) 88990rg (PIO';,
"O ‘Ope1O.L
“oo sofeyy “5 Any oy,

« [89 TIO 889901g PIO ;,
"O ‘OpefoL,
“og aoleyy “5D And oy,

cc [B® TIO 880901g PIO ,,
"O ‘Ope1O.L
“oo dole 5 Any oy,

«« TROW TIO S$89901g PIO ,,
O ‘opejoL,
“op doleyy “yp Any o4L

«, OPUIAOLZ ,,
"AN ‘Soy oT

“OO SUIT Y Jomog Loy oT

96EF

S6EP

ScTIP

6S1P

TS6€

LI8&

SLIP

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

604

“4[es ‘sSul[pprur yeoy ‘[vour
peesuo}j00 ‘uviq yeoym ‘synods 4] yy

‘4[8S Jo oSvqyuooiod ][vus &

pues ‘ssulpprur soroyo ‘sureis (sioq]1}

-SIP polp ‘[vaur pasasu0}j09 aor10Yyo
‘uviq yeoym ound ‘synods 4;evur Aopeg

*Ppegtzte0 SV
‘(BUI Ps0su0}}00 pue [REU Paes
-ul] “4yeur pezuieAtnd ‘ywoymM paziioa[ng

‘s][nY 480 ‘s}yeo ‘u100 payovlg

‘s][nYy yeo ‘ssulpprur yvo ‘s}vo ‘uI0D

‘s][NY eo ‘ssurppprur yo ‘u10D

*sq[n
480 ‘Bol paesto}}00 ‘ssurppprur re
‘sdul[ppr 4vo ‘syvo “yea ‘[eour WIOD
‘p9ej ¥vo pure sT[ny 4vo ‘yeour
pessuo}j00 ‘ssulppprur adr ‘yeou U10D

“sy UoIpeisuy

|

G6 OT

“req
epnig

*(panuyjuoj) —SdGALG ONIGIAY FO SHTANVG JO

90°F

99 lod

yey
epnig

oo to A

oo oO
OR Om

Om

CLOT +A
OT FI «9

"po Lad

“ur1ejoid
epnig

AUNT,

eua]ey)

asnovitg

puryy10g

9uI0Y

19}soq00yy

Taye} 10M

«c 1891 AINA B}OIBSNG ,,
‘UUIP, ‘BUOUL A,

“oO STEW 989M UHON

« TRIN HBO Byoresng ,,
“UUIT, “BUOUT AA

“OD STINT 989M THON

«P2207 ‘O Y *—O Meg ,,
‘TIL ‘odyooT
“OD [BelaD sloul]] U10q}10 NV

«, Pea Snouwe,y ,,
‘TIT ‘WodyooT
“OD [BedaD Sloul]]] U1ey}10N

«, Pe, Snouwe,z ,,
‘TIT ‘odypoT
“OD [8219 SIOUT]] U19q}10N

sé SUIMS -
pus 019989 ‘ses1oyT 10} paaq osAy ,,
“KN ‘1oyseyqooyy
“OD peat Y SUNTLAL osATy
‘Sadan y GAaNNOdWO)

‘9WIBU 9PB1} 10 puviq puB Joqqolt
10 JOINZOBINUBUI JO sseIppe puB oUIBN

SUSLIVNY

O80F

1L0b

PSO0F

10L¥

900%

605

New York AaricutturAL ExpErRIMENT STATION.

"peutpieo SV
‘SING yvo ‘AuIMOY o}IYM ‘UIOD OI AV

“pegizies sv
‘sy[ny yvo ‘Aurmoy o4IyM “W109 o,IT A,

*‘payiqieo sy
“ssul[p
-prar ywoym ‘ssurppprur aAr ‘s}v0 ‘UI0D

‘[eyo usoo ‘Aapreq ‘ssurppprar

40 ‘s][nYy yeo ‘s}vo ‘peoy AuruIOYy ‘UI0D
‘sSUI[pprur 4vo puv

s][ny yvo ‘syeo ‘Aayieq ‘AurmoYy “W10p

“Pegiyies SV
‘]Boul
qo uloo pu s]Ny 4¥0 ‘s}vo ‘Teeu WOH

*qod U10d punois ‘pesy uayn[y
*qoo puv ui0d — poo} uezN{s

*qoo u10d punoi3 ‘W109
‘spe0s pooM SZUIUIe}UOD ssUTUdeI0S
Agpieq pue 4eo ‘s][ny yvo ‘psoas AurUIOP]
*qoo pus
U109 ‘s#uIUseI0S 480 ‘sT[NY yeo ‘AUTUOFT

*(ssulueel0s 480
pus ul0d) ssul[ppru yeoyM ‘sT[NYy 4vO
‘sduI[ppiu 4vo ‘syvo0 ‘peasy AuTMMOY “UID

*ssUur]p
-piul pu s][ny y¥vo ‘syvo ‘Aururoy ‘UI0D

B

OL"

HH osHoO

es

“_

£6°§

88°8

Om

Oo & OR

oO &

r?)

*punoy pue psdjuBieny ‘AjaATQoedsod ‘9}VOTPUI 810940] OSOMT, x

| OPEC Sy cl OFAN
O04SIUB>) DE AINE AXON)
| “o Aaqqis » sdpeyd

« P20 ‘SP ‘d OTM ,,
"AN ‘“eqng

“op Aalqig 3» sdjeyd

“ p27 PEXTAL 8,119 ”

“ACN SIA 8.410
‘SUOS 2) TIO “UA

eqng

SNA 8.420

“ pea, doyp ”
"AN ‘av9iO
‘STITT e210

uwBI10

peboa
doyg 380 pues uloD ao1T0}RSeMSO ,,
*K ‘N ‘SinqsuapsQ,
‘STN JoTOY Binqsuepso

sinqsuepsoO

ce p27 [PPPOIN ”
‘ACN ‘oregng
‘U0G 2 YVMON “VY

woIqry

« OUD PPOW 5;
“AN ‘opegng
‘U0G 2) YVMON “VW

oregngd

‘AN ‘oregng
“U0og 2 YBMON "V

aoUalBID

19GP

CCEP

90SP

68D

SZE

CLIP

PIep

zeee

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

606

“pegiyso SV

“4/88 puv
[eeu psesuoygoo (s}10ys 4vo ‘sT[NY
480 ‘sSulpprur 4vo0) syonpord-Aq ][rUr
[eeu 4vo ‘inog yevoymM ‘AopIeq “WI0D

"9188 ‘sqINY
y80 ‘ssulpprur 4vo ‘poss Aururoy ‘u10D
“q[BS (SSUI[pprIur 4vO ‘sT[NY 4BoO ‘sz}10Ys
yeo) sjonpoid-Aq [tur [vou 4yvo ‘uL0D

‘s][NY yvo ‘U10D
‘synY BO puvw Ul0d U1eySa

‘s]]nY 38vo ‘UI0D
‘s][NY 4vVO puv W100 U1e4ysa

‘s][nYy yo ‘UIOD
“s][nY yvo puv U10D U19e4{s9M

‘s][nY yo ‘UlOD
Sy[nYy 480 puv U10d ULI0}S0 A

“‘SJUOIpoIsUy

99°8

€ L «0D
‘Pp lad ‘Pp Ld
4By “araqyoid

49> | O° Tr wf

€ i
26°F) 1828.)
§ A
66°F 18 8 ooh
§ Me a)
Shr | Tee
€ oe ee)

8b | 76'S xd

epnig epnig

STB Susp

Aueqry

AgyeA suudg

eqno

STTASTIOAL

SUIUIOD

‘Waye} o104 MM

« PPT “A POD»,
‘TIL ‘ovary
“O°D 878Q Joeyene) oY

« P87 880g ,,
TI “o3BoryD
“O* 8}8Q JOyenyy oy,

« PATS Y ‘d MOTOR ,,
“KN ‘eqngo
“od Aa[qig » sdjeyg

« PAT "S Pd MOA ,,
“K'N ‘eqng
09 Aaiqis 7 sdjeqg

« PTS P ‘A MOA ,,
“KON ‘Bqnp
“op Aalqis p sdoyg

« PT “SP “A MOTOR ,,
“A'N ‘vqng

09 Aaiqig 3» sdjoyg
:saqaaq agaNnoawog

‘QUIBU OpBi} 10 puBiq pus Joqqot
10 JOINJOBVJNUBUL JO SsaIppB pus oUIBNy

LOGE

COEF

9TSP

IZEP

608F

*(panuyjuo)) —Sd4OLg DPNIGAay AO SAIdNVG JO SASATVNY

607

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“88
‘s][nY 4vo ‘sdurpppra yeo ‘syeo ‘u10D
“4]@S 790 10d oO Jo J[BY
-9u0 ‘(ssul[pprur 4¥8o ‘sT[NY 4%BO ‘sj10Ys
480) syonpoid-Aq [vou yo ‘s}¥o ‘UID

*poyizies sy
‘Yur polip puv possxey punois
[sou yeoymM ‘[voul 4e8O UWOIJ ope]

*Peptyieo sy
afr pertp pus
peosxep punois ‘[vour yeoyM ‘[voul 4VO

iPOPMASD SY
=e pelipspay
peesxsy punois ‘;vour Yeo ‘[voul 4VC

“‘peyipieo SV
‘y[IUl polip pues poosxey punois
‘jeour ywoyM ‘[evoUl 4VO UWO1J opi

‘Ivsns pur 4yes ‘ueynys ‘yo1v4s U100
Jo Ajos1vy Suysisuoo ‘syonpoid-Aq w10g
*syonpoid-Aq w109

“Ppegtico SV

sig Mi

quedo dod 9uo jo syjZINoj-90143 pue
p9esu0}309 ‘pessury ‘Aapieq ‘[vour 4%O

“Pegiyte0 Sy
“4[88 yued Jod ouo jo J[ey-ou0 pur
[BeUl pesesuo0yjoo (s][ny 4vo ‘sz1oYs
480 ‘sdul[pprur 4%0) syonpoid-Aq [ror
[eeu 4yvo ‘nog yvoym ‘AopIeq ‘uI0D

¢9"9

89'T

SPT

‘Or

Go's

18 OT

Go'6
61 0G
‘61
09°61
‘61
OL 81
‘61
69°12
‘61
69°8
0¢°6
F6 Lz

“GS
ry a GL

‘Or

Ork oO FeO ee Och © © &

ee OF

*puno,y pus poosjuvieny ‘AjaAtpoodser ‘04BOIPUI S10},0] OSOULT, »

Ope

OT AMOT

10}89010

eAcr

mommy,

BOINV

TOSTIM

oTPAUy YUE y

« Peay es10F] [Body JsyoRuUINypS ,,

‘TT ‘os8o14D
“O*D $18Q JexeNy oyT

cc [89 TBD LOTOVUMNYIS ,,
TH ‘o88orqD,
“O* 8380Q JoxVNy oyT,

cc TS8T, 8D AS OVUINGOS ,,
fe)
“OD $18Q JeyVNy oy

cc [RPT HBO T9GOVUINYNS ,,
TI ‘oSvoryD
“O*- 8}8O AoyeN 9,

« [PROP 8D LopoVuUnyog ,,
TI “osvorg9,
“O*D 8}8O JoxVNy IT,

« P20 TV-ZPIA 5,
‘TT ‘osvorgD
“OD 878Q Joyenty) oy],

«« BOW JID Wossory ,,
‘TH ‘o8voryD
“O¢ 8380Q JoeyxVNy oT

« POH UIT ped “a Pu’ OO»
TH ‘osvoryD
“O— $78Q JOyen?) oy,

18h

STOP

SIT?

SP6E

OL6E

61h

SLIP

Seer

Report on Inspection Work or THE

608

‘popiieo SY | 768 (868 | 990. A
‘sdur[ppru
yeo pus s][nyg 480 ‘sj10ys yvo ‘inog
sop perl ‘jeour paesuojjoo ‘Aapieq ssutidg 4, PIT BUIIE4g ,,
‘80 ‘W100 WOIJ epey “gueo sod BLIB}IUBG TIT ‘osvoryD
euo jo sioqyIenb-se1yy yes WNUIIxByy OL > 01 DD “OD S}8O JoxeNy oy, |FO6E

Pegtoosy | £0°6 | Sey | 69°OL a
‘48s yUe0 Jed auO Jo J[eYy-au0

‘[8eUl psaesu0zj0o ‘(szr0ys 48voO ‘sT[NY ssuudg « P9AT YOY Joyoeunyag ,,
480 ‘sZul[pptur 4vo) szonpoid-Aq [[rur SUB}Ueg ‘TIL ‘osvoryo
[eau 480 ‘inog yeaya ‘“Aapieq ‘WI0D ‘OL | Sas ‘Or O “OD 8380 JoyBny og, |9968

peperey 1°28 2 eos te al
"4[BS yu90 ad ouO jo jTeY-sU0 pus

[Beul pessuo4}00 ‘(sdul[pprur 4vo ‘sTNY « P8AT YG Joyovunyo, ,

480 ‘syloys 480) syonpoid-Aq [[rur eqiq ‘TIL ‘oseorg9

[eau yeo ‘Agjeq “Inog yeayM “WIOD ‘OT | Sas NOS 9) “OD 8380 Joyeny oy], F768

(pegtisosy | Co 8 | 86s | eo Il
4188

‘(seul psesm04400 ‘(ssulppprur 4% ‘sT[nY « P9AT JOYS Jeyovunyps ,,

yeo ‘syioys 480) syonpoid-Aq |[rUr : 8}000T0 TIL ‘os801g9

[vem 480 ‘inog yvoyM ‘Aopieq ‘WI0D SO Megae ‘OL D “O° $380 JOyVNy o4L, [PLP

PERIMSOSY | 99°6 | OF § | IS OT al
‘4[8s yua0 rod UO Jo J[ey-au0 pus

‘[89Ul paesu0}400 ‘(sSul[ppiur 4vo ‘sTTNY STP « P99T YI0IG IoyovuNyp|g ,,
480 ‘s}loys 480) syonpoid-Aq |[rur yvo Javlassueyy ‘TIL ‘osvory9
‘mnog yeoym ‘Agpeq ‘u100 WOIy ope “OL | Sos ‘OL «9D “OD $380 1oxVNy oUL |ZZZe
‘Saga y CACNAOdNO*D
‘79 lad | “7 LID | we) 49d |
Z
*s]USIpaisay “10qy “yey *“aieyoid “HOB? VIO AA ‘oulvu opei} 10 puBviq pus saqqol 5
epniy epniy epniy 10 JOINJOVINUBCUT JO SSoIppB PUB JUIB\T om
| 4

*(panuyuog) —Sd4Oig ONIGEGY JO SHIANVG JO SHSATVNY

609

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘9788 ‘STN
yeo ‘ssuljpprur yvo ‘[eyo ulod ‘u10D
“4]es yueo ated
euo jo jjey-9u0 pue (SssUI[ppru 4eo
pue sj[ny 4e0 ‘syzoys 4vo) syonpoid
-Aq ][lUL [wour 4vo ‘U10d WOIy opEyy

“478s ‘sy
4vo ‘ssul[ppiur yvo ‘[eyo ulod ‘u10)
“48S quod od au jo Jjey
-au0 ‘(s}10Ys }8o ‘sT[nY 4Bo ‘ssul;pprur
yeo) sjonpoid-Aq ][tur [woul 4yevo ‘u10D

Pegt}ieo sy
“4[8S quad Jed auo jo jey-ou0 pus
[eour psesuojjoo ‘(sy10ys 4eo ‘sT[NY
480 ‘SsUI[pplur 780) syonpoad-Aq [TUT
[eeu yvo ‘mop yveyM ‘Aopreq ‘U10D

“‘pegh1e0 Sy

‘SSUI|ppru 4vo pue

s[[ny yeo ‘sjy1oys 4yvo ‘Inoy Sop por
‘]BeUl psesuoyyoo ‘Aapieq ‘sy8o ‘uI09 “4BG

Peg Ao0 BY,

‘sdur[ppru
yeo pue s[[ny 4vo ‘sz10ys yvo ‘Inog
sop pel ‘[veur psesuoyjoo ‘Aapreq
‘syvo ‘u100 UWOlJ opeyy “quedo sod
euo jo sioyrtenb-se1yy ‘4[es UIMUIIXey

“Pegiyie0 SV
‘SSUI[ppIu 4vo puB
s][nY 4vo ‘sz10ys 4vo ‘Inog Zop por
‘[eoul paesuozjoo ‘opieq ‘syvo ‘uI109
‘q7es queo sed ouo jo sioprenb-sve1y J,

63 OL

¥8'°8

GL8

‘OL
99°8

‘OL

66°F

vv

6r Vv

Ws

og 2

9¢°6

Os'Z

90°TT

‘OI

61 OL

‘OI
82°01

‘Or
€9 IT

‘Or

‘puno,y pus psajuvieny ‘Ajaatqoadsar ‘ayBoIpUT S10}}0] OSOTLT, »

Wep.1oJSULYy

a0UdIR[D

qurog AouqiyM

TTP GO MA

m0},

sinquesuyor

Gil oe ete ANE
TH “O80
“O— 8780Q Jeyen’y oJ,

Geer tOAOLAS;,
TIT ‘osvorgD
“OO S18Q Jexen’y eq,

«c PI POS SUTIE4S ,,
Um Ne)
“OX 818O Aoyen’y oyT,

«¢ P2T BUTIOAG ,,
TH ‘o3voryD
“O° 81VOQ JoysBn} oy,

«« PIT SUING ,,
TIL ‘oBvorgD
“oD syeO Joxend eq],

«¢ P2QT BUTIIE4S ,,
TH ‘osvoryD
“O° 818Q JoyBn?) oy

6r0F

8268

(444

902%

6ZE

SP6E

20

Report on Inspection WorRK OF THE

610

“q]Bs ‘s][NY 7vo ‘ssurlppprur yevo ‘UI0D
“48S Juoeo tad auo Jo Jyey-au0
(syioys 480 ‘syINY yvo ‘sSurpprur
480) sjonpoid-Aq |[tu [veur 4vo ‘UI0D

‘patie sy

*y[BS Jud Jed auo Jo J]BYy-au0
pue (sj10ys }¥o ‘s][ny 4vo ‘ssul[pprum
480) sjyonpoid-Aq [tur [veut yvo ‘uI0D

“Peytyieo SV

“4]BS qUO0
Jed suo jo j[ey-eu0 pue (ssurpprur
480 ‘sT[INny 4evo ‘sy1oys 4¥o) syonpoid
-Aq |[tul [veut 4evo ‘UI0D WOIJ ope]

‘qyes ‘sTINY

yvo ‘sSul[ppiur 4yvo ‘[eyo ulod ‘U10D
THE
‘(ssul[pprur vo ‘syjny 4vo ‘s}10Ys

480) sjyonpoid-Aq ][tur [vour yvo ‘UI0D

‘918s ‘syn
480 ‘sSUI[ppIul 4voO ‘Teo Uo ‘UI0D
“4[8S Jue Jed auo Jo J[ey-au0
pus (ssulppriur 4vo ‘sT[ny 4eo ‘sz10ys
480) syonpoid-Aq ][tur [wow 4yvo ‘WI0D

‘Sy UoIpeisuy

|

98°2

70 lad

‘roqy
oepniy)

“p) lad

"yey
apnig

696 A
A)
0o5) (|
i 9) |
688 of
3)
S&S af
o¢24 DO
69°83 «A
Oc L «D}
19 Log
“uraqoid |
apnig

‘(panuyuog) —SdiNLG DNIGAAY AO SATANVG dO SASATVNY

bed a a

uinqny

A071} MA

Aueqry

BAgIAaL)

‘MOye} oo AA

ce POO PUOUTGICT OFT M 5,
TI ‘o3¥o14D
“O° 8380 Joyen?y oy,

co PUNT Pod PUCUIBIC OTM. »,
UR fe)
“O*d 8}¥O IOHeN? oy,

ce POO PUOUTBIG, SF AN;
‘TIT ‘osvory
“Od 8180 Ioyenyy oy T,

ie POPE OPOTA 5;
TIT ‘osvory
“O*F 818O JoxeNy oy,

ge, POM IOPOL A ,
TIT ‘osvory
“OD 8480 Joyent) ey,
:Sdaaq AACNAOCAWOD

‘OUIVU OpB1} 10 puBIq puB soqqol
IO JOINJOBJNUBUL JO ssolppv PUB OUIBNY

C8oP

8668

LEZE

€9&P

611

New Yorx AGricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘sSulMoeI0S ‘[veu poasul, ‘SsUI[pprur

yvo ‘syvo ‘Aapieq ‘peasy AuruoYy ‘U10D
‘sqyloys Aojleq pue sy10ys

yvo ‘Jeour [Io ‘u1od Mook ‘AUTUIOFT

‘4[es ‘[eour qod pu u10d ‘Inog
qeoyM ‘[BouUI poesuoz}00 ‘poay uoeyN[y

*qod puv® ulod puNois ‘[vour [IO
‘Inop ‘[eouL psesuo0}j0o0 ‘peasy ueyN[

‘sBUl[ppru yvoyM ‘sT[NY 7%0
‘ssul[pprur 780 ‘s}¥vo ‘[vour W100 ‘AapIVg
“L109
‘SSUI[pplul yeoyaM ‘poay yvo ‘AopIeg

FTeY
yvo ‘s}e0 4YSI] ‘[eour Uveq ‘[eou U10D
‘m109 ‘s]]NY 3%O

“qyes ‘qod u100
punois ‘punois Ayy1ed spoes poom But
-UI¥}U0D SSuITeeIOS ‘Deasxeyy punoid
‘sT[Tny yvo ‘ssulpprur yevo ‘Aayieq ‘a10g

“4[8S yuao Jed ou jo j[BYy-9U0
‘s][nY 480 ‘qod u10) punois pue u100
‘SSUIMI010S vot ‘S}BO ‘AapIeq ‘poasxep iy

“Pegtico sy
‘uBIg {BoM puB s}vo ‘UIOD

PEO oN SV)
*pooj uoynys
‘sqnoids 4jeur Aouvy ‘feaur [Io ssoooid
plo ‘ueviq yeoym iojzuLm Aouvy ‘[eour
ps9est0yj09 4ueo Jed [pF ‘[waur u100
puv poss Aurmoy ‘sureiZ S1o][4Stp U10D

ToL
‘OL

eV &1
Si!

0G F
Z8°¢

¥6'&
¥0 OT

FI'6

ei!

&2'°¢

€8°2

“GS

OR

OR

‘punoy pue psszuvieny ‘AT@ATQIadSaI ‘ay BOIPUT 81909}9] ASAT], »

oregng

opegngd

uApyOog

uApyoorg

1o4ysoqX) J10g

AOL,

ydjopury

«< PIT YG opeyng ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
‘TIMIM 2 UlPig

« Poa Aled opeyng ,,
‘ACN ‘oppgng
“UI}IIM 3 UIE49

« P22] OOTURE ,,
"KN ‘uspqooig
“OO Tepsenry yp aeyg

te PEE PUnoLDy,,

‘K 'N ‘uApjoorg
“oo Tepsenzy, 7p Aeyg

« pea Arreq pzidaeg ,,

‘AN ‘1038949 Og

‘uvdy uygor

Pelee le) I)
x. ‘'N ‘KOLJ,
‘suog Ss yny Molpuy

«, Pag Areq woroapieg TN Per ,,

‘AN ‘ydjopuey
‘STN Ydjopuey eyL

S61P

L61P

S188

PI8s

SSF

SESP

66SF

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

612

“pegies sy
‘SSUI[PpIu ywo ‘s][INY 4BO ‘Twat qoo
‘sUIvIS (SIOMoIq ‘AuTUIOY ‘[eyo u10D

“PegTHe0 SY
“SSUI[PpIw 4¥vO pur sT[NY 4¥O ‘Teour qoo
{eyo ulod ‘sureis (siomoeiq ‘AUTUIOTT

‘sy[nY eo ‘ssulpppru 4vo ‘pooy
wens ‘pees Aurmoy ‘[eyo ulod ‘u10g
‘sy[nY yo ‘sSurpp
-pru 4vo ‘ueynis ‘Aurmoy ‘eyo us10g

(Peyyle. SV.
‘s][NY 380 ‘ssulyp
-pru 4%0 ‘ueynis ‘Auruoy ‘[eyo ul0og

"Pegied BY
‘uvIq UW10d ‘SssuUTUVeI0S
geoym ‘SsUI[ppIu yvoyM ‘uBIq 4vOTT

qus ‘s]InY yeoymyonq ‘syTNY

yeo ‘peasy AurMoY ‘[eyo w109 ‘uUI0D
*SYSLIS UIOI] ST[O}

pue ‘ssurusedos ureis ‘s][ny 480 ‘AuTUIOFT

“pagiyieo sy
‘SoUl[ppraz
yeoyM pue uviq YeoyM ‘woul UWI0D

‘S}Uolpeisuy

‘ogy
epnig

60°F

po lad

“4Ry
apnig

ss0l a
‘Or O
0401
‘Or 9
ESI
o¢'0r 9
Byer
0s'0L
FOOT A
‘WL OD
886
be 2
18ST a
GL°IT ¥D
Eat,
Bao

Te Gov My

ATIOAR AA

more TP TN

A]IOAR MA

suosuyor

094SIUBA)

[[PULOH,

‘T0yB} IO

« p90, AUIOMONT ,,
"KN ‘Aploav A.
“OD 10ywAaTy P THN BSOLL,

«, peaq AwuoU0NT ,,
“KN ‘A[IOARM
“OD 10,BAI|A ® THN PSOLL,

« PIT YS Aqua ,,
“AN ‘ApoAB MM
“OD 10pwAI[y WP THN BSOLy,

cc PIT YG Aquoq_,,
"AN ‘ApToAe A
“OD LozeaaTy WP THI BSL,

«¢ P9887 PPX ,,
"AN ‘weysor)
‘plnoyy 2 uosduroyy,

« Peaq doy Z “ON,,
“KN ‘ooystueg
“OD SUTIN Weg “Hf

“ p27 G “ON ”)
‘ACN ‘T9U10H
‘su0g 2 spur][oyH ueydezg
:Saaaq CaaNNAOdWOD

‘oUIBU 9pel} IO puBiq pue Isqqot
IO JOINgOVJNUBUL JO ssaIPpe pus OUIBNY

L0CF

916€

eVCP

S168

CEP

‘(panuyuo)) —SdINLG PNIGTAY JO SHTANVG JO SASATVNY

613

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘pegs. SV
*qoo puv ui0d punods ‘sSul[p
Pur 4vayM 19}UTIM “URIG YBOYM JOJUT AA

‘qod pue ul00
punois ‘ssurl[ppru yvoym ‘UBIq yVoT AA
*qoo pue
UWiI0D PUNOIS ‘SSUTTPpIUr YOM IOUT

*qod u109 punods ‘s][{NY 4eo
‘sZUl[pprul 4vo ‘s}yeo ‘UBIG {BOM “WIOD
SSLLY OC
puv ‘sjyeois yeo ‘ssuljppru 480 ‘s}vo
punois ‘u10d punois MoOT[eA IO oyTT AA

‘poyty1e0 SV
‘yue0 od ouo jo Jyey-9u0 4/BS ‘Goo
uilod punoIs pue ulod ‘pesy AUTWIOTT

“Pegiieo Sy
*qoo
ul0d) punols pue ul0d ‘peas AUTUIOFT

“poytyi00 SV

“48s yueo

qed auo jo j[ey-eu0 Surureyu09 ‘qod
ul0d punoIs pue ulod ‘peoy AUTUIOPT

Pov e SV,
‘qJes yueo sed ouo jo j[ey-ouo0 ‘qoo
ui0od punois pue ulod ‘paeay AUTWIOFT

“payty1e0 sy
‘uBiq pus sjvo ‘UI0D

69 FI

166

eH Oo HF O &

*‘puno,y puv pooyuvieny ‘AjaAt{0adsar ‘ayeOTPUl 8190940] OSOT_T, ~

uopurey)

AINGXOYW

AQTCA O33VT

IVATO

UM0}9T PPL

ATIOAG MA

ssuudg
BLES

AlIog

Taboo p ost INS MPION Gs,
‘AY ‘uoOsIopuey]

“OD ¥ JO1®M “V |FO0F

IRE i AO BE 6S OF)
“AY ‘uOsi1epuayy

“OOD ® JOTT®@M “V |LS8h

« Pe0q doyD ‘q ‘W s,dureg ,,
‘O ‘opa]oy,
‘OD SUTIN Y Ulery ope], ey, |LF8E

“é Peo TBS 3
‘O ‘ope[oL
“OC 1OzPVAITY Opel, YL SZepr

igs p27 IBYS ”
‘0 ‘op2}oL,
“OD IOPAIY OPeyoL YL FFP

« P2a7 BIg ,,
‘O ‘opajoL,
“OD 1ozpVAg[y OpeoL, e4L O86

“e pee TB4S ”
°C ‘opa]or,
“OD 10pVAITY OPIfOT, YT, 896E

“ce pee doyo ”
“RON ‘Attog
‘MOg 2 UOSUTTWIOT, “09r) |LFSE

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

614

“qyes ‘TINY 4vo ‘[wouI psasu04}00
‘sZUI[ppru 4vo ‘Aajieq ‘Teyo u10d ‘UI0D

“q[Bs quad 13d

auo jo j[eYy-9u0 puv [ee peasu09}00
‘ssul[ppiu 4vo ‘sTTNY yo ‘AajIvq ‘UI0D

“Pegi sy
‘4jes ‘sSuI[pprar yvoym pue ul0d ‘s}8%Q

“4[es ‘[eeul posasul, ‘sSsulppru yvoymM
‘uviq #ea4M ‘U10D payovso ‘[eoUr BITVITV
“4[8S queso ied
euo jo stjimoj-so1y} pue [eeur [IO
pessuly ‘sy10ys ‘ueiq ‘doyo us0o ‘eyyeypy

“4[8S ‘vou peesuly Jo yuNOUIB
[[?Us ‘uBIq wey ‘U10D poxoRIo “BITVITV
“VBS que.
Jed euo jo syyanoj-a014} ‘our IO
pessuly ‘sy10ys ‘ueiq ‘doyo uloo ‘eyyeypy

“Pegi}ie0 SV
*qoo puev ul0d punois ‘ssur[p
“plu ;voyM 19,01IM ‘UeIg 44M 1OJUT A,

dA

‘SJ UeIpelzuy

06°2

9€ SI

42 lad

aeqg
epnip

88'S

“4Ry
epnig

eo}
OR

a i

Goel af

Il 9
Go'OT +f
‘OL #9

WD lad

“ureyo1d
epnig

SULT SEM

ay]tAurey uno

UOUIIA JUNOT

USPIV

e10}SbURD

‘Ueye} O10 MM

co PPP YOOUS PuCUIUIVyA, ,,
‘pul ‘proumueyy
“OD sjonpolg UlBIy) W19}89\\

«¢ PPO" »;
“ACN ‘oy[Aurequno yy
‘ST]OSSOMA “OC YURI

«, POOT JOOS VPITV SSI 0710 ,,
"UBS “BIOTA
“OD Pood JOOS BIBITV SS10.M 0190 OL,

«, SMOD) PUB SasIOF{

LOY Poot Yoog Ve ssn, 090 ,,
‘UB y ‘BIOL

“OF poog 490g BITBITV SSIOM 0990 9GL

«c POO POXTIN SPICUO),,
“AY ‘WOsiepueyy
“00 ® JBM “¥
‘SCaa qT AIANNOdWOD

‘aUIBU apPB1} 10 puviq pus Jeqqol
1O JaINjJOVJNUBUT JO SSeIppe pues oUIBNy

G16E

GOST

Secp

POTP

‘(panuyuo)g) — sddnLlg DNIGAGTY JO SaTdNVg dO

SUSLIVNY

615

New York AcricutruraL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘SOSSU[OUL “4 es ‘pus

‘(Spaes pedM puNois SuruIe}UO0d ‘sSur

-ueei0s Aajleq puv yvo “yweyM) ssuid
-dijo 480 ‘peaj uoyn[s ‘[eeul peasu0z100

“4yes ‘sdurused0s Aopreq

pues yvo “yvoym pues ssutddij 4vo
‘gesse[OUl ‘poay] UsejN[s ‘[RoUl peesuo}}0D

‘sosselour ‘4]es ‘pues ‘(puno.s

Apaed spoess poam Sururejuo0d ssuUr

-ugel0s AafIvq pue 4vo ‘yveyM) ssurd
-dijo 480 ‘poe uejns ‘Teaur poasu0}}0D

“4Jes yuoo rod

euo jo jJ[ey-au0 ‘ssulusaios AapIeq

pus vo “4ywoym pue ssuiddyo 4vo
‘sessu[our ‘pooj Usyn]s ‘[eoul psesuo0}j}0D

‘sassejowm “4[es ‘pus ‘(punois

Ayaed spees pea Sururejzuoo ‘ssut

-uael0s AepIeq puv 4vo ‘yvoyM) ssutd
-dija 480 ‘paey uayny[s ‘jeoul poesu0}}05

‘4[8S yue0 10d

euo jo j[ey-ou0 ‘ssulusetos Aapieq

pues jvo voym pue ssuiddija 4vo
‘sessv[our ‘poay uaynys ‘[eour possuo0}}0c,

“48s
‘sosselour ‘sSuTuseI0s pute apeaarn
yvo0 ‘[eour paasuojjoo ‘paay uayny[y

“4[@S ‘sossejour
pus sdipo yvo ‘[eaur paesuo0zjoo ‘uaynpy

“q[es ‘s][nY yvo ‘sSul[pprur yeotA
pes} usynis ‘vou possul, ‘s}vo ‘u10Dd
“4[Bs yUe0
Jed suo jo syyinoj-aaryy ‘TINY 4vo
‘ssul]pprur ‘ueynjS ‘[eour [Io ‘U0 ‘s}eO

bP 6

8h 6

“GI

¥8 OT

£9°8
‘Or

Z9°¢

6° | $F ST
0¢°S | 0S °9T
esp | 12°81
ace | og oT
19°¢ 1
og | og oT
0z'9 | sz'0z

¢ gy
91g FI

% ra

‘punog put psayuvieny ‘AjaAtjoodser ‘ayeoIpUT 810940] ESOT], ~

zy[e@q MON

aQe2udg

aux

SPHOTA

BIABYVT

« paegq Aled ouerong ,,

TT ‘oBworyD
“op SUIT weouemy |eTzp

, paeaq Airveq ouarong ,,

II ‘osvoryD
“oO Sul UeoLeMy |78OF

«, pe0q Aueq ouesong ,,
“TH ‘0880149
“OD SUIT weoneury |S00r

« pea Aled oouy ,,
‘TIT ‘osvoryD

“OO SUIT] WeoLeUY |SZZp
:(@HQNNOdWOD) SdHay SUSSVTOPYT

«, P2207 WsIOF{ Jouueg ,,
“ACN ‘O[[tAsster
“OD YOPOUM “fA |T6IP

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

616

“Peptic. sy
“sossBloul ou ‘aAI ATO ‘W109 payovV.io
‘sSuruoeros ureIZ ajoyA. ‘s}eo puNoIy

"Pogt}1e0 SV
‘SeSSBIOUL puw UBIG VBOYM ‘W109 ‘szVO

*Pegtyt00 SV
‘uviq ‘synoids 4;eur ‘sassejour ‘ueynpD

‘TBour poosuly
‘UBIq yeayA ‘sassv[Opl
Her
yuao Jad 9uo pu sossvjou ‘TeouI [IO
‘URIg BIYM “[BOUT U1OD YSoq UIOIJ APB],

‘yeour u1090

“SdSSBOU ‘4/es ‘(q11d PUY Spades poaAL
Surureyuoo ‘Aajieq pu s}eo ‘yuo
‘u10d Wolf ssurusei0s) sZurddyo
yeo ‘synoids 4)vur ‘JeauI poosu0}jo9

“4[8S Jue Jed auo jo Jey-auo ‘sas
-sejour ‘synoids yeur ‘ssutusatos UIeIs
‘yeaym ‘fajreq ‘s}vo ‘Teaur paasuozj09

‘SsyUSIpeisuy

“GL

po Lad

‘roqy
apnig

We |

yey
apnig

619 «i
Ory 2D
| OS OL uf
| Ol OD
09°6T A
v6 LT OD
68°8 A
80°0I OD
00°ST +H
OG 9T «D
4) lad
‘ureyo1d
epnig

uApoorg

Oso

Onyog

pvoyIoAny

IBATIOg

“Waye} VOT MA

cc PEAT SOSSBJOT OqO]KD ,,
‘AN ‘wApjooig
“O° paaq sessBpoyy aqopy

« P99Y ISIOFF [OWVIET ,,

‘ACN ‘O[Byng
“OO SuLInjoRjnue py JoUeIET

« paagq Aired [ourvie,y ,,

‘AN ‘oreyng
“OO SULINjoRINURY joWeIET

« S8Ig ‘Aiynog ‘9134%9 ‘sesroFy IOF
pea, sessvjoyy uUeULIey PIO 8,Ae[I77 ,,
‘AON ‘peoqioany
“OO » JLT

,, peaq Alreq ouesong ,,
‘TI ‘os8orgqD
“OO SUT weoLeury
:(Q@HQNNOAUNOD) SAAAY SASSVTOT

“‘OUIBU Ope1} 10 puviq pue Jaqqol
JO JoINJOBJNUBU JO ssaIppe puw OUIGN

LO8E

vOSP

OTEP

G1OP

LOEP

| ‘roquin yy |

‘(panuyuo)) —SdINLg DSNIGIAY JO SAIANVG AO SASATVNY

617

T
dh

O

nT STATI

=
wv)

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIME

‘sosseour “qyes

‘s]eys vo00d punois ‘s}v0 4YSIT ‘puvs

‘(punois Ajj1ed spoos pooM SUIUIB}UOD

‘ssuruoe10s + AojIvq pues sjzvo ‘uI0d

‘yeoym) sqynoids 4jeur ‘[eoul eyyeyye
QeoyYM opBIS MOT ‘[voUl poosu0}j0g

‘SSUIUOAINS PUB [vOUL

Byeye “poay yu ‘yeour possuojy0o
‘Aopieq ‘syeo ‘ul0d “yeoya ‘sasseop

*SOSSB[OUL
‘qjes ‘quid ‘s[[eys BoO000 ‘spaes poom
punois Surmreyu0d ssutussids ‘Teour
p9es0}4090 ‘[vour vyyejye ‘synoads qyeur
‘SUIBIS SlOMeIq ‘U10D ‘yvoyA OpBIs MOT
“SoSSB[OUL
pue ssurusertos “qJes ‘vour poest04309
‘Yeoul ‘wyyeye ‘synoids yeu ‘sureis
Siemoiq ‘Aopeq ‘syvo ‘u100 ‘yRoTT AA

‘sosse[our ‘4yes ‘sTToys
vo000 ‘pues ‘punois <Ayj1ed spoos
poem SuUIUIv}]U0D SsUTUDeI0S ‘[vour
peesuo}}00 ‘Jvour viyejye ‘synoids qyevuL
‘SUIBIS SIOMAIG ‘UID “4WeoyM opBIs MOT

*SOSSv [OUI
puv ssutusei0s “4Vs ‘eau poasto}}00
‘Bout wByeyye ‘synods 4yevur ‘surei3
Siomoiq ‘Aopreq ‘s}vo ‘u10d “yBot Ay

‘sessvlour ‘sT[aYs Boo0d
punois “4113 pue sposs poe punois
SULUIG}UOD SSuIUVeIOS ‘y[¥es ‘[BoU pods
-u0}}09 ‘[wour eyyeyye ‘synords 4yeur
‘SUIvIS SIaMaIg ‘W100 “Yeoh opBI3 MOT

“SOSSB[OUL PUB SSUI
-User0s “4[BS ‘TeoUI possuo0jj00 ‘[eouT
Byeyye ‘synoids yeu ‘sureis stomoiq
‘Aoieq ‘s1vwo ‘us09 ‘yveyM Jo pesoduiog

GP L

agit

GLO

g¢ OL

68 OT

‘GL

N
N
—

ce'9

40 G

8é°¢

1 ST

“ST

"0

0S 12

02

79)

xy) |

‘punoy puv psoquvieny ‘AjaAtoedsar ‘a BOIPUT 810999] BST],

«< Poy IVSNG UlS}s/O}, ,,
WMO}SINd00/D ‘Oy ‘smoTy 49

“OD P 9490D *“M “A |METF

Oya «< Poa Arped sepy ,,
-WOPSUTYSE MA ‘oy ‘sInoT 48
“OD P PF20D “M “A |FOSF

woryeyg « pea AV seypy ,,
O[[LASLLIOP ‘OJ ‘SIno'T 4g
“OD Y 9Y20H “M “A \OSZF

« Pea Ae sepy ,,
O[[LAIE}E MV ‘OW ‘SINT 49
“OD Y eY20D "M ‘A |OFOP

Report on Inspection WorK OF THE

618

“sassBlour ‘4/Bs ‘S[[NY 4vo ‘sSur[ppra 4yvo
[Rou Bi[BI[e ‘[BeUL pPsestto}}00 ‘s}BO
“SOSSB[OUI "GO "Ni
pue s[[ny 48o ‘sy10ys eo ‘ssurppprur
4vo ‘jwour eBjjeyye ‘[eour paasuo,
-joo ‘s}vo WOIJ opeyy ‘“uNyjued sod
euo jo sioyrenb-9014} “yes WMNUWIxeyy

“SOSSt[OUL
‘quid ‘ssurmeei0s ‘S][NY 90M ‘UBIq ddI
Yeo vyeyye ‘Aaprwq ‘sywo ‘W100 “yRat] Ay
‘SOSSB[OUL PUB SHUIUOIOS ‘UBIG JDL
‘Jeour Bylesre ‘Aopreq ‘syvo ‘U100 ‘yBot A)

‘sosse[oul “4[es ‘pues ‘s}vo J YSTT
‘(punois Ajivd spoos pao Surure,
-u0d ssuruvedos AojIVq puv 4vo ‘W100
‘yeoyM) synoids yeu ‘jwour vyleyle
‘QeoyM apBIs MO] ‘[woUr poasuojjoD

‘SSUTUOAIOS PUB JIBS ‘[BaT VITBI[e
‘sqynoids 4[vul ‘[wour poesu0}}09 ‘Aop1eq
*8}80 ‘U109 ‘7RoT_M ‘Sossvlour Jo posodu0y

‘sosseour “q/es ‘pues ‘syvo 4YSIT
‘(punois Ajaed spoos pao Surure,
-u0d sdutusaios Aojieq pue u10d ‘4%o
‘eoym) synods 4yeur ‘[eour eBypeyye
‘4voyM opBid MO], ‘[BoUL paasuo0}}0D

“SSUIUOOIOS PUB 4[BS ‘[BoUT
Byese ‘synoads 4yeur ‘yeour possuo0}409
‘Xopreq ‘syvo ‘UI0d “yeoym ‘sassB[oy\

‘s}UOIpoisuy

rE IT

‘Gl

08'8

0L°6

v9 IT

Cy
apnip

b0'S

LE°G

9c°§

ee €

€

99 lad

yey
Jeet)

0¢°sI a
ysingsy4e[g
‘cr 9
OT al }
Aaye A AieyO
Ir 5!
IS Fl a

ployyeyY AON
ET

88ST +l
snyeuurouly
SE 0D
‘p Lag
*uroyo1d “HOYB} O10 AY
epnig

« Poot Aureq Asreq ,,
TH ‘osvoryD
“OC [Ba1eD U19}S9\\ JBOD OY,

‘oy ‘SNOT 48
“OOD P e490D “AM ‘A

pe,T 1wsng uUre4s[oFy ,,
“Oy ‘SINO'T “49
“OD P 8990D “M

«« PIO IBINg Uleqs]O}]_,,
“OW ‘SsinoT "49
“OD P 9x20 *M ‘A
:(@HAGNNOUWOD) SGA SASSVIO;

‘OUIBU opBl} 10 puBiq puB r9qqol
10 JAINJOVJNUBUT JO SSouppB pu oUIBNy

« Peay Suny rwSng ,,

‘(panuyuo)) —SdiOLg DNIGAGY AO SHTMNVG AO SASATVNY

SOFP

S8EP

SSP

619

New York AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT STATION.

“peGtpied Sy
‘gossBOUI ‘[BoUI UIOD

*paytyioo sy
*SOSSB[OUI ‘UBIG U1OP)

*SoSSB[OUI ‘4[eS

‘eyo yvo ‘sdurddip yvo ‘jeour paes
-103400 ‘yeour possuly ‘s}vo ‘W100 “By[BjTV

‘yuo0 rad 9U0 Jo SyjANOj-so144

‘q7es ‘ssurddijo yeo ‘syvo ‘sosse[our
‘woul posesuo0yyoo ‘Aapieq ‘u100 ‘BIlBI[y

“Sosse[OUr ‘4]BS

‘geyo yvo ‘ssurddijo 4yvo ‘jrour poos
-10}}09 ‘[woul poasuly ‘s}vO ‘UIO0D ‘BI[BITV

“q[es ‘ssurddtpo yvo ‘syvo ‘sessv[our
[woul psasuoyjoo ‘Aapieq ‘u100 ‘“By[eI[y

‘sossB[Oul ‘4]eS

‘yeyo yvo ‘ssuiddio 4vo ‘[eour poos
-404}09 ‘[BvoUl pessul| ‘s}vO ‘UL0D ‘BITRITV

‘quad ted au0 jo

SY}ANOJ-9014} “yes ‘ssurddip 4vo ‘szvo
‘gossuoul ‘[vour [10 ‘Aopieq ‘ULOd ‘“BI[eITV

“SOSSB[OU ‘yes “eyo
yvo0 ‘ssuiddipo yvo ‘syeo ‘[eour poes
-00}400 ‘jeour [Io ‘Aapreq ‘u109 “By[RITV

“4[88 ‘syeo ‘ssurddipo 480
‘sosse[our ‘[vour [10 ‘Aapieq ‘WI0d “By[BITV

“SSSR [OUI
‘sSUIU9e10S ‘S][NY 4vo ‘[wauL Podsu0y}0D

97 IT
aT
69 GI
aT
LE sl
4o)
v6 TT
“SI

Ske) Al!
“GL

LEE

99 €T
‘OL

€9°&T

Oe

OR

Oe

Ofeynd

oreyngd

esnoeihg

uospnyy

STEN

BIABYe

BOI

« OUI[BULIOL) pozsnyy ,,
‘ACN ‘oreyng
“OO SUIT, Poysnyy

«¢ SONBLY WIOD sosseoyy ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OO SUNTAN powsny

cc POAT OSLO BITBITV POysNy ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OO SUTIN pewsny

«« PIT PLOY] VITBITY poysnyy ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OD SUIT pewsnyy

« P29J PSO] BITBITV Peysny ,,
‘AN ‘oreyng
“oO SUITLA pesny

« POAT OSIOH BjBI[V 8,Pysn]y ,,
“AN ‘oregng
“od Sur peysny

«« Poa Arreq Asreq ,,
‘TIT ‘o3801yD
“OC [Belo U19}S9\\ YBOIH OUT,

‘puno,y pus poojuvienyy ‘A[aAtyoadsor ‘ayGOIpUl 10949] O80], »

OLSF

69h

OTP

O6EP

6617

9168

O8Sh

PoRT ON InspEcTION WoRK OF THE

z
v)

Re

620

‘sossejour “qyvs ‘(js pup
punois Ajjied spoas poam Sururezu09
ssurusei0s pue ssurddijo 4vo) ‘u1090
Jeour [Io ‘suIvis (Slo[[4stp ‘synods
qeur ‘pees uejn[s ‘[veur peesuo0yjop

‘SUIVIS (SIOTII}
-sIp ‘q[vs ‘sessvjour ‘[weur [IO ‘u109
‘ssurddijo yvo ‘ueynis ‘[vour psesuo}j0D

‘sosstjour “q]Bs
‘punois Ayied spoos pooM Suture,
-u0d ssulusat0s ‘ssuiddija 4yeo ‘u109
‘wou [Io ‘sureis (siloy[ysip ‘synoids
q[eu ‘pees ueyn[s ‘[eour posasu0z}09

‘SUIBIS SLO][U
-sIp pus juso sed ouo jo sieqyrenb
-aa1Y} yes ‘sassvjour ‘[vour [IO ‘W100
‘sdurddypo 480 ‘ueynjs ‘jvour poasuo}y09

‘sosseour “4[es ‘(411d pus
punois Ajjied spses poom Surureyu09
ssuruseios pus ssuiddijo 4vo) ui0d
‘jeoul [Io ‘surleis (sdoT[Wstp ‘synoids
q[eur ‘poet uejn[s ‘[eour paesu04j09

“‘SUIvID
SII][YSIp pus yued Jed suo Jo syynoj
-901Y4 ‘4yes ‘sessejour ‘]vour [IO ‘u100
‘sduiddijo 4yvo ‘ueynjs ‘[eour possu0yyo9

“‘SzUOIpoisuy

¥6°9

a

¥9'9

DAB S

“req
epnig

Lag

C0)

98°S

99 LId

-41ey
epmts)

61°S@ A
UPyUCL
qHON
“SI OD
‘C6 A
STS OA"
‘8ST OD
ET &S xl
Be,
"ST xD
"9 tad
*ure}o1d “UdHB} VION MA
epnig

«< POAT SOSSB[OT P}sny]] ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OO SUT pesny

«« Po SeSSB[OT Poqsnyy ,,
“AN ‘oregng
“OD SUTTTAL poysny

« p22 SOSSB[OTT pe sny7 ,,
‘ACN ‘oreyng
“OO Su peysny

:(QUQNNOAWOD) SATAY SASSVIO\

‘OWIvE Opt} 10 puviq pus 1oqqol
IO JoINJOVJNUBU JO sseIppw puB OUIBNY

erly

0S0F

00GP

*requin Nv

*(panuyuop) —S844NLg DNIGUAY AO SHTANVG 4O SASATVNY

-

621

New York AGricutturaAL ExprermMent Station.

‘sossejour “47es ‘sTTNY Yeo pus ssutd
-dyo yvo ‘punois Ayjred spoos poom
pue sduruseios ureis ‘Teour peesuo}}or)

‘qyes ‘sdyo yo ‘s8uruseros ureI3
pouvep ‘sessvjour ‘Teour paesuo}}0—-)

“sossepour ‘y[vs “SSUL

-usei0s pue ssurddrjo yvo ‘s}vo 4YyST]
‘sSUI[PpIUL YBOYM ‘SUTBIS S1O]]I}SIP WIOD)

“"que0 Jod

euo jo syZIMoj-se1y} “4[es ‘sosseloUr
‘sSurppprua ‘ssurddio 4yvo ‘s}vo ‘u10/)

‘sossvjour “4[es “411d ‘Teour pods
-001}00 ‘ssuI[pprur yeoym ‘“(sT[NY 7vO
‘punois Apjred spoes pooM Surureyzu09
sdutuseIOS pue ssurddijo 4¥o) s}zvo “UI0/)

‘queo ied
euo jo syyNoj-se1y} “4[es ‘sessejour
‘sZuyppra ‘ssurddijo yvo ‘syvo “uO:

jPeBtPteu SV’
*‘sassvjour ‘UBIq BTM
‘jeour U0) ‘W109 pexoe.o ‘s}vo pUNor)

‘sossejour ‘4[es ‘(411d pue
punois Ajjred spses peam Surureyu0o
ssurmee10s pue ssurddija 4vo) u100
Feour jlo ‘sureis sio]iystp ‘synods
qjeur ‘pooy ueynys ‘[eoul psesuo}40—

‘gUIvIS (SIO][I}
-sIp puv yued sod ouo jo sioqienb
-2014} JVs ‘sessejour ‘Teour [IO ‘uIOO
‘ssurddrpo yvo ‘uayn{s ‘teow poesto}jo—

62° OT
“6L

8S

89 °9

LoS

GL6r
0S OT

€1 Sc

‘ST

r9)

*‘punog puv poojuvreny ‘AToAT{O0dsaL ‘o}BOTPUT 810}}0] OSOT,T, x

SILA, SUBA

eyAsmun yy]

ojeyng

o[eyng

eoeyy]

« peaq Arreq [euoyeusezqy ,,
uulp, ‘StpodvouuryAy
“OO pea ivsng [euoleusezUy

« P99 ISLOF{ SOSSBIOT/L ,,
“KN ‘oregng
“od sul peysny

«¢ P2929] ISIOFT SOSsvpOyy ,,
"ACN ‘opegng
“oo sult posny

, Pea WIOFT oUIToUN}eGQ poysnqz ,,
"ACN ‘oreyng
“OO SUITTAL peysny

«« P99,J SSstpOT pe3snyy ,,
‘AN ‘opeyng
“oO Sur peysny

EVE

E867

ELSP

CE8E

F66E

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

622

‘sossejou ‘yes ‘pues ‘ssurddip yeo
‘(punois Ajjivd speas pasa Sururey
“000 sSuruse10s urleis) [RoW Paesuo}j0D

‘qyes ‘sdijo yeo ‘ssuruse10s ureIs
peuvelo ‘sossvjour ‘jam pesssuojj0p

‘sossvjour ‘4yes ‘pues ‘ssurdd1jo 4vo
‘(punois Ayj1vd spoos pooMm Suture,
-U00 SSUTUGEINS UTBIS) [Baul psaesuo}}0D

“qye8 ‘sdijo 4vo ‘sSurmeod0s ures
peuve]o ‘sessejour ‘[weul psesu0jj09g

*SoSSB[OUI
‘q7es “quis ‘syT—Tny yeo ‘ssuiddiyo 4vo
‘spess pod SuUTUTe}U0D ssuUTUD_IOS
‘]BeUl peesuo}}09 ‘[eour [IO “ey[ey[e ‘UI0D
“q[88 pus’ sasstjour ‘sdijo 4vo ‘ssur
-19010S UIBIS pauBayo ‘JRaUI Poesu0}}00
‘jeou [Io “ejjeyje ‘u1oo ‘Aayieq ‘s7¥O

*SoSseOUr

‘qyes =4ud ‘punois Ayj1ed spaes
peed SuUIUIByUOD ssuUTUZeI0S ‘s]TINY
geo ‘ssuiddijo yvo ‘jrau paesu0}j30p
‘4[es ‘sdijo yo ‘sSuruseios urels
peuvefo ‘sessejour ‘;wet poesuo0jj}09

“‘syUeIpeisuy

69° IT | Sa°¢
“GI | OS'S
90°TT | 20'9
“GL | OS
GIGI | FO F
“GI | OS'S
T9° TL | 8P PF
‘Sr | og'e |
“Po Lad y L9T
‘roqy | "48y
apmig | epnig

61'9T a
oy[tA puowyory
0s'ZI YD
“LT A | yulog
8,Aoupty M
os'ZI DO
I8'tl A
SBA OAT
0¢°ZI DO
C261 al
IOSPUI A
0¢°9T «D
72 Lag
“ureyoid “U97B} O1OY MA
epnig

«« P9971 SassBlOpy [etoedg [euorjeUI94UT ,,
‘uuryy ‘stpodvouuryy
“OO peaq rvsng [euolyeuieyUy

«¢ P99] Sosseloyy [BIoedg jeuorjeuI94UT ,,
‘uur, ‘stjodveuutyy
“OO pea rvsng jeuoTeUIDyUyT

«¢ P2987 SIOPT [BUOTVUIEYTT ,,
‘uulyy ‘stjodvouurpy
“OO peaq Iesng [vuoleUIEZUT

« Peay Are [euor}eureqTy ,,
‘uuly, ‘stfodvouurpy

ellp

P86E

CLEP

“OD peat Iedng [eUOTyeUIAUT | EPP

:(@HAQNNOAWOD) SaAAY SASSVIOTY

‘OUIBU OpB1} 10 puviq puB raqqot
10 JaINJOBVJNUBUI JO sSaIppe puv OUIBNY

“requin Ny

*(panuyuo)) — saa nLg

PNIGHAT JO SHIdNVG JO SASATVNY

623

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘sosstjour ‘suivid Slamelq
Arp ‘jeour eyyeyye ‘synoids 4yeur ‘u10p
“qyes ‘sassejoul put
jeow eyeye ‘sures pep ‘synods
qjeu ‘[Bvour [IO ‘UI0D ‘[BeUI P9eSTO}}0/)

‘sassepour ‘evo ‘U100 ‘“RITRITV
‘dniXs pure vjyejye ‘s}yeo ‘U10D

‘sossnpour ‘s}7uO ‘W100 ‘B][BITV
‘dniks puv vjyeyye ‘syeo “ul0pD

‘sossvjour ‘s}evo ‘UIOO “e}]BITV
‘dniXs pus vjejye ‘syeo “Wio/p

“Pegiji90 SV
“SaSSUIOUL PUR [COU VI[eITV

“sassv[OUT ‘s}vO ‘W100 ‘BITRITV
‘dniXs ‘syvo ‘u100 ‘“By[eipy

“pegiq199 sy
‘dnaXs ‘s}wo ‘u100 ‘By[eITV

‘sossvjour ‘4[vs ‘purs ‘ssurddijo yo
‘(punois Ajjied spsas poe SUTUTEY
“M00 SSUIUIGIOS UIVIS) [Baul Paesuoj}OH

‘qyes ‘sdipo yvo ‘ssutusatos urels
peuvelo ‘sossejour ‘jvaul paesuo}}0—

18°2

09'8
G

66°11

¥6 91

ro)

x

2)

19)

‘puno,y, pu pesyutienr ‘AJoATOOdsaI ‘97BOTIPUT 810940] OSOTT,

snasuayog

JOSpUI\A

248d AON

oe yng

oTTt4

-U0}SUIYSE

wIepi9{sury

90100

BT OTT

« Prag Aureq Jospeg_ ,,
‘SIM “OOYNBATLTT
“OO SUIT esneiy “VY ‘seyO

te P2929 aTQIAL pus asIOF] CVITPITV Iospvg 00
STM OONNBATITAT
Cog SUIT esneryy “Vy “Sey

, Pe INP PUe asIOF] VI[BITY Jespeq ,,
SIA\ ‘OOS NGAILAT
“og Su, esnezyy “Vy “styO

« Pea IN| PUB osLOF] BI[RI[Y 10Sprq_ ,,
SIM OONNBANTITAT
“og SUIT esnery “Vy “Sty

“e pe MOPBOTT ”)
"GON ‘APD BYSBAqQeN
‘SIAL BJTeULO ST

Mi pI OS10 fF Wdd.Lt) ‘d ”
"GON ‘AUD BYSVAGe NT
‘STA. ByTeysULyy

«« PIAY WSLOF] VI[BISUTY ,,
"GON ‘AYO BYSBIqeN
‘SLI, BHTPJSULYT

«, P97 SossepopT [eIoedg [euoT}VUI9yTT ,,
uurlyyy ‘stodvouuryy
“oo pao resng [euolyvuieyUy

IGI¥

OvtP

GIGP

06SF

S0Sh

SPOF

O&P

IShP

Reporr on Inspection Work OF THE

“pegiyied sy
‘Avy punois ‘sjjny yo ‘sossejour
‘sulvis (SIoMoIq polIp ‘ulod ‘syxQ

“pegiy1eo SV

‘pelip pue sassejour YyIM

pextur ‘1v5Ns JO UOTJOVIZXO 1a}Te sy90q
iesns jo onpisel jo Ajuo pesodwoy

“Pegiyieo sy
‘yueo aed (JT Sessvjorm
yeoq ‘guod sod gg dnd yooq pouqg

“sosseoul ‘B][eITV
‘dniks puv vjy[eyye woly opeyy

“sosseOUl ‘ej[ejTy
‘dniks puv ejejye worl opeyy

*Sesse[OUL
‘jeoul vyeyje ‘sures (SIaMoIq polip
‘synoids 4yeur ‘u10d ‘jeour psesuo}}0—p

“q]BS yu900
ied 9uo jo jey-ouo ‘sossejour pur
[eeu eyes ‘sureis powp ‘synoads
q[eur ‘[eew [IO ‘u10D ‘TeoUE pa—su0}}05

*‘s}UeIpeisuy

i) a
“6L
68° FI

“ST
bP ST
“ST

v6 ST
“08

02°31
‘08

Z8 OT

“ST

‘po Lad

ey,
apnig

S6°T

a

"90 LOT,

-qRy
apnig

*(panuyuo)) — sa@anLg

L°9 af
S1OyUO
sea)
G28 uf
esplquieg
Lo S2)
Ooi, Taal) tate
PUPep in)
6 OD
6. I A ZOSPBEAN
Oho
oF'el A ZYNcle AON,
‘Or O
6€°9T +H
IOSpULM
"OT xD |
ie) Oke
“ureqoid “Wayey a10q A
epnig

« P2AT WSIOH SvpyyV ,,
"AN ‘HIOX MAN
“OD SBI} V-Jopveyyy OUT,

« INg Jog sosseoyy pou ,,
"YOUN “Ftosy9q
“OO SUT, eMOIIe'T OUT,

« SOSSBfOJ pus ding yoog pac ,,
"WOU ‘O10
“OX SUTI, oMOIIe'T OUT,

« P99] WoelH IaAq Jespeq ,,
‘SIM ‘OoyNBATIPAT
“OD SUT esnvsy “y “sey

« PIA Waly oA Josprg ,,
‘SIM “axNBATTAT
“OD SUIT esneiyy “y ‘seyD

« peg Areq sespeg_ ,,
‘SIM “OOYNVATL AT
“OO SUT asnvry “Vy “sByO
‘(QHQNNOAWOD)) Saray sassvIopy

‘OUBU Ope1} IO puvIq pu 1aqqot
1O JOINJOBJNUBUL JO SsoIpp’ PUB OUI

S09F

LOPP

OSSP

SEPP

Ilev

68hP

| *lequIn Ny |

ONIGATYT FO SHIMANVG AO SASATVNY

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“pegi}ieo sv | 10°8

‘sossjou ‘syvo ‘ui10oo “ey[ejje punoir

‘sosse[oul ‘Spses
pooM punois Surure}u0d ssuUTUOeIOS
‘symy yvo ‘ssurddyo eo ‘sjyvo ‘u10D

IRs
jo yuoo sod y[eus ‘sessvjour ‘sd
yeo ‘Aojieq ‘s}vo ‘UI0D WOT} ope

*sossv[OUI
‘yus ‘q[es ‘punois Ajaed spaes
poom Surureyu0o ssurusei0s ‘synoids
qemu ‘ueIq xty ‘woul poesuo}}0D
“q[B8 pus
sassvjour ‘synoids 4][eur ‘ssuTueetOS
yeoym ‘spod xvy pue possxey usexo1q
‘SoATYS XB] punois ‘[eoul ps9estoy}0—D

“SOSSB [OUI
‘qTes ‘(yuus pue ‘punois Ay}1ed spoes
poomM Surureyu0s ssuruser0s) s}noids
qjeur ‘spod xey pure ‘spossxey uexyoi1q
‘SOATYS X¥B]E pUNOIS ‘[eoul psasuoy4oD
“4[eS pue
sessejow ‘sSurtusa10s yvoyM ‘synoids
qjeut ‘spod xy puv poosxep uwexo1q
‘SOATYS XB] punois ‘[eaul psestoz}0—

‘sossejoul ‘pues

‘speos poeM SuUIUIe{U0D SsSuUTUeeIIS Jo

qyunowe adie] ‘Avy punoid ‘sT[ny 7eo
‘{eoul peesu0}40d ‘sUIvIS SIOMAIG PeLId

“Avy

punois ‘s][ny 4vo ‘jeour paest09}00
‘SOSSU[OUI ‘SUIBIS SIoMeIG pelIp ‘W10/

“G6L

LE°8

na!

a!

aia!

CO-GL

“FL

T¢°O1

na!

0S°%

v8 'F

0g '¢

£9 IL
‘OT

06°8

“6L

“LT

09 9T

9¢° LT

0g‘ 9T

ST 6

‘OT

OR

‘punog pue psoquBiendy ‘AjeATpOadsoaI ‘9}BOIpPUT S10}}0] OSOT.T,

USPIV

ay[taeyjo4e,y

aq Ao

Avsneoyeyy

soaqouryyy

« P2AT PNP PUB 9SIOH{ *0F)-[8J-V ,,
"qaN ‘“ByBuUC
“oO SUTIN BIRTV BPYVUO COTP

«, Pea WIOF BOIVSNY ,,
“UUITA, “BUOUT AA

“OD STA S°M-UMON [P8hP

,, pag Aue vyoresng ,,
: ‘UUIT, ‘BUOTI AA

“OOD STINN IS°M-YMON |L1PP

,, p90q Aled Byoresng ,,
“UUIYA, “BUOULAA

“OD SIT IS9°M-GHON |8Z0P

« PPT MOD TPE ONT ,,
“A, N. ROA BON
‘OD SBIFV-lepveyl OUL SLEp

Report on InspecTION WorK OF THE

6

“pegiyieo sy | 78°91

‘SesSEIOUl dU puUv BI[vI]e punois ong "9%
"pegtjieo SY | 19°6

‘SOSSUIOUL ‘[RoUI TITRE ‘s}eo ‘u10D eT

“*pagizieo SV | €2°2
‘SeSSB]OUL ‘TRIM VI]eI]E ‘szwo ‘UID "ZI

‘paytyzeo sy | 21ST

"EJTEI[V ‘Sasseloyy "ez
"pegisee- SV | TZ’ ST
“SOSSE[OUL PUR ]VOU BITBITV Gr

“pegiyea SY | 68°2

“Bessejou ‘seo ‘M100 “By]ey[e@ punoly “il
“payiye0 SY | ZG"

‘sessejour ‘sjvo ‘ul0a “ejyejye puno1y cal
49 lad

‘Sy USIpeisuy “1eqy

epnig

“478
apnig

OS'It
MOL 42
wit A
OS0r 2
evil a
os;O. OD
Tél af
Or
ZOULE
aid. =)
Of Or A
OE)
69° OT «Af
“OT «OD
1 ad
‘ureyo1d
apnig

JaysoyO 0g
| Age A sutidg
eqng

BU SVAN
puny
oreyng

Oegng

“‘Udye} VIO M

« [R92 Arrveq oinyseg sune ,,
“qoN ‘BYyeUlO
“OOD TINA 81948d “DO “IW

«, PIT WIOFT WOTWD9sI04, ,,
‘GON “ByeuUIC,
“Od SUT BBTV BYVUO

«, PP] BIOFF UOTZI9IA0g ,,
‘qeN ByeUC
“OD SUTIN BBTV BYeUO

cc BJ[BJOY 5,
‘G2N “ByBulO
“OO SUNN BIPsTY BYBUC

« peg Aled Mopvayy User ,,
‘qoN ‘ByeUIC
“OD SUNT BBTV ByYVIUC

«« PAT FN PUe esI0H “0-[24-1V ,,
‘qeN “eqeuo
“OD SUITE BeITV BYeAIC

oped SOT Pus eso R OOsEASTY as
"GeN “ByeuIO
“oD SUNN BTeJIV PYVUC
:(@HQNNOAWOD) Saaay SASSVIO;T

‘QUIBU OpBi} IO puviq puv reqqgol
10 JOINJOBJNUBUI JO SsoIppe pus oUIBNT

O&SP

STSP

SCP

LeSP

88IP

£6Sh

6897

|

“1aquInN

‘(panuyuo)) —SidNLg PNIGALT JO SHIANVG JO SASATVNY

627

New York AcricutruraL Exprertment Station.

“goss [OUI
‘s]Ny 4vo ‘ssul[pprmM 4vo ‘u10d ‘ueIq
qeoya ‘synoids 4yeur ‘;eouI poestto}}0‘)

*SOSSB[OUL
pur ‘(sdurpprur eo ‘s]jny 480 ‘sz}10ys
4v0) syonpoid-Aq [tt [vou 4vo ‘UI0D
‘uviq ‘synoids 4[eur ‘[eour poasto}}0H

“sasse[OUL
‘s]TnY 4vo ‘sSulpppru yo ‘u10d ‘uBIq
qyeoym ‘synoids 4[eur ‘[eeul peesto}}0/—

‘sq10Ys }vo ‘ST[NY 48o
‘s8ul[pprur yvo ‘syonpoid-Aq |]tw [veut
4eo ‘sessejour ‘uiod ‘synoids 4]8Ur
Feour poesuojjoo ‘uBIq 4woyM “4[BG

‘sassejour ‘S][NY

yvo ‘sSuijppra yvo ‘uzoo ‘s}ynoids
yeu ‘ueIq yeoyM ‘[eoUr paesuoy,0pH
“47eS }U980

Jad auo jo jyey-auo ‘(szrous 4vo ‘sT/NY
yvo ‘ssulppru 4yvo) syonpoid-Aq |[rTUn
jeour 4vo ‘sossvjour ‘ur0o ‘synoids
qemu ‘[vour poesuojjoo ‘uvIq 4eway

*Pegiyse0 SV
‘sossv[OUI pue ‘(SSUI[PpIuI 4vO
pure sy[ny 4vo ‘sy10ys 4yevo) syonpoid
-Aq ][lur [eour 4eo ‘u100 ‘ueiq ‘synoids
qemu =‘[eaUuI pososuo}jod WOl} spe

“Peyipieo sv
‘sessvjoul puv vITeyTe ‘syeo ‘u10Dg

“Peyizieo SV
‘Sasse[OUI puk Beye ‘s}vo ‘UIOD

G69

€o'8

88°6

Pv

037

66°F

S196

96 Sd

“GS
L0° 96

OR

OR

‘punoy pue psojuerend ‘AJaarjyoodsor ‘ayeorpur 819949] OSOTLT, »

ABBIC A

T8431 MA

sdundg
VUIeyUeg

aUOlBIAL

oregng

194S9YO 410g

«« Poo Are, uoqary enig ,,
TIT ‘o3voryD
“O*D 8780 JoexeNy oy,

« Pea Aired woqqny enjg ,,
THI ‘oseoryD
“o9 $480 JoxBNy oy

« Pea Arreq, woqqny entg ,,
‘TIT ‘o8voryD
“O°, 878 JoeyxeNy oq,

« Pea Are woqqny enfg ,,
‘TIT ‘osvoryD
“Od 878O JexVN’y oy,

«, PIT WIOF] Qvry ,S1940g ,,
‘qoN ‘ByevUld
“OO THA S100 ‘O WW

,, Pea WSIOFT Qviy .S19}0q ,,
‘Q2N “ByeulO
“OO TINA §193°d “OD “IN

8oIP

POCH

L96§

6207

16h

TESy

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

628

“Sosst [OUI
‘yee ‘sTINY yvo ‘ssul[pprur 4eo ‘sy[RyS
pur spod xvy ‘(qs pue punors Aaed
‘spoos peoM SUTUIv}]UOD ssUIUVeI0S
ureis) synods 4yeur ‘Teour posesu0qj0—p

*Sosste [OUI
‘q[vs gued sod ouo jo j[eqy ‘[vour
peesuo}j,00 ‘(ssulpprur 4yeo ‘sT[NY 48o
‘sjioys 780) syonpoid-Aq ]]IuT [woul 4
‘sy]ejs puv spod xey ‘ssurmeeios urei

‘sossvjour “4]es ‘feour podsuoyyoo ‘sT[NY
yvo ‘ssul[pprur 4yvo ‘syvo ‘w100 “eyTeITV
4[8S quod tod ouo jo j[ey-u0
{woul posesuojjyoo ‘(sq10ys vo ‘sT[NY
yeo ‘ssulppprur yeo) syonpoad-Aq ][rvur
Jeour 4ywo ‘sessvjour ‘s}vo ‘u10d ‘eITeITV

“sosseour “4/8s ‘sT[NY 4¥vo ‘ssul;pprum 4vo
‘jeoul wBieyje ‘TBour paasuo0jjod ‘syeQ
‘SOSSB[OUI “C
"N pue sy[ny yvo ‘sjzoys vo ‘ssur[p
-plu 4yevo ‘[eour wy[ejye ‘eeu poses
-009}00 ‘s}vOo WOIJ opeyy “yueo sod
euo jo sioqiunb-ae1y} yes WNUWIxe py

‘sessejoul ‘yes ‘sT[NY 4vo ‘ssulppprur
480 ‘[BoU BI[BI[B ‘[wouT paasuo}4o0d ‘syRO
‘SOSSB[OW "GO ‘NV pure ‘sTNy
480 ‘sj10ys 4Bo ‘ssulTpprur 4yRo ‘[eouL
By[By[B ‘[vour poosuoyjoo ‘syvo “4]eg

‘s}UOIpoIsuy

80°SI

vL°8

“él

68° OT

a!

JO Lad

“rq
epnig

CLP

“p lod

-4Ry
apnig

Treat ff

UE a

98°OL

0) ee)

88ST a

NE ya

99°S8T «Hf

aches)

90 lad

‘ureyo1d
epnig

vO

oregng

SOMBIE

TIP 43M

‘mdyBy O10 MA

*(panuyuog) — saa ng

«, PIT Sassvjopy Aired 1yxeVnh ,,
TI ‘oseorg9
“O+ syevQ oxen’ oT,

«¢ P92 AIO] SSOID UII ,,

Ue)
“Od 8780 Joxeny oy],

« Poa Arreq Asreq_,,
‘TIL ‘osvorgD
“O— 8380 Joyen?) oy

TIT ‘osvory
“OD 87BO JayeVn’ oy,

:(QHQNNOANWOD) SAAT SASSVIOTY

‘OWUIVU OpBIy 10 puBIq puB raqqot
10 JOINJORJNUBUL JO SSoIppw pUB BUIBNY

DNIGHEY FO SATANVG AO SASATVNY

629

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

*sossv[ou ‘4d ‘ssUIUSNIOS xBy ‘ST[NY
yevo ‘ssuljppru gvo ‘punois Apaed
Spoos poaM JO JUNOWIB odIv] SUITE
-W09 SsUIMNAIOS UIBIs ‘[BeU paest0z}0H
“4/88 Yue
Jed ouo jo Jey ‘sy[vj3s puv spod xvy
‘(syaoys yeo ‘sT[ny 4vo ‘ssulppprur
480) syonpoid-Aq ][tur [wou 4vo ‘ssut
-90108 UlGIs ‘Sosse[OUr ‘Bau paesuo}}0D

‘sossejoul ‘s][NY yo ‘SSUI[p

-pru 4vo ‘sy[ejs pues spod xepy ‘puvs

‘(punois Ajied speds pooM Sururey
-009 SSUIUNALNS UTIs) ‘vou Podsu0}}0—

“q[es ‘sy[ejs pue spod

xey ‘sjtoys yvo ‘sy[ny 4vo ‘séurppprur

yeo ‘syonpoid-Aq ][lu yeour 4vo ‘sSUL
-W90108 ULBIS ‘SoSSB[OUL ‘[BoUT P9dsU0}}0/D

‘sossvjour “411s ‘sSurue010s xey
‘punois Ajjied spoos pov Sururezu09
SsUIUVaINS UlvIS ‘S][NY 7vO ‘ssuT[pprur
yeo ‘sqynoids 4yeur ‘[eaur possu09j09

88
quad Jed 9uo jo j[ey-au0 pue sy[e4s
pue spod xvyp ‘(sjtoys 4vo ‘siny
480 ‘Ssul[ppIur 4vo) syonpoad-Aq [[ruM
[eeu + 4vo ‘ssurused0S UTIs ‘sosst]
-our ‘sjnoids 4[vur ‘[vour poosu0zj09

‘sossvjoul ‘sT[ny vo ‘sduI[p
-prur 480 ‘sy[vys pu spod xey ‘pues
‘(punois Ayj1ed spoos poom Suture,
-W09 SSUIMEDIOS UlBIS) [wou P9dsT0}}0D
*‘SOSSv[OU PUB [BOUT Poasuo}}00 ‘(sq.10Ys8
ye0 pus ssuypprur 4vo ‘s][ny 40)
syonpoid-Aq [jm [woul 4vo ‘sy]eys pues
spod xvy ‘ssuruse10s ureis wo1 opeyy

eI éI

“OL

¢c0 TI

“OL

GO'FT

$I

LL Gl

Lo°P

0g°é

LEP

Océ

86°F

ST'é

os’€

T8 91

ni)!

99 OT

“OL

¥6 9T

a)!

“$I

“OI

‘punoy pus poojusrenr ‘AjoAT}ooOdser ‘9}BOIPUT 810992] OSOTT, »

qd

a[-ApuoUIT NYT

ayVT ovuvieg

ssutidg
BIIvyIUBg

,, pea Aireq sassvpoyy 1oyengd ,,
TH ‘osvory9
“od 8180 Joxen’y oy,

«, p9aq Alveq sessvpoyy 19yengy ,,
‘TT ‘osevoryo
“Og 81780 Joyxent’y oy,

«, PI Sassvfopy Aired, 1oyenty ,,
TIT ‘odeory
“og 8178Q Joyene) oy,

«, Peaq Sossepoyy Arreq, 1oyxeng ,,
‘Th ‘osvoryD
“O* s38Q Oyen? oT,

vESP

GIIP

COnP

G96E

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

6350

‘sosseour ‘4/es ‘pus ‘(Aopreq pute syRvO.
‘yeoyM ‘U10D WOIJ SSuruset0s) ‘pooy
uaynys ‘synords 4;vur ‘jwour possu0yyoD
‘SassBjour “4]vs yue0 Jed auO jo Jey
-euo ‘synoids 4jeur sSuruseios ured
‘yeoya ‘Aapeq ‘s}vo ‘Teor paesu0yjo9

‘sossujour ‘pues ‘(7va MK
pue Agpieq ‘syvo ‘ul0d wolf sBut
-ueel0s) ‘peat ueyn[s ‘[eour psesu0yyo0D

aes
‘sossvjour ‘uojn]s ‘sSurmeei9s ured
‘yeoym ‘opreq ‘s}yvo ‘[eau paesu0}40D

‘sossejoul ‘pues ‘(yvoqyM
pue Agjeq ‘sywo ‘u10d Woy sSut
-u9a10s) ‘pedj Usyn[s ‘[woeur posasuo0jjoD

*4[8S ued ed au0 jo jyey-ou0
‘gossv[OU pu¥ UdyN[s ‘sduruse10s UIBIs
‘yeoym ‘opteq ‘syvo ‘[eour poasuozy09

‘sosselour ‘4/es ‘sdur
-ud010S UleIs ‘[eour vee ‘syvo ‘uI0D
‘SOSSB[OUL PU BI[VI[B punois
‘sSuluee10s uleis punois ‘syvo ‘uI0D

*S}UOIpoIsUy

LE°6

xa!

19°6

G26
“Ol

10°01
‘Or

99 Lad

“10qy
apnig

I8'P

oss

18°%
uy.

79 ba

“yey

aepnig

‘40 a

ocar D

88°9r Af

oc'ot DO

a

og°oT OD

8h6 xd
GIT «9

79 bad

“ureqo1d
apnip

bat) (@)

8} 100m)

mOPUIB YSU

aisdaeyysnog

‘Uoye} O10

JO JOINJOVJNUBUL JO SsaIppB pu OLUBNY

«, Peay Airey oureBng ,,
“TIT ‘oBvory
“oo ouuwing ayy, \geep

« Pee Aue ouesng ,,
‘TT ‘odvoryD
“OF oUNBINY ONT, |SPIF

« Pee Aue, ouesng ,,
TIL ‘oBvarqg
“oo oulmeang ot, |gc6g

«, PIT SassBOyy BULING ,,
‘oy ‘smoT “49
“OOD BulIng Woss[BYy |OZEF

:(@HQNNOMWOD) SAGA SASSVIO TN

‘OUIBU apB1} 10 puvsq puB Joqqol

*requin Nj |

*(panuyuo)) —S44OLg PNIGUAY] AO SHIAWVG AO SASATVNY

631

New York AGrRiIcuLtTurRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘sossejour “4[es ‘pues ‘(ssuruder10S
wo1j Ajjuersdde |v ‘punois Apj1ed
Spses poem ‘esnjal 4Bo ‘syvo 4YSIT
‘QeoyM opBid MOT ‘osnjal W100 ‘u.100
jo sopojaed) [vou ey[ejje jo yunowe
[jews ‘synoids 4jvur ‘jeaur poosu0y09

‘sossB[OUL pu
[eeu vyyeyye ‘ssurmoe10s ‘synoids 4[eur
‘sz80 ‘Ul0d ‘ywoyM ‘Teour poasuo0qy0d

‘sossejour “4[es ‘sT[oys B%0000
punois ‘sT[NY sou ‘aout ueyorq ‘(sBur
-use10S wio1y ATJUoIedde |[[e ‘pues pure
punois Ajied spoas poom ‘asnjor 40
‘780 4Y SI] ‘VBoYM Jo sjouloy UsyUNIYs
pue uosyoiq ‘asnjol ulod ‘109
jo sopyied) yeour eyyeye qunoure
[ews ‘synoids 4yeur ‘jeaur poasu04}09

‘SOSSB[OUL PUB
[eeu By[ey[e ‘ssuruses0s ‘synoids 4yeur
‘sqvo ‘ul00. “YwoyM ‘Tea poesuoz}0D

“SOSSB[OUL
‘s]INY 90 ‘adll ueyoiq ‘(sSurusesos
wo1y Ajuoredde je ‘punois Ayj1ed
Spses pooM pue ‘osnjol 4Bvo ‘S380
q43I] ‘QvoyM Jo sjouley ueyunIys
pus woeyolq ‘asnjol wulod ‘u109
jo sopmied) yvour eyyeyje yunowe
[[vus ‘synoids 4[eur ‘[eour poesu0,j}09
‘SOSSB[OU PUB [VOU BI[RI[V
‘sduIueo108 ‘synoids 4;eur ‘syvo ‘u100
‘yeoym ‘[BeUr p225u0}}00 jo pasoduo0g

69°8

“Ol

zo's | 99°ST
Ea area)
zee | €9°ST
tee. °8r
cee let wal
ye

‘puno,y pus peojuviens ‘Ajaatpoodsar ‘a, BoIpUT 810940] ASOT, »

yiodyo0T

Ia}
-S9010 SPQ

INsWJaANor)

«, P90q Ie3Ng ‘g'p,,
"SIM ‘OONNBATTIT
“OD pea IwBng sezeyg poy ELIF

« Pag Ie3ng "gy ,,
“SLM ‘OOYNBVATIP
"OD paag Iesng soyBxg poyUQ |G{ Ip

« Paaq IwINg “sg “7 ,,
‘SIM ‘@OHNBANTIPAL
“OD pas Ivsng soyeyg poyuy |67Ze

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

632

‘sessvjom “yes ‘punois Ajjsour spaos
peeom ‘pues ‘(xeyp pues Aajieq ‘s}8o
*‘{BoYM ‘W100 WO} Ssutuee.os) ‘synoids
Q[BUI ‘SUIBIS SIO][SIpP ‘eo psesto0jj0D
‘SOSSB[OU PUB SSuTUVAIOS ULeIs
‘neaym ‘Aoyieq ‘syvo ‘ur0d ‘synoids
PIBUL ‘SUTBID SIO][ISIP ‘[eour paesuo0}309

‘SOSsSBlOU puv 4[eS ‘puNoIs ATJSour
‘spoos poom “4113 ‘(xep pue Aopreq ‘syzo
*yBoYM ‘UL0D UOIJ SSuTMVAIOS) synoids
J[VUt ‘SUIBIS SIO]][ISIp ‘TeouI poosu0}}30H

“4[8S Jued Jed ou Jo SsyyUd4-9019}
‘sessvjour oind put ssurusetos ures
‘qeeym ‘Aopreq ‘s}vo ‘u100 ‘synoids
ye ‘SUIBIS SIO][4SIP ‘[eouL paesu0}}0D

‘sessejour ‘suo ‘u100 “ey[ejTy
‘dnads yyIM
peloaey ‘eyes pue qyes ‘syvo ‘u10g

“sossejour “4/es ‘pues ‘(sdurmea10s
wo Ajjueredde jew ‘punois Apaed
Sposs poaM ‘asnjor 4vo ‘syvo 4YST
‘QBo4yM Opes MOT ‘osnjer utod ‘UI00
jo sopyied) [our vyyeyye jo yunowy
[[vus ‘sjnoids qemu ‘[veur paesu0yj09

‘SOSSB[OUL UB
[eour By[ey[e ‘sduruseios ‘synoids 4yeur
‘syvo ‘ul0d ‘yvoyM ‘TRouL poasuoy}09

‘S}UNIPoIsZUy

6¢ OL

alt

696

aT

166

‘GL

Té'8

“GI

99 lad

SI's

89°€

VLG

a

GP &

€

v6ST aA

4601 4
OL D

“uteyo1d
epnig

DSeNg

8} 8372 M

yovA NT

gisodeq

“Waye} VIO MA

« Pe Areq puouuey, ,,
‘pul ‘puourureyzy
“og sponpoig Urey W1e4se AM eq,

;, peag Aueq puowuweyz ,,
‘pul ‘puourureyy
“Og spNpolg UleLy W194se A

cc POT OSIOFT BI[EITV “OD YSBM ,,
"GON “UNOYTeD “1
“09

SUI P A IN BPITV “OO-USPM OTL

<< P2AT WBN “§ “1 ,,
‘SEM “OONNBATTTA
“og psa Iwsng seyeig peyiug
:(@HQNNOMWOD)) SATAY SASSVIOT

‘QUIvU OpBI} 10 puBiq pu laqqol
10 JOINJOBVJNUBUL JO SSaIPpw puv oUTBNY

‘(panuyuog) — SHI ALG PNIGITT AO SHIANVG AO SUSLIVNY

T1OP

ST6E

O¢SF

633

New York AaricutturaAL ExrErRIMENT STATION.

‘sossejour ‘“4]es ‘(4118
pue spsss pooM Mot @ Sururejzu0d
ssuruse10s pue ssurddipo yvo) sureid
Sie][ystp ‘synoids yjyeur ‘u10d ‘;vour
peesury ‘Jeour poestojj0o ‘pesy ueynty

‘SUIBIS S19]]IYSIP pus 4]eVs
‘sqnoids 4;evur ‘sassvjour ‘u10o ‘sd1jo
480 ‘Teour [10 ‘Tear psdsuojj0o ‘uaynTy

‘sosstjour ‘yes “pues ‘(punois Apyared
Sposs poom ‘xey puv Aopieq ‘s}vo
‘yeoyM ‘UI0D WO1] SsuTUdeIOS) Synoids
q[eul ‘suIvIs SIo]]IYSIp ‘vou possu0340D

“4[BS yue0 Jed 9u0 Jo syyuey
-90.14} ‘Sassejour pue ‘ssulued10S UleIsd
‘geoym ‘opieq ‘syeo ‘ur00 ‘synoads
q[eUl ‘SUIvIS SJO]]IySIp ‘[eour paasu0jyoD

‘sassejour ‘y]es ‘pues ‘(punois Apjied
Spoos pooM ‘xey pue syvo ‘Aopeq
‘qeoyM ‘W109 WO} SsurusedS) ‘synoids
q[BUl ‘SUIvIS ,SIO]]IJSIP ‘[RoUI poesuo}y0D

‘sessejoul ‘SsuUTUeAIOS UIvIs “Yeo
‘fojreq ‘syvo ‘uioo ‘synoids 4]eur
‘SUIVIS (SIO][I}SIP ‘[eouUr poesu0}}09 ‘q[BG

‘sessejoul ‘y;es ‘pues ‘(punois Apjaed
sps0s pooM ‘xe pus ‘Aojieq ‘seo
‘qeoyM ‘W100 WO] SsuTUseIOS) synods
q[BUL ‘SUIeIS SIO][IYSIp ‘[RouUL possu0}joD
‘SOSSBIOU PUL SSUIUIAIOS UIBIS
eoym ‘Aopieq ‘syeo ‘uroo ‘synoads
Q[eU ‘SUIBIS S1a[[Y4SIp ‘[eour psesu0zj0D

L6°¢

“Or

tP 6

a

6€ OT

pil

O18

aD

67'S

4

£97

£9 °C

“ST

“61

“LT

GZ" 91

“LT

6181

4!

‘puno,y pues pssyueieny ‘AjeAtoodsar ‘ay BOTPUT $10949] OSOTLT,

MOOSOJT

Ls) (@)

aT[LApuouryory

uozsV

,, p90q Alveq iouurg ,,
“AN ‘Ol[tAssion
“OD Y2OTP9UM “ff "M

,, p29,, Atveq puourureTy ,,
‘pul ‘puourule yy
“og sponpolg ured) W10489\4 OTT,

,, pea Atveq puowuwryz, ,,
‘pul ‘puourmepy
“OO sjonpolg Uleit) U194Se\\ OTT,

« peeq Alreq puowmuey, ,,
‘puy ‘puourme yy
“OD SJonpolg UIvIN) U194S9

9STP

O&&P

ITIP

L80F

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

634

“‘poyty1e0 sy

‘S][NY peesu0}}09 pue [ve psaesu0}}00

‘peytyieo sy

‘s][NY peesu0jj00 puv [vou psesuo}j0D

‘poytyse0 sy

‘s][NY peesu0zj0o puv [vou peasuozj0D

‘poyt}1eo sy

‘s][NY peesuojj00 pu [veul poesu0zj0—

‘peynyseo sy

‘s][NY peesuo}j09 put [eeu possu0}y09

‘payt}1eo sy

‘]BoW peasuo}}0o puv sT[NY pessu0}j0D

‘s][NY peesuo}4009 ‘;vour pseasu0,}09
“A[UO possuoj}}09 pus] vag WIOI] ope]

“‘S}USIpeisuy

oz

Lh GS

“10g
epnig

“485
epnig

G9 €S
“6G

OR

€h 1G
“GG

Om

Ie
“CG

OR

90°9T
"OL

Om

61° 9T
“OT

Co

88° TT
“OL

Om

€9°SS x
"GS xD

wontary

*uraqoid
epnig

was10g

oaystueg

Oreo

ay[tAsudg

Al10g

ues10g

mu0}xnL J,

‘MoB} VIO MA

«« PIA [PLOY ,,
"BA ‘Y4{NOUIS}IOg
“OO a1qiy Weyynog

«« PAT [BLOY ,,
“BA ‘YQNOUISs}10g
“OD eaqiq Uleqynog

«c PIT [BAOY ,,
‘BA ‘UANOUISLIOg
“OD aiqiy Weyynog

« poag Aureq sog-oy ,,
“eA ‘YNousyog
“OD aqLy Wiayynog

« Pee Aired sog-oy, ,,
"BA ‘YQNouIs}1og
“OO aqiy U1eyyNog

«, P29] MOD Aasioe ,,
‘BA ‘YQNOUIS}IOg
“OD agi WeyyNog

ce POO *PEBs
-009J0D) pus] vog puvIg WeYING ,,
“BL ‘]]LAuUosyour
“OD IO 109305 Bploly
{:Saqaa,y @aasNoLLog

‘OUIVU ApT1} 10 puviq pus ioqqot
10 JoINJORJNUBU JO SSoIPpe PUB OUI Ny

te ag

L106

OFEF

oocy

CPPP

*JequINN

*(panuyuog) — Sd ALG PNIGIAY AO SATAWVG TO SASATVNY

635

XPERIMENT STATION.

+
4

New York AGRIcuLturRAL

‘dyed [IO poosul]
‘sdvios Jooq ‘jeom ejyejye ‘ssulpppror
‘aB1q Jeo ‘Teour W109 ANJeHY ‘Jeour U10D
‘dyed [IO pus ‘sdeios Jooq ‘[eour vyyeyye
‘sjloys ‘uviq ‘ssul[ppru ‘Teow uwI10;D

“‘Yeyo u10d ‘axed [IO peasury ‘sdvaos
yeour ‘[eoWl ei[Bj[e ‘ssuI[pprur yeoyM
‘uelq yeeym ‘UI0D AWRY ‘jeu uI0D
‘oyBd [IO puv sdvio0s yvour ‘[eour BI[eIle
‘syioys ‘uBiq ‘SsUI[pprur ‘;veur wWI0D

meat BY
uiod ‘ayo [IO paesul, ‘sdeios jooq
‘[BoUl BI[BI[B ‘[VoUr UIOD AIRY ‘Baur WIOD
‘ayBO [IO pue sdesos Jooq ‘[vour Bj[ey[e
‘syioys ‘uviq ‘sSulppru ‘Teour wi0g

‘s][NY peesuo0940o ‘[eou poasu0}y09,

EAS LM |
P29s8u0}}09 pue [RIT psasuo}j0o sUILIG

“s][NY psesuo}}09 ‘Teour paesuo}409

‘uBIq [NY
P29su0}400 pue [vet psasu0}409 do1049

‘s][NY psesuo0}40o ‘yeour poast07}05,
‘uBIq [[NY peesu0}}00
puv [vou peasu0}}09 ao10yo WoIy opvyy

“s][NY poesuo0}400 ‘jeour poasu07}09,

‘uRIq TINY
p9est0}}09 pus [vou possu0}joo OMG

66'S
“OT

c0°9
‘Or

|
A

10° 2T

LI 81

¥0'F
GG

60°F
GG

02°F
Gs

ii

4!
JUL

oye eal OS) ny en a C5

oe)

“s]]NY psessu0}400 puv [our padsu0z4oo Jo sorngxIyy 4

‘punog puv poojuereny ‘AjoAtqoodsar ‘ay VoOIpUI 810949] OBST], »

Apeyoousyog

BIARyeg
suluI0;d

aljueg, Aeupig
qisodeq

]]PU10O

JaAopuy

« Use AIQ{Nog woend ,,
‘TI ‘o3vorqD,
“Od WosUIyoIg }10q]Y ey,

« WV ANYNog useny ,,
TI ‘o3vorgD
“OO vosuEpId Woqry oy],

ae YSsVyl AI}[NOg usent) ”
‘IT ‘osvoryD

“OD WOSUTpI WoqTy oyL,
:(CHaNNOAKOD) SdOOy AUDITING

«, P9®J Peesuo0jjoH purig ouUIvaly ,,
‘uuay, ‘stydurayy

“O*) S1qIq eessouuay,

«, Pea P9su0jj0H puvig oUIBaID ,,
‘uuay, ‘stydursyy
“OO alqiy eessouuay,

«¢ P99 Peesuo}joH puvig ouivaI4D ,,
*uuay, ‘stydwopy
“OO e1qigq sossouua y,

«, P82 pessu04joH puvig ourvaly ,,
‘uuay, ‘stydurayy
“OD— adi q eassouus y,

SEP

SEEF

LOGh

erp

O6hY

I&hP

LOEP

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

636

“Pegiz1eo SV
*8}8O Pa][Ol ‘poaj uaynys ‘ssul[pprua
qyeoyM ‘uvig yevoyM ‘poss AUTUIOY ‘UI0D

*‘poytjieo sy
*S}@O PoT[oI ‘paoy uoynys ‘ssurppprar
yeoym ‘uBIg yeoyM ‘posy AuTuOY ‘WI0D

Pegiten Sy
‘TEYS punois o]341] B pu 19ddod par
‘Jesus ‘uot ‘spunodwod snourmnqys
‘ayeo ynUBODOD ‘Spods JaMOTUNS ‘[vour
Joeq jo satyyenb 4yseq ey} Jo Surysisuog

“pegieo Sy
‘TOYS punoss 91941] B
pue rzaddod par ‘1e8urs ‘uoit ‘spunod
-ul0d ~snourunaqye ‘ayvd ynuBo00
‘spses IaMoyuns ‘[voul Uvaq 4SNdo|
‘{Bour Jooq jo soryenb 4seq Jo Sulsisuoy

*‘94GO [IO Ppaesuly
‘sdeios yvour ‘Jeow wyjjejye ‘ssur[p
-pru ‘ueviq yeoyM “yaT[tur ‘Teour U10D
‘sdvios
joeoq puv [vow vyyejje ‘syzoys ‘uviq
‘ssul[ppra ‘feeur uiod jo pasoduiog

‘SJ USIPOISUT

Ie '¥

99 lod

1045
epnig

‘(panuyuoy) —Sd#iNLg PNIGUTY TO SHIANVG AO SUSATVNY

po lad

-48y
apnig

€T 91
say
T8°2T
a
¥6 Sz

aS O & O &

"8& OD
os'se uf

“$& OD

GOTT +4

“TT «D

99 Lad

“ur1eyoid
epnig

opegngd

esnoB1hg

Oder

OTA Gorey

ysings}} eq

‘WayB} 9104 MA

« Peay AIy[nog oovojng_ ,,
‘AUN ‘opegng
“Od [BelaD oyeyng

« p90, ATQINOg ode0jng ,,
‘AN ‘orsyng
“OD [Be10D oyeyng

« UOT, A1V[NOg s,p1ojyozeyg ,,
TIL ‘uBssoyne A
“AIOPCT [BOW HED PLopyoyeg oy,

«c 182 AVN 8,10 }yo}eIL__,,
‘TI ‘uedoyne Ay
‘ALOPIVT [BOL TBD PlOFYo ye OYL

« USBI Argnog wsany ,,
TIL ‘osvoryD

“od wosuTpIg Poqry oy],
:((H#aNNOAWOD) SadOoOy ANLVTAOg

‘eUIeU Opv1} 10 puviq pus saqqot
1O JOINJOBjNUBU JO SSaIppe puB OUIeNy

P6SP

6LbP

SE0P

9€0F

I~
fan)

6

New York AGRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“4/88 ‘Jour poorq ‘;eour
BB] [Boul UlOO ‘INO sop ped ‘ssur[p
-pram yeoym ‘uUBIq 4woYM ‘[eoUT IVY
‘[Bour pooyq “Teour VIBI[e ‘Peour
W109 ‘sj10ys ‘Sop poi ‘uvIq ‘[voUl IQJeyT

“yes ‘yeour
eyfejye ‘Inoy Sop por ‘[eour W100 AWey
[Boul UI0D ‘s}IOYS yeoyM ‘URIG BOT AA

*[BOUL BI[BI[e ‘[Bour
u100 ‘sy10ys ‘Sop per ‘uviq ‘[voul INJeyy

‘spoes JoMopuns “yeoyA ‘W100
peyovio ‘syvo ‘AopIeq “oyu “U100 AWE yy

*pooes JaMOYUNS ‘W109 In;ey
‘qo][Tur “yeoyMyong “yeoyM ‘W109 paxovlg

‘U109 IWjey “QoT]TuT ‘yeoyM ‘U10D

Peghteo SV

‘S}8O PUNOIS puv [vouT

[io ‘inoy sop pei ‘sdeasos joaq ‘vypesre
‘[S9Ul Us4yN]s ‘[BoUr U109 ‘SsuUT[pprum ‘UeIg

Re OOO BY
*S}8O poeT[O1 ‘poss ueynys ‘ssulpppruz
pues uviq yvoym ‘poosy AuruoYy ‘U10D

“Pegi1e0 SV
"SO peTfor ‘peoy uaynys ‘ssuljppru pue
usiq yvoyM ‘poay AUTO WO1} opeyT

96°%

09'S

OF OR OR

&

Oo HF Ok OD

‘punoy pus peazueieny ‘AjaAtjoadsal ‘ay BoIpPUL S10940] OST], »

opegng

opeyng

uoydy “4

O][TA-1978 MM

uopuUey surg

opegng

} 090K)

BOI)

« POO SutkeyT s1oydAg ,,
“ACN ‘oreyng
“oo Joyeqnouy s1eydho

« pooy suroi0,7 sreydAg ,,
"ACN ‘oregng
“og 1oyeqnouy steydp

« Pood AIINog puwlg ploy ,,
‘AON ‘uojureysurg
‘SUOG S,JOABID “094

« Poog AYINog puvig Ploy ,,
"KN ‘uovureysurg
‘SUOG SIOABID *094)

cc POO HOD Si ary»
“ACN ‘uoyureysurg
‘SUOG SLaABID *094)

« WIL Burkey] purig opeyng ,,

‘ACN ‘OTeHNG
“og Ajddng Arynog ojeyng

“ce p27 ArynNog ”?
‘A N ‘orvyng
“OO [Boley oyeyng

« PIT AQINOg ,,
‘AN ORD
“OO [BeleD o[eyng

CLEP

ITEP

CLEP

TOP

L8SP

9G1P

SPOP

TION WorK OF THE

aT
)

Report on INSPEC

638

*pegiyieo sy
“S}LIg
%4-8-Uay ‘S}eo punoss ‘oplo[yo WMIpos
‘Inog suo ‘[vour ved ‘uayn{s ‘vou [IO
pessuly ‘Inog yeoyM afoya ‘suo0g poze]
-nuvis ‘[voul U0) INjey ‘UBIq yvoyM
Ia}ULM ‘Teoorvyo ‘deios jooq ‘uounqy[e
Ym ‘[eeul ozieur Oflu ‘[eou eileITy

YEE OEMS
i=) 0) 0) A)
uwinipos ‘sys ~v4-0-uey ‘s}vo puNoIs
‘Inoy suog ‘veut ved ‘uoyn[s ‘[vour [IO
pessuly “Inop 7eayYM aor ‘eu0g pezR]
-nuevis ‘[eoul UlOd Iyjey ‘uUBIq ywvoy
IazUIM +‘TBoorwyo ‘“deios jJooq ‘[Teaur
aZIVU O[UI ‘UsWING]e yw ‘fvoul BIleITy

‘[eour poorq ‘Inoy sop
pol ‘[eour vyjeyje ‘Jeour w10d ‘ssur[p
-piu yeoyM ‘uBIq yeoYyM ‘[vouUl INZeyy

*‘punois Apj1ed spoes poem ‘sZur[p
-pma yeoym ‘uvIq ywoyM ‘[eVoUL WIOD

“‘s}USIpoiIsUy

Té*2Z

09°2

“1Eqy
apnig

OL"
I

L19°¥

89°F

oo

€
ay

70 lag

Ry
epnig

8e°st A

‘06 OD
7 06 A

‘06 OD

Oc’ 2ZT af
9)

“OL «A
ESE «D

po lag

*uteyoid
epnig

«, SIMO SurteT
IOJ AINJXIPL YSVPT WoMoojiog su0jzey ,,
"AN ‘YOrato ny
“Og paaq 2 UlvID uoyeY “q “YW

WMOJOTPPIPAL

«, SIMO SurkeT
IOF WINGXIPL YSVIAL WOrpdajieg $,u0zeqy ,,
“KN ‘WDIAMIoN
“Od psa = UlVIDH u0ojey “q “YW

YoIM.I0 Nv

«, POO BULAR’T ,,

‘AN ‘oregng
“og rioyeqnouy s1eydxp

yovA Ny

« P0OOT SUpoI10,{ ,,
‘AN ‘opegng
“og toyeqnouy sieydxp
:(@HQNNOdWOD) SGOOT AULINOT

BITE, P2°yPed

uae} O10 MA ‘auIBU 8pPBI} 10 puBviq pues Joqqol

10 JOINJOVJNUBUT JO SsSoIpps PUB OUIBNT

OFGP

L90¥

IZSPp

LOOP

*roquinNy |

*(panuyuo)) —SddoLg DSNIGGaYy JO SHIANWVG JO SASATVNY

639

NT STATION.

7

New York AGricutturaL EXxpErIMr

,Peb 190 By,
‘UBIG JBOYM 4YBOYM payxoVso “pooy
Auroroy ‘w.100 “ej]ejye ‘S}zwo paTfor ‘ssur[p
-prur ywoym ‘poss Uoyn]s ‘ssul[ppruz y8O

seau ecole Vi
‘yorum ‘svod ‘u100 1nyex
‘QeoqM poyovlod ‘[vour 4vo 4nd ‘UI0D

Pegtpiea sv
“yoq[rum ‘svod ‘ul0o Inyey
‘evoyM poyoBlo ‘[vour 4yvo 4nd ‘WI0D

Pegipteo sy
‘9780 pal[ny ‘poses JaMopyuns ‘4voyM
-yonq ‘ozreur ojtur ‘ulod Injyey “u10D
pexov10 ‘s}7vo ‘ssuIUes10S yeoyM “YBoy

“Pegtp180 SV
*S}'80
pany ‘pees soMopuns ‘ezreur ojtur
‘u10d payoeld ‘suleId UsyOIq poxtul
‘yeaymyonq ‘U10d Ijey ‘syvo ‘4eoTL AA

*[BOUl paesuo}}09 ‘pae}{

Ueyn[s ‘ssUI[ppIur yeoyM ‘[BoUr UI0D
‘[BoUr [IO ‘uBIq ‘[BoUT psesuo0}}09

‘paay uejn[s ‘ssuI[ppIur ‘[vour uUI0D

“q[es ‘W100 Ine

‘sdeios yvour ‘[vour poosul, ‘[vour

Sjley[e ‘[eour u10d ‘syvo punois ‘inog
qvoyM ‘SSUI[ppIu yeoym ‘UBIq BVO

‘deios

jooq ‘[vour [Io “eyyeyye punois ‘[vour

ueyn[s ‘jeour uslOd ‘szevo punois ‘Inoy
yeoym ‘SSUI[PppIul yeouM ‘uUBIq VOT A

go'6

OF '€

Gc'8

‘OL

19'F

62°7

Tg FI

06
G3 GI
“Ol
“GI
‘GL
61 IL

oe
OS TT

Oke

61 FI
“GL

bP OT

IST

a Ook OC & ®

sduLidg 1aAqig

‘puno,y, pus pesyuvieny ‘AjaAtooedser ‘ayRoIpUr 810949] O8OT,T, »

« USBI ATYNOg AIG 8,09 O-H YL ,,
ACN ‘opeyNg
‘00 O-H GL

«cs POC TOS 0007 EL PUL is:
‘AN Ofegng
00 O-H 9FL

« P998A AMD 8,09 O-H PL ,,
“ACN ‘opeyNg
‘OD O-H ®4.L

ope yng

asnov1 4g

STS rg

“ a |
SupoyEIOG suBsTyV 8,0 O-H P4L,,
‘ACN ‘oregng
“OO O-H *4L

asnoeiAg

« P90
BuIyoye1og suBlsty $09 O-H UL,,
‘ACN ‘oregng
“OO O-H °4L

opegng

« POO AYMog OLWOTT ,,
“ACN ‘oregng
“O° pesg AsAreyy

« YSB SuLAvT woqqry ong ,,
‘AN ‘orsyng
“Or 10}BAITH 9GO[)

opeyng

9vEP

8S0P

9E8E

LSOP

LE8E

vaTP

CrEP

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

640

‘[eour
sad ‘[vaur poasuojjoo ‘s}vo poaT[or
‘u100 ‘SSUITPpIar yeoyM ‘UBIq ywoy A

‘[Boul peesu0}}00
‘sj80 payjor ‘uioo ‘sSul[ppru ‘uvig

‘(Boul vad ‘Teour paasuo}}0d ‘s}vo paTfor

‘UI0D ‘SSUI[ppIur yeoyA ‘UBIq yo
‘[Bour paestoyy09

‘s}e0 paljor ‘uioo ‘sSulpprur ‘ueig

Peo eo sy)
‘pees Aurumoy ‘uviq yvayM ‘s}vo paT[or
‘SSUI[PpIu yvoyM ‘UayNIs ‘sSsurpppru 4eO

‘poytyieo sy
*pooy Aurumoy ‘SsuI[pprur yeoym ‘uBIq
yey “ToyN]s ‘s}8O paT[or ‘SsuI[pprur 4vO

“Ppet}10o SY

*p9es

Auruno0y ‘weg yevayA ‘S780 peT[or ‘ssuryp
-prur ywoyM ‘peoy uayny]s ‘SSUI[PPIU 4B%Q

“Pepi}teo SV
“UBlq JvIYM “YewoyM poyoRs10 ‘pooj
Auruoy ‘ui09 “ejyeyye ‘syeo payor ‘supp
-plua yveym ‘poss ueinys ‘ssul[pprur 4%O

“‘B}UOIpeIsUy

9¢°8T

“ureyoid
epnig

He Oo HF Oo HR ODO &

ulpleg MONT

UMOPIO}PB MA

B1OISBUB)

Apeyoousyag

opegng

Apeyooueqo9

‘mayey S1OT A

« USB ButAvT pajsnyy ,,
"AN ‘oregng
“od Sul, peysny

« USB BuLXe'T pojsny ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OO SUNT peisny

« P2aq ATMO 80D O-H YL ,,
“AN ‘oregng
“OD O-H °4.L

« PP AIyinog 8,09 O-H °4L,,
‘AN ‘oveyng
“OD O-H 24L |

«, P29 Aryjnog 8,09 O-H °4L »,
‘A 'N ‘oregng
OD O-H PGL

« WPW AYNog AIq 8,09 O-H PL 5;
‘AN ‘ovegng
“0D O-H UL
:(@HaQNNOAWOD) Saoog AULIAOg

‘QUIBU apv1} 10 puviq pue Jeqqol
IO JdINJOBINUBUL JO SsaIppe pu OUTBN

*(panuyjuo)9) —SdiNlg PNIGIAY JO SHTANVG JO SASAIVNY

641

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘[Byo u10d ‘jveut [euUe

‘jeour Beye ‘synoids yeu ‘[eour poas

-0}}00 ‘jour ved ‘poss uayn[s ‘ssurp
-piur yeoym ‘uUvIq 4BayM ‘[vauT WOO

“q[BS ‘[wour [BUITUB

eour wyeyje ‘synoids 4[evur ‘[vour

p9esu0}}09 ‘[vour [IO ‘ssul[pprur ‘[vour
vod ‘uajn[s ‘[vour ywoyM ‘[veuI UIOD

“4113 ‘sT[NY 40 ‘s}R0
‘SSUI[PpIu yeoyM ‘URIq 4YvoOTLM ‘UIO0d
peyxovio ‘[Booleyo ‘vj[ej[e ‘[wour poosuryT
‘ssul[pprua
‘Jeoul U0) ‘[ROoIeYyO ‘By[eyye ‘[eour [IO

‘yes ‘eypeyye ‘pesos ueqnys
‘uiod ‘SSUI[ppIur yeoyM ‘uBIq yvoTTA\
“eyejye ‘ueyn[s ‘u100 ‘ssulpprur ‘uvig

“ey[By[e “UBIq JBOTTM ‘[vou UI0D
“By[Bj[e ‘ueynps ‘u109 ‘ssul[pprur ‘ueig

“By[By[e “Weg yeOY ‘[vou UIOD
“ey[ey[e ‘Ueyn[s ‘u1o0d ‘ssurl[pprum ‘uvig

“4[BS ‘poay usynys ‘Teour
ved ‘[vour peosuo0jjoo ‘syeo pa[or
‘a100 ‘SSUI[ppIu YeoyM ‘uBIq 4veTT A,

‘BOUL paasto}409
‘8780 pefol ‘uioo ‘sZulppru ‘uvig

“q[es ‘peey us4n]s ‘[vour
vod ‘[vour paesu0zj09 ‘s}v0 parol
‘aloo ‘ssul[ppru yeoym ‘uBIq Voy,

‘Boul poasuo0}409
‘8380 pe[ol ‘ui0d ‘sZuljppru ‘uvig

90°2

G86

Oe

‘8

yg €

03°F

€I'¢
§

93
§

0S" LT

“ST

99 ZT
ei

*‘punoy pus poozuvieny ‘AjaAtjoadsor ‘a}Borput s19}49] OsOTLT, y

ofegng

opegng

opegng

dOIMO JN

winqny

SUIUISSC)

opegng

« USBI 33q Jepoyy ,,
"A 'N ‘oregng
‘OD SUTIN [POW

« YSeyy AIG ,,
"A ON ‘orpyng
‘wey "HA

« P9aq ATjNog peysny ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OD SUI peysny

« PeaT AINog paysny ,,
"AN ‘oregng
“OO SUITE peysny

« Pay AIQINog poysny ,,
‘AN ‘oveygng
“oO SUNY peysny

« YS] SarkeT poysnqz ,,
“ACN ‘opeyng
“OO SuyIN poysny

« USB SuAe'T poysny ,,
‘ACN ‘opeyng
“OD SUI Peysny

L89P

E8or

89h

TESP

9668

£09F

LOSP

21

,
“a

Rervorr on Inspecrron Work oF Tk

42

*‘pegis100. sv
‘S}LIS [BJSAIO BOUNT] pue ssulppprwu
qyeoyaM ‘UBIq JvOyM ‘pody Uayn[s ‘uoD

“pegiyies sy
‘S}UIS [eySAIO vjoueTT puv ‘ssulppru
qeoym ‘uBIg yvoyM ‘peel Uayn[s ‘uI0Dg

‘Teour vod ‘Teour

Imey ‘[eour yeout puv osuo0q ‘[vaur

elleyje ‘[eour ulo0d ‘SSUI[PpIu 4eoy A
‘ueviq jee ‘[BoU peesul] ‘peey Weyn[y

‘Boul yvouL

‘Yeoul ouo0g ‘[eou vyyey[e ‘ssuljpprum
woul ulod ‘uBIq ‘Jour [IO ‘uayny[y

‘u100 Ipyey ‘Boul
vod ‘[vour yvour ‘[eoul suoq ‘jour
eyejyje ‘ssul[pprur yeoyM ‘[Rour U10D
‘uviq Bay ‘[eouL psosul] ‘peas usaynpy

*[BouL 4veur
‘woul eu0g ‘[eour wBI[vi[e ‘Ssul[]pprur
‘Veour ulod ‘uviq ‘[eour [IO ‘UaynTy

*[ROUL [BUULUG ‘Yor[TUI ‘wou vad ‘pad}
Uayn[s ‘[vaul psasuoyjzoo ‘vou BITBI[e
‘SSUI[PpIul yveyM ‘uUBIq yeoyM ‘ULOD

[BOUL [BUNIUY ‘aZzTRUI
oj ‘iryey ‘sved ‘orm “yeoyM ‘W109

*s}UsIpeisuy

629

OF F

O & O &

*(panuyuoy) —SdIALG DNIGAGY AO SAIdWVG JO SASXIVNY

SULMIOD

oregngd

1948049 Hog

1a}sa00yY

oregng

‘Uaye} VIO AA

« USB Aq Aijnog Q-23q Avy
“ACN ‘ovegng
‘Og 7 YBMON “VY

« GSByy Arq Aylnog O-53q AeT,,
‘AN ‘oregng
‘MOG 2) YVMON “VY

« SBN SuXeyT uezung ,,
"KN ‘deyseqooy
“OD pea PY BUNT OsATy

« GSB Suey aequng ,,
"KN ‘1ajseyooyy
“OO pea Y BUNT osATy

« POO BUIMOIL [OPO] ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OO SUNTIN POW
:(4HaNQOdWOD) Saoog AUITAOG

‘sUIBU apB1} IO puviq pue seqqoft
IO 1aIN}JOVjNUBUI JO ssaIppe pus OWEN

oO
o¢)
uw
oi)

*loquInN

New York AGricutturaAL ExperiMEeNntT STATION.

“q[es
‘sSurusei0s punois ‘s][ny yo ‘ou0g
‘qeour ‘ysy “eypejle ‘Aopreq ‘s}vo “yeoym
‘a10) ‘sSUI[pprlur yeoyM ‘“UBIq BOT AY
‘4[es pue ouog “yvour “Ysy “BI[BI[e
‘Kapieq “yeoym ‘uloo ‘ssul[ppra ‘uvig

‘sBurusei0s 4] es ‘yvour
punoi3 ‘Aapreq ‘syT[ny 4vo ‘ssul[ppram
480 ‘syeo ‘SSUI[PprIur yvOY_A “VVoI[M ‘TIOD

“q[es pue suog “yeour ‘Ysy ‘ejyTes[e
‘Kajieq “yvoyM ‘ulod ‘ssul[pprar ‘ueIg

“q[Bs ‘s][NY yvo ‘punois A]JSOUI spoes
poem SuIUIRyUOD ssUTUseIOS 90d
‘yeour ‘ysy ‘“eyyeyje ‘Aopreq “yeotAs
‘u100 ‘SsUI[PppIuI 4yeoyM ‘UBIq vey A\

‘4[es pue ouog ‘yvour “Ysy ‘Byles[e
‘fayieq “yvoyM ‘Ul0od ‘ssul[pprur ‘URIg

“4[eS ‘punois A[jsour spaes
poem Surureyu0d ssuruess9s ‘s][NYy 7vo
‘guog ‘yeour ‘ysy ‘ejes[e ‘Aapreq “vay
‘aloo ‘ssuUI[ppIu yeoyM ‘UBIq Jeo AA

‘q[eVs pue ouog ‘yvour ‘Yysy “By[es[e
‘Kopreq “yeoymM ‘ul0d ‘SssUT[ppIu ‘uBIg

‘sy[nY 480 ‘ssul[p

-prur yo ‘sdvios yeour ‘paay AUTUIOY
‘eyeye ‘uviq yeoym ‘“4QeayM ‘UWI0D

“4[8S pue ouo0g ‘yvour ‘Ys “es[ey[e
‘Aepieq ‘yeoym ‘ulod ‘ssuI[pprul ‘uvIg

ee NN
‘S}LIZ [BISAIO BJoUSF] PUB SSUI[pPprUr
yeoym ‘uviq yeoym ‘poady ueyn[s “U10D

16°F
G

9¢'F

£68
‘Or

90°F
o¢'€

€e°¢
cl é

I8'F
§

LE €1
“OL

88° ST
‘FI

“6l

€9 61
02
18° FI
WA!

or ey OO ae

uno pus psosjuBieny ‘AJAATQOOdSaI ‘9}BOIPUL 519}}9[ OSA
P A pur 0 ATPAtr rpur I GL «

asnoBlkg

aisdoeyysnog

eye] oddny,

esnoBihg

ed07B18g

ofegng

« PeF SUIMOIL) 5
“SSB. ‘WOJSOg
“OD prvyfod Y AlV_ MYL

«< PIT BUIMOID ,,
‘ssByT ‘WOysog
“OO Pleyod P AB GL

« PPAA FSB AI, ”
"sSByy ‘WOJSOg

“OD preilod PY AV PUL

« WPI AI ,,
“ssvyy ‘U0ysog

“OD PLBlOd YP Vd OL

«« PAT WSeW AIC ;,
“SSB ‘UOJSOG

“op Prellod P Ad UML

« USB Aig A1yjnog Q-33q AvT ,,

"AN ‘oregng
‘Wog P YCMON “V

SIF

bLEP

CorP

6IFP

OIGP

bLGP

THE

‘ORK OF

A

port on Inspection W

f)

J

Ri

644

‘4[es ‘[waur poasuly ‘}BvoUr
punois ‘fRooreyo ‘ssulppimuat years
‘aviq JeoyM ‘[eoUl U1Od ‘[BIU BI[BI[V

‘[BoUL psesul]
‘qvour poye[nueis ‘~eoorwyo ‘ssul[p
-prar ‘uviq ‘[BoUl U10D [Boul BILBI[TV

“4[Bs ‘euOg pu yveUT PUNOIS ‘[eour
pessul, ‘JBoolvyo ‘ssul[pprur 4yvotfAi
‘uBiqd JvoyM ‘[veUT UO) ‘]BoUl VI[BILV

*[BoUl aUOd “4BOUT po}v]
-NuvIS ‘[eoUl psosul] ‘[ROoIBYD ‘sBuI[p
-pra ‘uviq ‘[voul UI0D ‘[VeUT VI[BITY

“4[BS ‘yvour puNoIS ‘[voul
possuly ‘[Boorvyo ‘sdul[pprur yeoyM
‘uBiq yvoyM “[velt U1od ‘[voU BI[BI[Y

“‘yeoul poyv]
“Nuvi ‘[vsUl poasul] ‘[BooIBYy ‘sZuI[p
-pra ‘uviq ‘[veur lod ‘[voU BI[eI[TV

“478s ‘s][NY vo ‘punois ATJsour spoes
poem Zurureyu0o ssurusedos ‘au0d
‘eour ‘ysy ‘eypeyye ‘Aopieq “year
‘ai00 ‘sBUI[pprul yeoyM ‘URIq 7BOT{\\

‘4[e8s pue auog ‘yvour “YSy ‘vj[ey[e
‘Agpeq “yvoya ‘W100 ‘SsUI[pplu “URIg

“*s}UeIpsisuy

GOP

Se'P

Gs

£6 °€

G3

68°F
os'€

yo lad

“ey

epni®

moyuBYysug

Jaqysoyooy

uo}SSULYy

OF aNs

‘WayB} O10 MA

*(panuyuoy) —SdiOLg DNIGAGY AO SATANVG 4O SASAIVNY

«« P2AI LopMoyH weysryD vuung ,,

‘oy ‘SMOT 49
‘STN BULIng

c¢ TOPMOTD DoyoIy VUNNd ,,

‘oy ‘sINoT “3g
‘ST Pung

¢¢ TOPMOTS) Tox) SULN 5,

‘oJ ‘SNOT “48
‘ST Bang

«¢ P27 SUIMOID ,,
“SSB, ‘WOysOg
“OD PrBllod YP Wed UL

:(€HQNNOAWOD) SCOOT AMLTAOT

‘9UIBU OpB1} 10 puviq pus seqqol
IO JOINJOVJNUBUL JO SSaIppe pu OIBN

645

New York AGRIcuttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

*paejy ueqnyis
‘qua ejouoyT ‘[BeUl poesul] ‘[veUur
ui0d ‘SsUI[ppIul yeoyM ‘uBIq eo

“‘pegtyieo Sy
« 8}-9-00F{ ,, T
‘ON ‘(fF ON) ,, BJ-a-ueyyT ,, VuYsedns
‘(jeeur [Io sseooid pjo 10) ‘yeaur ved
‘uBiq JeoyM ‘SsuUI[pprur yeoyM ‘(UT
-o1d yuao Jad $7) ped} ueynys ‘wou UI0D

‘[Boul psasuly ‘sdvios yvour ‘[eour U100

‘SSUI[ppIur yeoyM ‘uUBIq Jeo ‘BITRITY
“uBiqg ‘[Beul [lO

‘deios yeour “ey[ey[e ‘eour - ‘ssul[ppiyy

“sroqaenb

Squivy ‘[Iv}xO} use1S ‘poss 1aMopUNS

Pits ‘yoopreyo ‘yeoorwyo “quis ‘yeoyM

ueyo1q pue usyuniys ‘ar “YoT[TUr
‘100 Jey pexyorlo ‘ul0od peyoRlD

‘Teooreyo Aiyjnod yuso zed ou0

jo J[ey-9u0 “4S a_qieuI yued Jed xis
‘quoyM puse U109 Iyjey “Qor[tur ‘aAI “UIOD

PEyteo sy,
“UBIG YBOTM
pue ‘[vour poaesu0jjoo ‘Aayivq ‘u10D
*peptieo BY
“uBlq
yeoya ‘[vour paesuojjoo ‘AapIeq ‘UI0D

‘Pegi}iceo SY
‘yoorsnusy pue [eooreyo ‘poas ostue
‘imydyns ‘]joys 104840 ‘yeour ‘yeayM ‘UL0D

So°9

G9'&

96'S

LE°06

OR

CF a Sse ©

O

‘punoy pus psszuvieny ‘AjaArqoodser ‘ayworput s10}49] ASeq], x

urpieg
MON YNog

BATU

BATON

aOUN] TL

SUIV] OFT

BITTY

uinqny

« WSBT Aq euoysfoyy ,,
“KN ‘Apoae
“OD IOWA 3? TIN CIOL,

« POOW YSB] BT-OQ-ueH ,,
"ACN ‘varonygy
‘yng pory

ec UPR Te UIOS) 35
“AON “Baran
‘YHUS poly

ae VID
YUM paaT WYO aT Jeyovurnyog ,,
‘TIT ‘o8voryD
“O° $780 Joyenyy ey,

«, peg AIy~NoOg weoweury ,,
TT ‘oseory

“OD S}eO oxen? oy

«, peexg A1j[Nog uvoweury ,,

TIT ‘osvory
“Od 8780 Joye?) oy,

« POOW YWH UezLIN ,,
‘CN ‘yoo1g punog
“09

‘SI poog Aaynog uvowoury-uequng

66FF

PSP

ESOP

STEP

9ES7

OOTP

6668

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

646

“qu0g
ajqviepisuod $sureyuog ‘sdei0s yay
“au0q
a]qviepisuod sureyuog ‘sdvios yop

“auoq Jo

qUNOW ][VUIS SUITJUOD ‘[voU [BUNIUY

‘sjzvo punois ‘[eyo
U10d ‘podj Uayn]s ‘uBIg }veTM ‘SsuT]p
-plur jvoyM ‘Teer UlOd ‘vou [eWIUY
"S780 pUNOIS ‘UeyN[s ‘uUBIq ‘SsUI[PpTUI
‘Veour ulod ‘suO0g PUNOIS ‘;eow [eWIUY

“‘poyiyie. sy
“quis ‘s]jeys 10jsAo ‘ueiq ‘ssuI[p

-prur “wyjeype ‘euoq “poop ‘yooq “UI10D

PEO ooIs

‘[wou [IO ssevoid

plo ‘s}vo punois ‘jeour ulod ‘ssurI[p
-pra voy ‘uBIG FLOM ‘[veUl BI[VITV

“‘S}yUSIpaIsUy

|

aeay
apnig

“785
epnig

Té TS
el

OR

“8E
‘OF

OR

61 6&
“GS

OR

€9°GI
“GI
“LI
‘ST
CST xf

Oo & OD &

GOP 4D

49 Lad

‘urajoid
epnig

SUIUISSC)

Aueqry

AOIT,

SPROly

AWD
pues, suoT

JolpAIo}e A

“WayB} OI MA

« YEW ATyNog [BPI € ,,
‘eq ‘“erydjapelyd
“og Slog eq],

« ANY
-[hog 10} sdviog yeoyy pexyoop Aurqry ,,
“AN Aueqiy
“og sumepuey Aueqry

cc Aly
“(Nog Jo} [vay YBa WY ouog Aueqiy ,,
“AN ‘Aueqry
“og sumepuey Auvqry
:Sao0,{ IVWINY

« UoYRY pooureg Sedvyy ,,
‘AN ‘UM0q9]PPIAL
‘aoeTTeM “YT

, AIyNog 10} poo ysvypy 8,suyieq ,,
"AN ‘AND pups] Su0T
“OO ouysIepy UBA 2,

« Yseyy A1q ouoyshoyy ,,
“AUN ‘ApTOAC AA
“OD 1OPVAITA WP THN BSOLL
:(@HQNNOdWOD) SaOOT AYLINOG

‘OUIBU 8pPB1} 10 puvig pue 1aqqot
IO JOINJOVINUBUL JO SsSaippe puB oUIENy

POOF

LSEP

6ESP

‘9CGP

‘e78e

‘(panuyuo)) —SddAlg DNIGIAY dO SUTAWVG ao

SASATVNY

647

New York AaGricutturAL EXPERIMENT STATION

‘au0q jo JUNOWIG

mnipsul 8 suIeyuoD ‘sdeios yRoy
“au0q

g[qeiepisuod =sureyuog ‘sdevios yeayy
‘papuriq sy

“gu0q

g[qviepisuod sureyuoy ‘sdeios yoy

[Boul [BULLY

“Pegiyt00 SV
‘au0q puB yveu payood ATYsnoI0Y,],

[Baur sug pUe ya;
‘quOg puB yea]

‘au0q JO JUNOUI¥ aSIv] B pue
00 ‘QvoUl sulejzu0o ‘[Roul |BUTU
Listed bal ! I [ECrEay

|

|

|

ST

sil!

oil!

AQ
©
1d ud

90° SP

18" OF

8818

90°68

90°F

90° oF

SOF

8868

19)

ro)

r9)

Om OR

Om

*punoy pues poajuvienyy ‘ATOATQOadseI fa} VIPUL 810949] BBA], x

P10}XO

urejdurvyy

STHAL 8884)

eAauary

weyyeyO

ofegng

asnoviAg

auole yl

« Adqinog Joy deiog joog ureyorg YStH ,,
"AN ‘oTeyng
“og royeqnouy sioydko

«« AUyNog
Joy sdviog yay peyoop uoySsurying ,,
“4A ‘UO}SUILING
“oo sulepuey uo0ysulping

HE MOSDIN AKSSNING [REE MOST
‘QA ‘UOysuTINg
“OO SULlepuey uoysuTpING

,, dBlY Joog Ss uyaig ,,
“K ON ‘OO]1078 AK
“uryelg “WH

AA ANS MSEC ah EAE ich
"AN ‘HI0X MON
“Od AeZzY1aq IoyMOg oT,

1 STON)
pue S[MO,, Oj [BoP [BULIUYW S.1oyMog ,,
“AN OX MON
“OD JoZI[Y10,J IayMog

ar Cai @)
pUue S[MOT 1OJ [Vay [VUIIUY S.JoyMog ,,
“AN 0X MON
“O*D Jez YAe] IoyMog oy,

«, SUIT
pUue S[MOT IO} [Bap [BUIIUY S,10yMog ,,
“AN ‘Y10X MON
“OO JozIy10,J JoyMOg oy,

ILér

DIED

‘COEF

090%

O&0F

cTION WorK OF THE

PoRT ON INsPE

vi)

Re

648

“ce pe

“au0q uewo1yD deviog ouog pure joog punosy ,,
q[qeiapisuod suivjuoy ‘sdeios yeoyyy | —— | 01°22 | OC IF asnov1hg “KN ‘asnovisg
iat St ce D ‘aul "WW 831094) |6C0P
ce pea
“au0q uayoIyH deiog ouog pur joog punoly ,,
e[qeiepisuod sureyuog ‘sdeios yeayy | ——— | 60°42 | 90°C @ eo) ‘AN ‘asnowitg
a el! SE 0 ‘Wut "WW “8D |9F0P
‘auoq jo ,, Telog Joog Aulou0dT ,,
gUROW’ ][VWIS suIB]JUOD ‘sdeios yeayyy | ——— | 9Z'°6 | FP'LG A [[2U10 FT “KN ‘opeyng
—— ‘OL 99 “OD poog y8aT AIOUODY a4 L, |09TF
‘am0q ,, ABING Joog opeiry YySIPT s,u0zeq ,,
g[qeiepisuod = surejuog ‘sdvios yveyyy | ——— | 26°21 | &a'lZ¢ @ YOLMI0 NT “KON ‘WOIMIoN
coum <3 8 OG “AD “OC peat PY Uri UOZeT “C “YW [90h
,, Ad}NOg 10F
‘auoq jo SyI10,7 sdeiog joogq punoiy ong s8,surypieq ,,
qUnOWs ][BWS suIBJUOD ‘sdeios yvayy | ——— | 60'IT | 88'°9G @ osusueyyD TIL ‘osvoryD
09'S ‘OL SL eer | “OD Y Sued | 60FF
,, ALYNOT LOF
‘au0q jo sdviog joogq punory aing s,surirq ,,
qunowe |[vwWs suIvjuO0D ‘sdeios yeoyy | ——— | FI‘OT AG att ojeyng TIL ‘osvoryy
09% ‘Or Ces) “OD Y Sulpsed |1OeP
:Sa0O IVWINY
72 Wag | ‘49 lag “49 Lad
| 2
“‘s}UIpeisuy “1eqy “yey “ureyoid “UdB} VION MA “QUIBU Bpe1} 10 puviq puB Jeqqol 5
epmig | epnig apnip 1O JOINJOBJNUBUT JO SSa1ppe puB oWIBNy Le

*(panuyuoy) — Sd4ALg PNIGIAY JO SHIAWVG dO SUSATVNY

649

7" :
{XPERIMENT STATION.

x AGRICULTURAL I

ORE

w Y

)
u

Nt

“au0q jo

qunoue [[BUIS SUIRJUOD ‘[vow [eUIUW

“au0q Jo

qunowe [[VuUIs surejU0g ‘sdeios yop

uInIpeu = &

a] qelopisuod

a] qeilopisuoo

jo 4unoure

a]qeiopisuoo

o[qeiepisu0o

‘au0q jo yunouwe

SuIvjUO ‘sdvios 4voT

“au0q
sureyuoy ‘sdvios joog

hecore|
sulvjuoy ‘sdeios 4yroyy

“au0q
uInipeyy ‘sdvios yey

‘au0q
surejuoy ‘sdeios 4yeay

“au0q
surejuog ‘sdeios yoy

|

|

|

|

GIT

61 OF

69 6G

69° LP

OL FP

£9 0S

10°19

Om

OR

w

OF Oe OR O Oe

OR

‘punoy pue poasjuBieny ‘AlaAtjQoadsar ‘a7BoOIpPUt SI9}}0] ASOT, x

Auvqry

uinqny

my

9][TA1078 M.

oregng

TIEIS#2O

10908)

STB SUBTD

m040IXy

« poog AryInog ,,
“KN ‘Auvqry
‘Woy WY JOYMON “T

«, ABlog Joog JPpoyy ,,
"ACN ‘oreyng
“OO SUIT POW

, ABINg Joog ouoqshoy ,,
‘eq ‘UoPUBINg
SUOS 4) SMOUMBIN ‘dO

,, SdBiog Joog WRG 9PUyQ S,SuIpIey ,,
‘ACN ‘uopureysurg
‘SUIPIVT “"T ‘095

,, Alynog 10} dviog joogq uoqqny oniq ,,
“AN Ofegng
“OF LOYBAI[H BqoTH

,, AIg~nog
Joy sdvig yvapy payooo s,s1qsiy ,,
‘UUOD ‘U9ABTT MON
“OD eqs LT OGL

« Algnog
Joy sdviog yreayy peyoop s,e1qsty ,,
‘UN0,) ‘UAABTT MONT
“OD eqsiy WL “TOLL

_, SSUIPIBID Joog ain ,,
‘CN “Nzeg Aingsy
“OD [PARA MLL

(, SSUIPPOVID Joo” ong ,,
"CON ‘yseg Aingqsy
“OO [4814 94L

S8EF

SS8PP

SSOP

6807

9TEP

POEP

PEE

80GF

c60F

THE

Report on Inspreerion Work or

650

“au0q
a[qeiopisuod =sureju0oD ‘sdeios yay

“Poegtzied SV
‘[Bour OFUT puNoIS pure pap
‘pafiogq spvoydoays pues yeour ysaty

“Pegaso sy
‘IepMod o,UL punoi3 puv patip

‘pajioq spraydesys pue ywour ysoig
“9u0q
a[qeiepisuod .sureyuog = ‘sdeios § 4ywoyy
“9u0q
ajqeiepisuoo surequog ‘sds 4vopy

‘auo0q jo yunoure
a]qviepisuos B suIeyuoD ‘sdeios joog

“9u0q

a]qeiepisuod sureyuop ‘sdeios 4yeayy

“‘s}USIpeizuy

i

‘p lag

“104g
apnip

ST SI

‘OT
16 FI
G8°2T

cy SI
G8" ZT

Gé OL
Beit

GL LI
=SiE

ST &T
‘Or

€Z &T
‘Or

‘p lad

-4ey
apnig

19
Yes
Oe

19
ise)
O

Ve)
oe)
OR

“ur1eyo1d
epnig

1a4sayQ WOg

qonur Ny

ayAuMorg

UOISSUISy

asnoeitg

auo]e fl

asnoeiAg

“Wdye} VION MM

Gann eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeEEEEEE ee
*(panuyuog) —SddALg DNIGITT dO SHTANVG AO SASAIVNY

,, Sdviog Joag punoly ,,
‘eq ‘wrydjapeliyd
“pyT “OD 3 Jayeurs0yg “T “JT

« WUOg pue joog
palog poyeiodeagq s,euremoy “AA “C,,
"f 'N ‘Aq1D Aassop
‘QUIBULOY "MM “C

«, AIy[NOg Io} suog pue joog
pelog poyeiodeay s,cureuoy “\\ ‘C,,
"EN ‘AQID Aasror
‘ouIBUIOY “MC

,, SdB1dg Yeap pousaog ,,
‘ssByy ‘WOysog
“OD PlElfOd PY AlV_ eyL

¢, SAB1Ng JeaTY Ppouseariog oul ,,
‘SSB. “WOJSOg
“OD plByfod ®Y Wed eL

«« [Ploadg sdetog yeayy woqqry eng ,,
“sSBJ\, ‘UOjSOg

“OO PIB[Od P Hed OWL,

« SdBiog ywayy uogqry enig ,,
‘ssByy ‘WOjsog
“OD PLellOd YP WR PUL
:SG00,7 IVNINY

‘gUIvU Ope} 10 puBviq pu Jaqqgot
1O JaINJOVJNULIU JO SseIppe puB oUTBN

GCoF

SISP

O&ZE

Goer

LLOV

L00F

Dil

65

RIMENT STATION.

+
4

New Yorx AGricutturaL Expr

“au0q

g[qviepisuoo =sureyuoD ‘sdevios yay

‘auoq jo Junowre [[VUg ‘[vaUI [eUIUy

‘guoq Jo yunoure
[jews AIeA B SUIeJUOD ‘[RoUl [BUIUy

“9u0q

a[qeiepisuod suIeyUOD ‘RoW [RUIUy

“au0q

g[qviepisuod sureyuog ‘sdvios yea

‘auoq jo
qUNOUI’ UINIPetU suIeyuOD ‘sdeios way

‘au0q
gjqeiepisuod )§«surejmog ‘sdeios yay
‘au0q
a[qeiopisuod sureyuoD ‘sdvios 4vayy
‘au0q
a[qevlepisuod sureyu0g ‘sdeios year

|

|

| |

| !

G

8¢ FI

OL GP
‘OF

SI GP
“Gé

69 OF
GE

90° ZY
aig

GS FS
208

S128
‘0S

OLess
0g

90° IF
‘OF

0S cS
“SP

Oe Om Om Om Om Om OR Om

Oe

*punoy pus pesjuvieny ‘AjaAtqoadsal ‘a}Rorpul Si1eq}a] OSOT,T, x

ey 00071)

911819489]

ey u00(C)

eaTUNYG

BIW

waysory

YOK MAN

Apeyooueyog

J9yseyQ Wog

, AInog 10F
ee 4eay payoog 112 MOT S.QJIMQ ,,
“SSB ‘UOJsOg
“OD Ts2tHIAJ [[PMOT S4JIMg

,, Agog 10}
[891 Yee pue suo” [EMT S.4FIMS ,,
‘ssByT ‘UOJSOg |
“OD JOZTHAAT [POT 8,4 FLAg

,, AIY[NOg 10f
[R9N YIP PUB BuO” [[UMOT SFjIMs ,,
‘SSB, ‘UOjsog
“OD LazI [HET []EMOT 8,4jIMg

cc [BOTN PROT SFM ,,
‘PN Wren
“OD 7 FLAS

«, BING Joog S,4jLug ,,
‘CN ‘YAeMoN
“OD Y YlLAg

“ detog food SYM ”
"p N “YeMoN
“OD 7 YIN

« UBIG Joo puryy ApEn’ ,,
“AN “H10X MON
“og rye 2 ddungg

,, SdB10g Jooq punoly ,,
“AN ‘Apeqooueyag
‘u0}UB1S "J “H

« WRIT punory yuejeg s,4,e1dg ,,
"PN “Yrwao Ny
“py] (volieury) yuazeg 8,4y81dg

Lov

SCrP

CSGP

ISGP

&oSP

Report on Inspection Work or THE

652

‘au0q

g[qviepisuod suIeyuOD ‘eau [BUITUy

‘[Beu auOg pue yoy

*[BOUL YRVAT
“au0q
a[qeiepisuod sureyuog ‘sdeios ywayy

‘sdvios yeaur payooo wor porvdoig

‘au0q

g[qeiepisuod sureyu0g ‘sdeios year

‘S}UsIpeisuy

|

|

|

yo Lad

“reqy
epnin

Ry
apnig

GLCP A
‘Ob 9
SL re a
‘Ge OD
6r 246 Al
er
‘Ty df
co)
61h A
‘Or
bP Eh «A
‘OP xD
p lad
‘u1eqo1d
epnig

*(panuyuo)) — Sad aLg

emsatyy

a] [LANSeqI0g

YOLMIO NV

BIARYV

qyurog Aouzy

HOyVy

‘Waye} OIOT A

,, AIyNog

Ioj sdviog yvayT peyoog asnowitg ,,
“KN ‘asnoviAg
“Og Sutulepuexy esnoviAg
“c Arynog
IOJ [BA YBVeyT pus ouog osnovidg ,,

"KN ‘asnovitg
“OO sullepuexy asnovitg

ep HOTA, 821K Puy eur ,,
"KN ‘osnowitg
“OO Sullopuexy asnoviAg

« Al}NO Of [BA YVOTT pus ouog ,,
‘AN ‘asnovitg
“OO Suliepueyy asnovidg

«« POOT ATQ[NOg [JPMOT S4JLMg ,,
“SSBPT ‘WOySOg

“OD JOZAOT TPAO'T $4 FtMg

paki
“[NOg Joy sdeiog ywapy [JPEMoT s.4jtug ,,
‘ssByy ‘UOjsog
“OD Aozt[HI0J [PMOT 8,9 jtMg
:Saqo0y TIVWINY

‘WIV VpB1Z 10 puBiq pue iaqqot
IO JOINJOVJNUBUI JO SSaIppe puw BUTE

0968

9SIP

690P

ST6E

ShPP

GSOP

| oquny, |

DNIGAGY JO SATIANVG AO SASLIVNY

655

New York AGrictttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘|woul [eUIUy

‘[eour [RUIN

[BOUL [BUI

‘Teour [eWTUy

“poolq ped

‘poojq pod

‘euoq jo JuNOUIe

UMIpeur 8 suUTeJUOD ‘sdel0s yop
‘sdvios yvour peyooo wioly poredorg

|

|

i

|

GS

¥6"

Se"

F6-

69°

OF OF OF OR

OR

Oo

19)

Oe

*punoy pue peajuvieny ‘Ajaatqoadsar ‘a}voIput $1094] OSOUT, x

« Algnog
IO} [BOTT JOO™ punowy sing s,suyieq ,,
‘AN ‘AVD puvysy su0'T
“OX sUlsIop] UBA 9],

AWD
pus] su0T

yn
-[hog Jo} osvyuRy, Jojsosiqy 8,Surivq ,,
‘AN ‘AHO puvysy su0T
‘O*D eUSIOp] UBA OU,

aude)

AWO
puts] suo'T

, SSOP 1Oj asvyury, 1oysosiq, s,Suryieq, ,,
‘AN ‘AHO puvysy su0T
“OC oUlSIOp] UA dT,

AWD

«, SSOP LOj oseyuey, 1oysosiqZ 8, Surypieq§,,
puvysy suoT

“AN ‘AYO puvysy su0'T
“OX osUljSIopy] UBA ILL,

« AlgINog IO} [Bay Poor” s,Surpreq_ ,,
‘ASN ‘AUD puvysy Su0T
“O* sUlysIop] UBA OTL],

asnovi Ag

AND
pues] suoT

, AdyNog 10} [wayyy pooyg s,surpreq ,,
‘AN ‘AUD purysy Su0T
“OO oUlsIep] UBA OTL],

«, poo,T AWnog ssnowiAg ,,

uoJUIBY SUI "KN ‘osnoeviAg
“oO Ssullopuey osnovitg
, ANog
Joy sdviog yea payoog esnoviig ,,
singsuepsQ *K 'N ‘osnovisg

“OO suLlopuay osnoviAg

Go8E

Ihhh

FO8E

SC8E

SLIP

COFP

9GE

OF THE

x

Inspection Wort

RErortT on

654

*puno, puz poojzuvienyy ‘AjaAtqoodsei fo} GOIPUI 810949] 9SOTT, x

a]qvieptsu0o

sureyUoZ

qunowe |[eWsS SuIv}UO/)

a] qeiepisuoo

SUleyUO/)

“‘s}USIpeiIsuy

“au0q
‘sdvios yvoyy | —— | 20°e1 | €9°89 a
§ ‘OL ca
‘9u0q jo
‘sdeios wayyy | —— | II'P1 | 8e'9¢ a
§ ‘OL ei) as)
“au0q
‘sdeios joog | ——— | €P'Il | 18°69 «A
ic a "GG xD
2 lag p lad po lad
“1eqy “4Ry ‘ureyoid
eprig | epnig epnipn

ysingMoN

oyu

ainqny

‘Wayey V9 MA

«, Ad}NOG 10$
sdeing joog punoiy ang s,Sulvq ,,
"AON ‘AYO puvysy suo0T

“OC oulysIepl UBA eT],

,, AIJ[NOg 10J
sdviog jJoogq punoly ang s,sulpeq ,,
‘AON ‘AHO puvysy Bu0T

“OC oUulyslopy UBA 9,

«, AINOg 10}
sdeviog Jooq punoly amg s,suljieq ,,
‘ACN ‘AHO puvys] suo0T

“OC oUulyslopyT UBA OUT,
‘SaqoO TVWINY

‘QUIBvU opR1} 10 puviq pus Jaqqot
10 JOINJOVJNUBUI JO SSoIppB puB oUIBN

‘(panuyuo)) — Sdd4OLQ DNIGIAT

1

10SP

SShP

S66E

|

*aquin NY

dO SHIdNVG AO SUSATVNY

New York AGRrRiIcutturAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 655
ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEepInG Sturrs — (Continued).
3 Name and address of manufacturer or Crude Crude | Crude
E jobber and brand or trade name. Where taken. protein. fat. er.
ey
5 pe Per ct. Per ct. Per ct.
ALFALFA MEALS:
4005| The Albert Dickinson Co., Ge 2: i 30:
Chicago, IIl. Rome HY 12. (451 44 1" 982 722
“ Alfalfa Meal ”
4061) The Albert Dickinson Co., Gale Ih 35.
Chicago, IIl. Syracuse F 13.19 1.96 | 27.97
“ Alfalfa Meal ”’
4170| The Albert Dickinson Co., Ely: ie Son
Chicago, Ill. Albion F 14.88 1.64 28.65
“ Alfalfa Meal ”
3829| American Alfalfa Food Co., G 14. 1.92 25.
Wichita, Kan. Salamanca F 15.48} 2.41 26.
“ Acme Alfalfa Meal ”
4042| American Milling Co., Gls 2) PA,
Chicago, IIl. Waterville eld. ok oo 29.15
“ Amco Alfalfa Meal ”
4489| American Milling Co., Gals: 2p 25.
Chicago, Ill. Oxford BY 14268) || 1-48") 30299
“Ameo Alfalfa Meal ”
4324| American Alfalfa Milling Co., Gees: 1255 | oUE
Kansas City, Mo. Cuba Wy VlG.87 jee .0S 25.86
“ American Alfalfa Meal ”’
4487| American Alfalfa Milling Co., Gr 13. PASI 310)
Kansas City, Mo. Auburn Ey 5 19h es 66) 29.19
“ American Alfalfa Meal ”
4393\ Clarence 8. Briggs, Cio 1.50 | 34.
Fowler, Colo. Ravena F 15. 1.42 | 29.79
“ Briggs’ Pure Alfalfa Meal ”
4404| Clarence S. Briggs, Gals 1.50 | 34.
Fowler, Colo. Rochester F 12.81 Ls 30.61
“ Briggs’ Pure Alfalfa Meal ”’
4493| The Colorado Alfalfa Milling Co., Gy 12. 2.50} 30.
Boulder, Colo. Binghamton |F 14.75] 1.49] 29.31
“Alfalfa Meal ”
4606} The Corno Mills Co., G 15. 1.50 | 29.
St. Louis, Mo. Yonkers F 14.94 1.49 | 26.48

“ Corno Alfalfa Meal ”’

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

656

Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FEEDING Sturrs — (Continued).

Name and address of manufacturer or
jobber and brand or trade name.

Where taken.

Crude Crude
protein. fat.

4313

4517

4026

4299

4408

4542

4610

4525

4518

4097

3830

ALFALFA MBALs:
Cyphers Incubator Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“ Mealed Alfalfa ”’

Cyphers Incubator Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“Cyphers Mealed Alfalfa ”’

Deposit Milling Co.,
Deposit, N. Y.
“ Alfalfa Meal ”

Kemper Mill & Elevator Co.,
Kansas City, Mo.
“Choice Colorado Alfalfa Meal ”’

Kemper Mill & Elevator Co.,
Kansas City, Mo.
“Choice Colorado Alfalfa Meal ”

Kornfalfa Feed Milling Co.,
Kansas City, Mo.
“ Pioneer Alfalfa Meal ”

Kornfalfa Feed Milling Co.,
Kansas City, Mo.
“ Pioneer Alfalfa Meal ”

Chas. A. Krause Milling Co.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
“ Alfalfa Meal ”

The Frank 8. Platt Co.,
New Haven, Conn.
“ Alfalfa Meal ”

J.C. Smith & Wallace Co.,
Newark, N. J.
“ Alfalfa Meal ”

Tioga Mill & Elevator Co.,
Waverly, N. Y.
“ Alfalfa Meal ”

The Traders & Producers Supply Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.
“ Alfalfa Meal ”’

Salamanca

Buffalo

Spring Valley

Malone

Rochester

Binghamton

Middleburgh

Hoosick Falls

Port Chester

Suffern

Guilford

Centre

Salamanca

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

F* 14.31 | 1.52

Ca: 2

F 22.63 | 3.24
Geert 2

F 14.43] 1.54
G 13.50} 1.25
F 14. 1.58
G 13.50] 1.25
F 15.43 | -1.46

Gis: 1h

F 14. 2.14
G 14. 1

F 18.56") "1.99
G. She [eae
F 15.13 | 1.62
Goeth ence
RIT G0 1Y 2.18
G 14.15] 1.63
F 14.25 | 1.64
Gt SY |p
F 16 2.27

New York AGricuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FrEDING Sturrs — (Continued).

i=]

3 Name and address of manufacturer or
g jobber and brand or trade name.
Zz

ALFALFA MEALS:
4519} The Van Iderstine Co.,
Long Island City, N. Y.
“ Darling’s Alfalfa Meal for Poultry”

4532| The Otto Weiss Alfalfa Stock Food Co.,
Wichita, Kan.
“ Pure Dustless Alfalfa ”’

4592| The Otto Weiss Alfalfa Stock Food Co.,
Wichita, Kan.
“ Pure Dustless Alfalfa ”’

Where taken.

Monsey

Mount Vernon

Buffalo

Crude
protein.

14.
16.31

3 ep)

657

Crude
fat.

30.
25.58

* These letters indicate, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

TION -WoRK OF THE

1
J

Rerort on INSPEC

‘SSUI[PPIUL YoY ‘URIG JVI AL
‘SSUI[ppIwW pue UBIg

‘SSUI[PPRU Voy ‘URI VAT AY
‘SSUTUVAIOS YROYM
punols ‘ssulppiu yeoyM ‘uBIq Jeo AL

*PeytAe Sy
‘UNI S,][TUr SsuUTUDALOS }BOyM
punois ‘ssul[ppru ywoym ‘uUBIq 4BoY A

‘IvdNS JO UOIpORI}X
Joye pelip sjoaq aesns jo aenpisoy

‘IBSNS JO UOTOVI}X
Jaye pelip sjoaq aesns jo onprsey

*poytyia0 sy
“IVSNS JO UOTJIBI}ZX
Joye pelip sjeeq Avsns jo onNpIsaxy

“‘SJUSIPeIsUT

yo lag

‘qey
apnig

61°8Sl a
elk 79)
90°2t
Sol 3
S20 sw
os 91 D
C2 Ll ne
0¢ 91 D
wo wf
eh)
868 A
i) 1)
88°8 «A }
8 «D
“70 lod
ie

‘Waye} O19 MA

ST
snyoore yy

uojyMIeY SUG

qOUMIO NT

IOUO FT

19489010 A
19489010 4

uopJWUIBY SUI

« Pa AoE ,,
“ACN ‘SIP Snypoore yy
‘YP “A UT

« Pee pox, AouRy zysyuNg ,,
‘KN ‘uoyureysurg
“og pooy Ary[NOg XY 2989 uvoLeUly

eee TOU Was;
*puy ‘stjodevuripuy
“OX SUBAW-OIDV

cc POOH TE A2IBOORE,,
‘puy ‘sijodevuripuy
“OC SUBAY-eulDVy
‘SGU ] SMOANVTIGOSIIY

« UN Weg Pac, ,,
“YIp, ‘OSsoma
“OD rBsNg OSsSOMGO

« (Ng 9G Pe ,,
“OHN ‘SureMagag
“OO azvsng ust

« dng yoog peu ,,
"YI ‘Woryeq,

“O- SUTTTIP, PMOIIV'T 94],
:SHOAGISAYY YVOnIS Lad

‘QUIBU AapPB1Y 10 puBiq puB raqqot
10 JOIN}JOVJNUBU JO SSaIPpB puw oe

‘(panuyuo)) — sauaLg

DNIGAA] JO SUTAWVG JO SASXIVNY

GIPP

96FF

88h

&80P

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘s][NY voy MyYong ‘ssul[pprur yeoyMsxyong

“paytyieo sy
‘[BOUI UIOD

PEGE SV)

‘T[8 pue qod punois sem w100

Iva YSnoy} se sures ay} Suleq pasn
qoo jo juno’ ay} ‘[eeul God pu UI0D

‘poyiqia0 sy
‘]]® pue qoo punois svM ur09

Iva YSnoy} sv sures ay} Suteq pesn

qoo jo yunowR ayy ‘[eour qoo puw UI0D

uiod jo junowe |[vuIS ‘ssuI[pprur
yeoymM jo JunoUIe ][BUIS ‘UBIG Jeo

“Pegtiie0 Sy
“Ino
eptls MO] pus SsuT[ppru ‘ULIq Yeoy A,

[eyo
U10d Jo JuNOWIe [[vUIS B pueB ‘souIN{s
‘Jeulay U10I oY} Jo spua oy} ‘u100
jo sapoiyied ‘uviq u10d jo Surysisuoo
‘W100 jo Suri sy} jo yonpoid-Ag

al

{Sl

82°8

OR

dD

ro)
A

OR

Oem

‘puno, pue posjuvieny ‘AjaAtyoodsod 9} BOIpUl S190}49] OSOT_T, x

uoyny

uapuey

asnovisg

wopudle[yO

oasauary

aisdeayysnog

UOAY

ysng ourg

« SSUTTPPY BoyMyong ,,
m8 ‘'N U0FN
“OD STOWPIN 3 HEQIEH

a
‘AN ‘oregng
“OD peeq *P Mo] [e1euey

cc [B97N OTB HN ,,
“ACN O1Byng
“OC pra 2 INOp,T [R1aues

« [897] OTBBN ,,
‘A 'N ‘oregng
“OC paa,T 2 INO], [eIeus4y

“co uvigd ”
“AN ‘SHOP JUNOT
“oo Sul yyrerqyey

«< P9AT PEXT[AT U0}s80g,,,
‘aur, “YyNyNC
“OO sul tomedng-qynyng

«« TRAIN Bd ,,
‘K ‘NI ‘UOAY
“OD pasg PuBpeAg[D ey

,, UBIG WIOD 21nd ,,
"eg ‘viydpepeyd
‘Josue “J “TY

bE0r

OL0P

CSOP

TP8E

98SF

I8tP

(GSEP

InspEcTION WorRK OF THE

Report oN

660

‘]BoUr [IO UIOD

“UI0D OIYM WOI] apeur ‘Teaur
Ui0d PUG UBIG U10D Jo ATeSIB] SsIsUO_D
‘U109 ajTYM aInd WOI} ope

‘pues Surureyuoo ‘sSuruse10s punory

‘pus ‘spas pao
punois Jo yuNoWe asIv] & SuTUTeyUOD
SsuluseI0s Ulels puB sSutuseI0S xBpq

‘PUBS SUIUIG}UOD ssUIUGeIOS puNo.*)

‘SSUT[PPIUI 4BOT] AA
“‘gonpoid yeoym 10jUIM oIng

‘paytyioo sy
“yes pure yvoy A

‘peyiy100 sy
‘INOW epvis MO] ‘YSnop oosiqeN

“squeIpeisuy

lé'T
sé

79 Lad

Seol A
Cite
138 of
a5. ou
occ a
Ab
LEST ff
99ST OD
61 Sl A
ea)
Os'et a
LT
99° SI x
GG6'IT «0
29 Lag
“uleyoid
epnig

suosuyor

Wepre Ay

YoLMso Ny

IOUVTAT
UWO}SSULATT

ytodMa Ny

orveyng

1a4sayD J10g

‘udye} GION AA

« TR LO Ooze 193peq_ ,,
‘SIM ‘9OYNVATIT
“OD SUITIN esnery “y “seyO

«, SONBLY WvalH rsespeg ,,
‘SIM OOYNBATIAT
“OO SUIT esnetyy “y ‘seyD

« P99 XB f “A sseooig poaoidury ,,
‘ssByT ‘UOjsog
‘ssuruuer AIUOFT

ce P9aH ale ‘H ”
“ssByT ‘WOJsog
‘ssuluuer A1uazy

« SPPLN OTM P0104 Auoxeg ,,
‘OW ‘sory “4g
“Oo SUIT 200 -UoOsuIqoyY-19}zUN FY

«, SSUIMAING 9010, ,,
‘AN ‘oregng
“OO O-H FL

« [BN BUCY ,,
"CN ‘AID Aosiop
“og sjonpolg aAoly
‘SdH q SMOANVTITHOSIP

‘aU Bpe1} 10 puviq pue iaqqot
JO JaINJORJNUBU JO SsaIppe pu oUIBNy

ShOP

60SF

6906

Shot

\LOPP

ShEP

‘(panuyuog) —SddNLg DNIGATT 4O SATAWVG JO SASATVNY

661

NY STATION.

wpe

New York AGricutrurAL EXxpEriMi

“SSUIMI—INS

pue ssulppra yeoyM ‘uUBIq voy

“pegt}1e0 SV
‘sBuideeMs 100]

pue ymosiq yeoyA pepperys jo asnjoxy

“poyty100 SV
“‘yeoyM punois

pue ssulpprm yevoyM ‘uBIq 4a AL

“pegizteo SV
‘yeoyM punois

pue ssUI[ppIul yeoyM ‘“UBIq 4vOTT A,
*poyty1e0 SV

‘yeoyM punois

pue ssuUI[ppIrtu yeoyM ‘uBIq 4BoTT AA

‘413 ‘(spaes peom) ssuruse.0Ss
punois ‘ssulppru yeoyM ‘uBIq ywoy A,

‘payiqia0 SV
‘][NY 91 puv sd11 uayorq auIOs
Y}IM 19y}0B0} ures aod11 Jo aporyno oy,

*[BoUl [IO UID
‘yonpoid uiood vind y

Sie 1a

Hoo Hd HOD

99° ZT

Oo HF Oo & OU HR OF Oo & OF

Oo & OF

OR

*punog pus poszurienry ‘AjoAtjoadsad ‘a vorIput $10799] ASE], x

yoolg Apueg

SR BIVIVINN

asnoviAg

uo

PegUslD

aoUale[D

mos

soaqouryyy

LOCO TSo10 08 §

« PROM ING UOT;
SSUTPPIY PUB UBIG PeXIPY YoIBUOyT ,,
“PH ‘A1ePSILH
SUS P POG “MA “AT

«, ATYNOT 1OF a4SVM YONA Popparyg ,,
“ACN ‘SI®Y BIeseIN
“O° FeO M Pepparyg eyL,

cc p29, Aopieg ”
"A CN ‘o][tAsourv ee
“solg uvAyy

« P9227 pPextTy eAoyong ,,
HUM ue)
“OD $18%Q Joyenyy sy,

« Peg PoxtpT eAoyong_,,
Ue)
“O* syeO soyxeNy oy],

« P27 PextTy efeyong_ ,,
TIT ‘osvoryD
“O* 8}8Q Joyeney oy,

poe0q poxiyy AAvay Aouey orduyq ,,
“UUIYY “BUOULAA

“OD STN 382. M-4HON

“a

cc POMBO ,,
"AN “NIOX MON
“OD SBI} V-JepBeyy OU

« [89 [IO O7tey JoSpeg ,,
‘SIAM ‘OOYNBATITY
“OD SUIT esnely “Vy ‘seyO

CESE

COIF

000%

6807

6107

LC6E

6chP

LLEV

S6EP

Work OF THE

CTION

PORT ON LNSPE

.
u

RE

‘(Spees peas)

ssulus010S punois pues uBIq yoy, | 66'S
“ni
(Spoes poom) ssurusatos
punois Ajeug pue ssuyppm 4yvoyA | 0S'Z
‘sBULMONINS pue UBIg WoT | CFG
‘sBUIMONINS pue uvIG Veo A\ | [02
‘yeoyM and woi1y | ———
*‘ssulua010S
pue sszuypprr yeoym ‘ueIq FEEL | 89°9
yo Lag
*s}UeIpoisuy “1aqy
apnig

srs

12) 5

TZ'¢

yo Lag

‘ney
epnig

699
OS FI DO
GL St a
ro)
[SST
v
2) fy 2] a |
id ee!
PP LT xl
=)
9 lad
“uray 01d
apmg

‘uaye} O10 A

*puno,, pus pooyarinny ‘<jaatjoodsor ‘a}BoIpUT $1093.90] OST, *

¢, UBIG asIBOD Voy AA
prvyT ong 8,09 Aqso1p-uInqyseA ,,
‘uu, ‘stpodveuuryy
ST Uanqyse

Weps}Og

« SSUIPPIT shposuy ,,
"KN “qtodyoo07
“OD Sul wosduoyy,

BAQUOL)

;, UBIg snjesuy ,,
‘KN ‘WodypoT
“Od Sur uosduoy yl,

qtodsery

« SSUNTPPIP PUv Werg poxtpy Yoreuoyy ,,
YOUN “OTePSI LH
‘suog 3 Yo}g “MA “Y

asnovitg

«c POA ONG WOT;
SSUNPPYY PUB URI poxtpY Yoreuo}y ,,
PUN ‘OL@P STH
SUS P YS “A “A
:SGadIsay UVNAG Laag

Buoov’y

‘aUIvU OpvI} 10 puvIq pus seqqot
IO JoINJoRjNueW Jo ssoIppe pu owWBN

IT9F

OFSE

PSP

€ESE

“1oquInN

*(papnjau0)) —SddOLG DNIGAAY JO SHTANVG JO SASATIVNY

we Ye 1 y" >, | as)
New York AaricutruraL ExprermMent STarion, 663

COMMENTS ON RESULTS OF INSPECTION, 1911-12.
E. L. BAKER.

During the past five years the agents of the Commissioner of Agri-
culture have collected and the chemists of this Station analyzed, a
steadily increasing number of brands of feeding stuffs. In 1907, as
shown by Table I, 279 brands were inspected and 297 samples anal-
yzed; while in 1912, 447 brands were inspected and 772 samples
analyzed, these being increases, respectively, of 60 and 160 per ct.
These increases, however, do not nearly represent the added amount
of work along this line done at the Station; since the law in 1907 did
not require guaranties of ingredients, while during the past three
seasons these additional guaranties and examinations have been
required for all goods made up of mixed materials. In 1912, more
than 300 of the samples analyzed required this special examination,
making an increase of from one-third to one-half the time required
for these brands.

So far as serious deficiences from guaranty are concerned, the
showing during this five-year period has been very satisfactory; as
comparatively few of the samples have fallen much below their guar-
anties. These data are shown in Table IT.

Tasie I.— Work Done In Feepina Sturrs INspecTION LaBporatory, 1905-1912.

Years

1905.| 1906. | 1907.| 1908. 1909. | 1910.| 1911.] 1912.

Number of brands inspected ...... 319 | 310 | 328 | 279 | 368 | 380 | 404 | 447
Number of samples analyzed...... 326 | 316 | 388 | 297 | 403 | 412 | 608 | 772
Number of brands below guarantee.| 103 | 104 | 62} 28} 22] 39] 48 60

Percentage of brands below guar-
antees, ... +. oO oy shs fake st El WSN Soe LO | LO Cal 10 S10 13

TasLE II.— NumBer aND Kinps or Frepina Srurrs ANALYZED, 1911-’12.

Number of
Number | Number brands
CLASSIFICATION. of brands | of samples | appreciably
sampled. | analyzed. below
guarantee.
Cottonseed mieals¥Hiq. 825 2008.8. JRA. 21 38 7
Ihmiseed meals ceva scale cate eects nc oe tae 11 23 2
IMISITRSDKOULG RES aA SAE oe Ce ao coin ete castes 28 45 2
Driedidistillers? grains';:. teen soe ieioe 30 61 4
WricdwbrewerssewaiMsye ee wom. wiewdie oy eie ear: 14 24 2
Clitenticeds ey Se es Fr toto ee tee Re 11 26 1
Glutenymeals! -Seeorter: 2a mee viele 1 PA TPN RA ;
Hominy ieeds...5....- «ciisiie cp Bate TE ae a 20 28 3
Weripounded TOSAS 7s isisisisie sews! vies echoes i 136 23€ 16

664 Rerorr on Insprcrion Work or THE

Tas Il.—NvuMBER AND Kinps oF Freepina Srurrs ANALYZED, 1911-’12—cont’d.

Number of
Number | Number brands
CLASSIFICATION. of brands | of samples | appreciably
sampled. | analyzed. below
guarantee.
Molasses feeds (compounded)................ 46 91 7
Cottonseed feeds (compounded).............. 5 11) ea a Bee
Poultry feeds (compounded)................. 36 65 6
AMIMAl FEES goes oia os hs ees rova ee nisios) <xeMose eee 40 59 7
ATA TaSMeals' te rcs se are tee ae ceca ine oe ee 18 PH fp eer ates A Go
Waclassified St. HAW. he) SR Res © Dah 30 36 3
MOtals pak. cswps Mecerocria ee vothio ouiee CE 447 772 60

The compounded feeds have greatly increased in number and many
of them are composed in part, some largely, of inferior materials.
This is particularly true of molasses feeds, in which are frequently
found such adulterants as rice hulls, oat hulls, buckwheat hulls, corn
cobs, peanut hulls, screenings, chaff, weed seeds and sand.

SCREENINGS.

Exceptions will doubtless be taken to the classification of weed
seeds and screenings as inferior materials. Already, much has been
claimed for the value of these substances for feeding purposes; but
it must be remembered that screenings are grain refuses, which,
coming as they do from different sources, are composed of a variety
of materials, good and bad, and vary widely in their composition
and digestibility.

Samples composed largely of broken and small sized grains of the
cereal from which they are screened, such as the better grades of
wheat screenings, doubtless rank fairly well in digestibility. Onthe
other hand screenings containing chaff, straw, dust, dirt, and other
low grade refuse, include much highly indigestible material.

Samples of weed seeds sometimes contain harmful as well as unde-
sirable varieties and it has been shown repeatedly that unground
seeds will pass through the digestive system of the animal without
losing their viability. Many of them will germinate upon reaching
the soil.

Until these refuses are graded or standardized and rated according
to their true value, their presence in cattle feeds cannot be looked
upon with favor and the feeder cannot afford to purchase at grain
prices such nondescript materials.

SAND IN FEEDING STUFFS.

In the last feeding stuffs bulletin* published by this Station, it was
shown that many feeds, noticeably samples composed in part of
screenings, contained appreciable amounts of sand.

*N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 340.

New York Aaricutturan Experiment Sration. 665

During the season of 1911-12, seventy-four compounded feeds
have been found to contain screenings and in twenty-nine of these
sand is present in rather large quantities. Twenty-five contain only
small amounts and twenty, none or only traces. No sand was found
in any materials free from screenings.

Whether or not sand is deliberately added to feeds, it is evident
that the use of screenings accounts largely for its presence. How-
ever, the fact that twenty samples containing screenings were free
from sand goes to show that it is not a necessary part of this refuse,
and that if proper measures are taken it can and should be eliminated.

The following tables give the proportion of ash, sand and silica in
samples containing screenings. For comparison figures are also given
for a few samples to which no screenings have been added.

Tasie IIJ.— Asn, SAND AND SILICA IN FrEeDING STUFFs.

Samples containing screenings and Samples containing screenings and grit
sand. or small amount of sand.
Sili ili
Sample No. Ash. |and ania Sample No. Ash. ea wait
Periets)|- Perc Per, cts.) “Periet:
CWO OE HIGH bag eka 8.19 SOD MSL29:. ..55 Res. ste snes 7.44 Pye Pl
OO DA nese ies « 8.09 ZO | NoeAGras temas herd 7.91 2.39
OSA area eens oh aks 9.40 AOA I SO ree seeeeercnret 4.52 1.93
AWS. So eee cosh. 9.39 Oe Lad BORD nos Mk erts ch trets 3.66 1.78
4011.. 8.88 PART MNeested: Ue aS ae eRe rhe erator 7.29 2.27
WANG OPPs Set hey? ons 10.37 GeoSmll agers. 8 tet ere ee 6.86 1.24
ZTE) bane 2 Saag en 8.34 Cs Del paeel O25} 5 ans ia aes tas ap Cate 2.03
LL Vive ec eS Dc 9.48 Broo || PAOA Oe © een ran eens el sya, 1.49
ATI es es alana SA et De 8.96 2D MATASI ESE « Nee Yt RE 6.89 1.10
ANA: AEG, STR LRM 8.17 ZEO45)|S4 1568 . Shi reece theca! 6.82 le 32
71 TTTLS3" SPSS eaa ey RoeNe eae 9.22 Be a A CUO seat ky, dtoial ona 6.39 1.39
eerie oes sag: cece. 7.41 Paschal (ter! Ta aly 1 Rae apse a thir 5.59 3.26
AGO. eee Feet 8.27 Dae (RAGA ete eee eee ietith 2.53
AAS: Fab. Ge aee| 8.67 SISz al) AS80282 IO Be 6.33 1.37
AMSA a ies oa athe 7.06 PAGE| WAN Gath ck seek. ak. 9.23 1.80
ZS CPE ARR A Contac Lene 8.66 fr (O) ohal PS Pla ee Wee area 3.49 1.38
LUPO A SSE. J ioe Sieh se Bre fe 7.62 ShO9- || A457 Fans e® SORT RAs 8.71 2.98
AQGON ters: bee Latent 9.58 SBOE yAAGS eee yt mesa hee 8.13 2.31
1S Vo a pm ay OR ae ied 7.62 2569" | [PARTS Ly. cate sche 8.61 3.20
ASAD. theduiets. ae sats 9.91 SPOS | WAS es eee 6.34 1.87
ASOD Se 9.39 SEO) 4544 TPO POON 7.82 2.23
AST Sst): Seah 11.41 D227 | ADDSA a eystiee see: ee 5.19 1.98
S50G TSE ee Seve} Ase 7.23 POET LOO AT sae eee ee 5.61 1.97
FAG EIR. TROT 2 ee Gale 2G s PASTS cae vse eS 6.24 1.38
ABN pers drat s Sgt a oe 9.84 5 sel |MaOLS., ceeeeeeee «coe 7.20 2.27
BASO SEE deve seo RIE 6.81 2.33
AM limes raster ser suoeeocee 8.75 3.56
ADOT i. Males. Sti 10.09 3.40
A) Me NAR IAS 7.16 3.96
AVErareet. Annes 8.62 3.28 Average........ 6.68 1.99

666 Report on Inspection Work OF THE

TasxeE III.— Asn, SAND AND SiLica IN FEEDING Srurrs (continued).

Samples containing screenings and no sand||Samples free from screenings and sand.
or only traces.
Sample No. Ash. | Silica. Sample No. Ash. Silica.
Per ct. | Per ct. Per ct. | Per ct.

OLOL feces Tee 4.96 .30 || Brewers’ grains...... Gy 1h 1.23
Sat riers 5 ib wea 2 See 5.36 .23 || Malt sprouts....... Weunalb oie» 1.05
SOAS ee ee ee 7.69 2.38 || Hominy feed........ 2.50 .14
TOL) Sa seeee ew en ee Joy 5) 1.29 || Gluten feed......... 4.06 51
SLOP PER. ERAS: 6.39 .37 || Cottonseed meal... . 7.08 15
EY (es Ulsomtedot cee tor 5.69 1.55 || Alfalfa meal........ 7.85 .29
NO ete eai eee Sioa cic 7.70 85 || Linseed meal....... 5.00 By
Ae nyaece Meena te 5.32 1 Gil Gown wigs. us somee 2.18 10
ALOSWRIHER Ae orien hae 3.24 1.15 || Wheat middlings.... 3.94 12
ASS. ok cee 5.60 1.44 || Distillers’ grains..... 4.13 .33
4B TA ee 6.43 .80 || 3950 (compounded). . 2.81 .83
AS TOMRE s EOS Le 6.27 .77 || 3933 (compounded). . 5.41 42
ABO? 5 2 Depa tne Seren 3.02 1.35 || 3954 (ecmpounded).. 4.81 .06
BAT recor vere apuiearitet ¢ earls 1.43 || 4031 (compounded). . 5.66 .68
AAA OUR ny: cag cba 6.54 1.26 || 4066 (compounded).. 3.00 04
AAGZ ee Shere 7.08 .58 || 4551 (compounded).. 5.58 .30
BARA.Fab oi hud ey cd hades 6.70 2.28
A SOWA. 4. et ec 5.37 1.66
C0 oS LOS 5. “SARE See 4.97 1.88
ASO. yt Oe pee 7.14 2.50

Average. toe lo ce 5.79 1.28 Avetares ns. <.: 4.56 .50

The preceding figures are to a certain extent a measure of the pro-
portion of sand in feeds. They show clearly that samples containing
it average much higher in ash and silica than those in which it is
absent.

The finding of sand has been substantiated in every case by careful
microscopical examination of the ash.

COMPOSITION OF FEEDING STUFFS.

A cattle food in its réle as a ‘‘ nutrient ”’ is composed of groups of
chemical compounds which have certain functions to perform in the
production of energy and the building up of the animal body. The
determination of the amounts of these different groups constitutes
the chemical analysis of a feed. The groups are described as follows:

Moisture.— The water content of a feeding stuff. All feeds con-
tain a varying amount of water, which is not considered as having
any nutritive value.

Ash is the mineral matter of a food which remains after ignition.
It is composed chiefly of phosphates, chlorides, sulphates and car-
bonates of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium; and is valu-

New York AaricutrturaAL ExpreRIMENT STATION. 667

able to the animal in furnishing material for bone structure and in
the formation of the soft tissues of the body.

Protein is the nitrogenous part of a feed; and is of great importance
as it forms muscle, ligaments, hair, hide and bones in the animal
body. It is also a source of energy under all conditions of nutrition,
and in case a proper proportion of carbchydrates and fats is not main-
tained in the ration, its use as a source of energy may be greatly
increased.

Fat (or Ether extract) is that portion of a feed which is soluble in
ether. It is composed chiefly of oils and fats, and may contain in
addition a large amount of resinous substances and coloring matter.
The oils and fats contained in this extract may be utilized by the
animal for the production of fat and energy.

Fiber is the woody matter which forms the framework of plants.
It is considered the most indigestible part of a feed.

Nitrogen-free extract consists of non-nitrogenous bodies such as
starches, sugars, gums, vegetable acids, ete., and is useful in supplying
fat and energy. It is not ordinarily determined by chemical anal-
ysis but is obtained by subtracting the sum of the percentages of
moisture, ash, protein, fat and fiber from 100.

The nitrogen-free extract and crude fiber taken together are termed
“ carbohydrates.”

DIGESTIBILITY AND NUTRITIVE RATIO.

The groups just described constitute the nutrients of a feeding
stuff. Before any of these substances can be used by the animal,
it must be dissolved by the action of the digestive juices of the
mouth, stomach and intestines. This process of solution is called
digestion. It should be understood that the constituents of no cattle
food are entirely digested, and that owing to the composition of the
material, appreciable quantities are wasted.

The percentage of a nutrient which is removed from a food by
digestion is called the “Digestion coefficient,” or the ‘‘ Percentage
of digestibility.”

Digestion coefficients for many of the grains, grain by-products and
fodders have been determined by repeated experiments.

In order to determine the quantities of ‘‘ Digestible nutrients” in a
food it is necessary to multiply the percentage of protein, fat, fiber,
etc., by the digestion coefficient of each nutrient. For example, if a
gluten feed contains 24 per ct. of protein, which has a digestion
coefficient of 85.6, the material would contain (85.6 * 24) + 100
or 20.5 Ibs. of digestible protein in 100 lbs. of feed. A similar
process is necessary for each of the other nutrients.

The Nutritive ratio of a feeding stuff is the relation in quantity
between the digestible nutrients which it contains. By this term
is meant the relation of the digestible protein to all the other diges-

668 Report on INspectrion Work OF THE

tible organic matter expressed in terms of carbohydrates. Since
fat is 2.4* times as valuable as carbohydrates for the production of
energy, the first step in obtaining the nutritive ratio of a feed is
to multiply the percentage of digestible fat by 2.4 which gives
its carbohydrate equivalent. To the product is added the per-
centage of digestible carbohydrates, the sum being the digestible
matter other than protein, expressed on a carbohydrate basis.
The nutritive ratio is then found by the proportion, Protein: Carbo-
hydrates ::1: x. Example: To determine the nutritive ratio of
brewers’ grains, containing 15.8 per ct. digestible protein, 5.1 per
ct. digestible fat and 35.7 per ct. digestible carbohydrates:

5.1 xX 2.4—12.2 carbohydrate equivalent of fat.

12.2 + 35.7 = a3 sv carbohydrate equivalent of fat, + carbohydrates.
15.8 : = gah oe

47.9 + ins a0
1 3. = nuthtive Tatio.

The average composition, digestible nutrients and digestion co-
efficients of feeding stuffs are given in the following table. By the
use of this table and the above methods, the digestible nutrients and
nutritive ratio of any feed of known composition may be computed.

*Some authorities use 2.25.

669

New York AcricutruraL ExprermMent STaTIon.

T°98 P08 | 9°96
9LL O° 4g | 9°88
0°68 0°29 | 0°26
0°88 Pies Ose0
G 68 0°82 | F t8
(Asi 0°09 | 0:98
0'18 0°96 | 0 96
0°00T ee | OE OO
O'FE O27 | 0 62
9°09 Soe Orb
0°88 0-SP | 0 8
0°09 0°S9 | 00S
0°22 0°69 | 0 242
9' +6 sees | Tee
0°86 | 0'8¢ | 0°98
£88 | 6:91 | ¥'68
82g Soe Lee
0°16 oR lo:
0°26 0°0S | 0°68
79 lad |"9 sag |) lag
“qoB14x9

eely | “equ | “yey

ues §=japnig jepnig
SOLINI

Jo)

OmrtreNwaon
PO 1 1D

“ureyoid

apnig

‘s]USIOYJI0d WOIysaStIq,

—
oe)

S
—
HO O19 © xt ud
AQ mOoOONS
mo 3 ANN OD

oe |

1°89

re OrOnRON OHH HOD OD © 619 4 =H La

BOAO HOOIDNIMAON
OOOnNANKOH +h

S
|
Ee
|

‘soyeipAy
-Oqiezdg

‘spunod Qoy
UL SJUILIYNU Vquysesiq

‘THI

L9§ PeseewOrG. OG @G | 0°OT |
0°98 ike eG Zr oe oS ge. =| Cages
fevo sé | 8 | 86 tr tl Fa |
8 SP Ve eran Oe: ei eM cen lL
co 1G eT is me ea eg Tele i282 |
G &% LZ | 2°86 19° Ve laGeo
8° && O'eT | O'CL | PCE eG | a9

= arenas c PTS Ly | og
vy €& SOF | 36 | OF ot | We We
19% Vides |e Os0b thc Gy CELE I G8:
8°19 OD Oeirg sc rate an jae tik |
6 ¥¢ T 08 | ¢ VG Vols LOE
G69 ZLel|8¢ | 06 reo 9 (lO
2°89 Oe Ss te inc 10 Peles 02504
¥'02 6G) P08 S- | <6 UL Celae eo 1Oks:
€ os Sei eels 169 PF GPG, | "G Sb"
6 1F Ee eth 2. 113686 Seve seal
Boat) LB) \GeG-+|.0°01 ONG ORG I=)
apa S| OO rs 526467 OPE TINGS
£°19 ‘Behe iene ¢'6 PAG 21 A028:
8°69 ZIGNeS 1 | PG VG | 6 OT |
19 Lag |"79 lag|79 lag| 19 lag |0 ad'\"790 Jaq |
“qoRryxo

aol} ‘reqy | “yey | uteyoid | .

uss) §=apMD jepnig | epnig TEV | eta
~O1UIN,

‘woryisodu0g

‘ON ‘Tih "8419 “dxq “I3y ‘pu ,

-oid plo ‘Teeur poesury
Birches Si s\s)"a eave peoy Auto yy

poosxely
**(a109 woIy A[oBrey])

Sureis (SIo]YsIp pad

"=" DoOOTG peg
Serius te s]ny P2e9sto}}OF
Siuspeaems [Boul psesto}}0D

“**“[Beul qoo pus ulogy
Vigsbexeuteenseaneets cusie qoo W109

syny Jeoy MAN
oe SSUl[pprur Jeo Myon,

ynoyayong
| “pelip ‘sureis slomoig

see eee , Pelip ‘djnd 490g

{SR si Ra cm 56 [kale relia eee * AQTIB,

“HOALG ONIGHH

“SHHNLG DNIGHAY JO SLNGIOMAGOD NOILSADIG ANV ‘SLNGIULA NT aATHILSadDI Gq ‘NOILISOANOD HOSVUAAY — AJ WIAV],

Revort on Inspecrion Work or THE

670

"q0B1}X9
aol}
ues

-O1}1N

0°98 | 0'S8
view ne
ee
0°co | O'FL
Orie |. Cass
0'6F | 0'F6
0°06 | 0&8
O° | 0'00T
99 lag |"10 lag
qoqy | “Fey
opnrePMt)

|

“ureyo1d -soynapAy| “qRy

2)ONr9)

‘s}USIOYJa00 WOTYSoSICy

——_

c 1g SPs lec. ve
0° OF 4 & \ONct
G 69 Zi WeceOk
S08. OL Sete
Teg Ge be Pea,
GF 9 OT
& 9g Sy 4 hed
v SP Ur Ose
GGL oe 8'P
I OF oe er
Oso | 8¢ | Sar
4 Gr | c66
G 9E "& | TGs
rigs Fa aL,
|
‘ureyo1d
-OqIZy epnig | epnip
‘spunod oT

Ul S}UIUANU a[qusestq

0°8¢ Gd oalporaer| epee 8'€ | 00T
6 €¢ OFG Ore a recy $9 | 6 TL
6°12 8. ise 8G Uy S be OL
6°99 PG JOG lea Ve Zot |28 Ut
8°&9 Chee tae reer. Cree) 9) UT
GCL / Dy ea 7a Ga Rel (a a a
9°8§ Le | 4 9°€ G&l |] o8
0°89 GO irae. |eo UL 220° 1 Oe OT
G6 Ig VG | Tel | Oct foment | 1cinh
G 6L Go v VL v vGl
Tog 2 OG LOST bare ZO | SZ
£ v9 eG \eGoon inc on €sG | 06
26S CPG: |pO°S> FSS aE OPer Orr
TL? 6°01 | O€ | 922 Vo | Oe
19 lag |}9 dag |"19 laq| 49 lag |"79 dag |10 wag
"qoRI4XO

aol nc) “yey | ulejoid | ,

Toe ees adnan apnig ey ea
TOTGINT

“uorpisoduroy

aiaisjcmyie) wile ise’ 913) sale) os yea
Ce ear it Tver ac uBiq aA

see ewe we see *sy[nY oy
Zita), aPaxeipaiel « pails ystjod soy

Open oer ib beissl" puesi sob ry
5 0 « © « 8 0 sie erele > s][ny 480
Bs e\aie) wens SSUI[pprur 480

“GH ALG ONIGAAT

*(panuyuod) SHINLG ONIGHAY IO SLNGIOGIOD NOILSADIG] ANV ‘SLNGIULAN FIAILSADIC] ‘NOILISOdNOD ADVUGAY —A] TIAV],

671

New Yorx Acricutrurat Experiment Sration.

pue ,,‘sdo1g o3v10,7

, SUIpeaT pue speaq s,Aruexy ,,

SaYIO0A ,, , S[RUITY Wey Jo SUIpssg S,UepiOr ,, WOIJ AfoF1v] Usye, o1OM 9[qQe} SIY} IO} vyBp oY], —"ALON

OTL 0'&¢
0°02 0°19
0°79 0° 9F
0&9 0°CS
0°99 0° €F
0 LE 0°09
O° rr 0 9
0'8€ 06S
04 0 9¢
9°89 Z 99
0°19 0°29
0&2 0°S9
49 Lag \0 Jaq|*
“40B1X9
eal} | “Igy
ues = japnig
IN

"S}USIOYJood uorysasiq

0°0¢ | 0°99
O-1¢ |-0'€2
0's¢ | O-S¢
0°29 | 0°87
0°68 | O'FL
0'GE | OTS |
O'S | 0°08 |
O'T€ | OTT
O'GF | 0°02
008 | €'6F
0°29 | O'SF
OL | 0'9¢
10 dod /"19 od |
‘uw
ma: | hed |
pnig ‘oprag

‘soyeipAy, “yey
-OqIBD ppm

$}USYNU 9[quysesIq.

SH oO NID

Serer

re
lad \"

~

‘spunod QQ] ut

4 [ON OHO

5a4
AY

re

a

‘194
-o1d
opnig

1 OF 9°GZ 6% 8°21 2°38 16 eecwrvwesievecse Avy I9AO]O OyISTy
€ 6§ IeVaa Ore — lee, SIsike Ob Ve sOl al ae ae ee Avy 19A0p) op AM
T se oh 1 Ce Coa Zz 9 eae B20) © wiee'*s| wilpjie! (ete! p) «jus! Avy I9AO]O pey
eet 4 i God ae al a Cl ert Aey Aqyouny,
L GP 0°SZ Coe © FI ad r'8 a \aijetali@ile falta) 'e.(eMs celiekalaue ¢ Avy ByBITV
9° OF 6°88 mal oe ze 2 ois, el rere a) ae Oy oxome: 0S a eeep aie MBIYS 9fYT
CP ozelez lor ltre |oe foc MRIs 420
P&P Poke Car re Zr 9°6 ej\e) oie) ye! 616s) 0) (ete: pwen ele 6 MBIYS yeoy
0°68 0°98 Gai ce LG Z FI wie © eM e) ee) (0 e600 um MBIIS Aopeg
O'IT 09 Q° Jha PT 1'62 tiie) e/(uike' ©) slip) ») oe leisy s) site a aSelis u109
Calis LAGS 4] l= YL se re CxO pall aes paind pray “10A038 ul0D
LVé cevis| Oo Lee h | .26 |eGecvel a pene ply leppopusoy
40 lag \°}9 dag’\"79 Lag\"79 dag|'79 4aq|"}9 lag
*40B1}X9 Hel

dal BP 6210} Reeents c) a . P

mal apnig hee oc TS store AN
-O1UIN epmo ‘DVHDAOY

‘morisodur0¢9

“(panuyuod) SHIOLG ONIGGAY AO SLNAIOIMGTOD NOMSADIG NV ‘SINGIULAN WIAILSADIG ‘NOILISOdNOD TDVUGAY —'A] TIAVI,

672 Report on Inspection Work OF THE

TABLE V.— APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF ONE QuarT OF FEEDING STUFFS.

Lbs. Lbs.
Alfalfa mealitin. sik chu be oe oe ale 43, | Mialt Sproutsyes c-1<).. .. tot tees ol
Barley as eecteee tn kc kanal 1.35. |. ominyifeed soe). bios ae ialioete os 87
Wheat... atte 2 «, sporsmy dara vets I6bsi|: Glutensteed’. shan: he Soe ee 1.07
TRYOl: aistc,ciahs cepts «cht ne, Serer et [esol Gluvenmmeaite 9 cercre snes on 1.47
Com... 2. ak a ee 1 ol | Cottonseed meal 22) ck cla 1.03
Oatsee so ae Riri e eee eee are .85 | Cottonseed feed (meal and hulls).. 1.00
Wheat middlingses 05. ame. - i23..| Lanseedemeale, cana cii een. Lely
Wheat. brant 18 6...cren seer. 245—|\Dried“beet ‘pulp: ...... 25.20. - 49
Comanealie Se Ree 103:3|“Pea meal a. has. beeentete tite eee aeabi |
Cormibraniys 48 eo ee "o9y|bloddemealer 2°". Loa. sake 1.03
Corn distillers’ grains (dried)... . Soom An imalemeal: a. ne. cee Bee 1.58
Rye distillers’ grains (dried)...... AT, 4). Beet SCraiys) cist. cn ohaomiee kek eee 1.36
Dried brewers’ grains........... /50)«|-Digester’ tankage. 25.5: ...2a.- - be bl

The weights in the above table may be found useful in compounding
daily rations. They were determined by carefully weighing one
quart of feed.

TasBLE VI.— Composition oF CrERTAIN INFERIOR MartTertats LAarGety USED To
ADULTERATE FEEDING STUFFS.

/ Nitrogen
MATERIAL. Water. | Ash. Protein.| Fat. Fiber. free

extract.

Per ct.-| Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct.
Buckwheat hulls.......... 9.6 Dp 4.9 lee 42.9 39.3
Corn cobs}: Be ty 28 Sere 8.0 Th} PANT aed ole 56.2
Cottonseed hulls.......... 10.4 2.6 4.0 2.0 44.4 36.6
Oat feed (mostly hulls)... . “oY ee sail 1.6 26.4 54.4
Ostihulls: 2s et eee es fee 6.7 53503 1.0 29150 52.0
Peanut feed (largely husks). 10.0 2.6 8.9 5.5 56.4 16.6
Reanwt husks es ao re 13.0 lp 5.0 dey 66.0 1351
Peanutishellshs ar oe 8.5 220 Toll Zo 60.7 18.7
Riceshulls\. wae ee 10.5 I ede | 4.6 Af 38.9 27.9

These materials are characterized by a low protein and high fiber
content, a condition which is always attended by low digestibility.
They are often used in compounded feeds which sell at grain prices.

PURE AND ADULTERATED GROUND FARM GRAIN MIXTURES.

Many of the feeding stuffs found upon the markets of this state
are or appear to be composed of ground cereal grains such as corn,
oats, barley and rye, particularly the two former.

The practice of grinding or mixing oat hulls with the aforesaid
cereals is of frequent occurrence and the use of oat clippings and corn
offals is not unknown.

There is no criticism intended for the manufacturer who truthfully
labels and sells such feeds at a fair price. In that case the buyer can

New Yorx Agrictutrurat Exprermenr Srarion. 673

use his own judgment as to whether he should purchase feeds com-
posed in part of inferior materials.

Although the majority of millers are properly branding their goods,
deception is still much more general than one would imagine.

As an aid in interpreting the chemical analysis of cereals mixed
in various proportions, the following average analyses are given:

Taste VII.— CuemicaL Composition oF CrernaL Mrxturss.

Protein.| Fat. Fiber.

Per cian) Weerictaa| emer.
TOES eee aay RE SO IG re, ES A, May 8 510 9.5
Worm e alee eye AOR hee TD ek hal Weed. oe 9.2 3.8 1.9
Corn and oats (equal parts by weight)................ 10.5 4.4 5.7
Corn, 75 per ct.; oats, 25 per ct...... Se Sree 9.8 4.1 3.8
Worms 25) per cbs) Oats fo Mer Ch. ges oa eke eral 4.7 7.6
Corn, oats and barley (equal parts by weight)......... iL 5) 4.0 4.7
Corn, oats and rye (equal parts by weight)............ 10.9 4.0 4.4

RETAIL PRICES.

The cost of feeding stuffs has never been higher than at the present
time, and the buyer should use great care in his selection. In the
following table are given the average partial composition and range
in retail prices per ton of some feeds commonly found upon the mar-
kets of thisState. They are classified according to the percentage of
protein which they contain.

TaBLE VIII.— Composition AND RETAIL Prices PER Ton.

Price

FEEDING STUFF. Protein.| Fat. Fiber. per

ton.

Crass I (80-45 Pier Cr. Protein): Jamon, |) Jap ain || JEP WE

Giltitenarnie alle che see fe eae eaaces: ASO | Base 1.08 $36
Cottonseedmenl ee ey ee | 40.62 7.67 7.79 33-40
Wuinseed| meal (oldsprocess)|...........-.-.- Sars 1.2 7.5 38-45
Dried distillers’ grains (largely from corn).| 32.4 12.0 13.0 30-85

Cuiass IT (20-30 Per Cr. Provern):

Buckwheatmniddlings).!5.)6s...)8. oe. snes 28.9 Cal 1 28
Dried brewers’ grains........... Meets 27 .62 ANG 12.66 25-34
IMialitsproutse. Seay, 3s ees te as be oe 20.6 3.0 10.9 23-27
Wnicormydainyeration ee-meerinns eee 5. 26.47 6.63 7.59 3l
Bluembbom dary deed. 32...2.59..-.0.5...5- | 26.18 4.57 8.81 30-32
(Untionyeraingk Seer apper(actavks pera. Peeves. ee 24.96 7.65 7.70 32-33
onest) cow, f6ed or et 5). 9c fiven en co as 24.82 8.24 7.88 380
Glutenweeds os), eee enc torts AI eis eer 24.0 3.3 5.3 29-31
Gottonseed ‘feed wat iscn & sheccesvale tba es 20.48 4.38 | 21.04 27-31

22

674

TaBLE VIII.— Composition AND Rerart Prices per Ton (continued).

Cuass III (14-20 Per Cr. Prorern):

Crass IV (8-14 Per Cr. Prorer):

Special proprietary mixtures:

Animal byproducts:

FEEDING STUFF.

Daisy dainyfeedhs. Aes. BE. CA See:
Rye distillers sprains soe ee eae
ustedslayinemasht ie een. tee ee |
iRewemea] eet,” | MANE Se oe tne eee |
Wheat middlings 2 let os sec crea wee ere
Wiheawumixedtceds ee es one eee
Surarine dairy feed eit: o... aes ee
Barley reeds eh), Orit.” 2 bee cake ne tee
Badger dairy feeds. S. .... bn ten Senn eeee
International special molasses feed.........
Win ea Galanin <'.s) as wc aekeerate tee aernen rt out
iW; Sisuean Leedh: 4 a8 a. 5 .nsss eee Reena
Holstem*sugar feed 42 2: j.ton- nec eee
Alfalfa meal <2. 8242 ucrarattetrtetsrtaneeeee
Worn foilimesdiny pero. Fe. Sis ee eee

Ground screenings (mostly ground weed

SCCUS: FA 26 pct tek i seh Benes eecugease 3
No. 2 chop feed (corn, oats and wheat bran)

ar ST 0 11) adem lath i Rieke ser i Wi ie 3 Be |
H. O. Co. algrane horse feed.............. |
H. O. Co. algrane scratch feed.............
Schumacher stock feed. «2.5.5... cots =. |
Oneida mixedsteedis. on .. see ee cace Heer
Sterling imrxeditieed naan 25 emcee eters
Hominyiieed ies oie ep ae Bees ee ee eee
NMonarchcChOpe ene tes Ce ee eee
SUC gS 0 ce Be sa cae i rg renee ea
Mriedsoeeh pulps goes Ae dad peers.
Hammond stock feedin-: ./. . 223% 45 2 oe 2 |

Husted yellow provender................-
Cornlandcobumedin eras ae oben ee |
Wiolassesscorm fa KGS seen tee oye agen eo oe epee

International grofast calf meal............. |
HUPCALOCORCa LT Mea lee pete pi ae eer
Bistchfand{s;caltamesiive,.|) asec ase
Sehumeachercalfemenliy sane, ee. See

TIGGM OU re tae «te cette ticter ant eee
Eaton’s high grade beef scrap.............
Pure WEeinCLACKAIPS ae... «1. aos qocihe el cee oe
Bone, anaymeatimenien:, dadocincdast ee Gone |
Bowkers anim almenl. - voc. os cate cnt

* Per cwt. tT Per lb.

Protein.

6.54

STR POOR Orb WR OVO Or
‘SS
a

lor)
i)

NI Ororcr
~~)
co

Reporr on INspecrion Work oF THE

Fiber.

Price
per
ton. |

New Yorx AcoricutruraL Experiment Srarion. 675

A careful inspection of the figures in tables IV and VIII shows that
in many cases there is little relation between the prices charged for
feeding stuffs and their composition as determined by chemical anal-
ysis. The cost of some feeds is way out of proportion to their nutri-
tive value.

The brands mentioned in this table were chosen merely for pur-
poses of comparison of the several classes of materials in relation to
their composition and prices.

In the selection of proper feeding materials the actual analysis is
not so important as the proportion of digestible matter. The ingre-
dients of which they are composed should also be taken into careful
consideration.

In Table IV may be found the digestible nutrients for many of the
concentrates and fodders. Very little data is to be had upon the
digestibility of compounded feeds and grain refuses.

FEEDING STUFFS’ DEFINITIONS.

The following feeding stuffs’ definitions are, with the exception of a
few changes, essentially those adopted by the Association of Feed
Control Officials at Columbus, Ohio, in November, 1911:

Meal is the clean, sound, ground product of the entire grain, cereal
or seed which it purports to represent; provided that the following
meals, qualified by their descriptive names, are to be known as, viz.:

Corn germ meal is chiefly the germ of the corn kernel from which a
part of the oil has been extracted.

Linseed meal is the ground residue after extraction of a large part
of the oil from ground flax seed.

Hominy meal, hominy feed or hominy chop is a mixture of the bran
coating, the germ and a part of the starchy portion of the corn kernel.

Grits are the hard flinty portions of Indian corn without hulls and
germ.

Corn bran is the outer coating of the corn kernel.
Wheat bran is the coarse outer coatings of the wheat berry.

Wheat shorts or standard wheat middlings are the fine particles of
the outer and inner bran separated from bran and white middlings.

Wheat mixed feed is a mixture of the products other than the flour
from the milling of the wheat berry.

Red dog is a low grade wheat flour containing the finer particles of
bran.

Oat groats are the kernels of the oat berry with the hulls removed.

676 Report on INspecrion Work OF THE

Oat shorts or oat middlings are the coverings of the oat grains
lying immediately inside the hulls. These make a fuzzy material
carrying with it considerable portions of the fine floury part of the
groat obtained in the milling of rolled oats.

Oat clippings are the hairs, oat dust, ends of oats and light oats
separated from the oat kernel by the clipping process.

Oat hulls are the outer chaffy coverings of the oat grain.
Rice hulls are the outer chaffy coverings of the rice grain.
Rice bran is the cuticle beneath the hull.

Rice polish is the finely powdered material obtained by polishing
the kernel.

Flax plant by-product is that portion of the flax plant remaining
after the separation of the seed, the bast fiber and portions of the
shives; and consists of flax shives, flax pods, broken and immature
flax seeds and the cortical tissue of the stem.

Buckwheat shorts or buckwheat middlings are those portions of the
buckwheat grains immediately inside of the hulls after separation
from the flour.

Blood meal is ground dried blood.

Meat scrap and meat meal are the ground residues from animal
tissue, practically exclusive of hoof and bone. If they contain any
considerable amount of bone, they must be designated meat and bone
scrap, or meat and bone meal. Hf they bear a name descriptive of
their kind, composition or origin, they must correspond thereto.

Cracklings are the residue after partially extracting the fats and
oils from animal tissue. If they bear a name descriptive of their
kind, composition or origin, they must correspond thereto.

Digester tankage is the residue from animal tissue practically exclu-
sive of hoof and horn, specially prepared for feeding purposes by
tanking under live steam, drying under high heat and suitable grind-
ing. If it contains any considerable amount of bone, it must be
designated digester meat and bone tankage.

Distillers’ dried grains are the dried residue from cereals obtained
in the manufacture of alcohol and distilled liquors.

Brewers’ dried grains are the properly dried residue from cereals,
mostly barley, obtained in the manufacture of beer.

Malt sprouts are the sprouts of the barley grain. If the sprouts are
derived from any other malted cereal the source must be designated.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 677

Alfalfa meal is the entire alfalfa hay ground and does not contain
an admixture of ground alfalfa straw or other foreign materials.

Chop is a ground or chop feed composed of cne or more different
cereals. If it bears a name descriptive of the kind of cereals, it must
be made exclusively of the entire grains of those cereals.

Screenings are the smaller imperfect grains, weed seeds and other
foreign materials separated in cleaning the grain.

MISUSE OF TERMS.

Corn meal: According to definition this should be the sound,
ground product of the entire grain. In the milling of corn for the
production of food products such as table meal, breakfast foods, etc.,
certain portions of the kernel are removed. That which remains is a
coarser product, having somewhat the appearance of the ground
grain. This substance is not corn meal in the true meaning of the
term, yet it frequently appears upon the market under that name.

The term “ corn meal ” should not be applied to any material other
than ground, clean, sound corn, from which no portion of the kernel
has been removed.

Corn bran: This is defined as the outer coating of the corn kernel.

Certain residues from corn, obtained in the manufacture of table
meal and other foods, composed largely of the outer covering of the
corn kernel, but containing in addition a generous amount of the
woody ends of the grains, the yellow grits and more or less germ and
chaffy matter, are found upon the markets of this State under the
name “corn bran.”” They are improperly branded.

Corn bran is a uniform material running from 11 to 12 per ct.
protein, while the products referred to are variable in composition
and seldom exceed 9 per ct. of protein. Pure corn bran should be
the outer skin of the corn kernel, free from more than traces of any
other substance.

Corn offal: In this bulletin the term “ corn offal’ has been used
to describe the low grade materials occurring in shelled corn, such as
corn cob, ¢mmature and damaged kernels, coarse and fine particles of
corn husks, glumes, and dust. This use of the term, however, is
unsatisfactory, as corn offals are, strictly speaking, residues from the
kernel after certain portions have been removed. Similarly, wheat
by-products in the manufacture of flour are known as “‘ wheat offals.”’

Oat middlings are really the floury portion of the oat groat, although
they are usually obtained in combination with the bran or inner cover-
ing of the oat grain. In such cases it is commonly the practice of
stating both oat middlings and oat shorts as ingredients. Since the
definition of oat shorts or oat middlings includes both these materials,
it is preferable that only one ingredient should be guaranteed.

678 Report on [Nspection WorK oF THE

The use of “oat clippings’ under the name “ oat middlings ”’
or “oat shorts’ is clearly intended to mislead and will be held as
misbranding.

Oat feed: The term “ oat feed”? should not be used. If oat by-
products are used in compounding a feed, each ingredient should be
named separately.

Oat clippings: ‘“ Oat clippings” have been defined as being “ the
hairs, oat dust, ends of oats and light oats separated from the oat
kernel by the clipping process.”

As they appear on the market in feed mixtures they seldom corre-
spond with this definition.

In the process of clipping, the oats are run into rapidly revolving
drums or cylinders, where they are rubbed together until the fuzzy
ends, small portions of the oat groats and more or less hulls and light
oats are removed. Coincident with this process is the separation of
the refuse matter from the grain, such as dust, dirt, chaff, straw,
stems and weed seeds, or in other words, the clippimg and screening
or cleaning of the grain is often done in one process. Apparently the
clippings and more or less refuse are run together and sold or mixed in
feeds under the name “ oat clippings.”’

It is plain that this term is not properly descriptive. For this
reason it has been necessary in this bulletin to go further and state
exactly what is found. If clippings, screenings and weed seeds are
used they should be so named.

The. analysis and composition of several samples of so-called
clippings appear in the table on the opposite page.

Buckwheat middlings: Mixtures of buckwheat middlings and buck-
wheat hulls are often sold as buckwheat middlings. Such samples
are regarded as misbranded.

Cottonseed hull bran is a misnomer. It is only another name for
finely ground cottonseed hulls containing more or less lint.

Rice bran is defined as the cuticle beneath the hull. This term is
often erroneously applied to a mixture of rice bran and rice hulls.

Bran, shorts or middlings: It quite frequently happens that these
terms are used alone. This may lead to confusion. They should
therefore never be used without the qualifying name of the cereal
from which they are derived.

Example: Wheat bran, oat shorts, wheat middlings.

Malted barley: This term should never be applied to brewers’
grains.

Linseed meal is preferable to the term “ oil meal.”’

Gluten: The term “ gluten ” is not sufficient but should appear as
“ gluten feed ” or ‘‘ gluten meal ”’ as the facts may warrant.

IMENT STATION.

o
u

New York AgaricurturaLt Expt

“qa
puv ‘spoos pooM punois ‘ui0d WoL] SSuLMOTq (snp
puv sary yvo ‘sjouroy podojaAspun pur uoyuniys
‘su0}S PUB MUIYS JO sooerd ‘sournys) Jo Ayysour Sury4sts
-u0d Jeyd 4yvo Jo quNnOW odItT ‘syeo 4yYyST] ouIOs
‘avid 780 JO quNOW od5IV] ‘sT[NY 780 Jo yuNOWIe oFIv'T

‘4113 ‘spaes poo
jo yunowe |[BuIs B ‘ULO0D WoIT ssurMoy;q (ysnp yO
puv sirey 4vo ‘sjoustey pedojaAspun pue uoyuniys
‘sua}s puw MBS Jo soootd ‘saulnps) jo A[ysour
SUYSIsuUOD TRY 4eo JO yUNOWIR oSavy AIOA & ‘S}eO
qysy Jo yunowsy osu] ‘(yunow [[eWs) Ali0q vo OYy
jo soootd uoyoig ‘uviq Yeo Jo yuNOUIe oS.zR] ‘sTTNY 4vO

"y13
(snp 4vo pu sarey 4vo ‘sfouroy podojaaopun pur
ueyuniys ‘sounys) jo AjYsour Suysisuoo yeyo yvo
jo yunowy osiv, AIA & ‘syeo 4YYSIT ouIOs ‘(480 OY4
jo pue ayy Ajosrey) Aroq 4vo oyy Jo sooatid usyoiq
‘uvid BO JO JUNOW oS1v] ‘sT[NY 4vo Jo yuNCUIR oS.1erT

“qld puv
qysnp ‘punois Ayj1ed spoos paom ‘u109 UIOI] SSULMOT
pue uviq u10s ‘ulod jo sodeid useyoiq ‘sureys pur
MBIZS BO “ULIG 4BO ‘S}vO 4YDTT ‘sT[NY yvo ‘sews 4eO

‘TOIBUIUZeXO JeoIdooso1oIU Aq poylyuepl syUoIpoiSuy

169

18°6

£19

Le 9

79 lad

4s
pues
BOIS

ST 0g

rE 0S

96°0¢

09° FS
yo lag

“40R14XO
aolj
-UdD0I1JIN

SPOT

Zo&T

00°02

OF 06

49 lag

aocti

a 7

8L°S

69°T

40 Lad

48

€9 IT

GL OT

£9°8

‘Ul9}O1g

Ih FI

96°6

G68

49 lad

‘Us

epg fro e

LO) sil

Si
3
&
S

AY

«SDNIddITO LVO ,, JO SYTANVG JO SISKIVNY —'X] FIV],

680 Rerort on Inspection Work or tite

Hominy: This term should not be used alone but should always
appear as “‘ hominy feed,” “ hominy meal” or ‘‘ hominy chop.”

Screenings: One of the most serious attempts to mislead and de-
fraud arises from the practice of compounding feeds with grain
screenings, containing a certain amount of broken and damaged
grains, and upon the strength of the presence of these particles of the
cereals from which the screenings are obtained, guarantees are main-
tained which would lead to the assumption that the commodities are
composed of pure, sound grains, whereas only screenings have been
used.

Example: A certain sample of feed was certified to be composed
of cottonseed meal, oats, barley, wheat, grain screenings, malt
sprouts, molasses and salt. A careful examination showed that the
true composition of the feed was cottonseed meal, screenings from
oats, barley and wheat, malt sprouts, molasses, and salt.

When a cereal is named as an ingredient, it is expected to be clean,
sound, sweet and of good quality. The form, whether whole, cracked
or ground should be given.

New York AGricutrurAL EXPERIMENT Stratton. 681

PROVISIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL LAW RELATING TO
THE SALE AND ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATED COM-
MERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS.

ARTICLE VII*

SALE AND ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATED COMMERCIAL FEEDING

STUFFS.
Section 160. Term “ concentrated commercial feeding stuffs’ de-
fined.
161. Statements to be attached to packages; contenis;
analysis.

162. Statements to be filed with commissioner of agriculture;
to be accompanied by sample and affidavit when re-
quested.

163. License fee.

164. Commissioner of agriculture to take samples for analy-
sis; analysis to be made by director of experiment
station.

165. Sale of adulterated meal or ground grains.

§ 160. Term ‘ concentrated commercial feeding stuffs ’ defined.
— The term “ concentrated commercial feeding stuffs ’’ as used in
this article, shall include linseed meals, cotton seed meals, pea meals,
bean meals, peanut meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten
feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried distillers’ grains,
dried brewers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds,
rice meals, dried beet refuse, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, corn and
cob meal, ground bee? or fish scraps, meat meals, meat and bone meals
mixed, dried blood, mixed feeds, clover meals, alfalfa feeds and meals,
compounded feeds, condimental stock and poultry foods, proprietary
or trade-marked stock and poultry foods, and all other materials of

similar nature; but shall not include hays

Exceptions. and straws, the whole seeds nor the un-
mixed meals made directly from the entire

grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, buckwheat and broom corn,
neither shall it include wheat, rye and buckwheat brans or mid-
dlings, not mixed with other substances, but sold separately, as dis-
tinct articles of commerce, nor pure grains ground together, nor corn
meal and wheat bran mixed together, when sold as such by the manu-
facturer at retail, nor wheat bran and middlings mixed together not
mixed with any other substances and known in the trade as ‘‘ mixed

*Laws of 1909, Chapter 9, Article 7 (Chapter 1 of the Consolidated Laws).

G82 Rerorr on Lyspecrion Work or THE

feed,” nor ground or cracked bone not mixed with any other sub-
stance, nor shall it include poultry foods consisting of whole or whole
and cracked grains and grit mixed together when all the ingredients
may be identified by the naked eye. (As amended by chapter 436 of
the Laws of 1910.)

§ 161. Statements to be attached to packages; contents; analysis.
— No manufacturer, firm, association, corporation or person shall
sell, offer or expose for sale or for distribution in this state, any con-
centrated commercial feeding stuffs used for feeding live stock unless
such concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall be accompanied
by or shall have affixed to each and every package in a conspicuous
place on the outside thereof, a plainly printed statement which shall
certify as follows:

1. The net weight of the contents of the package, except in the
case of malt sprouts sold in packages containing uneven weights.

2. The name, brand or trade mark.

3. The name and principal address of the manufacturer or person
responsible for the placing of the commodity upon the market.

4. Its composition expressed in the following terms:

a. The minimum per centum of crude protein.

b. The minimum per centum of crude fat.

ce. The maximum per centum of crude fiber, provided that the
per centum of crude fiber may be omitted if it does not
exceed five per centum.

d. If a compounded feed, the name of each ingredient con-
tained therein.

e. If artificially colored, the name of the material used for
such purpose.

If any such concentrated commercial feeding stuffs be sold, offered
or exposed for sale in bulk, such printed statement shall accompany

every car or lot. Any such feeding stuffs

Bulk goods. purchased in bulk and later sacked or

bagged for purposes of sale shall have tags

ttached giving the information as provided herein before being sold,

offered or exposed for sale. Whenever any feeding stuff is sold at

retail in bulk or in packages belonging to the purchaser, the seller

upon request of the purchaser shall furnish the said purchaser the

information contained in the certified statement provided herein.

That portion of the statement required by

Guaranteed analysis. this section relating to the quality of feeding

stuffs shall be known and recognized as the

guaranteed analysis. (As amended by chapter 317 of the Laws of 1909
and by chapter 314 of the Laws of 1911.)

§ 162. Statements to be filed with commissioner of agriculture;
to be accompanied by sample and affidavit when requested. Before
any manufacturer, firm, association, corporation or person shall sell,
offer or expose for sale in this state any concentrated commercial

New York AGricutturaL ExprerRiMENt STAtrion. G83

feeding stuffs, he or they shall, for each and every brand of concen-
trated commercial feeding stuff, file annually prior to January first
of the calendar year in which such commodity is to be sold, offered
or exposed for sale with the commissioner of agriculture a certified
copy of the statement, with the exception of the net weight of the
contents of the package, specified in section one hundred and sixty-
one, said certified copy to be accompanied, when the said commis-
sioner shall so request, by a sealed glass Jar or bottle containing at
least one pound of the feeding stuff to be sold or offered for sale, and
the company, or person furnishing said sample shall thereupon make
affidavit that said sample corresponds to the feeding stuff which it
represents, in the per centum of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber,
name of each ingredient contained therein, if a compounded feed, and
the name of any artificial coloring material used. (As amended by
chapter 317 of the Laws of 1909 and by chapter 314 of the Laws of 1911.)
§ 163. License fee.— Every manufacturer, importer, agent or
seller of any concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, shall pay annu-
ually prior to January first of the calendar year in which such com-
modity is to be sold, offered or exposed for sale to the treasurer of
the state of New York a license fee of twenty-five dollars for each and
every brand to be sold or offered or exposed for sale. Whenever a
manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any concentrated commer-
cial feeding stuffs desires at any time to sell such material and has not
complied with the requirements of the statute he shall before selling,
offering or exposing the same for sale, comply with the requirements
as herein provided. Said treasurer shall in each case at once certify
to the commissioner of agriculture the pay-
Certificate of ment of such license fee. Each manufac-
commissioner. turer, importer or person who has complied
with the provisions of this article shall be
entitled to receive a certificate from the commissioner of agriculture
setting forth said facts. Such certificate shall expire on the thirty-
first day of December of the calendar year in which it was issued, but
no such certificate shall be issued for the sale of a brand of concen-
trated commercial feeding stuff under a brand or trade name which
is misleading or deceptive or which tends to mislead or deceive as to
the constituents or materials of which it is composed. Any such
certificate so issued may be cancelled by
Cancellation of. the commissioner of agriculture when it
is shown that any statement upon which it
was issued is false or misleading. Whenever the manufacturer, im-
porter or shipper of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall have
filed the statement required by section one hundred and sixty-one of
this article and paid the license fee as prescribed in this section, no
agent or seller of such manufacturer, importer or shipper shall be
required to file such statement or pay such fee. (As amended by
chapter 317 of the Laws of 1909.)

Gst Revorr on Lxsvecrion Work oF THE

§ 164. Commissioner of agriculture to take samples for analysis;
analysis to be made by director of experiment station.— The com-
missioner of agriculture shall at least once in each year transmit
to the New York agricultural experiment station for analysis at
least one sample to be taken in the manner hereinafter prescribed,
of the different concentrated commercial feeding stuffs sold or
offered for sale under the provisions of this article. The said com-
missioner of agriculture or his duly authorized representative in
taking samples shall take them in duplicate in the presence of at

least one witness, and in the presence of
Taking of such witness shall seal such samples and
sample. shall at the time of taking tender, and if
accepted, deliver to the person apparently
in charge one of such samples; the other sample the commissioner
of agriculture shall cause to be analyzed. The director of said
experiment station shall continue to analyze or cause to be analyzed
such samples of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs taken under
the provisions of this article as shall be submitted to him for that
purpose by the commissioner of agriculture and shall report such
analyses to the commissioner of agriculture, and for this purpose
the New York agricultural experiment station may continue to
employ chemists and incur such expenses
Analysis of. as may be necessary to comply with the
requirements of this article. The result
of the analysis of the sample or samples so procured, together with
such additional information as circum-
Publication. stances advise, shall be published in re-

ports or bulletins from time to time.

§ 165. Sale of adulterated meal or ground grains.— No person
shall adulterate any kind of meal or ground grain or other cattle
food with milling or manufacturing offals, or any substance what-
ever, for the purpose of sale, unless the true composition, mixture
or adulteration thereof is plainly marked or indicated upon the
package containing the same or in which it is offered for sale: no
person shall sell or offer for sale any meal or ground grain or other
cattle food which has been so adulterated unless the true com-
position, mixture or adulteration is plainly marked or indicated
upon the package containing the same, or in which it is offered for
sale. (As amended by chapter 317 of the Laws of 1909.)

PENALTIES.

Section 52 of the Agricultural Law relates to penalties and is as
follows:

§ 52. Penalties.— Every person violating any of the provisions
of this chapter, shall forfeit to the people of the state of New York
the sum of not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 685

dollars for the first violation and not less than one hundred dollars
nor more than two hundred dollars for the second and each sub-
sequent violation. When such violation consists of the manufacture
or production of any prohibited article, each day during which or any
part of which such manufacture or production is carried on or con-
tinued, shall be deemed a separate violation. When the violation
consists of the sale, or the offering or exposing for sale or exchange
of any prohibited article or substance, the sale of each one of several
packages shall constitute a separate violation, and each day on
which any such article or substance is offered or exposed for sale
or exchange shall constitute a separate violation. When the use
of any such article or substance is prohibited, each day during
which or any part of which said article or substance is so used or
furnished for use, shall constitute a separate violation, and the furnish-
ing of the same for use to each person to whom the same may be
furnished shall constitute a separate violation. Whoever by him-
self or another violates any of the provisions of articles three, four,
six, eight and nine or sections three hundred fourteen and three
hundred fifteen of this chapter or of sections one hundred six, one
hundred seven and one hundred eight of this chapter shall be guilty
of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine
of not less than fifty dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars,
or by imprisonment of not less than one month nor more than six
months or by both such fine and imprisonment, for the first offense;
and by six months’ imprisonment for the second offense.

MIST HH
Roger a

i eee a

1s + Be, dQ)

REPORT OF ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF COM-
MERCIAL FERTILIZERS COLLECTED BY THE
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE DURING
1912.*

There are presented in this bulletin the analyses+ of samples of
fertilizers collected by the Commissioner of Agriculture during
1912 and transmitted by him for analysis to the Director of the
New York Agricultural Experiment Station, in accordance with
the provisions of Article 9 of the Agricultural Law. These an-
alyses and the accompanying information are published by said
Director in accordance with the provisions of Section 224 of said
Law.

Since many requests have been received for such data, it has
been deemed best to give figures showing the current values of
fertilizer ingredients, with an illustration of the method of apply-
ing these figures in determining the approximate commercial val-
uation of the different brands.

TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND
CHEMICALS.

The trade-values in the following schedule have been agreed
upon by the Experiment Stations of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Vermont, as a result of
study of the prices actually prevailing in the large markets of these
states.

These trade-values represent, as nearly as can be estimated,
the average prices at which, during the six months preceding March,
the respective ingredients, in the form of wnmixed raw materials,

*A reprint of Bulletin No. 354, November, 1912.

+ The analyses herewith published are made in charge of the Chemical De-
partment of the Station. the immediate oversight of the work being assigned

to FE. L. Baker, Associate Chemist.
[687]

688 Reporr on Inspection Work or THE

could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets. These
prices also correspond (except in case of available phosphoric acid)
to the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding March,
plus about 20 per ct., in case of goods for which there are wholesale
quotations.

TRADE-VALUES OF PLANT-FOOD ELEMENTS IN RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS.

1912
Cts. per
pound
INT trogenvin ammonia saltserse.. 2... cevevsrceveekercrvarewels a)- cisternae meee eens 163
ew Man and mae sie yee cha s aov tert anes ah at ie Se ee 163
Organic. nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood.............. 22
in fine-ground bone, tankage and mixed fertilizers........ 19
a INACOATSeq DONE TAN CataM Ae lye! as. cee er Een ee ee 15
e in castor pomace and cottonseed meal................... 20
Phosphoric acid; water-solublexsse!2rs5. xc) ath. ed. Pediat s. Be 43
so citrate-soluble (reverted)............ Te ha M ar ae ee 4
% in fine-ground fish, bone and tankage.................... 4
in cottonseed meal and castor-pomace................... a
“ in coarse fish, bone, tankage and ashes.................. oF
Ms in mixed fertilizers, insoluble in ammonium citrate or water. 2
Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates (chlorides), in
ASHES HELE ST Pict ete aoe crouse ree RTO SAT ee eae cE Oe a a 5a
COPS IV INUIT AUC poses en eles neice alee oes ect ea eer Oe ae See 4%
“ ‘Ssincastor pomace sand cottonseed meals. saree. ce eneeee . renee - 5

VALUATION AND COST OF FERTILIZERS.

The total cost (to the farmer) of a ton of commercial fertilizer
may be regarded as consisting of the following clements: (1) Re
tail cash cost, in the market, of unmixed trade materials; (2) cost
of mixing; (3) cost of transportation; (4) storage, commissions
to agents and dealers, selling on long credit, bad debts, ete. While
the total cost of a fertilizer is made up of several diferent elements,
a commercial valuation includes only the first of the elements enter-
ing into the total cost, that is, the retail cash cost in the market of
unmixed raw materials.

VALUATION AND AGRICULTURAL VALUE.

The agricultural value of a fertilizer depends upon its crop-
producing power. A commercial valuation does not necessarily
have any relation to crop-producing value on a given farm. For
a particular soil and crop, a fertilizer of comparatively low com-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 689

mercial valuation may have a higher agricultural value; while, for
another crop on the same soil, or the same crop on another soil,
the reverse might be true.

Rute ror CaLcuLaTinc APPROXIMATE COMMERCIAL VALUATION OF MIxepD FER-.
TILIZERS ON Basis OF TRADE-VALUES For 1912.

Multiply the percentage of nitrogen by 3.8.

Multiply the percentage of available phosphoric acid by 0.9.

Multiply the percentage of insoluble phosphoric acid (total minus available) by 0.4.
Multiply the percentage of potash by 1.0.

The sum of these 4 products will be the commercial valuation
per ton on the basis taken.

Illustration —The table of analyses shows a certain fertilizer to
have the following composition: Nitrogen 2.52 per ct.; available
phosphoric acid 6.31 per ct.; insoluble phosphoric acid .89 per ct.;
potash 6.64 per ct. According to this method of valuation, the
computation would be as follows:

Naren... Serna. |... S ell set cams. Romais 2.52 x 3.8 $9.58
Available: ph OsphOnicracidis. (4 4 sar «0 sass 00 tts ite steros eae ae 6.31 x0.9 5.70
Insolublesphosphoricacidh:---t cesarean: Serer ee 0.89 x 0.4 0.36
ROCASHINE octet aoe es tse. SL Qe ees: Meee 6.64x 1.0 6.64

$22.28

This rule assumes all the nitrogen to be organic and all the pot-
ash to be in the form of sulphate. If a considerable portion of
nitrogen exists in the fertilizer as nitrate of soda or as sulphate of
ammonia, and potash is present as muriate, the results are con-
siderably less.

Farmers should be warned against judging fertilizers by their
valuations. A fertilizer, the cost of which comes chiefly from the
phosphoric acid present, would value much lower commercially
than a fertilizer with a high percentage of nitrogen, and yet the
former might be the more profitable one for a given farmer to
purchase.

690

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name AND ApprREsS OF MANv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Alexandria Fertilizer &
Chem. Co., Alexandria, Va.

Brand or trade name.

Excelsior Guano

Alphano Humus Co., Great
Meadows, N. J.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Alphano Humus

Acid Phosphate

Acid Phosphate

Acme Early Crop Pro-

ducer

Acme Fertilizer No. 2

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Acme No. 1 Potato Ma-
nure

Acme Special Potato and

Truck

Acme Superior Superphos-

phate
Bone Meal

Bradley’s Alkaline Bone

with Potash

Bradley’s Ammoniated
Dissolved Bone

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Bradley’s Bean and Potato
Phosphate

Bradley’s B. D. Sea Fowl

Guano

The American Agricultural

Bradley’s “‘B” Fertilizer

Chem. Co., New York

nure for Potatoes and
Vegetables

sai whee, |
Phelps 2969
Mount Vernon 3110
Elmira 2038
Binghamton ~~ 3037
Jamaica 2211
Jamaica 2208
Warwick 2296
Laurel 2311
Apalachin 2811

Cornwall Landing! 2719

Cobleskill 2739
Skaneateles 2429
Skaneateles 2431
Middleburg 2729
Owego 2502
Riverhead 2303

New York AGricutturat EXPERIMENT STATION. 691
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or IerriLizEr.
Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. cy
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2969 Guaranteed .82 9. &.
Found 1.07 9.76 10.80 7.48
3110 Guaranteed ——
Found 97 ——. 85 .o+
2038 Guaranteed — 14. 15s a
Found —— IG Pe 15.90 ——
3037 | Guaranteed — 14 1s —-
Found a 15.56 16.10 ———
2211 Guaranteed 4.11 8. 9. if
Found 4.26 8.53 9.38 6.83
2208 | Guaranteed 4.94 8. 9. op
Found 5.04 8.35 9.28 5.08
2296 Guaranteed 20 6. The 10.
Found ony 6.96 7.78 10.86
Zot Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. ae
Found 33.83) 8.06 8.78 7.44
2811 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found 1.03 8.43 10. 4.14
2719 Guaranteed 1.65 ——— 13.75 —
Found 1.95 <a 14.65 ———
2739 Guaranteed oa Ft. 2" 23
Found ——— 11.05 IW 34 Dae
2429 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. O.
Found 1.68 8.71 9.78 2.18
2431 Guaranteed .8Z 8. 9. 4,
Found .92 8.10 9.52 4.30
2729 Guaranteed 2.06 8 9. 1.50
Found 2.06 8.46 10.34 1.78
2502 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found 88 7.95 9.51 3.90
2303 Guaranteed 3.29 8 9. if
Found 6.29 8.47 9.23 7.24

692

Rerorr on [Inspection Work or tur

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND AppreEss or MANu-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Brand or trade name.

Bradley’s Complete Ma-

Locality where
sample was taken.

The American Agricultural Riverhead
Chem. Co., New York nure with 10% Potash

The American Agricultural) Bradley’s Justice Dis-| Esperance
Chem. Co., New York solved Bone

The American Agricultural; Bradley’s New Method! Catskill
Chem. Co., New York Fertilizer

The American Agricultural) Bradley’s Niagara Phos-| Skaneateles
Chem. Co., New York phate

The American Agricultural) Bradley’s Patent Super-| Skaneateles
Chem. Co., New York Phosphate

The American Agricultural) Bradley’s Potato and Truck) Catskill
Chem. Co., New York Grower

The American Agricultural} Bradley’s Potato Fertil-| Owego
Chem. Co., New York izer

The American Agricultural) Bradley’s Potato Manure | Owego
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural) Bradley’s Soluble Dis-| Skaneateles
Chem. Co., New York solved Phosphate

The American Agricultural! Canner’s Pea and Bean| Cortland

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Special Fertilizer

Chicopee Farmers Reliable

Chicopee Standard Guano

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Chicopee Vegetable and
Potato Manure

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Clark’s Cove Atlas Phos-
phate

Cherry Valley

Ballston Spa.

White Plains

Delanson

Clark’s Cove Defiance

Fertilizer

Orchard Park

Num-
ber.

2304

2725

2256

2432

2427

2254

2503

2504

2430

2525

2742

2852

3107

2280

2610

Clark’s Cove King Philip
Alkaline Guano

Delanson

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Clark’s Cove Potato and
Hop Grower

Port Jervis

2281

2712

New York Acricurruran Experiment Station.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

OD.

Pounps IN 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2304 Guaranteed 3.29 6. ha 10.
Found 3.36 6.74 7.31 10.76
2725 | Guaranteed ABBEY Bakaly 94 13. aA al
Found ———_ 12.41 13.58 —-—

2256 Guaranteed 82 8. 9. 2.
Found .90 8.34 9.65 2.10

2432 Guaranteed 82 Che 8. le
Found .96 6.98 8.74 1.28
2427 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50
Found 1.88 8.32 10.69 2.38

2254 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10.
Found 1.64 8.45 9.63 10.26

2503 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3s
Found 2.04 7.93 9.37 3.26

2504 Guaranteed 2.47 6. ite 6.
Found 2.48 6.64 7.84 5.85
2430 Guaranteed —_ 14. 15. —--—
Found — 14.83 15.36 —_——

2525 Guaranteed .82 Ue 8. 9.
Found 1.01 ates 9.06 8.10

2742 Guaranteed .82 de 8. ;
Found 83 7.65 9. 154.

2852 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found .94 8.50 9.21 4 44

3107 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 6.
Found Pree 8.49 9.72 5.56
2280 Guaranteed —— 14. 15), oe
Found a 14.69 15.20 ———

2610 Guaranteed .82 Ue 8. il
Found .96 7.45 9.55 1.42

2281 Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. De
Found 1.33 8.39 9.97 2G

2712 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found 1.03 8.38 9.55 4.14

O94

Revorr on Inspecrion Work or ‘tHe

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Tobacco Fertilizer

Brand or trade name. mae where al

Clark’s Cove Triumph! Delanson 2283
Phosphate and Potash

Clark’s Cove Unicorn Fer-| Guilford 2526
tilizer

Complete Tobacco Ma-| Owego 2845
nure

Crocker’s Alkaline Bone} Auburn 2552
and Potash

Crocker’s Cabbage and Po-| Seneca Falls 2582
tato Manure

Crocker’s Complete Ma-) Albion 2126
nure

Crocker’s Complete} Albion 2124
Wheat Grower

Crocker’s Dissolved Phos-| Sherburne 2532
phate

Crocker’s Dissolved Phos-| Waverly 2563
phate and Potash

Crocker’s Erie Phosphate | Sherburne 2533

Crocker’s General Crop| Hamburg 2616
Fertilizer

Crocker’s Harvest Jewel) Hamburg 2615
Fertilizer

Crocker’s High Grade} Albion 2125
Special Fertilizer

Crocker’s New Rival Fer-| Groton 2506
tilizer

Crocker’s New York! Albion 2128
Special Phosphate

Crocker’s Potato, Hop and) Waverly 2562

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. G95
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounpbs or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number. a
Nitrogen. Potash
Available. Total.
2283 | Guaranteed od 10. 10k 7a
Found ae 10.51 LSS 2.04
2526 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2.
Found ayy 8.23 9.42 2.04
2845 | Guaranteed 4.53 3. 4. 5.50
Found 5.06 3.90 5.60 5.16
2552 | Guaranteed a 12: 13>. ip
Found 2 12.68 13.18 2
2582 Guaranteed Page: Yi 8. 9. 6.
Found 2.40 8.83 10.76 5.56
2126 | Guaranteed 82 8. 9. 4.
Found .98 8.67 10.38 3.86
2124 Guaranteed 1.65 10. iT. 4.
Found 91 11.09 13.24 2.54
2532 Guaranteed — 14 15. ———
Found — 15.41 15.65 —
2563 Guaranteed —— 10. aU he 2
Found a 10.59 VLE a 2.10
2533 | Guaranteed a 12. 13. ——
Found —-- 14.29 15.13 ———
2616 Guaranteed .82 Ce 8. it.
Found .90 6.44 8.69 | {2
2615 | Guaranteed | 1.65 8. 9. 2,
Found 1.68 7.99 10.39 2.32
2125 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 4.
Found 1.50 9.16 10.72 4.22
2506 Guaranteed kg 23 9. 10. PA
Found 1.38 9.72 11.13 2.78
2128 Guaranteed —— 10. it. 8.
Found ae 11.08 12.67 7.82
2562 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. ae
Found 2.02 8.17 9.05 Sika!

GOG

Rerorr on Insrecrion Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND AppRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The Recerca Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural)
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Brand or trade name, sanpie was taken, | pai

Crocker’s Special Potato} Mattituck 2383
Manure

Crocker’s Universal Grain} Boonville 2685
Grower

Crocker’s Wheat and Corn| Albion 2127
Fertilizer

Darling’s Blood, Bone and| Laurel 2312
Potash

Darling’s Long Island ‘‘A”’| Mattituck 2377

Dry Ground Fish Mattituck 2350

East India Complete Ma-| Catskill 2255
nure for General Use

East India Corn, Cabbage} Monroe 2701
and Potato Manure

East India H. G. General) New Hyde Park 1788
Fertilizer

East India Nitrogenized| Stuyvesant Falls 3130
Complete Manure

East India Potato Manure) New Hyde Park 2217

East India Potato and| Mattituck 2301
Truck Manure

East India Vegetable, Vine} Binghamton 2043
and Potato Manure

Fine Ground Bone Brockport 2465

Genuine German Kainit | Mattituck 2352

Grass and Lawn Top Dress-| Warwick 2297
ing

Great Eastern English} Unadilla 2592

Wheat Grower

New York Acricutruran Exprrment Station. 697

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Stole PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2383 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. ia
Found ono 8.45 9.08 7.44

2685 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. Di
Found .92 8.40 9.57 222
2127 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50
Found 2.06 8.90 10.37 2.70

2312 Guaranteed 4.11 te 8. i
Found Ali 7.44 8.30 (Lala!

2377 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. qe
Found 3.47 8.35 9.19 6.90
2350 Guaranteed 8.23 6. ———
Found 7.83 — 7.40 a

2255 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 6.
Found 2.67 8.62 10.30 6.12

2701 Guaranteed Asal ie 8. Tos
Found 4.11 7.85 8.45 7.36

1788 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. Ge
Found 3.36 8.29 9.10 7.20

3130 Guaranteed 8.23 4. oe 4.
Found 8.30 5.50 6.64 4.20

2217 Guaranteed 3.29 6. Te 10.
Found Si By 6.22 6.95 10.48

2351 Guaranteed 3.29 te, 8. (ke
Found 3.42 7.14 7.88 ee

2043 Guaranteed DAE 6. lr 10.
Found 2.56 6.99 9.26 10.24
2465 Guaranteed 2.47 ——— 22.88 ae
Found Baral aon 23.49 —_—

2352 Guaranteed —— — — P46
Found —— a —_— 13.52

2297 Guaranteed | 3.91 on 6. Pa
Found 3.64 Desul fa25 2.68

2592 Guaranteed .o2 8. 9. ZF
Found 1.01 8.22 9.24 2.16

698

Rerorr on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME Aanp Appress oF MANv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York
The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Brand or trade name.

Great Eastern Garden

Special

Great Eastern Garden

Special

Great Eastern General

Great Eastern High Grade

Vegetable, Vine and To-
bacco Fertilizer

Great Eastern New York

Potato Special

Great Eastern Northern

Corn Special

Great Eastern Peerless

Potato Manure

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York
The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Great Eastern Schodack
Special

Great Eastern Soluble
Bone and Potash

Great Eastern Unammo-

niated Wheat Special

Great Eastern Vegetable,

Vine and Tobacco Fer-
tilizer

Ground Tankage

Ground Tankage 9-20

Ground Untreated Phos-

phate Rock

High Grade Celery, Onion

and Truck Manure

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

High Grade Dried Blood

Locality where
sample was taken.

Jamaica

Orient

Delanson

Unadilla

Chateaugay

Unadilla

Delanson

Gouverneur

Sherburne

Sherburne

Burke

Oakfield

Oneida

Barneveld

Jamaica

Elmira

Num-
ber.

New York AGRricutturaAL ExprertMEent STATION. 699

COLLECTED 1N NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2210 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. The
Found S\.6P 8.37 9. laren}
2660 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. a“.
Found oo 2 8.73 9.04 7.42
2277 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found .86 8.18 8.98 4.38
2591 | Guaranteed f 2.06 8. 9. 6.
Found 2.10 8.73 9.39 5.96
2911 Guaranteed 1.85 7 8. 10.
Found 1.63 7.95 9.12 9.02
2590 Guaranteed 2.47 Qe 10. 2
Found 2.68 9.18 10.63 2al2
2278 Guaranteed 1.03 7 8 10.
Found 1.26 afsil 9.10 10.26
2676 Guaranteed .82 9. 10. ak
Found 87 9.97 10.59 7.20
2530 | Guaranteed a+ --- te 2p 2p
Found se EZ 11.38 2.08
2531 Guaranteed —— 12 iB}. —_———
Found —-- 2E2 7 12.96 —
2910 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3
Found 2.06 7.69 9.63 aE22,
2771 Guaranteed 7.40 —— 9.15 —-
Found 6.99 ee 11.30
2825 Guaranteed 7.41 —— 9.15 sae
Found Ll: a 11.38 ——
2698 Guaranteed a — 30.20. ——
Found — —--— 30.70 ——-
2215 Guaranteed 4.11 4. ae 12k
Found 3.41 4.84 Nesy 11.46
2036 | Guaranteed 9.87 | —— | —— | ——
Found 12.24 a —— ——

700

Rerort on Inspection Work ov THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND AppRESS OF MaNnu-

FACTURER OR JOBBER. Brand or trade name.

The American Agricultural’ High Grade Ground Bone
Chem. Co., New York |

Locality where

sample was taken.

The American Agricultural] High Grade Potash Com-
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural) Lazaretto “AA” Super-
Chem. Co., New York |

The American Agricultural! Lazaretto Alkaline Dis-
Chem. Co., New York solved Bone

Elmira

Randolph
pound

High Grade Sulphate of} Elmira

Potash

Webster
phosphate

Smithboro

The American Agricultural] Lazaretto ©Ammoniated

Chem. Co., New York Phosphate

Carlton Station

The American Agricultural) Lazaretto Dissolved Phos-
Chem. Co., New York phate

Cortland

The American Agricultural) Lazaretto Dissolved Phos-
Chem. Co., New York phate and Potash

Ballston Spa

The American Agricultural) Lazaretto Extra Ammo-
Chem. Co., New York niated Bone Phosphate

The American Agricultural] Lazaretto High Grade
Chem. Co., New York Alkaline Dissolved Bone

The American Agricultural; Lazaretto New York
Chem. Co., New York Standard No. 1

Michigan Carbon Works
General Crop Fertilizer

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural; Michigan Carbon Works
Chem. Co., New York Homestead Fertilizer
Michigan Carbon Works
Pomestead Potato and

Tobacco FertiJizer

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural; Michigan Carbon Works
Chem. Co., New York Red Line Phosphate

The American Agricultural) Michigan Carbo. Works
Chem. Co., New York Red Line ?sphate

' with Potash

Medina

Medina

Copenhagen

Middleport

North Collins

Middleport

Fredonia

Ellicottville

Num-
ber.

2965

3178

New York AcricutturaL Exrerrtmment Station. TOL

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1N 100 Pounpbs or FErRTIuizER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
3015 Guaranteed 3.29 —-- 20.59 ———
Found 3.97 ——— 20.73 oo
2109 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10.
Found 1.70 8.06 10.04 10.06
3014 Guaranteed See —— 48.
Found = sees ——- 45.88
3176 Guaranteed 1.85 9 10. 4
Found Mak 9.65 iil 4.48
3006 Guaranteed ——— 13’. 14. on
Found ——— 1Se23 13.60 3.40
2981 Guaranteed .82 8. ;
Found 1 8.40 10.68 2.34
3038 Guaranteed ——. 14. 15. —— —
Found ———— 14.45 16.
2853 Guaranteed —- 10. lly 2,
Found ——— 10.46 11.08 2.10
2455 Guaranteed 83 8. 9. 4.
Found 97 8.18 9.85 3.96
2456 Guaranteed —_— 10. 11 Sy
Found we 10.25 11.95 Geo2
2682 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9 2}
Found 1.48 8.98 9.62 2.42
2489 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found .95 8.94 9.89 4.24
2627 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50
Found 2.14 8.76 10.56 Dis
2490 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3
Found 2A3 8.64 9.81 3.18
2965 Guaranteed ——— 14. 15. ————
Found SS 13.66 15.95 ——-
3178 Guaranteed ——— 10. 1 We 2
Found —— 10.38 11.98 1.90

Revorr on Inspection WorkK OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

‘fhe American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Brand or trade name.

Milsom’s Acid Phosphate

Milsom’s Acidulated Bone

and Potash

Milsom’s Blood, Bone and

Potash Fertilizer

Milsom’s Buffalo Fertilizer
Milsom’s Buffalo Guano
Milsom’s Corn Fertilizer

Milsom’s Dissolved Phos-

phate

Milsom’s Dissolved Phos-

phate and Potash

Milsom’s Erie King Fer-

tilizer
Milsom’s Potato and

Cabbage Manure

Milsom’s Potato, Hop and

Tobacco Fertilizer

Milsom’s Special Bean

and Grain Fertilizer

Milsom’s Vegetable Fer-

tilizer

Milsom’s Vegetable Fer-

tilizer

Milsom’s Wheat, Oats and

Barley Fertilizer
Muriate of Potash

Muriate of Potash

North Collins

Locality where
sample was taken.

Albion

Romulus

McGraw

Canandaigua

Fancher

Chenango Forks

Fancher

Trumansburg

Clarence

Albion

Chenango Forks

Albion

Hamburg

Randolph

Elmira

Gates

Number.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. T03
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
Guaranteed ——— 14. Ta —
Found ~ a 13.50 Nie ———
Guaranteed ——. iL. ily Bye
Found —- 12.43 12.68 4.98
Guaranteed 3.29 6. ee 10.
Found 3.24 6.45 6.92 10.46
Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50
Found ed) 8.59 9.98 1.64
Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found .98 8.31 10.12 3.78
Guaranteed 2.47 9. 10. Pa
Found Fail 9.54 10.49 2.88
Guaranteed — [2s 13. aH
Found + 11.74 Az a
Guaranteed — 10. Tae Fee.
Found wa 10.14 10.93 Pail?!
Guaranteed .82 if. : ig
Found 112 Ue 9.47 1.40
Guaranteed .82 9. 10. he
Found ie 9.12 ie 7.64
Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. oF
Found 1.96 8.14 9.32 3.70
Guaranteed 10. lite 8.
Found a 10.33 12.09 7.58
Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. a:
Found ooe 8.44 8.85 7.64
Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. de
Found 3.24 8.91 10.38 Uetsy
Guaranteed .82 8. 9. yee
Found 1.18 7.97 10.32 2.58
Guaranteed ——— —— —-— 49.
Found —_—_ — Oo 49.80
Guaranteed Hae ——— —- = 49.
Found so a a 50.36

704

Report on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

North Western

Brand or trade name.

Nitrate of Soda

Nitrate of Soda —

Nitrate of Soda

Acid
Phosphate

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

North Western Acid

Phosphate

North Western Beet

Special Fertilizer

North Western Challenge

Crop Grower

North Western Complete

Compound

North Western Dissolved

Phosphate and Potash

North Western Empire
Special Manure

North Western Grain Fer-

tilizer

North Western High

Grade Alkaline Phos-

phate

North Western High

Grade General Fertilizer

North Western Market
Garden Phosphate

North Western Special

Fertilizer

North Western 10%

Potato Fertilizer

caunio ye taken) ee
Elmira Tr ~ 2039
Gates ~ 2760
Ogdensburg 2905
“Medina ——_—s*|, 2150
EET 2758
MERE ES "9824
Potsdam 2671
Voorheesville 2271
Voorheesville 2273
Highland ~ 3121

North Harpersfield | 2837

Greene 2537
Medina 2454
Darien 3151
Medina 2457
Medina 2453

New York AaricutruraL Experiment Station. 705

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Number.
Nitrogen, Potash.
Available. Total.

2039 | Guaranteed 15. — ——— ——.
Found 15.76 ~-—— ——— a
2760 | Guaranteed 15. ———- ——. ———
Found 14.99 —- —— —-—
2905 | Guaranteed 15. SE alah RIL ets ap oy
Found 15.05 ——
2150 Guaranteed —— 14. Ls —_—____
Found ——— 14.29 16.76 —.
2758 | Guaranteed —— 14 15. ——
Found 14.20 16.90 sa

2824 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 10.
Found 1.16 8.57 9.55 8.45

2671 | Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. 2.
Found 1.27 8.50 9.56 2.46

2271 | Guaranteed | .82 3 9. 4.
Found .88 8.26 9.67 4.06

2273 +| Guaranteed ——— 10. ils Dh:
Found 10.13 1g Pea l7/ 2.02

3121 Guaranteed 3.29 Thy 8. Ue
Found 3.56 8.14 8.80 6.16

2837 | Guaranteed 1.65 10. iit. 4.
Found 1.64 ob alr 11.99 3.90

2537 Guaranteed ———— 10. ial. 8.
Found A 10.93 1 Weaye 7.92

2454 Guaranteed 1.65 8 9. 4.
Found 1.79 8.68 10.16 4.28

315]. Guaranteed 2.47 8 9. 6
Found 2.40 8.87 10.38 5.86

2457 Guaranteed .82 9 10. lie
Found 1.06 9.02 11.25 6.96

2453 Guaranteed 1.65 8 9. 10.
Found 1.55 8.39 10.28 10.68

23

706

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MaANnv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Brand or trade name.

North Westen XXX

Alkaline Phosphate

Pacific Nobsque Guano

Pacific Soluble Guano

Packer’s Union Animal

Corn Fertilizer

Packer’s Union Banner
Wheat Grower

Packer’s Union Gardeners

Complete Manure

Packer’s Union Potato

Manure

Packer’s Union Universal

Fertilizer

Potato and Garden

Manure

Potato and Onion Special

Preston’s Pioneer Fer-

tilizer

Preston’s Potato Fertilizer

Pulverized Sheep Manure

Pure Ground Bone

Pure Unleached Canada

Hardwood Ashes

Quinnipiac Ammoniated
Dissolved Bone

Quinnipiac “B” Fertil-

izer

Locality where
sample was taken.

Cherry Valley

Eden Center

Moravia

Afton

Schuylerville

East Marion

East Marion

Lowville

Little Neck

Albion

Tivoli

Valley Stream

Jamaica

Hamburg

New York

Skaneateles

Trumansburg’

Num-
ber.

2746

New York AGRICULTURAL ExprErRImMEenT STATION. 707

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2746 | Guaranteed —— 10. Te i,
Found — 10.08 10.44 5.76

; 2620 | Guaranteed 1.03 8 ; 2
Found ies 8.15 10.26 2.66
2508 | Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 1.50
Found 2.07 7.89 9.61 1.92

2844 | Guaranteed 2.47 9 10. 2:
Found 2.61 9.08 10.71 2.38

2870 | Guaranteed ———- 10. 11 2.
1 Found 10.71 11.14 2.10

2399 Guaranteed 3.29 6. Os 10.
Found 3.38 6.29 6.90 , 10.20

2400 Guarantéed 2.06 8. 9. 6.
Found PAYS 8.41 9.38 6.16

2684 | Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4,
Found .97 8.53 9.38 4.48

2242 | Guaranteed 3.29 7 8. ife
Found onl 7.30 8.20 7.10

2131 Guaranteed 1.65 10. iv 6.
Found ace 10.26 12.05 5.96

3123 Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. 2p
Found Tle aly 8.52 10.72 PBy

2237 | Guaranteed 3.29 8 9. Ue
Found 3) fh 8.15 8.95 7.08
1786 | Guaranteed 2.06 .50 125 .50
Found Zea 1.14 1] al 2.04
2626 Guaranteed 3.29 —- 20.59 a

Found 3.28 a 22.29

2247 Guaranteed —— —— 2.
Found cod ital Sin

2407 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 7,
Found ty 8.23 9.44 2.26

2565 | Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4,
Found .93 8.33 8.90 4.34

708

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name AND AppRESS OF MANuU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Brand or trade name.

Quinnipiac Climax Phos-

phate

Quinnipiac Dissolved

Phosphate and Potash

Quinnipiac Market Gar-

den Manure

Quinnipiac Mohawk Fer-
tilizer

Quinnipiac Potato Manure

Quinnipiac Potato Phos-
phate

Locality where
sample was taken.

Skaneateles

Newark Valley

Fort Johnson

Skaneateles

Preble

Fort Johnson

Num-
ber.

Quimmipiac Soluble Dis-

solved Phosphate
Read’s Acid Phosphate
Read’s Corn, Wheat and
Rye Fertilizer
Read’s Dissolved Bone
Read’s Farmer’s Friend
Super Phosphate

Read’s High Grade Farm-
er’s Friend

Read’s High Grade Farm-
er’s Friend

Read’s High Grade Farm-

er’s Friend

Read’s High Grade Special

Read’s Leader B and B

Fertilizer

Read’s Phosphate and

Potash

Skaneateles

Willow Creek

Windsor

Eden Center

Greenwood Lake

Lynbrook

Medina

Medina

Middleport

Potsdam

Willow Creek

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 709

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.

Nitrogen.
2410 | Guaranteed 1.03
Found 1.20
3007 | Guaranteed a
Found
2855 | Guaranteed 3.29
Found 3.56
2409 | Guaranteed .82
Found .95
2550 | Guaranteed 2.47
Found 2.56
2856 | Guaranteed 2.06
Found 2.14
2408 Guaranteed ——
Found —
2570 | Guaranteed es
Found
2177 Guaranteed 1.65
| Found 2.44
2619 Guaranteed — 117}, 13. ed
Found Le 7fe/ 13.76
2298 Guaranteed 2.06 8 9. 3
Found 2.10 8.22 9.40 3.44
1789 | Guaranteed 3.29 6 (he 10
Found 3.36 6.84 7.38 10.38
2452 Guaranteed 3.29 6. Te 10.
Found 2.49 7.33 8.72 10.96
3251 Guaranteed 3.29 6. he 10.
Found 3.08 6.69 8.15 10.20
2488 | Guaranteed 1. Be 5.
Found 12.06 13.53 5.30
2675 | Guaranteed .82 7. 8. he
Found .92 8.11 9.23 1.18
2571 Guaranteed ——— 10. ll.
Found —--— 11.08 12.29 1.76

710

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

THe American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Read’s Practical Potato

Read’s Standard Super

Read’s Truck Fertilizer

Standard ‘“ A ” Fertilizer

Locality where

Brand or trade name. garaplelwas taken

Windsor
Special

Windsor
Phosphate

Read’s 10 and 8 Windsor

Lynbrook
Read’s Vegetable and Vine] Lynbrook
Fertilizer
Read’s Veribest East Homer

Reese’s Challenge Crop} Kirkwood
Grower
Reese’s Crown Phosphate} West Stockholm
and Potash
Reese’s Elm Phosphate West Stockholm
Reese’s High Grade Pot-| Skaneateles
ash Mixture
Reese’s Mayflower Kirkwood
Reese’s Pilgrim Fertilizer | West Stockholm
Reese’s Potato Manure Kirkwood
Reese’s Special Alkaline} West Stockholm
Phosphate
16% Acid Phosphate Riverhead
Special Potash Mixture So. Alabama

Sharon Springs

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. tel

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1N 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2175 Guaranteed .82 4. 5: 8.
Found .89 5.02 6.48 8.62

2174 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found .85 7.98 8.93 4.88

2176 Guaranteed 10. ie 8.
Found ———— 9.97 10.82 8.30

1790 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9 Pe
Found 3.30 8.57 9.27 7.52

1791 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 33.
Found 2.30 8.45 9.54 6.04

3039 Guaranteed 1.65 10. 10 8.
Found 1.96 10.38 10.90 8.14

2807 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. we
Found 1.06 8.25 9.73 2.76

2914 | Guaranteed aosmae fea teres 8 2.
Found a iese 12.05 2.38
2915 | Guaranteed vane 14. 1s nanan
Found —— 13.78 15.49 —

2411 Guaranteed ——— 12. i183. 5.
Found a 11.66 12.04 May

2809 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. De
Found 1.84 8.58 9.67 4.38

2913 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found .90 (/ exe 9.15 4.10

2808 Guaranteed .82 9. 10. ofa
Found .98 9.29 9.99 6.80

2912 | Guaranteed ——. 10. Ue 2h
Found ae 10. 11.44 1.92
2336 Guaranteed ——— -———
Found —-— 16.14 16.80 a

2769 Guaranteed .82 9. 10. ae
Found 1.20 9.32 11.44 7.08

2750 | Guaranteed .82 te 8. A
Found .88 7.07 8.79 1.22

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agriculturai
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

| Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Brand or trade name.

Standard Ammoniated
Dissolved Bone

Standard “ B ” Fertilizer

Stardard Complete Ma-

nure

Standard Guano

Standard Phosphate and

Potash

Standard Special for Pota-

toes

Suffolk County Club’s

Cauliflower Fertilizer

Suffolk County Club’s

Fertilizer

Sulphate of Ammonia

Superior Alkaline Bone

10% Vegetable and Potato

Manure

Thomas Phosphate Pow-

der (Basic Slag)

Wheat & Corn Producer
Wheeler’s Corn Fertilizer

Wheeler’s Fruit and Grain

Grower
Wheeler’s High Grade
Phosphate and Potash

Wheeler’s Peerless Acid

Phosphate

Locality where
sample was taken.

Akron

Fonda

Orchard Park

Cornwallville

Cornwallville

Cornwallville

Mattituck

Mattituck

Oneida

Fancher

Kingston

Binghamton

Port Jervis

Sherburne

Delanson

Apulia

Delanson

Num-

New York AcricvutturaL EXxpeERIMENT STATION. 713
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
Number. a PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2774 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2)
Found - 1.87 8.69 10.93 2.38
2851 Guaranteed 82 8. 9. 4.
Found 97 9.37 9.93 6.58
2609 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. The
Found 3.21 8.67 10.69 6.72
2262 Guaranteed 17203 8. 9. 2.
Found 1.20 8.54 10.13 2.26
2260 | Guaranteed —— 10. 1a, 2.
Found —— 10.65 11.48 Qae
2261 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3).
Found 2.19 8.23 9.08 3.44
2662 Guaranteed 4.94 8. 9. 5).
Found Dis 8.44 9.61 4.88
2661 Guaranteed 4.11 8. 9. 8.
Found 4.14 8.42 10.10 8.32
2826 Guaranteed 20.16 — — sa
Found 20.69 se ———
2142 Guaranteed —- 10. We 5).
Found 9.45 11.39 5.18
2265 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10.
Found 1.67 8.04 9.68 10.84
3036 Guaranteed aa So 16. a
Found —- 16.73 ——
2711 Guaranteed 1.24 9. 11. 2.
Found 1.38 9.21 10.53 2.42
2534 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2
Found 1.81 8.37 9.77 1.98
2279 Guaranteed ~s 10. nate 8.
Found ~-— 10.30 10.93 8.22
2548 Guaranteed | aay 12. lz}, Di
Found —— 12).27 12.51 4.94
2723 | Guaranteed -—— 14. 15. ——--
Found —— 1bsoo 15.79 —

714

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Namp aND ADDRESS OF Manvu-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York
The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

Brand or trade name.

Wheeler’s Potato Manure

Wheeler’s
Grower

Royal Wheat

Wheeler’s Superior Truck

Wheeler’s Wheat and

Clover Fertilizer

Williams & Clark’s Acorn

Acid Phosphate

Williams & Clark’s Amer-

icus Fertilizer

Williams & Clark’s Amer-

icus High Grade Special
Fertilizer

Williams & Clark’s Amer-

icus Universal Fertil-
izer

Williams & Clark’s “B’”’

Fertilizer

Williams & Clark’s Dis-

solved Phosphate and
Potash

Williams & Clark’s Good

Grower Potato Phos-
phate

Williams & Clark’s Potato,

Hop and Tobacco Fer-
tilizer

Williams & Clark’s Potato

Phosphate

Williams & Clark’s Potato

Phosphate

Williams & Clark’s Prolific

Fertilizer

Locality where
sample was taken.

Freeport

Holcomb

Easthampton

Apulia

Altamont

White Plains

Kingston

Watervliet

Interlaken

Interlaken

Port Jervis

Oneida

Kingston

Watervliet

Altamont

Num-
ber.

3129

3043

3042

2713

3001

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 715

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
1799 | Guaranteed 2.06 8 9. -
Found 2.16 8.33 9.16 3.66
3183 Guaranteed .82 8. , ae
Found .94 8.30 10.57 2222
2670 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. ile
Found 33d. 8.48 9.21 7.30
2547 | Guaranteed —— 11. 11D 2):
Found i 10.95 11e32 2.34
Guaranteed — 14 15. —_
Found =a 14.62 15.03
Guaranteed DAT. 9. 10. 2.
Found 2.68 9.98 10.80 2.30
Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. Ts
Found 3.20 8.83 10.27 TAS
Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2.
Found 1.58 9.61 10.35 2.34
Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found ie 8.76 9.52 4.10
Guaranteed —. 10. te 2.
Found a 10.07 11.33 2.18
Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found 115 8.31 8.87 4.36
Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3:
Found 1.85 8.23 9.48 3.38
Guaranteed 22470 6. rhe 6.
Found 22K 7.50 8.81 5.96
Guaranteed 2.47 6. Clee 6.
Found 2.59 7.04 7.76 7.20
Guaranteed .82 fe 8. ‘i
Found .95 taal 8.90 1.44

716

Report on [nspection Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-

FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural
Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

Brand or trade name.

Williams & Clark’s Royal

Phosphate

Zell’s Dissolved Phosphate

Zell’s Economizer Phos-

phate

Zell’s Electric Phosphate

Zell’s Fruit Tree Invig-

orator

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

Zell’s General Crop Fer-
tilizer

Zell’s High Grade Bone

and Potash

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

The American Agricultural

Chem. Co., New York

American Fertilizing
Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing
Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing
Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing
Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing
Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing
Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing
Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing
Baltimore, Md.

Co.,

Zell’s High Grade Wheat
and Corn Manure

Zall’s Special Potato and

Cabbage Manure

American Champion

Grain Grower

American Eagle Crop

Grower

.,| American Excelsior Guano

American Formula Wheat

and Corn

American Prize Truck

Guano

.,| American Pure Raw Bone

.,| American Standard Crop

Compound

.,|| Ammoniated Bone Com-

pound

Locality where
sample was taken.

Kingston

Binghamton

Binghamton

Esperance

Preble

Canandaigua

Moravia

Binghamton

Canandaigua

Moravia

Moravia

Caledonia

Arcade

South Dayton

South Dayton

Caledonia

Dansville

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

ELT.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen. -

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

8.

8.89
14.
14.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Total.

o
10.12

15.
15.53

oF
10.67

Lule
11.05

ii be
10.49

a:

9.08
13.
12.74

itike
12.60

10.
12.12

Se
11.38

Zz
10.73

he
10.38

Lid te
11.47

og:
9.48

22.50

21:78

Mil
11.13

go:
1B bei |

Potash.

| )s

Bore eee | (oe o| (nos | See ices |e Sao

for)
ee)

—

©
a

718 Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANu-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

American Fertilizing Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

American Fertilizing Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

Armour’ Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Works,
Works,
Works,
Works,
Wo,
Works,
Works,
Works,
Works,
Works,
Works,
Works,

Works,

Locality where

Brand or trade name. BOE el se

Dissolved Bone and Potash} Hamlin

Double Extra Bone and! Moravia

Potash

High Grade Acid Phos-| Batavia
phate

10% Tankage South Dayton

Armour’s All Soluble Fer-| Homer

tilizer

Armour’s Ammoniated| Eden Center

Bone with Potash

Armour’s Banner Brand} McDonough

Fertilizer

Armour’s Bean and Farm! Warsaw

Fertilizer

Armour’s Blood Rochester
Armour’s Blood Fertilizer | Wayland

Armour’s Bone, Blood and! Riverhead

Potash

Armour’s Bone Meal Fer-| Syracuse

tilizer

Armour’s Cauliflower, Cel-| Aquebogue

ery and Potato Mixture

Armour’s Crop Grower| Boonville

Fertilizer

Armour’s 5-35 Tankage Mumford

Armour’s Fruit and Root} McDonough

Crop Special Fertilizer

Armour’s Grain Grower; McDonough

Fertilizer

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

2980 Guaranteed
Found

2510 Guaranteed
Found

2472 Guaranteed
Found

2955 Guaranteed
Found

2401 Guaranteed
Found

2618 Guaranteed
Found

2184 Guaranteed
Found

2993 Guaranteed
Found

2780 Guaranteed
Found

3031 Guaranteed
Found

2302 Guaranteed
Found

2560 Guaranteed
Found

2349 Guaranteed
Found

2686 Guaranteed
Found

2762 Guaranteed
Found

2185 Guaranteed
Found

2183 Guaranteed

Found

719

Pounps 1n 100 Pounpbs oF FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
—— 10. Le 2: :
—— 10.33 11.838 2.28
—— WP}. SE Oe
Soe 12.18 13.64 5.38
—. 14. 15. a
——— 14.60 17.02 ~
9.23 ——— ——.
TAQ —- 9.37 ————
2.88 8. 4.
3.15 7.96 9.05 4.06
2.47 6. Pee
2.41 6.24 7.01 2.42
— 10. 8.
so 10.52 10.87 8.02
———— A — 4.
—— 8.59 8.78 3.94
9.90 ———— Ss ——
9.32 — —— ——
1133. Sse = ==
13.50 —— ——— ———
4.11 8. 7h
3.96 7.97 9.18 7.30
2.47 —— 22.50 —
2.49 24.31 =
4.94 8. oF
oneo 7.28 9.14 5.30
.82 8. PA.
87 8.31 8.94 2.14
4.11 a 16. el
4.08 —— 14.97 ———
1.65 8. D.
1.81 7.94 8.83 5.30
1.65 8. ——— 2.
1.73 8.04 9.33 2.52

720 Report on Inspection WorK OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Nasa sum Annatid‘oF MAGE)’ sjrendortratoname || online | (Naa

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s High Grade Po-| Homer 2402
Baltimore, Md. tato Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s High Grade Po-| Walden 2706
Baltimore, Md. tato Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,, Armour’s Manure Sub-| Middletown 2292
Baltimore, Md. stitute Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,|; Armour’s Manure Sub-| Sidney Center 3024
Baltimore, Md. stitute Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,|) Armour’s Phosphate and} Le Roy 2112
Baltimore, Md. Potash No. 1

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Potatoand Grain} Holley 2149
Baltimore, Md. Special Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Potato Special] Holley 2459
Baltimore, Md. Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Raw Bone Meal] Rochester 2646
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s 6 & 30 Tankage| Riverhead 2317
Baltimore, Md. Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Special Potato)! Hempstead 1797
Baltimore, Md. Grower

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Star Phosphate | Wards Island 2202
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer Works,| Armour’s Star Phosphate | Riverhead 2325
Baltimore, Md. Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,) Armour’s Trucker’s Spe-| Middletown 2293
Baltimore, Md. cial Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,); Armour’s Wheat andj Le Roy 2113
Baltimore, Md. Clover Fertilizer

Armour Fertilizer Works,) Armour’s Wheat, Corn} Newburgh 2714
Baltimore, Md. and Oat Special Fer-

tilizer
Armour Fertilizer Works,) Armour’s York State Spe-| Homer 2403

Baltimore, Md.

cial Fertilizer

New York Aericutrurat Experiment Station.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

72

\

1

Number.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed |

Found |

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed |
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen.

1.65
1.74

1.65
1.90

3.29
2.78

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

—

lonKor) “NICO | OS loner} lorzor} 00 00 | COCO
Le)
(or)

ioe)
Oo

%

Total.

9.19

9.36

7.22

6.99

10.78

8.95

6.69

22.
22.47

13.74
17.20

8.81

15.91

15.53

6.53

10.83

8.48

9.11

Potash.

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANUt-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Armour Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Works,

Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti-

more, Md.

Brand or trade name.

Blood

Dried Blood

Dried Blood

Fanning & Young’s Spe-

cial Potato Manure

Genuine German Kainit

Muriate of Potash

Muriate of Potash

Muriate of Potash

Muriate of Potash

Nitrate of Soda

Nitrate of Soda

Nitrate of Soda

Special Mixture

Sulphate of Potash

Sulphate of Potash

Sulphate of potash

Atlantic’s Arrow Brand

Special

Wards Island

Locality where
sample was taken.

Central Islip

Wards Island

Kings Park

Aquebogue

Granville

Wards Island

Central Islip

Kings Park

Riverhead

Central Islip

Kings Park

Wayland

Peconic

Amenia

Hornell

Durhamville

Num-
ber.

New York AGricutturaL Experiment Station. (23
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FErRTILizER.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2220 | Guaranteed 1342 a —— —————
Found 14.19 —_ — a
1800 Guaranteed 9.86 ——— -- ———
Found 10.42 ———— ss —
2225 Guaranteed 9.84 — a ——
Found 10.18 ———— a
2375 | Guaranteed 3.29 fhe oF
Found 3.66 7.02 9.17 4.92
2883 | Guaranteed —. —— 1D:
Found — — 13.38
2203 Guaranteed — —_— — 48.
Found 53:12
2221 Guaranteed — ——— — 48.
Found 49 .92
2223 Guaranteed — ——— — 48.
Found Daeoe
2326 Guaranteed —— —— — 48.
Found — on se 45.32
2201 Guaranteed 14.81 — ——— —_—
Found srl wa ——— —_——
2222 Guaranteed 15). —— _— Se
Found 15.64 —— ~ a
2224 Guaranteed 14.81 ——- a a
Found 15.64 se —— ——
3032 Guaranteed —— ——
Found 3.47 —— 15.35 2
2390 | Guaranteed —. —— —— 48.
Found ——. — oe 49.04
2894 Guaranteed — —— ——. 48.
Found ———— ——. — 49.60
3025 Guaranteed 50.
Found —= Saad Se 50.
3003 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4,
Found 85 8.01 8.63 4.24

~I
bo
Ho

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND AppREss oF Manv-
_FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti-|
more, Md.

Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Atlantic’s Big Four Blood,
Atlantice’s Crop Producer
Atlantic’s Farmer’s Alka-

Atlantie’s G. G. G. Golden

Baltimore Pulverizing Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-

more, Md.

The Berg Co., Philadelphia,
Pa:

Special 7% Potato Guano

Baugh’s Complete Ani-

Baugh’s High Grade Acid

Baugh’s Raw Bone Meal

12 & 5 Phosphate and

Berg’s High Grade Potato

oe Berg Co., Philadelphia,
a.

Berg’s High Grade Truck

Brand or trade name.

Bone, Fish and Potash

line Mixture

Grain Grower

Atlantie’s XX Special
Compound for Potatoes

Baugh’s Commercial Su-

per-Phosphate for Gen-
eral Use

mal Base Fertilizer

Phosphate

Baugh’s Phosphate and

Potash

Muriate of Potash

Tankage

Potash

Manure

Guano

Locality where
sample was taken.

Durhamville

Elmi

Elmira

Elmira

Durhamville

Elmira

Moravia

Moravia

Potsdam

Moravia

Arkport

| Potsdam

Arkport

Moravia

Ossining

Ossining

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

725

Number.

SS ee ee ee ee

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed’
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen.

2.47
1.96

41
.87

1.65
1.56

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

6.
6.80

8.44

Potash.
Total.
(& 6.
foe 6.64
b. Zi.
9.09 2.34
hb. 2)
10.16 1.94
10. 4,
9.33 4.12
9. 10.
9.35 9.94
——— 5.
Goad 4.40
—. 10.
8.96 10.24
5.
9.51 5.58
16.10 ——
8.
11.92 8.10
21.50 ===
21.70 —=
-= 5 48.
— 51.16
5.
13.34 5.24
10.
11.95 4.97
——— 6.
9.63 5.44

726

Rerort on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-

FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Berg Co., Philadelphia,

Pa.

The Berg Co., Philadelphia,

Pa.

Berkshire

Fertilizer

Bridgeport, Conn.

Berkshire

Fertilizer

Bridgeport, Conn.

Berkshire

Fertilizer

Bridgeport, Conn.

Bonora Chemical
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
SVork.wiNe Ye

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
SViorkwNe Ye

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
Work. Nu.

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
MOrK, ONE Ye

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

New

New

New

New

New

New

New

New

New

New

New

New

Berg’s Raw Bone Fine

Brand or trade name.

—

Berg’s 8S. B. M. Standard

Bone Manure

Berkshire Ammoniated
Bone Phosphate

Berkshire Complete Fer-

tilizer

Berkshire Long Island
Special

Bonora

Bowker’s Ammoniated

Dissolved Bone

Bowker’s Ammoniated
Food for Flowers

Bowker’s Best Grain Fer-

tilizer

Bowker’s Blood, Bone and

Potash

Bowker’s Corn and Grain

Fertilizer

Bowker’s Corn and Grain
t

Grower

Bowker’s Corn and Wheat

Guano

Bowker’s Dissolved Phos-

phate

Bowker’s Dissolved Phos-

phate

Bowker’s Early Potato

Manure

Bowker’s Empire State

Phosphate and Potash

Locality where
sample was taken.

Ossining

Ossining

East Schodack

Jamesport

Orient

New York

North Collins

Syracuse

Schuylerville

Riverhead

Mattituck

Windsor

Gasport

Windsor

Windsor

Hicksville

Windsor

New York AGricutturaAL ExprerRIMENT STATION. TIT

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

3118 Guaranteed 3 —— 20 —_—_
Found 3.78 oo 22.48 —_—_—

; 3117 Guaranteed 33. 8. 6.
Found 2u52 8.88 11.02 5.96

' 2722 Guaranteed 8 8. 9. We
Found 1.45 8.34 8.84 2.88

2 2356 | Guaranteed 225 8. 9. 6.
Found 2.70 7.43 8.75 6.62

2656 | Guaranteed p thtgg 6. 8. re
Found 3.30 6.41 6.72 8.68

3062 | Guaranteed 15: or 2).
Found 15.54 LEY 5:53 3.80

2632 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. Pale
Found 1.61 8.64 10.85 1.96

2522 | Guaranteed 2.47 6. ee
Found 2.61 7.19 9.14 3}

2869 Guaranteed 125 10. Hil. 6.
Found 1.29 9.99 11.44 6.20

2347 | Guaranteed 4.11 Che 8. ihe
Found 4.23 7.07 8.72 7.14

2355 Guaranteed Mea 8. 9. 4.
Found 2.74 7.93 9.42 4.38

2172 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found 98 7.60 9.44 4.26

2496 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 4.
Found 1.80 8.26 10.35 33.10
2181 Guaranteed — 11 12. ———
Found ——. 13.64 lve! a
3047 | Guaranteed a 11 122 aes
Found ——. 14.24 15.09 a

1783 | Guaranteed 3.29 itt: 8. Che
Found 3.42 7.07 8.92 Ueare

2182 | Guaranteed 8. 9. oF:
Found ——. 7.95 10.30 8.62

728

Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
Work, N.Y?

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
York NY:

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
York, No Y:

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
BVIOEK WN iteXs.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
Work, N.Y.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
Work eNepye

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
York, Nove

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
Work, Nive

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
SOK UNA

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
Work; Nays

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
Mork Not Ye

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New
ork, ANY.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New

York, N.Y:

Brand or trade name.

Bowker’s Empire State
Phosphate and Potash

Bowker’s Farm and Gar-
den Phosphate

Bowker’s Fresh Ground
Bone

Bowker’s Golden Harvest

Fertilizer

Bowker’s Hill and Drill
Phosphate

Bowker’s Hop and Potato

Phosphate with Extra
Potash

Bowker’s Lawn and Gar-
den Dressing

Bowker’s Market Garden
Fertilizer

Bowker’s Potash Fertilizer
Bowker’s Potash or Staple
Phosphate

Bowker’s Potato and Vege-
table Fertilizer

Bowker’s Six Per Cent
Potato Fertilizer

Bowker’s Soluble Phos-
phate
Bowker’s Special Crop
Grower

Bowker’s Super Phosphate
with Potash for Grass
and Grain

Bowker’s Sure Crop Phos-
phate

Locality where
sample was taken.

Windsor

Huntington

Huntington

Groton

Syracuse

Cherry Valley

Binghamton

Hicksville

Delhi

Ogdensburg

Schuylerville

Windsor

Troquois

Batavia

Greenwich

Syracuse

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

129

Number.

3046
2207
2206
2505
2434

2741

2539
1781
2596
2908
2868
2179
2633
2478

2867

2436

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

| Guaranteed
| Found

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

ie) Qo
oo ow

bo
_

or
iw)

Bm | Do | 090 | CoG] Ba] orm | we
ioe) to
bo oO

oy
w
nse

co 00
ee)
Wo)

—
=

Total.

oe
9.76
9.
9.22

22.88

24.03

13.
13.01

10.
9.67

og:
9.01

ioe)
©

>
vo}

“I oO oo an NN 00 00
for) bo
Qo (eX)

7.65

Potash.

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND AppRESsS OF MANv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Bowker Fertilizer
Yorks Nay

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
York. Ne Ye

Bowker Fertilizer
ork,0N. Y<

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y

Bowker Fertilizer
Moriss INI YG

Bowker Fertilizer
Work. Nipy

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
York, N. Y.

Bowker Fertilizer
Works Ne hy.

Bradley and Green Fertilizer
Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,

Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,

Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,

Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,

Buffalo, N. Y.

Co., New

|
Co., New
Co., New
Co., New
Co., New
Co., New
Co., New
Co., New
Co., New
Co., New

Brand or trade name.

Bowker’s Ten and Eight
Bowker’s Ten Per Cent
Manure

Genuine German Kainit
Muriate of Potash
Nitrate of Soda

Nitrate of Soda

Stockbridge Special Com-
plete Manure for Corn
and All Grain Crops

Stockbridge Special Com-
plete Manure for Pota-
toes and Vegetables (1)

Stockbridge Special Com-
plete Manure for Seed-
ing Down, Permanent
Dressing and Legumes 4

Stockbridge Special Com-
plete Manure for Top
Dressing and for Forc-
ing (3)

Market Garden
Animal Tankage
Bone Meal
Buffalo 5-8-7

Buffalo 5-7-10

Locality where
sample was taken.

Windsor

Windsor

North Collins

Schuylerville

Mattituck

Troquois

Batavia

Windsor

Centervillage

Syracuse

Mineola

Buffalo

Hamburg

. Riverhead

South Lima

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. (Gil

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2173 Guaranteed ———. 10 ipl 8
Found 9.74 11.38 8.68

2180 |, Guaranteed 82 5 6. 10
Found 1.08 5.18 6.15 9.96

2643 | Guaranteed —_—— ——— 12.
Found vse ——— ——— 11.87

2871 Guaranteed ——- — ——- 49.
Found —— — —— 50.42
2353 Guaranteed 15: — —_—— a
Found 15.34 aa ae a
2634 | Guaranteed 15 — ——- a
Found 15.10 a

2479 | Guaranteed 3.29 10. 11. Ue
Found 3.44 9.88 11.44 7.06

2178 | Guaranteed 3.29 6. ((e 10.
Found 3.26 6.15 8.08 9.72

2588 | Guaranteed 2.47 6. 9. 10.
Found 2.61 6.13 7.26 10.68

2435 | Guaranteed 4.94 4. 6. 6.
Found 4.13 4.57 6.17 6.46

2233 | Guaranteed 3.20 8 ——- 6
Found 3.28 8.06 8.93 5.76
3179 | Guaranteed 6.1 a a a
Found 6.58 —— a
2622 | Guaranteed 2.9 se 22 ee
Found Dail —- 21.30 wo

2378 | Guaranteed 4.10 8. 9. es
Found 4.04 7.80 9.08 7.40

3170 | Guaranteed 4.11 The 8. 10.
Found 3.80 8.09 8.71 10.34

732

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANv-

FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Fertilizer

Fertilizer

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Fertilizer
Fertilizer
Fertilizer

Fertilizer

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buftalo

Buffalo, N.

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N.

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N. Y

The Buffalo

Buffalo, N.

Fertilizer

Fertilizer

Co.,

Fertilizer
Ve

Fertilizer
Fertilizer
Fertilizer
Fertilizer
Fertilizer
nye:

Fertilizer
Fertilizer

Fertilizer
ye

Co.,

Brand or trade name.

.,| Celery and Potato Special

.,| Celery and Potato Special

Dissolved Phosphate
Dissolved Phosphate
Dried Blood
Dried Blood

Extra Phosphate
Potash

Extra Phosphate
Potash

and

and

Farmers Choice

Fish Guano

Fish Tankage

Floats

Garbage Tankage

Garden Truck

Garden Truck

General Crop

General Favorite

Locality where
sample was taken.

Fancher

Boonville

South Byron

Collins

South Byron

Collins

Newfane

Silver Creek

Owego

Fancher

Fairport

Brocton

Oakfield

Batavia

Silver Creek

Norwich

Savannah

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

133

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Nitrogen.
Available. Total.
1.6 8. 9.
1.82 8.67 9.31
1.6 8. 9.
1.85 8.99 9.54
wae 14. 1,
_ 13.56 14.63
—— 14. 15,
13.20 14.67
9.84 se ——=
10.40 = Ss
9.84 —- —-
10.50
_———— 10. late
— 9.87 ilgbaals}
—- 10. ANE
= 10.13 143 a 155
8 8. 9.
1.30 8.46 10.39
8 9. 10.
.90 8.58 10.64
6.5 ——_ 8
7.59 — 2.40
—_ a 25.
———— ~-- 28.21
2.25 = 4.
2.61 —= 3.94
oo 8. Os
3.36 1.02 9.23
3:3 8. 9.
3.59 7.47 9.05
a 9. 10.
9.09 10.50
1.2 8. 9.
1.66 8.47 10.65

Potash.

AEE

—e
(0/2)

tow | or] 100 | Goo
~]
TS

Mme

(34 Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MaANv-
| FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Butts, J. P., Oneonta, N. Y.

Butts, J. P., Oneonta, N. Y.

Butts, J. P., Oneonta, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

High Grade Manure

Ideal Wheat and Corn

Ideal Wheat and Corn

Kainit

Muriate of Potash

Muriate of Potash

Muriate of Potash

Muriate of Potash

Nitrate of Soda

Phosphate and Potash

Pure Raw Bone

Sulphate of Potash

Tankage

Vegetable and Potato

High Grade Hop Fertilizer

Hustler

Potato Manure No. 1

Locality where
sample was taken.

Lockport

Fancher

Boonville

Brocton

Troquois

Rochester

Collins

Ogdensburg

Riverhead

Moravia

Elmira

Buffalo

Brocton

Owego

Oneonta

Oneonta

Oneonta

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

73

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FprrTiLizur.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
3.0 id 8. 10.
4.30 od 8.99 12.44
16 9. 10. 5:
2.04 10.29 11.36 6.10
1.6 9. 10. 5.
1.65 10.04 10.58 5.58
—-— ——- —- 1174.
-a- —_—— —— 16.24
a ——- —- 48.
——— —-— —. 49 .82
See eee eee ee ey
oo _ —. 50.68
sree. eee fe —_— 48.
—— _ —- 52.32
—---- —- ————— 48.
50.66
oe ———$—— Sa SSSSs.
foeeo el =SSSs
——— 12. i834 De
——_— iO er/7/ 13.02 5.08
3.3 a 23. ———
2.85 —-— 23.98
Oka, oS 48.
— —_—— 50.76
6.15 === SSS
6.26 ——— PAP: _
2.4 8. 9. Ue
2.40 8. 8.97 7.62
3.29 The 8. 10.
3.24 7.22 8.83 10.76
.82 8. 9. 4,
.98 8.37 9.78 4.22
2.47 8. 9. ihe
2.59 8.14 9.45 7.42

Reprorr on [Inspection WorxK OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAMB AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Butts, J. P., Oneonta, N. Y.

Carpenter Sanitary Render-
ing Works, Elmira, N. Y.

Case & Co., A. H., East Buf-|

falo, N.-Y.
Case & Co., A. H., Hast Buf-
falo, N. Y.

Case & Co., A. H., East Buf-
falo, N. Y.

The E. D. Chittenden
Bridgeport, Conn.

The E. D. Chittenden Co.,
Bridgeport, Conn.

Co.,

The E. D. Chittenden Co.,

Bridgeport, Conn.

The E. D. Chittenden Co.,

Bridgeport, Conn.

The E. D. Chittenden Co.,

Bridgeport, Conn.
Clark & Son, O. W., Buffalo,
No Ye

Clark & Son, O. W., Buffalo,
NY

The Clark-Baylis Co., Mil-
ford, Conn.

The Clark-Baylis Co., Mil-
ford, Conn.

Clay & Son, Stratford, Lon-
don, Eng.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

Standard No. 1

Tankage

Case’s Complete Fertilizer

No. 1 with Manure Fil-
ler

Excelsior Brand Pulver-

ized Pig Manure

Excelsior Brand Pulver-

ized Sheep Manure

Chittenden’s Potato and

Cauliflower

Chittenden’s Potato and

Cauliflower

Chittenden’s Potato and

Grain

Chittenden’s Potato

Special
Nitrate of Soda

Clark’s Velvet Lawn Fer-

tilizer

Plant Food

Corn & Cabbage Special

Manure

Special High Grade with

10% Potash

Clay’s Fertilizer

E. Frank Coe’s Celebrated

Special Potato Fertilizer

Locality where
sample was taken.

Oneonta

Elmira

Basom

Basom

Basom

Mattituck

Whitestone

Floral Park

East Williston

East Williston

Buffalo

Buffalo

Floral Park

Floral Park

Rochester

Wright

Num-
ber.

New York AaricutturaL ExpPrriMent Station. 737
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2839 Guaranteed 1.23 8. 9. 2.50
Found 1 3a5) 8.40 10.01 3.20
3020 Guaranteed 6.57 —— 6.93 a
Found 6.23 so 9.61 a

2768 | Guaranteed 1.64 8. .
Found 1.78 8.27 9.34 4.18

2766 | Guaranteed 1 il. --—— i
Found 1.63 Ted 1.89 7.12

2767 | Guaranteed ile 87 il
Found 1.78 91 1.04 7.18

2318 | Guaranteed 3.3 8. 10. 3
Found 3.09 8.74 8.95 4.90

3070 Guaranteed 33) 8. 10. Is.
Found Shi 8.75 8.93 5.40

1798 Guaranteed 3.30 8. 10. 6.
Found 3.13 e2e 8.26 6.46

1774 Guaranteed 3.30 8. 10. ie
Found 33.8 8.14 9.34 6.86
iV egs) Guaranteed a so soa
Found 14.87 a ———— ——.

2757 ~+| Guaranteed Phe Be on
Found 3.08 7.96 9.10 4.20

2756 | Guaranteed 3.50 he ae 6.
Found 3.92 We 9.57 6.98

2235 Guaranteed 4.93 6. 6.
Found 4.74 6.34 8.18 6.82

2234 Guaranteed 3.29 6. 10.
Found 3.50 6.35 8.23 10.28
2647 Guaranteed 4, els 7.20 .10
Found 4.48 2A 8.88 24

2606 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 4.
Found THA 8.06 9.73 4.04

O4

738

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York Now.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Work. N. Y-

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Work. Ne a.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Yorke N: Y-

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
YorleeNeey.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Work, N.Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

E. Frank Coe’s Columbian

Corn & Potato Fertilizer

E. Frank Coe’s Double

Strength Potato Ma-
nure

E. Frank Coe’s Econom-

ical Potato Manure

E. Frank Coe’s Empire

State Brand

E. Frank Coe’s Excelsior

Potato Fertilizer

E. Frank Coe’s Extra
Special Potato Fertilizer
and Fruit Grower

E. Frank Coe’s Famous

Prize Brand Grain and
Grass Fertilizer

E. Frank Coe’s Goiden

Harvest Fertilizer

E. Frank Coe’s Grain and

Vegetable Grower

E. Frank Coe’s High
Grade Dissolved Phos-
phate and Potash

E. Frank Coe’s High
Grade Soluble Phos-
phate

EK. Frank Coe’s High
Grade Soluble Phos-
phate

EK. Frank Coe’s New Eng-

lander Corn & Potato
Fertilizer

E. Frank Coe’s Onondaga

Special Fertilizer for All
Crops

Locality where

sample was taken.

Perry

Cortland

Cherry Valley

Savannah

West Oneonta

Cortland

Hayts Corners

Cortland

Ithaca

Perry

West Coxsackie

Bedford Hills

Amsterdam

Ithaca

Num-
ber.

3171

2156

2749

2970

2842

2157

2581

3103

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

3171

2156

2749
2970
2842

2157
2581

2155
2567

2102
2252
3103
2854

2568

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed

New Yorx AgaricutturaL Experiment Srarion. 73
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
223 8.50 9.50 2.50
1.38 9.55 10.94 2.78
3) th) ihe 8.50 10.
Bie le 7.56 8.54 10.54
.80 4, ‘aye 8.
.93 4.28 5.69 8.30
1.23 9. 10. 6.
Isat} 9.48 tt 14 6.30
2.47 (he 8. 8.
2.62 7.86 9.13 8.24
1.65 8. 9. 10.
1.70 8.82 10.12 9.86
——— 10. ILE 2.
——— 10.38 11.24 2.20
—— 10. 1k 8.
—<———= 10.29 10.98 7.94
.80 8. 9. ‘fe
.96 8.11 9.32 7.46
SS 8. 9. oe
>= 8.29 §.93 5.44
> 14. ibys ——
SS 14.60 15.78 ——
= 14. 15. —_
= 14.24 15.79 —
.80 7.50 8.50 oP
1.00 7.93 10.75 3.34
.80 de 8. le
.88 7.28 8.75 1.20

Found

740 Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER Ok JOBBER.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Works Ne oY.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
orkyNee.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Yorke IN 7:

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York Nelly:

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Works Neays

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Work, IN-WY.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Works Ne ye

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York; N.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York N.Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
onkegNeny.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New

York, N. Y.

Locality where

Brand or trade name. sample ‘was taken.

E. Frank Coe’s Red Brand! Cortland
Excelsior Guano for
Market Gardening

E. Frank Coe’s Special] Elba

2-9-5 for Wheat, Corn
and Cereals

E. Frank Coe’s 12-5 Dis-| Hayts Corners

solved Phosphate and
Potash

EK. Frank Coe’s 12 Per| Cherry Valley

Cent Superphosphate

E. Frank Coe’s Western} Churchville

New Yorker

KR. Frank Coe’s XXV} Wright

Ammoniated Bone
Phosphate

E. Frank Coe’s XXV| Arcade

Ammoniated Bone
Phosphate

E. Frank Coe’s XXX Fine] Maryland

Ground Bone

E. Frank Coe’s XXX Fine} Bedford Hills

Ground Bone

Bedford Farmers Corn and| Bedford Hills

Grain Fertilizer

Bedford Farmers Potato} Bedford Hills

and Garden Fertilizer

Bedford Farmers Potato} Bedford Hills

and Garden Fertilizer

Muriate of Potash Bedford Hills

Nitrate of Soda West Coxsackie
Nitrate of Soda Bedford Hills

New York AGRriIcutturAL EXprrRIMEentT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

2153
2772
2579

2748
2484

2605
3156

2836
3102
2897
2898
3068
2900
2253

2899

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

741

Pounpbs in 100 Pounps or FERTILIzER.

Nitrogen.

of, OTe wow bo bo bo bo
aS
(=>)

(ae)
NSS

|

—
or

Hil

15.28

fost
on

15.44

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

8
8.28
9
9.25
12
12.52
12
13.65
8
8.10
8.50
8.40
8.50
10.72
8
8.43
10
8.72
10
9.51

Total.

12.95

Potash.

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
ork Ne ye

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, Ni Y-

Columbia Guano Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Columbia Guano Co., Balti-
more, Md.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Work. IN» Ye

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, NJ Y-

Brand or trade name.

Thomas Phosphate Pow-

der (Basic Slag Phos-
phate)

Thomas Phosphate Pow-

der

Thomas Phosphate Pow-

der (Basie Slag Phos-
phate)

Columbia Double Ten

Potash Mixture

Columbia Fish Phosphate

and Potash

Columbia 14% Acid Phos-

phate

Columbia Grain Special

Fertilizer

Columbia High Grade

Acid Phosphate

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Niorkeg Nye

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Yorks Ny Y:

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York; N.Y

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
Wionke Nea.

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Columbia Manure Sub-

stitute

Columbia Premium Phos-

phate and Potash

Columbia Soluble Guano

Columbia Special Potato

Formula

Columbia Special Potato

Guano

Columbia Wheat, Corn &

Grass Special Fertilizer

Genuine German Kainit

The Coe-Mortimer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Nitrate of Soda

Locality where
sample was taken.

Wright

North Collins

Bedford Hills

Melrose
Berkshire
Melrose
Boonville
Broadalbin
Melrose
Cortland
Boonville
Cortana
Boonville
Melrose
Canastota

Cortland

* No official method for the determining of available P.O, in this sample.

Num-
ber.

New York AGRIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 143
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or Fertiuizer.
Ronen! PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2603 Guaranteed ——_ 55, W/o ——
Found ——— 2 We15 aa
2642 Guaranteed —— 15. iff ——.
Found a - 18.56 ———
3101 Guaranteed a 15. tof wa
Found — “ 18.34 ee

2888 | Guaranteed - 10. 10.50 10.
Found oo 9.69 10.22 10.70

3009 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 oF
Found 1.63 8.57 9.53 3.10
2890 Guaranteed a 14. 14.50 —
Found aa 13.95 14.78 a

2692 Guaranteed .82 8. 8.50 2
Found 1.12 8.22 9.02 2EAZ
3131 Guaranteed —— 16. 16.50 —
Found ae 16.23 16.43 a

2889 Guaranteed 1.02 8. 8.50 2s
Found 123} 8.26 8.93 2.76

2168 Guaranteed a 10. 10.50 8.
Found 9.77 10.29 8.38

2694 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 2
Found 1.74 8.16 9.13 2.38

2167 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 10.
Found 1.84 7.56 8.64 1122

2691 Guaranteed G5 ON 5.50 10.
Found 1.78 5.47 5.98 10.54

2891 Guaranteed .82 8. 8.50 1.
Found .88 7.98 8.43 1.44

3005 Guaranteed -_——-—— — — 12.
Found — —_——— —_—— 13/28
2166 | Guaranteed 15. ec Bett | arn ay aie:
Found 15.14 — — | —-

Report on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name anp AppreEss oF MANvu-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Brand or trade name.

Locality where
sample was taken.

Riverhead

Cutchogue

tiverhead

Northport

Riverhead

New Rochelle

Southold

Cooper’s. Fertilizer, Peter,| live-Hight-Seven
New York, N. Y.
Cooper’s Fertilizer, Peter,! Five-Ten-Five
New York, N. Y.
Cooper’s. Fertilizer, Peter,) Four-Kight-Seven
New York, N. Y.
Cooper’s. Fertilizer, Peter,| Four-HKight-Seven
New York, N. Y.
Cooper’s' Fertilizer, LPecter,| Kainit
New York, N. Y.
Cooper’s Fertilizer, Peter,| Peter Cooper’s Corn and
New York, N. Y. Wheat Special
ee |
Cooper’s Fertilizer, Peter,| Peter Cooper's Ground,
New York, N. Y. Bone |
Cooper’s Vertilizer, Peter,| Peter Cooper’s Pure Bone!
New York, N. Y. Dust
Cooper’s IT rtilizer, Peter,| Six-Hight-Five

New York, N. Y.

Daniels, Pred, Johnsonburg,
Nec

Davidge, William M., Brook-
lyn, N. Y.

Davidge, William M., Brook-
lyn, N. Y.

Fanning, Wm. R.,
head, N. Y.

River-
The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

Daniels Commonsense

Grain and Grass Grower

Davidge’s Concentrated

Manure

Davidge’s Special Phos-

phorus

Mixed Fertilizer

Acid Phosphate

Acid Phosphate

Acid Phosphate

Acid Phosphate

Jamaica

Cutchogue

Johnsonburg

Mineola

Rye

Riverhead

Central Islip

Kings Park

Riverhead

Rochester

Num-
ber.

2779

New York Agcricutrturat Exprrmment Sration,. 745
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or Frrti.izer.
Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2360 Guaranteed 4.11 8. 9. te
Found 5) 6.29 9.04 7.16
2393 Guaranteed 4.11 10. i a
Found Ali 9.84 11.13 5.04
2361 Guaranteed Sa20 8. 9. A
Found 2.93 6.97 9.59 6.98
3067 Guaranteed 3.25 8. 9. Zh
Found 4.43 1s 12.94 6.22
2359 Guaranteed —— —. ———
Found = 13.56
3109 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2A
Found 1.50 7.89 9.72 1.96
2664 Guaranteed 1.26 ——— 20.61 ——
Found 12¢ —— 22.83 ——
2212 Guaranteed 2.05 sa 22.90 ———
Found PETES - 23.68 ——
2392 Guaranteed 4.94 8. 9. ae
Found 4.86 7.56 9.48 4.94
3158 Guaranteed — 14. 1S) ——
Found 16.77 16.93 =
2231 Guaranteed 20 —
Found 2.44 — 1.99 .68
3108 Guaranteed —— , ——
Found .59 a 13.83 —
2335 Guaranteed
Found 4.38 7.98 9,25 8.12
2219 Guaranteed — 14. —
Found oe 14.74 15.34 ——
2226 Guaranteed Sn 14. ——
Found — 15.44 16.18 ——
2332 Guaranteed —— 14. ———
Found ~— 16.25 16.96 ——
2779 Guaranteed na 14. ee
Found a 14.12 15.58 ———

746 Report on Inspection Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

The Fertilizer Material Sup-
ply Co., New York, N. Y.

Flower City Plant Food Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.

Francis, Camerden Co., Quo-
gue, N. Y

Giddings, Burt L., Baldwins-
ville, N. Y.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md. :

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Brand or trade name.

Acid Phosphate

Animal Tankage

Fish Scrap

Muriate of Potash

Nitrate of Soda

Nitrate of Soda

Nitrate of Soda

No. 1 Potato and General

Truck Fertilizer

Tankage

Walker’s Excelsior Plant

Food
Humus Leaf Mold

Burts’ Banner

Dried Blood

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Far-

mers Potato Manure

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Fish

Bone and Potash

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Gilt

Edge Crop Guano

Locality where
sample was taken.

Ogdensburg

Riverhead

Riverhead

Riverhead

Riverhead

Riverhead

Collins

Jamaica

Riverhead

Rochester

Quogue

Baldwinsville

Victor

Venice Center

Victor

Stanley

Num-
ber.

Number.

2904
2340
2334
2331
2330
2337
2951
2216
2333
2761
3066
2557
2785
2816
2783

2796

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed

New York AaricutturaL ExpertMEent Station. 747
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total. :
—- 14, oS
—- 14.51 14.67 a
6.58 ——_ 11.44 ——_—
6.92 —_ 9.38 —
8.57 4.45 5.90 ——-
8.36 9d —
—— ——— — 50.
—- = 51.18
oy ———— SSS —===
15.65 = SSS ——=
15 — —— ——
15.36 ——— ——== od
15. —_— ——== — ==
15.65 ——- ——- ——
Seok 8. ie
4.44 8.64 10.42 8.16
6.58 SSS 11.44 —
7.39 == 10.35 _—_——
10. Pres jib
8.47 10.17 10.19 13.01
82 — .10 .05
1.08 ———= .06 .00
.80 8 4.
1.29 9.15 10.89 4.88
11.76 ———— ———
.85 8. 9. 9.
.98 7.76 9.94 8.58
1.50 iG 8. on
1.26 7.58 9.09 3.04
eGo 8. 9. 10.
17 (eile 9.85 8.47

Found

748

Rerorr on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANt-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Griffith & Boyd Co., Balti-
more, Md.

Guile, Charles, Fulton, N. Y.

Hammond’s Slug Shot Works.
Fishkill Landing, N. Y.

Health Chemical Co., Yonk-
INI Oe

Health Chemical Co., Yonk-
ers, N. Y.

Health Chemical Co., Yonk-
ers, N. Y.

Henderson & Co., Peter, New
York, Now:

Henderson & Co., Peter, New
York Ne Ye

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s
Griffith & Boyd Co.’s 10

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Vege-

Henderson & Co., Peter, New
Work Ne Xs.

Brand or trade name.

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s High

Grade Acid Phosphate

Grifith & Boyd Co.’s

Royal Potash Guano

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s

Special Grain Grower

Special Guano

and 8

table and Tobacco
Grower

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s Vege-

table Bone

Griffith & Boyd Co.’s XX

Potash Manure

Muriate of Potash

Wool Waste Fertilizer

Hammond’s Sward Food

Bone Meal

Victor Brand

Westchester Brand

Henderson’s Blood and
Bone Fertilizer

Henderson’s Cabbage and

Cauliflower Fertilizer

Henderson’s Corn Fer-

tilizer

Locality where

sample was taken.

Victor

Locke

Locke

Victor

Victor

Stanley

Moravia

Moravia

Victor

Albion

Fishkill Landing

Yonkers

Yonkers

Yonkers

New York

New York

New York

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. T49

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FErRTILizEr.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Number. 7
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2787 Guaranteed ——_ 14. 16. ee
Found —— 14.55 16.08
2850 Guaranteed .85 8. 9. 4.
Found 1.07 8.23 10.33 4.28
2849 Guaranteed —— 10 ial. Wee
| Found —— 9.54 2 Qn22
2782 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. oF
Found 1.70 7.86 8.84 i By
2784 | Guaranteed — 10. ify 8.
Found ~ 10.07 12" GeAZ
2793 Guaranteed 1.65 6. de 10.
Found 2.14 6.64 8.80 10.98
2814 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9.
Found 2.93 Ceol 9.05 6.64
2815 Guaranteed ——— 10. 1k. 5
Found — 10.68 ea AL 7/
2786 Guaranteed = eee — 50.
Found —— = —— 49.08
2463 Guaranteed S705) 7) 2.
Found . 1.20 222 soil 331,
3119 | Guaranteed 2.30 4.50 5.50 4.60
Found 2.38 oe ehh 4.21
Sul Guaranteed .90 10. ———
Found 12 15.46 Dome
SiS" Guaranteed a 4. De 4.
Found —— 9.72 16.58 9.72
3111 Guaranteed .80 6. Ue 6.
Found Vi2 6.78 11.18 4.98
3055 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 2.50
Found 2.59 8.71 9.83 2.78
3053 Guaranteed Amial es 8. ie
Found Fall 8.86 9.34 6.21
3056 | Guaranteed 2.47 10. We

5.
Found 2.68 10.06 11.04 5.88

Rerort on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Nases som Anos oF Mix] cand or ado mama | Tocliy where | | ame

Henderson & Co., Peter, New| Henderson’s Garden Fer-| New York 3058
York, N. Y. tilizer

Henderson & Co., Peter, New| Henderson’s Plant Food| New York 3060
Wonks: Nios Ys Tablets

Henderson & Co., Peter, New; Henderson’s Potato Fer-| New York 3057
York, N. Y. tilizer

Henderson & Co., Peter, New| Henderson’s Pure Bone New York 3054
York: NjYs

Henderson & Co., Peter, New| Henderson’s Universal Su-| New York 3052
Work, N= Y- perphosphate

Henderson & Co., Peter, New) The Henderson Lawn En-| New York 3059
‘York, Na Y! richer

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,] Ammoniated Superphos-| Glen Cove 1778
Philadelphia, Pa. phate

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Bean Fertilizer East Marion 2396
Philadelphia, Pa.

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Farmers’ Grain and | Jamestown 2959
Philadelphia, Pa. Clover Grower

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,)| High Grade Ground Bone} Southold 2663
Philadelphia, Pa. -

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Nitrate of Soda Riverhead 2343
Philadelphia, Pa.

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Potato and Truck Manure} Glen Cove 1777
Philadelphia, Pa.

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Special Cabbage Manure] Glen Head 1780
Philadelphia, Pa.

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M..| Special Compound Glen Cove 1776
Philadelphia, Pa.

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,} Special Corn Manure Jamestown 2960
Philadelphia, Pa.

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Special Fish and Potash} Glen Head 1779
Philadelphia, Pa. Manure

Hess & Bro., Inc., S. M.,| Special Potato Manure East Williston 1773

Philadelphia, Pa.

New York AGRIcuttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 751

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

3058 Guaranteed 4.12 7 oe
Found 4.17 Chars: 8.20 5.68

3060 Guaranteed ha A 4
Found 9.06 10.71 10.74 9.46

3057 Guaranteed 3.70 if 8. 8.
Found 4.08 7.78 8.50 8.36
3054 | Guaranteed 2.47 — 20. ———_
Found 3.74 — 26.25 —-

3052 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 4.
Found 2.80 9.04 10.11 4.20
3059 Guaranteed 2.47 3.50 200)
Found 2.42 4.95 5.70 2.98

1778 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 2
Found 2.02 8.51 9.66 2.96

2396 Guaranteed ——-- 10. Mt 8.
Found ——— 10.86 20 7.50

2959 Guaranteed — 10. ie 8.
Found ——. 9.90 11.61 7.68
2663 Guaranteed 3.29 ——— 20.59 a
Found 3.25 we 22D ———
2343 Guaranteed 1s —- — ———
Found 15.51 ee a ee

1777 Guaranteed QeAz 8. 9. 6.
Found 2.50 8.40 9.39 6.60

1780 | Guaranteed 3.29 6. (ie 4.
Found 3.24 6.97 7.93 4.34

1776 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found 1.61 8.14 9.25 4.56

2960 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 2.
Found 1h 8.21 10.15 2.30

1779 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 9. 3.
Found 2.18 8.33 9.25 3.66

1773 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. Che
" Found 3.53 8.38 9.22 CeLO

-T
Or
ho

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND AppREss OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Hubbard Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

The Hubbard Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore Md.

The Hubbard Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

The Hubbard Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

The Hubbard Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

The Hubbard Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

The Hubbard Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

International Seed Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.

International Seed Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.

International Seed Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.

International Seed Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.

The Jarecki Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, O.

The Jarecki Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, O.

The Jarecki Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, O.

The Jarecki Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, O.

The Jarecki Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, O.

The Jarecki Chemical Co.,

Sandusky, O.

Brand or trade name.

Hubbard’s Famous [XL

Hubbard’s 14% Phos-
phate
Hubbard’s Jewel Phos-
phate
Hubbard’s Oriental Phos-
phate
Hubbard’s 16% Phos-
phate

Hubbard’s Special Potato

Fertilizer

Hubbard’s 12-5 Alkaline

International A 1 Special

Manure

International Electric Fer-
tilizer

International Grain and
Grass Fertilizer

International Potato and
Truck Manure

Black Diamond Fish
Guano

Fish and Potash Garden
Fertilizer

Fish and Potash General
Grower

Fish and Potash Truck
Manure

Ground Bone

Humus Phosphate with

Potash

Locality where
sample was taken.

Windsor

Schenevus

Schenevus

Windsor

Schenevus

Windsor

Windsor

Chester

Le Roy

Le Roy

Le Roy

Medina

Albion

Attica

Gasport

Hamburg

Attica

Num-
ber.

New York Aaricutturat Exprerment Station.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

| |

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed

Found

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

8.
8.78

14.

16.46
8.
8.41
8.

10.09

16.
16.03

6.
6.61

12.11

—a

coco] NN | NICO] CCO|] CO] OO] No! No
—
ies)

Total.

Potash.

ied
sIwj Ww vo Me) He He On bo bo bo bo
bo
bo

754

Rerort on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name anp Appress or Manv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Jarecki Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, O.

The Jarecki Chemical Co.,
Sandusky, O.

Joynt, John; Lucknow, On-
tario.

Lalor, F. R., Dunnville, On-
tario.

Lindner, P. W. F., Lynbrook,
dipels

Lindner, P. W. F., Lynbrook,
donde

Lindner, P. W. F., Lynbrook,
lsaele

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.
Listers Agricultural Chemical

Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Brand or trade name.

Special Cabbage and
Onion Guano

Square Brand Phosphate

and Potash

Canada Unleached Hard-

wood Ashes, The Joynt
Brand

Maple Brand Unleached

H. W. Ashes

Lindner’s Complete Vege-
table & Vine Fertilizer

Lindner’s High Grade
Special Manure

Lindner’s Potato and
Truck Fertilizer

Lister’s Ammoniated Dis-

solved Bone Phosphate

Lister’s Atlas Brand Bone

and Potash
Lister’s Bone Meal

Lister’s Buyer’s Choice

Acid Phosphate

Lister’s Cauliflower and

Cabbage Fertilizer

Lister’s Cauliflower and
Cabbage Fertilizer

Lister’s Celebrated
Ground Bone and Tank-
age Acidulated

Lister’s Corn and Potato

Fertilizer

Lister’s Corn No. 2 Fertil-

izer

Locality where
sample was taken.

Gasport

Attica

Owego

Oneonta

Lynbrook

Lynbrook

Lynbrook

Greene

Holcomb

Skaneateles

Skaneateles

Otego

Sanborn

Bloomville

Marathon

Skaneateles

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 755
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILizER.
Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. ai
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2493 Guaranteed .83 10. 8.
Found .95 10.10 10.75 8.56
2471 Guaranteed ————— 10. 28
Found —_ 9.97 10.93 1.52
2501 | Guaranteed == ——— 18 baee
Found —— — eu 3.42
2840 Guaranteed SSS 1 3
Found —— 48 1.05 2.74
2239 Guaranteed 2 8 6
Found 2.93 8.13 8.54 6.14
2238 Guaranteed 4 8 7
Found 4.17 8.58 9.06 7.40
2236 Guaranteed Sig 4D 8. hie
Found 2.98 8.03 9.91 7.02
2538 Guaranteed 2.06 8 9. 1.50
Found Pe Dil 8.53 Limo 1.50
3169 Guaranteed —- We 13. 5).
Found wa 12.46 12.97 5.04
2417 Guaranteed 2.67 — 22.88 a
Found 2.93 a 25.95 a
2416 Guaranteed ——— 14. 155, —
Found —— 14.47 lowed a
2843 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. the
Found 3.58 8.17 9.87 WAZ
2990 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. he
Found 3.43 8.81 10. 6.84
2597 Guaranteed 260 6. 12. a
Found 2.84 8.64 12.60 a
2049 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. Be
Found ive 7.68 9.99 3.48
2413 Guaranteed 1.65 10. 1th 4,

Found 1.80 10.60 12.16 4.02

Report on Inspection WorkK oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.
Listers Agricultural Chemical

Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.*

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.
Listers Agricultural Chemical

Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Lister’s Lawn Fertilizer

Brand or trade name.

Lister’s Dissolved Phos-

phate and Potash
Lister’s G. Brand

Lister’s Grain and Grass

Fertilizer

Lister’s Long Island
Special for Cabbage and
Cauliflower

Lister’s New York Special

Fertilizer

Lister’s Oneida Special

Lister’s Potato Manure

Lister’s Potato No. 2 Fer-

tilizer

Lister’s Reliance

Lister’s Special Potato
Fertilizer

Lister’s Special 10% Po-

tato Fertilizer

Lister’s Special Wheat
Fertilizer
Lister’s Standard Pure

Bone Super-Phosphate
of Lime

Lister’s Success Fertilizer

Lister’s Superior Dissolved

Phosphate & Potash

|

maripis yao talen, | oe
Cherry Valiey 2747
nea 2136
Albion 2137
Schenectady 2858
Mineola 2240
Cortland 2544
Jamaica 1785
Marathon 2050
Skaneateles 2418
Brockport 2464
Jamaica 1784
Skaneateles 2412
Syracuse 2559
Binghamton 2446
Homer "2197
Marathon 2048

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

N Nex PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

ee |

2747 | Guaranteed — 10. ib 2:
Found 9.43 9.72 1.94
2136 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4,
Found 94 7.92 8.99 4.08
2137 Guaranteed ———. 9, 10. ae
Found — 8.89 9.25 5.14
2858 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 35)
| Found ZrO 8.02 10.06 3.20
2240 Guaranteed 4.11 i 6. 4.
Found 4.03 5.18 6.40 4.76
2544 Guaranteed 82 8 9. 10.
Found 95 8.14 8.91 10.
1785 | Guaranteed 82 a 8. fi
Found 1.03 7.46 8.54 2.36
2050 | Guaranteed 3.29 8. 9. The
Found 3.29 8.02 9.84 7
2418 Guaranteed 1265 10 ie 4,
Found 1.88 10.02 12.14 3.93
2464 Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. 2.
Found lige 8.21 9.32 2.16
1784 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. Bi
Found 1.83 8.01 10.24 3.46
2412 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10.
Found iber(et 8.01 9.55 10.14
2559 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 3
Found Vez2 8.02 9.92 3.08
2446 Guaranteed 2.47 9. 10. 2.
Found 2.54 8.91 10.49 2.48
2197 Guaranteed e238 9. 10. Pee
Found 2s 8.96 10.58 2.16
2048 Guaranteed ——. 10. MeL ie 8.

Found SSS 10.02 10.47 8.02

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Brand or trade name.

Locality where
sample was taken.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. Y.

Listers Agricultural Chemical
Works, Newark, N. J.

Long Island Potato Ex-
change, Riverhead, N. Y.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,

Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,

Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lister’s 3-6-10 for Pota-
toes

Lister’s U. S. Super-Phos-

phate

Lister’s Vegetable Com-

pound

Lister’s Wheat and Rye

Fertilizer

Muriate of Potash

Nitrate of Soda

Five-Hight-Eight

Dried Blood

Kainit

Lowell Acid Phosphate

Lowell Animal Brand for

All Crops

Lowell Bone Fertilizer for

Corn and Grain

Lowell Bone Fertilizer for
Corn, Grain, Grass and
Vegetables

Lowell Cereal Fertilizer

Lowell Corn and Vegetable

Lowell Dissolved Bone and

Potash

Binghamton

Homer

Skaneateles

Atlanta

Schenectady

Cortland

Mattituck

Arkport

Stamford

Middle Granville

Cortland

Cortland

Greenport

Cortland

Cortland

Hoosick Falls

New Yorx AaricutturaAL Experiment STratron. 759

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2445 Guaranteed 2.47 6 ihe 10
Found 2.62 6.23 8.21 10.36
2195 Guaranteed 1.03 8. 9. 2
Found 1.28 7.66 9.17 Dae,
2415 Guaranteed 3.29 8 9. ie
Found sod 8.69 10.21 6.90
3035 Guaranteed 1.65 8 9. 2
Found Lead 8.70 9.88 2.34
2859 Guaranteed — —---— —-—— 49.
Found ae a a 49.84
2545 Guaranteed 15. ——— ————— —.
Found 15.46 ——— wa aa
2394 Guaranteed
Found 4.50 6.92 8.68 8.88
3028 Guaranteed 9.84 a a
Found 10.12 a - a ee
2803 Guaranteed —— a — Be
Found aa a ——- 13.42
2885 Guaranteed ——— 14. Gy, ————
Found A 14.33 Ma Al —-
2158 Guaranteed 2.46 8. 9. 4,
Found 2.46 8.47 9.17 4.02
2165 Guaranteed 1.64 8. 9. Se
Found 1 Gal 7.76 8.88 2.70
2365 Guaranteed 1.64 8. 9. or
Found 1.86 8.54 10.50 2.94
2162 Guaranteed .82 (f 8. i
Found .95 7.01 7.91 122,
2159 Guaranteed 3) OFS 8 9 bees
Found 3.30 8.06 9 7.92

2878 Guaranteed 1 9. : 2.
Found i 1.68 9.32 11.50 2.28

760

Report on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Namp AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER,

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,

Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,

Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston,

Mass.

Brand or trade name,

Lowell Empress Brand for

Corn, Potatoes and

Grain

Lowell Grain Phosphate

Lowell Grass Mixture for
Top Dressing & Lawns

Lowell Ground Bone

Lowell Ground Bone

Lowell Market Garden
Manure

Lowell Potato Grower

with 10 per ct. Potash

Lowell Potato Manure

Lowell Potato Phosphate
Lowell Soluble Phosphate

Lowell Special Potato Fer-

tilizer with 10 per ct.
Potash

Lowell Sterling Phosphate

Lowell Vegetable and

Grain Fertilizer
Muriate of Potash
Muriate of Potash

Nitrate of Soda

Locality where
sample was taken.

Cortland

Stamford

Salem

Windsor

Gloversville

Slingerland

Cobleskill

Chenango Forks

Cortland

Urlton

Slingerland

Cortland

Cortland

Stamford

Middle Granville

Middle Granville

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 761

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounpbs or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number. ‘
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2164 | Guaranteed 1.24 7 8. 2
Found 1.28 6.72 7.19 2.42
2598 | Guaranteed —. 10. 1g 8.
Found — 9.30 10. 6.99
2879 Guaranteed 4.10 7. 8. 6.
Found 4.08 Wal8 8.42 6.76
2589 Guaranteed 2.46 —- IB). ——
Found 2.50 — 27.67 a
2857 Guaranteed 2.46 —— Dae ——
Found 2.56 — 27.24. a
2270 Guaranteed 4.10 ‘des 8. 6.
Found 3.86 7.80 8.85 6.78
2740 Guaranteed 3.28 6. ile 10.
Found Sale 6.01 7.08 10.02
2441 Guaranteed 1.64 ve 8. 4,
Found 2.03 6.96 7.93 4.42
2163 Guaranteed 2.46 8. 9. 6.
Found 2.44 8.36 8.82 5.82
2257 Guaranteed —— 123 Se ——
Found ——— PAS: 13.43
2269 Guaranteed 2.40 6. dis 10.
Found 2.45 6.32 6.92 9.92
2161 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4.
Found .94 8.70 10.03 3.98
2160 Guaranteed 1.64 8. 9. 10.
Found 1.61 7.66 9.39 10.48
2802 Guaranteed ——— a — 50.
Found ——— as _ 53.18
2886 Guaranteed —— —— _ 50.
Found , —--— --- vo 50.44
2887 Guaranteed 15

Found 15.26

~I
(op)
bo

Reprort on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND AppREsS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Ludlam Co., Frederick, New
York, N. Y.

Ludlam Co., Frederick, New
ork Ne ye

Ludlam Co., Frederick, New
York, N. Y.

Ludlam Co., Frederick, New
York, N. Y.

Ludlam Co., Frederick, New
Yorks Ne We

Ludlam Co., Frederick, New
YorkeN. Y:

Ludlam Co., Frederick, New
York, N. Y.

Ludlam Co., Frederick, New
Yorks Nive

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
Mork, IN. tYs

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
Works-N> Ys

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
YorkN Ye

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York. -Ne Y<

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N.Y.

Brand or trade name,

Ludlam’s A. B. F. Fer-

tilizer

Ludlam’s Antler Fertilizer

Ludlam’s Cecrop’s Fer-

tilizer

Ludlam’s Palmetto Fer-

tilizer

Ludlam’s P. G. Phosphate

Ludlam’s Pure Ground

Bone

Ludlam’s Special Potato

Fertilizer

Nitrate of Soda

Mapes General

Brand

Crop

Mapes Grass and Grain

Spring Top-Dressing

Mapes Grain Brand

Pure Ground Bone

The Mapes Average Soil

Complete Manure

The Mapes Cauliflower
and Cabbage Manure

The Mapes Cereal Brand

Locality where
sample was taken.

Orient

Calverton

Riverhead

Greenwich

Greenwich

Babylon

Little Neck

Middle Falls

Binghamton

Orient

Honeoye Falls

Bedford Hills

Jamesport

Riverhead

Utica

Num-
ber.

2659

3168

3104

2306

2380

2696

New York AGricutturaL EXPERIMENT STATION. 763

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Ni
= ee Available. Total. Potash
2651 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 743
Found 1.66 8.85 9.77 2.16
2345 Guaranteed 3.29 6. dee 10.
Found Bais 6.01 7.98 9.88
2327 Guaranteed Bley 4s) fe 8. Fle
Found 3.29 7.34 8.22 7.10
2874 Guaranteed .82 8 9. 4.
Found 1.08 8.17 9.52 4.52
2876 | Guaranteed ——. 10 uth, 6
Found 9.41 11.36 6.68
2243 Guaranteed 2.47 22.88 ———.
Found Pe iy? — 23.43
2241 Guaranteed 2.47 8. 9. 6.
Found 2.41 8.18 9.73 6.68
2877 Guaranteed ; 15. — —— —
Found 15.42 Ha ———
2041 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 10. D2
Found 1.60 Then 9.45 3.02
2659 Guaranteed 4.94 5. 6. We
Found 4.90 6.36 7.89 7.80
3168 Guaranteed .82 8. a 4.
Found 18 8.19 9.19 4.68
3104 Guaranteed 2.47 —— 20. oe
Found 2.50 ——- 26.45 ———
2306 Guaranteed 4.12 lis 8. oF
Found 4.27 7.47 8.25 5.66
2380 Guaranteed 4.12 6. 6. 6.
Found 4.28 6.04 Ucal7é 6.48
2696 Guaranteed 1.65 6. 8. 3

Found 1.90 6.11 8. 3.62

164

Report on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name Anp ApprEss OF Manv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
Work Nie Ne

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
Nonkse NE Ye

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York: Newey.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-

vian Guano Co., New
iork, aN:

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
Work; oN: We

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
Work, Ni. 7.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
Work. IN. We

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N. Y.

The Mapes Formula & Peru-
vian Guano Co., New
York, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

The Mapes Complete

Manure “‘ A ”’ Brand

The Mapes Complete

Manure for General Use

The Mapes Complete

Manure 10 Per Cent
Potash

Locality where
sample was taken.

Jamesport

Southold

Binghamton

The Mapes Corn Manure

The Mapes Dissolved

Bone

The Mapes Economical
Potato Manure

The Mapes
Dressing

Lawn-Top

The Mapes Potato Ma-

nure

The Mapes Potato Ma-

nure (L. I. Special)

The Mapes Tobacco Ma-

nure (Wrapper Brand)

The Mapes Tobacco

Starter Improved

The Mapes Top Dresser

Improved Full Strength

The Mapes Vegetable
Manure or Complete
Manure for Light Soils

Orient

New York

Baldwinsville

Utica

Mt. Kisco

New York

Elmira

Baldwinsville

Jamesport

Orient

Num-
ber.

2307

2666

2040

2554

2697

3013

2657

New York AGrIcuttuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 765

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounpbs In 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Number.

Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2307 Guaranteed 2.47 10. 1a 2.50
Found Pa (al 8.68 11.93 2.80

2666 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 10. 4,
Found Baie 8.56 10.02 5.06

2040 Guaranteed 2.06 SE ie 10.
Found Zod 4.06 5.81 9.90

2658 Guaranteed 2.47 8 10. 6
Found 2.56 8.90 10.29 5.86
2316 Guaranteed 2.06 HE —
Found Peay 15.49 7S) — +

2554 Guaranteed 3.29 4. 6. 8
Found 3.30 5.07 6.48 8.86
2697 Guaranteed 2.47 De 3.50 2.50
Found 2.64 3.58 4.47 3.20

2896 Guaranteed seal 8. 8. 6.
Found Dimes 8.40 9.40 6.42

2315 Guaranteed 3.29 4, 6. de
Found 3.56 5.30 6.92 7.90
3013 Guaranteed 6.18 ae 4.50 10.50
Found 6.48 —— 5.60 9.74

2553 Guaranteed 4.12 6. 8. ie
Found 4.51 8.91 13.86 1.14

2305 Guaranteed 9.88 oe 8. 4.
Found 9.62 7.19 8.03 4.30

ee ee

2657 Guaranteed 4. 6. L 6.
Found 5.00 7.93 8.61 7.14

766

Report on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ApprREss OF MANv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Martin Co., D.
phia, P
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
- Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.
Martin Co., D.
phia, Pa.

Martin Co., D.

phia, Pa.

Mauthe, John, Dunkirk, N.Y.
i

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

B., Philadel-

Brand or trade name.

Martin’s Blood Tankage
and Potash

Martin’s Dissolved Or-
ganic Compound

Martin’s Gilt Edge Potato
Manure

Martin’s High Grade Po-
tato

Martin’s One-EHight-Four

Martin’s Potash and Solu-
ble Phosphate

Locality where
sample was taken.

Hempstead

Syracuse

Syracuse

Syracuse

Syracuse

Num-
ber.

Martin’s Potash and Solu-
ble Phosphate

Martin’s Potash and Solu-
ble Phosphate No. 2

Martin’s Prize Potato
Martin’s Prize Potato

Martin’s Pure Ground

Bone

Martin’s Pure Raw Bone

Martin’s Special Com-

pound

Martin’s Com-

pound

Special

Martin’s
Manure

Special Potato
Martin’s Truckers Guano

Animal Tankage

Syracuse

Stanley

Homer

Syracuse

Hempstead

Hempstead

Homer

Syracuse

Stanley

Hempstead

Dunkirk

New York AcricutturaL ExpPrertMEent Station. 767

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps tn 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

1793 | Guaranteed 4.11 8 in
Found 3.95 8.23 8.83 7.58

2818 | Guaranteed 1203 9. 2.
Found 1.02 7.92 9.20 2.48

2820 | Guaranteed 247 qe 10.
Found 2.42 7.61 8.52 11.32

2823 Guaranteed 3.30 8. 10.
Found Bie lly 8.22 9.08 11.28

2817 Guaranteed .82 8. 4.
Found .86 8.14 8.98 4.24

2193 Guaranteed 10. 8.
Found ——— 9.89 10.25 7.09

2819 Guaranteed co 2) oF
Found a 12.46 12.68 4.78

3172 Guaranteed —— 10. 8.
Found ——— 9.71 10.07 7.36

2192 Guaranteed | 1.65 8. 10.
Found | 1.82 7.49 9.18 11.56

ee ban en

2821 Guaranteed | 165 8 10
Found hat 16s 8.16 9.34 | 10.84
1796 | Guaranteed 1365 aa 22.90 --
Found 1.73 a Dee ee
1795 Guaranteed 3.70 wa PAL -_-———
Found 3.94 a 24.13 —

2194 Guaranteed 1.65 8 ).
Found 1.72 8.49 9.07 5.16

2822 Guaranteed 1.65 8 53
Found 1.60 8.27 9.45 5.18

3173 Guaranteed .82 8. a
Found .83 8.22 8.75 5.50

1794 | Guaranteed 3.29 8 ‘ ia
Found 3.40. 8.56 9.27 8.06
3177 Guaranteed 2. 2h: —_
Found 3.03 12.78 21.01 ———

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

McCoy, Geo. E., Peekskill,
ING YE

The Mitchell Fertilizer Co.,
Bremley, N. J.

The Mitchell Fertilizer Co.,
Bremley, N. J.

Mittenmaier Fertilizer Co.,
Rome, N. Y.

Moller & Co., Maspeth, L. I.

Moller & Co., Maspeth, L. I.

Munroe & Sons, Geo. L.,
Oswego, N. Y

Nassau Fertilizer Co., New
nYiorks Ne eX

Nassau Fertilizer Co., New
iorka) Nae.

Nassau Fertilizer Co., New
Bork Nays.

Nassau Fertilizer Co., New
Work,-N. vYi.

Nassau Fertilizer Co., New
Works N: 1Y-

Nassau Fertilizer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Nassau Fertilizer Co., New
York, N. Y.

Nassau Fertilizer Co., New
Vion No bY.

The National Fertilizer Co.,
New York, N. Y.

The National Fertilizer Co.,
New York, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

An Honest Fertilizer

tilizer

Super Phosphate

Bone Fertilizer

Champion No.
Bone Fertilizer

Pure Unleached
Ashes

Common _ Sense
Manure

Corn Fertilizer

General Favorite

Mitchell’s Alkaline Bone

Mitchell’s Vegetable Fer-

Champion No. 1 Pure

2 Pure

Wood

Potato

Grass and Grain Fertilizer

Potash and Phosphate

Special Potato Fertilizer

Ten & Hight Special

Wheat and Grass Grower

and Grain Fertilizer

Fertilizer ‘‘ Special ”’

Locality where
sample was taken.

Peekskill

Kinderhook

Kinderhook

Sherburne

Maspeth

Maspeth

Centervillage

Kingston

Kingston

Kingston

Kingston

Boonville

Kingston

Copenhagen

Kingston

National Complete Root} Calverton

National Complete Root} Calverton

Num-
ber.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

769

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen.

D> >
bo
or

SID
Ooo

wo —

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

veo) On ie)
w bo ©

le)
re)

9.30

Total.

12.25
17.54

9:
10.45

9.
10.13

Potash.

i

i

bo
ie.)

rot] NO] WO] RRP] wb
o> Co
bo (0)

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Gueranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
95

ae

Ss |e 1B

ive)
lor)

pe

Ww
NS

jor)
i=)

fo)
@

an loner)
1st)
oo

770

Reporr on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The National Fertilizer Co.,
New York, N. Y.

Natural Guano Co., Aurora,
Ill.

Natural Guano Co., Aurora,
Ml.

Newburgh Rendering Co.,

Newburgh, N. Y.

New England Fertilizer Co.,
Boston, Mass.

New England Fertilizer Co..,
Boston, Mass.

New England Fertilizer Co.,
Bostou, Mass.

Brand or trade name.

National XXX Fish and

Potash

Sheeps Head Brand Pul-

verized Sheep Manure

Pulverized Sheep Manure

Pure Meat and Bone Fer-

tilizer

New England Grain and

Vegetable Fertilizer

New England Potato
Grower

New England Standard

Phosphate

Locality where
sample was taken.

East Marion

Skaneateles

Silver Creek

Newburgh

Moravia

Moravia

Moravia

Num-
ber.

2398

N. Y

The Niantic Menhaden Oil &
Guano Cc., South Lyme,
Conn.

The Niantic Menhaden Oil &
Guano Co., South Lyme,
Conn.

Acidulated Fish Guano

Bone, Fish and Potash

The Niantic Menhaden Oil &
Guano Co., South Lyme,
Conn.

The Niantic Menhaden Oil &
Guano Co., South Lyme,
Conn.

Nitrate Agencies Co., New
York, N. Y.

Nitrate Agencies Co., New
York, N. Y.

Nitrate Ageneies Co., New
York, N. Y.

Dry Ground Fish Guano

nure

phate Powder)

Orient

Potato and Vegetable Ma-| Jamesport

Basic Slag (Thomas Phos-} Albion
Genuine German Kainit| Delhi

Genuine German Kainit | Albion

2308

2830

New York AaricutruraL ExprrtMEent Station. (an
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps tn 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. a,
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2398 Guaranteed 2.47 6. oe
Found Deel 5.85 2.86
2414 Guaranteed 2.25 175 1.50
Found 2.39 1.18 2.08
2755 | Guaranteed 225 1.75 1.50
Found a8 1 By 2.
2715 Guaranteed 4. 16. a
Found 5.65 16.91 a
2513 Guaranteed 1.64 9. 10.
Found 1.65 9.72 10.06
2514 | Guaranteed 2.46 Uf - 10.
Found 2.74 6.54 10.06
2515 Guaranteed .82 9. 4.
Found .94 9.53 4.04
2720 | Guaranteed Tx 9. ——
Found 6.43 13.25 —--
2665 Guaranteed 3.30 3.50 —
Found 4.32 6.91 ——
2374 | Guaranteed 2.46 6. 33.
Found Shai 7.18 6.52
2652 Guaranteed 6.59 6. ———
Found 7.43 5.49 a
2308 Guaranteed 2.50 8. 4,
Found 2.94 9.42 4.80
2985 | Guaranteed =e rhe aa
Found — 16.69 eae
2830 Guaranteed yar ee a 12
Found ——. ——— 13.54
2984 | Guaranteed ——- aaa 12%
Found ——— — 13.18

=I
-I
bo

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-

FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Nitrate Agencies Co.,
York, N. Y.
Nitrate Agencies Co.,
York, N. Y.
Nitrate Agencies Co.,
York, N. Y.
Nitrate Agencies Co.,
York, N. Y.
Nitrate Agencies Co.,
York, N. Y.
Nitrate Agencies Co.,

York, N. Y.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano
Baltimore, Md.

New

Brand or trade name.

Ground Bone

Ground Tankage

High Grade Acid Phos-

phate

Muriate of Potash

Nitrate of Soda

Sulphate of Potash

Nitrate of Soda

Patapsco Alkaline Plant

Food
Patapsco Coon Brand
Guano

.,| Patapsco Empire Alkaline

Bone

Patapsco Fish and Potash

Guano

Patapseco Grain and Grass

Producer

Patapsco O. K. Phosphate

Patapsco Peerless Potato

Guano

Patapsco Prolific Potato

Phosphate

.,| Patapsco Pure Dissolved

Phosphate

Patapsco Soluble Phos-

phate and Potash

camle vie thet tee
New Paltz 3122
Cutchogue 2321
Baldwinsville 2558
Cutchogue 2323
Cutchogue 2322
Delhi 2828
Hamden 2595
Oxford 2189
Oxford 2187
Oxford 2186
Sharon Center r 2862
Hamden 2594
Oxford 2190
Stamford 2599
Hobart 2838
Stamford 2801
Stamford ~ 2600

New York AGRIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

3122
2321
2558
2323
2322
2828
2595
2189
2187
2186
2862
2594
2190
2099
2838
2801

2600

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

dled
(i
Pounds IN 100 Pounpbs oF FERTILIZER.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2.46 ——— 22.88 ———
2.43 ——— 22.31 —
5.75 — Se —
5.73 —— 13.65 —
—— 16. —=
—— 15.67 17.38 ———
—— ——. — 50:
— — —— 51.80
15. —— — —
15.58 — —— —
———— ——. —— 48.
——. — — 50.80
1; ——— ——— —_—
15.16 Sa =
—— 8. 9. 5.
—— SAA 8.67 5.10
.82 9. 10. SE
.83 9.62 10.88 3.28
—. 12. IS. 5.
— 12.54 lass 1135 5.08
2.06 6. (fe 2.
2.90 6.82 8.61 1.65
.82 8. 9. 4.
.93 8.16 9.49 4.02
.82 8. 9. 2.
.98 8.32 9.58 2.20
3.29 6. le 10.
3.20 6.39 8.36 10.12
3.29 8. 9. Ue
3.24 8.41 11.11 8.
— 14, Dp ==
—— 14.75 16.138 spouses
— 10. ils :
— 10.07 10.87 2.62

T74 Report on Inspection Work oF THE

—_—$—_———

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name AND AppREss oF MANnv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Patapsco Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano Co..
Baltimore, Md.

The Patapsco Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

The Pennsylvania Fertilizer
Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano
Co., Baltimore, Md.

Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano
Co., Baltimore, Md.

Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano
Co., Baltimore, Md.

Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano
Co., Baltimore, Md.

Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano
Co., Baltimore, Md.

Insula Guano for All

Levering’s Harvest Queen

Brand or trade name.

Patapsco Special Potato

Guano

Patapsco Superior Alka-

line Manure

Patapsco Vegetable and

Corn Fertilizer |

Acid Phosphate

Big Bonanza

Economy

Empire 10%

Four Fold

Grain and Grass

Potato and Truck Ma-

nure

Standard Phosphate

Vegetable and Vine

Crops

Levering’s Standard

New York Vegetable Ma-

nure

Nitrate of Soda

Locality where
sample was taken.

Oxford

Oxford

Sherburne

Buffalo

Fancher

Colton

Penn Yan

Penn Yan

Orchard Park

Orchard Park

Clarence

Orchard Park

Cherry Valley

Chenango Bridge

Syracuse

Cherry Valley

Syracuse

Num-
ber.

New York AaricutturaL ExperR!MENT STATION. 775

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2188 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10.
Found Wz 8.33 9.60 10.68
2191 Guaranteed —_ 10. He 8.
Found —— 10.31 10.80 8.18
2535 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 4.
Found | 1.76 8.58 10.15 3.94
3181 Guaranteed —— 12. 1183, —
Found a 15.30 15.92 ——
2143 Guaranteed 8 8. 9. 4.
Found 25 8.37 10.55 4.74
2674 Guaranteed 1.6 8 9. 4.
Found 1.64 9 9.86 4.46
3044 Guaranteed 1.6 8. 9. 10.
Found 1.79 8.61 9.33 8.25
3045 Guaranteed 8 8 9. 2.
Found 87 10.51 11.47 2.18
2613 Guaranteed 10 11 2
Found vane 10.36 11.66 PP.
2612 Guaranteed 1.6 8. 9. 6.
Found 1.85 8.18 10.08 | 6.62
2778 Guaranteed ——- 10. 11 6.
Found 10.22 11.59 6.10
2611 Guaranteed 8 10. 15) 8.
Found 94 9.57 bea 8.90
2743 Guaranteed .42 te 2
Found .80 7.66 Sao 1.89
2444 Guaranteed .82 8. 2
Found .85 8.28 9.03 Le,
2731 Guaranteed 1.65 8 ——_— oF
Found 1.62 8.20 8.70 5.82
2745 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 6.
Found 3.21 8.13 8.48 5.74
2734 Guaranteed Loa2e —

Found 15.22 SS = ——

776 Report ox Ixspecrion Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS
)
|

Naw Ano==ss Maxt- LoesEty where Num
Sanaa Gar Sma Branco of Wscs name. Sample wes taken. ber.

Picdmont-Mt. Airy Guano| Nitrate of Soda | Ciyde 2972
Co., Balimmore, Ma |

Piedmont-Mi Any Guano; Piedmont Banner Brand | Syracuse | 2730
Co., BaHimore, Ma

Piedmont-Mi. Airy Guano Piedmont Bone Meal | Holland | 3154
Ce., Bsliimore, Md.

Piedmonit-Mi Airy Gusno) Piedmont Farmers " AkKamonit ) 2275
Co., Baltimore, Md Pavoriie

Piedmont-Mi. Airy Gusmo) Piedmont 149% Acid Phos-| Schoharie 2737

Piedmoni-Mi. Amy Guano Piedmont Market Garden| Canandaigua
Co., Baltimore, Md.

Piedmonit-Mt Airy Gusmo, Piedmont New York Cab-| Chenango Bridge 2448

Co., Baltimore, Md. phsie
;
|

Co., Balimmore, Md. bage & Poisio Guano
Piedmonit-Mt. Airy Guano Piedmont Osis and Grass| Aiamont | 2276
Co., Baliamore, Md. Guano |
Piedmoni-Mi. Airy Guano! Piedmont Pea and Bean Schoharie 2728
Ce., Balimore, Md Gusno )
Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Piedmont Perfection Ithaca 2569
Co., Balizmore, Md. Guano

Piedmonit-Mi. Airy Gusmo Piedmont Special Mixture! Chenango Bridge | 2442
Co., Balimmore, Md )

Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Piedmont Whestand Corn Canandaigua | 2790
Co., Baltimore, Md. | Guano

Pieimont-Mt. Airy Guano Piedmont Wheat Com §
Co., Baliimore, Md | pound

|
a

Ne ee

Picdmont-Mi. Airy Guano Raw and Dissolved Bone Holland | 3155
Co., BaKimore, Md. ’

Piedmont-Mt. Airy Guano Thomas Phosphate Pow- Albion 2139
Co., Baltimore, Md. der

Pime, B. J., East Willsion, Pme’s No. 1 Star Raw East Williston 2223
LL Bone Super-Phosphate

Pine, B. J., East Williston, Pime’s No. 2 Star Raw East Williston 22
LL Bone Super-

Phosphate
| Complete Manure i

New York AcrictrttcuraLt Experment Station. TT7

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

| Pocnps rx 100 Pocunns or FerrmizEn.

le PHOSPHOEIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

6. — 0.
7.30 8.04 | 10.42
= Fit ——————
ae

8 prs rin
9.35 | 10.08 | 4.16
14. ——
15.18 15.44 | ——

8.0) | 6.
8.31 9.08 | 4.84

8. 10.
8.50 8.74 | 10.64

2276 | Guaranteed oo 10 | fa) ie
Found | 10.78 10.93 | 2.64

2728 | Guaranteed 82 i | a
Found 94 8.77 9.67 9.68

*No official method for determining available P, O, in this sample.

Report on Inspection Work oF ‘THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Pioneer Fertilizer Co., Cleve-
land, O.

Pioneer Fertilizer Co., Cleve-
land, O.

The Pulverized Manure Co.,
Chicago, IIl.

The Pulverized Manure Co.,
Chicago, Il.

The Pulverized Manure Co.,
Chicago, Ill.

Quaker City. Poudrette Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Ramer, Catherine T., Delhi,
Ne ¥i

Ramer, Catherine T., Delhi,
N: ¥.

Ramer, Catherine T., Delhi,
Le &

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.
Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.
Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.
Rasin-Monumental Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.
Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.
Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.
Rasin-Monumental Co

Baltimore, Md.

Brand or trade name.

Pioneer 1—5-10 Fertilizer
Pioneer 2—8-10 Fertilizer

Wizard Brand Concen-

trated Plant Food

Wizard Brand Pulverized

Cattle Manure

Wizard Brand Pulverized

Sheep Manure

Strictly Pure Quaker City

Poudrette

Accommodation Mixture

Oats

Accommodation Mixture

Potato

Accommodation Mixture

Silo Corn

High Grade Ground Fish

Muriate of Potash

Rasin’s Acid Phosphate
. ,| Rasin’s All Crop Guano

Rasin’s Bone and Potash

Fertilizer

Rasin’s Empire Guano

Rasin’s Genesee Valley
Root Manure

,| Rasin’s Genuine German

Kainit

sis weaken}! (eee
West Henrietta 2978
West Henrietta 9977
Batavia 2481
Utica att 2695
Auburn 2551
Elmira 3021
Delhi 2831
Delhi 2829
Delhi 2832
Albion 2123
Albion rT 2120
Albion 2114
Homer rt 2199
Delanson Ti 2724
Ames yt} 2861
Skaneateles rt 2490
Skaneateles rh 2492

New York AaricutruraAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 779

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FErRrTiLizer.

Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2978 Guaranteed .82 5). 6. 10.
Found .85 5.67 5.99 10.26
2977 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 10.
Found 1.63 8.86 9.69 10.66
2481 Guaranteed 3. 6 23
Found 3.70 6.75 7.01 3.76
2695 Guaranteed 1.8 1. ——- le
Found Ie us) .79 .93 .92
2551 | Guaranteed 1.8 1 il.
Found 2.28 1.10 123 222,
3021 | Guaranteed 1.64 a 4. ie
Found ily a P43) 11
2831 Guaranteed
Found 1.68 7.74 8.63 16.20
2829 Guaranteed : ao aan
Found 2.88 8.48 9.10 9.56
2832 Guaranteed
Found WU 7.14 8.02 14.32
2123 | Guaranteed 8.23 a -- -
Found 8.92 —— ——— Sn
2120 | Guaranteed oe = a 48,
Found ee ——— -- 47.72
2114 | Guaranteed | 44 : 15 oo
Found a 14.29 16.10 Sn
2199 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 52
Found .85 8.13 10.38 5.16
2724 Guaranteed —. 10. ‘lily: 2
Found — 10.10 11.20 2.24
2861 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2
Found ib e7(2/ 8.09 10.16 2.60
2420 | Guaranteed WO2S Nia 9. 10
Found 114 | 8.14 9.43 9.96
2422 | Guaranteed | —_ —§>, ~——— a 12.
Found —_ 1 | — nd 13

780

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NamE AND ADDRESS OF MANu-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Raisn-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Rasin-Monumental Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

‘Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,
Reading, Pa.

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,
Reading, Pa.

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,
Reading, Pa.

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,
Reading, Pa.

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,
Reading, Pa.

Brand or trade name.

Rasin’s Gold Standard

Rasin’s High Grade Bone

and Potash
Rasin’s Trish Potato
Special

Rasin’s [XL Fertilizer

Rasin’s National Crop

Compound

Rasin’s Special Fish and

Potash Mixture

Rasin’s Special Fish and

Potash Mixture

Rasin’s United Grain

Grower

Rasin’s Vegetable Special

Rasin’s Wheat and Truck

Mixture

Rasin’s XXX Fertilizer

Alkaline Phosphate and

Potash

Alkaline Phosphate and

Potash

Farmer’s Tankage and
Potash for Corn, Grain
and Grass

Gilt Edge Potato and

Tobacco Grower

High Grade Potash Mix-

ture

Locality where
sample was taken.

Cobleskill

Albion

Groton

Homer

Albion

Albion

Linwood

Ames

Homer

Albion

Albion

Carthage

Warsaw

Churchville

Bergen

Bergen

Num-
ber.

New York AGRricutturaAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

—— | eee |

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

781

Pounps iw 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen.

wow ew
bo
Ne}

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

i
~J

—
oo
oO

(or) (S) i=)
Or a or ot

on
lor)

Total.

ts
8.67

13.

13.13
8.
8.73

10.
109%

Potash.

lorKor)
iw)
Oo

(J)
NSS

9.64

Report on Inspection Work or

THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND AppREss OF MANv-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,

Reading, Pa. -

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,

Reading, Pa.

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,

Reading, Pa.

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,

Reading, Pa.

Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,

Reading, Pa.

Rochester Tallow Co., Inc.,

Rochester, N. Y.

Rochester Tallow Co., Inc.,

Rochester, N. Y.

Roehr,

G., McKownsville,
INE GY

The Rogers & Hubbard Co.,

Middletown, Conn.

The Rogers & Hubbard Co.,

Middletown, Conn.

The Rogers & Hubbard Co.,

Middletown, Conn.

The Rogers & Hubbard Co.,

Middletown, Conn.

The Rogers & Hubbard Co.,

Middletown, Conn.

The Rogers & Hubbard Co.,

Middletown, Conn.

The Rogers & Hubbard Co.,

Middletown, Conn.

The Rogers & Hubbard Co.,

Middletown, Conn,

Neverfail Crop Grower

Reading All Crop Special

Reading Ten and Eight

Hubbard’s Bone Base

Hubbard’s Bone Base

Hubbard’s Bone Base

Hubbard’s Bone Base

Brand or trade name.

Reading Prize Winner

Reading Special Potato)

and Tobacco Grower

Dry Blood

Dry Tankage

Co-wa-ba

Complete Phosphate

Fruit or Grass and Grain
Fertilizer

Oats and Top Dressing

Oats and Top Dressing

Hubbard’s Bone Base

Potato Phosphate

Hubbard’s Bone Base

Soluble Corn and Gen-
eral Crops Manure

Hubbard’s Bone Base

Soluble Potato Manure

Hubbard’s Bone Base

Strictly Pure Fine Bone

Locality where

sample was taken.

Warsaw

Honeoye Falls

Churchville

Warsaw

Hamlin

Rochester

Rochester

Albany

Sharon Springs

Sharon Springs

Goshen

Hillsdale

Greenwich

Sharon Springs

Greenwich

Sharon Springs

New York AGricutturAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

78

t

3

Number.

2872

2864

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

Total.

Potash.

for)
jor)

COCO | Mo} COC} NICO
i=) i=)
iw) (o°e)

or
for)

784

Reporr on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Royster Guano Co., F. S.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. S.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. S.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. S.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

sc)
tA

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.
Roysser Guano Co., F. S.,

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. S.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. S.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. S

Baltimore, Md.

Brand or trade name.

Muriate of Potash

Nitrate of Soda

Royster’s Ammoniated

Potash Compound

Royster’s Ammoniated
Superphosphate for Corn

Royster’s Big Yield Potato

Producer

Royster’s Big Yield Potato

Producer

Royster’s Bumper Crop

Phosphate

Royster’s Challenge Com-

plete Compound

Royster’s Challenge Com-

plete Compound

Royster’s Champion Crop

Compound

.,| Royster’s Champion Crop

Compound

Royster’s Complete Po-

tato Manure

Royster’s Complete Po-

tato Manure

Royster’s Corn and Hop

Special Fertilizer

Royster’s Fine Ground
Bone Meal

.,| Royster’s Fish, Flesh and

Fowl

,| Royster’s 14% Acid Phos-

phate

Locality where
sample was taken.

Wisner

Wisner

Elba

Batavia

Cortland

Attica

Batavia

Batavia

Caywood

Tully

Caywood

Riverhead

Walden

Middleburg

Walden

Cortland

Owego

Num-
ber.

2299

New York AGriIcULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 785

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2299 Guaranteed —— — — 50.
Found —— ce ———- 51.60
2300 Guaranteed 15. ——— -———
Found 15.50 aa a a
2773 Guaranteed .82 9. 9.50 (
Found Ls 8.56 9.60 7.34
2476 | Guaranteed 2.47 9. 9.50 2.
Found 2.41 8.93 10.37 2.90
2171 Guaranteed 1.65 De 5.50 10.
Found 1.70 4.14 DEoe 11.02
2468 Guaranteed 1.65 or 5.50 10.
Found 1.63 4.36 5.65 LIS?
2474 Guaranteed ——— 8. 8.50 :
Found 8.10 9.05 5.26
2477 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 6.
Found 1.83 7.97 9.16 6.64
3185 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 6.
Found 1.60 8.05 9.79 6.46
2405 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 4,
Found 1.60 7.67 8.76 4.68
3184 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 4.
Found 1.70 705) 9.40 5.14
2372 Guaranteed 3.29 6. 6.50 10.
Found 3.59 6.34 7.83 8.84
2710 Guaranteed 3.29 6. 6.50 10.
Found 2.95 6.46 7.84 9.26
2735 Guaranteed 2.06 8. 8.50 on
Found 2.08 7.99 8.94 3.74
2707 Guaranteed 2.47 —— -- 22.90 ae
Found 3.08 i 2onoe a
2170 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 8.50 33.
Found 1.82 Tae 9.38 2377
2046 | Guaranteed —— 14 0

br}

E
a
—
haa
for)
—
a
ou

786 Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANv-

FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.
Baltimore, Md.
Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

a

Brand or trade name.

Royster’s Gold Seal Po-

tato and Tobacco
Special

Royster’s Good Cheer

Brand

Royster’s Great Grain

Grower

Royster’s Harvest King

Fertilizer

Royster’s High Grade Pot-

ash Mixture

Royster’s High Grade Pot-

ash Mixture

Royster’s High Grade Po-

tato Grower .

Royster’s High Grade

16% Acid Phosphate

Royster’s Imperial For-

mula

Royster’s Imperial For-

mula

Royster’s Lawn and

Meadow Formula

Royster’s Peerless Grain

and Grass Grower

Royster’s Pure Raw Bone

Meal

Royster’s Seeding Down

Special Fertilizer

Royster’s Special Celery

Guano

,| Royster’s Special Fruit

and Crop Grower

Locality where
sample was taken.

Owego

Orchard Park

Owego

Interlaken

Cortland

Saratoga Spa

Gasport

Florida

Tully

Caywood

Barker

Hamburg

North Collins

Carthage

Carthage

Owego

Num-
ber.

2047

New York AcricutturaL ExpERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

787

Number.

2047

2614
2044
2576
2169
3126
2494
2295
2404
3186

2983

2623

2631
2679
2680

2045

Guaranteed

Found
Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guacanteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Nitrogen.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

Total.

Potash.

ize)
oO

(0,0) oo
ie) oOo

Qo
104)

788

Report on Insrecrion Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F.

Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. &.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. S.,
Baltimore, Md.

Royster Guano Co., F. S.,

Baltimore, Md.

Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem.
Co., New Haven, Conn.

Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem.
Co., New Haven, Conn.

Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem.
Co., New Haven, Conn.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,

Buffalo, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

Royster’s Special Potato

Guano

Locality where
sample was taken.

Riverhead

Royster’s Superior Potash
Mixture

Royster’s Truckers Favor-

ite

Royster’s Truckers Favor-

ite

Royster’s Universal Crop

Grower

.,| Royster’s Universal Truck

Fertilizer

Royster’s Wheat, Oats and

Barley Fertilizer

Royster’s XX Acid Phos-

phate

Sanderson’s Atlantic

Coast Bone, Fish and
Potash Fertilizer

Sanderson’s Cabbage Fer-

tilizer

Sanderson’s Special Potato

Manure

Complete Fertilizer with

Extra Potash

Complete Fertilizer with

Extra Potash
Dissolved Phosphate

Dissolved Phosphate with

Extra Potash

Dissolved Phosphate with

Extra Potash

Walden

Riverhead

Hempstead

Maine

Laurel

Tully

Schoharie

Mattituck

Jamaica

Mattituck

Barker

Eden Center

Canaseraga

Collins

Eden Center

*Manufacturers claim error occurred in printing nitrogen guarantee on bags.

4.94 per ct.

Num-
ber.

2358

2709

2373

3069

2542

2310

2406

2727

2314

2209

2313

2982

2986

2998

2640

2988

It should be

New York AaricutturaL ExpERIMENT STATION. 789
COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER. °
Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID. ay
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2358 Guaranteed 4.11 Wee 7.50 ik
Found 4. 6.97 8.16 6.90

2709 Guaranteed —— 12. 12.50 oy
Found a 12.69 13.48 4.82

2373 Guaranteed 4.94 8. 8.50 Ns
Found A230 8.31 9.35 5.82

3069 Guaranteed 5.76* 8. 8.50 i
Found 4.95 9.58 10.81 5.02

2542 Guaranteed .82 des 7.50 ibs
Found .88 6.97 7.78 eli)

2310 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 8.50 ‘be
Found 3.8 7.48 9.16 6.72

2406 | Guaranteed .82 8. 8.50 Pye
Found .98 8. 9.13 2.20
2727 Guaranteed —_- 1s 12.50 --——-
Found ee 12.08 13.38 ————

2314 Guaranteed 1.67 4, 6. Ay
Found 1.94 5.41 7.38 4.04

2209 Guaranteed 4. 5). Fo ye
Found 4.05 6.65 9.38 4.98

2313 Guaranteed SHOU Te 8. de
Found 3.28 7.62 10.27 6.74

2982 | Guaranteed — 1.65 8. 9. 10.
Found 1.82 8.39 10.56 9.60

2986 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. es
Found 1.70 8.77 iilealal 9.64
2998 Guaranteed —— 14. 15e ——
Found ———- 14.51 15.92 —_———

2640 Guaranteed — 10. iM 4.
Found a 9.29 10.79 on0s

2988 | Guaranteed a 10. 11. 4.
Found a 10.34 begs 4.38

790

Report on Inspection Work oF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

Farmers’ Favorite

Schaal-Sheldon Fertil zer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y. |
Schaal-Sheldon Fert-lizer Co.,|
Buffalo, N. Y¥.

Fruit and Vine lertilizer

Guano

Schaal-Sheldon Vertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

High Grade Ground Bone

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y. ,

Schaal’s Corn and Potato

Schaal’s Standard

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Caz
Buffalo, N. Y.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Schaal-Sheldon Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Shafer Company, Perry C.,
Brockport, N. Y.

Shay Fertilizer Co., C. M.,
Groton, Conn.

Shay Fertilizer Co., C. M.,
Groton, Conn.

Shay Fertilizer Co., C.
Groton, Conn.

M.,

Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., M.
L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., M.
L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., M.
L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Superior

Ten and Hight

Ten and Eight

Truckers Manure

Shafer’s Special Fertilizer
Shay’s Potato Fertilizer

Shay’s Potato with Pot-

ash

Tankage

Swift-Sure Bone Meal

Swift-Sure Guano for

Truck, Corn & Onions

Swift-Sure Superphos-
phate for General Use

South Dayton

Locality where
sample was taken.

Collins

Eden Center

Middleport

South Dayton

Collins

Eden Center

South Dayton

Middleport

Eagle

Brockport

Orient

Orient

Orient

Peconic

Southampton

Cutchogue

Num-
ber.

NEw YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

2641

2987
2491

2952

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

791
Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
.82 8. 9. Di
91 8.04 10.06 2.08
2.47 6. le 10.
Zo 6.83 8.64 9.66
.82 8. 9. 4.
91 8.57 10.64 4.68
3.29 ——— 20.59 ==
3.29 wees 20 .37 =
1.65 8. 9. 4.
bee} 9.28 10.93 4.08
1.65 8. 9. 2.
1.67 8.69 10.47 260)
82 7 8. 9.
1.05 7.24 8.77 8.32
~-- 10. 11 8.
— 10.30 AA 7.66
— 10. 11 8.
—_——. 10.40 11.91 7.84
2.47 8. 9. 6.
2.87 ELS 10.15 6.42
2.06 8 9. oF
2.01 8.29 9.82 5.16
3.50 7.50 6.
3.89 7.40 8.61 6.30
4.01 7.41 8 8.46
7.05 6.86 9.63 .64
4.53 ——— 20. ———
4.87 ———— 21.48
1.65 8. 5)
1.95 9.28 12.06 5.42
2.88 9. 4.50
2.98 10.56 Ager) 5.38

792

Report on Iyspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

Name AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., M.
L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Stappenbeck Bros., Roches-
ter, N. Y

Stappenbeck, H., Utica,
N. Y.

Sterling Chemical Co., Cam-
bridge, Mass.

St. Lawrence State Hospital,
Ogdensburg, N. Y.

Stockwell Co., J. W., Fill-
more, N. Y.

Stockwell Co., J. W., Fill-
more, N. Y.

Stockwell Co., J. W., Fill-
more, N. Y.

Stockwell Co., J. W.,. Fill-
more, N. Y.

Stockwell Co., J. W., Fill-
more, N. Y. :

Stumpp & Walter Co., New
Works NY.

Stumpp & Walter Co., New
York, N. Y.

Swift & Company, Chicago,
Ill.

Swift & Company, Chicago,
Ill.

Swift & Company, Chicago,
Ill.

Brand or trade name.

Swift-Sure Superphos-
phate for Potatoes

Concentrated Tankage

Animal Bone and Potash

Sterlingworth Plant Tab-

lets

Steamed Table Bone

Stockwell Co’s Home
Mixed 113-5
Stockwell Co’s Home
Mixed 4-8-8 Fertilizer
Stockwell Co’s Home
Mixed 1-10-10 Fertil-
izer

Stockwell Co’s Home
Mixed 2-8-10 Fertil-
izer

Stockwell Co’s Home
Mixed 2-103-6 Fertil-
izer

Emerald Lawn Dressing

S. & W. Co’s Bone Fertil-

izer

Riverhead Town Agri.

Society Fertilizer For-
mula No. 1

Riverhead Town Agri.

Society Fertilizer For-
mula No. 2

Riverhead Town Agri.

Society Fertilizer For-
mula No. 3

Locality where
sample was taken.

Southampton

Rochester

Syracuse

Schenectady

Ogdensburg

Fillmore

Fillmore

Fillmore

Fillmore

Fillmore

New York

New York

Riverhead

Riverhead

Peconic

Num-
ber.

3161

3163

2329

2388

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 793

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps oF FERTILIzER

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total
2668 | Guaranteed 2.88 8. Ue
Found 282 10.77 {Zeal 6.70
2976 | Guaranteed 9 aa 6. ———
Found 9.44 -——— 7.83 ——
2437 Guaranteed 2 8 16. 3.50
Found 94 AE 11.40 18.92 5.01
2892 Guaranteed
Found 10.97 12.36 12.36 8.72
2907 Guaranteed ———— ——=
Found 3) by —_~ 23.44 ——
3160 ' Guaranteed - 11.50 5s
Found a 11.95 Set 5.04
3159 Guaranteed 3.29 8. 8.
Found 3.07 8.52 9.26 7.96
3162 Guaranteed .82 10. 10.
Found .82 10.37 Hil Bs: 10.32
3161 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 10.
Found 1.60 8.29 9.09 10.40
3163 Guaranteed 1.65 10.50 6.
Found 1.65 10.58 11.50 TAO
2246 Guaranteed on on rd 6.
Found 3.65 5.98 8.20 We
2245 Guaranteed 3). ——-- 20. —
Found 4.04 —— 2202 —
2328 Guaranteed 4.10 8. iy.
Found 4.31 8.63 9.40 |. 5.86
2329 Guaranteed 4.93 8. 5.
Found 5.16 8.05 8.73 §.02
2388 Guaranteed 4.10 8. 8.

Found 3.94 8.50 9.12 7.90

794

Report on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NaME AND ADDRESS OF MANvu-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Swift & Company, Chicago,

Tl.

Swift
Il.

Swift
Til.

Swift
Ill.

Swift
fl.

Swift
Til.

Swift
Til.

Swift
Tl.

Swift
Ill.
Swift
Til.

Swift
ill.

Swift
Ill.

Swift
Ill.

Swift
Til.

Swift
Ill.

Swift
Ill.

Swift
I

&

&

&

&

4

&

q

&

4

&

&

q

&

&

&

=)

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Company,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Chicago,

Brand or trade name.

Swift’s Diamond C Fertil-

izer

Swift’s Diamond D Fertil-

izer

Swift’s Diamond E Fertil-

izer

Swift’s Diamond E Fertil-

izer

Swift’s Diamond G Fertil-

izer

Swift’s Diamond H Fertil-

izer

Swift’s Early Potatoes and

Vegetables Grower

Swift’s Garden City Acid

Phosphate

Swift’s Grain Fertilizer

Swift’s High Grade Phos-

phate and Potash

Swift’s Onion, Potato and

Tobacco

Swift’s Potato, Celery and

Onion Grower

Swift’s Pulverized Sheep

Manure

Swift’s Pure Bone Meal |

Swift’s Pure Diamond B

Fertilizer

Swift’s Pure Diamond F

Fertilizer

Swift’s Pure Diamond G

Fertilizer

Locality where
sample was taken.

Union

Unadilla

Cortland

Silver Creek

Cortland

Spencer

Newark Valley

Owego

Owego

Romulus

Unadilla

Collins

Burt

Burt

Burt

Collins

Silver Creek

Num-
ber.

2753

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 795

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Number.

2040
2527
2152
2754
2151
3041

3008

Guaranteed
Found
Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

| Guaranteed

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Guaranteed
Found

Found

Found

Guaranteed
Found

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FErRriuizEr.

Nitrogen.

1.65
1.60

2.47

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Available.

He oo ee
—_ bo od

om |] Co |] 000 |] COM | COO
on
or

en
~I
ie)

Total.

Potash.

I

Ne) He
bo oO

co
jo)

—
eb oo On CO He bo bo

or
or

796

Rerortr on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Swift
Ill.

Swift & Company, Chicago,

¢ Ill.

Swift
Ill.

Swift
Ill.

Swift
Til.

Swift
Ill.

& Company, Chicago,

& Company, Chicago,

& Company, Chicago,

& Company, Chicago,

& Company, Chicago,

Swift

Ill.

Swift
tl.

& Company, Chicago,

Swift & Company, Chicago,
Ill.

Swift & Company, Chicago,
Ill.

Syracuse Rendering Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.

Syracuse Rendering Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.

Syracuse Rendering Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.

Syracuse Rendering Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.

Syracuse Rendering Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.

Syracuse Rendering Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.

Syracuse Rendering Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.

& Company, Chicago,

Brand or trade name.

Swift’s Pure Early Potato

and Vegetable Grower

Swift’s Pure Fertilizer
Superphosphate

Swift’s Pure Special Po-

tato Fertilizer

Swift’s Pure Special Po-

tato Fertilizer

Swift’s Pure Superphos-

phate
Swift’s Red Steer

Swift’s Special High Grade

Acid Phosphate

Swift’s Special Phosphate

and Potash

Swift’s Special Tobacco

Fertilizer

Swift’s Truck Grower

Syracuse Animal Brand

Syracuse Ground Bone

Syracuse Market Garden

Manure

Syracuse Onondaga Brand
Syracuse Onondaga Brand

Syracuse Potato Manure

Syracuse Special for
Celery, Cabbage and Po-
tatoes

=

Baldwinsville

Locality where
sample was taken.

Kennedy

Newer YOr York

Kennedy

Silver Creek

Randolph

Lounsberry

Union

Horseheads

Cortland

-sennentate

North Collins

Baldwinsville

Albion

Skaneateles

Baldwinsville

Albion

Num-
ber.

2107

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 797

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2107 Guaranteed 3.29 6. de 10.
Found 2.76 hee 8.56 8.44

2244 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. Pas
Found iLeei 8.22 9.59 2.54

2108 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 1Oe
Found 1.70 7.88 8.33 9.96

2650 Guaranteed 1.85 8. 8.50 10.
Found 1.46 8.52 9.47 10.02

2111 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 9. 2,
Found 1.24 9.16 9.75 2.34

3010 Guaranteed 1.65 8 ve 2.
Found 1.61 8.36 9.16 2.46
2541 Guaranteed —— 16 17. ——
Found a 15.57 15.79 —_——

3022 Guaranteed a 10. ike 2:
Found Hae 10.14 10.89 2.10

2827 Guaranteed

Found 4.55 5.27 5.45 11.30

2154 Guaranteed .82 8. 9. 4,
Found .90 8.51 9.06 4.78

2423 Guaranteed 2.46 8: 9. 4,
Found 2.44 8. 9.58 4.54
2629 Guaranteed 2.46 — Zon -——
Found 2252 —_— 24 .42 So

2556 | Guaranteed 3.28 @ 8. 8
Found 3)? Cesk 8.82 8.22

2133 Guaranteed .82 8 9. 4,
Found 87 OS 8.77 3.94

2426 Guaranteed .82 8 9. 4,
Found .82 7.87 8.79 4.12

2555 Guaranteed 2.46 8 9 6.
Found 2.65 8.72 10.37 Seth

2135 Guaranteed 1.24 ike 8. 9.
Found 1.26 6.87 8.47 9.02

798

Rerorr on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANu-

FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Syracuse Rendering
Syracuse, N. Y.

Thomas & Son Co., I. P.,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Thomas & Son Co., I.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Thomas & Son Co., I. P.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Thomas & Son Co., I. P.,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Thomas & Son Co., I. P.,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Thorburn & Co., J. M., New

York, Nai.

Thorburn & Co., J. M., New

York, N. Y.

Tunnell & Co., Inc., F. W.,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Tuscarora Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Co.,

P.,

P.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Brand or trade name.

Syracuse Superphosphate

Thomas Long Island

Special 4-8-7

Thomas Truck and Potato

Fertilizer

Thomas Truck and Potato

Fertilizer

Tip Top Super-Phosphate

Truckers’ High Grade

Guano

Thorburn’s Complete Ma-

nure

Thorburn’s
tilizer

Lawn Fer-

F. W. Tunnell & Co’s

High Grade Celery,
Onion and Lettuce Ma-
nure

Muriate of Potash
Tuscarora Acid Phos-
phate

Tuscarora Alkaline

Tuscarora Big 4 Four

Tuscarora Crop Grower

Tuscarora Fruit and Potato

Tuscarora High Grade

Locality where

sample was taken.

Albion

East Northport

East Northport

Riverhead

Riverhead

Jamesport

New York

New York

Chester

Wayland

Madrid

Palmyra

Holley

Wayland

Canton

Canton

Num-
ber.

New York AGricuttuRAL ExperIMENT STAtTIon. 799

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps IN 100 Pounps oF FERTILIZER.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2134 | Guaranteed .82 Ue 8. 74
Found .83 7.04 7.84 212

2214 Guaranteed 3.25 8. Ts
Found 3.03 8.48 9.27 6.83

2213 Guaranteed 4. The 8.
Found 4.01 8.18 8.63 7.98

2382 | Guaranteed 4. The 8.
Found 4.18 7.49 8.15 8.28

2324 Guaranteed 2.50 8. 4.
Found 2.61 8.15 9.35 4.28

2309 Guaranteed 3.25 Ue The
Found 331i 7.07 7.93 8.22

2250 | Guaranteed 2.47 6. le 6.
Found 2.69 C20 8.72 5.76

3051 Guaranteed 4.94 8. 9. ‘a
Found 4.98 8.39 G .43 5.48

2703 Guaranteed 2.47 6. 8. 10.
Found 2.43 7.98 8.43 10.22

3034 | Guaranteed ———— a 48.
Found - = a — 51.60
2917 Guaranteed ~-—— 14. ~
; Found a 14.33 14.48 ——

2974 | Guaranteed a 10. 5.
Found —— 10.53 iliLaalz 5.14

2461 | Guaranteed 1.65 he A;
Found eines 7.09 8.32 4.48

3033 Guaranteed .82 8. 2.
Found .79 8.56 9.15 2.32

2902 Guaranteed 1.65 8. 10.
Found 1.65 8.06 9.16 10.32

2903 Guaranteed — - 10. — 8.
Found ——— 10.64 10.91 8.16

800

Report on Inspection Work OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-
FACTURER OR JOBBER.

Tuscarora Fertilizer
Baltimore, Md.

Co.,

Tuscarora Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

Tuscarora Fertilizer Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

Tygert & Co., J. E., Phila-

delphia, Pa.

Tyger) & (Go, eB) sph

delphia, Pa.

The Van Iderstine Co., Long
Island City, N. Y.

Vaughan’s Seed Store, New
York, N. Y.

Vaughan’s Seed Store, New
York, N. Y.

Vaughan’s Seed Store, New
Mork Ne We

Weeber & Don, New York,
Ngex.

Werner Extract Co., Me-

chanicville, N. Y.
Whann Co., W. E., William

Penn., Pa.

Whann Co., W. E., William
Penn, Pa.

White’s Rendering Works,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

Tuscarora Phosphate and

Potash

.,| Tuscarora Special Potato

Grower

Tuscarora Standard

Tuscarora Trucker

Tuscarora York State
Special ;
Tygert’s Cabbage Manure

Tygert’s Special Potato

and Tobacco Fertilizer

Van Iderstine’s Pure

Ground Bone

Vaughan’s Lawn and Gar-

den

Vaughan’s Rams Head
Brand Pulverized Sheep
Manure

Vaughan’s Rose Grower

Bone Meal

Weeber & Don’s Lawn

Invigorator

Werner’s Natural Fertil-

izer

Whann’s Chester Valley

Cabbage and Cauli-
flower Manure

Whann’s Chester Valley

Special Potato and

Truck Fertilizer

Pure Meat and Bone Fer-

tilizer

Locality where
sample was taken.

Port Leyden

Granville

Salem

Madrid

Salem

Aquebogue

Aquebogue

Long Island City

New York

Syracuse

New York

New York

Mechanicville

Huntington

Huntington

Arlington

Num-
ber.

2205

3120

New York Aaricurruran Experiment Station. S01

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

Pounps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILizEr.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

Number.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.

2690 | Guaranteed ———. 10 2.
Found —___. 10.49 10.96 1.88

2884 | Guaranteed 3.30 7
Found 2.86 8.62 9.02 7.26

2882 | Guaranteed 1.65 8. 2%
Found 1.64 8.26 9.47 2.54

2916 Guaranteed 4.11 rf
Found 4.02 8.47 9.58 7.38

2881 Guaranteed .82 8. 4.
Found 1.05 8.29 9.24 4.04

2348 Guaranteed 2.47 Ue 8 5.
Found 2.69 7.26 8.13 5.56

2301 Guaranteed 3.29 6. The 8.
Found ALP 6.74 iste 8.48
3065 Guaranteed 2 —— 27. —-
Found 7 By a 28.25 —_—

2249 Guaranteed 2.88 8 — 4.
Found 584 8.64 11.55 4.18

2561 Guaranteed 2. iL. 1.20 I
Found 2.20 .95 1.45 2.40
2248 Guaranteed 3.70 —— 22P ——-
Found 4.31 — 22.43 —--—
3061 Guaranteed 2.47 —— 3.50 2.50
Found 2.23 ——- Bay 2.40
3127 Guaranteed .05 .O1 .02
Found .04 11 OR .06

2204 Guaranteed 4.11 6. de 5.
‘| Found 4.15 6.68 7.82 6.06

2205 Guaranteed 2.47 be 8. ie
Found 2.63 7.45 8.02 6.94
3120 | Guaranteed 4. — lr ===
Found 5.47 _—_—_— 14.50 —_

26

802

Report on Inspection WorkK OF THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF FERTILIZERS

NAME AND ADDRESS OF MANU-

FACTURER OR JOBBER.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

Co.,

The Wilcox Fertilizer

Mystic, Conn.

Co.,

The Wilcox Fertilizer

Mystic, Conn.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

Co.,

Co.,

The Wilcox Fertilizer

Mystic, Conn.

The Wilcox Fertilizer
Mystic, Conn.

Co.,

Co.,

Witbeck, Chas. W., Schenec-

tady, N. Y.
Unknown

Unknown

Brand or trade name.

Acid Phosphate

Kainit

Wilcox Cauliflower Fer-

tilizer

Wilcox Dry Ground
Acidulated Fish

Wilcox 5-8-7 Fertilizer

Wilcox Fish and Potash

Wilcox Fish Guano

Wilcox Long Island Dry

Ground Fish

Wilcox Nitrate of Soda

Wilcox Potato, Onion and

Vegetable Phosphate

Wilcox Pure Ground Bone

Wilcox 6-8-5 Fertilizer

Witbeck’s High Grade
Lawn Fertilizer

Machine Dried Fish Scrap

Muriate of Potash

Locality where
sample was taken.

Greenport

Greenport

Greenport

Greenport

Greenport

Riverhead

Greenport

Aquebogue

Greenport

Greenport

Greenport

Greenport

Schenectady

Riverhead

Riverhead

New York Aaricurturat ExprErIMENtT STATION. 802

COLLECTED IN NEW YORK STATE IN 1912.

)
y)

Potnps 1n 100 Pounps or FERTILIZER.

Number. PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Nitrogen. Potash.
Available. Total.
2370 | Guaranteed ——_- 15.50 16. on
Found — 15.20 16.37 A
2369 Guaranteed —- —_ —— lie
Found a —— a 13.
2384 Guaranteed 4.11 6. Fe ye
Found 4.53 6.69 8.99 5.32
2386 Guaranteed 7.81 4. OF ———
Found 8.57 aye 6.32 ———
2366 Guaranteed 4.11 8. 9.
Found 4.64 7.99 9.48 7.14
2381 Guaranteed 2.46 Dy 6. 35.
Found 2.91 220 7.60 4.08
2387 Guaranteed 4.10 Pee 3) a
Found 4.37 2.48 6.63 ———
2376 Guaranteed Hoev 4. 5. ———
Found 8.46 5.20 6.19 ——
2368 Guaranteed 15. —_—— nd ——.
Found — 15.41 —_——- —— —_
2367 Guaranteed 3.30 8. 9. Ue
Found BHoD 8.66 9.73 7.98
2371 Guaranteed 2.46 —_— 22. ———
Found 4.35 ———— 21.98 or
2385 Guaranteed 4.93 8. 9. B,
Found 5.33 8.01 9.58 5.84
2893 Guaranteed ———
Found 1.97 8.33 10.38 Seite.
2339 Guaranteed ——— —
Found 9.39 —— 6.12 a
2338 Guaranteed ——— ——. —
Found ae oa — Sie

804

Report on Inspection Work or THE

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF AGRICULTURAL LIME
|

NAME AND ADDRESS OF
MANUFACTURER OR
JOBBER.

American Lime & Stone

Co., Tyrone, Pa.

American Lime & Stone
Co., Tyrone, Pa.

Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y. j

Buffalo Fertilizer Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y.

The Caledonia Chemical
Co., Caledonia, N. Y.

The Caledonia Marl Co.,
Caledonia, N. Y.

Conley Stone Co., F. E.,
Utica, N. Y.

Corson, G. & W. H.,
Plymouth Meeting, Pa.

Dutchess County Lime
Co., Dover Plains, N.Y.

Edison Portland Cement
Co., New Village, N. J.

Genesee Lime Co., Hon-
eoye Falls, N. Y.

Brand or trade name.

“Burnt Lime for
Agricultural
Use ”

Hydra-Oxide
Lime

of
Buffalo Brand Agri-
cultural Lime

Buffalo Brand Agri-
cultural Lime

Locality where
sample was
taken.

Elmira

Elmira

Moravia

Troquois

Agricultural Lime
Agricultural Lime
Raw Ground Lime
Corson’s Prepared
Lime Hydrated

Agricultural Lime

Limestone

Caledonia

Unadilla

Chenango F’ks

Owego

Bedford Hills

Cortland

Genesee Lime Co.,
eoye Falls, N. Y.

The MHaserot Canneries
Co., Cleveland, O.

The Kelley Island Lime
& Transport Co., Cleve-
land, O.

Le Roy Lime Works
and Stone Quarries, Le
Roya Ni. W-

National Mortar and Sup-
ply Co., Pittsburg, Pa.

Horse Head Car-
bonate of Lime

Ground Limestone
for Agricultural
Purposes

Le Roy Agricul-
tural Lime

Banner Hydrated

Lime

Eden Center

Perry

Le Roy

Cherry Creek

*G and F mean, respectively, Guaranteed and Found,

Calcium
Num- :
ber. ae
3012 | G* 84.
F 79.69
3011 | G* 66.75
F 71.26
2516 | G* 50:
F 45.76
2635 | G* 50.
F 49.88
3165 | G* 50.
F 49 .49
2593 | G* 50.
F 50.60
2440 | G* S15
F olese
2848 | G* 48.
F 44.64
3105 | G*
F 43.75
3040 | G*
F 5132
2602 | G* 65.
F 70.34
3166 | G* 65.
F 71.42
2621 | G* 52.56
F 48.16
2997 | G*
F 43.19
3164 | G*
F 68.76
2957 | G*
F 51.12

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

805

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF AGRICULTURAL LIME

NAME AND ADDRESS OF
MANUFACTURER OR
JOBBER.

New Castle Portland

Cement Co., New
Castle, Pa.

Rockland & Rockport
Lime Co., Rock-
land, Me.

Security Cement and
Lime Co., Berkeley,
Wie Via

Security Cement and
Lime Co., Berkeley,
iW>Va:

The Solvay Process Co.,
Syracuse, N. Y.

The Standard Lime &
Stone Co., Baltimore,
Md.

Woodville Lime &
Cement Co., Toledo, O.

Brand or trade name.

Pulverized Lime-

stone
R-R Land Lime

Berkeley Hydrated

Lime

Ground Limestone

Land Lime

Standard Ground

Limestone

Agricultural Lime

Locality where
sample was
taken.

Mayville

Jamesport

Clarence

Hamburg

Schoharie

Perry

East Aurora

*G and F mean, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

Num-
ber.
2961 | G*
F
G*
F
2776 | G*
F
2624 | G*
F
2736 | G*
F
2996 | G*
F
SlosniGe
F

Calcium
oxide.
Per ct.

50.68

806 Report on Inspection Work.

ANALYSES OF SAMPLES OF LIME COMPOUNDS

PHOSPHORIC
Name and address of manu- Whieas Acip Cal-
facturer or jobber and brand Where taken. ge ———_—_———|Potash.| cium
or trade name. ; Anil: oxide.

able Total

The Caledonia Chemical Co.,| East Scho-| 3124 | G*| 1.50 | 2.50
Caledonia, N. Y. Wood} dack F
Ashes Substitute

Corson, G. & W. H., Plym-| Apalachin | 2810 | G*| —— | —— | 3. 40.
outh Meeting, Pa. Cor- F 2
son’s Prepared Lime and
Ash

New England Lime Co., Dan-| Oneonta 2841 | G* | —— | —— | —— |] —
bury, Conn. Connecticut F
Lime Ashes

*G and F mean, respectively, Guaranteed and Found.

APPEN DIX.

I. PopuLAR EDITIONS OF STATION BULLETINS,
II. PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THE STATION.

II]. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS.

[807]

Pup Boating Lee ( , Dae
Brey. Dan” -Choivectosel i Pe
bates Agios y :

ee ee eee > mA ¥ é ;

PY) mtd P site, rerpnthy . daemcadterd end Ponek

\ —
SPRL VOMTATA wh exo ware, A

FONTATS AKT TH GEvEAIeD Sra nOuiNL Tf

eat wiesodontae IE |

- §

oe

POPULAR BULLETIN REPRINTS.

A NEW FRUIT TREE ENEMY IN NEW YORK.*
F. H. HALL.

A recent surprise to entomologists is the finding
Advent of of pear thrips in New York State. This insect
pear thrips. has been present in California in destructive
numbers for several years, but was unknown in
the East until in the spring of 1911. Before this time, for a
period extending back at least five years, is had been at work,
unrecognized, in a limited section of the Hudson Valley —in
about three townships in the vicinity of Germantown; but the
pear growers whose orchards were infested, in some cases to a
very injurious extent, had thought the damage due to frost, spray
injury or other causes. The few who had seen the insects on the
buds or in the blossoms could not believe these tiny creatures the
cause of such severe injury as occurred in some of the orchards;
but investigations made by the Station Entomologist during 1911
have proved the trouble due to the insect and have established
its identity with the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri) which is caus-
ing California fruit growers so much harm.
Beside the three townships on the east side of
Extent of | the Hudson, in Columbia and Dutchess counties,
infestation. the insect is apparently present in a few orchards
further down the Hudson, on the opposite side of
the river, and in at least one orchard in western New York.
Further study will probably show that it is much more widely
distributed than is now known; since it is easily overlooked
when not abundant, and its work ascribed to other causes even
when it is numerous and destructive.

* A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 343; see p. 341 for the
Bulletin.
[809]

810 PoruLaR Eprrions oF STATION BULLETINS OF THE

In 1910, when the loss from the thrips was

Amount of greatest, pear growers in the region about Ger-

injury. mantown found their Kieffer crops reduced from
one-third to nine-tenths or even more. The ex-
cessive damage during this season was probably due to the early
and sudden arrival of warm weather which favored the insects
and also brought the pears into bud and bloom when the pests
were most abundant. The union of these two factors exposed
practically all Kieffers and some other varieties to the attacks
of countless hordes of the thrips at the most critical time. In
1911, the damage to Kieffers, though general in some orchards
and severe in scattered spots in other orchards, was not nearly as
great as in 1910; while Bartletts and Clapp Favorites, the other
varieties most grown in the section, were not seriously injured.
Beurre Bose, Beurre Anjou, Vermont Beauty, Dana Hovey,
Rhode Island, Clairgeau and Beauty of Wakefield were badly
affected; but these varieties are not generally grown so the loss
on them was not great.
The mature thrips is a very minute insect, only
Adult insect. one-twentieth of an inch long. It is dark brown
in color, appearing almost black on casual view;
and bears four peculiar, long, narrow, feathery wings which gave
the thrips its old name, “ fringe-wings.”” The wings are simple and
each consists merely of a single strong rib bordered by closely set,
long hairs.

These adults come from resting cells in the soil, where they
have spent the winter. The date of emergence varies with the
season, but is apparently timed to precede by a few days the
swelling and opening of the pear buds. Growers, where the
insect. is suspected or where pear buds have blighted from
unknown causes, should watch their trees carefully from the
middle of April on, and if they find them spotted with tiny dark
flies, should prepare for immediate, vigorous action.

In 1911 the adults were most active and destructive from
April 28 to May 11. As soon as they come from the ground
they seek the trees whose buds are nearest ready to open, and
work their way between the spreading tips into the centers of

New York AGRricuttTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 811

the young flowers. They rasp and puncture the tender parts at
the center of the bud and suck up the exuding juice for food.
These injuries, it will be seen, strike at the very heart of the
hoped-for crop and result in more harm than might be caused
later by many times the number of larger insects. Yet the num-
bers of the thrips, even at this stage, are by no means small; and
two weeks later the white, maggot-like larvee may be found elus-
tered about the buds or in the open flowers like mites upon fowls
in a neglected poultry house, as is shown by the title page illus-
tration. The early injuries by the adult thrips, when these are
numerous, cause the buds to become “ leaky,” that is, sticky with
a viscid, brownish secretion — a condition very characteristic of
the work of this insect. At this time most of the adults are
beyond the reach of spray mixtures, but preparations should be
made to attack the larve as soon as the falling of the petals makes
it safe to spray the flowers.

The injured buds cease to grow and the whole blossom cluster,
if the mature thrips are plentiful, becomes stunted, shrivelled and
brown, as if blighted. If the attack is not made quite so early,
the insects feed in the opening blossoms, eating stamens, pistils
and petals; or they may attack the tender leaves as these appear.
On the clusters attacked, the petals will be small and uneven in
size, the fruit stems dwarfed and irregular in length and the
flower generally blackish or brownish in color. The leaves of
the first-formed clusters are usually dwarfed in size, crinkly,
cup-shaped or otherwise deformed, and with margins irregularly
broken or blackened. The fruits setting on such clusters gen-
erally have weak stems and fall prematurely.

The microscopic, whitish or yellowish, kidney-

Egg-laying. shaped egg is placed within the tissues of the

plant. The female generally selects the fruit
stems for egg-laying and slits them with her sharp, curved
ovipositor, depositing a single egg in each slit. She begins this
work soon after emerging from the ground and continues it until
about the middle of May. The incisions may sometimes be so
frequent in a single stem that it will become weak and yellow,
allowing the fruit to fall prematurely. Usually the stems are only
roughened.

812 Porutar Epirions or Station BULLETINS oF THE

The eggs hatch within a week after laying, and
Larva. produce small, white, soft-bodied larvee with two
pronounced reddish eye spots. These larve are
provided with mouth parts like those of the adult, but are some-
what less active and destructive. On the pear they feed mainly
on the young leaves and emphasize the injury done by the adults,
since they are naturally most abundant on trees that have fed the
parent insects in largest numbers. This additional shock to the
tree greatly retards its return to a normal condition, as the leaves
are often destroyed or deformed to such an extent that the young
pears that have set cannot be nourished and, therefore, drop; nor
can new fruit spurs for the next year be developed. Later, the
larvee feed to some extent on the tips and edges of the growing
terminal leaves, which may be blackened. A secretion similar to
that produced on the buds by the adult thrips may also be caused
by the work of the larvee.

After feeding for about two weeks the larve drop from the trees,
may feed for a time on weeds and grass, and then enter the soil
to form the resting cells. They remain unchanged in these until
late October, then change to pupze and pass the winter in that
stage or as hibernating adults.

While commonly called “ pear” thrips, this pest

Food plants. may feed or work on quite a range of plants. It

was found in New York during 1911 on apple,

apricot, cherry, peach, plum and quince as well as on pear; and

in California it also attacks almond, fig, grape and English walnut.

If it becomes established in the East it may Have to be fought on

the above fruits and probably others.

As a sucking insect, the thrips cannot be reached

Control. by internal poisons, but must be destroyed by

contact insecticides. It is not difficult to kill, if

reached, as the spraying experiments of 1911 proved that it would

be destroyed by a good wetting with any of the insecticides used.

The difficulty is, however, that the adults very soon get into the

buds where spray mixtures cannot reach them directly. Early

recognition of their presence and prompt, thorough, quickly
repeated applications are necessary for success.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 813

The nicotine preparations are very effective, especially when
combined with an oil emulsion which has a penetrating quality.
In 1911 three sprayings in a badly infested orchard, two applica-
tions on successive days and the third one two days later, re-
duced the numbers of thrips to a very small proportion of those
originally present. In these treatments, the nicotine preparations,
Black Leaf and Black Leaf 40, were used alone and each com-
bined with soap or with kerosene emulsion; and there seemed
to be little difference in effectiveness. Each mixture destroyed
the insects it touched. Conditions were particularly favorable
for treatment this year, however, since the buds opened very
rapidly, allowing the spray mixtures to be forced into them more
readily than might be the case in cooler weather when the trees
bloomed more slowly. The thrips also probably came out within
a shorter period than in cooler years; so that more of them were
caught by the three sprayings than would be when the emergence
was longer distributed. It is hoped, though, that two or at most
three thorough applications of nicotine and kerosene emulsion
made at short intervals with a heavy, driving spray, using 125-150
Ibs. pressure, when the mature insects are seeking the buds, will
reduce them to a comparatively harmless number.

Formulas.
Spraying 1.
mixtures. Nicotine extract 2.7 per ct. (Black Leaf) 6 qts.
Water 100 gals.
Soap ; 2 to 5 lbs.
or
Kerosene emulsion ; 3 gals.
pe
Nicotine extract 40 per ct. (Black Leaf 40) 4 to } pt.
Water 100 gals.
Soap 2 to 5 lbs.
or
Kerosene emulsion 3 gals.

In spraying, two objects should be kept in mind

Directions for — (1) to kill the winged thrips working in and
spraying. about expanding buds and blossom clusters to
prevent injury to the tender flower and leaf parts;

814 Poputar Eprrions or Srarion Buyers.

and (2) to destroy the larve after petals drop to reduce the num-
bers of insects which will mature in the ground.

The period for effective spraying against the adult or winged
thrips is during the time when the buds are swollen and partly
open and until they are entirely opened at the tips. The first
treatment should be made as soon as the thrips become numerous
on the trees. The number of the applications required will de-
pend on the thoroughness of the treatments. ‘The grower should
spray on successive days or every few days until the thrips are
reduced to comparatively few individuals. Two and certainly
not more than three sprayings are required to afford efficient pro:
tection to the trees from the adult thrips. Especially hard to kill
are the insects within the buds, as they are often hidden, and it
is difficult to force the spraying mixture in between the growing
structures of the bud. While it is not possible to reach all of
these, many of them may be destroyed by careful work in apply-
ing the sprays. By successive applications severe injury may be
largely or entirely prevented. To secure the greatest benefits
from the treatments, apply the spraying mixtures in liberal quan-
tities as a rather coarse driving spray, holding the nozzle fairly
close to the buds in order to force the liquid into the ends of the
buds. The “ angle nozzles” of the large chamber type or nozzles
set on an angle to the extension rod, maintaining a pressure of
not less than one hundred fifty pounds are preferable.

The larvee may be seen in large numbers as small, whitish crea-
tures in the calyx cups, on pears especially (see title page illus-
tration), when they are well exposed to spraying because of the
open nature of the blossom ends of the young fruits. One or two
careful sprayings will practically free the trees of the insects. In
making an application both surfaces of the leaves and the calyx
ends of the young fruits should be thoroughly wetted by the
liquid. Spraying for the larve is important because it will
greatly reduce the numbers of the insects which seek shelter in the
ground until the following spring.

(Plate XX XV was also given in this popular edition.)

FIGHTING LEAF-HOPPERS IN THE VINEYARD.*
F. H. HALL.
The grape leaf-hopper, or “thrips” is by no means
Increase a new insect; but its numbers are sometimes so
of the small and its injuries so inconspicuous that its
insect. presence in the vineyard is disregarded. Occasion-
ally there comes a year, however, or a series of
years, when the tiny creatures become so numerous as to fill the
air at picking time, thus greatly annoying the vineyard workers.
At such times, also, the student of grape quality notes a greatly
increased proportion of poorly colored, insipid flavored or sour
grapes ; and, sometimes, as in 1910 and 1911 and even more notice-
ably in 1901 and 1902, in the Chautauqua and Erie grape belt the
quantity of grapes in many vineyards is decidedly lessened by
the countless hordes of these minute pests. During 1910 and 1911
those growers having infested vineyards who protected their vines
against the “ hoppers” secured a profitable crop increase, to say
nothing of the fact that their fruit was not rejected because of
poor quality by the makers of grape juice, and was in better con-
dition for the packing of basket fruit for dessert use. For several
seasons the pest has been increasing in Chautauqua county; but
whether 1911 marked the crest of the wave or whether a worse in-
festation is to come in 1912, no one can say. The countless mil-
lions of the mature hoppers that went into winter quarters last
fall certainly promise trouble for the growers this summer unless
weather conditions or other influences reduce their numbers before
grape foliage appears.
* A reprint of ‘“ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 344; see p. 367 for the

Bulletin,
[815]

816 Porvtar Eprrions or Station BuLLEeTINS OF THE

The grape leaf-hopper is about one-eighth of an
The inch long, light yellow during the summer, but
insect. changing to salmon color toward fall and becoming
dark red in its winter hiding place. One of the
adults is shown on page 819 and five nymphal stages or
“instars” in the adjoining
figures. These differ from
each other mainly in the in-
creasing prominence of the
wing pads; since the hoppers
do not pass through larval,
pupal and adult forms which
differs so markedly in most in-
sects. The adult hoppers have
a front, or outer, pair of wing
shields, or “elytra”, which
close along the back, making a
tight, tent-like cover beneath
which the thin, filmy, true
Fig. 1—First Four NympuauInstars or wings are concealed when the
Ey ene ana insects are not in flight.

The protection given the little pests by
these resistant wing covers makes it very
difficult to injure the adults by spraying,
since the ordinary mist spray does not
reach any tender part of the body. Both
old and young “thrips” are still further
protected by their habit of feeding on the
under side of the leaves, so that, to combat
them successfully, driving sprays must be
used that catch them from below and
drench them thoroughly.

The adult hoppers winter in protected Fic. 2—Fretn Nympnau In-
places about the vineyards, weeds, piles of © **™ eee seas
rubbish, ditch banks or other neglected (Enlarged.)

corners of the vineyards themselves or woodland,

Time of undergrowth or grass lands adjoining them. They

feeding. appear before the grape foliage has started and
feed for a time on early spring weeds or other

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 817

perennial plants, preferring the foliage of bush fruits. As soon
as the grape leaves appear they migrate to the vines and feed on
them until fall. They will be noticed first on shoots and leaves
near the ground, but later on all parts of the plants.

They mate during the latter part of May and the eggs are laid
during the month of June. The first nymphs appear about the
middle of June and the maximum number is out by the end of
the first week in July in normal seasons. A second partial or
complete brood appears the latter part of August if conditions are
favorable. By the time the grape leaves have fallen most of the
insects are mature and seek protected hibernating places.

The grape leaf-hopper feeds by sucking, and, pre-

How the _ ferably, on the under side of the leaves. It pierces

hoppers’ the “skin” of the leaf, feeds until satisfied and
work. then withdraws its proboscis or sucking tube thus
leaving an opening from which the plant juices
dry out, not only from the pierced cell, but from adjoining ones.
There is soon formed around each puncture a spot of dead tissue ;
and if there be 100 hoppers on a leaf, each feeding twice a day for
two months, the leaf would show 12,000 such injured spots. In
fact, counts have been made on leaves of average size that gave
20,000 spots. This makes a severe drain on the vitality of the
leaf and it takes on an unhealthy yellow hue. The death of so
many starch-making cells lessens the amount of wood produced
and of fruit formed; and, more disastrously perhaps, it affects
the quality of the fruit, making it ill flavored or sour and poorly
colored. The rich blue black of the Concord becomes a lifeless
reddish color when hoppers are abundant and the attractive flavor
is lost so that grape juice makers and most buyers of grapes for the
table reject the fruit.
As the leaf-hoppers feed by sucking, they cannot
Control _ be poisoned; but must be killed by contact insecti-
measures. cides. In tests made during 1910, it was found
that the nicotine preparations were very effective
if properly applied. But the protection given by the manner of
feeding beneath the leaves made it almost impossible to reach

818 Porvutar Eprrions or Srarion BuLLetiINs OF THE

them effectively with any sprayer fitted with fixed nozzles. Hand
management of the nozzles, with free hose, gave better results,
but is a more expensive method, and, with nicotine, exceedingly
unpleasant, drenching of the clothes by the wind causing nausea
and illness in many cases.

The method of applying then, rather than the material to be
used, appeared most needful of study; therefore the efforts of the
Station entomologist in the Chautauqua field were directed toward
the development of an attachment for power spray outfits that
would put the material where needed without personal discomfort.

A device of this kind had been made in 1911 by Mr. F. A.
Morehouse, of Ripley; but was not a success because of certain
defects. After considerable study this attachment was so modi-
fied that it gave most excellent results in actual field work.

This attachment consists of an iron pipe frame-

Automatic work attached rigidly to the side of the spray cart,

spraying which carries three movable booms at different
attachment. heights, each swung out under the vines by a
coiled-wire spring and. fitted with hose-and-pipe
connection leading to an adjustable nozzle at the end. The
springs are made strong enough to hold the nozzles in position
under or among the leaves against ordinary resistance but allow
the booms to swing past fixed obstructions. The nozzles are pro-
tected against entanglement with vines or foliage by inclined
guards. The range in height given by the three booms, with a
difference in their length, and the change in direction of the spray
allowed by the adjustable nozzles make it possible to cover thor-
oughly all parts of the vines.

No attempt is made here to give details of this attachment; but
a full description of it is given in the regular bulletin, with plans
and illustrations. It can be constructed by any blacksmith or
plumber for less than $20.

Spraying should be done when the nymphs (young

Directions “hoppers”) have reached their maximum num-

for bers, which, in Chautauqua county, will be some
spraying. time in July, the exact period varying somewhat
with the season.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 819

Efficient and economical nicotine sprays are “ Black Leaf To-
bacco Extract ” (2.7 per ct. nicotine), one part to 150 parts of
water, or “ Black Leaf 40 ” (40 per ct. nicotine), one part to 1600
parts of water. Enough of this spray must be used to drench the
insects, an amount best secured by using nozzles of the cyclone type
with large-apertured disks with a pressure of 125 to 150 lbs. at
the pump. The nozzles must be adjusted to hit the under side of
the leaves, the lower one usually being set to throw the spray di-
rectly upward and the other two varied to suit conditions. It will
be necessary to drive slowly if the foliage is dense; so that gearing
must be provided that will maintain the required pressure even
when the outfit is moving at low speed.

With such a sprayer it will require about 150 gallons of solu-
tion to spray an acre of vines with dense foliage; for which the
_ materials will cost about $1.25.

(Plate XX XVII was also printed in this popular edition. )

QUALITY OF FARM SEEDS IN 1911.*

F. H. HALL.

That an official inspection of seeds could be made
Seed very helpful to New York farmers is shown by
inspection examinations made by the Station during 1911.
needed. These tests are made by the Station botanists
from samples of seed sent in voluntarily by
dealers and purchasers. Such work does not have the range nor
the accuracy of official collection and analysis; yet the samples
examined probably reflect quite accurately the general condition
of clover and grass seeds sold in the State during the year.
Dodder seeds were found in one-eighth of the samples of alfalfa
seed examined, and in nearly 5 per ct. of those of red clover; yet
dodder is perhaps most to be dreaded of all the weeds that infest
these crops. ed clover and alsike clover both contained more
seeds of noxious weeds than in 1910. Wilful adulteration of seeds
was somewhat rare; yet one sample of red clover contained only
5 per ct. of the desired seed, 35 per ct. being alsike clover and
60 per ct. yellow trefoil. In this case about four quarts of the
trefoil seed had been introduced into the middle of each bag of
clover seed and the sample was evidently taken from near the
center of the bag so that much of the adulterant was secured.
If it had been taken from the top of the bag only, the seed might
‘ have shown up well. This illustrates the necessity of drawing
some of the sample from different parts of the bag if dependable
results are to be secured. Accidental adulteration is not uncom-
mon, for yellow trefoil and sweet clover have become so plentiful
in many clover and alfalfa fields that the seeds of these weeds
were found in considerable quantity in many samples.
During the year 1911, the Station examined
Notes on 1015 samples, about 70 more than in 1910. Of
these samples, 548 were of alfalfa, 253 of red
clover, 86 of alsike clover, 98 of timothy and 30 of
miscellaneous seeds. Many of the samples were
too small to give dependable tests. The likelihood that a sample
represents fairly the goods from which it is drawn decreases
rapidly as the sample falls below certain limits. In official test-

tests.

* A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 345; see p. 179 for the
Bulletin.
[820]

New York AaricutturaL ExrrrmmMent Station. 821

ing, seeds are secured from top, middle and bottom of the bag
or other container, and from these lots, thoroughly mixed, at
least two ounces are retained for final examination if the seed
is of alfalfa or clover, or at least one ounce if of timothy or other
grasses. These figures should govern in unofficial sampling, also ;
but of the alfalfa and clover seed samples received by the Station
during 1911, only a little more than one-third were up to the
weight required for dependable analysis; and of the timothy seed
samples less than one-half reached one ounce in weight. In
nearly 200 cases the sample sent weighed less than half an ounce.
Such small samples may give some information, but they are not
satisfactory for accurate percentage determinations.

Some seeds of new weeds were found, the pres-

Weed ence of these seeds indicating, in general, that the
seeds sample of alfalfa, clover or timothy came from a
found. foreign source, although some weeds may be

recent introductions into America.

One of these weeds, Trianthema monogyna, is a “ pusley ”-like
plant, quite common in the West Indies, and found sparingly in
some of the Southern States. It has certainly been sown with
alfalfa seed in this State, as it was found in 26 samples; but no
plant of it has been sent in for identification, so it can not be
well established, nor do we know anything of its behavior under
our conditions.. Shaftal is another plant of which seeds were
found in small quantities in 16 samples of alfalfa seed. This
belongs to the clover family, is an annual, and is not liable to
become a troublesome weed, although a vigorous grower. Lance-
leaved sage, found in 10 samples of alfalfa seed, is another
annual, and probably not to be feared as a weed.

Other noteworthy weeds found in the examinations of this year
have been Russian thistle, roquette and Johnson grass. The first
of these is a serious menace in parts of the West, but in New York
alfalfa fields it disappears after the first season, so can not be
considered a bad weed. Roquette, a plant of the mustard family,
makes a rank growth in alfalfa, and has been the cause of much
anxiety to growers; but, like Russian thistle, it is in evidence
only during the first season and is evidently not to be feared. In
the South, Johnson grass, a species of sorghum, is troublesome.
How it will behave in this State is unknown, but it may become
established here through its occurrence in alfalfa seed. Any
information relative to the presence or behavior of the plant in
New York will be welcomed by the Station.

822 Poputar Epirions or Sration BuLierins.

The principal impurities found in the seed examinations are
shown in the table below:

PrinciPAL IMPURITIES FOUND IN SEEDS EXAMINED IN 1911.

NuMBER OF SAMPLES NUMBER OF SAMPLES

Red | Alsike!] Tim- Red | Alsike| Tim-
Alfalfa clover| clover| othy Alfalfa clover) clover] othy

Examined....... 548 253 86 98 COMMON WEEDS,

GRASSES, ETC.
CHARACTER OF Alsike clover..... 14 106 71
Impurity Founp: Atriplex spp...... 76 bin
ADULTERANTS:! Barnyard grass... 9}: ee ne
Alsike clover..... wens CA A Se 1 Brassica spp..... 76 12) ae, 2
Catchfly ie fcc. Pee palluanee a1) Reis Catehflys a. pyar 20 52 37 ie
Red clover....... 1 Chickweed....... ae Mia in ae 6
Sorrel io. ssssrsie- 1 Cinquefoil....... oe (te ee 28
CEAMOGHY encase 5 Crab-grass....... er ZAP) woes 4
White clover..... 1 Daisy ox-eye Shc |\ eee 3} 3
Ht Wboysi (0) | ee See 1 4 Daisy :yellow:. | sont ol sete tee 21
Foxtail, green....} 377 148 22 538
NOXIOUS OR Foxtail, yellow...] 161 Dae | Marne oe

NEW WEEDS: Lady's thumbs 248 os 65 py eee ee
Canada thistle....| .... 16 29 3 Lamb’s quarters..| 225 95 ifs 40
Centaurea repens.. OZ Meta steers aha he Mallowszaccs soos SOG re ees Ses Ales ais
IHICOLY ese cieae 66 Cah] Roe Mayweed........ 6
Docks «Ante & 65 147 oS a ek ct Melilot.. 52425. eee aN eal eks oll ieee
Dodderse. cay. t as GLB LE eragct || Pciveotnel| Parsee Pepper grass..... hoa || tances See 41
Johnson grass.... ZO Mere | eesce altresne Pig" weed con. Date 24 Baier occ
Lance-leaved sage. LO\ ||, pete: MoO Looe iPlanitainvibroad seal. cule eee 12 65
Plantain, English. 88 163 27 12 Primrose, evening.| .... | .... | .... 37
Roquette....5.:. 5 eel let Oeton| besos || @aaoe Ragweed........ ket, 3 Whe Sete eee
Russian thistlesr ity Lvieoll| cxcien (cere lil eon Sorrellx; 4.04. -.-8 Beer 96 50 30
Slaftal se: 1Gh! ah hated icieee Sweet clover..... Ti eee ae hl eur dl (act
Trianthema mono- Uhieeiseheoage seen 49 101 63 He
GUNG. ocho 26npeest ahste as ‘breton 5 20 60 A
Wild carrot...... 33 20 Pal Pain ee White clover..... stova.d all ueee on, ai’ ates 5

1An impurity is considered an adulterant when it exceeds a certain fixed percentage of the sam ple.

Several samples of oats were received with

Sulphured special requests for germination tests, as growers

oats. who had sown seed from lots represented by these
samples found that only a few seeds grew.

The unusually light-colored, bright, smooth, vigorous appear-
ance of the samples of seed led to the suspicion that it had been
treated with sulphur fumes, a bleaching agent; and examination
made in the Chemical Laboratory of the Station proved sulphuric
acid present in injurious amounts. Germination tests made of
four samples showed fourteen per ct. of live seed in one sample,
one per ct. in the second sample and all seeds dead in two samples.

Bleaching, if properly done, probably does not injure oats for
feeding and may not reduce the viability; but particularly bright
looking seed should be given a germination test before using.

CROSSING TOMATOES TO INCREASE THE YIELD.*
F. H. HALL

Stock breeders have long recognized the principle
“New blood that mating animals of different strains, races or
givesnew varieties of the same or closely allied species
vigor.” usually gives offspring of great vigor and fre-
quently of larger size than the parents. This
view had received some recognition from scientists even before the
time of Darwin; but he collected so many illustrations of its truth
among both animals and plants that biologists generally accepted
the principle as one of Nature’s laws, though it is a law with
exceptions. Other students and investigators since Darwin’s
time have tested this law in many fields, and among others, have
proven it true with corn, beans, sorghum, cotton, tobacco, peas
and other farm crops.
From some previous work in Michigan, Prof.
Teston Hedrick, Horticulturist of this Station, believed
tomatoes. this same law would apply to tomatoes and sug-
. gested to Mr. Wellington, his assistant, that he in-
vestigate this question. The results of these tests are here sum-
marized: Ag parents two varieties of tomatoes were selected that
were greatly alike in respect to color, form and size of fruit and
foliage, but decidedly unlike in plant habit, one being a dwarf —
Dwarf Aristocrat, and one a standard — Livingston Stone. These
varieties were grown in the forcing house during the winter of
1907-8 and carefully crossed, using the dwarf variety as the fe-
male parent and the standard variety as the pollen producer. On
other plants of each variety, flowers were also bagged before
opening, to insure pure seed of each for comparison. One hun-
* This is a brief review of Bulletin No. 346 of this Station on the Influence
of Crossing in Increasing the Yield of the Tomato, by Richard Wellington.
Any one interested in the details of the investigation will be supplied, on
application, with a copy of the complete bulletin, Names of those who so
request will be placed on the Station mailing list to receive future bulletins

as issued, popular or complete edition as desired.
A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 346; see p. 423 for the

Bulletin.
[823 ]

824 Porvtar Epirions or Station BULLETINS OF THE

dred plants of each kind were set in the field in the summer of
1908 under as uniform conditions as possible and all but one went
through the season, one of the cross-bred plants being destroyed
accidentally. All the cross-bred plants were standards, as was
expected from the laws of heredity. Seed of each of these strains
of tomatoes was secured from self-pollinated flowers; and from
this seed plants were grown for the winter forcing-house test of
1908-9. No first-cross plants were used in this test, but the par-
ents were compared with their pure descendants of the second
generation. In accordance with the laws of inheritance, plants
of the second generation included both standards and dwarfs, but
only the standards were used, the dwarfs being “ rogued-out.”
For the test of the next summer, crossed plants of the first gen-
eration were used as well as plants from pure seed of the parents
and of the first and second generations; so that the parents and
three generations of descendants were compared. In 1910 fourth-
generation plants were also grown with the others. In every case
dwarf plants were left out of the tests, although some appeared
in every generation except the first.
In all the tests the plants were given as uniform
Results. conditions as possible and enough of each kind
were included to overcome individual variations.
They were, of course, subject to drought and other unfavorable
influences that affected other tomato fields in the locality, but
gave fair yields for the season in each test. It is believed that
the influence of the disturbing factors was so evenly distributed
that the figures really show the differences due to effects of cross-
ing. The data appear in the table on page 4.

‘In each of the field tests the crossed plants of the first genera-
tion gave both more ripe fruit and a larger total yield than the
standard parent. The average gain in ripe fruit was nearly two
pounds per plant and in total yield more than three pounds per
plant. On the basis of 2,722 plants to the acre (plants set 4 ft. x
4 ft.) this would give nearly 2% tons more of ripe fruit to the
acre or 41% tons more total yield from the first generation crosses
than from the standard parent. This would certainly be a profit-
able return for the time and care necessary to secure the crossed
seed.

It is only in the first generation that this favorable influence is
likely to be profitable; for in the second generation, in this case,
many plants had to be thrown away because of return to the
dwarf condition; and the average yield of ripe fruit was not in-

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. SOF

creased at all. If large numbers of plants had been used, one-
fourth of all in the second generation would have been dwarfs, and
therefore not usable. Of course, two standard parents might have
been used, so that none of the descendants would be dwarfs, but

Yieitp or ToMATOES FROM PARENT VARIETIES AND FROM SEEDLINGS OF Four ©

GENERATIONS.
DwarF ARISTOCRAT X
Livineston STONE.
Dwarf Liv-
Aristo- | ingston
crat. Stone.

Dwarf |Standard| First Second | Third | Fourth
parent. | parent. | genera- | genera- | genera-| genera-

tion. tion. tion. tion.
Forcine House Tsst:
(Winter, 1908-’9.) Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
Ripe fruit per plant....... 2.0 Sea OR eee 4 |. eee seals eee,
Total fruit per plant...... 2.6 CS aoe n oor gy. | Reece a Soe

_—_————————_ |« | | | ____

Frevp TEsts:
1908 8.5 ’
Ripe fruit per plant. { 1909 6.1 10.1 12.9 12.0 Ee 1] one cee
1910 ik) . :

Average.............

7.2
1908 14.8 20.9 23). eM Te ALO
Total fruit per plant. ; 1909 9.7 , :
1910 14.8 24.7 27.7 25.1 22.8 23.8

Average............. 131 211 24.3 22.6 20.4 23.8

MOUS ty 40 IGS DO Sco) wOS SOO. vader . Hime. toelaaeanase
Yield per acre......
(2,722 plants.)

1909) 26,349} 48,152) 54,500} 54,576} 48,958]........

1910} 40,234) 67,244) 75,293} 68,439} 62,173] 64,796
INVCTAECl cree an. ke oe 35,882} 57,406) 66,230) 61,508] 55,556] 64,796

Average gain or loss as com-

pared with Standard

PSTent ee att fare to —21 ,524)........ +8 ,824 |*+3,810|*—2, 142|t—2,448

* Compared with average yield of standard parent for same two years.

t Compared with yield of standard parent for same year.
unless the parents differed in some striking particulars it is
doubtful if the same marked influence from crossing would have
been secured. Without this marked difference shown in the early
life of the plants it would be impossible to remove the “ rogues ” ;
and undesirable unevenness of the tomatoes in some point might

826 Porutar Epirions oF Sration BULLETINS OF THE

occur to lessen the market value of the crop. Beyond the second
generation, the effect of the crossing in this experiment proved to
be detrimental.

The fact that crossing parents not too closely nor

Why does __ too distantly related increases the vigor, size and

crossing productivity of the offspring is apparently well
increase yield? established; but only recently has any plausible
explanation for this effect of cross-breeding been
given. Now, however, Mendel’s experiments and observations on
heredity have given at least a workable theory to account for this
increase in size or vigor in the first generation of descendants
from parents of diverse characteristics, and the rapid disappear-
ance or reversal of this favorable effect in subsequent genera-
tions.

Gregor Mendel worked in a very modest way and announced
his results in such an obscure publication that they remained
hidden from the scientific world for many years, but when
brought to light about fifteen years ago, furnished the long-de-
sired explanation for many of the problems of heredity. He
found that certain forms, features or characteristics of plants,—
since called “‘ Mendelian characters ” or “ unit characters ”— pass
unmodified from ancestor to descendant and therefore remain
the same however remote the inheritance. The same law applies
to animals, as well. These ‘ Mendelian characters” in many
cases are not what we ordinarily consider characteristics, but are
biological factors, several of which may be combined to make up
what we call an animal or plant characteristic; as number of joints
and length of joints, which are unit characters in a plant stem,
unite to make up “ tallness.”’ All the “ unit characters” of both
parents must pass into their descendants of the first generation,
according to Mendel’s laws, though they may not appear to do so.
If two characters are opposed, as horn-bearing and hornlessness in
two breeds of cattle that are crossed, only one can appear in the
immediate progeny of the cross though both are transmitted to and
by the individuals of this first generation. The “ dominant” or
stronger one of the pair obscures or hides the weaker or “ reces-
sive”’ character in this case; but when two individuals of this
first generation are mated, or, in plants, when a self-fertilized
individual of this first cross produces seeds, the two unit char-
acters separate; so that some individuals of the second genera-
tion show the dominant character only, some the recessive
character only and these individuals have not received nor can

q

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 827

~

they transmit to their descendants, the character they do not show.
Others still, about half when the number of descendants is large,
are like the first generation, containing both unit characters, the
“recessive? hidden by the “ dominant.” These latter animals
or plants, showing the “ dominant” unit character resemble the
pure dominants outwardly in respect to this particular character,
but some of their descendants will show the recessive character ;
which descendants of pure dominants never show. There are, of
course, hundreds of such pairs, and many characters not con-
trasted or balanced by others (technically known as “ unpaired
genes’’), since there are innumerable features and characteristics
in each animal or plant each of which may be made up of one or
several unit characters. Accordingly, the separate descendants
in any generation may be quite unlike through varied groupings
of the numerous dominants and recessives, and very careful
study is necessary to disentangle the mystery of inheritance;
but we know that the law given above holds true for each pair
of unit characters.

If two unit characters that make up any feature or character-
istic of a plant or animal be not opposed, though different, both
may appear in the first generation; so that, with regard to that
particular feature, the good or bad points of both male and
female parent may come together in the descendant. For ex-
ample, if a plant with many long joints be crossed with one whose
joints are thicker and heavier, the descendants of the first gener-
ation may inherit both the length and the thickness, thus making
larger, stockier plants than those of either parent.

Similarly, certain different, but not opposed factors that go to
make up vigor, healthfulness, or productivity may be united
when different strains are crossed; and the descendants, accord-
ingly, give better yields than either parent. In the second genera-
tion, with the splitting up of unit characters that takes place,
only half the descendants will carry the united characters; and
the yield will tend toward a mean between that of the parents and
the first generation. With each subsequent generation the pro-
portion of plants bearing these joined favoring factors will de-
crease and the beneficial influence of the crossing be soon lost.

The figures secured in these tomato experiments support this
theory admirably; though we are not able to say what influences
united to give the favorable result in the first place. The con-
stitutional “unit characters” that make up vigor, health and
productiveness have not yet been separated.

828 Porutar Epirions or Sration BULLETINS OF THE

The parent plants used in these tests were not
Practical specially selected; and better results would un-
suggestions doubtedly have been secured if, for one or two
forseed generations previously, high-yielding mother
growing. plants had been chosen. This could easily
have been done, and the strain kept pure,
since tomatoes are readily self-fertilized. These high-yielding
strains should be continued and new crosses made as new seed is
needed. The crossing need not be done every year, since tomato
seed retains its vitality for at least three years, so that enough
erossed seed could be secured in one season to grow the crop for
three years to follow. But the tomato grower who does not regu-
larly raise his own seed must buy the crossed seed each year un-
less he wishes to find his second-season crop running down in
yield. The improvement in yield is not inherent in the strain;
it is merely the result of the crossing.

Too violent crossing must not be attempted else sterility will
result, as in the well known case of the mule. In crossing the
tomato and Jerusalem cherry at this Station total sterility
resulted.

The best results can probably be secured by keeping within the
species and crossing the distinct varieties and the distinct strains ;
and in selecting these, regard must be paid to the inheritance of
such qualities as smoothness, color, shape, size and earliness.
To obtain smooth fruits only varieties producing smooth, even-
surfaced fruits should be used, since roughness appears in the
first generation. If dark red tomatoes are desired, one of the
parents at least must be dark red; but the other may be red, pink
or yellow, since the red is a stronger character than the pink or
yellow and will hide them in the first generation. If pink is de-
sired the red must be avoided and two pink varieties or a pink
and a yellow used; while to get yellow fruits both parents must
be yellow.

Size appears to be inherited in a blended condition, as it is
probably not a unit character; therefore to obtain tomatoes of
large size, both parents must produce large fruits, to produce small
ones both parents must be small-fruited ; while to produce medium-
sized fruits, either medium-fruited parents must be crossed or
small-fruited and large-fruited types. The same condition pre-
vails with regard to general shape as with size,— an intermediate
inheritance; and earliness probably follows the same rule.

New York AaricutturaL Experiment Sration. 829

It is believed that this crossing of tomatoes is an entirely prac-
ticable and profitable business proposition since it is not a difh-
cult nor expensive operation. The actual pollination is not so
easy as with corn, where the pollen is produced in the tassels,
which can easily be removed to prevent self-fertilization ; but the
tomato produces so many seeds that comparatively few flowers
need be pollinated to secure the quantity of seed desired. The
blossoms on the female parent must be bagged some time before
opening, to prevent undesired crossing, and the stamens removed
two or three days before the pollen is ripe, using a pair of forceps,
sharp scissors or similar instrument. When the pistils have be-
come receptive, flowers from the male parent, with ripe pollen.
are introduced into the bag and shaken up, or the collected pollen
is placed on the stigmas. As the flowers in a cluster ripen un-
evenly it is necessary to repeat the removal of stamens and in-
troduction of pollen every two or three days until the desired
number of fruits has set.

While this process is more rapid than the description might
indicate, it requires time and care, which must be paid for when
the seed is sold; so that producers who guarantee first generation
erossed seed should obtain higher prices for such seed.

LIME-SULPHUR DWARFS POTATO PLANTS.#
hE EA

Lime-sulphur solution can not replace bordeaux

Bordeaux mixture as a preventive of potato diseases. Or-
best for chardists who also grow potatoes hoped that they
potatoes. might use the lime-sulphur spray in the field as

well as in the orchard and dispense with the bor-
deaux altogether, as it would be convenient to prepare only one
fungicide; but a careful test made at this Station in 1911 proves
the lime-sulphur harmful to potatoes. The plants in rows sprayed
with lime-sulphur were dwarfed by the fungicide, died early and
yielded about 40 bushels less to the acre than plants in check rows;
while the bordeaux-sprayed rows produced 100 bushels to the acre
more than the checks.
The first row of each of five series was left as a
The check, the second row received bordeaux mixture
test. (6-6-50), the third lime-sulphur solution (1 to
40), and the fourth lead benzoate (1 Ib. to 50
gals.). Each treatment was repeated six times, as the season was
a long one, and all the rows were kept free from beetles by two ap-
plications of lead arsenate.

The dwarfing effect of the lime-sulphur was plainly evident by
September 16 and became very noticeable in October. The plants
were really smaller than those on the check rows, not merely ap-
pearing smaller through lack of foliage; for the stems were both
shorter and of less diameter on the lime-sulphur rows. The lead
benzoate plants were not dwarfed, but their condition was no bet-
ter than that of the checks. There was no apparent burning of the
foliage on any of the rows.

Parasitic diseases were comparatively harmless, as there was
only a little early blight (very late in the season), and no late
blight; but tip-burn seriously affected the plants of all rows except
those sprayed with bordeaux, and injured even these somewhat, es-
pecially toward the north end of the field. The bordeaux-sprayed
rows were still partly green when frost came, October 27, while
most of the plants on the other rows had been dead a week or more
at this time.

The long season gave the bordeaux the best possible opportunity
to exert its stimulative influence, and the thorough spraying may
have intensified the injury from the lime-sulphur; so that the test
probably presents lime-sulphur in its most unfavorable light. As
a whole, however, the experiment conclusively proves it unsafe to
use lime-sulphur on potatoes and unwise to consider lead benzoate
as a fungicide for potato diseases.
~* A reprint of “Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 347; see p. 193 for the

Bulletin.
{830]

TEN YEARS OF POTATO SPRAYING.*
Be Ey EAT.

For ten successive years in the present series

Soe of experiments, this Station has tested potato
inga ie ; p
rere? ee spraying as a regular operation in the culture
ties of this crop. On its grounds at Geneva a

profitable increase has been secured in each
year of the ten; spraying three times during the season has re-
sulted in an average increase of 69 bu. to the acre, and spraying
every two weeks (5 to 7 times) has increased the yield of mer-
chantable tubers 971% bu. to the acre. In the duplicate series at
Riverhead, Long Island, the gains have not been so great, owing
partly to lighter soil and adverse climatic conditions. In only
two years of the ten, however, was there a failure to secure a nice
profit from the operation; while the average for the ten seasons
is an increase of 25 bu. from three sprayings and 45%4 bu. from
the fortnightly applications of the bordeaux.

As five of the ten years have been notably dry seasons, unfavor-
able to the development of blight and rot, and, consequently, not
adapted to showing the benefit from spraying, it is believed that
this series of tests proves beyond a shadow of doubt that potato
growers in New York State should make spraying with bordeaux
mixture a regular operation in their scheme of culture.

The results secured in the Station tests are confirmed by a nine-
year series of farmers’ business experiments, in which records

* This is a reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 349; see p. 209

for the Bulletin.
[831]

832 PopuLar Epitions or Station BULLETINS OF THE

were carefully kept so that the exact financial gain or loss from
spraying could be obtained. From six to fifteen potato growers
co-operated with the Station in this work each year, the fields
under test including from 60 to 225 acres annually. In all, there
were 114 different trials and in only 20 cases did spraying fail to
give a profit. That is 171% per ct. of the acreage sprayed caused
the owners a loss of $1,286.74; while the other fields gave a net
profit, after all expenses had been met, of $20,786.75. Taking
the experiments as a whole, failures and successes together, spray-
ing resulted in an average gain of 36.1 bu. to the acre and an
average net profit of $14.43 an acre.

Volunteer experimenters reporting to the Station give an even
better showing, as the 205 experiments made by them in seven
years give an average gain of 54.3 bu. to the acre. These last
results are, of course, better than the average gains by farmers
in the years reported, since growers are less apt to announce fail-
ures than successes; but in the farmers’ business experiments
failures and successes were all recorded alike. Even these results
could be much bettered by more thorough work, as is shown by
the acreage increases in yield shown by the Station tests. In these
Station experiments, the bordeaux was applied very thoroughly,
with a knapsack sprayer; so that efficient protection was given
the plants. Such protection is not ordinarily secured by machine
spraying by farmers; but care in application and “ double spray-
ing” have usually given profitable increases.

During the last two years of the tests ar-

Single and rangements were made with several growers
double to “double spray” portions of their fields;
spraying. te :

that is, to go both up and down the same rows
with the sprayer. Both of these years were very dry and spray-
ing, therefore, of less benefit than usual. While there were some
very surprising exceptions to the rule, the double spraying was
profitable, as shown by the following table:

New York AGricutturAL ExprrRmMEentT STATION. 833

TaBLeE I.— REsutts oF DOUBLE-SPRAYING AS COMPARED WITH SINGLE-SPRAYING

Increase or decrease in yield. | Expense | Market

Location of Times |_————______—_——_- of price Profit or
experiment. sprayed.| Single- { Double- | Differ- single- of loss.
spraying. | spraying. ence. spraying. | potatoes.
Bu. Bu. Bu. Per acre Cts

Andover ce cress er 4 33.5 88.4 54.9 $3 58 35 $15 63
Sterling Station...... 5-7* —0.9 33.0 34.6 4 28 35 83
Glen Head ies: eavi 4 27.9 41.4 13.5 2 87 69 6 44
PAIMIESPOLG cche tuyere! 0-600 4 46.7 41.7 —5 4 53 60 —7 53
Southampton........ 4 a —26.5 —33 5 2 72 55 —21 19
Cortland yt. see) eare- 4 19.4 60.5 41.1 3 54 60 21 12
Glen Head........... 5 2.2 21 18 8 3 66 103 15 71
PANION teh vic lefevs,c.0 0) <> a 11.9 49.9 38 8 52 60 14 28
Jamesport........... 5 8.7 28.2 19.5 7 40 90 10 15
Wpancaster: (5-4 6 seis ae 4 —4.4 15.4 19.8 2 84 60 9 04
QOgdensburg.......... 6 33.2 49.5 16.3 tkS 100 8 52
WIRCLDB iss sett jens eiecarars 4 ilgal 18.8 VW. 4 16 70 8 23
@asswille s,s. aels diese ccs 5 82.6 101 3 18.7 5 10 70 7 99
WANG OVER: 5. syivelhe eos 65 5 9.4 —7.9 —17.3 2 76 55 —12 27
Chateaugay.......... 4 24.4 4.9 —19.5 4 10 65 —16 78
PAST EYS PCRs atest all se sluuche 20.2 34.7 Heats |G ae BB Atl eae oe 4 44

* There were three tests — one sprayed five times, the others seven times.

In this table the column “ Expense of single-spraying”’ indi-
cates the added cost of the second application, by which the acre-
age increase (or decrease) shown in the previous column was
secured. This cost was taken to be the same as that for a single
application. It will be noticed that even in these very unfavor-
able seasons the double sprayings increased the average yield
over the single sprayings two-thirds as much as did the single
sprayings over no spraying. It is plainly the rule in potato
spraying, as in most farm operations, that “ thoroughness pays.”

The last year, 1911, of the ten-year series

Results in of potato-spraying tests was very unfavorable
ten-year to the potato crop, and to benefit from spray-
Ser1es. ing, during the early part of the season, owing

to the excessive heat and drought; but abund-
ant rains later, with holding off of frost at Geneva until October
27, resulted in good yields. Tip burn was the worst trouble at
Geneva, and this was apparently somewhat checked by spraying.

27

834 Porutak Epirions oF Sration BuLLerTINsS OF THE

A little early blight affected the unsprayed rows, but there was
no late blight in the field at any time. In spite of these. unprom-
ising conditions for spray benefit a difference between sprayed and
unsprayed rows was evident from the middle of September until
frost came; and the yields, as shown below, again proved spraying
beneficial in spite of the absence of any very evident reasons for
that benefit.

TaBLeE I] — YIELD BY SERIES AT GENEVA IN 1911.

Series. | , Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.*
Bu. lbs.

| a aa Lae; LOrand 13 5. || totly76) 20 and rAvip= i cert bee tea eee eit ite 225 1&
19 Copan 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14....| July 6, 20, Aug. 4, 17, 31, Sept. 15 and 30....| 278 20
TUE est SONON IZ and Wo s--alwNotisprayed. oc ct. een ae ae ere ncinoe 185 25

* Marketable tubers only.

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 40 bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying seven times, 93 bu. per acre.

At Riverhead flea beetles were abundant. There was a little
early blight, but no late blight or rot. Severe drought caused early
death of the plants on all three series, thus reducing the yields to
a very low point and preventing any chance of benefit from the

spraying.

TABLE III.— YIELD By SERIES AT RIVERHEAD IN 1911.

Series. Rows. Dates of spraying. Yield per acre.
Bu. lbs.

| ae see 457,10 angiss. 2.4 May 30; June’24 and July 129.007 0.2.00. «0: 134 30

i Pee ee nS and, 145 .c May 30, June 14, 28, July 12 and 26......... 133 50
ITs 3,62 9h a2 and 15! 2a Notisprayed).f) aca2 HOAs Atel he ae thasta's sete 133 20

Increase in yield due to spraying three times, 1% bu. per acre.
Increase in yield due to spraying five times, $ bu. per acre.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 835

At both Geneva and Riverhead the tests were conducted as in
previous years, each treatment being applied to five rows, each
making one-fifth of an acre, and the rows alternating so that soil
differences were neutralized as far as possible. ‘‘ Bugs” were
kept off the check rows by separate treatments of poison, and off
sprayed rows by combining poison with the bordeaux. Rural New
Yorker No. 2 was the variety planted at Geneva and Carman No.
1 at Riverhead.

The summarized results of the whole ten-years’ tests are shown

in Table IV.

TasBLe I1V.— SuMMARY OF THE TEN-YEAR EXPERIMENTS.

| At Geneva. At Riverhead.

Year. Gain per acre | Gain per acre | Gain per acre | Gain per acre
ue to ue to ue to due to
spraying every SEISS SE | bee spraying every | spraying three
two weeks, tim two weeks. times.

Bu. Bu. Bu Bu
SOD rir yeicra tac Segre aes eo 123.5 98.5 45 Dad
VL Sie etch Ce OREO 6 He Eee 118 88 56 39 5
AOA ern ob crete Nene eie weer 233 191 96 56.5
DODDS 4s are serdar ery een aces Sree 119 107 82 31.5
MOOG tec ed yo toece cite tase nee 63 32 53 21.5

MOO TER MEE hw ciiecghtocane votes 6 73.7 44 31 18
TIGRE te See ote oe ht 39 29.5 15E a 10.7
SOO Rt ce eae ce ecmiesiaeises 49.7 38.7 52.5 28.7
LU ar Go oe at On cerolG AoeoT 63 22 25.5 14.7
re ee ahecatactveses cue arache spatotste'G 93 40 5 Hen

AVOFAGGSe seit shseie. = sysvers 97.5 69 45.7 25
= The farmers’ business experiments were

’
armers
; managed, as usual, by the growers themselves,
ey esa) dtthe Sinne ly specifying that check
: 10n mere specityin <

experiments. BA NS eeicrens! ab Cheeses TOWS

should be left unsprayed in a section repre-
sentative of the field, and supervising the harvesting and weigh-
ing of these check rows and similar sprayed rows alongside. All
other details were left to the judgment of the growers. Four-.
teen such tests were conducted in 1911, which are reported in

brief in Table V.

836 Porviar Epitions oF Station BULLETINS OF THE

TaBLE V.— SHOWING RESULTS OF BusINESS EXPERIMENTS IN 1911.

Number | Increaseor}| Total Cost Net
; Area of decrease cost of per acre profit
Experiment. sprayed. times in yield spraying | for each or loss

sprayed. | per acre. | per acre. | spraying. | per acre.

A. Bu
Cassville... Aa. cadence 6 5 82.6 $5 10 $1 02 $52 72
Ogdensburg............ 4.6 6 33.2 Th Fes} 1 30 25 42
Chateaugay............ 12 4 24.4 4 10 1 02 11 76
Greenwich) o..)..4) -fecuy- 4.5 8* 21:7 6 40 80 8 79
Cortland 32. 465 FF. 8 4 19.4 3 54 89 8 10
Drvdenst eee 8 5 22.7 5 32 1 07 7 16
Bata VIR ee cori cies ears 30 4 14.9 1 88 47 7 06
ANGOVER 20:30 eee eee ae 8.5 5 9.4 2 76 55 2 41
Plattsburgheyss tenes 13 4 Chats 4 68 1 17 1 09
PAMESPOLbs cis cc cers eerie 15 5 8.7 7 40 1 48 43
AlbION Wee ae coe eee 17 7 11.9 8 52 1 22 —1 38
Glen Heads. 2 sees eee 15 5 22 3 66 73 —1 40
Phelps soccer eee 14 4 itaa 4 16 1 04 —3 39
Wancssters tic ccm 6 4 —4.4 2 84 71 —5 48

* Four double sprayings.

Average increase in yield per acre, 18.2 bushels.
Average net profit per acre, $8.09.

The growers who carried on these tests are P. S. Doolittle, Cass-
ville; Andrew Tuck, Ogdensburg; O. Smith & Son, Chateaugay ;
P. C. Billings, Greenwich; G. H. Hyde, Cortland; D. R. Trapp,
Dryden; G. A. Prole, Batavia; J. M. Greene & Son, Andover;
Pardy Bros., Plattsburgh; Henry A. Hallock, Jamesport; Ora
Lee, Jr., Albion; G. T. Powell, Glen Head; J. A. Page, Phelps
and F. W. Handy, Lancaster.

The summarized results of the farmers’ business experiments
for the nine years appear below:

TaBLeE VI.—SuHowine RESULTS OF BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS IN 1903-11.

Number | roa, | Average | “verage | Average

2 total cost Average

Year. Daneel a aa gai cost of per oom net profit

sprayed. spraying or eac per acre.

ments. per acre. per acre. | spraying.
A. Bu.

IRIE Appar oc OOS Fae 6 61.2 57 $4 98 $1 07 $23 47
LOOSE Feeeve FUSE ioe cat eistorets 14 180 62.2 4 98 93 24 86
SUR ttcyene hapten ere cvede core 13 160.7 46.5 4 25 98 20 04
DODG Fr ici sachs cistiaiaelp| ta) 15 225.6 42.6 5 18 985 13 89
LOO Moe tenet eee ee winnie | 14 152.75 36.8 5 90 118 17 07
UPA Soe Meet oe 14 200.25 18.5 4 30 92 8 53
LOO ester a teree earsets 12 203.14 24.4 415 835 9 55
DOO a as oie ha sveia.< Sngskous 12 218.5 19.1 4 04 90 4 39
LOU, Seer 4 4 14 161.6 18.2 4 87 96 8 09

Average increase in yield for nine years, 36.1 bu. per acre.
Average net profit for nine years, $14.43 per acre.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 837

No volunteer experimenters reported in
1911, but the summarized results of 205 such
tests made in the seven years preceding 1911
are shown in the next table. These tests were made without Sta-
tion supervision in any way and are probably less reliable than the
farmers’ business experiments, yet they help to show that spraying
potatoes is too profitable a farm operation to be neglected.

Volunteer
experiments.

TasBLE VII.— SHowina RESULTS OF VOLUNTEER EXPERIMENTS, 1904-1910.

Average
Average market
Number Total gain price
Year. of experi- area per acre | per bushel
ments. sprayed. due to of potatoes
spraying. | at digging
time.
A. Bu lbs Cts
TOOLAERED: cee te sate rare arelerstael ca ave otelatey sre varenel s 41 364 | 58 28 43.5
MOOD eerie ae sR Se cist oh cg Alesse 5) bce ahaa tie ro melas potenena aps 50 407 | 59 32 57.0
TOGO SIA Sie 5 Eee Gots hie ees 62 598 | 53 6 44.5
OO Te eee eet or orsccr oat cach ens fede eree GPS oie 24 264 | 30 28 58
POOR SS Cees. See ene Peet te EE PRISER ca on 11 74 | 66 18 66
TG ery acct tier Meets unrstaboas cians follies s) atoe eqs: sehcheter sltece ler'eus 12 115 | 44 22 51
AGO. 2 bys Bec TS SISO tne MAL EDR ss dhavnee boke 5 218 | 68 _— 45

Average gain for seven years (205 experiments), 54.3 bu. per
acre.

Over the greater part of the State the grow-
Potato ing season of 1911 was very dry. Conse-

fate quently, late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
fees oe occurred very sparingly. It made its appear-

ance in a few localities, but came too late to
cause material injury to the foliage. Neither was their much
loss from rot although traces of it were found in a considerable
number of fields in central and western New York. Early blight
(Alternaria solani), also, was scarce. As in 1910, the leading
troubles of potato foliage were flea beetle injury and tip burn.
Tip burn, especially, was very prevalent.

838 Poputar Epirions oF STATION BULIETINS OF THE

In general, commence spraying when the

nea ee plants are six to eight inches high’ and repeat
be the treatment at intervals of 10 to 14 days
spraying. ;

in order to keep the plants well covered with
bordeaux throughout the season. During epidemics of blight it
may be advisable to spray as often as once a week.” Usually, six
applications will be required. The bordeaux should contain four
pounds of copper sulphate to each fifty gallons in the first two
sprayings and six pounds to fifty gallons in subsequent sprayings.*
Whenever bugs or flea beetles are plentiful add one or two pounds
of paris green, two quarts of arsenite of soda stock solution or three
to five pounds of arsenate of lead to the quantity of bordeaux re-
quired to spray an acre.

Thoroughness of application is to be desired at all times, but
is especially important when flea beetles are numerous or the
weather favorable to blight. The more frequently and thoroughly
the plants are sprayed the better. There is no danger of injuring
the foliage by too much spraying. Using the same quantity of
bordeaux, frequent light applications are likely to be more effect-
ive than heavier applications at long intervals; e. g., when a horse

10n Long Island an earlier spraying is sometimes necessary to protect the
young plants from flea beetles which attack them severely while they are
coming up. For the best success in the control of bugs it is necessary to
spray with bordeaux and poison just as soon as a majority of the first brood
are hatched. Usually, this occurs when the plants are six to eight inches
high. Spray applied three days or more before the bugs hatch will fail to
kill many of them, because, in the interval the plants make considerable new
growth upon which the bugs can feed with impunity and cause considerable
damage before it is time to make the next regular spraying.

2On the south shore of Long Island between Southampton and Amagansett
this is frequently necessary.

31t can not be definitely stated what formula is the best one to use. Much
depends upon the quantity used per acre and the manner of its application.
Weak bordeaux applied in the form of fine spray which covers the plants
thoroughly may give better results than stronger bordeaux carelessly applied
in the form of coarse spray. Both the cost of chemicals and the expense of
application must be taken into consideration. It is plain, however, that the
mixture should be strengthened as the season advances and the danger from
blight increases. None of the ready-made bordeaux mixtures on the market
are as good as the home-made bordeaux. Neither can the lime-sulphur solv-
tion be profitably substituted for bordeaux in spraying potatoes (See Bul.
347 of this Station). In the preparation of bordeaux the writers prefer to
use stone lime rather than any of the “ prepared” limes.

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 839

power sprayer carrying but one nozzle per row is used, it is better
to go over the plants once a week than to make a double spraying
once in two weeks. In the first two sprayings, while the plants
are small, one nozzle per row may be sufficient; but when the
plants become large at least two nozzles per row should be used.
Large vines are especially liable to blight and should be sprayed
very thoroughly. Such vines will be somewhat injured by the
wheels of the sprayer, but the benefit from spraying will far out-
weigh the damage done.

A single spraying is better than none and will usually be
profitable, but more are better. Spraying may prove highly
profitable even though the blight is only partially prevented. It
is unsafe to postpone spraying until blight appears. Except, per-
haps, on small areas, it does not pay to apply poison alone for
bugs. When it is necessary to fight insects bordeaux mixture and
poison should be used together. For the best results, spraying
should be continued as long as the plants live. It is a mistake to
discontinue spraying because the weather is dry and no blight
present. A late attack of blight may result in heavy loss from
rot. As a rule, those who spray most obtain the largest net profit.

SOME NEW APPLES FROM KNOWN PARENTS.*
F. H. HALL.

The apple must be called America’s leading
Apple varieties fruit, yet almost no careful breeding of it has
mainly chance hitherto been done. Of 698 varieties de-
seedlings. scribed in ‘“‘ The Apples of New York,” both
male and female parent are certainly known
for only one variety » one parent is known and the other guessed,
for two other kinds; four are held to be sports from known vari-
eties; and the female, or seed-producing, parent, is given for 39
kinds. Of the remaining 650 varieties, 71 are said to be seedlings
(of unknown parentage) ; but, for the great majority of the kinds
nothing is positively known as to the origin. This poor showing
for scientific, commercial or careful amateur apple breeding is due
to several causes: Breeding tree fruits of any kind is time-con-
suming and space-demanding; the pecuniary rewards for individ-
uals are inconsiderable or altogether wanting; institutions organ-
ized to do plant breeding have felt obliged to work in other fields
where results could be more quickly secured and would mean more
when obtained; and lastly, plant breeding, especially breeding of
tree fruits, has until recently seemed largely a matter of guess-
work and chance —a process most of whose fundamental laws
were unknown.

* A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 350; see p. 443 for the

Bulletin.
[840]

New Yorx AcricutruraL Experiment Station. 841

But within the past ten years plant breeding

New laws of _ has made rapid advances, owing to the dis-
breeding revealed covery, after it had lain hidden for half a

century, of work which established some very
elementary laws of heredity. These laws make it possible to work
with plants, and, to quite an extent, with animals with a certainty
of securing the desired results with much less effort and time than
in former years.

This old work of Johann Mendel established the fact that some
of the characters, of both plants and animals, are inherited un-
changed, passing down through each subsequent generation.
Many of them may be hidden in the first generation of progeny
and in a fraction of the descendants of each subsequent generation
by the “ dominance ” of stronger, opposed, or differing, character-
istics of the same group. But both the “ dominant ” and the “ re-
cessive”? (weaker or hidden) character of a Mendelian pair re-
appear in pure form in part of each generation after the first;
so that the descendants of two parents, both showing the same one
of these pure characters, will always be like their parents in re-
spect to this character.

Now, the problem of the breeder is to ascertain what characters
follow this law — for not all do — and to secure the ones desired
in pure form and in suitable combinations. When once secured
as desired in two parents, the descendants may be depended on to
show the same characters and not to “ revert”? to some form not
wanted. But, even simplified as it is, the problem is still very
complex; for the features or characteristics we think of as separat-
ing one plant or animal from another may each be made up of two
or more heritable characters ; and the possible combinations, in any
individual, of these varied “unit characters” are exceedingly
numerous and varied. All these variations must be secured and
checked by growing multitudes of seedlings, of at least two gener-
ations, before we can be positive of our ground on more than a few
characters.

842 Porutar Epitions or Sration BuLiETINS OF THE

For this reason, much careful work must be done with any of
the species or varieties man uses or desires to use, in breeding.
With the apple, as already indicated, so little breeding work has
been done that we know almost nothing of the inheritance of char-
acters; therefore the information secured from work at this Sta-
tion in making crosses between eleven varieties of apples is pub-
lished at this time, though admittedly incomplete.

These breeding experiments were begun be-

Handicaps in fore Mendel’s laws of breeding were familiar

apple breeding. to more than a few scientists, and were not
made with any purpose of testing those laws.
Since we know so little of the origin of the varieties used we are
handicapped at the start in interpreting the results by the new
laws; as we can not tell whether we are working with pure char-
acters, separated out by running through two or more generations,
with dominant characters showing in the first cross and hiding
their recessives of the Mendelian pairs, or with “ blended ” char-
acters. It is very probable, however, that, with regard to many
characters, the apple varieties of to-day are themselves crosses ; so
that when we again cross these varieties, some characters split up
into pure dominants and recessives and give us a clue to the trans-
missibility of the parental characteristics. The only way this can
be proved, though, is by growing large numbers of seedlings from
self-fertilized seeds of both parent and descendant varieties — a
matter of great difficulty in the apple, which does not readily self-
fertilize and, when it does, appears to give seedlings of inferior
vigor. Work along this line will give results of scientific value
and should, logically, precede presentation of data or conclusions
regarding the inheritance of characters. Such work is in progress
at the Station, hindered by the apple’s opposition to self-pollina-
tion; but as it must be at least ten or twelve years before trees of
the second generation are in bearing it seems best to give, now, the
practical results of the apple crosses made, under Prof. S. A.
Beach’s supervision, in 1898 and 1899.

New York Aqricutturat ExprrIMENT STAtIoN. 843

During these two seasons 148 crosses were

Varieties crossed made from which the following seedlings have
and seedlings _fruited, first from grafted wood and later
produced. from the seedling trees: From Ben Davis

x Esopus 4; from Ben Davis x Green New-

town 13, from Ben Davis x Jonathan 11, from Ben Davis x Mc
Intosh 11, Ben Davis x Mother 20, from Esopus x Ben Davis 29,
Esopus x Jonathan 2, McIntosh x Lawver 1, Ralls x Northern
Spy 9, Rome x Northern Spy 1, and Sutton x Northern Spy 5.
These seedlings show marked vigor and are noticeably healthier
and more productive than others from self-pollinated seeds, either
of Hubbardston or Baldwin, of which considerable numbers are
growing at the Station, comparable in age to the crossed seedlings.

Contrary to the usual belief, these seedlings have not “ reverted
to the wild; ”’ but show to a marked degree the characteristics of
the parents. So evident is the inheritance of parental characters
that one familiar with the varieties crossed could in most cases
select the parents for individual seedlings. Indeed, so surpris-
ingly uniform has been the transmission of the good qualities of
the selected varieties that the fruit of 14 of the 106 fruiting seed-
lings is considered as good or better than either of the parents, and
the trees are satisfactorily productive. These seedlings have been
named, from counties in New York State, and are already dis-
tributed to some extent among apple growers.

These varieties are, with the briefest possible description of
each, the following:

Clinton. (ben Davis x Green Newtown).— An attractive
midwinter apple of medium size, resembling Green Newtown in
shape and quality, but of a handsome red color.

Cortland. (Ben Davis x McIntosh).— A large apple of the
McIntosh type, in season from November to February, and prom-
ising commercially.

Herkimer. (Ben Davis x Green Newtown).— A fruit for late

844 Porvuxtar Epitions oF Sration BuLLetrins OF THE

winter, of good quality and handsome appearance. It resembles
Ben Davis externally and internally but is much better in quality.

Nassau. (Hsopus « Ben Davis).— A medium-sized apple of
attractively contrasting red and yellow color, much better in qual-
ity than Ben Davis but hardly equal to Esopus. Its season is late
fall.

Onondaga. (Ben Davis x McIntosh).— A medium-sized, mid-
winter apple, of very handsome greenish-red color almost entirely
overspread with dark McIntosh red splashed and mottled with car-
mine. It is of the McIntosh type, but more conical in shape, de-
sirable for cooking and would be liked by many as a dessert apple.

Oswego. (Sutton x Northern Spy).— Larger than Northern
Spy, more conical, brighter in color and equal in quality though
of a different flavor. It is a late winter and spring variety.

Otsego. (Ben Davis x MclIntosh).— Though rather small,
this apple was thought worthy of propagation because of its hand-
some, bright red color, good quality, small core and few seeds. It
is in season in early winter.

Rensselaer. (Ben Davis « Jonathan).— Of Jonathan type,
exceedingly attractive in color and of fine flavor, though of only
medium size. Its season extends through the winter months.

Rockland. (Ben Davis x Mother).— This cross resembles
Mother in size, shape, color, texture, flavor and quality and should
be especially desirable as a dessert fruit in early and midwinter.
It is most pleasing in appearance, though small.

Saratoga. (Ben Davis x Green Newtown).— A large, late win-
ter and spring apple, nearly or quite as good as Green Newtown.
The bright, purplish red color is spread over greenish yellow and
is splashed and mottled with crimson, making it very bright and
attractive.

Schenectady. (Ben Davis « Mother) —A remarkably hand-
some early winter variety, red in color with carmine mottles and
splashes and brightened by greenish yellow undercolor. It is

New York AGricuLtuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 845

large in size and of fine roundish conic shape. While not quite
high enough in quality for a dessert apple it is much better than
Ben Davis.

Schoharie. (Ralls x Northern Spy).— Of Northern Spy type,
good size but not large. It has the delicious flavor and aroma of
the Spy but its flesh is more yellow. It is in season in late win-
ter and spring and is desirable for either cooking or dessert, but
is a trifle dull in color.

Tioga. (Sutton « Northern Spy).— Another most promising,
late winter and spring apple of Northern Spy shape, of high qual-
ity and handsome appearance. It is large in size, yellow in color,
blushed, mottled and faintly splashed with pinkish red.

Westchester. (Ben Davis x Green Newtown).— Of Green |
Newtown shape, but even better in quality and with the attractive
Ben Davis color. It is a medium-sized, early winter, dessert apple.

Beside these varieties definitely selected for naming and prop-
agation, as many others have been retained for further testing as
promising. This is a remarkably good showing for seedlings of
any kind and would seem to promise satisfactory returns for the
time, space and expense iavolved in future apple breeding.

It is by crossing like that in these experiments

New varieties that we must hope to secure valuable new

almost wholly varieties of apples. There is little or no evi-

from crosses. dence to show that this fruit can be improved
by selection within the variety; we have no

record that any good apple has come from self-pollinated seeds ;
and the number of useful sports is small and conditions under
which these originate as yet wholly unknown. Chance seedlings
may, of course, give good varieties; and it is probable that most of
our cultivated apples have come from such accidental crossing ;
but if as good results as were secured in the experiments here dis-
cussed can be counted on to follow the crossing of selected parents
it is a waste of time and energy to grow the multitude of seedlings

846 Porutar Epirions oF SraTion BULLETINS OF THE

necessary for selection from natural crossing. The technic of
artificial crossing is simple, involving merely the selection and
bagging of unopened flowers on the male and female parents, re-
moval of stamens from the female flower before pollen has matured
and the introduction of pollen from the protected male flower when
the stigma of the female flower is receptive. Shortly after the
fruits have set the paper bags are removed and sacks of mosquito
netting substituted.

When we know more of the inheritance of apple characters in
general it should be a comparatively easy matter to select parents
that carry the ones we desire and to unite them in combinations
superior or at least different from any we now have. We can not
in this way, however, expect to secure new characters. Such devi-
ations, if they ever arise, must come from sports, or from crosses
outside the range of cultivated varieties.

As indicated before, it is not safe to make

How qualities generalizations from the progeny of a first

inherit. cross, as first generation crosses inherit the
characteristics of both parents unseparated,

it being only in the second and subsequent generations that the
Mendelian pairs segregate (that is, separate in pure, inheritable _
form in part of the seedlings) ; but the chances are great that in
any crossing of apple varieties to-day we are really combining
crosses, so that some pairs of characters are split up in what is
really the second generation so far as these characters are con-
cerned. That is, if we cross two red varieties, and secure some
yellow seedlings, it is very good evidence that one or more of the
unknown ancestors of the parent varieties must have been yellow-
fruited and that the yellow seedlings are pure for that character.

Even if this be not true it still seems worth while to indicate
what seem to be the heritable characters of the parents in these
experiments; for any variety obtained in this way is continued by
grafts or buds (parts of the original plant) and so remains con-

New Yorx AcricutturaL ExprrmMent Station, 847

stant, being subject to none of the fluctuations that arise in con-
tinuing a variety from seed.

Also, if certain characters of a parent variety reappear with
considerable constancy in a considerable number of seedlings of
that variety, especially if the cross is made with two or more other
varieties, it is fair to assume that these characters will also appear
when other crosses are made, even though we can not say that the
character is a pure dominant or recessive. This would be true, in
particular, if any variety were prepotent in regard to some of its
characters, as appears to be the case with Ben Davis in these
crosses ; that is, many of the Ben Davis characters are apparently
dominant characters of Mendelian pairs, so that they appear in
the first generation crosses, no matter what the characters of the
other parent may be.

Among the best of the eleven varieties used
Some characters in this breeding work, so far as production of
transmitted in desirable new kinds is concerned, are North-
these crosses. ern Spy, with three named varieties and four
promising ones out of 15 seedlings; McIntosh
with two good and four promising seedlings out of 12, and Ben
Davis, with every eighth seedling worthy of naming and nearly as
many more of enough merit to be retained for further testing.
Green Newtown was crossed only with Ben Davis, but seems a
very desirable parent, as four seedlings out of thirteen, or more
than 30 per ct. of those grown, received names as desirable new
varieties, ;

Northern Spy gave large-fruited seedlings in most cases, some
of them larger than either parent; but in the cross with Ralls, a
fruit of moderate size, small fruited descendants appeared in such
proportions that it is probable that some ancestor of the Spy as
well as of Ralls must have borne small fruit. The Spy also im-
pressed its own shape when crossed with Sutton, but not when
crossed with Ralls. It gave some yellow-fruited seedlings when

848 Poprvutar Eprrions or Sration BuLiLerins or THE

crossed with Sutton, but in other crosses gave only reds of more
or less intense shade. No sweet apples appeared among the Spy
seedlings.

McIntosh, though a sub-acid variety and crossed with two other
sub-acid kinds, gave two sweet seedlings. Most of its progeny
were red, but four of them were yellow proving McIntosh a bearer
of that color in spite of its dark red skin. The pure white of its
flesh is evidently a weak character as it was hidden in most cases
by the yellower flesh of the other varieties of the crosses.

Ben Davis carries sweetness as a recessive character, since some
of its descendants were sweet in each of the crosses where several
seedlings were obtained. It did not notably impress its shape
when crossed with Jonathan or Green Newtown; but did so about
equally with the other varieties with which it was bred. In size,
most of its descendants are intermediate between the parents, but
with Green Newtown some of the seedling fruits are larger than
either parent and none smaller. In color, all the Ben Davis seed-
lings are red unless the yellow could come from the other parent.

Green Newtown appears prepotent in transmitting its shape,
the obliqueness of this parent appearing in nearly all the offspring ;
and all are equal or superior in size to either parent. Nearly one-
fourth of the Green Newtown seedlings are sweet, and five out of
the thirteen showed yellow color.

Jonathan carries red color only, and gives its shape to most of
its progeny; Mother probably transmits red only, and gave eight
sweet apples among its twenty descendants; and Ralls probably
carries only red and a strong shape-determining factor.

Regarding other varieties the data are too limited to justify spe-
cific statements.

The large percentage of good or promising

Summary. new varieties obtained in this work, appears

to promise favorable results in further apple

breeding; but the difficulties in the way must not be forgotten.

New York AgricutturaL Experiment STATION. 849

We know, as yet, almost nothing of the unit characters in apples,
and the way they are inherited, and until this foundation knowl-
edge is secured it will be difficult to select, with any degree of cer-
tainty, the parents whose progeny will combine the qualities we
desire in our new variety.

The determination of the factors by which the various charac-
ters are transmitted will be no easy task; for work in other fields
proves that many characters depend not on one factor alone, but
on several that may be separately inherited, and the experiments
here recorded indicate that this is markedly true of the apple.
Shape, size and color of fruit may depend upon the presence or
absence of several factors. Some factors or characters may not
appear at all in the first generation, and this skipping of a gen-
eration may complicate matters and involve a second crossing and
wait of ten or twelve years before we secure the combination the
parent characters led us to expect. To secure all the possible
combinations from any cross we must have large numbers of
plants, which is difficult and time-taking with apples.

There is liability also, in selecting parents, of mistaking qual-
ities due to environment rather than to the constitution of the
plants themselves; for these qualities, as acquired characters, are
not inherited; though the advocates of “ pedigreed stock” would
lead us to suppose that they are.

In some cases, also, characters do not act as Mendelian pairs;
but blend rather than segregate in crossing, so that the seedlings
may, in some desired respect, be intermediate between the parents,
giving no combination containing the one specially good quality
we wish.

These and other difficulties confront the apple breeder; but the
importance of the fruit, and the help we have in Mendel’s laws,
making breeding a problem and not a riddle, certainly justifies
much careful, continuous work with this queen of American
fruits,

LIME-SULPHUR NOT A GOOD POTATO SPRAY.*
F. H. HALL.

From a spraying test made at this Station in
Lime-sulphur 1911 and reported in Bulletin No. 347, the con-
dwarfs clusion was reached that “‘ lime-sulphur cannot
potato plants. replace bordeaux mixture as a preventive of
potato diseases.” A similar test made in 1912
strengthens this conclusion. The lime-sulphur treatments caused
dwarting of the plants as in 1911, did not repress but seemingly
increased the damage from tipburn, did not keep off flea-beetles,
apparently did not check late blight and rot, and resulted in
greatly decreased yields as compared with rows sprayed with
bordeaux mixture.
The rows under test were arranged in sections,
Plan of as in other potato-spraying work at the Station.
test. The first row in each of the five sections was
sprayed with bordeaux mixture (64-50), the
second row with concentrated lime-sulphur solution diluted to
give the standard strength for foliage (1 to 40), and the third
row was left untreated. Potato beetles were combated by the
use of arsenate of lead, and were well controlled on all rows.
Flea-beetle injury was slight, but decidedly least
Troubles. on bordeaux-sprayed rows; tipburn appeared
in August and affected the checks and lime-
sulphur rows badly, the latter much the worst, so that nearly all
the plants on the lime-sulphur rows were dead several days before
very many had died on the check rows, while the plants
sprayed with bordeaux showed little of the trouble at any time;
dwarfing of the plants treated with lime-sulphur was noticed by
Aug. 20 and the difference in size grew more pronounced as the
season advanced; late blight appeared very late in this field, the
attack not being noticeable until most of the plants on the lime-
sulphur rows were dead from dwarfing and tipburn, so that the
subsequent rot did less harm on these rows than on the check
rows owing to the few living blighted plants to serve as centers
of rot infection.
The check rows yielded at the rate of 240% bu.
Gains and to the acre, of which only 165 bu. were market-
losses. able owing to the large amount of rot. The
lime-sulphur rows gave 39 bu. less of total yield
than the checks, but because rot had not spread so fast gave a slight
increase (6 bu.) in marketable tubers; and the bordeaux-sprayed
rows outyielded the checks by 48 bu. in total product and 111%
bu. in marketable potatoes.
~* A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No, 352; see p. 201 for the

Bulletin.
[850]

MACHINE MILKING DOES NOT AFFECT MILK FLOW.*

F. H. HALL.
The dairy industry of today needs the milk-
Milking ing machine. In dairying, as in other lines of
machines merit farming, the labor problem is difficult of solu-
attention. tion; and herd owners would welcome gladly

an economical, efficient machine that would
enable them to milk their cows with fewer men or permit an in-
crease in the size of the herds without adding to the labor pay-roll.
Inventors and manufacturers realize this need and have tried
to meet it by putting on the market milkers of many makes and
types. Some of these machines have now reached an advanced
stage of mechanical perfection, so that they really milk cows
easily, rapidly and completely. But before any of these machines
can be pronounced an unqualified success it must receive long,
careful trial and be studied from different standpoints.
In any factory a new machine, to secure at-
Pure milk a prime tention, must promise economy in labor
consideration. without material lowering of quality. In
some cases the machine-made product may
not be quite so good as the hand-made article it replaces, but the
cost reduction be great enough to more than counterbalance the
slight falling off in quality; and the machine is installed. In the
dairy, however, quality is the essential consideration. With the
present day demand for clean, sweet, healthful milk, any mechani-
cal device whose use increased the numbers of bacteria in the milk
produced would not be generally used however efficient and
economical it might be in milking the cows. This was a serious

* A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 353; see page 57 for the

Bulletin.
[851]

o.4)
Or

52 Poputar Eprrions oF Station BULLETINS OF THE

defect in milking machines first on the market. The first machine
tested at this Station, the Globe, could not be kept clean easily,
which, with other faults, condemned it; and with the earlier types
of the milker now in use, the Burrell-Lawrence-Kennedy, much
care was necessary in order to secure clean milk. With the im-
proved forms of this milker, however, as shown by repeated care-
ful tests announced in Bulletin 317 of this Station, there need be
no difficulty in keeping the counts of bacteria as low as in ordinary
hand milking.

The precautions necessary in securing clean milk with the im-
proved form of this milker are few:

(1) Those parts of the machine through which the milk passes
must be rinsed thoroughly after each milking, using in succession
cold water, hot sal-soda solution or similar cleansing material, and
hot water; and the teat cups and rubber tubes must be kept, be-
tween milkings, in a strong brine solution (10 per et.) or simi-
lar germ destroyer. Once a week all parts of the machine touch-
ing the milk should be thoroughly washed and steamed.

(2) The ample, but few and simple, air-filters must be kept
well filled with fresh, dry cotton tc prevent entrance into the
machine of germ-laden dust.

(3) Dropping teat-cups on the floor or any similar carelessness
in handling the machine must be avoided, since such accidents
produce marked increases in the bacterial counts of the milk.

Milking-machine studies at colleges or sta-

Previous tions began as long ago as 1895 and since that
studies of effect time ten or twelve tests have been reported in
on flow. which direct or indirect data were secured

relative ‘to the effect of the machines on milk
flow. On the whole, the differences in quantity of milk produced
by machine milking and hand milking were not great. In these
tests, in many cases the numbers of cows were small; in others the
periods were short so that it was impossible to say whether any
shrinkage shown was due to the character of the milking or
merely to a change in method; and in many instances the in-
fluences of advancing lactation were not properly balanced. Yet
the summarized conclusion which might have been drawn from

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 853

these tests — that the milking machine exerts only slight, if any,
adverse influence upon milk flow — is well sustained by the much
more numerous, longer, carefully-balanced comparisons made in
the Station tests here reported.
In two of the earlier tests at other stations
Machines the machines used and rejected differed from
used. the type used in all later tests, including
those at this Station. One of the early
milkers used was a nonpulsating, suction machine, and the other
exerted a combined pressure and suction effect. All the other
machines whose tests have been reported, in America at least, have
used the principle of the interrupted vacuum, by which the action
of the ealf’s mouth is imitated rather than that of the hand
milker’s fingers. This is the principle employed in the B-L-K
machines, which are the ones tested at the Station and which are
at least typical of, if not the same as, those used in a great major-
ity of the other tests. In these machines the application and re-
laxation of the vacuum-produced suction is controlled by a “ pul-
sator ” which forms an integral part of the head of the pail used.
The teat-cups, by which direct attachment to the udder is made,
are conical or funnel-shaped metal tubes with wide-flanged mouths
to receive the teats. These mouths are partially closed with ring-
shaped, heavy rubber curtains which make air-tight connections
with the udder. In the older types of machines from six to eight
sizes of teat-cups were required to fit all the cows of our herd, but
with the new form one size of cup milks the herd more efficiently
than did the many sizes previously used. This, of course, simpli-
fies work with them and shortens the time needed. With these
cups, also, the amount of “strippings” from the cows has been
reduced to a practically negligible amount; and with them two
cows were satisfactorily milked that would have been dropped
from a hand-milked herd.
In 1906-7 the cows in the Station herd were
Station tests on milked by hand and in 1907-8 by machine,
milk flow. but since such alternate-year comparisons of
hand and machine milking could not equalize
the influence of advancing age of the cows and climatic conditions
affecting food supply, it was thought best to divide the herd in

854 Porvutar Epitions or Station BULLETINS OF THE

halves as the cows freshened in 1908-9 and to milk each cow by
hand and machine in alternate periods of lactation. Im this di-
vision the herd was balanced as carefully as possible with regard
to age and productive ability; and in subsequent changes due to
the dropping out of cows by reason of age, accident, illness,
sterility, ete., and the addition of others to maintain the herd, the
same idea of preserving the balance has been kept in mind.

The work has now been carried through the lactation periods
for 1910-11. In all, 29 cows have been compared during two or
more lactation periods, including five periods each for five cows,
four periods each for three cows, three periods each for nine cows
and two periods each for twelve cows, making 88 complete lac-
tation periods. During 43 of these periods the cow was milked by
hand and during 45 by machine. Taking the data just as they
stand and comparing the yields when any cow was milked by the
two methods during successive periods, it would appear that 32
such comparisons favor hand milking and 23 favor machine milk-
ing. But it is hardly fair to include all the data. In the several
years through which the tests ran, ‘the yields of several of the
cows were abnormal for at least one lactation period, owing to
mishaps of one kind or another. Six young cows calved prema-
turely and three suffered so severely from indigestion that their
yields were seriously affected. Leaving out these abnormal lacta-
tion periods there remain 24 comparisons in favor of hand milking
and 19 favoring the machine. ‘These figures apparently indicate
a slight gain in production in favor of hand milking; but, as will
be shown later, the actual mathematical differences in yield are
so slight, considering the two groups as a whole, that the omission
of a very few cows whose yield showed great fluctuation would
shift the balance in either direction.

As shown in Table I, which includes all the data unaffected by
noticeable disturbing factors, the final balance in favor of hand
milking is only 6,000 Ibs., merely the slightest fraction over 1
per ct. of the total production.

In making the table several of the cows were included that were
milked more periods by one method than by the other, which
might be considered unfair; so in Table II the comparison is
restricted to an equal number of lactation periods for each cow
by each method.

Yen)

85

Z|
RIMENT STATION.

‘
vi

New York AGRICULTURAL EXP!

“606T
‘puey

‘O16T
‘prey

“(PIT FLG) 18304 Jo “30 10d | —"sq] 790'9 ‘(SuLy[Iu puvy Jo JOAwy Ur) eouReq [VULY

PLES

“806T
“‘puey

I19‘T

“6061
‘puey

609 ‘SF

G9¢

ILI ‘6h

“LO6T
“BT

s0uByeq [enuuy
“*-goueeq dnoiry

ee s[@40],

‘raquin\y

(‘2748p ALOPOVISIzeS [][B Sopnpouy)
‘NIU AO GOHLEW OL GAG ATNGUVddY GIGI WIJ NI NOILVIUVA TIVLOJ, GNV IVANNY —] ZIV,

PorvLtar Epirions oF Stration BuLLETINS OF THE

856

*(LOT‘OT#) 18999 JO “99 19d 8°09 = 682 'E

EN ieee Ae Ya eR bor cae ee ECE gene eee teen ree oon OREO CLE One CN TALL) aouRleg

SOF‘ £02 ee eee es ene . ee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee ee eee eeseeseeseeses smack -nwey TSO,
£69 ‘902 . eee a MT et ea . S| O16) epee. cusheiel 60,0 6 sexes 6 = 69,08 eeteue ee Vie we a wn. 2e On a Jee ay) OUIYOVU [840],
020‘0Z gee ‘Gg)... | 28°82 | 80°2h | SILOS =| 9ST'ZE | GSO TOL «| 986°86 fat ee See: §]8}0,
ate & 4 © Ge © C8L'F ste‘9 6.0 .staLeke te « Ti peste = 8.6 8 . 5 60 © 6.8 ee Jk) ta Be chs 6 Ome Tl eee & beth Oi) Soe Qieiie ® si ers @ » mre 618 6 8 8 «0 Bus Be & 6 » uD one» 6%
eeoeveveee 1z0‘8 FLI‘2 eon Pye eS AS nents . eee ee ee Susi) xe aba bn Oiecene Bred fe ewe ayereite reneier |]uereienteriaere tere temenecerelkere:g-etehatal elalerelove ne
822'9 avec: spare atethllh "einers,«¥ ee IZI c okufeyalsyeecen \{iece are ae) o sell & cus n ele. aie ite 1s a celekelpte, onli edheheXs © where oiettiehere «uce exstetels/e « ale nick Ce
anaiels 0. eens Sleil . = as ois oa fee |) Seuelheve shee . G68'9 168 ‘9 D cue 8 6 ere. Oeul| ele, 6 6 b: 6.6 oe ilh-#e evele of ve .6 | ogee. ole 0 eft) @ sims eisle © 8 6 8 mts © . . . “OZ
68¢‘'9 uiecalvldr acates, “||iius- phase: eccec6) 6 698 9 eeoeesece . eeercccee Gib © efevenmiel live clanS te elle. © ollisture te oleic. ehe el alele Se, ¢ @ © s evele 616 0:0 pie 6» sie 2
efie' siete wcelece (8) (a sees) 6 .0) \Iiicg iaele ee se Pre ‘G ep io ee eeeece Bw 6 ele ots , 6 wed dokd. ore: a ee ES td
be lake waneee tere || 3) eo \e.e)e ele 862‘S © 0's ieee 8 a © |b dees ete es . eec'c Ds 6 ELS Ppevel: || se axa) Che udee 8 jl eburete os evele) Biel @.e. OX6 0/6 0.0 8016 6 © & 66) 5), eup 0%
sip 2. gue. 10 6 GLI‘8 9c1‘8 a feiw ib ayevaiers |; Se tens). atets JP. euate e @ie ee” 1) (Wr @ siivce vee |i! a, ace! eo supe 0 ll sterece ere ovecasgislusee whee 6s 68 lee) Caste 26 esa 61
eee eeerece ZOE‘ F Z8e'L eee eee ee eer ecene Diteiaeie a: 8) w: . eeee ere cecoee oie as ia OF Re ene SLES 104 |
€89'9 mlale) vith, miele || « ulele © ehexe; © LIZ 2 oe endce afore, Iie ceete ce 8 Sele. 8 Jeers ene el mue. | e-2 6; «e+ e)e-e) Mievelele ole 0: pe: eheiwts wae) 6: 6 = vl arsie Wiss, 6s 20.5 a LI
aa) erst elsiefe lee )|| Wiesner etme 808‘9 © eee, cele « ee 026 ‘9 eevee eee Peet er ee A ee ee eee ae ke ee 1)) |
EDTA LOMeEDiGNern Oh ina acala ©) hye) luc elistietie:¢\-erein. |] tevaimiejs 9 ete ail” w6!.c caliw.6.0 py 6 MHL 6 ole: ere! si.0 10 290'2 90T‘Z ‘or eLb (eo .cks cies gle ale epee ¢ 6 @ e%e) 0 ms © 6.0 cle/ss CT
Ve ire OC iO . wee, on a ats) eee eeeee © 16) aU ay e- 6.0 Crake) es oe over§\) ae 0 6 FOL‘S 109‘9 UREN AE) cae Shem nese) ses Beare eter. CN SERS a
Se eo Rtebe alesse te) of. Jeceve aus «ale. ||| 6 atecala.e.e6 Z6P‘8 9et‘2 ib: ee, 8) bun! ale gge‘G 62Pr‘S Dee ee ee a eas St |
pie basi ece ters pill cele (e) sieleewe, |( ya) eke) a) eNe)-0 m)oMl|| “eetiefeceiqa eee) Me 6 eralevaraxe j[j)sierecm eo) iewe ee T8s‘s FPS‘ L o Jeheiw! oyh «6.6 60) wile 6.0 0.4 \6-'6 elb| © 1s 6 0.00 6 «0 ein ZI
gieake © .6x0fers Sil .o2e ece)a cm ave 886 ‘9 whe, e.s euele Bet) vy Weireite! ee) ipi aie 120‘9 OLT'2Z eF9‘9 Siehe) Site efe 61etens sle-0 ¢.¥ = @.0)¢ © 6 0.6 se stays II
eenee . eo t. Aelaae) eburn ince) i) 0 is eebpeneo es br Lith Keieoe's. e Nel ia ace pay ht |e a . I¢Z‘OL 1¢9¢‘9 Gye eo. 6/6 0 6 8 6: DIS 10 Oke 0 6 we 00, © 618 0 6 \b. 0 » 0018 OL
nip lanainus eee: i) ee eCene ain @* ||| waveleubhacule a 1) kerpie)6 ioe s16). |) je iehaie: Bie... 0 JI -0..ens ec 6:6 86 C62 ‘6 96S ‘TIT p ei) «Ble 0 6.6 SiR -6. 6) o, 0 6B eve.e) © 6, 80) 8).8:6 ee ae 6
eeee Sle. ose) ses a 9FL‘9 «98 lee, 050.001) ie, sletsie ee @ 99e'2 Per’ 2 6F9'2 @ el'e)e es, 8. e180 ‘e666 e's © 6 pie a 6 ae 6 18 sere 8
iene ee she sl at) = ale eis eas 1) 6 6 ars 0.0.8 a. 0) Ml) jee « 6260.0 6 | je :eceteie.o. ees 4) ‘see 0 0 0.0.8 ese’, 1F¢‘8 oe . ‘a0 eke a0, € @ 616 9. oven 60 2 e & 6 0 e0e) 0) 6)n sie fp
@ 9 a's) 9 6 ere we. le cetele Rue mee Ji) selete tu gene OL. || 616) eevee wie sil'f-s)e'e.0%0le:.-08. 1. .atuip (0:8 el 9) (0 cog ‘s LSU‘F eee eee . O16 wie le efexe ce éile.6 =e = 0 =e 5 e.are 9
Rie ahe..2 eo. ene. 6 6 Sas eke, « wtb heuer a oe. enw eve « Pier). Cla aae te a) oP Te Ba Tere 9¢8‘e ee bo ba A) Rye ebb 16) Wee ace eee) ecw eee er aC
@: 6:0 6 ayerp eh oe issue len 8 zoc‘e a fathses etme lao) wuecekety 6.8 6 org 9 802 ‘F 018 ‘F ‘ase ee a ene ® £06. UES © 8 8 1U"OLs 5.5 ee kbiue’ @).eeke P
eee 0,458 Geelic eth. = Gre is ple Jie un eles « base” || nelpie, em, elie .e- 4 \)| Se cal site eG a eemnihece)erel.« 2) aba e8 S16‘9 600‘2 ee @ eee ele © 2s 2 8 8. e)ace» es 2 « © « 0} m ©0000 18 €
eer eee ro INPRIt a ete eliuine aiet walle <aleic eich ted) 1) ceuale e.e estar) | ile e-6'e .c.er ae) wilh 0 exe .eite @ . GOL‘F L¥Z‘S eal ee) eo .@.6) ain. 6's ee © 0 0.6 6.0 0 6.8 apie Oca ce oe Ole Z
eoeeerere Ghd | me sets siete alesele © oes) » c6g‘ 2 Ger’) Bee) 6 de ete gcr‘9 1Z28‘G Gia\e)egeln «at wun 49)\6) bene Bee léMh: © melee ale . aT
*SQT ‘SQT *SQT ‘SQT “SqT ‘SQT ‘SQT ‘SQT
‘OT6T ‘OI6T ‘606T “6061 “S061 “806T “LO6T *906T -oquinyy
‘QUIqOe IY ‘puey ‘QulyoV yy ‘puey ‘QUIYoR I ‘pueyy ‘QUINOB INT ‘pus

(‘MOO Yous IOjJ spOrsied poouvleq A[ao Surpnjouy)

‘ANIHOVJ) GNV GNV]{ A@ GHW 8SMOD JO SATaIX —]] WIAVY,

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 857

As will be seen, this method of handling the data throws the
balance toward machine milking, but again the difference is too
slight to have any meaning, since it is less than 1 per ct. of the
whole yield. In other words, the effect of milking upon the pro-
ductivity of the cows is less than the normal fluctuation in yield
from year to year due to such marked variation in yield of indi-
vidual cows as might occur in any herd of considerable size. Of
four cows milked by machine in 1906—7 and again in 1907-8
after division of the herd, one showed a change of 1,000 pounds
in flow the second year, and another a change of 1,500 pounds;
while data from Maine Station reports show a change of 5.6 per
ct. in yield of a herd of 183 cows in successive years, and similar
data from Wisconsin from a herd of 27 cows show a change of
more than 1 per ct.

From this work, then, extending over five
years and including a large number of lacta-
tion periods, the only conclusion possible to
draw is that machine milking, if properly
done, does not influence the flow of milk to
any extent capable of measurement. Of
course, poor management of the machines and careless handling
might bring down yields; but so also a careless, inefficient hand
milker may “ dry off” a good cow in a few weeks.

It is undoubtedly true that not every good

Experts not hand milker would be able to handle a

necessary machine with equal success; but no remark-
for milkers. able qualities are necessary for efficient
machine management. During the tests of
the B-L-K machines at the Station, six men have run them for
periods varying from three months to three years and none of
them has failed to do fairly satisfactory work with the milkers.
These men probably represent fairly well the better class of farm
workmen; and none of them was selected for any special ability
to operate machinery. The essential qualities in running a milk-
ing machine are merely carefulness, willingness to follow instruc-
tions and reasonable intelligence.

Machine
milking does not
change flow.

858 Porvutar Epirions or Station BULLETINS OF THE

In Station work it has been necessary to

Time-saving weigh and record each cow’s milk separately ;

by machines. so that it has been inadvisable for one man to

handle more than two machines, each milk-

ing two cows; and the operations have undoubtedly been done a

little more carefully and a little slower than would be necessary

in a commercial dairy. The data given for labor are, therefore,

very conservative. They are based on accurate records of the

time consumed by each step of the afternoon milking on 144 days

in 1911; and on records of the time required each day for a month

in washing and otherwise completing the cleaning of the machines,
this last work being done in the dairy building, not at the barn.

Based on the use by one man of two machines in milking 15

cows, the time consumed each day would be as follows:

Preparing machines night and morning..... 6.72 minutes
Milking 30 cows (15 night and morning).... 88.20 minutes
Rinsing machines at barn night and morning. 15.36 minutes
Cleaning teat-cups and tubes (done weekly). 2.61 minutes
Washing remaining parts of machines...... 8.13 minutes

Total time required to milk 30 cows.... 121.02 minutes
Average time required to milk one cow. 4.034 minutes

Under commercial conditions this time could be decidedly les:
sened; and the advantage would increase as the number of cows
milked increased. Fifteen is probably as small a number as will
be found profitable in connection with present machine milking;
since with this number of cows approximately one-third of the
time is spent in operations other than the actual milking. As
the number of cows increased this extra consumption of time
would become relatively less and the average time required for
each cow would decrease. It is possible, also, where detailed
records are not kept, that one man could handle more than two
machines and thereby reduce the labor cost.

As Station figures show that it takes seven

Economy. minutes for a hand milker to milk a cow,
record the weight and pour the milk on the

cooler, it is evident that the machines do economize labor. As to

New Yoru AcricutturAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 859

whether, or under what conditions, their installation would be
financially profitable, data are lacking. Owing to rapid and re-
peated changes and improvements in the milkers used in these
tests and the substitution of new pails and parts, it has been im-
possible to measure the deterioration of the machines or to get
any very definite idea as to the cost of maintenance. Until these
data can be secured, possibly not for a long period of time, each
herd owner will have to decide for himself whether the saving in
labor indicated above will justify him in installing machine
milkers.

The Station experience proves that such machines, at least the
one used by us, can be readily handled by the better grade of farm
laborers, that they can easily be made to produce milk with very
satisfactory bacterial counts, that they do not injuriously affect
the flow of milk and that they will lessen the amount of human
effort necessary to milk cows.

NEW YORK GRAPES ON NEW ROOTS.*

F. Hs BALL,
About 1860 an insect was introduced into
A pest France that threatened the very existence of
proves a the vineyard industry in that country. The
benefit. phylloxera, a tiny root-feeding plant-louse

from America found the thick, tender, juicy
roots of the European wine grape just to its liking and French
climatic conditions exactly suited to its rapid increase. In a few
years, its wide-spreading devastations caused a feeling almost of
terror among vineyardists; for insecticides proved powerless to
check its destructive advance.

But in eastern America, the home of the phylloxera, the insect
does little harm to the many native species of grapes. Here was
a suggestion; so the French vineyardists brought over American
stocks to furnish phylloxera-resistant roots and grafted on these
plants cions of their favorite varieties. The phylloxera found the
tough, dry, woody roots of American species, particularly those of
the riverside, or winter, grape, as little to their liking in France
as in America and the vineyards were saved. More than this!
The European varieties on the new roots often gave better grapes
than ever before. Some kinds that would grow only poorly, except
on certain soils or in favored localities, proved much more tract-
able on the roots of some American species; other kinds were
changed in season of ripening that they reached better markets;
and, in other ways, perhaps less important, grafting of varieties
on new roots worked to the advantage of the grape-growers. The

* A reprint of “ Popular Edition” of Bulletin No. 355; see p. 489 for the

Bulletin. .
[860]

New York AGricuLtrurAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 861

advent of the phylloxera really widened the possibilities of the
European grape. In California, where the European grape (Vitis
vinifera) is grown, as well as in France, grape-grafting has been
studied and practiced with zeal and has undoubtedly aided greatly
in the development of the wine, raisin and dessert-grape branches
of that State’s horticulture.
While the phylloxera is not a dreaded
Grafting useful pest in America east of the Rockies, and

abroad, why ___ root-grafting is not here essential to the exis-
not in tence of vineyards, has not this process pos-
New York? sibilities in eastern grape-growing? Some

of our very best eastern grapes are commer-
cially of little value because of defects which grafting has par-
tially or wholly removed in case of other varieties in France and
California; why is there not promise that similar results will fol-
low if the combinations of root and cion are studied as carefully
for our varieties and our conditions ?

Varieties developed from our native species are exceedingly
(diverse as to soil requirements. Those derived from Vitis rupes-
tris, the sand grape, or rock grape, thrive well on hard, dry soils;
those from Vitis wstivalis, the summer grape, bunch grape, or
blue grape, do well on light, thin soils. Descendants of the fox
grape, Vitis labrusca, prefer loose, hard, sandy or gravelly soils,
while those varieties whose parent species delight in the warm,
moist, river banks (Vitis riparia) do best in the vineyard on
rather heavier soils than those preferred by other grapes. In re-
sponse to heat or cold, shade or sunshine, moisture or drought, in
susceptibility to insect and fungus diseases, in productivity, in
longevity and in size of vine, these different species show great
variations; and in the vineyard, propagation, cultivation and
spraying must be modified to suit the varied types. It seems
entirely logical to suppose that the chances of betterment through
grafting upon one of these diverse types of root stocks some of our
cultivated varieties (which are derived from eight or nine dis-
tinct species) are as great, if not greater, than in grafting the
Vinifera varieties upon these stocks in France.

862 PopvuLtar EpITIONs oF STATION BULLETINS OF THE

Hope that this might be true inspired an

Vineyard experiment along this line by the station.
experiment Work was begun upon this vineyard in 1902
located. and since 1908 many of the vines have given

crops so that it seems time to report prog-
ress. In its development as an experiment, however, the vine-
yard has been practically a failure ; since the vines have had many
more than their fair share of mishaps and calamities. But in
spite of untoward happenings that make the actual data
secured scanty and irregular, the general behavior of the vines has
been such that growing American grapes on roots other than their
own must be considered a promising method of vineyard improve-
ment, at least for the growth of choice varieties and possibly for
the commercial vineyard.

This experimental vineyard was located in the Chautauqua
Grape Belt on the farm of Mr. I. A. Wilcox of Portland, Chau-
tauqua county. The experimental plats were located on two
soils; one plat on Dunkirk gravel contains about an acre on
which were set six hundred vines, and the other plat on Dunkirk
clay contains about two-fifths of an acre, on which were set two
hundred and twenty-five vines. In the smaller vineyard, only
three groups of root stocks were used and in the larger vineyard,
four groups. In successive rows were set stocks on their own
roots, on roots of St. George (Rupestris du Lot), on Riparia
Gloire de Montpellier and on Clevener.

The St. George was selected as a variety

Characteristics preeminently well adapted to sandy,

of gravelly, rocky soils. It has strong roots
root-stocks. which force themselves deeply into even
very compact soils and enable it to with-

stand droughts. It is very vigorous in growth and communicates
its strength to its grafts. It roots rapidly in the nursery and
unites well when grafted with either Vinifera varieties or Ameri-
can species. In New York it was found to sucker very freely, the
principal defect of the stock. The Riparia Gloire, as it is called
for short, has small, hard, numerous, much-branched roots, which

New York AgricutturaL Experiment STATION. 863

feed close to the surface of the ground. It grows best in deep, rich
soils which must not be either too wet or too dry. Like St.
George, it is vigorous, imparts its vigor to vines worked upon it,
and is also specially hardy. It is well adapted for grafting pur-
poses, as it unites readily with our cultivated varieties. Its prin-
cipal defect is some fastidiousness as to soils. The Clevener stock
was selected since it grows on a wide range of soils. It has
already been used to some extent as a root-stock in this State.
The Riparia Gloire and St. George stocks came from California
and were in very poor shape on arrival. They were set in May,
1902, and by the fall of that year, one-fifth of the St. George plants
and five-sixths of the Riparia Gloire vines had died, but the
vacancies were filled with new stocks of the same varieties. These
replanted vines were taken from nursery rows where they had been
set after bench-grafting the cions on closely-trimmed root stocks.
The Clevener stocks were not set until the spring of 1903. The
field grafting upon all these stocks was begun in May, 1903, which
was probably not the best time; as subsequent experience has
proven that the union is best if the grafting is done when the
stoek is not in full sap.
As varieties to be grafted upon these
stocks, about twenty kinds of exceptionally
Varieties good quality were selected, practically all of
used. which had already been grown more or
less in the Chautauqua Grape Belt. These
varieties, with a brief indication of the reason for their choice,
are as follows: Agawam, Barry, Brilliant, Lindley, Mills, and
Niagara were selected as varieties which, though admirable in
most other respects, are hardly productive enough to be commer-
cially profitable; and in France and in California grafting on
other roots has often increased productivity. In other instances,
grafting has enabled certain varieties to be grown on soils seem-
ingly not adapted to them and since Campbell Early, Delaware,
Herbert, Iona, Lindley, and Worden succeed only when soil con-
ditions are right, it was hoped to find in some of the new root

864 Poprutar Epirions or Station BULLETINS OF THE

stocks a medium to increase the range of cultivation of these
varieties. If Brilliant, Goff, Vergennes and Winchell could be
improved in bunch characteristics, they might become very valu-
able sorts and grafting has sometimes worked such improvement,
so these varieties were included. Jefferson and Niagara are not
always hardy under New York conditions and if their growth
on other stocks could make them more resistant to cold it would
improve their standing as commercial varieties. Delaware was
used in the hope that its slow rate of growth might be overcome.
Catawba, grown on its own roots, is a little too late to succeed
in most seasons in New York, and Brighton deteriorates rapidly
after picking. If these qualities could be remedied by grafting,
most desirable results would be secured.

The failure of vines during the first year

Progress was an inauspicious beginning and simi-
of the lar misfortunes followed the experiment
experiment. throughout its progress. During the sec-

ond year, 1903, seventeen more Riparia
Gloire stocks died, nine of St. George, nine of Clevener, and
twenty-nine on their own roots, while of the grafts, eight on the
Gloire died and forty-eight on the St. George but none on
Clevener. During the winter of 1903--04, the weather was very
severe and in the spring and summer of the following season many
more vines died; of St. George, eighty-five; of Gloire, fifty-six,
and of those on their own roots, forty-eight. The effects of this
severe winter were remedied as far as possible by setting in new
vines, but the consequences of the freeze plainly extended through
several subsequent seasons as many of the vines lagged in growth
and never reached their normal vigor. As a commercial venture
and, as later events proved, as an experimental one, it would have
been better to dig the vines up in 1904 and to begin anew. The
freeze, however, gives some indication of the relative hardiness of
the vines of these varieties on different stocks; as only 3614 per
ct. died on St. George roots, while over 44 per ct. were lost on
Clevener and about 40 per ct. on Gloire or on their own roots. It
is possible that the deep-rooting habit of the St. George stock

co
Ca
Cr

BY wT ~
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

enabled it to resist this cold weather a little better than the other
stocks.

During 1906 the grape fidia, which had appeared in the vine-
yard a few years previous, began to affect some of the vines
severely and this injury continued to some extent throughout the
remaining years of the experiment, although repressive measures
were fairly successful in controlling the insect. In 1906, addi-
tional vines died; on Gloire stock thirty-four, on St. George
twenty-seven, on Clevener thirty-five, and on their own roots nine.
These dead vines were, in many cases, weaklings injured by the
severe weather of the two winters past. In 1907, the vines
appeared to be making good growth and there were fair prospects
for a good harvest of grapes, but in August a hailstorm ruined
the crop so that the fruit was never picked; and again in 1910
the crop was entirely destroyed by hail.

The death of so many vines during early

Grafted vines stages of the experiment, severe attacks of
more fidia during one or two seasons, and the two
productive. disastrous hailstorms have made it impos-
sible to secure any satisfactory amount of

data upon which to base definite conclusions regarding produc-
tivity of the individual varieties. Yet throughout the whole course
of the work, observations have shown that grafted vines were fruit-
ing better than vines of the same varieties on their own roots. Not
only were more bunches set upon the grafted vines, as shown by
actual count, but the bunches and the berries also grew larger,
resulting in less unmarketable fruit. Such data as were secured
from three fairly satisfactory harvests—those of 1908—09-11—
give evidence in the same direction. Computations, based on the
actual weight of fruit harvested from each vine, would give an
average acre yield of 214 tons of grapes from varieties on their
own roots, 3 tons from those on St. George stock, 3.4 tons from
those on the Gloire stock and 3.6 tons from those on Clevener
roots. These yields are, of course, small, and perhaps ought not
to give any great weight to an experiment which has lasted through
eleven years. In reality, during this time only one satisfactory

harvest was secured, that of the year 1911; and the figures for
28

866 Porvutar Eprrions or Sration BuLiEetTINs OF THE

this year alone correspond very closely to the judgment of the
observers from general behavior of the vines and might be taken
as an index of the trend of the experiment. They point in the
same direction as the figures from the averages of the three crops.
The yields in this year were, for varieties on their own roots
4.4 tons per acre, on St. George roots 5.4 tons, on Gloire 5.3 tons,
and on Clevener 5.6 tons. The data are too few and scattering to
attempt comparisons variety by variety either in productivity,
resistance to insects or diseases, or except in a general way in
adaptability of cions to stocks.
However, it was very plain to those who
Grafted vines studied the vineyard that the grafted
more vines were more vigorous than those not
vigorous. grafted. In an attempt to bring out this
point, the vigor of vines was carefully rated
in one season. Early in 1910, when the vineyard had reached
bearing age, when insects and fungi were well under control and
before the hailstorm of that year ruined the crop, careful esti-
mates gave varieties on their own roots an average rating of 40
per ct. of perfect vigor, those on St. George 63.2 per ct., those
on Gloire 65.2 and those on Clevener 67.9 per ct. As already
stated, it would be unfair to make strict varietal comparsions in
this regard, but the better behavior of nearly all the varieties on
all three of the stocks proves these stocks congenial for union
with our varieties and speaks in favor of their use in future work
along this line. No variety on its own roots reached an average
of 70 per ct. of what might be expected, but on Gloire roots,
Concord, Herbert, and Lindley reached averages of more than 75
per ct.; on St. George roots, Concord, Herbert, Niagara, and
Vergennes all exceeded this average; while on Clevener roots
Barry, Brighton, Catawba, Delaware, Lindley, Regal, and Ver-
gennes proved far better than on their own roots.
While one of the principal objects of the
Resistance to experiment was to test the effect of grafting
insects and upon resistance to insects and diseases, the
diseases. work has really furnished no satisfactory
evidence along these lines. The mishaps
during the early years of the test made so unequal the numbers of

———

New York AGRricuLtTuRAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 867

vines of the same age among the different varieties that it is prac-
tically impossible to secure a fair estimate as to the relative dam-
age of insects or diseases upon either roots or vines. When the
earlier experiments proved that this vineyard was not likely to be
an unqualified success a similar experiment was started else-
where, it is hoped under more favorable conditions. From this
second test it 1s expected that at least some suggestions of value
along the line of insect resistance will be secured.

Some grapes on grafted vines ripened a

Some few days earlier than those on their own
grafted roots. This was true, in particular, as re-
grapes gards those on Gloire and Clevener ; but it is
earlier. not certain that there is a constant difference

in the time of ripening between the same
varieties on St. George roots and on their own. In fact, some va-
rieties on St. George were retarded in time of maturity. The data
relating to time of ripening, however, are not satisfactory, like
others in the test; but it is hoped that the second experiment will
furnish more definite information.
Unsatisfactory as it has been, this experi-
Conclusions. ment seems to promise quite a little of value
in grape-grafting for New York State. Un-
doubtedly some of the best varieties of table grapes suitable to the
Chautauqua Grape Belt can be improved in some respects by graft-
ing and it is not entirely improbable that even commercial vine-
yards will show a sufficient increase in productiveness to warrant
the adoption of the practice in starting new vineyards. If the
method is adopted, however, some of the mistakes in this experi-
ment should be avoided. In the first place, it would have been
much better to use bench-grafted vines instead of grafting in the
field on growing stocks, as a very large proportion of the plants
thus treated died in this experiment; and a considerable portion
might do so in any commercial planting. Such vacancies must
be filled by bench-grafted material. Bench-grafting in itself gives
better results, is much more easily performed and can be kept
under closer supervision of an expert than can work done in the

868 Porvutar Epirions or Station BuLLeErrIns.

field. If all the vines were bench-grafted originally and grown in
the nursery row for a year, careful selection could be made ot
perfect, vigorous plants, with unions well established, to be set
in places where desired with the unions placed at the desired level
in the soil and the plants free from undesired suckers from the
root stocks or roots from the cions. By this method subsequent
vine failures should be very few under ordinarily good conditions.
By this means, also, the vineyard area can be held for one year
longer for other crops, or for better preparation for vineyard
purposes.

In selecting stocks for such work, it is believed that the three
used in this experiment should all be given a trial though it may
be rather difficult to secure the Clevener stocks necessary, while the
St. George and Riparia Gloire stocks can be readily secured from
California growers. To these stocks might well be added Riparis
Grand Glabre and two hybrids between Vitis riparia and Vitis
rupestris known as 3306 and 3309, which have been found useful
in California viticulture.

If a grafted vineyard is established, it will be necessary to give
better care to it than the ordinary vineyard receives, in pruning
particularly, but to some extent in plowing, tilling, fertilizing and
treatment of phylloxera and fidia. The varieties on other roots
will require different treatment from the same ones ungratted.
This is by no means a disadvantage, for, probably, of all our
horticulturists the vineyardists have become least caretaking. If
the grafting in itself did not promise larger yields, its adoption
would be of profitable benefit to New York viticulture if it secured
to the new vineyards the care grape-growing should receive.

PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THE STATION.

AQ ITTNATAN | OS SCURIRRSOIS Ac HIRE ACEIO ene Henne ice Spanien Complimentary
PICU eee UOTE ss oes « cialis bee ia» syanrysiejenay dl » 3)seieeue se wa Complimentary
Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales................... Complimentary
NP CMUD EAE COUT TAN CHIME. 3 0 he sais ese: odie seat «5, ape fp preps Complimentary
Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa........ Complimentary
Pe PLM E A le NERV ETY he tia sore ole Gait eee caine sie, pte bys. eyeufs Complimentary
PAS TECUULU AE SEUCEMUS Gra ZEUUC efeleleustotelratelellel soe ele) ole)c) | ssefalenons Complimentary
PRPC RUT GAZ OELG: © ieee other ae ci rin el wie. s, a elchats a 6 ate one sSogeeanienela as Complimentary
PICT ICAI AP TICHUESEDIRG Geos aia olel sis, avelede ol=, syiasis 4 eiaisl pl svete ays epee Subscription
INCL ICHa VESTOCUCTA OLAP RAINE. 2. 7.5 sia,e ae'ss os. e alsne Sulers ere aioe Subscription
PEMD EICAM DC HEMALCH Mc) OUTTA © 5. cloie evs stele cess os che 2. eh Sieben a) Subscription
American Chemical Society, Journal ...................04. Subscription
PUTER TU CUED AAT ag WALGOT © 05 Son 5) so. afeivee ci s/e) ere Say inrs aadiena tyehopand els, aye Complimentary
American Entomological Society, Transactions............. Subscription
J SCTGVONOEN Noe RCPEUTU IVA leh oly BcO MERGES ONG OIC] REIS RCCL ier aa we Subscription
PAMERICAMM OL OGISES eae tercinte niet n ainielclorae raw ashe sie sy sineyss aoe aban eibbenays Subscription
PRI RICHMEG OCCT’ ©. creas picts oe pia 4 as, 1 e,neysmaehe taney o\ansarsue 3 Complimentary
Amenicanunay, Elour and heed dournall:,..., 4.21 -10es es caior Complimentary
American sOurnal: Of MySlOlOpiyjeg os. <cscucks oieterd cyl jetehe ose oh = Subscription
PM SIC BOM E ME Soci cniceare oie Sad a oe. 0) 0) Spann Wie seg eteetdte aia = at Complimentary
CMA TA CRLEAAISES Oo fe clke ta os,5 os obs, oie 6 eae woe eee Subscription
American Philosophical Society, Proceedings................ Complimentary
PACE LCd a aU EST NU VOCHUC: vera: © oan aata Bie </eeasysishe ocd munts la Complimentary
PICT ICAYE SEOULEN “VOOLIG co oe slave 4 2 ode Bin ceo ste olso-0's oleiabmis ls Subscription
PMIDLGSIGAIT NGI. IMCEPED aye o.s wists. cers ace! so. eie Ga. ae em wl «covuehmine mialses Complimentary
PATE WY SE Eb ares evss Sitar eies o Sane wd eis eh xe saa: she Opes: 0) ging eee Subscription
Annalecsteerinsticut Pasteur... < cies: aces cl cde cakens co Subscription
Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique............ Complimentary
PAGRAANE Se OIA. ere aes dc at duatiys oietee tia +. <0 8 egaia naga Giaeaye Subscription
Annals and Magazine of Natural History.................. Subscription
PNMIME LAO MEN CRUEL ral ota tars so GS clon 3 > sa, AS nay a cache mas baeya ea Subscription
Archiv der Gesammte Physiologie (Pflueger)............... Subscription
PRU SMe TATE SERV RNETEE tenia 00. ate se ees tah of nee, nh 4 SS AIELL Ss Subscription
Association Belge des Chimistes, Bulletin.................. Complimentary
Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft............ Subscription
Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft.............. Subscription
FEC LTE NER Care ack os cece xan eggunene @ co eanies a Seema: Complimentary
Biedermann’s Zentralblatt fuer Agrikultur Chemie.......... Subscription
BIOCHEMMRCNORUFELCSCHEIGG 5 6 sity aae sins a -10 soe oe apenmbe ea Subscription
BIOCHCHIIRCHERS CEUULAIDIACE x5 vizic' a= + state's < sis.s eo ies eetiemiatane Subscription
IGN ICAP EMCEMN ooo fre, o ayeie's dere iets Seis 64: Geeta oes Te Subscription
Biolomigeies we entratblatt. 5). 2)... 255 ces sin + dyer eeueeemt aah Subscription
EBA Capa (17 = {STRESS NY gn ER ee re PE ge Complimentary
lek ine wert OUPME oo as Wola woh chines Ace ne wlwepege WMe as wc Complimentary
Doletine ‘do Mnsticuto Agrononiico. 2's. 22 ease bs tare vac oes Complimentary
Boletin de la Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura.............. Complimentary

[869]

870 PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THE

Boletin de, Mimistero, de "HP EUMERtO ss acre antec: s/c austria ustera ses
Boston Society of Natural History, Proceedings
Botanicals "Gazettes Gt swe ees oerereiens ie inate ome aetna
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Bulletin
Bualletmsde' institud ; Pastewr's ips oes seve, «- See erncenee sieht
Bulletin fuer Angewandte Botanik
AS TE AED, fh NOY A A orey cceeantha tee ons bcc eesi setae = ogy ig ere men
California Academy of Sciences, Proceedings...............4.
California Cultivator

e| lete\ (6) «se |e «| Oe 6)10)\6) 01 el Sls eels ene

‘ae, 1e\'a\se, 00.0110 e161 6 © @) jliasise) s/s (6, 1e/.8\ eo lel aie) 6) (> 1efelini ele tas’ el

wile .0L6 8)'s hue \efel (el. © te) wiisline\ ai\a)ehu) ev )e lo, -s} uence is

California University Publications —Agricultural Sciences and
BOUAIM VINE tates a everest meners areas nena ernie aon aren toners eer ere seyenener
Canadian Entomologist
Camnivanmtorticutiurist: fink) ON Avie: aes oe 6 atete ees iate ora
Centralblatty tnersBakteriologies ete asa). creeks s)eursl sede ae
ChemircaleADstracts.y tert aiieye a lsbena ciate ke sel tern ouohe rons enone teha) er
Chemical Society, Journal
Chemisehes Centralblact ss .toets ats tet see ciche cmienetonetetere
Chicago Daily Farmers’ and Drovers’ Journal..............
Claeevers Derive ereglnKes” Say ein ones ad cmveabosoenocosdendodd
Cincinnati Society of Naturai History, Journal.............
Wold storare and Tce Trades’ Review... 0... 0. oe oe. eects
Colmamesr neva AVVO deepest) Veh nciopenoh ve lotepel preretacisietenct ere
ColoniraleD anya Producer Renonbey- eer te t-te eer te
Columbus Horticultural Society Journal
Commercial Poultry
Country Gentleman
Country Life in America.....
Country World
Criador Paulista
Dairy and Produce Review
Sing Wa Glshnsl Wyss oa G ese mac obo. Go DmbiSy cod oe
Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift
Deutschlands Obstsorten
Dry Farming
Elgin Dairy Report
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Journal
Entomological News
Entomological Society of America, Annals
Entomological Society of Washington, Proceedings.........-.
Entomologist
Entomologists’ Record
Farm and Fireside
Farm and Live Stock Journal
Farm and Orchard
Farm and Stock
Farm Economies
Farm Journal

2 i6he 'e) 00 es 0\'s ©) (o/s (a 010 0 © 10.0 9 © 6 «ee [0,0 9 19 (ee) 818 ©.

| c/o, \e! (a) (@)le/e/le iu; /~) @) 0,/05,0| © fe: 6) 8] 2), 0))\a lulu) vei slie> se) ©:

@ e lalelW aie 0. ee 6.10) |e: © ese .6 16! (o| | (elo) see's) (> s)le)s) 18) sn eis)

eee. e fee: el © © (a \0).e) etude, es). a. ne els Siw ce sista

pes iw olin) (p/ s/ ene!) essen e el eee) Ore ise hel (¢) 0.10) 6)\6.«)Je) (8) (6) =i selene. ie) mse) mie

a) le 6).0 je, 8) © 48) © ase, o'.0) 0101 10)0) © 6 6 0) 6a) «ap! 0! © ee) alin (@):wie: 2° Pe

elle)\e)(a\ =| '# 6.0) (0)(¥) a) jelic/\ere ofp 0.6) ®).lre) 8 cae w rele Bie

ai. © a y6) (oe) e:.m. (0; Oe, [Re [e,'eh. ow wale, Sieke ce

@: lo .0.sa1 46); (a) [She yelteia: oe: \e)\ei\wiv a1 6) v/s ewer aes, Sie) jel'ai (ele

evi a, Yelle a, 0) @'.0),.01e,0) agniie, a's), @) [nlie}=K@),6) 50) 8) a o/ 01.6 \e) 0))e) 8) 8) ale) 61s eus)e

pretel ie! stele) «) 0. sl) eleliess) (aks |v) alle)(6! se (ee) /e ensue! ale) ere (evens) ©

Se, whele)e esa /e.\e)¥ lo '= sels) ee

aw le efe4 ev els Lebel ule! 10) (6.070 (e.(e) 8) (910) 6eelw Gale cn etmiieg e581,

|e) 6 eis eheke) (01m anel/e) ip.6/ 18a: ©

A OCA ROOD) COnOnOn ats Och OCT OmDIC nD Deore Chon ri) OO OrU8n <3. ORD

FC CCR OOO IC E CROM SL) ee ee Ce CI OCHS

oie Ww 16 le) wel] oR leh ae wie) cele) © Jel ite) sh Le, feitele nes Or ae eee se

FP PACRCROMCUCHONCE Se 28 WETECEC CMCE tek CORON CIC Ct CMCC HONS ye hcd Oh

@ alels, Bivis eve. 6 [0 0s.) se U0 86 016s, 0 a5 Ker9 86.0.0) 8 2) e Oe 1a rma

0 6.6 6 0 6 6 00 0 60 6 616 © 6 6 0 0 00 6.6 6,0 Bo. 8 8 6.9 8 B89 0S eeee

Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription

Complimentary
Subscription
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Subscription
Subscription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Subscription
Subscription
Subseription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Farm Life

Farm News
Farm Poultry
DT, SiOEs, AiG! Ison. Ake cri onls coo eee Sombie cis ciaciee on
Farm Stock Success

ails piellajiaifeienie is! <si(#e\a' <6) \0)ee, ¥/e).e) ee (e/e) o!e).6)\0) sin) (a) se, (e'|e\6) s)(6 (0.0) /ee) «
mialietaheliel cliae)e ¢; 6\'s'/e ee) ais) 4) 0)'o ee) 0) sie ee 8/9 \= ss) = Pie oe 0 (a) e626

plat chwiiets) «lee 4! \e) se 6\0 ein wie eve, 4). «)\0) ae) 0:9) 8) (0) 6 0) 6.8) 8 @ s)6) 9 s)ja\ 6

Farmers’
Farmers’
Farmers’
Farmer’s
Feather...
Feathered World
Florists’ Exchange
Flour and Feed
Fruit Grower
Garden

aim ulies(a)(e a are) (6)'eeile/\e\.s! «1.6 (ele! (es) «te! _ete/\ol's) a\(ei le).s! je o\) #) 0 o 8 8) \e)
ol aie) eiallaloveiciesniie/exe (ails je teile’-o jelelejeieisliaileie is (6 K6 (oe, 0\0\'s) @'-0;.0) 8:
ef 8) Sus, (ava) (ae) |e) @) oie! =, 'e! elm: e\.0) 'w, (5) <0!'6/, @) (6).0)-0) af e)|/ oll ay © (Ge) @Lje' 6, a) 0] © 0 8
eae ela le Wiel ene! sj/e, use! .o; oj 0] .0)(e% ai ofa! oe: ef oy 0! a] 08,6) @ 0 of,0). : Sle) wiie«
a Lela) a) mi wile! © leheliel.etuiielie 0; oc, see; ee) 8. 0, 6/6; sis) @) €)'e 6) 0c! 8/0). 6 16 'a 0
alata 6) aie’ aa. °1 =) a) (eo) o) elel_e)ie) 6) 14\(6)14),0 a1 /e) a) e) e/(al 6! e616) @ ahele aaa
Gil efiai o] 61a fa) ef aie) o)e)) 9115) @, 6) {nial e) ©) =) 4) o\e) 0) =) 9) 0, /6) @:. 0/0) 6 je) © 8, 6) (©,
elatta.(a| (a)! @'(e(a)'s) (o| aie): e] (a \'0)) ae. eile), 9116, m a) @) <), 9 4) 0) 8) (6) © ¢, 0.6) 8) © 010) .6
Gh aeKellellc) is) alae! a, ele. a)7el a) e) 6) Ge) 61 6) [el 6. +5) 15) BNO (0! (e/a o1.€, © 0° 6) \«) wh eels '#
elena) awuele! ce eles. fe (6, 4/08: al e)\e)\'e) e/a) 6):4) 016) o @.e, 0) eo) Mima a) ee) «ef aleyeye) ao

ie) aa) 6/\s} aj(e) a) uj (e\@) (ele) a a6 \e) ee) 6) «, ee, «| (6! .e) 6) @) «0: (0) /e

Gardening
Gartenwelt
Gas and Oil Power
Gleanings in Bee Culture
Circipemmia clipe er eum ies N8 ait cits tetecsveic a's oer ste) ones icici! oye collee ec
Greene naib W Gr OWES ts, 006 Sl seth 6 tcs in Slave ere oes) ete She were
Hartwick Seminary Monthly
HawananeHonrester and Acricultunist: 2.42) c0s1¢0hedan. « «-
Hedwigia
Herd Register
Herkimer County News
Hoard’s Dairyman
Holstein-Friesian Register
Holstein-Friesian World
TOMPes header aati s Mase ee eI IS eT Sa hs Soe lees oe ests
Hygienische Rundschau
arian wel anmete ayers ewes ies hos ak ao Sense dates sa 8
EngecthawWiorlda@(iapanese) hanes. ss cack occcsre s « malseee oo)e ae eo
Internationale Mitteilungen fuer Bodenkunde
EE nee rtaeeete yooh Ae vom MR RS eS a Stl tote oe
Jahresbericht der Agrikultur-Chemie
Jaliresbericht= Garungs-Organismen’ -...53005...2.0.-.000.-
Jahresbericht der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel.............
Jahresbericht Pflanzenkrankheiten

Shel 600).4:\P6 el o e064); .0).0) 6) © =)%\(0) el) 4) 0! 0), 0) © 5-0) 0) 0) ©) 8) soe) 0) &: e\-0) 8-0) 0 Bi 6:
Olay eka ce (a 10! (0 @),00.e (a:e)e. =) Sia) al i@) ©) (6/0/1016) (9, (=) je 10: @ 0) (a) Gee 6 (0 (e)'0 8 Ce -6 ‘e\lare.
oe: 20) (8 6) ace) eaves) e) ae) e)ieis) =) aie) 8) a) 6 6) % 9) @: es) Bi s\.6 eee e

Ge} ef oy wile as ajis\'« «) 5) (ee) |e) e) «) (¢18)) af) wi) w..v, 1/6) 5)

she ah wife le Jolelellelie eens cee) eels laiulje) a le leie' ese: saivele (6 ete e..0 \e).e) eee .ehe (eee
a) anjis| fee) lela) *),6)\«. 6) \m) lence) »)/e)/e)/a\\n) 6) (0,0 nye) e)\s| =! 'u) © 10] s)\e) 0) @):6)(e) © Sis) al\v «
a)(a[(ale) alle) e |e) (6iie)) ef. a a) a) @) (© 0/6) seil a) a) \e\0);0),6) €) et 0; le; 0) aleve
aliehe} wie! @) 4, 0) 6) 0) 6) 0) (5) @ 0:\a;,0'. 6, v. .a))s¥'m) ©) (n/c) =) 0] 0! o| si 'e| 0) a) ele 6 6!
Gia) [e) (a? lle! (ol) (0,010 e\fel one: (6, 0) ee) sj 0) .0) 8) =) 6 6 0 © ©] 0) 0! fe

Sikes bay &, 10h es oy O)/e Of By 01.0) ef) 9, (@) 0) (6) O} ol-avie/ es) uf ele, ©: e)\0l,et 10

S)je/ (els) ¢) 6) ee! @:@,) 0) 0) (0:16.10 \0)\e)ie| 0,10! (e160) 6) e:46".6) 1/0) 6) o7:8

ile, Cel eua; .e) eh etal e) fay wl\e

€) 6/66: 6:\0 8 0) @ 6 lene 0) 600) « « ve) a0

610,00) elunere oar © eS) e\.e\ wie @ 0) 6: ©1616: .6' 6
a (ejtee (ele wi eayW) 6/e 6100 ©) 6 [¢ 6 0 6 6 0 @ 10 6

Jersey bE ulletine Pag scrs. take ea eareec cect onere's,«
Journal de Botanique
Journal fuer

Landwirtschaft

ee

871

Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Subscription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subseription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Subscription
Subseription
Subscription
Complimentary
Complimentary
Subscription
Subscription
Subscription

872 PERIODICALS RECEIVED BY THE

Journal of Agriculture, -Vicboria j2 25.5 aaeas sapiens ene ea wis Complimentary
Journal sor. Biolooical = Chemistry. 9 sat. 1-00 le esis atelalele sielel-t ote oes Subscription
Journal of Board of Agriculture (English)..............-- Complimentary
Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo.............. Complimentary
Journal of the Dept. of Agriculture of South Australia.... Complimentary
Journal of the Dept. of Agriculture of Victoria............. Complimentary
Journal of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture.... Complimentary
POUT) cor, Hconomic es1OlLO GW sacle reyeieis) = [otsiojet ots toletstal steele ston Subscription
Journal of Experimental Medicine .........0seeeescseeres Subscription
Journal of Experimental Zoology .... 2... 00: scewvecsons Subscription
Journals Ole GenetiEs Ts «24 <, ois ievescianetousvay=fedeiotaleNeyetanlenaespetoverenetenetonevers Subscription
Journal or Home *Heonomicst ssc fa. sees os sete eerste eteloie 4 Subscription
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.......... Subscription
AGUINAL Gl Ey MOlORY << .1e2 o wis contains 3 eecess' sree ale meters oe ele Subscription
dusts -botaniseher te alresberich ty. <eiess te n'e isin atyalololefoletelolenele Subscription
Kamiballllts aD atigy a aren yess = tote io) asia iafadaratol/ohatedotol-tatalelo better =i Complimentary
Kénigleichen Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften: Sit-
zungsberichte der Math.— Phys. Classe............++.-- Subscription
am AU erst spel ate ol. aveieiecsea)onstcya ofctareto ls ola ajatetelahatatatelofake Moletentete Complimentary
Lanswirtschaft-Historische Blatter ............0+00.-00-- Complimentary
Landwintschathliche Jallinbucher soc. i-\. tale toltepe is letetelote tale lotr Subscription
Landwirtschaftlicher Jahrbuch der Schweiz............+.-- Subseription
Landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs-Stationen ............+++.-- Subscription
Lave: Stock aiid. “Dairy Journal. 6... 'oos.0-s0's 2 (a1 ies mnie ola s bimiereye Complimentary
Give, SCOCK, DREPOLb stun ctce 7am teic lela tnaiore tore hele ls bo hays heptep rove bro ios Complimentary
; one. Island. Denmiocratey ss... 60s 2s => ae eetee eegee Bee ae Complimentary
Maandblad der Nederlandsche Pomologische Vereeniging.... Complimentary
Market. Ninit-Growers: Journal »\. 05% 24> «0256545 sae oe oe emne Complimentary
We gdlyerty lector Abra gras Ame oeidod FOU aaceG Oo O57 cegi Complimentary
Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India........ Complimentary
Metropolitan, and..Rural. Home. 26. ..4 25> «a= «jemepeie - Complimentary
Michigan: pHarmeriye | tet: 0% Ho. 0.2 <cee oles 60) 0)ee elsine ae) © sea ages Complimentary
Milchwirtschaftliches Zentralblatt ...........-.scceseeeees Subscription
Minnesota vande Dakota, Warmer so sc 4.2 = 0 eles io isle ie en Complimentary
Mirnorsand cH armen. aac ai aie eicieis sees ieee clea ciel ener Complimentary
Monthly Bulletin of the N. Y. State Department of Health.. Complimentary
Monthly Weather Review ..........cceccseeccscnscssccess Complimentary
WM gel Oe Rtn sg 2 Wee ove i cote s ota d diet braieis otetete ot «1s yatal amet la lmasli alas ete Subscription
National sNurseryman 2. 6.36546 600046 jd amieh oma eels « Complimentary
National Farmer and Stock Grower.............02.s.ee0e- Complimentary
NationalyStockman and* Harmer2<i7-).)-.)- 114+ )sciee seem alee > Complimentary
Naturaliste Canadienne: 2. 200.00 6000 00 06 comsises wiser sees Complimentary
INebraskarsHaraner® v5\<,.:4/c.c\ciss.0 sieis s isjne © 0. a one’s) =o eldimteletet layelere 2 Complimentary
INGWiNGUGAbIONY 5 -+%cc05 440.5 eis sc + asic’ se winuere pero eeweiene act ael- Complimentary
New England Farmer .........2..00ceeccsesseacececcnces Complimentary
New York Academy of Science, Annals and Transactions.... Subscription
New York Botanical Garden, Bulletin ...................- Complimentary

New York Entomological Society, Journal ............44-- Subscription

New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 873

ING yee ris Kea GINO GR at east sstchat fone cyeic) sravalela chvorere eferslcters enema tet Complimentary
New York Prius and Produce News .'1.5 0 ).0 0. ate cent Complimentary
IN GwesEeiennG! IDA Tai ee ads Acid iced Sanameicd dic apd aico dui Complimentary
Norther Aime nica ELOLuiCUltUrISb nice mers ats ete see tke oe stele ens s Complimentary
INGriiweEst or ACM ClmtarMen™ tare rin tse ns ose ttre t, vetee ts tet ets Complimentary
iMfwis, GinOiGie sae he digas Utena OAS Oct her yh de aati Aaah iis ale Complimentary
OER RN RED ST ot aie eho fetes Popesetetasra te Seat Cite ta tote fo Mo la "ote a se Complimentary
OOM NCO ALISt Stak peer emcees sicderera cele terete face estates Subscription
WkAHONiaee ALI se OULT MAN mer eee toneae sso iit. sient ae Complimentary
Puce Coast Wanciers: ‘Monthly * 220. .'s.- 22sec see oes oes Subscription
eee URE DIEM EE foscts eo eetot eh ove se oo ore eee eects Tctele ln te ite lanes Complimentary
ACUI Cm EUG MV MOLLES (tacts eto tecersiti ee soe coe eiate.e tise aiere meres Complimentary
EAT ASCO LOM Viesiva sshses te aieieie cece eke gone he ih eee Se a Po waters oe Subscription
ERMUSVEV MEE OR MEMEE Ete ot Ca be ee ee cece erie meshes Complimentary
HPO LOMVMIMT ACUTE date ante terete etetmcle merci en te eee aa cree oe Subscription
POR LUPE MOU) chart Ate neces cine «a -cate ena. 2t Me eas ote tite es Subscription
PAT ASILOLO PY cts oh eet eee coeretolereie er sees ois erent entr a et A clacta setts Subscription
er eisai e ELC ILELULE ISG, 2 steer e wise trey tie ones te SOE wo ene soe es Complimentary
PRA MME ete oes cate an oe ees eee See eee Complimentary
REEL VePEV ELL. oa 8 hee yee ere teie ree re. ee. et Rey a eats Pe Subscription
EOUML EY wENIS DANG procter cei © on entree ese es eeaenete Complimentary
OREELE Yar OR MEOMER ected rs 3 sty Bi Sheets a an + "aS bes os lata te TS Complimentary
JE UES oid ie 073! dino Ae eae a a ee aR RI te acer Complimentary
ROulinyeNMeepenive tye tiene ie te se eee oat ee ate ole Complimentary
SROIERE NES VEO Yet ASP SPR AL te NEL Se RP ele aie tthe s Complimentary
eM ae PH PINCCTY aay oat eee Gem eta eek ee ka tas Meee epee Subseription
PUCHCR POLINA cot Ne ee SL Lend eae oietee Complimentary
IE VACHICO MN EIMET tee Re ROM Cr SUE RA Oe A RRR RISE eee Complimentary
PE MCLICA PH EHIG! TOWER. ei ss bic oy see eee ee oat Complimentary
Praktische Blaetter fuer Pflanzenschutz................... Subscription
STNG) SIRES AG chia DFG 2 a a ae A ee ie Complimentary
merPatetee LETTE LS rea. Ue hice e US ORGS ciawatete oo Complimentary
Sinn patent tee erect Re RR eR RARE acl At i AR Re RA SR Subscription
Rabpentorst’s | Kryptogamen-Blora 9... ho% tae ss cet e ve ee oes Subscription
Revavie: Poultry courmal’ sna huit heres s cte ts weet: Subseription
AE) 1261 D) TG oe ees ple ai te Sea Raa ia re a GL aa Complimentary
Revista Industrial y Agricola de Tucuman ................ Complimentary
ever Generales det:botaniques: toss. nts hss sce eee eens Subscription
RewmexGencrales dusslattacc ssc oe ee ee ek ee oes Subscription
PVGRTCD ELGRELCGNE Fires pen tains eR ee ne ae OE ER aes Subseription
IquezternOMcOlare ss ts! AR ie Ri Cee eee tk Ske: Complimentary
Rochester Academy of Science, Proceedings................ Complimentary
Royal -Arricultural Society, Journals +s... ses ee oe ae ae Subscription
Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, Notes................. Complimentary
Royal Horticultural: Society, Journal): 3... 0.0000 Complimentary
Rg HEL CLC ete BE ee NESE Re CLR ER Lamy oye Complimentary
ROITGE ANEW “VOPRKErS wettest Ata er nee had tee oho eee Subscription
Reepleaal edicts GELCE ENE Pisa Sehore misread el eleleTeiere eS okies Sie oid sie. d 88 Complimentary

874 PrriopicALs RECEIVED BY THE STATION.

Saint Louis Academy of Science, Transactions.............. Complimentary
Sanbery; Inspector’ “oss Nee. f ROR Pee ae eee tee Complimentary
PSCRERICE itty cyeFs srs e WETS oo Rae OT Oc ORE ee ae Subscription
Scientific) American...3 <.; 0454s es cu. Cee Be ees «> Subscription
Svientiiie Rell; Bacteria 44) ie0ibete Pes feck koe > nee’ snk Subscription
Skanctateles: | Democrat. erase toe ss Oe ae etme Complimentary
smpllholien hei PALE esis ssa toweede | Revue eee Complimentary
Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Annales................ Complimentary
Societe Entomologique de France, Bulletin................ Complimentary
Societe Mycologique de France, Bulletin................... Subscription
MOUEnornickaaAnter | GWG o8s «sais isacdis's cms.s eee we eeAre eee eae Complimentary
Southern Tobacconist and Modern Farmer................ Complimentary
Sonenera gh arm UMiagHzineG 5 os). 55 cu bsaew ek nee eceeseawe tee Complimentary
Southwestern Farmer and American Horticulturist........ Complimentary
Southwestern Farmer and Breeder..................-+000- Complimentary
Southwestern Stockman, Farmer and Feeder............. Complimentary
Signdardjand Poultry World: : fs. ARG8 6 otc dues wok Bue mere Complimentary
Station, (arm. and “Dairy sic sis. ccdacs ccs ees 26 06 sos hycemeets Complimentary
Stazione Sperimentale Agrarie Italiane................... Complimentary
Student ,Rarmery “Ehes 35 eyits o.0s sacs oe eee et ap ek «epee Complimentary
Suecdsaial harming s es Sal oes ee a oe ae ee Cees eee Complimentary
Surolk, Meralaiints... tate ees ee Gk. ck ba be Sot Sav kee’. Complimentary
Texas; Stockman: and) Warmer: . 20.4 23% vei vies ane eases 208 Complimentary
Torrey Botanical Club, Bulletins and Memoirs.............. Subscription
LransyaaleAoricwltural OUrNAl) cynic emis iets seine cielo Complimentary
Trnelerydnd a armen). aks Heke ea eee « ewe Ree e Complimentary
Whey SemieNV relly Press skh, ibis wis ie sce rede a oye emo em ee ean Complimentary
WinllaceiseRWAnMer . Ain. con chs ied tevelelerit ste wien ook eek Mee ae Complimentary
Wieckdys Buquirer? (Cincinnati) ovis cine. 30 CEOS an epeendes Complimentary
Westin claim) etn chet sc vere tete we bs ye vedere eens heed ie SER Complimentary
WiesbuVarcinia el arm ARCVIGW (ci csoontnpiccun -ee ose eee cee Complimentary
Wies tera} AMG Ot Grow er ist N Ith 510s vere snare oiieve cans inlay ns porsyaiaaeta Complimentary
Westermipe Elo war amr iy i BEEN: ssonele co seve wedeyevonexovoroys louis ior Fortenmers Complimentary
Wisconsin Natural History Society, Bulletin.............. Complimentary
Zeitschrift fuer Analytische Chemie.................0.000. Subscription
Aeiischrtib eatery DLOLORIEy 27 pice rois ie ranevols rncdolose)asevewieueie ie leo aueeicieds Subseription
Welisehrittesuer- Botantk: (isi s.-goppepargtt -ngty aeemiede ada Subscription
Heiachmit Auer Y Hutomolopie: 6... ciusmonceesepepectio cer Complimentary
Zeitschrift fuer Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten........ Subscription
Zeitschrift fuer Induktive Abstammungs- und _ Verer-

pun palehro ene A x,t rorcer eich tep-rot keonen: okies ACR else Subscription
Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten................+---.. Subscription
Zeitschrift fuer Physiologische Chemie.................... Subscription
Zeitschrift fuer Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie......... Subscription
Zentralblatt fuer Biochemie und Biophysik................ Subscription
AOOlOPICANMRECOLS - Ley eaiteya [seve ie tebe, <ser-los ose he fo olexoke lope is eet ter= Subseription

LODO LISEHET PANZCISED Wy, eesverele oes) cheretoie viele. efeeieieleleioyes=/ele\eledsysis Subscription

METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS FOR

IQI2.

[875]

MerrroroLocicaL Records OF THE

876

pe

812 6°02 ‘19 |F' #9 |6°%9 “GG |F 8h |€' 8h |r OF Ae ba 3 Z'9L |G°SI |Z | °° ‘sedvi0ay

19 29 “6S GL *89 agg “OS 8¢ 6P “OF PV “TP ‘op jG Te
cL 99 6¢ cg “69 “tS Ad 9F LE “SP FP “0% “OL eT
6L GZ OL cg “Lg “6S c¢ 29 8g “9S £€ “L ‘L £
aL ako ELS ¥9 “09 “Os Bi!) OL cg “6E OF “Ir “GS 0G
GL “89 “9g “GS 6F “SP “9¢ 9¢ FP “LE 8& “LT m4! i
s9 19 Tg “LY zg “6S 6F cP $F “es 6G ‘0 g i
29 TZ 29 89 OL ‘09 GP 6& ce |S Sé €€ col Seal 4 1G
QL “82 g9 “SL IZ “eS €P Le 9& “TE Té ‘3 mA! 8
89 GL 8g 69 29 “LS OF oe 1é “ES £@ 9 TL ag
19 a) zg 6S Tg LS ‘OF 9¢ 0€ “PS FG 6 “OL las
69 $9 1g 99 19 “LS "8 66 ¥G “LE OF “TG “GL ¢
09 2g 6G 89 09 2g “98 2g 2g “6& 8é ‘9 “OL P
9 $9 zg G 89 “eS tL GL Lg “8G 86 ‘% “9 0
29 a) GS “9S 2g eS $9 69 “Gt “GT yas 9 8 G
GL 99 99 "89 99 “OS 8& Ge GG 9T $I G “66 cI
08 GZ #9 “29 £9 “tg 9% L1G 9G “Ol LT “1G “Gs GG
69 68 g9 ‘19 43) “LY 66 0€ 6G tI LT GE “OF os
18 6L #9 “09 c9 “LY FE ce 16 8I 0G "83 “TS 86

‘Nac a a V 2) Wd GC] Ww ZT [WV Z)W dG] ON ZT WV 2) dG] OW ZT PN V2) ad G] ON ZT WV 2) dG) ON GT VL

‘aLVa

“‘aNOoOt “AVIV “Wudy “HOUVIN ‘AUVOUNEA YT “AUVONVS

AGLANOWWAA YT, AY GYVGNVLIG AHL JO ONIdVaAY
‘CI6[ YOd SAUNOOAY TVOIDOTONOELA

877

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Lve |Z 98 |9 08 Lye lees gse jc-ss
F EP spe [ecccccfeceeecfeceees “OF
“LE hs “6& “OE ‘OF S45 “TP
“6E “SP 96 “LE “FE “TG 19
“GE "86 “LG "86 “O€ “GG “PP

; : : v& “GE “GS

W745 “I? “8G “GE ‘9& ate “SP

“LE “"8& “66 ats ‘08 “GE “LP

mts “TE “86 “€& mets “SE “Th

9% “66 “86 “SY “LY €& “SP

“SE “TE “9G ‘OF eS "SE “9

6G “GG “9G “cg “*9 “GS 8S

“TS “66 “66 “LP ue “SE “sg

‘O€ “GE “SE “LP Ts ‘TE “vs

“GF nAZ “9& "S&S “GE “GE “99

“TY LE “LG “98 “LE “98 “8S

“SE "LE 98 “EE “GE CE “TS

“SF a4 “SE “GE LE “LE “SP

“GE “S& “¥E ‘OF ‘SP “LP 19S

“Sc “FG "GT “9¢ ‘09 “OF 98

v4! 06 “GL “eS “09 ‘19 “6S

‘S& m5 iss “09 ‘09 “SP “99

“SF “LP “66 “GP a1 49 59g

“LE “9G “LI “OF “GP “68 2S

: . : 3 Cp “96 “$e

nts “t& “CE ‘SP 8S “LS “eg

“TP “+9 ‘0S “*9 “19 i “89

“LP “PtP “S& “eS *19 SG “OL

‘CF “bP ‘LE “SP “Lg “08 “L9

“FE ‘OF “vE “OF “LE “O€ “¥9

; : 0€ “9€ ‘GE “69

ts “GE “96 “SP ‘09 “OS “6P

€°8¢

‘Wd G| WZ WV Zi'W dc] WT ‘WY is ‘d G] “WZ |W Vv Z|"W ‘d GQ! (NZI

Brictzenicrelct@g “UA AWAAON |

“Lg
“69
“G9
8S
“$9
“t8
“SL
"GL
“9
"SZ
m4
OL
“L9
“GZ
“89
*g9
OZ
€8
t8
‘62
“EL
“SZ
“PL
“SL
"SL
“GL
‘OL
“$9
“¥9
‘09
“(21)

PUM ENE DANY AT EAE!

‘HaMOLO GC ‘HAAN ALdAg

$°0L

GIL |I°3s9
45 eG
“69 ‘og
v4!) “Lg
“19 “GG
“9 “Lg
“6L ‘OL
“38 “GL
ys “LS
We ‘19
“62 “69
“GL 69
“PL "#9
“L9 “G9
“FL “99
‘OL “ES
“L9 ‘09
"GL “$9
“G8 “PL
“62 69
“6L "89
“LL “99
OL TZ
"EZ ‘OL
mye “G9
elt 6S
“GL “Lg
“OL “LS
"89 “LS
“G9 “9S
‘OL “$9
69 ‘69
WZ WV 2

“EsaDay

“69

‘Wd G

'W ZI

“x10¢

‘GL
Tell

‘W

VL

*‘(papnjou0g) —UALANOWIAHY, YY GUVAGNVLS AHL AO DNIGVAY

“"* *sadeloay

ULVa

MerrroroLtocicaL REcorDS OF THE

878

60¢ |4°22. |t'2e |8'02 |a've |t'9¢ |e°6r SZ
rom ie Pais “sg aaa ore
Ogeierser| bk | cece nee’ | Ue Il. “ee “ee
7 | ‘ss | ‘99 | ‘69 | ‘se | ‘sp | ‘98 ‘Te
tee | 88. | 09. |, feeds ea, Se. Io oe 61
Opals; | cheapie Or: i Tolle Te FL
Oo ier. WP geile-one ie eer | sp. 1G" My
Oars Ome ilizgeampen ie ce. Pog. |." 27 ‘ST
OME aces) on hse” le fae i TD ac Og “6%
SP ORR 00, jl eR. Ne Og. || top Ht 12 "FE
ie Poe Ge. Were i ae ORF oer a4
Sale dimen sor, i bee |) 108: ||) "Bp || “at a4
P| 2 ea la) i) Sy a eg "ee
Sele cee iran, i m2. oe" | on. || saz "SP
eth ee lier |Pe2, || SOR. | “go: || “Wee “PF
ese, aor |e) |e. || ee. | “ee “0%
foe aed sae | ese, rz. tee TI
Mey ie mec aie sep" il “08, || "ey 4 “ee "BS
iy air i, She, eee: ey ge: || “RT "2A
Fee ey a) oe i sOn, Hove. lesgg: 4 Ge “e
Bee vie Mea Po, ea. loam) |) ge a
ie be saa eee, il oper lige: || toy "ST
OF Gy Wer On. | “oer | “ey || “Zr Sian
fy i sOz ide jl. 0o || “ez: |! c0g. || “eT "88
Op ii sees airuame [eee ee. Pe i "ae "IZ
Be i Ont eee ere eee. Here i ing SI
cae ewer We acre Wee. oe. tees ln ae oD
$95, 1\ Tee, 4 208 ||) 200: || “ge: | "ge | “S 4
22 |) 108. |) ap) || gp: | “@T Ip | ‘I— “0g
"19 | ‘78 | “86 | ‘79 | “e¢ | ‘oe [ecg "ee
wo we i] tOn Wop. |i “ee lee "8 3
ae i 968 jl “Se, i) “eo. 4-782’ | “Ie | “or ‘OF
“ONAL | XVI | UNA | XBT | “OMY | xB | UN | xe | UN | “xe | UN | “xB Ty
‘W ‘d G|'W ‘d G|'W ‘d G\"Ww ‘d ¢G|'W ‘d Cl'W eat ‘d GW ‘d G|'W ‘d G|'W ‘d G|'W ‘d G|'W ‘d ¢
“aNOoOe “AVINL “Wud y | “HOUVIN, “AUV OUT “AUVONVS'

‘SIGI NOA SUALAWOWYAN], WOWINITY GNVY WOWIXVJ{ 40 DNIGVAYy

“ALVG

879

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“ONL | XVI | UNA | xe | cur | xepE | “UN | XPT | UNA | xe | UN | “xP

‘W 'd G|'W ‘d G\"W ‘d G/'W ‘d G|'W *d G|'W ‘d GI‘ ‘d G|'W ‘d G|'W ‘d G|'W ‘d G|W‘d GI'W ‘ad G

| ‘ALVa

mictsoiictelc@ | “HAAN TAO N ““UaHOLOC) “AUTAWNaLdag “IsoboVy “ATOL

*(papnjou0g) — ZIGI YOd SUALANWOWYNAH], WAWINIJT GNV WOWIXV]{ JO DNIaVayy

METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS OF THE

880

THHOOnRnR

DETa |

b GP
8°SP
¢’s8¢
ie 49
sos

“AON

o°SS “L9
€°s¢ |9°89
GSP |8'6S
“eh je Ss
T'*9 |¢ 18
990 | ‘9dag

“E161 Yor

coz lezz \eog |t't9 |F'sF ‘ze lee |o9L [oot tne W “a ¢ prvpurig
ory lege leer leo. le'sp leze loser) le ep fours cect wc tlne ce cei cielo enetinmiinides W ZI paspurys
1°29 |1°89 |6°0L ‘ec |E-op |9°22z PTAs Vee ORNDE icc cetetene eek lncele ncesa yea ease acacia ave seine Seca WV 2 paepueyg
zag |2°6¢ le-og \ltize lope lever leet [Gc [eect tee eerie ecetein neue ee ea tia eile euete seal uMUTUTT,
BCG) Wel se eM EN Rel Stra) eee |p atet pa PY ued SY 7, cml Ar 2 il I DODDS DUU OU OC Urs tain Stat Loo na Cr Je UMNUIxt

‘any | “Ainge | ‘oung | ‘Avy | ‘pudy | ‘ieyy | ‘qaq | ‘uve

SUALANWONWYGH], YY GUVGNVLS GNY WOWINIJ, “WOWIXV]J{ JO SADVUUAY FO AUVIWWOAS

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“QAISNOUL Y3FZ OF YIGT [dy wos usye} you p1090y7

‘oyo[durooUur pioddsay.

‘usyOiq sisjyoMIOWIeyy, f

‘A[UO SABP UBAVA JSIY IO} WINUTIXByY 4
‘O[QBIVBAB JOU POI WOI1ZBIG 'CHRT IvIA yy 10} JoyIVg IvApy ‘Ay Aq ydoy psooss woIs BBG y

61 Ww 8ZL 9 reed || easy ‘69 ts Oi | Oe ‘SP ‘FG aa ‘VY ‘ST
‘SI € 08 66 nian | lee OlE ‘09 “LE iy 6G ‘6S “LT ‘f “SP |OEPLE
‘LG ‘L ‘t8 oe acinar enas Bx OG rea || ne 6F OL Ag ‘SP |\6oPs%
“GL ‘It “GL ‘61 te) “4 ‘6S “OL = cata let! 6S “s ‘61 ‘$9 ax
‘SI ay, 5:72 ‘LG ‘8 a SL ‘86 Ulaa| a Wace |) eg ‘ST ‘TE ‘SY GS
6I xe ‘€L 66 aoa tea ‘$8 66 cael Cl! ‘LP G ‘FG “sg 49
SS 6 ‘UL ‘61 ‘6 GG Ug ‘LG aise -\ 2: 29)4|| 29 ‘VG ‘6 ‘TL ‘16
“€6 ‘OT GL | 8672c) T 1g c8 66 AS AL ee th heli 06 96 ‘6P “|!
oT eVb) }SicL9 ‘VG 8 Ge, 8S ‘9G ‘$I SOL “8S ‘L ‘61 SP “86
‘1G a 98 08 6T |6 9 T |S 8Z ‘61 ie Le |fSics’) ‘86 6 ‘SP €
“GS a 48 ‘6G FL SOL S389) at ele) 6S ‘8G ‘86 B44 ‘€
‘86 mat SZ ‘86 Peete 29 BEG |G | eG “98 Te! 06 ‘SP i!
‘Gos | 6 G'eLt | (08 ele cok “OF ‘OL ‘0 LG 2g BA! ‘G ol! Gs) 86
86 € 68 O& €1 ‘1G ‘€9 “EL Sea meee | sae ‘1G earl! 6S aE}
‘$I 69 69 |8TPFT |S LT & ‘GO | “IT ‘6— | YP ¢ 19°99 ‘él ‘y— |Tev0e) 2S ‘€I
‘61 06 68 96 Sama ea! ‘$9 “Ue [EPS LEYS 6h coy |S iGa= 506 “8S 1
5Ob |S ar |) 28 LT Gee % |G 9G 1é té—| 21 ‘69h 20g) (SO |eao ‘bP ‘08
‘86 ‘§ 08 ‘08 EGE Ob avaSal 3GG SG TAS) te} “OF ‘GG ‘v 61 ‘GT ‘Lk
06 ‘6 € IL ‘1G ‘ST 9G "SL SE 39 8e— | LG, |DeLr 06 ‘II ‘SL 6S ig
Go | 96 j& GZ €T 6 a a) ax a ¢ ¥ LY iL We |] “OF 66
G°S% wi ‘SL 9 *) P GGG ‘LE |8'G 9 ‘bP “or ASS | (OE ‘SP ‘$s
1G ‘LZ P18 ‘86 |S P a zg GI |G 3 ST |8.9S 96 ay “LI ‘OF ‘€
€6 |61 YT 8 SZ Ra! G 8 69 re EEF e(G) IG¥TI |S ¥9 “g) ‘6 66 ‘L9 Y)
9G I t8 0G |¢ 8T o€ |8 19 86 Pie WHOA) Kaz 86 2g) 0G Ass) ‘ST
‘61 ‘8 G38 66 0 €1 2S 8S tei |e 200 ‘OF ‘16 ie || ota ikateiy ‘G
@ LI a 2 GL LDS 228 GAT |2 1g € ‘t— | 26 |6 tS ‘6 (Sa |e Ob. |2.09 ‘FG
6G v ¢ 08 eG. |S oo G 8¢ 9T epi cho ‘0S ‘6 ZL Si Gk sac ‘Ss
¢ 06 ‘OL |S 8 ‘BG a otal SP tate EP 1 all iy ‘8 ‘OL ist Care alg 1!
m6 a! FL 8% == I ora) 0€ ie |||) 206 Asi L tel ays ‘GP FL
‘61 ak cz 9T G 6 19 61 KM 14 ‘SP “LT (= |p a SHY, ‘ST
‘duiay,| ‘ayeq |duray,} ‘ayeq |dway,) ‘oyeq | duay,| -93%q |'duay,| oyeq | duioy,| oyeq |'dway,} ‘oyeq |'dway, | eq
“NIW “XVW NIW xvW NIW XvVW NIW xvW
“TWudy *HOUVIAL “AUVOUEA “RUVONVE

(odsy, AABvOPT Ul YIUOTY YOR 10} plosoyY ysoMoTT pu 4ysoysIP{)

SB ia 6 seu eG a 6 be 6 @) 016 «6 ob fe bo) s POGT
SAE OR Og TOTS cd Mee EOE EE en

S88T
L881
Ea OL MOR RCH TDI ova Machen Ae 9881

“AAISQTONT ZIGI OL ESST WOud SAYALVUAMWAT WOAWINIJT GNV WAWIXVJ{ XTIHINO]

MeETEOROLOGICAL RECORDS OF THE

(8)

B44
“LP

‘bP
‘GP
‘OF

‘TY
“LV

‘TP
“Sis

“SP
“LY
“6S

25
+ 44
LY
ouY
mad
Ad
“GP
6F
“6P
‘OF
he
“0S
‘SP
‘OF
‘LY
BR i4
Bad
“OP

Le)

oD

re MMOD

‘LI 6
‘0& |¢ F6
“LG 06
“TE 86
“SG “G6
“6L |S 96
WE 6
‘LG $6
‘6I |S 68
rT Y 8/9 S8
"1 “06
1G “06
x “16
Se S/o)
‘86 | 06
1G «|S 28
66 ao)
“GG “88
‘LG “66
‘SL |S 6
‘86 |S G6
66 66
‘FG |G 96
LTPOT |Z 98
‘$6 |9 G6
‘8 ¢'88
) ¢ 16
"83 “68
“Go $6
ci G6

‘Q[QBIICAG JOU P1OIAI UOTYL}G !GGRT IBeA oY} 10} JoyIVg swespy “IJ Aq doy poser wioIy VY x

‘dua, ‘ajeq | duos} ‘oyeq

“NIW

“rsoDay

‘Fl ‘ITP “IL “G6 «=|OL 9 8| ‘OF 8 68 aT ‘PE “PL ‘88 x6
8 “OS LZ ®
92-GS |0 SOL ¢ ‘OF “LT «1S°06 “TT “LG aS “16 “6S
ST Y €| OS G G96 ‘6 ‘9 ‘'¥ 6 68 ‘GS «|G TE “OL “62 “0%
8 ‘GP a2 “66 GT “$P 3 “06 “86 Bits EPS} SZ Wks
an “6S 6 ‘6 Os »
bse) tei “OL “G6 61 LE SSP FHL | 106 “6
“OL ‘OF f ‘06 “OT “TP “8 “$6 ‘ST "83 Gl ¥
[bi re “G8 “FL
“fey ‘OS “GS “68 €o Y
66-06 | ‘LE “GL “C6 ‘8 ‘OE =|TSPIT IS 88 “FS
‘OL ~=|S$ 8F 6S “G6 ‘ST “OF a “06 ‘6T |S 62 ‘G “G8 €
“GS “6h 48 “€6 “61 ‘Gh |LIRSL| 68 “GS
» F6-G|S TE “OL "88 “GS
‘SI “0S “CT “F6 6 “6E lt ¢ 98 ‘0& a 4 S 68 “61
ks “S¢ ap: ‘06 |Z69FT | 8E 9 “G8 € ‘9G ‘Tr “06 “6G
‘66 «|G FS ‘06 «19°26 a ‘GP ‘G ¢ $6 66 2
Sa Gales “OL “SL “€6
al “og aL “96 At ‘CP ‘Or “€6 “GG “LE L G88 |9TPST
“06 “OS ay G16 a4 GIF Wee “€6 =|F6 P 9S CE “CT «19°28 G
‘FS “OF “GL |S 96 P ‘OF OL “06 ‘6 “PE 9 62 62
“GT 4 GT “L6 we “OF ‘GS GL8 |SGPPS |S SE ‘8 ‘08 “FS
L939) ‘67 ST ‘F6 as ti? tS) ‘68 “1G ‘OF 106 9 2/9 28 aan
‘TL “6S All ‘F6 8 “PS Z 96 aS ‘OE |IGYEL}] C6 LE,
‘GG |9 6 ‘Or “16 1G “68 9 9°16 "86 |9 CE ‘FL =|PF S8 ‘3
‘IL |? 8P ‘to «(|S $6 ‘96 S44 ‘ll “t6 m4 Gs 6 “88 “GS
‘OL ~|? 9F G €°96 “66 =|8 SP ae “G6 ‘PL «|G E 6 ‘SL ws:
‘GL ‘OF AUS C6 “FL ‘OF 9 “C6 ‘OT 19°66 a4 ¢ Ss ae
a4 ¢ OF ‘FS «(|S F6 6 8 FP 8 9°S8 “OE ‘0 ‘G 2 08 m4
obs) G09: 9 2 06 one “OP ¢ “Gs ‘GG “GE “66 +=|8 16 ‘SI
6 “LY ‘OL |8 68 ¢ “OP m4 I 6 “ES “62 RG 8°62 alt
“S 2°8S SLs S56 ants LLY ‘GT (2 68 ay FiSeZe ‘FL (2°88 “ES
‘OE 6 SP aL “C6 o/ G GP “aE 6 98 ‘FI IS LE |STPAT IS 62 “ES
=! G OF “GI |S 06 73k Seer "€6 =|¢ 98 ‘FI «|S 16 1S 4°18 ST
“0G ‘0S ‘GT |G 28 S “TP “GT “06 GS “CE “O€ “88 “FG
“EG ‘OF “| 68 ¢ “OP 6 ¢ 98 yt ‘TE |Fl PT; L48 Ve
‘dwuay) ‘oyeq | dury| ‘oyeq | duiay| ‘oyeq |*duray)| ayeq | dway! eq ‘dura,y| 998q
“XVIN *NIW “XVI *NIW “XVI *NIW ‘*XVW
“AITO ‘aNOe “AVIA

(odAy, Ava ur yUOFY qo

BY IO] pioosoy YSOMOT pu ysoystTy)

(‘panwijuog) —GAISOIONT ZIGI OL E88l Nout SHNALVAGdWa], WOWINIJT NV WOWIXV]{ ATHINOJL

883

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

*19Q0}9Q JO 436% pus ‘4I8zZ ‘427 94} UO UsayoIg JojJouIOWMIOY YY, |
‘O[QBIIGAB JOU P1ODII W0T}B4G + GGRT IAA oY} IO} JoyIv svspy “Ap Aq ydoey pzode1 WIOIy BIB x

“GL él Y 6) G9 9 06 ‘86 1699/2592 9)| ors ‘OT &8 ‘9
‘€— |0€ ¥ 716 L9 6 ‘SL “ST 89 ‘It 'S& ‘€ ‘$Z “i
ti |S ‘TY 66 ‘1G “86 6g a) 96 ‘06 ‘18 a9
qT O& Sik 9 ‘IG ‘VG “SL “TL “LG |\0& 9 6Z/S ZS 6
& ‘86 m4!) I ‘SI a ‘89 ‘96 ‘LG ‘IG ‘$8 ‘ST
¢ é1 GG Lg 08 ‘6G |9TYGT| 69 Al ‘VG TE ‘O08 “e+
[Ema (inne ‘GS 9 OL ‘08 ‘69 ‘61 ‘OE |TExETIS 64 Gg
q SEE Sel) 66 WE! ‘FL 1) ‘GL |S 06 9G “S8 al
(= 9T eG &% 6 66 99 ‘€ ‘GG ‘TE ‘18 ‘Or
igh i! (OF & “GL |L69 96} OL ‘v "86 |2699C) “EL *
$= I “GS G ‘6G 66 ‘EL mai 66 |OEY GZ
22 (OYE Wp iy ‘61
8T ‘69 ia ‘I ‘LG sf’) of ‘86 ‘86 ‘pL \ILTPOL
v PIVOT] gs i? 6T ‘LT ‘OL “GG ‘86 06 CEE W742 (8)
naa 1é ‘09 Gl ‘GG ‘tL ‘09 ‘61 9G § ‘98 ‘gy
‘s tL “29 TE OL ‘86 169 Ay ‘TE "86/9 $8 “
xs ¥ «|S 19 GI |G OL ‘VG “G9 9 “OS |8L?O0T) 88 a3)!
x6 8G 8S AL ‘IG ‘OL 61 “66 =|6TY OTS LZ ‘08
eS €1 G9 |16770G) 61 ‘1G ‘89 ZL ‘86 ‘08 ‘GL G
(60 66 16S. ‘Lt ‘GL 66 te) & €& AS NY a
cee tI ‘69 96 ‘6L ‘LG ‘69 s “GG ‘TE OL ‘SI
Let= || LG) 16./6¥ 6 ‘SI axe ‘09 ‘6E {IT && G ‘68 a
Lk ‘SL |Z 29 S a! 66 ‘89 ak ‘LE |S6Y CLIP 68 ‘v
‘§ 06 |G OF qT LL "86 |? G9 8 CE ‘TS |8 69 ac
‘8 G2? |¢ 09 Go |8 LT 174 183) P GIG ‘0G =|L£ 89 G
‘¥ GG &¢ LG ‘8 ‘86 ‘$L |E€RT| 66 66 «|Z 69 a)
pS G ZL vs GI il! ‘08 ‘89 ‘86 |G 1é ‘Te |$ 82 ‘6
Ca 9 WO) SGT |) S20 ‘83 |G 89 € G LG “LT 292 ‘OL
v 6 $¢ ‘VG ‘$I ‘83 N80) | Gilet elie iG ‘TE ‘64 “I
Sete) «OG. 19.95 ‘1s “i “GG ‘69 “10h “&G “LG |G F8 ag
NAS Winey tol Sea! 74! “OL ‘GG ‘GS |STPLT| 82 iit
‘dua y,| ‘eyeq |'durey} ‘ayeq |’ dutay| ‘ayeq |" dwoay)| aqyeq |‘ duray| -aaeq | dway)| ‘eyed
*NIW “XVIN “NIW “XV *NIW xv
Brice /ictelcn@ | “UMANAAON “UAMOLOGC

ase Wd je

‘OF [ezRsT| “28
‘ce |99Z| “£6

OF |667 €2
Y GS 8
OF ‘LZ €8
& LE ‘16 «|Z 18
‘6P GG |G 68
‘OF ¥G =|L &8

‘dura | ‘ey8q | dway| eq

“NIA “XV

‘MAANALIAG

(odA&y, AAvaT]T Ul YWOT ovo 10} psoovsy 4YSoMOT puv 4soystzy)

*(papnjou0g) —GAAISQOION[ ZIGI OL E88l Wowd saUNLVUadWAL WANINI GNV WOAWIXV]{ ATHINO]

884 MerrreoroLocicaL RECORDS OF THE

YEARLY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES FROM 1883 To 1912 INCLUSIVE.

(Highest and Lowest Record for rHE Time in Heavy Type.)

MaxImMuM FoR EacH YEAR. Minimum FoR Eacu YEar.

Date Temp. Date Temp
SSS Site so eet con ATID S23 ee marae 92 —9.
(yor oY OF 9 Beata tie Orton cies Ree ea POTS? Ua ee ae 95 —15.5
USS PR ad Fay Soca th Sacucsen horns ANTIK el be Jet vay See 90.5 —11.5
PERG ethane tanctt t sess s Ghee PLIST LS alaal? ote eeaueate. "oe 95 —18.7
ASS Tires Se ee eee July; OMe eee. 95.5 — 8.
1SS8eci ae at ee ee JUNE QS se oss tee 94.1 — 7.
1 FSSA ale MERE SRS Se cece Mere reminctete May AS sensaeieacsts 91.8 — 7.
TSSO Site oR ane en ieee ee Ap: As SIN, Nee ce 96.2 2.
ESO A 225 Srersicieys ret acoiees eirere JUnROAGCK ans teee eee 95 2.5
1SO2. RE oss ceate antic <a echo Duly 20 cere 96.3 — 5.
U SOS ie scare eee once JUL 26 See 95.5 — 6.
SOAS See Oe Shae shtee mise DULY 2 eee omn crc 97 — 8.5
USO SREP eee es Oy SR rapier: dune es eee a 96. —14.
USGG Wie octanets. dx Gress Melek Aug. -6'and) 475... ..- 96. —21.
BOT Moa erecae s tee eies < Sept. LL. sees 98. — 3.5
1 eo be ahs Gee ptorN ae tac Cent ores MUL A asf cine aapietcienars 96.5 — 4.
Se (2 Ae Re Rt 4 nl wr Pah cae July 4 and Aug. 20. 97.5 — 8.
TLQOQS Re. Uke cate se wie eee at coor nara Amiga) Deer ace ae 97. 0.
LOOM Ac or ee ee ee eee rT i coaad Con dan rertes arate 97.5 2.5
512 Oa eee eee Botte Ratee oie, ec May 24, July 14 and
27, August 31 and
Sephiwles cone ce 90 — 5.
LOOSE Pp othe eae oie ere Duly COM cc cree 94 — 4,
LOOS). Oe. Sec ciomsseat heehee oe ly G eee See 93 —18.
IG esate ite Se eee Anges NOSeeis. stents 93 — 6.
NOOB rsh 623 Sete ntiae beak Rea aig sapiieva nt Nonna 93 — 7.
WOO Gee Pc estore ene ee AD © heater ete 96.5 —18.
OOS re ts Pa ees eee eee oe ATG CcBoR Ne stersna slabs 95 —14.
WO0G Sr rs ate ee fe eee UY MOE ction eens 98 — 7.
AQT OQ es eS Sa A. eee ULV 9 ese ens Sere 96.5 j — 8.
OU Sie ere erie oat oie pies Win Soy seiarersi soe 105. DANS Me ab Gree taine — 1.
ION se EL chs. toramotneabaree ne «eats Sept: "65:4 3 ae teee 95. DAL h— wat. Se see —12.

* Data from record kept by Mr. Edgar Parker; Station record not available.

AVERAGE MONTHLY AND YEARLY ‘TEMPERATURES SINCE 1882.

SAMDIQRHONNN AIO "O0 PHA ANAN OE OO HOO

be $SSESIE SES SS ool TROON RODR OOK OKRON
} ge SH ot tH cH tH ct <f <H tcp it SSS SS Ht HH cH
ns :
a
SAD AO DAD INOS ANOS bth iso eo ci 4
3 NSD ANS SAB SNARNSNSSNRSAAS RSS Ss
| . AID 69 COO HOD LO HANGODM OBDAMDIARDOOMOMN OWN
| 5 SSSSESCh Sse earerwayecerrwowssa
|
BOWANOGOHOWDWOOMAPOOGMMOIAHAOHHADOMAMY
| z SSSSURISL SAAS SAAS AA AOA KLAN Ss

SIAM DWI AVIAANOAMANDRAOMOOHANMHOONAD H

=) SINAN ADS OMAHA NSOAWSOY HM Hoh YEON
3 BSHODSSSS OOOO SSO SSS OSS SSS ESSSS

Bee ee ee ee Een ee

|
a oa

| 5 19 10 hc 000 DODHONRTHHHHR DB DONDHODOH
2 euepvouug $5 SSSRRSERRESSSSERSSRSRS
a

THOM OCAANINAN PHFONNOONDODANHOAHN

2 ee PWOSOSOOAH ANH NSNSSHnKMaNS 00
| S] SCOSCrRSOROCORON -RRERRRRRRRRERERERORRE
Ye sama :
| , CAODOMNMAHOAD -AINIOGAANDAHNODAAINGD
| g ON MPOOON SHON SAN GKHHOMNOOtHONOnNd
\| 3 BOGODOSOODOOOD -SCODDSDDOODDDHODONOOO
ri é
dieses I
3 | DMM NO HMDODANOOHOONAAHAINNNARRAR
a axe REQAAA YRS ER SSSSORK Aas +00
|| s | UCD UCD BLD UCD ED ACD UD AD 1D AD 1D 1D 1D 6 19 19 1D 19) 19 19) DB 19 19 1919 191) 1
|
|
| r OD BS OV 400 AND 1D tt HOD O NOD 19 OD HO HN GOOD 4 CO
i} or | monwdHOnsOMH TISSRSessoorwsss39Ss9
5 HOH Ht HH tt tH tt tt StH SH SH HH OH SH cH HH SH St HS
<
H a DWAHDADOAWD WINN ARH -HONNHAMOGOOTAN |
z MAWSON MHODANWS MAAGNOMRAONHHNDODW
|| a ANSAMANDADAAOA B NOD OD HOD CDA OD OD OD HOS
|

$2 02 HAND AAO AOOGSAAAAD HOM AMADA INM Or OO

s NADHAMNWDODBSOS GODONDNADNHDOAHONDSH
ANAANAANAMANNAAANNANRANNRAAANAAN |

New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

|

|
| |
, HOOON VHA A HOM OHANTONMANADWIAAMAAH
& SR SOOSCRR HHO HAN SONOSONHHONWONOHE |
G AANA AONARAANNANNNANNANANRRONANNAN SS
loc SBC. D 2 3 Bo odd cs Cah aah v emp eee 2 Ape - |
< Ste Sire See. POC k PROSE Pa AORN eS act ee .
& ao eV Sve) pe eee, le he fal ym wer ce yeh o. Ney wpe: furs 4s" » Seba. «he -
val BAER Rr) Te Reto Seis ae Re Em ee 2, cya ae Oa
CO HID SI DHROANADH DON KOROMADHIDSNHAONN
BR DHDDRAARAABBABBOSOSOSSSSOCSCSHas
ahhh heehee heehee heel h oho ko ie hen kk kk he. kkk ns

885

Q

MertrreoronoeicaL Recorps.

886

G8 GE Si T SPT
CZ 9G 806 TPT
GL GS 880 69 0
L806 6P 0 9S 0
GO PG cP O 88 0
$L VG 681 826
£6 66 ie! OFT
SE GE $81 ce I
19 86 GPT 96 0
69 SE 8¢ 0 69) T
68 9G tL 0 FL 0
16° TE LE 60°%
€L LG 8Z 0 SL 9
ce 61 hel’ 96 'T
06° G6 £60 £0'%
81°66 68 T €S°G
19 Lé IZ'0 8L'G
iataterstere 6F 12-2
98 6G LPO er 0
P8 && oo 1 60° T
LI &@ 6L 0 ZOU
GS LG 63° $L 0
esson Of ce OFZ
8% GE 69 1 tr
SP 0G te I 0%
66 GG cet 8o'T
18°16 #F3 1 8SP'e
06 8% 920 981
O& GG L160 10 T
68 SZ €Z 0 ivi!
ae ig Sates cc '0 ZZ'T
‘soyouy | ‘soqouy | ‘soqouy

(iam § 68 '¢ 13 G G8 FP
LEG Ia € 9E°€ 6h P
4, 1k 66 € LES 68°
See GEG IGG POG
€1°3 99'T 62 'T GL
SFG E13 cel 98%
9g ¢ 91'S 89°¢ LES
69° 061 bP SG 6¢'¢
90 °G 96° 99°G €2°¢
61 F O€ 1 aL 98°F
GES 88°G Iv G 66 °¢9
Geil OP'S 6G ¢ L6°E
G9 160 GLI €¢'9
69° £66 GOT cl?
€8'€ 98°T O9€ oe T
ey 0) 98'S 161 86'S
96° LG F Saas Gl F
GL 0 $60 HORS || ee kiet
6¢'¢ $9 Go 1 cs T
6c 1 89°% 8Ee's 89°
rE T GIT LL’ 68° T
GOS LEO OT € 6S €
$o'T 18'¢ FE P L0°T
GEES 09's 86°T Lo°F
LPS £13 20'F |+66'0
FLT GLO €0'€ Le °9
62 'T IE's 98° lt
88° Il ZG 60'S $9
191 Ales tr TI £86
OLS CLG LVS 86°
290 GST LES GEG
‘soyouy | ‘soyouy | ‘soyouy | ‘soqou
‘pO ‘qdag “qsnany “Ane?

Lea
ise)
MOAR AHE MOMAINMIAN

i
ba)
ANNA HHO 00 rt

N
aol
AON

I | ‘seyo

I

fe
S|
HAR HONTIOHHRANANH RHONA OTAHTHONMGh

‘soyouy

el
x

(=)
o . . . . . é
BOM HHMOMNHRONNRORN ROHR NANAANN MM HOO

“‘soyouy

qudy

“soqouy

“youRy

‘soqouy

qo

boi
~ > . w
SHHHOONAHOHNOHOROnOOTHOOHHSSOSCOSO

‘soyouy

‘uur

“UVAA

“GSS HONIG SHINOJT AM AINQO TIVANIVY AG NOWVLIdIOdag

IN DEX.

A. Page’
Acid caseinates, preparation and composition of.................0.-0e ee ee eee 318
paracaseinates, preparation and composition of ..............-...-+00+05 329
Administration of ovation, Zeneralnotes Ow. s.-- . 42. skis yee ae eleva amare Cela 8
PRC CELA LI ONGOMNCE Em yen ees rere rece we ail cro Pheireeiarics's 1.0)s-aaye ee oe ele eie.eieck eee G 188
Albionspotsto-spraying experiment ate... as-4- 720-7. ooo ee ears sls eees ns oe 230
Altea ieaerire als MaMa SCSTO eters erence MR soy crs, sees tne Ral eiens aie a coerce ayne 655
UAL LONRSUUCIEROlcte nye itortits eA in SN a Ani cee AUER, ogee a. pat ke tate 34
SOE LIRICA Se eG OMIT OOS he aOR Ee Gants Sane wa SAE 180
iat OVD FIL ices ees See tS Bee ee AT ner RTE Ss Seiee Peg er 186
Alkcalierel ation LOY CLOWD-TOb scares ators cle cies 2.2, oheve ceca -asecnens ko chclone = sbencpopbieass*ieieue 294
ATIC CELSO MME Vere es TOU CURISE Verran rere esas 5 tyes -e) oases 122, 137, 151, 166
Andover, potato-spraying, experiment ate... ose an: yejeeis ae os y- Sais ake ae 231
PATIO ALSLOOUS ANALYSES) Obie cra Shae oy hee eperetie a6 eres ie Mae octane Pe caesar atecey ap ery abe 648
Industry, Department of (See Department of Animal Industry).
nutrition, recent Station Investigations m...........-.-+-.-+seseeese. 22
Annual reports (See Reports, annual).
Apple and chertysermine moths GISCUSSIONG 5 5:2 6 5 -\sepocuseeiin ts ole eels ai 382
breeding experiment, application of results.................--+--+----- 486
popularedition of pulletingOn a7. 4.06. < er. =) scale ea Crate AS se hee 840

inheritance of characters by Ben Davis, 475; Esopus, 475; Green New-
town, 476; Jonathan, 476; Lawver, 476; McIntosh, 476; Mother, 477;
Northern Spy, 477; Ralls, 477; Rome, 478; Sutton, 478.

OLCHALGS HAW ATO LATION WOE swith. = 2 4-\< sete tis, sisnecdebs spaisieie ares Pe 40
Peerless CCCI E CXPEEIICMGS cy 2 3 gS lan Sache & sooo Osa <Pipal oy sysloge oe A ween 443, 454
SS EELULOTNEW. ON Ke Yass hoes oe ies yoo se.9 oh vt) eRSpoke oaaioltegcnsgs senensy seme 42

crossing experiment.............. ANOS Ch OY OSCE ORES © ote Clolcc 454
description of seedlings tromycrosses. 4 prc ose oe ote ees es eee 457
Gesiraplecvalie ties TOM, CLOSSING aps 5) ac) sfere,- suns = -y sid yas el os a> elena) asi che 479
improvement by bud selection.................... 5 RE RE 453
(uHeritancerOlstl eshCOlOlst.c st5-foe i owls Sexe) e ol oe Shee Bless sokscaasl * oats 470
AIZETANCLSHADE ema a eat Ao csisle = rates Pal As ties 5 aes 471

sahae0) (6) RON 2 ae nec cate Oe Ge Ie Ooi PRONE Oo pre 467
Mendeliantinberitan evinces carck oeiric 5 oo. kee onteh <A> Stee 466

new varieties described: Clinton, 479; Cortland, 480; Herkimer, 480;
Nassau, 481 Onondaga, 481; Oswego, 482; Otsego, 482; Rensselaer,
483; Rockland, 483; Saratoga, 484; Schenectady, 484; Schoharie, 485;
Tioga, 485; Westchester, 486.

(887)

S88 INDEX.

Page.
“Apples of New York,” reprin@of 5 5.i:...55 yo Gn eae ie aeale Sree 15
Apples, origin of VANICtIeS. «236525 & Ss.c she cpiie oa ee i >, oe Se 448
prepotency Of Vanieties 35.3 5.53 sale a eet cht ena ees ee 465
TEVEFSIODS INiCTOSSING?) cee ee Ae ae eee ee cco. eee 464
Varieties from muUbaons eee isae sist hae see eee nie ee 451
varieties irom jcross-terpilized;seed |. snide cietsiee et ce mbites cael ere 450
pelf-fertilized peed... 1. \ask nee oo oreae ie oe eee oe ee 449
vironincressed iby: Dy Driditive.: < -:,.-.cniar lie ci eee eae eran eRe 464
Appropriations needed, by Station... ps... tye ce asters oe ean ee eee 17
Arsenate ot leads analyses Ol) | jac oes see ee ola, 7 eras ose oe ae ee aoe ee er 543
Arsenic. ‘relation to: cCrown-10ts0-/s.c<e seit eisai Coen ee soe eee 294
B.
Bacteriology, recent Station investigations in.................ceeececeeecees 26
Baker, E. L., comments on feeding stuffs inspection...................00-005- 663
- Barium salt of phosphorus compound in wheat bran .....................20-5- 158
Barnesvorehard, study Of crowil-CObin en. lacie one ee eee eee 255
Batavia, potato-spraying experiment at... 5.524). bees eee ieee eee ei 229
iBenzoate tleaduseim potato-sprayine.. 8). eee ee ee ee eee 193
Beet sugarcresidues; analyses! of... bes irae eee eet Erica ec e 658
Billings, E. C., potato-spraying experiment by......... AES ei oat seat ae ee 241
Bleached Oats oe tn Cd RA) uci oe or cen ae ee ee 191
Boardiof:Control,membersioh: 2500356. ccceichssaceo eae ae ae Cee Vv
Oflicers. Of FeO re oe kin nic chats ol cho ERT OE ET Loe eaies Hee Vv
Bordeaux mixture) ‘commercial, analyses Ob... a. 4 ie se ee eee 545
Bosworth Altred! W? bulletinsbyn cor. oe ose ae eee See e eeeees 309
Botanical Department (See Department of Botany).
Branchport orchard, study of crown-rot im’. oo 2. eee at yee eye eile 254, 270
Breeding apples; experiments iN... cosas oe cee ee ceeekiecemeecer eeioe 443, 454
plants* Station workin’ jo22 cons tance tea ee ae eres ee 42
Brew, James D., appointment as Assistant Bacteriologist..................0.. 9
Brewers ‘rains; analyses:of. 5 ok fos oh ees ci ne aie eee Re ene 569
Brine-soluble compound in cheese, composition. ...............0 2000 e eee eens 334
identical with mono-calcium paracaseinate... 337
Brucine salt, of phosphoric acid compound in wheat bran..................+.- 161
Bud selection; amprovement, of apples(Dy.c «.. one ae eee eee nee eee eee 453
Building, news meed OL eS oF 8s Ce ee Sees oes ec cece caasl eLearn ae ee ee 16

Bulletin reprinted, No. 348, 341; No. 344, 367; No. 345, 179; No. 346, 423; No.
347, 193; No. 348, 541; No. 349, 209; No. 350, 448; No. 351, 555; No. 352, 201;
No. 353, 57; No. 354, 687; No. 355, 489; No. 356, 8.

Bulletin reprinted, Popular Edition No. 348, 809; No. 344, 815; No. 345, $20;
No. 346, 823; No. 347, 830; No. 349, 831; No. 350, 840; No. 352, 850; No. 353,
851; No. 355, 860.

Bulletin reprinted, Technical No. 19, 122; No. 20, 92; No. 21, 137; No. 22, 151;
No. 23, 250; No. 24, 382; No. 25, 166; No. 26, 309.

Page

Billetinescomplete: character Of; ... occ. meets ie Seto ste Saisie 13

MUM PELs aistribUted Aeetatiy aide aA OS aE eee cei Sia ids aleve nn eerale 2 15

OLB LOND ARISISh toe or cura eon tant ee oe aaah ah i Ts Sac 53

popularrcharacterOlnege tte Seles Wonk aoe A nese ie. 13

technical character Olea. 284s 6. e ae ee eae. -Be ao tears 13
C.

Calcium caseinate, preparation and composition of.......................05.. 316
intake ang outgonamilch: cow. a. 9 ts aaa tees oy see) Se aeeees 2 103
paracaseinate, preparation and composition of....................... 329

@anpentershopyrepuldingrOtees- 21s e ee aad ee hie BAe. es. 16

Casein and paracasein compounds in cheese..............2.02 see eee neces 309

action of rennet enzym in forming paracasein from.................... 334
ashefree smethodrol-preparings. arias ss ee occ ewes emt. Pol: 314
compounds partial bibliography «443s ase ad eis eee eee: © Sai 312
MOLCCULBELWEIE NUM oe nee eee ee ieee a Et Ee oe aaah: oases 326
MOleCUlEN VAlANCYAOlees ens ery ee rt eed eae ee Le yeh) 2c 326
Stiidiestof CcOMpOsIbiONs {ae tise ens els hy Ree aa eee Qiete 8 lace 33

Caseinate, calcium (See Calcium caseinate).

Caseinates, acid (See Acid caseinates).

@assvillesnotato-spraying experiment ab. -....0.0....asaseee te aoe elo eo - 236

Chateaugay, potato-spraying experiment at ............ 002.02 cece eee cence 239

Cheese, casein and paracasein compounds...............2)s.es5bs.ic)e...... 309
composition of brine-soluble compound in......................-0005. 334
identity; or prine-soluble compound).ticjaed- 45 pala eed « he Scie 2 337
NOLESOMACHEMMCANCHANLES Ist S25 2 Se oa aban seer nee LO te eau eas 32

Chemicaleworknoteocahionssesces waa ee es ees a ty ee eee a eee erayene 30

Circular reprinted, No. 18, 522; No. 19, 530.

@irculars characcervOls: heirs Was tes byte ee i Hat eine List eh a 14

ISSUE Urine LOI Mem an we Sate eda ey neehg Seely Man. has eis Aaa ka 54
Cloveryalsike seed sbesislOlce > se-*. 52).g lowe anes. GM Ea ees, OMe woes, eels 184
ViniliuvaOle SCCUSts Weer SR uel ie oman wees, ae iene sain cea 187

FCCUMSEEUN LESS Ole tase oer ei eee Ee Ee Rs oe ee 182
VAR VAOLGSCEO SEA Sapir. cos tye beets pie Plana eeshorete. 4 aioe alo nie soe 187

@lyderorchard study of crown-rot im. 54222 2:0. flowke occ feet bees pees 268, 292

Cold*splattingoftrees: bys cree che aer Smet et octaaseic OMAR een acre! one's 283

Caldwaterrorchardstudylolerowi-rotline |e 2) eee asa ess 1. 2 ae 256

Collins, Minerva, appointment as Assistant Botanist.......... orn SOTO 9

Collison, Reginald C., appointment as Assistant Chemist..................4.. 9

Commercial fecamotstutis; analyses Ofc: 2. < ceasise spalevestt sereetelslor <1 ths cist 555

Complete bulletins (See Bulletins, complete).

Compoundediteedssanaly ses: Offs sec. ocn.e epte tiniest Sea ceclne). Sahoo 577

Cooperative and demonstration work of Station, extent of.................... 18

Cortland; potato-sprayine experiment ate). bpicyecem. clot cisis ele delete <ele « ole lel 235

Cottonseed meal, organic phosphoric acid of................-ceecceeeecceeees 166

MEAIS ANALYSES Obie) 0 a) s cise) = lies rey qiet traps ie ekelst syaumshacetei-aasinyal stave <a obs 595

890 INDEX.

Page.

Cow, influence of phosphorus on excreta. ...........004- SCP CANCER bc Mer pctich che 117

Cows, milch, effect of phosphorus compound on nutrition..................00 92

studies in nutrition of f3. davis! ofc seen teeeee eee ote nee 23

milk production by hand and machine milking...................... 80, 89

Crop production, notes on Stetion work in..........0. 00... c elec eee ee eeee 33

Cross-bred: apples, description, OF... a0 5.0shc2.o.t Hosier eecin Me aintieee eo cc eee 457

Crossing apples, ‘exmeranent.. <0. >... fen sean Sale ae ken penn eee 454

influence inanereasing yield? vere eres een eee eee re 425, 437

plantsivineresse.of hardiness by... 52-0 oe ance oe oe ee ee ee ee 428

partial -bibliographysoneis. sae ee ee oe eee eee 441

some: plant: species benefited! by-4 2-22 254242262 a eee oe ee nee 441

tomatoes, experiments. 2.02541 ee a eee 429

to increase VicldPaIe MA AHO, Le ERE Set Pe 423

@rown-rot; causes: Of... 2 sci cc 248 oa. ee au be OO ee ee 293

experimental productioniof. ssa. see ee ene eee 279

fungi not Grst icHuse Ol. fos. t ac hee eee em ee nee ee 294

lategrowbh ac factoriin=.222 52 oe22 sts aeons See eee eee ee 296

low temperature-as causeof.. co: 222: ns ee ote ne totes aoe me tras 296

of fruit trees, eld (studies of. Aosse ns one ret aoe s coe tetee eee ee 250

Station ‘studies ).'s) y..<)-\=e ees SRR eee eee eee 52

relation-of alkali toss sess 555 cdc eee ee eee OREO hate 294

arsenic to. 6226 3.3.60 58 eee eee 294

wind. ‘a factoriin’s oo Poy: fetes te ee ee ee eee 391

Cultiy.ation-in’ control, of pear thrips42- sees ee ee ees © ee ee eee 366

Cusick, James T., resignation as Assistant Chemist .................-.eee sees 8

D.

Dairying, Station studies ini. © 52 2.5..cie sees eee nie nee aie eee ee 36

Demonstration and cooperative work of Station, extent of.................... 18

Bepartment of Animal Indusiry, report Obes ¢o.0./.4.4.550 ee ee ee ee 55

Botany, cooperative experiments by..............---2-eeceeees 18

TEPOLE oe Vay he? Base Sh eee eee eee sae ae 177

Chemistry;"report...5. 0). see ce he Se ee ee ee ae eee 307

Entomology, cooperative and demonstration experiments by...18, 19

TEDOEG Ate es See oa ee eee eee TS eee ne 339

Horticulture, cooperative experiments by..................+--- 20

LEPOPb. ee ee ee ee Ee eter Serene ree are 421

Soils, cooperative experiments by) .2.2--...- oes ce ess seas ce 20

Digestibility: of feeding stufis 22st? See ee ee eee ee oe eee 667

Digestion coeficients of feeding stuffs... 4:+2)2 5. tose eee eee ee ee re ee 669

Director's Teporbs. . ..- B ee ee ed Eke s oes Ne OR Oe Ee ene ae ene 8
Diseases, plant (See Plant diseases).

Distillers’ grains analyses 'of:,!62o0e oe ee eee fee oe cnr a ete mmc cle ate tees ener 564

Doolittle, P. S., potato-spraying experiment by...................00:20-ee0s- 236

Dryden, potato-spraying experiment at...... EM OS EOL EE SERN? see ene 234

Dwarf apple-orchards; Station work withias. /2.e este ae ee ale oe = teat 40

Dwarfine of potatoes by lme-sulphurs 2. ).5.cn-ccr oe ete «ee ses etme ecleele 197, 205

INDEX. 891

E.

Entomological Department (See Department of Entomology). Page.
[OTARTUNAYE THRVOVHETS, GXOIUIIG , sgh epeeGroerecmetces lear atc aie eee tam nin ns Enea. oe een 393, 394
Sp PCeeIeD CHEETY, (OISCUSSION:. 8.55, c-0' sam siepepd es Sea ee we 6s os 382
HH IKG fest COMMIT ADUI A UeSchs Go HOOSIERS oer O Ieee it Mice On MEE SI 385
lsrtal oven No) Bete o.oo ont cin OS bee cya cacicne oI CHES Me Ce ee ee 390
OREemINe TECONdS ewe Cee ck cite he en btn lee Cote ale 406
caterpillars weeding halbits:..2 oc ces hyseusienes «iesaculssces oo 0 405
COCO, 2S thera nmin cr omombente aaa mere ooo Mis croc chen Neate 393, 394
(Govsaran yn UAVS Ostume © ou Pe Oats Rare he EO oI Torre hee 386
COMPARISOMFOMSPECIES sae ews sain eae oa Va a eatag ieee 400
GRAINS Sy nig arin b OOS ele CR tan ae CERT RTC Ee ee 389
Tne weeOr ke Stateen oss ones .cet aye ue ole kee Ams 398
ECOnOMmiIGHIMpPOrtanCep ye ey sortase ete es ae ane ce. 387, 407
CEES O Ieee Cr ena tees ok cy Mine 5 Sui ie 3 ee 4 hy 390, 394
PeneraleeharactersvOls cr = ayn eid sea geen, ae eat oS he aks 383
LUT OER, GR acghced aeRO na ee HE TIGte bee ee ae Nea ene Bie) eine 394
INISFOLICAlENOLES ere. Te PRO Rhee ns hss nek oe eeces i hs oe ahs 384
ALO Sep aE SMOG tase Aeterna ake aS Lae! pri UIA 385
HUpOLbatOnS (Ol s tp tA ee eae ee i Usha sie eae nga b ee thee ss 396
PAE VESVOL4h eases ek PRE SE 2 2 ae came See 5 cas te 390, 394
Eis) LOTSUNOT An io tneee eho dla > U6 Cee ROE US mee ne Ene oS 394
TN ETMOCKOIMCONLO ARH ee is co A eer e de Wes eae oe tak sic CoS 410
MALIN CIS CCIER Ey eATA a es te ete = Santas th tee eee ces) sta gles 408
MAGUEY EMAIES AR AE Wa) apa mien a cise a gs cue at nisl es eg eu ee a 408
Gecurrence yinviNeweY ork Stabe. a... kc. hie ac oeyoruns easy bens OS 395
ONMECEO linn eS ER larceny me 404
PUPA Oler ret Roan ete Pie crow scat wis us we Sn ue eee ee, TNS 393, 394
speciesspiblioeraphygotpin,. 3: eG. ero acti rs eal eee oe oe 411, 415
CLOSSeediInPAeKPELIM EN tS sic oe oie ce alste neler woes es ehe 403
AVECIUCHCHANAGTERSNON yer. ns eee eae aN we atety «Seeger 398, 404
RS CIUTIOV AN FEC UVC HESTON! Se et nia ee eS Re Oe eee eee 48
EN VIOOTA ANTE, eth Se Se Sts ct Pers SOE Cece ert ORE hs eno Re ee 384

Euthrips pyri (See Pear thrips).
Onis manDUCOlU PALASILI GION ELMINME MOG. <<. 5 2/16 si als siiace ae ol oe ce ee eons 409

F.

Harm station extentrandnanagement Of: j.0.. 5: dees cnues cheese mee ose oles 20
Batinvmilkembifeeding experimentiai isco oo. scee oe ties eos ace lm eee ee te oe 111
Reedinpushitisadulterants, compositions -.eee. tes ate oes see cece 672
PNALY Sas BM OUCSEODR ita ARUN eee onc ae ie ere er faecal
COMMenclal analyses Olean tense st et eee cere cee eis 555
COMMMOSINIO MOL Spee ecn Nae = yh re mene genes Tan en te Bama Skee aie eee fe 666
(OLSIat CIRO LONEIS a cape tenes calc Blok eRGn Sts AIGA eacintc hc teers Oe ur Rat ate See 675
CISEStipIlibyAaNna MUtrIbIVE TALIOM Asse eae ss eee ees creo: 667

INSPECHON MEOMIMNENtSON ie eee tee ee toe teat sees ele 663

892 INDEX.

Feeding stuffs— (continued): Page.
laWin mua Aer eth. pda chan pepe ERE he ene Lee eae 681
misuse of termisi@. 21NIe Tah cee te aa eos aioe sey re ee 677
TOD PriCes te. Aiea id Sok son WEEE OR ER ee SLE 673
trade; motesony 6 EGO ee Shee Rosca ence tayo ec ee 31
weightyperiquactes Set ott Soe etree he soe 672
Feeds; mineral constituents lof so... Leen oe ceeeenes cee 98
Pertilizer.analyses-notes Ow. .oc42 5h bbe ee eee ee oe eee ee 31
IN SPECtION; ALEpPOTwOls <!.55 Gos gaara Seer el net oe ae eee 687
Hertilizers, ‘analyses, of samples: sya. 14s otc oo oe ene ne aoe eee 690
calculationtof commercial valugtion).-.---...--. 5.0... 427 eee 689
orchard Station experiments with? ...5.-- +c... :-0sap — ase eee 41
Breld: workiof Stationwextentiof. ihe cee eee ce ne oe ee 18
Financial needs(of, Stations ise so see Sees a eniee Ae cen ae ll
support of Station, distribution of funds......................... 10, 12
Folisve;effect of: spraywmixturesion.... 6.5.5. ce een eee a So eae 362
Rormulas for pearithripsispray-moixtlres --.s- ss) Seen a cea ee 364
Freezing; discoloration of plant tissues by... .. 5252.22: s2-425-<+22 0) eee 286
Brenchs. Gace. (bulletin bynes ah hos aco es ee ee eee ee 193, 209
Fruit) production, Station investigations of... 9.24... 0979. seas oe eee 38
publications; distributionvofiedition, =...) .0-+ 4 see aae > 4 aa ane 15
publications of Station: = as sche seta ke eet eee en a ners eh aia 14 14
trees: attacks by cerminé*moths 724.5151 14 aca crn Sa eee 385
crown-rot:ol, field:studies2)..2-.cpace ee co ra ee 250
crown-rotiol (Station-studies-. 4). nures ee ots oe ee 52
Fulton, Bentley B., appointment as Assistant Entomologist................... 9
Mungi not first cause’ of crown-rot. 350426 eee ae ee ee eee 294
Fungicides and insecticides, report of analyses...............--.0- +e eee eeee 541
G.
Geneva orchards studyaolucrown-rotiinees.e oe cae lee eee tr eee eee 263
peachvorchardsstudy ol crown-total see eee eee eee 278
Germantown: wy: pearthrips ate. c..4.0.-45-0 Soe oo ee eee eee eee oe 352
Germination tests: of -alfalfa:seed!r. 22.5 A A hoes eee eee ee 186
cloverseedsis poe Gacason oock cu ERERE EOE EEE Ee eee 187
timothy seed. Gi os 5 tee ee eee 188
Gladwin, B2H:, etreular’ by sstk... hic cr sc ek ere or Omen Re eee aE ee eee 530
Glen Head, potato-spraying experiment at................0.cceeeceecteceess 242
Glens} Falls) orchards; study of crown-=robt Ins... -)-- sec eeesi- ee ee eee 271
Gloyer, Walter O., appointment as Associate Botanist........................ 9
Glutensfeeds: analyses) of: 22 2... ike cee eo RES Le ERR ee eee 572
Goatsimilchs: Station studiestols: /s2ta2. 22. )- Sear EER Bee en ae Jee 38
Grafted. grapes, vineyard handling Of. . 6. <ic.¢s 2455s Sermon sls vere le eee 517
Grafting grapes, ‘selection ofistocks2 25 fit). .5. + ee we eee eee ote eee 517
Foot for, AMEerican:PTAPEs’.......)< ogsie es eniak Pack eee eee eee 43

Grain onixtures) ground adulteration Of:. <<...» sce saieph is: ee eee ee 672

INDEX. 893

Page.

Grape, Cleyener, characterigticd a8)d StOCK 5. sj. « oincrajacree cs cccs ser ecccess 494

CTELUUTE We UICC MLO Pe eae c ie ovnce Costes ern opr ete aokolal weogen etal tener aan pe i sicko Sys (ons 530

PrathinpmGesirapiioy LOL News VOLK. icra tie tev cisiovSiercke eale Rie + isine 2s 521

SRpeMenG. AMINIAN TOPGEtS:. 0 =o dc ws seis ee. dole Savi eee pe' ayers 505

Gescriptioniotvineyards: 5.2.7. soy eee cee on 499

HOCRUOUM eRe or Ne eel crete Te eee 497

TESUIES Beets set tee tsusy Netarte aeter aie cide ssl USS ease 509

lent ehopper yal bce yety rat cerca hee iaeceetn erie eerie Se ee aes 376

CHaAraCter Olan UL yy DYpremerte 5 acres actos Oni ie ea oe ee cs 371

COMELOM Ole ey eee ronal are eee es es 367

CESCHIPLLONNANGK WOE Olena s ar cat ces + se Ee alee es 369

ECONOMIC LIME PORPANCEM pr srsrcest ae ace hoes te rack Meet 371

CEPT anys Sa See lor Rear cael a 2 cone 7 ON pen ch 2 em 375

EXPErINeEN Gin, CONLTOL A yore at oe nc ic Sac ee oe ee 376

MP IATIER YC RNS Oy 1 cPiis oe Ohi an Oe saa eer ee Bie ss 373

MA DIDS Bieter Set tne ots eiy ore ome AERO Os hee 369

THCLEASE INT NE Wea VOL aS URbE mM cis ene cis she fear ov aik Fy orm eee an eels 368

MiothistorysOleaeeree ice cette oe aac aie os ore kes Ore the 375

AUVIL SS cthate ee eee Pen ae cee ad She eats ORG MAL ae 375

popular editionotsbulletinyons.sc.- 2 4a eee eee fee 815

LECOMMENGALONS LOL CONELOl yy tora ccs ocr sai in ieee eke 379

SUECICHANG VALIGLIEN rims tarry n cureeee y cree sen eRe ctr Sees 372

spraying attachment, description... 2.055... a2ccsee4- 25> - 378

Siation*stidiesiols mkt set oni cree ost rasa aas Uccese ska 47

Busceptibilitysoinvarieuies te sro. #224 osc tice ete on eee 374

Ripara Gloire, characteristics asi SOCK... oir. acs) fi aer is + ahve he web ole ws 493
Rupestris du Lot (See Grape, St. George).

Sr; George: characteristiesas: a Stock. 5.\.°< <).! «cr dompsam oie silom aes < caw eiele 493

SPGCKSHORPAMETICAMMRTAD CS ees inner at. he Sek cate crore eis timulste s oMba douse wee 489

thrips (See Grape leaf-hopper).

varieties, infestation by grape leaf-hopper...................0.-0ee08: 374

GrapeemAINeniCan= SLOCKA ORME a Peer ear LE let oa ciate reuinae se Wissen ay te 489

Pabavior of own-rooband grafted Viness) 35. 5.6. <5 see chs ciotenagsle S dunoraierovets 513

BeRch=rralhinpy tapes doth eaten ye hdc Luis Risin ape ae Nt ie ky 503, 518

cougeniality between! stocksand Clon... 64 sy «occie os Gate's weke 6 oh ie selec ne 514

gratted popular edition of bulletin on. . 22... << 6< seciesmevige = sees 860

reasons for selecting: Agawam, 494; Barry, 495; Brighton, 495;
Brilliant, 495; Campbell Early, 495; Catawba, 495; Concord,
495; Delaware, 496, Goff, 496; Herbert, 496; Iona, 496;
Jefferson, 496; Lindley, 496; Mills, 496; Niagara, 497;
Regal, 497; Vergennes, 497; Winchell, 497; Worden, 497.

graliing;OmlerowingBtOCKSse ee stds ks orale bsisiclecoe ov ole eclomhe Se so 8 a #1 = 501
PLOW UN OMeUbhinps OM StOCKSe: hs sta ce Cleuousisieus et sismiowe ak phasis ores 519
own-root and grafted, comparative yields...................+-+55: 510, 511
EOOG/ LEAL UD Ol meee ert On Ne ore ester a eros nieualb/e) chatelo SLosaints Bre ive ale c’s) > 43

SEIECLION Ole SUGCKRMON PAI UE ean aoe ws coe cots ores oo v's ev viele Ge won wle ole 517

894 INDEX.

Grapes— (continued): Page.
stocks selected for American varieties <> .0.2 445) s+.1. ct see 492
time of ripening influenced by grafting......... odd Scag aa a olz

Greene, J. M., & Son, potato-spraying experiment by......................-- 231

Greenwich, potato-spraying experiment at...............0.-eececeerceesssss 241

Grossenbacher;’ J: 'G:* bulletin: by 4.400.) ho ae a eteiccs ca eee 250

resignation as Associate Botanist....................... 8

Growth, late; asitactor im crown-rot, . 4-7. 42cu oar cece een ae ee 296

H.

Hallock, Henry A., potato-spraying experiment by.......................--0- 243

Handy, F. W., potato-spraying experiment by... ........5.....0.05+00ss ene 228

Hardinessiot plants, imcrease! by, Crossing). elects eine eee 428

Harding EA bulletin Dy 2557 smrcc eon netomat nee ea Ae sea 57

Hartzell RUZ: bulletin’ by< ois so. s hee ae eee Oe Eek eee 367

Hedrick. U.2P. bulletin Dy. cone cones eae ta eae ee Ee ee 443, 489

CInCUIEP DY ass scr ot ob ea cee ee EERO ee ee eee 522

Hellebore; analyses: of. 5 \5 3.0 ..okciencoe Coe wie ed ee EE OP oe ee 553

Hemlockiorchards, Study, Olcrown-LoOb in.) se lee eee ane 271

iMominy, feeds, analyses sof: cc) 2 ss: - cctacaevudieet ae ern ee REE ee EEE 574

Horticultural Department (See Department of Horticulture).

iMurson, Calvin J. letterot transinittalecss: + nee One ncen eee nee ili

Hy oridvapples, increase! in VAgOre cone) ecco ne ae ee 464
tomato) seed) Sugrestions fOr eLOwine eee esac ee eee 439

Hyde, G. H.; potate-spraying experiment Dy-.2..., a... ocr Aev ise = oe 239

I.

Imheritance s Wlendelan sini apples ters cits creer ri ersiors oienci teal eta oe ier ane ee 466

HmOsibe MeSberslOlet cs Nee. ciyere hoe eee rae cle ee hee ee ee 133, 136, 147, 150
POPTIVAPION Olt fee taht eR MAR See rns codes eater erat 6a ne ne 132
from phosphoric acid compound in cottonseed meal................... 173
phosphoriciacid testers Olss) sessed cae ee Sree emia ee aca 122
DY LOPHOSPHOLic Cig MeSters Ol. SbUd yeies ee 7c a eke ieee ieee ee 137

Insecticides and fungicides, report of analyses................-++-s+-+eseasene 541

Insects: Anjurious, Station stuaiesiOles a oc. sie cei ccs crac ie aciereren ener ane 44

Inspection-“work; “notesvOn ss: sans ae est hee aieig sche ereiamine de ne Ch ea eee eee 31

TOPOL Ons ees ye eos, erect toe eanieigvero oigis 2 Saar ae 539

Interlakenvorchard:stugy of crowa-rouM) cs crac erie ailsieste Seles aie nee 274

Investigations of Station, general notes on. ............ cece eee ec rec eeceees 22

ae

Jamesport; potato-spraying experiment Ab... fo) cots ng sis ge seem weep 243

Jordan, WitEL. Sreportais ADInE COR Ae. oar. siaserchs te voterticteveneie rotors xe rorcasae Ee 8

Junids orchard: study /oricrown-1otwins .o.4).ccmccmeencnekk cae be rier cee 255

INDEX. 895

K. Page.

Keeler, Richard F., appointment as Assistant Chemist..................2+00-- 9
ibe

Waneaster potato-spraying experiment at. -.4. 4. seen: ome nclepinee ces see aes 228

Wendeansenate analyses Oleee sci haiti ace ame ete eenie Sis houyerswarians @ se aire eee ne 543

Denzoate, Use im pOLALO=splayANe «eyes ce seen yeier eta wat ceucdeyo yah «een cere 193
Leaf-hopper, grape (See Grape leaf-hopper).

Mentlets aC HALACteL-Olarrm aan er orto ote i eee ELA a epee casi Rv auoca bye 14

eenOra, Jr) potato-spraying experiment by... -. 45.) sme pment saan) oceanic te 230

melkvoysorchardstudy: ol crowm-TOommen- me). yon ae sae eee lene Ge: 275

MimrewarriculturalanalysescOtesar: certicc sehen sie acc teus Mette Pe ReE a tke TS eae oe 804

COMPOUNGS ANALYSES Of. cee pee! Aaa kia a ee ebenewaa is fh hoa Nee 806

sulphurvetiect on potato) foliagzes..)).. sce... alan eeeee 196, 204, 880, 850

a CHiN, Como, Ha SENOl ns ooocmccnncnsoudonodboeeucor 547

USE MEAP OLALOSSD LAVA Rae at ee. mnie hoe er tons tae aie ect eicis tae 198, 201

WES hy AOUSOIN GNATNTIA Olin dowonegoeoachopodons seco tmcraens 32

Eee CMmTeMIss ANALYSER Olay ars Cree es penis cae Oa. oro bark Na mone pices. spn aad! Ss 4 558
M.

Niachinewnilkinemettect Onitlowiseana amen .4. aeiterene tere erator cite 59, 79

efectionimermiycontent as caiyisqcline eerie ae wets a eiclomioie ome 65

effect on quantity and quality of milk............3........- 29

IMpPOLbAncelOmOPELAbOlArcn. -.leasc1 ae ears ae 73

popular edition) of pulletinion: =e 4-46 -6 eee ae sees eee 851

PITA OpCONSUIM CAPONE ia ee RM dna tlle are Me ESRS yet RTS ALE 66

Misdison orchards, barkinjuries observed, In). 4 ¢ 3,././.«,:... «+ sume elcid.» Sou etlarel: 287

Magnesium, intake and outgo in milch COW. «<2 cjc)-c esis s cles Renee nee 103

Maintenance fund, amounts needed for 1913-14.............. 00.00.00 cece eee 11

amounts appropriated tor 1 OND spree say omens evte yee 10

Malt sprouts, analyses of...... Pee he teed einer aman neta wa Te oa: 560

Mia ples crown rotiOl.cks sc cseic excise RESIS iE ACA SO the =, HERO tect, 256

Miedinaronchardsstidva oucrowm=rOulm arteries ia. ante or iscielo cl oein ote ati 261

Mendelianzinhenitancesiniapplesia ca + fcc sre ve svc nieve oposite oe. sve oe enorme 466

Metabolism of milch cows, effect of phosphorous compounds.................. 92

role;olsphosphorus) ese. eee CPE MERE TEIN Se CEE: A 94

Mieteorologicalirecords for 1902 co. stversete deltoid to veh ieee Align te docile 2 los ops 875

Muiddlesexsorchard, study, of, crown-rot neice. seeicieiitine demas ee ee oe 270

Milk fat mitrorenvand phosphorus ima serkeene tack Ieee eee eiiaeiorin. oa. 111

MNITEN CeFOLED MOSPNONUSHON ery yhoo Acie): oes & cynic ale ean RRL okt ele orale 112

production py, handiorimachinesmilking:.... 5-0. iti ane eens oes 80

effect ofmachinemulkingevonssnk sicisictee cto eit = ates weet. ote es 57

Sanitation, recent station StUCIES IM tm tecianmsitdiak Nahe obiees & cists sichoemimiis 27

yield and composition in nutrition experiment.................0.000000- 115

896 INDEX.

Page.

Milking, apparent effect of method on production...............eceeeeeeeees 86
machine; efiect of use upon milk) fowler seen enna eee 57

efiect of vacutim changes +. 4-2 rreinc ceiiee cliente ae 72
Importancerol-teaticUpssamr eee eer Cee eee ene 67
notes‘on studies** ose eeese i ee eee alos ce eee 29
principlesofs see eer eres eee Oe ee cee: caer 63
summary oly experiments withiya onesie eee aes 59
(See also Machine milking).

Miultonvorchard study of crown-rot n>... eae ee se ee terete teen 270

Mineralveonstituentsof feeds aoe... we on ee el Roe Ce Eo one 98

Miscellaneous feeds; analyses of! 6/200 S.0 ee oes cee cee cee rte cere 658

Molasses iteeds'Vanalty seston a tei et ee eee ree eee en eee Reet or 615

Moths, ermine (See ermine moths).

Munn, Mancel T., appointment as Assistant Botanist.....................5-. 9

bulletin byt Ak. Ce se ee ele eine Too cae oreremeeeremterte 201
N.

Nicotine compounds for control of grape leaf-hopper................000 eee eee 376
extractsweltect on foliage. =<) 4.c nse ae nets see oe ne ee oes 362
PLEHATALOn ANALYSES Oli) Si. ier el cra sere eee ee iso olerers 550

Nitrogen’ nmilkamtcedingvexperimentrs aap eerie cece ire 111
intakeyandoutgountmilch cows soo oon een ee ieee 100

Nursery stock; pediereed! discussionvof . .)2. 1. as aciastdoeere eee creer tee tere 522

TOES SOT Sirocco Rs olaterere en yeraes 43

Nutrition, animal, recent Station investigations In. ............ 0c cece eee eee 22

IN‘tritive ratio ofsfeeding, StULSiac ces eee ne ee ie ant erie reer tne 667

O.

‘“@at clippings;’? analyses Of...) :.0a.< <i asarod Hae tae. ee ae ets ah are A 679

Osts: ‘sulphured sy: 5 ois eye ecca'e dceeia ss cya ers 5,1 PR Re Ie ch ae eR ee ool etee 191

Ogdensburg, potato-spraying experiment at...................-.-.e ee seeeeee 238

OHanlon; W..,:report’as' Treasurer...s).i2.5. «soe mete oes Sake ee or cls seule ae: = 1

Orchard fertilizers, Station experiments with... .....,.-.-0%-ee sen eee teens 41
management, Station study of methods.....................0eseeeee 40

12

Page, J. A> potato-spraying experimentibysny.iia.i 2 eiclais le eleto belttte «leit tenetes 233
Paracasein, action of rennet enzym in forming... ..... 06 eee estes se vitae s ves 334
and. casein compounds in) cheese... 2. coc. eee lrancia sae eniaieyersiensiar 309

PALAcCASeiN, COMLPOUNGS, discussione: ..ejas it eee re tee oe eae 327

ash-free, preparation and composition of................-.0es00es 328

molecule, valency, Of¢ c: sijo 24 ote ayn. 0 teas ais re Ree tet TEE 333

molecular Weight. <:c.c antics amet Res Ree tah, ea oheletetene tern aoc tene re ternev ers 333

Paracaseinate, calcium (See Calcium paracaseinate).
Paracaseinates acid (See Acid paracaseinates).
Pardy Brothers, potato-spraying experiment by... ......eeeeeeeeenes Sas ctelete 240

Page.

Paris Cen REPEC ON: oy. ta. <2 vais cas PPO ee ee hes ere ech ke eal ie 541
Perrothwe: moulletins Dix. cova aaa vaste met ete as Be oe eee eee. 341, 382
JESSIE (SET CEpAEY Ti PEN (7S ctor) 0 (05 oy aa 345
athGermantowmne Nagas crea nas cee ee eee ee ee eee, 352
deschiptiongandabistonyetaaso ss sete te. eo cee Sic ys cic eo knertce 345

muscoveny in New Yorks Statetas tase ene. coe ehae oss eneass B43

ISCUSSIONUO Litas ise. teats etre rar Ae Pa eect 341
Gist bu GlOmy sags eye cite ee Oe os Sige oe ees 351

ECONOMIC HMPOLtAnce. seme eee Her RO a os ae ee alee 344

Serie CS LES oh MORES Ores a Gide cial oc Sie ee i rrr 347

Herat FOLENS a cisco e Bia cecd cho ick Sos pier ial uch aan ee eee ae ea 352

[Ene is CO CEO OTD) Oi Brn Or OR thn ARES een iL 5 a or 348

GER AL UTE) Olga oe yoru ees eres A chat as ah 8 Se A ee ae ee 352

MEthHOdS (Olstres MO SNiber ver: siopeh seh 3 Ae a Se ee Ne Be 364

OUbbrea k unin ge LOM es ces ty opctianse ny shh fst anal is Se ee Fe ee 355

ponuler edition of bulletin ont 1n9sG7 a). SOE eee eS ot ee 809

SCASO MAG MISEOL Yas ass ia ek eee OU, Se eT: MA 350

spraying, experiments for controls: 205.. 22229... 2 a 358
Stationietudionyolep ce iepacactGey torsos: oo ores 46
(Redioneedinursery, Stock, GISCuBsIONOLAa. aie eet an? fe nee a eae oe 522
TO TESTO Y.-F ts aes: Peter aR TE 5 MRS 43

periodicals received. by: Station; listtc chen anata aeee oe eee, ee ot ee 869
Phelps; potato-spraying experiment /at...... .2...4..... 80sec ote de lessee cess 233
Bhosphoricacidsesters of inosite,<shUdysOl.. «se aaeeieer. Liens Ania Ge eee ee 122
organic in cottonseed meal, study of...:....................- 166

Phosphorus compound iniwheat bran, study Of: ........-.2...-...-..see.00 ek 151
effect on nutrition of milch cows....................... 92

compounds, chemicalustudies Ol. ste trys ares og erie ieee 25

Inpanim al NutriLOnyMNVEStIALIONSs..5<.. 14 =v cele asa oie ee 23

Mitliceiny Cedi exPELIMIEH bays. Acard eye ae Cea IE es ears eee 111
NveEnceoniexcreta,Olmmileh COWrese2 5 > aon eee ase ee 117

COTTE Lice 0, Saale ere Raat hth aia Nn pene Rd RNS IPE RERL ORME | © 112

intake angcoutzo.imimnil chico 1 seit eee isk ee 100
metabolism in milch cows, experiment........................-.. 96

BOLE MME CGAL OLS syste sy grace ond orchc rains ran coe os Soeceaeae pr acucac aero Sis TE 94

Phytates, barium, ammonium and calcium...................... 128-131, 142-147
cGhemicalestudies ole Mr hee acti ser Ces ean os he 128

Peril Ceacl deg Cher Caleb dys Ole eyrac ht casces cette oiersun ais sia. tere elo eks. cucasycceieis ove oe SOAR 131
IM aynrioyeGrvermntenll Fini lies) Olas eck Rn ERE mite Cie Le Cee Ee ICRAF cc cin oe eS ee 25, 122
IM aniMal nutribion, investigations seetee.|. W. scenes neces... eee oe 23

HAO GELOUMC MATTE WLR TiO shee geeks ooo sycts)cdy a ease a seats SAN ce etc 151, 154
chemiucalkshudiesyOlsmes cc erie tent ce. Geese Gao eis A ee: ae 137

ere Peata Ni ORAM a SE AE IOHE WOE Ma LEDs. onc 0: <a sins, Sern naib E8010, oa AIL ee er 42
Cisea ses PO LALLONESUMCIESTOt pea h icisiereicc sa sagt 6s. a1 smn tao eaaleactoee 49
AWGN CO, (SHEN ATO aT AY Ole Septal ae ketel Wie bono GSD o DIG ETO LIC GU ei AorrEs Gena c yy

Plattsburg, potato-spraying experiment at...........ccc cece cece cece eeeeees 240

898 INDEX.

Page

Popular bulletins (See Bulletins, popular).
Potassium, intake and’ outgo in milch cow, ; ;. «1-4... eee eee cece ene 103
Potato foliage, effect: of lime-sulphur on... 0/2. ;3 7: aeee eee ee 196, 204
spraying experiments, 1902-1910: fea se oe oe ee 209
TLOGES (ON. 66 «cis, j> 9, 2 RO Oe Ee eee 51
farmers’ business experiments: shu.5f see, alee. ee 226
Fime-sulp hur fOr: crassa ae aide eee aes oe oe ee 193, 201
popular edition of bulletinon-) 75... eee eee 831
summary of business experiments.......:................-.- 244
ten-year experiments: :..<...-,.aemeraeeen ee oie 225
volunteer experinients-...5.. eee ae oe eee 247
with lime-sulphur, popular editions of bulletins on........ 830, 850
Potatoes, directions for Spraying. ..o,h.,6,-0 fees Coney ee Ee ee Oeee eee 248
single ys; double-spraying Of,........,.00 «tee OEE een fee 245
Poultry, foods, analyses Of «.-....). 0.56 oc.se.sc eicaiy ve ee Ee I se Sere 635
Powell, G; 1; potato-spraying experiment by aces (oder erie ee oe 242
Poultry production, notes on Station work. :.....- :cj-2= Jee eee en ee 53
Precipitation by rainfall) 1882 to 1912 inclusive. 2s) Ssemeesmnes aes see ee 886
Brepotency of apple: varieties: 01-4. ok c6 ccc owe cee Pee AOI os ce 465
Prole, G: A.; potato-spraying expernment by,..,..)- paeeeen: eee meee eee 229
Prucha, Martin J., resignation as Associate Bacteriologist...................-. 8
Publications of, station. classification Ol-:- os... . eee Eee eee eee eee vers
Station; for 1912 '... ..... 6st sos «chit: Se eee ae Ree eee «Se 53
Pyrophosphoric aeid, esters of, studies of. - -l.: eee .eaeeee 2 ee ee ee 137

Re
Rainfall, monthly and yearly, 1882 to 1912 inclusive........................-- 886
Rennet enzym, action in forming paracaseim:........«¢ 2.0. .je26senseosee- os eee 334
Repairs, AppropriawOn LOL). -:).% cance da ieee a ee ee eee eee 16
Report olSDirector waist). her. vedere. ute leoefe einge eg tacks, Upeinisic us El ee eee Eee 8
PIRPEASUIPET 3 505 Sie codec ace 1 Je a rchaces te oboe ten ESOL eee ae 1
iReports, ‘annialeicharacterioten 222 Geee hy ateia eye eer tik ekgoeinee eRe 14
IREVErsiONsS INy CLOSsine ap PIES Mee ele -oic 2 eet aso ee) coe eee eee Pains 464
Rooteratting OL Prapes sn. ease oon esialsus: onescys ie ocoletole piel ei ee eae eee eee 43
Rose; ASR bulletin Dyin. See 2 2). ee sas otegserstoto citer ee eee 92
s.

Schoene; W. ds, DULLEtIN: DY s:.:2.2.2.c00c2s0s+ weiese teas sectors o\sersiaysis) se CR eee eee ae 382
Seed inspection, popular edition of bulletin on....................20 eee eeees 820
testing, Station: work IM.2.2,.c 42 acm. «ches aics =. oe Pee Setaeier tere 51, 179
Seedlings; ermine moths on. <5... <<< cis sp 2g 5 cies ave oo = tee a taketh ores 404
Seeds, adulteration’ of. 5. <5 < .c/c cscta~ oa eae as <-<sle.a hte aR EET ele oietees tote 188
Sitrine, HVAC bulletin by /0.5..0 244.44 2 <seasis4 seek See eek aie tere 209
Smith, :GsA-, doulletin DY. vys.c siesta ae ae AS 4 sate une tel eI een ene 57

O. & Son, potato-spraying experiment by.............ceceecceeeeerees 239

Page
GA DISOMILIONS AANA VRE OL. fare eo5y- 1s) j derohsasneitieccreleke occiels, o1e;s. Steve forsighsie-exolsisisiake 551
Sodus Orchard mstucdyeOmeCrOwa—-TOb IM. <-5.-<\- s.ctarciuhs-c v1a.8 euthsln ape aiqackenesc' > wae +e + 277

Soils Department (See Department of Soils).
Solubleysulplursarralyses: Of 5 2755 5. «2 s\arcyels acne onaraiausisie sinvebevsve St Nie HRSA EE 549
Soa yelolKGUnes | eteCu OM OMA ee ie cst «6s: iisiets een alam jejct.cr apse ciety c,aeten doses aia la) cheyencte 362
LOMAP ent CALS 4 OLMAU LAS 050 sepcu vox Tues scion cseticae eo ckeackseeas si elelSyetr 364
Sprayersattachment ior grape leat-hopper..2c10 sos s62 sa cet e s+ ecto e oe 378
SDLAVIN CER CLIMEMUS ODIO LALOR. ay <a 2crePay ato S a/srcies cvs noses auele.e e sceculele als aveievs bcs 209
LOT COMPEON: Ole OAT LITT OS aiereeat tone) esis enna iatedes coh chess oan Gloystousssiiud cece 358
eA OER ey CIT CE UIE ORT rer tice) ctcle eiele Vaid aiaid reek hE sits 6 8. 02 sable 248

(See Potato spraying).

Single va doubletorpotaboes nrc saciern se rcrteereioe oars os ed's ox 245
Scots UT OLOMy Cian Ses unniew ey ai case. ehsretet: eine maar stra satel toy ss Abe red eniae Scotts te (6 Se, 8
Sa0VS1001| OVS HE PLONE ceeneA ee GER CRG ERO CR CRAIC c/a 6's he Ai ORE Vv
Siahionmarm, extent and management of..... .. 1... :5.. sae sib pdafeere ae oes « 20
HEL Gm YOLK ROGET LOL As o.5 hacione cantons Save RES mua ioeeihsdPi aeutoreneloteie oaus Pa 2 18
SLANT. COGN TRE Til go abtens Gomer oe eo IEEE OS Grae bce to ceP SUL oo aE a eas 8
MANE sO] OBES Clieecas apis meaner Oc RnlGke SO Gio Ts oe be DOD Te Sees Vv
Senate hm @emDUlletinsybyaca eer cas Nese Gepete loess 6 era cacy uheoee ya dee 193, 209
SUBIR ENTE sy CW aa, oN aioere Wise cco clone 6 aE Se Senn re mo oo ee eae 552
BolUleman vky Ses! Ofer: mye chsrace iesrerer Os us ete eA CRCTE Soars 549
ies SERIE DTH PI x2, « 2 chahcoe eyes h sea teatememiane Side ashe ovtag eh edie veragsis:* wai stake 191

ES

Technical bulletins (See Bulletins, technical).
Temperature changes, effect on tree trunks.................0 ccc eee eee 282, 291
LOWRA SIC AUSCLONCCEOWM TOUR scsdacas ticpcic wie elec cee ee ne ee 296
Temperatures, average for month and year, 1883 to 1912 inclusive............. 885
MAMiMuM and minimum for WOLD. 2... 2 -as ca dee io eie 878
monthly maximum and minimum, 1883 to 1912 inclusive........ 881
monthlyasumm ames tons Ol2 hk tees oars a rere eB a curse 880
BUA areal ONO Des espe edt hpeerath a OYA abe cette. G's eet cas 876
yearly maximum and minimum, 1888 to 1912 inclusive.......... &84
Ten-year potato-spraying experiment, summary..................0.0000eeee- 225
Mihermom eter readings Oral QMO ee cea ia arid toe .c0 cid tyne tual nes an meee zealots 876
readings, maximum) and minimum for 1912... 0. 2.22......52 a4- 878

Thrips, pear (See Pear thrips).

PII OLA ARCOOR COS LS etetety nado Sone eee ree ree eer eee end Soke ESLER PS oe Sal 185
VLA ORI MO LMS eepier Rend SUN Mca deve ewe eso Spar Pur wate Teele) Soe 188
Momatoiprecdines worl ol Station mote One) s.ns a2 54sec scenes esce oe: 42
crossing spopularsedition of bulletinioni ancien eee cae ae ne es 823
COMIMGCTERSE VICI Cia. -Fe is yin Saal tenets mam Site ia ahenehote cheers cs ele" 423, 429
Moma toes ero winealiy brid seein seer ois h alae ows ieee Sie ees nes aa 439
firapp, D. R., potato-spraying experiment by. i... 2. ces de vee ee ees tases ee 234

PUPCASTILOT. G EVE DOL Gwe eters oa sedan CAT Iatcs eos Seee ree NOI HR en Ee aa eae 1

900 INDEX.

Page

Tree trunks, effect of temperature changes ON..............cesses-s---:- 282, 291

splitting ‘by; coldis: 33 ota.0.0) (ak Sa ieen eerste ener arse estes eer ee 283

Trumansburg orchard, study of crowu-TOvMn. pres seuss eet nee eee 259

Tuck, Andrew, potato-spraving experiment by...................2+----seee: 238

Typhlocyba comes (See Grape leaf-hopper).

Tuphiocyba’ tricincia, Noves On Occurrence y14-)-).7)4 4 ee ela «srl oe eee 373
Vis

Vacuomichanpess efiectionanilk flowaesne center et cosa ee oma ae. ere amas 73

Van Slyke ais bulletin byes 2002 nets nat Gears cee tere Teeter een 309

Volunteer potato-spraying experiments, summary................-seeeeeee eee 247
W.

Weather records for 1912232 fii eets i aet. cntonee hee eee ee oct he cee 875

Weed seeds found‘in' alfalfa seed sens. ce orm oceania ete eee 182, 189

alsike: clover seeds 22)4 2c. Sarteccietee Ctra tes are cies a perene 184

red. clover seed 2 22 54 tates SMe ee ee 183

timothy, seeds st 82 20) 2a eth Ares Ane eee e 185

Weeds; new an altalfa:seedsy 25% & ino ects an oer see aie ee eee oe ee 190

Weedsport orchard, study of crown-rot in: 2225: 3202-5+26.-0e eee ee 265, 293

Wellington shichard: pulletinsibyn7- serio er eee cnt eerie or iene 423, 443

Wheat bran, organic phosphoric acid compound in...................-.....-- 151

phosphorus-bearing salte/in...5 - 0.5 sehen saees lee nls oes en 158, 161

preparation of phosphorus compound from............... Bro - 157

Wilson, James K., resignation as Assistant Bacteriologist..................4.. 8

TT B., letter ofe transmittal): co tee. ce soc eins cities. caine esse ano iv

Windas"a: causetoficrown=Totst }. occ cece ee eiacice Serio chereteei Mee cleus nontee ree 301
We

Naeldsuncressedaby«crossing@.v:c stack ers ocrcce ore, sueceterodeiescieeerchatel sect chetoreNenek CR ene 425
Yponomeuta matinellus (See Ermine moths).

Yponomeuta multipunctellus, a native ermine moth.............e0ee eee eeees 408

Yponomeuta padellus (See Ermine moths).

"UUprAit ab

, ie Hick
ines nerd aay tie a

ea

cece acne SN Fa coat tw es patsieet Tomes ates naaaus

Seas

a

ee
.
loys

Wat

Pes tagstecenin gs