Annual report for the year ...

Union Calendar No. 62

88th Congress, 1st Session

House Report No. 176

COMMITTEE ON
UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

ANNUAL REPORT
FOR THE YEAR 1962

JANUARY 2, 1963
(Original Release Date)

March 28, 1963. — Committed to the Committee of the Whole House
on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed

Prepared and released by the Committee on Un-American Activities
U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

37-377 o

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1963

COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES

United States House of Representatives

FRANCIS B. WALTER, Pennsylvania, Chairman

MORGAN M. MOULDER, Missouri GORDON H. SCHERER, Ohio

CLYDE DOYLE, California AUGUST E. JOHANSEN, Michigan

EDWIN E. WILLIS, Louisiana DONALD C. BRUCE, Indiana

WILLIAM M. TUCK, Virginia HENRY C. SCHADEBERG, Wisconsin

Francis J. McNamaka, Director

Frank S. Tavbnner, Jr., General Counsel

Alfred M. Nittle, Counsel

II

Union Calendar No. 62

88th Congress ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES J Report
1st Session ) \ No. 176

COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES ANNUAL
REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Maech 28, 1963. — Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State

of the Union and ordered to be printed

Mr. Walter, from the Committee on Un-American Activities,

submitted the following

REPORT

[Pursuant to H. Res. 5, 88th Cong., 1st sess.]

in

CONTENTS

Page
Foreword 1

Chapter I. Hearings Conducted for Legislative Purposes:

Communist Propaganda— and the Truth — About Conditions in Soviet

Russia (Testimony of David P. Johnson) 3

"Intellectual Freedom" — Red China Style (Testimony of Chi-chou

Huang) 9

Executive Hearings in Los Angeles, Calif 13

Testimony of Robert Carrillo Ronstadt (see p. 74)
Testimony of Albert J. Lewis and Steve Roberts (see p. 82)
Communist Outlets for the Distribution of Soviet Propaganda in the

United States — Parts 1 and 2 14

Communist Activities in the Cleveland, Ohio, Area — Parts 1 and 2_. 23
Communist Youth Activities (Hearings on the Eighth World Youth

Festival, Helsinki, Finland, 1962) 26

U.S. Communist Party Assistance to Foreign Communist Govern-
ments (Hearings on the Medical Aid to Cuba Committee and

Friends of British Guiana) 33

Communist Activities in the Peace Movement (Hearings on the Women

Strike for Peace and certain other groups) 40

Hearings Relating to H.R. 10175, to Accompany H.R. 11363, Amend-
ing the Internal Security Act of 1950 58

Hearings Relating to H.R. 9753, to Amend Sections 3(7) and 5(b) of
the Internal Security Act of 1950, As Amended, Relating to Employ-
ment of Members of Communist Organizations in Certain Defense

Facilities (Now Public Law 87-474) 61

Testimony By and Concerning Paul Corbin 64

Chapter II. Reports:

National Security Agency 73

The Communist Party's Cold War Against Congressional Investiga-
tion of Subversion (Including and based in part on the executive
testimony of Robert Carrillo Ronstadt in the Los Angeles hearings) _ 74
Communist and Trotskyist Activity Within the Greater Los Angeles
Chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee (Including and based
in part on the executive testimony of Albert J. Lewis and Steve

Roberts in the Los Angeles hearings) 82

Chapter III. Bibliography of Committee Publications for the Year 1962 87

Chapter IV. Reference Service 89

Chapter V. Legislative Action, 87th Congress, second session 91

Chapter VI. Legislative Recommendations 109

Chapter VII. Contempt Proceedings 133

Chapter VIII. Citation for the Honorable Gordon H. Scherer and

Honorable Morgan M. Moulder, retiring members of the committee.— 137
Index i

v

Public Law 601, 79th Congress

The legislation under which the House Committee on Un-American
Activities operates is Public Law 601, 79th Congress [1946] ; 60 Stat.
812, which provides :

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, * * *

PART 2— RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Rule X

SEC. 121. STANDING COMMITTEES
*******

17. Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.

Rule XI

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES

(q) (1) Committee on Un-American Activities.

(A) Un-American activities.

(2) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommit-
tee, is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (i) the extent,
character, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(ii) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propa-
ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks
the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and
(iii) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any neces-
sary remedial legislation.

The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session ) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.

For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such
times and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting,
has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.

*•**»*•

Rule XII

LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT BY STANDING COMMITTEES

Sec. 136. To assist the Congress in appraising the administration of the laws
and in developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem neces-
sary, each standing committee of the Senate and the House of Representatives
shall exercise continuous watchfulness of the execution by the administrative
agencies concerned of any laws, the subject matter of which is within the jurisdic-
tion of such committee ; and, for that purpose, shall study all pertinent reports
and data submitted to the Congress by the agencies in the executive branch of
the Government.

vn

RULES ADOPTED BY THE 87TH CONGRESS

House Resolution 8, January 3, 1961

• * * * * * *

RULE X

STANDING COMMITTEES

1. There shall he elected by the House, at the commencement of each Congress,

*******
(r) Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.

• ••••**

Rule XI

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
*******

18. Committee on Un-American Activities.

(a) Un-American activities.

(b) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommittee,
is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (1) the extent, char-
acter, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American prop-
aganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and
attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitu-
tion, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in
any necessary remedial legislation.

The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.

For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such times
and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, has
recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.

*******

27. To assist the House in appraising the administration of the laws and in
developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem necessary,
each standing committee of the House shall exercise continuous watchfulness
of the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws, the subject
matter of which is within the jurisdiction of such committee ; and, for that pur-
pose, shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the House by the
agencies in the executive branch of the Government.

vin

FOREWORD

No true American can find any satisfaction in the knowledge that,
only a few months ago, Communist-manned missiles were poised to
strike this Nation from Cuba, just 90 miles away. Yet the Cuban
crisis had its value. It again placed in sharp focus Moscow's true
intentions as far as our country is concerned. It revealed the insin-
cerity in Khrushchev's talk of "peace." It again spotlighted the fami-
liar pattern of conspiracy, treachery, and deceit by which non-Russian
Communists reduce once independent nations to the status of puppets
of the Soviet Union.

To thoughtful Americans, the real shocker in the Cuban crisis was
not that Communist missiles were emplaced just 90 miles from our
shores (when we are the target of missiles, it doesn't much matter
whether they are 90, 900, or 3,000 miles away), but rather that the
Kremlin had boldly and successfully demonstrated its total takeover
power on our very doorstep — and that it had done this with seeming
ease in an anti-Communist country, without an invasion and without
great numbers of native Communists and Soviet sympathizers. There
had never been a mass Communist Party in Cuba. A relative handful
of Communist agents had done the job.

A completely independent Communist Cuba would pose no threat
to the United States. A Communist Cuba, however, which is in reality
an advance base for the military weapons and operations and the
international subversive activities of the Soviet Union is a very serious
threat.

What can we learn from the Cuban crisis? First, that national
boundaries lose their meaning once communism takes over any nation.
We should stop thinking in the outmoded, conventional terms of a
Communist "Cuba," a Communist "Poland," or Communist "Bul-
garia." These one-time nations are no longer separate countries but
rather parts of the international Communist state. Cuba is no longer
Cuba ; it is an advance outpost of the Soviet Union in the Americas.

Second, a relatively small number of Communists can — in a very
short time and against the will of the great majority of the people —
convert a once independent, anti-Communist nation into one enslaved
by communism.

Third, countries of the Western Hemisphere are not invulnerable
to Communist seizure of power.

Fourth, in the U.S. Communist Party, with its upwards of 10,000
hard-core members and many additional thousands of Communists
and sympathizers, the Soviet Union has a larger, better organized,
and more experienced fifth column in this country than it had in Cuba
shortly before Castro's seizure of power.

Finally, Cuba should teach us again that freedom is not free. All
who would enjoy its bounties must be constantly alert to those forces
which threaten it and, more important, ready to act swiftly and de-
cisively against them. What has happened in Cuba, happened some
years earlier in Guatemala. It has now happened in almost a score
of countries. It could happen here.

Francis E. Walter, Chairman.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

CHAPTER I

HEARINGS CONDUCTED FOR LEGISLATIVE PURPOSES

COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA— AND THE TRUTH— ABOUT CONDITIONS

IN SOVIET RUSSIA

(Testimony of David P. Johnson)

On May 11, 1962, news dispatches from London reported that an
American family was returning home from the Soviet Union after
abandoning plans to defect to that Communist country. David P.
Johnson, a 32-year-old Philadelphia railway clerk, his pregnant wife
and twin sons — one of whom needed heart surgery — had traveled to
the USSR as members of an organized group of tourists for the secret
purpose of dropping out of the tour and remaining permanently in
Russia. After 3 days of observing life and conditions in Leningrad,
Moscow and points in between, the Johnsons' illusions of finding an
earthly paradise had been shattered and replaced by the nightmare of
Soviet reality.

The Johnson family returned to the United States and, on May 22,
1962, in an executive session of the committee, Mr. Johnson testified
how he had been attracted to communism, why he had decided to
take his family to the USSR, what he had found there and what he
planned to do in the future. A summary of the facts brought out by
the Johnson testimony follows:

David Paul Johnson was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on
October 24, 1929. He received a public grammar school education in
New England, but left high school in Manchester, New Hampshire, 2
months after he had entered. Johnson worked as a boiler stoker and
salesman of men's clothing in Manchester before being drafted by the
Army, from which he received an honorable discharge in the summer
of 1952.

In September 1952, Johnson went to Philadelphia, where he was
hired as a clerk by the Pennsylvania Railroad. He remained on that
job for nearly 10 years, during which time he entered into his second
marriage and became the father of twin boys.

It was during Johnson's second or third year in Philadelphia that
he began actively pursuing a growing curiosity about communism
by reading the classical works of Marx and Lenin and buying the
Daily Worker, National Guardian and other publications which pro-
moted the Communist Party line. Johnson found Communist theories
appealing, particularly those concerning the building of a "classless
society." From advertisements in both Communist and non-Commu-
nist newspapers, he learned of other and newer writings on Marxism-
Leninism obtainable from book stores in New York City. As a rail-

3

4 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

road employee, he was able to ride trains from Philadelphia to New
York on a pass. He began making frequent trips to New York to
acquire books on communism.

Johnson also attended lectures given in Philadelphia by leading
American Communists. Through the Soviet Embassy in Washington,
he subscribed to the cultural exchange magazine, USSR, for which
the Embassy later sent him a bonus book called Khrushchev in
America, published by Crosscurrents Press. This book consisted of
pictures taken of the Soviet dictator and the texts of speeches made by
him when he visited this country in 1959.

Although Johnson never joined the Communist Party, he became a
highly informed student of Communist theory. Meanwhile, he was
building an illusion that the Soviet Union was a land where no class
distinctions were made, where his heart-damaged son could receive a
free operation by surgeons more skilled than those in the United
States, where his children could receive a better education than they
could in this country and where, as Communist sympathizers, he and
his family would be welcomed with open arms. Johnson yearned to
live in the USSR.

In December 1961, Johnson learned that his wife was pregnant.
He felt that with the increased expenses the new baby would bring, the
Soviet Union was more appealing than ever. At about that time he
bought a copy of a British publication entitled Labour Monthly,
which contained an advertisement for a relatively inexpensive tour
from London to Helsinki, Leningrad, and Moscow (for May Day),
then back to Leningrad, Copenhagen, and London again. Although
he would have to purchase a ticket for the whole tour (including the
return trip from Moscow to London), Johnson decided the $500 it
would cost for his entire family would be a cheap enough means of
getting them from London to Russia. Including the cost of his
family's flying to London from the United States, he estimated the
entire one-way trip could be made for approximately $1,100.

Johnson made arrangements for his family to take the London-to-
Moscow "May Day Tour" by corresponding directly with Progressive
Tours of London. He was granted permission by his employer to
combine 2 weeks of vacation with 2 weeks of leave without pay so
that he and his family could "tour" Europe, including the USSR.

Johnson had about $500 which he had saved over a period of a year
and a half and borrowed $600 more so as to have sufficient funds to pay
for the entire trip. With one-way tickets, the Johnsons flew to Lon-
don, with an overnight stop in Glasgow, Scotland, in late April 1962.
After they had remained for several days in the British capital, the
tour began. The first leg was to the port of Tilbury, England, where
about 500 tourists (150 in the Johnsons' group, plus two other tour
groups) boarded the Russian ship, Baltika. Once on board, Intourist,
the Soviet-controlled travel agency, assumed almost complete charge of
all the tourists.

The tourists on the Baltika were later assessed by Johnson as being
in three distinct categories. He classified one third of them as pro-
Communists, another third as anti- Communists, and the remaining
third as Nehru-type neutralists.

While the Baltika was approaching Leningrad, after the tourists
had made a stopover at Helsinki, Johnson became friendly with an
Intourist agent and told him that he and his family planned to leave

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 0

the tour and remain permanently in the Soviet Union. It was the
first time Johnson had told his secret to anyone outside his family.
The Intourist agent mildly reproved Johnson for not having contacted
the Soviet Embassy in Washington so that proper arrangements for
remaining in Russia could have been completed in advance. Neverthe-
less, the man did not think the Johnsons would have any serious diffi-
culty in carrying out their plan, and said he would cable Leningrad
to try to ease the path of defection.

Also, while the Johnsons were still on board ship between Helsinki
and Leningrad, an Intourist man pointed out to Mr. Johnson that
the lips and fingers of one of the Johnson twins were blue. When
Johnson explained that this son had a heart defect that needed early
correction, the tour agent said he would arrange for a preliminary
physical examination of the boy in Leningrad.

When the tourists arrived at Leningrad on April 27, Johnson told
the Communist port manager of his defection plans, and the Soviet
official promised to help. Later, after apparently telephoning Mos-
cow, the port manager informed Johnson that all the arrangements
would have to be taken care of after the American family reached the
Soviet capital. He warned that even then things might be difficult
to settle because most Soviet officials in Moscow were busy preparing
for the forthcoming May Day celebrations.

Johnson's son was given an examination by a Russian woman
doctor in Leningrad. The father was very much impressed by her
ability because she arrived at the same diagnosis as had doctors in
the United States. Mr. Johnson was told that the preliminary find-
ings of the woman physician would be forwarded to Moscow where
a staff of doctors would examine the boy again. Johnson was pleased
with the attention received by and promised for his son.

It was in Leningrad, though, that Johnson first learned that the
Communist propaganda about the Soviet Union's "classless society,"
which he had accepted for many years in the United States, was com-
pletely false. He immediately detected an attitude of fear and sub-
servience on the part of non-Communist Soviet citizens toward card-
carrying Communists. Johnson observed, for example, that when
non-Communist Russians or foreign tourists passed through the main
gate of the port on their way into the city of Leningrad, guards on the
gate scrutinized most carefullv all their credentials, passports (in-
cluding photographs), etc. When a Communist, Soviet or other,
approached the gate, however, all he had to do was show identification
as a Communist Party member and the guards practically stood at
attention as they waved him through. The Johnsons, in fact, just
walked through the gate with a Soviet Communist who had shown
his CP membership card. They weren't even asked to show their
identification.

The lie about the Soviet Union's "classless society" was exposed
in another way when the Johnsons were joined in a restaurant by
two English-speaking Russian students. One of the students gave
the following "friendly" advice to Mr. Johnson about Russian
Mongolians :

Keep away from the Mongols. They can't be trusted and
they are notoriously drunkards. Have no talk or anything
with these people.

6 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

Mr. Johnson was also shocked in Leningrad to see boys 12 and 13
years old doing hard, dirty work around the shipyards. He im-
mediately doubted the Communist propaganda he had been reading
and listening to for years about the high standards of education the
Soviet Union maintains for its young people.

Enroute from Leningrad to Moscow by train, Johnson was amazed
and shocked to see Russian families living on railroad track sidings
in ancient freight cars "just about ready to collapse." This was
hardly in accord with the Communist propaganda he had absorbed
in the United States about modern housing in the Soviet Union.
Arriving in Moscow, Johnson became particularly incensed at the
terrible housing conditions he had just seen when he found that, to
his way of thinking, the Soviet Government had wasted vast sums
of money in constructing that deplorably elegant, marble encased,
chandeliered, sculpture-trimmed showplace — the Moscow subway.

In the Soviet capital, Johnson avoided most of the scheduled guided
tours and managed, on his own, to see parts of the city not shown
to foreigners. In this way he discovered that Moscow had the most
intolerable slum areas he had ever seen anywhere. In keeping with
the class distinction that had become evident to Johnson from the
moment he set foot on Soviet soil, he found that what good housing,
comparatively speaking, there is in Moscow is occupied by Commu-
nist Party members or persons favored by the Communists.

Both Mr. and Mrs. Johnson also observed that Communists were
quite easily distinguished from non-Communists in Moscow — as they
had been in Leningrad — by the clothing they wore. Communists were
far better dressed than most other Russians. Mr. Johnson was re-
peatedly pestered by non-Communists, adults and youths alike, who
wanted to buy the clothing on his back. The fact that one Russian
offered to buy Johnson's shoes — without even asking what size he
wore — convinced him that there was an important black market for
clothing in Moscow. This was further evidenced by the wornout con-
dition of the shoes on the average Russian he passed on the streets.
Johnson knew these conditions could not have existed if there had
been truth in the Communist propaganda he had read in the United
States about how well the Russians were clothed.

One incident concerning an offer to buy clothes also served as another
illustration to Mr. Johnson of how Communists, rather than building
a "classless society" as they propagandize, are actually creating new
class distinctions whereby they themselves assume a position of superi-
ority over all non-Communists. The incident in question took place
in Moscow's Red Square and involved a British Communist and a non-
Communist Russian student in his late teens. The student engaged
the well-dressed Englishman in conversation and, after learning that
the foreigner was a Communist Party member, offered to buy his coat.
Two civilian policemen, apparently under orders to arrest Soviet citi-
zens who attempt to purchase clothing from foreigners, overheard
the student's offer and seized him.

As he was being taken away, the student tearfully pleaded with the
British Communist to "show them your party card," knowing that
if he did, the policemen would leave it up to the Englishman to decide
whether the student should be arrested or released. When the English-
man said nothing, the young Russian was carted off to jail.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 7

Johnson was deeply disturbed and shocked by this incident and
other evidence that, in the Soviet Union, Communist Party members
(even foreign ones) have the power to wield tremendous influence over
the lives of non-Communist Russians.

Although the Johnsons had arrived in the Soviet capital on April
28, and the port manager of Leningrad had notified Moscow author-
ities in advance that the American family wanted to stay in the Soviet
Union permanently, it was not until April 30 that Johnson was in-
formed he would be officially contacted by the Soviet Government at
7 p.m. the next evening (May Day ) .

By this time, however, both Mr. and Mrs. Johnson had been so
amazed and disheartened to find the Soviet Union as it really was
that they wanted no part of staying there. They desired onty to
get back to the United States. Not wanting to meet Soviet officials
under these changed circumstances, Mr. and Mrs. Johnson found a
baby sitter for their twins and left their hotel room an hour before
the 7 p.m. appointment time on May 1. They purposely stayed away
from their quarters until 10:30 p.m. When they returned to the
hotel, the baby sitter said nothing about there having been any callers
while they were out and the Johnsons heard nothing further from the
Soviet Government while they were in Moscow — nor did they receive
the promised medical examination of their son. For the remaining
3 days the Johnsons were on Soviet soil, they were followed by civilian-
clothed Soviet policemen wherever they went.

A week after the tourists had first arrived in Leningrad, they were
back there again getting ready to return to England by way of Copen-
hagen. The Leningrad port manager seemed surprised to see the
Johnson family still with the tour and asked what had gone wrong.
Mr. Johnson told him that because of the May Day celebrations they
had been given the runaround and had not been able to contact the
appropriate authorities.

The port manager made several telephone calls and then told John-
son that he and his family had three choices: (1) they could get a
hotel in Leningrad and let the ship leave without them; (2) they
could go to the captain of the ship, tell him of their desire to stay in the
Soviet Union and hope that he could cut the red tape for them; or
(3) they could go to Copenhagen and ask the Soviet Embassy there
to have them admitted for residence in the U.S.S.R. Johnson pre-
tended to accept the third choice, though he had absolutely no inten-
tion of approaching the Soviet Embassy in Copenhagen.

When he arrived in Copenhagen, Johnson went instead to the
American Embassy where he related his story, including the fact that
he did not have enough money to get his family home. He was ad-
vised to continue the tour to England and make application for a loan
from the U.S. Government through the American Embassy in London.

The Johnsons returned with the other tourists to Tilbury. British
authorities took Mr. Johnson to the American Embassy where he filled
out an application form for the loan and then returned him to the
ship at Tilbury, where his family had had to remain. (Under British
law, the Johnsons could not leave the ship until such time as they
could produce sufficient funds to purchase return transportation to the
United States.)

8 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

The Johnsons spent three and one-half jittery days on board ship
at the Tilbury docks before the loan came through. It was an anxious
period, because they were well aware by then that, according to inter-
national law, if they could not disembark at Tilbury, the captain of
the ship would be obliged to return them to their port of origin which,
in this case, was Leningrad. In the meantime, the story of the John-
sons' plan to defect to the Soviet Union and their subsequent change of
heart and reasons for it had been reported in the press. The Ameri-
can family had good reason to fear what might happen to them if
they were forced to return to the Soviet Union.

This, of course, did not happen. The Johnson family returned to
the United States on May 11.

When Mr. Johnson testified before the committee on May 22, he
reflected upon why he had been so thoroughly duped by Communist
propaganda and concluded that :

1. He had never had an understanding of the free enterprise system
and its merits.

2. The sharp contrast between Communist theory and propaganda,
and its actual practice, had never been made clear to him, so he had
had no doubts about the desirability of communism until he witnessed
it in action in the Soviet Union.

What is Mr. Johnson going to do in the future? He will talk,
wherever people will listen, he said, about how he was duped by Com-
munist propaganda into believing the Soviet Union was a Utopia and
worker's paradise and how it took him only 3 days to learn the
truth about the evils of communism when he finally saw it in practice.

INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM"— RED CHINA STYLE
(Testimony of Chi-chou Huang)

The committee met in executive session on May 24 and 25, 1962, to
hear the testimony of Chi-chou Huang, a Red Chinese linguist who
had defected to the West in 1961. In addition to recapitulating the
events leading to his defection, Huang told the committee how Com-
munist propaganda he had read while studying in the United States
during the late forties had first attracted him to Red China.

In September 1945, Chi-chou Huang entered Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity in Baltimore as a premedical student on a scholarship from
the Yunnan Provincial Government of Nationalist China. After
one semester he transferred to the University of Maryland, located
only a few miles from Washington, D.C.

Before long, Huang's interest in his studies was surpassed by his
concern — and confusion — over the civil war between the Communists
and Nationalists in China.

Huang had had no knowledge of communism before he came to this
country. In order to learn what the fighting was all about, he began
reading everything he could get his hands on pertaining to social
problems, communism, and China. He visited the Library of Con-
gress, sought out books on these subjects — and was impressed by what
he read.

As he testified before the committee :

My ideas were very vague and sketchy ; but according to those
sketchy few books I read, under socialism there would be
equality and prosperity and freedom for every individual.
So I thought, well, that is the kind of society the Chinese peo-
ple should have and one I would enjoy living under, for I
would not have to worry about my personal future, occupa-
tion, or job, and that kind of thing.

Huang's conclusions were bolstered by articles about China con-
tained in Communist newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets sold in
a "progressive" bookshop in Washington ; the pro-Communist views
of another Chinese student at the University of Maryland; and
theories expounded by a campus group of the Young Progressives
of America which was set up to support Henry Wallace, the Progres-
sive Party candidate for President in the 1948 election.

A lecture on "socialism" by Scott Nearing 1 in Washington in late
1947 or early 1948 also had a marked influence on Huang, as did the
fact that, on this same occasion, he was befriended by Dr. Frederick A.

1 Mr. Nearing, a long-time and continuing supporter of Communist fronts and causes, was
expelled from the Communist Party in January 1930, after Laving been a mamber for some
years.

9

37-377 O — 64-

10 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Blossom, manager of Nearing's lecture series and then a Library of
Congress employee.

In the latter part of 1948, Huang decided to return to China to
join the Communist forces which then controlled the northern part
of the country. He went to Dr. Blossom, who introduced him to
Maud Russell.1 She suggested that he go to Hong Kong and con-
tact a certain Chinese newspaper which strongly supported the Chi-
nese "democratic" movement.

In the spring of 1949, 5 months after arriving in Hong Kong — and
after visiting the newspaper office to which he had been referred —
Huang was directed to a small, crowded boat manned by a Chinese
crew. The boat took its Communist and pro-Communist passengers
to the north China port of Tientsin, where they were given a royal
welcome by Red officials. The new arrivals were fed the finest food
and lodged in the most luxurious quarters in the city.

After several days in Tientsin, they were sent to Peking. Here
they were given civilian "uniforms" and pocket money and treated to
motion picture films, feasts, sightseeing excursions, operas, etc.
Huang became bored and annoyed with this treatment day after day
and asked to be assigned work that would contribute to the revolution.
He was told to be patient, that he needed to readjust to being in China.

After a month in Peking, he was sent to the North China Univer-
sity of the Peoples Revolution where, for about 6 months, he was
"re-educated" away from the "old society" he had known and toward
what was to exist in the "new society."

Huang was somewhat disappointed when he found that his teachers
would not permit him to dissent from anything they said, even when
he knew they were lying in their teachings about the United States,
a subject about which he had recent and personal knowledge. Never-
theless, he conceded that it might be necessary to prohibit any debate
among students until they were better indoctrinated in, and adjusted
to, what was expected under the new Communist regime.

In February 1950, Huang was sent back to Peking to teach English
at the Foreign Language Institute. In 1953 he married an avid Com-
munist, who was a teacher at this institute.

The Communist Party conducted widespread "rectification" cam-
paigns among its members on several occasions during Huang's first
few years under the Red Chinese rule. These were initiated because,
in periods of relaxed discipline, Communist bureaucrats furnished
their offices lavishly, worked little at their jobs, and became complacent
about the future course of the revolution. The rectification campaigns
always produced much self-criticism by party members which, in turn,
led to temporary reforms.

Huang was enthusiastic about the possibilities of communism
until the mid-1950's — although he had never been able to accept fully
its limitations on personal freedom. At that time the Red Chinese
Government launched a 12-year plan that was supposed to raise Red
China's standard of living to that achieved in the United States. The
Communist leaders decided that, in order to fulfill this plan, greater
freedom would have to be given to the intellectuals. It was with

1 Miss Russell, an active propagandist for the Chinese Communist cause since World
War II, was identified as a member of the Communist Party by Mrs. Anita Bell Schneider,
an undercover operative for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in testimony before this
committee on July 5, 1955.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 11

this thought that Mao Tse-tung, chairman of the Communist Party of
China, made his now famous speech which contained the exhortation :

Let one hundred flowers bloom. Let one hundred different
schools of thought contend.

At the Foreign Language Institute, which had branched out into
many other fields since Huang first arrived there, much new research
was undertaken and broader studies were introduced. At Peking
University, some professors even incorporated certain capitalist theo-
ries in their courses of instruction. The intellectuals were pleased,
not only with their new freedom, but because mandatory political
activity was reduced to a fraction of what it had been.

Somewhat later, however, the Communist Party launched another
"rectification" campaign, and this time the usual confessions and self-
criticisms of party members did not satisfy the Red hierarchy. The
party therefore also called upon non- Communists to join in the criti-
cism of the party and its members. At first the non-Communist in-
tellectuals were reluctant to participate because they did not trust
the party or its motives. But the party pleaded for their cooperation
"for the country's good." Communist leaders promised that there
would be no reprisals for criticisms made.

A few non-Communists cautiously pointed out party shortcomings
and, when no retaliation came, others among the intellectuals followed
suit. Then more and more joined in. Newspapers overflowed with
accusations against Communists. Some persons went so far as to
declare that they did not like communism and would like to see Com-
munists dead. Still there was no retaliation.

At Huang's institute, new and bigger bulletin boards were built
because existing ones could not hold all the complaints about the
party made by the intellectuals.

Suddenly all this was brought to an end. The Communist Party
announced that "rightist, anti-party elements" had used the in-
creased freedom to cause trouble for the party and the government.
They had diverted the rectification campaign from its proper course
and this would have to be corrected. The party, therefore, organized
a bitter "anti-rightist" struggle to smash all open anti-communism.

At the same time, the party stepped up its "rectification" campaign,
and all intellectuals — Communist and non-Communist — were forced
to participate fully. Huang described to the committee how it was
carried out at the institute :

In this struggle, everybody — I mean, every intellectual in
every organization — had to go through the process of criti-
cism and self-criticism* Some in small groups, some in
larger groups — a few were conducted with the participation
of the entire school * * *. At these meetings, each person,
each participant, had to re-examine his own thoughts. In
other words, they had to go through a great process of thought
remolding, by exposing their own views and thoughts. You
read your own thoughts in written form, aloud to the group ;
and the group would criticize you, point out what was wrong
and what was right, in addition to your own criticism. * * *

They made everybody go through a stage, a fairly long
period of criticism and self-criticism, and finally, in 1957,

12 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1062

late 1957, the party decided to take measures to send intel-
lectuals to the countryside to go through a period of manual
labor.

Huang and others from the institute were sent to a collective farm.
They worked as many as 16 hours a day, for this was part of Red
China's attempt to make the "Great Leap Forward." After a year
they were transferred to work iron mines and furnaces for 3 months.
Huang characterized this period as "silly." The intellectuals at first
did not know anything about farming and, just at the time they were
beginning to learn something from the peasants, were shifted to the
mines and the iron furnaces. Again, knowing nothing about their
new work, they produced little.

In 1959, Huang was sent back to the Foreign Language Institute.
He was now a candidate for the Communist Party but did not
become a member. Soon afterwards he was sent to Iraq to teach the
Chinese language under a cultural exchange agreement. He had
to leave his wife and two children in China.

In Iraq he became the head of the Chinese Section at the Insti-
tute of Languages of Baghdad University. After his 2-year con-
tract had been fulfilled, he was ordered to return to Red China
for a "vacation." As Huang told the committee, the Chinese Com-
munist knew that "if you lived abroad too long, all kinds of influences
would have affected your thoughts and actions * * *."

On June 8, 1961, Huang and a fellow Chinese teacher boarded an
airplane for their return trip to Red China by way of Damascus,
Athens, and Prague. Huang was now determined to try to defect
somewhere enroute.

When the plane landed at Athens for a short stopover, Huang was
amazed to find that he could just pick up his suitcase and walk away
from the airport, which he did. He obtained official protection from
Greek authorities.

From Greece, he proceeded to West Germany where he stayed for
10 months before coming back to the United States.

When Huang was asked by the committee why he had defected, he
said:

In my experience during the past 10 years' life, including
the life lived in Iraq, I found the regimentation, the limitation
of personal liberty, unbearable. You cannot do this, you can-
not do that, you have to think in this way, you have to in that
way, and that way is the only correct way of thinking ; so it
made me in many cases feel that I was not honest.

*******

That kind of mental pressure. They do not beat you. You
are not beaten by roughnecks or hoodlums. They do not have
such practice * * * but a sort of abstract pressure that I felt
very strongly.

*******

If you said something against the party line, then you have
something to worry about: I have said something wrong, I
have acted in the wrong way, now I must start preparing
self-criticism, and you don't know how long that will take.
Sometimes you write again and again to criticize yourself.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 13

Sometimes I felt rather sick of it, because I felt I have no
more to say along this line. But they say it is still not
good enough; you should study more and analyze your
thoughts * * *.

Huang had learned the difference between Communist propaganda
and Communist practice.

EXECUTIVE HEARINGS IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

(APRIL 24-27, 1962)

In April 1962, a subcommittee under the chairmanship of Repre-
sentative Clyde Doyle held 4 days of executive hearings in Los An-
geles, Calif. These hearings served as the basis for two reports pub-
lished by the committee later in the year. (A third report based
on the hearings will be published early in 1963.)

The first report, entitled The Communist Party's Cold War
Against Congressional Investigation of Subversion, was released on
October 10, 1962, and included the testimony of Robert C. Ronstadt,
who had appeared before the subcommittee on April 25, 1962. The
witness was formerly an undercover operative in the Communist Party
for the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

The second report, released November 2, 1962, was titled Com-
munist and Trotskyist Activity Within the Greater Los Angeles
Chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and contained the
testimony of Albert J. Lewis and Steve Roberts, two leaders of the
Los Angeles organization who had appeared before the committee on
April 26 and 27, 1962, respectively.

Summaries of the two reports appear on pages 74 and 82, re-
spectively.

COMMUNIST OUTLETS FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOVIET
PROPAGANDA IN THE UNITED STATES

(Parts 1 and 2)

The forces of world communism today control one-third of the
world's population and one-fourth of the earth's surface. These same
forces are feverishly employing an array of conspiratorial techniques
in a concerted effort to win the ideological battle for men's minds.
The Soviet Union and its international network of Communist and
Workers Parties utilize numerous weapons in their unrelenting revo-
lutionary struggle to attain world conquest. One of the principal
weapons in their arsenal is the ingenious and extensive application of
a variety of propaganda devices.

Stressing the formidable dangers of propaganda as utilized by the
world Communist movement, Evron M. Kirkpatrick states in his
book, Target: The World,1 that "only in the hands of the Nazi and
Communist leaders has propaganda attained first-rate importance as
a weapon for achieving national and international political goals."

Dr. Kirkpatrick, executive director of the American Political Science
Association, author of books on American government, and former
Government official and chairman of the Social Science Division of the
University of Minnesota, also wrote in the above-named study :

Modern totalitarianism, of which Communism is the pre-
eminent example, has harnessed technology and psychology
to persuade, convince, confuse, demoralize, and control.
Inside Communist countries propaganda is used to control
the ideological environment of the people, to secure obedi-
ence, consent, and conformity. Internationally, Communist
leaders utilize propaganda to recruit followers, secure sym-
pathy, and to divide and demoralize opposition. Univer-
sally, Communists use propaganda in the effort to suggest
and insinuate the view of the world most favorable to their
temporary plans and policies and to their long-range goals.
Aware that loyalty and action alike grow not so much from
what happens as from what men think happens, the Com-
munists have developed a huge, diversified propaganda
operation at work night and day * * *.

No one can read the history of the Communist movement,
or for that matter the history of the world in this century,
without being impressed with how crucial the use of the
modern means of mass communications, of propaganda, is
to Communist tactics. And yet, in spite of the obvious im-
portance of propaganda and propaganda activities to the
Communists, in spite of the role these activities have played
in the cold war of recent years, there has been very little
systematic attention devoted to this propaganda effort.

1The Macmillan Company, 1956.
14

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 15

The Committee on Un-American Activities believes that propa-
ganda directed from Soviet sources constitutes one of the greatest
single threats to the security of the United States and the free world.
Through this weapon, Khrushchev and other Soviet and national
Communist leaders have succeeded in swaying many millions of non-
Communists throughout the world, winning their support for Soviet
policies and turning them against the programs and policies of the
free world.

The worldwide Communist propaganda offensive is largely an in-
sidious slander campaign against the United States. The Soviet
propaganda machine consistently characterizes this country as "im-
perialistic," a "warmonger," and a participant in war crimes. The
Communist propaganda effort within this country, implemented pri-
marily through the dissemination of thousands of publications, is
designed — by playing on the hopes and fears of the American people —
to subvert the United States by undermining its foreign policy and
military establishment.

The world Communist movement allocates many millions of dollars
annually for the publication and distribution of propaganda docu-
ments. While the Soviet Union publishes the bulk of this literature,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Poland, and Communist China
are also producers of enormous quantities of printed material.

The major source of printed literature emanating from the Soviet
Union is the Foreign Languages Publishing House, located in Moscow,
which produces material in scores of languages. Another official
Soviet agency, Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga — International Book Com-
pany, and hereinafter referred to as such — operates as the exporter of
propaganda documents to agents located in numerous countries
throughout the world. The function of these agent-publishers is to
print these documents in the language of the country of which they
are residents and/or citizens.

On May 9, 10, and 17 and July 11 and 12, 1962, the committee held
hearings in Washington, D.C., on the publication and distribution
within the United States of Communist propaganda material originat-
ing in foreign countries. The purpose of the hearings was to develop
information which would assist the committee in weighing the merits
of amendments to the Internal Security Act and the Foreign Agents
Registration Act pertaining to the printing and dissemination of
foreign propaganda, and also the administration of existing laws re-
lating to this subject.

As the hearings reflect, the witnesses subpenaed to testify were
publishing, within the United States, translated material supplied to
them by the International Book Company or other representatives of
the Soviet Government, or were engaged in the importation of Com-
munist propaganda material already published in the Soviet Union,
chiefly in the English and Russian languages.

A number of companies engaged in such activity are located in
New York City. Under the ownership of Myron Emanuel Sharpe,
they are known by the trade names of International Arts and Sciences
Press, Bookfield House, Inc., Tradeworld, Inc., and Crosscurrents
Press, Inc. The committee's investigation and hearings established
that Crosscurrents Press, Inc., and International Arts and Sciences
Press are major publishers and distributors of Soviet propaganda lit-
erature in this country.

16 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

Myron Emanuel Sharpe testified during the hearings in response
to a subpena. It was not the first time he had appeared before the
committee. A 1954 committee hearing, in which he was also a wit-
ness, revealed that Sharpe was then the leader of Communist students
on the campus of the University of Michigan and also an official of
the Michigan section of the Labor Youth League, a now defunct
Communist youth organization. During his appearance before the
committee in 1954, Sharpe refused to answer all questions concerning
Communist Party membership and activities, invoking the fifth
amendment and other constitutional privileges.

During the current hearings, Sharpe again invoked constitutional
privileges — the first, fourth, and fifth amendments — in response to all
questions concerning present or past membership in the Communist
Party and also when interrogated about other matters pertinent to
the subjects under inquiry.

Four subpenas had been served on Sharpe in an attempt to obtain
two of his companies' books of account so that the committee could
adequately inform itself and the Congress about his propaganda
operations and financial or other agreements with representatives of
the Soviet Union. He produced for the hearings photocopies of only
certain selected pages from his financial records. In doing so, he
concealed his sources of income — and admitted this in the course of
his testimony, claiming that he would bring harm to his customers if
he disclosed their names.

Dissemination reports filed by Sharpe with the Foreign Agents
Kegistration Section of the Department of Justice stated that 10,000
copies of the book, Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union, were delivered to the New Era Book and Subscription Agency,
Inc., and another 10,000 to the Four Continent Book Corporation,
both of New York City. The owner of the New Era Book and Sub-
scription Agency, however, testified that he had canceled his order
and returned his 10,000 copies after being subpenaed for the hearings
and that, had he not done so, he would have been charged only 1$
each for these 500 booklets. Moreover, the owner of the Four Conti-
nent Book Corporation informed the committee that he had not re-
ceived 10,000, but only 185, copies of this booklet from Crosscurrents
Press.

Sharpe invoked the fifth amendment in response to all questions
concerning his dealings with the New Era Book and Subscription
Agency and the Four Continent Book Corporation and also concern-
ing his reported distribution of the 20,000 copies of this book.

Documents produced in the course of the hearings revealed that in
1959 Sharpe had entered into an agreement with Soviet Government
representatives, whose identities are not known to the committee,
to publish English translations of various Soviet documents. Sub-
sequently, under the name of the International Arts and Sciences Press,
Sharpe published articles and photographs supplied by the Interna-
tional Book Company and Novosti Press Agency (also of Moscow) in
a periodical originally called Soviet Highlights and now known as
Soviet Review. He also published in English, under the name of
Crosscurrents Press, Inc., the proceedings of Soviet conventions and
congresses and the complete texts of certain speeches of Nikita S.
Khrushchev and other Soviet officials.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 17

The hearings disclosed that over 740,000 copies of these publications
were printed between 1959 and mid-1962 and that the bulk of them
was delivered to the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. The press
department of the Soviet Embassy then distributed these books
throughout the United States by unsolicited bulk mailings. The same
publications were also distributed at the United Nations by personnel
of the Soviet delegation and at a Soviet Children's Exhibit recently
held in this country under the official Cultural Exchange Agreement
between the United States and the Soviet Union. Documents intro-
duced in the hearings reveal that the Soviet Government paid Cross-
currents Press, Inc., a sum in excess of $240,000 for these books.

The U.S. Post, Office delivered hundreds of thousands of these
propaganda documents to individuals, organizations, and institutions
in all parts of the country under less-than-cost mail rates — which
means that the American taxpayers were, in part, subsidizing this
Soviet propaganda project.

It is also worth noting that the distribution of these documents at
the Soviet Children's Exhibit was in violation of the Cultural Ex-
change Agreement between the United States and U.S.S.R. and that
the provision barring such distribution was included in the agreement
at the insistence of the Soviet Union.

The committee investigation revealed that Sharpe, in carrying out
his agreement with the Soviet Union, first published propaganda
material under the name of the International Arts and Sciences Press.
The magazine Soviet Highlights was originally published under the
name of this firm, which was not registered with the Department of
Justice as the agent of a foreign principal. Sharpe then formed
Crosscurrents Press, Inc., registered this firm with the Department of
Justice, made it the publisher of Soviet Highlights, and published four
properly labeled issues of the magazine under the Crosscurrents Press
label. He next changed the format and the name of Soviet Highlights
to Soviet Review and started publishing it once more under the name
of the International Arts and Sciences Press, without registering it
with the Department of Justice.

Joseph Felshin, president of both the New Era Book and Subscrip-
tion Agency, Inc., and New Century Publishers, Inc., of New York
City, was subpenaed to testify in the hearings and was questioned
about the financial arrangements existing between his organizations
and Sharpe's Crosscurrents Press, Inc. New Era Book and Subscrip-
tion Agency, Inc., is the distributor of Political Affairs and other
Communist propaganda published by New Century Publishers, Inc.,
which has previously been cited by the committee.

Felshin, as previously indicated, testified that he had received 10,000
copies of Sharpe's publication, Program of the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union, out that he had returned all copies of the booklet
after receiving the committee's subpena. He also testified that Cross-
currents Press had sold the 10,000 booklets to him for only $100,
or 10 each. When asked the identity of the individual from whom
he had learned he could obtain the booklets for only 10 each, Felshin
refused to answer, invoking the fifth amendment. He also took
refuge behind the fifth amendment when questioned about past or
present membership in the Communist Party.

Translation World Publishers, another firm engaged in the same
type of publishing activity, is located in Chicago 'and is jointly owned

18 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

by LeRoy Wolins and David S. Canter. The firm was formed for
the purpose of publicizing the admissions made by U-2 pilot Gary
F. Powers during his trial in Moscow. In order to expedite the publi-
cation of a Soviet-serving report on this case, daily transcripts of the
trial were cabled to Translation World Publishers from Moscow at
no cost to t he firm. The Trial of the U-2, its subsequently published
account of the case, contained photographs of Powers and pictures of
his equipment and demolished plane. These photographs, too, were
furnished Translation World Publishers by Soviet sources at no cost.

The publishing firm did not comply with the requirement of the
Foreign Agents Registration Act that it register with the Department
of Justice until after it had already printed and distributed The Trial
of the U-2.

The hearings disclosed that Translation World Publishers not only
received trial transcripts and photographs pertaining to the Powers
case on a gratis basis, but was also the recipient of the sum of $3,400
from the Soviet Government. According to a registration statement
filed under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, Wolins and Canter
claimed that $2,400 of this amount had been advanced to Translation
World Publishers for the purchase of copies of a geography book on
the U.S.S.R. which they proposed to print but which was never pub-
lished. An additional" advance of $1,000 was for 1,000 copies of
The Trial of the U-2.

Both LeRoy Wolins and David S. Canter, co-owners of Translation
World Publishers, have been identified as members of the Communist
Party. Appearing before the committee, neither Wolins nor Canter
would answer any questions propounded to them regarding their past
or present membership in the Communist Party. They also invoked
the fifth amendment and other constitutional privileges when asked
about their activities in connection with the publication of The Trial
of the U-2 and a subsequently published book entitled The Case
Against General Heusinger.

Records of the committee disclosed that Wolins and Canter failed
to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act until after pub-
lication of The Trial of the U-2. On February 16, 1961, the day they
filed as publishers of this book, they also formally terminated their
registration. Therefore, when Translation World Publishers subse-
quently published The Case Against General Heusinger, neither
Wolins nor Canter was registered under the Foreign Agents Registra-
tion Act. Moreover, they were not registered at the time of their
appearance before the committee.

In publishing The Case Against General Heusinger, Wolins and
Canter directly assisted the worldwide Communist campaign to dis-
credit NATO, and particularly the United States and West Germany,
by disseminating false charges against General Adolph Heusinger, the
then newly appointed chairman of the NATO Permanent Military
Committee.

On December 12, 1961, the day General Heusinger's appointment
to the NATO post was announced, the Soviet Union delivered a note
to the United States demanding the extradition of General Heusinger
on the grounds that he was guilty of "crimes against peace, war crimes,
and crimes against humanity. Enclosed with the note were 67
documents which purportedly substantiated the Soviet charges.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 19

On the very same date, a State Department official, in referring
to the Soviet note and documents, stated at a press conference :

This crude and ludicrous propaganda exercise is unworthy
of notice and I have no intention of dignifying it with any
comment. I would merely call your attention to the fact
that it has become Soviet practice to engage in such propa-
ganda activities on the eve of NATO Ministerial Meetings
for the purpose of creating disunity within the alliance and
discrediting the alliance.

On October 23, 1961, immediately after the nomination of General
Heusinger had been announced, the State Department issued an
official release in reply to Communist-instigated criticisms of the
nomination. This 314-page statement of fact pointed out, among
other things, that :

Thorough investigations by both Allied authorities
after the end of World War II as well as by scholarly non-
governmental investigators into the events of World War II
do not bear out any of the charges now being made against
General Heusinger. In fact, after investigations conducted
immediately after World War II had cleared Heusinger, he
served as consultant to the United States prosecution at the
Nuremberg trials. Nonetheless, the Department has care-
fully reviewed the material sent us by various groups
expressing objection to the appointment. On the basis of
this review we have concluded that this material consists
entirely of either allegations which are not supported by
facts or interpretations of facts, often taken entirely out of
their real context, which are not warranted.

The record shows that General Heusinger was aware of
the plot being conducted by a number of German officers
against Hitler over a number of years which culminated in
the events of July, 1944. While he was not personally in-
volved in the details of that particular attempt and the
actual placing of the bomb, he, as other German officers,
was aware of the general outlines of the plot and sympa-
thized with it. This fact became known to the Gestapo.
After the attempt failed, General Heusinger was arrested,
and interrogated at length in a Gestapo prison. However,
the Gestapo was unable to obtain sufficient proof to im-
plicate him in this plot and consequently he was simply
dismissed from the active service at that time and spent the
remaining ten months of World War II in that status.

A short while after the Soviet note was delivered to the United
States, it was revealed that one of the documents submitted in sup-
port of the charges against General Heusinger was fraudulent. It
was a picture allegedly portraying German troops executing Russian
partisans. Actually, however, the Soviet Union had previously used
this very same picture to portray alleged Japanese atrocities.

The Wolins-Canter book on Heusinger reproduced 56 of the 67
documents submitted with the Soviet note. It did not include the
above-mentioned fraudulent document and nine others which did not
pertain specifically to General Heusinger.

20 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Wolins refused to discuss with the committee the reasons for the
deletion of certain of the Soviet documents in the publication. He
also invoked constitutional privilege when asked about the deletion of
one additional document which was signed not by General Heusinger,
but by Vinzenz Mueller, creator of the post-World War II East
German People's Army.

Wolins and Canter prepared a foreword to The Case Against Gen-
eral Heusinger which condemned the United States and its allies for
the Heusinger appointment. They did this in spite of the fact that the
U.S. Government had exposed the fraudulent nature of the Soviet
charges and all 14 governments represented on the NATO Military
Committee had unanimously approved Heusinger's appointment after
carefully weighing all the facts in the case.

The committee's hearings brought out the fact that an unsolicited
general mailing of The Case Against General Heusinger was made by
Translation World Publishers to members of the Washington press
corps. When Wolins was questioned about the identity of the source
which financed this mailing, he invoked the fifth amendment. The
committee finds that Translation World Publishers was created by
known Communists to serve the propaganda interests of the U.S.S.R.

Propaganda Retail Outlets

In addition to the publishers of Soviet propaganda in the United
States, there are certain domestic booksellers and book distributors
actively engaged in spreading Soviet Communist literature through-
out the country. Some of these booksellers and distributors not only
import Soviet propaganda bulletins for retail purposes, but serve as
"legal" intelligence agencies of the Soviet Government. An example
of this type of operation was disclosed by the committee nearly 15
years ago when it revealed that the Four Continent Book Corpora-
tion was purchasing American patents for the Soviet Government for
25c" each.

The recent committee hearings disclosed that, between the years
1946 and 1960, the Four Continent Book Corporation, located in
New York City, had spent nearly a half million dollars annually for
the purchase, from American sources, of books, periodicals, and public
documents, including patents, for shipment to the Soviet Union.
Since 1960, the committee learned, the Soviet Government has divided
this operation among several agents. As a result, the sum expended
by Four Continent Book Corporation for such purchases (exclusive of
patents, which are now officially exchanged) was reduced to only
$35,000 in 1961.

During the period 1946 to 1960, Four Continent Book Corporation
also imported from the Soviet Union printed material valued in excess
of $1,000,000. Since 1960, however, the corporation's imports of
printed matter from the U.S.S.R. have amounted to only a little over
$110,000.

Allan Markoff, who had become president of the Four Continent
Book Corporation in 1948, testified that the firm had made no profits
during the 11 years of his presidency.

Despite this fact and the decline in Four Continent Book Corpora-
tion's business since 1960, Serge P. Ushakoff, the present owner, testi-
fied that he had recently -invested $15,000 in the firm— $10,000 for 17
shares of stock in the company which his predecessor had purchased

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 21

for $8,840 and an additional $5,000 for the purchase of 8 shares from
a third party.

As an employee of the firm, Ushakoff had earned $75 a week. He
testified that, as president of the firm, his salary is $125 per week.
The increase in his weekly take-home pay, represented by these figures,
would hardly justify the investment of $15,000 in a firm which had
made no profit throughout its history.

Ushakoff answered all questions asked him by the committee. He
denied that he had ever been under the direction of a foreign power.
As previously indicated, he also testified, in contradiction to a state-
ment filed with the Department of Justice by Myron Sharpe, that the
Four Continent Book Corporation did not receive 10,000 copies of the
Program of the Commumist Parti/ of the Soviet Union published by
Crosscurrents Press, Inc.

Allan Markoff testified that he had become president of the Four
Continent Book Corporation when he bought 10 shares of the firm's
stock from the preceding president, Cyril Lambkin, in 1948. He de-
nied having known at the time of purchase that Lambkin was a mem-
ber of the Communist Party and had been so identified before this
committee in 1947. Markoff's testimony was vague about the cir-
cumstances under which, through an intermediary, he sold controlling
interest in the corporation to Ushakoff for a profit of $1,160 in 1960.

The sale of the Four Continent Book Corporation stock to Serge P.
Ushakoff in January 1960 ended, for a time, Markoff's role as an agent
of a foreign principal. Markoff reregistered under the Foreign Agents
Registration Act in January 1962, however, as an agent for an or-
ganization called Raznoiznos, a Bulgarian Government-owned firm
engaged in the export of Communist propaganda. Markoff acknowl-
edged that he was currently registered as an agent of a foreign power,
but refused to answer any questions concerning the services he rendered
for the Communist government of Bulgaria through his principal,
Raznoiznos, and refused to even acknowledge to the committee that he
was an agent for the Bulgarian Government. He invoked the fifth
amendment when questioned concerning his recently formed business
enterprise, the FAM Book and Translation Service. Markoff also took
refuge behind the fifth amendment when questioned concerning his
membership in the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. He denied mem-
bership in the Communist Party, but refused to say whether he had
ever rendered financial assistance to it.

The committee hearings revealed that there is a definite relation-
ship between membership in the Communist Party of the United
States and the ownership of bookstores which serve Soviet interests
by importing foreign Communist propaganda material. Three such
bookstores which were subjects of the committee's investigation and
hearings are owned by persons who have served the cause of world
communism by holding leadership positions in the Communist Party
of the United States.

Imported Publications and Products, located in New York City,
is owned by Mrs. Margaret Cowl. She is the widow of Charles
Krumbein, who, prior to his death, was treasurer of the Communist
Party. She herself served as a Communist agent in Russia and China
in the 1930's. In her appearance before the committee, Mrs. Cowl
revealed that she is registered with the Department of Justice as an
agent for the International Book Company of the Soviet Union and

22 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

Guozi Shudian of Communist China. She also testified that during
the past5 years she had shipped bulk literature received from the
International Book Company in Moscow to various bookshops in the
United States, including the International Bookstore in San Francisco,
the Modern Book Store in Chicago, and the Jefferson Book Shop in
New York City. Mrs. Cowl also stated that she had operated Im-
ported Publications and Products since 1950. She invoked the fifth
amendment when questioned about a statement she had made on a
Foreign Agents Registration Act form filed June 4, 1958, to the effect
that she was not a member of any nonbusiness organization.

World Books, a newly established firm in New York City, is owned
and operated by Philip Frankfeld, former chairman of the Com-
munist Party of Maryland and the District of Columbia. Frankfeld
was convicted under the Smith Act in 1952 for conspiring to teach
and advocate the overthrow of the U.S. Government by force and
violence. After his release from prison in 1956, he was employed by
the Four Continent Book Corporation and remained with it until 1960,
according to the testimony of Markoff and Ushakoff. Frankfeld
admitted that he has been a registered agent for the International
Book Company of the Soviet Union and Guozi Shudian of Red China.
On fifth amendment grounds, he refused to answer any questions
concerning membership in the Communist Party.

Global Books, located in Detroit, is owned and operated by Mrs.
Helen Allison Winter, wife of Carl Winter, who recently resigned as
chairman of the Communist Party of Michigan to avoid prosecution
under the Internal Security Act. Mrs. Winter has been a member of
the National Committee of the Communist Party and, like Frankfeld
and her husband, was convicted for violation of the Smith Act. Her
conviction, however, was subsequently reversed because of the Supreme
Court's decision in the Yates case.

Carl Haessler, chairman-treasurer of Global Books Forum, invoked
the first, fifth, and fourteenth amendments when questioned concern-
ing Global Books and certain individuals affiliated with it. He denied
ever having been a member of the Communist Party.

Cross World Books and Periodicals of Chicago is co-owned by Alex-
ander Svenchansky and Henry Levy. Svenchansky, in an appearance
before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee in 1952, refused to
respond to questions concerning his membership in the Communist
Party. As a result of this, he was dismissed from employment with the
United Nations. With an indemnity payment which he received from
the United Nations following his dismissal, Svenchansky was permit-
ted by the Soviet Government to purchase a firm then known as Parcels
to Russia and since renamed Package Express and Travel Agency.

Gregory Boris Lotsman, manager of Cross World Books and Peri-
odicals, testified that, at the time they took over the firm, Svenchansky
and Levy had entered into a contract to pay the International Book
Company of Moscow the $71,000 owed it by the previous owner for
books in Cross World's possession. Mr. Lotsman expressed the opinion
that this stock was not wortn $10,000. Lotsman also testified that
this $71,000 debt had been reduced by Svenchansky and Levy, through
installment payments, to approximately $68,000.

Cross World Books and Periodicals was subsequently extended addi-
tional credit of $25,000 to $50,000 by the International Book Company,
although the Moscow agency had been paid only $3,000 against its note
for $71,000.

COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE CLEVELAND, OHIO, AREA

(Parts 1 and 2)

Public hearings relating to Communist activities within the Cleve-
land, Ohio, area were held by the Committee on Un-American Activ-
ities in Washington, D.C., on June 4, 5, 6, and 7, 1962. The principal
witness before the committee was Julia Clarice Brown, who testified
that her initial contact with the Communist Party had been in the year
1947, when she assisted in the political campaign of Albert Young, then
a candidate for the Cleveland City Council. She related the circum-
stances under which she had been deceived into joining the Communist
Party ? having been led to believe that she was joining a "civil rights"
organization which was working for the betterment of Negroes.

Mrs. Brown further explained that she quit the Communist Party
approximately 9 months later when she had come to realize the Com-
munist Party was "a conspiracy and trying to destroy my country."
Having reached that conclusion, she thereupon voluntarily contacted
the FBI, informing that agency of her suspicion. Later, in the sum-
mer of 1951, Mrs. Brown was asked by the FBI again to associate her-
self with the Communist Party as an undercover operative. This she
agreed to do. She remained a "member" of the Communist Party in
Cleveland, Ohio, until June of 1960, at which time she left the party
to take up residence in California.

Mrs. Brown's testimony was productive of much new and useful in-
formation concerning Communist tactics in fundraising; racial dis-
crimination within the Communist Party structure, described by Mrs.
Brown as "Jim Crow" practices ; the implementation of "united-front"
tactics which was prescribed as the "chief task" of the party at the
December 1959 National Communist Party Convention in New York
City and the organization, in 1958, of a new Communist splinter group,
the Provisional Organizing Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Com-
munist Party.

Additional information was obtained relating particularly to the
creation and manipulation of a Communist front called the Sojourn-
ers for Truth and Justice. This organization, founded in September
1951, was designed by Communists to involve Negroes in the activi-
ties and objectives of the Communist Party and to function under
the party's complete control.

An Initiating Committee of 14 persons established the Sojourners
for Truth and Justice. Four of these individuals were identified by
Mrs. Brown during the hearings as having been members of the Com-
munist Party; namely, Beulah Richardson, Sonora B. Lawson, Louise
Patterson, and Pauline Taylor. Beulah Richardson was listed as
having held the strategic position of acting secretary for the Initiating
Committee during the period of the formation of the organization.

Other Initiating Committee members of the Sojourners group were
Shirley Graham DuBois and Eslanda Goode Robeson, whose hus-

23

24 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

bands, Dr. William Edward Burghardt DuBois and Paul Robeson,
Sr., respectively, are well-known members of the Communist Party.
Mrs. DuBois was identified as a member of the Communist Party dur-
ing hearings conducted by the Subversive Activities Control Board
in the mid-1950,s. Appearing before a Senate committee in 1953, Mrs.
Robeson invoked the fifth amendment when asked whether she had
ever been a member of the Communist Party.

The testimony of Mrs. Brown also disclosed that the Cleveland dele-
gation to the 1951 founding convention of the Sojourners for Truth
and Justice was composed entirely of Communist Party members.

For reasons of expediency, the Communist Party decided to dis-
solve the national group and all local chapters of the Sojourners for
Truth and Justice in 1956.

Functioning under the sponsorship of the Sojourners for Truth
and Justice was another Communist front called the Defense Com-
mittee for Mrs. Myrtle Dennis. Mrs. Brown testified that Mrs. Dennis,
an active member of the Communist Party and a former officer of the
Sojourners for Truth and Justice, was arrested by Federal authorities
for making fraudulent statements in an application for an American
passport in connection with her travel to the Soviet Union in 1951.
At this point in the hearing, a copy of an appeal for funds issued
by the Defense Committee for Mrs. Myrtle Dennis (Brown Exhibit
No. 4) was introduced into the record. The exhibit noted that all
petitions and money collected in behalf of Mrs. Dennis were to be
returned to Mrs. Julia Brown, 3196 E. 123d Street, Cleveland.

The founding meeting of the Defense Committee for Mrs. Myrtle
Dennis was held at the home of Mrs. Dennis. The meeting was called
by Sarah Roberts McMillan who emerged as chairman of the organi-
zation. Julia Brown was appointed treasurer. Mary Turner, Mar-
garet Wherry and Samuel Handelman, attorney for Mrs. Dennis —
all identified by Mrs. Brown as members of the Communist Party of
Cleveland, Ohio — became members of the organization's executive
board.

Mrs. Brown further testified concerning the activities of numerous
other Communist-front organizations operating within the Cleveland,
Ohio, area, including the National Negro Labor Council, the Progres-
sive Party, and the Ohio Committee for Protection of Foreign Born.
She detailed the action of local Communist Party members in the
employment of these groups for the exploitation of Communists and
non-Communists alike.

Of special interest was Mrs. Brown's testimony revealing Com-
munist Party tactics in bringing about the dissolution of front or-
ganizations over which it had lost control or which no longer served
party purposes. She also contributed information relating to the
infiltration of church organizations and the use of such organizations
for fundraising, propaganda, and recruiting purposes; tactics em-
ployed by the party for the defense of its members involved in
violations of the Smith Act and other Federal and State laws; the
Communist organizational structure in the Cleveland, Ohio, area ; and
the party's activities in the political arena.

Mrs. Brown described the activities of more than 100 current and
former residents of the Cleveland area whom she identified as persons
she had known to be members of the Communist Party. Many of the
individuals named by Mrs. Brown as party members were still active

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 25

in Communist Party affairs at the time she moved from Ohio in June
1960.

Eighteen persons from the Cleveland area and one from Youngs-
town, Ohio — all identified by Mrs. Brown as Communist Party mem-
bers— were subpenaed as witnesses before the committee. They were :
Eugene Bayer, Martin Chancey, William Henry Cooper, Ruth Em-
mer, Ethel L. Goodman, Samuel Handelman, Frieda Katz, Jean
Krchmarek, Frida Kreitner, James Smid, Regina Sokol, Abraham
(Abe) Strauss, Sylvia Strauss, Elsie R. Tarcai, Violet J. Tarcai,
Pauline Taylor, Milton Tenenbaum, James Wells, and Margaret
Wherry. Among them were persons in the legal and teaching profes-
sions, church and civic organizations, and other important and influ-
ential fields of endeavor.

All of the above-mentioned witnesses invoked the fifth amendment
in refusing to answer questions with respect to present or past mem-
bership in the Communist Party, with the exceptions of William
Henry Cooper and Margaret Wherry. While stating that he was
not presently a member of the Communist Party and had not been
one for the past 10 years, Mr. Cooper invoked the fifth amendment
in response to all questions concerning prior membership and activi-
ties in the Communist Party. Mrs. Wherry denied present member-
ship in the party, but invoked the fifth amendment and refused to
testify regarding past Communist Party membership.

37-S77 0^64-

COMMUNIST YOUTH ACTIVITIES

(Eighth World Youth Festival, Helsinki, Finland, 1962)

Important facts about how pro-Communists captured the leadership
of the American delegation to the Eighth World Youth Festival held
in Helsinki, Finland, July 29-August 6, 1962, were recorded at two
separate hearings conducted by the committee. Some background
information is necessary, however, before the significance of the facts
developed at those hearings can be understood.

Background

The World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) and the
International Union of Students (IUS) are organizations which were
formed, under the direction of Moscow, at the close of World War II
for the purpose of capturing the minds of youth around the globe.
Beginning in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1947 and every 2 years there-
after through 1959, these groups jointly sponsored a World Youth
Festival. After a first-time lapse of 3 years between festivals, they
sponsored the eighth and most recent one in Helsinki, Finland, during
the summer of 1962.

World Youth Festivals are always ballyhooed by their sponsors as
democratic forums for airing and advancing the aspirations of young
people everywhere. In reality, however, each one of them has been
devised — and used — primarily as a medium for disseminating Com-
munist propaganda. These festivals have traditionally been the scenes
of vicious Communist attacks upon the United States.

Each World Youth Festival is run by an International Preparatory
Committee (IPC), appointed by the WFDY and the IUS. Hearings
conducted by the Committee on Un-American Activities in 1960 dis-
closed that the IPC which had ruled over the Seventh World Youth
Festival in Vienna in 1959 was unquestionably Communist dominated.
The character of the IPC for the 1962 Festival was no different, ac-
cording to the August 6, 1962, edition of Helsinki Youth News,, which
identified and gave the backgrounds of the 19 IPC leaders who "carry
the main burden of running this Festival." Most of them had Commu-
nist or pro-Communist records. The majority had been active in the
World Federation of Democratic Youth or the International Union of
Students. Ten were known Communist Party members and four
others, not identified as Communists, were from the USSR and Poland.
Furthermore, the IPC member appointed by that committee to put its
Festival plans into operation was a well-known, 37-year-old French
Communist, Jean Garcias. This same "youth" had also served as oper-
ational director of the Festival in Vienna 3 years earlier.

The theme chosen for the 1962 Festival was the much-used Commu-
nist propaganda slogan, "Peace and Friendship." Past festival themes
had reflected other Soviet lines on nuclear weapons, disarmament, the

26

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 27

people's "liberation" struggle in Viet Nam, and the people's fight
against "imperialist" aggression in Korea.

On October 14 and 15, 1961, 37 people met without fanfare on the
University of Chicago campus for the purpose of forming a United
States Festival Committee (USFC) to organize the American delega-
tion to the Eighth World Youth Festival. A significant outcome of
the Chicago meetings was that most of the USFC leaders selected at
that time were also to become the leaders of the 480-member U.S. dele-
gation which eventually went to Finland. Not only were the rank-and-
file participants in the delegation to be denied an opportunity to choose
their own leaders, but they were also to be thwarted from contribut-
ing to the official voice of the American group at the Helsinki Festival.

No general announcement was made about the formation of the
United States Festival Committee until 2 months after the Chicago
meetings. One of the first newspaper reports about the USFC ap-
peared in the December 16, 1961, edition of People's World, the Com-
munist Party's West Coast organ. Thereafter, the activities of the
USFC were given extensive coverage by Communist-influenced organs
and strong support by Communist sympathizers.

Many of the USFC leaders had records of affiliation with pro-
Communist causes. A USFC advertisement in the Communist-line
National Guardian newspaper of February 5, 1962, however, claimed
that:

The initiators of this movement in the United States are a
former college secretary of the American Friends Service
Committee; a national councilman of the Student Peace
Union ; a former chairman of SLATE at Berkeley * * *.

The National Guardian for April 2, 1962, printed a letter from three
prominent supporters of Communist fronts, urging financial contribu-
tions to the USFC. The authors of the letter were Willard Uphaus,
Carlton B. Goodlett, and Victor Rabinowitz.

On April 24, 1962, The Worker (Communist Party newspaper)
announced a "Folk and Jazz Concert" to raise funds for the USFC.
Identified Communist Party member Pete Seeger was listed among
persons scheduled to perform.

The Worker of June 12, 1962, reported that "fifty educators, church-
men and community leaders" had signed a statement encouraging
American youths to participate in the Eighth World Youth Festival.
Initiators of the statement were Carlton B. Goodlett and the Reverend
George A. Ackerly.

Among the 13 people identified by The Worker as part of the group
which signed the Goodlett- Ackerly statement were an identified mem-
ber of the Communist Party and a half-dozen others with extensive
records of Communist- front activity. Coincident ally, or otherwise,
10 of these 13 people had been among the signers of a full-page adver-
tisement calling for the abolition of the Committee on Un-American
Activities which appeared in the New York Times on February 22,
1962.

The USFC received help in recruiting delegates to Helsinki from a
number of local Festival committees formed on college campuses and
in various cities throughout the country. Participants and leaders in
some of these groups were either Communist Party members or openly

28 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

favorable to Communist causes. The head of the San Francisco Festi-
val Committee, for instance, was Patrick Hallinan, the son of Vincent
Hallinan, candidate of the Communist-controlled Progressive Party
for President of the United States in 1952. Young Hallinan was one
of 62 persons from the Bay Area who several years ago planned to go
to Cuba to build a school for Communist dictator Fidel Castro, despite
a State Department prohibition against such activity.

Although there is no doubt that the Eighth World Youth Festival
was a Communist-controlled affair and the leadership of the American
delegation was pro-Communist, the committee wants to make it clear
that by no means were all American participants pro- Communist. As
a matter of fact, some exceedingly patriotic young people knowingly
journeyed to the Communist-dominated Festival for the precise pur-
pose of defending the interests and prestige of the United States. The
Nation is indebted to the fine young Americans who pursued this
noble endeavor.

The Hearings

In April 1962, the committee held 4 days of executive hearings in
Los Angeles on "united front" techniques of the Communist Party in
the Southern California District. One of the subpenaed witnesses was
Marco Schneck, who, according to preliminary committee investiga-
tion, was a member of both the District Committee and the Youth
Commission of the Southern California District of the Communist
Party.

Schneck was also chairman of the Los Angeles Festival Committee,
which had been recruiting pro-Communists for the Eighth World
Youth Festival in Helsinki, Finland, and at the same time attempting
to prevent pro-Americans from becoming members of this country's
delegation.

Marco Schneck was an uncooperative witness, invoking constitu-
tional privileges, including the fifth amendment, on numerous ques-
tions put to him about his activities in the Communist Party, as
determined by the committee's investigation. He similarly invoked
the fifth amendment on questions about his recruiting of pro-Com-
munist young people for the American delegation to Helsinki.

Another witness at the Los Angeles hearings was Paul Rosenstein,
also a member of the Los Angeles Festival Committee, who subse-
quently became part of the pro-Communist hierarchy of the American
delegation at Helsinki. Preliminary investigation had revealed that
this witness was a member of the Youth Commission of the Southern
California District of the Communist Party.

Rosenstein invoked the fifth amendment when asked about the Los
Angeles Festival Committee and if he were a member of the Com-
munist Party. He declined to answer whether he and Schneck had
attended the Chicago convention of the United States Festival Com-
mittee, as evidenced by the committee's investigation.

On October 4, 1962, the committee held public hearings in Wash-
ington, D.C., on the Eighth World Youth Festival which had taken
place in Helsinki, Finland, from July 29 through August 6, 1962.

Prior to -the Festival, the committee had been contacted by about
10 anti-Communist young men and women who said they planned
to go to Helsinki with the American delegation and, upon return,
would be glad to inform the committee of the events that occurred

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 29

in Finland. Two of these persons became witnesses at both public
and executive hearings held in Washington on October 4.

The first was Donald Quinlan, 20-year-old junior at Fordham Uni-
versity in New York City. A summary of his experiences and obser-
vations in connection with the Eighth World Youth Festival follows :

Mr. Quinlan first contacted the United States Festival Committee
in the spring of 1962, several weeks before the April 15 deadline for
applications for the trip to Helsinki. Periodically, thereafter, he
went to the USFC office at 460 Park Avenue South in New York City
and helped with routine work such as typing, mailing letters, etc.
In that way he became acquainted with a number of the leaders of
the USFC, including the chairman and executive director, Michael
Myerson.

Myerson was a recent graduate of the University of California.
While in attendance there, he had been president of SLATE, a leftist
student political group which became so radical that its accredita-
tion as a campus organization was voided by the university. Under
the leadership of Myerson, SLATE participated energetically in the
Communist-inspired San Francisco riots against this committee in
May 1960.

While working at USFC headquarters, Quinlan learned that Myer-
son, along with Michael Tigar and Richard Prosten, members of the
board of directors and in charge of the organization's operations on
the West Coast and in the Middle West, respectively, formed the
real leadership of the American delegation to Helsinki. In fact,
when the group arrived in Finland, Myerson referred to himself,
Tigar, and Prosten as the "troika" of the Festival. Another member
of the board was Norman Berkowitz, who stayed in the New York
office most of the time and was in charge of USFC's East Coast
operations.

Like Myerson, Michael Tigar was once chairman of SLATE at
the University of California. He also was a leader of an attack on
the university's ROTC program and headed a campus campaign in
behalf of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Tigar has been active
in student movements to block and abolish activities of the Commit-
tee on Un-American Activities.

Behind the "troika" of Myerson, Tigar, and Prosten, Quinlan iden-
tified USFC's secondary leaders as Norman Berkowitz; Bert Wein-
stein, assistant executive secretary ; Barbara Rabinowitz, public rela-
tions director ; and Paul Rosenstein, who was previously mentioned in
connection with the Los Angeles hearings.

Fundraising and processing of applications were two primary
functions of the USFC office in New York. Mr. Quinlan testified,
however, that it was impossible to learn, as an observer in the office,
just how the Festival applications were screened because they were
treated very secretly by Berkowitz, who even took them home with
him for safekeeping.

Nevertheless, Quinlan learned that an application from Donald J.
Devine was rejected by USFC because he had been active with the
Young Americans for Freedom, an anti- Communist organization.

When the American delegation arrived in Helsinki, the Myerson-
Prosten-Tigar "troika" was recognized as the leadership of the U.S.
group by the International Preparatory Committee, which ran the
Eighth World Youth Festival. The "troika" and the secondary

30 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

USFC leaders mentioned by Quinlan were about the only Americans
the IPC would deal with.

Paul Rosenstein's job at the Festival was seeing that delegates'
identifications were checked, that they were properly registered, and
that nondelegates were kept out of meetings of the American group.

Quinlan said that the American delegation was poorly organized
at the Festival, with only the previously mentioned leaders knowing
what was going on much of the time. The rank-and-file members were
not consulted about any delegation decisions. They were simply given
instructions from the leaders, often by means of a loudspeaker.

When asked by the committee counsel to describe the general orien-
tation of the Festival, Quinlan suggested that the two words which
would best describe it were "Hate America." He said that the theme
of most every seminar and meeting would be along the lines of "Down
with the imperialist U.S.," "Down with neocolonialism," or "Down
with American and Federal colonialism."

The witness testified that the Festival not only tried to make the
free world — and particularly the United States— look bad politically,
but also from a cultural standpoint. Said Quinlan —

cultural programs were so arranged that the Western coun-
tries, with their amateur groups, would be in sharp contrast
to the Communist countries who came with professional
groups * * * so that the effect was to give the "obvious supe-
riority" of the Eastern countries in cultural events.

One of the alleged purposes of the Festival, to promote informal
person-to-person contacts among delegates from different regions of
the world, was all but impossible to achieve because of the widely
scattered locations in which the various groups were housed. Many
delegations lived on ships which could not be boarded by strangers
without a personal invitation. When interdelegation meetings were
held, they were so highly organized that there was little time for
person-to-person contact.

A double standard for pro-Communist and anti-Communist inter-
ests prevailed at the Festival. Mr. Quinlan provided several examples
of this.

When people such as the Hungarian youths now living outside
Hungary put in an appearance at the Festival, they were not allowed
to speak, ostensibly because they did not have the approval of the
Hungarian Government. On the other hand, dto- Communist exiles
from Spain were permitted to speak and participate in the Festival,
when quite obviously they were not sanctioned by the Spanish
Government.

At one seminar a Canadian delegate made a speech in which he
took an anti- Soviet position. Chinese Communist delegates were per-
mitted to make a rebuttal. Later, at the same seminar, an American
girl attempted to rebut anti-U.S. propaganda, but she was refused
the floor.

Back in the United States, before the Festival took place, the
USFC had said in a published statement :

The United States Festival Committee intends to use all
its influence to guarantee the fullest discussion possible and
to permit the freest expression of point of view.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 31

At the Helsinki Festival, however, according to Quinlan, the lead-
ership of the U.S. delegation made no protest about numerous fla-
grant curtailments of freedom of speech. The leadership only reacted
with surprise that any American delegates wished to express anti-
Soviet views.

The American delegation had a display table which was stocked
with Communist Party and Communist-front literature published in
the United States, including New Horizons for Youth, a publication
of the U.S. Communist Party's Youth Commission. When anti-
Communist U.S. pamphlets were put there, they would suddenly
disappear completely, apparently having been removed by the dele-
gation leadership.

Quinlan reported that in the Festival's closing-day parade such
signs as "No more Hiroshimas" and "Close down military bases on
foreign soil" were allowed, but one saying, "No more Soviet tests,"
was removed.

Of the 440 persons Quinlan estimated there were in the American
delegation, he said about one-fifth was anti-Communist, two-fifths
were leftist-pacifist, and the remaining two-fifths were Communist
or pro-Communist.

The second witness to testify at the committee's public hearings in
Washington on October 4, 1962, was Miss Ann S. Eccles, 25, an
officeworker, of Brooklyn, N.Y.

Miss Eccles corroborated many of the facts supplied by Mr. Quin-
lan. She, too, worked in the USFC office in New York before the
Festival. Miss Eccles had made several telephone calls to the office
to check the status of her Festival application when, on one occasion,
she was asked if she would come into the office and do some work for
the USFC. It was not until after she had worked in the office four
different times that Norman Berkowitz finally said that her appli-
cation was approved.

Miss Eccles told about an anti-Communist American delegate who
obtained permission to speak at one of the Eighth World Youth
Festival seminars, but abbreviated his prepared hour-long remarks
to take only a quarter of that time because the chairman had been
limiting all speeches to 10 minutes so that each could be followed by
a question-and-answer period. But when the American finished,
there was no question-and-answer period. Then a Russian spoke for
an hour and 15 minutes, followed by a Hungarian who spoke for 35
or 40 minutes more.

During this seminar, the same American delegate (a Mr. Ingels)
heard a North Korean claim that during the Korean war the American
soldiers used Korean babies for cannon fodder. Miss Eccles described
what then occurred :

Mr. Ingels stood up, even though he was shouted down, and
could not control himself and said, "That is a lie." The rest
of the Americans who were there immediately acted embar-
rassed and shunned him, and the Korean delegate demanded
an instant apology. He came around with 20 of his people
and stated that his delegation had been insulted. Mr. Ingels
finally did apologize for insulting the delegation, but he did
not retract the statement that it was a lie. I doubt, though,
that this was noted — the propaganda impact of the American
apologizing seemed to be sufficient.

32 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

Miss Eccles also testified about a seminar on cinematography which
she attended. When a delegate from Senegal was given the floor, he
said that there was no movie industry in his country, so he used his
allotted time to attack American "imperialism." Miss Eccles said
this delegate was heard to give the exact same speech, less his remarks
about the movie industry, at a different seminar.

The lady witness agreed with Mr. Quinlan's report that the leader-
ship of the American delegation made no protest about the undemo-
cratic procedures which marked the Festival. In contrast, the whole
Ceylonese delegation and individuals from other groups walked out
after realizing that they were being used for Communist propaganda
purposes.

After the public hearings were completed on October 4, both Mr.
Quinlan and Miss Eccles gave additional testimony in executive ses-
sion.

From their executive testimony, the following items are summarized :

On the opening-day's parade at the Helsinki Festival, the American
delegation was supposed to sing "America the Beautiful." When a
few persons started to sing it, they were drowned out by other Ameri-
can delegates singing "We Shall Not Be Moved" and "We Ain't Going
To Study War No More."

When the Cuban delegation entered the parade shouting, "Cuba si,
Yankee no," many Americans joined in the shouting of that slogan.

A Hungarian youth, living in exile and claiming to represent 6,000
young exiled Hungarians, had been refused recognition as a delegate
by the Festival and was unable to get the floor at any of the seminars.
Finally at one seminar, an anti- Communist American delegate got the
floor for himself after much effort and then immediately turned it
over to the exiled Hungarian leader. As the Hungarian tried to
speak, shouts of "Fascist" filled the hall, and he was unable to be
heard.

At another seminar at which the United States had been under a
particularly heavy attack, a pro-Communist American girl was asked
by a delegate from another country what nation she was from, and the
American replied that she was Cuban.

On the last day of the Festival, after many of the delegations had
already departed from Helsinki, the International Preparatory Com-
mittee permitted a free forum. Why? The Soviet press corps was
on hand in full force with floodlights, cameras, and microphones to
record the "democratic" procedures which prevailed at the Eighth
World Youth Festival.

U.S. COMMUNIST PART\ ASSISTANCE TO FOREIGN COMMUNIST

GOVERNMENTS

(Medical Aid to Cuba Committee and Friends of British Guiana)

Activities of two domestic organizations soliciting funds within this
country to send certain supplies to Communist-oriented governments
in Latin America were the subjects of committee investigations and
hearings during the past year.

Officials of the Medical Aid to Cuba Committee and the Friends of
British Guiana were interrogated by the Committee on Un-American
Activities at public hearings November 14 and 15, 1962, after pre-
liminary investigations revealed that individuals with records of activ-
ity in the Communist Party, USAj had become active in both of these
organizations. The committee sought to determine whether the or-
ganizations were engaging in propaganda and other activities in order
to help form Communist-controlled governments in the Western Hem-
isphere, or to aid and strengthen those already in existence.

The committee announced that the legislative purpose of this inquiry
was to determine whether the Foreign Agents Kegistration Act of
1938 required further amending to carry out the full intent of the act
as originally set forth by the Congress.

Subcommittee Chairman Morgan M. Moulder explained at the out-
set of the committee's public hearings that the aim of the registration
statute is "public disclosure by persons engaging in propaganda ac-
tivities and other activities for or on behalf of foreign governments,
foreign political parties, and other foreign principals so that the Gov-
ernment and the people of the United States may be informed of the
identity of such persons and may appraise their statements and actions
in the light of their associations and activities." Agents of foreign
principals are defined in the act as including anyone who "within the
United States solicits, disburses, dispenses, or collects compensation,
contributions, loans, money, or anything of value, directly or indi-
rectly, for a foreign principal * * *." Solicitation of funds used
solely for medical assistance is presently exempt from provisions of the
act, however.

"Confusion concerning the application of the act to certain organiza-
tions has resulted from court decisions," the subcommittee chairman
declared, and the committee is considering the necessity for "clarifica-
tion of the act" as well as amendments to "substantive provisions" and
a possible increase in penalties for violation of the act.

Medical Aid to Cuba Committee

The chairman of the Medical Aid to Cuba Committee and two other
individuals who have served as treasurer appeared before the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities on November 14, 1962. The organi-
zation, with headquarters at 147 West 33d Street in New York City,
was created in October 1961. By May of 1962, it had collected between

33

34 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

$20,000 and $30,000 for the purpose of sending medical supplies to
Cuba, Chairman Melitta del Villar informed the committee.

Mrs. del Villar identified herself as a Cuban-born U.S. citizen, whose
real name is Emma Lopez-Nussa Carrion Amster (Mrs. Louis J.
Amster). She said that Melitta del Villar is a professional name she
employs in her career as a singer and entertainer in New York City.
According to her testimony, the Medical Aid to Cuba Committee was
formed after she had heard about an "emergency" need for medicines
in Cuba and invited two or three acquaintances to get together to ex-
plore the possibilities of helping to supply medical items to that
country.

Mrs. del Villar insisted in her testimony before the committee that,
as chairman, she had exercised close personal supervision over the
operating expenses of the organization which she said has continuously
functioned as a charitable, nonpolitical endeavor and has not engaged
in propaganda activities. As a purely "humanitarian" organization,
she said, the Medical Aid to Cuba Committee had been advised that
it is exempt from the provisions of the Foreign Agents Registration
Act.

Preliminary committee investigations showed that the only other
individuals currently holding official positions in the Medical Aid
to Cuba Committee were Dr. Louis I. Miller, its "medical director,"
and Sidney J. Gluck, treasurer.

Mr. Gluck was interrogated by this committee on November 14,
1962, but repeated efforts to serve a subpena upon Dr. Miller at his
home and office in New York were unsuccessful.

Dr. Miller is credited with purchasing medical supplies which
have been shipped to Cuba by the MACC. Mrs. del Villar testified
that she had invited him to join the MACC for that purpose, al-
though she was not acquainted with him personally at the time and
did not know anything about his background other than that he had
once been active in medical aid to Spain. She also said she could
not recall who had recommended Dr. Miller to her.

Committee counsel thereupon read from public records which
showed that Dr. Miller was not only chairman of the Medical Bureau
of the cited Communist front, the American Friends of Spanish
Democracy, in the 1930's, but was also one of the "principal New
York contacts" during the 1940's for Soviet espionage agent Arthur
Alexandra vich Adams. Counsel further stated that Louis F. Budenz
had testified before the committee in executive session in 1951 that
he had met Dr. Miller during the 1940's at enlarged meetings of the
National Committee of the Communist Party.

Sidney Gluck, treasurer of the Medical Aid to Cuba Committee
since April 1962, was brought into the organization by Dr. Louis
Miller. In his appearance before the committee on November 14,
1962, Mr. Gluck invoked the fifth amendment in response to com-
mittee questions concerning past and present membership in the Com-
munist Party. Mrs. Mildred Blauvelt, an undercover informant
within the Communist Party for the New York Police Department,
had testified publicly before the committee on May 3, 1955, that Mr.
Gluck was a member of the Flatbush Club of the Communist Party.
In November of 1944, she said, he was credited with having recruited
54 new members into the party.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 35

Mr. Gluck refused to answer questions concerning literature issued
by the Communist Party's Jefferson School of Social Science in New
York, identifying him as a teacher at the school in 1947 and 1950.
The 1947 advertisement about the school named Mr. Gluck as instruc-
tor of a class on "Principles of Marxism, I."

This witness acknowledged that in 1961 he had engaged in activi-
ties sponsored by the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee and the
National Assembly for Democratic Rights, which have been character-
ized as Communist fronts in official reports of this committee. He
resorted to the fifth amendment again, however when confronted
with evidence that he publicly solicited the participation of young
Americans in the Communist-dominated Eighth World Youth Festi-
val in 1962.

When questioned concerning the selection of Mr. Gluck as treas-
urer of the Medical Aid to Cuba Committee, Chairman del Villar
disclaimed any knowledge of his relationship with the Communist
Party. "I do not screen people," she said. "I do not question any-
body who wants to help Medical Aid."

Mrs. del Villar acknowledged that she had been in correspond-
ence with local Medical Aid to Cuba Committees established in Los
Angeles, Detroit, and Chicago. Although they had sent in financial
contributions, she said, they were not "branches" of her organization,
because the New York committee exercised no control over them. She
disclaimed any personal acquaintanceship with officers of the Los
Angeles Medical Aid to Cuba Committee, as well as any knowledge
that several of them had appeared as witnesses in previous hearings
of the Committee on Un-American Activities.

Committee counsel observed for the record that Helen Travis, sec-
retary of the Los Angeles Medical Aid to Cuba Committee, had in-
voked the fifth amendment when questioned by this committee on
August 30, 1950. The committee had interrogated Mrs. Travis, a
former Daily Worker employee, regarding evidence that she had
transferred $3,700 to a "money drop" in Mexico City in an effort to
finance the release of a Stalinist agent imprisoned for murdering Leon
Trotsky.

Simon M. Lazarus, treasurer of the Los Angeles committee, had re-
fused to answer committee questions on March 26, 1953, regarding his
role as financier of a motion picture produced by the Communist-
infiltrated International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers.

Chairman del Villar was questioned about a MACC press state-
ment which attributed the need for its activities to (1) "an unofficial
boycott" by U.S. drug manufacturers, even though certain foods and
medicines were exempted from the U.S. embargo on trade with Cuba;
and (2) an expansion in medical care through public health services
in Cuba since the Castro-led revolution. Mrs. del Villar testified that
her information regarding an alleged boycott was obtained from a
British "peace" magazine and other journalistic sources. She con-
ceded, however, that her organization had experienced no difficulty in
purchasing medical supplies for shipment to Cuba. She stated she
personally knew of an improvement in social conditions in Cuba under
Castro.

Mrs. del Villar informed the committee she would not discuss her
own attitude toward the Communist dictatorship Castro has estab-

36 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

lished in Cuba because her "political beliefs" were not a "question for
debate" in an inquiry into a "humanitarian" organization. When con-
fronted with committee evidence that she had been active in the ex-
tremely "political" and notoriously pro-Castro propaganda organiza-
tion, the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, Mrs. del Villar admitted
membership in and speaking engagements in behalf of the FPCC. She
insisted, however, that she severed her relations with the organization
several months before conceiving the idea of a medical relief agency.
Her appearances for FPCC, she stated, were not "as a propagandist
for the Communist regime in Cuba, but simply to say what I know to
be true — that I knew Cuba and that I knew many things that happen
in Cuba now which were beneficial to the Cuban people from my
direct knowledge, whether it is called communism or Buddhist or
Zendist * * *." (During almost 30 years' residence in the United
States, Mrs. del Villar said she had made two trips to Cuba — one in
1950 and the other in the summer of 1960.)

Contradictory testimony was received from Mrs. del Villar and a
former MACC officer regarding the purpose of a telegram, bearing
the signature "Pat O'Morte," which had been sent from MACC head-
quarters on February 23, 1962, to a private New York residence. A
Western Union record of the telegram listed the names Mrs. Amster
(Mrs. del Villar) and Albert S. Baker, "subscriber."

Mrs. del Villar testified the telegram was a "fun message" which
she had sent to a birthday celebration for Mr. Baker (treasurer of the
MACC until his resignation in February 1962 for reasons of ill
health) . Mrs. del Villar said "Pat O'Morte" was herself and was a
name which meant "nothing" — "just a play of words" because "some-
times they say that I am somber."

When the committee interrogated Mr. Baker on November 14, 1962,
he insisted that he had neither received nor sent such a telegram, that
his birthday was in October, and that his name may have appeared on
the telegram as subscriber because he paid telegraphic bills for MACC.
This committee has also taken note of the striking similarity between
Mrs. del Villar's allegedly meaningless alias "Pat O'Morte" and the
slogan popular in revolutionary Cuba : "Patria o muerte (Country or
death) ."

DISTRIBUTION OF MEDICAL AID TO CUBA

Members of the committee pointed out to Chairman del Villar that
Communist governments in East Europe have made political use
of food and medical relief by distributing or withholding them so as to
reward Communist collaborators and punish those not considered
loyal to the Communist regime. They asked whether or not there was
any f ollowup by the MACC on the distribution of its supplies in Cuba.
Mrs. del Villar responded that there was no followup and that she
was ignorant of past Communist practices. She nevertheless ex-
pressed "complete confidence" that the supplies were being distributed
in Cuba on the basis of need. She said medical supplies which have
been purchased with contributions to MACC (after an approximate
14-percent deduction for operating expenses) are sent to the National
Hospital in Havana. She said the hospital director, Dr. Martha
Frayde, communicated with MACC on Cuban medical needs.

After interrogating officers of the Medical Aid to Cuba Committee,
this committee received testimony on November 15, 1962, from three

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 37

Cuban doctors who have taken asylum in the United States since
Castro's assumption of power: Dr. X, a surgeon who recently left
Cuba and whose identity was withheld to prevent possible reprisals
against relatives in Cuba ; and Drs. Emilio V. Soto and Jose G. Tre-
mols, Cuban pediatricians, who arrived in this country in 1960.

All of the doctors testified to a shortage of medical supplies in
Cuba. Dr. Soto offered the opinion that the shortage as of August
1960, when he left Cuba, had been created by Castro, who wanted
to make it appear the United States was to blame. He explained
that American drug manufacturing firms were still operating in
Cuba and supplying medicines to the Cuban medical profession at
that time.

Dr. X stated that by the date of his departure from Cuba in 1962,
he saw very few American medical supplies and he believed the
existing shortage was caused by the Cuban Government's inability
to purchase sufficient quantities and Soviet failure to provide
the quality of medical supplies to which Cubans are accustomed.
Dr. X noted that no private hospitals remained in Communist Cuba,
and that the Cuban Government controlled all medical supplies,
which would include the distribution of relief shipments from the
United States. This physician said on one occasion he had observed
that medical tablets bearing the name of an American laboratory
were packaged in cases labeled as coming from an East European
Communist nation.

Dr. Tremols recounted occasions in 1960 when a Cuban hospital,
still being operated privately, had to rely on one of its interns with
"good relations with the government" in order to obtain needed
medical supplies. Each of the three doctors testified that Dr. Mar-
tha Frayde, director of the National Hospital in Havana, has the
reputation in Cuba of being a Communist.

Friends or British Guiana

An organization known as Friends of British Guiana made its
appearance in New York City early in 1962 for the avowed purpose
of raising "a few thousand dollars" to buy printing equipment for
Cheddi Jagan's governing party in British Guiana.

Advertisements placed in U.S. publications by the Friends of
British Guiana in April and May 1962, and introduced as exhibits
during the committee hearings on the organization on November 15,
1962, frankly explained that "Dr. Jagan's elected government relies
upon one crudely printed, totally inadequate weekly paper to explain
its position to the people." "A political movement or government
without the means to convey its program to the broadest masses of
the people operates under a severe handicap," the advertisements
declared. "Friends of British Guiana in this country have accord-
ingly determined to provide Dr. Jagan's movement, the People's
Progressive Party, with a linotype machine, photoengraving equip-
ment, and other essential printing machinery" so that it can issue a
daily newspaper and "meet its important political obligations."

British Guiana is a former colonial possession of Great Britian
which has almost complete autonomy in internal affairs, and its gov-
ernment recently has been engaged in negotiations for complete in-
dependence. The local ruling party is the aforementioned People's

38 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

Progressive Party, whose leader, Cheddi Jagan, holds the post of
Premier of the Government of British Guiana. A general strike and
rioting erupted in British Guiana in February 1962, and was settled
only after British troops arrived on the scene at the request of the
Jagan government. In its April appeals for funds to help Dr. Jagan's
movement establish a daily newspaper, the newly formed Friends of
British Guiana stated :

In a recent Guardian * interview Janet Jagan, wife of the
Prime Minister of British Guiana, declared that one of the
chief reasons for the February riots in Georgetown was the
government's lack of a daily paper to explain its new budget
to the people.

Publicity issued by the Friends of British Guiana referred to
Jagan's political followers as "embattled friends of democracy" and
his opponents in British Guiana as "reactionaries." In contrast, an
official British Commission of Inquiry into the February disturbances
in British Guiana found that some of the opposition to Dr. Jagan and
his local government was motivated by the belief that his policies
were "leading the country towards Communism." The Royal Com-
mission observed that Dr. Jagan had evaded answering its questions
as to whether he was a Communist. The Commission concluded:
"There is very little doubt that many of his speeches and some of his
deeds gave rise to the apprehension that despite his evasions and
profession to the contrary, he was acting as a communist." The Royal
Commission quoted statements made by Dr. Jagan (subsequently made
part of this committee's hearing record) showing that the British
Guiana Premier was an admitted Marxist who had publicly declared
that "Communism is winning throughout the world — it will win
everywhere."

Preliminary committee investigations revealed that the leaders of
Friends of British Guiana were : Leo Huberman, provisional chair-
man ; Michael Crenovich, vice president ; and Marcia G. Rabinowitz,
treasurer. The committee also ascertained that the organization had
not registered with the U.S. Attorney General as a foreign agent.

The three officials of Friends of British Guiana were interrogated
by this committee on November 15, 1962, but they uniformly refused
to answer questions concerning their activities in the organization on
the grounds of possible self-incrimination.

Provisional Chairman Huberman, who is also co-editor of the
"independent socialist magazine" Monthly Review, readily dis-
cussed his own views as a "Marxist." He informed the committee that
he was an "independent Marxist-Socialist," who has never been a mem-
ber of the Communist Party but who believes in "working together
with others, including Communists, to the extent that their aims and
methods coincide with mine." Mr. Huberman admitted having per-
sonally talked with Premier Cheddi Jagan within the past year, but
refused to state whether the conversations involved the Friends of
British Guiana organization.

Michael Crenovich, a New York printing pressman, has never been
identified in Friends of British Guiana publicity as an officer of the

1This reference is to the National Guardian, a weekly newspaper cited in the com-
mittee's Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications as "a virtual official propa-

pnnH.i nrm of Soviet Rimsln "

ganda arm of Soviet Russia.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 39

organization, although he applied for a post office box for the organi-
zation on March 22, 1962, in the capacity of vice president. Mr.
Crenovich's membership on the National Committee of the Com-
munist Party in 1961 had been made public by the committee in the
course of hearings which it held in November 1961 on the Structure
and Organization of the Communist Party of the United /States. In
his appearance before the committee on November 15, 1962, Mr.
Crenovich invoked the fifth amendment in response to all questions
regarding his membership in the Communist Party. He also refused
to confirm the accuracy of literature issued in 1959 by the Communist
Party training school, the Faculty of Social Science, which listed him
as an instructor of its courses dealing with Latin America.

Marcia Rabinowitz, publicized as treasurer of Friends of British
Guiana, has been a member of the Coney Island Club of the Com-
munist Party in the Second Assembly District, Kings County, New
York, according to information received by the committee. On
grounds of possible self-incrimination, Mrs. Rabinowitz refused to
answer committee questions concerning her past or present member-
ship in the Communist Party.

COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES IN THE PEACE MOVEMENT
(Women Strike for Peace and Certain Other Groups)

On December 11, 12, and 13, 1962, a subcommittee of the Committee
on Un-American Activities held public and executive x hearings in
Washington, D.C., relating to the Communist Party's "united- front"
tactics of infiltrating peace organizations, with particular reference
to Women Strike for Peace and its Metropolitan New York, New
Jersey, and Connecticut section.

The purposes of the hearings were to determine whether Communists
are exerting influence upon the so-called "peace movement" in a
manner and to a degree affecting the national security, and to obtain
information to aid the committee and the Congress in determin-
ing the need for amendment of the Internal Security Act of 1950
to make its provisions applicable to persons engaged in such activities,
or to make unlawful membership in the Communist Party as proposed
in H.R. 9944, referred to this committee on January 30, 1962.

When Chairman Walter announced the hearings on December 6,
he said :

It is with reluctance that the committee deems it neces-
sary to conduct hearings which touch upon alleged peace
activities in this country. Without a doubt, the word "peace"
reflects the deepest aspirations of the greatest number of
individuals on both sides of the Iron Curtain and in all parts
of the world.

Unfortunately, the Communist conspiracy, through treach-
ery and deceit, has established a long record of converting
man's greatest dreams into tools for bringing about man's
most tragic losses of dignity and freedom. If Communists
are today attempting to use the earnest desire for peace of the
average American as a means for making him more vulnerable
to conquest by a Communist-triggered war, then the Congress
should be made aware of it so something can be done about it.

As the hearings began, Subcommittee Chairman Doyle pointed out
in his opening statement past Communist uses and abuses of the word
"peace." In 1948, for instance, Soviet dictator Josef Stalin had
launched a spectacular "peace" offensive marked by "peace" confer-
ences and congresses in the major nations of the world. These "peace"
gatherings were attended and supported by leading Communists
and fellow travelers of the coimtries in which they were held.

But how sincere was the Stalin "peace" offensive? In June 1950, at
the very time Stalin was directing the establishment of the Moscow-
controlled World Peace Council, the international Communist con-
spiracy unleashed its war upon South Korea. This phase of the
Communist "peace" offensive took the lives of more than 50,000
Americans.

1 Released by the committee and ordered to be printed.
40

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 19 62 41

At a lengthy Moscow meeting in the fall of 1960, delegations from
81 Communist parties around the globe unanimously adopted a state-
ment of the strategy by which they hope to conquer the world. A
sample of the language in that statement follows :

Today, as never before, it is important to fight perseveringly
in all countries to make the peace movement thrive and ex-
tend to towns and villages, factories and offices.

On January 6, 1961, just 1 month after the 81-party meeting, Soviet
dictator Nikita Khrushchev made a major address. In it he further
emphasized the need for using the appeal of peace as a strategic
Communist weapon. The Khrushchev speech, which was subse-
quently reprinted in many languages and distributed to Communist
parties everywhere, said in part :

Every day bigger sections of the population should be drawn
into the struggle for peace * * *. The banner of peace
enables us to rally the masses around us. By holding aloft
this banner we will be even more successful.

Gus Hall, general secretary of the Communist Party in the United
States, wasted little time before acting upon the "peace" strategy in-
structions emanating from Moscow. In a report to the U.S. Com-
munist Party's National Committee on January 20, 1961, Hall re-
peatedly hammered at the urgency for carrying out the Communist
"peace" strategy. Examples follow :

It is necessary to widen the struggle for peace, to raise its
level, to involve far greater numbers, to make it an issue in
every community, every people's organization, every labor
union, every church, every house, every street, every point of
gathering of our people.

It is imperative to bring everyone — men, women, youth and
yes, even children — into the struggle.

It is essential to give full support to the existing peace
bodies, to their movements and the struggles they initiate, to
building and strengthening their organizations.

It is also necessary to recognize the need for additional peace
organizations * * *.

Above all, Communists will intensify their work for peace,
and their efforts to build up peace organizations.

Mr. Doyle pointed out that although Communists have always
found the peace theme an effective propaganda instrument for dis-
arming, confusing, and weakening those nations they seek to destroy,
they have consistently stated that they themselves are not opposed
to war and, on the contrary, consider it a vital tool for the achievement
of their revolutionary aims.

Lenin, the master Communist tactician, wrote in 1917 :

We are not pacifists. We are opposed to imperialist wars for
the division of spoils among the capitalists, but we have al-
ways declared it to be absurd for the revolutionary proletariat

37-377"0— ■ 64— ^-4 "

42 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

to renounce revolutionary wars that may prove necessary in
the interests of socialism.

This basic Communist doctrine on war, Mr. Doyle pointed out, had
been reaffirmed by 81 of the world's Communist parties as recently as
December 1960 when they unanimously adopted their previously re-
ferred to strategy statement.

In the Large Soviet Encyclopedia (Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklo-
pediya) published in 1951, he stated, war is denned as follows (p. 570,
Vol. 8) :

War is a social phenomenon inherent in a society containing
classes and antagonism.

Two pages later, in a discussion of war, the encyclopedia says :

Wars will cease only with the destruction of capitalism and
the victory of the socialist system in all the world.

Thus, Mr. Doyle said, while the Communists talk peace incessantly,
they actually believe there can be no real peace until they have con-
quered the entire world, eliminating all other systems.

Mr. Doyle emphasized that although peace agitation and propa-
ganda in the United States have been given top priority by Moscow,
this does not mean that everyone who agitates for peace is a Commu-
nist or a fellow traveler. He pointed out that the cry for peace is
universal and that it comes from sincere, patriotic persons and groups,
as well as from the Communists, who, even while crying "peace,
foment unrest and war. Mr. Doyle further cautioned that just be-
cause Communists have infiltrated some peace groups, it does not
mean that all, or even a majority, of the persons in such groups are
pro-Communists.

The first witness to appear at the committee's public hearings be-
ginning December 11, 1962, was Richard A. Flink, a New York attor-
ney. National attention had been focused on Mr. Flink 3 months
earlier when the Department of Justice disclosed that he, with the
full knowledge and approval of the Federal Bureau of Investigation,
had accepted a $3,000 payment from two Russian employees of the
United Nations and entered into an espionage arrangement with them.
The two Russians, Yuri A. Mishukov and Yuri V. Zaitsev, had already
returned to the Soviet Union by the time the Justice Department an-
nouncement was made.

A summary of Mr. Flink's testimony before this committee fol-
lows:

Mr. Flink first met Mishukov, a translator at the U.N., in 1959 at
a cocktail party in New York City. About two months later, this
Russian national telephoned Flink and invited him to lunch. Flink
made a tentative luncheon appointment with Mishukov, but then
sought advice from the U.S. Attorney's Office in New York where he
had worked as a legal assistant. He was advised to contact the FBI.

The FBI asked Flink to meet Mishukov, find out what he wanted,
and report back to the Bureau. This inaugurated a series of meetings
between the American attorney and the Russian translator. They
averaged about two encounters a month for a period of 3 years, during
which time Flink kept the FBI fully informed of all developments.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 43

"Most of these meetings," Flink told the committee, "were devoted to
social, philosophical, ideological discussions."

Inasmuch as Flink was obtaining information for the FBI, he did
not want to antagonize Mishukov. Therefore, he normally let the
Russian bring up whatever topics he wished and then discussed them
in the way he thought would please the Soviet translator. In this
way, Flink testified, he and Mishukov "built up a so-called friendly
relationship, predicated primarily on our mutual desire for peace."

Topics initiated by Mishukov included disarmament, nuclear test-
ing, increased trade, economics, and Flink's future. The Russian often
urged his American "friend" to get into government service.

Mishukov was highly pleased in the spring of 1962 when he learned
that Flink was going to be a candidate to represent the 12th District
in the New York State Assembly. He offered to finance Flink's cam-
paign, provided the latter would accept direction on what policies to
advocate.

Flink objected and told Mishukov that he (Flink) would have to
use his discretion on this inasmuch as the policy positions the Soviet
representatives would want him to advocate would be "out of place"
on many occasions because of the subject matter and places at which
he would be delivering speeches.

In response to a question about the policies that Mishukov wanted
him to advocate in public office, Flink replied that he was to talk about
trade with the Soviet Union and Communist bloc countries, disarma-
ment, and nuclear testing, and that he was to "generally relate what-
ever I was discussing to the general subject of peace."

The compromised arrangement agreed to by Flink was satisfactory
to Mishukov, who gave him $1,000 of a promised $3,000 payment. On
the occasion when Mishukov was supposed to give Flink the second
payment, he informed the American that he was returning to Russia,
but that Yuri Zaitsev, to whom he shortly introduced Flink, would
continue the campaign arrangement then in effect.

Mishukov returned to the Soviet Union early in July 1962, and
Flink continued the relationship with Zaitsev as it had been arranged
by Mishukov.

Just a month after Mishukov had gone back to Russia, however,
Zaitsev followed him there. Thus, Flink's role as a counterspy came
to a close.

Mrs. Blanche Hofrichter Posner of Scarsdale, N.Y., a graduate of
Hunter College, who had taken postgraduate work at New York Uni-
versity, City College, and Columbia University, was a witness before
the public session of the committee on December 11. She answered
the initial routine questions asked by the committee's counsel for the
purpose of establishing the identity of the witness.

Mrs. Posner admitted that she had been a teacher, but invoked the
fifth amendment when asked if, in accordance with committee infor-
mation, she had been a member of a Communist Party fraction of
public school teachers during the course of her employment at the De-
Witt Clinton High School in New York City.

Although Mrs. Posner declined to testify about her role in the New
York group of the Women Strike for Peace, the committee's counsel
placed several exhibits into the record of the hearings which indi-
cated she held an official position in the group. An article in the

44 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

New York Times of April 19, 1962, reporting an interview with her,
described Mrs. Posner as the office coordinator for this group and
stated :

She spends as many as ten hours a day working for W.S.P.
Her files contain the names of 6,000 local adherents, each of
whom, she said, has a list of friends she can call upon.

Literature published by the Women Strike for Peace identified
the address of the New York group as 750 Third Avenue, New York
City.

An undated document acquired by the committee, entitled "Struc-
ture for Women Strike for Peace, Metropolitan N.Y., New Jersey,
Conn.," named Mrs'. Posner as the chairman pro tern of the office
committee for the New York area. The witness invoked the fifth
amendment when asked questions about this document.

Mrs. Posner also declined, on the basis of the fifth amendment, to
confirm or deny committee information that she had distributed a
document with the title "Bibliography" at a Women Strike for Peace
meeting. This bibliography was a list of recommended reading ma-
terial on the subjects of war, peace, disarmament, nuclear testing,
etc. The witness declined to say whether she had prepared the
bibliography.

One source of recommended reading on the bibliography was the
Greenwich Village Peace Center, headed by John W. Darr, Jr., an
identified member of the Communist Party and a witness in the
present hearings. Mrs. Posner invoked the fifth amendment when
asked if, when distributing the bibliography, she had informed mem-
bers of the WSP that Darr had been so identified.

She also claimed the privilege of the fifth amendment when asked
if she had told WSP members that Henry Abrams, who heads another
organization whose "peace" publication was included as recommended
reading in the bibliography, had been publicly denounced as a "vet-
eran member of the Communist Party."

Mrs. Posner invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she was cur-
rently a member of the Communist Party; if she had worked in
Women Strike for Peace upon the request of, or on orders from, the
Communist Party; if she had received listings of names for WSP
from persons known to be members of the party ; if she had received
listings of names from any organization known to be Communist con-
trolled or designated as subversive by the Attorney General of the
United States or any official agency of Government ; if she had trans-
mitted information from the WSP files to person or persons known to
be members of the Communist Party ; and if she had knowledge of, or
belonged to, a Communist caucus within the New York organization of
the WSP which met separately to coordinate Communist policies with
respect to the WSP.

Another witness who appeared at the committee's public hearings on
December 11 was Mrs. Ruth Meyers of Roslyn, N.Y., a graduate of
Hunter College, with a master's degree in the science of education
from Hofstra College. She denied that she was a member of the
Women Strike for Peace, insisting that the WSP has "no member-
ship." She refused to acknowledge whether she knew Mrs. Posner.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 45

Mrs. Meyers testified that she was associated with a group in her
neighborhood known as Women for Peace, which had acted on certain
occasions under the banner of Women Strike for Peace.

The witness refused to say whether she knew Mrs. Dagmar Wilson,
ostensibly the head of the national Women Strike for Peace group, but
did admit that she first met with women working for peace after Mrs.
Wilson's announcement of the formation and call for support of
the national WSP.

Mrs. Meyers said that, whenever possible, her Women for Peace
group tried to send representatives to county meetings of the Women
Strike for Peace. (According to WSP literature, local groups were
to send representatives to WSP county meetings from which delegates
would be sent to meetings of the central coordinating committee.)

Mrs. Meyers expressed pride in the work she had done to help or-
ganize a New York group of members of the Women Strike for Peace
who took part in a picket-line demonstration at the White House on
January 15, 1962. She also acknowledged that she had played
a leading role in arranging a sendoff demonstration at Idlewild
Airport on April 1, 1962, for the Women Strike for Peace delegation
to the 17-nation disarmament conference at Geneva, Switzerland.

The witness denied that she was the Ruth Meyers who, as a resident
of Brooklyn on July 27, 1948, had signed a Communist Party nomina-
ting petition for an identified Communist who was seeking a seat on
the New York City Council.

Mrs. Meyers invoked the fifth amendment, however, when asked if
she was, or ever had been, a member of the Communist Party and de-
clined to state if she had engaged in activities with the Women
Strike for Peace or the Women for Peace in order to carry out Com-
munist Party directives.

The final witness at the committee's public hearings on December
11 was Mrs. Lyla Hoffman of Great Neck, N.Y., a high school gradu-
ate, who described herself as a "housewife and peace worker."

Mrs. Hoffman testified that she helped form the Great Neck Women
Strike for Peace group, that she had represented that group at Nassau
County meetings of WSP and, in turn, had represented Nassau County
at meetings of the central coordinating committee of the New York
City group. She also said that she had attended several of the meet-
ings which established the structural plan for the Metropolitan New
York, New Jersey, and Connecticut area group of the Women Strike
for Peace.

The witness testified that the Great Neck WSP maintained a mail-
ing list of persons who attended the group's meetings and demonstra-
tions. She said that she did not personally maintain that list; that
it passed from one woman to another, according to who was avail-
able to send out the next scheduled mailing. She estimated that there
were 375 names on the mailing roster.

Mrs. Hoffman refused to state whether she was acquainted with Mrs.
Dagmar Wilson of Washington, D.C.

When asked if she had been a member of the Communist Party
in 1944, Mrs. Hoffman responded that she was not now a member and
had not been a member for more than 5 years.

46 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

She declined to invoke the fifth amendment, but nevertheless re-
fused to tell the committee (1) if she had ever formally resigned from
the Communist Party; (2) if she had ever publicly announced with-
drawal from the party; (3) if her alleged withdrawal had been pure-
ly a technical one; and (4) if she had had an understanding with any
Communist Party functionary at the time of her alleged withdrawal
to the effect that she would continue to support the party, its policies,
and objectives.

At the conclusion of the public hearings on December 11, the com-
mittee heard two witnesses in executive session. The first witness
was Mrs. Elsie Neidenberg, a high school graduate, housewife, and
volunteer hospital worker of Long Island, N.Y.

Mrs. Neidenberg invoked the fifth amendment, rather than admit
or deny membership in the Women Strike for Peace.

According to committee information, this witness attended a meet-
ing of the New York group of the WSP on January 22, 1962, and,
with two other women, volunteered to serve as co-treasurer when the
preceding treasurer resigned. When asked to confirm this informa-
tion, Mrs. Neidenberg invoked the fifth amendment — as she did when
queried on whether, during her tenure as co-treasurer, the New York
group had filed any financial reports with the Washington headquar-
ters of the WSP. She invoked the fifth amendment in refusing to an-
swer questions by the committee regarding the financing of the travel
of nearly 1,500 women who entrained from New York to Washington
to participate in the White House picket line on January 15, 1962.

Mrs. Neidenberg invoked the fifth amendment to avoid confirming
or denying committee information that she had signed a Communist
Party independent nominating petition on August 27, 1946, for the
New York election of that year.

She also invoked the fifth amendment when asked (1) if she was
currently a member of the Communist Party; (2) if, as co-treasurer
of the New York WSP group, she had solicited or received funds from
persons known by her to be members of the Communist Party; (3) if
she had communicated to any person known to her to be a member of
the party information relating to the financial status of the WSP; and
(4) if she had engaged in the Women Strike for Peace activity for the
benefit of the Communist Party.

The second witness heard in executive session on December 11 was
Mrs. Sylvia Contente, a high school graduate and resident of the
Bronx, N. Y., who testified she was president of a public school parent
association, active in community affairs, and employed as a bookkeeper.
Mrs. Contente invoked the fifth amendment when queried about com-
mittee information that she had attended a 1945 State convention of
the American Youth for Democracy, the 1943 successor organization
of the Young Communist League. Her response was the same when
presented information by the committee to the effect that in 1946 she
had signed a Communist Party independent nominating petition for
Robert Thompson, a leading CP functionary who sought the gov-
ernorship of New York State, and for other party candidates for
elective public office.

Mrs. Contente invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she be-
longed to the New York group of the WSP ; if she had been a member
of the WSP delegation organized by the New York group and sent
to the Geneva disarmament conference; if she personally assumed

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 47

the expense of her trip to Switzerland ; and if the New York group
had organized the delegation to Geneva in behalf of the national
Women Strike for Peace.

She also invoked the fifth amendment in refusing to say whether
she was presently a member of the Communist Party or if she had been
counseled by any member of the party to work in Women Strike for
Peace and other peace organizations.

Miss Rose Clinton, "a free lance stenographer" of New York City,
was the first witness at the committee's public hearings on December
12, 1962. She testified that she had received a bachelor of laws degree
from George Washington University and that she had formerly lived
in Washington, D.C.

The committee's preliminary investigation had disclosed that Miss
Clinton was the secretary and membership chairman of an organiza-
tion known as the West Side Peace Committee, located in New York
City. Miss Clinton invoked the fifth amendment when asked how
the West Side Peace Committee had come into being and the circum-
stances under which she had become one of its executives.

It was pointed out by the committee counsel that a U.S. Senate
investigation of the Greater New York Committee for a Sane Nuclear
Policy had brought out the fact that Henry Abrams, a prominent
leader of that group, was a Communist Party member. Abrams was
subsequently suspended and then expelled from the national SANE
organization in January 1961. The committee's counsel presented
Miss Clinton with the further information that Abrams had then
formed and assumed the chairmanship of a new organization called
the Conference of Greater New York Peace Groups, which established
an executive committee to coordinate the activities of local supporting
groups.

According to the committee's information, Miss Clinton was one
of the initial members of the Conference of Greater New York Peace
Groups, but she declined under the fifth amendment privilege against
possible self-incrimination to affirm or deny this fact. She invoked
the fifth amendment when asked if, as the committee's investigation
had indicated, the West Side Peace Committee was one of the local
groups operating in support of the Conference of Greater New York
Peace Groups formed by Abrams.

Miss Clinton again declined, under the fifth amendment, to answer
questions about the committee's investigative findings that the West
Side Peace Committee had a paid-up membership of about 95 per-
sons, a mailing list of approximately 800 names, and had a representa-
tive on the Conference of Greater New York Peace Groups. She de-
clined to say whether she either knew Henry Abrams or knew him to
be a member of the Communist Party.

She invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she had been ap-
pointed secretary and membership chairman of the West Side Peace
Committee by a person known to her to be a Communist Party member.

The committee counsel cited testimony before this committee on
July 11, 1951, by Mrs. Mary Stalcup Markward, an undercover op-
erative for the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the Communist
Party of the District of Columbia from 1943 to 1949. Mrs. Markward
had stated under oath that she met Rose Clinton at a secret Communist
Party meeting in Baltimore during the spring of 1949. Miss Clinton

48 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

declined, under the fifth amendment, to state whether Mrs. Mark-
ward's testimony concerning her was correct.

The witness also declined to affirm or deny, testimony of Dorothy K.
Funn given before this committee on May 4, 1953. Mrs. Funn had
testified that she had known Miss Clinton as a member of the Commu-
nist Party in Washington, D.C., during the mid-1940's.

Miss Clinton continued to invoke the fifth amendment when asked
(1) if she was presently a member of the Communist Party; (2) if
she had participated in activities of the New York group of the
Women Strike for Peace; (3) whether she was a member of the
Women Strike for Peace; (4) whether she had discussed with Mrs.
Blanche Posner or Mrs. Lyla Hoffman activities of the West Side
Peace Committee; (5) if she had participated in making arrange-
ments for a representative of the New York group of the WSP to
speak at a fallout shelter panel discussion in New York City, under
the auspices of the West Side Peace Committee, as advertised in the
National Guardian newspaper of January 15, 1962 ; and(6) if she had
been under the discipline of the Communist Party while active with
the West Side Peace Committee.

The second witness to appear at the public hearings on December 12
was Mrs. Iris Freed, a graduate of the Girls' Commercial High School
and a housewife of Larchmont, N.Y.

Mrs. Freed denied that she was a delegate from Westchester County,
N.Y., to the central coordinating committee of the New York group
of the Women Strike for Peace. She insisted that the WSP was not
"organized," although she did admit a familiarity with the New
York group's structural plan which provided a central coordinating
committee for its area of jurisdiction.

The witness testified that the Women for Peace and Women Strike
for Peace were one and the same organization, and that she was the
person who had been referred to as a Westchester community chair-
man of the organization called "Women for Peace" in the Daily Argus
of Mount Vernon, N.Y., on January 12, 1962. Mrs. Freed denied,
however, that the Westchester Women for Peace had a chairman.

Mrs. Freed admitted that on May 12, 1961, she had participated in
a Carnegie Hall meeting, featuring an address by Linus Pauling,
which was sponsored by the Conference of Greater New York Peace
Groups, which also established the 100 Days for Peace Committee.
She invoked the fifth amendment, however, when asked if she knew
Henry Abrams, the group's chairman.

Early in her testimony, Mrs. Freed had acknowledged that her
maiden name was Iris Schwartz and that she had lived at 659 Penn-
sylvania Avenue in Brooklyn, N.Y., in the 1940's. Nevertheless, she
invoked constitutional privilege in declining to say whether she was
the person of that name who had, while living at the same address, on
September 15, 1941, signed a Communist Party nominating petition
in behalf of well-known Communist functionaries.

Mrs. Freed declined, under the fifth amendment, to affirm or deny
committee information that she had been a member of the Communist
Party Carpet Shop Branch of Yonkers, N.Y., and that meetings of
that branch had been held in her home in 1954. She claimed constitu-
tional privilege in declining to affirm or deny committee information

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 49

that she had attended a Westchester County Convention of the Com-
munist Party in January 1957. She also invoked the fifth amendment
when asked if she were currently a member of the Communist Party.

Another witness who appeared at the committee's public hearings of
December 12 was Mrs. Anna Mackenzie of Westport, Conn., a graduate
of Vassar College.

Mrs. Mackenzie testified that she was proud to have worked in the
Women Strike for Peace movement but insisted that the WSP was
not "an organization" and that she was therefore not a "member" of it.

The committee's investigation had disclosed that this witness had
been in charge of publicity for the sendoff demonstration for the
Women Strike for Peace delegation to the April 1962, 17-nation dis-
armament convention at Geneva. Mrs. Mackenzie claimed all constitu-
tional privileges, excluding the self-incrimination clause of the fifth
amendment, in refusing to say whether she had written or dissemi-
nated three items of WSP publicity which were entered into the
record of the hearings.

The witness repeatedly said that she was excluding the self-incrimi-
nation clause of the fifth amendment, while claiming other constitu-
tional protections as her basis for not answering questions about her
role in WSP publicity.

Mrs. Mackenzie was confronted with information regarding her
Communist Party membership during the 1940's but continued to ex-
clude the self-incrimination clause of the fifth amendment and refused
to state whether she had ever been, or was currently, a member of the
Communist Party.

Miss Elizabeth Moos of New York City, holder of an A.B. degree
from Smith College and an M.A. degree from Columbia University,
appeared before the committee during its public hearings on December
12. She testified that she had attended meetings of the Metropolitan
branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom,
but denied that she had been a leader of the group.

She acknowledged that she had been director of the Peace Informa-
tion Center for a brief period when it existed 12 years earlier. This
organization was officially cited by this committee in 1951 as having
been under the directorship of "Elizabeth Moos, an identified Commu-
nist," and by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee in 1956 as a
Communist front. It had assumed as its principal task the circulation
of the World Peace Appeal, also known as the Stockholm Peace Ap-
peal, which was issued in March 1950 by the Communist-controlled
Permanent Committee of the World Peace Congress at a meeting in
Stockholm, Sweden, just 3 months before the Communist attack on
South Korea.

Miss Moos admitted having attended the World Peace Congress
held in Paris in April 1949 and cited as Communist by this committee
in 1949 and by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee in 1956.

The committee counsel cited the fact that, as a result of the World
Peace Congress of April 1949, an organization known as the American
Continental Congress for Peace was established in the Western Hemi-
sphere. The counsel introduced as an exhibit a Call to the American
Continental Congress for Peace to be held in Mexico City, September
5-10, 1949. The name of Elizabeth Moos appeared with others on the

50 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Call under the heading of "Women's Sponsoring Committee from the
United States." The witness invoked the fifth amendment when asked
if she were, in fact, the Elizabeth Moos whose name was so listed on
that exhibit.

It was pointed out by the committee counsel that in April 1951 the
Committee on Un-American Activities published a report on the Com-
munist "Peace" Offensive, in which the American Continental Con-
gress for Peace was officially cited as "another phase in the Communist
'peace' campaign, aimed at consolidating anti-American forces
throughout the Western Hemisphere."

Miss Moos again invoked the fifth amendment in refusing to state
whether, in 1953, she had written an article for the Friendship Booh
published by the American Russian Institute of San Francisco, an or-
ganization cited as subversive by the Attorney General in 1948.

She made a fifth amendment declination rather than say if there
was any inaccuracy in the testimony of William W, Remington when,
before a Senate subcommittee on January 30, 1948, he identified Eliza-
beth Moos as his mother-in-law and as a Communist.

Miss Moos also invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she
wished to correct information given this committee at a hearing on
July 6, 1953, by former FBI undercover operative Herbert A. Phil-
brick, who said he had at one time been assigned by the Communist
Party to work with Miss Moos on a Communist Party project in
Boston.

The witness testified that she had participated in demonstrations
conducted by the New York group of the Women Strike for Peace, but
she declined, under the fifth amendment, to say if such participation
had been as a result of Communist Party directives. She also invoked
the fifth amendment when asked if she was currently a member of the
Communist Party.

Mrs. Ceil Gross, of New York City, a high school graduate, ap-
peared before an executive session of the committee on December 12,
1 962. She said that she was employed as a production assistant in the
printing industry.

The committee counsel introduced as an exhibit an advertisement
from the New York Times of August 29, 1961, which featured the
following message : "West German Rearmament — with nuclear weap-
ons— is the Main Issue in Berlin." This ad was subscribed as a public
statement of the Conference of Greater New York Peace Groups and
identified Ceil Gross as the secretary of that organization.

Mrs. Gross invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she were the
same person whose name had been listed in the advertisement as the
secretary of the Conference of Greater New York Peace Groups. She
similarly declined to answer numerous other questions about this ad,
as well as questions pertaining to another advertisement in the New
York Times of May 10, 1961, which announced that Linus Pauling
would be the featured speaker at a Carnegie Hall meeting 071 May 12,
1961. The advertisement, titled "Rally for Peace To Stop the Spread
of Nuclear Weapons," was sponsored by the Conference of Greater
New York Peace Groups, which also was the sponsor of the Carnegie
Hall meeting.

Mrs. Gross invoked the fifth amendment rather than affirm or deny
the committee's information that she was co-chairman of the West

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 51

Side Peace Committee and that her home address had also been desig-
nated as the official mailing address of the West Side Peace Committee.

She also invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she knew Rose
Clinton ; if she knew Miss Clinton to be a member of the Communist
Party ; if she knew Henry Abrams or knew him as a member of the
Communist Party; if she herself was a member of the Communist
Party ; and whether she had participated in activities of the Women
Strike for Peace.

Mrs. Jean Brancato, a graduate of the Omaha Technical High
School, 1 year in attendance at the New Haven State Teachers
College, and a housewife of the Bronx, N.Y., appeared before the
executive session of the committee on December 12, 1962.

The witness denied committee information that she had held office as
a Bronx representative on the central coordinating committee of the
New York group of the WSP. She refused, however, under the fifth
amendment privilege, to answer a series of questions about the or-
ganization and function of the central coordinating committee. Mrs.
Brancato also invoked the fifth amendment when queried as to whether
she had been active with the New York group of WSP.

She likewise declined to affirm or deny that she had circulated and
signed a nominating petition in 1949 for Benjamin J. Davis, Commu-
nist Party candidate for councilman in the city of New York. When
presented a photostatic copy of the petition bearing the signature of
"Jeanne" Brancato, she again relied upon the fifth amendment in
refusing to affirm or deny that it was her signature.

She also invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she had been
a member of the Communist Party in 1954 and if she was currently a
Communist Party member.

Another witness who appeared at the committee's December 12 ex-
ecutive hearings was Mrs. Miriam Chesman, a graduate of Hunter
College and housewife of the Bronx, N.Y.

The committee's investigation had indicated that Mrs. Chesman was
a Bronx delegate to the central coordinating committee of Women
Strike for Peace, Metropolitan New York, New Jersey, and Connecti-
cut. She acknowledged that she had attended some meetings of the
central coordinating committee, but denied that she was an official
delegate to them because, she said, "there are no such things." She
denied that she had helped in the preparation of the structural plan
for the New York group of the WSP.

The witness invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she knew
Mrs. Jean Brancato.

The committee's counsel introduced photostatic copies of nomi-
nating petitions for known Communist candidates for public office in
New York during the election years of 1946, 1951, and 1954. Each of
these petitions contained the signature of a Miriam Chesman.

The witness invoked the fifth amendment and refused to affirm or
deny that she was the Miriam Chesman who had signed the petitions.
She also invoked the fifth amendment and refused to say whether she
was a member of the Communist Party at the time or times any or
all of the petitions were executed.

Mrs. Chesman again exercised her fifth amendment privilege when
asked if she had at any time served as subscription clerk or staff mem-
ber of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations. The

52 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 19 62

committee counsel pointed out for the record that the American Coun-
cil of the IPS, had been thoroughly investigated by the Senate Com-
mittee on the Judiciary, whose report of July 2, 1952, declared that the
U.S. Communist Party and Soviet officials considered that organiza-
tion to be "an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda, and mili-
tary intelligence." The record of that Senate hearing revealed that a
Miriam Chesman was a staff member of the American Council for the
Institute of Pacific Relations during 1944, 1945, and 1946.

The witness invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she had been
a Communist Party member while serving as a subscription clerk for
the American Council of the IPR.

The witness also invoked the fifth amendment to questions relating
to current membership in the Communist Party ; if she had engaged
in Women Strike for Peace activities in response to Communist Party
directives ; or if she had ever received financial support from the Com-
munist Party for the purpose of promoting the Women Strike for
Peace.

The first witness at the committee's public hearings on December
13 was Dr. William Obrinsky of Staten Island, N.Y. After identify-
ing himself by name, current address, and as a practicing physician,
Dr. Obrinsky then invoked the fifth amendment on all questions, in-
cluding those pertaining to his place of birth, former residence, and
his education.

The witness, under the fifth amendment, declined to say if he had
organized the Staten Island Community Peace Group early in 1961.
He chose, in similar manner, not to reveal if he had made available to
the press information which appeared about that group in the Staten
Island Advance of March 6 and 15, 1961. These news accounts re-
ported plans by the Staten Island Community Peace Group for a pub-
lic showing of an anti-war film titled "Grand Illusion" and the circu-
lation of a petition against nuclear weapons for NATO for presenta-
tion at the Oslo, Norway, meeting of the NATO powers on April
15, 1961.

Dr. Obrinsky declined, under the privilege of the fifth amendment,
to provide any information about the office location, the organizational
structure, or the membership of the Staten Island Community Peace
Group.

He also invoked the fifth amendment, rather than confirm or deny
that he had formerly been chairman of the Staten Island chapter
of the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy and that, fol-
lowing the expulsion of Henry Abrams by the national SANE group,
he had terminated membership in SANE and formed the Staten
Island Community Peace Group.

The committee counsel cited hearings conducted by this committee
on February 17, 1957, during which Dr. William Sorum testified that
he had been a member of the Communist Party from 1945 until 1952,
and that he was a member of the State Committee of the Communist
Party of Louisiana during the years 1946 and 1947. Dr. Sorum had
also testified under oath that during the course of his party member-
ship he had been assigned to the Professional Branch of the Com-
munist Party in New Orleans and that William Obrinsky was also a
member of that branch.

Dr. Obrinsky invoked the fifth amendment when asked if he had
known Dr. Sorum; if he (the witness) had resided in New Orleans;

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 53

if he had belonged to the professional branch of the Communist
Party in New Orleans; and if he were currently a member of the Com-
munist Party.

The witness was handed a news item from the Staten Island Ad-
vance of December 20, 1961, reporting a public debate on civil defense
during which Dr. Obrinsky had maintained a position strongly op-
posed to the creation of a bomb or fallout shelter program. The wit-
ness declined to inform the committee how he had secured a place on
the panel of debaters ; whether he had done so upon instructions from
anyone known to him to be in a position of leadership in the Commu-
nist Party; or whether he had done so in response to Communist
Party directives to infiltrate the peace movement.

Dr. Obrinsky continued to exercise his privilege under the fifth
amendment by refusing to say if he had been under the discipline of
the Communist Party while chairman of the Staten Island SANE
group, while an organizer or member of the Staten Island Community
Peace Group, or while a public debater against a civil defense bomb
shelter program.

John W. Darr, Jr., of New York City, was a witness at the commit-
tee's public hearings on December 13, 1962. He was responsive to the
committee counsel's request that he state his name and address, but
then declared that he was not going to cooperate further. He also
declared that he would not invoke the self-incrimination clause of the
fifth amendment as the reason for not cooperating.

Mr. Darr not only refused to answer questions pertaining to his
chairmanship of the board of directors of the Greenwich Village Peace
Center, located at 133 West Third Street, New York City, but refused
to examine a letterhead of that organization introduced by the com-
mittee counsel on which the name John Darr was so identified.

The witness thereafter refused to answer a series of questions put to
him about his role in, and the activities of, the Greenwich Village
Peace Center. In addition to refusing to answer the questions asked
by the committee counsel, Mr. Darr refused to respond to the subcom-
mittee chairman's direction that a number of them be answered.

Other refusals by Mr. Darr were in relation to queries about
whether he had participated in the formation of the Greenwich Vil-
lage Peace Center in response to Communist directives and whether
he was currently a member of the Communist Party.

The committee counsel cited for the record the 1956 Report and
Order of the Subversive Activities Control Board following its hear-
ings in proceedings under the Internal Security Act of 1950 in^ the
case of the Attorney General of the U.S. v. The National Council of
American-Soviet Friendship, incorporated. This SACB report de-
clared that Mr. Darr had been identified as a member of the Com-
munist Party while serving on the board of directors of the National
Council of American-Soviet Friendship, Incorporated, an organiza-
tion which the SACB found to be a Communist front and, accordingly,
ordered it to register as such with the Attorney General.

The witness refused to answer — and refused the chairman's direction
to answer — when asked whether he had ever been a member of the
Communist Party.

The final witness at the committee's public hearings on December 13,
1962, was Mrs. Dagmar Wilson, of Washington, D.C., a graduate of
high school in London, England, trained in the Art Department of

54 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

London University, which she attended for 4 years, and now generally
recognized as the leader of the Women Strike for Peace.

Mrs. Wilson disclaimed the role of being the official leader of the
group, but testified that it was her initiative which started the move-
ment. She said that she considered the recognition of herself as
the leader of the WSP to be more honorary than official.

The witness testified that nobody is controlled by anybody in Women
Strike for Peace, but she said that there was constant communication
among the participants.

Mrs. Wilson told the committee that, although some individual
groups in different localities preferred to use a different name, the
generally accepted name for the national movement is Women Strike
for Peace. She said further that the group recently decided to
communicate with peace organizations in other nations and, as a
result, on January 15, 1962, changed its name to Women's Interna-
tional Strike for Peace (WISP). She testified that she could
not recall specifically at whose suggestion the name had been changed,
but she said she was "pretty sure" that it had not been the recommenda-
tion of any member of the New York group of Women Strike for
Peace.

The committee counsel then produced information that, a few days
prior to January 15, 1962, a number of cablegrams had been sent from
foreign countries addressed to the "Women's International Strike for
Peace" at the New York City address. Mrs. Wilson was asked why
cablegrams were designated for the Women's International Strike
for Peace and sent to a New York address prior to the time that "In-
ternational" was supposed to have been inserted in the movement's
name by its leadership or coordinators in Washington, D.C.

Mrs. Wilson responded that a woman who resided in New York had
volunteered to make contact with women in other countries, and that
that woman's address was therefore the one to which the cabled
replies were sent.

The committee counsel informed Mrs. Wilson — who claimed not to
know — that committee investigation showed that the woman who had
made the contacts and received the cables from women in foreign
countries was also a member of the central coordinating committee of
the New York group of the WSP. Counsel also gave Mrs. Wilson the
information that the chairman of WISP's international work com-
mittee was also a member of the central coordinating committee of the
New York group.

In view of this information, the witness agreed with the committee
counsel that the international contacts made by WISP rested in the
hands of the New York group of the movement, rather than with the
Washington group.

When asked if it were not a fact that she did not really exercise effec-
tive leadership or control over the New York group, Mrs. Wilson re-
plied : "I think I already explained that. I mean we all act on our
own."

She would not say, in response to counsel's question, that the New
York group had played the dominant role in activities of the Women
Strike for Peace.

Mrs. Wilson said that she could not recall precisely whether the
WISP picket demonstration at the White House on January 15, 1962,
had been her idea or someone else's. She testified that she was not

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 55

sure whether it had been she who called for a WISP demonstration
at the United Nations on February 20, 1962, which was held to pro-
test President Kennedy's decision to resume nuclear testing after the
Soviet Union had violated the nuclear weapons test ban.

The witness conceded that the idea of sending 51 WISP delegates to
the Geneva disarmament conference in April 1962 had originated
from within the New York group.

The witness said that she had no part in drawing up the proposed
structural plan for the New York group of WSP which had been
entered as an exhibit when Mrs. Posner was a witness before the com-
mittee on December 11. Mrs. Wilson admitted having discussed with
persons in the New York group the structural plan actually adopted
by the Women Strike for Peace, Metropolitan New York, New Jersey,
and Connecticut, which was also introduced as an exhibit during the
testimony of Mrs. Posner. The testimony of Mrs. Wilson on this sub-
ject, however, did little to indicate that she had exerted any degree of
influence over the structure of the New York group of WSP.

Mrs. Wilson told the committee that she had participated in the
February 20, 1962, anti-U.S. nuclear test demonstration at the United
Nations as a result of an invitation to do so from the New York group
of the WSP. She said that neither prior nor subsequent to that date
had she ever exercised any control over the activities of the New York
group.

The committee counsel introduced a copy of the March 28, 1962,
Moscow-published New Times which stated that the Women's Inter-
national Democratic Federation was sponsoring a Women's World
Assembly for Disarmament (March 23-25, 1962) in Vienna, Austria.
The article further stated that the Women's International Democratic
Federation (which has been cited by this committee as an interna-
tional Communist front) had established contact with the Women
Strike for Peace in the United States about participating in the As-
sembly.

Mrs. Wilson denied that she had been in personal contact with the
WIDF on the matter of the Disarmament Assembly. She said that
she thought WIDF had initiated the contact between itself and the
Women Strike for Peace. The witness testified that the WSP person
who was the actual contact with the Moscow-based women's group
might have been WSP's international coordinator, who lived in New
York and was a member of the New York group of the Women Strike
for Peace.

The witness told the committee that the first national demonstra-
tions by Women Strike for Peace had been staged in 60 cities through-
out the country on November 1, 1961. She claimed that they occurred
as a result of her initiative, although she would not affirm or deny
having been the coordinator of them.

Mrs. Wilson acknowledged that in June 1962 she had attended a
national conference of Women Strike for Peace hosted by an Ann
Arbor, Mich., group of WSP. She said the idea of holding such a
conference had originated with that group. She initially denied that
it had been a political conference, although, as committee counsel
pointed out, the September 15, 1962, edition of the People's World,
West Coast Communist newspaper, had reported :

At their first national conference last June at Ann Arbor,
Mich., Women for Peace (in some cities called Women's

56 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Strike for Peace, also Women's Intl. Strike for Peace) dis-
cussed at some length the question of political action.

The article from which the above has been excerpted was authored by
Peggy Dennis, wife of the late Eugene Dennis, who, prior to his
death in January 1961, was general secretary of the Communist Party
of the USA.

The committee counsel cited another item from the same article in
the People's World which said :

A grass roots, votes- for-peace activity by many hundreds of
women in Pacific Coast states has added a new dimension to
congressional and state election campaigns, which go into
high gear in the remaining seven weeks before Nov. 6.

Mrs. Wilson, who had denied that the Ann Arbor conference had
been a political meeting, testified that political activity described as
having taken place on the West Coast was actually conceived by the
Washington office of the Women Strike for Peace. She subsequently
acknowledged, too, that political activity may have come up for
discussion at Ann Arbor.

On the question of WSP political activity, it is interesting to note
that Mr. Flink testified that, during his campaign for a seat in the
State Assembly of New York, he was contacted by a representative of
Women Strike for Peace who gave him some of its literature and
asked him questions about disarmament, the conversion of presently
operated military plants to peacetime use, and other related issues.

Committee counsel asked Mrs. Wilson if she had at any time con-
sulted with Blanche Posner, Ruth Meyers, Lyla Hoffman, Iris Freed,
or Anna Mackenzie with the view of directing the activities of the New
York group of the Women Strike for Peace.

The witness responded that she had never exercised direction or
control; that she had only made suggestions.

Committee counsel informed Mrs. Wilson the committee had
obtained information that Selma Rein had participated in past ac-
tivities of the Washington group of the Women Strike for Peace,
that Mrs. Rein had had possession of a key to the Washington office
of the WSP, and that in March 1962 Mrs. Rein was appointed to a
committee of four members who were to arrange a list of interna-
tional contacts to be made by the Women Strike for Peace. Counsel
asked Mrs. Wilson specifically if Mrs. Rein had made contact with
the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) in
Moscow in behalf of the Women Strike for Peace.

Although she had readily responded to questions about individual
WSP participants up to this point, Mrs. Wilson, when asked about
Mrs. Rein, indignantly said that she did not think she could be ex-
pected to give the names of persons who have participated in the
Women Strike for Peace. She said Mrs. Rein could not have been
the person who made contact with the WIDF because contact between
WIDF and WSP had been made prior to March 1962. She said
that Mrs. Rein could not have been appointed to a four-member
committee because "No one has ever been appointed to anything" in
the Women Strike for Peace. People do volunteer for jobs, she
added.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 57

The witness said that she did not have any knowledge that Mrs.
Rein had served as a volunteer on a committee to make a list of
international contacts for WSP.

Mrs. Wilson testified that she had no knowledge that Mrs. Selma
Rein had been identified as a member of the Commimist Party.

Committee counsel informed her that Mrs. Rein had been so iden-
tified before this committee on December 13, 1955, by a former mem-
ber of the Communist Party. When subpenaed to appear before the
committee on February 28, 1956, to explain or deny her alleged
membership in the Communist Party, Mrs. Rein invoked the fifth
amendment.

Near the conclusion of her testimony, Mrs. Wilson was asked if
she would knowingly permit or encourage a Communist Party mem-
ber to occupy a leadership position in Women Strike for Peace. She
replied :

Well, my dear sir, I have absolutely no way of controlling,
do not desire to control, who wishes to join in the demonstra-
tions and the efforts that the women strikers have made for
peace.

She was then asked if she would knowingly permit or welcome
Nazis or Fascists to occupy leadership positions in Women Strike for
Peace. She said :

Whether we could get them or not, I don't think we could.

The final question by the committee counsel to Mrs. Wilson and her
reply follow :

Counsel. Am I correct, then, in assuming that you plan to
take no action designed to prevent Communists from assum-
ing positions of leadership in the movement or to eliminate
Communists who may have already obtained such positions?

Mrs. Wilson. Certainly not.

37-377 O — 64-

HEARINGS RELATING TO H.R. 10175, TO ACCOMPANY H.R. 11363,
AMENDING THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT OF 1950

On March 15, 1962, the Committee on Un-American Activities held
public hearings on H.R. 10175, a proposed amendment to the Internal
Security Act of 1950. The bill had been introduced in the House by
Chairman Francis E. Walter on February 8, 1962, and was referred
to this committee for study and evaluation. The purpose of H.R.
10175 was to provide the Secretary of Defense, under such regulations
as the President might prescribe, the authority to establish a person-
nel security program for industrial facilities performing classified
contract work for the U.S. Government.

The need for such legislation arose from a Supreme Court decision
on June 29, 1959 (Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474), which had the
effect of nullifying in part a Department of Defense industrial security
program of many years' standing. The Court's majority opinion left
unanswered questions raised by the plaintiff about the constitutionality
of certain procedures of the then existing security program, but found
instead that neither the Congress nor the President had created any
authority whereby the Defense Department could properly impose the
personnel security procedures in question upon employees of industry.
The committee's Annual Report for 1960 dealt in detail with this Su-
preme Court decision and the legislative void which became apparent
therefrom.

An industrial security bill introduced by Mr. Walter on July 7, 1959,
was passed by the House on February 2, 1960, but no action was taken
on it by the Senate before the 86th Congress adjourned. Meanwhile,
on February 20, 1960, the President issued Executive Order 10865,
which gave authority to the Department of Defense to prescribe re-
quirements and establish regulations for the safeguarding of classified
information released to defense industries. Inasmuch as the Su-
preme Court, in Greene v. McElroy, left open the question whether
the President alone had the constitutional power to authorize such
a program, the committee felt strongly that the Executive order
had not erased the need for the enactment of industrial security legis-
lation by the Congress. It was for this reason that Mr. Walter intro-
duced in the 87th Congress H.R. 10175, providing legislative support
for the industrial security program reinstituted by the Department of
Defense following Executive Order 10865.

In the course of its public hearings on H.R. 10175, the committee re-
ceived testimony from representatives of the Departments of Defense
and Justice, as well as written views from the Department of Labor.
These departments approved the objectives of the bill, although they
did offer modifications and revisions.

In light of the testimony, it was decided to incorporate the recom-
mended changes in a new bill. Mr. Walter introduced the new bill,
H.R. 11363, on April 17, 1962. It was referred to the Committee on
Un-American Activities for consideration.

58

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 59

On May 3, 1962, the committee voted unanimously to report out
H.R. 11363 with minor amendments. This reported bill was ap-
proved by the Department of Defense, and met with no objection
from any other agency of Government.

In addition to spelling out the basic authority for the Department of
Defense to conduct an industrial security program, the bill provides
that where an industrial employee's work involves access to classified
information, such access may not be finally denied or revoked unless
the individual concerned has been given (1) a written statement of
reasons for denial or revocation, (2) an opportunity (after he has
replied under oath and in writing to the statement within a reasonable
time) for a personal appearance proceeding to present evidence in his
own behalf, (3) a reasonable time to prepare for the hearing, (4) the
opportunity to be represented by counsel, and (5) a written notice
advising him of final action which, if adverse, specifies whether the
Secretary found for or against him with respect to each allegation in
the statement of reasons. Deviation from the above procedures would
be permitted only in cases in which the Secretary of Defense deter-
mines personally that to follow them would be inconsistent with the
national security.

H.R. 11363 provides further that an employee shall be given the
right, with respect to any information in the statement of reasons
which he contests, to inspect the documentary evidence and to cross-
examine witnesses furnishing such information. If the documen-
tary evidence is classified, however, the individual need be given
only such a detailed and comprehensive summary of it as the national
security will permit. And an informant need not be produced if he
cannot be brought forward because of death, serious illness, or for sim-
ilar cause ; or if he cannot be identified or cross-examined for reasons
determined to be good and sufficient by the Secretary of Defense; or
if, in the judgment of the head of the department supplying the in-
formant, his identity cannot be revealed without substantial harm to
the national interest. Nevertheless, if an informant is withheld, the
witness is entitled to a summary of the information supplied by him.

H.R. 11363 also gives the Secretary of Defense the power to sub-
pena witnesses; authorizes the payment of fees and expenses to the
Government's witnesses (and, in some cases, to witnesses for the in-
dividual) ; gives the Secretary the authority to reimburse individuals
for earnings lost because of adverse actions under the security pro-
gram; authorizes the extension of the security program to other agen-
cies by agreement with the Department of Defense: excludes applica-
tion of the Administrative Procedure Act in the industrial security
program; and includes within the definition of classified information
all such information, regardless of country of origin, so that the
Department of Defense can likewise protect foreign classified infor-
mation entrusted to the United States.

On May 10, 1962, H.R. 11363 was placed on the Consent Calendar
at the request of Chairman Walter. When it was called on May 21,
1962, one member objected and it was denied passage. At the re-
quest of the chairman, the bill was subsequently recommitted to the
Committee on Un-American Activities, where the remarks initially
accompanying it were extended. The bill was reported favorably
again on June 28, 1962, and again put on the Consent Calendar.

60 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

When H.R. 11363 was next called on the Consent Calendar on
August 6, 1962, it was again objected to by one member of the House.
When called again on August 20, 1962, three members objected to it.
Therefore, in accordance with the rules of the House, the bill was
removed from the Consent Calendar.

The bill was then considered under suspension of the rules on Sep-
tember 19, 1962. It failed of passage, being six votes short of the
two-thirds majority required under this procedure.

Inasmuch as the need for industrial security legislation continues
to be vital in the judgment of members of the committee, Mr. Walter
is expected to introduce a new bill on this subject during the first ses-
sion of the 88th Congress.

HEARINGS RELATING TO H.R. 9753, TO AMEND SECTIONS 3(7) AND 5(b)
OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT OF 1950, AS AMENDED, RELATING
TO EMPLOYMENT OF MEMBERS OF COMMUNIST ORGANIZATIONS IN
CERTAIN DEFENSE FACILITIES (NOW PUBLIC LAW 87-474)

On February 7, 1962, the committee held public hearings on H.R.
9753, proposed legislation to amend sections 3(7) and 5(b) of the In-
ternal Security Act of 1950. The proposed amendments were de-
signed primarily to provide greater secrecy for vital defense informa-
tion and to facilitate successful prosecutions of Communist agents who
unlawfully gain employment in our Nation's key defense industries.

Section 5 (a) of the Internal Security Act provides that members of
Communist organizations required to register under the act be pro-
hibited from securing employment in industrial organizations desig-
nated as defense facilities by the Secretary of Defense. Originally,
the law also directed the Secretary of Defense to publish in the Federal
Register a complete list of facilities he so designated.

In compliance with the Internal Security law as originally enacted,
the Secretary of Defense had compiled a tentative list of those facili-
ties deemed so vital as to require the exclusion of members of Com-
munist organizations. The list included those industrial facilities
engaged in the following activities: (1) top secret projects; (2) pro-
duction of the most essential weapons systems and most critical mili-
tary items and components; (3) production of essential common com-
ponents, intermediates, and basic and raw materials; and (4) im-
portant utility and service facilities and other industrial and research
installations whose operations and contributions to the national de-
fense effort are of utmost importance. In addition, facilities and in-
stallations of interest to the Atomic Energy Commission, the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Federal Aviation Agency,
and certain other departments and agencies were included in the
Secretary of Defense's compilation.

In introducing his bill H.R. 9753 on January 18, 1962, the chairman
of this committee reminded his colleagues that, when the law was
originally enacted, considerable doubt had been expressed as to the
advisability of requiring defense facilities to be listed in the Federal
Register. Dissenters had reasoned that the listing of defense facilities
in this manner would make their identification too readily available
to enemies of this country.

The chairman acknowledged that no matter what method was used
to announce the fact that certain installations had been designated
as defense facilities, Communist agents would ultimately be able to
discover which of them had been so classified. Despite this concession,
the chairman argued that the acquisition of such information should
be made as difficult as possible for enemy agents, rather than being
conveniently compiled for them in the Federal Register.

H.R. 9753 retained the requirement that the management of each
facility designated as a defense facility by the Secretary of Defense
be so notified by the Secretary in writing and be required to post notice

61

62 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

of such designation within the facility. In addition, the bill proposed
that the management of every defense facility, upon request of the
Secretary of Defense, obtain a signed statement from employees
certifying that they know that the defense facility has, for purposes
of the act, been so designated by the Secretary of Defense.

H.R. 9753 also contained provisions to ensure that employees affected
by section 5(b) of the Internal Security Act would know what conduct
on their part would render them liable to penalties of the act.1 Each
installation designated as a defense facility by the Secretary of De-
fense would be required to display prominently the notice of such
designation. In appropriate instances, the Secretary of Defense
could also require that each employee of a defense facility be per-
sonally notified that continued employment at that facility by members
of Communist organizations is unlawful.

At the committee hearings on H.R. 9753, testimony was received
from representatives of the Department of Justice and the Depart-
ment of Defense. They testified that, in the opinion of intelligence
experts, publication of a list of defense facilities would materially
aid the intelligence efforts of any foreign government hostile to the
United States. Publication of this information, they said, would ( 1)
aid in planning intelligence penetration and hostile espionage, (2)
provide a target list for potential sabotage operations and for target
intelligence purposes, and (3) confirm and establish the accuracy of
existing intelligence documentation.

Testimony of these witnesses supported the committee's view that
the requirement for publication of the names of defense facilities in
the Federal Register created a very real danger to our national defense
and security. All of the witnesses endorsed H.R. 9753 as essential
remedial legislation and recommended its enactment.

Following the hearings, the committee recommended an amendment
to the bill to eliminate the requirement that management "keep"
posted the notice of designation as a defense facility. The amend-
ment stated that "Such [original] posting shall be sufficient to give
notice of such designation to any person subject thereto or affected
thereby."

This change was based on the committee's belief that, while man-
agement would be expected to post designation notices in places cus-
tomarily frequented by the employees, it would be unwise to impose
a statutory requirement that such notices be continuously posted. In
prosecuting Communist Party members for violating the provision
of section 5(a) of the Internal Security Act, it would be very difficult
for the Government to prove that a notice had been continuously
posted. Further, those who might seek to thwart prosecution under
section 5 could readily remove, destroy, or obliterate the notice of
designation and thus prevent fulfillment of the requirement that the
notice be "kept posted."

1 Violations of the Internal Security Act are punishable by a fine of not more than
$10,000 or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or by both such fine and Imprison-
ment.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 63

The committee favorably reported H.K. 9753 to the House on Feb-
ruary 19, 1962. The bill was passed by the House on March 5, 1962,
and the Senate on May 17, 1962. It became Public Law 87-474 (76
Stat. 91) on May 31, 1962.

On August 20, 1962, the Department of Defense announced that
it was in the process of implementing the new legislation by for-
warding appropriate notification to all defense facilities regarding
the requirements contained in. the Internal Security Act as amended
by Public Law 87-474.

TESTIMONY BY AND CONCERNING PAUL CORBIN

Testimony by and concerning Paul Corbin, which was received
during a series of executive hearings held between September 6, 1961,
and July 2, 1962, was released by the committee on October 1, 1962.

Paul Corbin has served as special assistant to the chairman of the
Democratic National Committee since approximately February 1961.
Various statements appearing in the press subsequent to his appoint-
ment alleged that Mr. Corbin had been active, in prior periods, in the
Young Communist League in Canada and the Communist Party of
the United States.

The committee located and interrogated under oath three individuals
who stated they had advised the press of various statements Mr. Corbin
had made to them in the past on the subject of Communists and the
Communist Party. These individuals were John Dominick Giacomo,
who was interrogated on September 6, 1961 ; Walter T. Anderson, who
testified September 13, 1961; and Joseph C. Kennedy, a witness on
November 27, 1961. Mr. Kennedy charged that Mr. Corbin had de-
scribed himself to Kennedy as a member of the Young Communist
League in Canada in the 1930's and a member of the Communist Party
of the United States in the 1940's.

Paul Corbin, who had been informed that the committee was con-
ducting an investigation of public accusations concerning him, re-
quested an opportunity to answer the charges. In sworn testimony
before the committee on July 2, 1962, he flatly denied most of the
statements attributed to him by the aforementioned witnesses and
declared that he had never oeen a Communist and had never
"dreamed" of becoming a Communist. Mr. Corbin added that he had
emerged "clean as a whistle" from a lie detector test which he had
taken on the same subject at the behest of his employer, the chairman
of the Democratic National Committee.

Following is a brief summary of some of the contradictory testi-
mony received in the course of these hearings, preceded by certain
biographical information provided by Mr. Corbin when he testified
before the committee.

Paul Corbin was born near Winnipeg, Canada, in August 1914. In
1934, which also marked the end of his 2-year attendance at the Uni-
versity of Manitoba, he made the first of several visits to the United
States without complying with U.S. regulations on travel across the
Canadian border. On a trip made during 1935, he admitted, he had
used the birth certificate of a brother born in Brooklyn.

Mr. Corbin entered the United States on a permanent visa in late

1936 and, after brief residence in Indiana and New York, settled
in Minneapolis, where he was engaged in selling advertising from

1937 or 1938 to about 1940. Between 1940 and 1943 when he enlisted
in the U.S. Marines, he held a series of union jobs in Illinois, which
included employment with the Rockford CIO District Council; or-
ganizer in Rockford for unions of Retail Clerks and Furniture Work-

64

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 65

ers; and organizer in Freeport and Chicago for the International
Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union. Following his military
service, in the course of which he had obtained U.S. citizenship, Mr.
Corbin settled in Janesville, Wis., in 1946. After selling advertising
for the Wisconsin CIO News for several months, he served as business
agent for the United Public Workers of America from 1946 until
April 1948. He returned to advertising sales work in 1948 and 1949
and became increasingly active in the Marine Corps League, in which
he had advanced from Wisconsin commandant to national chief of
staff by 1952.

As special assistant to the national chairman of the Democratic
Party, he has been working with local party organizations, with the
exception of 3 or 4 weeks during the initial stages of the Kennedy
administration when he processed applications received at national
party headquarters for positions in the Government. Mr. Corbin
testified that he had held no authority with respect to the disposition of
such applications and never recommended anyone for a Government
position on his own initiative.

Kennedy and Corbin

Joseph C. Kennedy, president of a publishing company in Cedar
Falls, Iowa, testified that he was business manager of a local of
the United Furniture Workers of America in Kockford, 111., in 1941
when he first met Paul Corbin. Kennedy thereafter helped Corbin
obtain the organizing jobs he held with the Retail Clerks, Furniture
Workers, and Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Unions in the
early 1940's. Kennedy testified that he himself was a member of the
Communist Party from 1937 to 1943, although he was on inactive sta-
tus after the summer of 1939 and barred from attendance at closed
party meetings. He explained that the party had contemplated
expelling him when he refused to follow the party line which opposed
American aid to the Allies during the Hitler-Stalin Pact (August
1939-Junel941).

Kennedy testified that in August 1941 or shortly thereafter, Corbin
had informed him that he (Corbin) had been a member of the Young
Communist League at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg,
Canada. When asked to describe the circumstances under which such
a conversation took place, Kennedy stated that it occurred after Corbin
had been arrested by Rockf ord police on a "desertion" charge and that
he supposed Corbin had "heard that I was involved in some way with
* * * this leftwing union [United Furniture Workers] and the Com-
munist Party, and he was attempting to probably ingratiate himself
with me." Kennedy testified that the address which Corbin had given
to Rockford police as his home address on that occasion was actually
Kennedy's residence. Kennedy also said Corbin did not actually
become a roomer at his home until later in 1941, and "The reason Mr.
Corbin said he lived with me was we had considerable political in-
fluence, the Furniture Workers Union, in this town."

The^ witness charged that, in this same period, Corbin "sold some
subscriptions to the Daily Worker''' and sold one subscription in
Kennedy's presence to Rockford attorney James Berry. Corbin also
allegedly made overtures to Kennedy in the early 1940's for assistance

66 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

in getting Corbin into the Communist Party. Mr. Kennedy, in elabo-
rating on this point, stated :

He [Corbin] kept hanging around and hinting and saying,
well, you know, indicating that he was already communicat-
ing with the higher level [Communist Party] people, and the
implication was that, you know, I should take him to the
meetings, and so forth and so on. I just simply ignored his
advances and had nothing to do with him on this question.

Kennedy further declared that Corbin had followed "the party
line" by opposing aid to the Allies during the Hitler-Stalin Pact and
by supporting the Allied war effort after the Nazis attacked the Soviet
Union.

Kennedy said his own membership in the Communist Party was
terminated during his service in the Army from 1943 until October
1945 ; that he had attended one or two party meetings following his
discharge from the Army and thereafter had nothing more to do with
the Communist movement. He was employed in a wholesale produce
business in Rockford from 1946 until 1948, when he entered into a
partnership with Paul Corbin in the field of advertising sales.

During 1946, in the course of personal conversations which took
place in Rockford, 111., and Milwaukee and Janesville, Wis., Corbin
allegedly told Kennedy about Corbin's membership in the Communist
Party in Milwaukee. When asked by the committee to elaborate on
these discussions, Kennedy testified :

Every time I would see him he would be talking about how
he was wheeling and dealing and he was always talking
about Fred Bassett Blair, who I believe was State chairman
of the Communist Party of Wisconsin, and Harold Christof-
fel, who I am sure is well known to this committee, and
[Emil] Costello * * *.
*******

He specifically used to tell about going out with this Fred
Bassett Blair, with whom he had some sort of an affinity,
and sit around having a scotch or a beer and talking about all
sorts of things about the party * * *.

Q. But he told you of Communist discussions with known
Communists ?
A. Yes, sir, he did.

Q. Did he specifically state whether or not he was at that
time a member of the Communist Party ?
A. Yes, he did.

Q. Tell us more in detail about that.

A. On several occasions when he would drop in to see me,
he told me about he and Fred Bassett Blair associating to-
gether and being at meetings and he told me about being at
some party meeting and getting into a fist fight and slugging
one of his fellow comrades and a lot of things like this.
Paul Corbin, in his appearance before the committee, asserted that
"I never was a member of the Young Communist League of Canada.
I was never a member of the Communist Party of the United States."
He denied telling Joseph C. Kennedy at any time that he was a
member of the Young Communist League, adding "I didn't know a

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 67

Young Communist League. I wouldn't know what it looked like."
Corbin also contradicted Kennedy's description of the circumstances
under which Corbin allegedly admitted Young Communist League
membership. Corbin stated he was actually residing at the Kennedy
home in August 1941 when detained by Rockford police, and "I wasn't
looking for influence" by using that address.

With respect to Kennedy's statement regarding a "desertion" charge
against Corbin, Corbin testified that there was no warrant against
him for desertion and that a Rockford detective had informed him his
detention for 3 or 4 days was based on an anonymous telephone call
that Corbin was wanted in New York City. Corbin stated the detec-
tive also warned him at the time that Joseph Kennedy "to our knowl-
edge, is a Communist" and as a result "I left Joe Kennedy's place." x

Regarding Kennedy's allegation that Corbin sold subscriptions to
the Daily Worker, Corbin told the committee that he "never" sold a
subscription to the paper to Rockford Attorney James Berry * or to
anyone else. He also denied distributing copies of the Daily Worker,
which he knew was an organ of the Communist Party and which he
received "on occasion" because it was "automatically mailed to every
[union] organizer."

Kennedy's testimony regarding Corbin's alleged overtures to join
the Communist Party in the early 1940's and Corbin's adherence to
the party line in the same period was "untrue," according to Corbin.
Corbin said he never asked to join the Communist Party and never
would have applied for membership. He added that he did not take
the position of opposing the Allied war effort during the Stalin-Hitler
Pact, but, in fact, supported the idea of American aid to Britain at
that time. Corbin stated that the only element in this portion of Ken-
nedy's testimony with which he agreed was Kennedy's statement that
Corbin was "getting into his hair" in the early 1940's. Corbin claimed
that as a member of the Rockford CIO Council he drew protests from
Kennedy for voting against some of Kennedy's resolutions, "and if
what he says is true, if he was a Communist at the time, I am very
glad that I did get in his hair."

Corbin testified that he had never made any statement to Kennedy
in the postwar period describing himself as a member of the Commu-
nist Party in Milwaukee and that Kennedy's testimony to that effect
was "absolutely false." Corbin also denied that there was any truth
to Kennedy's recollection of Corbin's statements on his conferences
with known Communists in Wisconsin. In his work in the labor
movement after the war, Corbin said, "I was never a follower of the
Communist line, never voted with the Communists."

There were numerous other contradictions in the testimony of
Joseph Kennedy and Paul Corbin, who maintained a business part-

1 In on affidavit subsequently submitted to the committee, the detective In question,
now a retired Army colonel, stated "most emphatically" that :

"Mr. Corbin's version of our meeting and conversations Is Incorrect Insofar as It relates
to (a) the source of the Information which led to his arrest; (h) the alleged statement
that to our knowledge Joe Kennedy Is a Communist; (c) the alleged reference to being
Informed [that] he [Corbin] had been checked out with labor people and was a clean
fellow; (d) and to any admonishments concerning his future associations with Mr.
Kennedy."

2 Following Kennedy's testimony and prior to Corbin's appearance before the committee,
James Berry submitted an affidavit to the committee stating that he had subscribed to
the Daily Worker for a period of about 3 months In 1941 or 1942 and he recollected that
Joseph Kennpdy was at his law office when Berry purchased the subscription. The attor-
ney stated that he had no recollection as to who was with Kennedy at toe time and could
not state who Bold him the subscription.

68 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

nership in 1948-1949 in spite of Kennedy's description of Corbin as
an admitted Communist who was "emotionally unstable" and untrust-
worthy, and Corbin's characterization of Kennedy as a "nut." Both
stated one of the factors in the termination of their partnership in
the spring of 1949 related to "communism." Corbin maintained that
he objected to finding a Daily Worker on Kennedy's desk although
Kennedy had allegedly informed him : "Well, they just mail it to me."
Kennedy testified to fright and embarrassment when Corbin and he,
in the course of their partnership, were shown a naval radar setup
"and stuff like that and Corbin was eating this stuff up." Kennedy
stated he subsequently went to the FBI and Immigration authorities
about Paul Corbin "because I consider him a very dangerous person."
Paul Corbin summarized his own attitudes with respect to commu-
nism as follows: During his pre-war activities in the labor move-
ment—

maybe I was naive, more so than the next man, but I didn't
know what communism was. * * * I never knew that the
Communist Party was the enemy of this country. I never
knew that the\ advocated the overthrow of our country. I
never knew the evil philosophy they had.

*******

after the war when I was in Milwaukee, I was a marine, I
knew what the score was, and I knew the Reds were our
enemies.

Appearing in the printed hearing record are a number of documents
submitted to the committee by Corbin and dating back to 1950. They
include press accounts of speeches "fighting communism" which
Corbin stated he had made "in my activities with the Marines across
the country."

Testimony of John Giacomo and Walter Anderson

John Dominick Giacomo, of Milwaukee, a United Steelworkers of
America staff representative since 1945, became acquainted with Paul
Corbin in 1946. Mr. Giacomo told the committee that he himself had
never been a member of the Communist Party and had no knowledge
with respect to party membership by Paul Corbin. He testified, how-
ever, that on various occasions in Milwaukee in 1946 or 1947, Corbin
had asked him (1) when he (Giacomo) was going to join the party;
(2) why he did not join the Communist Party; and (3) whether or
not Giacomo wanted to make contributions to the party.

Subsequently, in 1947, Corbin allegedly told Giacomo during a
chance encounter on the street that he (Corbin) was going to a high-
level meeting of the Communist Party. On yet another occasion,
Giacomo stated, Corbin informed him "in passing" that he had just
come from a high-level Communist Party meeting.

Giacomo testified that, when Corbin asked him why he did not join
the Communist Party, "he never took me aside and attempted to
rationalize why I should join the Communist Party. He would just
merely ask the question and continue right on [without any discussion
of communism]." The witness also observed that known Communist
leaders in Wisconsin "didn't say to me ever that they were having a
meeting." Giacomo said it was his opinion that Paul Corbin was not

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 69

a Communist and that his statements regarding attendance at top-
level Communist meetings were an "exaggerated lie."

The Steelworkers representative described Corbin -as a "mouthy"
individual, who deliberately called attention to himself. He ex-
plained that Corbin would "blurt out" before a group of Democrats
that he had an appointment with Republican Senator Joseph Mc-
Carthy or he would announce before a group of union people that he
was leaving to meet with "one of the most antilabor employers in the
city." Although he had no evidence to support his belief, Giacomo
said he had the impression Corbin was "spying" on Communists in
the labor movement for the FBI, for example, or for "an employers'
group."

In his appearance before the committee, Paul Corbin denounced
as false Giacomo's testimony that Corbin had asked him when he was
going to join the Communist Party and why he did not join ; Corbin
also stated that testimony that he had solicited contributions to the
party was untrue. Corbin testified that he and Giacomo "liked each
other" and "used to go out together." He said that occasionally he
would "facetiously needle" or "kid" Giacomo about the Communists
by asking him such questions as "John, how's the Communist Party
going?" and "Have you joined? Are you a Red?" Asked by com-
mittee counsel whether he had ever informed Giacomo that he was
engaged in formulating Communist Party policy, Corbin replied,
"Absolutely not."

Walter T. Anderson, a field representative for the United Steel-
workers of America who has no record of personal activity in the
Communist Party, testified before the committee regarding an alleged
conversation he had with Paul Corbin in 1946 or 1947. A resident
of Milwaukee since 1943, Anderson stated he met Paul Corbin in 1946.
While giving Corbin a ride between Milwaukee and Janesville, Wis.,
Anderson testified, Corbin —

talked about Phil Smith. He was with the United Electrical
Workers. He talked about Jim DeWitt, and he talked about
Harold Christoffel. He says, "They're great labor leaders."

I says, "They're a great bunch of Commies, is what they
are. You know the paper carries their names every day or
two."

He [Corbin] says, "Why don't you get yourself on the right
side of the fence ?"

"When Paul Corbin appeared before the committee, he was not inter-
rogated with respect to the testimony of Walter Anderson.

Testimony of Perry E. Wilgtjs

Joseph C. Kennedy, in his testimony before the committee, said
that Perry Wilgus, representing himself as a member of the Commu-
nist Party, had come to Rockford, 111., in 1943, "to see me several
times about doing something about Corbin." Kennedy explained
the situation as follows :

You see, the war was now on and the Communist Party line
was to win the war and not have strikes, and so forth, for the
interests of the Soviet Union * * *. Corbin was being rather
reckless in his activities in Freeport [111.], causing a lot of

70 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

trouble and the possibility of sitdowns, etc., not following
their political line as precisely as Mr. Wilgus wanted it fol-
lowed. So Wilgus came and talked to me about it. He had
no control over Corbin whatsoever.
On March 15, 1962, the committee interrogated Perry E. Wilgus? a
resident of Marion, Ind., who admitted having been a Communist
Party member from 1935 to about 1944. Wilgus said that in 1943,
while employed in Freeport, he was informed by a Communist Party
functionary in Chicago that Corbin was "acting up" and asked to "See
what you can do about it." At that time, the witness testified, Corbin
was "tied in with the Longshoremen's Union" when the Longshore-
men were trying to organize the W. T. Rawleigh Co., a manufacturing
firm in Freeport.

Wilgus testified that he recalled making a trip to Rockford,
where he thought Corbin lived at that time, to see a United Furniture
Workers official (known to him to be a Communist Party member)
about arranging a conference between Wilgus and Corbin. Wilgus
could not recall whether that official was Joseph C. Kennedy, although
confronted with Kennedy's previous testimony to that effect. Wilgus
also could not recollect whether he had seen Corbin at the same time
he met with the UFW union official. The witness stated he thought
he met Corbin in Freeport once or twice and probably in Rockford.
Wilgus said he could not recollect their conversations or what results
were obtained from his visits with Corbin.

When Paul Corbin testified, he said he recalled having conferred
with Wilgus on one or two occasions, but only in Freeport, not in
Rockford. Corbin said that Wilgus had only made suggestions to him
about his methods of organizing the W.T. Rawleigh Co. and that he
had ignored Wilgus' advice. Corbin also testified that he lived in
Freeport at the time he was organizing the company, not in Rockford
as Wilgus indicated. Corbin said that he never knew Wilgus was a
Communist and that he never knowingly accepted Communist disci-
pline in regard to his union organizing efforts at the Freeport firm.

Other Witnesses Interrogated by the Committee

Seena Powell, who was married to Paul Corbin from 1934 until 1944
but was separated from him during most of this period, was inter-
rogated by the committee on November 27, 1961. Miss Powell, a resi-
dent of Brooklyn, N.Y., testified that she had no knowledge that her
former husband was ever affiliated with the Young Communist League
in Canada or the Communist Party, USA.

Harold Scott, electronic technician and a lifelong resident of Janes-
ville, Wis., testified before the committee on November 13, 1961, that
he had been a member of the Communist Party for 2 months during
the mid-thirties and had rejoined the party for a period extending
from 1945 until approximately 1949. In response to questioning by
the committee counsel, Scott testified that he personally knew Corbin,
but had no direct knowledge that Corbin had ever been a member of
the Communist Party, had ever attended party meetings, or had ever
subscribed to The Worker, official party newspaper.

Mrs. Esther Eisenscher Wickstrom, who according to committee
information was secretary of the Wisconsin State Communist Party
in 1948, was questioned by the committee on March 15, 1962, regarding

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 71

any knowledge she might have of Communist Party affiliations
on the part of Paul Corbin. Mrs. Wickstrom invoked the fifth amend-
ment in response to questions related to her own activities in the Com-
munist Party but stated she had no knowledge that Corbin was a mem-
ber of the party.

Kenneth Born and Ishmael P. Flory, who served as witnesses for
Paul Corbin in a divorce proceeding in Chicago during February 1944,
appeared before the committee on November 27, 1961. Kenneth Born,
now a bartender in Chicago, stated he was not now a Communist Party
member and had not been a member for the past 614 years. He invoked
his constitutional privileges against self-incrimination in response to
questions concerning his relationship with the party prior to that-
time, which included running as candidate for city treasurer of Chi-
cago on the Communist Party ticket in 1943. He also refused on the
same grounds to state whether or not he ever knew Paul Corbin to be a
member of the Communist Party. He acknowledged, however, that he
had been a witness in connection with Corbin's divorce proceedings.

Ishmael Flory, of Chicago, previously identified by two witnesses
before the committee as a member of the Communist Party, re-
fused to answer all committee questions regarding his own member-
ship in the party on constitutional grounds. He declared, however,
that he did not know Paul Corbin to be a member of the Communist
Party and had no knowledge of ever having attended party meetings
with him. Flory said he "vaguely" recalled serving as a witness for
Corbin in a divorce proceeding.

When he appeared before the committee, Corbin was questioned
regarding his selection of Ishmael P. Flory and Kenneth Born as
witnesses in his divorce proceeding. Corbin told the committee that
while serving in the Armed Forces, he had acquired a 10-day leave of
absence for the purpose of divorcing his wife, Seena, and marrying his
present wife. Upon arriving in Chicago, Corbin was informed that
two witnesses would be required to testify in court that they personally
knew him. Since all the people he knew were in the service, Corbin
stated :

The only place I knew where to go was the labor hall. I
went down to the old union office, and there were two fellows
sitting there, one that had an office for a union that I had seen
on various occasions and another person who was also a union
official. One said, "Corbin, what are you doing back?" I
said, "I am here on leave for a divorce and I am looking for
two witnesses. Will you boys testify that you know me?"

"Yes, we will."

Corbin testified that he did not know Flory and Born to be mem-
bers of the Communist Party until after having read newspaper
accounts of their party activities in the Milwaukee Journal "17 years
later."

Fred Bassett Blair, publicly known as chairman of the Wisconsin
Communist Party in the 1940's, appeared before the committee on
November 27, 1961. He invoked the fifth amendment in response to
committee questions concerning his own membership in the Commu-
nist Party and any knowledge he might have regarding Paul Corbin's
affiliation with the party.

72 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1062

Emil Costello, operator of an employment agency in California,
appeared as a witness on November 28, 1961. Joseph C. Kennedy had
testified to various conversations involving himself, Paul Corbin, and
Costello, who was a reputed Communist. Kennedy said Costello even-
tually broke with the party. Costello invoked his constitutional
privileges against self-incrimination in response to committee ques-
tions regarding his own relationships with the Communist Party and
any knowledge he might have of Paul Corbin's relationship with
the party.

Edward S. Kerstein, a reporter for the Milwaukee Journal, ap-
peared as a witness on November 27, 1961, and submitted affidavits
he had acquired from the following individuals in regard to Paul
Corbin's alleged membership in, or statements about, the Communist
Party : John D. Giacomo, Walter T. Anderson, and Joseph C. Ken-
nedy. The committee's own interrogation of these individuals subse-
quent to the date of the affidavits has previously been summarized.
Kerstein stated he had no personal knowledge that Corbin had been
involved in activities of the Communist Party.

CHAPTER II

REPORTS

NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY

On August 13, 1962, the committee released a report entitled Security
Practices in the National Security Agency. It was based upon an
extended series of investigations and executive hearings initiated by
the committee in 1960 following the defection to the Soviet Union of
NSA mathematicians William H. Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell.

A highlight of the report was the listing of 22 corrective security
steps taken by the Agency as a result of shortcomings revealed by
this committee. Many of these steps were described in the Annual
Report for 1961. Several important ones did not occur or were not
reported to the committee until 1962. They are as follows :

Procedures have been instituted at NSA to assure prompt investiga-
tive action to determine the whereabouts of any missing employees
and the circumstances of unauthorized absences.

Contrary to previous practices, there is now a free exchange of
information between the security and personnel offices at NSA when
an individual's suitability for employment or continued employment
is being evaluated.

At least two independent evaluations are now made in the security
office to determine a job candidate's eligibility for security clearance
and at least two independent judgments are made in the personnel
office as to his suitability for being hired.

Data obtained during polygraph interviews of job candidates are
made available to outside agencies when they conduct full field back-
ground investigations for NSA. This is a new procedure.

NSA has reestablished the Office of Inspector General to assure
that prescribed security procedures are being carried out.

NSA's Office of Security Services has been reorganized to permit
maximum emphasis on counterintelligence and personnel security.

For the legislative developments which took place in 1962 in regard
to the National Security Agency, see the Legislative Recommendations
section of this report.

73

37-377 O — 64-

THE COMMUNIST PARTY'S COLD WAR AGAINST CONGRESSIONAL
INVESTIGATION OF SUBVERSION

(Testimony of Robert Carrillo Ronstadt)

A militant drive against anti-communism in all forms, including
the U.S. Communist Party's campaigns to abolish this committee and
the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee and to repeal this Nation's
vital security laws, is in keeping with the openly proclaimed strategy
of the international Communist conspiracy.

The main political resolution adopted by the Communist Party of
the United States at its 17th National Convention in New York City,
in December 1959, contained the following as one of its major planks :

Abolish the witchhunting House Un-American Activities
Committee and the Senate Internal Security Committee.

In the fall of 1960, representatives from most of the world's then 87
Communist parties met in Moscow for a number of weeks to update
their strategy and tactics for global conquest. On December 5, 1960,
81 of these Communist parties issued a 20,000-word doctrinal and
strategy statement which said, in part —

conditions are particularly favorable for expanding the in-
fluence of the Communist parties, vigorously exposing anti-
communism. * * * it is indispensable to wage a resolute
struggle against anti-communism * * *.

On January 6, 1961, Soviet dictator Nikita Khrushchev delivered
a major address which was published in numerous languages by inter-
national Communist organs so that his message would be conveyed to
the party faithful in all parts of the world. In this speech, Khru-
shchev made the 81-party statement official doctrine by giving it his
wholehearted approval, particularly emphasizing its call for a renewed
struggle against anti-communism.

On January 20? 1961, Gus Hall, general secretary of the Communist
Party of the United States, dutifully echoed the 81-party statement
and Khrushchev's endorsement of it in a report to the U.S. party's
National Committee in New York City. Said Hall :

Spearheading the attack [of anti-communism] are the un-
American Activities Committee and its Senate counterpart,
the Internal Security Committee, both of which wage an in-
creasing assault on the liberties of Communists and all other
Americans. Both are monstrosities which must be abolished.

The party's official May Day statement in 1961 called upon Com-
munists to stamp out anti-communism.

It is significant that both Hall's above-quoted report to the National
Committee and the party's 1961 May Day pronouncement stressed
abolition of the Committee on Un-American Activities as the No.
1 task of Communists, insofar as internal U.S. affairs were concerned.

74

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 75

The only Communist tasks given higher priorities involved foreign
affairs; specifically, the altering of U.S. foreign policy so as to aid
the Soviet Union.

Although the Communist conspiracy has greatly stepped up its fight
against anti-communism, the fight itself is not a new one. The history
of the U.S. party's effort to discredit and abolish congressional in-
vestigations into its operations, for instance, dates back to the earliest
days of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities (Dies Com-
mittee) , forerunner of this committee.

The September 1938 edition of The Communist, official party maga-
zine of that day, bitterly denounced the newly formed Dies Commit-
tee and claimed that it was set "to launch a smearing expedition, brand-
ing all opponents of reaction as 'Reds' * * *."

During the early forties, Communist Party National Chairman
William Z. Foster called for "liquidation" of the Dies Committee.
When the Dies Committee became the present standing committee in
1945, Foster wrote that it "must be abolished." [Emphasis in orig-
inal.]

On August 6, 1948, the party's 14th National Convention in New
York City adopted an election platform which contained a demand
to —

Abolish the Un-American Committee

Although the Communist Party has concentrated most of its fire
on this committee, it has not done so to the exclusion of other Federal
organizations. As FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover wrote in his book
Masters of Deceit —

any organization which has the duty to investigate or expose
communist activity is singled out for attack. For years the
Party has campaigned against the House Committee on Un-
American Activities, the Senate Internal Security Sub-Com-
mittee, and the Senate Investigating Committee. The De-
partment of Justice and the FBI have not been spared, and
we have come to judge our effectiveness by the intensity of
communist attacks.

Communist-Front Activity

A number of Communist fronts, in addition to the party itself, have
played key roles in the Communist drive to bring about the abolish-
ment of each and every congressional committee which investigates
subversive activities.

Citizens Committee To Preserve American Freedoms

In January 1952, the Citizens Committee To Preserve American
Freedoms was organized in Los Angeles, Calif., with the self-declared
"single purpose of arousing the public to abolish all Un-American
[Activities] Committees." This group has since been extremely active
and versatile in pursuing that purpose. Attacks upon this committee,
for example, have been waged in the forms of CCPAF-published news-
papers and pamphlets, CCPAF-produced phonograph records,
CCPAF-inspired rallies and demonstrations, and, in one instance, a
CCPAF-sponsored concert.

76 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

In a report on the May 1960 San Francisco riots against this com-
mittee, FBI Director Hoover wrote :

Much of the literature that was distributed during the cam-
paign, for example, emanated in the name of the Citizens
Committee To Preserve American Freedoms * * *.

[and]
The Communist Party furnished funds to the CCPAF to
defray the expense of mailing literature during the cam-
paign * * .

The Citizens Committee To Preserve American Freedoms was cited
as a Communist front by this committee in House Report 259 on the
Southern California District of the Communist Party, April 3, 1959.

Emergency Civil Liberties Committee

The Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, formed in 1951, was
cited by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee in 1956 as a front
created "to defend the cases of Communist lawbreakers." (It was
also cited as a Communist front in this committee's 1958 annual
report.)

On September 20, 1957; ECLC formally launched an abolition cam-
paign against the Committee on Un-American Activities with a rally
at Carnegie Hall in New York City. At the time of the rally, more
than half of the 61 persons serving on ECLC's National Council had
records of Communist Party or Communist front affiliation. Harvey
O'Connor, chairman of the group, had been identified as a party
member.

Like the CCPAF, the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee has used
such media as pamphlets, newsletters, "open" letters, newspaper ad-
vertisements and rallies to press for abolition of congressional com-
mittees investigating subversion, as well as for repeal of important
U.S. anti-subversion laws.

National Committee To Abolish the Un-American Activities

Committee

On August 15, I960, a public announcement revealed the formation
of the National Committee To Abolish the Un-American Activities
Committee, with the same Los Angeles address as that of the Citizens
Committee To Preserve American Freedoms. Seven of the 13 per-
sons named as leaders of the new organization had previously been
identified as members of the Communist Party.

NCAUAC's initial program called for (1) the preparation and
distribution of literature opposing the committee; (2) endorsement
of a national political action tour by a field representative for the
purpose of electing anti-committee candidates to Congress and, after
t.,*, 1960 general election, convincing newly elected Congressmen that
they should work for abolition of the committee; and (3) maintenance
of a Washington office during the month of January 1961 to lobby for
abolition of the committee and a reduction in its appropriations.

The formation of NCAUAC was followed by the organization of a
New York Council To Abolish the House Un-American Activities
Committee (whose co-chairmen — Otto Nathan and Russ Nixon — had
both been named as Communists) , the Youth To Abolish the House

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 77

Un-American Activities Committee (located in New York City), and
the Washington [D.C.] Area Committee for Abolition of the House
Un-American Activities Committee. NCAUAC, Youth To Abolish
the House Un-American Activities Committee, the Citizens Commit-
tee To Preserve American Freedoms, and the New York Council To
Abolish the House Un-American Activities Committee, have been
officially cited by this committee as Communist fronts.

Support Operations

The campaign of the Communist Party, its fronts and sympathizers
to abolish the Committee on Un-American Activities is a many-sided
one.

In July 1961? Ballantine Books, Inc., published a paperback entitled
The Vn- Americans, a distortion-packed volume which proclaimed it-
self to be "the first fully documented account of the notorious House
Committee on Un-American Activities — how their abuse of power is
being met by a growing opposition." The book was written by Frank
J. Donner, who has been identified as having been a member of the
Communist Party by a number of witnesses who have testified before
this committee.

Several anti-committee songs have been published in Sing Out, an
alleged folksong magazine which frequently features favorite Com-
munist melodies and party-line lyrics.

The Liberty Prometheus Book Club of New York City has an-
nounced publication in the near future of a book entitled A Quarter
Century of Un-Americana. It will be composed of derogatory car-
toons about the committee. This book club was founded by Angus
Cameron and Carl Marzani, both of whom have been identified as
Communist Party members.

Late in 1962 an anti-committee motion picture film was being pro-
duced for early release by a west coast party member.

"Mr. Abolition"

The name of Frank Wilkinson appears again and again whenever a
study is made of Communist Party front efforts to discredit and bring
about the abolition of the Committee on Un-American Activities.
Wilkinson has held key positions with the Citizens Committee To
Preserve American Freedoms, the Emergency Civil Liberties Com-
mittee, and the National Committee To Abolish the Un-American
Activities Committee while pursuing these objectives. He is a pro-
fessional agitator, and makes his living by carrying out anti-committee
operations.

In 1952 Wilkinson was dismissed by the Los Angeles City Housing
Authority after he had invoked the fifth amendment in response to a
series of questions about Communist Party affiliations asked him by
the # California Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American
Activities.

In 1953 Wilkinson became the executive secretary of the Citizens
Committee To Preserve American Freedoms. Shortly thereafter he
was appointed to the National Council of the Emergency Civil Lib-
erties Committee.

He was identified as a Communist Party member in testimony given
this committee on December 7, 1956, by Mrs. Anita Bell Schneider,

78 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

former undercover operative for the Federal Bureau of Investigation
in the Communist Party.

On the same day Mrs. Schneider testified, Wilkinson appeared be-
fore the committee. He was almost totally uncooperative. When
asked his occupation, Wilkinson replied :

I am answering no questions of this committee because the
House Committee on Un-American Activities stands in direct
violation * * * of the first amendment to the United States
Constitution. This committee should be abolished, and the
question is none of your business.

In 1957 Wilkinson was borrowed from the Citizens Committee To
Preserve American Freedoms (where he was still serving as executive
secretary) by the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee to help plan
the previously mentioned Carnegie Hall rally and to serve as the field
director for its resulting campaign to abolish this committee.

Wilkinson was sent to Atlanta, Ga., by the ECLC in 1958 to organize
opposition to hearings held there by this committee in July 1958.
When he was subsequently subpenaed to testify at those hearings
about Communist strategy and tactics, he was again as defiant as he
had been in 1956. He not only refused to answer all but a few of
the questions asked, but declined to invoke the fifth amendment as
his reason for doing so.

For this performance, Wilkinson was cited for contempt by the
Congress on August 13, 1958, convicted of this charge by a Federal Dis-
trict Court in Atlanta on January 23, 1959, and sentenced to a year
in prison. He was released on bail when he appealed the conviction,
and continued his anti-committee agitation.

On February 24, 1959, he was observed distributing anti-committee
literature outside the Los Angeles building in which this committee
was holding executive hearings.

In the FBI's previously mentioned report on the 1960 San Francisco
riots, Director J. Edgar Hoover stated that after the hearings were
concluded Mickey Lima, chairman of the Northern California Dis-
trict of the Communist Party, praised Wilkinson "for the role he had
played in organizing the demonstrations."

In the latter part of 1960, Wilkinson began touring the country
as spokesman and field director of the newly formed National Com-
mittee To Abolish the Un-American Activities Committee.

During the early part of 1961, "Mr. Abolition" prepared a year's
program of NCAUAC abolition activity covering the period March
1961 to February 1962. It called for petitions in opposition to —

(a) such new hearings as HUAC may schedule ; (b) all forms
of governmental sponsorship of the HUAC-aided film "Oper-
ation Abolition" ; (c) HUAC's appropriation ; (d) other.

Additional features of the Wilkinson program were that —

all future hearings called by the HUAC be countered by
every possible effective public demonstration * * *. Per-
sons subpenaed to the Capital from distant cities should be
honored by sendoff and welcome-home rallies at airports.

Wilkinson's 1961-62 program for NCAUAC urged continued acqui-
sition of all the anti-committee literature possible and its distribution
to a mailing list of between 5,000 and 10,000 key groups and indi-

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 79

viduals. It proposed the formation of anti-committee student groups
and close coordination of their activities.

On February 27, 1961, the Supreme Court upheld the contempt
conviction of Frank Wilkinson and on May 1, 1961, he began serving
his prison sentence.

He was released from prison on February 1, 1962, after completing
9 months of the 1-year sentence. He wasted little time in resuming
his role as the No. 1 paid agitator against the Committee on Un-
American Activities. He was promoted to the post of executive di-
rector of the National Committee To Abolish the Un-American Activi-
ties Committee on March 3, 1962, and almost immediately announced
NCAUAC's program for the period between then and the convening
of the 88th Congress in January 1963.

The most essential aims of this program were: (1) To bring about
the nomination and election of as many anti-committee congressional
candidates as possible in the 1962 primary and general elections; (2)
to persuade the maximum number of elected Congressmen possible
that they should vote for the abolition of the committee; and (3) to
bring to Washington in January 1963 "community leaders" from all
over the country to present the new Congress with thousands of sig-
natures on anti-committee petitions.

The Testimony of Robert Ronstadt

Inasmuch as Frank Wilkinson has, without a doubt, been the driving
force behind the campaign to have the Committee on Un-American
Activities abolished, the executive testimony of Robert Carrillo Ron-
stadt before this committee in Los Angeles on April 25, 1962, was of
special interest because it provided a new insight into Wilkinson's
Communist Party background. Ronstadt, an undercover FBI opera-
tive in the Communist Party from the middle of 1947 through the end
of 1954, testified that he and Wilkinson had served in the same party
unit in Los Angeles for about 4 years.

Ronstadt told the committee that the party had assigned him the
task of keeping Wilkinson from falling apart emotionally when the
latter was being investigated by the California Senate Fact- Finding
Committee on Un-American Activities in 1952. The witness said that
although Wilkinson showed effects of the strain of that investigation,
he [Ronstadt] was honestly able to report to Communist superiors, in
response to their inquiries, that Wilkinson remained a dedicated party
member throughout this development.

Witness Ronstadt told the committee further that after Wilkinson
had lost his job with the Los Angeles City Housing Authority in 1952,
he became a paid employee of the Communist Party, and the party
assigned him to the executive secretaryship of the Citizens Committee
To Preserve American Freedoms.

Ronstadt testified from personal knowledge that Frank Wilkinson
had attended Communist Party meetings and made financial contribu-
tions to the party. The witness said that when he left the party in the
latter part of 1954, Wilkinson was still a member.

A summary of Ronstadt's testimony in regard to other matters fol-
lows:

Robert Ronstadt was graduated cum laude from the University of
Notre Dame in 1941, and continued postgraduate work in sociology

80 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

and administration. In the latter part of 1942, he passed an examina-
tion for the FBI and was placed on its waiting list. Early in 1943,
however, he enlisted as a private in the Marine Corps, where he served
throughout the remainder of World War II. He was discharged as
a lieutenant in 1946.

In 1946 Ronstadt was approached and offered employment in Los
Angeles by a private investigative firm headed by two former FBI
agents, Joseph P. McCarthy and Joseph Dunn.

Mr. McCarthy explained that the president of Allied Records, a
communications material manufacturing company doing contract
work for the U.S. Government, had contacted the investigative firm
because he had reason to believe that some Communist Party mem-
bers had infiltrated his plant. The company president wanted to
know if the private investigative firm could find out who the Com-
munists were. This was the assignment McCarthy had in mind when
he approached Ronstadt.

After being assured by McCarthy that all information about the
Communist Party he uncovered would be turned over to the FBI,
Ronstadt accepted the offer and went to work for Allied Records in
March 1946. In the fall of 1946 Ronstadt was approached by Donald
C. Wheeldin (who was identified as a Communist Party member
before this committee in 1958) and given an application form for
membership in the Communist Party. Ronstadt completed the appli-
cation form at that time.

Between then and the spring of 1947, when Ronstadt was finally
accepted as a member by the Communist Party, he sold subscriptions
to the Daily People's World (Communist West Coast newspaper) and
made numerous speeches urging that American troops be brought
home from overseas military bases. This, of course, was a major
element in the Communist line of that period.

When Ronstadt was accepted for membership in the Communist
Party, he discontinued employment with both Allied Records and the
Dunn & McCarthy private investigative agency. He did so at the
request of the FBI, and thereafter reported directly to, and only to,
the FBI.

During the period he was at Allied Records, however, Ronstadt
learned that the following persons were members of the Communist
Party : Hursel Alexander, Carl Brant, Leona Chamberlain, William
Elconin, and previously mentioned Donald C. Wheeldin.

Also while at Allied Records, Ronstadt studied several books on
carpentry, practiced with carpenters' tools and then passed an oral and
written examination which qualified him as a journeyman carpenter
with a union local in Los Angeles. Thus, when Ronstadt severed
relations with Dunn & McCarthy and Allied Records in the spring of

1947, he was able to find employment as a carpenter.

Ronstadt worked as a carpenter in Los Angeles until the fall of

1948, when he went to Connecticut for a brief period. He engaged
in no Communist Party activities in Connecticut.

He returned to Los Angeles early in 1949. By this time the con-
struction business had slowed down considerably, so Ronstadt looked
elsewhere for employment. He secured a job as a social worker for
the city government. Before long his position was transferred to
the jurisdiction of the State.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 81

Upon his return to Los Angeles, Konstadt, with Wheeldin, was as-
signed to a Communist Party industrial club consisting of 25 to 30
persons. In a few months, however, he was reassigned to another
Communist unit known as the Altgeld group, "a security group" made
up of members whom the party believed to be especially loyal. Gen-
erally speaking, members of the Altgeld group did not reveal their
party membership to rank-and-file Communists. The group to which
Ronstadt belonged was one of a number of Altgeld security clubs in
the Los Angeles area, each consisting of six or seven supposedly un-
usually loyal party members. Ronstadt was assigned liaison work
with several of the other security groups.

In the same security club with Ronstadt were Frank Wilkinson, Oli-
ver Haskell, and Sid Green, all three of whom were employed at that
time, 1949-52, by the Los Angeles City Housing Authority. Also in
the same Altgeld group were Mr. and Mrs. Drayton Bryant, Mrs. Oli-
ver Haskell, and Fay Kovner.

Among the Communist Party members with whom Ronstadt had
contact in other Altgeld clubs were Carole Andre and Dave Elbers.

In 1950, Ronstadt took leave of absence from his social work for the
State and entered UCLA to take some postgraduate courses. When
he completed these in 1951, instead of returning to his State job, he
accepted a position at Hughes Aircraft with his former investigative
associate, Joseph P. McCarthy. He remained at Hughes until after
he left the Communist Party in 1954.

Ronstadt began thinking about leaving the party in 1953, at which
time the party was exerting considerable pressure on him to go com-
pletely underground. Since this would have entailed moving to an-
other part of the country and since he was now engaged to be mar-
ried, he decided to give up his undercover work. This he did in 1954.
with the reluctant understanding of the FBI.

COMMUNIST AND TROTSKYIST ACTIVITY WITHIN THE GREATER LOS
ANGELES CHAPTER OF THE FAIR PLAY FOR CUBA COMMITTEE

(Testimony of Albert J. Lewis and Steve Roberts)

The Greater Los Angeles Chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Com-
mittee was the most active Communist front in the Los Angeles area
in 1961, according to a report and testimony released under the above
title November 2, 1962, by the Committee on Un-American Activities.

An unusual feature of this front operation was the fact that it was
dominated from its inception by members of the Socialist Workers
Party, an ultrarevolutionary Communist organization which has com-
peted for many years with the "orthodox," Moscow-spawned Com-
munist Party, USA. Members of the Socialist Workers Party con-
sider themselves genuine Communists, but they are usually called
"Trotskyists" because they adhere to the principles of Marx, Engels,
and Lenin as interpreted by Russian revolutionary leader Leon
Trotsky.

Although they have differences with the Soviet Communist leader-
ship and its puppet party in the United States over tactical and
ideological matters, Trotskyists agree with U.S. Communists that the
Soviet Union must be defended against "aggressors" such as the
United States, and that the Communist system must be extended
throughout the entire world.

The committee report expressed concern over the ultrarevolutionary
Trotskyist movement's recent growth in power and influence not only
as demonstrated by its unusual success in manipulating the Los
Angeles Fair Play organization, but also as evidenced by public ad-
missions of the Socialist Workers Party's strength by competing
Marxist groups. The committee's 1962 investigations and hearings in
Southern California revealed that Socialist Workers Party members
had infiltrated an industrial defense plant there in 1961 and had
captured key offices in the trade union which had bargaining rights for
that plant's employees. Details of these developments have been
withheld by the committee pendingf urther investigation.

The improved fortunes of the Trotskyist movement in the United
States are attributed, in part, to the cooperation Trotskyists have
received from the U.S. Communist Party in recent years. In a brief
review of the history of the Socialist Workers Party and its relations
with the orthodox Communist Party, the committee report called at-
tention to the bitter rivalry which existed between the two Communist
organizations for more than 25 years. The feud had its origin in
Soviet dictator Stalin's disputes with Leon Trotsky, who was exiled
from the Soviet Union in 1929 and assassinated by a Stalinist agent
in Mexico in 1940. The death of Stalin in 1953 and Nikita Khrush-
chev's denunciation of Stalin in 1956 paved the way for some degree
of rapprochement between Trotskyists and orthodox Communists.

82

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 83

Collaboration between the two forces was also furthered by the pre-
sent Soviet dictator's instructions that Communists throughout the
world should establish "united- front" relationships with other in-
dividuals and groups when expedient, regardless of differing views.
Khrushchev encouraged such relationships on the basis that they
serve to advance certain mutual objectives, although the Soviet
dictator made it clear that all participants in united-front operations
are expected to give support to the Soviet Union's "peace" policies
as opposed to what he terms the "aggressive" policies of the United
States.

Collaboration of Trotskyists and Communist -Party members was
strikingly illustrated in the operations of the Greater Los Angeles
Chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.

In January 1961 the local Fair Play group launched a full-scale
propaganda operation in the Los Angeles area for the alleged purpose
of spreading the "truth" about the Castro-led revolution in Cuba.
In order to disseminate its version of the "truth," which was all favor-
able to Fidel Castro, the organization staged public meetings and mass
picket demonstrations. It also spread its propaganda by publishing
and circulating literature about Cuba and by providing speakers,
equipped with movies or slides, to local community gatherings.

The Los Angeles Fair Play group's propaganda was effusive in
praise of the Castro regime and vitriolic toward United States policies
with respect to Cuba. The report released by the Committee on Un-
American Activities in November concluded that the Los Angeles
Fair Play organization's propaganda, rather than contributing to a
better understanding of the complex Cuban situation as it really
existed, deliberately misinformed the public in order to generate
sentiment for a "Hands-Off-Cuba" policy by the United States
Government.

Speaking at public rallies, officials of the subject Fair Play chapter
described Cuba as a "fine type of democracy" not dependent upon the
Soviet bloc but merely enjoying its "humanitarian" aid. These allega-
tions, the report noted, were contradicted by the facts. Cuba was
already a professed member of the Soviet bloc of nations and clearly
dependent upon Communist countries for assistance. Moreover,
Castro was in the avowed process of building a one-party dictator-
ship and a collective economy similar to those which had been imposed
upon the people of the Soviet Union.

Committee investigations revealed that the key leadership posts
in the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Com-
mittee were held by individuals who were also active members of the
Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party. Lesser functionary positions in
the organization were allotted to members of the orthodox Communist
Party, USA. The committee learned that, within a month after the
January 1961 public appearance of the local Fair Play group, Com-
munist Party members in the area were instructed to turn out in force
at Fair Play meetings and obtain dominance over the organization.
They were unable to wrest control from the entrenched members
of the Socialist Workers Party, however, and had to content them-

84 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

selves with the role of vigorous supporters of the Trotskyist-led chap-
ter as prescribed by the Communists' "united-front" policy.

The committee report included reproductions of a number of photo-
graphs taken at mass picket demonstrations staged by the Fair Play
group in the spring of 1961. These photographs confirmed that not
only rank-and-file Communists, but even the top officers of the party's
Southern California District, had participated with picket signs to
help make the Fair Play propaganda campaign more effective.

Key officers of the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of the Fair Play
for Cuba Committee, according to investigation by the Committee
on Un-American Activities, were Dr. A. J. Lewis, executive secretary,
and Steve Roberts, who was the official West Coast representative
for the national Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Both individuals,
it was also learned, were concurrently active members of the Socialist
Workers Party.

The Testimony of Albert J. Lewis and Steve Roberts

Dr. Lewis and Mr. Roberts were interrogated by the committee at
executive hearings in Los Angeles on April 26 and April 27, 1962,
respectively. They both invoked the fifth amendment in response
to committee questions regarding their activities in the local Fair
Play for Cuba group and the Socialist Workers Party. The commit-
tee learned that, several weeks prior to the opening of its hearings, Dr.
Lewis had left both organizations for reasons not pertinent to the
subject under inquiry. The committee report named a number of
other persons who were associated in official capacities with both the
Fair Play group in Los Angeles and the Trotskyist Socialist Workers
Party.

The report noted that Delfino Varela represented the Southern Cali-
fornia District of the Communist Party on the executive committee
of the Fair Play chapter in Los Angeles and that Martin Hall, chair-
man of the Fair Play Committee, has been a "continuous supporter
of front organizations of the orthodox Communist Party, USA."

In September 1961, 9 months after it was formed, the Los Angeles
Chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee claimed a member hip
of more than 1,000. By March of 1962, however, officials of the or-
ganization admitted that its membership was shrinking. This re-
sulted in the suspension of public activity between April and the fall
of 1962. At the latter time, the committee learned of elaborate Fair
Play chapter plans to stage a picket demonstration on the occasion of
President Kennedy's scheduled speaking engagement in Los Angeles
on October 26, 1962. Although the President's speech was canceled
because of the gravity of the Cuban crisis, on which the propaganda
organization intended to agitate in behalf of Castro, the Fair Play
chapter nevertheless carried out the demonstration as planned.

The membership decline experienced by the Fair Play for Cuba
group early in 1962 was attributed to well-publicized statements by
Fidel Castro that he was a confirmed Marxist-Leninist who believed
in the future world victory of communism. The committee report
expressed the opinion that —

Castro's blatantly pro-Communist actions and pronounce-
ments of the last year or so have made it virtually impossible

ANISTUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 85

for any group, no matter how skilled in propaganda and
agitation, to continue selling the American public the line
that communism is not an issue in Cuban- American relations.

The report also declared that preoccupation with problems created
by the orthodox Communist Party "should not blind the Congress to
the subversive potentials of smaller, dissident Communist groups
having the common objective of supplanting our constitutional gov-
ernment with a Soviet-style dictatorship." The united-front relation-
ship between Trotskyists and the Communists, warned the report,
"has produced dividends for both groups and adds to the overall
strength of subversive forces in this country."

CHAPTER III

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COMMITTEE PUBLICATIONS FOR

THE YEAR 1962

During the year 1962, the committee set a new high for total num-
ber of publications distributed to Members of Congress, Govern-
ment agencies, and to private individuals and organizations. The ap-
proximate total number of publications distributed was 456,410 copies.
This figure is broken down as follows :

At the beginning of 1962, the committee had 260,000 copies remain-
ing of publications reprinted in 1961 ; 211,870 copies of these reprints
were used to fulfill requests in 1962. Also during 1962, the com-
mittee received a total of 156,000 reprints of publications released
in 1961, plus 35,000 copies of the committee publication The House
Committee on Un-American Activities — What It Is — What It Does,
originally released in 1958.

This constituted a total of 191,000 reprints of previously published
documents. Of this number, 159,700 copies were distributed.

In addition to the above, the committee received 148,790 copies of
publications issued in 1962.1 Of these, 84,840 copies had been dis-
tributed by the end of the year.

The committee receives numerous requests for publications which
date back a number of years and, whenever feasible, attempts to ful-
fill these requests. An exact account of the number of these earlier
hearings and reports distributed has not, however, been maintained.

Following is the list of committee hearings and reports for the
second session of the 87th Congress :

HEARINGS

Hearings Relating to H.R. 9753, To Amend Sections 3(7) and 5(b)
of the Internal Security Act of 1950, As Amended, Relating to
Employment of Members of Communist Organizations in Certain
Defense Facilities, February 7, 1962.

Hearings Relating to H.R. 10175, To Accompany H.R. 11363, Amend-
ing the Internal Security Act of 1950, March 15, 1962.

Testimony By and Concerning Paul Corbin, September 6 and 13, 1961 ;
November 13, 27, and 28, 1961 ; and March 15 and July 2, 1962.

Communist Propaganda — and the Truth — About Conditions in
Soviet Russia .(Testimony of David P. Johnson), May 22, 1962.

"Intellectual Freedom" — Red China Style (Testimony of Chi-chou
Huang) , May 24 and 25, 1962.

Communist Activities in the Cleveland, Ohio, Area, Parts 1 and 2,
June 4, 5, 6, and 7, 1962.

1 The committee held 16 sessions of executive hearings in 1962 for which no transcripts
were published.

87

88 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Communist Outlets for the Distribution of Soviet Propaganda in the
United States, Parts 1 and 2, May 9, 10, and 17 and July 11 and 12,
1962.

Communist Youth Activities (Eighth World Youth Festival, Hel-
sinki, Finland, 1962), April 25 and 27 and October 4, 1962.

U.S. Communist Party Assistance to Foreign Communist Govern-
ments (Medical Aid to Cuba Committee and Friends of British
Guiana), November 14 and 15, 1962.

Communist Activities in the Peace Movement (Women Strike for
Peace and Certain Other Groups), December 11, 12, and 13, 1962.

REPORTS

Publication in Federal Register of Lists of Defense Facilities, House
Eeport 1362, 87th Congress (to accompany H.R. 9753), February
19, 1962.

Protection of Classified Information Released to U.S. Industry and
Defense Contractors, House Report 1665, 87th Congress (to ac-
company H.R. 11363), May 8, 1962.

Protection of Classified Information Released to U.S. Industry and
Defense Contractors, House Report 1945, 87th Congress (to ac-
company H.R. 11363) , June 28, 1962.

Amending the Internal Security Act of 1950 To Provide for Maxi-
mum Personnel Security in the National Security Agency, House
Report 2120, 87th Congress (to accompany H.R. 12082), August

^ 2, 1962.

Security Practices in the National Security Agency (Defection of
Bernon F. Mitchell and William H. Martin), August 13, 1962. ■

The Communist Party's Cold War Against Congressional Investiga-
tion of Subversion, October 10, 1962.

Communist and Trotskyist Activity Within the Greater Los An-
geles Chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, November
2, 1962.

Annual Report for 1962.

CHAPTER IV

REFERENCE SERVICE

This committee, unlike most of those in the House of Representa-
tives, does not periodically turn over its files to the Clerk of the House,
because it is required by law to retain custody of all files. The public
source material in the files, therefore, constitutes a valuable, extensive
and ever-growing collection of information on Communist and Com-
munist-front activities in this country.

The committee is under a mandate to make the inf ormation in this
collection available to the Members of the House and, in compliance
with this mandate, supplies them with special reference service. This
service has been extended to the Members of the U.S. Senate as well.
For the sake of accuracy and in compliance with committee rules, both
requests for information and replies to them must be made in writing.
During 1962, Members of Congress made over 3,800 inquiries of the
type necessitating reference service. Information resulting from
checks of the reference material on the 7,500 individuals and 3,900
organizations and publications mentioned in the inquiries resulted in
the preparation of a total of 3,747 written reports.

The committee's records and reference material, moreover, have been
a source of information for the investigative agencies of the executive
branch of the Government for many years. In Executive Order No.
9835, instituting the Loyalty Program in 1947, President Truman
specifically listed the committee's files as one of the sources of informa-
tion where "an investigation shall be made of all applicants" for Fed-
eral employment. When this program was supplanted by the Security
Program under President Eisenhower's Executive Order No. 10450 in
1953, that order maintained the requirement of a national agency
check on all applicants for Federal employment. Although
sources of agency checks were not listed by name in this order, the in-
vestigative agencies displayed no less interest in checking the records
and files of this committee, and the practice has been continued up to
the present time. In 1962, their representatives made more than 2,000
visits for this purpose, used the reference facilities to the limit of
physical capacity, and were given all practicable assistance in locating
available information.

Staff members of the committee consulted reference section files
constantly during the year for information to be used in connection
with almost every phase of committee work. In addition, they made
requests of the section for the compilation of information on several
thousand subjects, the reproduction of more than 5,200 exhibits from
material in the files, and the loan of numerous files, periodicals,
pamphlets, and other publications.

89

37-377 0—64-

CHAPTER V

LEGISLATIVE ACTION

Introduction

This committee has made numerous legislative recommendations
designed to fulfill the mission assigned it, first by House resolution
and later by the Legislative Reorganization Act. It is the committee's
function, through such legislative activity to assist in protecting our
country from subversion and in guarding it against those who seek to
destroy the freedom which the American people have secured under
our constitutional form of government. Recommendations made dur-
ing the years 1941 through 1960, together with a description of action
subsequently taken by Congress or by the executive branch in the field
of the committee's activity, were summarized in the committee publica-
tion released December 30, 1960, entitled Legislative Recommendations
by the House Committee on Un-American Activities (A Research
Study by the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of
Congress) .

The present chapter is limited to a detailed study of action taken
on committee recommendations by the 87th Congress, second session,
during the year 1962. The committee suggests that it be read in con-
junction with the aforementioned 1960 publication.

Many of the committee's recommendations have been repeated
through the years, in some cases in the original form and in other
cases in altered form. In all instances they are designed to meet con-
ditions as they appear to exist, from time to time and as brought to
light in the course of committee investigations.

As was pointed out in its Annual Report for the Tear 1961, the
efforts of this committee and the value of its proposals cannot, in the
final analysis, be measured by the number of bills passed by the House
or immediately enacted into law. If the committee's proposals serve
to stimulate the democratic process they have accomplished a worthy
and important purpose.

This chapter is divided into five parts :

Part I. Bills enacted into law in 1962 ;
Part II. Bills passed by the House in 1962 ;
Part III. Detailed summary of all legislative recommendations
and subsequent action by the 87th Congress or by executive
agencies in 1962 ;

Part IV. Appendix to relevant bills introduced in the 87th
Congress, second session;

Part V. Index to committee recommendations.

"Item" numbers hereafter referred to in the above parts correspond
to the original "Item" number in the aforementioned 1960 publication
entitled Legislative Recommendations by House Committee on Un-

01

92 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

American Activities. Also, those "Items" to which reference is made
in Parts I and II of this chapter are repeated and detailed in Part
III. It is, therefore, not necessary to make reference to the 1960
publication to ascertain the history of the recommendations or the
status of legislation introduced in the second session of the 87th
Congress.

Finally, the committee wishes to express its appreciation to the Leg-
islative Eef erence Service of the Library of Congress, which has very
kindly prepared, in large part, the excellent analysis of legislative
action contained in this chapter.

Part I. Bills Enacted Into Law in 1962

Three laws were enacted in 1962 which contain provisions in the field
of the committee's prior recommendations.

Public Law 87-474- — Designation of defense facilities by Secretary
of Defense. {See Items 29 and 34, Part III, of this chapter, pp. 95
and 96, for details.) This act eliminates the requirement in section 5
of the Internal Security Act of 1950, that the Secretary of Defense
publish in the Federal Register the list of defense facilities, designated
by him as such. Such publication would be inimical to our security
by making easily and readily available to a potential enemy the infor-
mation needed for the selection of military targets and facilities for
sabotage.

Public Law 87-486— The Smith Act. {See Item 122, Part III, of
this chapter, p. 99, for details.) This act provides that the term
"organize" as used in the Smith Act, shall include the recruiting of
new members, the forming of new units, and the regrouping or expan-
sion of existing clubs.

Public Law 87-793, § 305— The "Cunningham Amendment" to the
Postal Service and Federal Employees Salary Act — Communist polit-
ical propaganda. {See Item 128-B, Part III, of this chapter, p. 102,
for details.) Section 305 permits mail (except sealed mail) from a
foreign country, which is determined by the Secretary of the Treasury
to be Communist political propaganda, to be detained by the Post-
master General with notification to addressee of receipt of same, de-
livery to be permitted only upon declaration by addressee that he
wants the material.

Part II. Bills Passed by House in 1962

H.R. 12082 — Personnel Security Procedures in National Security
Agency. {See Item 130, Part III, of this chapter, p. 103, for details.)
This bill establishes personnel security procedures for the National
Security Agency. The enactment of this bill would cure deficiencies
in security procedures at that agency disclosed by the committee's
investigation of the defection in 1960 of two National Security Agency
employees to the Soviet Union.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 93

Part III. Detailed Summary of All Legislative Recommendations
and Subsequent Action by the 87th Congress or by Executive
Agencies in 1962

Outlawing Political Organizations Under Foreign Control

Item 5. Committee recommendation — The enactment of legislation
to outlaw certain political organizations which are shown to be under
the control of a foreign government (contained in House Report No.
1, 77th Congress, dated January 3, 1941 ) .

Action — It should be noted here that in the Communist Control Act
of 1954 (68 Stat. 775 § 2) Congress declared the Communist Party
to have a "role as the agency of a hostile foreign power." Thus, a bill
proposing to outlaw the Communist Party would be implementing the
committee's recommendation contained in Item 5.

Action in 1962 — The following bills propose to outlaw the Com-
munist Party by providing penalties for becoming or remaining a
member of a Communist-action organization:

H.R. 99U (Mr. Doyle), January 30, 1962; referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending and under study.

H.R. 10019 (Mr. Staggers), January 31, 1962; referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending and under study.

H.R. 10228 (Mr. Johnson of Maryland), February 15, 1962; re-
ferred to the House Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending
and under study.

E.R. 10560 (Mr. Holifield), March 6, 1962; referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending and under study.

The following bill provides penalties for knowingly and willfully
becoming or remaining a member of the Communist Party, with
knowledge of the purpose or objective thereof :

H.R. 10039 (Mr. Martin of Nebraska), February 1, 1962; referred
to the House Committee on Un-American Activities; pending and
under study.

The following bill seeks to outlaw the Communist Party by provid-
ing that whenever it shall appear to the Attorney General or to any
United States District Attorney that any organization is probably a
Communist organization he may seek an injunction to enjoin the
performance of acts by the organization or its members, which would
be unlawful if there were in effect a final order of the Subversive
Activities Control Board requiring such organization to register.
This may be done before, during, or after any hearing of the Board :

H.R. 13398 (Mr. Hall), October 11, 1962, "The Russian Organiza-
tion Control Act of 1962." This bill was referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending and under study.

94 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

Refusal of Foreign Countries To Accept Deportees or To Return
Certain Persons to the United States

Item 6. Committee recommendation — The enactment of legislation
to prohibit all immigration from foreign countries which refuse to
accept the return of their nationals found under American law to be
deportable from this country (contained in House Report No. 2, 77th
Congress, dated January 3, 1941).

Present law provides that when the Attorney General notifies the
Secretary of State that any country refuses or unduly delays to accept
a deportee who is a national, citizen, subject, or resident thereof, the
Secretary of State shall instruct the consular officers in such country
to discontinue the issuance of immigrant visas to the nationals,
citizens, subjects, or residents of such country until such country has
accepted such alien (Immigration and Nationality Act § 243(g); 8
U.S.C. § 1253(g) ) (Walter-McCarran Act).

Action in 1962:

H.R. 12829 (Mr. Walter), August 8, 1962, proposes that upon noti-
fication by the Attorney General that any country upon request denies
or unduly delays acceptance of the "return of any alien" who is a
national, citizen or resident thereof, the Secretary of State shall in-
struct consular officers performing their duties in the territory of such
country to discontinue the issuance of immigrant visas to nationals,
citizens, subjects, or residents of such country until such time as the
Attorney General shall inform the Secretary of State that such country
has accepted such alien.

This bill adds another section which provides that the same proce-
dure shall be followed in a case where any country refuses or unduly
delays the return of any person who has fled from the United States
after conviction of an offense against the United States.

The bill was referred to the Judiciary Committee.

Restriction on Tax-Exemption Privileges of Communist
Educational and Charitable Organizations

Item 17. Committee recommendation — Legislation should be en-
acted to restrict the benefits of certain tax-exemption privileges now
extended to a number of Communist fronts posing as educational,
charitable, and relief organizations (contained in House Report No.
2742, 79th Congress, dated January 2, 1947).

Present law denies income tax exemptions under § 101 of the In-
ternal Revenue Code (now 26 U.S.C. § 501) to organizations registered
as Communist organizations, or regarding which there is in effect a
final order requiring such organization to register as a Communist
organization (64 Stat. 997 § 11 ; 50 U.S.C. § 790) .

Action in 1962 — The following bills propose to amend section 11 and
12 of the Internal Security Act (64 Stat. 997 § 11 ; 50 U.S.C. §§ 790 (b)
and 791(e)) so that its provisions for tax-denial would not be de-
pendent upon the registration requirement. The Subversive Activi-
ties Control Board would upon application by the Attorney General or
any interested person, determine whether an organization is a Com-
munist organization. Upon a final order of such determination, the
tax-denial provisions would take effect.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1862 95

H.R. 99U (Mr. Doyle), dated January 30, 1962; referred to the
House Committee on Un-American Activities; pending and under
study.

H.R. 10019 (Mr. Staggers) , dated January 31, 1962* referred to the
House Committee on Un-American Activities; pending and under
study.

H.R. 10228 (Mr. Johnson of Maryland) , dated February 15, 1962;
referred to the House Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending
and under study.

H.R. 10560 (Mr. Holifield), dated March 6, 1962; referred to the
House Committee on Un-American Activities; pending and under
study.

Employment of Subversives in Defense Plants — Safeguards

Item 29. Committee recommendation — Adoption of H.R. 3903, 81st
Congress, providing safeguards against employment of subversive in-
dividuals in defense plants (contained in House Report No. 1950, 81st
Congress, dated March 15, 1950) .

Present law — Section 5 of the Internal Security Act of 1950 ((te
Stat. 992 ; 50 U.S.C. § 784) forbids members of a Communist-action
organization to hold employment in a defense facility. The section
also authorizes and directs the Secretary of Defense "to designate and
proclaim, and from time to time revise, a list" of such facilities, to
publish such list in the Federal Register, and to promptly notify the
management of any facility so listed, whereupon the management shall
conspicuously post such designation in such places as to give reason-
able notice to its employees and to applicants for employment, that
it is a defense facility.

The present requirement that the list of defense facilities be pub-
lished in the Federal Register creates a very real danger with respect
to our national defense and security by making easily available to any
potential enemy vital intelligence information which could be used as
a detailed and accurate map for sabotage and the selection of military
targets {House Report No. 1362, 87th Congress, 2d session, p. 2) .

Action m 1962 — The following bills all provide for the elimination
of the requirement contained in section 5(b) of the Internal Security
Act that the list of facilities designated as defense facilities by the Sec-
retary of Defense be proclaimed and published in the Federal Register.
The requirement that the management of each facility so designated be
notified in writing and be required to post such designation is retained.
The bills also require the management of such facility, upon request by
the Secretary, to obtain a signed statement from each employee that
he knows that such facility has been so designated by the Secretary :

H.R. 9753 (Mr. Walter), January 18, 1962; referred to House Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities ; hearings were held on February 7,
1962: reported favorably, February 19, 1962 (House Report No.
1362) ; passed by the House, March 5, 1962 ; referred to Senate Judi-
ciary Committee, March 8, 1962; reported favorably, May 3, 1962
{Senate Report No. 1443)', passed Senate, May 17, 1962; approved
May 31, 1962— Public Law 87-474.

96 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

H.R. 9888 (Mr. Scherer) , January 24, 1962 ; referred to House Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities. ( See H.R. 9753 for action. )

S. 2689 (Senator Eastland), January 16, 1962; referred to Commit-
tee on the Judiciary. (See H.R. 9753 for action . )

Secretary of Defense to Put Into Effect Section 5 of Internal

Security Act

Item 34. Committee recommendation — That Congress adopt a res-
olution calling upon the Secretary of Defense to immediately place in
effect the provisions of section 5 of Public Law 831, 81st Congress
(Internal Security Act of 1950, 64 Stat. 992) (contained in House
Report No. 3249, 81st Congress) .

Present law — This section 5 provides that members of Communist
organizations which are registered or with reference to whom there
is m effect a final order requiring registration with the Attorney Gen-
eral under the act, shall not conceal their membership in such organi-
zation when seeking or holding employment in a defense facility, and,
if such organizations are Communist-action organizations, such mem-
bers shall not engage in any employment in a defense facility. The
Secretary of Defense shall designate, and proclaim, and publish, a list
of facilities to which he thinks these provisions shall apply in the in-
terests of our national security.

Note — The committee suggests that "the present requirement that
the list of defense facilities be published in the Federal Register,
creates a very real danger with respect to our national defense and
security by making easily available to any potential enemy vital intel-
ligence information which could be used as a detailed and accurate
map for sabotage and the selection of military targets." (House Re-
port No. 1362, 87th Congress, 2d session, p. 2) .

Action in 1962 — The following bills all provide for the elimination
of this requirement of the proclamation and listing of defense plants
in the Federal Register. The requirement, that the management of
each facility designated as a defense facility be notified in writing and
be required to post such designation, is retained. The bills also re-
quire the management of such facility, upon request by the Secretary,
to obtain a signed statement from each employee that he knows that
such facility has been so designated by the Secretary :

H.R. 9753 (Mr. Walter), January 18, 1962; referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities ; hearings were held on Febru-
ary 7, 1962; reported favorably, February 19, 1962 (House Report
No. 1362) ; passed by the House March 5, 1962 ; referred to the Senate
Judiciary Committee, March 8, 1962; reported favorably, May 3,
1962 (Senate Report No. 1^1$) ; passed Senate, May 17, 1962 ; approved
May 31, 1962— Public Law 87-474.

H.R. 9888 (Mr. Scherer) , January 24, 1962 ; referred to House Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities. (See H.R. 9753 for action.)

S. 2689 (Senator Eastland) , January 16, 1962 preferred to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary. (See H.R. 9753 for action.)

annual report for the year 1962 97

Immunity for Congressional Witnesses

Item 41. Committee recommendation — Legislation to effect a greater
latitude in granting immunity from prosecution to witnesses appear-
ing before congressional, executive or judicial hearings (contained in
House Report No. 21(31, 82d Congress, dated February 17, 1952).

Present law— Existing law (68 Stat. 754 ch. 769; 18 U.S.C. § 3486)
authorizes a grant of immunity from prosecution to witnesses com-
pelled to give testimony tending to incriminate them, in the course
of an investigation, relating to an attempt to endanger the national
security of the United States, held by Congress or by a congressional
committee, or in any case or proceeding relating to such subject
matter before any grand jury or court of the United States.

Action in 1962— H.R. 10039 (Mr. Martin of Nebraska), dated Feb-
ruary 1, 1962, proposes to amend 18 U.S.C. § 3486 to add membership
in the Communist Party as a means whereby the national security may
be endangered, so that § 3486 as amended by H.R. 10039 would permit
the compelling of testimony relating to such membership and the
granting of immunity from prosecution in connection therewith. The
bill was referred to the House Committee on Un-American Activities ;
pending and under study.

Surveillance by Technical Devices — Wiretapping

Item 90. Committee recommendation — Information obtained by
wire or radio should be permitted as evidence in matters affecting the
national security, provided that adequate safeguards are adopted to
prevent any abuse of civil liberties (contained in House Report No.
187, 86th Congress, dated March 8, 1959). In its Annual Report for
1961 (House Report No. 2559) the committee again emphasized the
urgency of legislation of this type. Both Federal and State officials,
within reasonable limitations, should be authorized to acquire and
intercept communications in the conduct of investigations and for the
prevention and prosecution of selected criminal activity.
' Action in 1962— H.R. 91^2 (Mr. Walter), January 10, 1962,
authorizes under rules prescribed by the Attorney General, and under
Court permit, the interception and disclosure of communications in
the detection and prosecution of offenses against the security of the
United States including treason, sabotage, espionage, seditious con-
spiracy, violations of neutrality laws, violations of the Foreign Agents
Registration Act, and violations of the act requiring the registration
of organizations subject to foreign control which engage in political
activity or civilian military activity, of organizations engaging both
in civilian military activity and in political activity, and every organ-
ization the aim of which is overthrow of government by force (now 18
U.S.C. §2386).

This bill was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

H.R. 10185 (Mr. Celler), February 12, 1962, permits the Attorney
General to authorize the Federal Bureau of Investigation to intercept
any wire communication, provided he determines that there is reason-

98 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

able ground for belief (1) that a felony involving national security
has been, is being, or is about to be committed; (2) that facts con-
cerning such offense may be obtained thereby, and (3) that no other
means are readily available for obtaining such information. The At-
torney General may authorize any Federal law enforcement agency
to apply to a Federal judge for leave to intercept wire communica-
tions where certain serious felonies are involved. State and local
enforcement officers of State whose law permits this, may make ap-
plication to a State judge for leave to intercept wire communications
to obtain evidence of murder, kidnapping, dealing in narcotics, and
other specific crimes. The bill limits the purposes for which lawfully
intercepted information may be used.

The bill was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

S. 2813 (Mr. McClellan, for himself and Mr. Eastland and Mr.
Ervin), February 7, 1962, is identical to H.R. 10185. S. 2813 was
referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Effectiveness of State Sedition Laws

Item 104. Committee recommendation — That H.R. 3, 86th Congress,
which passed the House on June 24, 1959, be enacted into law. The
bill contains provisions similar to recommendations made by the com-
mittee in its Annual Report for the year 1958, and provides that no
act of Congress should be construed as indicating a congressional
intent to occupy the field in which such act operates, to the exclusion
of all State laws on the subject matter, unless such act contains an
express provision to that effect. The enactment of such a law would
counteract the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in
the case of Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 497 (1956), which held
that the Smith Act had preempted the field of sedition and subversion
against the Federal Government (contained in House Report No. 1251,
86th Congress, dated February 8, 1960).

Action in 1962 — H.R. 3, 87th Congress, introduced by Mr. Smith of
Virginia, on January 3, 1961, referred to the Committee on the Judi-
ciary, reported out on June 13, 1962 {House Report No. 1820) .

Passport Security

Item 120. Committee recommendation — The adoption of legislation
authorizing the Secretary of State to deny passports to persons whose
purpose in traveling abroad is to engage in activities which will
advance the objectives of the Communist conspiracy (contained in
House Report No. 1251, 86th Congress, dated February 8, 1960, and
emphasized in the Annual Report for 1960, House Report No. 2237,
86th Congress, and in the Annual Report for 1961, House Report No.
2559, 87th Congress.)

Present law — Section 6 of the Internal Security Act of 1950 (50
U.S.C. § 785) provides that when a Communist organization is regis-
tered or there is in effect a final order of the Subversive Activities
Control Board requiring such organization to register, it shall be
unlawful for a member of such organization to apply for a passport
or for a renewal of same or to attempt to use any such passport : and i f
such organization is a Communist-action organization it shall be

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 99

unlawful for an officer or employee of the United States to issue or
renew a passport for a member of such organization.

However, as the committee has pointed out in its Annual Report
for 1961 (at p. 173), "Evidence before the committee has conclusively
demonstrated that, pursuant to security practices of the Communist
Party organization, many persons affiliated knowingly with the Com-
munist Party organization and obedient to its instructions, have not
assumed provable membership. Where the Secretary of State has
good cause to believe such persons are traveling abroad in support of
the objectives of the Communist conspiracy, it appears intolerable
that they should receive from a Government they seek to injure and
destroy, the recommendation of character and protection which a
passport implies."

Action in 1962 — The following bills provide that before any pass-
port is issued or renewed, the Secretary of State shall require the
applicant to subscribe under oath with respect to his membership in
Communist organizations. Should applicant fail to so subscribe, the
application for a passport or renewal thereof shall be denied without
further proceedings. A review procedure is provided for cases where
a passport is denied for other reasons :

H.R. 975k (Mr. Walter), January 18, 1962; referred to House
Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending and under study.

H.R. 10194 (Mr. Scherer) , February 12, 1962 ; referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending and under study.

The following bills propose to amend section 6 of the Internal Se-
curity Act (50 U.S.C. 785) so that denial of passports to members of a
Communist organization shall no longer depend upon whether such
organization is required to register under the Act. Instead, if the
Subversive Activities Control Board has determined that an organiza-
tion is a Communist organization and its order to that effect is final, it
shall be unlawful for a member of such organization, with knowledge
that such order is final, to apply for a passport or renewal of a passport
or to attempt to use any such passport ; and it shall be unlawful for any
Federal officer or employee to issue or renew a passport if he knows or
has reason to believe that the applicant for same is a member of such
organization :

H.R. 99U (Mr. Doyle), January 30, 1962; referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities; pending and under study.

H.R. 10019 (Mr. Staggers) , January 31, 1962 ; referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities; pending and under study.

H.R. 10228 (Mr. Johnson of Maryland) , February 15, 1962 ; referred
to the House Committee on Un-American Activities; pending and
under study.

H.R. 10560 (Mr. Holifield), March 6, 1962; referred to the House
Committee on Un-American Activities ; pending and under study.

The Smith Act

Item 122. Committee recommendation — That the Smith Act be
strengthened by appropriate legislation defining the term "organize"
to include continuing acts of organizing and recruiting (contained in
House Report No. 187, 86th Congress, dated March 8, 1959 ; repeated in
House Report No. 1251, 86th Congress, dated February 8, 1960 ; again

100 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

urged in Annual Report for 1960, House Report No. 2237, 86th Con-
gress, dated January 2, 1961.

Action in 1962 — H.R. 3247 (Mr. Cramer), which was introduced
January 25, 1961 and which was passed by the House on May 15, 1961,
was enacted into law and approved on June 19, 1962 — Public Law 87-
486. This law provides that as used in section 2385 of title 18 of the
United States Code (The Smith Act), the terms "organizes" and "or-
ganize," with respect to any society, group, or assembly of persons,
include the recruiting of new members, the forming of new units and
the regrouping or expansion of existing clubs, classes, and other units
of such society, group, or assembly of persons.

Federal Employee Security Program

Item 123. Committee recom/mendation — It is urgently recommended
that legislation be adopted to close the serious breach opened in the
Federal employee security program as a result of the decision in Cole
v. Young, 351 U.S. 536 (1956). Cole v. Young cut down the applica-
bility of the Act of August 26, 1950 (64 Stat. 476 c803), known as the
Summary Suspension Act, to "sensitive" positions only, which Justice
Clark in his dissent described as unrealistic, for as Justice Clark
pointed out, "The janitor might prove to be in as important a spot
security- wise as the top employee in the building." The responsibil-
ities of the Executive in the execution of law, and appointing for that
purpose those who will faithfully serve that end, reasonably suggest
the concomitant power of suspension and termination of the employ-
ment of those who are disloyal or security risks, without regard to
whether or not an employee occupies a position commonly but often
mistakenly described as nonsensitive (contained in House Report No.
187, 86th Congress, dated March 8, 1959 ; emphasized in House Report
No. 1251, 86th Congress, dated February 8, 1960; urgently recom-
mended in House Report No. 2237, 86th Congress, dated January 2,
1961 ; again emphasized and urgently recommended in Annual Report
for 1961, House Report No. 2559, 87th Congress, dated November 5,
1962).

Action in 1962— H.R. 12367 (Mr. Walter), June 29, 1962, provides
that the head of any det artment or agency of the United States Gov-
ernment may, at his absolute discretion and when deemed necessary
in the interest of national security, suspend, without pay, any civilian
officer or employee of the Government. It provides for notification
to the employee of reasons for his discharge with opportunity to an-
swer the charges. The Civil Service Commission, upon employee's
request, is required to review the validity, truth, and merits of the
charges made and the procedures followed. The determination of the
Commission shall be final. The bill was referred to the Committee on
Un-American Activities; pending and under study.

Industrial Security

Item 124. Convniittee recommendation — It is urgently recommended
that Congress authorize the President to prescribe regulations, relat-
ing to Government contracts with industry, creating industrial per-
sonnel security clearance programs, to assure the preservation and
integrity of classified information, and reposing in the President a

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 101

summary or discretionary power to deny clearance, without judicial
review, to those not clearly loyal or who may be security risks, with
authority to subpena witnesses to testify under oath in matters relat-
ing to any investigation or hearing provided for by such regulations
(contained in committee's Annual Report for I960, House Report No.
2237, 86th Congress, dated January 2, 1961) .

Present law — There is at present in effect Executive Order No.
10865, issued February 20, 1960, which provides for the safeguarding
of classified information within industry. Under this Executive or-
der, however, the heads of the departments concerned are not em-
powered to subpena witnesses. The committee's recommendation
seeks to empower the President to subpena witnesses, and to empower
the court to punish as for contempt anyone who fails to obey such
court order.

Action in 1962— H.R. 10175 (Mr. Walter) , February 8, 1962, author-
izes the Secretary of Defense to prescribe requirements, restrictions,
and safeguards with respect to access to classified information in con-
nection with the performance of any contract with a military depart-
ment. The bill establishes the procedure to be followed in personal
appearance proceedings with respect to persons denied access to such
information. It empowers the Secretary of Defense to issue process to
compel witnesses to appear and testify at such proceedings, and pro-
vides a penalty for failure to appear or testify in obedience to such
process, such penalty to be enforced in any judicial district where such
person is found, the action to be brought by the United States Attorney
of that district. The bill authorizes reimbursement for loss of earnings
resulting from unjustified denial of access to classified information.

This bill was referred to the House Committee on Un-American
Activities. Hearings were held on March 15, 1962. The bill received
no further action. (H.R. 11363 was filed in substitution.)

H.R. 11363 (Mr. Walter), April 17, 1962, authorizes the Secretary
of Defense, under such regulations as the President may prescribe,
to prescribe uniform regulations, standards, restrictions, and other
safeguards to protect classified information "released to or within
any industrial, educational, or research organization, institution, en-
terprise, or other legal entity, located in the United States, whether
or not operated for profit."

The bill establishes uniform personal appearance procedure as a
condition precedent to a determination as to whether a person em-
ployed in "United States industry" as described above shall be denied
access to classified information or whether his access to such informa-
tion shall be revoked. The individual involved shall be given an
opportunity to cross-examine any witness appearing against him with
respect to matters pertaining to such individual. Classified informa-
tion and information supplied by an informant whose identity can-
not be revealed without harm to the national interest, may be received
without an opportunity for inspection or cross-examination if the
applicant is given a summary of such evidence or information which
is as comprehensive as the national security will permit.

Compulsory process is provided for in the same manner as provided
in H.R. 10175, above. When the Secretary personally determines that
the procedures outlined above cannot be employed consistently with
the national security, he shall personally make the determination to

102 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

deny or revoke authorization to the access of classified material. The
Government shall reimburse an individual for loss of earnings re-
sultant therefrom if a denial of access, later found to be unjustified,
causes a loss which the United States should bear.

By agreement between the Department of Defense and any other
Federal Department or agency, regulations prescribed by the Secre-
tary of Defense may be extended to release of classified information
to industry by said other Department or agency.

This bill was referred to the House Committee on Un-American
Activities. Hearings relating to H.R. 10175, held on March 15, 1962,
were studied. The bill, H.R. 11363 was reported favorably on May 8,
1 962 (House Report No. 1665) . Kequest filed by Mr. Walter on May 10,
1962, to place on consent calendar (Consent Calendar No. 439) ; called
May 21, 1962; objected to; recommited to committee at request of
Mr. Walter, May 31, 1962; reported June 28, 1962 {House Report No.
1945) ; notice to put on Consent Calendar, by Mr. Walter, July 26,
1962 (Consent Calendar No. 510) ; called August 6, 1962; objected to;
called August 20, 1962; objected to; noted in Daily Congressional
Eecord, August 24, 1962, that bill would be considered by the House
under suspension of rules; failed of passage under suspension of
rules September 19, 1962, falling short of the required two-thirds
majority by six votes.

H.R. II414 (Mr. Scherer), dated April 18, 1962, is identical with
H.R. 11363. It was referred to the House Committee on Un-American
Activities. (See H.R. 11363, above, for action.)

Dissemination of Communist Propaganda in the United States

Item 128-B. Committee recommendation — The committee's recom-
mendations are contained in H.R. 9120 (Mr. Walter), September 11,
1961, the substance of which was used as an amendment to H.R. 5751.
H.R. 5751, 87th Congress, also introduced by Chairman Walter,
as amended in committee (House Report No. 309, Part £), and as
passed by the House, provided that in order to alert recipients of
mail and the general public to the fact that large quantities of Com-
munist propaganda are being introduced into this country from
abroad and disseminated in the United States by means of the United
States mails, the Postmaster General shall publicize such fact (1) by
appropriate notices posted in post offices, and (2) by notifying recipi-
ents of mail, whenever he deems it appropriate in order to carry out
the purposes of this section, that the United States mails may contain
such propaganda. The Postmaster General shall permit the return
of mail containing such propaganda to local post offices, without cost
to the recipient thereof. Nothing in this bill shall be deemed to
authorize the Postmaster General to open, inspect, or censor any mail.
The Postmaster General is authorized to prescribe such regulations as
he may deem appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section!

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 19 62 103

Action in 1962— H.R. 7927, the Postal Service and Federal Em-
ployees Salary Act, referred to the Post Office and Civil Service Com-
mittee, was amended by the addition of the "Cunningham Amend-
ment." This permits mail (except sealed mail) from a foreign coun-
try, which is determined by the Secretary of the Treasury to be Com-
munist political propaganda, to be detained by the Postmaster General
with notification to addressee of receipt of same, delivery to be per-
mitted only upon declaration by addressee that he wants the material.
H.R. 7927, as thus amended, was approved on October 11, 1962 (Public
Law 87-793 §305).

S. 274-0 (Mr. Bush), January 25, 1962, provides that the Postmaster
General shall notify addressee of receipt of Communist propaganda
mail matter, and shall deliver such matter only upon request of ad-
dressee. This bill was referred to the Post Office and Civil Service
Committee.

Security Procedures in National Security Agency

Item 130. Committee recommendation — Legislative action to cure
former deficiencies in security procedures at the National Security
Agency disclosed as a result of an extensive investigation conducted
by this committee, which was prompted by the defection in June 1960
of two NSA employees to the Soviet Union. The committee proposes
to establish a legislative base for improved security procedures which
were instituted after the Martin and Mitchell defection and to
strengthen the capability of the Secretary of Defense and the Director
of the NSA to achieve maximum security. Such legislation would
establish a security standard and prohibit the employment in the
Agency of any person who has not been the subject of a full field
investigation. The Secretary of Defense should be authorized sum-
marily to terminate the services of employees whenever such action is
necessary in the interest of the United States, should he determine
that the procedures prescribed in other provisions of law relating
to termination of employment cannot be invoked consistently with the
national security (contained in the 1961 Annual Report, House Re-
port 2559, 87th Congress) .

Action in 1962 — The following bills incorporate the provisions
recommended and are similar.

H.R. 10174, (Mr. Walter), February 8, 1962; referred to House
Committee on Un-American Activities; received no further action,
H.R. 12082 reported out instead.

H.R. 12082 (Mr. Walter) June 12, 1962, adds a new title to the In-
ternal Security Act of 1950, to establish personnel security procedures
for the National Security Agency. It requires full field investigations
for employment at the Agency and provides for one or more three-
member boards of appraisal, appointed by the Director of the Agency,
to review the loyalty and suitability of persons for access to classified

104 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

information. It excludes proceedings under authority of this act
from the Administrative Procedure Act. No person shall be cleared
for access to classified information, contrary to the recommendations
of any such board, unless the Secretary of Defense shall make a written
determination that such employment or access to classified informa-
tion is in the national interest. The Secretary of Defense may sum-
marily terminate the employment of any officer or employee of the
Agency, whenever he considers that action to be in the national inter-
ests and that the other provisions of law to effect such termination of
employment cannot be invoked consistently with the national security.
Such a determination is final.

The bill was referred to the House Committee on Un-American
Activities, was reported favorably on August 2, 1962 (House Report
No. 2120), and passed the House on September 19, 1962.

H.R. 12207 (Mr. Scherer), June 19, 1962, contains the same pro-
visions as H.R. 12082. It was referred to the House Committee on
Un-American Activities ; received no further action ; H.R. 12082 was
reported out.

H.R. 12367 (Mr. Walter) , June 29, 1962, contains provisions similar
to H.R. 12082. It was referred to the House Committee on Un-Amer-
ican Activities. However, H.R. 12082 was reported out. (See H.R.
12082, above, for action.)

Bail in Criminal Cases Pending Appeal

Item 131. Committee recommendation — The committee's recom-
mendations are contained in H.R. 13068, introduced by its Chairman,
Mr. Walter on September 6, 1962. The bill seeks to amend the Subver-
sive Activities Control Act by adding a section which would strengthen
the law with respect to the granting of bail to defendants in criminal
cases pending appeal or certiorari. The enactment of this bill would
prevent a repetition of the circumstances in the Soblen case which made
it possible for Soblen to flee the country when certiorari was denied.

Action in 1962 — H.R. 13068 was referred to the House Committee
on Un-American Activities ; pending and under study.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

105

Part IV. Appendix to Relevant Bills Introduced and Action Taken

in 87th Congress, 2d Session

Bill No.

Author

Committee referred to

Action

See item
No.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

H.R. 3

Smith (of Virginia)
Cramer

Judiciary

H. Rept. 1820

Public Law 87-486..
Public Law 87-793,
§305.

104.

H.R. 3247..

do..

122.

H.R. 7927..
H.R. 9482..

"Cunningham amend-
ment."
Walter

Post Office and Civil Service. .
Judiciary

128-B.
90.

H.R. 9753..
H.R. 9754 .

"do-.

Un-American Activities

do.

Public Law 87-474..

29, 34.
120

H.R. 9888..

Scherer

do

Same provisions
contained in
H.R. 9753 which
became Public
Law 87-474.

29, 34.

H.R. 9944

Doyle

do

5, 17, 120.

H.R. 10019.

do.

5, 17, 120.

H.R. 10039.

Martin (of Nebraska) ..
Walter.

do.

5, 41.

H.R. 10174.

do.

130.

H.R. 10175.

do

do.

Hearings held
Mar. 15.

124.

H.R. 10185.

Celler

Judiciary

90.

H.R. 10194.

Scherer

Un-American Activities

120.

H.R. 10228.

Johnson (of Maryland) .
Holifleld

do

5, 17, 120.

H.R. 10560

do

5, 17, 120.

H.R. 11363

Walter

do

H. Rept. 1665,

H. Rept. 1945;

failed of passage

Sept. 19, 1962.
Identical with

H.R. 11363.
H. Rept. 2120;

passed House

Sept. 19, 1962.
Same as H.R. 12082.
Supersedes H.R.

12082 and H.R.

10174; however,

H.R. 12082 was

reported.

124.

H.R. 11414.

Scherer

do.

124.

H.R. 12082

Walter

do

130.

H.R. 12207.
H.R. 12367

Walter

do

do

130.
123, 130.

6.

H.R. 12829.

do

Judiciary

H.R. 13068.

do

Un-American Activities

131.

H.R. 13398

Hall

do -

5.

H. Res. 743.

Rivers

Rules

H. Rept. 2282

5.

THE SENATE

S. 2689

S. 2740
S. 2813

Eastland J Judiciary

Bush

McClellan (for himself,
Eastland, and Ervin).

Post Office and Civil Service.
Judiciary

Same as H.R. 9753
which became
Public Law 87-
474.

29,34.

128-B.
90.

37-377 O— 64-

Part V. Index to Committee Recommendations

B

Item No.

Bail in criminal cases pending appeal 131

C

Communications, interception of 90

Communist organizations :

Injunctions, pending SACB hearings 5

Membership :

In Communist-action organization, penalties 5

Compelling testimony relating to, immunity 41

Oath in passport application relating to 120

Restriction of tax-exemption privileges 17

Communist Party :

Membership in, knowing its purposes, penalty 5

Outlawing 5

Communist propaganda, dissemination 128-B

Congressional committee investigations, immunity of witnesses 41

Crimes against the United States :

Bail in cases pending appeal 131

Refusal of foreign country to surrender fugitive convicted of 6

Cunningham amendment, dissemination of Communist propaganda 128-B

D

Defense plants:

Employment of subversives, safeguards against 29, 34

Industrial personnel security procedure 124

Deportation of subversive aliens :

Refusal of foreign country to accept 6

Dissemination of Communist propaganda 128-B

B
Education :

Tax-exemption privileges denied to Communist educational in-
stitutions 17

Employment :

In defense facilities. (See Defense plants.)

In Government service. (See Federal employees security program.)
Evidence. (See Wiretapping.)

F

Federal employees security program :

All Government employment deemed sensitive 123

National Security Agency, security procedures 130

Summary suspension, certain conditions 123, 130

Foreign countries :

Outlawing organizations under foreign control 5

Refusal to accept deportees from the United States 6

Refusal to return fugitive convicted of crime against United States 6

Foreign propaganda. (See Communist propaganda.)

G

Government contracts (see also Defense plants) :

Security standards for access to classified information 124

Government employees. (See Federal Security Program.)

106

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 107

I

Immigration : Item No-

Deportation of subversive aliens, refusal of foreign country to

accept 6

Passport security 120

Immunity for witnesses at congressional, executive, and judicial

hearings 41

Industrial security :

Employment of subversives in defense plants 29, 34

Personnel security clearance 124

Information, classified :

Security standards for access to 124

Injunctions, pending hearings by S.A.C.B 5

L

Labor :

Employment of subversives in defense plants, safeguards 29, 34

M

Mailing privileges. (See Communist propaganda.)

N
National Security Agency, security procedures 130

O

Oaths :

As to Communist Party membership, in passport application 120

"Organize," definition of term in Smith Act clarified 122

Outlawing Communist Party 5

Outlawing political organizations under foreign control 5

P

Passport security 120

Political propaganda. (See Communist propaganda.)

Propaganda. ( See Communist propaganda. )

Public officers and employees. (See Federal employees security program.)

R

Radio communications, interception 90

Restriction of tax-exemption privileges of Communist education and char-
itable organizations 17

Russian Organization Control Act of 1962 5

S

Second class mailing privileges. ( See Communist propaganda, dissemina-
tion. )

Secretary of Defense, designation of defense facilities 29, 34

Security procedures :

Federal employees security program 123, 130

Industrial security 29, 34, 124

In National Security Agency 130

Sedition, enforcement of State statutes 104

Smith Act. amendment of:

Clarification of "organization" clause 122

State sedition laws, enforcement 104

Summary Suspension Act extended to all :

Government positions 123

T

Tax-exemption, restrictions of privileges of Communist educational and

charitable organizations 17

Technical surveillance, use of information gained by 90

Travel. (See Passport security.)

W

Wiretapping 90

Witnesses before congressional, executive, or judicial hearings, immunity 41

CHAPTER VI

LEGISLATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS

The preceding chapter concerned itself with legislative action taken
in the second session of the 87th Congress with respect to prior recom-
mendations of this committee. As was pointed out, all prior recom-
mendations for legislative action made by this committee for the
period 1941 through 1960, together with a statement of action subse-
quently taken either legislatively or administratively, are set forth
in the committee publication released December 30, 1960. This re-
search study by the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of
Congress was continued in 1961 and its results detailing legislative
action taken in the first session of the 87th Congress were presented
in the committee's Annual Report for the Year 1961. The present
chapter is limited to a presentation of proposals believed to be of a
pressing nature which the committee suggests might well form the
basis for a legislative program, in the area of national security, for
the forthcoming Congress.

I. FEDERAL EMPLOYEE SECURITY

It is strongly recommended that legislation be passed to close the
breach in the Federal employee security program opened by the
decision in Cole v. Young, 351 U.S. 536 (1956), which cut down the
applicability of the Art of August 26, 1950 (Public Law 733, 81st
Cong.) to "sensitive" positions only.

The Act of August 26, 1950, gave to the heads of certain specifically
named departments and agencies involved in activities of an obviously
sensitive nature, the power summarily to suspend any civilian officer
or employee "when deemed necessary in the interest of national secu-
rity." The act included provisions for notification, to the employee
concerned, of the reasons for suspension, to the extent that the interests
of national security permit and gave him an opportunity to submit a
reply. The agency head was empowered, following such investigation
and review asTie deemed necessary, thereafter to terminate the employ-
ment of the suspended employee should he determine such to be neces-
sary in the interest of the national security ; but if the employee is one
having a permanent or indefinite appointment, and is a citizen of the
United States, it is required that the employee be given a hearing upon
request prior to termination of employment.

The act authorized the President from time to time to extend the
coverage of the act to such other departments and agencies of the Gov-
ernment as he deemed necessary in the interests of national security.
In April 1953, by Executive Order 10450, President Eisenhower
deemed it necessary to extend the provisions of the act to all other de-
partments and agencies of the Government.

109

HO ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Cole, a food and drug inspector employed in the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, was charged with having continued
a close association with persons reported to be Communists and with
maintaining a sympathetic association with an organization designated
as subversive by the Attorney General. Cole did not answer the
charges, replying that they constituted an invasion of his private rights
of association and, although advised that he could have a hearing,
requested none. The Secretary of the Department concerned made a
formal determination that Cole's continued employment was not
"clearly consistent with the interests of national security" and dis-
missed him.

On appeal, the Supreme Court reversed the dismissal, construing
the act as applying not to all officers or employees of the Department,
but only to "sensitive" positions within the Department. The major-
ity of the Court thus cut down the applicability of the act to "sensitive"
positions only.

Justice Clark, with whom Justices Reed and Minton joined in dis-
senting, declared, "We have read the Act over and over again, but
find no ground on which to infer such an interpretation. It flies
directly in the face of the language of the Act and the legislative
history." ( p. 566 ) . He added, at page 569, that :

We believe the Court's order has stricken down the most
effective weapon against subversive activity available to the
Government. It is not realistic to say that the Government
can be protected merely by applying^ the Act to sensitive
jobs. One never knows just which job is sensitive. The
janitor might prove to be in as important a spot security- wise
as the top employee in the building. The Congress decided
that the most effective way to protect the Government was
through the procedures laid down in the Act. * * * They
should not be subverted by the technical interpretation the
majority places on them today.

The immediate result of the majority decision in Cole v. Young
was the restitution of 109 persons from suspension or termination
of their employment. Back pay was awarded, without the benefit
to the Government of loyal services, in the amount of $579,656.55.

In order to correct the shocking situation created by the decision,
Chairman Walter introduced H.R. 1989 in the 86th Congress; H.R.
6 (Sec. 320) and H.R. 12367 (Title V), in the 87th Congress. Such
legislation as this is now necessary to clarify congressional purpose
and provide a basis for maintaining adequate security for the executive
branch of Government.

It must be made clear that the President, in whom is reposed the
constitutional responsibility of executing laws and the duty of ap-
pointing for that purpose those who will faithfully serve that end,
possesses the necessary and concomitant power of suspending and
terminating the employment of those who are disloyal or security
risks, under reasonable safeguards to the individual which do not
compromise our intelligence activities or impose undue burdens upon
the exercise of administrative discretion. To intimate that such a
power would not be decently exercised is an unwarranted slur upon

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 111

our great body of able administrators. In these critical times there
is no place in Government for those who are not clearly loyal to the
institutions of our free society.

II. INDUSTRIAL SECURITY

It is urgently recommended that express legislative authorization
be granted to the Secretary of Defense, under such regulations as the
President may prescribe, to establish a security program with respect
to defense contractors and their employees, for the protection of clas-
sified information released to or within industry or any enterprise
within the United States, and to prescribe procedures to be followed in
personal appearance proceedings accorded to individuals whose access
to classified information is denied or revoked under such program.
Such legislation is essential to clarify the position of Congress with
respect to questions raised in the case of Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S.
474 (1959), which in part struck down the industrial security clear-
ance review program established for some years prior thereto under
regulations of the Secretary of Defense. A failure to assert con-
gressional purpose and approval may result not only in unnecessary
litigation and extensive damage claims against the Government, but
also in compromise of vital national defense secrets.

Greene, who began his employment in 1937 with the Engineer and
Research Corp., a business devoted mainly to the development and
manufacture of mechanical and electronic products, was first employed
by that corporation as a junior engineer and at the time of his dis-
charge in 1953, was vice president and general manager. He had
been credited with the development of a complicated electronic flight
simulator and with the design of a rocket launcher, produced by this
corporation and long used by the Navy. The corporation was engaged
in classified contract work for the various armed services, and had en-
tered into a security agreement or contract by which the corporation
agreed, in the performance of this work, to provide and maintain a
system of security control, and that it would not permit any individual
to have access to classified matter unless cleared by the Government.
During the World War II period, Greene had received security clear-
ance, but in 1951 information came to the attention of the Government,
including evidence of his maintenance of a close and sympathetic as-
sociation with various officials of the Soviet Embassy, which showed
clearly that Greene was a security risk, if not actually disloyal to the
United States.

A letter of charges was delivered to Greene and he was informed
that he could seek a hearing before the Review Board. He appeared
with counsel, was questioned, and in a series of hearings was given an
opportunity to present his witnesses and his case. Greene's own ad-
missions would seem to establish what the Government had reason-
ably concluded, namely, that he was a security risk, although the Gov-
ernment presented no witnesses and, relying largely on confidential
reports, did not give Greene the opportunity to confront and cross-
examine confidential informants whose statements reflected on him.
Greene's security clearance was finally withdrawn and, as a result, his
services were no longer useful to his corporation. He was forced to
resign from his offices in the corporation and was discharged.

112 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Greene appealed to the district court, asking for a declaration that
the revocation of his security clearance was unlawful and void. The
district court and the court of appeals upheld the validity of the revo-
cation, but a majority of the Supreme Court, in a decision by Chief
Justice Warren, reversed, and held the revocation of clearance invalid
on the ground that the administrative procedures of the industrial
security program were not explicitly authorized by either Congress or
the President. This decision left several basic questions suspended and
unanswered. Chief Justice Warren said, at page 508 :

Whether those procedures under the circumstances comport
with the Constitution we do not decide. Nor do we decide
whether the President has inherent authority to create such
a program, whether congressional action is necessary, or what
the limits on executive or legislative authority may be. We
decide only that in the absence of explicit authorization
from either the President or Congress the respondents were
not empowered to deprive petitioner of his job in a proceed-
ing in which he was not afforded the safeguards of confron-
tation and cross-examination.

Immediately after the decision in the Greene case, the chairman of
this committee, on July 7, 1959, introduced in the House, H.R. 8121,
with a view toward establishing congressional authority for the issu-
ance by the Secretary of Defense of such regulations. This bill was
reported out by this committee on September 2, 1959, and passed
the House on February 2, 1960. However, there was no final Senate
action. Further, in order to plug the hole in the dike, the President
on February 20, 1960, issued Executive Order No. 10865, giving au-
thority to certain departments, including the Department of Defense,
to issue regulations and prescribe requirements for the safeguarding
of classified information within industry.

In the 87th Congress, Chairman Walter introduced H.R. 10175 to
provide an express legislative authorization for the Secretary of De-
fense, under such regulations as the President might prescribe, to
establish a security program relating to defense contracts. Hearings
were held upon this bill and the views of interested departments of
Government received. Following the hearings the chairman intro-
duced a revised bill, incorporating the revisions requested by the de-
partments. The revised bill, H.R. 11363, was reported out by this
committee on June 28, 1962, House Report No. 1945, 87th Congress,
second session. The bill was considered by the House under suspension
of rules on September 19, 1962, but fell short by six votes of the
two- thirds majority required for passage under such procedure. The
Congress adjourned prior to further action upon the bill.

H.R. 11363 basically enacts into law the principal provisions of
Executive Order 10865, and has received the approval of all agencies
of Government concerned. It gives clear expression of congressional
purpose to support and strengthen such procedures as are adopted
in Executive Order 10865, and improves the operation of such pro-
cedures, in particular by granting subpena powers to the Secretary
of Defense, thereby assuring individuals affected, as well as the Gov-
ernment, a means for the adequate presentation of their case in the
personal appearance proceedings authorized by the bill.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 113

The procedures authorized in the bill are a solution which reconciles
the imperative and overriding demand for the safeguarding of classi-
fied information in the execution of vital defense projects, on the one
hand, with the interests and expectations of the individual involved
on the other. The procedures afford the individual employees the
maximum benefits consistent with the interests of the national secu-
rity. (See H. Kept. 1945, and hearings of March 15, 1962, relating to
H.R. 10175, to accompany H.K. 11363.)

The necessity for a security program of this type is apparent.
When one reflects that approximately one-quarter of every procure-
ment defense dollar has been allocated for classified defense work and
that, according to reliable estimates, nearly 50 percent of the Com-
munist Party membership is now concentrated in basic industry, the
significance and necessity of a security program is clear.

In the hearings before this committee on March 15, 1962, the repre-
sentative of the Department of Justice, Mr. J. Walter Yeagley, As-
sistant Attorney General, Internal Security Division, testified:

I can only put it this way : that we know that there are
a great many people here who are Communists. We know
where their loyalties are, and not only that, but their interests
and their hopes and their desires. If they are in an area
.that is sensitive, where they have access to information, I
would have to assume they are going to pass it on.

When asked whether, based upon his knowledge and experience, Mr.
Yeagley found that members of the Communist Party of the United
States are disposed, and indeed required by the principles of their
association, to commit sabotage and espionage under appropriate
circumstances, he replied unequivocally in the affirmative.

III. NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY

The committee recommends legislation establishing an authoritative
base for enforcing a strict security standard for the employment and
retention in employment of persons in the National Security Agency,
to achieve maximum security for the activities of the Agency, and to
strengthen the capability of the Secretary of Defense and the Director
of the Agency to provide for such. With this conclusion the Depart-
ment of Defense and the National Security Agency have concurred.

In June of 1960, two employees of the Agency, Bernon F. Mitchell
and William H. Martin, who had access to classified information, de-
fected to the Soviet Union. This committee conducted an extensive
investigation of the circumstances surrounding the defection, together
with a thorough and detailed examination of the personnel security
regulations and procedures in effect at the time of the defection, and
of subsequent measures taken by the Agency to resolve any weaknesses
in its procedures. A detailed report of the investigation, titled,
Security Practices in the National Security Agency, was released by
this committee on August 13, 1962. The specific legislative recom-
mendations made by the committee, based upon its investigations, are
incorporated in that report, together with a copy of the bill, H.K.
12082, introduced by Chairman Walter in the second session of the 87th
Congress, in which these recommendations are embodied. The bill
was reported out by this committee on August 2, 1962, House Report

114 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962

No. 2120, 87th Congress, second session. Considered under suspen-
sion of rules, the bill passed the House on September 19, 1962. The
Congress adjourned prior to its consideration by the Senate.

While the committee is aware that personnel security in the Na-
tional Security Agency is dependent primarily upon continuing ef-
fective administrative leadership and the enforcement of pertment
Department of Defense directives, the committee concluded that ad-
ditional legislation was necessary to achieve maximum security. The
committee is of the opinion that such legislation should establish a
security standard and expressly prohibit the employment in the
Agency of any person who has not been the subject of a full field
investigation. In view of the special nature of the Agency's activi-
ties, legislation is recommended which will expressly exempt the
Agency from the provisions of the civil service laws with respect to
appointments to the Agency and from the requirements of the Per-
formance Eating Act of 1950. Moreover, the Secretary of Defense
should be authorized summarily to terminate the services of employ-
ees whenever such action is necessary in the interest of the United
States, should he determine that the procedures prescribed in other
provisions of law relating to termination of employment cannot be
invoked consistently with the national security.

IV. PORT AND VESSEL SECURITY

It is recommended that legislation be enacted which will provide a
legislative base for remedying the deficiencies of the Magnuson Act
revealed in the decisions of Parker v. Lester (227 F. 2d 708) and
Graham v. Richmond (272 F. 2d 517) .

During the Korean crisis in 1950, Congress enacted the Magnuson
Act ( 50 TJ.S.C. 191, 192, 194) . This act provided that :

Whenever the President finds that the security of the
United States is endangered by reason of actual or threat-
ened war, or invasion, or insurrection, or subversive activity,
or of disturbances or threatened disturbances of the interna-
tional relations of the United States, the President is author-
ized to institute such measures and issue such rules and regu-
lations * * * to safeguard against destruction, loss, or injury
from sabotage or other subversive acts, accidents, or other
causes of similar nature, vessels, harbors, ports, and water-
front facilities in the United States, the Canal Zone, and all
territory and water, continental or insular, subject to the ju-
risdiction of the United States.

To implement the authorization contained in the Magnuson Act, the
President on October 20, 1950, promulgated Executive Order 10173.
This order, as amended, found that the security of the United States
was endangered by subversive activity, and prescribed regulations re-
lating to the safeguarding of vessels and waterfront facilities in the
United States. The order, vesting enforcement of the act in the Coast
Guard, prohibited the employment of seamen on American merchant
vessels unless they held validated documents which were not to be
issued if the Commandant of the Coast Guard was satisfied that the
"character and habits of life of such person are such as to authorize
the belief that the presence of the individual on board would be inimi-
cal to the security of the United States. . . ."

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 115

The order authorized the Commandant to issue regulations, which
he did, for establishing procedures under which security clearance
would be granted or denied. For reaching such determination, the
Commandant's regulations provided that he "may consider whether
on all the evidence and information available reasonable grounds ex-
isted for the belief" that the seaman (1) has committed acts of trea-
son, espionage or sabotage ; (2) is under the influence of a foreign gov-
ernment; (3) has advocated the overthrow of the Government by force
or violence; (4) has intentionally disclosed classified information to
unauthorized persons; or (5) is or recently has been a member of, or
affiliated with, an organization designated by the Attorney General as
totalita rian, Fascist, Communist, or subversive.

Under the initial practice provided by the Commandant's regula-
tionSj when a seaman applied for clearance to accept employment, his
application was checked by the Coast Guard, and if clearance was de-
nied at this stage he was notified in writing and informed of the "gen-
eral basis" of such denial which was accomplished by a form letter. In
the event of security denial the seaman was permitted to apply first to
a local and then to a national appeal board, each composed of one Coast
Guard member, one management, and one labor. The appeal board
had before it the complete record upon which the denial had been
based, although this was not disclosed to the seaman, who could how-
ever appear in person and by counsel and was privileged to submit
testimonial and documentary evidence. He had no right to know the
names of confidential informants or to confront or cross-examine them.

Under the procedures then established, approximately 1,800 sea-
men were screened from merchant vessels. Then followed Parker v.
Lester, decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Cir-
cuit on October 26, 1955, from which no application for review by
the Supreme Court was made by the Solicitor General. In this case
several seamen brought action in the circuit court against the officers
of the Coast Guard stationed in the San Francisco area, to enjoin the
enforcement of the regulations issued by the Coast Guard under the
Magnuson Act, alleging principally that the regulations operated to
deprive the plaintiffs of their liberty and property rights without due
process of law, and asking for declaratory relief establishing the
screening program to be void and unconstitutional. The court of ap-
peals sustained the plaintiffs' contention, on the ground that the pro-
cedures established by the regulations provided for no hearing for the
plaintiffs with opportunity to interrogate the witnesses testifying
against them.

Although this decision preceded the Supreme Court judgment in
Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474, decided June 29, 1959, (discussed
under the Industrial Security Program, supra,) the language of the
court in Parker v. Lester foreshadowed the pronouncements of
Greene, and indeed seems to have gone even further. While the court
did not specifically state that the Coast Guard could not adopt a pro-
gram which in some degree would qualify the right of confronta-
tion and cross-examination, it seems clear that the sense of the
decision would require the Coast Guard to grant the applicant
seaman an opportunity to be confronted with his accusers and to
cross-examine witnesses.

The blanket injunction issued by the court of appeals in Lester
against the enforcement of the Coast Guard regulations had an im-

116 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

mediate and disastrous effect upon the screening program. As a re-
sult of that decision, the Coast Guard was forced to issue documents
validated for security clearance to several hundred seamen previous-
ly determined to be security risks. Appearing before this commit-
tee on June 6, 1960, in hearings titled Communist Activities Among
Seamen and on Waterfront Facilities, Adm. James A. Hirshfield, As-
sistant Commandant of the Coast Guard, testified that the require-
ments laid down in Parker v. Lester have seriously hampered the
Coast Guard in its administration of an effective port and vessel se-
curity screening program, forcing the validation of security clear-
ances to many of the seamen previously determined to be security
risks. He testified there was no doubt that, except for the necessity
of confrontation and cross-examination, many of these several hun-
dred clearances would be revoked. In the absence of available wit-
nesses, and being precluded from using confidential information, the
Coast Guard is compelled to issue a document evidencing security
clearance even though the Commandant might not be satisfied as to
the applicant's loyalty. He said that although the regulations of
the Coast Guard were immediately altered after the decision in
Parker v. Lester, to conform to the requirements of that decision, the
screening program was ineffective as a result of it.

Following the Lester decision, Admiral Hirshfield testified that the
Coast Guard maintained some degree of control by refusing to process
applications in which the applicant failed or refused to answer in-
quiries necessary for a determination of his security status. How-
ever, then followed Graham v. Richmond, decided November 5, 1959,
in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Graham
was an applicant who declined to answer three questions submitted to
him in his application for security clearance. (Briefly, the questions
dealt with whether he was a subscriber to certain Communist publica-
tions ; whether he had engaged in their sale, distribution, or publica-
tion; and whether he had been a member of certain Communist
organizations.) His application was denied for this reason and his
request for a statement of charges and for a hearing was rejected by
the Coast Guard. Graham then brought his case to court.

The court of appeals in Graham v. Richmond from which the Gov-
ernment made no application for review, although ruling that the
questions were proper and relevant, held that the Coast Guard's re-
fusal further to consider the application upon failure to answer the
questions, amounted to an outright denial of his application without
a full hearing. Previously citing Greene v. McElroy, supra, the court
pointed out that it was nowhere provided in the Magnuson Act, in
the Executive order, or in the Commandant's regulations, that the
failure or refusal to answer certain questions would entitle the
applicant to no further consideration ; and that therefore the applicant
was entitled to a processing of the application in the manner for
which the regulations provided, namely, after a hearing upon all the
evidence, although in the processing of the application the applicant's
refusal to answer certain questions might be a critical factor. This
decision was a further blow to the Coast Guard screening program.
The Coast Guard could not, in granting hearings, allow, in most cases,
the confrontation and cross-examination of confidential witnesses.
Now the Coast Guard is back to the situation in Lester.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 117

In the hearings referred to above, several of the seamen who were
previously denied clearance, but to whom clearance was subsequently
granted as a result of these decisions, appeared and testified before the
committee. That many of them are active in the Communist con-
spiracy to destroy our free society, is beyond question. That they
constitute a grave danger to the security of the United States
should not be doubted. The evidence supports the conclusion that
Communists will commit sabotage and espionage under appropriate
circumstances; that seamen are in a position to act, and do act, as
couriers for the international Communist movement; and that they
engage in smuggling of subversive persons into the United States.
Admiral Hirshfield testified :

Anyone familiar with the work of men who follow the sea
must agree with the conclusion of the Court as expressed in
Parker v. Lester that merchant seamen are in a sensitive posi-
tion in that opportunities for serious sabotage are numerous.
Furthermore, because of the very nature of their occupation,
seamen may be used easily as links in a worldwide Commu-
nist communication system and a worldwide espionage net-
work.

Mr. Ray R. Murdock, Washington counsel of the Seafarers' Inter-
national Union of North America, testified :

Let me emphasize that, under existing conditions, the
shipping industry constitutes a convenient conduit by which
subversives from foreign countries can pour into this country.
The dangers inherent in this situation cannot be over-
emphasized.

SjC ift SjC SJS 3JC •(■ »(»

But it must be remembered that the merchant marine is
peculiarly vulnerable to sabotage. One skilled man can
paralyze a great ship. If we are not able to prevent the in-
filtration of our merchant marine by subversives, then the
hazards become incalculable. If our merchant marine can
be paralyzed by sabotage, then all the billions we are spending
for defense still leave us woefully unprepared.

From the foregoing recital, it thus becomes apparent that a legis-
lative base should be provided to correct the situation created by
Lester and similar cases. A personal appearance procedure, specifi-
cally authorized by the Congress, that will provide certain reasonable
limitations upon the privileges of confrontation and cross-examina-
tion, consistent with the interests of national security and individual
rights, similar to that established under Executive Order 10865 or in
the bill, H.R. 11363, relating to industrial security previously dis-
cussed, would seem to offer a solution. It is also necessary to provide
by such legislation that any person who wilfully fails or refuses to ap-
pear before any agency, officer of the Coast Guard, or other person
authorized to make such inquiries under the Magnuson Act, or who
wilfully fails or refuses to answer any question under oath pertinent
to the inquiry in application for clearance or in any proceeding estab-
lished under the regulations, shall by that fact be denied security
clearance without further proceedings.

118 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

H.K. 4469, introduced in the first session of the 87th Congress by
Congressman Walter, was offered with the purpose in view of at-
tempting to meet some of the difficulties posed under Parker v. Lester,
and Graham v. Richmond. This bill was reported out by this commit-
tee on February 23, 1961, was passed by the House on March 21, 1961,
and referred to the Senate. No final action was taken by the Senate.
The committee recommends that a comprehensive program be adopted
which would remedy the deficiencies disclosed above.

V. PASSPORTS

(1) The committee recommends the adoption of legislation specifi-
cally authorizing the Secretary of State to deny passports to persons
whose purpose in traveling abroad is to engage in activities which will
further the aims and objectives of the Communist conspiracy.

The necessity for such legislation is posed in the cases of Kent and
Briehl v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 116, and Dayton v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 144, de-
cided June 16, 1958, in 5-4 divided opinions. The Supreme Court
then decided that the Secretary of State, although acting pursuant to
his published regulations, was not authorized to deny passports to
participants in the Communist movement whose travel abroad would
be inimical to our national interests, without specific congressional
authorization for the promulgation of such regulations.

Prior to the decision of these cases, the committee recognized the
possible weakness in the regulations of the Secretary of State be-
cause of the absence of legislative support. In its Annual Report for
the Year 1956, the committee pointed out that :

Although recognizing the historic discretion of the Secre-
tary of State to issue, withhold or limit passports under reg-
ulations adopted pursuant to Executive orders, the commit-
tee believes that the hand of the Secretary should be strength-
ened by the enactment of legislation expressing the will and
intent of the legislative branch of the Government spelled
out in direct and positive form.

Dayton's case is notable, and illustrates the problem. He was a
native-born citizen and physicist who had been connected with various
Federal projects of importance. He applied to the Department of
State in March 1954 for a passport to enable him to travel to India
for the purpose of accepting a position as research physicist at the
Tata Institute of Fundamental Eesearch. His application was de-
nied, based on findings by the Secretary of State that Dayton was
closely associated with events and persons involved in the nuclear
espionage apparatus of Julius Rosenberg, and that his offer of em-
ployment in India was obtained through one Bernard Peters, who
had held membership in the Communist Party, renounced his Ameri-
can citizenship, and had engaged extensively in Communist activities
here and abroad.

The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the action of the Secretary of
State in Dayton's case, and by its decision opened the floodgates to
hundreds of persons whose travel abroad was for the principal pur-

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 119

pose of serving the world Communist movement. It was pointed out
m the committee's Annual Report for the Year 1958:

The serious consequences of these decisions are indicated
by the fact that from the 16th day of June 1958, the date of
the rendition of the decisions, to the 7th day of November
1958, the State Department granted passports to 596 persons
who have records of activity in support of the international
Communist movement. Persons granted passports include
individuals trained in Moscow, individuals who have been
involved in Communist espionage activity, individuals who
have performed Communist functions in countries other than
the United States, and, last but not least, Communist Party
members, both concealed and open, who owe an undying
allegiance to the international Communist conspiracy. When
considering the salutary provisions of the Walter-McCarran
Act, designed to prevent this country from being overridden
by Communist agents from abroad, it is shocking to learn
the names of the highly placed Communists in this country
who are now permitted to travel indiscriminately in the coun-
tries of our Allies, as well as in those of our enemies.

Although the Internal Security Act of 1950, now effective by vir-
tue of the Supreme Court decision of June 5, 1961, contains in section
6 a provision prohibiting members of the Communist Party from
making application for a passport or to renew a passport, or to use
or to attempt to use any such passport, this section of the Act does not
completely solve the problems in this area. The operation of the pro-
visions of section 6 are effective only on proof of the actual Com-
munist Party membership of the individual concerned. Evidence
taken before the committee has conclusively demonstrated that many
persons, knowingly affiliated with the Communist Party and obedient
to its directives, have not assumed provable membership. Indeed since
the filing of the Mundt-Nixon bill in 1948, a precursor of the Internal
Security Act, the Communist Party has operated largely underground,
no longer issues membership cards, entertains and encourages spurious
"resignations" from party membership, and maintains strict security
practices with respect to its membership. Following the Supreme
Court decision of June 5, 1961, in the Communist Party case, uphold-
ing the registration and disclosure provisions of the Internal Security
Act of 1950, the party has indeed gone more deeply underground
than before.

Proof of membership at the time of application for a passport, re-
quired by section 6 of the Internal Security Act, is seldom a practical
venture on the part of the Government, The same difficulties will be
faced as under section 159(h) of the Taft-Hartley Act (29 U.S.C.
159) . Therefore, it is imperative that legislation be adopted to em-
power the Secretary of State, in cases where he has good cause to be-
lieve that persons are traveling abroad in support of the objectives of
the Communist conspiracy, to deny a passport to such persons. It is
intolerable that an applicant who seeks to travel for such purposes

120 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

should receive from a government he seeks to injure and destroy, a
recommendation of character and protection which a passport implies.
Several bills on this subject have been offered in both the House
and the Senate. Most recently, Congressman Walter introduced H.K.
6 (sec. 409), in the first session of the 87th Congress, seeking to rem-
edy this serious deficiency in the legislative effort to provide a base
for executive action.

(2) There are other deficiences in relation to passports which de-
mand attention. The procedures adopted by the Department of State
to implement section 6 of the Internal Security Act of 1950 seem to
invite congressional clarification. The regulations issued January 12,
1962, do not require an applicant for a passport to submit a written
application setting forth a statement with respect to his membership
in the Communist Party. The failure to require such a statement
preliminary to acting on an application, appears to be in contraven-
tion of the act of June 15, 1917 (22 U.S.C. 213), an act which specifi-
cally provides that, before a passport is issued to any person by or
under the authority of the United States, such person shall subscribe
to and submit a written application under oath or affirmation contain-
ing a recital of every matter of fact required by law to be stated as
a prerequisite to the issuance of any such passport. Since section 6
of the Internal Security Act of 1950 forbids the application by, or issu-
ance of any passport to, a member of the Communist Party, it is in-
comprehensible that the Department of State should not require a
written application containing a statement with respect to member-
ship in such Communist organizations as are specified in section 6 of
the Internal Security Act.

The regulations adopted by the Department simply provide that an
application be made, and if denied the applicant is entitled to a
hearing, at which time the Government is required to go forward with
the evidence and to show upon what basis the denial was made, in-
forming the applicant of the source of all evidence upon which the
Secretary relies? and imposing a duty to confront the applicant with,
and to afford him the opportunity to cross-examine, all adverse wit-
nesses. It is thus quite clear that an applicant,, perhaps merely on a
fishing expedition, not desirous in fact of traveling abroad but merely
seeking to determine how much the Government knows about his
membership, will be permitted freely to ascertain this fact, and un-
less the Secretary is willing to permit Communists and their attor-
neys to rifle the confidential files of the FBI, the CIA, and other
investigative agencies, he must grant the passport application, with-
out any prior statement of the applicant, made under the pains and
penalties of perjury, setting forth those facts which would entitle
him to receive a passport, namely, that he is not a member of the
Communist Party.

It would thus seem that legislation is essential to activate com-
pliance with the act of June 15, 1917, by specifically providing that
the applicant shall make a declaration relating to his party member-
ship. Secondly, for the protection of our intelligence activities, it
is necessary to provide for a limited hearing procedure such as that
established under Executive Order 10865, and in H.R. 11363, previ-
ously discussed under the Industrial Security Program, which will
balance the interests between the rights of the individual and the

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 121

overriding requirements and demands of national security, which
indeed is the security of all.

The weakness and defects in the Department of State passport regu-
lations of January 12, 1962, were pointed up when witnesses from the
State Department testified at a hearing conducted jointly by sub-
committees of this committee and the Judiciary Committee on Janu-
ary 15, 1962. On January 18, 1962, following this hearing, Congress-
man Walter introduced H.R. 9754, which was designed to remedy
the defects in the State Department's passport regulations.

The committee is continuing its study of the security aspects of the
passport problem with the view of recommending further remedial
legislation.

VI. SURVEILLANCE BY TECHNICAL DEVICES— WIRETAPPING

The committee has repeatedly recommended legislation authoriz-
ing the interception and divulging of communications by wire or
radio, under appropriate circumstances and safeguards, in the con-
duct of investigations and for the prevention and prosecution of
crime, particularly those relating to activities or offenses involving
the national security. Because of the status of existing law, many of-
fenses go undetected or unpunished that are of serious consequence
to the national security. The urgency of legislation of this type is
again emphasized.

Moreover, it is the view of the committee that State officials, as
well as Federal, within reasonable limitations, should be authorized
to acquire and intercept communications for such purposes. In the
case of State law enforcement, it is felt that the prohibitions of section
605 of the Communications Act of 1934 should be made inapplicable
to the interception or divulging of any communication by wire or
radio either authorized pursuant to the statutes of such State for
the purpose of enforcing certain serious and selected criminal laws
of the State, or when done in cooperation with Federal officials in the
enforcement of laws involving the national security. In view of the
fact that enforcement of local law with respect to State offenses is
constitutionally committed to the States, it would seem that each
State should be free to exercise the constitutional privilege of de-
termining its own public policy with respect to the prevention of crimes
and enforcement of laws committed to its jurisdiction.

The committee advocates legislation designed to give law enforce-
ment such means of accomplishing its purposes as are consistent with
the scientific and technological progress of this modern age, and to
relieve it of the handicap of being forced to operate with the tools of
the horse- and-buggy era.

Wiretapping does not involve the introduction of any new or unusual
principle of law enforcement. Is it, for example, to be distinguished
from the policeman on the beat who makes personal observation of the
conduct and activities of persons under suspicion, or the old-fashioned
eavesdropping of the detective in public places? The telephone and
radio are largely public utilities, which extend beyond the privacy of
one's dwelling, and should present no particular privileges or haven
for the conduct of activities inimical to the national welfare. It seems
clear that the Communications Act of 1934 must be modified so that
law enforcement is brought abreast of modern techniques utilized by

37-377 0—64 9

122 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

the criminal of today. We cannot assume that this privilege would be
abused by public officials in any greater degree, if at all, than other
privileges might be abused. And should an official abuse a privilege,
the obvious remedies exist in this case as in others. Is it expected that
law enforcement officers should be confined to the practice of clair-
voyance and palmistry for the detection of crime? Legislation on
this subject has long been overdue.

VII. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

It is recommended that the National Science Foundation Act of 1950
be further amended, so that in addition to matters provided in Public
Law 87-835 of the 87th Congress (H.R. 8556) , the following provisions
be included :

With respect to the provision of Public Law 87-835 of the 87th
Congress, making it unlawful for any person to make application for
a scholarship or fellowship who is a member of any Communist or-
ganization registered or required to register by final order of the Sub-
versive Activities Control Board, the provision should be extended to
make it unlawful for any person to make an application for such
scholarship or fellowship who has been a member of any such organiza-
tion since the date on which it has registered or been ordered to register
by final order, or who has been a member of such organization within
a period of 5 years from the date of such application, whichever period,
is shorter.

In addition to the above amendment to Public Law 87-835, a fur-
ther provision should be included relating to grants to institutions
for projects contracted by the Foundation, making it unlawful for any
person to receive such funds from the institution for the conduct of
research unless the institution obtained from such person an oath or
affirmation of allegiance and statement regarding any crimes com-
mitted or criminal charges pending, as is required of an applicant for
a fellowship or scholarship, and making it unlawful for such person
to receive or apply for funds from such institution if such individual is
a member of a Communist organization registered or required to
register as before mentioned, or has been a member of such organiza-
tion within 5 years past or from the time that such organization was
registered or required to register, whichever period is the shorter.

The National Science Foundation was created by act of Congress in
1950, which declared its purpose "to promote the progress of science,
to advance the national health, prosperity and welfare, to secure the
national defense, and for other purposes." Among other powers, the
Foundation was given authority to award fellowships and scholarships
to deserving science students, and also grants to institutions for scien-
tific research projects.

Members of the Congress were justifiably jolted in March 1961
when the Foundation announced a fellowship award to Edward
Yellin, a graduate student at the University of Illinois. In 1958,
Yellin had been identified as a member of the Communist Party by
a former FBI undercover operative who testified before this commit-
tee in its investigations of Communist infiltration of basic industry.
The testimony described Yellin as one of a number of well-trained,
educated young Communist colonizers sent into the steel industry
in an effort by the Communist Party to infiltrate the labor movement.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 123

In those hearings, Yellin refused to testify, invoking the protection
of the first amendment to questions relating to his employment, his
Communist Party membership, and whether he had deliberately con-
cealed facts concerning his college education when applying for em-
ployment with the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation. In 1960, he
was convicted of contempt of Congress, fined $250, and sentenced to
1 year in prison. His conviction was upheld by the court of appeals
on February 16, 1961, a month before the National Science Founda-
tion announced the award of a scholarship to him.

Following this committee's disclosure, in early June 1961, of the
Foundation's award to Edward Yellin, hearings on the matter were
also held by the House Committee on Science and Astronautics. On
June 21, 1961, following these hearings, Chairman Brooks of that
committee introduced H.R. 7806, a bill designed to prevent the
award of fellowships and scholarships to persons such as Edward
Yellin. This bill was superseded by a new bill, H.R. 8556, introduced
by Chairman Brooks on August 8, 1961, which was favorably re-
ported by the Committee on Science and Astronautics, passed by the
House, favorably reported by the Senate Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare, and enacted into law on October 16, 1962, as Public
Law 87-835.

H.R. 8556 as enacted into law, prohibits the National Science
Foundation from making scholarship or fellowship payments unless
the awardee has taken an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and
to the United States, and has provided a full statement explaining
any crimes of which he has been convicted or which have been
charged against him and are pending. Furthermore, it was made
unlawful for any person to apply for a Foundation scholarship or
fellowship if he is a member of a Communist organization ordered
ro register in accordance with the Internal Security Act of 1950, with
loiowledge of such order. The bill also included a provision author-
izing the Foundation to refuse or revoke a scholarship or fellowship
award if the Board is of the opinion that such award is not "in the
best interests of the United States".

H.R. 8556, as enacted into Public Law 87-835, requiring a full
statement of all crimes charged or pending against an applicant,
would very likely have been effective in preventing an award to Yellin,
for the Foundation officials had declared that they were totally un-
aware of Yellin's conviction for contempt of Congress or of the
charges relating to his membership in the Communist Party. How-
ever, it is not believed that the act will be effective in accomplishing
its purpose of preventing awards to Communist Party members by the
simple requirement that it shall be unlawful for a member of a Com-
munist organization to make application for a scholarship or fellow-
ship award.

This committee has had abundant experience under similar provi-
sions of the Taft-Hartley Law (Labor Management Relations Act
of 1947, 29 U.S.C. 141, 159(h)), which denies the benefit of the law
to a labor organization unless its officers have filed affidavits dis-
claiming membership in, or affiliation with, the Communist Party.
This provision has been repeatedly circumvented by officers of labor
organizations who were in fact members of the Communist Party,
but executed technical resignations from membership the day or
moment before the affidavit was executed. Similarly, in appear-

124 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 19 62

ances of Communists before this committee, the committee has fre-
quently found that in response to questions relating to membership
in the Communist Party, they have denied such membership, but
when asked if they had resigned technical membership immediately
prior to their appearance on the witness stand, they invoked the fifth
amendment privilege. It is therefore essential, if any such provision
is to be effective relating to membership, that a reasonable period of
time be fixed prior to and including the date of the award. It has
also been found that many persons who are under the discipline of
the Communist Party, and who perform all of the activities of actual
membership, are in a security or underground status in the party,
having severed technical or formal membership. The time element
relating to membership is important with respect to actual present
membership. The committee recommendation set forth in this sec-
tion will go a long way toward obviating these problems.

The present act is also defective because of its failure to deal with
the situation relating to grants to institutions, which in turn engage
individuals to conduct contracted work. The investigations of the com-
mittee pointedly reveal the circumstances. Columbia University, for
example, received a grant of $4,500 from the National Science Foun-
dation in 1956, and placed its project under the direction of Prof.
Harry Grundfest. In 1958, Columbia University received another
grant of more than $75,000 for a second project to be supervised by
him. This was the same Harry Grundfest who continued to serve on
the boards of directors of two organizations that had been cited as
subversive and Communist by the Attorney General ; who numbered
among his associates a member of the infamous Canadian Communist
spy ring; who invoked the fifth amendment in 1953 when questioned
about Communist Party membership by a Senate committee investi-
gating subversion in the Army Signal Corps; who on October 2, 1961,
pleaded the fifth amendment to similar questions in an executive
session of the Committee on Un-American Activities, in the course of
the investigation of the National Science Foundation, and who 2 days
later, on October 4, 1961, was the object of an additional grant of
$156,000, awarded to Columbia University by the Foundation.

Dr. Alan T. Waterman, Director of the National Science Founda-
tion, when questioned on October 25, 1961, about the grants made to
Columbia in Grundfest's behalf, claimed that the Foundation had no
knowledge of the professor's Communist affiliations.

In 1957, the Foundation awarded a 2-year grant of $9,800 to Phil-
ander-Smith College in Little Rock, Ark., for research to be con-
ducted by Dr. Lee Lorch. In 1950, the same Lee Lorch had been
identified as a member of the Communist Party by three witnesses in
public testimony before the Committee on Un-American Activities.
When Lorch had appeared as a witness before the committee in public
session in 1954, he denied party membership as of the time he testified
but refused to answer questions about party membership for an earlier
period. He was cited for contempt of Congress, but was acquitted
by a Federal court on a technicality. Dr. Lorch had been dismissed
by at least three colleges before the Foundation approved the grant
for his project at Philander-Smith.

Dr. Waterman claimed that the National Science Foundation had
none of this information about Dr. Lee Lorch at the time the grant
was awarded to Philander-Smith.

ANTOTJAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 125

This situation relating to grants is not even partially covered in the
National Science Foundation Act, as amended, as of this day. It is
therefore essential to make provision in the law for such purpose.
Such provision may well take the form suggested in the recommen-
dation.

(For full discussion of the National Science Foundation investiga-
tion, see Annual Report for the Year 1961, House Committee on Un-
American Activities, p. 93.)

VIII. SMITH ACT

The need for clarification of congressional intent with respect to
the terms "advocate," and "teach" as used in the Smith Act of 1940, is
indicated by the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Yates v.
United States, 354 U.S. 298, ( 1957) .^

The Smith Act, as amended, provides that :

Whoever knowingly or willfully advocates, abets, advises,
or teaches the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of
overthrowing or destroying the government of the United
States or the government of any State, Territory, District or
Possession thereof, or the government of any political sub-
division therein, by force or violence, or by the assassination
of any officer of any such government ; or

Whoever, with intent to cause the overthrow or destruc-
tion of any such government, prints, publishes, edits, issues,
circulates, sells, distributes, or publicly displays any written
or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty,
necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or de-
stroying any government in the United States by force or
violence, or attempts to do so ; or

Whoever organizes or helps or attempts to organize any
society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate,
or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any such govern-
ment by force or violence ; or becomes or is a member of, or
affiliates with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons,
knowing the purposes thereof —

Shall be fined not more than $20,000 or imprisoned not more
than twenty years, or both, and shall be ineligible for employ-
ment by the United States or any department, or agency
thereof, for the five years next following his conviction.

If two or more persons conspire to commit any offense
named in this section, each shall be fined not more than
$20,000 or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both,
and shall be ineligible for employment by the United States
or any department or agency thereof, for the five years next
following his conviction. ( 18 U.S.C. 2385 )

Prior to June 17, 1957, the date Yates v. United States was decided,
and following the adoption of the Smith Act in 1940, the Department
of Justice prosecuted 146 leading Communist Party functionaries for
violation of the Smith Act. Of this number, a total of 109 party
members were convicted at trial in the district courts of the Nation.
Of the total of 109 persons convicted, only 38 convictions were
sustained on appeal or certiorari. The bulk of the convictions were
reversed as a consequence of the principles enunciated in Yates v.

126 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

United States, a decision which dealt a severe blow to the effectiveness
of the Smith Act, hitherto the principal and most effective legislation
aimed toward the containment of the Communist conspiracy within
the United States. It is significant that not one single Smith Act
prosecution has been instituted by the Department of Justice since
the decision in that case of June 17, 1957. If the Smith Act is to
again become one of the most effective weapons against the Commu-
nist conspiracy, it is vital that the Congress strengthen the act by
the adoption of legislation which would renew its effectiveness.

The Yates case was a prosecution charging 14 leaders of the Com-
munist Party with conspiring to advocate and teach the duty and
necessity of overthrowing the Government of the United States by
force and violence, and to organize as the Communist Party of the
United States a society of persons who so advocate and teach with
the intent of causing the overthrow of the Government by force and
violence as speedily as circumstances would permit. The 14 defendants
were convicted at trial and each of them was sentenced to 5 years
imprisonment and a fine of $10,000. The court of appeals affirmed.
Upon grant of certiorari by the Supreme Court the convictions were
reversed. Although a new trial was awarded as to some of the de-
fendants, the Department of Justice was unable to prosecute in view
of the principles enunciated in Yates, and abandoned the prosecutions.

In the district court, at trial of the defendants in Yates, the trial
court had clearly charged that the holding of a belief or opinion did
not constitute advocacy or teaching ; that the Smith Act did not pro-
hibit persons who may believe that the violent overthrow of the Gov-
ernment is probable or inevitable from expressing that belief; and
that any advocacy or teaching which did not include the urging of
force or violence as the means of overthrowing the Government was
not within the issue of the indictment. The trial court further told
the jury that :

The kind of advocacy and teaching which is charged and
upon which your verdict must be reached is not merely a
desirability but a necessity that the Government of the
United States be overthrown and destroyed by force and vio-
lence and not merely a propriety but a duty to overthrow
and destroy the Government of the United States by force
and violence.

Yet the majority of the Supreme Court reversed a trial of 4 months'
duration and held that this charge was inadequate; that the court
should have added expressions that such advocacy and teaching must
be "a call for action" and done —

"with the intent that such teaching and advocacy be of a
rule or principle of action and by language reasonably and
ordinarily calculated to incite persons to such action * * *."

This is certainly a distinction without a difference. A flyspeck had
been found on the bay window. Is not the imposition of a duty a call
to action and a "principle" of action? It is stronger: it imposes an
obligation to act. Is not the advocacy of that duty, as necessity, to-
gether with the urging of force and violence, an intentional incite-

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 127

ment? This was, in effect, long ago recognized by Justice Holmes,
who wrote :

It is said that this manifesto was more than a theory, that
it was an incitement. It offers itself for belief and if be-
lieved it is acted on unless some other belief outweighs it or
some failure of energy stifles the movement at its birth. The
only difference between the expression of an opinion and
an incitement in the narrower sense is the speaker's enthusi-
asm for the result. {Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, at
p. 673.)

But, it must be emphasized, the trial court went further and required
the jury to find an advocacy of duty, the advocacy of necessity to over-
throw by force and violence and an urging of force and violence,
which in the common understanding of the English language is obvi-
ously more than an expression of opinion or of abstract doctrine.

In dissenting, Mr. Justice Clark pointed out that the majority
decision in Yates was "an exercise in semantics and indulgence in
distinctions too 'subtle and difficult to grasp'." Reminding the
court that the conspiracy in Yates included the same group of
defendants as in Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951),
and United States v. Flynn, 216 F. 2d 354 (1954), although the de-
fendants in Yates occupied a lower echelon in the party hierarchy,
and reminding the majority that the convictions in Dennis and Flynn
were based upon evidence closely paralleling that in Yates, he found
the decision in Yates incomprehensible. He said:

I thought that Dennis merely held that a charge was suf-
ficient where it requires a finding that "the Party advocates
the theory that there is a duty and necessity to overthrow the
Government by force and violence . . . not as a prophetic
insight or as a bit of . . . speculation, but as a program
for winning adherents and as a policy to be translated into
action" as soon as the circumstances permit.

An example of the result of the Yates decision was a reversal in
1958 of the prior conviction of six second-rank Communist leaders for
violation of the Smith Act, on appeal to the circuit court, of appeals in
the case of United States v. James E. Jackson, et al., CCA. 2d, 1958,
257 Fed. 2d 830. This decision was based upon the so-called call-for-
action test laid down by the Supreme Court of the United States in
the Yates case. In commenting upon the holding in Yates, the court
stated :

In distinguishing this extremely narrow difference between
the advocacy or teaching which constitutes a violation and
that which does not, the Supreme Court said : "The essential
distinction is that those to whom the advocacy is addressed
must be urged to do something, now or in the future, rather
than merely believe in something."

In the Annual Report for the Year 1958, this committee noted the
holding in United States v. James E. Jackson, et al., and we now re-
peat what we then said :

The committee is of the opinion that the Supreme Court of
the United States in the Yates case, in attempting to con-

128 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

strue the terms "advocate" and "teach" as terms of art, wholly
failed to ascertain the obvious intent of Congress as disclosed
by the customary meaning of those terms when used in con-
junction with the terms "duty" and "necessity" as used in the
act. The question of whether advocacy and teaching of the
duty and necessity of overthrowing the Government by use
of force and violence constitutes mere advocacy and teaching
of an abstract doctrine or whether it is advocacy or teaching
directed at promoting of unlawful action, was neither con-
sidered nor decided by the Court in the Yates case. To con-
strue the terms "advocate" and "teach" out of the context in
which they were used could only result in doing violence to
the plain intent of Congress in the use of those terms.

The committee considers it essential that the Smith Act be buttressed
by the adoption of appropriate legislation toward that end. The
chairman of the committee on August 5, 1958, offered an amendment
to Title 18, U.S.C., Section 2385, which sought to clarify congressional
intent by defining the terms "advocate," "teach," "duty," "necessity,"
"force," and "violence," as used in that section. An identical bill,
H.R. 1991, was offered by the chairman on January 9, 1959, in the 86th
Congress. Mr. Walter repeated this recommendation in section 305
of H.R. 6, in the 87th Congress.

IX. BAIL

The committee recommends that legislation be adopted to provide
a stricter standard for the granting of bail to defendants in criminal
cases (particularly cases involving violations of security legislation)
after conviction and pending appeal or certiorari.

The recommendation is advanced with the hope that the numerous
cases of bail jumping, such as that of Robert A. Soblen, of recent
notoriety, and the several instances of convicted Smith Act defend-
ants, can be mitigated.

The purpose of bail is to permit the enlargement of the defendant
after his arrest and prior to final adjudication of his guilt, while as-
suring his appearance when called upon in the course of the prosecu-
tion. The present rule relating to post-conviction bail, adopted by
the Supreme Court in 1956, authorizes the granting of bail on appeal
or certiorari unless it appears that the appeal is frivolous or taken
for delay. The burden of persuasion by the present rule is imposed
upon the Government to show that the appeal is either frivolous or
dilatory in nature. It is proposed that legislation be adopted that
would restore the restrictive standard established under the Federal
Rules of Criminal Procedure in 1946 and maintained until the change
adopted in 1956. The 1946 rule imposed the burden of persuasion on
the defendant, to show that his appeal or application for certiorari
was neither frivolous nor dilatory, and only upon such showing was
he then entitled to bail after trial and conviction. On September 6,
1962, Chairman Walter introduced H.R. 13068 which embodies the
committee's recommendations.

H.R. 13068 deals only with the regulation of the granting of bail to
the defendant after conviction and pending review. It does not affect
the Federal rules as they exist relating to preconviction bail. The
common law, as applied both in England and the United States, has

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962 129

likewise made the reasonable distinction between the situations which
exist before and after conviction, and certain principles have evolved
with respect to the two distinct situations noted. So that what the
committee recommends and what the bill seeks to accomplish may be
viewed in perspective, it would seem desirable briefly to consider the
practice and law as it relates to the pre- and post-conviction granting
of bail, at common law and under existing Federal rules.

First : the preconviction period. At common law, the granting or
refusing of bail was, in all cases, a matter held to rest within the
sound discretion of the court. However, the discretion exercised by
the court in granting or refusing bail for the preconviction period
was not an arbitrary but a "judicial discretion," governed by estab-
lished rules and bounded by precedent and reason. These rules have
sometimes blurred the line as to whether the particular action in
granting or refusing bail was a "matter of right" or a "matter of dis-
cretion." In the absence of special reasons, the courts granted bail
for all offenses charged, except for capital offenses or in cases of fel-
ony, in which cases bail was refused unless the weight of the evidence
pointed to the defendant's probable innocence. In capital cases and
felonies, the burden of persuasion was placed upon the accused to
produce evidence pointing to his probable innocence in bail applica-
tions. All offenses were bailable before the finding of an indictment.
But whereas prior to a finding of indictment the presumption was in
favor of bail, after the finding of indictment the presumption ap-
peared to be against it, particularly in serious cases punishable by
imprisonment. Although these rules have not been uniformly ap-
plied, it should be noted that the exercise of the court's discretion,
as the rules appear to regulate it, whether for or against the granting
of bail, was determined by the status of the prosecution, the type of
the offense, the strength of the evidence, and other relevant circum-
stances, including the character and means of the defendant.

In the Federal courts today, bail prior to conviction is regulated
by the rules of Federal procedure which declare that bail is a matter
of right for a person arrested for any offense not punishable by death,
and in capital cases a matter resting in the sound discretion of the
court. Apart from capital cases, the discretion of the court is exer-
cised only to the extent of determining the amount of the bail, and
the Federal rules do not, in cases of bail before conviction, except in
capital cases, distinguish between types of offenses, whether felonies or
misdemeanors, nor is the court concerned whether indictment has or
has not been found at the time of application for bail.

Second : post-conviction bail. After conviction there was no "right"
to bail at common law, although this may be largely explained by the
fact that there was then no right to appeal after conviction. The
remedy to obtain a review of the conviction was by writ-of -error, but
the granting of this writ was a matter of grace and not a matter of
right. However, there are instances at common law where, particu-
larly in the case of petty misdemeanors, and upon special allowance
of the Attorney General, the defendant was admitted to bail after
conviction and pending disposition of such review as was allowed
under writ-of-error.

Today in the Federal courts, the defendant may appeal his con-
viction as a matter of right and may make application for writ of
certiorari to the Supreme Court. The Federal Rules of Criminal

130 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Procedure consequently provided for the granting of bail after con-
viction and pending review. But the allowance of bail by the Fed-
eral procedure after conviction, unlike the allowance before convic-
tion which is a matter of right, except in capital cases, becomes now
a matter of discretion. The present Federal Rule 46(a) (2) provides
that "Bail may be allowed pending appeal or certiorari unless it ap-
pears that the appeal is frivolous or taken for delay." This rule in
effect mandates the courts to grant bail to the defendant pending ap-
peal or certiorari, unless the Government meets the burden of show-
ing that the appeal is frivolous or taken for delay. It is thus also
clear that the allowance of post-conviction bail is a "discretionary"
power.

While it seems right that the allowance of post-conviction bail
should be a discretionary power, the serious and more difficult ques-
tion is posed : "What shall be the limitations regulating its exercise?"
It is here that an adjustment must be made between the conflicting
social interests which, on the one hand, express a reluctance to compel
a person to undergo confinement or punishment until he has exhausted
all legal remedies, and on the other hand, those interests which for
the good order of society require the prompt punishment of the
guilty — and his availability for punishment when the review proce-
dures are concluded. The record of bail jumping in serious cases,
which has both concerned the public and in some instances embar-
rassed the Government, tending to bring the administration of justice
into disrepute, compels the conclusion that an application of the
presently existing Federal rule, or its administration, does not seem
always to effect the ends of justice or policy.

The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, when first adopted in
1946, provided that "Bail may be allowed pending appeal or certiorari
only if it appears that the case involves a substantial question which
should be determined by an appellate court." It is this rule which
the committee recommends be re-established by legislative action.
The 1946 rule did not remove the granting of bail from the area of
discretion, but it was clear that the appellant was not entitled to bail
after conviction, as a matter of right or of discretion, unless he dem-
onstrated that his appeal or certiorari involved a substantial question
that would justify the appeal. The presumption thus appeared to
be against the granting of bail after conviction, unless the defend-
ant persuaded the court that his appeal or certiorari had legal merit.

However, in 1956, the Supreme Court, for reasons which do not
appear, took action, in which the Department of Justice was appar-
ently not invited to participate, amending the court's rule and es-
tablished a liberalized allowance for the granting of bail after con-
viction. The 1956 rule, which prevails as Rule 46(a) (2), provides
that "Bail may be allowed pending appeal or certiorari unless it
appears that the appeal is frivolous or taken for delay." By this
rule, the convicted defendant is relieved of the necessity of establish-
ing eligibility for bail. The burden is now removed from him and
placed upon the Government to demonstrate that the appeal or cer-
tiorari is frivolous or taken for delay. When no other compelling
discretionary reasons exist for the denial of bail (such as evidence
that the defendant is about to abscond), and the degree of legal
merit to the appeal becomes the sole criterion for admission to bail,

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 131

legal merit is presumed. Bail is granted as a matter of course unless
the Government has persuaded the court that the appeal or certiorari
is taken for insubstantial reasons.

While one's sense of justice may abhor the thought that, prior to
conviction, bail should be generally denied, except possibly in capital
cases, the defendant's conviction after full and normally fair trial
should alter the situation. The verdict of the jury has in most cases
and in great part, if not entirely, dissipated the presumption of in-
nocence attending the defendant before conviction. After convic-
tion there is not only the social urgency in the prompt execution of
sentence, with its deterrent effect, out the problem of assuring the
appearance of the defendant pending review. The panic attendant
upon conviction, particularly after sentence to prison for an extended
period, or for life, creates additional problems, as in the case of
Robert A. Soblen, who was sentenced to life imprisonment on charges
of conspiracy to commit espionage as a member of a Soviet espionage
ring. He was released on bail pending certiorari and escaped the
country. The panic and frustration experienced by a defendant
after conviction in the trial court is further fed by the sometimes
seemingly interminable delay in the disposition of review proceedings.

Although it seems to be the universal practice of courts to increase
bail after conviction and pending review, this is obviously not a solu-
tion to the problem where the crime is heinous and the sentence
severe. Moreover, an increase of bail, or bail in a substantial amount,
serves only to redound to the benefit of a very few selected individuals
who are capable of raising it, and only highlights the inequities visited
upon the destitute and the friendless, who cannot furnish such bail.
This has been particularly the situation with respect to leaders of the
Communist conspiracy who have access to resources not available to
the overwhelming majority of convicted persons. Nor is it an answer
to the problem to suggest a revision of the practices of criminal justice
to eliminate delay in the disposition of prosecutions, and review pro-
ceedings, which to date we seem incapable of accomplishing. It is
therefore clear that the only rational and fair solution to the question
of bail after conviction, should rest basically and primarily upon an
assessment of the legal merit of the appeal.

Prior to concluding, it may be well to present an analysis of the bill,
H.R. 13068, as it relates to the committee recommendation. As has
already been pointed out, the principal effect of the bill would be to re-
store the Federal rule relating to the granting of post-conviction bail
pending review, which existed prior to 1956, and as established in 1946
upon the formulation of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
However, the bill further alters the present procedure in two other
respects.

First, pending appeal to the court of appeals an allowance of bail
may be made only by a trial judge and by the court of appeals or
any judge thereof. Practice hitherto has been to include the circuit
justice (a Justice of the Supreme Court) among those who may admit
to bail on appeal to the court of appeals. The bill would delete the
circuit justices for the reason that it would appear that on appeal to
the court of appeals the matter is for disposition by that court. To
authorize a Supreme Court Justice to pass upon the issue whether a
substantial question exists on appeal to the court of appeals, would
constitute an unnecessary involvement by the Supreme Court, or a

132 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Justice thereof, with a matter pending for disposition before a court
of appeals which under the statutory appeal system is required to
make an independent appraisal of the case.

The final point of the bill would effect an immediate termination or
revocation of bail upon affirmance of conviction by the court of ap-
peals, or upon denial of certiorari by the Supreme Court. The object
of this is to prevent the continuance of bail after such affirmance or
denial and pending petitions for rehearing, or other dilatory motions,
and the issuance of mandates in appellate courts upon the judgment.
This provision of the bill would make it possible for the defendant
to be taken into custody immediately upon affirmance or denial of cer-
tiorari, and will preclude the escape of the defendant at that critical
juncture following the affirmance of conviction or denial of certiorari.

CHAPTER VII

CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS

During the year 1962, the committee made no recommendation to
the House of Representatives for contempt citation of any witness
who had appeared before it.

CASES PENDING

The following cases are presently awaiting trial in various U.S. dis-
trict courts :

N orton Anthony Russell Bernard Silber

J ohm, T. Go jack Robert Lehrer

Harvey O'Connor Victor Malis

Frank Grumman Alfred James Samter

Norton Anthony Russell, John T. Gojack, Frank Grumman, and
Bernard Silber, whose contempt convictions were reversed by the
Supreme Court in May and June of 1962 (see Supreme Court Cases,
below) , were reindicted. Their cases have not yet been set for trial in
the district court.

Harvey O'Connor was also reindicted for contempt of Congress
in refusing to respond to a congressional subpena to appear before a
subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities. A trial
date has not been set.

The cases of Robert Lehrer, Victor Malis, and Alfred James Samter,
arising from the Gary, Ind., hearings, have not proceeded beyond in-
dictment and no trial dates have been set.

SUPREME COURT CASES

The Supreme Court of the United States on May 21, 1962, reversed
the convictions of Norton Anthony Russell, Robert Shelton, Alden
Whitman, Herman Liveright, William A. Price, and John T. Gojack,
contempt of Congress cases heard together. The Russell and Gojack
cases arose from hearings before the Committee on Un-American
Activities, and the remainder grew out of hearings before the Internal
Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee.

Each of the indictments, following the practice consistently em-
ployed for many years, charged the elements of the offense in the lan-
guage of the statute. A majority of the Court, with Justices Clark
and Harlan dissenting, held that the indictments were defective be-
cause of the absence of an allegation stating the specific subject under
inquiry.

133

134 ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1962

Comments by the dissenting Justices are of value in assessing the
effect of this unprecedented decision. Justice Clark, in criticizing the
majority opinion, stated:

The statute under which these cases were prosecuted, 2
U.S.C. § 192, was originally passed 105 years ago. Case
after case has come here during that period. Still the
Court is unable to point to one case — not one — in which,
there is the remotest suggestion that indictments thereunder
must include any of the underlying facts necessary to eval-
uate the propriety of the unanswered questions. * * * In
requiring these indictments to "identify the subject which was
under inquiry at the time of the defendant's alleged default or
refusal to answer," the Court has concocted a new and novel
doctrine to upset congressional contempt convictions. A rule
has been sown which, as pointed out by Brother Harlan,
has no seeds in general indictment law and which will reap no
real benefits in congressional contempt cases. If knowing the
subject matter under investigation is actually important to
these recalcitrant witnesses, they can utilize the right recog-
nized in Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178 (1957), of
demanding enlightenment from the questioning body or the
time-honored practice of requesting a bill of particulars from
the prosecutor. Let us hope that the reasoning of the Court
today does not apply to indictments under other criminal
statutes, for if it does, an uncountable number of indictments
will be invalidated. If, however, the rule is only cast at con-
gressional contempt cases, it is manifestly unjust.

Justice Harlan stated :

The reasons given by the Court for its sudden holding,
which unless confined to contempt of Congress cases bids fair
to throw the federal courts back to an era of criminal plead-
ing from which it was thought they had finally emerged, are
novel and unconvincing.

The Justice further stated :

* * * I am unable to rid myself of the view that the
reversal of these convictions on such insubstantial grounds
will serve to encourage recalcitrance to legitimate congres-
sional inquiry, stemming from the belief that a refusal to
answer may somehow be requited in this Court.

Subsequently, on June 18, 1962, the Supreme Court, by a per curiam
opinion, reversed the conviction of Frank Grumman, a former radio
operator for R.C.A. Communications, Inc., on the basis of the decision
in the Russell case, Justices Clark and Harlan dissenting for the rea-
sons stated in their dissenting opinions in the latter case.

On June 25, 1962, the Supreme Court, in a per curiam opinion, also
reversed the conviction of Bernard Silber on the basis of the earlier
Russell decision. Notwithstanding the fact that the so-called defect
in the indictment was not called to the attention of the court of appeals
and was neither briefed nor argued in the Supreme Court, the Su-
preme Court of its own motion took notice of the alleged omission
in the indictment under revised rules of the Supreme Court of the

ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1962 135

United States. As in the Russell case, Justices Clark and Harlan
dissented. On June 25, 1962, the Supreme Court reversed the convic-
tion of Louis Earl Hartman.

CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS CASES

The conviction of Peter Seeger, an entertainer, in the District Court
for the Southern District of New York, was reversed by the Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in a decision handed down
on May 18, 1962. The majority of the court held "that the indictment
was defective because it failed to properly allege the authority of the
subcommittee to conduct the hearings in issue, and to set forth the
basis of that authority accurately." In the minority opinion, the in-
dictment was held to be sufficient, but the dissenting judge, concur-
ring in the result, held proof was lacking in the trial that the commit-
tee had vested its authority by proper resolutions in a subcommittee.
The court did not reach the constitutional questions raised by the
defendant.

The conviction of Martin Popper, former secretary of the National
Lawyers Guild and a practicing attorney in the city of New York,
was reversed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Colum-
bia, on July 5, 1962. The court, in a per curiam opinion, stated :

Bound as we are by the recent decisions in the United States
Supreme Court in Russell v. United States and related cases,
369 U.S. 749, 779, 781, 82 S. Ct. 1038, 8 L. Ed. 2d 240, we
reverse the judgment of the District Court.

Other points raised by the appellant were not passed on.

The conviction of Ea\oard Yellin for his refusal to answer pertinent
questions in the Gary, Ind., hearings was sustained by the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. A petition for a writ of certiorari
to that court was granted and the case was argued before the Supreme
Court on December 13, 1962.

DISTRICT COURT CASES

A motion to dismiss, on jurisdictional grounds, the 12 cases arising
from hearings conducted in Puerto Rico in 1959, was sustained by the
U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico and an order was
entered on September 5, 1962, dismissing the indictments in those
cases. Although the term, "United States," may be used in any one of
several senses, the court was of the opinion that Congress used the
term in a geographical sense when it authorized the committee to con-
duct hearings "within the United States." On the basis of this rea-
soning, the court held that the conduct of investigations by this com-
mittee is limited to the States of the Union by the express terms of
the committee's enabling act. The court wholly rejected the Govern-
ment's contention that House Resolution 137, January 26, 1959, author-
izing payment of expenses incurred by the committee for employment
of experts, special counsel, investigators, and clerical help outside the
continental limits of the United States constituted an authorization
for the committee to hold hearings outside the continental limits.

The court made it clear that his action had nothing to do with the
sovereign power and right of Congress to conduct investigations in
Puerto Rico under what it termed properly authorized conditions.

CHAPTER VIII

THE RETIREMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES GORDON H.
SCHERER AND MORGAN M. MOULDER

The following resolution of commendation for the Honorable Gor-
don H. Scherer, of Ohio, and the Honorable Morgan M. Moulder,
of Missouri, was adopted unanimously by their fellow members of
the Committee on Un-American Activities at an executive meeting
of the committee on September 26, 1962:

Whereas, the Honorable Gordon H. Scherer has announced
his intention to retire from the House of Representatives of
the United States after serving the First Congressional Dis-
trict of Ohio with distinction for 10 years ; and

Whereas, he is the able and ranking minority member of
the Committee on Un-American Activities, on which he has
served faithfully and well during his entire tenure in the
Congress; and

Whereas, he has at all times revered, defended from all
enemies and tirelessly promoted those characteristics of free-
dom which have given this Nation the most cherished and
lasting independence the world has ever known ; and

Whereas, his indomitable spirit and wise counsel will be
sorely missed by the 88th Congress ; and

Whereas, the Honorable Morgan M. Moulder declined to
seek reelection to the House of Representatives after serving
the Eleventh District of Missouri with distinction for 14
years; and

Whereas, he brought to the committee valuable experience
gained by years of work as a judge and also a keen insight
into the aims of the Communist conspiracy ; and

Whereas, his loss to the committee will be keenly felt : Now,
therefore, be it

Resolved, That the members of the Committee on Un-
American Activities extend their deep appreciation to Gordon
H. Scherer and Morgan M. Moulder for their many years
of truly outstanding service to this committee and wish them
a most rewarding future in all endeavors they may pursue.

137

37^377 O — 64 10

INDEX

INDIVIDUALS

A

Page

Abrams, Henry 44, 47, 48, 51

Ackerly, George A 27

Adams, Arthur Alexandrovich 34

Alexander, Hursel William 80

Amster, Mrs. Louis J. (See del Villar, Melitta.)

Anderson, Walter T 64, 68, 69, 72

Andre, Carole 81

B

Baker, Albert S 36

Bayer, Eugene 25

Berkowitz, Norman 29, 31

Berry, James 65, 67

Blair, Fred Bassett 66, 71

Blauvelt, Mildred (alias Mildred Brandt; Sylvia Vogel) 34

Blossom, Frederick A 9, 10

Born, Kenneth 71

Brancato, Jean 51

Brant, Carl 80

Briehl, (Walter) 118

Brooks, Overton (of Louisiana) 123

Brown, Julia Clarice 23-25

Bryant, Adaya (Mrs. Drayton Bryant) 81

Bryant, Drayton 81

Budenz, Louis Francis 4 34

Bush, Prescott (of Connecticut) 103,105

C

Cameron, Angus 77

Canter, David Simon 18-20

Castro, Fidel 28, 37, 83

Celler, Emanuel (of New York) 97,105

Chamberlain, Leona 80

Chancey, Martin 25

Chesman, Miriam 51, 52

Chi-chou Huang 9-13

Christoffel, Harold 66, 69

Clark, (Tom C.) 100,110,127,133-135

Clinton, Rose 47, 51

Cole, (Kendrick M.) 100,109,110

Contente, Sylvia 46

Cooper, William Henry 25

Oorbin, Paul (born Paul Kobrinsky) 64-72

Corbin, Seena. {See Powell, Seena.)

Costello, Emil 66, 72

Cowl, Margaret (Mrs. Charles Krumbein; formerly Mrs. Joseph Undjus;

also known as Margaret Kling) 21,22

Cramer, William C. (of Florida) , 100,105

Crenovich, Michael (also known as Miguel Crenovich) 38,39

Cunningham, Glenn 105

1

ii INDEX

D

Page

Darr, John W., Jr 44,53

Davis, Benjamin J 51

Dayton (Weldon Bruce) 118

del Villar, Melitta (Mrs. Louis Amster; born Emma Lopez-Nussa Car-
rion; formerly Melitta Sheyne) 34-36

Dennis, Eugene 56, 127

Dennis, Myrtle (Mrs. Raymond Dennis) 24

Dennis, Peggy (Mrs. Eugene Dennis) 56

Devine, Donald J 29

DeWitt, James (Jim) 69

Donner, Frank J 77

Doyle, Clyde (of California) 93,95,99,105

DuBois, Shirley Graham. (Mrs. W. E. B. DuBois.) {See Graham,
Shirley.)

DuBois, William Edward Burghardt 24

Dulles (John Foster) 118

Dunn, Joseph 80

E

Eastland, James O. (of Mississippi) 96,98,105

Eccles, Ann S 31, 32

Eisenscher, Esther. ( See Weekstrom, Esther. )

Elbers, Dave 81

Elconin, William B. (Bill) 80

Emmer, Ruth (Mrs. Jack Emmer) (nee Bayer) 25

Engels, Friedrich (Fredrick) 82

Ervin, Sam J., Jr. (of North Carolina) 98,105

F

Felshin, Joseph (also known as Joseph Fields) 17

Flink, Richard A ■ 42,43,56

Flory, Ishmael P 71

Frayde, Martha 36, 37

Foster, William Z 75

Frankfeld, Philip 22

Freed, Iris (nee Schwartz) 48,56

Funn, Dorothy K 48

G

Garcias, Jean 26

Giacomo, John Dominick 64, 68, 69, 72

Gitlow, ( Benjamin) 127

Gluck, Sidney J 34, 35

Gojack, John T 133

Goodlett, Carlton B 27

Goodman, Ethel L. (Mrs. Lew Jennings) 25

Graham, (Edgar W.) 114,116,118

Graham, Shirley (Mrs. W. E. B. DuBois) 23,24

Green, Sidney (Sid) 81

Greene, (William L.) 58,131,112,115,116

Gross, Ceil 50

Grumman, Frank 133, 134

Grundfest, Harry 124

H

Haessler, Carl. 22

Hall, Durward G. (of Missouri) 93,105

Hall, Gus (alias for Arva Halberg) 41, 74

Hall, Martin (also known as Herman Jacobs) 84

Hallinan, Patrick 28

Hallinan, Vincent 28

Handelman, Samuel (Sam) 25

Harlan, (JohnM.) ,. 133-135

Hartman, Louis Earl 135

Haskell, Oliver 81

INDEX lil

Page
Haskell, Mrs. Oliver 81

Heusinger, Adolph 18-20

Hirshfield, James A 116, 117

Hoffman, Lyla 45, 48, 56

Holifield, Chet (of California) 93,95,99,105

Holmes, (Oliver Wendell) 127

Hoover, J. Edgar (John Edgar) 75,76,78

Huberman, Leo 38

I
Ingels, Donald C 31

J

Jackson, James E 127

Jagan, Cheddi 37, 38

Jagan, Janet Rosenberg (Mrs. Cheddi Jagan) 38

Johnson, David Paul 1-8

Johnson, Joanne Ellen (Mrs. David P. Johnson) 1,6,7

Johnson, Thomas F. (of Maryland) 93, 95, 99, 105

K

Katz, Frieda (Mrs. Dave Katz) 25

Kennedy, (John F.) 84

Kennedy, Joseph Michael Corwan (party name Joseph Curran) 64-70,72

Kent, (Rockwell) 118

Kerstein, Edward S 72

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich 15, 41, 74 82, 83

Kirkpatrick, Evron M 14

Kovner, Fay. ( See Mukes, Fay. )

Krchmarek, Jean (Mrs. Anthony Krchmarek) 25

Kreitner, Frida (nee Smith) 25

Krumbein, Charles 21

Krumbein, Margaret (Mrs. Charles Krumbein). (See Cowl, Margaret.)

L

Lambkin, Cyril J 21

Lawson, Sonora B 23

Lazarus, Simon M 35

Lehrer, Robert 133

Lenin, V. I. (alias for Vladimir Il'ich Ul'ianov; also known as Nikolai

Lenin) 41, 82

Lester (J. A.) 114-118

Levy, Henry 22

Lewis, Albert Jorgenson 13, 82, 84

Lima, Albert (J.) (Mickie or Mickey) 78

Lima, Mickey. ( See Lima, Albert J. )

Liveright, Herman 133

Lorch, Lee 124

Lotsman, Gregory Boris 22

M

Mackenzie, Anna 49, 56

Malis, Victor 133

Mao Tse-tung 11

Markoff, Allan (born Ilya Schmerkovich) 20-22

Markward, Mary Stalcup 47, 48

Martin, Dave (of Nebraska) 93,97,105

Martin, William Hamilton 73, 113

Marx, Karl 82

Marzani, Carl Aldo 77

Meyers, Ruth (Mrs. William Meyers) 44,45

Miller, Louis I 34

Minton, (Sherman) 110

Mishukov, Yuri A 42, 43

Mitchell, Bernon Ferguson : 73, 113

iv INDEX

Page
Moos, Elizabeth 49, 50

Moulder, Morgan M. (of Missouri) 137

Mueller, Vinzenz 20

Mukes, Fay (Mrs. Richard Mukes ; nee Kovner) SI

Murdock, Ray R 117

Myerson, Michael 29

McCarthy, Joseph P 80, 81

McCarthy, Joseph R 69

McClellan, John L. (of Arkansas) 98,105

McElroy, (Neil M.) 58,111,115,116

N

Nathan, Otto — — 76

Nearing, Scott 9, 10

Neidenberg, Elsie 46

Nixon, Russell Arthur (Russ) 76

O

Obrinsky, William 52, 53

O'Connor, Harvey 76, 133

P

Parker, (Lawrence) 114-118

Patterson, Louise Thompson (Mrs. William L. Patterson) 23

Pauling, Linus 48, 50

Peters, Bernard 118

Philbrick, Herbert 50

Popper, Martin 135

Posner, Blanch H. (nee Hofrichter) 43,44,48,55,56

Powell, Seena (formerly Mrs. Paul Corbin) 70,71

Powers, Gary F 18

Price, William A 133

Prosten, Richard 29

Quinlan, Donald 29-32

R

Rabinowitz, Barbara (Bobbi) (Mrs. Alan Rabinowitz) 29

Rabinowitz, Marcia G 38, 39

Rabinowitz, Victor 27

Reed, (Stanley F.) 110

Rein, Selma Rice (Mrs. David Rein) 56,57

Remington, William W 50

Richardson, Beulah 23

Richmond (Alfred C.) 114, 116, 118

Rivers, L. Mendel (of South Carolina) 105

Roberts, Steve 13,82, 84

Robeson, Eslanda Goode (Mrs. Paul Robeson, Sr.) 23

Robeson, Paul, Sr 24

Ronstadt, Robert Carrillo 13, 74, 79-81

Rosenberg, Julius 118

Rosenstein, Paul 28-30

Russell, Maud 10

Russell, Norton Anthony 133-135

S

Samter, Alfred James 133

Scherer, Gordon H. (of Ohio) 96, 99, 102, 104, 105, 137

Schneck, Marco (also known as Monty) 28

Schneider, Anita Bell (Mrs. Virgil A. Schneider; alias Seeta) 77,78

Schwartz, Iris. (See Freed, Iris.)

Scott, Harold 70

INDEX T

Page

Seeger, Peter (Pete) 27,135

Sharpe, Myron Emanuel 15, 16

Shelton, Robert 133

Silber, Bernard 133, 134

Sinid, James 25

Smith, Howard W. (of Virginia).— 98,105

Smith, Philip (Phil) 69

Soblen, Robert A 128, 131

Sokol, Regina 25

Sorum, William 52

Soto, Emilio V 37

Staggers, Harley O. (of West Virginia) 93,95,99,105

Stalin, Josef (Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) 40,82

Strauss, Abraham (Abe) 25

Strauss, Sylvia (Mrs. Abraham Strauss) 25

Svenchansky, Alexander 22

T

Tarcai, Elsie R 25

Tarcai, Violet J 25

Taylor, Pauline 23, 25

Tenebaum, Milton 25

Thompson, Robert 46

Tigar, Michael 29

Travis, Helen 35

Tremols, Jose G 37

Trotsky, Lev (Leon) (born Lev Davidovich Bronstein) 35,82

U

Uphaus, Willard 27

Ushakoff, Serge Pavlovich 20-22

V
Varela, Delfino (Del) 84

W

Wallace, Henry A 9

Walter, Francis E. (of Pennsylvania) __ 94-97, 99-105, 110, 112, 113, 120, 121, 128

Warren, (Earl) 112

Waterman, Alan T 124

Watkins, (John T.) 134

Weinstein, Bert 29

Wells, James 25

Wheeldin, Donald C 80, 81

Wherry, Margaret (Mrs. Robert Wherry) 25

Whitman, Alden 133

Wickstrom, Esther (Mrs. Lester Wickstrom ; nee Eisenscher) 70,71

Wilgus, Perry E 69, 70

Wilkinson, Frank 77-79, 81

Wilson, Dagmar 45, 53-57

Winter, Carl 22

Winter, Helen Allison (Mrs. Carl Winter) 22

Witness Dr. "X" (Cuban refugee) 37

Wolins, LeRoy 18-20

Y

Yates, (Oleta O'Connor) 125-127

Yeagley, J. Walter 113

Yellin, Edward 122, 123, 135

Young, Albert 23

Young, (Philip) 100, 109, 110

Z
Zaitsev, Yuri V 42, 43

Vi INDEX

ORGANIZATIONS

A

Page

Allied Record Manufacturing Co. (Las Paunas, Calif.) 80

American Continental Congress for Peace (September 5-10, 1949, Mexico

City, Mexico) 49

American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations. (See Institute of Pacific

Relation. )
American Friends Service Committee. (See Religious Society of Friends.)

American Friends of Spanish Democracy 34

American Political Science Association 14

American Russian Institute of San Francisco . 50

American Youth for Democracy 46

B

Ballantine Books, Inc 77

Baltika (Russian ship) 4

Bookfield House, Inc 15

British Government, Commission of Inquiry Into Disturbances in Brit-
ish Guiana 38

C

California Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities 77

Chicago Medical Aid to Cuba Committee 35

Citizens Committee To Preserve American Freedoms (CCPAF) 75-79

Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp 123

Columbia University (New York City) 124

Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE). (See National Commit-
tee for a Sane Nuclear Policy.)

Communist Party of the United States of America 21, 74, 82, 83

National Structure:

National Committee =. 22, 34, 39, 41

National Commissions:

Youth Commission 31

National Conventions and Conferences :

Fourteenth Convention, August 2-6, 1948 (New York City) 75

Seventeenth Convention, December 10-13, 1959 (New York

City) 23, 74

Districts :

Maryland-District of Columbia District (Maryland and the Dis-
trict of Columbia ) 22

Michigan District (Michigan) 22

Northern California District 78

Altgeld Clubs 81

Southern California District 28, 84

District Committee 28

Youth Commission 28

States and Territories :
Louisiana :

State Committee 52

New Orleans:

Professional branch 52

New York State:

New York City Area :
Kings County:
Brooklyn :

Flatbush Section 34

Second Assembly District :
Coney Island Section :

Coney Island Club 39

Westchester County :

County Convention, January 1957 49

Yonkers :

Carpet Shop branch 48

Wisconsin 66, 70, 71

INDEX vii

Page

Conference of Greater New York Peace Groups 47,48,50

100 Days for Peace Committee 48

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), Industrial Union Council

(Rockford, 111.) 64, 67

Crosscurrents Press, Inc 4, 15-17, 21

Cross World Books and Periodicals, Inc. (Chicago, 111.) 22

D

Defense Committee for Mrs. Myrtle Dennis 24

Democratic Party (U.S.A.), National Committee 64

Detroit Medical Aid to Cuba Committee 35

E

Emergency Civil Liberties Committee (ECLC) 35,76-78

Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers of America, United (UE) 69

F

Faculty of Social Science, The 39

Fair Play for Cuba Committee 21, 29, 36, 84

Greater Los Angeles Chapter 82-84

FAM Book & Translation Service (New York) 21

Foreign Languages Institute (Peking, China) 11,12

Foreign Languages Publishing House (Moscow) 15

Four Continent Book Corp 16, 20-22

Friends of British Guiana 33, 37-39

Furniture Workers of America, United (CIO) 65,70

G

Geneva Disarmament Conference 46, 49, 55

Global Books (Detroit. Mich.) 22

Greater New York Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. (See entry
under National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy.)

Greenwich Village Peace Center 44, 53

Guozi Shudian 22

n

Hospital Nacional (Havana, Cuba) 36,37

I

Imported Publications and Products 21, 22

Institute of Pacific Relations 51, 52

International Arts and Sciences Press (New York) 15-17

International Book Co. ( Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga) (Moscow, Russia)

(also known as MezhKniga and MK) 15,16,21,22

International Bookstore, Inc. (San Francisco, Calif.) 22

International Union of Students (IUS) (see also World Youth Festivals). 26
Intourist, Inc 4, 5

J

Jefferson Book Shop (New York City) 22,35

Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.) 9

L

Labor Youth League 16

Liberty Prometheus Book Club (New York City) 77

Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, International (ILWU) 65,70

Los Angeles City Housing Authority 77, 81

Los Angeles Medical Aid to Cuba Committee 35

M

Marine Corps League, Wisconsin 65

Medical Aid to Cuba Committee 33-37

Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga. (See International Book Co., Moscow, Russia.)

Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, International Union of 35

Modern Book Store (Chicago, 111.) 22

Till INDEX

N

Page

National Assembly for Democratic Rights 35

National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE) 47,52,53

Greater New York Committee 47

Staten Island chapter 52,53

National Committee To Abolish the Un-American Activities Committee
(NCAUAC) (see also New York Council To Abolish the House Un-
American Activities Committee; Youth To Abolish the House Un-
American Activities Committee) 76-79

Washington (D.C.) Area Committee for Abolition of the House Un-
American Activities Committee 77

National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, Inc 53

National Hospital (Havana, Cuba). {See Hospital Nacional.)

National Lawyers Guild 135

National Negro Labor Council 24

New Century Publishers, Inc. (New York) 17

New Era Book & Subscription Agency, Inc 16, 17

New York Council To Abolish the House Un-American Activities Com-
mittee (see also National Committee To Abolish the Un-American
Activities Committee ; Youth To Abolish the House Un-American Activi-

tives Committee) 76

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Permanent Military Com-
mittee 18,20

North China University of the Peoples Revolution 10

Novositi Press Agency (APN) 16

O

Ohio Committee for Protection of Foreign Born 24

One Hundred Days for Peace Committee. (See entry under Conference
of Greater New York Peace Groups. )

P

Package Express & Travel Agency (previously known as Parcels to
Russia) 22

Parcels to Russia. ( See Package Express & Travel Agency. )

Peace Information Center 49

Peking University 11

People's Progressive Party of British Guiana 37, 38

Philander-Smith College (Little Rock, Ark.) 124

Progressive Party 9, 24, 28

Progressive Tours of London 4

Provisional Organizing Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Communist

Party (POC) 23

Public Workers of America, United 65

R

Raznoiznos (Bulgarian books and periodicals) (Sofia, Bulgaria) 21

RCA Communications, Inc 134

Religious Society of Friends, American Friends Service Committee 27

S

SANE. (See National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy.)

Seafarers' International Union of North America 117

SLATE 27,29

Socialist Workers Party 82-84

Sojourners for Truth and Justice 23, 24

Staten Island Community Peace Group 52, 53

Steelworkers of America, United 68, 69

Student Peace Union 27

T

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 118

Tradeworld, Inc 15

Translation World Publishers 17, 18, 20

INDEX

U

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Government of, Embassies, Wash- *"«*•
ington, D.C 17

United Nations 42

United States Festival Committee, Inc. (See entry under World Youth
Festivals, Eighth Youth Festival, July 29-August 6, 1962, Helsinki,
Finland.)
U.S. Government :

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 120

Coast Guard. {See entry under Treasury Department.)

Defense, Department of 58-63, 114

National Security Agency 73, 103, 113, 114

Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of 110

Justice, Department of 62, 113

Federal Bureau of Investigation 23, 42, 120

National Science Foundation 122-125

National Security Agency. (See entry under U.S. Government, De-
fense, Department of.)
Senate, United States :

Internal Security Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee ( Sub-
committee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal

Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws) 22,74,76

State Department 120, 121

Subversive Activities Control Board 53

Supreme Court 58, 110, 112, 126, 127, 130, 133

Treasury Department :

Coast Guard 114-118

University of California (Berkeley, Calif.) 29

University of Chicago (Chicago, 111.) 27

University of Illinois (Urbana, 111.) 122

University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)

University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 16

W

Washington (D.C.) Area Committee for Abolition of the House Un-
American Activities Committee. (See entry under National Committee
To Abolish the Un-American Activities Committee. )

West Side Peace Committee (New York City) 47, 48, 50, 51

Women Strike for Peace (also known as Women for Peace, Women Stand
for Peace; on January 15, 1962, the name was changed to Woman's.
International Strike for Peace (p. 54). See entries under Women's
International Strike for Peace.

National Conference (Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 1962) 55,56

Women's International Democratic Federation 55,56

Women's World Assembly for Disarmament, March 23-25, 1962

(Vienna, Austria) 55

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 40

Women's International Strike for Peace (formerly known as Women

Strike for Peace, Women for Peace, Women Stand for Peace) 40,

47, 49, 54-57
Metropolitan New York, New Jersey, Connecticut Area — 40, 43-52, 54-56
Structure :

Central Coordinating Committee 45, 48, 51, 54

Work Committees:

International Committee 54

First National Conference, June 1962 (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 55,56

Bronx group 51

Nassau County, N.Y 45

Great Neck group 45

Westchester County, N.Y. (Westchester Women for Peace) 48

Michigan :

Ann Arbor group 55

Washington, D.C, group 46,54,56

Women's World Assembly for Disarmament. (See entry under Women's
International Democratic Federation. )

x INDEX

Page

World Books (New York City) 22

World Peace Appeal (also known as the Stockholm Peace Appeal or Peti-
tion) 49

World Peace Congress (also known as World Congress of Partisans of
Peace and World Congress of Defenders of Peace)

First Congress, April 20-24, 1949 (Paris, France) 49

Stockholm Conference of the Permanent Committee, March 1950

(Stockholm, Sweden) 49

World Peace Council 40

World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) (see also World Youth

Festivals) 26

World Youth Festivals :

Seventh Youth Festival, July 26-August 4, 1959 (Vienna, Austria) :

International Preparatory Committee (IPC) 26

Eighth Youth Festival, July 29-August 6, 1962 (Helsinki, Fin-
land) 26-32, 35

International Preparatory Committee (IPO) 26, 29, 30, 32

United States Festival Committee, Inc 27-31

Los Angeles Festival Committee 28

San Francisco Festival Committee 28

W. T. Rawleigh Co. (Freeport, 111.) 70

Y

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) 29

Young Progressives of America 9

Young Communist League (United States) 46

Young Communist League (Canada) 64-67

Youth To Abolish the House Un-American Activities Committee (see also
National Committee To Abolish the Un-American Activities Committee;
New York Council To Abolish the House Committee on Un-American Ac-
tivities) 76, 77

PUBLICATIONS

C

Case Against General Heusinger, The 18, 20

Communist, The 75

D

Daily Worker 35

F

Federal Register 61-63

Friendship Book (published by American Russian Institute of San Fran-
cisco) 50

G

Grand Illusion (film) 52

H
Helsinki Youth News 26

K

Khrushchev in America 4

L

Labour Monthly (British) 4

Large Soviet Encyclopedia (Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya ) 42

M

Masters of Deceit (book) 75

Milwaukee Journal (Milwaukee, Wis.) 72

Monthly Review (magazine) 38

INDEX xi

N Page

National Guardian 38

New Horizons for Youth 31

P

Political Affairs 17

Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (book) 16, 17,21

Q

Quarter Century of Un- Americana, A (book) 77

S

Sing Out (magazine) 77

Soviet Highlights (periodical) 16,17

Soviet Review . 16, 17

Statement issued by the Conference of Representatives of 81 Communist

Parties, Moscow, December 1960 41, 74

T

Target: The World (Kirkpatrick) 14

Trial of the U-2, The 18

U

Un-Americans, The (book) 77

U.S.S.R. (magazine) 4

W

We Ain't Going To Study War No More (song) 32

We Shall Not Be Moved (song) 32

o