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Hon. Ferd. J. Hess, Charleston, Mo., President State Board of Agriculture.
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THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT
MISSOURI Y ceive
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE
CONTAINING A RECORD OF THE WORK FOR THE YEAR 1902.
PUBLISHED 1903.
JEFFERSON CITY, MO.:
TRIBUNE PRINTING COMPANY, STATH PRINTERS AND BINDERS.
3s
LETTER OF TRANSMIT EAS
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF SECRETARY,
COLUMBIA, MISSOURI, February 12, 1903.
To the Hon. A. M. Dockery, Governor of Missouri:
Sir—I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the work
of the State Board of Agriculture for the past year.
We take great pride in recording the fact that the farmers of Mis-
souri are putting into practice up-to-date scientific methods in their farm
operations and that Missouri has taken first rank in the United States
this year in the average yield per acre of corn, and has achieved second
1ank in the total amount produced of both corn and wheat. Missouri
is not excelled by any country in the quality of her best herds and flocks.
The value of our farm lands has greatly advanced and at the ad-
vanced prices our lands afford as good opportunity for investment as the
lands of any other State.
A great interest has been awakened in agricultural education, the
farmers’ institute work has been greatly extended and improved and the
publications of the Board of Agriculture are in greater demand than
ever before.
Verv respectfully,
Geo. B. Exuis, Secretary:
‘FABLE OF CONTENTS.
Pages.
MANET EMO Te SE CLECALY oye os xin)<1e)1%)o1= vie c’'u o1visfeiniejslois alee oe olelejie c ale siele Tale niermie.e via(ele.sinlaisiaieie.e)n\sic/a seit etia lees 5-54
ESTE CEES IED OLE sales cis sistxiajels sin. sla o's,c1a's e «/sleleie/s.cielole wleicie ole o/e)s\olsisislalnloleie a(n o/s\0\s]sinle.0\s/s,0\0,«1e/0)s\sisiejejeie/s 55-57
MMC APMErEANG CLOD) COMGLUONS....0. 2.0 ccc mee aseticnccecvecsecince sie vseesitrcivesieesivaiesiness sie.s 58-70
Improved Live Stock Breeders’ ASSOCiAtION.............. cece eee eect reece eee ee ences 71-210
Pucupene® TnSinlamive) jeanoe te ladeensooaccmn ooo cosodneosnededan doadou cup ecbubmenoeronconpococcodn uk Ail
SN En IMeO) sar Va AS SOCIAL OM tac dale cic scat cittaisiniers atv cic - leleie nictelwie slelelsjsiele'e sles s.cie «1c cies /nic.e's oicivin« soma
Missouri Live Stock and other statistics
Veterinarian’s report
OFFICERS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 1903.
President—I*. J. Hess, Charleston.
Vice-President—C. F. Afflick, Clarence.
Secretary—Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.
Assistant Secretary—Snowdon Willis, Columbia.
Treasurer—H. H. Banks, Columbia.
Veterinarian—Dr. D. F. Luckey, Columbia.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
F. J. Hess, Charleston. W. C. Howell, Ulman.
Coes Aiilick, Clarence, W. L. Bryant, Independence.
H. J. Waters, Columbia. W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis.
J. J. Conrad, Marble Hill.
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS.
Governor of Missouri—A. M. Dockery.
Superintendent of Schools—W. T. Carrington.
Dean Agricultural College—H. J. Waters.
CORPORATE MEMBERS.
Name. Postoffice. No. Dist. County.
hash Peele, «(IAT ERC eu. 2.2 bos TSE ode ete Shelby. .: <2
Soha Wish. Chiticope.a%,.4:. ONG Aan eh Livingston .......
Alex, Maitiand:... Richmond. ..-...; - Bids. o steer Ray ...2..) 50
S. Ee Prather: 32... ato Bee ck: ria : ee EF eee Atchison -. . «cee
WE eyant.. 2 Independence. ... * 5th, 2... .24- =, Jackson 4i<'; - se
EB, Bands 62.4 ‘Taberpille. 2 io 6th. eee ot.Clair .. «- ane
NA, Gentry 2)..7 pedaliana =. cakes ss Ftisss ot pee Pettis ... gee
Wm Ci tiowell,;....Wiinan-..55.5.0 28 oS oN er eo Miller:... case
oe Sol Slee eee Meira tis! 5 c¥ 29% Gite 2G oa Audrain .< eae
Chas; L..-Boisselier; Gumbo. >.’ ..... TORI otek ae eee St. Louis, . igs od
ed COMMA D3 % Sia et, en rere Fit ier seo Chemical Bldg....
Wein Wikinson:. ...St. Lotts: 3... 2. i2th..........:2%2 IN. eee
a; }Contad. .+5<.2-Marble Hill:..;.:-2. LAGE, Yeas eens Bollinger . team
etd: J. Hess.,........ Charleston. 0... pts ere oe Mississippi .....
Bec Nattc ssa. 2% MeNait: \e).scaene PSC. 5.0 see Cee McDonald ......
A. T. Nelson. . 55.-«: Lebanon: hex. BOL. > aes Laclede”... Aig eae
ANNUAL MEETING.
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, i
COLUMBIA, MissouRI, December 16, 1902.
The Board of Agriculture met in the office of the Secretary. Meet-
ing called to order by the President, W. R. Wilkinson. The Secretary
called the roll and the following answered present :
W. T. Carrington, H. J. Waters, Chas. F. Afflick, J. W. Hill, Alex-
Maitland, W. L. Bryant, H. F. Hand, N H. Gentry, W. C. Howell, J.
A. Potts and W. R. Wilkinson.
_ Upon motion of H. J. Waters, the reading of the minutes of the last
annual meeting was dispensed with and the minutes as printed in the
34th Annual Report were adopted.
The Secretary read the following report, which was accepted and
ordered printed in Annual Report.
REPORDT-Ol, SECRETARY.
Members Board of Agriculture:
The first Agricultural Society in this State was incorporated by the
Legislature, February 24, 1853. This no doubt led to the act of the Legis-
lature incorporating the State Board of Agriculture twelve years later.
The Board was first organized March 13, 1865, and was reorganized in
1891 upon a much broader and better basis.
By the examination of the records of this office we find that some
of the questions that were given consideration in the first years of the
Board’s existence are still questions of importance to the farmers of the
State. The subject of Agricultural education received prominence in
the first annual report issued in 1866, and has received the encouragemert
of the Board up to this time. The progress has been slow it is true, but
much ignorance and prejudice have been overcome, and at the present
time Agriculture is one of the branches required in the course of study
for teachers in our public schools, each of the three State Normal Schools
has a department of Agriculture where Agriculture is taught to the
6 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ;
teachers, the summer school for teachers of the State University gives
prominence to this subject, and the Agricultural College is now recog-
nized as one of the most important departments in the University, and
is doing a great work for Agricultural education. The publication of
the first bulletin devoted exclusively to the subject of Agriculture in our
public schools was issued from our Agricultural College only a few
weeks ago, and arrangments are being made for the regular issue of a
bulletin devoted to this subject in sufficient numbers to supply all the
teachers of the State. This is no doubt the direct result of your action
taken at your last annual meeting, recommending that a bulletin on
Teaching Agriculture in the Public Schools be published by the Agri-
cultural College and distributed free to the twelve thousand rural teachers
of the State. In compliance with that recommendation Hon. W. T.
Carrington and your Secretary, the committee appointed for that pur-
pose, presented the subject to President Jesse and Dean Waters, and I
am pleased to report that it met with their hearty approval, and later
on the Board of Curators endorsed the movement, and now that this ad-
vanced step has been taken, if it meets with liberal support from the
Legislature a great deal of good will be accomplished. Other subjects
prominently mentioned in some of the first reports of the Board were:
The Improvement of Live Stock, Soil Drainage, Seed Selection, Crop
Rotation and Better Methods of Cultivation. While many of the im-
proved methods, advocated from time to time by the Board have been
put into practice by a great many of the farmers, and great progress has
been made, there is still room for improvement along all these lines.
The work of the State Board of Agriculture through these. many
years has been one of public spirit and patriotism. Your time has been
given without remuneration, and the only reward you have received is
in the consciousness of having contributed something to the material
development of this great commonwealth. Just how much the work
of the Board has contributed to the development of our agricultural re-
sources cannot, of course, be determined, but that it has been a potent
factor in this development, I think no one will deny. The improvement
of our live stock and the improvement of our soil have been the constant
watchwords of the Board since its first organization, and to-day we have
the proud satisfaction of knowing that the best herds of Missouri are not
surpassed by any country in the world. It may be said that this has been
accomplished by individual energy and intelligence. Largely that is
true, but that individuality needed a power, somewhere, to stimulate it
to its best effort, and that stimulus has been furnished by the educational
influences of this State, not the least of which is the work of the Board
of Agriculture. Notwithstanding the fact that much of our farming
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REPORT OF SECRETARY. 9
lands have been in continued cultivation for from fifty to seventy-five
years we have produced this year the largest yield per acre of both corn
and wheat in the history of the State. Can this be attributed alone to
the favorable season? Our season has been good; it has not been per-
fect by any means, and I think every member of the Board has seen in
the past just as favorable seasons for the production of heavy crops.
Some of the ptincipal reasons for this bountiful crop are: First, the
farmers have been growing more clover and cowpeas. Second, they
have been more careful in saving and applying barnyard manure. Third,
they have increased the amount of commercial fertilizers used. Fourth,
they have adopted better systems of crop rotation. And fifth, and per-
haps one of the greatest, is that during the long period of drouth in 1901
the evaporation of the moisture which was almost continuously arising
from the soil brought up from deep down in the soil the plant food which
had been carried down by the water in previous years, and the plant food
was deposited upon the surface where it was available for plant growth
this year. They have found out that it is best to couple intelligence and
energy with physical force to insure a reasonable degree of success. The
day of farming by physical force is past. Our system has changed from
one of soil exhaustion to soil building, and I am confident that fifty years
from now the average production of the lands of this State will be much
greater than it is to-day. .
CROP REVIEW FOR 1902.
WHEAT. A greatly increased acreage was sown in the fall. of
1901. This was due to two reasons: First, to the fact that the yield
of both the crops harvested in 1900-1 were above the average production
and of excellent quality, and second on account of the disastrous drouth
in I9O0I a great many farmers sowed wheat for pasture to help take the
stock through the winter. In sections where there was sufficient moist-
ure and where the wheat was sowed in well prepared lands, the fall and
spring pasture more than paid for the seed and expense of seeding.
Over the northern and central portions of the State the winter was very
dry during the early part of the season of 1902 and the seed made little
growth, but as the season advanced there was sufficient rain to mature
a bountiful crop. In many of the southwestern counties there were good
rains in the fall of 1901, and the rain continued in the following spring
and the wheat made too rank a growth, causing it to lodge badly which
reduced the yield. The fields that were pastured heavily in this section
produced the best crop. In some of the southeastern counties wheat was
10 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
injured by the sleet in the winter which reduced the yield in that section.
The quality of the wheat at harvest was not up to the standard of crops
for 1901. The grain was rather small and on account of the excessive
rains which continued from the time of harvest to late in the season over
a great portion of the State, a great amount of damage was done to crops
in the shock and stack and much of it was fit for nothing but stock feed.
Basing the estimate upon the United States census report for 1900 the
acreage yield and total production of the different sections for 1902, are
shown in the following table:
WHEAT.
Z Q Rp wk
exge| ced| sees | ouze| cugh| 828
For crop harvested 1902. 2eGt| eck Sage GaSk| 2oSS Beste
-Of6 | : 083 |] : S84] :of34] : Cfo Say
:8Os [£06 : On 2206 : Oe ae
BE a > BBa Boe BB a > BBD es
) = | fom i o— ea = eee _
INGTES NALRV.CSLCU ssciesce-nee sean <1 408, 300 318, 800 513,900 | 1,167,100 758,800 | 3,166,900
Acreage compared with 1901, per
COMbie care ssa steels solauve mislsie sistelcenaieee 189 137 124 198 113 151.4
Average yield per acre, bushels .. 22.4 22.4 22 18 16.4 19.3
Total yield in bushels....... .... 9,146,000 | 7,141,000 | 11,306,000 | 21,008,000 | 12,444,000 | 61,045,000
Quality of grain at time of har- :
WSU POL CON bass sacemee mace ee cesee 95 93 92 94 88 92
Average price per bushel on farm
November 1, 1902, cents..... ..... 59.2 57.4 54.4 5d.2 58.9
MotalivaluG)messccdescccecemereceees $5,414,432 | $4,098,934 | $6,150,464 [$11,596,416 | $7,229,516 | $34,490,000
New crop sown fall of 1902:
Per cent of acreage sown com-
pared with previous yeatr........ 99 80 90 80 101 89.1
MOtGHEACTOAC Geen ate arecneancicne 404, 200 255, 000 462, 600 933, 700 766,400 | 2,821,900
Condition of growing plant De-
Comber, PEL CON tess. deececccev ce 100 96 93 90 101 96
Condition at same time, 1901....... 83 100 90 95 86 91
WHEAT CROP SOWN FALL 1902.
The wheat was sown considerably later this year than the average.
and most of it is small, and will be more easily injured by hard freezing
than if it had a better growth for protection. In a few localities the
Hessian fly had done considerable damage and several correspondents
report injury from rains in early sown wheat on account of rotting be-
fore the seed germinated, but taken altogether the crop is in excellent
condition. The acreage sown this year is about 11 per cent below last
year. The greatest decrease being in the West-Central part of the State.
The crop now sown, however, is 42 per cent larger than the crop har-
vested in 1900.
CORN.
The season was generally favorable for the growth of the corn
crop, although in several of the extreme southeastern counties the
crop was damaged by drouth, and in a number of the southwestern coun-
ties excessive rains prevented proper cultivation which reduced the yield.
Taking the State as a whole, the yield is the largest on record. The total
°
‘puvleyp “XeTy “uoH{ Jo AsojJanoo Aq ‘Z0ET “OW ‘AQUNOD Avy ‘puouryoy ‘Wqryxo 9ynWWsuUT
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 13
production is 307,364,000 bushels. The largest crop previous was in
1895 when the total was 250,000,000 bushels. This makes an increase
above that year of 57,000,000 bushels. The quality of the grain is good,
although some damage has been sustained on account of heavy rains on
that part of the crop which is in the shock, and in the corn where it was
blown down. The damage is not great taken as a whole, as the average
quality of the crop is 96 compared with an average of 45 last year. The
total value of the crop, not including the fodder value, is $97,039,000.
The five counties in the State having the largest acreage planted in corn
are in the order named as follows: Nodaway, Bates, Atchison, Saline,
and Vernon. A great many fields have made phenomenal yields, a
number reported averaging 75 to 110 bushels per acre.
Further detailed information is given in the following table:
CORN,
Fe Z Q g L 4
spo stro s+Nmo stip stm ons
Bee) Bees | Bol! | Bose | Base |. Bee
Spiga > BES Boe 7 BES Boe en
1- et en — 1s t= & 1 co ~
Acres in cultivation. 1902....} 1,509,000 | 2,363,000 | 1,171,000) 1,731,000 919, 000 7, 693, 000
Acreage compared with crop
TOOT MEr CON tierce ces sere 108 105 104 96 98 102
Average yield per acre 1902,
PUISHOISPS oe ts cies, it coeaeees 43.3 43.6 41.3 35.5 31.8 40
Total yield in bushels, 1902...} 65,340,000 | 103,026,000 | 48,321,000 | 61,451,000 | 29,226,000 | 307,364,000
Farm price per bushel No- |
vember 1, 1902, cents........ 30.6 31.4 29.5 olen 37.5 32.1
Farm price per bushel No-
vember 1, 1901, cents........ 55 54 61 63 72 62
*Total value of crop, 1902... .| $19,994,000 | $32,350,000 | $14,255,000 | $19,480,000 | $10,960,000 | $97,039, 000
Average quality of grain }
1902. DOP CONte asec. access ccs 96 | 98 98 96 93 96
Average quality of grain
AOI PONT COMb cicre<siscriclowteles.. 54 55 40 38 38 45
Per cent damage by frost,
EEO DIGG iets ciolsictee cms a awe spas. 3 | 5 3 2 .0 1.8
Per cent fodder erop har- |
WOESHOCGLOO2 essa arerstcios (se eiee 23 | 24 34 27 48 31
*Grain only: does not include forage value.
OAS:
On account of the high price of seed oats in the spring the acreage
sown to oats was decreased 15 per cent below the previous year. The
oats in some localities failed to germinate or were killed by late freezing
and about three per cent of the oat crop sown was plowed and planted
to other crops. The greatest decrease of acreage was in the southwest
section which was caused largely by it being too wet for seeding at the
proper time. The average yield of the crop this year was 31 bushels per
acre and of good quality at the time of harvesting, but on account of rain
during and after harvest the crop was damaged 25 per cent.
14 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
MEADOWS.
The area devoted to the hay crop has been in the past few years
about as stable as the area devoted to any of the principal farm crops.
However, on account of the drouth last year which killed out a great many
meadows the area this year has been reduced 15 per cent. The average
yield per acre is given by all correspondents for timothy, 1.6 tons, clover
1.75 tons. The average yield of timothy for the past five years has been
1.55 tons. The average price of timothy per ton on November first, this
year, was $6.57, and for clover, $5,86. The value of the hay crop in the
State is exceeded only by the value of wheat and corn.
TABLE SHOWING YIELD AND FARM PRIOES OF OROPS.
n Zz Z oO oa R
et
e | 82 | 88 | sh | 2] Be
Crop Summary. ic sf | ef) 3 = oe SS
oN oe | S00: &) | Saas
4 LZ :2 a sit
Sp for 1902 per acre:
affir corn, bush..... das pvafenraatal sv enva's os sielcels 27 22 20 36 31 25
Sorghum BBG HSH: shoe ee ese cee -| 23 20 27 27 26 14
SOFSHUMSYEUDs Baler sees hc ceimas se ceces s «| 95 95 102 111 88 7
BrOOnL COM, DEUSHs IDS). o.-dvccscg Cone -| 646 G00) Ss |mcetente 500 840
GJlOVEESEGG? /DUSTsee 0) scn.ck cecccesesccee’ =| “23t 2.14 1.9 3.22 1.65 2.62
TAM OLBY SGCG. DUS sccccciccs cencsseicon e C - 5,04 5.12 5.16 5.89 4.71 4.3
TAS SCOGLADUSN.. cot genes cin deteamecn cee ; 7 7.33 | 10 6 3 80
Irish pOtatoes, bush..............0..00 -| 122 144 149 120 106 92
Oow pea seed, DUS. oesse see scae cee ee es -| 17.9 1 ie BBE Rae 28.4 17.4 14
RODACCOSMIDSs sccrerm tere ssn dee meee .| 886 1010 1400 687 625 708
Alfalfa hay, CONS...) .. cesssisct o< siete |e TO || me ciese 4.37 3.60 4.2 2.
Cotton lint. IDS... .05..-...c0cescessscvesccces---- BPA RAG RodGa) aonnotaa) soeescce 475 567
Average price on farm Nov. 1, 1902, nae bush.
OGEN;; COMUS.s oa: Ger wav secloacicv ogee sees rsecnaesees 32.1 30.6 31.4 29.5 Bale 37.5
Wheat, cents a Ginle olerelete wi olcye mnisie:vicleleioana Wolds avvis vice tele 57.0 59.2 57.4 54.4 55.2 58.9
CORT Mr ete eee bicinscicis cole riduitace dinauin anos uetee 27.3 24.7 26 26.3 26.5 33.2
Rye, DEP OAGGD, CES OCOn oe SICONBCr On sad Meet 47.1 44.4 43 44.2 49.1 54.7
Flax Seed TdOM Arsh amo stech ses Oe cicwce) Cenc oto wl wOe ANOGE etter .| 1 02 1 04
Trish Potatoes, COWS yelote cei teeress ohianioee reece 32.7 235.5 23.4 31.8 35.3 47.5
Timothy seed, dollars Dateieiarndctela sane anno desact 11 1 41 1 55 1 81 1 62 2 18
Clovensecder 5 Eee ea dacmenaea kh voncetienes 5 73 6 58 5 49 5 56 5 59 5 45
Oow pea seed Bea) Nee A Glencicciae cos Stance 1 33 Glee. ISosscecs 1 31 apa by 119
Timothy hay, per ton, dollars HP HOCR PAA ALTO 6 57 5 36 5 58 5 78 6 26 10 07
CIGVORANAY, ween wes | lo Secarecerccmcks 5 86 4 76 5 07 5 31 5 22 8 93
Broom corn, es (i MA ea anesaaconc 1500 (6500 (5500 ([5¢ 00 (50 00
Average price received for this year’scrop, per lb:| 55.00
Nt COTLONS ICONES.s1 a soaeere em ose ences soectesace (pe EN RA ard boncécen saanne 7 7.3
OAT FODACCO, 1S asks wiecwsecanee cae ewan torenede ue 9.6 10 9.4 10 9.8
Wool, Be iu uiis oalerejisn lec staleneet a aie Rhee 16.8 16.5 15.8 17 15.7 19
|
FARMERS’ INSTITUTE WORK.
The farmers’ institute work was inaugurated by the State Board of
Agriculture at a meeting held in Independence, Missouri, December 29,
1882. From that time until the year 1891 the work was carried on with-
out any appropriation for that purpose, and the meetings during all that
time were conducted by the members and officers of the Board and pub-
lic spirited citizens who serve without pay, and often paid their own
expenses. The 36th General Assembly in 1891 appropriated $10,000 for
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 15
institute work, and with that money a regular force of lecturers was em-
ployed and 81 meetings were held; 26 in 1891 and 55 in 1892. Each
succeeding Assembly since that time has made an appropriation for this
purpose. The amount appropriated for the last biennial period being $8,-
coo. With this sum 234 meetings have been held, and a number of meet-
ings are now in progress, and others have been planned for in the next
few weeks, and when they are finished it will make a total of 250 meet-
ings held this period. One hundred and twenty of these meetings were
held before the last annual meeting, and the remainder since that time.
Sixty per cent of the meetings have been condgicted for two days. The
two annual meetings of the State Industrial Association were conducted
for three days and the rest of the meetings forone day only. The one-day
meetings have been attended by two or three lecturers, the two-day
meetings by four or five lectures, and the State meetings by a number of
lecturers.
The cost of the present meetings, compared with the cost of the first
two years, is in a ratio of 32 to 123.4. Not only has the expense of hold-
ing these meetings been reduced, but the ability of the lecturers em-
ployed has been of a high standard as reference to the appended list wil!
show. The attendance has been good with but few exceptions, and the
farmers have taken a very great interest in the work. The exhibit feature
has become more prominent, and I am sure is a great benefit. In nearly
all the places fine displays have been made of orchard, garden, farm and
other products. Many of these exhibits would do credit to the State,
shown at the State Fair or other great expositions. One subject that has
been given more than ordinary attention has been the subject of good
roads. Twenty-five meetings have been held devoted entirely to this
subject, and the plan of road construction and maintenance advocated
by the lecturers has been put into practice in a number of counties, and
has been approved by a number of our leading citizens. The plan of
making hard dirt roads, as printed in the January bulletin, and which plan
has been successfully operated for the past six years, by Mr. D. Ward
King of Maitland, Missouri, has not only received the approval of a
number of the citizens of this State, but it has attracted the attention of
two other states, where the plan has been adopted.
A NEW FEATURE OF INSTITUTE WORK.
With the co-operation of the Agricultural College, a new feature of
institute work has been inaugurated in a series of meetings that are now
in progress. A passenger car has been placed at our disposal by the
Missouri Pacific Railway Company, and the car is filled with material
16 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
to be used in demonstration and for illustrating the lectures. The idea
is to equip a car with material for use in any special line of work in which
the farmer is interested, and in the car that is now being used in our
meetings we have the following equipment:
FOR AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK INSTRUCTION.
Specimens of the various important grasses and forage plants such
as alfalfa, different varieties of cow peas, different varieties of soy beans,
various clovers, and the important grasses adapted to different sections
of the State.
Standard types of corn adapted to different classes of soils.
Collection of concentrated feeding stuffs such as linseed meal, cot-
tonseed meal, gluten meal, etc., with their value for fattening cattle and
for feeding dairy cows.
An exhibition of the commercial products manufactured from corn.
Collection of principal kinds of commercial fertilizers, with their
value and proper use.
Paintings, diagrams, charts, photographs and magic lantern slides
illustrating the most profitable types of beef and dairy cattle.
FOR INSTRUCTION IN HORTICULTURE.
Exhibit of properly grown fruit trees to illustrate the best methods
oi pruning and shaping trees.
Exhibit of typical commercial varieties of fruit.
Exhibit of spraying apparatus, including pumps, nozzles and spray
materials, with the demonstration of their proper use.
Exhibits of common diseases of the apple, peach, pear, plum, grape
and small fruits, with illustrations of the best methods of preventing
them.
Exhibits of common insect pests of the orchard, garden and farm,
with illustrations of the best methods of combating them.
A demonstration of how to plant and prune orchard trees.
A demonstrtion of how to graft apple trees.
Charts, diagrams and drawings illustrating the best method of prun-
ing trees in the orchard, and of training and pruning grape vines.
A demonstration of how to select strawberry plants for the largest
crop.
ILLUSTRATING EVENING LECTURES.
Magic lantern views of the work of different departments of the
Experiment Station, and illustrating student life in the Agricultural Col-
lege.
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REPORT OF SECRETARY. 19
STANDARD AGRICULTURAL LIBRARIES,
Exhibits of the best half a dozen books:
For the general farmer.
For the live.stock farmer.
For the dairyman.
For the commercial orchardist.
For the small fruit grower.
For the vegetable grower.
A list of the best bulletins and reports for free distribution, relating
to cattle feeding, hog feeding, corn growing, cowpeas, clover, soy beans,
alfalfa, dairying, fruit growing, vegetable growing, etc.
Up to this date seven meetings have been held with the exhibit car
feature and the success of the plan has been far beyond our most san-
guine expectations. I am confident that it will be an excellent idea for
the State Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College to own their
cwn car for this purpose, and in the future to conduct most of their meet-
ings on this plan. Concerning this. movement and the farmers’ institute
work in general the St. Louis Republic of December 14, 1902, makes the
following statement:
“The Missouri farmers’ institute meetings of the past have been pro-
dutctive of such good results that a departure has been decided upon.
An exhibit car is to be a feature at every meeting.
“For those sections of the State where dairying is the most import-
ant feature the car will be a traveling dairy school, and all the practical
points connected with the production of milk, dairy manufacturing, pack-
ing, judging and marketing will be fully demonstrated.
“In other sections, where the fruit interests dominate, the car will
be converted into a traveling horticultural school, carrying the special
equipment bearing upon this subject.
“Where the live stock interests are paramount, typical specimens
of live stock will be carried and demonstrations of how to judge animals
for the different purposes will be made.
NEW ERA IN FARM INDUSTRY.
“The present agitation marks the beginning of a new era in the de-
velopment of the farming industry. The educators and developers are
epoch makers. It is no longer necessary to discuss with the intelligent
farmer the necessity for some kind of an educational effort to improve
20 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
his methods in farm operations. The man who uses his hands only must
be left behind, but the man who uses his intellect to direct his hands will
succeed.”
The lecturers that have been employed this year and the subjects
that have been discussed ar given in the following list:
H. J. WATERS, DEAN OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND DIRECTOR
OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION.
Subjects :
The Utilization of the Corn Crop.
Clover, Cowpeas and Alfalfa.
The Profitable Use of the Corn Fodder Crop.
The Work of the Agricultural College and Experiment Station.
DR. D. F. LUCKEY, STATE VETERINARIAN, COLUMBIA, MO.
Subjects :
The Prevention of Contagious Diseases Among Live Stock.
Vaccine and Vaccination of Live Stock.
Diseases of Poultry.
The Horse’s Foot.
The Horse’s Teeth.
The State Veterinary Work.
Laws Pertaining to Contagious Diseases of Live Stock.
¥F. B. MUMFORD, PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE, MISSOURI AGRICULTURAI,.
COLLEGE.
Subjects:
Some Factors in the Economical Production of Beef.
Practical Methods of Improving the Common Stock of Missouri.
Alfalfa for Missouri.
Agricultural Education.
T. E. ORR, SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN POULTRY ASSOCIATION,
BEAVER, PENNSYLVANIA.
Subjects:
1. Poultry Topics:
Poultry as a Side Line for Farmers.
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 21
(a) Poultry Houses; (b) Poultry Yards; (c) Poultry Feeding; (4)
Marketing Eggs and Poultry.
2. Poultry as a Business:
(a) Getting Started; (b) Growing Into It; (c) Essentials and Flour~
ishes.
3. The Business Poultry Plant.
(a) Range; (b) Yards; (c) Houses; (d) Implements.
4. Poultry Work.
(a). Hatching; (b) Brooding; (c) Feeding; (d) Enemies.
GENERAL INSTITUTE TOPICS.
Subjects:
The Specialist or the General Farmer.
The Horse the Farmer Should Raise.
What Sheep Have Done.
Grain Selling or Stock Growing.
The Hog Man’s Rotation.
DR. J. C. WHITTEN, HORTICULTURIST OF MISSOURI EXPERIMENT STATION.
Subjects :
Garden and Orchard.
Some Fruit Diseases and Their Remedies.
Plant Breeding.
Some Lessons From European Agriculture.
MR. EUCLID N. COBB, A PRACTICAL DAIRYMAN, MONMOUTH, ILL.
Subjects:
The Dairy Cow and Her product; How Shall We Handle Them?
The Incubator and Brooder House; How to be Successful With Both.
The Value of Ensilage in the Dairy and Feed Lot.
How to Build and How to Fill a Silo.
Up-to-date Farming and What It Will Do for the Farmer.
A Profitable System of Crop Rotation.
22 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
JOHN T. STINSON, DIRECTOR OF THE SOUTH MISSOURI FRUIT -EXPERI-
MENT STATION, MOUNTAIN GROVE, MISSOURI.
Subjects:
General Orchard Management.
Spraying for Bitter Rot.
Fruit Diseases and Remedies.
COL. G. W. WATERS, EXPERIENCED INSTITUTE LECTURER, CANTON,
MISSOURI.
Subjects :
Clover, Alfalfa and Cow Peas.
A Simple and Inexpensive Method of Improving and Maintaining
Our Public Roads.
Profitable Pig I*eeding.
DR. G. M. TUCKER, PROFESSOR OF SOIL PHYSICS, MISSOURI AGRICUL-
TURAL COLLEGE.
Subjects:
Agricultural Education:
What Agricultural Education is; The Desirability of it for
Farmers; When should it Begin; What Does it Do? Com-
mon Schools; High Schools; Agricultural College.
Soil Fertility : .
What is Soil Fertility? Influence of Physical Character of Soil:
Influence of Water; Sources of Loss of Fertility, Natural,
Cropping; Ways of Restoring Fertility ; Rotation of Crops;
Fertilizers ; Stock.
Commercial Fertilizers :
Sources, Uses and Needs of Nitrogen, Potash and Phosphoric
Acid; Ready Mixed and Home Mixed Fertilizers; Methods
of Usng Fertlzers; Purchase of Fertlizers.
DR. A. J. DETWEILER, BACTERIOLOGIST OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.
Subjects :
The Relation of Water to Disease.
The Nature of Contagion and How it is Spread.
The Disposal of Sewage and Garbage.
Toxine, Anti-toxine and Vaccine.
A Baker’s Dozen of Putnam County Apples, measuring 16 inches in height, shown at
Farmers’ Institute, 1902. By courtesy of Hon. B. H. Bonfoey.
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 25
W. P. HARNED, FARMER AND BREEDER, VERMONT, MO.
Subjects:
The Most Profitable Farm Crops.
The Grain Farmer vs. The Stock Grower.
The Modern Cow.
The Farmer Boy’s Calf.
N. F. MURRAY, EX-PRESIDENT OF STATE HORTICULTURE SOCIETY, ORE-
GON, MISSOURI.
Subjects :
Orchard Management.
Marketing the Fruit Crop.
The Canning Industry.
C. H. ECKLES, PROFESSOR OF DAIRY HUSBANDRY, MISSOURI AGRICUL.
TURAL COLLEGE.
Subjects :
' Selection, Feeding and Care of the Dairy Herd.
The Profits in Dairying.
The Farm Separator and Farm Butter Making.
The Value of Ensilage as a Feed for Dairy Cows.
DR. R. C. MOORE, PRESIDENT OF KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE
AND DEPUTY STATE VETERINARIAN,
Subjects:
Vaccine and Vaccination of Live Stock.
Diseases of the Horse.
DR. T. HE. WHITE, EX-STATE VETERINARIAN, SEDALIA, MO.
Subjects:
Live Stock Sanitation.
Live Stock Diseases.
G. W. WILLIAMS, HUMANSVILLE, MISSOURI.
Subjects:
Alfalfa in Southwest Missouri.
Scientific Bee Keeping.
Berry Growing.
26 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
W. L. HOWARD, ASSISTANT IN HORTICULTURE, MISSOURI EXPERIMENT
STATION.
Subjects:
Planting and Cultivating Fruit Trees.
Fungous Diseases and Remedies.
Teaching Agriculture in the Public Schools.
D. WARD KING, PRACTICAL FARMER, MAITLAND, MO.
Subjects:
Improvement and Maintenance of Our Public Roads.
The Education of the Horse.
Cc. D. LYON, GENERAL FARMER, HIGGINSPORT, OHIO.
Subjects :
Keeping up the Fertility of the Soil.
Legumes as Soil Improvers.
Some Questions of Tillage.
Special Farm Crops.
The Farm Garden.
R. W. CLOTHIER, PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE, CAPE GIRARDEAU,
MISSOURI.
Subjects:
Alfalfa Growing in Southeast Missouri.
Soil Improvement.
Agricultural Education.
MR. W. D. McKEE, BREEDER AND FARMER, POLO, MISSOURI.
Subjects:
The Improvement of Our Cattle.
Free and Gratuitous Literature Prepared by the State and Govern-
-ment; What it is Worth to the Farmer.
Dr. R. H. Jesse, President of University of Missouri, Hon. John R.
Kirk, President of Kirksville Normal, and Prof. S. A. Hoover, Teacher
of Agriculture, Warrensburg Normal, each attended several meetings and
addressed the farmers on educational topics, and their lectures were
highly appreciated.
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 27
VETERINARY SERVICE.
The Veterinary Department of the Board of Agriculture was estab-
lished for the purpose of assisting in the development and protection of
the live stock industry of the State. To fulfill this purpose requires two
distinct lines of work; investigation and control of diseases. These are
both important but before the Board can know how to control the spread
of a disease in the best way the natural cause of that disease must be un-
derstood. .The Board in the past few years has co-operated with the
Experiment Station in the work of investigation of live-stock diseases
te the great benefit of the live-stock owners. Especially is this true of
the investigation of Texas Fever by Dr. J. W. Connaway, who has been
assisted by the funds of the Board. New diseases will break out and
the facilities for this work of investigation should be increased until they
are ample to give the live-stock interests the best possible protection.
In compliance with the provisions of sections 10545-6 of the Revised
Statutes, 207 investigations have been made by the veterinarians since
January first. One hundred and fifty-three of these cases were diagnosed
glanders, two anthrax, nine Texas fever, one rabies and the other
forty-two cases were of a less dangerous character, and many of them
not contagious. In a great many of these cases more than one animal
was affected, and in all several thousand animals exposed. The prompt
action in having these animals destroyed or placed under control, and
thereby preventing further danger, has been a great service to the stock
owners.
The increase in the number of cases of glanders has most all been
reported from the district of Kansas City. A deputy veterinarian has
been appointed who lives in Kansas City, and who can give prompt
attention to all the cases reported. With the co-operation of the local
Board of Health and the county court it is thought that the infection
there is about stamped out.
TEXAS FEVER AND LIVE STOCK INSPECTION.
Notwithstanding the fact that the Texas Fever outbreaks were more
numerous all over the country this year than usual, occasioned, no doubt,
by the dry weather and the ground being protected with snow most of
the time during the winter, no infested cattle, so far as we can ascer-
tain, have been permitted to be shipped or driven from the counties in
this State where infection is known to exist. The number of cases in
the counties where infection exists has been much greater than in the
28 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
year 1901. These cases have been found only in the counties of Jasper,
Newton, McDonald, Howell. The only infection reported in Howell
county is in Thayer township. The infection in Jasper county is found
in only three congressional townships, and principally in the vicinity of
Joplin, township 27, ranges 33-34. The infection in Newton county is
found in ten congressional townships and principally in the vicinity of
Neosho. The infection in McDonald county is found in three congres-
sional townships and principally in the vicinity of Southwest City and
ge City:
The Inspectors have been instructed to be diligent in preventing vio-
lators from driving cattle into the State from infested districts, and have
been instructed to try and locate every infected field, pasture or range, and
to promptly place the same in quarantine. A number of guilty parties
have been arrested and the cases are now pending in the courts. The
inspection of cattle coming into Missouri from below the quarantine line
has been assumed by the Bureau of Animal Industry, under the pro-
visions of the quarantine regulations of the State, and the State Inspectors
employed by the Board have been enabled to give all their time to the
control of diseases within the State.
It would be very unwise to discontinue this work of inspection and
quarantine and an adequate sum of money should be always at the com-
mand of the Board to employ a sufficient number of men to locate and
quarantine all infested cattle and pastures and prevent the driving of
cattle into this State contrary to quarantine laws and regulations. It
takes some time for the inspector to become familiar with the country
and the people who are in sympathy with the enforcement of the law,
and those who are not in sympathy with the law. The rule that “an
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” applies here. The influ-
ence of an active, honest, fearless inspector will prevent many violations.
These facts should be taken into consideration when an inspector is em-
ployed, and, while it might seem at times that there is no need for an in-
spector or a number of inspectors, yet the spread of Texas Fever from
a single violation might cause a greater loss to the cattle interests of the
State than the expense of maintaining several inspectors the entire year.
Owing to the rough and sparsely inhabited country along the boundary
between Missouri and Arkansas it is difficult for one man to cover a great
deal of country, and it seems to me that it would be wise to have a suf-
ficient number of inspectors to visit every portion of the line as often as
once each month.
The report of the veterinarian herewith appended will give further
information.
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 29
REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN.
To the Missouri State Board of Agriculture:
Gentlemen—During the past year the work of the Veterinary Depart-
ment has been greater in extent than ever before. There has been held
a greater number of farmers’ institutes than ever before in one year and
this work has consumed a good dea! of time.
From some cause there has been a greater number of outbreaks of
glanders than has ever been reported in a single year. ‘This may be most-
ly attributed to the increased traffic in horses and mules, occasioned by the
demand for horses and mules for the War Department of this country
and England, the demand for horses and mules for use in grading in and
about the World’s Fair ground and for use in grading for railroad con-
struction. At any rate, the demand for work horses and mules has been
very great on every hand and the traffic in them has been in proportion.
It is not unexpected nor discouraging, therefore, that there were a greater
number of outbreaks of glanders than usually occur.
During the drouth of Igor a large per cent of the hogs, sheep and
cattle of the State were shipped to the market and to other States. In re
supplying the farmers with stock cattle during the summer of 1902, after
abundant crops were assured, as would naturally be expected, there were
conveyed into the State more or less of the contagious diseases. Promi-
nent among these diseases was tick (Texas) fever. Outbreaks of tick
tever occurred in nine different lots of cattle in North and Central Mis-
souri where the disease heretofore has been practically unknown. All of
these outbreaks were promptly controlled and the infection eradicated and
there is nothing further to be feared from this disease during the coming
year, unless there is new infection introduced into the State. It is a mat-
ter worthy of note that the ticks which caused the outbreaks of fever in
this State in every case were picked up by native cattle in the native pens
in the various stock yards, or in cars, which had not been properly disin-
fected, in which the cattle were shipped. The disease occurred among
cattle which, as a rule, were known to be from areas entirely free from
fever ticks and far removed from the permanently infested section of the
United States.
There were introduced by this shipment a few other diseases of minor
importance. Among them were mange and malignant catarrh. ‘The
mange has occurred in only a few places, as far as I am able to learn, and
as it can easily be controlled and cured, it will probably not do a great
amount of harm. Malignant catarrh, however, has broken out in numer-
ous localities in this State and, principally owing to the fact that the af-
fected cattle are not well cared for, is causing considerable loss.
30 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
MALIGNANT CATARRH.
The majority of outbreaks have occurred in lots of cattle where it
appeared to have been introduced by cattle brought from the various stock
yards. In some instances, however, it started. among lots of cattle ap-
parently in a spontaneous manner. It is a disease not very well under-
stood and is difficult to control. While it appears among cattle in a spon-
taneous manner, it usually affects all of the young cattle in the lot and
some of the older ones and thus far appears to be contagious. The symp-
toms are barely noticeable to the ordinary observer up to a few days be-
fore the death of the affected animals takes place. The first noticeable
symptom is a catarrhal discharge from the nose and eyes. This is usu-
ally thought to be “pink eye,” from which the animal apparently recovers.
The catarrhal conditions gradually spread to the air passages and cause
a short, dry cough. The temperature is often found to run as high as 106
degrees. The digestive organs appear to become seriously involved only
during the last stages. The appetite remains good during the course of
the disease, but the digestion is impaired and the food, consumed by the
affected animal, appears to have no nourishing effect. When extremely
weakened from the ravages of the disease for from three days to ten or
twelve weeks, the affected animal usually ends up with dysentery and dies
from exhaustion and inanition.
There were a large number of sheep shipped into the State during
the past fall. As would naturally be expected, some of them were af-
fected with scab. The number of outbreaks, however, has not been alarm-
ing and I anticipate no trouble in controlling the disease.
During the winter of 1901 and 1902 the supply of hogs in this State
tan down very low. During the summer of 1902 an abundant crop of corn
was raised and the demand for hogs to which to feed it was almost un-
limited. There was quite a traffic in stock hogs and by this and other
means hog cholera has gained quite a foothold in the State. During the
three years previous to October Ist, 1902, there was hardly any hog
cholera to be found in the State. Hogs died here and there in small num-
bers of different diseases, most of which were of minor importance. Since
October Ist, 1902, the hog cholera, diagnosed as such by expert meat in-
spectors in the various packing houses, has made its appearance in many
different localities in the State. Unless these outbreaks are controlled
promptly and the most radical means used right away, for its suppression,
the farmers of the State are liable to suffer enormous losses during the
summer of 1903.
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 31
CONTROL WORK.
According to the custom of the Veterinary Department during the
past, an attempt has been made to control all outbreaks of contagious dis-
eases among the domestic animals and to eradicate the disease from the
Vicinity in which it existed, as promptly as possible. The letters from
veterinarians of the State and petitions from freeholders, giving notices
of outbreaks of contagious diseases, have all been answered with as much
dispatch as possible. The increased traffic in horses the past few years
has resulted in an unusual number of outbreaks of glanders. The ship-
ping in of stock cattle to take the place of cattle which were shipped out
during the drouth has resulted in the introduction of tick fever into locali-
ties in this State in which the disease has probably never existed before.
There were two outbreaks of anthrax in the State during the year, and the
source of the infection has never been known. All of the outbreaks of
glanders and anthrax have been promptly controlled and the infection
eradicated. All of the outbreaks of tick fever, except in the permanently
infested area in South Missouri, have been controlled and the infection
eradicated.
HOG AND SHEEP DISEASES.
Up to the present time no aggressive effort has been made to control
the outbreaks of contagious diseases of hogs and sheep. The principal!
diseases of these animals, which we may expect to find in this State, are
hog cholera and sheep scab. Neither of these diseases has any extensive
foothold in the State, and at present, although hog cholera is spreading
rapidly, I believe that both can be eradicated from the State entirely if
an aggressive fight is made immediately.
During the past two years, through the courtesy of the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry, our Department has been furnished prompt
notices of the receipt at any of the stock yards of any hogs affected with
hog cholera or sheep affected with scab. The notice gives the name of
the shipper, the place from which the stock was shipped, the date of ship-
ment and the route and number of car on which shipment was made. This
information is sufficient to enable the State Veterinarian to make a thor-
ough investigation. We have tried to give the necessary attention to these
outbreaks, but have not had a sufficient force of veterinarians to do it. It
there were enough deputy veterinarians over the State, one could be sent
to the point of origin of each car of infected stock to control the outbreak
and advise the proper modes of disinfection. By selecting deputies in the
32 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
different sections of the State, things can be arranged so that no deputy
will have to travel any great distance and the extra cost of this work
will therefore amount to a comparatively small sum. I beg leave to ask
the approval of the Board to my plan to make an aggressive fight during
the coming year against hog cholera and sheep scab and other diseases of
hogs and sheep. The plan of the work will be to go in person or send a
deputy to investigate the outbreak at the point of origin of any car of in-
fected stock and give attention to proper notices of the existence of the
hog and sheep diseases from whatever source. An investigation of the
nature of the disease will be made, the necessary quarantine restrictions
enforced and all possible advice given the owner of diseased stock as to
the best methods of getting rid of the disease and disinfecting his prem-
ises.
BLACK LEG.
Black leg is somewhat prevalent over the State at the present time,
but where preventive vaccination has been practiced there have been but
small losses. The preventive vaccination has proved a great success, anc
cattlemen have been advised to use it freely. In order to encourage the
use of vaccine, the Veterinary Department has arranged to co-operate with
the United States Department of Agriculture in the distribution of vac-
cine throughout this State. The August bulletin of 1902 was principally
devoted to the subject of black leg, and in it was given the information
necessary for the stockmen to use in the prevention of the disease. While
two thousand extra copies of this bulletin were printed last August, the
supply is about exhausted.
TICK FEVER.
The plan of placing a quarantine on each bunch of cattle within this
State, found to be infested with fever ticks, has worked out admirably
during the past year. There has been a large number of farms and
bunches of cattle quarantined in the permanently infested area in South-
west Missouri, and without any county or township quarantine, not a sin-
gle bunch of. infested cattle originating in Missouri has reached any non-
infested territory.
I do not think it advisable, with the exception of Thayer township,
for the Board to put a quarantine on any county or township in this State.
The principal reason is that the infected farms in Southwest Missouri are
somewhat scattered, and in order to quarantine, even the township in which
the infected farms are situated, a good deal of non-infected territory
must necessarily be included. It will require a great deal of an inspec-
tor’s time to go to railroad points and inspect the cattle for shipment which
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 33
have originated in the non-infested portion of the quarantined township
or county. It often happens that such an inspection requires his attention
exactly at a time when he should be rounding up some bunch of infested
cattle or on guard on the State line. It is also important to notice that
where there are only three or four infested farms in a township that, if
the entire township is quarantined by the Board, restrictions are placed
on the movement of the healthy cattle and the infested cattle have the lib-
erty of the whole township and, if allowed to exercise this liberty, the in-
fection will gradually spread.
The infection in Southwest Missouri is not so scattered but that an
inspector can locate and quarantine every infected farm. He will even
have time to return to these farms occasionally to see if the necessary
dipping has been done to disinfect the cattle. By following the plan of
quarantining individual farms, the spread of the infection has been suc-
cessfully controlled. The owner of the infested cattle has by this method
an opportunity to get from the inspector all the information he needs in
the disinfection of his cattle and land, and the restrictions on the move-
ment of a bunch of infested cattle brings the owner face to face with the
necessity of getting rid of the infection.
For the coming year I recommend:
(1) That the Board adopt the Federal Quarantine Line as it was
placed last year.
(2) That the enforcement of the quarantine relating to the interstate
movement of cattle be left as much as possible to the Federal inspectors
and that these inspectors be authorized by the Board to enforce necessary
local quarantine within this State.
(3) That the State lend its assistance, when necessary, to the Federal
inspectors, but that our main effort should be to eradicate the infection
from the areas within this State that have heretofore been considered per-
manently infected territory.
(4) That the State Veterinarian appoint only one inspector and locate
him at some point in Southwest Missouri convenient to the infested area.
(5) That the Board place a quarantine on Thayer township.
The reason for advising that Thayer township be placed in quatan-
tine is that practically all of this township is infested, and there is usually
only a very small number of cattle in the township that anyone cares to
move. The vacant lots surrounding the shipping pens at Thayer are in-
fested with fever ticks every year, and I consider it impossible for anyone
to drive a bunch of cattle from outside of the township and get them into
the shipping pens during the summer and fall without exposing the cattle
to the infested ground surrounding the pen. The shipment of cattle from
A-3
34 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Thayer during the summer and fall should not be permitted. This can
be controlled by refusing to inspect and pass cattle at such times as the
infection is known by the inspector to be present.
NECESSITY OF MORE DEPUTIES.
While I have not completed the list of names of some twelve or fif-
teen more deputies which I wish to appoint to assist in control work dur-
ing the coming year, I have in view to appoint as many more capable men
in different parts of the State as may be needed. The additional number
of deputies will not necessarily increase the cost of the service except inas-
much as the work increases. In order to carry out the plan of eradicating
hog and sheep diseases economically, more deputies will be absolutely
necessary. I will try to have a list of names ready to submit to the Execu-
tive Committee at its January meeting, and I hope the Board will author-
ize this Committee to approve such appointments as seem acceptable to it.
SPECIAL INVESTIGATION.
During the past year a contagious disease among swine has appeared
iti Boone, Saline, Carroll and other counties. The nature of this disease
is not well understood at the present time. The State Veterinarian should
have the opportunity to investigate this and all other similar diseases and
control them properly before they spread all over the State. A thorough
study of the parasitic diseases of hogs and sheep should be made in this
State during the coming year, and information as to their prevention given
out to the public as soon as possible. The necessity of special investiga-
tion is very great at the present time, and it is absolutely necessary to ar-
range to leave more of the control work to deputies and give the State
Veterinarian an opportunity to make investigations of outbreaks of dis-
eases that are not already understood. I believe this will be serving the
best interests of the State.
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.
Reports are out to the effect that foot and mouth disease exists in
Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. While it is the duty of
the Board to duly protect this State against the introduction of this dis-
ease, I do not think that there is at present any sufficient reason for quar-
antining against Eastern cattle. There are several reasons for not issuing
additional quarantine regulations until they are an absolute necessity.
However, if any information comes to hand at the annual meeting which
indicates any danger of the introduction of foot and mouth disease into
the State, a quarantine against Eastern cattle should be made immediately.
Most respectfully submitted,
D. F. Luckey,
State Veterinarian.
REPORT OF SECRETARY. Sy
REPORT OF DR. MOORE.
Kansas City, Mo., Dec. 15, 1902.
Mr. Geo. B. Ellis, Sec’y Missouri State Board of Agriculture, Columbia,
Mo.:
Dear Sir—In response to your request of the 12th inst., have the
honor to submit the following as a brief report of the work done by me in
Kansas City and vicinity:
From January 14th to December Ist, 1902, there have been examined
about 1,200 horses and mules, 129 horses and 7 mules were found to be
afflicted with glanders and condemned. Of those condemned, 19 were
tested with mallein. Forty-three were destroyed by consent of the owner
without appraisement. In most instances the county court allowed par-
ties the sum of $5.00 for animals destroyed without appraisement. Thir-
teen visits have been made to inspect cattle and three to inspect horses out-
side of Kansas City. Two horses near Pleasant Hill, Mo., were found
tc be afflicted with glanders, one was destroyed by consent of owner with-
out process of law. Four outbreaks of Texas fever were investigated,
one each at Belvidere, Belton, Holden and Marshall. About 400 cattle
were exposed and quarantined of which nearly 100 died. In each instance
the disease was limited by quarantine to the animals exposed before ar-
rival.
The sources of contagion for the cases of glanders reported in Kan-
sas City are not often ascertainable, the cases occurring one here and one
there, but from what can be learned it seems probable that virus is con-
veyed from animal to animal by means of the public watering basins, which
are so constructed that the overflow is into a central pipe and the margins
oi the basin are not thereby washed and the virus carried away. The
citizens and officers of this city are co-operating by promptly reporting all
suspected cases and I believe that the disease is now very much less preva-
lent than during the summer.
Very respectfully,
RC. Moore, DV: S.;
Deputy State Veterinarian.
ENFORCEMENT OF THE ANTI-BUTTERINE LAW.
There have been a greater number of cases filed and a greater number
successfully prosecuted under this law this year than any previous year
since the law was enacted. In Kansas City the Inspector has obtained
evidence which resulted in the conviction of four cases in the Federal Court
for violation of the United States law, 17 cases have been filed under the
36 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
State law, and 5 of these have been tried and the parties convicted; one
has been lost and the remainder are still pending in the different divisions
of the Kansas City Court.
Owing to the beneficial effect of what is known as the Grout bill, the
services of the Inspector at Kansas City have been dispensed with since
September 5th, and since that time the Inspector has been paid a fee for
each conviction. He has secured three convictions under this agreement.
The St. Louis Inspector has been employed the whole year. Mr.
J. H. Wilkinson has served as inspector, and a larger number of cases
have been filed and greater number of prosecutions have been won in the
city of St. Louis than any year previous in the entire State. For detailed
information in regard to the situation in St. Louis I refer to the following
report by the Inspector:
St. Louis, Mo., December 6th, 1902.
To the Missouri State Board of Agriculture, Columbia, Mo.:
Gentlemen—I herewith submit the following report of the work done
in the city of St. Louis toward the enforcement of the Olemargarine law,
for the year commencing with December 16, 1901, the date of my last an-
nual report.
During the past year suit has been filed and judgment rendered in
the justice court in each of the following cases, to-wit:
The State of Missouri vs.
AU Fes Gael iol Gb Set eR Judgment for Defendant. . Appellant, State
aso Bowls. 2 8 . s = x *
Vas2 idler. BOF i es aes me a as bi e
Edward Olszewiski...... ? A J "s se
Hess & Baltezor....0.5... 5g = < * fe
Chas. H. Timmerberg.... . *s zs
jae ee pares wa ss: UM. is = Fs “
Ferdinand IRossi <2 .22%'0': vs i FS * é
BPW Damme 7s" fe 8 i i =
Winn 7 elemiann 2.3... se 3 ~ ag >
otis: Meyer wei. sone * - . 2 ty
Geo “Goeiler 8 s.5s cus a ‘2 ie t x
Hilmer-Scheitlin Com. Co. x a 5s 4 st
. ce “ “ “ “ec
as orerreninre re aie d ee.
Ms, Eaten, 5) eh ae tee y, ‘(* Stateks oe eee No appeal
Seorce Parris 2... t0%/.a tas =) REP MeN OMe re she
AM, AU EEE ih, eit atede itis cen * Defendant. .. ae State
he Deg PGRClA o'.salv/S am * BY Ts 4 cape tuba Fs
ce “ “c “ce
Henry Fasterling et al... ah peat indie nine
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 37
Henry Vandeloecht ..... Judgment for Defendant........... State
Neier Vacites., . cokes cs * abla fee its %
enn Wadstenv.. 02... = " Tee et ot iy on -
ira schmidt. wee. 50%. “ ‘ ete Ni ORES AT, ,
Robert Fleming ........ oa i lead rT aye ice Arie ns
oo) lg Ce res " ii PM Fee ee tne ij
C, E. Sanner Grocery Co. - ei Tidl a eo a-een arta “te
Albert Schramm ........ a = i AE OP ees %
Wem etersen 2. ....t)... st ¥ Pet noth hgh A ?
eager @&-Budo.......... i i SEE ee reat cs ene 7
Anna M. Beckerkord..... ‘ “ eg ese erie oa i
award Fiber :......... if a Cs glen Be us aati oh =
_ Puy RLS ele) gee 4 a pe I beta de dt Ad i
To gl It ba s 4 > Ae Bie haan Sethe is
Te gf Se BS 0c ge of a SS Mb eh be dees Rp eA -
SRRMMMNOCLERS Se 4s esi.c sos e ro ie BieMeee ri cies ee i
Gustave Klein . 1... 6.5.5 ¥ i (ett aR bey Mecano Ads pate ii
Godirey Wolf... ..... zs Red hegre settee Arey ce
Prerman Buehler ...... is 3 rs Path Seeieietocerarne es zy
Wm. G. Hagedorn...... . | FN hg he Rs ie Rip i
[2 \ id COR Se ee = " ey cole e rece ;
Pirds Me Semtner:...%.. > as RRP eotine ede, x
las. Deickmann® ..3.:.. “F ‘3 tp We cece es x
Hilmer-Scheitlin Com. Co. x o . she dh cere pap ecto S ‘a
eee GO@ENOE fe les oss is = Seg ay Satria ey
John Mawrence../....... 5 bine) S15 Seton meerere toga No appeal
The State will not realize anything on the judgments obtained against
F. B. Hunter, George Harris and John Lawrence, mentioned in the above
list, as parties against whom the judgment was had. Each one of the
parties was forced to suspend business for the lack of money, and they
are now working for others. I have seen and talked with each one of the
three, and I am convinced that nothing could be realized on the judgments
just now. The manufacturer, The Standard Butterine Company, who
sold the goods, is now in the hands of a receiver, so no help can be ex-
pected from that direction.
Thirty-three cases compromised.
38 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
The following cases have, in accordance with the terms of the Board,
been settled and dismissed in the circuit court. In each of the following
cases the defendant paid the sum of twenty-five dollars and costs of
court, viz.:
State of Missouri vs.
Alex McCabe. N. A. Quigley. John Petersen et al.
J.J. Bowlin. L. R. Manion. Ed. Eiben.
Jos. Adler. JabeAckield: Chas. Lang.
Ed. Olszewiski. Hy. Vandeloecht. Will Docter.
Hess & Baltezor. 1 WE Varn: F, W. Jost.
C. A. Timmerberg. John Madsten. Chas. H. Semtner.
Jas. Barnes. Otto Schmidt. Zutheide Bros.
H. W. Damme. P. J: Ryan; Stocker Bros. Gro. Co.
Wm. Zeltmann. C. E. Sanner Grocer Co. C. Kuhlmann.
Hilmer-Scheitlin Com. Co. A. J. Schramm. C. Huhlmann.
Chas. D. Kelting. Chas.C. Duemler. John P. O’Conor.
In 21 cases an agreement to, compromise, on the above terms, has
been arrived at in each of the following cases, to-wit:
State of Missouri vs.
William Leownau. Ferdinand D. Mundinger. Chas. Deickmann.
Herman W. Heuman. George Goener. George Goener.
Henry W. Meyer. Louis Meyer. Wm. J. Hagedorn.
Fred. Heehs. Henry Fasterling etal. © Anna M. Beckenkord.
Benjamin Surkamp. John Madsten. Bauer & Budo.
H. Bohn Gro. Co. Godfrey Wolfe. Gus. Klein.
R. L. Fleming. Herman Heumann. Chas. W. Hilf.
The last named cases will be reached some time in February or March
of next year.
The State obtained judgment in the circuit court on an appeal from
the justice court against Herman W. Heumann and Wm. Loewnau, in the
sum of fifty dollars and costs. The trial of the State vs. Henry W. Meyer
resulted in a verdict for the defendant on an incorrect instruction given
to the jury by the court against the objection of the State’s attorney. The
court was convinced of its error, and gave the State a new trial in said
case. The case of the State vs. L. F. Meyerhoff was lost to the State.
An affidavit for an appeal was made in the last named case; but, it being
the opinion of the Board that an appeal had best not be taken, the case
was dismissed at the State’s cost.
Altogether the number of cases in the circuit court on appeal from
the justice court amounts to 67. Thirty-two of this number have already
been compromised and an agreement to compromise has been_ reached
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 39
in twenty-two, making in effect a disposal of fifty-four of the sixty-seven
cases. Thirteen cases remain to be disposed of. Of this number several
are execution proof, consequently the prosecution of these worthless cases
need not be carried any further. I hope to be able, at an early date, to
compromise as many of the thirteen cases as possible.
Respectfully,
Jno. H. WILKINSON,
Inspector of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture.
The Auditing Committee submitted the following report:
REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE.
We, the undersigned Committee authorized to examine vouchers ap-
proved by the Executive Committee which are now in the hands of the
Secretary and the warrants drawn therefor by the President and Secre-
tary which have been paid, canceled and returned by the Treasurer and
compare the same with the financial statement of Secretary and Treasurer,
after a careful examination of the same, submit the following report:
FUND—DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT.
We find vouchers 108 and 109 have been approved and corresponding
warrants issued which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer.
Balance in fund, 0.00.
FUND—MONTHLY CROP REPORT.
We find that vouchers 244 to 267, inclusive, have been approved and
corresponding warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the
Treasurer. Balance in fund, $132.23.
FUND—EXPENSE OF MEMBERS.
We find that vouchers 453 to 499 have been approved and correspond-
ing warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer
except that warrant No. 486 issued to S. H. Prather for amount of $10,
and warrant No. 498 issued to W. C. Howell for amount of $15 have
not been presented to the Treasurer for payment. The balance shown
in the Secretary’s statement is $420.31. The Balance shown in the Treas-
urer’s statement is $445.31. When the above warrants are paid the ac-
counts of the Secretary and Treasurer will correspond.
40 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
FUND—OFFICE EXPENSE.
We find that vouchers 404 to 448 have been approved and correspond-
ing warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer.
Balance in fund, $206.49.
FUND—FARMERS’ INSTITUTE.
We find that vouchers 480 to 523 have been approved and correspond-
ing warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the Treasurer
except that warrant No. 494 issued to Swine Breeders’ Association for
amount of $25 has not been presented to the Treasurer for payment. The
balance shown in the Secretary’s statement is $654.90. The balance
shown in the Treasurer’s statement is $679.90. When the above warrant
is paid the accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer will correspond.
FUND—SECRETARY’S ACCOUNT.
We have examined the Secretary’s account fund and find that the
Secretary has received to the credit of said fund $2,829.47. We find ac-
counts filed and corresponding receipts on file for the total amount of
. $2,657.44, leaving a balance on hand $172.03.
FUND-STATE VETERINARY.
We find that vouchers 1248 to 1347 have been approved and cor-
responding warrants issued, which have been paid and canceled by the
Treasurer except that warrant No. 1341 issued to R. B. Love for amount
- of $20.00 and warrant No. 1346 issued to Jesse Robards for amount
of $134.45 have not been presented to the Treasurer for payment. The
balance shown in the Secretary’s statement is $1,074.49. The balance
shown in the Treasurer’s statement is $1,228.94. When the above war-
rants are paid the accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer will correspond.
FUND—BUTTERINE.
We find that vouchers 362 to 401 have been approved and correspond-
ing warrants issued, which have been paid aad canceled by the Treasurer.
We find that warrant No. 320 issued May Ist, 1901, to C. G. Miller for the
amount of $1 has not been presented for payment, but the Secretary holds
a receipt for the warrant. The balance shown in the Secretary’s state-
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 41
ment is $381.46. The balance shown in the Treasurer’s statement is
$382.46. When the above warrant is paid or canceled the accounts of the
Secretary and Treasurer will correspond.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
W. T. CARRINGTON,
ALEX. MAITLAND,
Auditing Committee.
On motion of Mr. Potts, the report was adopted as submitted.
The Committee on Agricultural College made the following report:
REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE COMMITTEE.
Mr. President:
Your Committee after an examination of the Agricultural College
and Experiment Station, beg to submit the following report:
1. Weare gratified to note that the new dairy building, the new live
stock judging building, and the new horticultural building, for which
appropriations were made by the last General Assembly, appear to be
well adapted to the purposes for which they are intended, that they pre-
sent a neat and attractive appearance, and we desire to especially com-
mend the action of the authorities in constructing these buildings of na-
tive lime-stone instead of brick. They are permanent structures of which
any Agricultural College in the country may be justly proud.
2. In our judgment the lines of work undertaken by the Experi-
ment Station in crops, tillage, stock feeding, orcharding, diseases of live
stock, combating of injurious insects, etc., are proving of great value in
the development of the Agricultural resources of the State and in point-
ing out the way to more successful systems of farming.
3. We note with pleasure that the work of the Agricultural College
has been still further improved, the standards materially raised, and feel
certain that this instruction is now upon the same high plane as that of
any other subject in University work, and is entitled to the same respect
and consideration from the teachers and students of the institution.
4. We commend especially the close and friendly co-operation be-
tween the Board of Agriculture and the College and Experiment Station
in all matters of mutual interest, such as Farmers’ Institute work, pro-
motion of Agricultural Education, suppression of contagious diseases
among plants and live-stock, the combating of injurious insects, etc., and
trust that these relations may be continued upon the same basis to the
benefit of the Agriculture of this commonwealth.
42 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
5. The seeking of co-operation on the part of the Federal govern-
ment with the Missouri Experiment Station, in many of its most import-
ant lines of work, is a high compliment to the character of the men con-
rected with the Station and to the lines of work undertaken.
6. We desire to commend the very useful work done heretofore by
Dr. Connaway in the diseases of cattle, and the exceedingly valuable work
now in progress with reference to the diseases of swine. The import-
ance of this work to the live stock interests of the State we believe justi-
fies and demands that he be provided with trained assistants and labora-
tories and hospitals entirely adequate for the vigorous prosecution of these
investigations. In our judgment the sum of $50,000 should be appro-
priated for the furtherance of this work. We consider that money can-
not be more profitably expended than for the protection of the live stock
interests of the State.
7. We find that the buildings for the housing of the live stock of the
College are wholly inadequate, are practically worn out and are not at all
adapted to the purposes for which they are now used. ‘These buildings
when constructed many years ago were perhaps satisfactory, but have
long since outlived their usefulness and are now discreditable to the insti-
tution and to the. State and should be replaced with new and modern
structures. For the erection of suitable barns for the housing of the live
stock of the College, and for carrying out the experimental work now in
progress, we earnestly recommend that the sum of $10,000 be appropriated.
8. We believe that the Agricultural students should be given practi-
cal training and experience in operating all classes of modern farm imple-
ments and machinery. The manufacturers have offered to donate this
machinery and keep it up to date, provided the College will furnish a
suitable building where it may be housed and operated. In view of the
importance of this work and of the opportunity to secure thousands of
dollars worth of equipment, we earnestly recommend that the sum of
$4,000 be appropriated for a farm machinery laboratory and for the
necessary engine, shafting, belts, etc., for the operation of the same.
9g. In order that Missouri may not rank as second in her live stock
industry, we recommend an appropriation of $10,000 for providing the
necessary facilities for instruction in this important subject. We cannot
hope to have our young men excel in this industry without as good facili-
ties for their training as is provided by any state in the Union.
10. The rapid growth and popularity of this branch of the Univer-
sity, renders imperative the demand for more help to rightly care for its
work, and for meeting this need we recommend the appropriation of
$6,000 for two years.
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 43
11. In case the appropriation made for the new buildings is not
sufficient to completely equip them with all necessary facilities for instruc-
tion and research, we recommend that the Board of Curators request the
Legislature to appropriate the money necessary for this purpose.
12. We are glad to note the friendly interest the authorities of the
University manifest in the development of the College of Agriculture and
Experiment Station, and trust that the teachers and officers of this De-
_partment may continue to have their friendly co-operation and support.
We earnestly recommend to the Board that they use their best endeavors
to secure adequate funds for the further equipment of the College, and
for the enlargement of the work of the Experiment Station. We believe
that the best investment that the State and the University make is in the
practical experimental work conducted by the Station, and that liberal sup-
port should be given to this Department of the institution.
13. We believe that a Demonstration Car fitted up by the College
will prove to be a valuable feature of the Farmers’ Institute work held
under the auspices of this Board. We commend this new departure on
the part of the Secretary of this Board and the Agricultural College.
14. We recommend that provisions be made for the teaching of Agri-
culture in the common schools and the graded schools of the State, that
steps be taken toward the articulation of this work with the Agricultural
College just as the academic courses in our high schools are articulated
with the University.
15. We note with pleasure that there are successful efforts put forth
to teach Agriculture and Horticulture in the common schools of the State
and we find that the University authorities responded to the request made
by this Board last year to have bulletins prepared by its professors on
these subjects for the teachers.
Believing that the Agricultural College can do much for agriculture
through the teachers of the State, we recommend that it provide
a Correspondence Department, the principal work of which shall be in-
structure and examining teachers on the subject matter of these bulletins
and to direct teachers in giving instruction in these subjects in the cvun:
try districts.
We recommend that a committee of three be appointed to bring this
matter to the attention of the University Board of Curators and urge upon
them to make such provision as is herein recommended.
W. L. Bryant,
W. C. Howe tt,
C. F. AFFLICK,
Committee.
44 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
ELECTION OF ‘OFFICERS:
The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:
President, F. J. Hess.
Vice-President, C. F. Afflick.
Secretary, Geo. .B. Ellis.
Assistant Secretary, Snowdon B. Willis.
Treasurer, H. H. Banks.
The following members of the Executive Committee were elected:
Po]. Hess.
Co 2 Aitiick,
HL: fy Waters.
W. C. Howell.
W. L. Bryant.
Dr. H. J. Waters called up the recommendations which were made
by the Executive Committee for amount of moneys needed for the next
biennial period, and after a discussion of the same, the action of the Ex-
ecutive Committee was unanimously approved in making the following
recommendations :
We recommend to the Legislature that the following amounts will
be needed for the next biennial period:
ATA Sey ghee aya 2) 57 een em ae ara sy NORE rae Se eR $20,000
Patines. asratbe Pine 2: oc% aes wa detcn a eee cate cts ee 10,000
pana TEC Rgiece PUG od co ane 58 in ried a ama tans pS Sc BS sad 4,000
Disinbution. ef Annual Reporte Pimd. 7.2... vse asus ate 8 1,000
Saree be metise Manic onc diy 2 obs ies as ee daemege Be ee 1,000
GIO RG DORT EUG 0 ois 3 oe hia wea die ie tas Son AR aca tier cess 2,000
Hapense pr. NeINeES, PNtNG 015010 et. were se teem 1,509
Pepabbetiive: SE mteNtl ss chee: cn! pay a, 2 ccucuertidet eden ado tea eae 4,000
We would further state that we believe the salaries of the Secretary
and Assistant Secretary of this Board are inadequate and would recom-
mend an amendment that would give two thousand dollars per annum
for Secretary’s salary and one thousand per annum for Assistant Secre-
tary. The Secretary is the executive officer of the Board and his duties
cerrespond to those performed by similar departments of other States
where the salary is from two thousand to three thousand dollars. The
publication of the annual report and the monthly bulletin, collecting crop
and live stock statistics, the supervision of the farmers’ institute work
and the State Veterinary Service requires the entire time of the Secretary.
The character of the annual report and the monthly bulletins issued from
REPORT OF SECRETARY. 45
the Secretary’s office has received the most favorable comment by a great
number of farmers, both in and out of Missouri, and we can see no rea-
son why the above increase of salaries should not be allowed.
Upon motion of Mr. Maitland, the Board took a recess to permit a
meeting of the State Fair Directory.
Board called to order by the President after recess.
Upon motion of Mr. Carrington, the Executive Committee was in-
creased to seven members.
Upon motion of H. J. Waters, W. R. Wilkinson and J. J. Conrad
were elected as the additional two members of the Committee.
Board took recess until 8:30 Wednesday morning.
Wednesday, December 17th, 8:30 a. m.
Board met in parlors of Gordon Hotel and in the absence of the
President, was called to order by the Vice-President, C. F. Afflick.
DEATH OF JUDGE MARTIN.
Mr. Maitland offered the following resolution :
Whereas, it has pleased Divine Providence to call unto Himself the
Dean of the Law School of the University of the State of Missouri; there-
fore be it
Resolved, that the members of the State Board of Agriculture, now
in annual session, recognize the great loss to the State of Missouri by his
siidden demise, and they hereby express their deep sympathy with his
family and associates in their sad bereavement.
The resolution was unanimously adopted and ordered spread upon
the records. ;
Mr. Bryant moved that all power vested in the full Board be dele-
gated to the Executive Committee, and they are hereby authorized to act
for the full Board whenever the full Board is not in session. Motion car-
ried.
There being no further business, the Board adjourned.
Ferp J. Hess, Geo. B. E.is,
President. Secretary.
MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT,
SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND.
Date yee Name. | Dr.
1902.
(ADT ia, leant, ele TD TEC RISL GL OWA p's piais:a.s'es/eis'nja sine slsiclet slvisisia)cle leis ew'eiorsja)aisict. 2 $150 00
June 2 108 ae AMOICAN LIX PECSStOO nc ces coe wales uaisleivinlsnierets well cissid se Nene coe
July 5 109 SIS Au IMONIN AM haere osc cosh esas cciseyaerciasrar oie [lc aptecioeemmees
$150 00
MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.
Date jl Name. Dr.
1901
DOC. 18) cows cece TO DALATICE ceoicisie oiclelaie scfaciaeteinls afeisis\elelalen (o(oleleista eteleier=!niete!< $106 12
1902.
Jan. 3 244 | S3y Ae Ba) 8 I) 8th a ec CB qoacon., Stieice DodaECcHeocosoon: ise eLooccunLose:
Feb. 1 245 BORSA WV Cr PAPCE OOneed. sy cise his « veaeiv.e Sl ccisisicle sete
pled 246 SpE sabi lel YS ec rrem cine seve sical ciaeet a stelersieietates ateiotetars
/ Aya Rssosioae Mo medtis ltl Ome teslaas see aise ceisler aes aide erelebelaierorar
‘ 247 By S. H. Elkins..
id 248 A. B. Dick Oo..
es 249 S. H. Elkins
lee PBR saeene To regan Beis saiste ake tate ioielcale nial Voen alee avaseere e aleteiomictstn trees
250 Vd. Manz Hneraving OO. «2. cc ecancm ceceisessc|swcecs os ese
June 2 |....---- mo Fo aiation aislalorei sce etataleletsrsteyaret iefojelaietevata(afeteist=telein ste 100 00
ee 251 By Missouri Stabosmant:.: is. asgousseenee cute: [thc hse
ae 252 s. IONISALTAS ore ere ore ate oie ai eip tise stern (ois, re ele enere ote clove ieee | Sieicratcce eee
SULY MO tems LO ka ae SSB iek) Mi cieTeteuye cla ieinate etn ateietols wrsjepeinyalnterale vice 100 00
253 H. Elkins. pA oaeibe) Hodcadsssancdocdal Bac Seeer
ee 254 V Miseouri Star BG rh alia soe fick faite as Meee last coh eee
ae 255 MARS uEL BORLOSINATI Cie tsc.c cons unos eas teas eee
PASTS SOL) aes TG NEC UISLOLOMM es om ae aia siete tie ane eiacele cisleicie’s minnie isltogae 100 00
y 256 By. MISSOUMUStAGCSM AM... 5 clejdaes weelsmvein cies nn cc] se siolvinisie elosetele
oy 257 SEIS LEC Tras ye intote eetel wimv vats ale wie /oo-e = ainlatereleleteievetate mal ete a atataigtate ater
id 258 SOMMER NG esses Boccewoecetnbalocacokis oseacws Aline cama ceee meee
Sept. 5 259 MS PIM HISANI St ererereoueicta ene ecaretelven (oes aevalsara’s nisia aluicretels'| wleiareleioel claret ata
260 NEISEOUPICSTALCSIAT . crane eos we sinieleistom'sicicivisise n'el|tnisicomieniers/atete
Oct ilscsicete EET OCIS UULOT vere oie olae oiaisierarntateyatey te aia ol tater ae aes eieeale ofaldoin e 100 00
ve 261 By Missouri Staves mann ccpecn sc se.ccualct\\slesieele || avelnisies ce eue
ie 262 RSE os ILC LIIS Cercle a.aveiciovelslavaies@reiete sere He acy us a) oreialotarete' cle cil stelarere Generis
Whonye (i |bGoeuace Mo WeqQuISitlON joe aya ped weiciaierein vaieve > Dan iaidals wieln ofq)sisinie 100 00
he 263 By Minsourt StAbPAMian 2.6. 'cicec wecatecnoscesetel Geaeece aoe
ig 264 SET MU UKAN Side saliccte aerate ce tetiathaariem Weld teal neon ete
ae 265 SRE PUNO Gs oe Aereee ciswictereic: sa niclate stetw areretaie(etstaretei iene all eteve e meom PoeremtnnS
DEC.) Oulnnen nee TOPE CUISUTON oars ores nie sre « 5 ainicniste’nislepynin ernie sin'eisia/a/elsicsipio sie 100 00
pe 266 BBG EMS HOU CANAG ole 9 are ose) clmiaioisinys wysicie <iefeien)e eleja seiain(e/s}|(claieiaiwinmrcitatsis
aE 267 Missouri SE ee aiosialese eiule ww e's siefatalsisic eiaceleievels|«’s(ei] cattesatal amen
OM denser BAIA CO eo sn vleos calcddaaklecistincloeehicleinchltclehbte eal doe ahtaseeeem
$906 12
Cr.
REPORT OF SECRETARY.
EXPENSE OF MEMBERS’ FUND.
47
Name. Dr. Or.
AP pur AMC Ga wietsio-l.iscalevsiaresiecisis ein hieln.s(e'eiceing Lotte Gewese Shae $449 27
Gy Weta ELE Ul rarelery cis SASS ROEM OSOH IN OARS SbaoGecul Mar eiebane: se $15 00
Weg etl OREN O TOM cis ciaicicwie cles mmc csie Sells seiiatontatersta 8 20
ORI BOISSS UOT rc siieiy sot ccs suteiaulo as cite piniateitic pact cn citec, a ound 17 35
Cave (AmnTe ler srisiceiela's 10 05
H. &. Hand....... 11 60
Win a Le Oe 24 40
Alex. Maitland . 14 50
Rai HOSS ica aie 25 49
W. O. Howell 17 70
J. J. McNatt 26 90
J. A. Potts 4 50
A. T. Nelson 28 00
N. H. Gentry 8 30
Jee Wine ERLE 15 00
Ee Hie Beant kSames ccpceciensimemsaslels 5 00
To requisition.........
By Geo, RB. Ellis. 15 80
H. J. Waters she Opole stars 11 45
Gee Oe Prem HS i seis latatsiacis acs onicex: swe dhene 11 45
Wm. O. Howell..... .- 16 7
W. L. Bryant.. as 18 25
Wien. Wilkinson. . 4 90
W.LO wHOwelleo oo cscs 15 00
HY we EOS ia cer oases auesicis 16 16
GOs VB Seeilish vs rncaaan cease ae cts etemeae ete ctetns 13 7
ETiy ep NVC EONS See orgie ain siocsare conustrarefeliteisleraiars aaiatefalels 10 80
Wi O MELON O litre scesascuaisccssimenadooeeaeeetos 14 00
Geo; BaEMisss.... sectersl ak ist nies aloe oie Waictcteiet iniete 12 60
Se TW ALODSiicciecsiateceraninstia tig v he cc olstohiatarente ses 13 20
To pouws on Risialaiearareicssia) creteiora misvecelalarnua aiatelorn a. eislalense aiala\s
By Des NVULOU Geraci cc: cca cine sre crclasinarnrealals aastimtorren tee 12 70
Bon BE Wises: Meare asec ails eel sre ioe wis 14 25
Geo Ba VRISe caste asics cc.crsplac te tls aisteleioraranies 8 95
Wry CET O WOlT so sla.cn caress eelemiemtacteek ic shineinineon 10 00
EAH PEN cll Clu cttcralaicccinia clavate s cieeetate welereteleieteisiclecld listacicicwipelvioeess 8 CO
Weer PPV Ae ck cdccaes cassis ooaomide baalin cet since Honcile 5 00
Septe Prather ic caaiaisis'sciacien,osicialesstduriaole care antell ec neametosiien 10 00
OS He ACT Ce etave arco ciccaratey oiatilscajereieian is ares eee Vateieral RIG ce eile ras 20 00
WV ena Menge CO) AISNE YD AGODA a arora cola csavereieterctoiel clots iolaNernetaysTerelon| a leiaon eveiancvete’ se 5 00
Hebe EUCSSiycccncec a aylatatececei ales slaliesale/afe arr choles Gal aietelane|| cieraisrevareisteelefetere 24 76
Ave he NGISOI = cu asiaareiasia anole ain’al es afoalete eithateret aay = aial| cre eis Siete ches 132)
Fes ipa WV EMLOLS cehiarialaicariicsiscoreesaate cnc ciavareeleyeta ee alerts Salas 8 30
GEOSEB ABH ES cer te cciata icin ices; cracks Mastered Pig trait l epee cinasomen 2 00
Vii sa ye ciignneereOndoderonodeno. os noon aaa cean | Menoaroder one 5 00
To re aay oars EPabare) cl cto faletstoters ins nid lo Sate a Sinko akelotsistolw Sn ae 100 00
Hoare Vivier d Wie det fh all eee SAE aeee ee a AeeIO Ss Cnt naaeto dae nee eeemeemers 5 00
RSS RANADO TES stave eta meae teachers tessceicnanctettiela velo etoarevelsvals OF é 17 30
(Gisela). A SNR eee eeass aha elniatat states afar cimevetefel lls cicraseis,nnciararatele 15 80
Moy MEGUISUIOMA ee ae locters colee incase ccc cueaenictoe 200 00
BSyAGiGO) pee BUTS setiere orale aie citeiaiaetolelale ce ajagujalaicteiete ersvereta| da’ ajecayueteiarars cele 13 30
Wi Oo wellimmscesccccs SOOO DUTT ORDOLEOESo rata Meociones acmorting 15 00
Ele raiem Wii Stra creystcite aiereeicisia ws nleleinrososietsie eiarcimalal rine stare lacelorereictee 9 35
Dalaneoteenccacte cee SECOSECH pbricicosoporccocedpobd WasHe econocaos 420 31
$1,049 27 $1,049 27
48
MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.
Date. No. Name.
1901.
DBCy 1S) leaaereae MOD RLANEO sake coos cic cita mutes euieisie’s ote cioein cwlsteleys cmesieciainnte
1902.
Jan. 3 404 By Snowdon Willis s:..scs00 sense cscs ox aieetnwacty
es 405 Well: arshe ie so 5 5500 cts ieteecssadene ecw meas
~f 406 SP MELOWOUM. sence) passe sae tcecepectese tates oa
Feb. 1 407 Snowdon Wilisits cciwecsccec.craeemetermas ce, Selec
he 408 WiabDashe RAdPORG since conse cseesceicetemaceneerl nace
a 409 SP MAOWGIL occ sctcatsesisedasietccue mats cena
March 5 |........ TO PECUISITIONY >< ces sae esisscmanaeemaneces caer caceet coee
Le 10 By Oolumbia Telephone OO... .. ccc. cecees 55.
oe 411 WH. arshe «6, scccsesssesncs! Ard ac Stee eceene
oS 412 Bi P-Howellscsscce sieve c4.25 1a aie eee lee inee -
eg 413 Snowdon Willis.....-.. SasOeee” tae teaiteeee ees
April 2 414 OF ai oy, et De Siareinaeeiae hs Sau ae sa weles sintae aise ele
ne 415 American Express Co..... dais ky nV een emo s Ls
of 416 Slicing waveacasrse sete sae Se sth ale ae fore aa eleieloninie neato
_ ALT Ss PVblowellimsccccces Saensed Foadeoa aoe sine ea:ate cratavatelurctocn eae
May 3 418 SIO OM VW Sis ccictelsininieiiataveisist x che tcfetaroraisieteneeeniaetalllnretsiotetelaie ete a iateae
ed 419 SHiPSHOWellli aewdadneoccassiasee tangents clolero ean aac eoaes 0.
id 420 Wi MEL aS) nai ctas sm atterne enna sl aecaecies Ps Ccriobal aut ec -Ahgce--
June 2 421 Snowdon -Willis'a2sacace occce lctecane erence deere oe Ace Beco
ey 422 IPRACMGUCKOY, sane << aiecicle POURED RE aaa. Boeoore 56Ce siaieleiels aoe
a 423 SP HOWwellt.ysaesoteae sou ee acess cede S ajatelstetel| 'siainisieesieigels eae
UY Go! | sje hate o's MONE DISIbION: saoane sce ween owen Soa et eae ecen aoe als : 100 00
es 424 By Wie tHarshercsccccices accor sate vir cielo meat hayes sien loieeieta coma
ee 425 SHO WC GH WADIIS! oo. cacderecoameniee meitebt mele eleterareieleil sin eleyein te mare Ee
3 Z re Missouri, Statesman es sc Pham ociewis ee eee BL Onbd Ban onsacica cc.
27 Sabet» Ty WY) ethdaied is, a5; "haora eaciits ial eteeverardl | sieustararesaets ome
<< 428 Bakes HOWellan gececacnanse Hae Vewese eeu eke caciaweia eee
AU. Al 429 Snowdon Willis! se ccccie coeisematareistetenmrers So siete Aaal|iorc Sb elate miele jb:
oe 430 Sa SHOWEl ess cnc sae SictarereV¥ alae ee ae orate eis tin eales siealeee
id 431 Will SEATS seis azcc voc saiesiecicmsien tine Ceteniettesbeetal(acceee Roast
Sept. 5 432 5. P. Howells... arena Rotate’ stotatatatare Se dae aekste dices :
: 433 SHO W.GOn Wallis accinrera: 20 srcie cratered aan ie lene ce merialece
ee 434 Columbia Telephone Co........ .. ss...... Pool Boceescur occ.
Ot. B |ncceccee To requisition..... piclniela Saialstaisinieinieieisiets)s aleiAeoseee tae eee 100 00
ae 435 By) SHOW AON WALES heveicse-e 0a .seisjareesinjes ~jaleelatelerenents anaiooG aaa
“e 436 WabashiRatlroad OGescececcccnaceebee) seesseerel. = saaeae
ie 437 Bis OF SaAwy CELE APOT OO seeretetare evolsielate alerelwietete(s si=inlelell crave cian = = cece
oe 438 D. A. Luckey .... ...-- BOE DECOR Od GRAS AOC COOL BEManeen an. sr
ae 439 WW IH SHEL ES NO hecictene oe tata ce cerca coreclem tnd a deere ots acess clean
INOW.” 1B |escirce. MOMNEQMISUULON se conl= eal winta naislelatatereraleraie dat seketel tae misteiste 100 00
ity 440 By Snowdon wiallisis ciisiclnsemcroreecaicem tineicjein.sie ata latecevalaisiste a/alatee
oe 441 Columbia Telephone O0..666. .6. 6.2 seceecnes|occcceee case
a 442 ID) PAHO yi occas sete BE ARR AE ER a acon CARE ec RRR OCC.
Dees Oi. MO MOCMUSTELOM eayaare ct ctate are: ciatayeyekol=smloceir seis. =) <oroh etaens ete selel =a 100 00
a 443 pA Aselalgl Wel cecorccscernocobeenae adupdres toons jameoreeeconcic.
ze 444 DD WAMU C OY ters -roomiatatel olerctalsterser rate Ooi eienas sie || ew stale ee
aS 445 University Co-operative Store ......... ..... ror.acacecocoric
re 446 WV AE Sided UPS ENO Sictoiarstarerotaus’s;csctne a vepetatevbrerel: slalocy Miisrecate |e te Riot aramierara aie
Se 447 SHO WO Walls Grae clara cetotels wimcrera eterna totem tareietetel| staimaiateete wetere
BS 448 Missonnl States ail sc. rice ic wera siaciesin a attelmictohll aieelarslen(erale ee
SiS Altateeteietetels BS UL TAC Oe aciclaiarale cicieie aielalwlel cia mctofel Eclatninia} iors: eretorerae tatu | tere S aaiais attoeek
$636 34
2 65
1
0 00
2 50
3 25
7 70
0 00
5 53
2 25
5 45
0 00
7 45
0 00
2 04
81
55
30
io i
_
8
bot
wo
= ADD et
ASCH H OOo UNS
NSSEES BAS
REPORT OF SECRETARY.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTE FUND.
49
War ,
Date No. Name. Dr, Cr;
1901.
oe. snosionoc MOUDRIANEEs nacsoacodtc cess ce csvindeccweedeenapacctecleae $691 37
van. 3 480 BytGGor eer Be IS wy atanracts onrsel victor ieietclelniscis) Me ella ters woes .wisiels $50 00
ss 481 ERIE S TB TRS Hafarwtat clo crater orerale:& ois cyclelete Ass va srciate ete calla [sc ohere'sralsielee'e 25 00
Feb. 1 482 Americans RPress! CO wacssecccicsce essen de aclele J 7 21
- 483 (Eicloyde(eul 635 10) UE) | Ago Sap eCODDCCMOCODDODCOEEECOOCODO HACOCeHOSbG leis 50 00
aS 484 J. Manz Engraving Oo............. Bela venin olatereveiia late em ieleinre cis slats 12 16
= 485 Missouri Statesman............. Saidiataiateiewin stelate aia| teas ele SOGGO008 74 20
“ 486 GAW Wi bOnSeacisscitecisnewias ¢ gactaro ctdladiercresMelesicte < alucmialetienataiec = 8 75
oe 487 PACERS HY Del ir 3 sravarare wratowwicletarcirsreiciaeta teiciaciciakttas dete mintall Moe Gnine sec 3 55
March 5 |........ AHOMECUILS TON rectsteaaercliselveis ieinieis ceisielecinolsinclesierta neice 200 00
whe 488 By- American xpress (OO... skisccsecicticndcteemlensee|G et deee osc 5 25
ae 489 INSTIS Wiki ei 2 Sapeencane, ddesncudcuacsrisonpouaddés|||\;asndDoGuonaS 35 00
ce 490 GOEL UB EilIS yersrerstere’slotelereyarctad (teh e'ceeiaiete stein hr ateactere Ms rcteleies 50 00
CHG 491 Dr. J. W. Connoway..... Sections hacsleiele hs tearm mratetereians Stereteiaets 17 34
as 492 Missouri Statesman.......... ..... Sahw statale ceteeer| cio eralajotstelerciatovera 103 10
af 493 Road Improvement association... 22.5 c.ssccss|ecceectecc see. 50 00
mis 494 Swine Breeders} ASsOClatlOn revere -icicisicicisicreiets eles |(nla\ciaja elejsleisieieie 25 00
April 2 |. 2.) SOMME CULES Ll OM oi-1<tm ol al nfotntefalelatotololslelcictalote sielevelatelisietsisiaiaisiciele sia 200 00
i 45 By S. H. Elkins......... sfatstetoraislalcharatal alone Gtaiatche eietetee recall wiateNersiats'cieie use 22 40
as 496 Gear BeWllisticscscareiedecsices deccdaseancane SadoE Pacuabodacecce 50 00
“ 497 SE Tei ra ec Sa cs erctahev a ctatets oie im ciavaletee gaara olor eae tras Mialeteteiantra.etoe acers 50 00
May 3) |.2..----| TOTequisition...... 0. secesesices DOOD COn oe DantoCouonobe 500 00
ie 498 By2 Tribune Printing OO diye ios-veecisiaiv iaceeeioe ole « Se eyafleiiolelniers 110 00
oe 499 W. L. Schubert....... Aolatalere srareiciclacmnaieute vow aleteletalsl [sreleiessteie sissies 15 00
Oh 500 Geoh Wilson H amillbOMsieeieiee< cstelsecis stescte vist selews|Deactentenaleetees 25 00
oe 501 WWE) 1a vielll Gate cre cto ree clclec Mca ice te ce detleiea shir Riteckuain ee: 15 00
os 502 D. B. Matthews....... Sra alae atwl arora x staleteietsiataraisiohie ce Milvoieh ois ete ceteteys 25 00
ae 503 GOO Sia cictate cleterere cicrersieorer ete arc iclaicicicisineeteloraiaa calle scene sie srereisieis 50 00
June 2 504 Geom Bb ebilisteereccases Malncotrereciete ai victetaiejcfets a aetee ell oreteretetetetaleia viezels 50 00
ss 505 J. Manz Engraving Oo.......... Papoc capoonces lbodosnaacncose 225
os 506 GEAWHIW BECTS fecica ciel clo wieia!wicverstors evasion tareiuaiaww orerete Me SS ravstete a 88 89
July 5 507 American Express CO.......0. .. seccse- HF Acongn||deadcacae Roads 4 43
: 508 IRGMOTEAESS EGET SHO isos airernietetetarcl Nataradear chara cteralete tel b ete |lma ne dalereleravs aie, 8 50
ba 509 Sr Bekins scene tvose Salat seta teal istatsiate state oiatete Berrie ellis Saeceecieree 20 00
al 510 D. Ward King..... aiajolelerral aici satajslolorelareleielesavinret Mien clatciels cteteiaiatsicie 85 00
Ange Ls... MO MEQUISIGION Fe see a- Slesteicie seas «= selene ROdoueocedocotdeor 1,000 00
y 511 Ty Eien sy, INE Socacdnecnccoduoouconendoo cocodédocd Sabosseseqsan 50 00
ou 512 COOP E HUIS Fy oratoce ieee scald sais aro civlorera sraritarereiom inital Meson dae ou eeiar 50 00
ae 513 Op ELMS OUTINGS setae rorctetstesevees aie ave Tareravaraysiw ee eect ualatelele tte revels 17 50
Aug. 20 514 Geo. B. Ellis..... SUaaau cidnsretAu se slneidawiaasataaeee a lnamencehcoeees 1,000 00
Sept. 5 |. eee] TO TEQUISIFION ...........cccee ss cess recsececerecccvceces 1,000 00
os 515 Ase 18h Joilabels, cognppoodcenooeenuseoDoccenoeOcn acallbonusocosodar 64 80
Ss 516 GeGHAB EMESIS hae a sisyaeioratctstoial ioincvoeraeisisteteereoeicts AGED OnOOUnOS 50 00
of 517 AB ADICks OOnsacente ares tatantyemnarerorstelce aera atete cteisitl| tatnicieeiieiaieta 214
Os ie 187) Bapaaene lj Yoyaeferopbblsiinle) Mnonondooooocrn wajeee cot tcsondcosconoedtcs 500 00
et 518 IByi GOO wD webiste cccmee seen rca cise cnluk ctelsleee iersis Joc ocdad BCC 50 00
Be 519 Geor Be Bllisa. -ssne.° aie eiciatarhater apa croterohersioiniccele a eatatel mare see leer ties 1,000 00
ROU 1G osc cienes Uber sitnloales ooocquoobonsECOOORBEneOEoT atevarnaccltlclelstelars 600 00
Oy 520 VAG COME mE se atte a cro nielciereroreteye nraiolels) sternnlarcistepelerstolary |i crete esate es tele 50 00
JG 521 GON BURNT stats arate ote areora ecevata: harareaisionmolersitiatatnetosi| niottoeernte ne 500 00
Dec. 6 522 Missouri Statesman........ eleravaieteleteloteinisiaictatelnve Aallagoooec ane 14 00
zi 523 CEO MB PTT Sete ctateaialal creroicis-o oiereinters hanna oisietee distal bebte ietarclorcies 50 00
OC el eens RBA Ostecters ciate etm ele ectota oacreteielereveivnrelciciaieie Sore llette alae orem aieierers 654 90
$4, 691 37 $4, 691 37
A—4
50
MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
SECRETARY'S ACCOUNT.
—_ —_ _
o wosames
BRSSkwan wan’
SNSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS VBVSRETHSSSNVSSARSSSS SSSRSS
He OOD Co
RS Se SBRSSSSSESSSSS
10 00
Date. Name. | Dr. | Or.
1901.
Dec 17,| Tobalance .. .-.. Seal Manisine certesieeaeae SORE ea Onn a $261 26
= 17 Dipole Bab sinadesacene occabagearaecar ESERS eboron: Al odeet hese:
a 17 Dede SOG IATY Snore oe wintats cncaarekialel cia elaine minlaieie eer ne pe eet
es 17 WDB VIAY nnceccrcnpiscleinesie erice Bnosonee -¢ b cieee mieintecioul't seme ncienie eae
Ss 21 F. B. Mumford......... eect a ere ocebiee nner ante. | sas ws eeeaee oh
5S 23 | DAC BE OUOES bio sinclsingaeauemclseee ee sae ee ee Fs
ng 30 eels GD) Fa i a eae Senne Sinieieis'cwismlo viagt aiabeele eeweul |e aes-e ce ae
1902.
Jan. 8 Sag s bg Ob ah nS Sa AeR ea eoenerornaes, mec gis slates Asjalas’eials of sheet core ==
sg 9 Dr. CK CY) sere eisiatersinrarayaiatas we Ssnaniscanetstelopheel. sels docecs s
ne 16 Southern Printers’ Supply O0...... ....cc-sces <cnrelecccocvecsse °
Ss 16 New York Engraving an Printing or cencae cage etl Setaetesetr oe eet
ss 16 J. Manz Engraving Oo........ ..... Rood a scanace desish lk scttc sense ~=
“- 21 S. H. Elkins (money order). ............ Seeiilae ails viel asebeer s0c2--
ds 21 J. B. Lippincott Oo........ aisie estore teielere ie elaiaeohae's stalasel|so weniea eee
Bf 21 ON OOO per: 8 OO ys siainssses'aiciancce cle RRR ER ele sianiosi aes | ete oracle
rz 23 Gi WW. SECTS sarainicictainiela:e/enyo) cusenrc ats oS elena aitalareldl sets les) iste em
Zs 24 a 10) ot njAs eneaesn o elon oe Sa uiateraelh Mw alejaleturn'ele Se | esbraeenees< -
45 29 OPE. MORIeS tiaericcenisieiem acre att jee nacelle 2 Siatailie wisfofel ave-ate.sistalllsleisicie/ele'eee eee
as 30 S. H. Elkins.. aaonadocor Sisiaio(eisvera. ance talatnlarete ete | eetete PSPC n
Feb. 8 J. Manz Engraving Co.......... jaletoteneinlotaaiatate sieltey=(arae Bese
Ss 26 S. H. AUIS ict aeeie sieeicooh avis ae peony senaeeeee Fabc ano: | begticooor ass:
ne 26 J. Manz Engraving Co........ Ehivaietel> ate Spat <ictob| ale siabicies eead
eE 28 S. H. Elkins AGaCISAIEOOOOL EL aOoe sanocest en ou lo,sin wislefORR OL elatelereretete «biota
7G) sims ee) ee OU RR RO aaoccetmenacec eroralele nia slaiele fiero etoreteieteiae Sell Wereleie PA.
oe 6 Shep BE Mes ro ercialereieiaecinecseisresaesieweieeloiorcnelietata aa =5esase cel) 355 Poa
cs 11 | To deposit by George B. Ellis........ siaisioiey caeteeiot aim cletera aeterainis 1 00
August 23 Warrant No. 514 on Farmers’ Institute MUN Ge eniestes - 1,000 00
s 28 By, O FD yi ryOrimacaferecerviscrawicrelsinciele:iajoc aioe) (= ro mena cote leratell ictal od ale tenes
ei 28 GeOKEEUW - WiatOrs) a xiccteisisicsewissinisieis oie eisjeiisisicisteleiaielelefeiniaretal |e micas slear sie ieee
se 28 ICH GIN AOO DD asccelcrcten cca Sac os eacaiscniclael Saacaen Pers aeellea cise eee ae
x 28 DSR PUIG ROY cele c ccie cise ciccacamiciaccnt trend eameicniee chien ReBBCOn ccc: >
Sept. 2 Le VWREOLS fejeiereisis.cie eeaatete ain aieleicjeisiaiere; “aes «bee are ots | Mee cere
re 4 INSU Wp aE Ne coc coeepoe no OncsDOe fala, atdletevetel ole laler eietetene eraieta ie aiSciaisioleiaieaeee
ze 9 HNCHOENG CobDineseectecmaemeeee eee apenas fonse-' || aenerse eeaen
ies 9 GW WiQlCrn ecicniencacinciels Sees elaiete sists oie sie teiereeeomiell aetcole sigisin eiaree
FE 9 On D ivonl aa. es sie YeWherslelsdigs jrieler esau sislaleyeaaseva/aitemtateeaintatelsleetell kieiaicte\n’aloiataeotees
Mi 16 MONA SOHCKICS 5 onc ccsniciecinisiacecinecicleinceineqameccine tareieee ladeeted = Gasaee
¥: 17 | Gai hnckers----. FOr Cee or) Pee IOC OS ICR CAB SON hae aiaiolnaisiniwieiete
oe 18 AIBCOR \ienhinneinl Biogoocaaqconses cop wo tmoceronoededooc oc siceie cratered
aS 22 | F. B. Mumford...... A ee ORO RE Re Se OOOO OL | IMEC ORE
pe Z | G. W. Waters ...... Shajud stolola iste cist oye clejn aac balcretele eeaie cles <a | Shorea sl ermnats oe
ois 23 NES. Wie bSteriGri OO wsicetse-csiurestreconpstoinnyseeceleteicaresietieielemtes| wasete aa aeceeet
oe 26 D. F. Luckey......... AT OGUOOOE Cane snp ocaese Oren’ AB So) noscicoeodesoc:
Oct. 2 | W.D. McKee, :.........-seeee-s-- 00 SSedeo socmncdco.|| cance seco:
ie 2 Dr. A. J. Detweiler..... ae haa aeleiieinieionve Sen <Giene bs, 4a | Sra nnicna ceee
os 2 (OU MT) Reh bons seen paCOnOSO ODO TnaS He Seeoccocc
‘ 3 | To Warrant No. 519 on Farmers’ Institute Fund....... ..
hs 3 [sya Elena NWa GPS ates cacico(s cine clente'<)ciaccictara cldbsialecsiare ote oi
a 6 GE We WIGHT Soi cai ciassistoleiaaisiwlaie oxcersemiieieiejermiafelen sien
“s 13 hee spel hblertgoj00 4 cae ne mn COR HACC SC RO URU EDC SIICOM tame -
2: 13 IN Bie MCULIT Aa Verrcesiatiotaveisisinjoiela-raapd os ciinoeenl= Saco sels cee
s 13 SPATE OO WOT gogo ai iloia «1a als, a/aictalbsese/arel de aleictetaneta te daiateereee
ve 13 IDEM EGY) 2G lstot Ree onc aee ror OBO ABCaS ponchos: cncoSAee ona.
at 13 ID A MOP air ciaiclararesslcieiaeteiaye Gale wep na esta che dlarctora kee eee ene
2 13 OD aE AV OM eyorae raed soe ciele ste sloraietelore stot srelclatn erate alot vars
es 13 Di sebee ELNSON, «510% sels mnin’d< sisia ae nine loelarsinis oidltsin wegen aes
ee 14 J.C. Whitten ..
a 18 W. P. Harned..
id 23 S. H. Elkins.. Gi oae
Nov 6 | To Warrant No. 521 on Farmers’ Institute Fund
ae 6 ByiGe WielW Auers sectiec cece ese.
es 6 iO. Moore: eons
ae 6 John R. Kirk....
es 14 Wale HOward cnc0s
Bs 15 | Di Ward King... s0....
us 18 | NER, MOR MT vilee canteen sonion seers bee cneemneae. i
om 22 | Torefund from Burlington Railroad half fare eee
Le@twNrErs:. 645 sosseos Baodoue
oe 24 By A. J. Detweiler ............
cs 24 AOR AN Mihir Coty eee SAP Rap a7 CCH POC SO OCT OOCOSD RIEL See
= 26 MOB ITCArhGlas, cle nota eesmeatisre vce masedembte asics AAT ESS
rae 26 INS see LEA MEO; 21> ore eisteine se x’o irampata wieinie's nid nebo wherein taisiaip peisiarels | ve/ele Saree teres
sid 28 ae i PLIGG asec rs cei BE OOO a te HO Ee See ON Renee mae one
yh 28 Wa LOW ATE coca sy ee Pe ese ae AI HIn re bravala ichoin: = at oecall Riu einen Garam
ah 28 | Dr. MONE PUREE 2 ce suas cis nat eBioaae tk oro et ck ar eee
ne 28 SL Wie WV SELLS a wiandiw sion Mi srw telalelatd'e aiu's’ chins his iaiwie(eicte oie reratritate ner ee eesicieeaenl
A so Baw = Olothier una le totes Meter dese sues sewecncsseeelee nen ekinete
oe 29 D. Ward King.. wal ei eaieteere BGO OE UCSC ODODE Cc) aeainon | ect ncdcnoe hrs
REPORT OF SECRETARY.
SEORETARY’S ACCOUNT—Continued.
Date. Name. | Dr | Cr.
Dec. 3 Agee NGM Searet ee acciciee icesmucers Miscacniwo|mes vacances $75 90
‘be 3 8. ADELE Siclntatemtaturactstenr tee cteretace ja Naa Toca a! siete a o's alsvelll a Potente ores 5 00
ie 4 G. MN. Tucker a HISDNES AE RECO OSOLICONCU ODS AAC cares | areieect Sncteart 6 44
sé en i eee ee ert See cube ailene-aln nidalbieierale’rin’s\6,Wnuele ea asd el hymn oes Aaa ee 1 5?
“i 5 Wa MarerbinoranningClncesake tssecrecccscacaceies cause |lteesiie c aanats 14 03
a 9 O. H. Eckles Sedawicls nee conistinies vane nt ee’ Aisieuisiblelacsic wate! [seine ware Seaeete 11 17
as en a ee ee Pe ae edhe ia elnlegcinis ag Aibie alopcy stein 6ic'a.e.0 [it enamels Sid anja ma 50 00
ve 12 | To refund from D. Ward SCITLE AG conndoR OOD SeeDarmeS aboot $30 00 ‘
ses 12 By balance. ....... St SECURE COD ROTOR pieiaaaone Oar Sat biccis cen ROPE 172 03
$2,829 47 2,829 47
BUTTERINE FUND.
War. :
Date Ne. Name. Dr: Cr.
1901.
Theo" Sl Rae Ae PRO Hal aS rset terse tier arias oias owie nia nie aie Seine eet wien $286 66
1902. ;
Je Aopen DOME USED LOM ares seis eiatelsisisins sais oiccie isin geeiele oprranie : 200 00
i 362 ES Ve WO ed Kem VAC CHES AN craras (olisicreiote Pl ous siys oiatet soca sels wale/alserriliiasos sto are ela ee $55 00
We 363 CEPAR NCO tars cigaeissnee cece eceeeMie oa. Wtowe ca sicatones 1 00
ze 364 GeIMUIMRGhe ner ecec clin sencaericn cecumaneie Sees iass cle liielastetd 15 90
a 365 DONATES WialRTAS OM: «.</0:cleceieisinovais.eie eve s\a'=\bjeisicis) ovalsjetsi|leroretele,sieiave versie 59 15
es 366 ©: Humphrey. -.-..- {ROSAS ocad dos aeasps cose 4 Seeeonoas Gade 5 00
os 367 Flee Hs a Steers cont cls cre ease es esterase A oeteeieton [mentees oeleanets 15 00
Webs, 1 |... .j--.- SROMRCCMISLOLOM salrelo ee cictreciem aie elsiclele cine ose diokard Toca aston 200 00
ae 368 | ES VER UD EALNES: oteeto tare craincaotrahcoisie ee lemietel tinier ave uiceralatofellittaveie-etosie/e M cietes 111 50
" 362 ERAT WOOO Mace oh, claitiactiovela(sralsraiareimaiaice lattes taleie, Al eotectee gic iets aie 58 75
isu DB |Zexn,.-- PROPREU UI SLOLOMT etivic attics a cinielereiersterate olemie es cinvasicioiernnimrereets 200 00
aS 370 By John H. Ei Gtre ee ae ate eee eek os. ee ee 62 65
sf 371 DeWint OALCOD eccancscics(cciacers cisisisles wide sarclel. 6 35 00
ee 372 DOUNGELS BWI SONA oacarcesecin can veminenie wastes eae oeeiwra arenes Sere 48 00
PEI et))| sarerele no - OME (MIS LULOlnatrantcte meine aaietsnenielisaleccumiser nicer cities 200 00
ES 373 lewlclcclé ty JHE Learn ipod genase soaaeth ear eae cuneanr nbanneaesrccs 10 96
de 374 UR oY COREL EM tc cara croton. tercinisyeiaietetedeiaisrovcurte wis wlal lpiesoiers fale einiclaveis 51 15
Ss 375 CarUGeHInT GhSi. ccc ccc SAE eee CIE icles Meecae re erononEe 98 00
os 376 HrankoY COMA. so siee cies vee Dyess lo Rrasernr otal niaicaaterare | parevers ereeree 6 53 00
af 377 ROD) Wis: 22. SCG) PiSShodesucde Snecedccool ssoedandnoace 90 00
he 378 Toland G2 oR ALITA SIC (1 C Mp Selny ee nme ed a a 52 00
AED! |ss et 0' - TOMEECUISLULOM teenies cist eiscincisienls sities onl Sepnararcine Soren’ 200 00
as 379 ES Varad WV sets OPRIL OT crcralelasatatela> claret iarerareie vane atorainomreteisiasintlleisir's elelst siciavsien 25 00
-: 380 Pranic VY COMA: «cs saccstcsesccsticcs Ae eea arn eiaetellinwis wainemereoteis 54 50
Lg 381 VOR S SWVC AIT SOM cyareteraca aitiorstore,srye 0 =. saecdatele sioiete elles diese siwelee 53 30
x 382 POLE OW alin SONY. orscels cle aiicme noamiaeie saticidllesmacicccls. okie 37 &0
id 383 ORANMPRREYS sxc secwcwiesse cacieie tcomntae nes cullemase robecanee 20 00
s 384 Wie Ee VV ISOs a cot ey sasemenicetsiserestadea false sc es ee aae 50 ov
RUMEN \ecic'ein'ns, To requisition......... BO Cee AHncHGO NAA Oe aoe dome ne 500 00
e 385 Bye UD RII S arcicce tare crete erelore colori ne sjeleraletelein ayetate call eres Are 162 00
ns 386 Gari Hin rl Cnsteccrntescs selmeetie aie aos n secs ee CIR Eee noe 82 00
ved 387 ODDS Ele Wh Ana OMeteiste ahs eaeiesiele citon eictareteistoh it nal Pielelemetele: ava siriat 55 60
be 388 Hira nk Vieoniane oi cas senescence AmocaaoDe Sea adllace. lonadencoss 54 00
July 5 389 RNAV Vie g COATGEID cenctcterefine ciytiscieiscnieyaie eiolaemie aieteicke creteis sil matcints asiaonuh ae , 15 00
te 390 HERA PVEOMAM: sons) cases deco av oe cue civsiadistoeaice| hsiviesioen's peasy 52 50
My 39 SimiihiPremior Ly pewriter OO. - ccc recn'e sisi sieicols sis oisie ste 3 25
es 392 Aerial ee Vib lah ecw) agbegadddesctas i aaucccndere Scencaonaneee. 53 20
J/.Ay oS It Beeesete IROMMEG IS) HOM cnciceu acme ace naltienticc cies eee ners damneeas 200 00
Pg 393 leva hip ica (Ge mCinisngasdaccde Os dee abn spac saeco lSoadcdpaseccar 54 00
His 394 SEER ES INKS ase ceein oeicctioe scr Rafat coher lengioce aA eepeeenee 7 50
= 395 MOD Nig Hi WLS OM acai ec costsscmnscinertae cee salleaccenecwe ame 56 35
Sept. 5 396 HPA se VCOMTM IN t-te eelaarvetcs cisiacsewacttoste eonlenwamblelesihaa nen 54 00
397 Tolayael sf Vili iteifetstoy ele Seo aadaam a ococaesan ass qe hoe POueOUABe ones 54 75
POV 66) |ixaic 20:0. SROUMCOAIS LULOM none aae is emetansinlaiosinisine ack cas 200 00
es 398 BYAMUAM KS NiCOMI AN ca acco arcs cerer cela cs uiclomeishaatte caicmilitecisictew se Usa 30 00
ag 399 FROMM EL ee VOLT SO Tle = orse Ok pirciccemcietebe acm ote rettanarais lien ca ueainen cies 108 25
oe 400 ESSE eB Sine aten chee ctecits accleteacars ioral Sate cloves stain ME Wetrensie eigenen © 48 00
DGC.e 6: ||.s05/..... Rp TEM MASCOT, Speak te ceraints eaistentelaysvcrae Metaneaateraste bios tbe 200 00
3s 401 SY eters WN CHIME LDA SUMII 8 feis.< axe ttassinreteset one crnbenere ok er aer: liste etesele/etoinrcvee’s 53 10
Ze Se aie ace POE ICRO DCO LDOC Coro nie arn On oon panecaneoeer 381 46
$2,386 66 $2, 386 66
MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
STATE VETERINARY FUND.
Date. | Mime Name.
—
1901. |
Ses il cole clviasat
1902.
Te 9s 9 Pa ase
aN 1248
2S 1249
“| 1250
ts 1251
Se 1252
oe 1253
oH 1254
He 1255
aS 1256
“th 1257
TH e1 6 tapas Un Ae eee
Pe | 1258
oe | 1259
oS Ae eae
an 1261
re | = eee
SMe | 1963
ae | 1264
“3 | 1265
WEES | soeitras
| 1266
ee | 1267 Dr. E. J. Netherton
=f 1268 JeSSOURODALUS senectesiscesen 2
‘. 1269 E. F. Ammerman .
sia | 1270 Minnie Lee Blackwell...
“ty | 127i B. F. Milstead
aa | 1272 oi bee ONS rn ecogesacaacc
; | 1273 D. F, Luckey..... ae
APT 2 |e lease To requisition....... ... 2
ue | 1274 Boyne RE BATISS eeielrc sens
ae 1275 JESSO RODaArGS)....s.e>.
‘5 1276 Minnie Lee Blackwell.
2 1277 E. W. Stephens. .....
ie 1278 He We OBrien ccsces
y 1278 B. F. Milstead.........
a. 1280 ieee elem Gliy, seeesisteneerets
a 1281 Fr. O. Sawyer Paper Co.
ty 1282 N. H. Gentry........
+ 1283 D. F. Luckey.........
a 1284 E. F. Ammerman .......
ie ; 1285 Sree Elkins rece meee ese e's
Aes a ee Mo requisttion-c.) ii. soceuine cesen-eshs
: 1286
ES 1287
3 1288
1289
i 1290
a 1291
June 2 1292
. 1293
“i 1294
of 1295
Oe 206
a ly) 1297
=) 1208
‘« | 1299
be 1300
Aa 1301 De He uk ey sso.
‘s | 1302
a 1303
yi 0 ial cape e
oe | 1304
oy | 1305
“‘¥ | 1306
July 5] 1307
vf } 1308
ay | 1309 |
Be Fe 1310)
he | 18h
Ane. 1 [68 See
A 1312
1313
aS | 1314
Ag 1315
i | 1316
é HP rainerG scene sence. SOUR OCRODOSCOTICDOLEHG? lsmemineiOCicsncic
A No) GeO hin dass jane cocdoasoomoncorponus ADesocassos 1,000 00
"POMPRIANCAsene ea) on Hor ain cates «/aivacntessle sents oie siete ee S36
Aways defo plsy iil Ser acon dnp oomapoaciac -icoondruntos canes
By Minnie Lee Blackwell........ dl de oe Maps Mere
BeUWi OO DTG ne: cace secs omnstate nonone aaleryencniele
We Meena y sccccce eipercs Schaisle named as meee
ivatie OAPTONAS. 5c oe ens a one seve eclsiete mercies
see eee eee
eee ewes
Atop oli sist Caner pote ee aarocododroSeocmocosmerel |:
Gesde MObATGS: 5s.) vile enter BE ontaoke lacwetec eee
JOSCOHUBEUSEL. ceoceccccccesese ce ameceres coocccos
Dh. Guckey ...-.- soocopaToonc Aaa OOD po Omer.
RAE KOPN G0) dean og dsohanontises aocececoMaUCconeb:
sc ce ascot eces
By Minnie bee Black wellce cess -csceemeaclene (nis:
VIRRIKM Rare Eee beens ces seater. momen
1D) dS Iv A Ganon neboocoduandboooocannccadne ace
BIESSO ECO MILES cla oicicierels eter mie cote wiaie we sisteeln eiatcianisietets
WW LOB rionitascen foc ctes once at oaa clare cere
Ue IGE IEING ses ctrats Se sion, eiecwisis ete cieieeicte miner
Mere eBlaAckwell)sosomcct tn wee emam ere cnee een ceios
FSG AIMOORO? seis o sacle alc lolaniore cimte Sree ara ae
Wyckoit, Seamens & Benedict ...... .... ee.
By eI SbemGesien sccm cies sc ce ecm siatersierne
MCATEeSter TimmbeEriOOs sercie cence cieias betentee
PONMSEWVOM Paper OOsncwceccccs ons ttccaeces
iD teal bute) ath eA encoabor Looe d0Ce Shareicon sbooNC
Colunbia Telephone Co..... SEDO RE ISBOAIROU Te
Ll Gag sre WR) RE ne Onaens an OO UC OUR mete sano LLe
ec nnenn Soeeeveeececeses
ec nen COR Feces
ae eee eee
see e eres weet
ee
SA HCAS canine a octet cies Soa leas eaeces Seclete ma
PESIS RODATUS seat oeiewacee weewsne SOO eC:
Minnie Lee Blackwell. ........cscccssseses coos
eee
DP das We OONNO Wa yenstersdc cs. rece ens
ME BIaClcwellcc. vecwen. rea whess our Memeu rents
Syypoe spyyS. eee
ask
SSSSHES ELSSSSES SSSSHNSSSSS
Besack
or
SS8
SSRSHRSERSSSSSUSSES SSZSAKRASSSSS
ci)
Sw~S8urBaon
—
SSSSVew~S
me wo
SaanSr
bt tt
SCHWHMNOS
~
—
le]
w
46 65
REPORT OF SECRETARY.
STATE VETERINARY FUND—Continued.
Dec.
53
Name.
SRE UIS ULONI Eo cisiets otctelcloniateie aha ~ ce cisindrerieie stan@lejele averse
BysMinmilebiee Baek wellcg cence stelsniciehieeinicicweissree &
Sis a pls bay eilsisietelsla(niniainis niscetw & eisie/aiatuieietae
Missouri Statesman.
D. F. Luckey
Jesse Robards
E. F. Ammerman
itn 18351 Bon deqonde
S. H. Elkins
aa G) wiMOOre!.. 0. ewes
Torequisition: s-.2.<.cccsces :
By Jesse Robards
Pacific Express Co... .
R. C. M
ee i
ars
ee ee
wer eeee
Veneer eee
BU LOWEN poGcacaccadasceroea :
To requisition ....... Sees sis eieieistee ese Sane adeCOCgOESeae
Rive) Spent C ROY Nats oe occ crsicree cles ayelofatalereielerale yieteie, sielaie
R. B. Love.
R. 0. Moore
Jesse Robards
F. W. O’Brien
Lyman D. Brown............ Salveisiiasoansweumeaes
INGOTS ED ON 5 Riorays omiciarsaisinnc Stale oclaie cecinmadtea stents
MinniemWeehBlackiwelltscsscesens o-cseseceaeccce
Momequisibioniassassscsce cue secscceeerscene BOAR amb Ee
VIBRATO VC rcmicice acacia eater toes beemnae
Nora K.
E. F. Ammerman
FUL OPO OR Gisela eo vsiowsietcleisice st ic alsisvolere(evssinia cave cine store
Jesse Robards.,..... So0ccob oe
D. F. Luckey
BALAN COtaaeneemidon sinc necice cee ce cistern ec oeiests
Cece mew recat Osh ener COC Oees eres eusneee
a
Dy:
Pee eee Beene
ee
ee
see eveee
ee ry
Ce i aia
ee
«| seer eee eenene
seer ee ewe
i i iy
$8,477 30
1,074 49
| $8,477 3)
54
MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT,
.
SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
Distribution of Annual Report Fund.
1902. Dr. ir
Jat 1s.--|| LO DRLANCO ON APPLOpriavlOlinss.s vase ces Maes eens costes Anacr. $150 00
By VOUCHErSIPRIGideasa<osa encisasciees degiaess eee eee eee anaes Raletatciees $150 00
$150 00 $150 00
Monthly Crop Report Fund
1902. Dr. Cr.
aS sells ee) “POW AIANCE ch seiawakinclcaecisiele’s a'siayeletn mcalaie’ steve See tee Weise $106 12
DALANCS On APPLOPLIA tl Ones caicvicawetaciotncisia .olaeislaleenee 800 00
By vouchers paid ........-..... SPH a Bobet] Seocriaanococe: $773 89
Dec. 6 balance with our treasurer. aoc ataesciate Coan ace Sites ila <caculee ak em 132 23
$906 12 $906 12
Expense of Members’ Fund.
1902. Dr. Or.
Da. laste | hk On ORLA COnscsoenes doacos rues vee $199 27
Moe Wa sian balance on appropriation . 600 00
BY vouchers pada ssessese tose ae $628 96
Dee, 6... balance with our treasurer............. waite srerelateerate 420 31
$1,049 27 $1,049 27
Office Expense Fund
1902 IDS Cr
Jan. 1 id Woys) of: VEY 0 (61: NRE er Oo NAS en ne EME ner re cS An Race $136 34
39 balance on appropriation .................. caida eiteretern ects 500 00
BY SVOUCHELS ill Gerais niece areictera etalaiepieralaieiatolavelatats oterernralsitetelelai|uiaratels at=eelecaterets $429 85
Dec. 6.. balance with our treasurer.......... See Lle ussielotenieleterel| etelaleceh eee aaa 206 49
$636 34 $636 34
Farmers’ Institute Fund.
1902 Dr. Cr,
Jane 1 OVD ALANICG waa aa siecle oselelelsnie Sanna tats isecnia Melatarentaleee $691 37
a DAlANCEONIAPPLOPUIA DON. \s'0) 5:01 ni0's)s.cielalanlsinis's/el>'siele\nlelsr=ia 4,000 00
By VOUCHERS I a1G) eaecrcceccistes eerie BS watoweat ioc cline 5 cena [metetoim wictel cutee $4,036 47
Dec. 6 balance with OUP trOASULCE: Ve6e ao rececesncens, esvice> Ragone sR 654 90
$4,691 37 $4, 691 37
State Veterinary Fund.
1902. Dr. Or
Jane Ls. TOMD MULAN CG sos w etert a aciesieianaccinje otia\s a 'niastalels'siccatnsle wie stow sles eres $377 30
Co see balance ON APPTOPTiatioN .......eeeeeeeee vescseecsersees 8,100 00 ¥
BY. VOUGD ENS AIG sec cells wialewit= teicle rice cncisetsis vianivcie siximeie) || Peiviv apie ie Saele $7, 4023
DCC, Bs balance With OUL TLCASTULOR one cece ccc ccecccecreccivc walls oo secee secs 1,074)
$8, 477 $3,4
Butterine Fund.
1902 Dr Or
Jan. 1 TO DAVATICO) cccatoaap ase nual ae sesiets i Ctmpr cee Re Se eee $286 66
sad Halance ON APPropriation occ csecccec, ces cvevnawessr sees 2,100 00 .
BY VOUCHETS Paldes cell. vee cncvdens) sccec sweet cve: | ceiscivci cm Sec 32,005 20
Dec. 6 balance with Our treasurer, ....ccseeeee sseeees sitter ul ena ieieastess 381 46
$2,386 66 $2,386 66
REPORT OF TREASURER. 5
TREASURER’S REPORT.
To the State Board of Agriculture:
Distribution of Annual Report Fund.
Date. | Dr. Or.
1902.
April 2....| To State warrant...-.... ......ceeee.. cece ese eecceee sisiaisiafeiaiay $150 00 a
By vouchers paid and returned....... .....--eeseeeeeeee|--- Be Aes) «cine $150 00
$150 00 $150 00
Monthly Crop Report Fund.
1902.
eel ee) LOMDAIENCE. «coc scc ccs costae SOC COTROU CO ROCIO nOLTInMOCC ODOC En eicTc $106 12
April 2... STAULOMW AEE ALG Hea acee ee eiierec ce risteceeienciersisicieimatecinacre 100 00
aY duce ss BS ac ctejste Sibrstateie aeinaaratsio asim eratetarate Sdeocsc60ner 100 00
June 2... se smalecn anes atures a uccoprdeteeare SS aoboadeee 100 00
ciple! 85 Bae ety Se ent haan Seawetitte Me Meme caaratee sentiaiets 100 00
a eS Se mt | BAM ciota sine totale ae Cieiin atateiea atclomrecaa tase ete aieteniete 100 00
Oct: 3... pes aes TER comers Se Sabian ho staebiey atens eae Nes ae 100 00
Nov. 6... Serato acecasis dhaeens ase eS oda ea eiere slain Mela tareictere 100 00
Deen 62... JETS nao o cog anoL dances Soon boicoatcrn Bare 100 00
By vouchers paid and returned...... SaprieralSoTarete a ale atela bobs | crete rata’ sto! xia evetors $773 89
Dec. 6.. Punt oceocdoodnoh acess Scien ate ee een bisioteiniotsiorsunscrallideioinia Bslaistcieveter 132 23
$906 12 $906 12
Expense of Members’ Fund.
1902.
Jan. 1....| To balance..... Dofraecte sistem eres tele vererufe ie veretera teste) otate ofalere Soedaonoooc $449 27
Heb: 1.2. State warrant.... ‘ 100 G0
Aug. 1... os = 200 00
Oeth a... aS é 100 00
Dee. 6... oe 2U0 00
By vouchers paid ciiys | ietini delet WC oncsoeeshdouladcauoun||| age copeeuoS $628 96
Dec. 6.... PMlAN CS Mes rcicscseee (lee amen Sess he se seae ewes aonanen 420 31
$1,049 27 $1,049
Office Expense Fund.
J ot T
ibs Uncodl | ite ea Netee seo soe saandodcde a8 ssncodocpsoc0dca0 moogsocodoDaeae 136 34
Mch. 5... SUMLCNWALT AI. icc camcoe siecle cn cad wicninn cia at eislsieveiesisieieeetarciess e800
uly. 5... Np Me RMR oO tye isttcleai civic sietasieslee eeieinls Sota het see 100 00
Eth arcs ss aja late lsvaratoversia maiaralatatutals cleisvers/nleisiete(eldlcr’arolsvaley=/a(er> 100 00
Nov. 6... SN a Mes ee reas saretina ciate nebionercone renee Renin 100 00
Wecy 6..< oy. Le Seeoneion beac cacmonsectbee cestoacoen SSC oOe 100 00
By vouchers paid and returned ealets a AerBoad OnecDoOnso ase Hox AoooBensons $429 85
[ee GES Ae nace cGodbOnoo DOCRCOceS Ae Te poe. Ageuce Dac Sal lnocenconrcssa 206 49
$636 34
$636 34
56
MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Farmers’ Institute Fund.
Date | Dr Cr.
1902.
Jan. @....| To balance,” .....- Rate eae tale arate Site trio's wiaiataie et cieinioveicrmisiarerorsloaielais/ $691 37
Mch. 5.. TUN ie tA GOO AID ODOCTCOODO abide. COURLC COC COSLGEOOODS 200 00
April 2... SO RE BOEOUe Sooocsoe sisiatete ios uepnicsreteiahateeitatsl tele 200 00
BY) Secs Sint Ml Miictcices sla rltareiuia'e! Nolateliejo(elsiaie sale hoWineieicisvewieiviere isarc 500 00
TX de ae ee bt he nce kare See ina cinerea nattocrenctine cea 1,000 00
Sept. 5... SE A als cletete aicisiateioraniarcinia ciclo lotwveloee = Seem onino mio temas 1,000 00
OCG orcs (OPT, eee AP Hen bac MOdCC Sons Cam ncoD ACS DOCON COED! 500 00
Nov. 6... UE 8 Sitarara atarnvororhelgerwteinrclaten ewes cveetare Siete (eats wae era 600 00
Dee; 16... By vouchers paid and returned... ... 2... .2.00cc ccc ss. lececccscncs oad $4,036 47
OBL AN CO sere oye arciomrnvoictele(sate alorela elainieet or ipaate wu neie ei facaavetelell late esays ale arataietetats 654 90
$4,691 37 $4,691 37
SECRETARY’S ACCOUNT.
1901.
DBC UTcees ||| DOM ASIN GE. nace) ccielseeldeewle cies vitae civisechete sacalaeie erelale seinen) eiclan $261 26
1902.
Mar. 11.. GEDOSIE DY GEO yb ngH Se ae isciaicternctols/eelaletalsistectariaieielels/ sie) late 1 00
Aug. 23.. warrant No. 514 on farmers’ institute fund............ 1,000 00
Oct. 3. wrrrant No. 519 on farmers’ institute fund............ 1,000 00
Nov. 6.. warrant No. 521 on farmers’ institute fund.. ........ 500 00
Nov. 22.. refund from Burlington R. R. half fare ins. lecturers. 37 21
Dec. 12 MOLINE TOUT: WiALG KM: ceslesinisicu sence cs esececiae boc 30 00
IBvACHOCKS al glanGd TODUENOC vec. ciceidsns/2 cee cisaeieie =| ete AgeaaC Oe $2,657 44
Dec. 16.. DALANICEY cine cecacs sisielcw ouib.. clare Sholeisraxeterotoee late aaere dteg ate chall Setasteem ee ieeios 172 03
$2,829 47 $2, 829 47
State Veterinary Fund.
1902.
RU UTES se M’erotetet| LOO DIDARTN CO yet 0 felarnrereielerererareialere ete olf rere oinrererolatelefeivicisie(cinisivisionsis Kot $377 30
Jan. 3... State warrant..... slatoiatetolele SOOO NEA CC ac 1,000 00
Feb. 1... ee eee Re 500 00
Mar. 5.. st ‘ Bone Bah fe 1,000 00
April 2... wy one = 500 00
May 3... RS Gd jefe = 500 00
iby. << ee Daren o viele owelsta cease Meee Scue sf 1,000 00
Aug. 1... JW oar beb okunotedapucacoosAeeee 1,000 00
Sept. 5... me we 500 00
Octin: Bie Eh’ PGE) aaa clocny sieeie - 500 00
Nov. 6.. SSeS GHA OOMaNe Hse. coos ocaense, coUbdobe e's 1,000 00
Dec. 6.. Dee Dh roc cori, Oeecicto er ROOT a TINCIIO, tose 600 00
By VOUCHers paid ANG TECUTGEd: nae oa ancicisiele ys ceeieisecleelleeieieeenimeniatal $7,402 81
Dec. 6.. AVG CO irc cicecinseceea ta sales. uvlenivie cacnec clolnane nace | nese eee 1,074 49
$8,477 30
$8, 477 30
Biden
REPORT OF TREASURER.
Butterine Fund.
t
~
$2,005 20
381 46
Dr. Cr.
MOND BANC Give aie'a:c cle ciclo s Bales c cleats Caled oe" leiutslals ersia(cleielvclecioeis c's cele dic $286 66
SEATS WATT tr avec clers weianieieicietue cisteosieres axeciaiMalere 200 00
- i L-icuidaeicene ie ccesectasiaiel Ae ahete . 200 00
ee BNI -1neP Vel ctareralnictare icrevelsta(eretsle einige loi) ‘se 200 00
ee é2 200 00
3 She 200 00
Oy ieeorsks eeeccie ciatatetvinciaretelaicine sieve ots 500 00
Nodes Uphee hr Scere a aiaaieeuee niet ine Se were 200 00
os oc boo bGuconsaeate! aadabdo Aor : : 200 00
ss eae tah Cavaralesaiatstorsian aia essen eh Srontaiere 5 200 00
EV EV OIMCHE LST) SIC a atatsielars ereiciainialacies miata’ eisiatstatatnte atelers “i[a'e Siiabat tae See
DALANGER Tenkeee ceiewies.e Vacca SGSRRO RE GOdO DAI MibOrtidd pa bon Gusonates
$2,386 66
$2,386 66
Respectfully submitted,
H. H. Banks,
‘Treasurer.
A REVIEW OF THE WEATHER AND CROP CONDITIONS OF
THE YEAR 1902—BY MONTHS.
(From the Annual Summary of the Missouri Section, Climate and Crop
Service of the U. S. Weather Bureau, A. E. Hackett, Director.)
JaNnuary.—Up to the 20th the month of January, 1902, was excep-
tionally mild and pleasant, the temperature averaging from 5 to over IO
ciegrees per day above the normal, but during the last decade the weather
was cold and stormy. A prominent feature of the month was the cold
wave which overspread the State on the 26th, causing a very rapid fall in
termperature, in some localities exceeding 40 degrees in 24 hours. The
mean temperature of the month for the State was 30.1 degrees, which is
practically normal. ‘The highest local monthly means, 36.0 degrees, oc-
curred at Gayoso, and the lowest, 24.8 degrees, at Maryville. The highest
temperature recorded during the month was 72 degrees, at Dean and Po-
tosi, on the oth, and lowest, 32 degrees below zero, at Bethany, on the 27th.
The average number of days with minimum temperature below 32 degrees’
was 27. Over a few of the extreme southeastern counties, and also in a
few localities in the southwest section, the precipitation of the month,
practically all of which fell during the last twelve days, was slighty in
excess of the normal, but over a large portion of the State there was a
marked deficiency, many of the northern and western counties receiving
less than 1 inch. The average precipitation for the State was 1.23 inches,
or 0.81 inch below the normal. The greatest local monthly precipitation
was 6.31 inches, at Gayoso, and the least, .28 inch, at Sarcoxie. The snow-
fall of the month ranged from Io to 14 inches over portions of the central
and northern sections, but over most of the southern counties it did not
exceed 2 inches. During the first 19 days of the month there was prac-
tically no precipitation, and, the ground being bare, wheat suffered to some
extent from both drouth and freezing, but as a rule the damage was not
great. In many of the western counties the condition of the crop was much
above the average. During the last ten days of the month frequent snows
afforded ample protection, except in portions of the southern sections,
where the precipitation was in the form of rain and sleet, which covered
the fields with a heavy coating of ice. Stock water continued very scarce
in places, and in some counties there was complaint of a scarcity of feed.
In the central and southern sections considerable plowing was done dur-
ing the fore part of the month.
WEATHER AND CROPS. 59
Fresruary.—The month of February averaged decidedly colder than
usual throughout the State, the deficiency in temperature ranging from
5 degrees in the northwest section to 7 degrees in the central and south-
west sections. The coldest period was from the 2d to the 5th, when the
daily mean temperatures ranged from 18 to 25 degrees below the normal.
The mean temperature of the month for the State was 24.0 degrees, 5.9
degrees below the normal. The highest local monthly mean, 31.6 degrees,
cecurred at Gayoso, and the lowest, 18.6 degrees, at Maryville. The high-
est temperature recorded during the month was 72 degrees, at Gayoso, on
the 28th, and the lowest, 17 degrees below zero, at Fulton, on the 3d, and
Montreal on the 15th. The average number of days with minimum tem-
perature below 32 degrees was 25. Over the greater part of the south-
west section and the southern counties of the southeast section the precipi-
tation of the month ranged from 2 to over 3 inches, exceeding the normal
over a considerable portion of the southwest section, but over the north-
ern portion of the State it was unusually light, most of the northern
counties receiving less than 1 inch. The average precipitation for the
State was 1.50 inches, or 0.72 inch below the normal. The greatest local
monthly precipitatior was 3.17 inches, at Mt. Vernon, and the least, .14
inch, at St. Joseph. Over the northern portion of the State the snowfall
- was also unusually light, few stations reporting a total of more than 3
inches, but over nearly all of the southwest section and the southern coun-
ties of the southeast section it was exceptionally heavy, the total for the
month ranging from 8 to 15 inches. Over the larger portion of the State
the ground was well covered with snow until the 22d, and in some sec-
tions during the entire month, affording ample protection to winter wheat,
which was generally reported in good condition, except in some of the
southern counties and in a few localities in the northeast section. The
melting snows, together with the moderately heavy rains which fell in the
southern and eastern sections on the 27th and. 28th, materially increased
the supply of stock water in those sections, and in some counties streams
and ponds were filled to overflowing.
Marcu.—The mean temperature of March, for the State, was 45.3
degrees, or 3.5 degrees above the normal. Unseasonably cold weather
prevailed on the 17th and 18th, the temperature falling to near zero in por-
tions of the central and northern sections, but during the greater part of
the month the weather was quite mild. The highest local monthly mean,
50.8 degrees, occurred at Gayoso, and the lowest, 40.0 degrees, at Mary-
ville. The highest temperature recorded was 85 degrees, at DeSoto on
the 10th, and the lowest, 1 degree, at Maryville and Conception on the
17th. The average number of days with minimum temperature below 32
degrees was 10. Over many of the northern counties, and also over the
60 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
southern portion of the southeast section, the precipitation was consider-
ably below the normal amount, some localities in the northwest section
receiving less than I inch, but over nearly all of the east-central, central
and southwestern counties there was an excess, a majority of those coun-
ties south of the Missouri river receiving from 4 to over 6 inches. The
average precipitation for the State was 3.49 inches, 0.11 inch above the
normal. The greatest local monthly precipitation was 7.67 inches, at
Mt. Vernon, and the least, .46 inch, at St. Joseph. A heavy fall of very
wet snow occurred over portions of the central and western sections on
the 29th, but elsewhere very little snow fell during the month. Except in
some of the southern counties, where heavy rains kept the ground too wet
to work, the weather was generally favorable for farming operations and
for the growth of grains and grasses. Although in some of the northern
counties the precipitation was exceptionally light, there was generally suf-
ficient for the time being, though a considerable portion of the State did
not receive enough to thoroughly saturate the subsoil. In a majority of
the central and northern, and also in many of the southern counties, the
bulk of the oat crop was sown, with the soil in good condition, but in por-
tions of the southern sections the ground was too wet for seeding. In
some districts the acreage was considerably reduced owing to the scarcity
and high price of seed. Considerable gardening was done, many early po-
tatoes were planted, and much plowing done for corn. In a few of the
central and western counties a little corn was planted. Some flax was _
sown in the southwestern, and a few melons were planted in the southeast-
ern counties. Ina few localities in the northern and eastern sections wheat
suffered to some extent from lack of moisture, but in most counties the
crop was reported as looking well, and in many its condition was much
above the average. Clover was reported in good condition in some locali-
ties, but in many counties it was almost completely killed out by the drouth
of Ig01. Grasses started well, as a rule, and in some districts afforded con-
siderable feed by the close of the month. In some of the extreme south-
ern counties early peaches were in bloom at the close of the month and
promised a good crop, but elsewhere practically all of the buds had been
killed.
Aprit.—From April Ist to 17th cool weather prevailed throughout
the State, with frequent frosts, but during the last decade of the month the
days were much warmer, though the nights continued cool. The month,
as a whole, averaged slightly cooler than usual, the mean temperature for
the State being 53.9 degrees, or 1.5 degrees below the normal. The high-
est local monthly mean, 59.8 degrees, occurred at Gayoso, and the lowest,
50.0 degrees, at Maryville. The highest temperature recorded was 95
degrees, at Oregon on the 20th, and the lowest, 19 degrees, at Edwards
WEATHER AND CROPS. 61
on the 8th. The average number of days with minimum temperature be-
low 32 degrees was 2 in the southwest section, 3 in the southeast section,
and 5 in the central and northern sections. The precipitation of the month,
the greater part of which fell during the last decade, was unevenly dis-
tributed and generally deficient. Over small areas in the southern and
central sections the total for the month ranged from 4 to over 6 inches,
but many of the northern and western counties received less than 2 inches,
and in some localities there was less than 1 inch. The average precipita-
tion for the State was 2.66 inches, or 0.98 inch below the normal. The
greatest local monthly precipitation was 7.13 inches at Eldon, and the least
.72 inch at Maryville. A light fall of-snow occurred over portions of the
northern sections on the 3d, the greatest depth, 3.0 inches, being reported
at Fairport. The weather during April was exceptionally favorable for
the rapid progress of farm work, but the low temperature and deficient
precipitation greatly retarded the growth of vegetation. During the
last decade of the month, however, the weather became warmer, and good
showers fell in most sections, resulting in a marked improvement in the
condition of all growing crops, although in portions of the northern sec-
tions, where the rainfall was lightest, high, drying winds offset to a
considerable extent the good effects of the increased warmth and moist-
ure. Very heavy rains occurred in some of the central and southern
counties on the 25th, 29th and 30th, washing corn fields badly, and wind
and hailstorms did considerable damage to fruit and gardens in some
localities. frosts were of frequent occurrence up to the roth, but no
serious damage resulted, vegetation not being advanced sufficiently to
be injured. Oat sowing was practically completed by the roth, early
gardens were made and potatoes planted, and corn planting progressed
favorably with the soil in good condition. Some farmers delayed plant-
ing for a time waiting for warmer weather, but by the close of the month
the work was well advanced in all sections. Germination was slow,
owing to the coldness of the ground, but by the 30th considerable corn
was up and cultivation had commenced. Flax was about all sown in
the southwestern counties by the 15th, and generally came up well, and
cotton planting progressed favorably in the extreme southeastern coun-
ties. Wheat and oats in the northern sections suffered from lack of
moisture during the middle of the month, and were also damaged to some
extent by high winds, but were revived by the showers during the last
decade, except in some of the extreme northwestern counties, where the
rainfall was too light to be of material benefit. In most of the central
and southern counties wheat continued in an exceptionally promising
condition, and oats did fairly well, though their growth was retarded by
the cool weather. Rye also did well and was heading by the close of
62 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
the month. Owing to the cool, dry weather, grasses were generally back-
ward, especially in-the central and northern sections, where pastures af-
forded but little grazing, and stock water continued very scarce in some
of the northern counties. Gardens were also backward, as a rule.
Cherry, pear and plum trees bloomed profusely in most sections, and
apples also gave promise of a fair to good crop, except in some of the
southern counties. In some of the extreme southern counties a good
peach crop was promised.
May.—The mean temperature of May, for the State, was 69.4 de-
grees, or 4.3 degrees above the normal. From the 26th to the 3oth the
weather was quite cool, light frosts occurring in some localities on the
28th, but during the remainder of the month the temperature was almost
continuously above the normal. The highest local monthly mean, 74.1
degrees, occurred at Poplar Bluff, and the lowest, 65.0 degrees, at Mary-
ville. The highest temperature recorded was 98 degrees, at Poplar Bluff
on the 25th, and the lowest, 39 degrees, at Ironton and Potoston the 28th.
Over the greater portion of the northwest and a considerable portion of
the southwest section the precipitation of the month exceeded the normal
by from 1 to over 4 inches, a number of stations in those sections report-
ing a total fall of from 6 to over 9 inches, while over the greater part of
the central and eastern sections there was a deficiency, portions of the
southeast section receiving less than half the- usual amount. The aver-
age precipitation for the State was 5.03 inches, which is practically nor-
mal. The greatest local monthly fall was 9.93 inches, at Wheatland,
and the least, 1.64 inches, at Marble Hill. Except in a few of the north-
ern and eastern counties, where the deficiency in precipitation retarded
the growth of oats, pastures and meadows, the weather conditions dur-
ing May, were, on the whole, very favorable to the farmer. Excessive
rains in some localities washed out considerable corn and flooded bottom
lands along the smaller streams, but the loss was insignificant compared
with the incalculable benefits resulting from the increase of moisture in
the soil and filling of ponds and streams. The temperature was gen-
erally favorable for plant growth, and, except in the few localities where
the rainfall was markedly deficient, all crops made rapid progress. Light
frost occurred in some localities in the northern sections on the 7th and
28th, but did no damage. While there was some loss by hailstorms in a
few counties, destructive local storms were less frequent than usual.
Corn came up to good stands and made good progress, though in some of
the central and western counties cultivation was retarded by rains during
the latter part of the month and many fields became quite weedy. In
many of the northern counties cut worms were destructive, especially on
sod ground, necessitating considerable replanting. Cotton, in the south-
WEATHER AND CROPS. 63
eastern counties, did well, as did also flax in the southwestern counties,
except in a few localities. Good rains in the northwestern counties dur-
ing the first week of the: month caused a marked improvement in the
wheat crop in that section and throughout the State the crop continued
unusually promising, although there was some complaint of rust and
lodging in the central and southern sections. Rye also did finely. Oats,
asa rule, made good growth and were heading by the close of the month.
In some of the northern, central and eastern counties the growth of
grasses was retarded by lack of moisture during a part of the month,
but toward the close there was a rapid improvement, though many of
the old meadows were reported very weedy. Millet and sorghum did
well, and gardens and potatoes were very fine. The outlook for the
apple crop, however, was not encouraging. In many of the central and
northern counties orchards that were not sprayed were defoliated by
caterpillars, and during the latter part of the month there was consider-
able complaint of dropping.
June.—Except in the southern portions of the State the month of
June averaged decidedly cooler than usual, the deficiency in temperature
being most marked in the northwest section, where it was about 5 de-
grees. During the first halt of the month the temperature was generally
above the normal, but during the latter half the weather was unseason-
ably cool, remarkably low temperatures for the last decade of June being
recorded on the 22d, with light frosts in localities in the northern and
eastern sections. The mean temperature of the month for the State,
70.9 degrees, is, with one exception (70.7 degrees in 1889), the lowest
June mean recorded during the past fifteen years, and at Oregon, Holt
county, it was the coolest June during the past forty-seven years. The
highest monthly mean, 75.4 degrees, occurred at Poplar Bluff, and the
lowest, 65.4 degrees, at Conception. The highest temperature recorded
was 100 degrees, at St. Charles on the r1th, and the lowest, 37 degrees,
at Edwards on the 22d. The average number of days with maximum
temperature above 90 degrees was 5. In a number of the west-central
counties, and also in a few of the extreme southeastern counties, the pre-
cipitation was deficient, but over much the greater portion of the State
there was a marked excess. The heaviest rains occurred in portions
of the central and southwest sections and along the northern border of
the State, the total for the month in those districts ranging from 8 to
over I2 inches, or from 4 to 8 inches in excess of the normal. The aver-
age precipitation for the State was 6.57 inches, 1.79 inches in excess of
the normal. The greatest local monthly precipitation was 12.55 inches,
at Mt. Vernon, and the least, 2.55 inches, at Lamonte. At Princeton
6.08 inches fell in nine hours and five minutes on the 27-28th, The un-
64 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
seasonably low temperature during the latter part of the month checked
the growth of corn and cotton to some extent, and heavy rains during the
last week seriously interfered with wheat harvest and caused some dam-
age to grain in shock, while excessive rains in localities resulted in the
total loss of some wheat, and considerable damage to other crops on bot-
tom lands by the overflowing of streams. The heavy rains also damaged
cats considerably in some places, beating them down so that they could
not be cut with binders. In a few of the eastern counties drouth con-
ditions prevailed until the 19th, retarding the growth of all crops to a
greater or less extent, but during the last decade of the month that sec-
tion was visited by copious rains, and the condition of crops was much
improved. On the whole, however, the month was favorable and the
general outlook most encouraging. The greater part of the corn crop
was laid by in excellent condition, and cotton, in the southeastern coun-
ties, also did well. Wheat harvest began in the southern sections about
the roth, and was practically finished by the close of the month, except
in a few of the extreme northern counties. The heads were generally
well filled and the crop promised to be the largest ever grown in the State.
Rye was also an excellent crop. In a few of the eastern counties oats
suffered somewhat from lack of moisture during the middle of the month.
but, in general, they did well until the heavy rains of the last week caused
them to lodge badly. Cutting was begun in the extreme southern coun-
ties about the 15th, but was retarded by rains. Meadows improved
steadily throughout the month, and at the close a good yield was indicated
in most sections. Pastures were excellent. Flax, in the southwestern
counties, was reported in poor condition in localities, but in general did
fairly well, as did also melons in the southeastern counties. Potatoes
and gardens were exceptionally fine, and sorghum, millet and cow peas
nade good growth. Peaches did well in the extreme southern counties,
and shipments began about the 25th, but the apple crop continued to de-
cline until at the close of the month less than half a crop was expected.
Juty—As regards temperature the month of July was unusually
pleasant; the mean temperature for the State, 77.0 degrees, was practi-
cally normal, and there were comparatively few days with maximum
temperature above 90 degrees. The highest local monthly mean, 80.3
degrees, occurred at St. Louis, and the lowest, 73.6 degrees, at Concep-
tion. The highest temperature recorded during the month was 103
degrees, at Poplar Bluff on the 15th, and the lowest, 50 degrees, at
Potosi on the 21st. The average number of days with maximum tem-
perature above 90 degrees ranged from 16 in the southeast section to 5
in the northwest section, the average for the State being 9. The precipi-
tation of the month was yery unevenly distributed, being exceptionally
WEATHER AND CROPS. 65
heavy over many of the central and northern counties, while in the south-
ern sections there was a marked deficiency. Over nearly all of the north-
west section, the northern portion of the central section and a number
of counties in the southwest section the total precipitation for the month
exceeded 6 inches, and in a few localities it even exceeded 8 inches, while
over a considerable portion of the southeast section there was less than
2 inches, the extreme southeastern counties receiving less than one-half
inch. The average precipitation for the State was 4.59 inches, 0.40
inch above the normal. The greatest local monthly precipitation was
10.77 inches, at Oregon, and the least, .15 inch, at Caruthersville. The
heavy rains in portions of the northern, central and western sections re-
tarded threshing, oat harvest and haying to a considerable extent during
the forepart of the month, and in some districts wheat in shock sprouted
badly and oats were beaten down so that a portion of the crop was lost,
but in most sections wheat that was well shocked suffered but little dam-
age, and the bulk of the oat crop was secured in good condition. Some
hay was damaged in a few of the northern and western counties, but in
general an excellent crop was secured in good condition. The yield of
wheat proved to be even better than was expected, and notwithstanding
the unfavorable weather conditions during harvest, the crop of 1902 goes
on record as the largest ever grown in the State. In a few of the ex-
treme southeastern counties, where the rainfall was lightest, corn was
seriously injured by drouth, and along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers,
and also on some of the smaller streams in the northern part of the State
considerable loss was caused by floods, but elsewhere the crop made ex-
cellent progress throughout the month. Early corn was in the roasting
ear stage by the 25th, and at the close of the month the largest crop in
the history of the State was indicated. Flax, in the southwestern coun-
ties, proved to be a poor crop, being poorly filled and weedy, but tobacco,
cow peas, sorghum, kaffir corn and millet made excellent growth. Cot-
ton, in the southeastern counties, suffered considerably from drouth and
there was much complaint of shedding. The melon crop in that section
was also damaged, gardens dried up, pastures became short in localities
and there was complaint of a scarcity of stock water, but elsewhere gar-
den vegetables were abundant, and pastures continued in excellent con-
cition. Early potatoes were an exceptionally good crop but rotted con-
siderably in some places. Apples continued to drop to some extent, but
what remained on the trees promised to be of fine quality. An excellent
crop of peaches was gathered in some of the extreme southern counties.
Plowing for fall seeding was in progress during the last week of the
month, but in many of the southern counties the ground was reported
quite hard.
A-5
66 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Aucust.—The month of August averaged somewhat cooler than
usual in the central and northern portions of the State, but in the south-
ern sections the mean temperature was practically normal. The mean
temperature of the month for the State was 75.0 degrees, 1.2 degrees
below the normal. The highest local monthly mean, 80.3 degrees. oc-
curred at Joplin, and the lowest, 71.2 degrees, at Monroe City. The
liighest temperature recorded was 103 degrees, at Marble Hill on the 3d,
and the lowest, 47 degrees, at Ironton and Potosi on the 7th, and Mary-
ville, Bethany, Kidder, and Sublett on the 11th. The average number
of days with maximum temperature above 90 degrees ranged from 7 in
the northwest section to 14 in the southwest, the average for the State
being 9. The precipitation exceeded the normal over practically the
entire State and in portions of the central and western sections was re-
markably heavy, the total fall ranging from 8 to over Ir inches. In
portions of the southeast section drouth conditions prevailed until the
26th, but on the 26th and 27th that section was visited by heavy showers,
the rainfall in some localities being sufficiently heavy to cause damaging
floods. The average precipitation for the State was 6.16 inches, or
3-01 inches above the normal. The greatest local monthly fall was 11.49
inches, at Arthur, and the least, .96 inch, at Galena. Except in a few
districts where the rainfall was excessive, threshing progressed favorably
until the last two weeks of the month, when it was considerably delayed
in the northern and western sections by heavy and continued rains. Ex-
cellent yields were generally reported but much of the grain was dam-
aged to a greater or less extent by the wet weather. In a number of the
extreme southern counties corn and cotton were considerably injured
by drouth, and late corn also suffered from lack of moisture in a few of
the northwestern counties, but as a rule the corn crop continued in excel-
lent condition. The ripening of early corn was somewhat retarded by
cool, showery weather during the last two weeks of the month, but the
bulk of the crop was out of danger from frost by the 30th, and cutting
was in progress. In a few counties corn was badly broken down by
high winds. Cotton improved after the rains of the 25-26th and pick-
ing was begun before the close of the month. Pastures became quite
short in a few of the southeastern counties but were revived by the rains
during the last decade; elsewhere they continued in excellent condition.
Late forage crops made a heavy growth, and an exceptionally fine crop
of millet was harvested in the northern counties, though some was dam-
aged by the rains. Considerable timothy was threshed, with good
yields. The prairie hay crop in the southwestern counties was ex-
ceptionally heavy, but the weather was unfavorable for curing it. Late
potatoes did well, except in some of the southeastern counties, but the
WEATHER AND CROPS. 67
acreage was small. Sorghum making was in progress at the close
of the month and the crop was reported very fine. Tobacco was also
an excellent crop. Apples continued to drop to a greater or less ex-
tent, and there was some complaint of bitter rot, especially in the
southeastern counties. Plowing for fall seeding was considerably
retarded in the southern sections during the fore part of the month
by the dryness of the ground, while during the latter part the soil in
some of the northern and western counties was too wet.
SEPTEMBER.—September was remarkably cool throughout the State,
the mean temperature of the month, 63.2 degrees, being about 5 de-
grees below the normal. [or the State as a whole it was the coolest
‘September during the past fifteen years, but at nearly all of the older
stations lower September means are on record. Light frost occurred as
early as the 4th, and killing frosts, with thin ice, occurred in localities on
the 12th, 13th and 14th. The highest local monthly mean, 68.6 degrees,
occurred at Caruthersville, and the lowest, 60.2 degrees, at Maryville.
The highest temperature recorded during the month was 95 degrees, at
Willow Springs on the 7th, and the lowest, 30 degrees, at Ironton and
Potosi on the 14th. The precipitation was very unevenly distributed and
exceeded the normal amount over much the greater portion of the State.
The heaviest rains occurred in the central and western sections, portions
of those sections receiving a total of from 6 to over 1oinches. Exces-
sive rains in several of the western counties during the last decade of the
month caused destructive floods in a number of the smaller streams. The
average precipitation for the State was 4.78 inches, 1.22 inches above
the normal. The greatest local monthly fall was 10.92 inches, at Wheat-
land, and the least, 1.81 inches, at Hermann. A fall of 6.55 inches in
twenty-four consecutive hours occurred at Bethany on the 23rd-24th.
The cool, showery weather was unfavorable for maturing the corn crop,
but by far the greater portion was out of danger by the rsth, and practical-
ly the entire crop was well matured by the close of the month. Cutting
was generally completed by the 20th. Killing frost on the 13th damaged
some of the latest corn in portions of the northern and eastern sections,
but the loss was comparatively slight, except in a few counties. During
the last decade of the month, however, there was complaint that corn in
shock was molding, and that on the stalk sprouting and rotting where
down, as a result of the continued rains and cloudy weather. In a few
of the western counties floods in the smaller streams washed away some
corn that was in shock and covered standing corn with mud. Some stock
was also caught by the floods and drowned. Cotton picking, in the
extreme southeastern counties, progressed favorably during the fore part
of the month, with fair yields, but was considerably retarded by rains
68 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
during the latter part, and some cotton was damaged. Where threshing
had not been completed that work was also delayed by the rains, and con- _
siderable grain in stack sprouted and rotted. Except in a few counties,
where the ground was too wet, preparations for fall seeding progressed
favorably until the 2oth, the soil being generally in fine condition, and
in some districts wheat sowing was nearly completed, but during the last
decade of the month work was generally at a standstill owing to the wet
weather. Early sown wheat came up to good stands, but some of that
sown just before the rains rotted. Tobacco was generally cut and housed
i good condition. Potatoes yielded well, but there was considerable com-
plaint of rotting in the ground. Pastures were excellent. Sorghum
making progressed favorably and the yield was good and the syrup of
fine quality. Apples continued to rot and drop badly in some localities,
but as a rule they matured well, though the crop was light, except in a
few counties. Gathering was in progress at the close of the month.
Ocroner.—With the exception of the first five days the month of
October was mild and pleasant, the mean temperature for the state, 59.5
degrees, being about 2 degrees above the normal. The highest local
monthly mean, 63.1 degrees, occurred at Caruthersville, and the lowest,
55.4 degrees, at Maryville. The highest temperature recorded was 88 de-
grees, at Lebanon on the 22d, and the lowest, 23 degrees at Potosi on the
29th. Over the greater part of the State the total precipitation ranged
from 2 to 3 inches, and in portions of the central and northern sections
it exceeded 3 inches, but over the northern counties of the southwest sec-
tion, and also over a few counties of the southeast section, there was but
litle more than I inch. The average for the State was 2.52 inches, or
practically normal. Except in portions of the northern sections, by far
the greater part of the precipitation occurred during the last five days
of the month. The greatest local monthly fall was 4.72 inches, at Ore-
gon, and the least, .87 inch, at Jackson. The weather could hardly have
been more favorable for drying out the corn, and the damage resulting
from the previous wet weather was not as great as had been feared. In
a few localitics the crop was reported damaged one-tenth to one-fourth,
but as a rule the damage was comparatively slight. Gathering was in
progress during the latter part of the month. The weather was also
very favorable for cotton picking and about one-half the crop had been
picked at the close of the month. Wheat seeding was greatly delayed
by the wet weather during September and the first week of October, and
in some of the western counties the ground could not be worked until
after October 15th, but in most sections the soil was in good condition
during the middle and latter part of the month and seeding was rapidly
completed. Excellent stands were reported, as a rule, but in many of
a ee
WEATHER AND CROPS. 69
the central and southern counties there was much complaint of fly in the
early sown, and in some of the southeastern counties considerable dam-
age was done by grasshoppers. In some of the southern counties wheat
was needing rain at the close of the month. Good stands of rye were
also reported. Apples were practically all gathered during the month
and were generally of fine quality, but there was complaint that they
were not keeping well, owing to the warm weather. Pastures became
short in a few of the eastern and southern counties, but elsewhere they
continued in good condition.
NoveMBer.—The mean temperature of November, for the State, was
50.1 degrees, 6.8 degrees above the normal. Except in the northwest sec-
tion it was the warmest November of which there is any record in this
State. At St. Louis, where the record (including that at Jefferson Bar-
racks) extends to 1826, the highest November mean previously recorded
was 51.4 degrees in 1830, while that of November, 1902, was 53.3 de-
erees. The highest local monthly mean, 55.3 degrees, occurred at Ca-
ruthersville, and the lowest, 41.6 degrees, at Maryville. The highest tem-
perature recorded was 85 degrees, at Zeitonia on the 13th, and the low-
est, 18 degrees, at Maryville and Oregon on the 27th. The average num-
ber of days with minimum temperature below 32 degrees was 6. The
precipitation of the month exceeded the normal amount over nearly the
entire State, and was heaviest in portions of the southern sections, where
the total fall ranged from 4 to over 6 inches. Over the remainder of
the State there was generally from 2 to 4 inches. The average precipita-
tion for the State was 3.52 inches, 1.05 inches in excess of the normal.
The greatest local monthly fall was 6.21 inches, at Olden, and the least,
T.51inches, at Conception. The snowfall of the month amounted to less
than 1 inch, except in portions of the northern sections, where it ranged
from I to 4 inches. The warm, showery weather caused wheat to make
a vigorous growth, but in some counties there was complaint that the
plants were being injured by rust. -Much of the early sown, particularly
in the central and southern sections, was also injured by fly. The bulk
of the crop, however, was sown late and was generally reported in excel-
lent condition. In some counties wheat became too rank and was past-
ured. In portions of the central and eastern sections the weather was
favorable for corn gathering, and in many localities that work was com-
pleted, but in a majority of the northern and western counties it was
ereatly retarded by the frequent rains and a large part of the crop still
remained in the fields at the close of the month. In some counties where
corn was down badly much of it was spoiled, and that in shock was also
damaged by the rains in some districts. Cotton picking was about
completed by the close of the month. Fall pastures were reported short
70 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
in a few localities, but as a rule they continued in excellent condition, and
there was an abundance of stock water in all sections.
DeceMBer.—December was a disagreeable month throughout the
State, the weather being generally cloudy with frequent rains and snows
and considerable sleet. The mean temperature for the State, 30.7 degrees,
was 2.3 degrees below the normal. The highest local monthly mean, 40.0
degrees, occurred at Caruthersville, and the lowest, 21.8 degrees, at
Maryville. The highest temperature recorded during the month was
68 degrees, at Mt. Vernon on the Ist, and the lowest, 7 degrees below
zero, at Grant City on the 26th. The average number of days with mini-
mum temperature below 32 degrees was 24. The precipitation exceeded
the normal over a large portion of the State and was exceptionally heavy
over the extreme southeastern counties, where it ranged from 6 to over
g inches. In portions of the northern, central and southwest sections.
however, there was a deficiency. The average precipitation for the State
was 2.91 inches, an excess of 0.68 inch. The greatest local monthly pre-
cipitation was 9.31 inches, at Caruthersville, and the least, .94 inch, at
Carrollton. The snowfall of the month was heaviest in the extreme
northern counties, where it ranged from 6 to over 12 inches, and over
a small area in the extreme southwestern portion of the State, where
from 6 to 10 inches fell on the 4th. Over a considerable portion of the
southeast section and in a few localities in the central and southwest sec-
tion there was less than I inch. The greatest local monthly fall was
12.8 inches, at Oregon. Up to the 24th wheat suffered little or no injury
from unfavorable weather conditions, but during the severe freezing
weather from the 25th to the 28th the ground was bare and in some
counties it was feared the crop had been injured. In most sections, how-
ever, it was reported in good condition at the close of the month. In
some of the southern counties early sown wheat was considerably injured
by rust and fly. Except during the last few days of the month, when
the ground was frozen, the weather was very unfavorable for corn
gathering, and a considerable portion of the crop remained in the fields
at the close of the month, especially in the central and northern sections.
In most sections fall pastures, where not over stocked, afforded good
grazing during the greater part of the month. In a few of the southern
counties fruit trees were broken down to some extent by an ice storm on
the 14-15th.
Oe
SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING,
Improved Live Stock Breeders’ Association,
Convened in Springfield, Missouri, January 6 to 9, 1903.
(Held Under Auspices of State Board of Agriculture.)
ABSERACT OF ADDRESSES DELIVERED.
ADDRESS OF WELCOME.
Hon. J. E. Melette, Mayor of Springfield.
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen—Allow me to extend to you gentle-
men a welcome of the people of this city, a very formal and a very easy
and pleasant task I assure you to do. I am not here, however, to extend
niy remarks or to indulge in any lecture which would give any advice
upon farming. I could do so probably, but I think it will be better and
less humiliating to me and probably of just as much interest to the farm-
ing community at large to form a committee to wait on me privately
and let me communicate to them my views and my experiences upon the
question of farming. Ordinary, plain old-fashioned farming I used to
think I knew something about. I had a good deal of experience along
that line. Nothing in my career, however, that I can recall to-day will
_ justify me in bragging, especially upon my record in that line, but in the
first place, gentlemen, it occurs to me that we are united, we are all inter-
ested. Men of the city, men of the country, politicians, lawyers, doctors,
churchmen, statesmen, all are alike interested in the great question dealing
with the promotion of agriculture. Ruskin, I think it was, stated a great
truth and a great fact when he said “To watch the corn grow, the blos-
soms bud, to breathe hard over the plowshare and over the spade, to
reap, to love, to hope, to pray, these are the things that make men happy,”
and upon our knowing and our teaching these few things depends the
prosperity or adversity of the world. It is an old saying, but true, so
72 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
cid probably and so often repeated that it makes no impression scarcely
upon us when we hear it, but a fact nevertheless, that “Upon the for-
tunes of the farming classes of the community depends the entire pros-
perity and adversity of all else besides in the world.”
Farming as a business has changed remarkably within the last hun-
dred years, even within the last fifty years. It used to be simply a busi-
ness; it is something more now, not only a business, but it combines the
sciences of chemistry and geology. All the researches of science and
learning are necessarily interested in its development and in its pro-
motion. There are many problems which often confront the farmer
with which he has to deal. I think that I have been connected enough
with the craft to realize and appreciate something of the discouragement
and disappointment through which he has to pass, and yet there comes
to that life and belongs to it exclusively an independent far above that
cf any other calling. If some idea or some method could be devised by
which the young men of this country to-day could be impressed with
the importance, the necessity of getting out into the country and engag-
ing in the farming business, instead of crowding the «ities and the pro-
fessions in a mad unseemingly struggle for life, what a great progress
would be made, and the great change that would come over the country
would be manifest indeed. How few of us realize that it is in the country,
from the farming community springs the best men of the nation. Some-
times I think there used to be, and probably is yet, an idea among the
young men of certain classes, that there is something about farming of
which they need to be a little ashamed and do not like, are trying to get
away from it. To leave the farm and get to town is the tendency of the
age and has been for the past generation or two. It seems to me it is
increasing rather than diminishing. There is a wrong, a radical wrong
somewhere about it. It is only in the country and with those who are
brought in contact and hold communion with the sky, the air, the earth
and all living things—only those it seems to me appreciate life to its
fullest extent. From that class, from those in the country rather than
those in the city, from the crowded trades and professions, arises the
energy that tends to make and create a perfect mind. We find it so in
the history of the past that when a great man is needed for any particu-
lar thing you generally find he came from the country, and that the sur-
roundings had been that of a country life. What seems to me is lacking
to a great extent among the farming community and manifest in this com-
munity to-day, in fact manifested throughout the country wherever we
go, is a lack of enthusiasm for the calling, lack of interest taken; these
things must not exist where there is any substantial progress and success.
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LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 15
Now, when I think over my life, I can see great changes that have
been wrought in the methods of farming and the whole agricultural
system. It seems to me that notwithstanding the lack of interest so
perplexing, we find wonderful and tremendous progress has been made.
Take stock raising—nowhere, in no line of business has there been such
wonderful advance made, such remarkable progress. I remember as a
boy, we used to raise hogs and cattle—it was my principal business—that
is they grew, we call it raising them. I remember when the time came
for getting the hogs to market, it required about three boys and a dog
usually to each hog in order to keep the procession in line, and often a
drove of fifty or sixty hogs strung out over ten miles of road. And the
pigs—I am not sure that it ever happened, but I think I came near to
resorting to that practice of helping to tie knots in their tails to keep them
in the pen. The idea has gradually gotten into the people’s hearts and
leads that it is best to raise good stock, the very best possible. Among
those lines the greatest progress has been made.
A meeting of this hind ought to have attracted every farmer from
Greene county. Representative men from over the State, from other
states, are here to discuss the great questions in which we are all inter-
ested, questions that underlie the prosperity and the advancement of the
whole country.
There is another suggestion which has occurred to me. It is a bad
sign of the times which ought to be changed, ought to be eradicated in
some way, the teaching ought to be in the opposite direction. So many
men and boys now who get a common school education feel at once that
they are disqualified for farm life, and break for the city and town office.
That I think is the course of most of the American people. So many,
both boys and girls, feel that the great object in life is to get some kind of
official position. Nothing better offered, they will take a clerkship.
Very often you find boys leaving the farm, coming to town trying to get
a job in county offices, or a clerkship in the government employ, and in
my judgment a greater curse, a greater misfortune never could possibly
have happened to an energetic live boy. I regret to see a young man
leave the open air, and the fields, and seek a position of that kind simply
you might say blotting out his life and his usefulness. It destroys his
independence. If a young man could see the end as he will see it later,
he would realize it. He covets a county clerkship, the office of recorder,
Congressman or representative—some place where he can draw a specific
salary. It seems to be the goal and ideal of the average young man to-
day. He does not realize that the person who gives him that job to-day
can kick him out to-morrow. The man who gives him that position is
himself liable to be kicked out. If he succeeds in holding it a number
76 ‘ MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
of years, so much the worse, for every hour disqualifies him for the
duties of life, takes away his self-reliance and makes him simply a part
and piece of a machine. Of course these places have to be filled, cleri-
cal duty has to be performed, but I would teach the young man to-day
‘¢ shun it rather than to seek it and to keep out of it if possible. Of
course if a young fellow realizes that he has not energy and self reliance
and vigor enough to enter the struggle alone and carve out a career for
himself like the farmer, in other words he finds himself in the situation of
the farmer’s dog—fit for nothing else, but probably was fit for “coons”—
probably he might run for office. If he has a spark of energy, let him
seek the farm, get out in the open air, get hold of a piece of land forty
to one hundred and sixty acres, stay by it, raise potatoes and corn and
cattle, and be a free and independent man. No matter if a man owns
but an acre and has but a log cabin/ on it he is independent; that acre
of land is his domain, his kingdom, and the cabin is his castle, he is a
monarch and can live absolutely free and independent of the world, and
it is the only life that offers such advantages.
Now I have no words of advice, gentlemen, to offer you. I wish I
could give you some ideas on stock feeding that would be worth while
to carry away and spread out over the State, but I have nothing of that
kind. The right way is to begin at the beginning and learn the business,
learn the trade, start low and grow up. This is especially true of stock
1aising and farming. I have observed that those who were the most
successful in that business generally started in a small way, studied the
problems as they went along step by step, so that they were able to take
care of them as they grew. ‘Those who started in at the top with an
expensive farm and a large herd of fine stock, usually went into bank-
riiptcy at a very early period and had nothing to show for it.
Now, gentlemen, I could say a great deal more if I had it to say,
but I will not afflict you any further with any remarks of mine on this
subject, except to simply say to you as an organization and as an indi-
vidual, that we cordially welcome you to our city. The very best we
have is at your service. We will do all we can to make your meeting
here with us pleasant, and hope that at some time you will return. I
sincerely trust that you will have a full attendance, that the meeting will
be prosperous and effective, and that new ideas may originate here dur-
ing the sessions and be spread out over the State, and that the interest
may be far reaching in years to come.
I thank you for the privilege of meeting with you this afternoon.
I welcome you to Springfield.
eevee) lee
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. ie
RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME IN BEHALF OF
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
(By Hon. Alex. Maitland, Richmond, Mo.)
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:
As a representative of the State Board of Agriculture, I wish
to say that we are very much pleased with the hearty welcome ex-
tended to us by his honor, the mayor, and although this is, I believe,
about our first meeting in Southern Missouri we are pleased with
what we have seen, and we thank you for your welcome to this Queen
City of the Ozarks.
In calling your attention to the work of the State Board of Agri-
culture, I will say that its work is being gradually enlarged, every
year adding more and more as the growth of our State proceeds. Some
vears ago we had the crop reports and to that has been added the
veterinary service, and to that has been added the farmers’ institutes
and to that added another feature which I had almost forgotten—
the State Fair. |
In regard to these various matters—we take up for instance the
work of the crop reports. Our Secretary has in every county in the
State one or more correspondents selected from the very best farmers
of the various counties who report to him the condition of the crops
in their various localities. Upon this basis he formulates a report of
the whole State which has brought our present Secretary great credit,
as his report is considered by the Grain Dealers’ Journal, which is
the great grain journal of the United States, as superior to even the
Government report, which is a great credit to the Secretary of the
Missouri State Board of Agriculture.
- Dr. Casey spoke of the immense value of the poultry industry
in the State, not only in the State but in the nation. We appreciate
his figures very much, but we want to say to him that the crop report
shows the where-with-all to feed this poultry. It takes a wonderful
amount up in my cribs at home to feed poultry and Missouri this
year, according to the crop reports, has raised a sufficiency of corn
and wheat and oats to feed all that vast amount of poultry and give
his honor a new supply of eggs. Our corn crop this year is second
only to that of Illinois. In average yield per acre we are first in the
United States, but in total product we are second, I believe, to Tli-
nois, which has a total product of 314,000,000 bushels, while our total
78 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
product is 307,000,000 bushels. In wheat we are the second State
in the Union, with a product of 61% million bushels, second only to
Minnesota in all the United States.
So much for our crop reports and the manner in which they have
been collected. Our Veterinary Service has grown to be of immense
value. For some time it was supposed that one veterinarian would
be able to attend to all the various contagious diseases of the State,
but so rapidly has transportation and interstate commerce with the
various states disseminated the various contagious diseases from the
south and west that I think at present there are five or six deputy
State veterinarians in the State watching that matter. Now if there
are some cattlemen here, they will recollect the time, not but a few
years ago, before this Veterinary Service was placed under the super-
vision of the State Board of Agriculture when it was impossible to go
to any of the great feeding markets of the cities during the warm
months of the year and purchase any feeding cattle. In my country,
forty-five miles east of Kansas City, we lost thousands upon thou-
sands of dollars in that way. One of my neighbors, a breeder of Gal:
loways, went to Kansas and bought two car loads of feeders with-
out knowing that that there was any infection near them aud brought
them home and lost between thirty and fifty head of thoroughbred
Galloway cattle, besides a hundred ordinary individuals. Now the
Missouri cattleman goes to the feed yards with the assurance that he
is protected by this Veterinary Service. The Veterinary Service has
not only saved Missouri millions of dollars, but it has assured a
steady supply of cattle the the whole year through.
I would much rather that Mr. Ellis, the Secretary of the Board,
would have discussed the farmers’ institutes, but probably when Col.
Waters gets an opportunity, he will say something about it. Years
ago when the Legislature first appropriated a small sum for the
farmers’ institutes throughout the State it was scoffed at by a great
many people, and, in fact, the attendance was small. In those local-
ities where the institutes have been in session this year the gentle-
men who were at the institutes tell me that there have been great
crowds in attendance and that the institutes this year have had much
greater success than formerly. They have introduced a new feature
in carrying along on certain railroads a car with the products of Missouri
in it, and they have made that car a success. It was supposed we had on
our institute force men who were good educators but not cattle raisers,
theoretical but not practical men, but such is not the case. Every
man on the force is known for his practical knowledge, when he
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 79
speaks the farmers know the truth of his statements, though he may
not express himself as artistically as some others.
Now I come lastly to what constitutes one of the great interests
of Missouri, and I wish to secure the hearty co-operation of the peo-
ple of Greene county and Springfield, especially, for assistance in that,
our State Fair. Missouri has been compelled for years to go and
show the stock she produced at various other fairs in our neighboring
states. A!though we have been first in the Union in a great many
lines of stock, still we have been compelled to take our stock to other
fairs, having no home place to show them. We have the finest Short-
horns in the world. Last year we took 75 per cent of the Hereford
premiums in the west. At the World’s Fair in Chicago we brought
back $35,000 in cash premiums to Missouri; we defeated Kentucky
in saddle horses, mules and jacks; we tore the laurels from Vermont
in Merino sheep. Mr. Gentry took ten premiums for Berkshire hogs
over the world at large. Seven more went to parties to whom Mr.
Gentry had sold hogs, and only one premium got away from the Mis-
souri hog. There is no fiction about this, it is a fact. Other states
competed for an exhibit of the variety of products, but Missouri was
so far in the lead that we outclassed the other states in everything
from the cotton plant to an ear of corn. No state in the Union com-
peted with us in any measure at Chicago for the variety of farm products.
Let us go to Omaha. Not one dollar could we beg from our
Legislature to make an exhibit. The State Board of Agriculture, in
consultation with Governor Stephens, asked him to appoint two hun-
dred commissioners over the State—it should be confessed with humil-
iation by every Missourian—to beg money for a Missouri exhibit
at Omaha. In my little town of Richmond we raised $60. We raised
in all $14,000.00 with which Missouri went to Omaha and captured more
premiums than all the other states put together. These are facts,
gentlemen.
We had to keep working and working and doing our very best
to get the State Fair started. We succeeded in getting an appropria-
tion of seven thousand dollars at the last session of the Legislature
to start it at Sedalia. A great many people do not know how the
thing was started. The Legislature passed a bill that certain towns
that wished to make application for the location of this State Fair
should do so inside of twenty days. Six on eight towns made appli-
cation. To these was confined the Board’s choice of location for the
Missouri State Fair. Sedalia was considered the central and largest
town. It is not large enough—everybody admits that—to take care
80 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
of the people, but still it was the best we could do. We located it at
Sedalia and they have extended the appropriation to fifty thousand
dollars, with the Breeders’ Fund that the Legislature gave to us, we
have expended about eighty-five thousand dollars; whereas the Illi-
nois appropriation was two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to
start with, which reminds me of how we are everywhere talked about
as “Poor old Missouri.” You gentlemen have been on the fair grounds
and know whether that money has been expended judiciously or not.
I will say for the committee that they, with the exception of probably
two of them, had never had any experience in the management of a
State Fair. Governor Colman and Mr. Gentry had had some ex-
perience, but outside of that no member of the Board had had any,
unless possibly Mr. Ellis had had some. They spent that money;
they held two successful fairs and we had spent every dollar when the
last settlement was made with a surplus of $600. We paid every
premium as soon as it was awarded and the certificate brought to the
office of the Secretary, the warrant was issued immediately for the
money. No premium has ever been cut down in Missouri and I am
opposed to her ever getting a reputation for doing that.
We wish to get your co-operation for our State Fair. All of you
have more or less influence with the members of the Legislature, and
it is to the Legislature that we must always look for an appropria-
tion sufficient to place Missouri’s fair upon as grand a scale as any
state in the Union and make her, as she truly is, “imperial mistress
5
of states.’
RESPONSE IN BEHALF OF THE STATE GRANGE.
(By C. O. Raine, Monticello, Mo.)
Mr. Chairman, Honorable Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen:
It is indeed with pleasure that I appear before you to-day in the
interest of the organization known as the Grange or the Patrons of
Husbandry, organized as a National organization in 1867, as a State
organization in the year 1872, since which time the organization has
seen many prosperous days, and yet many days of decline and dis-
couragement. Yet we are happy to say that during this time the
State Grange has never failed to hold its annual session. Many, per-
haps, in your own county of Greene were members of this organiza-
tion some years ago and are aware of the fact that the organization was
once strong in Greene county. But it has come to be a fact that, as
stated in the Scriptures, the first shall be last and the last shall be
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 81
first. Missouri was not first, but she was second at one time in this
great work, Iowa being first. She has been reduced until she is al-
most last in Grange work. Yet I say, we are glad of the fact that the
_ organization has never become extinct, and we realize that from now
on the work of this organization will prosper and grow in our own
State of Missouri.
I wish time would permit and that I had the ability to impart
to you the need of this great work among all the farmers of Missouri.
I do not mean the heads of families when I speak of farmers, I mean
the entire household, because this organization takes within its doors
not only the man, but the entire family. It is at these meetings that he
can take his wife and daughters and take part in sessions that pertain
to our interests as farmers, as citizens, as neighbors and as friends.
The last session of the State Grange was held in the little town
of Maywood in the northern part of the State, being one of the most
enthusiastic meetings held in years. While not largely represented,
we feel that much good was accomplished by that meeting. The
last National meeting was held in the state of Michigan. Michigan
has in the last three years done more to bring about reorganization
than any other state in the Union. At these meetings it seems but
fitting that not only the Mayor and President of the Board of Trade,
but the Governor, should welcome to their state, to their town and
city, that great organization which has made the greatest growth in
the last year in its history. In 1876 the National organization held
its meeting in St. Louis. We are going to ask the hearty co-operation
of the Industrial Associations of this meeting; also, of the people of
Greene county, the people of this city and the people of the entire
State of Missouri, to assist in bringing back in 1904 the meeting of
the National Grange to the city of St. Louis. It was at the meeting
of 1876 that the declaration of principles that were laid down by this
organization was drafted, being one of the broadest, clearest, keenest,
and most notable declarations that has ever been drafted by any organi-
zation.
We may state how many dollars have been saved to the farmers
of the country through co-operative trade arrangements, and through
mutual insurance companies, both fire and life, and something can be
stated in regard to the vast saving to the farmers of the country
through wise legislation secured, and unwise legislation defeated
through the influence of the Grange; but when we undertake to make
any estimate of the moral, social, and mental development that has
been brought to the farmer and his family through Grange influence
and Grange teaching, we are lost in the magnificent results obtained.
A-6
82 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
It is absolutely impossible to give any intelligent estimate of the de-
velopment of the noble principles of manhood and womanhood in the
mind and heart of the million of people that have been connected
with the Order, and of the millions of other people with whom they
have been associated. It is along this line that the grandest results
have been achieved. Thousands of farm homes have been made
happier and better, and the members of farmers’ families have been
reaping the highest enjoyments of life through the quickened mental
abilities by Grange influence, while a highzr ideal in life has been
reached by true Grange teaching. With these general statements, we
leave the most important results during thirty-two years of Grange
work to the imagination of our readers.
In matters of legislation, among the first objects to claim the
attention and engage the efforts of the Grange were the State agri-
cultural colleges of the country, many of which in their early days
were united with, and became a part of, classical colleges and univer-
sities, thus in a large measure destroying their identity as agricul-
tural colleges and rendering them practically worthless for the ob-
jects for which they were established.
Through the influence of the Grange a separation has been effected
in a majority of states, and distinct agricultural and mechanical col-
leges have been established. In most of those states where the efforts
for a separation have not been successful, the college authorities have
given much greater recognition to agriculture, and with but few ex-
ceptions these institutions are now doing a grand work in educating
the farming youth of the nation.
It was through the direct influence of the Grange that the ad-
ditional appropriations for agricultural~colleges by Congress were
confined to instruction only in agriculture and the mechanic arts.
The Hatch act for the establishment of State Experiment Stations,
which are doing such great work for the agriculture of this country,
became a law by reason of the efforts of the Grange.
It was through the influence of the Grange that the Department of
Agriculture at Washington was raised to the dignity of other departments
of the National Government, to be presided over by a secretary of Agri-
culture in the President’s Cabinet, thus giving farmers a voice in the
policy of the government.
Through the direct influence of the Grange the Interstate Commerce
Commission was established by act of Congress, which in a measure aims
to control interstate traffic, and gives the people a means of redress from
the injustice and extortions which are often practiced by corporations,
mye
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 83
thereby saving the people vast sums of money in reduced r © trans-
portation.
The subject of taxation has always engaged the attention of the
Grange, and it was through the influence of this organization that in many
states the burdens of taxation have been, in a measure, at least, equalized
by a more equitable assessment of real estate between city and farm prop-
erty, and by the enactment of laws taxing personal property and corpora-
tions which had hitherto paid little, if any, taxes for local or State pur-
poses.
The Grange is strenuously opposed to adulterations of all kinds, and
mainly through its influence State and National laws have been enacted
to control the sale of oleomargerine and other butter frauds and protect
the great dairy interests of the country from these vile compounds which
the unscrupulous manufacturers would place upon the market as pure
butter.
Through the influence of the Grange most maple sugar producing
states have enacted stringent laws against the adulteration of this farm
product, thereby protecting both producers and consumers.
The Grange successfully fought the driven well and sliding gate
patents in the courts, saving enormous sums of money in royalties which
were being extorted from the farmers and others using them.
Through the influence of the Grange upon Congress the extension
of the patents on sewing machines was prevented, saving to the people
fully fifty per cent. in the prices amounting to millions of dollars an-
nually.
The Grange has a grand record of usefulness in legislation in nearly
every state in the Union for its influence on the side of justice and equality
in the enactment of many wise and judicious laws in the interests of the
people, and for the protection and advancement of the farming industries.
A recent victory of the Grange, and one of its grandest achievements,
is the establishment of rural free mail delivery in various achievements,
of the country. The Grange was the first organization to publicly pro-
claim that if it was right for the government to carry mail to the homes
of people in cities, it would be right for it to carry mail to the homes of
people in the country, and through the discussion of the question and
intelligent presentation of the matter to Congress, appropriations have
been secured; first, for experiment, and now practically for permanent
establishment of the system of rural free mail delivery. This breaks the
isolation of farm life, will tend to secure better roads and advance farm
values wherever it extends. The results in this matter alone will justify
the entire cost of the Grange from its establishment to the present day.
84 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
I wish to extend to all the various Associations meeting here, the
greeting of the Missouri State. Grange. We hope that some arrange-
ments may be made whereby we may meet in conjunction with you in the
future. Having placed this meeting beyond the time limit of this law as
laid down by the National Organization, it was impossible for us to meet
with you as of yore. Hence, I will say that the Missouri State Grange
sends greetings to each and every one of you, and, your Honor, we
thank you for your kindly words of welcome.
RESPONSE IN -BEHALF OF STATE POULTRY ASSGGizS
TION.
(By Dri: i. Casey.)
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is with feelings of pleas-
ure and also of regret that I arise to-day to say a word in response to his
Honor’s remarks—with regret, because I am ill-fitted to reply in ade-
quate terms to the generous welcome of the Mayor, and with pleasure,
that at last the Missouri hen has finally found a place in the State Board
of Agriculture. It is only a few years ago since the hen was relegated
to the barnyard, and very few of you farmers or you agricultural men
knew anything about her, but to-day, thanks to the united efforts of the
State Boards of Agriculture throughout the different States, through
their Agricultural Colleges, and the scientific researches of so many men,
the American hen to-day is fast taking a place throughout this country
as one of our greatest commercial factors.
During the past two or three weeks I have gleaned from our worthy
Secretary of the State Board a few figures of the breeders of the Mis-
souri hen, and when you gentlemen listen for one moment, if I am not
mistaken, I think you will be surprised, not that I wish to discourage the
efforts of any other part of this great Board of Agriculture, but simply
to bring them forward to your notice that you may know that poultry
has taken a stand and is worthy to-day of your consideration. Just think
of it, in the year 1901 the total product of poultry, eggs and feathers in
the State of Missouri was $22,500,000. These are facts, gentlemen, not
simply figures, and I can prove that by our worthy Secretary. Take the
United States, for instance, you scarcely realize this when you hear the
figures, but look, in 1898, the output of wheat, your great staple, was ~
$237,000,000; oats, $150,000,000; tobacco, $60,000,000; barley, $120,-
000,000; coal, a little over $200,000,000; and that of poultry, $290,000,-
000. It seems incredible, and yet statistics show this. I speak of these
things to show you, gentlemen, that the poultry industry is not to be de-
ee ee ee
>. eee SS errr er ee ehL.,rmChc el
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 85
spised, and to-day, in this beautiful town of Springfield, we are holding
our eleventh annual anniversary. We are bringing poultry here to-day,
not simply to make a show of poultry, not simply to bring spectators, but
mainly for the purpose of educating the public up to the fact that poultry
is worthy of their notice; that poultry is going to be one of our best com-
mercial products, one that every city will be proud of because it is one of
the best revenue producers that we have; it has been ignored and laughed
at by many because it has not been thoroughly investigated, but I think
im comparison even with the grand live stock industry it. holds a place
that is worthy of our consideration. I do not wish to enlarge on that,
however.
And now I wish to invite all of you here to-day, and through the
Mayor, every person in this city to come to our magnificent poultry ex-
hibit and help us to make it what it is, a grand instructor.
RESPONSE.
(By Col. G. W. Waters, Canton, Mo.)
Now I am not engaged at present in the live stock business—not on
account of age—but all along, since a mere boy, I have tended the sheep
and swine, and have cared for the cattle, horses and mules, so I believe
I am in a position to appreciate, in some degree, the value of improved
live stock, and if there is any one class that deserves our honor more
than another, it is the patient workers along the line of improvement of
our domestic animals. I believe I speak advisedly when I say that the
breeders here, all the way along the line, from poultry to the improved
Shorthorns and Herefords, and I may say greater than all, fine horses,
these are the men we should delight to honor—because what, and because
why? The Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, after patient research
and careful investigation, has announced the fact that grand old Missouri
in the year of 1902 has raised the phenomenal corn crop of 307,000,009
bushels, forty bushels to the acre, a yield per acre larger than any other
State in the Union, and great crops of forage and hay, and great crops
of oats, and a grand crop of wheat—all of these products. But let us
turn to the corn crop. This corn crop of 307;090,000 bushels represents
a commercial value, when put upon the market, of $100,000,000. It will
not come upon the market as grain, but in a more concentrated form. It
will first be manufactured not into that other article that is deleterious
to everyone of advanced thought, but into something that is good for
everybody—into beef, into pork, the dairy products, eggs, etc. These
are the things that these breeders are doing, have been doing—what?
86 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
They have been perfecting the machinery for the manufacture of this
corn, this hay, this grass and this fodder, and all the forage crops and
all the feeds of the farm into the finished wholesome products. And it
takes but this simple and casual reference for us all to appreciate the dif-
ference between the use of a first-class machine in the manufacture of any
kind of product, and a poor machine, and that is what they have been do-
ing. Suppose that by reason of the improvement of our live stock which
this Association represents— the Missouri Live Stock Improvement As-
sociation, which embraces all the farm animals—suppose that by reason
of an improvement of the animals and machinery so as to get an increased
efficiency of the use of the beast by five per cent increase, what would it
mean? A five per cent increase now over and above what otherwise
might be had, would mean an increase of $10,000,000, yes, more than
that. It is easily possible to increase the efficiency of our feeds by feed-
ing them into animals that are capable and competent to give you good
results. It is easily possible to increase the efficiency to ten per cent.
You know every time my friend Mr. Harned brings about a develop-
ment of his animals that will increase their intrinsic value as machines,
he has been helpful to the cattle industry of the entire State. That is
what he has done and is doing ; and my friend, the President of the Poul-
try Association, when he and his coworkers have increased the efficiency
of poultry they have upon the farm, when they have brought forward a
strain of chicks that will produce ten per cent greater product in eggs,
he has added a ten per cent increase, of $2,000,000 more. But I am get-
ting intc figures. However, it means a whole lot, that ten per cent, and
will any of you gentlemen tell me that it is not possible as between a
mongrel grade and mongrel management of poultry—that it is not pos-
sible to increase the production ten per cent? It is easily possible. It
requires brain work. Just one central thought, and the only one that I
intended to impress, that this Association will have for consideration
such propositions as shall lead her not only to the improvement of our
live stock all along the line, not only to do so ourselves, but to induce
others to improve the live stock. It is one thing to investigate and find
out the truth; another thing to promulgate that truth and get it among
the people and get the people to accept these advanced propositions, and
this is one of the purposes: of the Association here, and this State Board
of Agriculture is standing behind these people and they will do the best
they can and will use their office as a propaganda for getting these ad-
vanced thoughts, these improved ideas out among the people.
I will say just this to the Mayor. He made a statement awhile ago
that struck the key note. He said farming used to be a business. Farm-
ing is to-day not only a business, but it is more than a business. Farming
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 57
has to-day become not only a business and art, but it has become a pro-
gressive science. He who fails to recognize the fact that agriculture em-
braces a progressive science, fails to grasp the situation, and fails to grasp
the spirit that has come to us in this twentieth century.
RESPONSE IN BEHALF OF GOOD ROADS ASSOCIATION.
(By Geo. I. Reed, Springfield, Mo.)
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I have used every effort
possible to shift this responsibility upon the shoulders of someone else,
but our Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture would not have it
otherwise but I should respond on behalf of the Good Roads Association.
Our first meeting was held in Chillicothe a few years ago and there
was an exhibit of road making machinery. The next year it was held
in Springfield. That started the beginning of the road improvement
movement in Missouri. It has been worked up till the State organization
has gotten a road law enacted which is considered by everyone to be one
of the best laws in any State in the Union. Road improvement under the
operation of this present law has been a great deal more extensive than
it was under the old law.
In regard to our roads and the effort that is being made to change
our road law, I wish to emphasize the fact that it is the desire of Greene
county that our common road laws remain on the statute books as they
are.
On behalf of the Good Roads Association and the people of Spring-
field, I extend to you a hearty welcome.
MISSOURI’S PART AT ST. LOUIS WORLD’S FAIR.
(By Hon. M. T. Davis, Aurora, Mo.)
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Welcome indeed is this op-
portunity of meeting with the growers and breeders of our State, and
discussing with you ways and means to do our imperial State justice be-
fore the world at the great exposition to be held within our borders dur-
ing the year 1904.
And I want to say to you gentlemen that Missourians have just cause
to feel an unending pride in this great celebration, not only because it
will assuredly be the greatest exposition spectacle the world has ever
seen, but because it will serve to revive a sentiment of loyalty and thanks-
giving in one direction where it is now almost extinct ; and while we must
88 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
share the greatness of the exposition with the outside world, Missouri-
ans can take to themselves the credit of reviving sentiment and giving
substantial evidence of gratitude to Providence for taking from under
the yoke of Monarchy, and placing in the fostering care of Freedom, the
great territory wherein now dwell a prosperous and happy people.
That the celebration of the anniversary of a great event in the his-
tory of a Nation’s life, instills patriotism and love for country and her
institutions, and instills energy and ambition to keep on striving to main-
tain her ideals, cannot be denied. It is the duty of every nation to mark
her natal days in such a manner that every sojourner within her borders
will know that her people love their country and keep ever alive their
obligations to State and Country.
So we celebrate Independence Day, and so was the Centennial An-
niversary of that event celebrated at Philadelphia. So is the birthday
of the great patriot and general who led us to independence celebrated.
But there is one event, an event scond only in importance to the Dec-
laration of Independence, which has heretofore received not the slightest
remembrance. I refer to what is known in history as the Louisiana Pur-
chase, that treaty of purchase in which the greatest Warrior on one side
cf the. Atlantic and the greatest Statesman on the other side, were the
most conspicuous figures, whereby there passed to a new born nation a
territory that was destined in a century to become greater in wealth and
influence on the destinies of nations, than the country which bartered
it, for, to quote a well-known writer, “if 1776 declared the independence
of our country, 1803 achieved it.”
This great event whereby more than 875,000 square miles of terri-
tory was added to the United States, their independence and powers as-
sured, has never been acknowledged in any way. School histories do
not even mention December 20, 1803, the day on which our flag was raised
for the first time over the territory now comprising the States of Louisiana,
Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming, Oklahoma and Indian Territories,
and the homes of more than twenty millions of happy free souls.
That December 20 has not been celebrated each recurring year has
been a grievous fault; to permit the Centennial anniversary of this great
blessing of humanity to pass unmarked, would be base ingratitude. But
the Centennial will not pass uncommemorated; it will be celebrated with
a burst of glory which will reach around the globe and from pole to pole.
Every civilized nation of the earth, republics and monarchies alike, will
participate in that celebration, and even every uncivilized people will be
represented there.
‘Sling °“L “H jo Asoyanod Aq ‘lanossiyy ‘AjunoD AausFT ‘UOJUTTD ‘Z06T ‘A0RTPG UAOH AQUNOD AarUdFT JO Mora
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 91
To amend for past neglect, our people of the purchase will in one
celebration cover the delinquencies of a century. And it is here that Mis-
scuri claims the garland of credit. Missourians proposed the celebration,
Missouri made the celebration possible.
A few words of history on the inception and promotion of this cel-
ebration may not be amiss here:
The first public mention of the duty of our people to celebrate the
Louisiana Purchase Centennial, was an editorial written by Mr. W. V.
Byers in the Sunday Republic of May 12, 1889.
The question was agitated more or less in the newspapers of St.
Louis until, on January 23, 1898, the Central Trades & Labor Union of
St. Louis adopted a resolution calling for the celebration of the One Hun-
dredth Anniversary of the Purchase; and on February 5, ’98, Congress-
man Bartholdt introduced in Congress a bill providing for the celebra-
tion to be held at St. Louis in 1903.
The Missouri Historical Society, at its meetings in September and
November of 1898, appointed a Committee of Fifty to suggest ways and
means for a fitting celebration.
At the suggestion of this Committee of Fifty, Governor Stephens
issued a call for a Convention to be held in St. Louis January 10, 1899,
to consider the question of commemorating the One Hundredth Anni-
versary of the Louisiana Purchase.
The Committee of Fifty arranged for the convention and the enter-
tainment of delegates. The Governors of all the states in the Purchase
appointed delegations, which were represented.
The convention adopted resolutions of sympathy with the project,
and appointed an Executive Committee of Fifty, with Governor Francis
at the head, to carry the project into execution. ‘This Committee was
composed of Missourians and was later increased to two hundred. And
the Committee did its work so effectively that on January 1, 1901, the
Constitution of the State of Missouri had been amended by an overwhelm-
ing vote of the people, allowing the City of St. Louis to subscribe, and it
had subscribed :
Five millions of dollars of city bonds.
Five million of dollars had been raised by popular subscription in St.
Louis and the State, and
Five millions of dollars had been appropriated by the Federal Gov-
ernment.
Giving the vast sum of fifteen million dollars in hand for the basic
work of the celebration.
This sum, fifteen million dollars, is the exact amount paid by Jef-
ferson to the French for the entire twelve States and two Territories,
92 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
but is hardly one-half the gross sum that will be expended in the cele-
bration of that event.
With these figures in mind, we are prepared to realize the magni-
tude of this World’s Fair, and must meet fully the responsibilities of our
position as the World’s host. The honor bestowed upon our State in hold-
ing the celebration in her borders is a deserved one.
Missouri is the Keystone State of the Louisiana Purchase. She
stands pre-eminently at the head of the great political and commercial
communities which became a part of the United States one hundred years
ago. She is situated not only in the central portion of that vast territory
acquired by the purchase from the French, but also in the center of the
wonderful Mississippi valley, and is almost the geographical center of
the nation.
She stands to-day the fifth State of the Union in population and
wealth. We are in our infancy, capable of increasing our products many,
many times their present value and of supporting in comfort many times
our population.
Our people and our institutions are progressive, and our taxes are
as low as any State in the Union. Taxes for State purposes are the low-
est of any State, and our bonded State debt is nil.
Under wise, just and liberal administration, State, county and mu-
nicipal, this great commonwealth during the past thirty years has in-
creased in population, wealth, dignity and importance until to-day she
ranks fifth, and now that the time has arrived to fittingly commemorate
the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase, what more
appropriate place could have been selected for this imposing ceremony
than St. Louis, the Queen City of the Mississippi Valley, the peerless
metropolis of “Imperial Missouri.”
There the flags of almost every nation in the world will pay just
homage to the stars and stripes, the emblem of freedom and liberty, un-
furled to the gentle breezes in the new born Forest City on the banks of
the Father of Waters where the greatest exposition of modern times will
stand, a living monument to the unparalleled progress of the arts and
sciences at the dawn of the Twentieth Century of Christian civilization.
Missourians are modest, but at the same time justly proud of their
birthright in this imperial sovereignty. The greatest of all states west
of the Mississippi river, she throws open her marts of trade, commerce
and industry, her productive agricultural fields, vast timber lands and
rich mineral deposits, for the inspection of visitors from every foreign
shore, and invites them to come and partake of her hospitality and share
in the wealth of this land of promise and prosperity.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 93
The Commonwealth of Missouri represents a type of the most ad-
vanced class of modern civilization. It stands for all that is inspiring in
higher education and noble and elevating in political freedom and relig-
ious liberty. The State is distinctly American and her people noted for
those strenti;us habits and progressive characteristics which are essen-
tial to the success and welfare of every community.
Our educational and eleemosynary institutions are of the highest
order. ‘The public school system is unsurpassed by that of any in the
country. It has been wisely and judiciously administered and many of
its features have been studied and reproduced in the systems of older
States and those of several foreign countries. There is no place in the
world where a child can obtain a better free education. The hills and
vales, hamlets and villages of the State are adorned with school houses
while the larger cities have reared structures so grand and imposing that
many of them are pointed to with pride and admiration by the leading
educational instructors of the country.
The penal institutions of Missouri rank with any in the United States,
and so well and effectively have they been conducted, and so justly and
fearlessly have the laws been administered, that all outlawry and crime
of a serious nature have been stamped out. There is no State in the
Union to-day which is freer from crime, or in which the personal and
property rights of the citizens are better protected, or her laws more vig-
orously enforced.
Co-incident with this, the substantial progress and development have
been marvelous. A web work of steel rails connects the various centers
of commerce, trade flourishes, crops are bountiful, products of the mines
abundant, and capital receives the rewards of judicious investment, while
labor reaps the harvest of thrifty toil and endeavor.
The geographical location of Missouri gives the State unusual ad-
vantages from a climatic staridpoint. Bordering the heavily timbered
sections of the ‘Mississippi valley and the broad expanse of western prat-
rie lands it partakes of the conditions peculiar to both. The mean an-
nual temperature is about 55 degrees, varying from 33 degrees in winter
to 76 degrees in summer. As a rule, the winters are moderate, even mild,
and accompanied with light falls of snow. There are no long storm-
locked periods, no frozen cattle, no scarcity of food or fodder. The thrifty
and judicious farmer has nothing to fear for his horses, cattle, swine,
sheep or poultry during the winter season.
In summer the weather is seldom hotter than in the lowest tier of
northern states, while during the spring and autumn the most ideal con-
itions prevail. The rainfall will average about forty-one inches for the
94 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
year, while a season of prolonged drouth has been known to occur once
in twenty years and then it was generally throughout the western coun-
try. The sunshine which prevails to an unusual extent at all seasons of
the year, conduces not only to the health of all animal life, but insures
the best results and conditions in the agricultural and pastoral regions.
Crop failures are almost unknown, and the devastation of cattle by dis-
eases which prevail in less favorable climates, are unheard of in Missouri.
The prevailing winds are from the south and southwest in summer,
but are so evenly tempered by the high ranges and timbered lands of the
Ozarks that they are nearly always refreshing and cool. Those from the
southwest, west and northwest frequently bringing with them the rain
and thunderstorm, but not more than once in a decade do they approach
the celerity of a tornado. In the winter the variation is even less marked;
the winds from the north and northwest are keen and bracing, bringing
frequent snow flurries and occasional heavy falls of snow, but the bliz-
zard is as rare a factor in Missouri climatic conditions as the tornado or
cyclone, so prevalent in states further north and west.
What greater inducements can be offered the farmer than a climate
where the productive soil revels in the sunshine of an even tempered sum-
mer, followed by a short, mild and open winter, and with a rainfall of -
AI inches, our climate is a dry one. While showers are heavy, rainfalls
frequent in certain seasons, the moisture is rapidly absorbed. This is due
to the undulating surface of the soil so peculiarly characteristic of Mis-
souri land.
The soil of Missouri has always been noted for its productiveness,
and the homeseeker is assured that honest labor and industry will in-
‘variably produce a remunerative crop, whether of grain, fruits, vegetables
or even cotton.
The State has in all 42,625,600 acres, the greater part of which is
peculiarly adapted to agricultural and horticultural purposes, and offers
promising inducements for farmers who will combine economy with
industry.
The State Board of Immigration sams up the resources as follows:
“Missouri fruit crops surpass those of Florida. South Missouri is
the land of big red apples.
“Missouri mules and horses are finer than those of Kentucky. In
the production of poultry she leads the world.
“There is more coal in Missouri than in Illinois; more iron than in
Pennsylvania, more building stone than in Vermont. The output of lead.
and zine is worth more in one year than all Colorado’s mined silver.
“Tt is essentially the land of wild grasses and the adopted home of
the famous blue grass.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 95
“Tn agriculture it is the garden spot of the universe. In summer a
land of growing crops and delightful air; in winter, fat herds, full tables
and bright firesides.”
In other words, Missouri is a part of the garden spot of the west.
Its fertility and resources are unsurpassed by any similar area on the
American continent. The market value of the land, when its productive-
ness is considered, is far below that in other States. Transportation facilt-
ties to the great markets of the world are unexcelled, with such natural
gateways by rail and river routes as St. Louis and Kansas City, no State
in the Union is more favorably situated for continental travel. More
railroads and steamboat lines center at these two points than at any met-
ropolitan center west of the Alleghany mountains. St. Louis is known
to the world as the “Solid City; the bonds of the State of Missouri, as
well as those of the City of St. Louis, are floated on the markets of
America and Europe on the same per centage basis, and almost the same
identical basis as United States Government bonds. In other words, the
credit of Imperial Missouri at home and abroad is as good as that of the
National Government. Her State debt has been practically wiped out,
and no commonwealth in the Union enjoys greater immunity from tax-
ation. Figures will show that property owners and citizens of Missouri
generally, pay less taxes per annum than the citizens of any State in the
Union. :
Missouri, for a greater part, is an agricultural State with a large
amount of lands that have never been cultivated, never been subjected to
the keen edge of the plow, never been tilled.
Many farms to-day are not worked to their full productiveness be-
cause of a lack of up-to-date methods. While this may seem strange, it
is nevertheless true.
The population of Missouri has gradually increased from the hun-
dreds of thousands into the millions. Statistics have shown that nearly
one-half of the adults of the State, engaged in active business and com-
mercial pursuits, have become rich from the soil.
Agriculture predominates over the other industries and appears to
hold out surpassing inducements to those who wish to engage in it—the
stock raiser, poultry raiser, dairyman, fruit grower and the miner. Its
cities, towns and villages are rapidly filling up, and farm lands are grad-
ually being brought under a higher degree of cultivation. All the cereals
of the western and northwestern states, as well as the fruits, grains and
vegetables of the south attain a degree of great perfection in Missouri.
Our wheat makes most excellent flour and ranks high on all markets;
corn crops are always assured and attain a high degree of perfection.
while our fruit lands rival those of California.
96 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
A man with moderate means can locate in Missouri, buy a good farim,
enjoy all the advantages of modern social community, on payment of fess
taxes than he can anywhere else in the United States. Figures and statis-
tics will prove each of these assertions.
The soil and climate makes this locality the natural home of all nu-
tritious grasses. Blue grass, which has made certain sections of Ken-
tucky famous, has been found to be particularly adapted to the soil of
Missouri. It grows spontaneously wherever it is left free from the plow.
But Missouri does not depend alone on its blue grass. It grows other
varieties equally nutritious and as valuable for pasturage, also possess-
ing the advantage of being cut and dried for hay. Orchard grass, tim-
othy, red top, alfalfa and clovers thrive in the soil. Missouri hills are as
rugged as the Highlands of Scotland and her valleys as fertile as those of
the Nile, where can be grown in abundance everything needful to man-
kind.
Dairying in Missouri has been successfully tested. Milk, butter and
cheese are produced at a minimum cost, and while the country possesses
more natural advantages for dairying than New York, it is equally well
situated in close proximity to large markets for these products as the
Empire State. St. Louis on the east, Kansas City and St. Joe on the
west, with scores of smaller but well populated cities in the interior,
all connected by intersecting lines of our great railway systems.
The same conditions which prevail for the successful raising of cat-
tle and dairying, apply to the wool growing industry. There are no de-
vastating blizzards, no enervating spells of excessive heat and drought,
no epidemics, to decimate the flocks.
The coal deposits of Missouri have been estimated to be sufficient to
supply the demand of adjoining communities for centuries. <A territory
comprising twenty thousand square miles of the State’s surface covers
these deposits. Extending from Clark county in a southwesterly direc-
tion down through the State to the Indian territory, there are extensive
coal fields in nearly every county northwest of such line.
Coal mines have been worked with apparently but little effort, with-
out the use of expensive machinery, deep shafts being found to be neces-
sary. The coal is bituminous in character and of good quality. In more
than a thousand places along the lines of railroad, these coal deposits have
been tapped and furnish the greater part of the fuel used for commercial
and domestic purposes.
The iron deposit of Missouri are too famous for lengthy comment.
Ore has been found in some sections in such vast quantities that it has
been-roundly estimated it would supply one hundred furnaces for one
thousand years.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 97
What has been said of iron applies with equal force to the lead and
zinc deposits of Missouri. The famous “Joplin District” in southwest
Missouri is known the world over wherever lead and zinc stocks are put
upon the market for investment or speculation. Millions of dollars worth
of the product of these ores have been sold at home and abroad during
‘the past decade. During the recent Klondyke gold fever, actual figures
were produced to show that the yield in dollars and cents from the lead
and zinc mines of Missouri, for corresponding periods of two, three and
four years was greater than that from all the shining metal mined in
Alaska.
The district in which lead mining has been carried on for the greatest
period, lies in southeastern Missouri, and the production in that part of
the State has been enormous for many years, from which profitable reve-
nues have been derived.
Fully three-fourths of all the zinc used in the United States has been
mined in Missouri. This may be a startling statement to many, but to
those familiar with the facts it is known to be true.
Down in the southwest corner of the State, in the vicinity of Joplin,
Webb City, Carthage and Aurora, the deposits of zinc appear to be ex-
haustless. This section has been styled the “Klondyke of Missouri,” but
unlike the famous gold bearing region in the ice bound fastness of Alaska
and British Columbia, it has attained an enduring reputation as one of
the greatest ore producing centers in the world. The mineral deposits
as stated, appear to be exhaustless, and though the mining industry is
practically in its infancy, the products have been yielding annually eight
to ten million dollars.
In comparison with the zinc, lead and iron deposits, those of copper
are limited and confined to a few districts. Yet it must be said that cop-
per mining in Missouri has never been put to a thorough test.
The building stones of Missouri have attained a high reputation in
recent years and some of the large quarries are now known in every sec-
tion of the country. The granites, marbles, sandstones and limestones
are of excellent quality, and have been tested thoroughly in many of the
handsome buildings and structures of this and adjoining states. The
granites have been pronounced by experts to be unexcelled by those of
Vermont, or of any other State in the Union. .The granites are not only
solid and beautiful for buildings, but several of them have no equal in
the world for street paving purposes. The red and grey species are par-
ticularly attractive, and furnish huge boulders, handsome and massive
pillars, polished slabs and stones, for every useful and ornamental pur-
pose in the architect’s and builder’s lines.
A—7
98 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
‘Missouri has some of the finest undeveloped onyx beds in the world.
The finest rough and pressed brick are manufactured from the fire clays
abundant in many sections of the State.
The manufacture of plate glass is one of the distinctive industries
of the State. Our plate glass factory in Southeast Missouri has a reputa-
tion that is worldwide. Deposits of kaolin, potter’s clay, tin, nickel, co-
balt and magnesium are found in certain sections in paying quantities.
It is difficult to determine whether Missouri’s greatest wealth lies
in her land-locked vaults and hidden recesses, or in the fruitful crops
which the thrifty toiler produces from her rich and sun-kissed soil.
While Missouri and Missourians have done their full duty to the sen-
timent of the Fair, in providing it with funds and fountain head, there
now remains a greater duty to be done—that of placing our Imperial State
failrly before the world.
I have told you a part only of what Missouri has done toward this
great enterprise, and of her possibilities and natural resources, the many
natural advantages she possesses from political, business, religious, social
and educational standpoint. There is also a practical side to this ques-
tion—to demonstrate these possibilities to the public is the difficult task
we have before us.
Knowing the unexcelled resources of our State and realizing the
opportunity presented by this exposition for making these resources known
to the world, and reaping for themselves the profits of increased demands
for our lands, our stock, our crops and our minerals, the people of Mis-
souri by a practically unanimous vote, authorized the Legislature to ap-
propriate one million dollars for the purpose of properly exploiting Mis-
souri before the world.
This the Legislature has done and through the Governor, has ap-
pointed a commission of nine, of which I have the honor to be president,
to assemble the exhibits for display.
To do justice to the State—and justice will be done—is a Herculean
task. We commissioners are but servants of the people, and in this im-
portant work must have the unstinted assistance and co-operation of every
loyal Missourian.
Our breeders produce finer horses, mules, cattle hogs and poultry
than any State in the Union. With your co-operation, breeders, we will
demonstrate this to the world—making the brand “Missouri bred” on any
animal an accepted guarantee of its superiority.
Our apples, berries, peaches and vegetables have first call in every
market where they are known. With your assistance, growers, we will
make them known in every market of the country.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 99
Our farms and rural communities afford the best homes and most
profitable farming in the country. Our lands offer better investments
and surer returns. With your assistance, farmers and land-owners, we
will make these facts known to the crowded agriculturalist of the east,
the blizzard-tossed farmer of the north, and the drought-ridden strug-
gler of the west—increasing the demand for and value of every acre of
tillable land in the State.
Thus, too, shall we make known to the world that while we produce
three-fourths of the world’s output of zinc, of the forty counties under-
laid with zine ore, the mining thereof is extensively followed in but five
or six, and even in these exceptional opportunities for investment are
offering.
Government tests and reports shows our quarries produce the finest
building stone in the country, but this fact is scarcely known outside of
the State. We must demonstrate it to the world.
With the support of loyal Missourians, we will bring to the atten-
tion of capital the vast deposits of glass, sand, onyx, coal, iron and other
commodities, awaiting only the touch of enterprise and capital.
In gum wood, which grows and is milled only in this State, is the
greatest substitute for mahogany. This, with our other lumber inter-
ests, must be exploited fully.
In health and pleasure resorts we rival the seashore. To insure popu-
larity and patronage for these, the world at large need only know of the
health-giving properties of their waters and air; the facts we will make
known, with the proper assistance of those interested.
Our great educational institutions must be fully exploited and our
wonderful public school system fully exemplified. To do this success-
fully we must have the assistance not only of the educators of the State,
but of all those interested in education.
I might go on citing fields wherein specific benefits will be derived
by our people and the State from this exposition, but have already occu-
pied more than my allotted time.
Perhaps a word of explanation is due as to why no greater progress
has been made to date by the Missouri Commission.
Very soon after the Commission was first appointed, they began to
arrange for the preliminary work and had accomplished a great deal along
this line, when it became apparent that the Fair would of necessity be
postponed. We then deemed it wise to postpone further work for the
time being.
We have now again actively taken up the work, and in a short time
all preliminary arrangements will be completed, heads of departments
appointed and active work begin in earnest. The Commission from
100 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
this day forward will endeavor to push the work vigorously to the end,
so that when Missouri’s exhibit shall be installed with the co-operation
of the various societies and those interested in Missouri’s welfare, and
the fair opened, the result of our efforts will meet the approval of our
people.
I want to remind you all of one thing before I close, and that is
that no matter how hard the Commissioners may labor, no matter hew
earnestly and faithfully they endeavor to perform their duties, after all
success rests upon the co-operation of all the people, and we especially
desire that every Missourian feel that he is a part and parcel of this
great undertaking, and that the Commissioners will at all times welcome
any suggestions or ideas that you have to present.
The office in St. Louis is open, where all correspondence relative to
“Missouri at the Fair’? should be addressed, and where it will receive
earnest consideration. And we extend to the people of the State a
hearty welcome and invite their hearty and earnest co-operation in our
work.
MISSOURI LIVE STOCK AT ST: LOUIS WORLDS Taa=
(By Hon. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.)
That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition to be held in St. Louis in
1904, will prove the greatest the world has yet seen no well informed
person doubts. It is laid out on a much broader scale than any of the
past, covering I believe, in area between eleven and twelve hundred acres,
whereas the Columbian at Chicago in 1893 of which all America was so
justly proud, covered between six and seven hundred acres. It will
excel not only in size any world’s fair of the past, but it will embrace
more departments and a greater variety of exhibits. The world
moves in more than one sense and especially is this true of the im-
mediate past. The pace is quickening at every step. New and im-
pertant inventions and discoveries not dreamed of at the time of former
expositions will be there on exhibition. There the -civilized world will
meet and no doubt more or less of the less civilized, and learn from each
other. Nations in greater numbers no doubt than ever assembled to-
gether on any former occasion will be there within the borders of our
own great State and vie with each other in one gréat united effort to
educate and better the condition of mankind.
Missouri is singularly fortunate that this great exposition is brought
to our very doors and no Missourian be he man, woman or child of
appreciable age should fail to embrace the opportunity of a life time by
‘Slling “I ‘H jo Asajanoo Aq “ZOET v0RIeq UIOD AJUNODH AauUeFT JO MOIA AOIIa]UT
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 103
attending. The advantages there offered for learning will be unequaled
and if intelligently made use of an education so to speak can be much
more easily and rapidly gained than by reading or traveling. Instead of
having to visit the different nations of the earth at great distance and
expense they will be here assembled for the common good of all. We
should be the more proud of this greatest of all expositions for the reason
that it has been brought into existence largely by Missouri energy, intel-
ligence and money with one of our most gifted and beloved Missourians
at its head backed up also by a loyal sisterhood of states. Here on
Missouri soil occupying almost the exact center of our Union the North,
South, East as well as the unequaled West, will be assembled together
welcoming with one united outstretched hand, the nations of the. earth
in friendly rivalry to take part in this mighty effort to enlighten the
world. We will learn from them and they, no doubt, from us. In this
effort Missouri will be a central figure and much will be expected of
her. With her million dollar appropriation, I believe she will prove
equal to the occasion but not without much thought, hard work and sacri-
fice of time from personal business on the part of the Commission upon
whom rests the responsibility of making the exhibit of our State. As
a member of that Commission I can truthfully say I feel the weight of
this responsibility and I am certain every member feels the same.
Of the Missouri live stock exhibit in particular am I expected to
speak. That she will here do her part well I can say without boasting
that I haven’t the slightest doubt. There is no way by which we can
judge the future with more certainty than by the past. In both national
and international shows of live stock in the past Missouri has led in several
lines of live stock, notably so in cattle, hogs, sheep, light horses, jack
stock and mules. And who is it in this enlightened age that has not heard
of the Missouri mule? The Hon. Champ Clark has well said that in the
war between this country and Spain the Missouri boys started for the
front and but few of them got there, but the Missouri mule was in it
fiom start to finish. His superiority seems to be recognized the world
ever and by thousands he journeyed as far as South Africa and ma-
terially aided our English Cousins in conquering the gallant Boers.
At the Chicago World’s Fair I saw a Missouri exhibit of fine wool
sheep win three-fourths of the first prizes, to say nothing of lesser prizes
he won. This exhibitor was none other than the late L. E. Shattuck of
Stanberry, Mo., and he had for competition a very large exhibit of the
very best the world could produce. ‘The further eastern states for more
than half a century looked upon as the home of the fine wool sheep were
there in all their old-time glory but went down in defeat under the
weight of the Missouri genius. I have heard many well posted stock
104 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
breeders say that he was the greatest breeder of fine wool sheep of his
day. .
Mr. Wallace Estill, of Estill, Mo., was equally as successful at the
same show with his exhibit of Aberdeen Angus cattle and I could name
other Missouri exhibitors of live stock who were equally as successful
with other kinds of live stock.
In the late national shows of Shorthorn and Hereford cattle I have
frequently seen Missouri come out of the hottest kind of competition
with the first three, four or maybe first five ribbons and on one occasion
I call to’mind a case where Missouri exhibitors won the first sevei
prizes of the eight given in a class of very strong competition represent-
ing several states in which were left more than double that number of
animals that did not gain a position.
In St. Louis in 1904, will no doubt be gathered together the greatest
live stock show by far that the World has ever held. I have heard this
prophecy many times from the lips of well posted stock breeders within
the last eighteen months while I have not heard a single one dispute the
correctness of the prediction.
Some ten years ago I read in a leading English live stock journal a
re-printed speech of the great Gladstone, delivered, it was said, thirty
years previous to that time, before The Royal Agriculture Society of
Great Britain in which he said that farming in connection with live stock
breeding afforded the largest field for the development of the human
mind of any profession known to man. ‘The breeding and developing
of the best specimens of our improved live stock has ever been regarded
by the intelligent student as a science of the highest order. | As in any
other avocation of life many who attempt to master its mysteries fail
where one succeeds. I am not given to boasting but I have faith in the
skill, energy and pluck of our Missouri breeders as compared with the
like qualities of those from other states or countries and I am here to say
that when the history of the live stock show of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition shall have been written I am sure the names of Missouri
breeders will be found well to the front.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SHOWING AS WELL AS BEING
SHOWN.
(By Hon. J. O. Allison, New London, Mo.)
We are about to commemorate a great event.
We are a celebrating people. We celebrate our birthdays, our wed-
ding days, the lives of our great heroes, and statesmen, and the great
historic events of our nation. We love to gather at the old homestead,
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 105
and celebrate the birthdays of our fathers and mothers, and review the
sacred scenes of the old home and boyhood days, and “dream the old
‘dreams over again.” The old soldiers gather at Gettysburg and Chick-
amauga, and around the camp fires, and on the sacred battle fields, pay
tribute to the memories of the sacred dead. As the years come and go,
the American people, with high patriotic purpose, gather togther, on
the Fourth day of July, and twine anew the laurel wreath, and again
crown our nation’s glory. Pageantry, pomp and ceremonials, have
ever held a place in the lives of civilized people.
It is more befitting, that in the beginning of the twentieth century,
we turn from the achievements of military heroes, and the pageantry of
war, to celebrate the great victory of peace; the mighty achievement of
statesmanship; the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory; the great
land transaction between Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon Bonaparte;
the greatest real estate deal since the time that God created the world,
and pronounced it good, and quit-claimed it to the human race, and put
them in possession in the flowery and fruited Garden of Eden.
Great deeds must have great occasions; great results must have
great causes; great poets have great themes; great historians have
great subjects. Milton had Paradise, Shakespeare had Humanity, Jef-
ferson, in writing the Declaration of Independence, had the “inalienable
rights of man.” The Columbian Exposition at Chicago, had the birth
of a Republic. An Exposition, in order to be successful, must have a
great event to commemorate, such as will create an enthusiastic interest
and zeal in the enterprise.
The first thing of importance, therefore, in the discussion of the
great Exposition, to be held in St. Louis in 1904, is to consider, under-
stand, and appreciate, the great magnitude and far-reaching effects of
the event we are about to celebrate, and review the causes that lead to
its consummation. To do this without the mention of Napoleon Bona-
parte, would be like a marriage without a bride, or Shakespeare with-
out a Hamlet.
One hundred years ago, the Old World was completely dedicated to
monarchies. By the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory, the New
World was dedicated to Republics. A few years before the acquisition
of this territory by the United States, the American Colonies had gained
their Independence, and established the little republic, along the west
shore of the Atlantic. This little nation owned the sea-board, from
Maine to Georgia, extending westward to the Mississippi river; the
mouth of this great river, and the entire west bank, was owned and con-
trolled by nations, unfriendly to the United States. This new and
growing republic was made up of sturdy, pioneer and patriotic people
106 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
who sought to establish a government based upon the eternal principles
of human rights. But they were circumscribed; they needed an arena,
suitable to their objects; they needed a foundation, upon which to build
the magnificent superstructure which we now behold, as the great Ameri-
can Republic. ;
At this time the Old World was in the throes of war. The nations
of Europe were trembling under the military power and genius of Na-
poleon. His ambition was to dominate the East. Germany, Austria,
Spain and Egypt submitted to his imperial power, and the hosts of Rus-
sia gave way before his invading armies. He was successful every-
where, except when he met the British troops; England was his great-
est rival, and his most dangerous foe. England was then, as now, a
great commercial nation, and Napoleon resolved to cripple her com-
merce, by cutting off her trade with the nations of Europe and Asia,
so far as he could control those which had come under his dominion,
and by aiding the establishment of a commercial rival in America, and
thus deplete the treasury of England, so that he would some day be
able to meet her in successful combat. It was with this purpose, that
he conveyed to the United States for an insignificant consideration, the
vast Louisiana Territory.
Just before Napoleon made this conveyance, and while discussing
it, he said: “To emancipate nations from the commercial tyranny of
England, it is necessary to balance her influence, by a maritime power,
that may one day become her rival; that power is the United States.
The English aspire to dispose of all the riches of the world. I shall
be useful to the whole universe if I can prevent their ruling America as
they rule Asia.”
And again, it is authentic history, that just after the transaction was
completed, by which the Louisiana Territory was transferred to the
United States, that Napoleon said: “This accession of territory,
strengthens, forever, the power of the United States, and I have just
given England a maritime rival, that will sooner or later, humble her
pride.”
With what prophetic vision did Napoleon look one hundred years
into the future, and unfold the coming events! Read the story of
American commerce of today. It is written everywhere. ‘Today the
United States is the commercial rival and competitor of England. Be-
hold our navy, the pride of America, and the admiration of the world,
and our Merchant Marine, carrying our commerce to all parts’ of the
earth! See the products of our farms and factories and mines, export-
ed to all parts of the world, coming in competition with like products of
Great Britain and other nations; hear the jealous mutterings of Ger-
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 107
many, and Russia, in their attempts to exclude the importation of
American products. Hear the demand of the United States for the
“Open Door,” in China, and a share of the trade in the Orient. Yes,
look at the vast annual shipment of horses, mules, hogs, wheat, hay and
corn, from this very Louisiana Territory to England. She cannot carry
on her wars, nor feed her people, without the aid of American com-
merce.
The Fifteen Million Dollars, consideration, for this transfer, was
not the primal and moving cause with Napoleon. His published state-
ments show, that he well knew it was a mere pittance, compared with
the value of this vast domain. It is a mistaken belief that Napoleon
did not have a fair conception of the magnitude and resources of the
Louisiana Territory. He saw in it, at the time he ceded it to the
United States, the resources and possibilities, of a rising commercial!
empire.
Napoleon, in the transfer of Louisiana to the United States, per-
formed the one act of his strenuous life, which has stood the test of
time; of all of his mighty achievements, this alone has borne fruit.
Germany, Austria, Italy, and Spain no longer bend the knee; his mag-
nificent military exploits are only remembered in the dimness of fading
history. Where are the fruits of his great battles? What glory comes
to him from Austerlitz, ‘Marengo and Waterloo? Who is made better
by the exploits of his wonderful military genius? Over his grave ths
poet sang—
“He sleeps his last sleep; he has fought his last battle,
No sound can awake him to glory again.,’’
If any sound could awaken him it would not be the sound of war
trumpets, but the hum of peaceful industry in the Louisiana territory.
If any sound could awaken him, it would not be the victorious shouts of
a triumphant soldiery, or the flattering speech of subject monarchs it
would be the glad shouts of eighty million of free Americans; it would
be the voice of humanity rejoicing, that by the stroke of his pen, he
made possible the development of this great nation, the champion of
human rights and human liberty. By his sword, he failed to make the
French Empire co-extensive with the bounds of Europe, but by his.pen,
he made possible, the great American Republic of today. For his
military achievements, he was doomed to perish upon the barren rocks
of St. Helena. It has been well said of Napoleon—
“He perished by his sword,
By his pen he won immortality.”
108 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
When I view this magnificent Louisiana Territory, I can not help
but think, what a miserable failure Satan made, when in ancient times,
he undertook to make an exhibit—when he took the Savior upon the
mountain, and showed him all lands and kingdoms “round about,” and
offered to cede to him all of the lands and kingdoms, as far as the eye
could encompass, if the Savior would fall down and worship him. What
a mistake Satan made as usual! If he was really going to tempt the
Saviour, why didn’t he show him something good? Why didn’t he abide
his time, and show him the Louisiana Purchase? Instead of going up-
on the little mountain near Judea, why didn’t he take him upon the
dizzy heights of the snow-capped Rocky Mountains, where they could
see something? Instead of showing him the River Jordan, why didn’t
he show him the mighty Mississippi and Missouri rivers? Instead of
showing him the Hills of Judea, why didn’t he show the great Mountain
Ranges of the Louisiana Purchase? Instead of showing him the
“Land of Canaan,” why didn’t he show him the land of Missouri? If
he had shown the Savior all these things, nothing but his Divine nature
would have enabled him to withstand the temptation, and impelled him
to render that well deserved rebuke: “Satan, get thee behind me, for it is
written, thou shalt worship the Lord thy God.”
By the Louisiana Purchase the United States mere than doubled
its then existing area, and added a domain, greater than the combined
area of England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Austria; cut of
which was carved the States and Territories of Louisiana, Arkansas,
Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Neb-
raska, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Oklahoma and the Indian Terri-
tory. The acquisition of the Lousiana Territory, led to and made possi-
ble the acquisition of the vast regions west of it, composing the States
and Territories of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Utah,
Texas, Arizona and New Mexico; for without. the Louisiana Pur-
chase all of this country lying west of it, would have been segregated
from the United States by an intervening foreign power, which, per-
haps, would have made the acquisition of that vast region west of the
Louisiana Territory, both impossible and undesirable.
The Louisiana Purchase led to the Monroe Doctrine, because, with
foreign powers occupying three-fourths of the territory now occupied
by the United States, and controlling the Gulf of Mexico, and the Mis-
souri and the Mississippi rivers, President Monroe would never have
conceived, nor dared to promulgate the great American principle, known
and cherished as the Monroe Doctrine.
It is of the highest importance, that we celebrate this historic event,
that marks the summit of Napoleon’s fame, and crowned the glory of
‘slaing ‘I ‘HT Jo Aseyanoo Aq ‘lanossl ‘AJUNOD AauoFT ‘UOJUTID ‘ZOBT ‘VORIRVG| UIOD AJUNOD AUSF_ MIA «AOTIOzUT
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LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. Ly
Thomas Jefferson, and re-enforced humanity, in its work of human pro-
gress. Measured by the vast area of the Louisiana Purchase and its
wonderful resources; measured by the personnel of the two great char-
acters who were its authors and finishers, Napoleon, the greatest soldier
of the East, and Jefferson, the greatest statesman of the West; measured
by the far-reaching effects upon the human race; it is one of the
greatest events, in ‘the history of the world. As the handiwork of
Jefferson and Napoleon, it could not be less than great. We will com-
memorate it by the greatest World’s Fair the world has ever seen.
Of all the states and nations preparing for this great international
show, Missouri should be the best prepared. Missourians, “have been
shown,” so long, they are now ready to make a great show; we have
had a long and varied experience and training in the show business.
Every Misourian delights in being shown; in fact he “has to be shown.”
It is very important for Missouri to show, because she has so much
to show, such varied and magnificent products to display. Missouri,
with its rolling prairies, fertile valleys, mighty forests, majestic rivers,
and rich mineral deposits, abounds in material wealth unsurpassed in
all the sisterhood of states; Missouri, with its queenly cities, splendid
railroads, vast manufacturing and business industries; with its rich fields
of undulating soil, where corn, wheat, oats, cotton and hay grow and
ripen in luxurious gradeur; with its exhaustless mineral beds, where
coal, lead, zinc, and rock, lie sleeping in the earth and mountains of iron
await the blazing forge; with its vast expanse of orchards covering its
hills and valleys, as far as the eye can see, flowered and fruited, in
matchless richness and beauty, with the apple, peach and pear; with its
great stock industry of splendid cattle, horses, mules, hogs and sheep,
which easily win the laurels, in the best prize contests of the land,—
commands the admiration of the business and industrial world.
Missouri, with its mountains and valleys, and prairies and rivers,
and forests and landscapes; where the grass grows and waves before ihe
wind like the billows of the sea, and the flowers of every hue and clime,
bloom and fill the air with fragrance; where the birds of every note
and plumage, from morning till night, wend their merry flights and fill
the day with song—pleases and charms the most esthetic taste.
Missouri, with its magnificent educational system, with its schools
and colleges and churches, where thousands of Christian homes dot the
hills and plains and cluster by the rivers, attracts the admiration and de-
light of the most educated, cultured and refined. Missouri, with its
millions of intelligent, God-fearing, educated, patriotic, liberty-loving
people, with its varied and boundless resources, is the greatest State in
the Union.
112 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Such a State with its million dollar appropriation, deserves, de-
mands, must have, and will have, the best exhibit at the St. Louis
World’s Fair, that was ever displayed to the gaze of an admiring pub-
lic, by any state or nation.
AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE AT THE EXPOSITION.
(By Professor John T. Stinson, Superintendent of Pomology, Depart-
ment of Horticulture, World’s Fair.)
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am here to meet you in the place of Mr. F. W. Taylor, Chief of
the Departments of Agriculture and Horticulture of the World’s Fair,
who is on the program, but unluckily for you he is in New York and it
is impossible for him to be here.
I am not going to attempt to make such an address as Mr. Taylor
would make, for he is an Exposition man and would take up this subject
ina thorough and comprehensive manner. [| desire to say, however, for
the encouragement of all of you who are interested in seeing Missouri
inake the finest exhibits in the Departments of Agriculture and Horti-
culture that have ever been made at any Exposition, that you will find
that Mr. Taylor will do everything in his power to assist those directly
in charge. He has had a large amount of Exposition experience, cover-
ing the World’s Fair at Chicago, and the Expositions at Omaha and
Puffalo.
It is not necessary for me to attempt to give facts concerning the
general scope of the Exposition, as the members of the different societies
here represented are probably well acquainted with the general plan oi
the exposition. It is well known that this exposition is planned on a
much larger scale than was the Columbian Exposition at Chicago.
When it is realized that the exposition grounds extend two miles in one
direction and one mile in the other, some idea of the extent of this great
exposition is obtained.
The largest building on the grounds will be the Agriculture building
which will cover practically twenty acres. This is evidence of the rec-
cgnition by the exposition officials of the importance of the agricul-
tural industry.
Some of the other large builcings are the Transportation building,
which will cover over fifteen acres, the Machinery Building, which
will cover over ten acres, the building devoted to the Varied Industries,
covering over ten acres, and the Manufactures building covering prac-
>
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. bis
tically thirteen acres. These are some of the largest buildings, while
there are a great number of buildings covering from four to ten acres.
It is certainly gratifying to the agriculturists of the State to know
that the largest building of the exposition is the Agriculture building,
and that it is naturally expected that Missouri will occupy a large
amount of space in this building with her great exhibit of Agricultural
products.
The Horticulture building will cover about five and one-half acres.
In this building will be the Pomological exhibit, covering a space of about
four acres. This is about twice the amount of space that has ever been
devoted to a fruit exhibit and besides it is all to be in one large room,
which will add much to the value of the exhibit.
The arrangement of the exhibit will be such that the whole exhibit
space can be seen from certain locations in the building. In addition to
the space to be devoted to the fruit exhibit, one wing of the building
will be devoted to a large floral exhibit, which will be filled with rare
and beautiful greenhouse plants from all sections of the world. The
other wing will be taken up with the Horticultural machinery exhibit,
and a part of the space will also be devoted to cut flower exhibits which
will be made from time to time.
The space surrounding the Agriculture and Horticulture buildings,
covering an area of forty acres, will be under the Department of Horti-
culture and exhibits of every known tree, shrub and plant will be exhibi-
ted here in quantity.
It is expected that a comprehensive nursery exhibit will also be
made on these grounds.
One of the features of the exposition, and that will be an improve-
ment on former expositions, and one that will appeal to you all, is that
an effort will be made to have live exhibits in every department where
it is possible. Thus the plan to show processes as well as products, and
the great value of this plan, from an educational standpoint will be
realized by all. This plan will be followed in the Department of
Agriculture as well as in other departments. In this department will
be shown the application of the machinery to the products of the soil by
having all of the machinery used in connection with the product in
actual operation. For example, wheat: All of the machinery used,
such as binders, threshing machines, fanning mills and a flouring mill,
will be in actual operation. In addition to this, the finished product as it
comes from the flouring mill will be used by the bakery which wishes to
_ supply bread to visitors on the grounds. In addition to this, cotton gins
-
will be in operation as well as a cigar manufacturing plant, and, in fact,
A-8
114 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
the processes of manufacture of all agricultural products will be shown
where it is possible to do so.
The value of collective exhibits cannot be overestimated, and I am
pleased to quote from a recent statement made by Mr. F. W. Taylor,
Chief of the Department of Agriculture, concerning this particular
subject : :
“The chief way in which it is intended to improve upon the methods
of other expositions, in the Department of Agriculture, will be in the
showing of a number of the various agricultural products in such a way
as to make possible their study each by itself. Take, as an instance,,
corn: An exhibit will be installed to consist entirely of this one product;
it will show every variety of corn from all parts of the world where t is
possible to grow this cereal. Every known product of the corn as a
plant or as a fruit will also be shown, together with illustrations of the
uses to which the products may be put. In this way may be presented
all those articles which are made from the stalk or pith. The products
intended for human food will be shown, as well as those products which
are intended for animal food.
“There will also be presented such products as glucose, alcohol, oil,
starch, and all the other things which are manufactured from this widely
adapted cereal.
“Tt is believed that this method will enable a visitor ts get a much
better idea of a great number of uses to which corn may be put than could
possibly be afforded if it was necessary to go to a score of state exhibits
to find them.
“In much the same way as is described for corn will be treated such
other products as cotton, tobacco, etc. These exhibits are intended not
to take the place of but rather to supplement the usual exhibits by states
or counties.
“It is believed that this method of bringing together the leading
items included in the department will prove one of the features of the
exposition,” °
It is probable that the classification of the Departments of Agricul-
ture and Hortuculture will be of some interest to members of the
societies here represented, therefore, I desire to mention some of tle
particular points connected with the classification.
Under Farm Equipment will be shown the different systems of
farming, plans of farm buildings and the buildings connected with farm-
ing operations.
Agricultural implements and farm machinery will be shown in the
Agriculture Department. These will include all implements and ma-
chines used in the production and manufacture of agricutural prodncts.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 115
With tobacco the equipment, processes and products will be shown,
which will include the raw material, leaf and seed and the manufactured
products.
Under Appliances and Methods Used in Agricultural Industries,
will be shown such establishments as dairies, creameries, oil mills, etc.
Under Vegetable Food Products and Agricultural Seeds will be
shown the different grains as they are harvested in the field, and their
products after manufacture.
Under Animal Food Products and meats of all kinds, including
refrigerated meats, fittings and appliances for testing, separating and
preserving milk and like products.
The group styled “Equipment and Methods Employed in the Prepar-
ation of Foods” includes a vast number of products, consisting of flour
mills, bakeries, freezing machines, canning factories, sugar refineries,
distilleries and various industries for the preparation of foods.
In addition to these will be shown, under another group, Insects
and Plant diseases, a systematic collection of insects and vegetable para-
sities of plants; also the appliances and processes used in destroying
injurious insects and preventing loss from plant diseases.
Under Horticulture: | Appliances and Methods of Pomology, Viti-
culture, Floriculture and Arboriculture, are classed all the tools used by
gardeners and nurserymen and those interested in like pursuits, also
greenhouses, different methods of heating the same, ete.
The Appliances and Methods of Viticulture will be shown by build-
ings used in connection with this work, implements used in the culture
of the vine, collection of vines, all appliances for vineyards, wine sheds
and cellars. The methods of wine making will be shown, as will the
diseases of the vine and best methods of preventing them.
Pomology consists of the following: Pomaceous and stone fruits;
apples, pears, quinces, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, etc. ;
citrus fruits, oranges, lemons, limes, shaddocks, pomelos, etc.; tropical
and subtropical fruits; pineapples, bananas, guavas, mangoes, tamarinds,
figs, olives, sapodillas, etc.; small fruits; strawberries, raspberries, black-
berries, dewberries, gooseberries, currants etc.; nuts, almonds, chest-
nuts, filberts, pecans, hickorynuts, walnuts, etc. Casts and models of
fruits in wax plaster, etc.
The exhibit of Trees, Shrubs, Ornamental Plants and Flowers, con-
sists of ornamental trees, seedlings or grafted, plants for the park and
garden, herbaceous plants grown in the open ground, such as chrysan-
themums, dahlias, etc.
The Plants of the Conservatory will show specimens of the culture
used in different countries and forced culture oi vegetables and fruits;
116 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
specimens of products; plants for houses of moderate temperature ; plants
for hot houses, ete.
Under the group comprising Seeds and Plants for Gardens and Nur-
series will be shown a collection of seeds of vegetables, plants and trees,
young trees, seedlings or grafted, ete.
I have attempted to simply give an outline of the classification for
both Agriculture and Horticulture, and have not attempted to mention
all of the groups nor the classes represented in each group, but simply
some of the more important classifications that I believe you are more
particularly interested in.
In conclusion, I may say that I am pleased to give you these facts
concerning the Departments of Agriculture and Horticulture of what
will be the greatest of all Expositions. I have been a resident of the
State of Missouri for only three years, during which time I have been
Director of the State Fruit Experiment Station at Mountain Grove.
However, during a period of about eight years previous, while connected
with the State University and Experiment Station of Arkansas, I took a
great interest in the fruit growing industry of Missouri, and especially _
the Ozark region. I believe I am safe in saying that there is no section
of the country that promises more in the way of Horticultural develop-
ment than does Missouri. At the present time Missouri has in its apple
orchards the greatest number of trees growing of any State in the Union,
‘The development of the peach industry in South Missouri during the
past four years is also wonderful, and I may say that from present indi-
cations the real development of the Horticultural industry has just begun.
I do not need to say to you that it is important that the Agricultural
and Horticultural products of Missouri be extensively exhibited at the
World’s Fair. The great diversity of these products in the State, owing
to the diversity of soil and climate, offers an opportunity to exhibit the
greatest collection of products that has ever been shown.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 117
THE WHAT NEXT OF THE GOOD ROADS PROBLEM.
(By D. Ward King, Maitland, Mo.)
The good roads problem is of national importance; it is receiving
national attention. Nothing is too good for Missouri and she will be no
lagegard in the good roads procession. East and West, North and South,
Missouri’s methods of earth road construction are being studied. No
state in the Union possesses better roads than can be found in this State,
while, on the other hand, the earth road within a mile of a Missouri ham-
let is not worse than the earth road within a mile of Chicago, Cleveland
or Washington. At either place, under certain conditions the best of
teamsters will “stick in the mud.”
Road by Mr. King’s farm, kept up by the dragging method. The road that has made
a national reputation.
It is my purpose today to consider as briefly as possibly the dragging
of the roads; earth roads; the wastes of our present system, and stone
roads.
Road Dragging.—The results that follow persistent dragging of the
roads after each wet spell cannot be pictured with words. I met Hon.
118 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
S. M. Prather, of Tarkio, Missouri, recently in St. Joseph, and as we shook
hands he said: “I did not take much stock in your dragging idea at first,
but Pll tell you, you cannot talk long enough or hard enough to a man to
make him believe what it will do. The only way for him to comprehend
it is to build a drag and use it.”
Mr. Chas. Hill, who lives about eight miles from Mexico, Mo., writes:
“T have tried Mr. King’s method of dragging roads and have found it a
great success. I have dragged about three miles of road past my place
this season. I have seen the time when other roads were cut up into two
or three different pairs of ruts, and a man would be forced to travel in
one of them. ‘These ruts would come right up to each end of ae dragged
road which would be perfectly smooth.”
In conversation with me, Mr. Hill remarked: “Why, I could send a
stranger over the road today, muddy as it is, and he would know within
three feet of the place where I began to drag.”
I have often told my friends that one could see a wide difference
with the eye, but that they must ride over the two roads in a buggy before
they could appreciate the dragged road. Now, however, I go further
and insist that one must drive a loaded wagon repeatedly over the two
before he can correctly estimate the benefit of dragging. I reached the
latter conclusion while hauling wheat this fall One can note at a distance
the change in the “chuckle” of a loaded wagon when it rolls onto the
dragged road from out of the ruts, but he must ride and drive if he would
eet the full effect of the lurching of the wagon and the whipping of the
tongue.
Weeds.—Until within eighteen months I did not fully comprehend
the importance of low weeds as a factor in destroying roads. I mean low
weeds and grass along the wheel tracks. They are an unobtrusive but
powerful agent of destruction. There has been an active campaign
against the tall weeds and we are compelled to mow them, but the little
fellow has been getting in his work unnoticed. It is this way: In the
spring the big machine smooths the road from ditch to ditch, then we all
drive down the center. After the first shower the weeds spring up and
in a few days are ready for business. Their business is a four-in-one
combination, i. e., to prevent the rain water from running to the side
ditches, thus holding it in the wheel tracks, even when no ruts exist; in
- dry weather to catch and hold the dust, in wet weather to catch the mud
that hoofs and wheels splash; and at all times to keep the surface moist
and ioase and therefore soft. Is it not clear that if one inch of dust and
mud is removed from the center and caught by the weeds on the side,
that their relative levels have been changed two inches? When we mow
these weeds we aggravate the difficulty by adding their tops to the ac-
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 1t9
cumulation. Dragging kills the weeds in the seed leaf and allows the
water to find its way unobstructed to the side ditch.
Clay and Gumbo.—When talking with road men in the river bot-
toms, they invariably bewail the lack of drainage, while the clay hill folks
envy the river men because they have no washes. Both classes are quick
tosay: “If we lived on the black soil of the prairie we would have some
faith in dragging, but here ————,” and words fail them. Now, the
truth of the matter is that either clay or gumbo will make a more sub-
stantial road than the soft prairie soil. The self-same characteristics
that make clay or gumbo so hard to get into good order, after it once gets
exceedingly bad will operate to keep it from getting into bad order after it
is Once put into exceedingly good order. It will stay good just as ten-
aciously under good methods as it stays bad under bad methods. True,
it is sometimes with exceptionally favorable conditions a good road in
spite of poor methods and conversely it is some times with exceptionally
unfavorable conditions, a bad road, even under the best methods. By
the way, a clay hill, a little over half a mile south of my house is the best
piece of road of which I know, taking into account the short time it has
been dragged. Before it was dragged, it was noted far and near as a tough
proposition. At present, it is good, even in bad weather. Certain gumbo
roads, dragged of course, were used last summer and summer before
last as training tracks by trotting horse men and as speedways by the
gentlemen drivers in the vicinity. Dr. C. N. Scott, of Mound City, says
liz a letter dated November 22nd, 1902: “* * * * have traveled
gumbo road to Bigelow very often in the past five years and never saw it
so good as it has been since they began to drag it. I go there to speed
.my horses. It is as smooth as a race track. I have many times driven
over this two miles at a three minute clip,” but he never did it before it
was dragged. Mr. A. R. McNulty, of Mound City, has known this
Bigelow road for thirty years, has been in the livery business for eleven
years and has had mail contract for eight years. He usually goes over
this road four times a day. Mr. McNulty writes: “The road between
Bigelow and Mound City has been in better condition this summer since
the dragging began than ever before.”
Hon. John Kennish writes: “The (Bigelow) road is a United States
star route and is much traveled when fit for travel. It is over gumbo
soil and at times is impassible. This fal! the road has been worked by
the King system of dragging and has been in better condition than it has
ever been in the twenty years in which I have traveled it.”
Judge M. L. Nauman, of the Holt County Court, in writing of this
road, says: “A portion of it has been so wet all summer that we could
not make a start, but the other part never was so good before in the history
120 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
of the road. The dragging is the making of it.’ It is but just to add
that the season there has been wetter than any on the records or within
the memory of the oldest inhabitants.
In this connection let me ask you did you ever see a wagon road
through a swamp or over a gumbo slough which was dusty while at the
same time there was plenty of water and soft mud within a few steps
of the dusty wheel track? Did you ever drive over such a road and watch
the path rise and fall under the horses’ feet and see the mud and rushes
shake for ten feet around? Did you ever see in such a road “chuck holes”
that were from eight to eighteen inches deep with dust in the bottom?
Dust in the chuck holes and water standing close by several inches above
the average’ level of the ruts? Many times have I seen such conditions
and it always séemed to me that I was driving over a raft or traveling
along the length of a great narrow boat. Did it ever occur to you that a
material that will make itself, make itself, mind you, into a huge boat
over which one can drive below the lJevel of the surrounding mud and
water—did it ever occur to you? I say that this same material would
make a splendid road if we could just turn’ it upside down, turn the boat
bottom-side-up, as it were, and then take care of the bottom, watching it
closely to prevent holes or hollows forming in which water might lodge?
Col. Clay, of Mexico, Missouri, tells me of a locality in the State
of Mississippi where roofs of lumber are built over certain roads. Oi!
is used in some places to assist in making a water tight surface for the
road. Asphalt would be without value if it leaked. John Loudon Mc-
Adam insisted on a firm, dry foundation to be covered with small stone
so rolled and packed that travel would cement the surface and make it
impervious to water. McAdam said: “The thickness of (the stone on)
a road should only be regulated by the quantity of material necessary to
form such impervious covering.” The highest type of macadamized turn-
pike therefore is a solid roof made of small stone. We have seen gumbo
roads that during a wet season reminded us of the boundary line between
the United States and Canada, becatise it was a chain of great lakes, and
these miniature lakes are there because those dusty chuck holes hold water
like so many big tubs. Gentlemen, it is more difficult to build a boat or
a tub than it is to build a roof. Hear me! If gumbo will manufacture
boats and tubs without the use of brains, surely men with brains should
be able to manufacture a roof from the same material. Let us roof our
roads with clay or gumbo by careful, regular dragging. A thoughtful,
conscientious trial will convince the most incredulous.
Waste——Few of us appreciate the wastefulness of our present system.
It is wasteful in the extreme to work the road with a big machine and
leave it untouched for two or three years thereafter. Especially is this
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. VeT
true if the machine is used for the purpose of moving a mass of loose
earth, weeds, trash, etc., into the center of the highway. Most of us
realize this fact. Most of us also see the waste of time and money caused
by breaking in one new team each day and by having two or three men
idle while their teams are at work on the machine. But have we ever
made a careful estimate of these wastes one by one and then footed them
up? Let us do some ciphering. We will first consider the “green team”
item. Many of us have seen new teams put on the machine in the morn-
ing that so disorganized the other six horses that the outfit did not get
to working steadily until the middle of the afternoon. And we have seen
balky teams and balky drivers that not only made the other animals do all
the work but drag them along to boot. We are also acquainted with the
lazy team driven by the shirk; their double trees are back against the
wheel, they do no work, neither do they allow the team on the other side
of the tongue to pull. Indeed the very best new team cannot, for rea-
-sons obvious to every experienced teamster, do itself justice when it first
sets in. May we not, then, conservatively estimate that the average
“green team’ does only half a team’s work up to noon of the first day?
That is to say, one-fourth of one day’s work for a two horse team is
wasted by that team. But the other six horses have also lost time. We
will estimate the loss of each of the other teams as being one-half the
loss of the green span; that is, one-half of three-fourths, or three-eighths
of a day, which added to the other one-fourth gives us a total of seven-
eighths of a day for one team. If a team is worth one dollar per day,
we have a loss of 874 cents. Conservative road men will, I feel-sure,
agree that this is a low estimate to put on the difference between a strong
able team of eight horses accustomed to each other and to the work and,
on the other hand, a picked-up team, no span of which works longer than
a day and a half and which is being constantly changed and disorganized.
Eighty-seven cents waste per day for breaking green teams. The men
who drive and operate the machine waste time also by reason of the
green team. Computing their loss on the same basis as before, each man
will lose one-eighth day, equal to one-fourth day for one man, or twenty-
five cents, making our total, so far $1.124. To this we must add the
time of three other men, for one man can drive eight horses, four abreast
almost as easily as he can drive four horses, two abreast, so here is an-
other item of loss amounting to $3.00 per day for extra men, giving us
a grand total loss for teams and men of $4.12} per day. More than this
is spent on each mile of the road in a majority of our counties and twice
as much in some of them. All this is on the presumption that the ma-
chine is doing heavy work. That is, cutting down banks, filling big
ditches or making brand new roads. If, however, it is being used with
122 MISSOURT AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
only four horses and merely for the purpose of smoothing the surface,
then there is a still greater proportionate waste because the same work
can be done with a well made drag. Listen, the empty machinery makes
a load for a team, too much of a load for the average farm team. Those
of you who have moved a big machine five or six miles will support me
in this statement. Listen again, if one team is necessary to move the
empty machinery, then when we hitch to it with four horses, only two of
those horses are moving dirt. We are then, in this case, wasting at three
points, namely, first, a team hauling heavy machine; second, a man operat-
ing machine; third, by using an expensive implement when a cheap one
would answer the purpose. An expenditure of $4 and wear and tear on a
(say) $200 implement to accomplish a result that can be reached by an
expense of $2 and the use of a (at outside) $5 implement. Moreover, the
drag will do the best job unless the big machine goes over the ground
twice, because the knife of the machine is adjusted by the wheels and each
time a wheel goes over a bump or drgps into a rut, the knife is raised or
lowered. In order to do a smooth job, one must go a second time. On
the other hand, the drag gets two whacks at the bumps and has two
chances to fill the ruts and sticks close to the surface of the ground at
all times.
View of Rock Road, Strattman, St. Louis county. Rough surface caused by recent water-
main construction. By courtesy of A. A. DesChamps.
Rock Roads.—I am persuaded that many localities in Missouri are
enduring worries, expenses, and other disadvantages that adhere to mud
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 123
roads because they honestly believe that they are not able to better them-
selves. ‘The conviction that progress is possible must first exist before
any attempt at progress will be made. It certainly is unfortunate that the
mistaken idea that macadamized roads are impossible prevails in so many
communities. Some folks seem to have a notion that unless the fields are
covered with stone, rock is too scarce for road building. I will be dog-
matic for a moment and assert, as a general proposition that a macadam-
ized pike is a possibility wherever land is worth $30 per acre and rock
can be obtained within two and one-half miles of the proposed road.
Not all the roads, of course, nor perhaps even half the mileage, but the
main thoroughfares,
Permit me a few moments in support of my position. While visit-
ing in Alabama last summer I saw rock roads building at a cost of $2,200
per mile where the best land was priced at only $25 to $30 per acre.
Moreover, in my opinion, the road they were building was far heavier
and wider than the travel demanded, and therefore much more expense
than necessary. But the people there have been educated to see the ad-
vantages of the stone road. Please do not think I am speaking of a
radically progressive community. The old darkey still doffs his tattered
hat and steps off the sidewalk as you pass. Chain harness is the rule.
The old style bull-tongue plow is in the majority and these fine roads
are traveled by ox teams. Not of the “New South” am I speaking, but
of the genuine old fashioned, hospitable old South of the ante-bellum
days. And now another statement: Although rock is superabundant
thereabout, still the contractor found it profitable to haul the crushed rock
two and one-half miles before moving the crushing machinery. I submit,
gentlemen, that these two facts prove that with rock less than two and
one-half miles distant and land at thirty dollars per acre, macadamized
roads are a possibility. And it would seem a natural sequence that where
land is more valuable, the stone can be hauled farther.
And now let us consider an instance where a community might have
rock roads if they just thought so. I have in mind two towns here in
Missouri, lying about six miles apart. What is land worth? Well, land
between these two towns has sold recently for $80 per acre. Probably not
an acre could be bought for less than $50; therefore, the land value is
there. As for rock, if we start from one town to go to the other, we find
rock within a hundred steps of the highway before we travel a mile. At
two and a half miles, rock is less than one-half mile distant. At three and
a half miles, only three-fourth miles away. At four and one-fourth
miles from town but one-fourth mile to rock, while at five and one-hali
miles it is only one-half mile from the road to a quarry that is kept open
constantly. Here is rock, quantities of it. Here is land worth much
124 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
more than thirty dollars. Why don’t these people have a stone road?
Your answer? Is your answer ready? My answer has been given; the
answer is found in the conviction of the people that rock roads are beyond
their reach. The people have been educated to this belief by reading
the wails that rise from our brethren in the rockless regions of our neigh-
bor states. And all that is needed, gentlemen, to inaugurate an era of
stone road construction right here in Missouri is the removal of this mis-
taken conviction,
In conclusion: I pin my faith in-the future betterment of our high-
ways to these foundation truths:
I Rock within two and one-half miles is available where land is
worth $30. |
2. Six or seven feet of stone is sufficient for the average rural traffic.
3. Any community where rock is available is behind the times if
it does not each year build a mile or more of stone road.
4. Where stone roads are absolutely out of the question and where,
if they can be built, they are not yet an accomplished improvement, a
dragged road is the best substitute.
If we hammer away at these four propositions, the desired results
will in due time be obtained.
THE AY BIC OF KOAD -DRAGEING
(By D. Ward King, Maitland, Missouri.)
The most difficult part of road dragging is getting at it. All the
rest is so simple that one learns it in the doing. The first noticeable effect
is the smoothing of the road surface, and this in turn allows the rain and
snow water to flow off, and encourages the distribution of travel over the
road from side to side.
Teams usually follow the beaten trail. Dragging destroys the old
trail and the new trail, each time border and less definite than before,
is made on a different portion of the highway. By dragging while the
earth is yet moist’ the road finally becomes a series of practically water-
proof layers of puddled earth, each one of which is rolled and pounded
by the wheels and hoofs of travel. Almost imperceptibly the center of
the road is elevated until you discover that you have made a smooth grade
that is not easily effected by bad weather.
Dragging kills the weeds in the seed leaf. It also does away with
the bumps at each side of the bridges and culverts. Regular dragging
fills them and they become as solid as the rest of the road. As the wheel
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 125
tracks are all wiped out the water does not run to the bridge after every
little shower as it used to do, so you can drive as swiftly over the cul-
verts as over any other portion of the dragged road.
A peculiarity about road dragging is that you do not comprehend
the steady improvement until after your neighbor begins. When he be-
gins, then you will see how much you have gained. Of course you knew
it was better than the common road, but you did not know it was so mucit
better this year than it was last. But if your neighbor is a year behind
you the extra year’s dragging your road has had will be apparent at every
wet spell. Your road is a year drier, a year harder and a year thicker
than his. His road will cut up quicker and deeper and will not dry near
so soon as yours,
At first you will have to drag when part of the road is too wet,. But
after a while it will dry evenly, and the first few times you drag it wit!
be better for you to merly drive down one wheel track and back the other
moving the dirt toward the center of the wagon track. Gradually widen
as you get a chance. This will give a solid foundation. If the wagon
track is at one side from the highway begin right there anyhow. The rest
will follow in time. Don’t be ina hurry. Make haste slowly. Remem-
ber you cannot successfully give a house three coats of paint in twenty-
fout hours ; nor can you make a fine crop by plowing the corn four times in
one day. First, make a drag, second, use it every time you can improve
the road by dragging. Practice will make both you and the road perfect,
—almost.
HOW TO MAKE AND USE THE DRAG.
For the purpose of giving more information about how to make and
use the road drag, we print the following extracts from the pages of the
34th Annual Report.
“The drag is made by splitting a log, placing the two pieces about
thirty inches apart (with the flat sides both facing in the same direction, )
and pinning them together. The lower edge of the front piece is pro-
tected by iron; an old wagon tire will do. The log should be ten or
twelve inches thick and about ten feet long. Fasten a chain or heavy wire
a foot or eighteen inches from each end by which to haul it. Hitch the
team so that the drag will move the dirt toward the center of the road.
The hitch is next in importance to the time at which the dragging is done.
The right time is just as the road dries after a rain or when it is thawed on
top during the winter or spring, and it should be dragged every time.
“Of course a smooth surface for travel is thus produced, but a more
valuable result is that the road will shed the next rain instead of absorb-
ing it. This is the reason why the road should be dragged every time,
126 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
so that it always will be ready for the next rain. If I do not say anything
else here today that is remembered—and if the people in this Association
do not get any other thought that they can carry home with them, I want
them to get that idea—the way to make a good dirt road is to keep it so
that the next rain will not go into it. This means dragging only about
once a month on an average. I have kept track of it in order that I might
be able to speak with authority as to the amount of time and I find that
the average is twelve times a year, that is only once a month; not much to
Di
Q
Diagram of King’s Drag.
A, split log, 8 to 10 feet long, 10 to 12 plank laid on the cross-bars, for ordinary
inches thick, set on edge, both flat sides work; or hitch at D2 and stand at E for
to the front. : ditch cleaning or to make the drag throw
B, strong oak, hedge or hickory bars, more dirt to the left. To move dirt to
the ends of which are wedged in two-inch the right reverse position of driver and
auger holes bored through the logs or last hitch. If working a clay road, put
slabs. iron, old cart tire or something of the
Dotted line, chain or strong wire. sort, on lower edge of drag at the end of
D, D1, D2, rings to connect double-tree six months; for softer soil at the end of
clevis. Hitch at D1 and stand at C, on a twelve months.
secure a good road. I drag from my own front gate to my neighbor’s
front gate, a half mile. It takes about twenty minutes. I don’t make
very many trips to town before I have regained the time I expended in
dragging, to say nothing of the gain to my neighbors and to the general
public.
“This method is very simple, as I have said, but to one who is famil-
iar with the ordinary dirt road under all conditions of season and weather,
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 127
the results are but little short of marvelous. Teams pass here at a sweep-
ing trot when other roads are almost impassable. When the other roads
are in such a condition that loaded teams must be rested every few rods,
the same loads are moved over this road at a free walk and without resting.
“More dirt can be moved and more of a show can be made by drag-
ging the road during thaws in winter weather than at any other
season. At such time the soil is crumbly and mealy and pushes to the
center very easily. Ifa road is dragged two or three times in March or
April it will show the effects all summer. That statement seems rather
improbable and yet it is true that where I have succeeded in getting a
neighbor out in April, May, or even March to go over his road just once
or twice, that all through the summer you could tell it had been dragged.
The weeds do not grow up on the edge of the road with a slant toward the
inside as they do on a road that has not been touched after winter travel.
But if one wants a road such as I have tried to tell you about he must live
up to the motto, ‘keep your road ready for the next rain,’ and to secure full
. Satisfaction he must carry out the idea for several years. However, do not
allow this to discourage anyone—but make a start.
“Nor is an iron faced implement absolutely necessary. I began
with a drag made with an old post and a frost-bitten pump stock held to-
gether by two or three short pieces of inch board nailed on top. It pulled
to pieces at the beginning of the second year. And at first I simply drove
a team straddle of one wheel track, going, and of the othe: wheel track
coming back, merely breaking the rim of earth that rises on each side of
the wheel track and leaving the road in good condition for teamsters to
“straddle the rut.’ After smashing both ruts I remember I used to look
down the road approvingly, pat myself on the back and think I had the
nicest road in the country; and while I did at that time, yet it would look
very rought to me at present. These days if my road does not look as
smooth as a quarter stretch I expect people to criticize it. I hope you will
not think I am exaggerating. Mr. Waters was there and saw it and he
will bear me out when I say the road in front of my house and for a half
mile south to my neighbor’s is in as good condition as any quarter stretch
at your fair grounds and it is that way most of the time—of course not
while it rains—it is not that way until the mud dries up, but just as soon
as it dries, and it dries a day or two before the other road, I get out over
it with a drag just once and have another quarter stretch. If I don’t
get over it the neighbors are after me to know why I don’t. This shows
the power in such a condition of education. ‘The people are accustomed
to finding that road so that they can drive over it as fast as they wish and
if they cannot do so they want to know ‘what’s the matter with King.’”
.
128 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REB@RT.
THE BEST APPLICATION OF OUR ROAD LAWS.
(By Col. G. W. Waters, Canton, Mo.)
I want to say a word or two about this dragging of the roads about
which Mr. King has spoken. ‘The county which has perhaps the greatest
mileage of dragging on its roads is Caldwell. .I was in the shops where
they made these drags and there were over fifty in use in Caldwell!
County and the results stated by Mr. King are fully verified there. They
have been using this method for over seven years. In Daviess County,
Jas. Tuggle, near Gallatin and William Wood in Ralls County have been
using this method for a number of years and what Mr. King has said is
fully verified. I believe he said one thing which ought to be fully empha-
sized, “you will not believe the full force of the value of this method of
keeping up the road until you have seen and tried it.” I do not want to
detract one iota from the argument Mr. King has made, but if no other
thought was emphasized than this, the value of the continuous care of the
roads in this way, it would certainly be of inestimable value. Having seen
this method of work, I was thoroughly impressed with it, and after I had
stood upon Mr. King’s road and had seen that he had worked it out to a
finish better than any other one single place I had seen, I uttered there,
upon that ground, the statement that “if all the supervisors and road over-
seers in the State of Missouri could stand there and look over that road
which was in full view and appreciate the value of Mr. King’s method and
be impressed with it, that it would be worth to the State of Missouri one
hundred thousand dollars a year in the maintenance of their public high-
ways.” I said it then and I have no reason to doubt the truthfulness of
that statement now.
The topic that has been assigned me is the “Application of our road
laws to the road maintenance.” It occurs to me this way, gentlemen,
that we ought to inquire into our laws and see if we have laws that are
anyways near suitable for the purposes for which they were framed. If
we have, then we ought to proceed under the laws, because so long as we
are dissatisfied with our laws we will not make progress under them.
So long as we are looking out in some direction for something that will
make us better roads than what we have, we will not go to work under our
present conditions. You take the farmer who feels way down in his heart
that he is living where conditions are not favorable and wants to get away
from there to a better country, that man is a dissatisfied man, there is un-
rest in his soul and he will not be a progressive farmer ; but if he is recon-
ciled to his place and believes in the possibility of his farm, he will proceed
to improve his farm, improve the conditions around him and take heart.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 129
Now this Road Association, of which I happen to be Secretary, has
been in existence about twelve years and the first work that we had in
mind and in hand appertained very largely to the modification, amend-
ment and improvement of our road law.. There was a widespread senti-
ment over the State that the laws of our State upon the statute books were
absolutely inadequate and that if we could get the laws amended, we would
have good roads. We worked in that direction and labored in it and had
conventions. We had State conventions in all the principal towns of the
State of Missouri outside of St. Louis and Kansas City—conventions at
Sedalia, Columbia, Chillicothe, Cameron and all over the State. We
eventually secured such laws, in the main, as this Association wanted.
We were not able to secure just the laws we wanted, but we have gotten
the laws practically as we asked for them.
And then the people of the State began to see something—they be-
gan to see that the laws of the State and the constitutional amendments
that we had clamored for, that these things did not make us roads. There
seemed to be a sentiment that had gotten abroad in the minds of the people
that if we just had the right sort of laws we would have good roads;
but laws and constitutional amendments do not make roads. Now we
have gotten to a point where there is a re-awakening; there was first an
awakening in the direction of the improvement of our laws, but we have
arrived at the point where there is something of a renaissance, something
of a revival got into the people in 1900 and there is now a re-awakening
which is widespread all over the State and the people are casting about
in their minds and making inquiry about how to proceed about the im-
provement of our roads and highways.
Now I want to speak about the law just a little while. A law is
something that should be, if it is a good law, crystallized sentiment, the
result of experience, and the law if it is any account at all, must conform
to business principles and to the conditions demanded, as based upon the
experiences of men in business circles. ‘The law does not make the in-
stitution, the law is such as to conform to the business principles in the
thing. Now we will make an inquiry first as to what business principles
are in a road system and then let us see, having discovered the principles
of a road system, whether we have laws that conform to these principles.
Now we will look at it in that way just for a few minutes. A road sys-
tem—all road systems must be co-operative systems, that is absolutely nec-
essary. My friend, Mr. Canaday, might have the very best conception
of how a road should be constructed and maintained; he might have the
very best conception that could be thought out by the human intellect
but he could not make use of it until his neighbors and all the people in
A-9
130 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
his district would co-operate with him to inaugurate these conceptions.
It is necessary that they should be united, hence a road system is a co-
operative institution. Being co-operative, it is a corporation. Every
road district is a corporation in so far as business is concerned and also
so far as law is concerned. Being a corporation, the people in the dis-
trict being the stockholders, the roads their property and the maintenance
of the roads their charge, then we turn and make the inquiry what bus-
iness principles govern corporations? Now is not this right? If you
will agree with me there, then you certainly will agree with me as we pro-
ceed. Corporations, bank corporations, mercantile corporations, all the
railroad and school corporations—because the school is a corporation—
all of them transact their business through the boards of directors. Don’t
they? Therefore, we conceived the idea that a road system and the laws
governing a road system should conform to that idea and that there should
be for the management of the business of the road corporation, of the
road system, of the road district, a board of road commissioners or a
board of road directors. Now we have them. This law is called the
‘commissioner law.” Now the other system, the road district law where
cach road overseer is appointed by the county court or elected, that sys-
tem is in direct violation to the business principles that enter into the
management of corporations. It does not conform, and hence that has
been one of the things that has been a drawback, a bar to progress in the
road management in the State of Missouri.
Now let us go into an analysis of the road system. The road sys-
iem is necessarily a complex one, it embraces distinct features. There is
first the feature of the road system which is for the raising of revenue, and
under the laws of our State and under the proper management of things,
the raising of the revenue is taken care of by an official board entirely dis-
tinct and in no way connected with any of the other affairs of the road.
In our State the County court or the township board in a township organi-
zation are the ones that take care of this feature of the road question.
There is another division. We have the revenue to be collected by
those elected or appointed by the county court or by a board of township
officers. ‘The other feature is the management of the business of the road
district. We call that supervision. The supervision has nothing to do
with the feature of revenue raising and it should not have anything to do
with it; and we have a third feature which is separate from the other two,
which is the feature of road building or road maintenance.
Let us make a comparison here between the school and the road sys-
tem, the parallel is quite close. We have first the raising of the revenue,
which must be attended to by the county court, which makes out the tax
bills and collects the money and places it to the credit of the district. The
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 131
Board of School Directors, then, have the management of the business
of the district ; the building of the school houses and securing of the teach-
ers, etc., but when it comes to the third feature, the work of teaching,
another person entirely, is at the head of that. Don’t you see? The
teacher has to be a man or woman qualified for that especial work. ‘The
3oard of Directors may not be competent to teach school, it is not neces-
sary that they should be; they may not be competent to manage the as-
sessment and collection of the taxes, it is not necessary that they shoul?
be; the distinctive feature of their work is the management of the busines¢
of the district. So likewise the Board of road commissioners manages
the business of the road district. As the Board of Directors of a school
district employs the teacher and, indicates in a general way what sort of
work he shall do, decides upon the length of the term, etc., so, in like
manner the Board of Road Commissioners employs the persons who do
the actual work on the roads, by contract or in any other way that seems
best to them.
This is the central thought, the spirit of the law that we have upon
our statute books today, called the road commissioner law; it conforms
to business principles. You may look, gentlemen—I speak now advised-
Iv—you may rarsack the laws upon the statute books of every state in the
Union, you may !9cr. - the business principles in these laws and look
as you may you will not have a better set of principles than those I have
announced in any of them. As evidence of the truth of this, when this
law was enacted in 1899 there was a howl of disapproval went all over
the State, such a howl of disapproval as perhaps was never heard upon the
enactment of any other law. In one county—I am going to give you a
specific case—the antagonism to that road law was so severe that the mem-
ber of the legislature, who had been in the legislature of 1899 was thor-
oughly convinced that he would be defeated, and they relegated him to
the rear and a man by the name of Blank, a brainy man and an elegant
gentleman was elected. He was elected upon the proposition that he
was unalterably opposed to the road commissioner law. I knew him and
have known him all his life. He was a thoughtful and conscientious man
but had not studied this law very much. He used it, of course, for cam-
paign purposes, as you know a politician will do. After his election I sent
him some very carefully selected road literature, giving some arguments
used in 1898 and used with the General Assembly in 1899 to get that law
upon the statute books. I sent him these and asked him as a friend to
read them and sent him a copy of the law—for he had not read it—and
asked him to make an investigation and I said “You cannot afford not to
doit. All I ask of you is to make a careful investigation, and don’t stop
at mere surface reading, but go down into the question.” He did so and
132 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
I told him I wanted him to meet me at the State meeting at Fayette. Mr.
Blank is a conscientious man and he went to St. Louis and spent at the
public library in that city, a whole week studying the road laws of the dif-
ferent states of the Union. He came from St. Louis directly to Fayette,
and said to Mr. Reed, the president of the Improved Roads Association :
“T have investigated this law, gentlemen, and I must confess I find no
fault in it. I mean to say, no fault in the general principles of it.” Now
what was he to do? He was, to use a very uncouth expression, between
the Devil and the deep sea. His constituency were behind him looking to
him to wipe out of existence and forever obliterate every sentiment in
favor of this law and if possible expugn it. There was his constituency
on the one side opposed to it and his conscience in favor of it. But he
acted honorably, he got up before this Association and before the people
and said: ‘*Gentlemen, I have investigated this question as thoroughly
as I can, up-to-date, and I am prepared to say that there is nothing wrong
in the principles underlying it.”
Let us look again and discover some of the things wherein this com-
missioner system is distinguished from the road overseer system. Take
the question that was very carefully discussed by Mr. King a moment ago,
that of the wasting of the revenues. Why a waste? I do not know that
he explained just why. We have two classes of revenues, a cash revenue
and a labor revenue, and if there is any one thing that we have been striv-
ing harder to do than any other, it has been to forever wipe out of ex-
istence the barbarous system of paying poll tax in labor. We made an
investigation of that question and wrote to every county in the State of
Missouri some years ago—that was in 1898—and asked the men who
had knowledge of road matters to estimate the value of poll tax paid in
labor as applied upon the roads, and as a rule they put it below fifty
cents on the dollar, some, in fact, as low as twenty-five cents. Striking a
general average, it fell below forty cents on the dollar. Mr. King has told
us why the labor for poll tax is of so little value and we need not argue
this question any further. We have sought all these years to establish a
law that would require that all the road tax, both poll and property, be
paid in money. ‘This principle of paying poll tax in money goes further
than Mr. King outlined. He went far enough to show the utter waste-
fulness of it, but it goes further. By the use of this kind of revenue it
is impossible to adopt some other principles that ought to be adopted.
It is in the way, a barrier, a bar which you cannot get over. Why? In
trying to adopt the contract system, a large percentage of the revenue
would be payable in poll tax labor, consequently the adoption of that
method becomes impossible. It is also almost an absolute bar to another
proposition, that a continuous application upon the road the year round is
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 133
needed all the time. Suppose we are dependent upon poll tax paid in
labor ; the sentiment of the district is with the commissioner and he says
we ought to get out and do the grading in the early summer or spring
time: if we are dependent upon poll tax paid in labor, the farmer, being
a very busy man at that period of the year, cannot possibly do it ; and con-
sequently it has become a habit so long in vogue and so long in use that
it has become almost second nature with us that we give our roads a
periodic working once a year, and as Mr. King has very forcibly ex-
pressed it, it is like undertaking to raise a crop of corn and doing all the
cultivating in one day. Is not that right? Whenever you have to de-
pend upon labor paid tax you cannot do otherwise. These are two im-
portant principles that cannot be put into use when we depend on that
character of revenue, consequently it makes an estoppel right there and
we cannot make progress so long as we use that character of revenue.
And these things being as bad as they are, the fact of the inefficiency of
the teams and all that being as bad as they are, that is not the worst.
There is another thing to it yet. There is another estoppel, an ab-
solute bar to progress and that is this, so long as labor paid revenue is the
standard the money put in with it is depreciated and brought to the level
of the labor standard, it is not worth exceeding forty cents on the dollar.
We were in a position to appreciate the force of this when we were pro-
mulgating the bill, expounding it and endeavoring to get an increased rev-
enue; endeavoring to get the people of Missouri to vote an increased
amount that may be applied upon the roads in the several counties. A
few years ago, in ’95 or ’94 probably, when that proposition was sub-
mitted to the people of Missouri, they said “No!” and said it with empha-
sis. ‘They said “The money that we are now paying for road purposes
is squandered, and we will not permit their getting the use of any more
money to be squandered.” Why was it squandered? Because it was used
in connection with the labor standard and so was worth 35 to 40 cents on
the dollar. In 1900 when it was shown to the people that there was a
possibility that the additional amount of money would be used so that every
dollar expended would produce one hundred cents worth of value; after
importuning them, after making road speeches in many parts of the
State and going to conventions and institute work and writing papers and
urging the farmer to vote for it, he did vote for it and by an overwhelm-
ing majority the constitutional amendment was adopted, allowing a levy
of fifteen cents additional revenue on the hundred dollars for road and
bridge purposes. And I want to say to you that so long as you retain
in your road management, this principle of using poll tax in labor and
making labor the standard—so long as you do that, progress is absolutely
impossible. Ii you want to make progress in your county, if you want
134 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
tc make progress in your township, if you want to make progress in
your district, go back and say to the court and the Boards of supervisors
in your township: “Exercise your prerogative which the constitutional
amendment gives you.’”—and also “Exercise your prerogative which the
law gives you, which was amended in 1901”—and not till 1901 did we get
that far along. But, we did, after importuning the committee, get them
to put in a clause providing that the county courts in the several counties
may require that all the poll tax shall be paid in cash, and that is the law
today ; but it has to be by the action of the county court. Now this is the
plan under the present road law and I speak for the counties not under
township organization.
When we were endeavoring to unify the road laws we called the
representatives of the sixteen counties in the State under township or-
ganization together in the halls of the Legislative Committee room and the
value of the commissioner system was laid before them and we showed
them as best we could its principles, in which they agreed with us. Mr.
Ellis was one of these members and there was a bill drawn by Mr. Ellis
harmonizing the township organization road law and the general road law
of the State, which was accepted, so far as I know by every member from
the township organization cotinties and it was passed and became a law
of the State, but for some reason unknown to myself it was repealed in
TQOI.
THE GENERAL INTEREST OF THE UNITED STATES GOV-
ERNMENT IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE
PUBISIC cROADS:
(By Hon. W. R. Richardson, Commissioner of Highways, St. Louis, Mo.)
It is quite a pleasure to me to come to you on this occasion and tell
you something of the interest of the Federal Government on the subject
of Public Road Improvement. The story, I am very sure, will be of en-
couragement to those who are interested in this very necessary public im-
provement. Even with all the work that has been done, all the agitation,
all the earnest effort on behalf of a great many of our people who have
given so largely of their time in advancing the questions of bettering the
roads, we are still as a nation behind all the other countries of the world
-——not only the civilized countries, but many of the semi-civilized countries
—in the condition of our roads, and really there is no other question that
is of such importance, such necessary interest and. usefulness to every-
body, as a thorough control of the road by the Government. The subject
ramifies nearly everything with which you have to do. It is nearest to
LIVE STOCK PREEDERS. 135
you from a social standpoint, from an economical standpoint and from a
financial standpoint, from the standpoint of comfort, of pleasure, of bus-
iness. It interests your stock, your advancement, your everything, and
why it is that the American people, so enterprising in every other respect,
should give such a left-handed, secondary, almost indifferent considera-
tion of the question of improving their highways, is one that has not yet
been solved. We demand the very best in everything else. We want
good level grades on railroads; we want heavy rails; we want splendid
road beds; we want good substantial bridges; we want every comfort in
the way of cars and every accommodation, we want rapid transit; we de-
mand every facility of this kind. When we travel by water unless we
have some palatial boat we cruelly complain, say it is unbearable, unen-
durable unless we have every convenience of this kind, and at the same
time we will endure for ourselves, our families—our wives and our child-
ren and all who are nearest and dearest to us—the beast of burden that
serves us, the most ridiculously uncomfortable, miserable, conditions of
the common roads, dragging through the mud, over rocks, down through
gulleys and gutters, and every other condition, and go on doing it day
in and day out. We suffer in our schools, we suffer in business, and we
suffer every way from this condition and at the same time we do not give
it that business application and determination to improve it that has made
the people of the United States far ahead of nearly every other people on
the face of the earth, in the advancement of industrial, commercial and
social conditions.
The New York Chamber of Commerce several years ago after a
siege of what is known as the “mud blockade,” by which their commer-
cial interests were so hampered and interfered with that it disturbed those
men and stopped them from watching the click of the Stock Exchange
and their business affairs, to inquire what the trouble was and when they
learned that it was the condition of the roads, they stopped to consider
for amoment and then proceeded to vote the sum of $10,000 and present-
ed it to the Government with the request that a Bureau or Division be
established by the United States Government for the purpose of in-
quiry into the condition of the public roads of the country, and to suggest
along lines that might lead to their improvement. You know there al-
ways has been a very strong sentiment or jealous idea prevalent that the
question of State rights when applied to the improvement of roads, was
something very sacred, and that the Federal Government was encroach-
ing upon a time honored principle of this Government whenever it took
any interest in affairs pertaining to the improvement of the common roads.
We can touch it from any other direction. We may spend a vast amount
of money to improve rivers and harbors, although they are on the bor-
136 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ,
ders of the several states, but whenever we touch that which comes next
to the home and next to the man in the matter of home affairs, whenever
we touch upon the question of roads, we immediately hear that the Gov-
ernment is going beyond its function and entering the domain of state
rights and state affairs. I am glad to say, gentlemen, that we are grad-
ually but slowly and surely breaking away from that distinction as applied
to the road question. ‘This amount voted by the Chamber of Commerce
in New York was accepted by the Government, and this department is
doing a great work. The amount of work that that department is doing
to promote Agriculture throughout the United States is almost inmeas-
urable. They established in that department a little division called the
Office of Public Road Inquiries. Sometimes we wonder why it is that
such a large name was given to such a small office; it was done with the
idea to restrict the office to the work of inquiry and not for road construc-
tion, having to encounter the prejudices which existed at that time. This
was in 1893. Gradually from year to year smaller sums of money were
appropriated for this purpose, and this office was maintained only issuing
bulletins from time to time and spreading information where it could be
done. In the fall of 1900 a National Convention upon the subject of
“Road Improvement” was held in the city of Chicago, and from that con-
vention was organized the National Good Roads Association with its
headquarters in that city. They invited all of the states to do something
that would arouse the people and attract their attention to the importance
of improvement of the highways. With that end in view, different plans
and schemes were devised. The idea was suggested that there might be
some great railway system that would be willing to furnish a train, that
the manufacturers might equip that train with the necessary road machin-
ery, that the Government would lend its influence and that this train
would traverse the system of this railway and construct object lesson
roads, that they might hold conventions, that they might co-operate with
the local, State and Government officers, railroad officials, road machinery
people, the press, which is the great educator of the Union, and through
them, stir up and arouse and stimulate an interest upon this subject. The
first great train started from Chicago and held its meeting in the latter
part of April, 1901, in New York. ‘That campaign lasted for three
months over that great railroad in the states of Louisiana, Mississippi,
Tennessee, Kentucky and the lower portions of Illinois. Following this,
there was a meeting at the Lake Shore at the Buffalo Exposition. And
then in October came a train that was operated over the great Southern
Railway that went through the states of Virginia, the two Carolinas, Ala-
bama, Tennessee, portions of Kentucky and Georgia and down through
that country. This itinerary consumed about five months’ time, visiting
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 137
ali the principal points in those states, holding conventions, constructing
object lesson roads, etc. The result of all that was that the last Con-
gress, the session before this, increased the appropriation for the office of
Public Road Inquiries from $10,000 which it had been appropriating to
$30,000. ‘This enabled the department to commence a campaign in the
Northwest. The National Association then gave way, and the Govern-
ment took up the work. We laid the matter before Hon. James J. Hill
at St. Paul, and he put at the disposal of this convention two splendidly
equipped dining, sleeping and box cars for the accommodation of the crew
of officers and engineers. This train made a tour through Minnesota,
and the Dakotas, and then the tour was extended down through Washing-
ton and Oregon and through Salt Lake City and Denver. The result of this
expedition has been wonderful, keeping the interest wide-spread; the
people everywhere have had their attention directed to the importance
of the subject, and now as a result of all that has been done in these sev-
eral states ; as the result of all this campaigning; as a result of this work;
not only this but all that which led out from it, the people are devising
means of practical legislation at the meetings of these general assem-
blies. ‘They are organizing associations purchasing necessary machinery,
developing their different kinds of materials for road making purposes
and there is a general interest in the work of road improvements through-
out all the States of the Union. Not only is that the case, but in this ses-
sion of Congress, Representative Brownlow of Tennessee, has introduced
a bill which enlarges the Road Division under the Department of Agri-
culture with an appropriation of $20,000,000 to this division to enable the
National Government to give the necessary aid for the construction of
roads in the United States, covering that provision of the Constitution
which says that they have the right to construct and maintain military
and post roads. You would be surprised at the interest that is manifest-
ed in every direction, and particularly in the East and South and the
Northwest upon the subject of this bill. Thousands and thousands of
letters are pouring in from every direction, resolutions adopted by the
different associations, organizations and road societies of the several
states, urging upon the members of Congress and others the importance
of enacting the principles of that bill. I hope before I sit down to ex-
plain to you in a measure some of the features of that bill, and if it is
possible, I would like to have you endorse the principles of this bill, and
that your interest might go in the direction of endorsing the principles
if not all of the detail features. All the states which are making sub-
stantial progress in permanent road building now are those which are
operating under what is known as the Modern State Aid Plan. It is an
exploded idea that the roads and common highways must be constructed
138 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
solely by the farmers or by those owning land, and that the cost should
be laid upon the abutting property. The towns, the cities, the people in
general, have just as much interest in every way in good substantial
roads as the farmer, and it is an unnecessary burden, a wrongful burden
upon the land and upon the farmer, to require that he shall be made to
stand all the expense of the construction of the roads. Now we all recog-
nize that for many years to come, a large percentage of the roads will be
the common earth roads and we cannot hope in a day to surface these roads
but I want to say to you gentlemen that you will never have a good sub-
stantial road, such a road as your interest demands, until you surface that
road with some hard, resisting material. Now you must come to that
proposition. You may improve the earth roads, and you may get good,
satisfactory results from them; you may improve your natural conditions
a great deal, and that is to be commended; but what you want to do is to
put your heads together and evolve a system that means for you and your
county and your district, good highways that are surfaced either with
substantial rock or gravel or mining slag, or something that makes a good
durable road. This is not an impossibility, it is not a burden when its cost
is properly equalized. In the States of New York, Massachusetts and
New Jersey, they are building splendid roads—probably more expensive
than it would be necessary in these Western States. Those States are
rich and the people have gone into it and they are building expensive
roads. You need not follow all of the details of their laws, but those
principles should be adopted, and they will be and must be before you have
a satisfactory system of road improvement.
Now, Col. Waters said this morning that your present laws upon the
statute books were all sufficient for your purposes. I have read over the
statute laws of the State touching upon the question of roads, highways,
bridges, etc., and in a general way I can endorse what Col. Waters says.
My impression from reading them, however, was that upon the subject
oi highway improvement you have overlooked a very important principle
in the enactment of these laws. Col. Waters said this morning that the
laws were perfect but we did not have good roads and the law would not
build roads. That is very true. Now, in order to have roads and to con-
struct roads, you must have your laws practical and applicable to con-
ditions, and some force must be behind them to put them into operation.
Now, if I am not mistaken, the law in regard to the construction of hard
roads in this State provides that a petition must be signed by the adjoin-
ing land owners along where the road is made, and that the tax levy must
be restricted to the district wherein the road is to be built. Now, with
that principle it will be the exception if you ever build many hard roads,
because a man is not going to sign a petition to build an expensive road
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 139
that is practically going to confiscate his property, and he is not going to
do that for the general public and incidentally for the benefit he may get
from it. He may use it a little more, but that is the only difference be-
tween his use and that of the general public. Now, no man is going
to sign that kind of a petition, and it is not just that he should. The
principle in the construction of the hard roads is that it should be under
a general supervision either by the State or through the county, and the
states that are most successful are the states that are organized under a
State supervision, and the tax for the construction of these roads is paid
in a sum one-half.or one-third by the State, 25 per cent to 30 per cent by
the county, and about 15 per cent by the abutters of property. That
equalizes the cost. They are letting them out upon contract and the result
is that petitions are now piling up in the office of the engineering depart-
ment and highway commission of these several states to such an extent
that it will take them years and years to build all the roads that are applied
for, and every legislature brings numerous requests from the state to aid
in the construction of these roads and highways. The farmers and those
who opposed this sort of measure in the beginning, are now the most
hearty in its endorsement, the most clamorous for the roads, and they are
building throughout these states magnificent highways. And’ this is
the solution of the problem, gentlemen, all you have to do is to get away
from any blind prejudices that you have that to build hard roads means to
confiscate your property and just sit down and say we will not improve
our roads and will stick to these old conditions, and use the good com-
mon sense that you have been endowed with, investigate the matter and
get with your neighbor and make a plan which will equalize all the bur-
den for yourself and others to secure the road. The bill of Mr. Brown-
low that is now pending in Congress, is simply a factor to that state plan.
“The National Government,” he says, “has an interest in post and mili-
tary roads, and wherever there is to be constructed a highway connect-
ing two states, or in one state, in which the Government may have a
special recognized road for military or for post or other purposes, then
upon petition the Government shall come in as a contributing factor in the
construction of that road. It enlarges the field and to that extent makes
it easier for the communities to have the result desired, that is, good
improved roads. I think it is a subject that should command your atten-
tion. I think it is a subject that demands your endorsement. If you
will investigate it, if you will direct your Congressmen in that direction
to look into it, it will be of commanding influence in directing Congress
along that subject.”
There are other forces besides that of the office of road inquiries,
under the Government, that are now operating to stimulate this particular
140 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
interest in behalf of road improvement. The department alone can only
be directed in inquiring into the conditions, experimenting, educating,
spreading bulletins on these matters of information, going into the several
states (as it is my pleasure to come here) and talk to the people upon the
subject of improving the roads, but in the Postal Department there is an
improvement today that is having wonderful influence upon the road
condition and must increase its influence from time to time. I now refer
to the extension of the Rural Free Delivery. It has been and is a con-
dition precedent to the establishment and maintenance of the Rural Free
Delivery Routes, that the roads shall be in a good passable con-
dition, and the Department assured our Division that they shall
be more responsive from time to time on that subject. Mr. —
has been with us at several of these conventions. He was with us at St.
Paul. He is a very practical man and one who is very much interested in
the subject of improving the roads and blotting out that which interferes
with and destroys the efficiency of the service in the extension of the
Rural Free delivery, and that Department is very anxious and is doing a
great work upon this subject. The Rural Free Delivery is extending
rapidly. It is a marvelous thing to contemplate what is being done in the
United States in this direction. I understand now at the close of this
fiscal year, that more than 12,500 routes will be established, that six or
seven million people living in rural districts will receive mail at their door.
These mail agents or carriers are really walking post offices and more
convenient than for men living in small villages where they have not
free delivery, because he comes to your door. He has envelopes, he regis-
ters letters, he takes letters and mails them, he does everything for you,
he gives you the news of the day, he is really a travelling bureau of in-
formation. You do not have to go beyond your own door. And, be-
sides, I understand that the Department of Agriculture will now add
another feature which will be important to the rural districts. The
Weather Bureau has endeavored largely to aid the farmer so that he may
know something of the weather for the benefit of the crops. Heretofore
they posted these signals in the towns, where the farmer would probably
not hear of them until his crops were destroyed. Now the idea is to have
these mail carriers who travel these postal routes to have these little sig-
nals upon their wagons or to carry them upon the peak of their cap, so
that when they come to the door you may know as near as the weather
fellows do what kind of weather you may expect. ‘That is another very
important feature and it makes practical the Weather Bureau, and that
to some extent is what the Government is doing in the way of promot-
ing this subject of road improvement.
The division is divided into four sections: southern, eastern, central,
and the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast. There is one special agent ap-
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 141
pointed for these special districts. I have the honor to represent the
Mississippi Valley States, and it is my duty to attend, as far as practical
within the limited amount furnished by the Department, these various
meetings if possible. I would be glad to go into every county and every
state to meet the people and board of supervisors, and if possible to stimu-
late an interest along this line. I am glad, indeed, to find that the State
of Missouri is aroused upon this subject. I am sorry to find, however,
that there is such a large area of this State that is in the mud, and I am
sorry to find that there are so few spots in the State, even in the very best
counties, in which you will observe good roads. Really there is very
little being done in the way of road building and road construction. The
poorer the county, the more necessity there is for it to get good roads,
because a poor county above all others cannot afford bad roads. You
must have good roads to make anything out of your county. If you could
go into some of these other states, if you could go into Alabama, referred
to by Mr. King, and see what those people are doing, and I will leave it to
these gentlemen here if there is a part of Alabama where the land will
compare with that of good old Missouri; and still these people will bond
these counties for $150,000 to $200,000—vote it right offhand—and put it
into building their roads, and you can go there and it is just a delight to
get into their wagons and ride all around. The pride of this class of
farmers is in showing their roads. ‘They indicate improvement in every
direction; the people look brighter, the farm houses look cleaner—every-
thing looks better—the darkies are more cheerful, and even the mules
look you more squarely in the face. It is so everywhere. You used to
be able to tell a man by the condition of his gate. It is the same with
the common roads. But it would be idle to spend time upon that ques-
tion. Every man I am talking to is in favor of improving the roads
and every man is impressed with the importance and necessity of having
them, and every man within the sound of my voice wants good roads.
But the misfortune about it all is, we just sit down and don’t have. What
we want is action—practical action. Go down to the Legislature and
study the details of these laws and find where the fatal place is and have
that amended and make it practical so that you can go to work and do
something. You cannot set them out by themeselves and let them work
alone; you must have a law that has some force to it. The trouble about
enacting laws and legislation is that the man who is most enthusiastic
for roads is nearly always ready to surrender and lay down his prin-
' ciples; it is not what is right, but what will count for something. He
needs to get action, he has got to have certain influences, the money must
come from somewhere. ‘The way to do it is to frame a bill that is prac-
tical, that means something, and have a legislature that will get out and do
142 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
something, who will stand by it. If you cannot get it in one session,
take it to the next. If you do not get it, go back to the people. The
people are always in favor of having something. ‘They want good roads
just as much as you do, and are just as tired of the conditions every-
where prevalent, and are in favor of improving them. State your needs
earnestly and fairly, do not surrender, do not lay down, stand up for
what is right and proper and keep hammering at it. If you are not suc-
cessful in getting it at one time, get it the next. But you keep surrender-
ing. You have a bill that is all right—it reads fine, but it is like the fel-
low’s flying machine—the machine is all right, but it won’t fly. You want
something that flies, that’s the idea.
Now, gentlemen, I want to talk to you for a minute about this Brown-
low bill. As I have stated, this comprehends the Government taking its
part, having its share in contributing towards this co-operation for im-
proving the highways, and the people have become aroused upon the
subject. It is a growing subject and one that must come and I wish that
good old Missouri would get in line with it. I would like to have you on
the firing line early, would like you to be the first one to plant the flag
upon the ramparts, that Missouri would be the very first petition that went
into the Department for an improvement of the highways in this State.
I have a copy of this bill here: I won’t take time to read it now. It
is for the co-operation of the different states. The first appropriation
asked for is $20,000,000. The first appropriation made by the state of
New York, I think, was about $100,000; the last appropriation was more
than $600,000. ‘The amount asked for from the next legislature of New
~ York is $1,200,000; the state of Massachusetts is the same way. I only
state this to show how this matter will extend and grow if it is given the
start. The plan is following the general principles of the State Aid Law.
Petitions are sent from the various states to the Department, and this
money is apportioned to the states according to their population and more
general interest, and that is of general interest to the Government, and
the importance of public highways. The same principles apply to the
state. The state reserves the right of inspection as to the importance
of the road. Naturally enough, the main lines will be the first to have
consideration, but whenever the main lines are built, then it follows in a
short time that the less important will receive due consideration. If you
get two or three main good macadam roads crossing the county, all going
out into different directions, the rural route will eventually take care of
the others. If people ever get a taste of good roads, they will never stop
until they have all the necessary roads. The day of toll gates has gone
by, so you had just as well eliminate that from the consideration of the
building and maintenance of roads. ‘That is a useless thing, so that you
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 143
had just as well get away from the idea of toll gates—we had just as well
wipe that off the slate for the people will not stand it. Kentucky and
Tennessee tried to get rid of them until eventually they accomplished it.
They tore them down—the people would not stand them. The county
ought to buy them. ‘The solution is an equalization of the taxes. Get
away from this idea of putting it all on the farmer. I want to say to you
with all due respect to thefarmers and their methods and the advancement
they make, when I see the conditions of the road and know they have
been in the hands of the farmer for a century and a half, and the result of
their work, it does not commend them to have this work any longer. They
have either got to improve their methods and evolve something them-
selves, or they will have to go to the legislature and have them adopt
some new methods. ‘The most sickly thing I know of is the demagogue
going to the farmer as if he was a sickly, sentimental know-nothing and
he had to go humming around sniffling to some one. The farmer is the
very first man to spit on that sort of a fellow, and his days are limited.
He likes a man who has some backbone, and likes something that gets
results just like everybody else. You can fill the statute books full otf
laws and leave it to the farmer to pay the tax on his own land and con-
fiscate his own property, and you will never have good roads. You must
go to the merchants, railroads and big corporations that prosper upon
the prosperity of the farmer, those who are interested, and who get the
profit that comes from them, to pay something for these roads. There
ought to be something back of the building of these roads, and when you
get away from the idea that the farmer ought to pay all the taxes, vou will
have good roads. They talk to the farmer and say, pay your money and
we will have good roads. When you go to town and these merchants be-
gin talking about the bad roads, you tell them “You chip :n and we will
have good roads. I am not going to build all these roads for you.” That is
the proper way to do it. It is the right principle to apply. This bill
comprehends that idea. I would like very much indeed if it has your
endorsement. It is the endeavor to equalize the proportion everywhere
so that Missouri stands just the same as Massachusetts, New York, Cali-
fornia or any other state in the Union. ‘This bill might not be perfect:
I do not know that I could pick out any flaw in it; the principle is right;
the Government has a great interest for roads. I know that in France,
Germany, England and Spain, where they have magnificent highways,
where the country is checkered with beautiful roads, beautiful homes,
are found on every side, the peasantry are just as happy as they are in
the streets of your crowded cities of today, from time to time the Gov-
ernment has aided in the construction of the roads. I know that that is
where the result comes, and I want to say to you, gentlemen, that if you
144 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
ever get a system of good roads where it is necessary to have good roads,
you must have the National State and county co-operation.
Now, there is another matter I desire to present to you. The Na-
tional Good Roads Association and the Department I represent, and I
have the honor to be Secretary of the National Association, is doing
everything possible to stimulate this movement; that is to get the people
awakened to the idea that they are going to have these things and that
is the first condition before you will ever secure them. ‘They are trying
to promote interest alt over the length and breadth of this country.
DISCUSSION OF MR. RICHARDSON’S ADDRESS.
Col. Waters: I would like to refer briefly to some points brought
out in this address. I would like to say to Mr. Richardson and all of you
that we have scarcely claimed Missouri to have a very good law on the
subject of building rock roads. That, I must confess, is the weak place
in our laws. Our endeavor—the endeavor of this Association has been
to begin at the beginning and inaugurate a road system at the bottom
and I would say to him here now that this very question was discussed—
the question that I spoke of this morning was discussed in the Pan-Ameri-
can Road Congress at Buffalo in September, 1901, of which he was
secretary, and a gentleman from Pennsylvania, Mr. John Hamilton, the
secretary of the Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture, said some things at
that meeting I had intended to read to you this morning, but I did not
get quite to it for want of time. Mr. Hamilton took precisely the same
view of this question taken by the framers of the general road law of
the State of Missouri. He was speaking of the question of state aid—
endorsing it, it may be, but he made this remarkable statement in that
great convention. He said: “Before state aid and before anything else
can be done, and paramount to all, there must be competent supervision.
It is the greatest folly to appropriate money which is to go to men who
are incapable of spending it judiciously * * * much as I am inter-
ested in good roads, in Pennsylvania, if I were in the legislature and
$1,000,000 or $5,000,000 were to be given for public roads, and its ap-
propriation depended upon my vote under our present system of super-
wision, I would vote ‘No.’” (Applause.)
We in the State of Missouri are getting upon a business basis. I do
say that the law, in so far as a primary organization of our road manage-
ment is concerned, is built upon business principles, and when we have
proved our ability to carry on our business, as we may, then I am in favor
of going to the legislature and asking assistance from the State. I be-
lieve it is going to come, but it will not come and ought not to come until
we have proved to the world that we are competent to disperse the funds
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 145
upon our roads and get one hundred cents worth of value out of every
dollar expended, but that day is coming, too. We have not in the past
emphasized very much the building of rock roads, not because they are
not of great value and almost absolutely necessary and are going to come,
but we have endeavored in the past to build a foundation and to educate
ourselves in the primary department, if I may use that expression, so as
to get up to this more advanced matter, and I am glad to know that we
are moving along in that direction, and I am more than glad that we have
the presence of the gentleman from the Department of Agriculture in the
United States with us to help us along in the agitation of this question.
If any of you gentlemen will take the pains, if you are yet doubtful
and skeptical as to the character of our present law in the State of Mis-
souri, to follow Mr. Hamilton in his discussion of the very same ques-
tion, you will see that he is on precisely the same track that Missouri is on
in that direction, and the law that he was talking about was adopted only
in 1897, and had not yet been operated in Pennsylvania, but was just be-
ginning then.
As to state aid, what does it mean? It means that the farmer would
not have to bear all the burden of road construction. It would mean, if
the money was contributed and appropriated by the State, the city of
St. Louis, which does not now pay a dollar of tax for our rural roads,
and also Kansas City and St. Joseph, and the great interests of the State,
the railroads, the telegraph systems and all of these taxable franchises
would put into the roads of the State of Missouri four dollars to where
the farmer would be required to put in one, and that they have an in-
terest in the roads is evidenced by Mr. Richardson’s address; therefore,
it is the proper thought for us to work in that direction, and first to put
ourselves in a position to use these funds so as not to squander them.
Now, as to the laws that have been made for the purpose of construct-
ing rock roads and other roads, the law that Mr. Richardson referred to
has been on our statute books about twenty-five years, and I think I am
safe in saying that no road was ever built under that law.
Mr. Gabbert: We have had rock roads built thirty-five years, but not
under that law.
Mr. Waters: Any way our Association is not opposed to that law.
Let it stand there. But we have not yet thought out or been able to
think out a law that we think is applicable, but we are coming in that
direction. The time is coming when we will have a law that will enable
us to build good roads.
Now, as to the Government—any of you that are reading, and I
think all of you are, can see the signs of the times, and how it is that these
A—10
146 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
influences have come about which have caused one of the greatest steps
forward that has ever been made by a civilized country, so far as the
farmer is concerned—the Department of free rural mail delivery. There
must follow closely upon its heels some interest taken by the Federal
Government in the very roads over which these rural routes are estab-
lished.
I do not know precisely the nature of the Brownlow bill. The rural
routes would be post roads and we now have something which catches
on to the constitution. We have a constitutional cover for our rural
routes. When they wanted the Government to make an appropriation
for the great turnpike that started from the east and came through Wheel-
ing—the Cumberland-Pike, the President fought it and said it was not
a post road, and therefore a government appropriation was unconstitu-
tional. Every one of these rural roads is a post road and we have there-
fore a constitutional right back of us.
Mr. King: I ama farmer myself, but I desire to at least apologize
for the poor management of the roads by the farmers and offer an ex-
planation. About twenty-two or twenty-three years ago I knew a young
fellow who got married and he and his wife went to housekeeping on the
farm in a one-room house, say twelve feet one way and thirteen and one-
half feet the other. They rolled the mattress up in the morning and tied
it with three strings and stood it in the corner during the day, and when
the older members of the family came from the East to visit them, when
it came time to retire they went out the door and around the front of this
one-roomed establishment and went up a ladder and into the half-story
through a half window and slept on the ceiling. Now, gentlemen, the
United States is only just beginning to keep house. Can anybody tell
me how old the rural routes are? ‘This country is only five hundred
years old from its birth, let alone its wedding day—let alone the time it
has been housekeeping—only five hundred years from its birth. Wash-
ington is only four hundred years old. How old is Rome? The roads
of Rome were built 750 years B. C., and it is 1903 years since Christ.
Please do not blame the farmers because they are still keeping house in
one room in America. We are going to do better, and that is what we are
here for today, to learn to do better.
Mr. I did not get what Mr. Richardson considered to be
an equitable ratio between the General Government, the State and the
county and the farmer—the equitable proportion that it takes to build
these roads. Under your system you proposed to let the general Gov-
ernment, the State and the county and of course the farmer all assist in
building the roads. I did not catch the ratio.
Mr. Richardson: ‘There are different rates in the different states.
In New York the general fund pays 50 per cent, the county 35 per cent
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 147
and the abutting property 15 per cent. In some of the states the general
fund pays 334 per cent and the rest is prorated between the county, the
township and the abutting property, making about the same ratio. The
Government comes in for its portion. I do not know that the question
as to just what the ratio will be has yet been determined upon.
You will understand that the Government interests would not be a
factor in the construction of all the roads of the State, but only in those
main roads that the Government might regard as of some military or
postal advantage. When that is done, the amount will be prorated equit-
ably between the State, the county, the Government and the abutting
property. I dq not’know exactly what the rate should be, but I should
think it very fair to say that the Government and State would at least
carry 50 or 60 per cent of the cost.
Col. Waters: I now wish to read the report of sins Committee on
Resolutions. I will say of this report that these resolutions represent the
results of this discussion and will go out into the world as our sentiment.
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
Whereas, the State Board of Agriculture has for several years taken
an active interest in promoting road improvement and has co-operated
with our State Road Improvement Association ; and
Whereas, there is a lively awakening throughout the State in pro-
gressive activity in bettering the condition of Missouri roads; and
Whereas, we believe now is the opportune time for vigorously push-
ing the good work; therefore,
Resolved, that we endorse the work being done by the Board of Agri-
culture and emphasize the necessity of largely increasing and widening
it, and to that end we recommend that at least two thousand dollars be
appropriated by the present General Assembly to carry out the work for
the next two years.
and. In the light of continued experience we emphasize the demand
that all revenues for road purposes be collected in money.
3rd. The progressive methods put into practice in the different
counties of the State create the necessity for increased revenues. We
therefore recommend that the extra 15 cents allowed by the constitutional
amendment be levied for road and bridge purposes.
4th. As a principle in road maintenance we recommend continu-
ous care of the roads all the year under the contract system, or hired
labor.
sth. The method of keeping the roads smooth by some suitable
drag having been demonstrated to be eminently practical and efficient,
we heartily recommend it and especially urge upon every road district in
the State to give the plan a faithful trial.
148 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
6th. ‘That we favor a law in this State that will provide State aid
in the construction and maintenance of improved roads in Missouri.
7th. The Missouri Good Roads Association in annual meeting at
Springfield, January, 1903, hereby gives its unqualified endorsement to
The National and International Good Roads Convention called by the
officials of the National Good Roads Association, The Office of Public
Road Inquiries, Department of Agriculture, State of Missouri and City
St. Louis, The Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the business and rail-
road organizations of the State, to be held in St. Louis, April 27th to May
2nd, 1903. And believing that the public road interest of the State should
be adequately represented in said convention, therefore, be it further
Resolved, that this Association appoint five (5) delegates and five
alternates from each county in the State, as representatives in said con-
vention, and that the Secretary be instructed to forward list of names
of said delegates so appointed to the National Secretary at St. Louis.
8th. Recognizing the value of National and State aid in highway
improvement, and believing that the National Government has an interest
in improving military and post roads; therefore, be it
Resolved, that this Association fully endorses the principles of the
“Brownlow Bill,” now pending in Congress and ~equests that the mem-
bers from this State give favorable consideration and support to the
same, and that copies of this resolution be sent to each members of the
Missouri Delegation in Congress.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RELIABLE PEDIGREES AND THE
INFLUENCE OF RESPONSIBLE BREEDERS.
(By E. E. Axline, Oak Grove, Mo.)
This I consider one of the most important subjects now facing the
breeders of pure bred stock. An unreliable pedigree is worse than
none at all. And a pedigree from an unresponsible breeder is the same
as none. While I do not think there are many breeders of pure bred
stock who are unreliable, I am satisfied there are some who do not
feel the responsibility resting on them in the making of true pedigrees.
About all there is in making a pedigree is a man’s honor and integrity,
and all depends on his honesty. A true pedigree not only shows the
blood lines of an animal, but it also shows the lineage of individuality
each ancestor possesses. An untrue or unreliable pedigree does not
really show anything at all, as all its showings are false and cannot
be depended on as true and really is of no value whatever.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 149
Nothing is more important to breeders of thoroughbred stock
than a reliable pedigree from a responsible breeder. A reliable pedigree
must come from a reliable and honest breeder. Such cannot or will
not come from a careless, negligent, or untruthful person, and a reliable
pedigee must come from an honest, truthful and responsible party. A
responsible or reliable breeder will not under any circumstances mis-
represent the breeding or individuality of an animal (knowingly) in
making a pedigree. There is no breeder who should not feel a great
Loy Burs Ae oad 7 ied ;
Oe caiea CHlEF EcLipsen 22499
One of Mr. Axline’s Herd Boars.
responsibility when making a pedigree. A true pedigree depends al-
together on a person’s honesty and ability and his knowledge of the
individual and its ancestors. There should be no guess work in mak-
ing a true pedigree. All things pertaining to the individual and the
ancestors should be a matter of record and a person’s recollections
should not be depended on for anything. It is true some can remember
a great deal, and might write true pedigrees from memory, but I do
not consider this a safe way, and not reliable. All dates, marking,
number in litters and color should be a matter of record, and memory
should not be depended on for anything. An animal cannot have but
one true pedigree. I have been a breeder of Poland Chinas for over
twenty years, during this time I have seen a few hogs (Poland Chinas)
with more than one pedigree. A case when one animal was owned by
several parties at different times, each owner would give a pedigree
of his own regardless of its true breeding. As an illustration: Several
years ago I sold a very fine individual, but plain bred sow to a brother
breeder in a neighboring state. She had been bred to my best boar on
a certain date. Shortly after I sold her, I attended a combination sale
in this neighbor state in which the party that bought my sow had a con-
150 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
signment. In looking over the offering before the sale commenced I
noticed a very familiar looking sow. I recognized her easily as being
the one I had recently sold to the brother, who had a consignment in
this sale. In one ear I found an ear tag corresponding to a number in
this sale catalogue. In the other ear I found a hole where my ear tag
had been. The breeding in this catalogue was altogether different from
what it was when I sold her. Instead she was represented as being
sired by a noted boar belonging to the present owner, and was repre-
sented as being bred to another noted boar on same breeding date as
given in my catalogue to my boar. This I considered an unreliable
pedigree from an irresponsible breeder. This is only one instance, but
I am sorry to say that I have seen several similar cases. I am glad
to know such breeders are few and this kind of cases are not gen-
eral, but it goes to show what has been and what can be done, and that
all depends on honor and honesty. As a believer in honesty and up-
richtness and being a little superstitious, I believe the old saying, “Mur-
der will out,” and I believe all such breeders as above mentioned will
soon be found out and will not last long. And this is as it should be.
As breeders of pure bred stock (especially of hogs) let us not think
we can be too particular in keeping records of every thing pertaining
to making a true and correct pedigree of every individual, and may we
ever ignore and disapprove of dishonesty in any form, and may we
always feel that all depends on honesty and integrity, in making true
and correct pedigrees.’
TREATMENT AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT SOWS.
(By M. M. Anderson, Lathrop, Missouri.)
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:
I feel a- delicacy in attempting to address an audience of as much
intelligence as this, composed as it is of men of so much more varied
experience than I have, men who have been successfully feeding and
handling brood sows for a much longer period than I have; men who,
by their intelligence and strict observation and by strict adherence to
common sense methods of feeding and sanitary rules and regulations,
and by studying closely the effects of proper mating, have attained to
the heights of fame in the hog world, and whose names are a synonym
for the best type of the American hog.
But to my subject. To begin with, I will say that the treatment.
and feeding of a pregnant sow for the best results should begin before
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. ptaek
the sow has been bred. Her treatment and feed prior to this should
have been such that she will be in a thrifty condition, but not fat.
After she has been bred, she should have a quiet place to herself for
two or three days, after which she should be allowed plenty of range.
If in summer, she should be turned on good pasture (clover preferred).
If she has this and has access to plenty of fresh, pure water and shade,
she will need but little else until farrowing time, when she should be
provided with a comfortable house in which to farrow. After this her
treatment does not come under my subject. If she has been bred in
the fall when she cannot have the benefit of fresh pasture, this should,
as far as possible, be supplemented with succulent foods, such as sugar
beets, mangels, oats and mill feed. As in summer, she should have
plenty of range with comfortable quarters in which to sleep, with not
more than four or five to bed together.
One of Mr. Anderson's Herd Boars.
A good plan and one that I have found to be profitable to take the
place of clover and other summer pasture, is to sow a field to rye or
wheat on which sows can run during the winter and early spring. The
propriety of feeding rye to sows that were in farrow has always been
a debatable question, some claiming that its use would cause abortion,
but I have been feeding it more or less to my brood sows for a year
or two, and no bad effects have followed. I would like for the dis-
cussion that shall follow to be as elaborate as possible on this subject.
If anyone has observed any bad effects following the feeding of rye
to brood sows, I would like to know of what nature and under what
conditions and circumstances.
‘My manner of feeding it is to grind and mix it with skim milk
and such other kitchen slops as I may have, and if there are not encugh
of these, I make up the deficienev with pure water and soak twelve
hours, or from one feed to the next. I find this, where I have raised
152 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
the rye myself, to be much cheaper than buying bran and shorts at
the prices which have prevailed for the last few years on these com-
modities.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Canaday: I do ndt think that I can say very much and espe-
cially about feeding rye. I have been afraid to feed it and for that
reason I have had no experience with it. I feed it to pigs and other
hogs except pregnant sows, and I would not advise it because I have
been taught that it was a little bit dangerous for hogs and horses as
well.
Mr. Anderson’s paper has taken up all the ground, so far as I
know. His management is good. I do not feed beets or anything of
that kind, but I think it would make a good feed. I have a wood
pasture and clover and blue grass, and I have arranged a run of one-
half mile; that gives them plenty of exercise, and I think that is worth
almost as much as good feed, and of course they find something in
the blue grass pasture and clover field. I always give them a run to
pasture and a moderate feed of corn. I do not want my pregnant sows
to be over-fat, but I put them in good condition for the time of farrow-
ing and I have had’ extra success in saving my pigs. If a man does
not lose sleep by staying awake to watch over his sows, he need not
expect extra success in raising his pigs for there is a great deal of
danger of the sow over-lying her pigs.
There is another thing I would like to mention and that is not
breeding the younger sows until they are at least eighteen months old.
If she is bred when but a year old, she does not have a very large
litter and she suffers from swelling of the teats that do not give milk;
but if you let your sow get fully developed before breeding her, she
ought to raise a full litter.
Prof. Mumford: There are one or two things about the subject
of feeding rye that are pretty definitely determined. In the first place,
there are a great many breeders of swine who feed rye very extensively
to their pregnant animals, and safely, too. On my own farm I have
been feeding rye for five years, feeding it particularly to pregnant sows
and feeding it a great deal; but sometimes, and most frequently in a
wet season, a fungus develops on rye which is called ergot, and when
that fungus develops, it is a very dangerous thing to feed rye, for in
pregnant animals it is almost certain to cause abortion. Now this fun-
gus grows out in the same place where the grain should grow and it
grows much larger than the grain usually. I have seen this black
crescent-shaped fungus an inch long and from that down to half an
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 153
inch long and when there is any great quantity of that fungus on rye
it is easy to see it at harvest time and it is dangerous to feed it to
any pregnant animal, but when that fungus is not present rye is un-
doubtedly as safe to feed as any other grain, in my judgment.
Just one other thing which does not bear upon this question. We
know in the Eastern markets the buyers discriminate against rye-fed
hogs, hogs fattened on rye, and they will pay more for corn-fed hogs.
It does not have anything to do with this question under discussion,
but it is rather an important point after all.
Mr. Gabbert: I amnot a hog raiser, but I would give rye the
go-by. You can raise more wheat to the acre and twice as much corn,
and I don’t see why men want to fool with a feed that is dangerous.
I am not a hog raiser, but I would not feed rye if I were afraid of it.
Prof. Mumford:- Under the conditions of my farm I can raise
more rye than wheat, and I raise rye rather than depend on corn be-
cause rye is a better balanced ration for feeding animals. It is har-
vested before corn is ready, for we usually have the corn fed up before
the next corn crop comes along, and another reason for growing it is
that it gives a variety of feed. I do not pasture it with hogs, when
I cut it for grain, and when I use it for pasture I do not cut it for grain.
Mr. Anderson: Take it one year with another, it is a more cer-
tain crop than wheat.
Prof. Mumford: Undoubtedly.
Mr. Gentry: I have always understood, as Prof. Mumford says,
that it was the ergot in the rye that was dangerous. When you buy
the fresh grain you can tell whether it has ergot in it.
Prof. Mumford: Yes, you can see the grains of fungus. It is
a lump. It is not like smut, it retains its shape, and you can readily
distinguish it. It is a hard grain, usually considerably larger than a
grain of rye, and much of it is screened out and it does not develop
in any ordinary season to a dangerous extent, but it does in very wet
seasons.
Mr. Gentry: Like Mr. Gabbert, I have not had much experience
in feeding rye. I was always afraid of it and as long as there is any-
thing else, 1 do not feed it.
In the fall of 1873 I purchased in St. Louis the champion Berk-
shire sow for all breeds, winning the Pork Packers’ prize and as best
sow of any age or breed. She was well along in farrow when I took
her home and I was feeding her rye and the man by accident let her
get through the gate and get a big dose of rye slop and she aborted.
I never knew whether or not it was the rye. It may have been, I
do not know.
154 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
I have never found any slop yet that I think is the equal of corn,
wheat and oats ground together. The rye might be just as good as
the wheat, but I think no better. There is practically no danger in
the wheat. But aside from that, my own experience has been differ-
ent from what most men advise in regard to feeding sows in farrow.
I never have believed in feeding much slop. The agricultural papers
say, if it does not suit you to feed your pregnant sows corn, give them
slop. I don’t believe it is a good way. I believe. the reverse is ex-
actly true. I have talked with Mr. Snell of Kansas, and I told him my
method and he agreed with me that if you feed altogether slop, or
slop largely, to sows in farrow you have a great many dead pigs. They —
are apparently well developed, but they have no strength. I have seen
a whole litter of a dozen pigs and every one dead from feeding the
sow too much slop. That, of course, is uncommon. I lost two of
three of the finest sows I ever raised by not giving them a grain of
corn when in farrow. I had been showing them and they were pretty
fleshy and I kept the corn away from them entirely. One was an im-
ported sow. They did not produce a pig. That is my opinion of what
slop will do. I love to feed the old-fashioned Missouri corn. Corn
is consumed largely in keeping up the animal heat. I can feed corn
during the winter months and it is not dangerous as it is in summer,
because it is consumed in keeping up the animal heat. But I believe
in slop feed for sows not in farrow. I like to see a sow not too fat
in time of service, but she must be in a thrifty, gaining condition for
the pigs to be strong and active.
If your sows are in farrow, you don’t want to feed much slop.
Wheat bran is enough if they can get to the grass. That and corn
is all they want. I do not keep my younger hogs fat, but I give my
sows and pigs plenty of corn and feed. liberally and let them get fat.
But if the sow is fat at the time of service, you cannot give her corn
every day in order to produce pigs. Sows are thin as a rule when they
are bred and are thin after having’ raised litters; but I believe in lib-
cral feeding and letting them get pretty fat.
Mr. Ellis: There was a statement made by Mr. Mumford, I be-
lieve, that should be explained. He stated one reason why he raised rye
was because it was more productice than wheat. People here do not un-
derstand that Prof. Mumford’s farm is in Michigan. That condition is not
true in Missouri, for the average yield of wheat in Missouri is greater than
the average yield of rye. In this State—and in talking with the farmers
I find they agree with me—we can get as much out of wheat for pas-
ture as rye. Mr. Shepard, who is largely engaged in the dairy busi-
ness in Boone county, keeps about seventy cows and pastures them a
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 155
great deal on wheat during the winter. He stated a few weeks ago at
the Dairy meeting he thought he could get more benefit from a field
of wheat for pasture than from a field of rye, and I can corroborate
what Mr. Gabbert said that we get a larger yield of wheat in this State
than rye. It is different perhaps farther north.
Mr. King: I have been raising hogs like an ordinary Missouri
farmer for the market and I agree with Mr. Gentry that the sow would
fare better if she looked a little too fat than if she is not fat enough.
It is a wonderful mistake that is made by the average farmer that a
breeding sow should be kept thin. Plenty of feed and unlimited exer-
cise is the best thing for the sow and for the little pigs. I have prac-
ticed a limited feeding of corn and scattering it—and when I say scat-
ter I mean scatter. I have sent men out to scatter oats and wheat for
my hogs and told them: “Now I want this scattered so the sow can-
not get but one grain at a time,” and they would string a half bushel
in a string forty feet long and be careful to put a half. bushel in a
straight string. If I am feeding brood sows I scatter wheat or oats
or rye for the purpose of securing exercise—I scatter a handful at a
time.
Mr. Ziegler: Would it pay to grind the wheat instead of scatter-
ing it? If ground, would it be better to feed it dry or make it into a
slop? I don’t know how to feed it when it is dry, but I moisten it a
little.
Mr. Gentry: In the fall of the year and early winter when there
is a lot of grain and grass, I would not feed any slop at all, but weather
like this when they cannot get anything but dry corn, I feed slop, largely
bran, something that will make it bulky and keep the bowels open. If
you feed them in a house where the wind does not reach the feed, you
can feed it dry and let them have water, for in winter the water freezes
up. I have seen instances where men fed dry ship stuff. A Poland
China breeder says the fattest lot of pigs he ever saw were fed on dry
ship stuff. In winter the water is apt to be frozen and I like to have
slop to make a balanced ration, and also give them a drink of water.
The water may be frozen and they cannot get a drink, but give them
a drink once a day. But in the fall of the year when there is plenty
of grass and water, corn is all they need; that is an aged hog. For
a young hog that won’t do. You cannot raise a hog exclusively on
acorn diet. Corn makes fat and there is nothing as cheap, but to make
a fine animal you ought to have a variety of feed.
Mr. Canaday: I would like to hear from some of the breeders
concerning the bed for the pregnant sows. My plan is to have a very
large shed for them to sleep in so they will not group up. I believe
156 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT,
there are too many small houses or beds for the sows to sleep in, they
pile up and crowd one another and the small ones especially have a
poor chance. This fall I built a house twenty-four feet long, fourteen
feet high and sixteen feet wide on the hillside or in the timber with
the south side open three or four feet high and the other sides all
closed tight. I covered it with rails giving good pitch and covered that
with hay, leaving a double wall on the north and at the two ends;
filled first between the walls with hay tamping it in and covered the
whole thing with hay or straw. It makes a nice warm place and does
not sweat the hogs and they do not crowd one another, but if one jumps
up the others get out of the way. The shed must be large enough for
the sows at farrowing time and they should have plenty of room, so
they will not have to turn on their pigs to get out of the house. I
think this is an important subject and has been a pretty costly one to
me in my time.
Mr. Anderson: I want small houses so there will not be room for
more than three or four sows to get into one house, not room enough
to make a pile. If you have a large house and room for fifteen or
twenty or more sows, they will naturally pile up when it is cold, but
where there is not room for more than three or four they will not
pile up.
Mr. Canaday: My pasture is large for sows and it is better to
let them all sleep in one house than to cut it up into smaller houses,
they can get a better range. I have twenty or thirty sows to sleep in
this large bed. JI donot hear much fuss. They are well acquainted and
each one knows her master. If they are separated awhile and then put
together, they will fuss. I can pasture them to better advantage by
letting them all run together and it would be quite a job to separate
them all at bed time. At pigging time, of course, I separate them be-
fore bringing pigs. :
Mr. Anderson: Let as many sows on the same pasture as you
want to, if you will just have the house, they will divide themselves.
Have the house so that not more than three or four can get into one
house and only three or four will get into the same house.
Mr. Ziegler: My best success has been with the small houses. I
used to raise hogs, quite extensively, though not so many as I would
like to have raised. I had the best success with houses seven by seven
feet, built in an A shape, very deep and very steep with a slat or rafter
at the top and a door in the end. I could move these houses arourid
wherever suitable and by pigging time would move them around in my
pasture and bed them well, and my sows found the way in and when
they were in, I made hurdles by nailing three boards together so I could
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 157
shut them right in, I put one at each Side and two together in front. I
could shut up my sows in there and they would do well; they would
squeak in my ears, but I had no trouble in keeping them there, and
I would bring feed, water and slop to them or whatever I fed them:
and where I had a great many sows and more or less of them had
pigs right close together, 1 doubled them up after the pigs got about
a week old, and put two sows in one house. The reason I built them
A-shaped is, the first ones I built square and roofed them over and
the sows would over-lay their pigs, but the A-shape would keep the
pigs on each side so the sows could get around. I fed clover hay in
the winter time, nice good clover hay, and the sows relished it very
much when I had no grass.
Speaking of Missouri corn, I have not fed any of that, but we fed
a good deal of Peoria corn, and you know what effect that has on a
man.
WHAT THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI IS DOING FOR THE
FARMER.
(By Dr. R. H. Jesse, President University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.)
Ladies and Gentlemen: The subject which is assigned to me for
this evening is a very large one, because the farmers of Missouri are
very numerous, the agricultural interests are diversified and the Uni-
versity is helping the farmers along a large number of lines.
The College of Agriculture is the best investment, so far as I know,
that Missouri, as a State, has ever made. She has put into it, accord-
ing to the best of my calculation, in the thirty-two years of its exist-
ence, a little less than three hundred thousand dollars; that is all that
the college has, up to date, received from this commonwealth, but the
college has received from the Federal government in thirty-two years
eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and it received also one hun-
dred thousand dollars from Boone county, making a total of nine hun-
dred and fifty thousand from the Federal government and from Boone
county. The State has contributed three hundred thousand dollars,
that makes the total received by the University up to date on account
of the college, a million and a quarter of dollars.
The College of Agriculture is endeavoring to help the agricu!tural
interests of this commonwealth in a number of ways. Horticulture is
so large an interest in Missouri that we cannot possibly neglect it. Our
contribution to this industry has been large and varied, unfortunately
158 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
the people do not understand it. I know that most of you are breeders
of live stock and I shall talk on that subject in a little while, but I beg
your leave to say as a preliminary, some of the things that the college
has done for the fruit growers in Missouri. I suppose that when the
fruit crop is killed at all, it is killed oftener by warm days in February
and March, causing the buds to swell, and afterwards by stinging freezes
—that kills the fruit crop in this State and especially the peach crop
oftener than any other single cause, and our college has discovered a
way, a very simple and inexpensive way in which that may be avoided
by any man who wants to avoid it. You have only to spray your trees
when the warm days come in February or March with a mixture of
common white wash and a little glue applied with a spray pump, any
farm hand can apply it, and I will guarantee to you that the remedy is
effectual. It is indeed a great discovery, but like other great discoveries,
it lay at the feet of the people for a long time until the college took it
up. Coming to America was a very simple matter as soon as Colum-
bus made the first discovery. The telephone is becoming a very simple
matter since Bell has invented it; and so this method of saving the fruit
crop is very effectual and the college at Columbia discovered it first.
The Bulletin in which this experiment is described has been called for
by almost every civilized country in the world in which orchards are
subject to winter killing. It has been called for by nearly all the coun-
tries of Northern Europe. It has been called for all over the United
States and Canada and a large German University gave Prof. Whitten
the Ph. D. degree last spring upon a thesis written on this subject. It
has excited great attention in the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington. It is a very simply remedy based on the scientific knowledge
that when a tree is white it will not absorb much heat; when it is green
it absorbs heat very rapidly; if, therefore, you leave your trees the
natural color they absorb heat at a great rate, but if you whiten them
they do not absorb heat enough to swell the buds. Any man in Mis-
souri whose orchard is suffering from winter killing can protect his
orchard by that very simple but effectual method.
Again, in many parts of this State the woolly aphis has created great
damage in many orchards, very many, I believe in South Missouri. No
entomologist on earth ever discovered a remedy for the woolly aphis
until Prof. Stedman began to investigate it at Columbia. He discovered
two very simple, economical and effective remedies for combating the
woolly aphis. If you or your friends are troubled with this pest, all
you have to do is to write Mr. Stedman at Columbia, and he will give
you two very effective remedies for the woolly aphis.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 159
The fruit tree bark beetle has appeared in Missouri in recent years,
I do not know when it first came, but in late years it has been creating
great ravages among the orchards of Missouri. We have discovered
a remedy for it. If, therefore, your orchards are attacked by the fruit
tree bark beetle, all you have to do is to send a postal card to Columbia
and we will tell you how to deal with this pest. The fruit tree leaf
roller is now perhaps creating more damage among the orchards of
South Missouri than any other known insect. It has appeared recentiv
in dangerous quantities. It crossed the border from Kansas—a great
many bad things come from Kansas and some good things, toc—-bitt
we have discovered a remedy for the fruit tree leaf roller pest, and if
your orchards are troubled with that pest, it will cost you one cent
to find out how to protect your orchards against this pest.
The curculio, a creature that stings the apple, has been doing
great damage in the Ozark region, and many of the apples of the Ozark
region are now classed as No. 2, instead of No. 1, on account of this
insect. If you are troubled with the curculio, send a postal to Columbia
and we will tell you how to dispose of him by a process cheap and
easy of application. The great trouble is that the fruit growers of
this State, in spite of the vast amount of literature that we send out,
do not seem to know that there is an Experiment Station at Columbia
that stands like a wall of defense between the orchards of Missouri and
the pests that prey upon them.
San Jose scale made its appearance in Missouri eight or ten years
ago. The history of it is a little interesting: The Federal government
issued a bulletin charging a firm in Missouri with having distributed
this pest over the State. We investigated the matter and proved most
conclusively that the nursery in question had not distributed the scale
at all, but that it had been distributed by a New Jersey firm which had
sent them some stock damaged by San Jose scale which they refused
to accept; but instead of having it sent back, they distributed it among
all their buyers in Missouri and the San Jose scale was distributed in
that way, and in our bulletins we cleared the nursery of that charge.
We tried in vain to wake Missouri to the danger of spreading the San
Jose scale over the State, we tried to scare the Legislature, and there is
reason for the people to be scared abuot it, but the Legislature said,
“They want an appropriation up there at Columbia.” We do want it.
We want one to hold the San Jose scale in check. The station in the
University has been fighting single handed for six or eight years against
the San Jose scale, and while it is increasing in Missouri, it has been
incieasing at a slow rate because of the work that we have done. When
aman writes us that the San Jose scale se2ms to have appeared in his
160 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
orchard, then the entomologist takes the next train for that place. If
the man will not pay the expenses of the entomologist, we pay his trav-
eling expenses ourselves, for the San Jose scale is not a thing to be
trifled with by anyone. California would give millions of dollars to
free their State from this pest, but the slow spread of this pest in Mis-
souri is due to the fact that the Experiment Station at Columbia has
fought it at every point where it can gain information of its appear-
ance.
I could go on and tell you of a great many other things. An im-
portant one is an experiment of raising asparagus in the open air in the
dead of winter which has proven to be very profitable to market gar-
deners in the neighborhood of St. Louis. We estimated that an acre
planted in asparagus, according to our method of planting and treating
it, would have yielded in that winter, in which we made the experiment,
nineteen hundred dollars an acre; that depends on the time of the year,
the price of asparagus and how many fools will spend money for aspar-
agus in the dead of winter, but there are fools enough in the city to do it
and the market gardeners in St. Louis are making fortunes on account
of these fools and it is a good thing for these gardeners that these fools
will spend their money this way.
Let me go on a little from Horticulture to Animal Husbandry.
You know very well that Texas fever infects cattle below a certain belt
of temperature all over the world. Why they call it Texas fever I do
not know, probably because Texas is a very large State and there are
a great many cattle in Texas; but it attacks herds in Georgia, in the Car-
olinas, Florida, in Porto Rico, in Cuba, in Australia and in India just
as well at it does in Texas. The theory was advanced, a mere theory
which nobody had been able to prove, that this fever was caused by a
tick which was produced in southern latitudes. The cattle born south
of this line and accustomed from birth to this tick became immune to the
fever; it did not affect them, but whenever northern cattle were shipped
in, they fell victims to it in about ninety cases out of a hundred and when
southern cattle were shipped north in the summer time they spread the
so-called Texas fever. Our Station took hold of this trouble in co-
operation with the Experiment Station of Texas and in co-operation
with the State Board of Agriculture of Missouri, so that the State
Booard of Agriculture of Missouri, of which Mr. Ellis is Secretary, ihe
Experiment Station of the University at Columbia and the Experiment
Station of Texas co-operated in a series of experiments on Texas fever.
We did the scientific work and the Texas Station furnished a good
portion of the money, for it was a very expensive experiment and the
State Board of Agriculture helped us at every point, but our Veter-
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 161
inary Surgeon did the scientific work and it was proven for the first
time in the history of the world, it was proven conclusively by a series
of scientific experiments of the severest character that Texas fever was
caused by the tick and by nothing else under the sun of heaven and when
it was found necessary to give the average Missouri cow Texas fever,
we found in general that half a dozen ticks would give it and twelve
or thirteen were dead sure. That was not a very great performance,
we proved by very vigorous scientific demonstration that the hypothesis
which had already been advanced was a true hvpothesis; but we went
a step further and did one of the best things that has been done in a
century in veterinary surgery. Our veterinarian discovered a method
by which cattle in Missouri or from any other state can be inoculated
against Texas fever and shipped south at any season of the year with
comparatively little risk of death, so that whereas in the former days
about ninety per cent of the blooded stock sent south from Missouri
to Texas died of Texas fever, now about five or six per cent of the in-
oculated animals die. That has opened to the raisers of improved live
stock in Missouri a large southern market which was effectually closed
against you in the past. A large number of men have taken advantage
of it, a vast quantity of improved and very expensive live stock have
been shipped into Texas after being inoculated, and one breeder of
English cattle, buying cattle for the far South, put it in his contract
that the cattle should be shipped to England by way of Columbia, Mis-
souri, and inoculated before they were_delivered to him.
Some years ago the Australian government sent a special agent to
the United States to find out what our Department of Anima! Hus-
bandry at Washington had been able to do in combating the Texas fever,
and when the man got to Washington they sent him immediately to
Columbia, Missouri, saying that that was headquarters of the earth for
work in Texas fever. He came and he was satisfied.
Now the fact that more cattle have not been inoculated and sent
to Texas and other portions of the South is due to the fact that our
duty is to make scientific experiments. The misfortune about this in-
oculation is (and I want to tell you this very frankly) that the farmer
cannot possibly inoculate his own cattle, but the inoculation has to be
done by a man who understands the business, for you can kil! cattle
by inoculation as well as you can kill them by Texas fever direct. Now
our veterinary surgeon, the man that was capable of making a discovery
of that sort, cannot give up his whole time to inoculating cattle to be
shipped into Texas, but if the State would only make an appropriation
—we are not going to ask them for it—but if Missouri would only make
A—11
162 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
an appropriation for inoculation at Columbia that would warrant us in
employing a number of men to conduct the work—not so skillful! as our
head veterinarian, and yet skillful enough, we would undertake it very
cheerfully. When we inoculate cattle, we do not charge anything for
the inoculation. We charge for the board of the animal, the hay and
grain that he eats, and he does not eat much for ‘he is sick during the
process of the inoculation: and once in a great while, one in a hundred
of the animals die in the process. We also insist upon having a groom
sent along with the animal to take charge of it under the direction of
the verterinary surgeon.
A man capable of making a discovery of that sort we have engaged
on other sort of work, and he is now trying to find a remedy against
the hog cholera and other diseases. We cannot afford to let him take
his time inoculating cattle. -
Before the close of the last century, a veterinary magazine of prorm-
inence in veterinary science, in summing up the development in.veteri-
nary science during the last hundred years said there have been three
great* discoveries in veterinary science made on earth during that time,
and one of them was the method of inoculating against Texas fever
discovered by John W. Connaway at Columbia; and, by tlhe way, he was
a Cedar county boy without much training. He took the train to go to
Warrensburg and make a teacher of himself, but before he got to War-
rensburg, somebody suggested to him that he go on to Columbia. He
came and has been there ever since he graduated. He refuses offers
of a larger salary. He declines and does not say anything about it,
and he is so busy in scientific discovery that it is a matter of great dif-
ficulty to hunt him up and deliver his check to him. We have raised
his salary and raised his salary and he has never known anything about
it until his check came in for a larger amount and his salary has never
been discussed between him and the other officers. The University really
ought to pay him more than we do.
Now most of you are cattlemen; you are experienced in that line,
and you know very well that, while I take immense interest in it, I
am not an expert in cattle feeding, therefore, to be frank with you, I
am afraid to go into too great detail for fear I should get something
wrong. I had just as well start out by telling the truth. The cattle
feeding of the Station at Columbia is, so far as I know, unexcelled by
that which has been done at any other station in the Federal Union.
That is general and that is also modest. If you will tell me a station in
the Federal Union that has done better work in the last seven years in
experimental cattle feeding than has been done at Columbia, Missouri,
I would like to know the name of the station. I won’t contradict you,
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 16
but for my information 1 would like to know where that station is
located. Some good work has been done at Wisconsin, some at Ames
and some at Minnesota, good work may have been done at other places,
but I am telling you the truth as | know it when I say the best work
that has been done in the Union in experimental cattle feeding in the
last seven vears has been done in this State and at the Experiment
Station. Now we are not done, we are not beginning to rest on our
laurels, but we have done very fine work, and I gather this from the
statements that are made to me by other stations and from the state-
ments which are made to me by large and very influential cattle feeders
in this State and also I gather this from this additional fact which I
will proceed to tell you of now.
The United States government has, at Washington, a Department
of Animal Husbandry which concerns itself with all questions of the
feeding and breeding of live stock and a good many more besides. The
government at Washington is not able to do there all the work that
they want done and they go into what they call co-operative work with
a large number of stations over the country. For instance the govern-
ment is now co-operating with us at Columbia on an irrigation experi-
ment. That may surprise you. It has cost the government a good
deal of money; they furnish all the money for labor for constructing
reservoirs, etc., and we do the irrigating and observe the results, write
the bulletins and the government publishes it as United States bulle-
tins on irrigation written in co-operation with the Columbia, Missouri
Experiment Station.
The largest cattle feeding experiments that the United States gov-
ernment has ever undertaken in its history it has undertaken this fall,
and it has selected the Experiment Station at Columbia to conduct that
experiment. The government furnishes fifteen thousand dollars per
annum to pay the expense of these stations. We have to report to
them what we do and they send every year a special expert out to in-
spect our work and all the work of the experiment stations, and when
that man gets back to Washington, he has seen every experiment sta-
tion in the Federal Union. Moreover, the Secretary of Agriculture
visited us last June. He himself is an expert in cattle feeding, but he
was wonderfully impressed with what we had done and by the reports
of the Government Inspector, and by what he saw himself. They have
passed by Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and all the
other stations of the country and have begun at Columbia, at the ex-
pense of the United States government and in co-operation with our
station the largest experiment in cattle feeding that the United States
government has ever undertaken and also the largest ever undertaken
164 MISSOURt AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
publicly or privately, in an experimental way, in the United States. I
leave you to judge if the government could have found a station that
they thought better able to do this work, whether the government would
not have chosen that station.
In this connection I want to tell you not only some of our good things
but also some of our deficiencies. I want to tell you frankly. I should
hate very much to leave here feeling that I had exaggerated a single thing
in your hearing. Not only am I prone to tell the truth, but if I were not
prone, I think it is by far the best policy. We are not equipped with
herds and show material in animal husbandry as we ought to be. The
University has been spending a great deal of money in fitting its labora-
tories assigned to this work, but laboratories, however expensive they
may be, do not make much impression on the average stock breeder.
However inexpensive his own farm may be, when he comes to Columbia
he wants to see fine herds, and he will not find very fine herds of cattle
at Columbia yet a while. ‘That is not due to the fact that we do not think
fine herds are necessary, but it is due to the fact that with the money
we have at our command we cannot provide everything in a day. You
cannot equip your laboratories for scientific work in a veterinary surgery
and in dairying and animal husbandry and at the same time buy large
and expensive representative herds in cattle, sheep and hogs. It takes
an immense amount of money to do that. We have not money enough
yet to do it all. We have put our laboratories in order and we are asking
our legislature for an appropriation for herds of improved live stock,
cattle, sheep and hogs, and as my boys say, “It is now up to the Missouri
Legislature” whether they will provide it or not. I believe that they will
do so, and that the man who comes to Columbia next fall will find the
herds of livestock there very fine. We have some good animals. I be-
lieve we have as good Jerseys as you can find in the State, but as for
some breeds of cattle and the principal breeds of hogs and sheep, in some
instances we have no herds at all and in some instances we have very
small herds, in fact entirely too small, and Professor Mumford in his
work in stock judging is seriously handicapped by the fact that we have
no fine herds of improved live stock. In some instances where the quality
is all right, the herds are entirely too small. We have asked the Legis-
lature to remedy that at the coming session by an appropriation, and if
the Legislature grants it, as we are asking them to do, we assure you of
improved herds just as soon as the money can be invested.
The College of Agriculture is getting ready to do some very fine
work in dairy husbandry—that interest appeals to you here about Spring-
feld, for if you don’t know it, I do know that some of the best dairy sec-
tions of Missouri are in the Southwestern part of the State. ‘The last
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 165
Legislature made an appropriation of five thousand dollars for the em-
ployment of a staff of workers in dairy husbandry and for the equip-
ment for them and for their traveling expenses when they went over the
State. The last Legislature put up also a laboratory for dairy husbandry,
a fine one. We examined the plan of every laboratory of dairy hus-
bandry in the United States that is worth anything—the best of them at
least, and while we have not the largest we really think we have decidedly
the best laboratory of dairy husbandry that has ever been constructed by
any college in this country.
With that I dismiss horticulture and animal husbandry and dairy
husbandry, and I will talk to you briefly, for I must not take too much
time about what the College of Agriculture has done for education and
chiefly what it has done for education through the University. I pre-
sume that it will strike all of you as true that the College of Agriculture
exercises more influence upon the State University than it does upon any
other educational institution of Missouri, and I presume that those of
you who are acquainted with the facts will not undertake for a second to
question the statement that the State University is exercising a more
powerful influence upon education in this State than any other institu-
tion. The College of Agriculture is having indirectly and chiefly through
the University a very great influence upon general education; and al-
though this fact is so very patent to me, it is surprising how few teachers
and educators appreciate it. I sometimes meet my friends from the de-
nominational colleges of this State—and there are some excellent de-
nominational colleges in this State and one of them in this city—and they
begin to joke me about my College of Agriculture. Surprising as it may
seem, these gentlemen rather seem to think that the University holds on to
the College of Agriculture for the amount of money that is in it and they
rather seem to think that I am going to bow my head and feel just a little
bit ashamed of having a College of Agriculture in the University. Gen-
tlemen, I speak the truth when I say that there is nothing in that State
University of which I am in my heart prouder and for which I am more
grateful to God than for the fact that it contains a College of Agriculture,
and in my heart I am sorry for every State university that is cursed by the
fact that it has not a college of agriculture, and if every denominational
college in this State could put a first class College of Agriculture on its
campus, it would surround itself with blessings that very few of them
dream of.
President Jordan, of the Leland Stanford University, while not at
all infallible, is one of the ablest~college presidents in America, but he
has no college of agriculture attached to the Leland Stanford University,
none at all, presumably, therefore he is a fair witness in the matter, he
166 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
certainly has no college of agriculture to color his views in favor of that
institution. He paid me a visit last week and while he was there in the
space of about thirty hours—thirty to forty hours, because I went to St.
Louis with him—on the train he said to me not less than a half dozen
tiems—the thing seemed to be on his mind—he said to me again and again
at intervals between remarks: “The great institutions of learning in this
country are going to be a few heavily endowed private institutions and
those state universities which have in them colleges of agriculture.” He
said, “they are going to be Harvard, Columbia, Stanford, Chicago and
some others’—I won’t finish his enumeration because it was not very
long and he did not include some glorious names—‘“and the State Uni-
versities of California” (that is his greatest rival) “Minnesota, Missouri,
Illinois, Nebraska and Ohio, those are the institutions that have a great
future before them, and those state universities,” said he, “in which the
college of agriculture is separated from the university will be compelled
in a few years to take sécond rank.” Now, Mr. Jordan is not infallible—
I will remind you of that again, and Mr. Jesse is not any more infallible
than Mr. Jordan, but I believe firmly in the truth of his statement, so
far as state universities are concerned, those are going to distance the
others that have in them a college of agriculture and mechanic arts, and
I would not lose that college and the influence which it exerts—the
beneficent influence which it exerts upon the University for any considera-
tion which I could name to you here.
The people do not begin to know what these colleges of agriculture
involve—they do not understand them at all, and the farmers understand
them generally about as well as many so-called educators. I want to
talk to you about the Hatch Act, which ought to be dear to every Mis-
sourian, because the author of that act was William H. Hatch who repre-
sented in Congress for many years, the first district of Missouri, and that
celebrated Hatch Act is named for the Missourian who introduced it in
Congress and fought it through the House. That act endows research.
It has set the seal of the Federal Government—the great seal—to the doc-
trine that public money belonging to the people can be legitimately used
for purposes of pure research, and almost every state in the Federal Union
by making appropriations to the Hatch Act has set the seal of the com-
monwealth to the doctrine that public money can be used for pure re-
search in agriculture. Now that people are quibbling on your street
corners and at your cross roads as to whether public money can be used
for the education of children, I want to point to the fact that the Federal
Government first, and almost every state in the Union has set its seal to
the truth of this doctrine that public money belonging to the people may
be used legitimately for purposes of pure research. I want to ask you
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 167
why that research is in any wise confined to agriculture? What prevents
the Government or the State from using public money for research in
hygiene? If public money can be used for research in agriculture it can
be used for research in commerce, in manufacture, it can be used for re-
search in any direction. The Government while confining the research
to agriculture only has committed itself to the doctrine that public money
can be used for research in any direction that is profitable enough to the
people. Many of your wise men are quibbling on the streets—I fear
some in Springfield—I am glad if it is not so in Springfield—but some
men in Columbia, at least, are quibbling on the subject of whether public
money can be used for the education of children—whether it is right to
take my money when I have no children to educate, to educate your chil-
dren, just because you have children and I have money, and some people
do not think that public money can be used legitimately in that way.
Some think it can be used legitimately for taking in a little learn-
ing, but not very much, it cannot be used for the high school
nor for the University legitimately. What has the Federal Government
declared? ‘that public money can be used in carrying on research in
agriculture or research of useful information in agriculture to the people
in any way in which it can be gotten there. So far from confining it to
the children, the Federal Government has endorsed the doctrine that
useful information can be carried to the people at their homes, whether
young or old, and when people in this State are questioning whether it is
right to have a State University at Columbia and to graduate young men
on the Campus, the United States Government under the leadership of
Mr. Hatch has taken the very advanced position that it is right to carry to
the people from the cradle to the grave useful information at their homes,
by publication of newspaper reports and by lectures or any other method
which you choose to employ. If this can be done for agriculture, it can
also be done for manufactures, it can also be done for commerce. It has
not been done yet a while, but if it is right under the theory of our Gov-
ernment to take useful information to the people of the State at their
homes, with the aid of public money about agriculture, why not about
commerce, about manufactures, about public health and why not about
any useful thing? And does it not seem to you that the Government has
taken this position that the education of the people from the cradle to
the grave is a function of the State? That it is the business of the State
to educate young or old in schools because it is the most effectual way,
but also to educate the full grown who cannot leave their homes, at their
homes, and it almost surpasses my comprehension why people should feel
it incumbent upon the State to educate the children who constitute the
citizenship of tomorrow and refuse to educate the full grown people who
168 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
constitute the citizenship of today. It has always surpassed my compre-
hension why it was right to spend public money on the education of people
assembled in a school and yet it should be wrong to spend public money
on the education of people, so far as it could be accomplished, at their
homes. I believe as firmly as I believe that I am standing here that
sooner or later the people of this country are going to come to this conclu-
sion that it is the function of the State to educate its people as well as its
function to rule them, and that no limit can be placed upon the process of
education, so long as it is effectua! ; that it must be given to the people ir-
respective of age and irrespective of residence and I think that we
are coming to the doctrine that the Government owes this to the
people because of the preciousness of the individual soul. Our
forefathers reasoned that the state ought to educate for the pres-
ervation of the state, but we are going to reach the doctrine, soon-
er or later that the state must educate because of the preciousness
of the individual soul, and that no limit of age can be placed upon the pro-
cess, but those who can be assembled together shall be educated in masses,
because the process is the most effectual in that way, but that those who
through circumstances are debarred from attending schools and institu-
tions of higher learning shall receive at their homes such instruction as
the state can give in that handicrz‘t, instruction through traveling lectur-
ers, traveling libraaries, traveling galleries and instruction through pub-
lications. What is the State pf Missouri doing now? Does not the State
hold a large number of institutes every year conducted by the State
Board of Agriculture? Does it not sustain a secretary of that Board on
a salary, and what is the purpose of these institutes except to go around
among the people and give them such information and education as can
be carried to them in the neighborhood of their homes? What does the
Federal Government do except to give our Station at Columbia the frank-
ing privilege in order that, without paying one single cent for postage
we may scatter thousands and hundreds of thousands of documents among
the farmers of the state respecting agriculture, documents that they should
read at their homes? Our publications from the College of Agriculture
do not fall short of two hundred thousand documents per annum, and
every single one is sent out under the frank of the Government, without
the payment of a single cent of postage and the Government smiles blandly
every time we send them out. If that can be done for agriculture, why
may it not be done ‘in every other line of work and Mr. Hatch has ad-
vanced the doctrine that it is the function of the State and Government
to educate as well as control and that you cannot limit it to children but
must extend it to grown people as well; that you cannot limit it to those
who congregate in institutions of learning, though that is the best way to
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 169
do it, but you must also carry it as far as possible out to the people that
cannot attend these institutions.
Lastly, and with this remark I close, the College of Agriculture helps
to keep the University down from too lofty a perch in regard to learning.
The old-time notion of a college was that it was a severed, isolated insti-
tution, set apart and enclosed behind a fence where people became very
learned and very high toned, and God forbid that the time should ever
come when the college does not stand for learning in its highest form and
for the highest merit. But the old-fashioned college was not concerning
itself at all with taking the knowledge down to the pursuits of man. The
College of Agriculture at Columbia has taught me this doctrine which is
fundamental in my administration of the University, that every professor
in that institution has four lines of service: First, to teach, second, by
precept and example to mould life on the campus and in the student and
in the institution, third, to conduct research into the region of the un-
known and publish the result, and lastly to maintain a line of public ser-
vice. Every chair should reach the men outside of the University and
some large interests outside. Now it is very difficult to say exactly how
certain chairs are going to render any large public service, and I want to _
confess the difficulties of that doctrine. I have not quite made out how
the chairs of foreign languages can render any public service, nor have |
found out how that glorious chair of philosophy—which I think ought to
be great in every institution—how it can render much public service; but
with these exceptions every single one of the fifty chairs at this institution
at Columbia has a line of public service which it can render. They are
not all doing it today, to tell the truth, but if I live Iam going to get them
into some form of public service; but every chair in the College of Agri-
culture has some line of public service which it is rendering splendidly
to the people of this commonwealth. I do not see why the Chair of Polit-
ical Economy should not attack the problem of taxation and lend its as-
sistance to all the problems which attend taxation, and something needs
to be done in that direction. I do not see why the department of History
cannot interest itself in the history of Missouri, which is one of the rich-
est histories that any state in the Union has. Why should it not write a
history on banking in Missouri and there is no state where it is more in-
structive than in this Commonwealth.
The Department of Chemistry is rendering notable service in this
state. Every fertilizer offered for sale in this Commonwealth has been
analyzed in our laboratory, and if the manufacturing firm cannot secure
the endorsement of our laboratory as to the purity of the article which they
are manufacturing, it cannot be put on sale in this Commonwealth, they
have to go to some other state to sell it. I see no reason why we should
170 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
not have a pure food and drug law in this State and all the analyses con-
ducted by the Chemist of the University.
Our Chair of Geology has just rendered this little piece of public ser-
vice: The Professors of Geology, Civil Engineering and Chemistry
have been combining for over a year to find out to what extent cement
rock exists in Missouri. Itis hardtodo. First, you have to find the rock
that will produce cement then you have to take it to the laboratory where
it has to be carefully ground, then dusted and sifted and mixed with a
certain proportion of other things and then tested under pressing machines
and you do not always get it tested exactly right nor all the other ingredi-
ents mixed in exactly right proportions so that after probably a dozen ex-
periments you may find at last that you have not succeeded. We have
found good cement from Hannibal down to St. Louis and we found that
Kansas City has under it an almost inexhaustible supply of the fine Port-
land cement rock which needs only to be taken out and crushed. A bul-
letin will be published in a few weeks that covers the line of public service
that that chair has done for this State. Our Chair of Electrical Engineer-
ing has measured all the water power of this State. The Geologist has
found where the coal beds lie and the thickness of the veins and no man
had measured the power of the varieties of Missouri coal to produce
steam in comparison with corresponding varieties of other states until it
was done by our Chair of Mechanical Engineering recently and the re-
sults were published in a bulletin.
And so I can go over the entire University and after taking out halt
a dozen chairs, there is not a chair left in the Institution, out of about
fifty that cannot, if it will, render to the state, first to teach, second to in-
fluence the students and institutions at home, third, research into the un-
known and fourth and last, but not least, public service and I will tell you
plainly that the University is aiming to render to this State as great ser-
vice as it possibly can. I believe that what we have done in the last seven
years in agriculture is saving the citizens in this State ten times what the
State has put into this College of Agriculture and I hope to see the Uni-
versity concerned in every large interest in Missouri, provided it can be
reached on a scientific scale.
A STUDENT’S OPINION OF THE MISSOURI AGRICULTURE
COLLEGE.
(By J. M. Doughty, Farmington, Mo.)
Napoleon said, “Energy, system and perseverance are necessary for
success.” These three and three others are necessary for success in agri-
culture. The other three things which I consider essential for successful
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. iyo!
farming are, thought, observation and knowledge. So the six essentials
are energy, system, thought, observation, a knowledge of the principles
underlying agriculture and perseverance. Energy is possessed by nearly
all farmers, and very few men go on the farm because they think farming
a “snap.” While most of the farmers have energy, many are lacking in
system, but system is something that can be acquired and is essential for
the highest success. The farmer may eke out an existence without much
thought but there is probably no one who is paid better for thinking than
is the agriculturist. Observation is very important because it teaches the
farmer of the success and the failures of others. Surely everyone con-
siders a knowledge of the principles underlying agriculture essential
for the tiller of the soil. Having the other five requisites the farmer
should be persevering, as success in his profession is not attained in a few
days.
Considering the young Missouri farmer to have energy and persever-
ance, where can he best get the other requisites of success? Certainly
at the Missouri Agricultural College. The student of agriculture is con-
tinually learning system from its being taught and from a study of the
sciences in the course. It must be remembered that the agricultural
course is a combination of sciences, and science is classified knowledge.
I believe that no one can graduate from the Missouri Agricultural Col-
lege without having a deep impression of the importance of system.
While our course may not be as good as some others to train thinkers it
certainly is toward the front along this line. No one can take lectures
under our enthusiastic professors and make a passing grade in our lab-
oratories without doing a great deal of thinking. When it comes to ob-
servation I think our course is far ahead of any course in the University.
The study of language is not to be compared to it. For example, I
was told by a student of one of the leading colleges in this state that the
Professor of Greek of that institution went out one morning to milk his
cow but could not find her. There was a cow in the lot, but she did
not belong to him. The professor walked all over the town hunt-
ing the stray animal but finally became discouraged and started home.
On the way he met a neighbor and asked him if he had seen the cow. The
neighbor replied, “Professor, your cow was in your lot when I left
home.” The professor said there was a cow in the lot but she did not be-
long to him. On reaching home he walked upon the right side of the
strange animal and recognized her as his own. That morning was the
first time he had ever seen the left side of the cow although he had been
milking her for several years. I can assure you that at the Missouri Ag-
ricultural College we learn to look at both sides of a cow; to watch the
rocks crumble into soil; to study the rooting, branching and flowering
L72 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
systems of plants; to study the habits of insects. In fact the student has
his power of observation so trained that he learns something from nearly
everyone he meets or from nearly everything he sees. As he rides through
a district he can see the mistakes of others and profit thereby, and he can
aiso get many valuable points in agriculture. Observation is not only
profitable but furnishes a great deal of pleasure, and country life need not
be dull to any one who is a close observer of nature.
The next thing to consider is the knowledge of the principles of agri-
culture. It is very important for the farmer to understand the natural
laws which govern agriculture and these are taught well at the Missouri
University. In agronomy the student is taught how to cultivate the soil
so as to save moisture and how to maintain the fertility of the land, and
also many other things that relate to soils and crops. The student, in
the shops, learns to use carpenter’s and blacksmith’s tools, and in drawing
he learns the use of drawing instruments. In dairying he takes up the
testing and handling of milk and cream and the making of butter and
cheese. In horticulture the student is taught the propagation of plants
and the locating, cultivating and care of orchards. Stock breeding and
animal husbandry explains themselves. Stock feeding treats of the com-
position and digestibility of foods, and of their comparative value and
of the computing of rations. In entomology the student is taught the
habits and names of the most important insects, and the methods of de-
stroying those that are injurious. Agricultural Engineering treats of
the farm drainage, of the construction of farm buildings, etc. Agricul-
tural Chemistry shows the relation of chemistry to agriculture. In vet-
erinary work a short course in comparative anatomy is given which is
followed by clinical work and lectures on the treatment of diseases of
domestic animals. Botany, Physics, Chemistry, Geology and English are
the same as given to the students of other courses.
In addition to the work named the student must take advanced work
ir: some of these subjects and also take some work in some of the other
departments of the University. I believe that aJl students that complete
the four years’ course in agriculture think their time well spent. Many
cannot take the long course and for these short courses have been ar-
ranged. One of these courses is in horticulture, one in soils and crops,
another in dairying, and still another in animal husbandry. The short
courses last twelve weeks and during this time the student spends six
days a week in attending lectures and working in laboratories and in the
orchard. During the last three years I have been acquainted with many
of the short course students and I have never found one yet but what was
well pleased with the course. There are also summer courses in agricul-
ture and horticulture which are said to be very popular with the summer
course students.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 173
The farmer must help the agricultural college if it is to do the most
for the people and how can he do this? First, by getting interested in
progressive agriculture himself and then by talking to the young people
of his community and get them enthusiastic over farming. Tell them that
Sir John Lubbock said, “Ignorance costs more than education.’ Also tell
them that Uncle John Patterson, in talking from long experience, said,
“Increased profits in farming come with increased knowledge.” Having
done this persuade them to come to the Missouri Agricultural College.
They need not be wealthy to attend the state’s great school. Nearly all
the graduates of the agricultural college, since I have known anything of
the school, have worked their way through. If a fellow comes to the
Missouri University and wants to work his way through, the professors
and the Young Men’s Christian Association will see that he gets a chance.
Next the farmer should demand of the State Legislature appropria-
ations large enough to place the Missouri Agricultural college ahead of
any in America. To do this the college farm must be better equipped
with cattle for the teaching of animal husbandry. The lowa Agricultural
college has $55,000 in fancy cattle, hogs and sheep, while Missouri has
only $5,000. The Missouri Live Stock Association should strive to place
our college ahead of Iowa.
I think this Association should do everything in its power to get an
appropriation from the state for money to buy finished cattle for the
Agricultural college. We have a strong man in that course, but we have
not sufficient cattle to work with and I think this association could get
that appropriation if they would only work like the Dairy Association
worked. ‘T'wo years ago the Dairy Association asked the Missouri Legis-
lature for thirty thousand dollars for a dairy building and five thousand
dollars for a chair of Dairy Husbandry and the bill passed without any
trouble. President Jesse, in speaking of the Dairy Association a few
weeks ago said that he only wished that he could have the Dairy Associ-
ation back of every request he made to the State Legislature. It looks
to me like this association could have a great deal more influence with the
State Legislature than the Dairy Association, because the live stock in-
terests of the State of Missouri are certainly far ahead of the dairy in-
terests and I am sure that if this association would only go to work with
the same zeal that the Dairy Association has shown, our Agricultural Col-
lege will be far ahead of Iowa, Illinois or that of any other State in the
Mississippi Valley.
174 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
PROFITABLE CLASSES OF CATTLE FOR THE FARMER TO
RAISE.
(By Hugh G. VanPelt, Ames, Iowa.)
Not a great many years ago it would have been an easy matter to
decide which classes of cattle could be raised on a farm with profit. Land,
labor and feed could then be commanded at a low figure. The land in
those days could be farmed at a profit with no stock at all, save horses to
do the work. Since that time conditions have been changing until at the
present time we find good farms ranging in value from $40.00 to $100.00
per acre. Where such conditions exist great care must be taken to restore
the fertility which is taken from the farm in enormous amounts -with each
crop. The welfare and prosperity of every agricultural state is, in a
fundamental sense, determined by the productiveness of her soil. If
the hay and grain are removed from the farm in their raw state the
farmer finds that it is only the course of a few years until the yielding
value of his farm is lessened in a great degree. To resort to commercial
fertilizers is a great expense added to the already costly operation in
raising grain. Some grain farmers have resorted to the rotation of crops
as a means of retaining the yielding value of their land, but, nevertheless,
where a crop is taken away each year with nothing returned, it is only a
course of time until the farm crops begin to return smaller yields.
The question finally answers itself. That the only way to retain fer-
tility of the farm, is to feed the crop to stock and return the greater part
of the plant food to the land in the form of manure. But to do this the
farmer must determine how it can be profitably done and this leads to the
subject, “Profitable classes of cattle for the farmer to raise.” There are
three classes of cattle which must be considered under this subject.
- In dairying districts, where properly handled, the dairy cow is a very
profitable investment ; the farmer sending the cream or butter to market,
keeping the skim milk and buttermilk at home to feed to the calves and
hogs. ‘Then there is the dual purpose-cow, of which we have seen so
much in the columns of our leading stock papers lately, and many farmers
there are in the states of Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota and Wisconsin, who
have resorted to this class of cattle with the feasible excuse that land is so
valuable that they cannot afford to keep a cow a year to raise a calf; and
many professors of the agricultural colleges in those states advocate that
this is truly the profitable class of cattle for the farmer to raise. But
both dairy and dual purpose cattle are at the great disadvantage of caus-
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. My (S;
ing a great deal more labor and care to the farmers in milking, caring for
the milk and raising the calves by hand, thus reducing the number of
cows for which one man can care.
In this state, blessed as it is with short winters, and, blessed as it is
with being able to produce large crops of corn and alfalfa and last, but
not least, having the blessing of being one of the great grazing states
in the Union, it seems there is no other class of cattle which can so profit-
ably be raised as the beef breed. But, this class can be divided up into
three sub-classes; the scrub, which is, and should be, rapidly going out
of existence; the high-grade and the pure bred. Missouri is in the lead
with the latter. At the greatest shows in this country Missouri is always
represented with the best herds of Herefords, the best herds of Short-
Horns, and until late years, with the best herds of Angus, not only to
be shown, but to show.
All farmers, however, cannot be breeders of pure bred cattle, but
as heretofore there is still room for improvement by grading up the fe-
male side of the herd with the use of pure bred sires, by careful selection
of the superior and a continual culling out of the inferior matrons.
What grand results can be obtained, by the use of pure bred sires
is plainly seen when we consider the range steer of the past with long
legs supporting a poor, lean, lank body adorned with horns three feet
long on one end and a coarse tail dragging the ground on the other; liv-
ing on the ranch eight years before going to market. Compare him with
the range steer of today after the use of pure bred sires for a few years.
They even outclass the average of our native stockers, being saleable as
calves and yearlings, with short legs supporting a broad, deep and smooth
body, thickly covered with a high quality of flesh, a mellow hide and a
long, mossy coat; all put there by the use of good blood. Such an ex-
ample should be used by every farmer as an object lesson in raising cat-
tle on the farm and care should be taken in selecting sires, such that when
mated with the cow on the farm would produce calves that are low, broad,
deep, smooth and even with parallel lines.
By being low, we mean, the property of the standing on short legs
and with this property comes depth throughout, giving a formation to
the steer of being blocky or rectangular in shape. Such a steer is usually
broad in proportion, adding to the breadth of loin, spring and depth of
rib, which points, constitute the two highest priced cuts of the steer, val-
ued from the butcher’s standpoint. By parallel lines we not only mean a
straight top and underline, but the width of the shoulders must be carried
in a straight line out to the tailhead, giving a smooth appearance instead
of being roughened, as in the case where the shoulder is wedge-shaped
and the hip bones projecting out like a hat-rack, cutting in behind them to
176 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
a patchy tailhead. The straightness of the underline is in direct relation
to the depth at which the back portion of the thigh extends downward.
Not one of you gentlemen can call to mind an animal whose back thigh
cut off too high up that was not tucked up in flank. With all of these
lines parallel the large heart girth is also insured. However, with all
oi these points considered, the breeder has obtained the form only, of the
profitable animal. He must now look to the quality and character of the
animal, which so quickly captivates the eye of the buyer when the product
is ready for market. ‘These two essential points can be determined, only
by indication. A good feeding animal should have a soft, mellow, medium
thick hide, covered with a dense, mossy coat, as the outer indications are
in direct relation to the inner vital organs of circulation and digestion.
lf the coat is harsh and wiry or the hide thick, coarse and unyielding to
the touch, then the blood circulation is sluggish and the digestive organs
are lacking in strength. The head should be broad between a pair of
prominent, yet placid eyes, then short from this portion of the head to
the nose; large nostrils are indicative of a rugged constitution and a large
mouth is always to be desired. Although these points are simply indi-
cations, a steer which does not possess them will always be found lacking
in the feed lot and when sent to market. Good, firm bone is desired, but
this does not mean a great coarse bone. Coarse boned animals are in-
variably rough animals, and such never feed out in a smooth, finished con-
dition. To sum up, then, the animal for which we must strive to raise
is one good in these points with no tendency toward the wedge-shape,
one of good, firm quality, showing plenty of character and style. Many
may say we cannot eat character and style, but yet, to have a smooth,
deeply fleshed steer, these points are found to be essential.
In breeding such animals we do so to please the butcher, who sets
the price on our product when it is finished and goes to market. What
he wants is best exemplified by the price which the wholesale dealer sells
the different cuts to the retailer. From a good carcass of a 1750 pound
steer, dressing 1,022 pounds of edible meat, the loin, which is the choicest
portion of the carcass, weighs 183 pounds and sells for 19 cents per pound.
Next in value is the rib, weighing 113 pounds, selling at 1614 cents per
pound; the round, weighing 241 pounds, sells at 6 cents per pound; the
plate, weighing 162 pounds, sells for 314 cents per pound; the shank,
weighing 58 pounds, sells for 2% cents per pound, while the cheapest por-
tion, the flank, weighing 34 pounds, sells for 2 cents per pound, or, in
other words, the ribs and loins of a good carcass of beef constitute only
28 per cent. of the carcass, yet, they sell for nearly 64 per cent. of the en-
tire value.
Considering this, can we wonder at the butchers bearing so much
stress on the breadth, depth and thickness of covering of the loin and rib,
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. LEAT
and can we not plainly see which is the profitable class of cattle to raise
from the butcher’s standpoint? ‘The last consideration, but by no means
the least, is that the farmer must look for that class of cattle which not
only fills the butcher’s requirement, but that class which, when placed on
grass or in the feed lot, will mature at an early age in a smooth, firm and
well ripened condition.
To quote Mr. John Gosling; the method of gaining this end is best
shown: “In gradwag up the herd the breeder should have one aim in
view; that of producing an animal that will mature at an early age, yet
being heavy in the high-priced cuts, requiring less feed and time to pre-
pare them for market. Intense breeding tends to produce an animal
which fattens rapidly and the great mistake many feeders are making in
feeding this better class of cattle is that they feed them too long, fattening
them too highly to be profitable to the feeder or to produce the best qual-
ity of beef for the butchers. This is one lesson the feeder must learn;
when to turn off his cattle at the right time, replacing them with another
bunch, thus finishing three bunches of cattle in the same time that it took
to finish two bunches where cattle were of the poorer grade.”
At the Iowa Experiment Station it was proven that a highly bred
steer did not make a larger gain in the same period of time and on the
same amount of feed than a scrub steer, but that the better bred steer fin-
ished up into a much smoother product, being a great deal stronger in the
more valuable portions. The experiment was conducted with a high grade
Herford and a high grade Jersey streer. While in the feed lot both steers
put on gains at nearly the same rate and cost per pound, yet, when sent
to market the Hereford steer sold for ten cents per hundred above the
top prices of any cattle on the market that day, while the Jersey steer sold
for $2.12%4 per hundred below the top quotations, making a total differ-
ence of $2.2214 per cwt. in the two steers. To cite the reason for this
difference in price they were followed to the block. ‘The Jersey had 190
pounds of internal tallow and 55 pounds of suet on a 763 pound carcass,
or 32.1 per cent. of the carcass was tallow, which was worth at that time
4 cents per pound, while the loins were worth 19 cents per pound at whole-
sale. This steer dressed but 57.5 per cent. of beef, while the Hereford
steer dressed out 67.5 per cent. The Hereford had only 95 pounds of
tallow and 38 pounds of suet on an 888 pound carcass, or 15 per cent.,
as against 32.1 per cent. for the Jersey.
Thus, we see what good beef blood does for the farmer when placed
in the feed lot against the scrub and that there is only one profitable class
of cattle for the farmer who wishes to raise beef; this class being the
steer which has been brought as nearly as possible to perfection by the
use of good blood.
A—12
178 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REVORT.
THE MODERN FARM COW.
(By W. P. Harned, Vermont, Mo.) :
We would like that the basis of our article be that the greatest type
of cow is the one that does the greatest service to the greatest number of
+
i BE, — DOUBLE. MARY a6 be » BSS eee ae &
A Shorthorn Cow, belonging to W. P. Harned, that has made a reputation as a dual purpose cow.
Double Mary.
mankind. This rule is even true of man; the greatest personage is the
one that does the greatest service to the greatest number.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 179
There can be no universal cow, neither can there be a universal horse,
nor even a universal man. What we wish to mean by universal is the
highest type of excellence in many lines. They are not combined in one
animal; good qualities can be combined but not the highest point in all.
To explain further, a horse can not be the best draft horse, the best at
speed, and the best saddler combined.
There can be an all round man, an all purpose horse, a dual purpose
cow. As illustrating this you can call to mind individuals who are very
apt in one line and very weak in others. Also those that are very suc-’
cessful in all lines or as you may express it can turn a hand to anything.
The typical draft horse of today bred to the enormous weight of a
ton is a special purpose animal—he can draw immense loads, but with
this one purpose his usefulness ends. He has his place but it is not on
the small farm where one team must haul the wood, draw the plow, take
the family to church, tend the garden, and be the saddler. He can be fair
at all even if not remarkably superior in any particular line. The breed
war is over. No reasonable champion of one breed is spending his force
tearing down another breed. Nobly they have combined against the
common enemy to mankind, the curse to live stock husbandry, the living
disgrace to any American farm, large or small, this common foe is the
scrub sire. He is the hated thing. He is the universal curse. He is
the fostered enemy. Against him and him only, all improved breeds are
waging a combined war. Until he is entirely exterminated: the war should
continue, yet we are glad to realize no improved breed is at war with an-
other improved breed. We have the special purpose breeds and it is
well. We need them.
There are conditions in which the highest possible attainment in one
particular line serves best the purpose.
The heavy dray wagons in our large cities require little else than the
ability to draw immense loads. There may be conditions in which the
greatest possible supply of butter only is required. It must also be admitted
that there are conditions, as on the western plains, where immense herds
of cattle are kept for beef only, that the highest possible attainment at the
beef making tendency is the prime and almost only requirement. But
this is not the condition that confronts the common farmer or as we
would have it the average farmer. It is not the condition of a large ma-
jority of farms today. The requirements of the ranchman and those of
the small farmer are greatly in contrast. The ideal ranch cow is as much
beef as possible with barely enough milk to produce reasonable growth in
the calf. She requires a robust nature, firm bone and frame, good size
and an iron constitution. To these qualities the modern small farm would
add as much of the dairy qualities as can be combined till we have the
186 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
ideal dual purpose cow. She is the cow of our forefathers and I would
predict in the east and middle west she is the coming cow. We still at
this day have such a cow, but there has been of late years a great impetus
for beef and her double purpose has been neglected. The quality is only
latent and can be revived with an effort. The American farm needs her.
There is a call for the dual purpose cow. There should be some encour-
agement in financial returns.
It might be remembered that the highest cow ever sold was of the
family of shorthorns which combined beef and milk to the highest de-
gree yet attained. The International at Chicago offered a large prize this
year for the farmers’ cow. The dual habit still exists and the cow can be
had but her name is not legion. A hundred years ago she was queen of
all domestic animals, and history repeats itself and it repeats oftener than
every hundred years. Unto man’s care the Creator left all domestic an-
imals and of all these the cow is queen and the bull is the king. Her care
is nO mean vocation and her study is elevating. The science of reproduc-
tion is as deep a science as that of the planets and the laws of heredity
are mysterious. She is a commodity and as other commodities may have
ups and downs, but every year the well bred cow attaches herself closely
to advanced civilization. I have not even named my favorite breed but
she must be of good scale and a good udder and should have good hair
and we are on a safe road to improvement.
Reflect for one moment how important is the American cow to the
American people. A recent authority stated that if the cow trade could
drop out, the railings on the railroads west of Lincoln, Nebraska, would
be covered with rust. Take away the cow from Chicago and the Union
stock yards would half decay and grass would grow in the streets.
Take away the cow from the two metropolitan cities of our own
State, Kansas City on the west and St. Louis on the east, and in the stock
yards district, the birds would build nests in the weeds that would grow
at the parlor window. Here in Springfield if the cow and her products
could be withdrawn one year, one would stand on the street and wonder
what was the matter. Under certain conditions the special dairy cow is
the most desired. Under other conditions the exclusive beef animal
may best answer the purpose. But there are conditions in which the dual
purpose animal far better serves the purpose and these conditions are
more than the other two combined. It is a pitiful sight to see on a farm
a fine massive cow covered with a wealth of flesh of 1700 pounds fallowed
by a calf almost starved for milk. I have seen high class breeding herds
with nearly as many nurse cows as breeding cows.
Extra conditions may support this but the normal condition and the
small farmer cannot maintain them.
EE
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 181
ENVIRONMENT AND HEREDITY, TWO GREAT FACTORS
IN CATTLE BREEDING.
(By Benton Gabbert, Dearborn, Mo.)
These two great factors cover the entire field, not only in cattle,
but in all plant and animal life, including the human family as well. He-
redity is the transmitting of traits, both good and bad, from ancestors.
This is the great law of nature. In fact, outside of collected data and
personal knowledge, it is as self evident a fact as two and two make four,
for from whence or where could the offspring derive its individuality
if not from its progenitors? And this law of heredity is retroactive, not
the first parents giving all, but the power of transmission, running back
in some instances to remote ancestors.
Columbus 33rd. One of Mr. Gabbert’s Herd Bulls.
Take a tabulated pedigree, and you will see that the genealogical tree
branches from one trunk to two forks, to four limbs, to eight branches,
and on widening, if there is no line breeding, almost indefinitely, and any
one of these branches may crop out, and this cropping out, if very pro-
nounced, is called atavism. Just why atavism occurs no one knows. The
most probable solution to my thinking, must be some corresponding en-
vironment, similar to the remote ancestor’s and mating where prepotent
blood lines lead back.
In Robinson’s “Wild Traits in Domestic Animals,” we see the far
reaching power of heredity—the pet dog on the hearthrug turns round
three or four times before lying down, a trait inherent, coming down from
the wild dog, who turned round to break down the tall grass for his bed.
In cattle—the cow in pasture or on the range hides her young calf, a trait
182 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
inherited from the wild cow which fed in lowlands where the herbage was
rich and where her cloven hoof enabled her to walk in boggy ground in
safety, hid her calf from cruel and hungry foes and grazed with the herd,
returning to her calf with full udder and has transmitted to us the milk cow
and the mother’s instinct to hide her calf. In the horse—the domestic
mare in the pasture lets her foal nurse only a little at a time, but often.
This is a habit coming from the wild mare, who feeds in the open, ready
at any moment at the approach of wolves or wild dogs to take to her
heels seeking safety for the colt in flight; to keep her colt in running trim
its stomach must not be full, and she allows it but a draw or two at a
time, so it can flee by her side. The colts of the fleet and watchful mothers
alone survive and breed up a superior race of horses.
Nature in her great law of the survival of the fittest, should teach
us a lesson in breeding. The law of heredity, or the old maxim, that
like produces like, has built up our pedigrees, a good law to hold to but
not infallible. We see the animal, or should, before we trace the pedi-
gree, and if the pedigree is satisfactory, that is the animal for our herd.
But with some the pedigree is first, the individual excellence of the ani-
mal second. Now the one who chooses from pedigree places too much
value on remote ancestry. From my observation and experience, the
culmination of heredity should be in the good qualities of the animal
you are selecting; the two should go hand in hand, a good animal and a
good pedigree, then you have assurance doubly sure that your animal
will be prepotent ; generally prepotency can be expected only from a union
of this kind.
This power of prepotency sometimes ceases with the animal, the
offspring are all that you could desire, but the power of transmission
does not reach to the third generation. We see this in all breeds and
that family drops out of the first ranks soon enough to keep the pedi-
gree crank from spoiling many good herds, but as a general rule the
prepotent animal transmits the same qualities to the offspring and they
breed on and on, then pedigree becomes a talisman for a.good animal.
There is another term or word used in fine breeding that in the
breeder’s parlance means something very different from what it does to
those who are afraid of the devil and to court his favor, call him Old
Nick, we drop the familiar and endearing “Old” and simply ‘call it Nick.
The term means the dropping off the bad qualities and retaining the
good qualities in blending the bloods lines of two distinct families in
mating. To illustrate, we take the Grove Third, from whose loins more
good Herefords have sprung than any other noted sire, but of the many
sons of his who have worn the purple all have had for mothers Spartan
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 183
cows and had there been no Spartan cows, the Grove herd would have died
without wearing the crown as king of Hereford sires.
We now reach a problem in breeding that is a difficult one to solve,
one about which our best breeders differ, one which the most successful
breeders practice, yet most all breeders condemn. I refer to line breed-
ing or breeding animals of same blood lines so closely blended that some
tabulated pedigrees have the same blood lines in most every cross. In
starting the pure bred herds of all the breeds, in-breeding was resorted
to from necessity in forming a type. Even now it is closely followed
by some breeders making a type, so that any good judge can pick out in
a large show ring the different breeders’ cattle by type. There is much
to be said both for and against line breeding.
The best herds have at their head some great sire, with his sons and
grandsons in service, in fact, I cannot now recall a noted breeder either
at home or abroad who has changed his herd bull every two years, or
one who has bought his cows in preference to raising them, that has
succeeded in reaching the top or in establishing a distinct type.
Out-crosses generally help the first cross, but subsequent crosses
deteriorate. For this rule we have no less authority than Darwin. We
think the same rule holds good in breed lines, that is, in crossing families
of the same breed; but if these families nick I would seek no farther, but
would prefer these two familves rather than try a third family. I would
term the inter-crossing of these two families line breeding. In-breeding
I would define as taking a great sire and breeding in and in with his
progeny. This process produces some very superior individuals with a
great many not so good.
We condemn this course of line or in-breeding, more from our pro-
hibiting by law such relations in the human family, than from an ob-
servance of Nature’s teachings. The wild animals in a state of nature
necessarily in-breed, yet we have some fine specimens. The wild horse,
through the survival of the fittest, keeps the herd in splendid form. The
best stallion in their stampedes from wild animals is followed by the
fleetest mare; with vicious bite and heels of fire he guards his harem,
until the young son, more robust takes his place.
When we consider environment, it is so closely allied to heredity
that the proper treatment of a herd makes environment almost the par-
ent of heredity. Were it not so, there could be no progress. The fine
herds of to-day owe their superiority to proper handling for generations.
It is the selecting and mating of the best, and giving those feeds judi-
ciously that build up a healthy animal, that transmit environment.
Environment can, through necessity, model the form. Darwin tells
us that the long neck of the giraffe came by selection through environ-
184 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
ment. The giraffe is a habitat of Africa, where severe drouths occur
every few years. The herbage is burned up and the giraffe feeds upon
the leaves of the trees; those with the longest necks alone survive; these
in turn meet succeeding drouths, and this gave to the giraffe his elongated
neck. I am more and more convinced, from reading and actual obser-
vation, that more herds retrograde from being under-fed than from
being over-fed. We hear criticisms from our best farm journals against
the practice of over-fattening our show animals, yet the fat animal nine
times out of ten goes to the front; and I make this assertion and, if you
think awhile I believe you will agree with me, that the herds that are
most successful at the fairs have for herdsmen the best feeders and fit-
ters. In fact, in the beef breeds we expect fleshing qualities. The
general verdict of the ring side is always for the animal in perfect bloom.
The feeder’s art has been taxed to the utmost to bring the animal to per-
fection, and if he fails, the fault is lodged against the animal and not the
fitter. Between a perfect form in skeleton and rare fleshing qualities with
a lack of symmetry, we would always take for a feeding steer the flesh-
ing qualities.
The problem for every one who is a breeder and wishes to better
his herd in the selection of a bull is, shall I seek certain blood lines, or
look for a sire that as an individual has form and style and fleshing
qualities? I would advise the latter course, for if you get the individual
wrapped up in a mellow hide, the pedigree of that animal is the epitome
of both heredity and environment, and if you treat that bull and his pro-
geny right, your bull may form a family that will make history.
As to definite rules to make a success in breeding they are not laid
down in the experience of any man, or in the pages of any book; but
there is a rule, the one the old painter gave to his pupil when he was
asked how he mixed his colors; the painter replied “with brains”—this
remark should be written on the door of every calling in letters of gold,
in pictures of silver.
To have the brains to handle properly a fine herd requires the same
heredity and environment for men that it does for animals. The best
herds in the old country are very old herds. The work is taken up
by the son where the father left off, the father’s methods are taken in
by absorbtion, and later the love of the work and keen rivalry of the
breeders, kindles enthusiasm for his life work. Heretofore our best
feeders and fitters were bred up, if I may use that term, in the old coun-
try. With us, I am sorry to say, many good herds are dispersed be-
cause the sons prefer some other calling than their fathers’ work. This
is due from the fact that the universities over-shadow the less preten-
tious agricultural college. The states give lavishly of their funds for
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 185
endowing and equipping their universities but dole out with miserly
hand in insufficient dribs to our agricultural colleges.
Heretofore the great highways to advancement and preferment were
through the universities; but I believe the day has dawned when the
farmers’ sons will find that the doors of the agricultural college open
up a better field for a high order of talent, and opportunities for ad-
vancement in a more remunerative calling than any of the professions.
The professions are over-crowded, but not so with the graduates of the
agricultural colleges; there are places awaiting them all at living wages.
The universities deal with text books and precedents, with paths worn
smooth with the feet of ages; and when you have passed through them,
you are crammed with obsolete truth and mildewed facts. It takes
an original, bright mind to come out of their pedantic walls without old
fossilized ideas clinging to his academic skirts, that impede his progress.
But how different with the agricultural college; their professors
have not learned it all, they are enthusiastic students themselves, their
ears are open to catch the faintest whisper of old Mother Nature, as she
yields up grudgingly her secrets; and the charm will brighten as we
delve deeper into the problems of animal and plant life. I believe in
higher education, and am glad the State is liberal with her University ;
but between the two, for the advancement of the State in commercial
and industrial growth, for the wealth and happiness of her people, I be-
lieve the Agricultural College, if properly equipped would prove the
greater blessing.
Since writing the above, I clip the following from an address by Mr.
Geo. B. Van Norman of the Union Stock Yards, before a Wisconsin in-
stitute: “If you will stop and figure, you will see the difference be-
tween the 500 pound scrub as compared with the 700 pound grade.
The 500 pound scrub is worth 3 cents a pound, which would be $15.00,
the 700 pound grade is worth 44 cents a pound, which would be $31.50,
a difference of $16.50 more than the scrub and both the same age. The
farmer that raises scrub cattle needs enlightenment, the kind that helps
his pockets, helps his family and helps his country. We breeders have
been sending out pure bred bulls as missionaries, but if each neighbor-
hood that raises scrub cattle could have one of their farmer boys take a
full course at the ccilege and experiment station, he would be a true
missionary, waging a war of death to the scrub and preaching the gospel
of good blood.”
DISCUSSION OF MR. GABBERT’S PA?’ER.
Mr. Gabbert—I studied a long time whether I would put in that idea.
I believe ini higher education, I believe in it for the growth of the country,
but we are living in an industriab age, in a time when every calling must
186 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
o some good for the rest of mankind as well as itself. President Jesse’s
lecture last night presented something to nie that I never knew before
and that is that the Agricultural College is not onlv educating the farm-
er’s son, but educating the university. Dr. Jesse has caught that spirit
in this industrial age that we must do something that will help the rest
of the world along in a financial way. He told you of the different chairs
in the University that did something toward helping the world along and
of some that were unable to do so; but the Missouri University is a de-
parture from the general rule. I wish to offer some ;esolutions in re-
gard to our Agricultural College.
Whereas, Missouri is one of the greatest live stock states in the
Union, and
Whereas, the live stock equipment and barns at our Agricultural
College are wholly inadequate for the purpose of giving the ‘horough
instruction in animal husbandry which the importance of the live stock
interests of the State demand; therefore, be it a
*Resolved, That the Improved Live Stock Breeders of Missouri, rep-
resenting all of the live stock interests of the State earnestly recommend
the Legislature to appropriate $20,000 for the purchase of pure bred
herds of beef cattle, sheep and swine and $10,000 for a barn to accommo-
date these animals.
I think with Prof. Mumford that they ought to have more money.
It seems to me that the College should be the place to go to see better
constructed barns than we have on our farms. It does seem to me that
a State as large as this and with its resources, an empire within itself,
with everything almost that we need to live on, to eat and wear—that we
should have an Agricultural College thoroughly adequate. The barn
there should be a model barn. The cattle there should be the best, with
the best handling and the best development and in years to come it
should be the finest herd in the State. Not only that, but the students
in that College when they come home should know what a good animal
is and learn to discriminate between the qualities of the scrub and pure
bred animal. Then indeed they would be missionaries, going all through
this country to promulgate the gospel of good blood. But now these
boys cannot get the instruction they need, with the few animals that they
have in the barns now.
If the Legislature is niggardly and there is no available way to get
the fund, we will have to ask for a moderate amount, and I think that
is a moderate sum; but I would like to see our Agricultural College as
well equipped as any of the same kind in the United States and without
an equal in the world.
*Later, the Legislature appropriated $10,000 for a barn and $5,000 for live stock.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 187
Mr. King—I visited Columbia and I had a very enjoyable time. I
saw magnificent grounds. I saw substantial and beautiful buildings. I
have seen nothing that I remember that has so impressed me as those
beautiful columns on the campus. I believe they are all that remain of
the old University buildings. I was shown through one of the best ar-
ranged libraries I ever saw, with a high-priced man employed to keep
that library in apple pie order. They have a wonderful system of double
indexing there—I cannot take time to explain it. I was taken through
the Art Gallery and I saw perfect reproductions of the finest works of
art in the world, casts of Apollo and Venus, etc. I saw a magnificent
school building there in process of erection to take care of the Horticul-
tural Department. I saw the plan of the building where they are going
to take care of the ladies, and it will be a beautiful building. I was
shown what is said to be the best dairy building in the United States,
and then I was taken to some barns, gentlemen, that you would not have
on your place. I confess to a feeling of shame as a Missourian when I
came from those other things, and was then taken past the swine build-
ings and was taken into them and then went into these sheds. If any of
my friends in other states who are interested in institute work, and I
have many of them, should come to this State and we should by any
chance come to Columbia, I would do all I could to keep them away
from these stables.
Now I appreciate the difficulty that the Legislature has in meeting
all demands. I appreciate the fact that anybody can see the things I
saw and call attention to places where improvements can be made in a
great many different lines; but surely, gentlemen, in an agricultural State
with a man—lI believe I speak conservatively—a man at the head of our
College of Agriculture who has no superior in the United States as a
feeder of cattle, we ought to have suitable buildings and good herds.
Gentlemen, we must have barns on the State farm that will go with
the University buildings, with the buildings of the College of Medicine,
with the buildings of the College of Law and with the man that we have
there to take charge of the Agricultural College.
We are getting to be enthusiastic in Missouri. The Agricultural
College is going to be something regardless of the obstacles with which
it contends. It has a will and I think it will find a way. It has not found
it very fast, not so fast as it should and it seems like the powers that be,
have not been as generous with them in their efforts as the powers in
Illinois and Iowa and other states. It ought to be a source of congratu-
lation and satisfaction to us to think what we have done in agriculture,
live stock and mining in Missouri in the last decade. You know with
what pride you all used to look to Kentucky for the horses and cattle,
188 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
fine horses and fine cattle, good whisky and pretty women,. I think they
have the last two yet, but they are not in it with the first. The reputation
of Kentucky has virtually moved to Missouri. I do not think we are
aware of the position that we really occupy in the live stock department
of the world. Take the Missouri mule, we are first. Take Hereford
cattle—while I am not a Hereford man, I am always proud of a good
breed. Few men know this, but this is Missouri’s history, we have more
good Hereford cattle than all the other states combined. I did not
know that till the Hereford men told me, but it is absolutely a fact, and
the register will show it, that we took every prize in Hereford cattle at
Omaha. We took our share of prizes at Chicago, Missouri came ont
away ahead of any other two or three states and I do not know but that
Missouri took more prizes at Chicago than all the other states combined.
Take the Berkshire hog in Missouri, and where is there another state
that can compare with Missouri for Berkshire hogs? We have a citizen
here with us, our prominent Berkshire breeder who took ten first prizes
at the Chicago World’s Fair and seven other prizes were taken by per-
sons who had purchased these hogs from him. This is a fact. There
was one ring of cattle shown there and the first, second, third, fourth
and fifth prizes were won by Missouri cattle and there was another ring
in which the first, second, third, fourth, sixth and seventh prizes were
won by Missouri cattle, all except the fifth and eighth. There were
eight prizes given. It is a pity that our officials and the Legislature do
not properly appreciate the conditions or consider the position that we
occupy.
Take our State Fair. We worked for years to get a State Fair.
Fifty thousand dollars was the first appropriation that was made. The
first appropriation to the Illinois State Fair was two hundred and fifty
thousand dollars. But we worked and hammered away and last year
when we ought to have gotten one hundred and fifty thousand dollars
we were ashamed and afraid to ask for anything that would be really in
line because we were afraid that it would appear that it was so entirely
out of line that everything would be rejected. They put us down to the
small sum of fifty thousand dollars. That is not in line for Missouri.
Missouri today stands first in mules, first in cattle, first in hogs and it is
entitled to more consideration than it gets, but if the influence of every
county could be brought to bear upon the Legislature, through our rep-
resentatives, if the farmers would take hold of it and show some interest
in the matter, and would intercede with their representatives in the Leg-
islature to make an effort to get appropriations for our State Fairs and
for our Agricultural College, why they would just simply get it. But
we will never get it unless we want it or show that we want it.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 189
The Agricultural College at Columbia is a thing to be proud of;
there is no use talking, we are confronted with progress and if the older
men of this generation do not see fit to give any encouragement to the
Agricultural College, it is going to live in spite of them. It is on the
road to progress and it is going to continue to grow. But still you can
cast a good many obstacles in front of it if you see fit to do so; but the
rising generation is going to learn and study at the Agricultural College ;
they are going there to learn and nine-tenths of the young men who go
to the Agricultural College go there to study animal husbandry. I am
informed that such is the case, but they have no herd of cattle; they can
not get an appropriation to buy one. They have a good representative of
Jersey cattle, a fine herd in that line, but they have none of the beef breeds,
no hogs, no sheep and no barn, in which to feed or show these cattle.
These young men need to be educated and I tell you we have lived over
the old idea surely that educating a boy necessarily makes a crank out of
him. We have outlived that idea that it will make of him a book-farmer
and acrank. I know and you know that practical knowledge and scientific
knowledge can be combined and it is a benefit.
Mr. Ellis: You will pardon me for saying anything. 1 did not
come here to talk. The Board sent me along to look after the members
of the Board that came down here, and see that they got back home, but
I want to say a word on this subject because it is closer to my heart than
any subject that has been discussed during this meeting.
I suppose every man in this house is either directly or indirectly
interested in farming, and do you know, gentlemen, that we have been
appropriating several thousand dollars at each session of the Legislature
to improve the fish in the creeks of this State and have not appropriated
a dollar for the purpose of improving the live stock interests? There was
appropriated a few years ago sixteen thousand dollars for the purpose
of supporting a fish commission. It was reduced after a while, I think,
to six thousand dollars and raised at the last session of the Legislature
to twelve thousand dollars. That may be necessary but what is the rela-
tive value of the cattle industry of this State compared with the fish in-
dustry? How many in this house are interested in a financiai sense in
the fish industry of the State? And yet we have found money—-Mr.
King said he appreciated the difficulties the Legislature had in finding
money for all demands—yet we found money to develop the fish in our
streams—and there is no need of discussing that question at all—we
have found money to do that, and the only reason, in my opinion the
Legislature has not appropriated money to advance the live stock inter-
ests of the State is because the farmers themselves have not asked for it.
190 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Just a word to the small farmer, if there are any small farmers or
breeders here—the man with eighty to one hundred and sixty acres of
land—what benefit will an appropriation of this kind be to you? You
have seen here today and will see in any section of this State that the
large and successful breeders are united on this proposition. They have
advantages to train and educate their sons that the small farmer cannot
have, and yet they favor this proposition. Your son cannot have every
advantage on your farm. You have not the herd to give him the in-
struction which the large breeder has, but you can, without expense to
yourself, by the appropriation of this money to the Agricultural College,
send your son there and let him spend one, two, three or four years get-
ting practically the advantages that the best breeders are giving their
sons.
We do not want to be behind other states. Every man ought to
take a local pride in his home, in ‘his home locality, his State and his
country. We want to place Missouri at the head of the procession. Our
live stock industry is great, but in all our public institutions we want to
be ahead of others, if possible.
I want to make this statement and if it is unreasonable, I hope some
of these breeders present will correct me. At the National Live Stock
Show at Chicago, the prizes won by the Agricultural College of Iowa-—
the prize won by the champion steer fed by the Agricultural College of
Towa, will be worth more to the breeders of Iowa than their Agricultural
College has ever cost them, as an advertising medium for the live stock
of the State; and yet they have an equipment that has cost them more
than one hundred thousand dollars. Which of you who could put down
a dollar and take up two dollars would not do it every time? That is
what we are asking for. We have practically three million head of cat-
tle in Missouri. Suppose by some means we could increase the value of
these three million head two dollars a head, it would amount to six mil-
lions of dollars. The appropriation asked for, thirty thousand dollars,
will amount to one dollar for every hundred head of cattle in this State.
That appropriation of thirty thousand dollars, indeed an insignificant sum,
if we take into consideration the vast resources of the State, amounts co
one dollar for every hundred head of cattle in this State and an increase
of two dollars per head in the value of our cattle would bring us six
million dollars. Well, this appropriation, gentlemen, would assist in
the development or in the improvement of the live stock interests of the
State, not only cattle—this is rather’a cattle breeders’ session today—
but this argument can be used for all classes of stock. You will see
what an insignificant percentage of the improvement it will take to pay
the State a hundred per cent on its investment or a thousand per cent.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 19J
I wish to make another statement. I have always been an econo-
mist. I had the honor to serve my county two terms in the Legislature
and I take pride in saying that I always favored judicious economy. I
favored the same kind of economy that I favor in my own expenses, my
own investments. Now of all the men that you know, business men or
farmers, it is not the man who spends the least money that is the best
business man, but it is the man who spends his money in a way that
brings him the best returns. The theory in this State that we want to
get appropriations down to the lowest limit is not the best business pol-
icy, but the best business policy is that the money shall be so spent as to
bring the State the greatest amount in return for what is spent. ‘That
is a fair business proposition. That is what you do in your own private
business and that is what the State should do, and I believe that the
start has been made here today; and if the men here will consider this
matter properly and let the Legislature know what they think about it, I
believe we are just as certain to get that appropriation, and I believe
that you are just as certain to reap one hundred cents profit for every
dollar that you put into it in full value returned as you are to know that
the appropriation is made, and I hope to see not only this resolution
adopted, but I hope to see the appropriation made.
Prof. Mumford: I hesitate somewhat to say anything on this ques-
tion for various reasons. But it 1s a question which I need not say to
you I have thought about and worked over more than any other question
that has ever come before me. You heard last night about some of the
things that the Agricultural College and Experiment Station has been
trying to do for the farmers. Some very useful work has been done, and
yet uniortunately that the College and Station is hampered. Our prog-
ress in the University is judged more by the farm and live stock of our
Agricultural College than all the laboratories and the fine museums of
classical archaeology that the University possesses. Our greatest in-
fluence is lost on account of the fact that we have not the necessary equip-
ment, particularly on the farm, and the live stock.
There is just one other thing that I want to say. The appropria-
tions in Illinois and Iowa have been mentioned. Who do you suppose has
been responsible for the appropriations in Illinois and lowa? Who got
these appropriations? The farmers and breeders of the state of Illinois
simply took hold of the appropriations and went to the Legislature and
said to them: “We want this money for building up the Agricultural Col-
lege,” and the University-of Illinois would have been where it was for
twenty years, without any equipment, if the farmers had not taken hold of
it. The Agricultural College of the State of Missouri will be just as good
an institution as the farmers are willing to make it. We can get all the
192 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
good men in America together and if they are not interested in this
work, it will be useless. When the University asks for a law building
or a medical building, every lawyer or doctor is behind that petition; but
it is a pretty hard matter—notwithstanding the farmers are interested
and want to see it done, it is a pretty hard matter to get the farmers or-
ganized to ask for it. I am satisfied that there is an opportunity now for
the live stock men of this State to secure some recognition and there is
no other thing that will be so important for the live stock interests of this
State as to have good, representative herds of animals at our Agricultural
College. The logical conclusion of the whole course is the use of pure
bred animals and the annihilation of the scrub, and if we cannot have
good specimens of improved breeds, to focus that instruction, to apply
that instruction, then much of our teaching goes for naught.
I am proud, very proud of the fact that at the present time there
are more men taking animal husbandry in the Agricultural College—
twice as many taking animal husbandry and stock judging than in any
other technical department in the Institution, notwithstanding the fact
that we have to go to our neighbors—have to take the boys on the train
to find animals to judge. We have no beef animals to speak of, nor sheen,
nor hogs, but we get the animals to judge by taking the boys on the
train to a neighboring farm. That is a waste of time and the boys say:
“Why can’t we have material here to work on as they do in Iowa, Mich-
igan, Wisconsin or Illinois ?”
I am ashamed to tell you this thing. It is nobody’s fault unless that
of the breeders here today and those not here, but this is a fact. Mr.
Ellis has told you that Missouri is the leading State in the development of
pure bred live stock today, which is probably true. Notwithstanding that
fact, the equipment in pure bred live stock at the Agricultural College is
less than seventeen other states in the United States. We are first in the
production of pure bred live stock and seventeenth in the equipment of
the Agricultural College for instruction in animal husbandry. leave
it to you if, as a matter of State pride, it is not worth while for us to
hustle around a little and change that.
We have short courses held every winter at the college. This year
we divided the short courses into four and we have now a special course
in horticulture, in dairying, in soils and crops, and animal husbandry.
Now this year forty students have come to take that work. Thirty of
them are taking animal husbandry and stock judging out of the forty.
One of these courses gets thirty-four out of the forty students, the course
in animal husbandry. They are there, what shall we do with them?
I am doing the best I can. I am getting animals in and giving the best
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 193
course I know how to give, but I cannot possibly give instruction in stock
judging unless we have the best animals that can be had, and it is time
that Missouri is having them.
Resolution unanimously adopted as read by Mr. Gabbert.
THRIFT THE GREAT ESSENTIAL IN SHEEP, FEEDING.
(By Jacob Ziegler, Clinton, Il.)
In sheep husbandry there is one thing that must be observed and
not overlooked, and that is thrift. Thrift means health, gain in quality,
quantity and productiveness, hence profit, and profit is what we are
after. It should always be the object of the flock master to keep his
sheep in a thriving condition. The quality of the wool as well as its
quantity and the general productiveness of the flock demand this sys-
tem. Now the question is, what are the essentials of thrift? I say
good feed, water, shelter and close attention of the shepherd. It is the
worst possible practice to allow the sheep to fall away in flesh as the
grass fails in the autumn. The increasing wool conceals the shrinking
carcass much to the disappointment of the careless flock master. Bet-
ter confine them in the yard than to allow them to ramble about in some
field in search of food, which furnishes a little green feed but too light
to be of any real value.
For winter fodder there is nothing better than fine early cut clover;
cut when in bloom and well cured. Hay from old meadows consisting
of a variety of grasses is very good. Sowed or thickly drilled corn for
fodder, cut and well shocked in good season, is also splendid feed.
Good corn stover is a good and cheap feed. A feed of bright oat straw
two or three times a week can be fed to a good advantage, and the
leaving of the straw and stalks makes a splendid yard and a good ab-
sorbent of the manure. Bright sheaf oats fed once or twice a week in
racks is also an excellent feed. It answers for both grain and fodder.
Fresh water is very important to have in the yard. It is a mis-
taken idea that sheep do not need water. In August and September of
1894 I had 150 ewes with that many lambs in a pasture, and they drank
a trough of water every day that held 210 gallons, nearly 11% gallons
average per ewe. They can, however, go longer and do better without
water than other stock, but thrive much better with it.
Shelter is very necessary. It is the first necessity in providing for
wintering sheep successfully in northern latitude. Fine wool sheep
will bear exposure better than any other kind of sheep. For the open
A—13
194 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
fleece of the large mutton breeds parts on the back when wet and ad-
mits the water, which completely drenches the animal, so that its abund-
ant fleece is no longer a protection from the cold. Economy in feeding
also demands shelter, as not only less feed is required but is better pre-
served from waste. For they will not eat or drink that which is in any
way soiled or out of a dirty trough unless forced to.
For lambs, however, I prefer a closed house with large double
doors on the east or south of the building and left open except in storms
or rainy weather, then shut them in as they do not crowd themselves
in shelter like old sheep, and they do better in a closed shed, however
crowded, than in a roomy, stormy out doors.
Lambs should have grain from the time they are ten weeks old till
the following spring. A trough can be set with oats in it outside of the
pasture, fence, near the watering place with openings in the fence for the
lambs to get it. They will then learn to eat by the time they are four
months old, at which time they should be weaned. In weaning give
them the best green pasture you have and what oats they want to eat
and plenty of good water and salt. They should be kept in that way
until they are put in winter quarters, then they should have from a half
pint to a pint of equal parts of shelled corn and oats per day, owing to
the size and breed of the sheep, with all they can eat of good hay.
Stockers will do well fed on good hay alone, but better on a variety
with a little grain in stormy weather. A daily ration of one pound
of grain with straw stover or any kind of roughness is a very good
feed for stockers. Sheep can be fattened on various feeds such as
corn, peas, beets, barley, oats, clover and grass, they do well on either.
But for winter feeding my best results have been from corn and clover
hay, that fattens fast and makes the best of mutton, and when all things
are considered is as cheap as any, except green clover, which produces
very cheap mutton, but the losses from clover bloat and low price of
sheep at that time of year reduce profits in proportion.
I feed two bushels of corn twice a day at regular hours to 100
sheep (I am speaking of the mutton kind, averaging about 100 pounds)
and as much clover hay as they will eat up clean, which will be on an
average about 200 pounds per day. They will, however, need and eat
more at the start, but will decrease in eating hay as the grain ration is
increased. Care must be taken in starting them on grain so as not to
overfeed them. Feed a bushel twice a day to start on, then iightly
increase daily till you get them on full feed. Larger sheep need more
and smaller less in proportion to weight. The corn is cut an inch long
with a corn cutter and fed in troughs Io inches wide, 7 inches deep in
the clear; 12 to 14 feet long is a nice length, but length may be made
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 195
to suit fancy. The corn may be fed shelled, but I do not like it that
way because they eat it too fast, and some get more than they need,
but in cut corn, the eating process is slower, the food is better masti-
cated and there is a better chance for all to get their share.
They should always have free access to fresh water and salt and
never be left without it. They drink lots when on dry feed; they don’t
drink so much at a time, but often. Good, thrifty sheep thus fed will
fatten and gain thirty to thirty-five pounds each in seventy-five days,
and ought then to go to market for it rarely ever pays to feed them
longer. The gain, however, will depend largely upon their condition
when put up for feeding. If fairly fat they don’t gain as much as if
in moderate flesh and thrifty, nor do they require as much feed or as
long feeding.
If one has no clover for hay then sow 1% bushels of oats with 1
bushel of field peas per acre and cut when in dough and cure like hay,
It yields big and is a fine substitute for clover hay. Corn fodder does
very well but is not as good as either of the former.
Never allow feeding sheep grass in winter as the grass is too light
and soft to be of any real value to them, and the losses in searching
and rambling after it and the refusal of other feed more than double
the supposed gain.
The feed lot should be in a dry place. Have a shed, cicsed at
one side and the ends and roofed over to keep out rain and wind. Both.
it and the yard should be bedded with corn stalks or litter to prevent
mud and wasting of the manure. A timber lot or small grove well
set with trees is a good place to feed in. The trees are protection
enough without shed, but in a wet winter a shed is far better and the
manure can be saved better.
Salt and hay should always be fed under cover—hay in racks and
salt in troughs. Economy in feeding demands this system, for water-
soaked hay is always rejected by sheep and salt wastes much from rain.
Of course it is understood there are other good feeds to fatten
sheep on, such as mill-screenings, oil-meal, etc., and are used by regular
feeders who buy both sheep and feed to fatten them in large numbers
for speculation, which does not interest us. But what we are interested
in is how we farmers and stockmen who raise a part or all of the first-
mentioned product on our farms can turn it into meats so we can drive
it to market instead of hauling it and realize as much or more for it
than it would bring in a raw state, and enrich our soil besides so we can
raise more and better grain and stock.
To do this I believe our own raising the most profitable feed. It
saves the expense of transportation to and fro. And when thus fed
196 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
and the manure has been. hauled and well distributed over the land it
will always retain its fertility and will get better every year instead of
worse. From my own experience it pays best to-feed it to sheep. They
return more pounds of gain for the amount of food consumed than
cattle or hogs. Besides, mutton brings more per pound than beef or
pork and furnishes better manure than either.
My sheep have gained me from start of feeding to finish 8 to Io
pounds of mutton per bushel of corn, while the gain of my cattle of
equal quality and feed runs from 7 to 8 pounds. My hogs eat corn,
corn from first to last and only a little grass for change, while my
sheep eat grass, grass from first to last and only a little corn to start
lambs and to finish them. That is the cheap feed vs. high-priced feed.
I find from my shipping bills, which I have saved for 25 years,
from 1873 to 1898, that the average price received for my stock in
Chicago during that period was $4.93 per 100 pounds for sheep, $4.86
for steers and $4.85 for hogs, and the average weight was, sheep 12614
pounds, steers, 1,354 pounds, and hogs 218% pounds. From this you
can see they had to be all of good stock to average that weight.
The foregoing facts, obtained from my experience, convince me
that sheep are, in general, the most profitable stock on a farm, espe-
cially on thin and high land. In conclusion, I will say, keep none but
the best of whatever breed you have. They will pay when poor ones
lose. Sheep are easy to handle and easy to retain in an itclosure that
would not hold other stock, and they are the best weed destroyers on
the farm. Taking all things into consideration the sheep certainly has
much to commend it to the farmer.
DISCUSSION OF MR. ZIEGLER’S PAPER.
Mr. Ziegler: Last year I had some ewes that I wanted to dis-
pose of. I generally market them along in April or May, and the idea
struck me that I would try a new plan. IJ took the ewes and bred
them in July. I had 45 of them and wanted to dispose of them. I
bred them in July and was successful in getting in December, fifty
lambs. I fed the ewes well on corn, oats and clover hay. I fixed a
little space off in the barn for the lambs and gave them bran and corn.
I fed them three months and shipped them to Chicago the Monday be-
for Easter. Those lambs weighed 55 pounds when I sold them in
Chicago for twelve cents per pound, or $6.60 apiece, I might say. I
knew that the ewes were in good condition, so I kept the ewes and
sold them along in May, realizing $5 a hundred for the ewes. This
country down here in Southern Missouri strixes me as a good place
to raise lambs.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 197
Mr. Maitland: You said in seventy-five days, ycur sheep ‘nade a
gain of thirty-five pounds. Can you not make a greater gain with hogs?
Mr. Ziegler: Yes, but it requires more feed. A hog can gain
much faster than a sheep, but it takes a great deal more corn. A hog
eats corn all of the time and just a little of some other feed, while a
sheep eats hay or grass all the time with just a little corn. It takes
high priced feed to finish your sheep, but with the hog, it takes high
priced feed from the word go.
Mr. Maitland: Our hogs run on blue grass all the summer.
Mr. Ziegler: I find that I have to feed grain all the time. If
you turn your hogs on blue grass pasture without grain you wili not
get very much out of them.
How is the best way to get rid of the dogs?
Mr. Ziegler: Strychnine is the best thing to use. If you go to
shooting the dogs, some of your neighbors will get angry and you will
get into trouble, but if any dogs come around your house at night, just
try a little grain of strychnine in his feed and the morning, go around
and pick it up. Now I do not know about your laws, but in our State
you cannot purchase strychnine unless you are a sheep man, if vou
have not that law, you want to get it.
Mr. King: This dog question is one thing that keeps us from
raising sheep. I would rather not have sheep than get in trouble with
my neighbors. There is no use talking about a license law unless public
sentiment endorses the law sufficiently to keep it in force. And how
are we going to raise public sentiment to that point?
Mr. Ziegler: It takes a certain class of men, irresponsible and
with no respect for the law, to raise dogs. Our country is getting
settled up with stockmen, cattlemen and horsemen and they will allow
no one to go over their fields with a dog and when they see a dog
around their premises they go for him with a double-barrel shot gun.
We have had cases in our neighborhood where dogs have even attacked
the cattle. A man told me that a boy with a hound and cur dog started
to go through his field to hunt rabbits in an adjoining field and the dogs
ran his horses into a barbed wire fence and cut one of them all to
pieces. The farmers in our country have just gotten down to the point
where they won’t have dogs.
Mr. King: The dogs hurt my cattle eight or ten years ago and
I took my gun and went into the field and shot them at long range and
the next day my neighbor came to see me and said that I had killed
his dog. I knew nothing about it, but he sued me for the value of that
dog. The story has a laughable sequel. I recovered three dollars dam-
ages for his dog’s trespass on my place. I did not know either ot the
198 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
dogs. One belonged to a man who lived on an adjoining farm and the
other belonged to a man who lived four miles away, but when his owner
knew that I had shot at his dog he was cool to me for five or six years.
Mr. Ziegler: In our State we have the right to shoot a trespassing
dog. We have a dog tax and if the owner pays his tax, you are not
allowed to shoot his dog in the public road nor where he is not tres-
passing, but whenever the dog enters your premises and becomes a tres-
passer, he will have to go, that is all there is to it.
Mr. King: I want to ask another question about the fences. You
stated that sheep were more easily confined that any other class of stock.
Mr. Ziegler: Decidedly so.
Mr. King: What kind of fence do you use?
Mr. Ziegler: Anything that will hold the sheep. Take a three-
board hurdle fence, for instance. Barbed wire is not good. That is
getting out of date. The losses that you sustain on your farm will more
than compensate for the difference in the price of your fence. I put
barbed wire on top of my fences. I make 38-inch woven wire fence.
They cannot get their heads over that and it is all right. An econom-
ical fence for all kinds of stock is a thirty-inch fence with three barbed
wires above, and a good fence is a twenty-six inch fence with three
wires. But I prefer thirty-six to thirty-eight inches and only two barb
wires. The only objection to the woven wire fence is that the horses
will stretch their necks over them and bend them down, but they will
not do that if there is a barb wire on top of them.
SOME LESSONS FROM CATTLE FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.
(By F. B. Mumford, Prof. of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural College,
Columbia, Mo.)
Missouri ranks among the richest states of the Union. Her enor-
mous resources are the continual wonder of the people of other states.
Her title “Imperial Mistress of States,’ has been justly earned. When
we come to consider the basis for placing Missouri in a pre-eminent
place industrially among the states of the Union, we are bound to dis-
cover that her industrial greatness is based directly upon agriculture.
Unlike many of the wealthy eastern states and some northern states,
she is not pre-eminent as a manufacturing center. While her mines
contribute to a considerable extent to her great resources, Missouri is
not after all one of the greatest mining states, but when we come to
compare agricultural resources of Missouri with those of any other State
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 199
in the Union we are bound to give her first rank among the common-
wealths of America. If we examine still more minutely the resources
of the State and attempt to classify her agricultural resources, we very
soon come to learn that the live stock industry of Missouri is pre-emi-
nently the greatest single industry of this great State.
Of all the animal products which contribute to the great sum total
of Missouri’s wealth, beef cattle is the greatest single item in the count.
Missouri is not a dairy state, Missouri is not a sheep state, and while
her horse stock and mule stock are large, still as compared with the im-
mense returns from beef cattle they are comparatively small. We must
therefore conclude that any information regarding the profitable pro-
duction of beef is always a timely subject in Missouri.
Men engaged in the beef cattle business in this State may be di-
vided into two classes, those who breed and rear their own calves and
those who buy cattle from the ranges or from smaller farmers and feed
cattle as a business. This latter class is a large class in this State and
the feeders of Missouri have become justly renowned in the large mark-
ets of the country for their skill in feeding cattle.
It is my purpose to discuss for a brief time today some of the re-
sults which have been secured by the Experiment Stations of this coun-
try that may aid us in carrying on the business of cattle feeding more
profitably. The experiment stations of America have devoted more time
and attention to the problems of the stock feeder than to any other one
subject connected with animal husbandry. It may be well for us,
standing as we do near the end of the first score of years of experi-
mentation in this country to ask ourselves what has been accomplished?
What do we know now about feeding animals that we did not know
before the establishment of the experiment stations? Surely this vast
array of carefully planned and executed experiments numbering up into
the thousands must have thrown some light upon the practical problems
of feeding. :
In determining the question as to whether the stations have suc-
ceeded in helping us to solve some of the difficulties which confront the
feeder we must first undertake to decide what are the purposes and aims
of the feeder and then what difficulties lie in the way of accomplishing
these ends. Confining our attention now entirely to the cattle feeder
we may say that the aim of the feeder is to produce a pound of beef
at the lowest possible cost and to produce the quality of beef which the
market demands.
~
200 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
COST OF PRODUCING A POUND OF BEEF.
One who has followed carefully the feeding experiments cannot but
be impressed with the great variation in the amount of feed required
to produce a pound of beef. I have made this somewhat careful study
and I have found that the number of pounds of grain required to pro-
duce a pound of gain at the different stations has varied from 2 pounds
to 15 pounds. Even when the same ration is used, the variations re-
quired to produce a pound of gain are very great. In one experiment
at the Missouri Station where corn was the principal ration, three pounds
of corn were sufficient to produce one pound of gain, while at the Kan-
sas Station where corn was the principal grain ration it required 14
pounds of corn to produce one pound of gain. Now if the profit is
largely dependent upon the amount of grain required to produce a pound
of beef, then a knowledge of the conditions which make it possible to
produce a pound of beef with one-half the quantity of grain, will be of
the greatest possible assistance in determining upon the methods em-
ployed in profitable cattle feeding.
Table one illustrates this great variation in the amount of grain re-
quired to produce one hundred pounds of gain.
201
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS.
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202 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
The table includes, as will be observed, a statement of the kind of -
grain fed, the age of the cattle, the length of the feeding period and in
some cases the kind of roughage fed with the grain. It has been found
that all of these factors influence considerably the profit from feeding.
A careful study of this table and of other feeding experiments will give
us some very accurate data of the factors involved in profitable cattle
feeding.
Among the most important factors which determine the profit from
cattle feeding are the condition of the animal at the beginning of the
feeding period, the age of the animal, the kind of feed fed, the methods
of feeding, and the length of the feeding period. It is not proposed now
to enter into any discussion of the different phases of this question, such
as the cost of the animals at the beginning of the experiment and their
value at the end because these vary with every season, but the facts
which I wish to present to you are facts which have been determined
and will under most circumstances remain more or less constant from
year to year.
CONDITION INFLUENCES ECONOMY OF GAIN.
Assuming that the animal is in good health we may make the sweep-
ing statement that the thinner the animal at the beginning of the feed-
ing experiment, the more rapid he will gain and the more gain he will
produce from any given quantity of grain. As the animal increases in
fatness, the increase in live weight becomes more and more costly,
that is, it requires more and more grain for each pound of gain. This
is shown in all feeding experiments that have continued for a longer
period than four months.
Table II. Cost of Gain Greater in Long Feeding Periods.
| |
Feed for 100 pounds gain.| Increase of feed required. ©
730 lbs. of grain |
Up to 56 days steers required........
Up to 84 days steers required........ | 807 lbs. of grain | 10 per cent.
Up to 112 days steers required........ 840 lbs. of grain | 15 per cent..
Up to 140 days steers required........ | 901 lbs. of grain | : 23 per cent.
Up to 168 days steers required........ 927 lbs. of grain ] 27 per cent.
Up to 182 da'ys steers required........ | 1,000 lbs. of grain | 37 per cent.
Table II is taken from Kansas Bulletin 34 and shows firmly that as
the animal becomes fatter, the amount of grain required to produce a
pound of gain is greater.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 203
Table III. Grain Required to Produce One Pound of Gain—Winter Feeding.
Length of feeding| First month of Last month of
period. feeding period. feeding period.
days. pounds. pounds.
eatiesta. Ul, NO: 34.5.0 5600s 182 Tne 10.0
Mie stte Bule NO. G60... ae | 145 1022 15.4
Mies sta. Bil, NOs LIS ose ore we 142 Cate LD ae
Micteasta. Bul. No. 69. 2... 0 «aris 150 6.2 ors
| Ne See es ©
RGR E ACM ey ctele sos ciarsvere: siczereiellie ihe, slat e's) oie ie acarete «6 | iias 12.6
*Dry Matter.
Comparing the first month of the feeding experiment with the
last month, we find, as shown in Table II, that the cost of gain is very
much less the first month of the feeding period than at any other later
time. In the light of these results, the practice of buying half fat cat-
tle and finishing them the last two months of the feeding period can-
not be considered generally profitable. This, however, will of course
depend upon the price at which the animals may be purchased and
the price which may be secured for them when finished.
AGE AND ECONOMY OF GAIN.
It has been definitely demonstrated in a large number of ex-
periments under widely different conditions that the cost of producing
a pound of gain is dependent upon the age of the animal. The younger
the animal, the less feed is required for a pound of gain. As the
animal becomes older, increasing amounts of feed are required to
produce a given gain. The influence of age upon the profit from
cattle feeding has however unfortunately been complicated with the
condition of the annimal. Manifestly it is not fair in feeding experi-
ments to use the results secured from feeding an animal from birth
to three years old to determine the relative cost of producing a pound
of gain at each of these periods. The only fair comparison is a com-
parison of thin yearlings with thin two year olds and when this com-
parison is made, the influence of age is not so marked. However,
accepting the results from the experiments already tried, it seems to
be true that a pound of gain costs one-half as much on calves up to
12 months old as upon two year olds. In this fact we see a very
reasonable argument for the production of baby beef. If it is true
that we can produce gain much cheaper on young animals, and if
at the sametime it is true that these young cattle properly finished
204 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
will bring almost as much per pound as the older animals, then there
must certainly result more profit from feeding the young animals,
and it must follow that the production of baby beef is a more profit-
able business than the ordinary methods of cattle feeding.
THE KIND OF FEED FED.
Experiments have also shown clearly that there is a great differ-
ence in the efficiency of different feeds in producing gain. As will
be seen by reference to Table I, at the North Carolina Station 224
pounds of raw cotton seed produced 100 pounds of gain. And at the
Arkansas Station 209 pounds of the same grain produced also 100
pounds of gain. However, it will be observed that the feeding period
was a short one and that in all probability the animals were very
thin at the beginning of the fattening period. At the Kansas Station
corn, either in the ear or shelled, required from 1,100 to 1,400 pounds
of grain to produce 100 pounds of gain.
It has been generally supposed that the roughage in the feeding
ration was not particularly important. This belief, however, while
quite commonly held among some very large cattle feeders has never
been based upon an accurate experiment. The Missouri Experiment
Station particularly has demonstrated that the roughage in a ration
may add as much as one-third to its efficiency. The Missouri ex-
periments were all planned and executed by Director H. J. Waters
and have attracted widespread interest throughout the cattle feeding
districts of the west. In a feeding experiment lasting 199 days, two
yearling steers fed on corn and timothy hay required 1,151 pounds of
corn to produce 100 pounds of gain, whereas the same class of cattle
fed the same length of time on corn and cow pea hay required only
831 pounds of corn to produce 100 pounds of gain. Other experi-
ments at the Experiment Station have shown clearly that nitrogenous
fodder rations like clover hay, cow pea hay and alfalfa hay have in-
variably given markedly better results than has timothy hay and
corn fodder or sorghum hay.
Table IV records the results of feeding these kinds of roughness
to cattle on full feed.
Table IV. Different Roughnesses for Fattening Steers.
First Trial Jan. 6, ’01—April 16, ’02. 100 days. 4 2-year-old steers per lot. Full feed.
Shelled corn.
es Oorn eaten, | Hay: eaten, | Total gain, Ay. daily | Gain per bus.
Kind of feed. bushels. lbs. lbs. gain, lbs. corn, lbs.
Oorn—timothy......... 166.5 3,813 802 1.69 4.80
Corn—cow peas........ 188.0 3, 662 1, 257 2.64 6.68
fd |
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 20
VALUE OF NITROGENOUS ROUGHAGE IN CATTLE FEEDING.
Not only has clover, cow pea and alfalfa hay proven to be of
very great efficiency in connection with corn for fattening cattle, but
it has also been shown by experiments, also by the Missouri Station,
that when yearling cattle are wintered on a light grain ration, when
they receive clover, cow pea or alfalfa hay they make a much greater
gain on a given amount of corn than when fed timothy, corn fodder
or sorghum hay. These results are recorded in Table I and may be
studied by reference to that table. It has been shown repeatedly that
corn can be made more efficient by balancing the ration with some
material like cotton seed or linseed meal, which is made up largely
of nitrogenous or protein substances. It ought to be no surprise,
therefore, that these nitrogenous fodders will produce so much better
results than timothy or corn fodder.
Another thing significant in this experiment is the possibility of
utilizing to much more profit the corn fodder which is now largely
wasted on many Missouri farms. By combining corn fodder and
clover hay half and half we have succeeded in producing a pound of
gain on yearling steers by feeding 445 pounds of corn.
GAINS MADE ON PASTURE.
The cheapest gains made on cattle in Missouri are those made
while the cattle are on pasture. Most of the books on cattle feeding
insist that feeding grain to cattle on pasture is unprofitable. It is
nevertheless true that the practical cattle feeder in Missouri continues
to feed a full fattening ration to cattle on pasture. He finds this
method to be the most profitable and successful way of finishing
cattle. We have but one experiment at the Missouri Station in
summer feeding to compare with several winters’ work in the winter
feeding, but the results so far secured are certainly very favorable to
summer feeding rather than winter feeding,
206 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
WINTER AND SUMMER FEEDING COMPARED.
Table V. Winter Experiments Extending Over Five Years.
| Pounds.
|
oo a ee Le ee a ee ee a ee ee eee
MTotalerain Ley is. wistele terse ceeteyevs «a dichaie systoustele ietolaverst stelm eta chal nets ole tote, oie aVert ol ele 238,872.00
Otel MGUSHNESS, LEO s hereto ace enaiciersus ek esloleds Pa pieteeatevewsts wie fate atale ttm ste teie ote aie eters 91,450.00
Total: air, IN: WSLS ibn aivan.a is erase! Stale fel Ouel's)ic o's) website ete exe loyens Kelshoiabe ie hate eel eames eras 23,910.00
Averave amount erain oper 1D. SAIN. ois: are 1a ciel csaua love otorale loletoleleieleioteisiotele laletoiete ne | 10.00
Aversye; amount moughness per Ib) Sais reo: -. cise wietstee aie suet wibielete ei areieterela ate | 3.82
AVEDASeyeTain Gall yipersStCCIyn cn leciccts cla'e ovelete = © sletevoye¥ers lel =: oe acta aici aie ehtsinieeate | 21.29
Average roughness .dailty sper: :StCEL syccjers o)apeie/o. o.0 15 (ote se wyollunore,c lv ww) 4isja a eset e elledaustene | 8.15
Average Gally (2ain, per SEEER < oic:s cess: 1c/ep oie, 510 oreyelelereie ts avetevee eienctetehaiec ta eraeae | 2.13
Summer—Experiments Extending Over One Year.
otal Srain Led yy.) state cies 8 sieve wys wre scisWeke see ovale eees atolees ayers isle Biss ase ieee eee ] 120,279.00
Total ain in SwWeleht cre) <.cysis,cvele ws cx o10/01=iele akessts) ove) eee ore 10: oloun ons tars ave) oretala om ereiaione | 16,709.00
Averaze amount, orain ‘Per-~POund SAIN ele. ase once occ cs o.0 oe wines ws wemieide | T.tD
Average amount jsrain mpérzsteer, dally 2. s2i. seis cacicdes oc shee e dese ane 18.42
Averare daily (pain ‘per sstGeLs.ches,1%,= (32 othe iels-a fe eieierele le tebahene Bae ere a eR eae | 2.56
815 lbs. hay eaten daily in winter at $6 per ton is 72.3 cents per
month per steer. Thus roughness about offsets pasture, having more
rapid and cheaper gain, besides requiring less labor and steers to
do better.
Table V gives the result of winter and summer feeding at the
Missouri Station. It will be observed that the average amount of
grain required to produce a pound of gain during the winter is Io
pounds, while in summer feeding it requires only 7.2 pounds of grain
to produce one pound of gain. In summing up, then, we must con-
clude that the cheapest gains are made on young steers while grazing.
At the Missouri Station, however, results as favorable were secured
while feeding yearlings on a partial grain ration with clover hay.
The costliest gains are those made from feeding three-year-old steers
in half-fat condition at the beginning of the feeding period, on an
unbalanced ration of corn and timothy hay, and especially if fed for
a long time.
Averages are not of very great values, but in general we may
conclude that the two-year-old steers on a short feed on pasture will
gain 100 pounds for each 400 pounds of grain eaten. A long feed
under the same conditions will require 600 pounds of grain for each
100 pounds of gain. A short feed in winter on dry feed exclusively,
will require 750 pounds of grain for 100 pounds of gain and during a
long feeding period under like conditions, from 1,000 to 1,500 pounds
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 207
of grain will make 100 pounds of gain. With younger cattle fed under
the same conditions as above, less grain will be required in every
instance to produce one pound of gain.
DISCUSSION OF PROF. MUMFORD’S PAPER.
Mr. Ziegler: In feeding you can put a great many more pounds
on younger than older animals with the same amount of feed, but it
requires a longer feeding to bring the young animals to perfection
and to get the necessary fat to make good beef than in the older ones,
does it not?
Prof. Mumford: No sir, I cannot say that this is true, except
in this sense, you cannot sell a calf for beef; you must carry the
animal up to a certain weight before you can sell him at a profitable
price on the market.
Mr. Ziegler: What are the final results? Take for instance a
calf that will weigh 500 pounds will gain twice as many pounds as
a steer that weighs a thousand. You will increase the value of the
500 pound calf up to the value of the selling price, while in the steer
you increase the thousand pounds up to the market value, and when
you do that, which will give the best result?
Prof. Mumford: It depends on conditions. J am trying to limit
this question to the amount of grain required. As to the commercial
side of the question, that is another proposition. When you buy a
two-year-old, say weighing a thousand pounds, for three cents a pound
and fatten him to sell for five cents a pound, you can get a gain of
two cents a pound on the original weight, which is a profit you can-
not get on the six hundred pound animal. The calves sell for more
per pound in this State. You can buy a thin two-year-old at at least
a cent a pound less than a calf.
Mr. Ziegler: In the experiment with the raw cotton seed meal,
what was the result on the hogs that followed the cattle?
Prof. Mumford: Apparently the result was favorable, only this
of course is true that the hogs probably got very little value from
the cotton seed. Of course, they got very little value from corn
meal fed to cattle. It is generally understood that cotton seed meal
is injurious to hogs. Cotton seed meal is not injurious to hogs, hcw-
ever, following cattle that are being fed on the meal.
Mr. Ziegler: Is it not also injurious to cattle?
Prof. Mumford: Sometimes it has been injurious, but clover
is injurious to cattle sometimes, and various other things, but in
208 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
many of the southern states they have succeeded in fattening cattle
successfully on nothing but cotton seed hulls and cotton seed meal.
Mr. Ziegler: Were the fodder and clover fed once a day?
Prof. Mumford: We fed fodder twice a day. We fed a rough-
age to the cattle twice a day and grain once a day. We fed the rough-
age morning and night. They got all they would eat.
Mr. Ziegler: A gentleman wants to know how you knew what
proportion of fodder and clover was given?
Prof. Mumford: We mixed the fodder and clover hay equally.
Mr. ———————.. Was it shredded fodder?
Prof. Mumford: No, ordinary long fodder.
Mr. ———————-: How was it fed?
Prof. Mumford: In two different ways. The first two winters
we left it in the field and drew it out as we needed it, not because it
was best but because that is the way the Missouri farmer feeds it,
and we wanted him to have confidence in the results produced ac-
cording to his own conditions, if possible. But the last two years
we have been keeping the fodder inside with better results, of course.
Mr. Ziegler: Did you feed as much as 21 pounds of grain a day?
Prof. Mumford: Yes, 21 pounds.
Mr. Ziegler: Did hogs follow the cattle?
Prof.. Mumford: In every case. There was no corn thrown
out. This is the amount of corn the cattle actually ate. There was
nothing cleaned out of the troughs. It was shelled corn in every
case.
Mr. Do you call that a full feed?
Mr. Mumford: Yes, sir. I am between the devil and the deep
sea; part of you seem to think the ration did not have enough corn,
and the rest seem to think it was too much.
Mr. Harned: It was hardly a full feed. We count half a bushel
to a steer, twenty-eight pounds, or half a bushel, but you fed only
twenty-one pounds.
Prof. Mumford: It was all consumed, there was no waste at all.
Mr. Harned: That is about an average feed?
Prof. Mumford: These are the results of five years’ work.
Mr. ———————:: Do you shelter your stock in winter?
Prof. Mumford: Yes, in sheds open to the south.
Mr. Ziegler: What kind of grass did you use?
Prof. Mumford: Missouri blue grass. There is nothing better.
The pastures were not over-stocked and the cattle were in ideal con-
ditions so far as the pasture is concerned.
LIVE STOCK BREEDERS. 209
Mr. Ziegler: What has been your experience with blue grass?
I had cattle on blue grass this year and they would not fatten.
Prof. Mumford: It was too watery. Last year, the dry year,
we produced better gains on cattle on pasture than ever before.
Mr. Ziegler: I fed grain on pasture this year.
Mr. Maitland: I did the same thing.
Prof. Mumford: Our cattle gained 2% pounds a day this sum-
mer.
Mr. Ziegler: My cattle gained four pounds a day while I fed
them with corn.
Prof. Mumford: Our cattle gained 3} pounds during June. We
weighed the cattle three times before we began the experiment, three
successive days.
Mr. Ziegler: Do you think shelter is more necessary for calves?
Prof. Mumford: Undoubtedly. It is true that the smaller the
animal the more surface is exposed and the less the animal eats, the
less heat is generated. The animal that consumes twenty pounds
of hay and ten pounds of fodder is necessarily generating a large
amount of heat. A calf that consumes only half as much grain and
fodder generates only half as much heat and has a much larger pro-
portion of the exposed surface and I should suppose the results would
not be so favorable when they were exposed. They ought to be bet-
ter protected.
Mr. Gabbert: I believe beef cattle do better in the open air,
but I have seen days when the wind blew hard from the northwest in
cold weather when you could not feed them enough and they would
lose during that period.
Prof. Mumford: You are undoubtedly right. During one winter,
particulary, in these experiments, that very cold winter when it was
25 degrees below zero, the cattle lost for one period of ten days. It
would have been better if we could have kept them under shelter
during that cold weather, but taking the average weather, there is
more danger of our cattle getting too warm during the average feed-
ing period. You can keep a dry bed with a shed and you cannot do
than in the open lot. A very important thing is to have the cattle lie
down as much as possible.
Mr. Gabbert: When it is warm and dry I turn my cattle out,
and when it is cold I put them up, so they will gain all the time.
Prof. Mumford: ‘That is a good practice, there is no doubt about
that.
A—14
210 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Mr. Ziegler: What you want to do now is to see that your
Agricultural College has a good appropriation. Prof. Mumford has
given us much good information and he will do much for the people
of this State if you will just give him half a chance. I have seen
enough of him here to know what I am talking about. If you want
good results, support him. You have the right man to do the work.
RESOLUTIONS.
Mr. Ellis: I desire to offer the following resolutions:
I. Resolved, that a vote of thanks be given by this Association
to the members of the press who have taken such interest in pub-
lishing the proceedings of this meeting, and to the Springfield Club
for the courtesies they have extended, and especially to Mr. Geo. F.
Reed, President of the Missouri State Road Association, for the in-
terest that he has taken in the meeting and the untiring efforts he
has exerted to make it a success.
2. Resolved, that we extend the thanks of this Association to
the gentlemen visiting from other states, for the very able assistance
they have rendered in the proceedings of this meeting.
We have a gentleman here from Iowa and one from Illinois, and
I want to say in support of that resolution that very complimentary
remarks have been made about the part that these gentlemen have
taken on the program, certainly a compliment to the gentlemen and
a compliment to the states from which they come; and as Missourians
we are proud to welcome them to this State and we are glad that
they are here for the purpose of helping to arouse an interest in im-
proved methods of stock breeding and feeding and also to teach us
what they have learned by.experience in our sister states.
Resolutions adopted as read.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.
An abstract of the Leetures Delivered Before the Meetings in 1902.
PEACH GROWING IN MISSOURI.
(By Prof. W. L. Howard, Asst. Horticulturist, Experiment Station,
Columbia, Mo.)
Peach growing has become one of the important industries of
Missouri. With varying degrees of success, the fruit may be grown
in almost any locality in the State. However, like everything else
that grows, the peach has its preferences as to soil and location.
With a little extra care a small orchard for family use may be grown
under unfavorable circumstances, but where it is desired to plant a
commercial peach orchard, the subject is one worthy of careful con-
sideration.
THE SOIL.
Missouri has a great diversity of soils varying from the deep,
rich, well-drained loess formation along the bluff sides of the Missouri
river, through all the gradations of deep, black soils of much of
north Missouri, the moderately deep soils underlain by hard-pan;
the gravelly soils with porous clay subsoils, so characteristic of the
Ozark region, to the sandy lands and swamps of some of the south-
eastern counties. Peach trees will grow in all of these soils except
the swamps, and produce some fruit, but for the large plantings we
should avail ourselves of the natural aids as far as possible.
The chief requirement of a soil for successfully growing peaches
is that it be porous enough to afford good bottom drainage. This
is of far more importance than fertility. There are many places
where the soil is rich enough to make good land for general farming
purposes, but which is wholly unfit for either peach or apple trees
because of its very hard, compact, clay (known as hard-pan) benzath.
212 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Wherever there is a hardpan subsoil the roots of the trees find great
difficulty in penetrating it and, being so near the surface, they svon
use up the mineral food matter there, and also are more easily injured
by dry weather. But worst of all is that water stands in such a soil
and there is no surer way of injuring the vitality of the trees, if they
are not killed outright. The roots of fruit trees must have a certain
amount of air before they can grow and if they are submerged in
water a part of the time more or less injury will follow. It does
not matter so much about the exact character of the subsoil so long
as it is porous, but of course it must not be too open or it would not
retain moisture. A soil that is underlain by a sand or a gravel bed,
unless it be several feet down, would be unfitted for growing fruit
LLees:
A rich soil is not necessary for growing good peaches. On the
contrary, land may be too rich, in which case the trees would spend
most of their energy in making good wood growth and bear but
little fruit. Moderately fertile soil is best adapted to peach growing.
The best soil in the State for peaches (as well as apples) is that
peculiar formation known as “loess,” which is found along the bluffs
of the Missouri river, especially from about St. Charles to the north-
western corner of the State. There is some of this formation along
the Misissippi river from near St. Louis to the Iowa line. There are
also two areas of “loess” soil in southeastern Missouri, mostly in
Scott and Stoddard counties. The “loess” soil is very fine in texture,
but is quite porous and the roots of fruit trees in it penetrate to
almost incredible depths so that no ordinary drouth could seriously
affect them. Always lying along the bluffs, the “loess” lands of the
Missouri and Mississippi rivers are very rough, being much broken
by hills and hollows. Although hilly, this land does not wash badly,
the water flowing through the soil rather than over it.
Aside from the “loess” soil, which is limited, the best peach
soils are to be found in the Ozark region of the south half of the
State. However, it must not be forgotten that there are many suc-
cessful orchards of that fruit in Northern Missouri, but conditions
are such that the latter region is not likely to become noted as a
peach center. In the Ozarks the surface soil is usually rather thin
and, as a rule. not well adapted to the growing of grain crops con-
tinuously, but with rare exceptions the entire region has a gravelly-
clay subsoil which makes it well adapted to the growing of fruit.
River bottom lands are not suitable for peach orchards.
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 213
SITE AND LOCATION.
A matter of almost as great importance as the soil is the choosing
of a site and location for a peach orchard. By site is meant the
exact situation of the orchard, whether in a valley, on a high level
place or on a hillside. while by location would be understood the
distance from a town or railroad. If the orchard is planted for com-
mercial purposes it must be located so as to have access to a market.
It is expensive and also difficult to have to haul peaches far to market.
Every large commercial peach orchard should be located on a rail-
road or near enough to one to have a spur running into the orchard.
Apples, after barreling, may be hauled for miles without serious
injury, but peaches are too tender and juicy to stand such treatment,
even if economy would permit of it.
The man who owns a farm and wishes to have a small orchard
may exercise considerable choice as to the site. Opportunity is
offered to select from high land, low land or hillsides, but the large
grower is compelled to use the land as he finds it or have his orchard
in spots which would not be advisable. If the orchard to be planted
is small and there is a large area to select from, the most desirable
site would be on a north slope where the trees would remain cool as
long as possible in early spring.
In general a peach orchard should be situated on high ground—
not necessarily high as to altitude, but higher than the land imme-
diately adjoining or surrounding it. A level plain, no matter what
the altitude, would not be as desirable a situation as a ridge of low
altitude, but yet slightly higher than the surrounding areas. The or-
chard must have good air and water drainage. At times it is as de-
sirable to have the air flow off as it is the water. Every one has noticed
when traveling across the country at night in early spring that the air
is warm and comfortable on the hills, but quite chilly in the valleys.
This is due to the fact that cold air is much heavier than warm air
and when it begins to get cool on the ridges the cold air slowly rolls
off down into the valleys and will continue to flow down like water.
If conditions favor this drainage, the cold air will be drawn off and
the warm will remain.
In early spring, about blossoming time, a matter of one to three
degrees in temperature about the trees is very important and may
determine the success or failure of the crop. Experience has re-
peatedly shown that paying crops are produced on high ground, while
in the valleys and lower levels there are often failures.
214 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
PREPARATION OF THE LAND.
Plow the land in the fall before setting the trees in the spring. New
land is well adapted to the growing of peaches, but they may also be grown
on old land which is very low in fertility, but more skill will be required
in their management. In spring, harrow and stir the soil like preparing
for corn. Indicate the rows and the position of each tree by marking
off the field into checks with a single-shovel plow or by a series of stakes.
Fig. 1.—One year-old tree from the bud as it Fig. 2—Same as Fig. 1
comes from the nursery. pruned ready for planting.
The distance apart the trees should be set depends upon the kind
of soil. In localities where the soil is rich and peach trees are known to
grow large, they should be at least twenty feet apart each way. This
would give 108 trees per acre. Ina general way, much of the central and
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 215
northern parts of the State will require trees to be this far apart. In
the great Ozark region and in almost the whole sout part of Missouri
the trees may be set 164 by 16$ feet each way, which, of course, makes
160 per acre. They should not be closer than this in any soil.
PREPARATION AND PLANTING OF THE TREES,
In selecting peach trees, it should be borne in mind that it pays to have
good ones, a poor tree being dear at any price. A good tree is one that
has made a vigorous, stocky growth. The largest trees are not neces-
sarily the best. They should be one-year-old from the bud, five-eighths
Fig. 3.—A shapely peach tree after two years’ growth in the orchard.
to three-fourths of an inch in diameter and about four feet high. Trees
five and six feet high are too large.
The preparation for planting consists in shortening back the side
roots so that they will be about six inches in length. The branches are
216 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT. ;
all to be cut back to within about an inch of the body, leaving only one
bud on each stump. All branches are to be cut away smoothly against
the body up to a height of about twelve inches, so the trees will be headed
at this distance from the ground. The tops are to be cut off at a point
about 24 to 30 inches high. See Figs. 1 and 2 for tree before and after
being trimmed for planting. It is unnecessary and undesirable to have
the trees headed higher than 12 inches.
Great care should be exercised in handling the trees before planting.
The roots should not be allowed to be exposed to the sun any more than
can be helped and neither should they be in the wind if the day happens
Fig. 4—Same as Fig. 3, after being properly pruned.
to be cloudy. Sun and wind acting together quickly dry out and greatly
injure the root of the peach. A prominent fruit grower was asked how
long it was safe to leave the roots of the peach exposed. The answer
was, “about as long as you can hold your head under water.” This was
a iorcible illustration, and, while not literally true, serves to emphasize
the importance of protecting the roots. While the roots of apple trees
are also injured by exposure to sun and wind, they will stand worse treat-
nient in this respect than peaches.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 2
Immediately upon receiving trees from the nursery they should be
unpacked and heeled in. Dig a trench ten or twelve inches deep. with one
sloping side. Place the trees in the trench, leaning them well over and
cover the roots with soil. Give them plenty of room where they are heeled
in so that all of the roots will some into contact with the earth and be kept
moist and green.
A sled is the best vehicle with which to haul the trees to the field,
being low and convenient, but an ordinary farm wagon may be used.
Pack wet straw around the roots while the trees are being moved. In
setting, two men should work together, perhaps assisted by a boy if the
trees are ina wagon. One man prunes the tree, top and root, as described,
while the other digs the hole. The root system being in sight, he knows
exactly how deep the hole should be and thus no time is lost by having
to fill in or dig deeper after trying the tree. The tree should be set at
the same depth it grew in the nursery. One man should hold it in an
upright position while the other shovels in some fresh soil and works it
about the roots with his hands. This process is very materially aided
by slightly churning the tree up and down, which causes the loose, friable
soil to settle into all of the crevices. When the earth is packed under the
roots as well as over them, pack down well with the foot. When approxi-
mately level with the top of the ground, tramp firmly. Before leaving
the tree, spread a thin layer of loose soil around it to prevent the ground
from baking.
After the trees are planted, go over the orchard and protect them
with wooden veneer wrappers, using those twelve inches long and sticking
each wrapper into the ground one or two inches. In putting on the wrap-
pers, wind them loosely about the trees so as to leave a space about two
and one-half inches in diameter for the trees to stand in. This will per-
mit of a free circulation of air and the bark will not be injured in the least.
The wrappers are very useful for keeping out borers and may be left on
the trees until they wear out. To keep the borers from getting in, it will
be necessary to go through the orchard each spring and push the wrap-
pers into the ground again as the part in contact with soil generally rots
off ina year. Fasten the wrappers on by wiring near the top and bottom.
Wooden, veneer wrappers may be had of basket and box companies for
$3.50 to $5.00 per thousand.
CULTIVATION.
Give the peach trees clean culture throughout the first season by
stirring the soil at feast after each rain. If the land is rich, clean cul-
ture may be practiced every year, but it is thin and needs enriching, turn
218 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
in spring and cultivate until the middle of June or first of July and then
sow to cow peas. This crop will greatly improve the fertility of the soi!
even though the peas are cut for hay.
The best tool for cultivating an orchard is Clark’s Cutaway harrow,
wherever it can be used. In stony or stumpy land a cutaway could not
be employed. An Acme harrow is a splendid tool to follow the cutaway
to level and pulverize the soil. The Acme would be sufficient to use
after each rain to break the crust. Unless the soil was badly baked it
Fig. 5.—A 4-year-old peach tree before pruning. Beyond it is a tree “baled” and
ready for having cornstalks placed around it for winter protection.
would not be necessary to turn the ground in spring, as spading up with
the cutaway would usually be sufficient. The idea is to keep the surface
soil stirred through the season until August, so that it will retain its
moisture.
LATER PRUNING.
In pruning peach trees, it should be remembered that it is always
desirable to keep the tree low and spreading, for convenience in picking
the fruit. When peach trees become six or eight years old or more, the
wood becomes very brittle and as the fruit is always borne on the new
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 219
wood (that which grew the previous season) the branches, if long, are
liable to break off under a good crop of fruit. Such trees are much
mangled by pickers in drawing down the branches to reach the peaches
and also by ice storms in winter. It might almost be said that it is a
fortunate thing that peach buds are occasionally killed by severe win-
ters. This will give the grower an opportunity to cut the trees back
quite severely and thus reduce their size and induce a new supply of
thrifty wood growth. All pruning should always be Jone in late winter.
After the little trees have had one summer’s growth after being
planted, they will be branched in all directions and will require shaping.
Fig. 6.—A closer view of the first tree shown in Fig. 5, and how it looked after
being pruned for thinning the fruit.
This is done by trimming off perhaps one-third of the new growth,
thus giving a rounded head to the trees. In Fig. 3 is shown a tree
after two years’ growth in the orchard and Fig. 4 shows the same after
being properly pruned. The third season in the orchard should see the
trees producing some fruit and in another year there should be peaches
in paying quantities.
When the trees have reached bearing age, the pruning is necessary
for the thinning of the fruit as well as for directing the shape of the
220 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
tree. Peach trees uniformly set more fruit than they should be allowed
to try to ripen. In pruning bearing trees about one-half of the wood
of the previous season’s growth should be cut away. See Figs. 5 and
6 for such a tree before and after pruning.
When it is found in late winter that the fruit buds are killed, the
opportunity should be seized to cut the trees back more severely than
usual, cutting back into two and even three-year old wood. If the wood
is blackened inside and shows injury from freezing, the tree should be
cut back still more severely.
Fig. 7.—The first season’s growth after severely cutting back an old peach tree
Which had been severely injured by freezing.
)
In rare instances, as in the winter of 1898-9, peach trees became so
badly damaged by freezing that the growers seriously considered the
advisability of digging up entire orchards. Often the wood was found
to be discolored throughout in the greater part of the main branches,
and even in the trunks. However, many of these trees were saved by
excessive pruning. A typical example of the results of such pruning
after having one summer’s growth is illustrated in Fig. 7. To properly
prune the long growth on the cut-back trees, see Fig. 8.
bo
bo
—
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.
“WINTER KILLING OF THE FRUIT BUDS.
We are often asked what temperature will kill the fruit buds of
the peach. This will depend wholly upon circumstances. Under cer-
tain conditions the buds can safely withstand a temperature of twenty
degrees below zero, while at other times ten degrees below will kill
them all. The principal cause of the killing of the fruit buds is that
during sunny days in late winter, the buds will absorb sufficient warmth
from the sun to stimulate them into a very slight growth. This growth
ig not perceptible to the naked eye, but is readily detected by the aid
of a magnifying glass when the bud is carefully split open. Contrary
Fig. 8&—How Fig. 7 was pruned.
to popular opinion, this growth takes place independent of the roots, as
the ground may be frozen hard to a depth of several inches and there
can be no movement of sap.
Then the extent of the injury from subsequent freezes will depend
largely upon the extent of the growth that has taken place in the buds.
If there has been several successive days of warm weather in February
or late in January, zero weather afterward is liable to kill a great many
222 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
of the buds, and a few degrees below zero will destroy them all. If
the buds are perfectly dormant, they will sometimes withstand a tem-
perature of 20 degrees or more below zero without injury.
WINTER PROTECTION.
Since the buds are stimulated into a slight growth by the sunlight,
a shade over the trees will sometimes prevent the growth. It would
be too expensive to build sheds over the trees, so the next best thing
is to protect them by whitewashing or “baling.”
The former method of protection has for its basis the fact that
certain colors, notably the darker shades, absorb or take up the sun’s
rays and thus become warm, while the light colors, like the pure white
reflects or throws off the rays from the sun and thereby remain much
cooler. By actually sticking thermometers into holes bored in peach
twigs growing side by side, one of which was painted over with lamp
black and the other with lime whitewash, there was a difference of 27
degrees in a few minutes during bright sunlight. The practical applica-
tion of this principle is to cover the branches of the peach trees with a
coating of whitewash, which is quickly done by using a spray pump.
As indicated, this will keep the buds cool and they are not influenced by
sunlight. However, if there are several successive days of warm weath-
er, until the atmosphere becomes warm, this method is sometimes in-
effectual.
The “baling” process consists in drawing the branches upward and
inward with ropes and, when the upper limbs are all drawn tightly to-
gether, they are bound in that position with cords. See Fig. 5, to the
right. In this way the branches shade one another and do some good,
but it is much better to cover the baled trees with a layer of corn fodder,
using the whole stalks, which are held up by a strong string or wire
wrapped around the entire mass. This protection will not save the buds
if the weather remains warm for a week or so any time in February,
and is followed by a sharp freeze.
PICKING, PACKING AND MARKETING.
It should always be remembered that peaches require the utmost care
in handling and it will take much vigilance on the part of the grower
to see that this is done. In the first place peaches should not be picked
until ripe, even for long shipments. Begin picking the fruit when it
will part readily from the stems, but do not wait until it begins to get
soft. The stage for picking cannot be determined by the color alone.
The fruit cannot all be harvested at once, but may require as many as
four or five pickings, but usually about three. Use one-half bushel fruit
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 223
baskets, with bottoms padded with three or four thicknesses of burlap
and see to it that a peach is never dropped in, but must be carefully laid
in piace.
Place the basket in spring wagons to haul to the packing sheds
which, if possible, should not be more than a quarter of a mile away.
Handle the fruit as little as possible. Allow it to cool off and pack out
of the baskets, at the same time sorting into grades. The grades should
be as follows: Fancy, No. 1, No. 2 and culls. The first, of course, will
consist of the largest, most shapely and highest colored specimens; No.
1’s the bulk of the best fruit; No. 2’s that which is slightly off in size
or color but sound; and the culls will consist of brutsed, broken or
over-ripe specimens. Much of this last may be sold on the ground and
the remainder sent to the evaporator. The fancy specimens should be
packed in small baskets or boxes, holding a dozen or dozen and a half,
to supply special markets. The No. 1 grade should be packed in one-
half peck baskets and these baskets packed in either four or six-basket
crates. The No. 2 grade may be packed in one-third bushel baskets which
are also crated.
Load the fruit on refrigerator cars as soon as packed, leaving spaces
between the crates, and in addition a space of at least two feet is always
to be left in the top of the cars. If this space is filled with crates, the
warm air will rise and quickly cause the fruit to decay. If peaches are
well loaded, they will ship perfectly and may be kept from five to seven °
days after they reach their destination.
It is now becoming possible to sell peaches on track (that is, as
soon as the cars are loaded agents on the ground will buy them, pay-
ing cash therefor.) This is the most satisfactory way of disposing of
a large crop. When it is not possible to ship in car load lots, the fruit
may be expressed and the smaller towns are usually the best markets.
Western and southern markets usually demand large packages, while
the eastern and northern markets require smaller packages and a better
quality of fruit.
VARIETIES.
The question of what varieties of peaches to plant is quickly dis-
posed of. It depends on what they are wanted for—home use, to dis-
pose of in a local market or for shipment. For a family orchard there
should be a succession of ripening fruit from the earliest to the latest.
There are a number of early ripening peaches, but most of them rot
badly and it is very difficult to grow them. Perhaps the best early peach,
because usually the freest from rot, is Mt. Rose. For a summer variety
to follow Mt. Rose, Family Favorite would give satisfaction. This is
224 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
a splendid fruiter and does not rot badly and ripens in July. Elberta is
an old standard among peaches, fairly hardy of bud, free from rot and
a good shipper; it should have a place in any planting. Ripens middle
of August. Champion is a desirable variety especially for North Mis-
souri where it is the most serious competitor of the Elberta. It is said
to be hardier at the north than the Elberta, but is not such a favorite in
the southern part of the State. Another August peach, well known to
most people, is the Old Mixon Free. Of fine quality and good size,
but too soft to ship well. Picquet’s Late is a desirable September vari-
ety. Mrs. Brett is a seedling of the Old Mixon and is of good quality.
Salway is the best late variety, ripening the last of September. The
Henrietta ripens toward the last of October and is said to be hardy,
productive and a sure bearer. This last is a clingstone, all of the others
mentioned before this being freestones. Heath Cling and Old Mixon
Cling are the leading clingstones for all localities. Crosby is popular
at the north on account of its hardiness of bud; it is a clingstone.
For a local market where the fruit is to be peddled out, there is
usually a big demand for clingstone varieties of good shape for home
canning. The Old Heath Cling is one of the best sellers for this pur-
pose. Family Favorite and Elberta also sell well on a home market.
Mt. Rose would supply the early demand.
For shipment it is found that the only useful varieties are those
‘that are able to travel long distances and arrive in good condition. The
Elberta answers this purpose best of all, and is the leading commercial
variety of the South Missouri peach districts. It is often urged against
the Elberta that it is of inferior quality, but so long as the market de-
mands it, and no better shipper can be found, this variety will continue
to be very largely grown. Mt. Rose is grown to a limited extent for
shipment and the Salway is planted for late markets.
In brief, the following are recommended: For a home orchard,
Mt. Rose, Family Favorite, Elberta, Champion, Old Mixon Free, Pic-
quet’s Late, Salway and Henrietta. For a local market, Mt. Rose,
Elberta and Heath Cling. For a commercial orchard Elberta should
constitute the main crop (except in North Missouri where Champion
should take the lead), and a comparatively small acreage of Salway for
the late market. It is not advisable to try to grow Mt. Rose in a com-
mercial orchard as it is too susceptible to rot to take any chances of
spreading the disease among the Elbertas.
THINNING PEACHES.
For best results, whatever the peaches are grown for, it is always
best to hand thin them early in the season before the seeds mature. By
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 225
proper annual pruning, as described, the fruit will be much reduced in
quantity, but this will not be sufficient. It will still be necessary to
hand pick the peaches until those remaining are about six inches apart
on the twigs. This is not theory, as the best and most successful fruit
growers practice thinning in this manner, and they do so because they
have found that it pays.
“16 TO 1,” “6 TO 1”? AND THE EGG-PRODUCING HEN.
“16 TO I” —SHE EATS 16 TIMES HER OWN WEIGHT IN THE YEAR.
“6 TO I”—HER EGGS IN THE YEAR ARE 6 TIMES HER OWN WEIGHT.
“16 TO I” —HER EGGS BRING 16 CENTS PER POUND; HER FOOD COSTS ONE
CENT PER POUND.
“6 TO 1” —HER YEARLY EGG PRODUCT IS WORTH 6 TIMES THE COST OF HER
FOOD.
(T. E. Orr, Secretary of the American Poultry Association, Beaver, Penn.)
With my topic thus outlined no one will accuse me of talking poli-
tics or of discussing the relation of gold to silver; but the above is my
text and I’m going to preach the “Gospel of Hen” and discuss the rela-
tion of feed to eggs and how to turn our farm products into cash at
a good profit.
In doing this I shall try to give you an outline of the food supply
necessary for carrying a flock of forty-five pullets one year and give
the average cost of these foods and tell something of the relation they
should bear to each other.
WHERE AND HOW OBTAINED.
A glance at the table found in this article shows that of the ten
foods outlined six are found on nearly every farm. On most farms the
other four must be purchased. But even if you are a villager and must
purchase them all, you are simply carrying your merchandizing a little
further than does the farmer, and the farmer and ege producer must
both remember that if they are to succeed in this twentieth century they
must be both merchants and manufacturers. As a merchant the farmer
must buy his necessities for business at the lowest possible cost and then
sell them in a somewhat different form at the highest obtainable price.
As a manufacturer he is constantly converting the raw material into
the finished product.
A—15
226 MISSOURL AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
THREE COMMENTS ON OUR FOOD TABLE.
First. The foods are very largely cereal. I am a firm believer in
the theory that the hen can subsist and yield a fine profit in eggs on
a ration of grains alone. I have no objection to soft feed, cooked feed,
steamed feed, etc., but it has been shown that these are not necessary
to profitable egg production. You can probably increase the egg out-
put for a short time by these expedients, but your yearly product will,
we believe, not greatly exceed that from a grain and meat ration. By
cooked or steamed feed you can surely increase the egg product at the
time of year that eggs sell for the most money.
Second.’ I give this table of foods, not as the best one for all, but
as a good one for most people, especially the amateur. If your market,
location and surroundings enable you to substitute potatoes, turnips,
beets, cabbage, etc., for some of the items, well and good; I have no
quarrel with you and shall be glad to hear of your success through the
columns of this paper. Or if you can obtain fresh bones from the
butcher and will grind them, you can dispense with much of the cut-
bone and beef-scrap I have prescribed and reduce materially the cost.
* Third. You may not be able to purchase in small quantities the
feeds I have prescribed at the prices named. Feed promises to be cheap
this year and eggs will surely be high. This article is written in west-
ern Missouri, and a prominent stock feeder in looking over the table
said, “You have those grain prices 50 per cent higher than is necessary
for this section this year.’”’ Now, you may need to pay higher prices
than those specified, but if so you are in a locality where you can sell
your eggs higher than “16 cents per pound.” At our Beaver Hill farm
we believe that our feeds cost us perhaps 25 per cent higher than our
estimate, but we will realize more than 25 per cent advance on the price
of eggs, for at no time this summer did we sell eggs lower than 20
cents per dozen, and in September people were coaxing for our eggs
at 24 cents per dozen, or “16 cents per pound.” Right here in the
country districts of western Missouri eggs are selling now for 18 cents
per dozen.
THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION.
The problem I am asking you to demonstrate is the possibility of
starting November I with forty-five pure-bred pullets of an “eggs-early-
and-often” strain and on the rations I prescribe, or one of equal cost and
merit, make them produce in 360 days 240 eggs each, “two eggs each
three days.”
FARMERS INSTITUTES. war
CAN IT BE DONE?
There are many to rise and cry: “That’s all theory; it can’t be
done.” Well, such people are the ones who will also say “A hen can’t
possibly consume sixteen times her own weight in one year, no more
than she can lay six times her weight of eggs in a year.” Well, I’m not
afraid of a calamity howler nor of the man who continually decries the
theories of others but has no good practices of his own to present. Near-
ly twenty years ago the writer of this article experimented for a full
year with one pen each of Brown Leghorns, Silver Wyandottes and
Barred Plymouth Rocks. Our surroundings were very unfavorable, but
those hens gave us then a product of 184 eggs, 172 eggs and 160 eggs
per hen, in the order named, and convinced us that the hen to lay “two
eggs every three days’ was a coming reality. In 1890-91 we conducted
an experiment with several different breeds, and the variety that stood
second in our first test stood first this time, with 202 eggs to the credit
of each hen.
MANY HAVE DONE IT.
In 1893 the writer of this article conducted an experiment partici-
pated in by 230 people. There were a few pens of grade and cross bred
pullets, but most of them were pure bred and of the Standard varieties.
Twenty different breeds were entered and ten different states were rep-
resented. One hundred and forty-three of these pens continued in the
contest for the entire year and sent in their weekly and monthly reports
on blanks furnished them. Many of these reports were verified by cred-
ible witnesses and attested by affidavits. Of these 143 full-year pens the
twenty leading pens produced each an average of more than 200 eggs
per hen, and the average of the total of these twenty pens was 240 eggs
per hen.
When the above contest was started there were some poultry papers
that predicted failure and disaster, but after it was completed in all its
details their comment was favorable and several of the leading poultry
journals devoted pages to publishing its particulars. Its results have been
accepted as accurate and it has demonstrated clearly the ability of hens
of several varieties to do just what we are urging you in this article to
allow and help them to accomplish, namely: to produce 240 eggs per
year of an average weight of two ounces, a total of thirty pounds, or six
times the weight of the pullet at starting.
228 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
A UNIFORM EGG PRICE.
In the experiment above referred to the number and weight of the
eggs were reported to us and we fixed the price by the average retail
prices of eggs in Pittsburg for that month. The average price that year
was I 8-10 cents per egg, but prices were lower then than they have ever
been since, so in our calculation in this article we are fixing the price at
2 cents per egg, or 16 cents per pound for two-ounce eggs, and as prices
are sure to average considerably higher this year, we feel that we have
taken a conservative position, both on the price of feed and on the price
of eggs. A product of 240 eggs at 2 cents each gives an annual income
of $4.80 per hen. In the above named experiment one pen reached an
income of $5.02 per head at 1 8-10 cents per egg. So we are quite be-
low the leading pen in our estimate for you, even at the advanced price.
LOW COST OF PRODUCTION.
We are now down to the question: Can we feed the hen on 80
cents per year, so as to come within the requirements of the fourth item
of our text, namely: that her yearly cost for food is only one-sixth of
the value of her yearly egg product? Again referring to that large ex-
periment we must admit that the reports of those who kept account of
food-cost ranged from 83 cents to $1.60 per hen per vear, the average
being about $1.20; but it must also be remembered that those people
Were competing for prizes for highest production, and but little atten-
tion was given to cheapness. Under those circumstances one would not
hesitate to feed food costing 5 cents per pound, or even more, in order
to make his favorites win. “ \
SOME OTHER EXPERIMENTS.
Some two or three years ago one of our leading agricultural papers
secured statistics showing that the farm hen costs for feed from 47 to
83 cents per year, an average of about 65 cents. But two objections
arise here: First, these hens ran at large quite a portion of the time and
picked up much of their food; second, these hens were not kept up to
the high-pressure standard necessary to secure “two eggs every three
days,’ so did not consume nearly so much feed as must your forty-five
pullets in this experiment. Two ounces of grain per day is the highest
estimate we have seen given, but we are sure from our own experience
and that of others that this alone is not enough. We have, therefore, al-
lotted to each of your forty-five pullets each weighing five pounds at the
start, sixteen times her own weight of food, or a daily ration of three and
five-ninths ounces.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 229
A RICH RATION.
Even the critic will admit that this is a pretty rich diet—muclh better
in both quantity and quality than he feeds—and we are ready to admit
that it requires a hen with a good digestive apparatus to do the work.
She must have the assimilating powers of the dairy-bred Jersey or Hol-
stein cow to reach the mark. No dung-hills need apply. No drones need
undertake the management. But it has been done; it is being done; you
can do it if you will supply the comforts and conveniences that Madam
Hen calls for. To consume ten and two-thirds ounces of food in three
days and give you in return four ounces of egg is no small undertaking
on her part, nor is it a small business on your part to secure it.
Remember one point just here: two-thirds of the egg is water. The
remaining one-third you must give her in the proper solid foods, not for-
getting the water, and also provide liberally at the same time for her
animal heat, the wear and tear of her system and for the ashes of her
animal fires. In other words, you must expect lots of your feed to find
its way to the dropping-board, but even there it is a valuable product
which we have not figured in.
COMMENTS ON THE FOODS.
A few words about these foods in the order named in our table:
Corn.—We use it in smaller proportion than here specified, partly
because with us in western Pennsylvania it is very expensive, but more
because it is too fattening. Our hens are kept for breeding as well as
for egg production. The fat hen may be kept so and be made to lay
eges up to our requirements of “two eggs in three days,” but the eggs
from a fat hen do not hatch well.
Oats.—We consider oats our very best feed. Oats cost us 2 I-3
cents per pound the past season, but they are cheaper now. With an
abundance of grit there is no danger in feeding whole oats. We bought
hulled oats the past year for the same price as the whole oats. Fed alone,
they are not satisfying to the hens. They do not furnish bulk enough.
Hulled oats must be accompanied with plenty of clover and other coarse
food.
Wheat.—At 80 cents per bushel the past season wheat was our
cheapest feed. Don’t think to economize by buying poor wheat or screen-
ings. If you buy, buy the best quality obtainable.
Kaffir Corn and Sorghum.—These are two of the best of grains, as
nearly a balance ration for the fowls as you can get; but don’t depend
230 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
on these or any other one grain. You must keep up the hen’s appetite
with variety. Skip from one grain to another frequently. Keep her
happy and busy. It pays. -
Bran.—We esteem bran as the one essential ground feed. We use
it dry, in large flat boxes about the yards, where the birds young and old
can jump in and pick a lot of it. We also use it as a basis of all our soft
feeds, a carrier for our meat-meal, etc. We also use salt on our soft feeds.
Bran is rich in protein; it is a good regulator; it seems to neutralize
poisons.
Clover.—I take great care in harvesting my clover for poultry, both
the first and second crop. It should be cut in good time, cured nicely
without dew or rain on it, and may be stored in gunny sacks or other-
wise until it is needed. We run it through the cutter and then wet or
steam it over night, then add bran, meat, bone, salt, etc. Do not skimp
the clover. Better waste some rather than that the hens should not have
enough. Alfalfa is the only forage plant that approaches clover as “hen
hay.”
Meat.—The egg is rich in albumen. You must feed it into your
hens or the eggs will be few in number and the whites will be thin and
waterly. Granulated beef-scrap and the meat meal and dried blood are
obtainable on the market. If you have an abundance of butchershop
bones, and can obtain cheap meat to boil, thickening the soup with bran
and vegetables, you are to be congratulated, provided you do this work
regularly.
Grit—This is the most essential grain feed. Without it your corn
is of little good and your hens soon die of disease.
Use mica grit, pearl grit, gravel grit, cinder grit, any old grit, and,
still better, all of them. Waste some grit to be sure you get enough grit.
Shell.—One-tenth of the shell is lime. Your egg shells must be
heavy if you would hold a choice market. You can well afford to buy
oyster shell at 75 cents per hundred pounds if you sell it at sixteen cents
per pound, and that is what you do in the egg business.
Bone.—Every one admits that the growing animal requires bone-
building material to give him strength of limb. Many, however, imagine
that the hen old enough to lay eggs no longer needs this kind of supply.
The hen, however, is the best judge, and the eagerness with which the
laying hen will turn even from grain to pick up fresh cut bone or even
dry bones, is the best evidence that she needs it in her business. Do not
deny her this.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 231
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.
Now, here is the table of rations we suggest for feeding forty-five
pullets 360 days. It fills the first condition of our text in that it gives
each pullet sixteen times her own weight in feed. It fills the third condi-
tion of our text in that it can be obtained in most sections of the country
at a cost of one cent per pound. It also fills the fourth condition of our
text in that the cost of her feed is only one-sixth the value of her egg
product. Do not condemn it until you have made an honest effort to
realize the third condition of our text, namely: to make your pullets pro-
duce in eggs five times their own weight.
ONE YEAR’S FOOD SUPPLY FOR 45 PULLETS.
Three hundred pounds corn, at 5€c. per pound.......... ccs ececccccsvnene | $1 87%
Sisennndred pounds oats, at lc. per pound)... <j... ccs circ ce sree sies se sae = eee |
Hoenrnunared pounds wheat, at les per pound)... 6. feces «ele oie ole ele sree cies |
Three hundred pounds Kaffir corn or sorghum, at %c. per pound............. |
Honan red “poOunGs bran, at. 94¢. Per! DOUNG. 6/29 <r. <ie/-)s,0 cues sueie ie, a\es eeles oe |
Hour hundred pounds: clover; at. 34. per POUNG... oie. we eye el ape susie os wee eisai ee
Nowpow Weer
S
o
Three hundred pounds beef-scrap, meat-meal, dried blood, etc., at 234c. per pound| 00
Four hundred pounds grit and fine gravel, at 1%4c. per pound................ | 00
Three hundred pounds oyster-shell, at %c. per pound................+e0008- | 25
‘iiwomudred pounds cut bones at Ze per> pound. «:....5/5,0)<veevsrerele,ciere,s, esses Noe © | 4 00
Total three thousand six hundred pounds, at a total cost of............ | $36 00
An average of eighty pounds of feed per hen, at a cost of eighty cents.
SILOS AND ENSILAGE.
(By Euclid N. Cobb, Monmouth, Illinois.)
My two week’s work among the counties of Missouri the past fall
were very pleasant weeks indeed. I met many old friends and I trust
made many new ones. When Mr. Ellis wrote me asking me to assist
in institute work he asked me to give silos and ensilage first place as
subjects to bring before the dairymen and stock breeders of the State.
This I was very glad to do, as I had been a resident of the State for
some years and am well posted on the needs of the Missouri farmer, at
least on how to get the greatest food value from the staple crop, corn.
I am well aware that the bulk of the corn crop over the State as handled
is-fully one-half wasted, and the other half so fed that the full feeding
value is not realized.
‘
232 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
The chemical analysis of the corn plant or stalk shows a nutrient
nearly equal to that of the ear, but when left to dry and bleach on the
hillit is worse than wasted in many cases. It becomes a menace to every
head of live stock that is allowed or forced to subsist on it. Those dairy-
men and stockmen who cut their stalks and shock them will find that
they have a feed greatly relished by all kinds of farm stock, but they also
find that they sustain a loss of from one-third to one-half of the fodder
or the coarser parts. The chemist tells us that the nutritive value of the
corn stalk decreases from butt to top, so that in the rejected part of the
corn plant the greatest food value lies. The farmer who passes his corn
- through a shredder finds that he has put his fodder in a condition to be
better consumed by his stock, and that he can make a large amount of
best manure that is easily handled, but he is not fully satisfied.
Two of Mr. Cobb’s Jerseys.
After fifteen year’s use of ensilage with all kinds of farm stock I
am fully convinced that the estimate is not too high, while the chemist
finds no more nutriment in the fodder we put in the silo, old Brindle does,
from the fact that she gets something she relishes and something that is
more digestible than dry fodder or even green fodder. The digestive
tests of some of our Experiment Stations have found silage is more
digestible than any form of the corn plant either dry cured or cut green
and fed. ‘The greatest value of silage is in its succulent condition. It
retains its juices and is partially cooked in the silo making it very pal-
atable, and palatability of any of our farm fed crops is a great factor in
producing results either in feed lots or dairy herd. 7
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 233
I append some figures obtained in our dairy herd for the past two
years. The year 1900 being one of the dryest in the history of this sec-
tion we found bluegrass completely burned up by July first, but with
ensilage for succulent or green feed during July and August and Sep-
tember regardless of the extreme high temperature our daily milk yield
was very satisfactory and regular. The following figures show sum
total of the first day of July and the 15th, August first and the 15th,
September first and the 15th and October Ist:
July Ist, 614 pounds, July 15th, 635 pounds.
August Ist, 628 pounds, August 15th, 638 pounds.
September Ist, 610 pounds, September 15th, 619 pounds.
October Ist, 631 pounds.
These results are as good as we were ever able to make with a herd
of cows under any conditions. Please note results obtained during this
past summer, with same herd on the best of bluegrass. I also append
the statement of a friend of mine who fed 178 head of steers ensilage.
This statement is as convincing as I ever read. This Mr. Jones is a
thoroughly practical man. In a former letter Mr. Jones told me his
cattle, the first sixty days, made gains that made him more profit from an
acre of corn (the corn the poorest he ever raised) than he ever did from
his best corn fed in the old way. Very few farmers realize the possi-
bilities of an acre of corn or sorghum in the silo. An acre of corn
fodder will feed a mature animal from three to four months, while the
same acre in the silo will feed the same animal from 24 to 30 months.
This fall we had ten acres of sorghum that in the silo will feed a cow or
a two-year-old steer 40 months. There is not a farm in the corn belt of
Missouri that is not capable of carrying a thousand pound animal on
every acre of the farm. Does it do it now with hay and fodder?
SILAGE FOR STEERS.
We commenced feeding the 178 steers weighing on October 7 an
average of 1,159 pounds. They were running on dry and exhausted
pastures and were losing flesh, and on this account we commenced the
feeding of the ensilage on the next day after we finished filling the silos,
to wit, October 7, and gave them all they would eat after the end of the
first week. The amount consumed during the first thirty days was 45
pounds per head per day. The cattle made an average gain of 55
pounds per head. They had no other feed but the ensilage and the dead
grass, of which they ate very little. The second month we commenced
feeding some shock corn along with the ensilage and gave the cattle
about one-third of a full feed, as nearly as we could estimate it. This
234 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
resulted in a reduced consumption of ensilage, and the cattle made a
gain of 75 pounds per head during the second month.
During December and January the cattle were fed in the same way
except that they were put up in dry lots, and we added some clover hay.
The cattle ate of the hay about ten pounds per day per head.
We commenced selling the cattle about the 1st of February. They
were sold at three different times.
The result during the whole feeding period, ranging from 120 to
150 days, was that the cattle made an average gain of 214 pounds per
day, and consumed, estimating the ensilage to contain 10 per cent. of its
weight in ear corn, less than one-half the amount of corn which we have
always heretofore been compelled to feed like cattle in order to make
that much gain.
I am greatly pleased with ensilage as a feed for fattening steers.
In my judgment it doubles the net profit of the corn crop.
The cost of putting the corn in the silos was, with us, no more than
the cost of putting it in shock, and one man could feed four times as
many cattle from the silos as he could were he to haul the corn from the
shock in the field in the ordinary way.
A part of this ensilage was a mixture of corn and soy beans, and
from this we got better results than from the all-corn ensilage. We also
carried through the winter about 300 head of goo-pound steers on the
ensilage alone and they made very satisfactory gains and kept in much
better condition than we had ever secured with stock cattle, wintered in
the ordinary way with hay and fodder.
The best results in feeding of ensilage will be obtained by using it
in connection with clover hay, soy beans, cow peas or some other food,
rich in protein.
In my judgment an ideal food for fattening 1,000-pound steers would
be all the clover hay and corn ensilage which they will eat, and about 15
pounds of corn per day or something less than one-half the grain they
would eat if given nothing else, with a little oil meal added to the grain
during the last month of the feeding.
With stock steers, yearlings and two’s, an excellent feed is the
corn ensilage and hay without any grain at all, and they will keep in fine
condition and make satisfactory gains, and can be wintered much cheaper
and better than under the old method of carrying stock cattle through
the winter.
We are so well pleased with our experience in feeding ensilage to
fattening cattle last winter that we are now finishing the construction of
another silo, which will hold about 1,100 tons. This will give us a total
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 235
ensilage capacity of about 22,600 tons, and we are expecting to carry
through the winter at least 500 cattle with ensilage as the main ration.
We planted cow peas with corn this year, and will cut the corn
and cow peas together, and we will also put into the silos some soy beans,
mixing the same with alternate loads of corn. I am inclined to think
that ensilage made of one-half corn and the other half soy beans or cow
peas will so properly balance the feed as to require very little, if any,
clover hay. Still, we shall expect to keep clover hay by our cattle all
the time.
The silo we are now finishing is 36 feet inside diameter and 50 feet
in height, and is built of cement, the wall being 12 inches thick. We have
laid in the wall, 6 inches apart, 3g-inch wire hoops. The cost will not
exceed 8oc per ton capacity, and the structure looks now as though it
would last forever. The wall is as hard as stone. The material we used
was Portland cement, sand and coarse gravel, the mixture being one
part cement three of sand, and five of gravel. Our ordinary farm labor
has erected the silo.
In my judgment the time is at hand when more economical methods
of producing beef must be adopted, and the silo is, I think, the solution
of the question. Under the old method of fattening cattle on shock corn
nearly one-half the value of crop is wasted, and by using a corn ration
alone the full benefit of the other half is not obtained.
The silo, clover and alfalfa, soy beans and cow peas, are, in my
judgment, destined to work a revolution in methods of beef production.
Yours truly,
HuMPHREY JONES.
Ohio.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SILO.
Fifteen year’s use of silos and silage in several states and under va-
rious conditions of climate, has caused me to study both the construction
of the silo and its filling. I find today that the greatest drawback to the
adoption of the silo system is the supposed great cost of construction. I
have used silos that cost $4 per ton capacity to construct and have used
those that have cost 50 cents per ton capacity, and in one case content
cost was as low as 30 cents. The cheap silo kept the silage just as well
as those costing many times more money.
When we consider what constitutes a good silo, we have only three
things to remember, good material, strength and, last, perfect exclusion
of air after silo is filled. ‘The first named, that is, good material, does
not necessarily mean brick, stone, cedar, redwood or some other material
\
236 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
that will cost a large sum both as to material and transportation, but
something at hand, some local material, or material that is reasonable in
price.
In building a silo, I consult local conditions. If in Texas, use Texas
hard pine. If in western coast country, would use redwood or cedar,
but in the central section of the United States I find nothing better than
the ordinary 2x4’s white pine of commerce. I have thoroughly tested
this material in several states and in no case has it proved defective in
any one of the above named qualifications—strength, durability and per-
fect exclusion of air together with simplicity of construction.
To build a round silo of 2x4 stuff, get your lumber and have it dry
and free from loose knots; see that edges are straight, so that when
walls are up, edges will touch evenly the entire height of silo. In a
circle of 14 feet or more it is not necessary to bevel the lumber to fit the
Mr. Cobb’s Silo.
circle; it is better not to do so, because the lumber will dry out more
quickly when the silage is removed, which tends to prolong the life of
the silo by checking decay. In case beveling is done, don’t bevel the en-
tire stick’s width, only take off bevel from center of timber. This will
leave other half slightly separated from its mate, giving air a chance to
dry wood.
To the novice an empty stave silo with its staves showing daylight
shining through cracks from top to bottom is far from an airtight build-
ing, but one has only to tighten up hoops, snug and go ahead and fill. A
stave silo is like a leaky barrel. It only wants hoops driven tight to
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 237
make it as tight as ever. While the silo has not hot water, it has some-
thing just as effective—silage, which is 80 per cent. water or sap, and
heats up to 160 degrees. Every crack is shut tight.
To build a stave silo, first decide on size of silo, then get the ma-
terial most abundant in your locality. Any lumber that will not waip
is suitable. Have it dry if possible. If your silo is to be above 20 feet
in height, buy lumber of two lengths; for a 24-foot building get 14 and Io-
foot stuff, for a 26-foot silo, 12 and 14-foot lengths. Get your stuff
on the ground during some dry, hot days, laying it closely, like a floor.
Then take an old broom or a whitewash brush and a bucket of coal tar
(this is called gas tar and can be bought for 3 or 4 cents per gallon at gas
works) and paint the lumber, not scrimping the amount. Let lay a day
or so and then turn up another face of the lumber and again give it the
gas tar paint. Continue until all sides and edges are painted. Gas
tar is the best preservative of silo walls yet found, and I may add that
for rough work, such as farm gates, corn cribs and board roofs, it is
not equaled by many of our paints. If tar is too thick to spread easily,
thin with gasoline, remedying any trouble of this character.
While our lumber is drying we will put in silo foundation. We must
decide where to build, and the best rule is to build just as near the
animals’ mouths as possible, to save work when feeding; at gable end
of barn or shed is the best place. To lay foundation, drive a peg in
center of ground selected for foundation; take a fence board, bore a
hole in end, slip over peg, then at half of distance of diameter of silo,
slip a pin or bolt that will mark ground as board is moved around.
After this mark is made, set pin out as far as width of foundation trench
is to be, which is about 16 or 18 inches. Now dig trench 18 to 20
inches deep; then fill up within 6 inches of top with small rocks, brick-
bats or very coarse gravel. Over this pour thin cement. After this
part of foundation is complete start wall 6 inches from outside of trench
leaving a 6-inch jog. That jog is to fool any rat that may wish to
explore contents of silo. He will dig down to the concrete work and
then stop, not knowing enough to follow the 6-inch step to outside of
concrete. It is better to finish the narrower wall with flat rock or brick.
Build up 8 or 10 inches above level ground. The dirt should then be
thrown up against wall on outside, even with top of wall to turn water
from building. ‘
The inside circle or silo bottom should be of dirt only. Many peo-
ple put down costly cement floors, only to find that a large amount of
silage is spoiled each year. We do not know the cause, but we know
that the last foot or 8 inches of silage on cement has a very offensive
\
238 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
smell and is not relished by cattle, while silage on dirt can be fed to
the last basketful. I am speaking from 16 years’ experience when I
make this statement. Have fed from many cement bottoms, always with
the same result.
A sill is not necessary, but I always use one. To make the sill,
take 10-inch width lumber I inch thick and cut in segments, of circle
of wall; cut enough of these to make sill three or four inches thick;
bed first in layer of mortar, then give a coat of gas tar, then lay on
another course, breaking joints; nail down to lower layer. Continue
laying, tarring and nailing until desired thickness is reached. We are
now ready for the tarred staves or 2x4’s. But you may wonder how
to make a start, what to use for fastening hoops and silo with, and
what to fasten staging to. To do all of this requires four timbers of
hard wood, 4 by 6 inches in size and as high as silo is to be. Before
we put up these timbers, or we may say frame of our silo, we bore
enough holes in these sticks to receive the hoops. These holes are in
pairs, and are 2 1-2 inches from what will be the inside edge of silo.
Holes are to be 3 inches apart, long way of timber. Now we will lay
off our circle, finding one-quarter of distance, where we stand one of
these sticks, the inside edge flush with inside wall of silo and becoming
part of wall, and secure it by toe-nailing to sill. Then measuring an-
other quarter distance set up another timber, continuing until we have
the four up. We at same time brace these pieces well with fence boards
or 2x4’s, always keeping out of inside of silo.
After we have braced well, we set 2x4 pieces on outside of silo,
opposite the 4x6 timbers, about 3 feet from them, or as wide as you wish
to build scaffolding. Nail lumber from these 2x4’s to 4x6 pieces at in-
tervals of about 8 feet on which scaffold lumber is laid. A silo 25 feet
high will require three of these stagings. Now we are ready to build
or set up the staves. Three men, or boys, do first-rate. For this work
the necessary tools are three hammers and plenty of 60-penny wire
spikes; 40-penny will do in case 2x4’s are scant 4 inches, as they often
are. Now set up one of the 2x4’s edge against a 4x6 piece and nail
about every 4 feet; the men on different stagings will attend to nailing
up to top of silo. Toe-nail the 2x4 stave to sill with 10-penny wire nails.
Continue setting up and nailing. If the upper half of staves do not want
to follow circle, strike on inside wall with heavy hammer, maul or back
of an ax, and the right curve will come.
After setting all staves to last 3 or 4 feet (and this space should be
at place where doors are to be), make arrangements for docs. The
doors, are only the walls of the silo cut out on bevel, and the pieces
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 239
thus cut out nailed together with some barrel staves, the staves giving
the short pieces the necessary curve to circle. The bevel must be on
inside of silo, so that when doors are set the silage will press them into
place. No frames for doors are necessary and no fastenings or hinges.
In cutting out the doors they should be numbered so they will be put
in the same place each time. A door 20 inches by 2 feet is large enough.
To cut out these places it is best to cut side bevel piece while the 2x4’s
are on the ground. To do this, bore a hole in center of the 2x4 on
right bevel and cut with a tenant saw far enough to allow larger saw
to enter cut; when piece is cut out, tack in place with some smali nails.
Now finish up silo walls, and then the man in silo will have to cut out
the lower door in order to get out. If on outside, can cut his way in.
Doors must be about 3 feet apart to be handy in taking out silage.
The hoops for this silo should be of five-eighths, round iron; each
section of hoop should be long enough to pass through two of the 4x6
timbers, and threads should be cut 6 or 8 inches on each end of hoops
so as to take up any shrinkage of silo. Large cast iron washers are
necessary to bear against the 4x6. Light washers will sink into the
wood when the silo is full and pressure bears on hoops. Hoops should
be placed as follows: First, one near bottom of silo about 6 inches from
sill; the next 2 feet higher, and each alternate hoop 6 inches higher
than last puton. ‘This is for 18, 20 and 25-foot in diameter silos ; smaller
ones may use fewer hoops and even one-half inch hoops will answer.
Our silo is now ready for roof. The roof of silo can be built of boards
put on hip roof style, or a cone-shaped roof can be put on and shingled.
Metal roofing is used by many, while many have no roof. I have used
silos without a roof and saw no bad results.
SOIL IMPROVEMENT.
(By Prof. R. W. Clothier, Cape Girardeau, Mo.)
Any discussion of soil improvement that attempts to enter into the
scientific principles involved in the process must begin first with a study
of the nature of soil physically and chemically.
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
The basis of all soils is ground rock. With this is mixed decayed
vegetable and animal tissues, called humus, in varying proportions. All
soils, then, whatever their nature and appearance, are composed of
ground rock mixed with more or less humus. A mechanical analysis
™
240) MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT’.
shows that the rock is ground to different degrees of fineness and some
soils may be composed largely of the finest particles, while others are
‘made up of the large particles. Clay soils are made up almost entirely of
very fine particles, half of them being as small as .oo004 inch in diameter.
Sandy soils are composed of the largest soil particles. Loams are mix-
tures of clay and sand in varying proportions. It must be remembered
that all of these classes of soils contain humus. There are, however,
some soils that are composed almost entirely of humus and these are
classed under the name humus soils.
Chemically, soils are made up of many compounds composed of var-
ious elements united in many ways. A discussion of these would lead
us too far into the subject of chemistry for our present purpose, but it may
be said that not all of these elements are necessary to plant life. There
are about eight of the elements found in soils that seem to be essential to
plant life. It follows then that the absence of any one of these would
make a soil entirely unproductive.
But nature has abundantly supplied our soils with all of these ele-
ments but three, or possibly four, so that in our discussion we will con-
sider only those elements likely to be found absent. They are nitrogen,
potassium and phosphorous. One very prominent investigator says that
soils may often be deficient in sulphur. Chemical analyses seem to bear
him out in this view but until more data is obtained I shall confine myself
to a discussion of only the three elements just named.
WHERE AND HOW FOUND.
Nitrogen is not strictly a part of the soil since all that is found there-
in was originally obtained from the air and in time will return again to
the air, but since ordinary plants cannot use it except while it is tempor-
arily a part of the soil we will consider it as one of the true elements of
the soil.
There are three sources of soil nitrogen; These are humus, air in,
connection with certain bacteria and ammonia brought to the earth in
rains.
Humus contains by far the greater part of the soil nitrogen, but in
this form it is entirely unavailable to plants. The humus must be acted
upon by several different species of bacteria which change its nitrogen
through various forms finally into nitric acid which instantly combines
with mineral matter of the soil forming compounds which we call ni-
trates. When a nitrate has been found the nitrogen in it may be used as
food by plants. A soil without humus lacks potential nitrogen; a soui
without bacteria will contain no nitrates; and a soil containing no nitrates
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 241
cannot produce crops. Only a very small per cent. of the humus of a
soil can be changed into nitrates during a single growing season.
The ammonia of the air is not a very important source of soil nitrogen
when compared with the humus of the soil, but when compared with the
needs of plants the nitrogen obtained from this source is of considerable
moment. Ammonia is set free in various processes of decay and escapes
into the air in the form of a gas. This rapidly dissolves in water and is
brought back to the soil by rains. Bacteria then change it into nitrates.
The amount of nitrogen obtained in this way varies in different localities.
Measurements at various experiment stations have shown that an acre of
soil may receive in a single season as much nitrogen as is found in from
three to ten bushels of wheat.
The nitrogen obtained from “‘soil air” by the aid of certain bacteria is
of very great importance. These bacteria are found in nodules that grow
on the roots of certain plants belonging to the clover family. They ex-
tract nitrogen from the air and leave it in a form available to the host plant
as food. Plants upon which such bacteria live are thus able to secure all
the nitrogen they need from the air and this suggests a definite and never
failing method of adding nitrogen to soils deficient in this element, which
will be more fully discussed further on.
Potassium and phosphorous are found both in the humus and in the
mineral matter of the soil, but chiefly in the mineral matter. They are
spoken of as potash or potash salts and phosphoric acid or phosphates.
When exhausted from a soil it is necessary to add mineral matter to re-
plenish it.
AN INVENTORY OF THE SOIL.
But how much of these elements is found in soils and how does the
amount compare with the amount removed by crops? We will let the
chemist answer the question. I have before me a table giving the results
of the analyses of forty-nine different soils selected from ten different
states ranging from Canada to Alabama and from New York to Colorado.
The poorest one of these soils with respect to nitrogen contained 947
pounds of nitrogen per acre in the first foot of soil. The first foot con-
tains about as much nitrogen as is found in the next three feet of soil, so
in round numbers there would be 1900 pounds of nitrogen in the first
four feet of soil, which represents the feeding field of the roots of our
average farm crops. A yield of 25 bushels of wheat per acre requires 47
pounds of nitrogen for both grain and straw allowing a ton and a half
of straw per acre. This farm would produce wheat at that rate only 40
years before all the nitrogen within the reach of plants would be exhaust-
A—16
242 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
ed, assuming that none would be wasted and that the wheat could extract
all of the nitrogen from the soil. Neither of these assumptions is true,
however, but we assume them to be true for the purpose of making com-
parisons. ‘This soil would produce corn at the rate of 50 bushels per acre
about half as long as it would produce wheat.
The richest soil found in our table contains about 27,000 pounds of
nitrogen per acre in the first four feet. This would supply nitrogen for
maximum crops of wheat 575 years and for maximum crops of corn 279
years. The average of the 49 soils analyzed contained nitrogen sufficient
for 213 maximum crops of wheat and for 103 maximum crops of corn.
The average of three Missouri soils selected from the table contains about
the same amount of nitrogen as was found in the average of the 49 soils
just given.
Comparing with respect to phosphoric acid we find that the poorest
soil contained enough to produce maximum crops of wheat 60 years and
maximum crops of corn 21 years. The richest soil would produce max-
imum crops of wheat 4659 years and maximum crops of corn 1635 years.
The average of the 49 soils would produce wheat 633 years and corn
226 years.. The average of the three Missouri soils would produce max-
imum crops of wheat 221 years and maximum crops of corn 81 years
before all the phosphoric acid found within the reach of these plants
would be exhausted.
Comparing in the same way with respect to potash, the poorest of the
49 soils contained enough of this element for 44 maximum crops of wheat
and only 15 maximum crops of corn. The richest one would produce
wheat over gooo years and corn over 3000 years. The average would
produce wheat 2500 years and corn nearly 1000 years. ‘The average of
the three Missouri soils would produce 25 bushels of wheat per acre 6000
years and 50 bushels of corn per acre 2100 years before the potash found
within reach of the roots of these plants would be exhausted.
A recapitulation of the figures just presented will emphasize the fol-
lowing conclusions drawn from them: ‘That some soils have been found
in which some of the elements under discussion is practically exhausted.
That in average soils the nitrogen will become exhausted by cropping
much more quickly than the other elements. That in average soils all
these elements exist in greater abundance than the average yield of crops
would lead one to suppose. We must remember, however, that the chem-
ist by his methods might be able to find large quantities of these elements *
present and yet they might be locked up in some form wholly unavailable
to plants. The average soils of the United States have been under culti-
vation less than 100 years and yet our annual bill for fertilizers is now
$60,000,000. Evidently farms do become poor with respect to crop pro-
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 243
duction notwithstanding the large amount of the elements of fertility that
chemists find in them. Statistics also show that the maximum crops upon
which I have made the estimates just presented are not being produced.
Let us try to find why this is true. It is evident that the quantity of plant
food present does not necessarily determine the fertility of the soil. The
quality must be considered and also the mechanical or physical condition
of the soil, and the amount of water present.
IMPROVEMENT BY TILLAGE.
There is a constant tendency of the potash and phosphoric acid of
soils to form compounds wholly insoluble or very difficultly soluble in
water. Unless they can be dissolved by water they are of no avail as
plant food. They are dissolved by acids of the soil and by secretions
from the root hairs of the plant. The finer the soils are in texture the
greater the surface they present to the action of these dissolving agents,
and consequently the greater will be the amount of material dissolved.
Thorough tillage breaks up the soil granules that are apt to be formed by
the surface tension of water and so facilitates the solution of these two
elements of plant food. It also helps to make nitrogen available by pro-
moting the process of nitrification. Extensive co-operative experiments
carried on by Cornell Experiment Station and the farmers of New York
State have shown that the yield of potatoes can be increased by from
twenty-five to fifty bushels to the acre by cultivating three or four times
more during the season than is ordinarily done. Evidently plant food was
liberated by the tillage, and this suggests a method of finding out whether
the elements potassium and phosphorous are deficient in the soil or
simply locked up in some insoluble compound where they are unavailable.
We might often liberate these elements by tillage at a greater profit than
supplying them by purchasing commercial fertilizers.
TILLAGE TO REGULATE MOISTURE.
Every farmer knows that his losses due to unreasonable water supply
are far greater than those due to lack of fertility. Without water, plant
food is unavailable no matter what the quantity or quality. Few of us
realize the enormous quantities of water used by plants. The results of a
few experiments along this line will help us to better understand the ques-
tion of soil moisture. It has been shown that farm crops use an average
of 325 tons of water for every ton of dry matter produced. Corn is some-
what below the average, so we will take it at 300 tons of water per ton
of dry matter. A yield of 50 to 60 bushels of corn per acre would produce
about four tons of dry matter. This would require 1200 tons of water,
which is equivalent to 10.6 inches of rainfall. Experiments have shown
244 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
that during 64 summer days in a fallow field there was an average daily
evaporation of .67 pounds of water per square foot of surface. Should
evaporation continue at this rate during the whole growing season of
the corn crop, allowing 130 days as the length of this period, the total loss
would be equivalent to 16.8 inches of rainfall. Adding this to the amount
that must pass through the corn plant we have a total of 27.4 inches that
must be supplied during the growing season to produce 50 to 60 bushels
of corn per acre. To meet this enormous demand we have the water that
has accumulated in the soil during the winter and the regular rainfall of
the season. If the soil were completely saturated, the first five feet would
contain about 20 inches of water. Not over half of this can be withdrawn
by the plants. This leaves 17.4 inches that must be supplied by the sum-
mer rains. It is rare that the rainfall in our corn producing states during
the months of May, June, July and August, is equivalent to this amount.
We must therefore do everything possible to increase the storage capacity
of the soil and to prevent loss by evaporation. Both can be accomplished
to a certain extent by tillage. Deep fall plowing makes the soil porous
thus allowing the water of the fall and winter rains to percolate down into
the soil instead of running away into the streams and rivers, as much as
it would otherwise do. The efficiency of a dust mulch in preventing evap-
cration is so well known that it need not be discussed here further than to
say that the enormous loss above referred to can be reduced as much as
25 per cent. to 50 per cent. by surface tillage after each summer rain.
There is room for the inventive genius of some American to give us an
implement that will do this work quickly and cheaply.
IMPROVEMENT BY UNDERDRAINAGE.
I believe there is room for some very careful experiments along the
line of underdrainage for the express purpose of removing air from the
soil rapidly during heavy rains. Water enters soil by passing into the
spaces between the soil particles. But these spaces are already occupied
by air and this air must escape before the water can enter. Often rain
falls so fast that the soil is covered with a sheet of water. The air must
escape through this water and the process is a slow one. Meantime much
of the water that is falling flows away into surface drainage ditches and
streams. If underground outlets for the air could be provided it would
pass out this way rapidly and the water would as rapidly follow it into the
soil. In this way much water now annually lost by drainage would be
utilized in the production of crops. Underdrainage and its value to
lands injured by standing water is so well understood that it needs no dis-
cussion here.
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 245
IMPROVEMENT BY ADDING HUMUS.
I have spoken of tillage as a means of making potash and phosphoric
acid soluble. The solubility of phosphoric acid also seems to be closely
related to the amount of humus present in the soil. Professor Snyder of
the Minnesota Experiment Station has shown that the soils rich in humus
contain three times as much soluble phosphoric acid as those in which the
percentage of humus is low. If we suspect that our soils are deficient in
phosphoric acid it might be well to apply a good coating of barnyard ma-
nure and improve our method of tillage before buying bone meal. If
good tillage and plenty of humus will not secure good crops it is then
time to think of purchasing commercial fertilizers. Improvement of soils
does not necessarily mean the addition of fertilizers as too many people
are prone to believe is the case.
The restoration of humus to soils is the cheapest and best method of
replenishing a diminished nitrogen supply. This may be accomplished by
growing leguminous plants, the roots of which are allowed to decay in the
soil, forming humus and adding nitrogen directly, since all the nitrogen
found in them was obtained from the air. If the tops are removed how-
ever, it must be borne in mind that these plants remove large quantities of
potash and phosphoric acid, and consequently the supply of these two
elements may be rapidly depleted and even reduced to the danger point
while the supply of nitrogen is being increased. They have one advantage
however, in their deep root system which enables them to obtain these ele-
ments from depths in the soil below the feeding field of other plants. They
must not, however, be considered a universal remedy for worn out soils.
If they are used as a cover crop and the tops plowed under, they are then
to add nitrogen in large quantities, while no potash or phosphoric acid
would be removed.
Barnyard manure is a cheap and often neglected source of humus.
It produces the best effect if thoroughly incorporated with the soil when
it is wet and well rotted, but since by ordinary methods of handling, from
one-half to two-thirds of it is lost by the time it becomes well rotted, farm-
ers greatly in need of humus may haul out such manure as soon as it is
formed and let it rot in the soil that needs it. There will be no bad results
from this method where there is plenty of rainfall, but where there is a
drouth during a portion of almost every summer, sometimes the presence
of unrotted manure in the soil may increase the effects of the drouth. I
have known this to occur, but the increased yields obtained for more than
ten years after the application of the manure, much more than compensated
for the loss incurred the first s¢ason.
246 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
In this connection it might be well to speak of losses of opportunities
to add humus to soils incurred by burning corn fodder and wheat straw.
A ton of corn-fodder contains three dollars’ worth of nitrogen figured at
prices charged for it in commercial fertilizers. A ton of wheat straw con-
tains almost as much. When these substances are burned the nitrogen
contained in them escapes into the air and can never be returned except
by the use of leguminous plants. A man who rakes and burns corn stalks
wastes at least sixty dollars’ worth of nitrogen for every day that he
works, to say nothing of the loss of other beneficial effects of the humus
that might have been added to the soil by cutting the stalks and plowing
them under.
Humus not only adds nitrogen, but it keeps the soil in a mellow con-
dition which makes tillage easy and also allows water to percolate into
the soil more rapidly and prevents puddling in rainy weather. One of
the surest. indications of deficiency in humus is a soft, sticky condition of
the top soil during rainy weather, accompanied by a hard, baked condition
during dry weather.
Humus also increases the capacity of the soil to absorb and retain
moisture, thus aiding much to secure the presence of that large supply ot
water we have seen to be necessary for crop production. A single in-
stance will illustrate this fact. .
During the extreme drouth of 1901 it became my duty to determine
the moisture in the soil of about thirty different fields upon which various
crops were growing. Among them were two orchard soils. One had the
following treatment: Late in the previous fall twenty loads of barnyard
manure to the acre were applied and the manure plowed under and then
thoroughly disced into the soil. Rye was then sown and this was plowed
under early in the spring. The soil was disced after each heavy rain until
the rains stopped falling during the latter part of April. This orchard
was on upland soil. The other orchard was on first class bottom soil but
had not had any application of manure and was not tilled after the rains.
At the close of an unbroken period of 90 days drouth the soil that had the
application of manure and the tillage, contained 16% per cent. of moisture
while the unmanured and untilled soil contained only 9% per cent. of
moisture. This difference in moisture content will appear more striking
when compared with the condition of crops growing on soils of similar
moisture content. In every case, on the very best of soil, corn was dead
and dry enough to burn where the moisture had fallen as low as 8% per
cent. On clay soil it was dead at 11%4 per cent. of moisture. When the
moisture in the soil is between 16 per cent. and 20 per cent. we have the
best conditions for growing crops. Of course the tillage of the soil great-
ly affected the difference in the moisture content of these soils, -but
the humus must certainly be credited with a large share of it.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. Q47
THE USE OF COVER CROPS.
Cover crops may be used to prevent waste of fertility. Nitrates will
leach out of a soil if not used by plants soon after they are formed. It
has been shown at the Minnesota Experiment Station that in eight years
oi continuous cropping to wheat fully eight times as much nitrogen was
lest from the soil as was removed by the wheat. It must have been
leached out during the warm summer months when nitrification was most
active, but after the wheat crop had matured. Cover crops will take up
nitrates and thus prevent their loss by leaching.
IMPROVEMENT BY ROTATION OF CROPS.
Crops vary in their demands upon the soil, some removing much
more fertility than others. They also vary in their feeding habits, some
removing large quantities of one element while others remove large quan-
tities of another element. These differences are especially well marked
when considering equal quantities of the crops, but are not so marked
when we compare the maximum yields of the various crops. Still even
then there are differences and we may often prevent a particularly heavy
drain upon one element by introducing a crop that removes less of that
element and more of another. The advantage to be gained in this way is
not so great, however, as it is commonly believed to be. Plants vary in
their ability to feed upon the soil and often a great advantage can be
gained by introducing a plant in the rotation which can extract plant food
from soil upon which another plant might not be able to feed. By far
the greatest advantage in rotation of crops consists in the opportunity it
affords of growing leguminous plants upon all the cultivated portion of
the farm. All farm crops with the exception of the legumes are extreme-
ly hard on the nitrogen of the soil when maximum yieids aie considered
and so any system of farming which rests the soil with respect to nitrogen
will prolong the producing power of the soil. When a part of the farm is
used for pasture it is of great advantage to rotate the pasture land from one
field to another. Very little fertility is removed from pasture land, the
animals returning to the soil nearly all the fertility required to produce
the grass upon which they feed, so the land is given a rest by putting it
in pasture.
IMPROVING SOIL BY CHANGE OF BUSINESS.
If we follow the history of the development of new soils in the United
States we will find that at first they have been devoted to grain raising
for the markets, but that this system of farming gradually gives way to
one in which stock raising predominates. A moment’s consideration of
248 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
the composition of the grains will explain why this is true. A bushel of
wheat removes 20 cents worth of fertility from the soil, figured at the
prices we pay for the elements removed when we buy commercial fertiliz-
ers. A bushel of corn removes about 19 cents worth of fertility. At
25 bushels per acre wheat removes $5.00 worth of fertility in the grain and
about the same amount in the straw. At 50 bushels per acre corn removes
$9.68 worth of fertility in the grain and $10.68 in the fodder, or more than
$20 per acre in the corn and fodder. When land is new and responds
readily to tillage there may be a profit in growing these grains for sale
where labor only is considered, but there comes a time sooner or later
when such farming ceases to be profitable even from a labor standpoint
and men are driven into stock raising or else out of the business of farm-
ing entirely. Dairying is the most highly specialized branch of stock
raising with respect to the fertility of the soil. By selling soil in the form
of corn or wheat we obtain about_15 cents per pound for it, but by sell-
ing it in the form of butter fat we may obtain from $75 to $90 per pound
for it. While an average Missouri soil would produce 25 bushels of wheat
per acre worth $15. for only 213 years, it would produce 100 pounds of
butter per acre worth at least $20. for over 50,000 years before its fertil-
ity would be exhausted. By engaging in the dairy business and hauling
out all barnyard manure, a completely worn out farm may be made highly
productive if the feed for the animals the first two or three years is pur-
chased and a system of rotation of crops is adopted in which clover, alfalfa
and cow peas play a prominent part.
IMPROVEMENT BY MEANS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
There is no doubt that where quick returns must be secured and the
crops being on the market at the proper time determines its value, com-
mercial fertilizers may be used at a profit. It may also often be true that
the returns secured by the application of commercial fertilizers are more
profitable than equal returns secured by an increased amount of tillage.
As stated elsewhere in this article, when potash or phosphoric acid are ex-
hausted there is practically no other way of replenishing the supply except
by the use of commercial fertilizers.
From my conversation with farmers in this State while out on in-
stitute work, I am convinced that there are many localities in Missouri
where the supply of phosphoric acid is either down to the danger line or
else it is locked up in the’soil and cannot be set free on account of a de-
ficiency of humus. Such soils respond readily to a phosphate fertilizer.
But the user of commercial fertilizers who relies solely upon this as a
means of soil improvement will be a loser in the end. There will come a
time when the price of the fertilizer will far over-balance the value of the
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 249
returns from it, for it requires more and more each year to keep up the
standard of production, Plants cannot obtain food even from fertilizers
unless they have a well developed root system. ‘They can have such a
root system only when growing in a mellow soil and permanent mellowness
is secured only by means of humus. These are facts that should be con-
stantly kept in mind by the farmer who begins the use of commercial fer-
tilizers.
ANTITOXIN AND VACCINE.
(By Dr. A. J. Detweiler, Bacteriologist and Sanitary Chemist of the State
Board of Health.)
Just at this time a discussion of these two subjects is of great im-
portance. I believe that the prejudice against the use of vaccine and anti-
toxin results from a lack of knowledge of their nature. Believing this to
be the case I shall briefly explain their nature in order that the farmers
may know why we expect good results in their use. I shall have to ex-
plain what we mean by a contagious or infectious disease, and the result-
ing immunity, before you will be able to understand what we mean by
artificial immunity.
A contagious or infectious disease is a disease contracted from a pre-
vious case of the same disease. Thus the disease spreads from one in-
individual to another, or from one animal to another. The ease with
which contagious or infectious diseases spread from individual to individ-
ual varies in different contagious or infectious diseases, and hence the
terms contagious and infectious. At one time a disease that spread only
on contact with a previous case was known as a contagious disease. A
disease contracted even when at a distance from a diseased body was
formerly known as an infectious disease. Thus we see that one infectious
disease might lead to hundreds or thousands of other cases. If this be
true the cause of the disease must be something capable of growth. Thus
reasoning we were led to believe that infectious or contagious diseases
must be caused by some living cause, capable of growth and reproduc-
tion. This was believed long before we had any means of exact demon-
stration. Now we have discovered by means of the microscope and other
scientific means that disease is caused by parasites belonging both to
the animal and vegetable kingdoms.
Only a few of our infectious diseases are caused by animal parasites
such as malaria, Texas fever among cattle, etc. However, there is a good
reason for believing that smallpox is also caused by a parasite which will
be classed in the animal kingdom. Of course these parasites are of a
250 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
very low form of life, being unicellular. Most of our infectious diseases
are caused by very low forms classed in the vegetable kingdom. Most of
them are very small, so small that you might lay 25,000 of them side by
side and thus cover only one inch of space: Some are even smaller than
this. They are of various shapes and sizes, some round, others oblong,
rod shaped, corkscrew shaped, etc. Almost eight hundred different forms
of bacteria have been described. Many would also cause disease to
plants and animals.
Bacteria are extremely small one-celled vegetable organisms, con-
taining no chlorophyll and multiplying by division. For a long time it
was not known just why bacteria produced disease. Now in nearly all
cases we know that disease is caused by a specific poison which the germ
produces during its growth and disintegration. A living cell secretes and
excretes certain substances. When the cell is destroyed certain other
substances may be liberated. Now if these substances happen to be pois-
onous or harmful to a human body and should gain admission to a human
body a disease would arise in this body. Suppose the typhoid germ
should gain admission to your body, and should multiply in your body,
and during its multiplication these little germs should secrete or excrete
a poison harmful to your body you would then suffer from typhoid fever.
You would not develop typhoid fever until sufficient poison was produced
to distinctly interfere with your vital processes. Thus the dose of poison
which would be harmful to you might not injure me and I go unharmed.
Now we know these things to be facts. We know that these different
forms of disease germs secrete distinct and different forms of poison,
for we can isolate these poisons and demonstrate them on animals. In
fact we can measure them out in doses just like you would strychnine or
any other powerful poison. However we connot get them entirely pure.
The poisons from a particular disease germ will produce the same dis-
ease if the poisons are given in a sufficient dose, that is, produced by the
living germ itself. There is this difference, however, if one use only the
poison and not the living germ, of course the disease will not spread, for
the poison itself cannot grow any more than strychnine can grow of itself.
Thus you see that in most infectious diseases in order for one to recover
from such a disease he must be able to resist the poisons produced. The
mere presence of the very small bacteria would do no great harm in them-
selves, but it is the poisons which they produce. There are some apparent
exceptions but we will not discuss that here.
Some of these poisons are fatal in extremely small doses, even in im-
pure form for we have not been able to purify them. Thus Brieger and
Cohn found that 0.000,000,05 grains of impure tetanus or lockjaw poison
was sufficient to kill a mouse 15 grams in weight. Expressed-in terms so
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 251
that you may understand it, 1-300 of a grain would kill a man of average
weight. Now a drop of water weighs one grain, hence, a dose equal to
1-300 of the weight of a drop of water would kill a man, or a dose equal
in weight to a drop of water would be sufficient to kill three hundred
men. ‘Thus you can understand why some of these diseases are so fatal.
When a patient suffering from an infectious disease like diphtheria
and untreated by a doctor recovers it is because his system was
able to build up in it, a substance which neutralized or destroyed the
poison produced by the diphtheria germ. When the poison is neutralized
the weapon of the germ is taken away and it becomes harmless like a
great many of the harmless germs which we find all around us. Now if
we take the diphtheria poison and inject it into a horse in the proper
ginount we will make the horse sick, but if we do not give him too much
he will recover. The next time after he has fully recovered we inject
a larger dose and he recovers again. We keep on increasing the dose
until we have injected a very large amount. Now if we draw off some
of the horse’s blood and allow it to clot, we shall find that in the straw col-
ored fluid which is squeezed out of the clot a substance which neutralizes
or destroys the poison from the diphtheria germ. Thus we can take dif-
ferent doses of diphtheria poison and find out just how large a dose is
required to kill a guinea pig of a certain weight. After having discovered
the minimum fatal dose for a guinea pig we take ten times this fatal dose
and inject it into a guinea pig. Of course this would mean certain death
to the guinea pig. However at the same time we inject a small quantity
of this horse’s blood serum previously mentioned along with this diph-
theria poison. We thus experiment on a large number of guinea pigs
until we discover exactly how much of the horse blood serum is required
to neutralize ten times the fatal dose for a guinea pig of a certain weight.
When the poison is exactly neutralized the guinea pig should not get sick
at all. Now a horse thus prepared so that his blood will neutralize or
distroy diphtheria poison contains antitoxin in his blood. Therefore diph-
theria antitoxin is this horse blood serum placed in small vials and sold to
the physicians. Enough horse blood serum to exactly neutralize one
hundred times the fatal dose for one guinea pig or to save the lives of one
hundred guinea pigs each receiving a fatal dose of the poison is called an
“immunity unit.” Now you see vials on the market which contain 2000
or even 3000 units of diphtheria antitoxin. Just think what this means.
It means that there is sufficient antitoxin in a 3000 unit bottle to save the
‘lives of 3000 times 100 or 300,000 guinea pigs, each receiving a fatal dose
of poison. ‘This is not theory, for the only way one can know how many
units a vial contains, or the strength of the antitoxin is by actual experi-
ments with that antitoxin in guinea pigs. Thus you see why the antitoxin
252, “MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
saves the life of your child, when it may be necessary to inject enough
antitoxin into that child which would neutralize enough poison to kill
300,000 guinea pigs. The child may contain much more poison than
would be required to kill 300,000 guinea pigs. How could you expect
it to live unless you could succeed in destroying this poison? This you
can do with antitoxin, and this alone.
Now we will discuss vaccine. You are all aware that human beings
do not contract certain diseases which attack your stock. These human
beings are said to be naturally immune to those diseases which they do
not contract even when exposed to them. You are alsc aware that a
certain number of men may be exposed to an infectious disease, some
may contract that disease while others escape. Thus several men may
drink water containing typhoid germs, only a few of them may con-
tract the disease. Now those who do not contract the typhoid fever may
escape because they are immune to that disease. There are various ways
in which we can explain this immunity but we will not discuss that here.
I have previously stated that when an individual recovers from an
infectious disease unaided by a physician, it is because his system has
built up in it something by means of which it protects itself from the
harmful effects of the poison of that disease. After recovery this some-
thing which saved him from the harmful effects of the poison of the dis-
ease remains in his system for a long time. It may remain in his system
for a life time or only a few months. If it remains in his system for a
life time he will not again contract the same disease, if it remains there
only a short time he may contract the same disease when exposed again.
We find different conditions in different diseases and have to explain this
immunity in different ways, but this is the general law. An immunity
acquired by having had the disease is known as “acquired immunity.”
You all know that when one has once had smallpox he is not liable to have
it again, because his system has built up in it something which renders
the poison of smallpox harmless, and hence the cause of smallpox can in
no way harm the body again.
Before going further I wish to say that the immunity of the body
in general is greatly influenced by the care we take of our bodies. Thus
« man exposes himself to rain and cold and then contracts pneumonia.
The rain and cold lowers the resistance of his body and then the germ
of pneumonia takes hold and immediately begins to manufacture its
poisons. The same thing applies to the proper feeding and exercise of the
body, as is well shown in animal experiments.
We all know that epidemics of diseases vary in virulence from
time to time. We also know that when a disease first gets a foothold
in a country it gradually increases in virulence. We find by experiments
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 253
in our laboratories that most of our disease germs can be increased or
decreased at will in their poisoning properties, their virulence. Thus
suppose I decrease the poisoning powers of the blackleg germ, and now
inject it into a calf, the calf does not die but recovers because the germ
could not secrete enough stsong poison to kill it. Now, however, if the
calf becomes infected with the virulent germ of blackleg after it has re-
covered from the milder one, it will not now die, because its system has
built up something to destroy the poison of the milder germ. In doing
this, however, the system of the calf has fortified itself so that when the
more virulent germ attacks it, it can now successfully cope with the more
virulent poison and dees not sicken at all. There are many ways in which
we can decrease the virulence of a germ and then use it for vaccination.
You all know what is known as smallpox vaccine is now obtained
from cows. Formerly we obtained it from the arms of human beings.
According to the best experimental evidence thus far obtained cowpox
is smallpox of the human being modified in virulence by being passed
through the cow. It was formerly traced to a disease among horses
known as “grease.’”’ Therefore, cowpox is smallpox made mild by
passing it through the cow. Now the vesicles from the belly of a cow
which is inoculated with cowpox yields our vaccine. The sterilized ivory
points are dipped into the matter scooped from the vesicles of a cow with
cow-pox, or it is mixed with glycerine and sealed up in little glass tubes.
Now, when one is vaccinated his arm is inoculated with cowpox
or modified smallpox. The disease is so mild that one has only a slightly
sore arm. As in the case of the calf with the blackleg vaccine, so in the
case of the human being after being vaccinated. His system in_ resisting
the mild poison of the vaccine has so fortified itself that it can now fight
the real virulent smallpox when exposed. Something has been produced
in his system which neutralizes or destroys the poisons of smallpox.
This fortifying substance built up in the body as a result of vaccination
may last only a few months or it may last a life time. One cannot tell.
The only safe rule is to be vaccinated every time one is exposed to small-
pox. Even twenty-four hours after exposure to smallpox vaccination
will save one from the disease. WHen vaccination is localized on the skin
the immunity is produced so rapidly that the poison of smallpox is over-
come before it can be generated in sufficient quantity to cause smallpox.
The sore arm is caused by uncleanliness. If the proper care is taken
by the doctor and patient during and after the vaccination there should
be no sore arm. The sore arm is due to an infection. If all of our
people were properly vaccinated there would be no smallpox.
254 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
THE CANNING INDUSTRY.
(By Hon. N. F. Murray, Oregon, Mo.)
The art of canning provisions to preserve them is of comparatively
recent date. As early as 1810 Augustus de Heine took out a patent in
England for preserving food in tin or other metal cases by simply ex-
hausting the air by means of an air pump, but it was unsuccessful. It
was followed by a number of others by various persons, all of which were
more or less failures, until Werthermer’s patents, .“three in number,”
which dated from 1839 to 1841. On this foundation the canning industry
has been built up, and from time to time new improvements have been
added, till at present it is one of the great industries of the country.
For a time canning was mainly confined to the eastern states, but
of late years it has spread to a considerable extent throughout the western
states, having made a phenomenal growth in California.
The assets of the California Fruit Canners’ Association are $5,525,483.
The association last year worked up 56,851 tons of fruit and vegetables
and 5,908,147 pounds of sugar were used in the process. A large amount
of the fruit and vegetables canned are grown upon land worth from $200
up to $1,000 per acre and shipped thousands of miles to market, and they
may be found in every grocery of our country. Last fall orders were
placed with the California canners for three hundred car loads of canned
tomatoes to supply Missouri and adjoining states. We have no com-
plaints to make against the people of California for the strenuous efforts
they are’ putting forth to supply the world with their products, but we
have a right to ask our own people of Missouri, why do we not grow and
can our own products to supply our own people and retain our money at
home, in place of continually paying it out to build up great commercial
centers in distant states?
We have the land. At least fifteen millions of acres of Missouri
is the finest and best fruit and vegetable land in the world. Our fruits
have always taken first awards at all the great world’s expositions. This
land can be bought for $5 up to $100 per acre, and it needs no irrigation.
It is near railroads and in a State that has a fine home market among her
three millions of people, one-half of whom live in towns and cities. With
ali these great natural and superior advantages, why has Missouri not
engaged more extensively in the canning industry? Simply because of
the fact that Missouri is a State so highly favored with such a variety
of crops and such a wonderfully diversified industry that her people
“do not have to go to market with their eggs all in one basket,” as they
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. . 255
do in some sections. Our people may select any one of forty or more
industries from which they can make a living by only a reasonable effort.
One-half or more of our farmers are bank depositors, and having large,
rich, fertile farms stocked with fine herds, making money easily, and
living in luxury they give but little thought or concern to “side issues”
such as canning fruits and vegetables, and why should they? I have fre-
quently heard farmers at the close of a farmers’ institute, where they
had listened for hours to able lectures on the profits of dairying, fruit-
growing, canning, etc., remark that such things might pay very well, but
they did not care to bother with them and did not have to. And to all
such we say, very well, continue on and give close attention to your farm
crops and to your herds. In the very nature of things our broad acres
will in the future, as in the past, be largely devoted to farm crops and
live stock, and we are justly proud of the record we are making in agri-
culture; but we have many sections in the vicinity of our large towns
and cities where labor is plenty, well suited to the growing and canning
of fruits and vegetables. We are doing a little, but might increase this
industry ten fold without detracting an iota from our general farm and
stock operations. |
Twenty years ago we began to urge and advocate the starting up of
canning plants in Holt county and twelve years ago a company was or-
ganized at Oregon, Missouri, and a plant put in at a cost of $8,000. It
has run every year and made money. One year the profits were over
$5,000, but the great benefit resulting from the plant is the fact that it
each year scatters twelve to fifteen thousand dollars in our little town
-and the immediate vicinity, that goes largely into the pockets of the poorer
classes of our citizens and enables them to pay their living expenses. "The
goods of this plant took the gold medal at the World’s Columbian Expo-
sition held at Chicago, for the best canned corn and tomatoes, and it has
never been any trouble to sell the entire pack at good prices.
A few years ago another canning plant was put in at Forest City,
Holt county, Missouri, by Allen Brothers, of Omaha, at a cost of $7,000,
with a capacity of twenty thousand cans per day. They have paid out for
corn, fruit, vegetables and labor fifteen to twenty thousand dollars per
year, and have made good money, and now talk of enlarging the plant to
keep up with the increasing demand for their goods. These two plants
are only three miles apart and have beyond a doubt added much to the
wealth and prosperity of the respective communities where located, and
that, too, without detracting anything from other industries. Much of
the sweet corn and tomatoes are grown by people who have small acre-
ages and in young orchards, and no better crops can be grown than in
the young orchard, as the needed cultivation for the corn and tomatoes
256 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
gives the young trees the cultivation necessary to secure a fine, thrifty
growth.
From our experience and observation in the business, we can say
that the canning industry, if properly gone into, with the plant well located
and made up of the latest up-to-date machinery and run on business prin-
ciples, will pay the investors ten to fifteen per cent on their capital, and
in addition will prove a blessing to the community where located.
We have no interest in selling canning plant machinery, or anything
pertaining to what we have said in this article. We have retired from
the nursery business and are now engaged in commercial fruit growing.
In all public matters it is our desire and ambition to see our great State
move forward and excel in all of the great and growing industries for
which nature has so eminently endowed her. Hence we aim to give you
the benefit of our life time experience in fruit growing, vegetable gar-
dening and the canning industry.
It is only a matter of time until we must turn our attention to the
intensive culture of the soil, rather than the extensive, in order to feed
and clothe the teeming millions of the world’s rapidly increasing popula-
tion. We need have no fear of an over-production of canned goods.
They will keep and are always in demand and may with safety be shipped
to the world’s most distant markets.
It will be well for any community desiring to embark in the canning
industry to first have some competent and disinterested person to look
over their location, examine their lands and pass upon the crops that may
be grown successfully, and on all other points relating to the business.
SOME NOTES FROM EUROPEAN HORTICULTURE: °
(By J. C. Whitten, Horticulturist Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo.)
The American horticulturist in Europe cannot fail to be struck
by the difference between their methods and ours. Their methods
are intensive, ours are extensive. They bestow much labor and
extreme care upon the individual plant, while we give less care to
the individual in order to produce plants in large quantities. Theirs
is a horticultural retail business, while we grow by wholesale. The
German particularly grows a variety of fruits, ripening at different
times, in order to secure a succession; we grow few varieties in large
quantity in order to supply a large amount for a single shipment.
Commercially then American horticulture far outstrips European
horticulture. “They have nothing which compares in magnitude to
our large American orchards. With the possible exception of their
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 257
extensive vineyards in the wine districts, they have no very large
areas planted to a single kind of fruit.
Perhaps it can not be said, however, that the German, for example,
is less well supplied with fruit than is the American. He plants
many kinds, from the early strawberry to the late apple, and also
plants many varieties of each fruit in order that a little may be pro-
duced for market each day. We plant large areas to a single variety
in order to market a large quantity at a time. The German markets
locally in small quantity. He sells each apple, for instance, just when
it is ready to be eaten. With him seldom a day passes without bring-
ing to perfection its quota of delicious fruit.
Horticulture in Germany partakes more of the nature of garden-
ing than of commercial orcharding, as we understand it in America.
Their fruit trees are largely planted along the road sides, thus serving
also as ornamental shade trees. When planted as an orchard in
private grounds, the space under the trees is usually planted as a
garden to small fruits and flowers.
The Germans also practice fancy or ornamental methods of train-
ing and pruning their fruit trees. Often the fruit trees are trained
fan-shape against the garden wall or on trellises like vines. Espaliered
trees border the garden walks or artificially formed specimens occupy
central points in the garden. Everywhere the gardening feature
predominates. Fruit trees are pruned with great care and trained
in artificial shapes so that a few specimens furnish occupation for a
person.
They prune in summer and in winter. Summer pruning con-
sists of shortening wood growth or in turning it into unusual direc-
tions to induce the formation of fruit buds and to admit air and
light. Winter pruning consists of distributing the branches over the
desired space, of thinning the fruit buds to the required number and
of shortening the rank wood growth so as to keep the tree sym-
metrical. The American orchardist could not make a living putting
so much labor on a single tree.
All available space in their plantation is utilized. Under the
standard trees are planted the dwarfs or small varieties like the
Quince. The space between these smaller trees is filled with cur-
rants, gooseberries, small fruits and flowers, so that all the ground
is occupied. With the painstaking care which is given abundant
fruit buds are usually secured. By thinning the fruit spurs and the
fruit itself, the trees are prevented from overbearing and their uni-
A—17
258 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
form vigor is so kept up that off years are not so prevalent as they
are in America.
The German takes great pains to put his fruit on the market in
small attractive packages, just when it is ready to be eaten, and he
secures prices for the best grades such as we have never dreamed
of getting in America. Even the apples are not all picked from the
tree at the same time. The early ripening specimens are taken from
the tree first and several subsequent pickings are made, so that each
specimen is gathered when it is in just the right stage of develop-
ment. The fruit is stored in cool cellars and as soon as a few speci-
mens are ripe, they are attactively packed, two to half a dozen in a
basket, and put on the market so that they reach the consumer on
the day when they are at their best. They say that perishable fruits,
like the pear and peach, are at their best stage for eating only for a
period of about twenty-four hours and that the most delicious stage
of the apple does not last for a much longer period. If fruit is put on
the market a day or two too early or too late, it does not please the
customer who eats it, and consequently the price must be low, while
if marketed at just the right time, choice specimens will bring the
highest prices. The difference between a first class specimen of
fruit and an ordinary one is greater in Europe than it is in America.
They claim that different varieties of the same kind of fruit
ripen best at different temperatures; some sorts need a temperature
of 38 to 40 degrees, while others are improved by being subjected to
a temperature slightly below freezing. In a general way, early
ripening sorts are best if subjected to the higher temperature, and
the long-keeping, firm sorts need the lower temperature to bring
out their best flavor.
The poorest specimens of fruit are usually canned or preserved
at home. Everywhere one sees apparatus for preserving surplus
fruit on a small scale. Germans are much better supplied with
jellies, marmalade, preserves, wine, etc., than are Americans. On
account of using low grade fruit in this way, a part of the product
is carried over to those seasons when green fruit is not plentiful and
better prices are secured for the green fruit in its season.
While the intensive methods of the German gardeners might
not be directly adapted to our American conditions, the principles
involved in placing only the best upon the market so as to create a
demand for high priced fruit, are worthy of our consideration.
i Be
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.
bo
cr
co
THE FARMER’S LIBRARY.
(By William D. McKee, Polo, Mo.)
There are three general sources by which we gain knowledge,
viz.: by conversation, by listening to lectures and by reading. The
student of the Agricultural College has the opportunity of availing
himself of all of these, but with the average farmer it is different.
He must rely largely upon reading. Sir Francis Bacon said that
“reading maketh a full man,” and it has been said by a distinguished
educator that there are two kinds of educated persons, the one who
knows much and the one who knows where to find much. I am not
one who would claim or argue that the farmer to be successful should
be a classical scholar or one deeply versed in scientific knowledge,
yet I do maintain that he should have a well selected library made
up of the works of practical men who have written well upon the
topics which are of vital interest to the farmer. I do not enter upon
the task of writing these observations upon the importance of every
farmer providing himself with an abundance of wholesome literature
relating to his life work, ignorant of the prejudice which exists among
a large number of farmers against what they call “book farmers” or
“book farming.”
This prejudice, I am glad to say,is fast fading out, however just
may have been the cause for it in the past. There was a time when
books on farming of a very impractical character found their way into
the farmers’ homes, and possibly a few books and agricultural papers
of this class are being issued and published today. But that is no
reason for denouncing them all. The American farmers of today
are a reading and a thinking class of men, more so than those of any
other country. They are also able to discern what to read as well as
to be able to intelligently apply the principles set out in what they
read.
Those who have critically examined the recent works upon
farming will, I think, agree with me in pronouncing them to be in-
tensely practical and compiled by men noted for their broad knowl-
edge of the subjects upon which they have written. These works
and publications are usually full of such information as the farmer
is greatly in need of and at times absolutely necessary in order that
he may successfully prosecute the operations of farming. There are
various sources from which the farmer may obtain literature, such
as the publications of the agricultural press, books, and the publica-
260 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
tions of the State and National government. The agricultural papers
are today giving the farmer some very valuable reading matter and
I feel no hesitancy in urging every farmer to subscribe for one or
more of these journals.
If his work is along a special line, as dairying or poultry raising,
he will have no trouble in finding periodicals published by specialists
in his line. Or if his work be that of general farming, such as stock
raising and the growing of crops, he can easily find good and reliable
publications edited by men who are or have been successful farmers.
I now come to that part of this paper that should interest every
farmer who has not provided for himself a library. I refer to the
publications published by the State and National government. These
publications are compiled by men who are wholly free from bias and
in every way eminently qualified to write upon these subjects. These
are for the most part sent free, and when a price is charged, it is
merely the cost of publication. They cover most every conceivable
phase of farming and are issued in book and pamphlet form. Those
to be had in book form are the Year Book and other prints of the
United States Department of Agriculture, and the annual reports of
the various State boards of agriculture. Those to be had in pamphlet
form and possibly the most interesting and useful to the farmer are
the Farmers’ Bulletins issued by the United States Department of
Agriculture and thé experiment stations of the different states.
Now as this is written in part as a guide to farmers who are
desirous of collecting books and publications for a farmer’s library,
I will give what in my judgment are some of the many books and
publications that are worthy a place in every farmer’s library. No
farmer’s library would be considered complete without such text
books as “The Soil,” by King; “Fertility of the Soil,” by Roberts;
“Animal Breeding,’ by Miles; “Horse Breeding,’ by Saunders;
“Feeds and Feeding,” by Henry; “Veterinary Adviser,” by Laws;
“The Domestic Sheep,” by Henry Stewart; “Swine Husbandry,” by
Coburn; “Judging Live Stock,” by Craig; “Poultry Farming,” by
Felch; “Principles of Vegetable Gardening,” by Bailey; “Principles
of Fruit Growing,” by Bailey; “Bush Fruits,” by Fred Card; “Fruit
Harvesting and Marketing,’ by Waugh; “Insects and Insecticides,”
by Weed; “Strawberry Culture,” by Fuller. I would include in this
list on Horticulture, the Annual Reports of the State Horticultural
Society.
Among the publications of the State and National government
I would recomend the annual reports and bulletins of the different
States and the Year Book and Farmers’ Bulletins of the department
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 261
at Washington, D. C.; also the Special Report on the Diseases of
the Horse and the Diseases of Cattle by the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry at Washington. By writing to the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Union Building, Washington, D. C., you will receive a list
from which you can obtain for the asking, free, such Farmres’ Bulle-
tins as “The Feeding of Farm Animals,” “Hog Cholera and Swine
Plague,” “Silos and Silage,” “Potato Culture,” “Care and Feeding of
Fowls,” “Barnyard Manure,” “Kaffir Corn,” “Essentials in Beef Pro-
duction,’ “Conformation of Beef and Dairy Cattle,” “Cow Peas,”
“Rotation of Crops,” etc.
By a careful observance of the suggestions set out in this ar-
ticle, any farmer, at a very small outlay of money, can provide for
himself a library in every way adequate to the demands of the aver-
age farmer.
EXPERIMENTS IN CATTLE FEEDING.
(Written for the annual meeting of the ‘American Federation of Agricultural Students,”
held in Chicago, December 2, 1902, by Jas. N. Price, Student
in Agriculture, University of Missouri.)
Since cattle feeding has come to be one of the most important
industries in the United States, the question of how to produce the
cheapest beef has become one of great importance to the feeder. A
great many experiments have been conducted along this line by the
experiment stations of the different states with some excellent re-
sults, showing the relative values of the different grains and hays
as well as the value of shelter for cattle on full feed and the com-
parative values of summer and winter feeding. But, after all these
experiments and the many bulletins published and papers written on
this subject of cattle feeding, many farmers still say that the old way
is good enough for them; and continue to feed cattle for market on
corn and timothy hay.
The Missouri Experimental Station has carried on a number of
experiments in cattle feeding with some interesting and valuable
results. One of the most interesting of these experiments was con-
ducted for the purpose of testing the relative values of different kinds
of roughness for cattle feeding. The first trial was made with three
262 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
lots of four two-year-old, steers, each full fed on shelled corn. The
first lot was fed timothy hay for roughness, the second cow pea hay,
and the third clover hay and corn fodder with the following results:
Lot. Corn. | Roughness. | Daily gain | Gain per bu.
| | per steer. of corn.
Corn sand ‘timothy, Nayecse.. ss. ¥ 166 bu. 3,813 lbs. 1.69 lbs. | 4.87 lbs.
Corn Fand. “Cowpea Rays ec.cc tens 188 bu. | 3,662 lbs. 2.64 lbs. | 6.74 lbs.
GOVE HAY vrcen c.ctvone seca caes scene | See dita emimatastetee 1,626 lbs. + 'sreje @ iidiotare e)e%er a! | o ocaleter cnet ane
Corn and, corn fodder... s....ccesne | 185 bu. | 1,889 lbs. | 1.94 lbs. 4.96 lbs.
It is shown by these results that the clover and corn fodder lot
ate 19 bushels more corn than the timothy hay lot, but on the other
hand they ate 298 pounds less roughness and gained 0.25 pound more
per day per steer, and made 0.11 pound more gain per bushel 2 corn
than the lot fed on timothy hay.
The cow pea hay lot ate 22 bushels more corn; a little less
roughness ; and gained 1.78 pounds more per bushel of corn and made
a daily gain of 0.95 pound more per steer than the timothy hay lot.
The second trial was made with four steers in each lot as before
with practically the same results, as is shown by the following table:
| Bushels of | Pounds of |Daily gain per) Lbs. of gain
| corn. | roughness. | steer. | per bu. corn.
“as | | |
f |
Corn and timothy hay ......... | 157.5 2,540 i] 1.97 5.00
Corn andi Clover Nays toc ce ccc | 176.2 | 4,768 | 2.84 6.44
Corn and cow pea hay.......... ipee | 4,783 | 2.84 | 6.47
COVER EW ay mteis ersvsuste ate tecereloets talfone | iS Maleyaa ni toner | 2,475 | BAA Get eGe | «. Sela
Corn and corn fodder .......... 176.2 | 868 | 2.85 | 6.74
GIOVE MNS ire eters = cee tere syeloreuel naierel| lorcteleusicitiove arene | 2,967 | sivers fags notte “euauetate | «19, sda Se
Corn and. wheat strawiscsc...... | 169.0 | 1,139 | 2.68 | 6.65
Through some mistake the clover hay and corn fodder lot were
allowed all the clover hay they would eat and consequently they
made clover about three-fourth of their roughness; yet the gains serve
to show the great value of clover for feeding cattle on full feed. The
results of the experiments show that all the lots, which received clover
hay or cow pea hay for all or part of their roughness, ate a little
more corn than the timothy hay lot, but in every case they made
better daily gains; and the gain per bushel of corn was from 1.08
pound for clover hay and wheat straw to 1.74 pound for the clover
hay and corn fodder lot more than for the timothy hay lot.
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 263
These experiments show the importance of feeding a balanced
ration. Notice that when corn and timothy hay were fed together
the daily gain per steer was only 1.97 pounds and that a bushel of
corn produced only 5 pounds gain. ‘But, however, when clover was
fed instead of timothy the average daily gain per steer was 2.84
pounds, and a bushel of corn produced 6.44 pounds of gain or prac-
tically a pound and a half in favor of clover hay. With beef at five
cents per pound this means that the feeder would get about seven and
a half cents per bushel more for his corn by feeding clover instead
of timothy.
It is of importance to note that not only did the clover and cow
pea hay give more rapid and much cheaper gains, but the steers fed
on these hays showed a much better coat and far more finish than
those fed on timothy hay, and would have easily outsold them on
the market. Even when corn fodder and wheat straw was fed with
either clover or cow pea hay the effect upon the quality and appear-
ance of the:steer was as marked as the gain.
RATIONS FOR WINTERING YEARLING STEERS.
Since practically every farmer winters at least a few cattle and
comparatively only a few men finish cattle for market, the Missouri
Station decided to carry on a series of experiments to determine the
best roughness for wintering steers without grain or on half feed.
The trials were made with four yearling steers in each lot, and corn
and timothy hay were again taken as the standard ration.
The results of the first experiment were briefly as follows:
[Daily gain per
The lot fed on | steer—lbs.
MMLOn Vey weCLCs tae DU Ol, COLIN a) si:01.0 clereasia lene Sil eye, eure a's eudliey eta eierch.s) sha .aieaisyal | . 64
Miaverehay sang. COrm fOoUder. 28) De OL GOL s.<s1ejeyervicel «eis c/o) el (eleva) efei/ey eesehepel's) 6 | .88
SER TIC HE AU COL COLI se alehotars «cla cierene) oretauetenel el etevelelere: ere-reie.ercheelersiere sels | 1.54
MGC ali AV TO) (COLI iat s ciate cleventrclolekavcheleker svehtlonars gy etehine ebolene etcuere shereba ect, 1a eile ce | 56
One of the most striking results of this experiment is the ex-
cellent gains obtained by feeding cow pea hay. It will be noticed
that when fed with 28 bushels of corn the average daily gain per
steer was 1.54 pound as compared with 0.64 pound when timothy
hay and corn was fed. Even when fed alone, without any grain at
all, the average daily gain per steer was only 0.08 pound less than
when 28 bushels of corn was fed with timothy hay.
c
264 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
The second trial was made with the same class of cattle. Each
steer was fed six pounds of corn per day which amounted to 24.4
bushels of corn for each lot during the experiment. The gains were
as follows:
| Gains per day
Roughness. | per steer.
|
ANI Yo) Arh oil ch ee Ee ea cro acicia eine Chaar to sence POP SORT COO ARO I Ske 1.00 pound.
GLOV ET Day) xcs x sie ese sions oi5.G,oroisi e's Mhcronsnetsliaue w:latre tats soled Metin e lots alata tebene) arate ts teeta | 2.00 >
TH ILGE SST chars fe fol ahi lero io ain the a tle’ apa state istotateie ieiolete ats ioe ienchaia tora p otal eatenaT state t ence ak O°ST i ee
Soren Hay. cet. & aletcictsieschche tates es vehavel cvs) ohare wietader ede tepermtolle fo doyenevere te Reteton ee atekare | 0.52 s§
Glovershayeand cornet Oder sah osce saci ecg mitt ie oc ee ) a. Soames
As in other trials clover fed alone or with corn fodder gave ex-
cellent results. The surprising feature of this experiment is the very
poor showing made by millet and sorghum even when compared with
timothy. Although there seems to be no reason for doubting the
accuracy of these results, yet the station managers hardly feel safe
to reach definite conclusions as to the feeding values of these hays
from the results of a single experiment.
INFLUENCE OF SHELTER ON GAIN OF STEERS.
A series of experiments have been carried on to test the value of
a warm shelter for feeding purposes. The results were as follows:
(1) Two lots, one in a barn and one in open shed. The open
shed lot ate 14% bushels more corn and one-fourth ton more hay
and gained 0.25 pound more per day per steer than the lot in the
barn.
(2) Three lots were used; one in the barn, one in open shed
and one in open lot. Those in open shed ate 19% bushels more corn
and a little less hay and gained 245 Ibs., or a daily gain per steer of
0.45 pound, more than those in the barn. Those in the open lot ate
the same amount of corn and hay as those in the barn and gained
240 pounds, or 0.44 pound per day per steer, more.
(3) In this trial those in the open lot ate one bushel less corn
and one-fifth of a ton more hay than the lot in the barn and vained
8 pounds, or a daily gain per steer of 0.2 pound, more. Those in the
open lot ate seven bushels less corn and the same amount of hay and
gained 42 pounds more than those in the barn, which shows a daily
gain of 0.11 pound more per day per steer.
(4) In this trial the steers in the open shed ate 13 bushels more
corn and 0.22 ton more hay and gained 60 pounds, or a daily gain per
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 265
steer of 0.14 pound, more than those in the barn. Those in the open
lot ate 31 bushels more corn and 0.73 ton more hay and gained 107
pounds, a daily gain per steer of 0.26 pound more than the lot fed
in the barn.
It will be noticed that in the last two trials the steers in the
open lot made better gains than even those fed in the open shed;
and, while they ate more in the last trial, in the third they ate less
than the open shed lot.
In these experiments the steers in the barn were kept in a rea-
sonably tight but well ventilated barn with a plank floor and were
allowed to run loose. They were kept well bedded. During pieasant
weather they were allowed the run of a well drained lot from 8
o'clock in the morning to 4 o’clock in the afternoon. They were
turned into the lot for water every day, but in stormy weather were
put back in barn as soon as they were watered.
The open shed was closed on the north, east and west and open
on the south. It had a dirt floor which was kept well bedded to keep
it as dry as possible. This shed opened into a lot of about the same
size as the one used for those in the barn. The steers were fed and
watered in the shed, but had free access to the lot in all kinds of
weather. .
For those which were fed in the open lot some corn stalks were
thrown in one corner of the lot to give them a dry place to lie.
All these trials gave practically the same results. While the
difference in gains in open shed and open lot show no marked differ-
ence in favor of the open shed, yet from all results it seems fair to
say that when much winter feeding is done it is profitable to furnish
a suitable shelter for the cattle for their feed, and particularly to give
them a dry place on which to lie. But from the results of the ex-
periments it does not seem profitable to try to make this shelter
warm.
Not being satisfied with these results the station manager de-
cided to ask the opinion of the leading feeders of Missouri, Iowa, IIli-
nois and Nebraska. They found that out of 663 feeders, 117, or 17.6
per cent, preferred barn; 392, or 59 per cent, preferred open shed; 154,
or 23.2 per cent, preferred open lot.
Notice that over one-half preferred the open shed. It is inter-
esting to note also that many of those who preferred a barn described
the kind of a barn they used and it was practically little more than
an open shed. So it was found that the experience of practical feeders
verifies the result of the experiment.
{
266 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
It must be remembered, however, that the cattle in this ex-
periment were on full feed which produced a great deal of animal
heat. This same experiment was carried on with yearling steers;
during one winter, feeding hay only, and the other three winters
feeding a small amount of corn and all the timothy hay they would
eat; and the results were greatly in favor of the barn.
SUMMER AND WINTER FEEDING. -
Since the practice of the most experienced feeders tends towards
summer feeding, the Missouri Station decided to inquire into the mat-
ter; and on sending an inquiry to a large number of the leading
feeders of Missouri and some neighboring states found that less than
ten per cent of the practical feeders were in favor of winter feeding,
while fifty-one per cent were in favor of summer feeding, and forty
per cent favored either spring and summer, summer and fall, or
spring and fall. To learn more of the practice of these men an-
other inquiry was made asking if winter feeding had been found
profitable and if they still practiced it. Only 372 answered “Yes,”
while 441 answered “No,” showing that 54 per cent had discontinued
winter feeding.
Then in order to get the relative gains of cattle on full feed in
summer and winter the station sent out this question: “What is your
average daily gain per steer on full feed?” In answer to this ques-
tion the following was received from three states:
IN WINTER.
MESSOULE AVERT OAs ALY MeL fare ieyetevesaicie sls Zitat ieeteests tates falcata ols) ovokerc ohelere enere | 2.11 pounds.
TGWAseAVECALE’ GAY MOM SI Ale cic tole cto tate ere -ele erate SRR ET ahs etelens oie cha, aiea eats | 2532 ne
Plinois; average: dsily<gainwe > 2 sori Bris heels aye idol e'=) os Beeb ciapele ae wish aha eer | 2.18 ce
AOL OE Gioe tee lic, sve sallone. Dsohens oie oreiese (elle, = lene ans co (hoe oremers toads av pie cone ag emeney a pene | 2.20 pounds.
IN SUMMER.
Missouri-faverage daily again, wre ks, bie nile biota a eeekd fet eas lee ce Serene eee | 2.90 pounds.
Vowsas ‘averare. dally opin oS e:acann 2 cy enloge eve kavegeoroneuiras cde tees ieee eet ae eee ne | 2.80 <4
Uilinois-aversee daily, Pain im od s:.cccke,sseravasaut c.g Msoks sole Tans uote agev ec Peg atetste a Rene | 2.84 -S
CV CERO 5 ts angele atest. 0 tel Shhatare have ila: cuahatch pene Achaps Phare, a. etek Potarekatete tara tert evan are | 2.85 pounds.
This shows a gain of 0.65 pound per day per steer in favor of
summer feeding.
The results of experiments carried on at the Missouri Station
with regard to summer and winter feeding are of interest here.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 267
Taking the results of the experiments during five years on
winter feeding, which are, in point of feed used, age of cattle, and
other conditions, fairly comparable to the summer feeding we learn
that the average daily consumption of roughness in winter feeding
was 3.15 pounds per steer. Then at $5.00 per ton it cost 61 cents
monthly per steer for roughness; 73 cents at $6.00 per ton; and 88
cents at $7.00 per ton.
These cattle weighed about 1,000 pounds when placed on expert-
ment; and around Columbia pasture may be had at from 60 cents to
$1.00 per month for such cattle on full feed. Hence it is fair to say
that the cost of roughness will about balance the cost of pasttfre,
thus bringing the problem down to a comparison of the number of
pounds of grain required to make a pound of beef under the two
systems of feeding and the relative amounts of labor involved.
It was found that ten pounds of grain made a pound of beef in
winter (as an average gain of all the experiments) and that a bushel
of corn produced 5.6 pounds of beef. [n summer on grass 7.19 pounds
of corn made a pound of gain, or a gain of 7.7 pounds per bushel of
corn; a difference of a little more than 28 per cent in favor of sum-
mer feeding. It was found also that the average daily gain in winter
was 2.13 pounds per steer, while in summer it was 2.56 pounds—a
difference of 0.43 pound in favor of summer feeding.
Besides obtaining the better gains in summer feeding the labor
is much less than in winter since the handling of roughness is elimi-
nated, and in most cases the cattle are fed only once a day—either
early in the morning or preferably in the evening after sunset.
From the experience of a great number of veteran feeders, and
from the results of the station experiments, it is shown without doubt
that the spring and fall seasons are very much better times for
sectiring good gains at small expense than winter with its sudden
changes and extreme cold or midsummer with its heat and flies. But
anfortunately these seasons are not long enough to allow a stzer
to be finished properly without either beginning in winter or feeding
through summer heat. The reports received from the leading feeler
show that they try to overcome this difficulty to some extent by
conducting their feeding so that they are able to finish their cattle in
spring or fall instead of winter or midsummer.
Cattle feeding is, as it is generally conducted, one of the sources
of greatest loss on the farm; while if it is properly conducted be-
comes one of the most profitable branches of agricultural industries.
Indeed it is deserving of close study and careful practice.
268 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE DAIRY COW.
(By Dr. Sesco Stewart, Kansas City Veterinary College.)
A few years ago Dr. Edward Rush, of New York, became interested
in the study of tuberculosis and after patient investigation as to the extent
and prevalence of this disease he found that in every country where tu-
berculosis prevailed among the people it was also prevalent among the
cattle used for dairy purposes. He found also that where milk and
butter were not used as a food, the people were not afflicted with tuber-
culosis. Of the cattle slaughtered in Prussia a recent report shows that
14.6 per cent were tuberculous ; in Saxony the percentage found was 29.3;
in Belgium 20,850 cattle were tested in 1896 and 48.88 per cent were
found to be afflicted with this disease. An eminent authority in England
estimates that 30 per cent of the cows of that country are tuberculous. In
the New England states the percentage of tuberculous cows is probably
not nearly so great, yet the number is relatively large. Under the direc-
tion of the cattle commission of Massachusetts, over 24,000 dairy cows
were tested, 50 per cent of which were found to be tuberculous. These
cattle were in the worst infected counties. The dairies maintained by
several of the states, at the agricultural college farms, hospitals for the
insane and other state institutions, have been tested and in almost every
instance an alarming percentage of tuberculous cows have been found.
Of the cows shipped from the territory west of the Missouri river
to Omaha, St. Joseph and Kansas City for slaughter, many are found to
be diseased with tuberculosis, hence it is fair to believe that the dairies
of Missouri are not free from this malady. A consideration of this sub-
ject at the present time may be helpful in drawing particular attention
to the nature and characteristics of this disease and lead to the prevention
of its extensive development throughout the dairy districts of this State.
Tuberculosis as a disease is not confined to cattle but prevails among
all animals, domesticated or wild. Even fowls and fishes contract the
disease.
An animal body is composed of cells or unit elements arranged in
groups and tissues, and these into masses or organs, such as mucous
membrane, lungs, liver, muscles, bones and skin. The cells of which
flesh and bone are made up are cemented together into tissues and organs,
and in channels formed everywhere through these tissues and organs
in which flow streams of fluid that contain large numbers of loose cells.
These loose cells under certain conditions can wedge their way between
the fixed tissue cells.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 269
The germ causing tuberculosis is very much smaller than either the
loose cells floating in the body, or the fixed cells constituting the tissues,
and when once it has found entrance into an animal body it can pene-
trate between the tissue cells. This little germ, the bacillus tuberculosis,
finds its way into the animal body through various channels, and is able
to make use of the tissues in which it becomes lodged, as food for growth
and multiplication in numbers. Strange as it may seem, this germ is
able to grow in any tissue of the animal body, hence it sets up diseased
processes in the lungs, liver, glands, muscles, skin, and even the bones.
The development of the germs in any tissue produces an irritation at
that point and the tissue undertakes to protect itself from further en-
croachment by building a wall round about the invaders. Loose cells
accumulate in an effort to surround the disease germs causing a thicken-
ing of the tissues and a heaping up as it were into a little hillock or nodule.
Such a nodule is spoken of as a tubercle, hence this disease is called tuber-
culosis. The colony of germs within the tubercle secrete a poisonous
substance which causes the death of the layers of cells next to them and
while the tubercle is continuously strengthened on the outside it is de-
stroyed on the inner side. The dead elements of the enclosing wall are
converted into a cheesy mass having a white or yellowish white color,
while the outer surface of the tubercle may be either gray or pink in
color, depending somewhat on the place in which it develops. These
tubercles vary in size from a pin head to a pea, and when growing upon
a serous membrane they have a gray or pearly color and constitute the
old time “pearl disease” of cattle. These tubercles may grow close to-
gether and accumulate in masses as large as a walnut, a man’s fist, or even
larger than this. When the disease process has developed slowly the
cheesy centers of the tubercles contain gritty particles of lime salts.
Sometimes they coalesce, run together and the dead cells become one
large cheesy mass.
If you are examining the carcass of a cow and should find tubercles
such as have been described, and by cutting them open you find the cen-
ters are made up of cheesy, gritty masses, you will know that they are
the lesions of tuberculosis. The parts of the body in which these tuber-
cles are found are rarely the seats of other diseases producing like lesions,
hence there is little chance of being mistaken.
Tuberculosis spreads among dairy cattle quite slowly when they are
not housed, but when stabled and fed from a common manger, the dis-
charges from the lungs, coughed out by a cow on the hay, manger or
floor, are swallowed with the food by the cows in the stanchions next to
the afflicted one, or those down the line in the directiun in which the hay
is pushed along the manger. A calf suckling a tuberculous cow is quite
270 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
likely to contract the disease because tuberculosis germs escape from the
body through the udder with the milk. The mucus coughed up by a cow
and which lodges upon the manger or walls of the enclosure may be-
come dried into a powder and be blown about in the air, and in this way
breathed into the lungs by healthy cattle, there to set up the disease.
This disease develops very slowly, it requiring weeks and months
for it to reach a stage at which any symptoms are produced recognizable
by the ordinary observer. When the disease is contracted by the animal
breathing the germs into the lungs, the first symptom is a cough which
gradually becomes more and more frequent. Coughing spells are brought
on by exertion, such as getting up after having lain for a time, running,
or by drinking freely of cold water. If the infection occurred through
swallowing the virus, often the first symptom is that of indigestion with
bloating, and diarrhoea alternating with constipation. After the dis-
ease has progressed farther and interferes with the functions of one or
more vital organs the animal begins to lose in flesh and shrink in milk,
if giving milk, and all the symptoms increase in severity until the ani-
mal is destroyed or dies of the disease. No matter in what organ the
disease first starts, it will ultimately spread to all parts of the body.
When it develops in the udder, it is recognized by the formation of
rounded masses here and there in one or more quarters. Sometimes a
number of such masses, varying in size from a hazelnut to a walnut, are
so close together as to appear, when handled, as one nodular painless
mass. ‘The quarters in which large masses develop usually give a thin
watery milk which is very noticeable when compared with that of the
other quarters.
It behooves every dairyman to be alert and not permit any diseased
animal to become a part of his herd. When such a one is found he
should dispose of it and protect his herd from contamination. The cow
which has a persistent cough or diarrhoea, or continues to become un-
thrifty under the same treatment that others maintained a fair condition,
or one in which nodular masses develop in the udder should be at once
separated from the herd. If it does not seem desirable to dispose of that
animal at once, it should be kept apart from the others and watched for
further developments. When a herd once becomes infected with tuber-
culosis, it will not long remain a profitable herd. The loss from death
and from shrinkage in quantity of milk and physical condition of the
animals is quite sure to take away the profits.
There is yet another factor to be considered, the milk from a tuber-
culous cow when fed to pigs will give the disease to these animals. It
is customary among dairymen and feeders of cattle to haul the carcass
of a cow or steer that dies to a place where the swine may feed upon it,
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 271
for the well established reason that raw flesh serves as change of diet
and stimulates to greater thriftness. If such animal has died of tuber-
culosis, the swine which feed upon it are quite likely to contract the dis-
ease and prove not only a loss of the animals directly involved, but also
spread contagion to others.
The carcass of a tuberculous animal may be rendered serviceable as
food for swine if it is thoroughly cooked, and the milk from a tubercu-
lous cow may be rendered harmless by boiling. Such cooking and boil-
ing destroys the tubercular germs, but does not destroy the food value
of the milk or flesh.
In a former statement your attention was called to the relative pre-
valence of tuberculosis in cattle and mankind. This close association of
the disease is a clinical fact which must impress every thinking man re-
gardless of any theories which may be promulgated. Tuberculosis in
man is spoken of as the “great white plague,” and surely it is for more
than Io per cent of all the deaths in human kind, where statistics are kept,
is accredited to this disease. It is possible that in large per cent of cases
the disease is communicated from one person to another, by cohabitation
and the lack of care in promptly rendering inert the spittle of the con-
sumptive. That the milk from tuberculous cows is another source of in-
fection will not be doubted by those who have investigated the large num-
ber of instances in which children and adults have died of this disease
and in which instances tuberculous cows were the only discoverable source
of infection. I feel confident that no Missouri dairyman would for a
moment consent to permit the milk of a tuberculous cow to be used as
food in his own family or to be sold for food to other persons if he real-
ized the great danger from the use of such milk.
Many eastern dairymen whose herds were infected, have weeded
out all the infected animals, have disinfected their stables and inclosures,;
and réjuvenated their herds by adding only cows which were free from
tuberculosis. This weeding out process and procuring animals free from
this disease, has been accomplished by the use of tuberculin as a testing
agent. By this agent it is possible to detect tuberculous animals which
give no outward signs of the disease, and makes quite certain the diagnosis
in cases where the symptoms are not well marked, yet the disease be sus-
pected because the animals have been exposed to infection. This plan has
been thoroughly tested and proven effective, and I commend it to you as
a means of protecting the lives of your families and customers and con-
serving your finances through prevention of loss of your animals and
their products.
272 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
PROFITABLE PIG FEEDING.
(By Col. G. W. Waters, Canton, Mo.)
The pig makes by far the greatest amount of gain for the food con-
sumed of all of our meat producing animals. Dr. Warrington, in “Chem-
istry of the Farm,” states that for each one hundred pounds of feed
consumed the gains are: “Cattle 9 lbs., sheep 11 Ibs., pigs., 23 lbs.” or
pigs make nearly two and a half times as much gain from a given
amount of feed as do cattle. But to state the matter more concisely,
analyses show upon the average that for every one hundred pounds of
the digested nutrients consumed cattle gain 12.7 lbs., sheep 14.3 lbs., and
pigs 29.2 Ibs. It may be suggested here that when prices are anything
like the same it is a vastly more profitable use of feed to produce pork than
beef. But of course there is a place for cattle as there are many varie-
ties of feeds suited for cattle that pigs cannot use.
It is worthy of thought, however, to try to broaden the uses of our
feeds for pigs, for they will use profitably many of our feeds that we do
not think of, as we shall see as we proceed. By properly preparing
them there are many of our coarser feeds that may be fed to pigs, and
in this way not only secure an increased amount of gain but at the same
time the pigs will have a greater variety of feeds, thus securing better
health and thrift. Lest some of you should doubt the accuracy of Dr.
Warrington’s statement as to the comparative gains made by cattle and
hogs from a given amount of feed, I call your attention to the following
tables:
COST OF GAIN .IN HOGS AND CATTLE COMPARED.
Table I. Pigs—Cost of Gain—Rate of Gain—Numerous Stations.
Yumber of Whole No. Average | Feed given! Gain per Feed re- Gain per
Mons fed at all weight of | daily, lbs. | day, lbs. | quired for 100 bushel,
reporting. stations. pigs, lbs. lbs. gain. lbs.
41 174 38 2.23 Afi 293 19
100 ALT 7 3.35 .83 400 14
119 495 128 4.79 1.10 437 13
107 489 174 5.91 1.24 482 11.6
72 300 226 6.57 1-33 498 11.4
46 223 27 7.40 1.46 511 10.1
19 105 320 7.50 1.40 | 537 10
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 273
Table II. Cattle—Cost of Gain Compared with Pigs.
z Pel
B< i Py Feed for 100 lbs. gain.
pe aq ° |
a Bg =
Station. Kind of cattle. : = Bo e :
Boy f Corn, Hay, lbs.
: & OS Aree ule a
Bs :
oe =
Kansas... 126 heifer calves.......... 7 months.. 408 210 503 | 508, alfalfa........
Kansas ....... MISUBOLS bebe ecunteree casexdne 26 months.. 900 56 730 | Alfalfa daily......
Kansas....... 4 steers, same lot......... 26 months.. 900 140 910 | Alfalfa daily......
Kansas....... 4 steers, same lot......... 26 months.. 900 182 | 1,000 | Alfalfa daily......
Missouri...... 4steers, yeariings........ 20 months.. 813 80 605 | 1,420, timothy.....
Missouri...... 4 steers, yearlings........ 20 months. . 900 80 300 | 909, clover.........
Missouri...... 4 2-year old steers........ 31 months..| 1,150 119 | 1,140 | 470, timothy.......
Missouri...... 42-year old steers........ 31 months..| 1,197 119 837 | 220, cow pea hay..
In Table I the facr t!-at gains are unifermiy made for less expendi-
ture on young animals than on older and larger ones is clearly shown.
A great many experiment stations have tested this matter, and in the
table is shown that pigs weighing 25 to 50 pounds make a gain of 100
pounds for a little over one-half the amount of grain required to make
the same gains on pigs weighing 300 pounds and over. The same prin-
ciple holds good in cattle feeding. Referring to Table II, you notice the
cheapest gains are on caives and the most expensive on the large steers.
But the purpose of introducing the table on cattle feeding is to make
the comparison of cost of putting on gain as between cattle and pigs.
The cheapest gain made on pigs, average of 41 trials of different sta-
tions, averages 293 pounds of grain, not necessarily corn in every case,
but as a rule a balanced ration was fed. Compare this with some of the
cheapest gains made by cattle. In the case of the calves reported by
the Kansas Station it is claimed to be the cheapest production of baby
beef on record, yet it took 503 pounds of corn plus 508 pounds of alfalfa
hay to produce 100 pounds of gain, amounting to at least the equivalent
of 750 pounds of grain such as was fed to the pigs. Look through the
tables and you will find the general testimony verifies the statement as
to the productive uses the pig makes of his feed. Take the highest re-
quirement for the pig at the weight of 320 pounds, viz., 537 pounds:
compare with the requirement of the large beef steer, viz., 1,140 pounds
of grain plus 470 pounds of timothy hay, equal to a total of at least 1,300
pounds of grain, such as was given to the pig to produce 100 pounds of
gain.
CHEAPENING PORK PRODUCTION.
But the main problem that confronts us now is how may we cheapen
production of pork? Or, in other words, and more directly stated, how
may we make the feeds we give our pigs more efficient? More produc-
Aa—18
274 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
tive? As between some methods of feeding and management and other
methods there is a difference of ten, twenty or even fifty per cent in the
yield. If by judicious feeding we could increase the efficiency of our
feeds by ten per cent, it would mean a vastly increased output from a
given crop. Secretary Ellis, from reliable sources estimates the yield
of our corn, hay, fodders and all feed crops in the State in 1902 at the
vast sum of $200,000,000. ‘T'wo-thirds of this ought to go into live stock.
A ten per cent increase in the efficiency of this feed would mean $13,000,-
ooo more to the farmers.
It is our purpose to discuss some of the conditions under which our
feeds may be more efficiently used in the production of pork.
GIVE A VARIETY OF FEEDS.
Pigs do better on a variety of feeds than on any single feed. This
is a principle of universal application in all classes of stock feeding. This
proposition is well understood by the farmers, but still it is ignored so
completely that we think it well to give it some emphasis. Just how
much better the pig will do if fed a variety, we will let the pig himself
testify, for whatever other mean thing a pig may do, he will not tell a lie
The following are some of the results. Many other tests have been
made, all pointing to results much the same.
Table III. Single Food vs. Variety—Wisconsin Station—Five Lots, 4
in Each Lot.
Amount required
Lot. Kind of feed. | for 100 lbs. gain.
| |
|
t |+Corn alone, required for LOO) Wbss ota os wie tere sore wis crepe ol wncteis ens 537 lbs
II | Middlings alone, required for 100 lbs. gain.................... | 522 lbs
Iil Le eCOLD: ANG! She MIG ee ote ate leloy ol ct easel oualieits (afereleteveterseharstae ets | 439 lbs.
DV NetGe COL ‘ANG LG FORtS s 3iq fprevetete iamiate etal s erat teks teins epeitake, didis ev. heteueeher che | 429 lbs.
Vv | COrmnmDlus: ClOVEL, WUD ac cask cnelsie sia ors oumuscisiaie ints eieuaterokakal tense vohetarale | 422 lbs.
It will be observed that by combining shorts and corn half and half
there was a saving of nearly 100 lbs. of the mixture in producing 100
Ibs. of gain. By the use of one-half oats and one-half corn more than
100 pounds was saved. By the use of a little clover hay, over two
bushels of corn was saved in producing 100 pounds of gain. At that
rate clover-hay would take the place of five bushels of corn in bringing
a hog up to 250 lbs., marketable size. How is the clover hay fed?
Better probably to chaff it in cutting box, dampen it or steam it, but it
may be fed dry in racks. The Montana Experiment Station found that
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 275
alfalfa fed in racks, and corn, gave better results than alfalfa cut and
wetted and meal added. The Nevada Station found results in feeding
three lots of pigs, carefully selected for uniformity, four in each lot on
alfalfa hay and other combinations as follows:
, = ; Average
heb: | Pigs. | Weight—Lbs. Days fed. | Kind of feed. | Gain omilosd:
T 4 131 to 150 21 Alfalfa aye. a.ciecseek eae eee Loss, 4.5 lbs.
II 4 130 to 149 21 Alfalfa and turnips. sss. se osee. Gain, 1.7 lbs.
Ill 4 132 to 147 21 Alfalfa, cowpeas, turnips ..... Gain, 22 lbs.
While hay alone was fed at a loss of four and a half pounds in 21
days, turnips and alfalfa made a slight gain, but when the ration was
made richer and of great variety the gain was over one pound per day
for each pig.
Every experiment and all the experiences of farmers attest the value
of a variety of feeds, still a large per cent of farmers make no sort of
effort to provide such variety. When it is remembered that in many
cases the variety may be supplied by utilizing feed stuffs that hogs do
not ordinarily eat and which are of comparatively little value, the im-
portance of the proposition becomes doubly valuable. For instance, corn
stalks cut at proper stage made into ensilage may be used by pigs with
wonderful benefit.
VALUE OF PASTURE FOR PIGS.
We will now state two propositions bearing on economy of produc-
tion, first, while the pig is not considered primarily a grazier animal, from
the fact that he cannot be expected to make gains and grow fat if turned
onto common pasture grass like cattle, sheep or mules, yet as a matter
of fact the pig will make better returns for the amount of grass eaten
than any other farm animal. Moreover, the pasture will increase the
efficiency and value of the grain fed in connection with it. The second
proposition is this: the pig is a gross feeder and will eat too much of
rich feeds, as grain, more than he can use economically, more than he
can digest well, consequently greater gains from a given amount of
corn are obtained if the pig is fed less than he can or will eat. This
statement applies with special force in cases of a long feeding period.
The two propositions just announced are brought out in the following
table:
276 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Table IV. Value of Pasture—Full Feed vs. Partial Feed—Wisconsin
Experiment.
Lot. | How fed. | Gain per day lbs. | Corn for 100 lbs. gain.
ci) -Wall-fed | rry- LOG sais oe cress ertiearsttereavers | 1.15 | 537 lbs
TT! |? Pull-fed; Glover, pastures 42).:cf004\. ste wietslers o | 1.30 | 417 lbs
III Three-fourths full, clover pasture ...... | 1.20 | 377 lbs
One-half full, clover pasture .......... | 87 | 352 lbs
V | One-fourth full, clover pasture ......... | . 64 | 243 lbs
VI | No grain, clover pasture ............-- | 36 | sie, epo.et amie » lbtele iwtenetee
In the case of lot I fed full in dry lot, 537 pounds of corn were
required for 100 pounds of gain. In lot II full fed and having run of
clover field there is a sudden drop in the amount required. But when
we take advantage of the second proposition also and reduce the corn
to three-fourths full feed, as in lot III, we have a still larger drop, or
stated more directly, the increased efficiency of the corn given is marked.
Nearly three bushels less of corn to produce 100 pounds of gain as
compared with dry lot feeding. For growing hogs a still greater re-
duction of corn is advisable. The rate of gain is slower, but it is vastly
cheaper. I have gathered a score or more of instances of farmers test-
ing this. I myself have had quite a number of experiences proving
the double value of pasture and limited feeding in the economic produc-
tion of pork. I may say, however, that it is probably wise farm prac-
tice to feed full for the last thirty days before marketing. Pigs may
be brought on to weigh 125 to 150 pounds at the rate of 18 to 20 pounds
of gain from a bushel of corn.
But we do not always have clover or alfalfa pasture for hogs. It is
of interest to inquire in how far other pastures will take the place. I
call your attention to the Illinois experiment as follows:
Table V. Blue Grass Pasture—Twelve Weeks in Two Periods—Four
Trials—Four Hogs in Each Lot—lIllinois Experiment.
|
| 5 ‘ Corn | Corn
Lot. First eight weeks. reguired. | Next four weeks. | required.| Average.
| Lbs. | | bs.
I, |) QOne-hatt full fed... ...f:....<: 433 | Full sig trance | 448 | 440
FLA |" Mill feds, 22 sto. inate. 465° | Full fed’.....).....262 | B49 507
LIT Sry lotta ted acskces case 532 | Dry lot full fed..... 725 629
|
pa!
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 77
Table VI. Rape as pasture, two separate trials. Lots I and 3,
fed on a ration of 2 parts corn and I part shorts and had run of rape
patches. Lots 2 and 4 fed on same ration without rape.
Required for 100
Lots. | Pigs. | Rape. | ays fed. On ful! feed. | ibs. gain—Lbs.
’
I 10 | -36 acre..| 76 One part shorts, 2 parts corn,...... | 243
IL 10 Dry lot.. | 76 One part shorts, 2 parts corn,....... 376
III 1 .6 acre.. 2 One part shorts, 2 parts corn...... 312
IV 19 Dry lot.. 42 One part shorts 2 parts corn....... 433
The value of rape as a summer feed is unquestioned. Old feed lots,
instead of being allowed to produce luxuriant crops of jimson and bur-
dock can be planted to rape. I have seen many such instances verify-
ing the foregoing table. Make the calculation and you will discover that
the actual productive value of the rape in this case was equivalent to
46.4 bushels of corn to the acre. Just as good results are had from rye
pasture for fall and early spring. Then might come early sown oats,
then sorghum, then rape, then cow peas, making a continuous succulent
pasture practically the year round. While farm animals do better when
they have the run of a pasture than if the same growth of the pasture is
cut off and fed to them as in soiling, yet the same yield will go four times
as far when soiled. The time comes on when land will be so high that
it will not be economy to turn stock onto the crops to trample them
down and get only one-fourth of their actual value. The pig will do
quite well on soiled crops. But the best plan, probably, would be to put
the crops into the silo. Mr. E. N. Cobb of Monmouth, Illinois, feeds
his hogs for fattening, a combined ration of silage and ear corn to great
advantage. He feeds his brood sows on a ration of ten pounds corn sil-
age and two pounds of oats daily. They do splendidly on it, and it
makes a cheap ration. Clover in season, sweet corn, rape, etc., may be
cut and fed to the pigs with profit.
There are a number of other problems that come up for solution.
One would be the benefit of grinding. I discuss grinding feed more
fully later on. Soaking and wetting feed has a value sometimes. But
cooking feed has not shown good results. In fact, with some twenty ex-
periment station tests it has turned out that cooked feed does not pro-
duce as great gains as raw. It seems natural for a pig to eat his food raw.
It will take a long time to educate him up to such a degree of refinement
as for him to require cooked feed. A daily ration of slops, however, is of
great value, but it should not be given as an exclusive diet.
BALANCE THE CORN.
As we in Missouri are almost in the center of the great American
corn belt and as corn is much the cheapest feed we can raise, much the
278 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
most convenient feed, the endeavor should be to so use the corn as to get
the greatest possible value out of it. But corn will not do its best if fed
alone, and as a single feed. It is exceedingly rich in oil and carbohy-
drates, the great fat producing properties. If it has a weak place it is
in the muscle producing property—the protein. The thing to do is to
strengthen the weak element in the corn by combining some feed strong
at the point where corn is weak. This may be done by combining with
it clover, cow peas, alfalfa, bran, oats or ship stuff. Bran, however, is
an expensive feed for hogs and is better suited for ruminants—cattle—
sheep. There is so much crude fibre in bran that pigs do not get all the
nutrient out of it like cows do.
It is scarcely necessary to call your attention to the necessity for an
abundance of ash or mineral matter in our feeds for pigs. Corn is weak
in mineral matter that goes to make up the bone. It is so easily sup-
plied, however, in the form of wood ashes that it is no disparagement to
the corn. The prudent farmer will supply his hogs with plenty of wood
ashes and salt.
As to condimental food, so-called “stock food,” it is far better to
feed your pigs on diversified feeds, give them healthful environment so
that through healthy nutrition nature may produce thrift which is better
than to feed improperly and depend on condiments. Balancing the ratio
will be of infinitely more value than dosing with medicine.
LONG FEEDS MAKE SLOW GAINS.
It is a common observation that pigs full fed for a considerable
length of time make smaller gains. This is true with nearly all classes
of stock. The following table bears on that point:
Table VII. Length of Feeding Period on Full Feed—Twelve Weeks.
Months. | Sie eal | Niele ae | Corn required for 100 Ibs. gain.
1st month....... 222 lbs. 270 lbs. 418 lbs.
2nd month...... 270 lbs. 313 lbs. 461 ibs.
3rd month...... 313 lbs. 340 lbs. 559 lbs.
GRINDING GRAIN.
Considerable work has been done on this subject by the Missouri,
Kentucky, Ohio and Wisconsin Stations. While the results show that
on the average, grain when ground will produce a somewhat larger
gain than when fed whole, yet the difference is so small that unless
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 279
the grain is high priced it will not under ordinary circumstances defray
the expense of grinding. For example, averaging all of these results
on corn, it has been found that a hundred pounds of gain required:
MMMEE Tome COT Tar ae Peet ecer eter one ote) atccalicler oreretave ricoh Sie! © cchdias t's. ae neh! f binse ar acs you elev acee 521 pounds.
SISTOG) GGT ep em tlde eeiticg © CIRC OOO Oic) QUA DRSIC a PORCRORCEE CRONE ae CRE ERR IPC CHER 495 pounds.
Difference in favor of grinding, 26 pounds or 5 per cent.
This means that with corn at 40 cents a bushel, a saving of 5 per
cent. would amount to about 2 cents a bushel which would scarcely bear
the expense of grinding under ordinary circumstances.
These experiments were conducted chiefly with hogs that were old
enough to do their own grinding. The results, therefore, do not apply
with the same force to pigs that are just being weaned. This is a critical
time in the life of a pig, and it will pay to grind the feed if even for a
short time, or until they get well started. At this time it is especially im-
portant also to supply them with something besides corn. If oats are
cheap, or wheat that will not grade on account of having been wet or
for some similar reason can be procured at about the price of corn, it will
pay to mix equal parts wheat and corn, or 2-3 corn and 1-3 oats, and
grind the whole together and feed in a stiff dough but perfectly sweet.
Under no circumstances should the grain be allowed to sour, nor should
it be fed in a thin slop so as to tempt the pig to gulp it down without
masticating it and mixing with it the proper amount of saliva. Scours,
indigestion and improper assimilation follow in the wake of feeding the
foods in a sloppy condition.
Again, it sometimes happens in the case of older hogs that have
been fed for a long time on an exclusive corn ration, that they cease to
thrive, and this difficulty may sometimes be partly remedied by grinding
or soaking the feed, and oftentimes by cooking, but a much more effec-
tive remedy will be to give them a limited amount of ship stuff with the
corn in winter; and in summer, by allowing them the run of a good
clover, cowpea or Soy bean pasture. When hogs with plenty of corn
are free from any specific disease, and yet cease to thrive, it is certain
that they need a greater variety of feed. A limited quantity of arti-
chokes or cull potatoes boiled will be very helpful at this point. Noth-
ing is as good at this time as skim milk fed sweet.
THE VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PASTURE.
The Missouri Experiment Station has just completed a very inter-
esting experiment, in which bluegrass, red clover, alfalfa and rape past-
ures were compared. It is to be borne in mind that clover and alfalfa
280 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
supplied more protein than either bluegrass or rape, and that they there-
fore balanced the corn which the hogs had in addition to the green feed,
more effectively than either rape or bluegrass. These results are better
shown by the half-tones made from photographs of each lot of hogs
with the feed consumed and cost of gains shown under each lot.
Lot 5. Corn and Bluegrass—6_ pigs.
Weight at beginning of experiment 271 pounds.
Weight at close of experiment 656 pounds.
Total gain in ninet'y days 385 pounds.
Average daily gain per pig .71 pounds.
Grain required per pound of gain, 5.2 pounds.
Cost Per Hundred Pounds of Gain—Corn 40c per bushel, green blue grass $3 per ton—$3.92.
a
EATS pee ae ee
Lot 4. Corn and Green Clover—6 Pigs.
Weight at beginning of experiment 295 pounds.
Weight at close of experiment 767 pounds.
Total gain in 90 days 472 pounds.
Average daily gain per pig .87 pounds.
Grain required per hundred pounds of gain 4.29 pounds.
Cost Per Hundred Pounds of Gain—Corn at 40c per bu., green clover at $3 per ton—$3. 20.
ihe
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 281
Lot 3. Corn and Green Alfalfa
6 Pigs.
/
Weight at beginning of experiment 283 pounds.
Weight at close of experiment 793 pounds.
Total gain in 90 days 510 pounds.
Average daily gain per pig .95 pounds. '
Grain required per pound of gain 3.97 pounds.
Cost Per Hundred Pounds of Gain—Corn at 40c per bu., green alfalfa at $3 per ton—$2.96.
Lot 2. Corn Meal and Rape—6 Pigs.
Weight at beginning of experiment 284 pounds.
Weight at close of experiment 705 pounds.
Total gain 421 pounds.
Average daily gain per pig .78 pounds.
Grain required per hundred pounds of gain 4.82 pounds.
Cost Per Hundred Pounds of Gain—Corn at 40c.per bu., green rape at $3 per ton—$3.49.
282 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
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f
tq
Lot 6. Corn and Skim Milk—6 Pigs.
Weight at beginning of experiment 287 pounds.
Weight at close of experiment 1,269 pounds.
Total gain 981 pounds.
Average daily gain per pig 1.81 pounds.
Grain required per pound of gain 2.44 pounds.
Cost Per Hundred Pounds of Gain—Corn at 40c a bushel, skim milk at 15c per hun-
dred—$2.84.
It will be noted that the cost per hundred pounds of gain of the
lots fed in different ways was as follows:
Corn ad BIMO LT ASG 05). 3 0:5 sheus gs.0'sin diate tis beds wlan tre uals diele's edanatel aad \Gte a ae alee "$3 92
Corn, ANG SLAP ew asic, Sesenah she ees als, Fase a eTatehale teres avietahd Gia. eie [nrrecs etehutebe reve) Cie tetas a te Reena ~ 83 49
Corn! tama cloyenk sys sisvste a a0 5 ataveraiese sha oho: chais ioels hav ole ote elevesa rete fete telieteiasenshalanet stare 3 20
Corn and Val falta oe -aic,chotote.c: sis le1creraiaia ssa 's aes ey ayial ofa er ayoiels as aie. 8 ial chew ece Tore aievaceks aS | 2 96
Corman diiskeiim yarn illic era's fis itso ats o.asdtatalaijela oxeve, sate one a castle opera vate telinid geen eT nee 2 84
These results therefore emphasize strongly what has already been
said with reference to the value of balancing the corn ration. The three
balancing foods used in this experiment were clover, alfalfa and skim
milk, and it will be noted that in every case not only cheaper gains were
made with these materials combined with corn, but that the hogs ma-le
more rapid gains.
In this experiment by using clover instead of bluegrass, a difference
of almost 75c a hundred in the cost of gain was effected. When alfalfa
was used instead of bluegrass, a saving in the cost of pork was almost a
dollar a hundred or was made almost one-third cheaper. When skim
milk was used, more than a dollar a hundred in the cost of production
was saved. When we consider that clover will yield more than bluegrass,
it is perfectly obvious that we can make much more pork per acre hy
a
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 283
providing them with clover pasture instead of requiring them to run on
bluegrass. Unfortunately some of our farmers require their pigs to
graze on timothy which is not as good as bluegrass even. I do not
take the position that blue grass is not a good pasture, even for hogs—on
the contrary it is the best grass for this purpose we have—but the clovers
are far superior to any grass for this purpose, both in point of yield and
in feeding value.
The high feeding value of rape as compared with bluegrass is of in
terest to every hog grower. It will be noted that the cost of gain where
rape was used was about 45c a hundred less than where bluegrass was
used. As has been pointed out, rape is one of the most productive green
forage crops we have and may be grown at comparatively little expense
and is practically a certain crop and must in the light of these experi-
ments prove highly profitable to the hog raiser. Abundant experience
shows that rape has even a higher value for sheep than for hogs.
A SUCCESSION OF PASTURE FOR HOGS.
It is not safe or even desirable to rely upon a single crop to furnish
pasture for our hogs throughout the entire season. It is better to ar-
range for a succession of pastures fom the beginning of the season until
the hogs are ready for market, making the feed richer and more concen-
trated toward the close of the season and as we approach the finishing
of fattening period. For this purpose the following crops are recom-
mended.
Red clover or alfalfa.
Rape.
Cowpeas.
Soy beans.
RED CLOVER OR ALFALFA.
On lands adapted to alfalfa it will undoubtedly prove to be better
for hogs than red clover, inasmuch as it will produce a larger quantity
of feed of a somewhat higher value. Inasmuch as we have not yet
learned to grow alfalfa successfully on the majority of our upland clay
soils, we shall be forced to rely chiefly upon clover. It starts earlier in the
spring than any hog pasture we have excepting alfalfa, and would,
therefore, be used first, and should be used as long as it is succulent and
palatable. Usually not later than the middle of June the crop will have
become so mature that the hogs, will relish a change for the time being,
and the surplus clover should be cut and removed so as to allow the
second or fall crop to start promptly.
284 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
RAPE,
This crop should be sown as early in the spring as the ground wiil
work. The richer the land the better. An old feed lot, or land that
has been heavily manured should be selected and broken in the fall if
possible, so that only the surface will need to be worked in the spring.
Sow in rows about thirty to thirty-six inches apart, using about three
pounds of seed per acre, and cultivate level and shallow once or twice,
or as often as is necessary to keep the weeds down. Each time the
rape is eaten down it should be given a cultivation to facilitate its start-
Rape field at Experiment Station; sown March 20th; photograph taken May 20th, 1902.
Rape 30 inches high and ready to pasture.
ing into growth again. By sowing broadcast the rape will not produce
anything like as much as when grown in rows, but will be somewhat
more palatable. At the Experiment Station almost twice as large a
yield has been uniformly obtained fromi growing it in rows than from
broadcasting. If sown broadcast, about five pounds of seed are re-
quired per acre, covered with a smoothing harrow. One of the sec-
rets of success in growing rape in this climate is to get the seed in
early. A frost or even a light freeze when the young plants are com-
ing up will not hurt them. By the middle of May the rape is large
enough to turn on, and it may be pastured at any time after that. If
the green lice or cabbage worms attack the rape in any considerable
quantities, it is essential to pasture it hard at once to prevent their de-
——— . =
FARMERS INSTITUTES. 285
stroying the crop. Severe pasturing is a complete remedy for these
insects. By the time the clover has been pastured down the rape will
be ready for the hogs.
It should be borne in mind that in changing from clover to rape
we are changing to a less nutritious food as shown by the experiments
already referred to, and it will be necessary to increase somewhat at this
point the amount of corn the hogs are getting.
It is well to emphasize the fact in passing that it will pay to give
the hogs some corn throughout the season, no matter what sort of pas-
ture is provided, as nothing has been more clearly demonstrated than
that the great profit in hog production lies in keeping them growing
rapidly and in finishing them off young.
In the ordinary season a large area of rape will not be required.
Two acres will carry thirty 100 pound hogs for a month or six weeks
in the first crop, and will in seasonable weather recuperate in less than
a month so that they may be turned on again. Usually in this climate
we eat rape down three or four times during the season.
COW PEAS.
To provide a crop of cowpeas in the best condition for hogs by the
time the rape ought to be eaten down, it will be necessary to select some
very early maturing sort and sow rather earlier than is advised for a gen-
Variet'y test of Cowpeas at Experiment Station showing varieties best adapted to hog
pasture, such as Sherman’s Northern Prolific, New Era, Warren’s Extra
Early and Whippoorwill.
286 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
eral crop. For this purpose I would recommend the New Era, Sher-
man’s Northern Prolific or Warren’s Extra Early, to be sown about the
middle of corn planting time in rows about thirty inches apart and cul-
tivated shallow and level as often as is necessary to hold the weeds in
check. For the best results the hogs should not be turned on the peas
until the first pods are turning yellow. They will, however, make good
jpasture before this time, and if the hogs are needing pasture I would
not advise waiting until they reach that stage of maturity. A larger
area of cowpeas for hog pasture should be sown about the end of corn
planting time and for this purpose I would recommend the whippoor-
will or black variety. These may be sown broadcast and covered with
a spring toothed harrow or what is better, sown with a grain drill let-
ting all hoes run, using from a bushel to a bushel and a half of seed
per acre. They will require no subsequent cultivation and will come on
about the time the earlier varieties mentioned have been eaten down.
SOY BEANS.
As a grain crop to use in connection with corn for fitting the spring
crop of pigs for the market, the Soy bean is a very valuable crop. It is
essentially a grain plant, very rich in protein, and while the hogs are
running on Soy beans they should have access to corn to balance the
ration. While the corn does not contain enough protein for the best
results, Soy beans contain more protein than is profitable to feed, and
the combination of the two grains is therefore much better. The Soy
bean matures about the same time as a medium early corn, like the
Leaming, and the two crops could be grown in the same field so that
the hogs could have access to both without further labor. If this is not
feasible, the corn should be thrown to the hogs every day. I would ad-
vise the use of the early yellow variety sown in drills about thirty to
forty inches apart, using about three pecks to the acre and cultivate
shallow until the plants completely shadow the ground. The hogs should
be turned in when the first pods begin to ripen.
While I consider the Soy bean somewhat better for finishing a
bunch of hogs than the cowpea, at the same time if one does not care
to bother with sc many different crops, the cowpea may be used instead
with satisfactory results.
For brood sows in winter and very early spring, it is always advis-
able to give them access to a piece of early sown wheat or rye, and to
let them have a limited amount of nicely cured clover, alfalfa or cow-
pea hay by way of variety of feed. Sorghum stalks grown as is cus-
tomary for the production of syrup, in limited quantity, make an ex-
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 287
cellent addition to the ration. The main thing to be avoided in carry-
ing hogs of this sort through the winter, is a straight corn diet. The
greater the variety of cheap materials like these, the better the sows
will do.
THE FARM WORKSHOP.
(C. D. Lyon, Higginsport, Ohio.)
As well for the purpose of making the boys satisfied with farm
life as for the economy of doing odd jobs on the farm, we think that
the workshop and the tools should be found on every farm. For years
our own has been a 12x16 foot room in the corner of a barn, and we
have passed many a wet day with pleasure and profit to ourselves in
repairing the old and making new implements, gates, ladders and other
things useful upon the farm.
A twelve-foot- work bench with a carriage maker’s vise stands by
the window. This bench is of two-inch elm lumber sawed from a log
cut on the farm. The tool chest is kept under the bench and a tool
rack hangs on the wall above it. A chopping block stands near the
middle of the shop, and back of this a shaving horse. Overhead is
stored lumber of various width, thickness and length. Now for the
tools. ‘These are not in as great variety as we could wish, but are
sufficient for the needs of most farmers: Steel square, cut-off saw,
rip saw, claw hammer, heavy hatchet, shingling hatchet, draw-knife,
brace and six bits, groove 1% to 34 inch, also four twist drills, 144 to %
inch for drilling metal, three augers 114 and 1% inch, four chisels 1%,
1%, 1 and 1% inch, mallets, awls, cold chisels, punchers, and other small
tools that have been bought from time to time. We have three plunes,
~but a good jack plane will do for most work.
There is a regular horseshoeing kit in a shoeing box and either
of my three older boys or myself can drive a sioe as well as anyone.
There should be a heavy piece of iron for an anvil. This can often
be obtained from some dealer in old iron at a sma!! cost. Always have
a regular smith’s or machinist’s hammer to use on iron. This lot of
tools, all of good grade, can be bought for less than $25, and they
will pay more than twenty-five per cent rent on the investment every
year. A good grindstone and oilstone are part of the outfit, and both
must be used often enough to keep all tools sharp. For several years
all of our tools were kept bright as new, and this is a very desirable
matter, but years of use has dimmed the polish and we are as proud of
them as we ever were.
288 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
In the past fifteen years we have never been obliged to go to town
for double tree, single tree, neck yoke, hoe, mattock or axe handle, or
even for wagon or implement tongue. Six sleds, one sold for eighteen
dollars and one for $10, three hay ladders, one sold for $9, wagon beds,
gates, farm ladders, a sleigh, a cupboard, a wardrobe and many other
things for home use have passed over that work bench in that shop.
The neighbors should be made welcome to use the shop and tools,
and if they are like my neighbors they will not abuse the privilege ac-
corded them. Your speaker was not brought up to the use of tools as
our old “kit” consisted of saw, hatchet, square, plane and drawknife,
but since coming to manhood has made a fine workman. Two or three
years ago one of my boys saw a lawn swing for sale $7.50 and asked
me to buy it. I proposed to buy him the lumber and let him make
one and he consented although it was his first complex job. The lum-
ber cost ninety cents and in four afternoons he had made.a better swing
than his model.
The lumber for an ordinary farm gate costs $1.25, the bolts 20 and
the paint 15 cents. I can make and paint four of these gates in a day,
and they cost four dollars each at the wagonmakers in town. The
lumber for a farm hay rack costs about $1.50, the bolts fifty cents and
the paint 20 cents. I have made one in a day and sold it for $9. It
is not the saving in money and time as much as the real satisfaction in
being able to do these things yourself that makes the workshop so de-
sirable.
I have been very glad to note that many Missouri farmers have
such a shop and make good use of it, and I urge those who have not
to install one upon their farms.
FARMERS AS BEEKEEPERS.
(By Geo. W. Williams, Humansville, Mo.)
In talking on bee culture from a farmer’s standpoint, let us say
that it is not expected that every farmer should or would become an
expert in the handling of bees, nor is it necessary that he should be an
expert to produce all the honey he needs for home consumption.
But in this day of improvement in all lines of farming, so much
has been said about new methods of doing everything, that the farmer
who is not an expert in a certain line leaves it alone or turns it over
to the fellow who is making a specialty of that line, and the fellow
who is making a specialty of the industry does all he can to discourage
and dishearten the man who is following old methods and old ways
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 289
by calling him “an old fogy.”’ In fact there is too much of this done:
for we sometimes find that the new and so-called improved methods
are not as profitable as the “old fogy” way. Especially is this true of
the man who is not adapted to that certain business. I believe that
fitness or adaptability has a great deal to do with the success that we
make out of our business. Yet many a man makes a fair success out
of a business that is not his calling, and because we cannot al! become
experts in breeding fine cattle, fine hogs or fine poultry, it does not
necessarily follow that we must not try to raise cattle, hogs or poultry
on our farms, but on the other hand attend to the raising of these things,
using the best facilities at hand.
Taking the country over, mixed farming is the usual thing, though
it is all right and proper that we should have specialists in different
lines, for it is to them that we owe the most of our improved stock, ete.
Because each farmer cannot be a bee expert is no excuse for his
not keeping a few colonies of bees and having honey on his table the
year round.
While I would advise the use of a movable frame hive and pound
sections, I would not discourage those who do not want to go to that
expense and trouble and prefer to have bees in the old fashioned box
hive with cross sticks to support the comb. If you are going to keep
your bees in that kind of a hive, you should know what size to make
your box for best results. If using ten-inch lumber, cut three of the
pieces fifteen inches long and one piece three-eights of an inch short
of fifteen inches. Make this short piece the entrance at the bottom.
Nail together good and strong. This makes a hive eight and one-half
by ten inches inside measure by fifteen inches high. Put in cross sticks
seven inches down from the top; this makes a very good brood chamber.
For a top, cut a piece fourteen inches long and twelve inches wide;
bore four or five one inch holes in this and fasten it on the top and
your hive is made. It need not take over fifteen minutes to make it.
When the bees swarm, lay a board over the holes in the top, lightly
tacking it on; hive them in the box hive and when all are in, take them
at once to their permanent place. Do not wait until night to move them,
for they go to work at once and get their new location, and if moved
after locating, many will be lost, as they will come out and go directly
to the field and when loaded will return to the place they had located
and finding no home there, will get lost. This is a big loss, for just
at this particular time, every bee counts, for it will be fully twenty-one
days before there can be any young bees in that hive, and about thirty-
five days before any bees except those that went in with the swarm will
A—19
290 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
go to the field as workers; so it is very important that all the bees should
be saved.
The second day after hiving, take the board from over the holes
in the top and turn bottom side up over the holes a box eight inches
square and six or seven inches deep. Put a weight on it to hold it
in place. I should have mentioned that the hive should be set in the
shade or shaded with boards, and if an inch block is placed under each
corner of the hive and left there until the hot weather is over, it will
give ventilation. When the swarm comes out, they are warm with
excitement and after they have been hived, should be set in a cool place,
lest they get too hot and come out.
The object in waiting two days before putting the box on, is if
the box is on when they are hived, the bees will sometimes go on up |
in the box and begin comb building, and the queen will lay her eggs
in the comb and it will be used as a brood chamber. But by waiting
until they have started their comb in the brood chamber, the chances
are that the queen will never go up in the honey box.
When this box is filled, take a fine wire, raise the box just a little,
draw the wire between the box and top, empty the box and place it
back, or put on another, setting the full one in a warm, dry place.
Never put honey in a cool, damp cellar. Instead of using a box, place
a small sized wooden water pail upside down and let the bees fill it.
It makes a beautiful bucket of honey and is so easy to handle and if you
wish to sell it, it can be carried to market just as the bees stored it,
which is quite a curiosity to the merchant.
I know a farmer who has just such hives as I have described and
uses a bucket on top and has honey on his table at all meals. He has
only five or six “stands of bees.” If he is about the house when they
swarm, he hives them and if he is not there his wife hives them. That
is all he ever does to them, winter or summer, except to change the
buckets when full.
Never take any honey out of the “hive’’ when it is made the size
given. Leave the bees alone in this hive and let them have it for a
brood chamber. They will need all they store in it, and if they gather
more than they need, they will store it above.
It is not necessary to be fussing with the bees all the time to get
honey. Even the so-called expert, fusses and handles his bees more
than is necessary; in fact, many times if he handled them less he would
get more pounds of honey.
While it is true that the man who has made the bee a study and
keeps his bees in the best latest improved movable frame hive and un-
derstands how to control swarming, when to crowd, when to give more
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. 291
toom, when to put on and when to take off supers of sections or extract-
ing frames, will get more pounds of honey from a colony than the man
who keeps them in a box hive and gives them little or no attention, yet
it is a question whether the former gets enough more to pay for his
extra trouble and expense. It is right that the man who turns all his
attention to bees, as in any other industry, should be better rewarded
than the man who gives it but little attention.
Now, brother farmers, why not get you a “stand” or two of bees,
and spend fifteen or twenty minutes in making a box hive ready for the
swarm when it issues, and raise your own honey? You need be at
very little expense, even though you have a dozen or more colonies. You
can make all your own box hives, as you have all the tools necessary.
You will need a bee-smoker to control.them and assist you in hurry-
ing them in the hive while they are swarming, as there are always a
few that linger around, careless about going in. This smoker will cost
about one dollar. If you are afraid of getting stung, use a veil. Try
it, and see how easily you can keep your table supplied with one of
the most wholesome sweets, and if you turn it over to your wife, she
will make it a source of a nice little income, with very little expense
or trouble to you. If you have to buy your start, get them with as
much Italian blood as possible, as the Italians are a little better honey
makers and will keep their hive clean of moths if they have a good
queen.
In keeping bees in a box hive, the greatest trouble is the moth worm,
as there is no way to look after this pest. While I would advise every
one to keep his bees in a movable frame, I would rather you kept them
in a box hive than not to keep them at all, and if the simple instruction
IT have given above is followed, they will prove a very valuable adjunct
to the farm.
MISSOURI DAIRY ASSOCIATION.
Abstract of Addresses at Annual Meeting held November 11, 12, 13, 1902.
PRESIDENTS ANNUAL ADDRESS.
(By J. J. Smith, Sweet Springs, Mo.)
When the Missouri State Dairy Association met at Palmyra last
year we were asked by many where our next meeting should be held.
Our reply to all was, “Columbia, if the proposed dairy building should
be completed by that time.’ We felt that the members of this asso-
ciation and the creamery men, dairymen and those interested in the vari-
ous branches of dairy work could not better show their appreciation of
New Dairy Building, Missouri Agricultural College.
the exceedingly liberal appropriation made by the last legislature for
the advancement of the dairy interests of the state, than by holding our
13th annual meeting in the building erected for the purpose of educat-
ing our farmers in what should be one of the leading industries of the
state, and one to which because of our mild climate and diversity of
grasses, it is peculiarly adapted.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 293
We are here. We have looked over the buildings. They are mod-
els of their kind, erected of good and enduring material, well built and
finished nicely and conveniently arranged, showing that the appropriation
has been wisely expended, and when they are completed and equipped,
as we are informed they will be, with the latest improved machinery
and apparatus, Missouri will have a dairy school and buildings second
to none in the country, and superior to most of them.
Among the neighboring states Missouri has the name of being slow
to take up dairying, and annually we have been drawing on them for
practical men and speakers to come and “show us!’ We hope before
long to reverse the order of things and help “show them.” It is now
“up to” the farmers, dairymen and creamery men of Missouri to decide
whether they will avail themselves of the practical instruction in dairy-
ing and creamery work here to be obtained at a light cost, and thus
encourage the work for which the appropriation was made. Every
member of this association should at once take up the work in their re-
spective localities and encourage our young men to come and take the
short winter course in dairying, feeding, breeding and selecting dairy
cattle, information which I find by experience with creamery work in
Missouri, many of them need.
I desire to call the attention of the association to the poor facilities
provided for the exhibit of dairy products, machinery and dairy cattle
at the State Fair at Sedalia. All who attended the fair this year will
doubtless remember that a very small space (about 8xi1o feet) in one
corner of Agricultural Hall was provided for the dairy exhibit, with a
very small refrigerator for butter exhibit—and it always out of sight.
A search warrant would finally locate the dairy machinery exhibit
in a little shed alongside one of the main buildings, and the dairy cattle
under a tent or tied to a barbed wire fence surrounding the enclosure.
The horses, mules, fat cattle, sheep and chickens were nicely housed
and provided for. An effort should be made by this association to se-
cure a good dairy building on the State Fair ground, in which all dairy
products, apparatus and machinery should be exhibited. Space should
be provided for operating hand machinery anda glass front refrigerator
provided for the butter exhibit.
The coming session of the legislature will no doubt make—as it
should—a very liberal appropriation for improvements on the State Fair
grounds, and we should request and urge the board to set aside a rea-
sonable amount for a building, to be used as above suggested. Much
good can be done for the dairy interests of the State if the superintend-
ent is a live, up-to-date dairyman, and the dairy interests should be con-
sulted in deciding upon and arranging this part of the premium list.
294 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
A more liberal use of the columns of the agricultural press of the
State by creamery men, dairymen and butter and cheese makers gener-
ally in the exchange of ideas, every day experiences, etc., would aid in
working up a greater interest in dairy work among our farmers.
My experience in operating creameries in Missouri has been that in
many sections of the state conditions for their successful operation differ
in some particulars, from those of the recognized dairy states, and it has
been a question with me whether it would not be best for a creamery
man to accept the conditions as they exist and shape their business
accordingly.
One of the most serious questions that we have to contend with is
a supply of good living well water for the cows, and the proper cooling
of the milk. In most sections of the State a good supply of living
well water can be obtained by drilling into the rock. This being a little
expensive many farmers content themselves with the cheaper and easier
method of obtaining a water supply by means of cisterns at the house
and ponds for stock water. This gives a limited amount and often no
water for cooling the milk—and a very poor kind of water for any
stock. It is one of the easy-going practices of the Missouri farmer,
that education will finally change. This brings the milk to the cream-
ery usually in such shape that by the time it is all mixed and run
through the separator, and the farmer gets home with his skim-milk
it has developed so much acid that it is unfit for feeding the young
calves, hence they must have fresh milk, and usually get about as much
butter fat as the creamery does. They care for the calf first and the
creamery man gets what is left. The average Missouri farmer thinks
more of the calf than in the older dairy sections, and prefers to com-
bine the two and breed for beef as well as milk.
The only relief I have had from the above conditions has been
through the use of the hand separator. It requires no water for milk
cooling, and but little to care for the cream. It gives fresh, sweet, skim
milk for the calves, and I find that the creamery operator gets a mate-
rial increase in butter fat that formerly went to the calf. Taking the
patrons who formerly hauled milk, and are now using hand separators
I find that from the same number of cows they have nearly doubled the
number of pounds of butter fat. Comparing the amounts paid, last
month, to the patrons who are using hand separators and those who
are hauling milk, I find that the average amount paid to those who are
using hand separators and delivering cream only, is in round numbers
$33.00 and those hauling milk $18.00 each.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 295
My experience thus far convinces me that creamery operators
should encourage rather than discourage the use of the hand separator.
It seems from results to mean an increased business for the creamery,
and greater returns for the farmer, two very convincing arguments to
me in their favor.
HOW CAN THE MISSOURI FARMER NOT IN REACH OF A
CREAMERY BE A SUCCESSFUL DAIRYMAN?
(By John Patterson, Kirksville, Mo.)
If the farmer is not in a locality where the milk will sell, he must
learn to make a good edible and salable article out of the milk. It can
be made into butter or cheese. Before he undertakes it, he should cal-
culate how he can make dairying pay better than the growing of corn
or hay, or the raising of cattle or hogs for sale. That will depend upon
how much you make, how well you make it and how successful you are
in selling it. If you make a good article of butter it must not go to
market as common country butter, but must be made and put up in a
marketable shape, so that in the opinion of the merchant and consumer
it can compete with creamery butter. You can best learn dairying by
taking a course in dairy instruction at our Experiment Station. If you
cannot go there yourself, and have sons and daughters, send them there,
or hire some one who has taken a course in dairying at that institution,
or pick out a good girl or boy and send to the dairy school with the
understanding, when he has finished the course he will work for you.
If you cannot do this, do not give up, you can learn by talking with
some one who knows the business and by reading good dairy papers.
The old saying is true “Where there is a will, there is a way.”
If you tell your neighbors of your intention to try that kind of
work, you are sure to get discouraging advice. They will tell you how
much work there is in it, how many have gone at it and failed. They
never know or tell how many have worked at dairying and paid for
their farms and built good, comfortable homes and made comfortable
livings thereby. You can go into parts of the country where dairying
is the principal occupation and find that dairymen have succeeded in
their business and their land is not worn out.
How can one make a success at dairying? Start with good cows,
but do not be too quick to condemn the cows you have till they have
had a fair chance to show what they can do. A cow on poor pasture,
on corn and timothy hay, exposed to all sorts of weather does not have
a chance to do her best for you. Give her good pasture and feed her
296 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
plenty of good feed. If when fresh she does not give twenty or thirty
pounds of milk, testing three per cent or more, you may consider that
you have a clear case against her and you may sell her to the butcher
and find some way of getting a better one. Your success depends on
good cows and good, plentiful feeding of the kinds of feed that produce
the most milk, giving your cows comfortable quarters and kind treat-
ment. You need not take the old woman’s notion to kiss the cow, but
I believe a cow will do better if combed, brushed and stroked. Some
people believe they can break a cow from kicking by beating her with
milk stools, sticks or clubs. I think it always makes her worse and
would advise any one not to do it.
Now about the feed: I spoke of corn and timothy hay being not
the best feed to produce a good flow of milk. Clover is much better
than timothy hay, but corn, when just out of the roasting ear and com-
mencing to glaize and dent, while the blade and stalks are green, if run
through an ensilage cutter and put in an air-tight silo will keep its natu-
ral succulence and is the best winter feed; the nearest approach to green
grass in the summer. I use common field corn, big or little as I have
it. I have jour silos, one holds three hundred tons, the other three
one hundred tons each. I raise cow peas to mix with corn in the silo,
alternating a load of corn with a load of cow peas and in that way I
think I get better feed than corn alone would make, and am well
pleased with this way of preserving feed for stock, not only cows but
young stock and horses. I have found no better way of getting valu-
able feed; it makes a very busy time when we are putting it up, but
when that is done, we have good feed whenever needed.
It took fifteen men and a twelve horse power engine nearly six
days‘to fill my three hundred ton silo with cow peas and corn. Six of
these men were detained until nine o’clock in the morning and quit
work at four o’clock in the afternoon to do the milking, but the other
nine commenced work at seven in the morning, had an hour noon and
quit work at six in the evening. They used six wagons and teams. I
paid the extra hands $1.00 a day, without board; I paid for the engine
and engineer $5.00 a day, so it cost me about $120 to fill a three hundred
ton silo. I winter each cow on four tons. I found it took from seven
to ten minutes to run a load through that we estimated weighed more
than a ton.
I want to speak of the benefit it would be to the farmer to engage
more extensively in dairying. If rightly conducted, he can make more
money thereby and have a better farm. It makes more work but the
profit pays for the excess of work. I do not like to speak of myself,
but venture to do so for vour benefit. The year 1901 was certainly our
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 297
hardest year. I had only enough feed for four hundred tons of ensil-
age and very little hay in the fall. I doubted whether it was best to
use what feed I had and attempt merely to keep my stock alive till
spring, or buy feed to make the cows give enough milk to pay for the
feed. I wondered if I could make any profit with hay at $13 to $15
per ton, alfalfa shipped from Nebraska, bran at $20 to $22 per ton,
cotton seed meal at $26 to $28 a ton and pay six hands to do the work.
I undertook to give my cows good feed so that they could pay for it,
and they did. I bought $1,500 worth of feed and came out with very
little pay for my work, but when spring and grass came and we quit
feeding, my cows looked well and gave a good flow of milk, which they
could not have done had they not been well fed during the winter, and
we sold over $100 worth of butter a week for a considerable time. I
do not know just what I could have done had I had beef cattle, but I
suspect I would have had to sell them to pay for the feed and had noth-
ing to make profit with; but my cows paid for their feed and were
ready to make more for me. I advise farmers to go into private dairy-
ing. You can churn and make the butter as easily as you can take it
to a creamery, if there is one near you, and you do not have to sus-
pect the creamery man does not test your milk right; and will have all
the skim milk and butter milk to feed your calves and pigs.
I want to advise you about apparatus for making butter. If neces-
sary for a little while, use what you have, but as soon as possible get
a good separator and a good churn and when you get tired of a hand
separator, use some kind of power and build a suitable room for it.
I have used a two-horse tread power for six or seven years, but last
spring I got a four-horse gasoline engine and I like it best.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Patterson: When I first went into the dairy business a man
came along and tried to get me to buy a separator. I did not think I
needed one, but he was persistent and showed me I was just losing a
dollar every day by not getting all the butter fat that the milk contained.
If dairying is not rightly conducted it will not pay expenses. So many
of our farms are so badly managed, the land just sown and resown in
corn until its fertility is all gone; but even with the proper rotation of
crops I believe there is more money in dairying than on a common farm.
In dairying you get your money every week, while in raising hogs and
cattle you have to wait so long before you get your returns and this
makes a big difference, so I think the dairy business is preferable. Then
dairying does not deplete the land as does ordinary grain raising.
298 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Prof. Eckles: Most farmers in this State are not situated like Mr.
Patterson in regard to the number of their cows. Most farmers of this
State have only six to ten or twelve cows. Would Mr. Patterson rec-
ommend a man having no more cows than that to fit himself for making.
butter or sell his milk to a creamery or separate his cream and ship it
to the creamery?
Mr. Patterson: Circumstances alter cases. A man should be his
own judge as to what is best. If he is near a creamery and has confi-
‘dence in it that it can make as good an article of butter as he can, it
might pay for him to sell them his cream. But I was speaking of the
man who does not live near a creamery. There is no creamery near us.
It will pay the man who has ten cows to get a separator and he will
soon have enough money to have twenty cows. I always advise a good
sized separator.
Mr. Erwin: I want to corroborate what Mr. Patterson has said in
regard to the private dairy. After quitting the dairy business for a
number of years I drifted back into it and am milking some twenty-
four or twenty-five cows. I make my butter at home and I find that
it brings in a very comfortable income and I think pigs and chickens
are a natural adjunct of the dairy. I have found since I have been
engaged in the business of dairying in a smaller way that the actual
number cf dollars and cents gained have been greater than when I ran
it on a more extensive scale. You cannot take ten cows and get as
good results in proportion as you can get from one cow and when you
increase the number to fifty or seventy-five or one hundred cows, the
amount of gain per cow is much more with the smaller number of cows.
i
SOME POINTERS FROM TWENTY YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN
THE RETAIL MILK BUSINESS.
(By Mr. A. H. Shepard, Columbia, Mo.)
The point that I have always found most necessary in supplying
the milk tothe city market is that you should always have an adequate
supply, not only of good, pure new milk, but of good cream, good sweet
skim milk and sour milk. There is a demand for all these and if the
customer fails to get them then they revert back to the town cow and
you have lost a customer, but if you are always ready to supply the
demand there is no trouble in maintaining a good trade in a town like
this. It is important, of course, absolutely necessary, that the goods
you offer are of such a quality that your customers can have perfect
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 299
confidence in you. They must be sure they are getting a good article.
Nothing makes a man so mad as to get something to eat and find that
it is not good, it makes him mad all the way through.
It is important to have a good herd of cows. I was impressed
with a little point made by Mr. Patterson—I do not know that I can
express it as he did—while a good herd is important, a good herdsman
is of greater importance. I would rather take a scrub herd in the hands
of a thoroughbred herdsman than a thoroughbred herd in the hands of
a scrub herdsman. I have found that out by experience. I have seen
very fine herds in the hands of bad herdsmen and the result was simpiy
a loss, while I have seen common herds, give good results when in the
hands of a good herdsman.
The thing is to produce a good article and deliver it to the city cus-
tomers regularly, carefully, promptly and in a nice condition and they
will be satisfied, and my experience is that it is more profitable than
the making of butter or cheese. In all I have had about thirty-three
years’ experience in dairying, seventeen of which have been in the re-
tail milk business and the others in butter and cheese making and as far
as profits are concerned, I find much better profits in selling milk and
cream where you have a good market than there is in either of the
others.
For the retail trade we put the milk in bottles. It is a little more
expensive but gives better satisfaction.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Erwin: Do you not find that the percentage of loss in measur-
ing more than makes up the price of the bottles?
Mr. Shepard: No. You will save some in measuring, but it will
not make up for the loss. There is too much breakage in the bottles
and the same wagon cannot carry as much milk, the bottles occupy about
three times the space. The milk is poured into the bottles and these
put up in cases and the spaces between the bottles are filled with
crushed ice.
Mr. Smith: Do you test your herd?
Mr. Shepard: Yes, and I find customers do not care so much
about the extra rich quality of milk as they do for the milk to be pure
and nice and well flavored. And it is important in securing a good
flavor to the milk to be very particular as to the feed of the cows. The
pastures should be as nearly free from weeds as possible; there should
be good grass and the feed should always be first class. I never buy
any corn unless it will grade No. 2. There is a great deal of corn
300 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
shipped in that will not grade and it is not fit for the dairy cow. If
feed is slightly musty it is not fit for dairy cows. At this time of the
year I supplement the pastures by wheat. Sow wheat each year early
and at this time of the year it makes a very fine pasture and it pro-
duces a good flow of milk.
Mr. —————: Does it not spoil the flavor of the milk?
Mr. Shephard: Not at this time of the year. If cattle are turned
on it suddenly in the spring, it will make quite a change in the flavor of
the milk, but after they have been on it two or three days the milk has
no objectionable flavor. I think it is mostly in the change of flavor,
there is nothing bad about it as soon as one gets accustomed to it.
Mr. Erwin: Is not this flavoring due to the indigestion of the ani-
mal rather than to the feed? If you do not permit them to take full
feed, but only partial feed so that there is no scouring, you will not ob- |
serve it at all.
Mr. Shepard: I think they will observe the flavor anyway. It is
different from the flavor given by the winter feed and that is why they
notice it; but as soon as the customers become used to it it is all right,
but they are apt to be suspicious of a sudden change.
I never use the milk of cows far advanced in pregnancy. A cow
should be allowed to go dry at least two months before calving time.
The flavor of the milk is bad several weeks before calving. A cow will
give more milk and better milk by milking her ten months and allowing
her to go dry two months than by milking her the whole twelve months
and you can get a stronger calf and one less liable to sickness.
Mr. A farmer I knew pastured wheat right down to the
ground. Could he do that every year with success?
Mr. Shepard: I do not think it hurts it much. Two years ago I
pastured till the first of May and the result was good, I took the cows
off the wheat and got twenty-six bushels to the acre. That is the larg-
est yield I have ever had from wheat pastured. The way I do gener-
ally is to pasture it to the roth of May, then plow it up and sow it to
cow peas and get the cow peas off by the first of September. The
ground is then in fine condition for wheat, and by simply sowing with-
out working it you can get a good crop of cow peas and pasturage for
several months. 2
Mr. —————: Don’t you think there is a way to overcome the ©
flavor of grass or rye in milk. Give them dry feed a couple of hours _
before milking. I do that way.
Mr. Shepard: ‘My practice is to put the cows on it just after milk-
ing in the morning and let them stay one hour, the cows will fill and —
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 301
sometimes look like they were bloating so they could not get their breath
from the wheat, and then I do not let them run on the wheat any more
that day.
Mr. Smith: Do you pasteurize your milk?
Mr. Shepard: No, I sterilize the bottles but do not heat the milk.
Prof. Eckles: What is the best way to dispose of your surplus?
Mr. Shepard: If there is a surplus, make it into butter and feed
the skim milk to hogs. Of course if there is a creamery near by, it
would be better to send the surplus milk to the creamery.
Mr. Patterson: Do you ever have any trouble with the flavor of
wild onions in milk?
Mr. Shepard: I have not had any trouble on that account for
years. The way to prevent it is to feed the cows very liberally at the
time, for the cows will eat onions only when they are hungry. Another
thing that damages milk is bad water. A thing of the greatest impor-
tance is give your cows good, pure water and not a muddy branch to
drink out of and give them good, clean troughs.
THE WINTER’S RATION FOR THE DAIRY COW.
(By H. C. Goodrich, Calhoun, Mo.)
Someone has said that there are many cowkeepers but few dairy-
men. When we consider that the average annual production of the
cows of Missouri is scarcely more than 150 pounds of butter and that
there are herds that average 300 to 350 pounds yearly we realize the
difference.
Why this difference? Why is it that the average Missouri cow
produces so little? There are three requisites to success with cows:
Ist. The right kind of cows.
and. The right kind of feed.
3rd. The right kind of care.
Now we know that there are a number of cows of special beet
breeding that are kept principally for breeding purposes and are
seldom milked; but leaving these out of consideration there are a
great many cows that because they have been bred along no par-
ticular line and have never been properly cared for are worthless so
far as dairy purposes are concerned. To obtain the greatest success
with dairy cows one should have animals that have been developed
along dairy lines until that has become to be their principal function,
in short the special purpose dairy cow.
302 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
But there are a great many really good dairy cows that because
of improper feeding and care are not making a good showing, nor
their owners any money. Let us then for a few minutes take up the
subject of feeding dairy cows.
This is a large subject; quite too large for me, involving as it does
a study of balanced rations, prices of different feeds, digestibility,
palatability, and, from the farmer’s and dairyman’s standpoint, what
crops to grow on the farm.
The original and natural ration is pasture grass and there is
nothing that equals fresh pasturage for the production of milk and
butter. But we cannot have fresh pasture the year round in this
climate. True we can by sowing rye or wheat have late fall pasture
and again very early in the spring, and it will pay to do so, but after
hard freezing weather pasture is no longer satisfactory and we must
looke elsewhere for feed. Indeed it will not do to depend wholly
on pasture for a ration for cows but a very small portion of the year,
but we must stand ready to supplement it with some other feed much
of the time. In my herd I always feed a little grain feed no matter
how good the grass may be.
The chemist will analyze our pasture grasses and tell you that
they contain all the elements to make a perfectly balanced ration.
He will also take the same grasses when carefully cured and tell you
that they contain practically the same elements as before except that
there is less water. Now anyone knows that you cannot take these
same cured grasses and by the addition of the proper amount of
water make fresh green grass any more than you can add water to
dried fruit and make it fresh again, and as fresh fruit is much better
to most people’s taste so fresh green fodder of any kind is better
than dried to the cow.
There is something in the green feeds that the chemist cannot
analyze. We call it succulence, and because it adds greatly to its
palatability it plays an important part in the digestive economy of
the cow. How then shall we supply during the winter months that
succulence that the cow so much delights in? There are two ways
or rather there are two substitutes for green feed that are available.
One is by growing root crops, but that calls for a great deal of labor
in growing and harvesting and a large amount of storage room
where the crop can be stored out of reach of frost. On that account
they have never been largely grown in the west. A better way to
supply a succulent feed is by putting up ensilage. This while it is
quite different from the green fodder yet retains it succulence. It
is true that at the Wisconsin Experiment Station practically the same
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 303
results were obtained with cured corn fodder as with ensilage, but
this fodder was cured under perfect conditions such as it is almost
impossible to obtain in ordinary farm practice, and the fact remains
that ensilage is more palatable than cured fodder no matter how care-
fully cured. All things considered siloing is the cheapest method of
harvesting the whole corn crop.
Ensilage should form a large part of the winter’s ration, but some
dry fodder or hay should always be fed. If possible this cured fod-
der should be some kind of legume, clover, cow pea, Soy bean, alfalfa
or vetch. I have always used corn fodder for ensilage. Plant with
corn drill twice as thick in rows as for a regular corn crop. On good
ground, if the season is favorable, I will get a good crop of ears and
a large amount of fodder, but if we have too much dry weather we
will get a good crop of fodder but not so many ears. The past
season my ensilage corn would have made seventy-five bushels to
the acre.
Sorghum for ensilage is highly spoken of by some. I tried a
patch this season. Drilled it with corn planter pretty thick in rows.
It made a large growth, but lodged down so that it was a great deal
of work to harvest it. If it could be kept from lodging it would
handle very well and give a large crop, and in a dry season like last
year would still give a good crop. Sorghum is a very valuable forage
plant. Sown thickly and cut and cured like hay it yields a large
crop which is readily eaten, and it retains much of its succulence
until late in the winter. Clover, cow peas and Soy beans can be
grown almost everywhere in this State. Alfalfa is on trial, and has
been successfully grown in several places. The hairy vetch is well
reported of elsewhere, and while I do not know that it has been tried
to any extent in this State, I believe it would do well.
Now it is not enough that we give the cow plenty of good feed,
but we must give it in the right proportion. Scientific feeders and
investigators have worked out a standard for feeding milch cows
that may well be taken as a guide. Woll’s American Standard
Ration for Dairy Cows, compiled from the averages of rations fed
by over one hundred successful dairymen in different parts of the
United States, is:
Dry matter. Protein.
24.50 Ibs. 2.15 Ibs.
Carbohydrates. Fat.
13.30 lbs. 75
304 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Taking this as an average bases let us consider a few sample
rations.
Dry matter.| Protein. | Carbohydrates.| Fat.
| . .
| |
|
AQ IDE: corm szenpllager ce caste sce ere) eee oe | 10.56 52 5.60 . 28
8 vIbB. cloverahaye) ifn. 2. s aetatr tele ale = erepeitle es | 6.77 .54 2.86 -13
GhIBS orn. 2meal eer wisn 1 tolere eke relent 5.34 47 4.00 .26
DAs Sisal ie il aE Som aoe Gad eo aen.0 05 Oe 1.80 | .68 .56 | .32
ERO Ta ar tate: Ste hat arate eedste axatetere ton Saree atalaite | 24.47 | Deak | 13:2 | .99
Average cost of above ration, 11.2c.
ORIEN EINE. voteyel en atetniole. = mintete les eiele eles! ofetonelqvais | 10.56 -O2 5.60 .28
S SIDS ACOW MCS SHAY, 2 cto cpensictetetcr a Po oho ocho ate where 7.14 . 86 3.09 .09
4 lbs. com smeal ei\.4210 fae oh 6 rien 3.56 31 2.67 | -17
SNA ASCE Ault re ee Sere aeatd oOo a0. cor c 3.52 .50 1.54 | -12
ENOLAIS te ative caste cease cvereretalercie es arsy otePege | 24.78 | 2.19 | 12.90 | .66
Average cost of above ration, 11.1c.
“SU LUSR Ge Re Hae OB eais a olaco Uo oebinogc aoe | 10.56 | 52 5.60 28
Sbsrcow peathay Costes eee ne one 7.14 86 3.09 .09
WT UBS COUT MAINED! are cyctecs tats eto ehedeue, siete eat ere teeters 6.24 .55 4.67 | .380
Lab wSoyabeanranealy eke. reise erstepnies-ts breeders) = | .89 .34 .28 | = Alets
PROLAIS scottete Lorie beret caer apne masts espe ssattere dees | 24.83 | 2.27 | 13.64 | .84
Average cost of above ration, 10.7e.
No. I gives a very well balanced ration all of which can be
grown on the farm, so do away with buying mill feed. However, it
may often happen that it would be cheaper to buy some mill feed
than to try to grow all our feeds on the farm. Wheat bran is a very
fine feed for cows, and may well form part of every ration. It gives
bulk to the concentrated portion of the feed, and I always like to mix
a little at least with grain feeds. There are several other products
of the mills that are excellent feeds and usually cheap when their
feeding value is considered. Cotton seed meal is one of the cheapest
feeds a dairyman can buy at the usual prices. I should feed much
more of it, but I am not able to use a car load in one season, and
small quantities cost too much.
We might use two pounds of cotton seed meal in ration number
one in place of the Soy bean meal and would change the value of
the ration. Perhaps the cotton seed meal could be bought as cheaply
as we could raise the Soy beans.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 305
No. 2 is also a good ration. I consider it better than the first.
These rations admit of an infinite variety of changes to accommo-
date them to the different kinds of feed we may have or can buy at
reasonable prices.
SILOS AND SILAGE.
(Wm. Plummer, Grace, Mo.)
It seems to me that I am out of place to try to discuss the sub-
ject of silos and ensilage before this convention, but as I have been
placed on the program, I will try to give my experience with the silo
as best I can. I have had my silo built for three years and it has
given me the best of satisfaction, but if you could come to Clover
Hill Dairy I could show you better than I can tell you, as I like the
Missouri idea of having to be shown.
Three years ago I decided to make dairying my business. I had
a herd of thirty-two grade Jersey cows of good quality. I concluded
that the next most important thing was proper feed for my cows.
After getting all the information that I could out of Hoard’s Dairy-
man and Colman’s Rural World, I called on Mr. Brooks of Caven-
dish, Mo., and Uncle John Patterson of Kirksville, Mo., and got
their experience with ensilage as feed. I decided to build a silo. I
built my first silo in the fall of rt900. I built it round, sixteen feet
in diameter, and thirty-four feet high, four feet of it was under
ground. The silo proper is made of 2x6 pine, 14 and 16 feet long.
It is hooped with 13 iron hoops made of 5 iron rods. I then filled
this silo with corn and with this amount of silage I fed thirty-two
cows from the 15th of November till the 27th of April. I also fed
some bran and a very little corn and allowed the cows to run to
sorghum cane during the day. My cows milked well all winter and
in the spring were in good condition. As evidence of the value of
my method of dairying, I wish to state that my butter brought one
cent more per pound on the New York market than the top price.
The dry cows I wanted to put off, I sold for $3.25 per hundred, with-
out extra feed.
In the fall of roor, I refilled my silo with corn, this time it was
mostly fodder and this enabled me to keep sixty-five head of cattle
of all kinds through the winter, thirty-four of them cows, without
buying any rough feed. I fed a little corn meal to the best milkers.
A—20
306 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Bran was too expensive to give sufficient profit. While my neigh-
bors were paying $12 to $14 for hay per ton to keep their stock
through the winter, I fed silage raised on my farm; this induced me
to build another silo, so this fall I built silo number two, after Mr.
Cobb’s plan, of Monmouth, III.
It is twenty feet in diameter and thirty-four feet high, four feet
of this is under ground, made of rock. On the top of the foundation,
the staves are 2x4 pine, 14 and 16 feet long, nailed together with 40
penny spikes. This silo is filled with corn and sorghum, about equal
parts. We are feeding the silage from this silo now and it gives good
satisfaction. J am sure that silage is the best winter feed that I ever
fed in Missouri, either for milch cows or for young stock, and hogs
will eat it readily and it makes a good change for them.
You can build a silo as cheaply as any other building to keep feed
in if you consider the quality of the feed.
Should there be three or four farmers in a neighborhood who would
each build a silo, and then buy an ensilage cutter in partnership all
could have the use of the one machine and by exchanging work, let-
ting each man have his place at the cutter so that he would work to the
best advantage, much time would be gained and trouble prevented. I
filled silo No. 2 at the rate of eight feet per day with a thirteen-inch cut-
ter. I used a Deering corn binder to cut the corn, and have the corn
hauled in on low wheeled wagons, and each man loads his own wagon.
It cost me but 35 cents per ton to put up my ensilage this year and it
was hauled from 40 rods to one-half mile. I like ensilage because it
is handy to feed and stock will eat ninety per cent of it if it is properly
put up. While my neighbors are digging mouldy corn-fodder out of the
snow drift, I feed green feed in the dry.
Where corn is made into ensilage it makes more manure and of a
better quality. My wheat made ten bushels more per acre this year
on the ground where I had spread manure from the stable where en-
silage and bran was fed than it did where manure was scraped up from
the yard where fodder and sorghuin was fed, and on the same quality
of ground.
Notwithstanding the criticisms made against the use of the silo in
this section of our nation, I have found that it is profitable, and has
even done more for me than I anticipated. When a Missouri cow wili
produce butter that sells for 33 cents per pound, why not feed her silage?
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Patterson: Silos and ensilages are necessary things for mak-
ing the most profit in dairying and I think they are just as profitable
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 307
for general stock raising; it makes a good and cheap feed for young
stock of any sort, and is no costlier than other feed. Putting the cow
peas in the silo with corn is easier than curing the peas and I think
it makes a better balanced ration in this way than any other. I could
not field cure cow peas this year without losing most of them. I bought
a new ensilage cutter and it was delayed in transportation and conse-
quently when the frost came in September I lost ten acres of cow peas.
We always have good results from feeding cow peas mixed with corn
and other feeds. The silo is the preferable way of feeding dairy cows
and the sooner we get to using it the more profit we can make.
The way to fill the silo depends upon what machinery you have.
Mr. Rogers spoke of using a corn harvester, I had one and it took the
best man I had and three of my best horses and cost me more than to
cut it by hand, and lay it down in small piles. We found this a much
cheaper way than to harvest with the corn harvester, and I sold my
harvester.
_ Mr. ———: Do you have trouble in elevating your corn with the
blower?
Mr. Patterson: Not when we have enough power. We elevate
it thirty feet. On our old machine we used an eight horse power en-
gine. That did not give enough blowing power, however, to keep it
going on a large machine, but with a twelve horse power we had no
trouble. .
We keep as good a man as we can get to stay in the silo and he has
a six-tine pitch fork and takes what falls in the center and places it all!
around on the sides, and the more he tramps the better, so we urge him
to tramp and keep it higher on the sides than in the center; and it will
keep an energetic man busy to keep the sides even with the middle.
Mr. Erwin: I feel like there was a statement made by my friend
across the way that ought not to go unchallenged and that is in regard
to the value of sorghum. It depends entirely on what you want to grow
after you have raised a crop of sorghum. If you want the ground firm
so that you can raise a crop of grass and your land is a little inclined
to wash and be carried away by heavy rains, there is no crop, in my
humble judgment, that is superior to sorghum. It firms the ground just
right for the grass—not the clovers, but blue grass and timothy and that
class of grasses. It shapes the ground so that weeds are driven from
it and the ground is left in better condition for putting on a grass crop;
and as to sorghum’s taking away the fertilizing elements of the soil, I
have very grave doubts. I think if we investigate the matter we will
find that crops like corn and sorghum that are largely carbonaceous and
must derive a great deal of their value from the sunlight, that they are
308 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
among the least exhaustive of all the crops that we raise; where the
soil is not carried away by the rainfall. The trouble is that we plant
on the hillsides where the land is easily washed and the rainfall carries
away our fertility and not the crop that we raise on it: hence, I think
sorghum, if your land is disposed to wash, is one of the best crops
that you can raise, and it is a crop that comes in at that season of the
year when we are most likely to have drouth, and we can keep up the
flow of the milk, with sorghum as with no other crop. It seems to me
more valuable than any other grain crop, as we have it at the season
of the year when there is a drouth, and it is a drouth resisting plant
and-seems to me to be superior to cow peas. Last year I had cow peas
on the south side of my field where there is more water; they suffered
in the drouth, while the sorghum planted on the north side, where there
is less water did not suffer but remained green and furnished green feed
for my cows during the dry part of the season.
Mr. Bruns: . Plant cow peas with the cane but do not plant too
thick.
I think it is doubtful whether sorghum takes the fertility out of the
soil more than other crops and if you plant cow peas with it you are
just that much better off.
Mr. Rogers: As to sorghum, it is a pretty good feed if you know
how to use it. As to its impoverishing the soil, I think we have a pre-
ponderance of evidence that it does impoverish the land. All we have
to do is to stop and see what it does. We know that it takes every-
thing out of the soil and puts nothing back, that is well established.
These Agricultural College boys here understand that.
Mr. Erwin: Just point out how it does not put anything back.
Mr. Rogers: The hard fibrous roots of sorghum pack and firm
the land so that if you wish to sow blue grass afterwards, the sorghum
is a pretty good thing, but if you want to plow your land, it is hard;
but the sorghum takes everything out of the soil, the nitrogen, the pot-
ash and phosphorous and puts nothing back. Whereas the pea and
clover family, all the leguminous plants in the catalogue take out very
little phosphorous, very little potash and put an abundance of nitrogen
in the soil. We see those little laboratories for making nitrogen on the
roots of the clovers and cow peas; we do not know how they gather this
nitrogen, but we know they do gather it. Timothy does not much more
than keep the soul and body together in anything that eats it; what we
want is clover or leguminous plants of some sort; but I believe that
cane is a good cattle feed and firms the soil.
Mr. England: Is cane better than corn fodder? For our work it
is no better.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 309
Mr. Bruns: Cattle will just eat the blades of the corn fodder but
of the cane they will eat it all. How much more is that?
Prof. Waters: Do any of our sorghum farmers present make the
mistake of devoting good land to the growing of sorghum and let their
corn fodder go to waste and put in sorghum to make up for it? There
is no question but that sorghum ton for ton and acre for acre will pro-
duce more feed, but it does not supply any nutrients that corn fodder
does not. While I have no war to wage on sorghum, every man should
decide whether he can afford to grow sorghum; after careful consid-
eration of all the facts, and first the position is well taken that sorghum
impoverishes the soil rapidly; not so rapidly as corn, perhaps, one sea-
son with another; and yet it may impovish it more rapidly than corn.
Mr. Erwin: Have any experiments been made and published show-
ing what the impoverishment of the soil is in the growth of corn where
the land lies so that there is no mechanical waste by washing; such as
is shown in the growth of wheat in England?
Prof. Waters: An experiment made in Pennsylyania in the growth
of corn for sixteen years shows very markedly and unmistakably that
corn in comparison with wheat, oats and timothy is a very much more
exhaustive crop; and in comparison with clover you know what the re-
sult is and do not need to refer to any exact experiments. We can find
farms in this State that have been practically worn out by the growth
of corn. Sorghum does not supply any of the nutrients that corn fod-
der, which is wasted so prodigiously in this state, will not supply. I
do not mean to say that each individual farmer is making a mistake,
by growing sorghum, for he needs that sort of material and may not
have enough fodder to supply it. For this purpose sorghum is a great
crop. What the dairyman needs, however, is a supply of cheap protein
to balance his corn, corn fodder and straw. Clover and cow peas are
the cheapest sources of protein that we know of, and while he is pro-
ducing protein in the cheapest way by the use of clover and cow peas,
he is at the same time benefiting his land. I think we cannot emphasize
this lesson of the value of clover and cow peas too much for every
farmer.
Mr. ———: What does Prof. Waters mean by letting the corn fod-
der go to waste? How would you save it?
Prof. Waters: In the dairy business, by the silo, putting into it as
much as is convenient; the rest I would cut and field cure and I am not
certain just now whether I would shred it or not. I would let some-
body experiment on that proposition, unless I had an opportunity to get
the ears husked by the same operation and at only a slight expense above
the ordinary method of husking it.
310 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Mr. Erwin: This is my third year on shredded fodder. One year
I used the blower and blew the shredded fodder into the barn and into
the convenient places for feeding. The last two years I threw away
the blower and put on an old fashioned carrier of my own make and
ran the hay baler behind it and drove the machine into the middle of the
corn field and as fast as the fodder is shredded it is baled. I thought
that was the cheapest method I could handle it. It took one less team
than to haul the corn to the barn. When shredding in the middle of the
field and one team will do the baling and I can haul fifteen or twenty
shocks at a load and cover and handle it as conveniently as baled hay.
For my horse stock, especially I am no longer dependent on hay for
rough feed, but prefer the shredded fodder to the hay, and I find that
it makes excellent feed for cows. Then again here in our climate we
have a good deal of bad weather for husking corn in the ordinary way
and I get my corn husked and in the same operation the fodder baled,
so that I have nothing to do in the winter time but feed it out.
Mr. Miller: The best explanation I ever heard in regard to sor-
ghum and corn I got from Prof. Waters. He said farmers have got
to raise corn in order to get the ears. Why not take ears and fodder
from the corn and leave the sorghum alone. Cut up every bit of the
corn. Some people have silos and some have not. Stack your corn
fodder like hay if you have no silo. I think that is as good advice as
can be given.
Mr. Erwin: If you have sorghum on a high ridge you will have
green succulent feed to feed to your cattle, beginning the first of August
or last of July and it may be kept until the hard freezing weather comes
on, and you cannot have that in corn fodder.
Mr. England: Is it not dangerous to turn cattle into sorghum?
Prof. Waters: Yes.
Mr. Bruns: I agree with Prof. Waters that corn fodder is better
than sorghum for the silo, but the corn fodder will not take the place
of sorghum to help out the pasture—the fact is I feed sorghum as long
as it is not freezing weather. As long as the sorghum is not frozen to
ice it makes a juicy feed the same as silage. On thirty cows I have
increased my milk eight gallons in feeding sorghum two days. But I
believe ensilage is all right in place of sorghum and better for winter
feeding.
Prof. Waters: It may be that our experience has been a little un-
fortunate in sorghum. I want to give in one word the results we have .
had with it in comparison with half corn fodder and half clover hay, not
with dairy cows, I regret to say, but with beef steers on full feed, and
in some instances steers that were being wintered. A strong mixture
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 311
of clover hay and corn fodder gave very much better results than the
sorghum. Now I agree with you without hesitation that a ton of sor-
ghum will feed further than will a ton of corn fodder, but instead of
putting your land in sorghum if you had put it in cow peas or clover
and combined the corn fodder, with them you would get better gains
than with the sorghum.
Mr. England: I had some experience in the summer. In one
weeks’ time while I was cutting my cow peas my cows gained on grass
and the cow peas two gallons a day. They did not care for the cane
until after it was cured, then they ate it.
I would like to ask Prof. Waters about curing cow peas.
Prof. Waters: The curing of cow peas is a serious proposition.
It would not be if we were curing them in midsummer, in July when
we cure timothy hay, and when the ground is dry and the weather hot,
but in the fall of the year it is more difficult to handle them on a large
scale, and yet in the ordinary season we have been able to cure them
well enough so that they will make very valuable feed, without any
undue handling or any unnecessary expense. We mow them down,
practically, regardless of the weather and allow them to cure in the
swath as much as we can without serious sunburn or injury from rain
and then throw them into rather large shocks. Make them tapering,
rather tall and finish curing in the shock. If it rains and a few shocks
heat, we open them. Ordinarily we will not have much heating. If it
rains the next day after cutting, run the tedder over them while they
are yet wet, and if it rains the next day, repeat the operation and tedder
them every time while wet. The less handling, the better. You may
over handle cow peas and have nothing left of them except to leave
them in the field as fertilizers and have a good deal of unnecessary labor.
The peas will stand a large amount of rain and look black and still be
exceedingly palatable and useful as feed. I verify that statement made
to Mr. Erwin.
“WHERE ARE WE AT?”
(W. W. Marple, St. Joseph.)
In this great State of (Missouri it is. said people won’t milk,
for two reasons, because they don’t have to and because they don’t want
to. After having been told for years that the task of interesting the
Missouri people in the question of dairying was a hopeless one, after
being told from time immemorial that among the principal products of
the Missouri farm, milk would never be mentioned; to find ourselves
312 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
tonight in this magnificent building, erected on Missouri soil, paid for
by Missouri money and dedicated to the dairy men and dairy women and
dairy interests of Missouri, is it any wonder that the first question that
suggests itself to us is “Where are we at?”
Xe x * * *
I learned sometime ago with the greatest pleasure and satisfaction
that this, the thirteenth annual meeting of the Misouri State Dairy
Association, was to be held here; but when, a short time ago, a pro-
gramme was sent to me with an urgent request from your secretary that
I would respond to the call in the discharge of my duty, as designated
on the program, and when I was further reminded at home that the
place of this meeting was the “Athens” of Missouri, the seat of learning,
the home of culture, the abiding place of titled dignitaries, the rendez-
vous of professors, I questioned very seriously the advisability of my
taking a part in these exercises.
My abiding faith in the dairy business, my implicit confidence in
the good people of our grand old state, and with this as a basis, my in-
tense enthusiasm has prompted me to preach the Gospel of Dairying in
many parts of Missouri, to many good sized audiences of very intelli-
gent people, among whom were many well posted along dairy lines.
And while I have felt perfectly at home among these people, my lack of
any title whatever, I was sure, could not help but make me feel out of
place, if not ill at ease here.
> * ok ok * *
I am reminded tonight that a year ago I had the pleasure of repre-
senting the dairy interests of Missouri at the State Dairy Association
convened at Palmyra, and in their behalf asked that assembly, the citizens
of that hospitable little city as well as our great commonwealth, “Why
not Missouri?”
And now after another year of progress in every department of
science and every branch of industry and in the interest of the faithful
few who started this organization thirteen years ago and who for thir-
teen long years have fostered and nursed and defended it, | come to you
and demand to know from you and from every true, loyal citizen inter-
ested in developing the latent resources, preserving the richest heritage,
and building up the most important industry in the great State of our
nativity or adoption. ‘Where are we at?”
This may not appeal to you as a very elegant expression. It may
not be grammatical, it may not be rhetorical. It may lack poetry; it
may seem to you superfluous, but to me it seems full of meaning, full of
expression and more impressive than any other language that might
be used to ask the same question. It carries me back to the long ago,
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 313
in the little log school house on the hill, between two creeks, in Macon
county. I see the little fellow with his butter-nut jeans suit, his un-
combed hair, his coat sleeve glistening from contact with his nose, his
hands and face dirty, barefooted and digging his toes into the dirt floor,
standing in line, toeing the mark, his eye sparkling with mischief, his
great big head denoting brains and intelligence, obscure now but des-
tined to be great; holding in his hand a dog-eared, blue-backed spelling
book, thumb marked until you could scarcely read it, and I have heard
him say to the teacher, “Where is the lesson at?” I followed him home
and when his father told him to go and drive up the cows, I heard him
say, “Where are they at?” From that time until the memorable occasion
when in the halls of congress that illustrious representative from Mis-
sissippi got lost and asked, “Where am I at,” giving the expression greater
publicity and notoriety and stamping it with dignity, whenever I have
heard it, I have always felt that what it lacked in elegance was made up
in force.
This may not have impressed you as an important question, but it
is. It comes to everybody, in all walls of life. It is asked by every-
body, by some often, by many rarely. The bankers everywhere, the
trusted conservators of the people, either by personal investigation or
through competent and honest employes, every day ask, “Where are
we at?”
The merchant prince each day calls the heads of his departments
together and asks, “Where are we at?’ The country merchant once or
twice a year takes a careful invoice, and by so doing he asks, “Where
am I at?” The family physician is called in and finds a very sick pa-
tient. He looks at the tongue, he feels the pulse, he takes the tempera-
ture, he listens to the beating of the heart, he prescribes, he watches the
case closely. Satisfactory results are not attained and he calls in coun-
sel and by so doing, he asks, “Where are we at?”
The lawyer takes the case and after the client has given him all the
information he can, he takes into his private room all of the witnesses
and everybody that is likely to know anything about the case. He
questions them and cross questions them. He tests them in every way
possible, all because he wants to know “where he is at.”
The politician rides all over the state. He talks whenever he can
get a crowd to listen to him. When the campaign is almost over and
he is completely worn out, with his voice husky, his pocket book empty,
his pass worn out, on the verge of nervous prostration, he calls the chair-
man of each committee from every district large or small, and holds a
conference, all because he wants to know “where he is at.”
314 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
The great political parties print papers, publish books, hire orators,
and every now and then they have an election, to see “where they are at.”
The minister who stands behind the sacred desk and proclaims the
gospel to his congregation. After years of toil to build up a church and
to all appearances successful, his audiences always large, the prayer
meeting well attended, the Sunday School full of interest, hundreds of
new names on the church roll and yet some bright Sunday morning
when the attendance is large, he says to his congregation, “Everybody
who is trying to be good, please stand up.” He wants to know “where
they ‘are. aty”
x * * * * *
Ladies and gentlemen, I care not whether you are in the dariy busi-
ness or something else, I care not whether you live in the country or in
town. It is of no importance or special significance whether you are en-
gaged in farming or banking or manufacturing, you are no less inter-
ested in this connection at this time, and as it pertains to dairying, in
view of prompt action being necessary, you must ask yourself and answer
the question before you are in a position to act intelligently. The banker,
the merchant, the speculator all ask themselves every day and I am glad
the time has come, through the influence of such institutions as this,
when the same business methods are adopted by the farmer to obtain
satisfactory results.
It was not always thus. In some sections during the tobacco rais-
ing period, when we bought Horse Shoe seed and raised Battle Axe
tobacco, when we spent valuable time picking worms and pulling suck-
ers off of tobacco plants, and in our tobaco patches there were two kinds
of suckers, one grew on the plant and the other pulled them off, we
never asked where we were at. And we never knew until the sheriff
brought us word, and then we saw our mistake and none knew better
than we that it was too late. f
We owe a debt of gratitude to the pioneers of this business, the
originators and incorporators of this association, and I wish tonight that
I could answer them this question by giving a detailed report of what
has been accomplished during the past year.
I am glad to report that over a thousand residents of this state have
espoused the cause of dairying during the past year, and are abundantly
satisfied with the result.
A man who had a gold mine on his farm or an oil gusher beneath
it, that would not allow the space to be used necessary to get it out be-
cause it would interfere with raising corn, would be examined by a com-
mittee in fifteen minutes to decide on his sanity. And yet on thousancs
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. any
of Missouri farms there is a veritable gold mine of rich vellow butter,
or a gusher of pure, rich milk in the wealth of the blue grass that covers
the land. And some men won’t even let their wives and children work
the mine.
You have been told too often to need repeating of the wonderful
revenue of our sister state, Iowa, on the north, from her dairy product.
But I want to add to this that after making butter for years and bring-
ing down to Missouri to sell, a thousand of those men came down into
our own beloved country during the past year, with their pockets bulg-
ing out with the revenue from the dairy, and bought at what we consid-
ered a high price a thousand of these farms on which were gold mines.
A thousand better dairy farms than they ever saw and have sent our
people south and west to Oklahoma. And simply because they have
never asked themselves the question, “Where are we at?”
Last Monday morning a hundred thousand traveling men left their
homes in the discharge of their duties, as they scattered in every direction
and tonight a hundred thousand wives and three hundred thousand
children are asking, “Where are they at?”
Tonight there are fifty thousand homes desolate, where food is
scarce, clothing is scant, and the coal bin is empty. The wife and chil-
dren are shivering with cold and starving with hunger. The husband
and father is gone, and with trembling voices and tearful eyes, this host
is crying, “Where is he at?”
Did you ever stand on the platform of the depot and watch a rail-
road train come in? It’s a beautiful sight and we never get tired of see-
ing it. The engine, the baggage and express cars, the coaches, the din-
ing car, the sleepers, all works of art. There are many employes on
this train, each performing his special duty. The most conspicuous and
the one who seems most important is the conductor. When the train
stops he gets off and walks along the platform with the impression that
that is his train, and with a bearing and carriage that would indicate the
whole road was his. He wears a uniform that is perfect in fit and not
a spot on it. His shirt front is immaculate, his diamond pin dazzles your
eyes. He wears a beautiful cap. His patent leather shoes are a perfect
mirror. His, hands are soft and white, his hair is parted in the middle
and his moustache is curled to perfection. He is the observed of all ob-
servers, he is the envy of all the boys. He is admired by all the ladies.
In fact he is monarch of all he surveys. In the glitter of this man’s ap-
parel and in view of his conspicuous position, we lose sight of an impor-
tant personage connected with that train. It is the engineer.
I view him with perfect admiration as he sits in the cab of this ma-
jestic engine, as it stands puffing and blowing and letting off steam and
316 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
throwing out great rings of black smoke. He is clothed in overalls and
jumper and his face is covered with soot and as the train speeds over
the plains, bearing its load of human freight, he sits there with one eye
on the track and the other on the clock, his hand on the throttle holding
the destinies of these dependent mortals and guiding them safely to their
destinations, by always knowing “where he is at.”
The young man who reads the account of naval life with all its ex-
citing experiences, decides he wants to join the navy. He prepares
himself, stands the examination, is accepted and begins his life on the
mighty waters. The little community is all excitement over having
furnished some material to protect our coast. In their estimate he is a
wonderful man and everybody discusses him.
Under the influence of martial music, during the excitement inci-
dent to getting recruits, fascinated by the faultless attire and athletic
shape of the recruiting officer, hypnotized by the wonderful stories of
the U. S. soldier and desirous being lionized by his community, the
young man leaves the store, the counting house, the farm and joins the
army. The time comes for his departure and a public reception is held.
Eloquent speeches are made about his bravery. Tears are shed. Every-
body shakes hands, and half the people kiss him. He is besieged with
bouquets and bears with him the good wishes of everybody and feels his
importance as he leaves, listening to the music of a dozen young ladies
singing “Good Bye, My Lover, Good Bye.”
While I would not say a thing to detract from the glare and honor
and distinction of these young men, I want to call your attention tonight
to the bravest of them all. He is the young man who sees all this, who
bears all this in response to the call of duty, in accordance with the ad-
monitions of conscience, in compliance with existing conditions, for
parents’ sake, in the interest of brothers and sisters, he stays at home.
No bouquets thrown at him, no eloquent words of commendation for his
decision. No hand-shaking, no kissing, no band of music, no banquet,
no hurrah, no excitement. He quietly remains on the farm, surely: con-
scious of having done right. He listens to the occasional song of the
meadow-lark as he cultivates his crop, and at night, as he milks the
cows, is reminded of the time by the song of the whippoorwill and the
occasional hoot of the owl.
To me there is no greater hero, energetic, dutiful, conscientious and
self-sacrificing. It is in his interest that I come to you tonight and ask
your assistance to keep him there and encourage more to go there. The
boy on the farm where the air is pure, where the moral atmosphere has
never been contaminated, and where the beautiful picture painted by
divinity in full and constant view of the occupant of the farm, has en-
Te
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 317
larged his soul and stamped on his innocent face—satisfied. The boy,
the young man full of ambition, full of desire for more knowledge, who
has not yet tasted of the bitter fruits of failure, who knows no limit to
his strength and with his eye on the top round of the ladder of fame,
with an ambition that cannot be curbed, impelled by an active brain, that
is fed with good, rich, pure blood, on and on toward the goal that has
never yet been reached, finds in the dairy business a field for thought,
room for expansion, not the hope of reward, but the reward itself in im-
mediate results and as he continues to get results that are financially sat-
isfactory, he is at the same time developing his mind and preparing him-
self for a higher degree of enjoyment. In the country’s need from any
cause, it is of them they speak when they cry out in their distress,
“Where are they at?”
I heard of a man in Kansas who was opposed to the dairy business
and yet permitted his wife to support the family from her cows and [
read with pleasure an account of his going to Dakota a short time since.
While up there he was looking at a piece of land and wandering over it,
he fell into an old well which was very deep. They immediately wired
his wife telling her of her husband falling into the well and asked her
what they should do. She immediately wired back, “Fill up the well.”
To this association I would say, “Don’t give up the ship.” To all
Missouri I would say, “Keep up the good work; finish the work already
begun.”
“x * * * x *
In behalf of our very competent and worthy Professor of Dairy
Husbandry, Mr. C. H. Eckles, who has manifested such deep interest
and has done such effectual work, in behalf of these faithful members of
the Missouri State Dairy Association, in behalf of the people of Missouri
who have built this magnificent structure and secured a man to make
good use of it, in behalf of our Board of Agriculture, in behalf of Mr.
George Ellis, the worthy secretary, in behalf of the men who worked
so hard to make this meeting a success, in behalf of Missouri’s butter
makers, in behalf of our mothers and sisters, in behalf of one hundred
thousand boys on the farm, in behalf of the man who had the courage
of his convictions and went before the Legislature and Legislative Com-
mittees, who worked with might and main and succeeded in getting the
appropriation for this magnificent structure, your esteemed and honored
citizen, Dean Waters, in behalf of the Commonwealth I appeal to you
tonight that you will ever and anon keep putting this question and de-
manding an answer, “WHERE ARE WE AT?”
318 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
WHAT WE PROPOSE TO DO IN THE DAIRY DEPARTMEN®
OF -THE- AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
(Dean H. J. Waters.)
I naturally feel some hesitation in attempting to answer this ques-
tion because, like President Jesse and Secretary Ellis, I am not a dairy-
man, and it wouid be more proper for Professor Eckles, who has charge
of that Department and is a specialist along that line, to undertake to tell
you what is proposed to be done by the Agricultural College in dairying.
I want to say, however, that as far as I am concerned and as far as the
Agricultural College is concerned, we have an abiding faith in the dairy
industry and believe that it is permanently established in Missouri; that
it will develop and grow so that in a very short time Missouri will be an
important dairy State. I do not mean that we are looking for any great
boom along this line or that this industry is likely to have a mushroom
growth; it is not best that it should, neither for the State nor for the peo-
ple who are connected with it. The industry should grow gradually but
steadily and grow with the experience and with the success of the men
who are engaged in it.
In assisting in the development of the dairy industry, the College
will have no occasion to relax its efforts in behalf of the other live stock
interests. There should be no conflict between the beef and dairy inter-
ests. They are working to the same end and accomplishing the same
general good, viz., the establishing of our agriculture upon an enduring
basis. No community, state or nation has ever built a prosperous and
enduring agriculture upon any other foundation than that of live stock,
where the chief products of our fields and pastures are marketed in some
form of live stock and the fertility retained to fatten the soil. The long
continued selling of hay and grain will bring depleted soil and an impoy-
erished people.
It will therefore be the chief aim of the College with the assistance
of all stockmen to bring the grain farmer to realize this permanent suc-
cess lies in the line of animal husbandry. It may be special dairying or
special beef making or it may be a combination of the two in which the
high priced butter fat is sold as butter and good beef calves are raised on
such cheap material as skim milk and corn meal.
As far as the special work in dairying is concerned, we feel that the
College, with its new dairy building and apparatus, with its herds of
dairy cows, with its trained faculty, with our faith in the future of the
industry and enthusiasm for its success, is in position to render valuable
service to the State.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 319
While the impression still prevails in many quarters that the cream-
ery or dairy is the best and practically the only place to learn dairying,
I assert without the slightest fear of successful contradiction that in a
school of this sort this subject may be learned much better, vastly quicker,
at far less expense and incomparably better than is possible in a cream-
ery or dairy. I do not mean to be understood as under-estimating the
value of practical experience, but experience added to good training in
an agricultural college will be far more certain to bring success than will
either alone. In fact the time has come when such education is neces-
sary and a young man cannot hope to succeed as he should, without it.
This work will be directed along two distinct lines, viz., instruction
by the College and investigation by the Experiment Station.
First. The instruction will be sufficiently varied in its scope and
character to reach all classes from the man who plans to fit himself for
the highest position the industry offers to the man on the farm with a
cow.
Here instruction in dairying is put upon the same plane as instruc-
tion in Latin, Mathematics, Economics or any other of the old and well
established University subjects and where it will have the same dignity,
the same importance and the same educational value.
Three courses in dairying are now offered as follows:
1, A four years’ collegiate course.
2. An eight weeks’ course for creamery operators.
3. A twelve weeks’ course in dairy farming.
These courses cover all of the practical details in butter making,
cheese making, milk testing, dairy bacteriology, judging, selecting, breed-
ing, feeding and managing dairy herds; and ample experience in the
handling of dairy machinery, making, judging, packing and marketing
butter and cheese. In addition to these purely technical courses, instruc-
tion is offered in farm crops, manures and fertilizers, farm buildings,
poultry raising, horticulture, carpentering, blacksmithing, steam fitting,
etc.
The College is not satisfied to limit its efforts to instructing the stu-
dents who present themselves at the University for this work. Prof.
Eckles attends as many of the farmers’ institutes held under the auspices
of the State Board of Agriculture as his duties at the College will per-
mit, to give to the practical dairymen in their own neighborhood such
information, advice and assistance as he can.
Arrangements are now almost perfected for equipping a car with
the necessary apparatus and material for practical demonstrations in
butter making, judging dairy animals, etc., with a view to holding dairy
meetings in such parts of the State as may be most interested in this
320 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
study, in other words, the holding of a practical dairy school in every
dairy community in the State. Unfortunately the bulk of the butter pro-
duced in Missouri is made on the farm with appliances and under condi-
tions that practically prohibit that uniform quality and high grade that
best meets the demands of the market. If by the work at the institutes
and with the traveling dairy car the quality of the farm butter shall be
improved so that its selling value is increased only a cent a pound, the
direct benefit to the State will be more than the entire effort to build up
dairying has cost since it was begun by this Association thirteen years
ago.
Second. Investigation by the Experiment Station. The whole
range of butter making, cheese curing, feeding of dairy stock, compari-
son of different grains and forage plants for milk production, the raising
of calves on skim milk, the best use to make of the by-products of the
dairy, in short, any of the important problems that are now confronting
the dairyman will receive careful attention.
I hope that the dairymen of Missouri will feel that the Dairy De-
partment of the college belongs to them and that they are free to call
upon Prof. Eckles for any assistance that he may be able to render them
and that the success of the new dairy school rests partly with them and
partly with us. I trust that we may continue to have your hearty co-
operation and assistance to the end that we may develop the greatest
dairy school in the greatest dairy State in the Union.
BUTTERMAKING AS A PROFESSION.
(Prof. G. L. McKay, lowa Agricultural College.)
Mr. Chairman: ;
This is an age of combinations and concentration of capital. It is
also an age of specialists. The general purpose man must necessarily
fall to the rear. Every man should be educated along some line of busi-
ness. While I am a strong believer of adaptability, I can not think that
the man who has made a success as a specialist would have made a fail-
ure at any other business if he had applied the same energy and thought
to it.
Success in any business never comes by chance or luck. Chauncey
Depew, being asked by a young man what was the secret of success,
replied: “My boy, there is no secret to it. It is just dig, dig, dig.”
Edison, being asked to give the definition of genius, answered: “Two
per cent. is genius and ninety-eight per cent. is hard work.” On another
occasion when this great inventor was asked if he did not believe that
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 321
genius was simply inspiration he replied: “No, Genius is perspira-
bf
tion.” The editor of a western newspaper sent to all the successful men
in his city this question: “Why is it that not more of our young men
succeed?’ And one answer came in this laconic phrase: “Because too
many of them are looking for white-shirt jobs.” Possibly this was a
homely way of saying it, but it is true in many cases, especially with many
of our college graduates. Some imagine that because they have a col-
lege education, they must necessarily get an easy high-salaried position.
It is well to have a technical education but it is also well to have a manual
training. Lord Bacon says: “Learning should be made subservient to
action.” We need a knowledge more of how to do things than how to
explain things. The world today is looking for men who can turn out
the finished product.
The time, we hope, is past when it is considered a disgrace for a
nan to work with his hands. No man would be so irreverent as to say
that the man, Christ, was lacking in brain power or in manliness, yet
we find him a carpenter, toiling with his hands.
Study the lives of all successful men and the story will be found in
each case exactly the same. The methods vary as they must, but the
actual basis of every successful life is the persistent hard, hard work of
years and many a personal sacrifice. This is not always apparent simply
because we are all too apt to look at a man when he has achieved his suc-
cess. But there was a struggling period.
Thoroughness in everything is the keynote of success. As Mr.
Bok, the distinguished editor of the Ladies’ Home Journal, says: “A
thorough workman never says, ‘There that will do’ but ‘there, that is it.’”
And this is what every young man in business should learn: that abso-
lutely nothing is good enough if it can be made better, and better is
never good enough if it can be made best. We frequently hear men
complain that there is no use in doing extra work, that their employer
does not appreciate it. They work merely like an automatic machine
with no interest or heart in their work. Asa rule the fault is more often
with the employed than the employer. There are exceptions to this as
to any rule but as a general thing a man gets paid about what he is
worth. The man who most loudly complains of being underpaid is fre-
quently the man who is overpaid.
I find it much more difficult to get men to fill the high positions
than it is to get men for ordinary positions. A. T. Stewart used to say
that he had always plenty of vacancies in his store which he could not
fill, although he wanted to, for $10,000 employes. The same condition
exists today in many other branches. Let an important position open
A—21
san MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
in any branch of business and it is very difficult to find a competent man
to fill it.
A universal precept and rule of success which, spoken long before
Universities were thought of, applies to academic studies as it does to
every action and decision of human life: ‘“Whatsoever thy hand findeth
to do, do it with thy might.” No work is worth doing badly ; and he who
puts his best into every task that comes to him will surely outstrip the
man who waits for a great opportunity before he condescends to exert
himself. We are not all adapted by nature to be physicians or lawyers,
so it is well for the young man to find the line of work for which he is
best adapted, and then use all his energy to make it a success.
The creamery business of today opens up a large field for intelli-
gent young men who are not afraid to work; men who are willing to
work with their hands as well as with their head. In fact the man who
successfully operates a creamery must be an all around good fellow.
The dairy business is practically in its infancy. We know very little
about milk or its production. I think it was ex-Governor Hoard who
said that the laboratory of a cow was one of the darkest places in the
universe. The success of the creamery depends more on the butter-
maker than anyone else. Many things that to the careless maker seem
of little importance, to the intelligent maker are of the greatest import-
ance. This condition is quite evident to any one who visits a large num-
ber of creameries. In some creameries we find every evidence of pros-
perity. The maker meets the patrons with a “Good morning” and a
pleasant smile, and weighs and samples the milk as it should be done.
The creamery is in first class order and there is a pleasant atmosphere
everywhere. It is a pleasure to visit such a plant. Contrast this with
a creamery where we find everything in a dilapidated condition with an
untidy maker at the head of it, patrons dissatisfied and the complaint is
made on every side that creamery business does not pay and the patrons
think that creamery men are among the greatest rascals in existence.
This is what is preventing the creamery business from progressing as it
should. Jealousy among farmers has destroyed more creameries than
all other things combined. More faith in mankind is needed. I believe
there are very few dishonest men in the creamery business. If one-
tenth of the dishonesty that is printed in the sensational papers was true,
the business of the world would be seriously affected.
When we consider that only five per cent. of the world’s business is
done on a cash basis, we find that business men must have faith in man-
kind. How frequently we hear farmers in a community find fault with
the creamery in their section and do everything they can to injure the
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 323
operator’s business, when in reality the very presence of a creamery in
their neighborhood is enhancing the value of their land from $3.00 to
$5.00 an acre in many cases.
With your permission I will review the butter business from the
time the milk is’received up to the finished product. The weighing of
milk, which seems of little consequence to some makers, is a very im-
portant place in a creamery, and a place where the head maker should
always be found in the morning. Here is the opportunity of coming in
contact with the patron and doing missionary work that will educate him
to furnish a better product. It also gives the maker a knowledge of the
condition of the milk that he is to handle that day. The importance of
taking a correct sample of milk is quite an item in keeping patrons good
natured and satisfied. More dissatisfaction exists over the testing than
any other business in connection with the creamery. If milk is allowed
to stand only a few moments in the weighing can, and a sample is taken
without carefully stirring in the cream, the result will be an inaccurate
test, which may defraud the patron or the creamery. The leaving
open of the milk jars as frequently happens, after samples are taken, will
not give accurate results as evaporation of moisture is taking place all the
time. I have known samples of this kind to cause a variation of two
per cent. Take up the question of testing milk. The testing ma-
chines must run perfectly smooth and at a certain speed to insure correct
results. Sulphuric acid should also be of a certain specific gravity.
These things require skill. The heating of milk for the separation is
not receiving the attention it should. It was my privilege at the great
National Convention to try and point out the defects in the butter exhib-
ited. I found possibly from thirty to forty per cent. of the flavor was
injured more or less by the use of live steam for heating milk. It was
an easy matter in most cases to select the butter where live steam had
been used before reading the method of making, many using the exhaust
steam from engine to heat the feed water for boiler. Here we found
the cylinder oil transmitted to the milk from the boiler, this giving a
decided oily flavor to the butter. The use of boiler compounds showed
injurious effects also. Why live steam should be used for heating milk
at the present time is a mystery to me. Many of the live steam heaters
not only injure the flavor by transmitting impurities from the boiler but
the heating is not sufficient to give the best or the desired results. The
heating of milk helps the fluidity of the fat globules. The quick, flashy
heating of milk has very little effect on the fat globules. Therefore the
separation of milk is not as perfect. Milk should be heated for some
time before separation to get the best results. There is still room on the
market for a good heater. The centrifugal separation of milk is a won-
324 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
derful process. Think of a separator bowl making from six thousand
to ten thousand revolutions per minute. Here we see sweet milk put in
the machine and skim milk and cream immediately separated. Most any
separator will skim clean toa certain limit if the machine is run perfectly
smooth and at the proper speed. A little vibration of the machine causes
a remixing of the cream and no separator will skim thoroughly clean
that vibrates. This is where some makers in large creameries lose possi-
bly more than their wages. The next thing is cream-ripening, which is
possibly the most important step in the whole process, as this is a factor
that largely controls the flavor, and flavor is the quality that distinguishes
butter from lard, tallow or any other fat. Flavor does not come by
chance. Take the National six-month contest just ended and we find
that John Sollie of New Sweden, Minn., got an average score of 98.12.
This was not brought about by chance nor entirely by the good milk
furnished by the patrons. This maker informed me that he carried as
many as seven or eight starters during this contest. Here we find him
selecting the kind of bacteria that produces the best flavor. A starter
of any kind is only adding enormous quantity of a species of bacteria
that we expect to predominate in the final product. This takes skill
and hard work on the part of the maker. Starters of any kind are quite
difficult to carry forward, as every detail must be attended to punc-
tually. The maker must also have smell and taste well cultivated so
that he will be able to detect the slightest change or off-flavor. He must
also have some knowledge of the principles of bacteriology. A few
years ago, it was largely chance-work for a maker to win two high
scores in succession. Now we find makers who use pure cultures and
have a knowledge of the scientific principles of cream ripening, scoring
high in most every contest. It is asked, does all this care and trouble
pay? I would say “Yes,” as the value of the butter may be enhanced
as much as two cents per pound. The churning and working of butter
is another important factor which does not receive the attention it should
from the creamery men of the country. We have a law limiting the per
cent. of water in butter to sixteen per cent. yet we find the chemical anal-
ysis of butter in the six-month contest is something less than twelve per
cent. ‘The maker who is able to incorporate between fifteen and sixteen
per cent. of water in his butter wili increase his yield nearly four pounds
to the hundred. Take an ordinary make of 500 pounds per day and we
will have a difference of twenty pounds. Twenty pounds at twenty cents
per pound will give us $4.00, quite an item on a man’s wages. Here is
where skill comes in.
The dry butter or that containing a low per cent. of water does not
sell any higher than the medium and in some cases not as high. I tested
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 325
butter in the London market and found the French rolls and Danish
selected which sold highest in the English market to contain about five
per cent. more water than the New Zealand butter which brought three
or four cents per pound less. In this case the New Zealander was los-
ing four or five pounds of butter per hundred and also losing in price.
I asked Professor Siegleke why the Danes incorporated so much water
in their butter and he answered that butter was supposed to be plastic
and intended to be spread on bread. While I do not like to see the slushy
butter, I think that from fourteen to fifteen per cent. of water can be in-
corporated with good results. It is almost impossible to form any con-
clusion of the amount of water butter contains by the looks of it. Fre-
quently butter that seems slushy will contain very little water under
chemical analysis. Prof. Stork has been working on this subject for a
number of years and he has been unable to fully explain why some sam-
ples of butter have a very dry appearance and at the same time centain a
very high per cent. of water, some samples testing as high as eighteen
or nineteen per cent. We do not know when a lot of cream is churned
at a time that the over run will be much greater than when a small quan-
tity is churned. This is possibly due to the fact that when a small quan-
tity of cream is used the fat globules are thrown together more com-
pactly and do not hold the same amount of water, as when a large
amount is churned. There are several other conditions that influence the
yield, which the skilled maker understands. A large creamery cannot
place an accurate estimate on a good, intelligent maker. We have one
‘large creamery in Iowa that is getting as much as one and three-quarter
cents per pound above western extras for their butter. They could pay
$3,000.00 per year and still have a big profit left.
Employers frequently do not realize the value of a good butter-
maker. In, any ordinary large creamery a maker could lose as much as
$100.00 per month without the employer knowing it, and in some cases
the maker being able to detect the cause. A few years ago while trav-
eling on the train I got interested in a gentleman’s tale of woe about the
trouble they had in their community in closing up their creamery. I got
so interested that I finally purchased this old plant and I will say right
here it would take a very strong tale of woe to make me purchase an-
other one. However, I fitted up this old plant with modern machinery
and placed a young man from the college in charge. I had implicit faith
in his ability. It was a very difficult field in which to put any maker as
co-operative creamery had made a failure and a private individual had
made a failure. Nevertheless this young man went among the people
with a pleasant smile but with a strong determination to build up the
326 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
business and he succeeded beyond expectations, thus showing what the
right man will do in the right place.
Afterwards this young man left to take charge of one of the largest
plants in Iowa at $1,200.00 per year. We did not think we could afford
to pay such high wages so put on a cheaper man. The result has been
disastrous to our income as well as to the patrons of that creamery. Not
many months ago this same young man was offered $1,800.00 per year
as buttermaker, thus showing that the services of good men are usually
appreciated and rewarded accordingly. If you have a good maker, do
not wait for him to ask for a raise, as a $5.00 per month raise given un-
solicited will be more appreciated than a $10.00 raise demanded. The
creamery business today needs the best talent that can be secured. Col-
lege graduates should not hesitate to take up this line of work as there
is certainly a bright future for highly skilled workmen who are adapted
for this business.
WHAT MAY MISSOURI CREAMERIES DO TO INCREASE
THEIR’ BUSINESS:
(J. E. Brady, Kansas City.)
Mr. President, Members of the Missouri State Dairy Association, Ladies
and Gentlemen:
The subject assigned to me, “What May the Missouri Creameries
do to Increase their Business,” is one that might be elaborated on to such
an extent that the business of this convention would be obstructed. In
fact there are such a great number of things that could be done to in-
crease the business that it seems advisable that I should speak only of
the more important ones. /
Missouri, as has been stated by nearly all speakers at conventions
for several years, has a natural adaptability to the dairy business that is
not excelled by any state in the union, and that is equalled by few. It
also has splendid markets at home, and by reason of exceptional shipping
facilities is accessible to the best markets of the world.
With the advantages just named, it is not stretching one’s imagina-
tion to say that the possibilities are unlimited.
A way for the creameries of the state to enlarge their business is
to create a larger dairy sentiment.
Sentiment, in my opinion, has more to do with the business of this
country than any other thing. It matters not whether it is stock raising,
money markets, agricultural markets, live stock markets, butter markets,
legislation, or what not.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 321
Let a few fellows in a community start to raise Angora Goats; next
thing you know the entire community has the fever and is ready to fol-
low the procession.
Again, for example, we will say that there is an agitation calculated
to effect some pending national currency legislation. A few fellows on
Wall street will go together, discuss the outcome, decide to restrict
loans. This action is heralded throughout the country by the press and
as a result there is a disposition to withhold credits on all sides. The
result is a panic, but it is brought about by sentiment.
During the drought of the summer of 1901, there was a feeling
among live stock dealers at the leading markets that nearly all live stock
in this territory would have to be marketed to prevent starving. The
result was first a weak feeling and then a stampede, you might say, to
get prices down. ‘The result was, prices were forced unnecessarily low,
and sentiment did it.
Let a few butter dealers in any large market say they think butter
ought to be higher as a result of existing conditions. They back up
their opinions by making large purchases. Then there is a general rush
to buy. This forces prices up; yet after all it was simply the opinions
or the sentiment of a few, that did it.
The same thing that enters into all these things can be used in en-
larging the creamery business.
It was for the purpose of putting more confidence into milk pro-
ducers that the Grout bill was passed. With the passage of this bill it
was expected that the farmers of the country would have such confidence
in the permanent stability of the butter markets that there would be an
incentive to go into the dairy business. In other words, it was calculated
to create a larger dairy sentiment. The same motive prompted those
interested to ask the State Legislature to appropriate $40,000 to build
and equip at Columbia the most complete and finest dairy building in
this broad land. The same desire to create a larger dairy sentiment
caused those interested to have established the Chair of Dairy Hus-
bandry, at Columbia, so that dairy knowledge might be circulated
throughout the state by means of institute meetings, bulletins, and exper-
iments at the dairy college.
Some of the ways in which sentiment can be made to increase the
dairy business of the state are: There must be confidence and a spirit
of co-operation between the creameries and the patrons. Each cream-
ery should make a special effort to interest one or more of their most
practical patrons to adopt a profit and loss account of their dairy busi-
ness. Get them to weigh the milk produced by each cow; make tests of
the individual cows; weigh the feed. When you can get them to do
328 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
this you have an object lesson for the balance of your patrons, that is
sure to result in good for the creamery. Others will drop in line, and
before many seasons have passed, you will have a large list of practical
dairymen as patrons, who will add to,their herds as they are able to
handle them. With this favorable sentiment created, it should be fos-
tered by handling patrons so that you will retain their confidence. This
done, the business will show a healthy growth each season.
SOME PHASES OF BUTTER-MAKING.
(Prof. E. H. Webster, Kansas Agricultural College.)
It is with pleasure that I meet with you today, and that pleasure is
made doubly great through the fact that there are here on the platform
those under whom I received some of my early lessons in butter-making,
and whom I am still glad to call my teachers. I refer to Prof. McKay,
of Iowa, and your own Prof. Eckles.
I do not propose to give you a lot of advice. In doing that I should
be reminded of the saying of Uncle Remus, “Whenebber one gibs me a
whole lot of advice, I can’t help suspicionin’ that if his opinions were so
valuable, he would be somewhere else countin’ his money.”
If the butter-maker needs consolation let him turn to the 15th chap-
ter of Job, and read between lines as follows:
“The butter-maker that is born of woman, is of few days and full
of trouble; he cometh forth like a flower and is cut down, he fleeth also
as a shadow from an irate patron, and continueth not long in that land.
‘And dost thou, oh! commission man! open thine eyes to such a one and
bring him unto judgment with thee? Who can bring clean butter out
of unclean milk? Not one.” Job must have been a butter-maker, and
he had a retinue of consoling friends, which were very much like their
cousins in this latter day. This is another reason why I will not pre-
sume to give you advice.
If, however, there is anything in my remarks that will help any one
of you to see a little more clearly the relation of things, anything that
will help you over a tight place, or if I can hold out a ray of hope to
some one who now sees through a glass darkly, the time will not have
been lost, and I shall have another reason for being glad that | am with
you.
It is a grand thing to have an ideal, a high ideal, and yet in our
striving after such a conception we are all too apt to lose sight of the
stubborn facts that surround us. by the ‘‘we” here, I mean the class of
dairy writers, which includes myself, who are always telling how to
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 329
make good butter out of good milk. You men who are up against it
every day know, and recognize the facts, and more than one butter-
maker has said to me in the past few months, ‘This is my position, what
can I do?”
Were an attempt made to define butter-making, as all too many of
our creameries are compelled to practice, it would read something like
this: ‘“Butter-making is the art of making very good butter out of very
bad milk.”
j A few years ago, when the financial standing of Kansas was not so
bright as it is now, one of our senators wrote a book called “The Way
Out,” or more popularly it was known as “Peffer’s Way Out.” The
butter-maker will rise to bless the man who will write a book pointing
to the butter-maker’s way out. Let us pause to ask if there is a way
out. Just as the dairy writers had everything fixed, and had settled
down to giving regular advice on how to improve the milk supply, most
of which was good and applicable, thinking no doubt that was the only
unsolved problem in the Dairy Arithmetic, there came up a cloud above
the horizon not bigger than a man’s hand at first, but it grew and grew,
and grew until the storm was on, and into what had hitherto been a
peaceful dairy community, was thrust the farm separator. I say once
peaceful, for now the butter-maker backed by the creamery papers
opened war on the invader. The agent was there for business and he
at once proceeded to show the patrons how they could save money in all
kinds of ways, deliver their cream every other day, or three times a
week, and then if home creamery wouldn’t pay it just ship it somewhere
else and get more money than ever for it. This is where we find our-
selves today, and we can justly consider “Where we are at.”
The proposition before some dairy communities may still be, shall
we adopt the hand separator, but with most of us in this section of the
dairy world, we can sympathize with “Mike,” who was visited by the
physician when he had a very bad cold, the good doctor began to tell
Mike what he should have done to avoid the cold, he should have taken
one precaution and another, until Mike could stand it no longer, and he
broke in, “To the divil with the larnin’, ye can be givin’ me no post-
mortem, it’s me cold that’s a troublin’ me.”
And so it is, we are confronted with a fact and not a theory. That
fact is, poor cream from hand separators, and skimming stations. How
can we best handle it to get the best results? I do not wish to spend
time in discussing the work of educating the farmer by means of dairy
institutions, the dairy press and such similar lines of work. These agen-
cies are all very much alive, and are doing what they can, to right the
330 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
problem of bad milk and cream. Every butter-maker and creamery
manager should give these forces for good, his unqualified support.
One of the surest aids in the direction of the improvement of the
milk and cream at the farm is, to call bad milk, bad milk, and bad cream,
bad cream. That creamery which will take in everything alike and pay
just the same for bad stuff as for good is doing more to counteract the
good that dairy education is doing for the improving of the products,
than any other one thing. Grade the cream and pay for it according to
its worth. This is not an easy task to do, and the man who is to do this
grading will have to be a more than a $25 or $30 man. There would
probably have to be some grading among the men if such a system were
adopted, but if a new man is needed and costs more money make the fel-
low that persists in bringing in the poor cream pay the difference. I hear
some of you in my mind’s ear already saying that it is impracticable, per-
haps, it is for you, but one will rise up and take your place who can
make it practicable.
In grading this cream there is one excellent way of determining
firsts from anything else, that way is to buy a good pasteurizer, and
allow nothing to go into the firsts that you cannot pasteurize. On the
side, I will say that this is the easiest way to convince the patron that
he must bring good cream. You can draw the line very close, for you
cannot pasteurize any but the best cream. The balance can easily be
_thrown into two grades, medium and very poor.
This work at once calls for a high class of butter-makers. A thor-
ough understanding of the starter question must be one of the first
requisites. Creamery managers must see that their butter-makers are
provided with the very best facilities for this work, and that the butter-
maker has time to do the work properly. With this knowledge of
starters the way is clear for the good cream. The question naturally
arises. what can be done with the second and third grade stuff. Under
the best of handling this will not make the best butter. We can do
much to improve it, however. If there is not too much of it, it can be
washed and benefited greatly, by this I mean reducing it down with
water to six or eight per cent. and re-separate it, and add some good milk
and 30 per cent. starter. Where there is too much of it to make this
practicable, it can often be greatly helped by adding from forty to fifty
per cent. starter and thus in effect drown out the bad flavors. Where
the first method is used, that of re-separating, the resultant cream can be
pasteurized and added to the best cream, but still it should carry the
stamp of second grade cream and be paid for as such, because of the ex-
tra work required to bring it into anything like shape.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 331
There is another phase of butter-making of which I wish to speak.
‘That is the matter of reducing everything to a perfect system. We
have generally ripened our cream until it tasted right, cooled it to about
a certain degree, churned it next morning, sometimes at 50, sometimes
at 60, consuming anywhere from ten minutes to three or four hours,
have sometimes added ten per cent. starter, sometimes thirty per cent.
and at other times none at all. We have churned a twenty per cent. cream,
and a forty per cent, just as it happened to be. We have sometimes
ripened at sixty, sometimes at seventy or higher, sometimes we have
worked the churning fifteen revolutions, sometimes twenty-five, in a
room sometimes at forty, sometimes at ninety degrees, sometimes com-
pelled to rush the work through and at others had abundance of time,
never knowing the amount of butter fat in the vat, and never knowing
what our over-run was. Were I going to give you any advice at all be-
fore sitting down, I would say, “Don’t do it. Have a system, work to
it.’ The market demands uniformity in quantity almost as strenuously
as it does high quality itself.
In one of the great creameries of the country this miscellaneous as-
sortment of variations is not allowed. They work on absolute system.
The result is a far greater degree of uniformity than was obtainable be-
fore introducing almost rigid rules of this kind.
It may be objected that in small creameries this cannot be done.
My answer is that a larger part of it can be done. If the creamery is
supplied with the Babcock tester, an alkali test and a good thermometer
there is no excuse for the butter-maker not knowing the amount of
butter fat, and bringing his cream to a standard both for fat and acidity.
He can establish a churning temperature then very easily, that will
bring the butter to granules in from 30 to 35 minutes. With an even
percentage of cream, and ripening, and a uniform churning temperature,
he can easily determine the amount of working necessary to give just
the right grain. With all of these things known and followed from
day to day the result will be very uniform.
The over-run, the most important part, considered financially, should
be known every day. A thorough system and a properly ruled sheet of
paper for filling in data wil! enable the butter-maker to know this.
I am going to give one word of advice, if you will allow me to
break my former statement. If there is a butter-maker here who feels
that he hasn’t enough grasp of the subject to enable him to carry out
the ideas suggested, get a move on you and attend the Missouri Dairy
School this winter. Prof. Eckles is abundantly able to help you out.
332 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
MILK. FEVER.
(By Dr. J. W. Connaway, Veterinarian of Missouri Experiment Station.)
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association:
I shall give most of the time that has been alloted me to the con-
sideration of prevention and treatment of the disease mentioned in the
program, and especially to a demonstration of some of the practical
methods employed. Most of you have been in the dairy business or
have handled cattle a sufficient length of time to scarcely make a mistake
in the diagnosis of milk-fever; for this reason and for lack of time I
shall touch only briefly upon the causes and symptoms of This malady.
Milk-fever, or parturient paralysis, as it is often called, occurs as a
rule only in heavy milkers or those in high condition—the attack occurs
in the majority of cases a few hours after calving (in rare instances pre-
vious to calving or even several days after). The parturition has been
easy and the after birth passed entire. The first symptom the attendant
is likely to notice is a staggering gait from weakness of the posterior
limbs—later the animal goes down, may rise but soon falls again, later
becomes delirious and unconscious; there is also a loss of vision, the
eyes have a glassy stare and the power to swallow is also diminished.
As a preventive measure it is well to put the cow on short rations
for a week or two before calving, and return to the customary ration
gradually. In some cases the udder is so greatly distended before calving
as to. give much discomfort, and this condition should be relieved by
withdrawing some of the milk.
In regard to treatment the methods one pursued were very un-
satisfagtory, a large percentage of the animals succumbed to the disease.
A new treatment has been introduced, however, which is almost a spe-
cific against this disease. I refer to the treatment introduced by the
Danish Veterinarian, C. Schmidt, and commonly called the “Schmidt
treatment.” This method has been used extensively in the dairy dis-
tricts of European countries with the best of results. The veterinarians
of our own country who have given it a fair trial give good reports
concerning it. I have tried it in a number of cases and found it sat-
isfactory except in cases where the treatment had been greatly delayed.
(To those of you who have available a veterinary adviser I say by all
means secure him as early as possible after you have noted the symp-
toms. His experience will enable him to give the treatment more quickly
and more efficiently than you will be able to do. He is prepared for
such emergencies, he has the proper drugs at hand and the instruments
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 333
for administering them. In the event that a veterinarian is not to be had
you should undertake the treatment yourself, and to aid you in remem-
bereing how to do it I will demonstrate the method on the animal before
us.
First, bed the cow with clean straw, stirring up as little dust as pos-
sible. Moisten the udder and wash the teats thoroughly with an anti-
septic solution such as carbolic acid, a table spoonful to a quart of water,
or better Creolin of the same strength. Dry the parts with a clean towel,
then inject into each teat a solution of iodide of potash, 40 to 60 grains
dissolved in a quart of water. You will find it convenient to have four
one-quart Mason fruit jars thoroughly cleaned and scalded, then fill with
hot water (soft water preferred) while the water is hot put into each
jar the 40 to 60 grains of iodide of potash, place on the cover and per-
mit the water to cool to the temperature of the body; this can be hastened
by placing the jars in a vessel of cool water. The injection may be
tmade by means of an ordinary household syringe, either the Davidson
- bulb syringe or the fountain syringe. (I have also used with success
a two ounce hard rubber syringe, but the disadvantage of the latter is
that it requires to be filled a number of times during the operation, and
greater care is necessary to prevent contamination.) The syringe should
be sterilized before using, by passing some of the carbolic or creolin solu-
tion through it, and washing the stem in the same solution. To the stem
of the syringe a milk tube is attached by means of a piece of soft rubber
tubing three or four inches long and about the thickness of an ordinary
lead pencil. The milk tube is tied firmly into one end (the opposite end of
the tube usually fits snugly enough on the stem of the syringe to not
require tying.) The milk tube with the attached piece of rubber should
of course be sterilized in the antiseptic solution before using. Care should
taken during the injection to prevent the solution in the jars from be-
coming contaminated. If the fountain syringe is used, pour the fluid
into it outside of the barn away from the dust. The dust from the hay
and bedding contains bacteria which if introduced into the udder may
cause a serious inflammation of that organ after the recovery of the
animal from milk-fever.
If the Davidson bulb syringe is used, the suction tube must be in-
troduced into the mouth of the jar containing the solution of potassium
iodide. It will therefore be necessary to prevent contamination of the
solution by folding a clean towel about the jar and over the top. After
emptying the udder of milk, the milk-tube is passed carefully into the
teat and the solution forced into the udder; the tube is then withdrawn,
and the remaining quarters treated in the same manner. It is import-
ant to thoroughly knead the fluid into the udder, spend several minutes
334 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
on each quarter, and repeat the kneading every hour. If in five or
six hours marked improvement is not apparent give another injection of
the solution of iodide of potash, give a third injection if necessary.
As an accessory treatment it is my practice if called to a case be-
fore the animal has become unconscious to give by the mouth a dose
of Epsom Salts, one pound dissolved in a quart of warm water, adding
to this a teaspoonful or more of ground ginger, and an ounce or two
of whiskey or nitrous ether. If the animal is unconscious do not give
medicine by the mouth, the fluids are apt to pass into the trachea and
cause death from strangulation or give rise to a fatal broncho-pneu-
monia. It is also well to give an enema to remove feces from the pos-
terior bowel. ‘Maintain the animal in a comfortable position by means
of props; sacks of grain and straw serve the purpose best.
HOW I MAKE CHEESE FOR THE MISSOURI MARKET.
(F. Whaley, Appleton City, Mo.)
This is not altogether a true expression as we find our best markets
in«Oklahoma and Texas which handle the bulk of our product. We
find after coming here that our crowd is made up largely of butter men
and farm dairymen, to which our paper will be, in some degree unin-
teresting.
The first thing we want in the making of a first class article ready
to consume in thirty or forty days is wide awake patrons, alive to the
interests all along the line. Here some make a great mistake in think-
ing that just so the milk will pass the man at the receiving door it will
be the same to them. Our trade is built up and maintained by the qual-
itv of our goods whether it be cheese or butter, hence, the absofute ne-
cessity of the milk being delivered at the factory in the best possible
condition.
Is it not true in every line of business, that the man who makes
that business a success is the man that takes good care and looks after
details? We do not make a perishable cheese ready to market in fifteen
days because the market demands it so much, but because the patron
demands his money.
How we do it: We use what is known as the Chedder system as
much as practicable. This system takes its name from the village Ched-
der in Somerset, England.
To insure uniformity of our product it is essential that the milk be
ripened to about the same degree each day. This may be ascertained by
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 335
the use of the rennet test. The quantity of rennet used and the tem-
perature at time of setting the vat are two factors which should be va-
ried as the richness or acidity of the milk varies. In the spring when
the percentage of fat is lowest a lower setting temperature and a large
amount of rennet is used. As the season advances the temperature should
be raised and the unit of rennet lessened, in order to make cheese firm
in body. Now cut your vat as soon as it gets firm enough or will sepa-
rate over one’s finger cleanly. This cutting will expel the whey; unless
cut into cubes of uniform size some will dry out sooner than others and
thus make a mottled cheese. Handle your curd at this stage very care-
ully for rough treatment now will cause a loss of fat also a loss of
quality. If the curd is from over ripe milk it will help some to cut
finer than in ordinary use. This assists the whey to escape from the
cubes, making them firmer, thus checking the development of acidity.
After the cubes begin to toughen and contract in size, apply heat to
further expel the whey. The temperature to be used for heating de-
pends principally upon the richness of the milk. Under the same con-
ditions the curd from rich milk will retain more moisture than a curd
from poor milk. So when you have very rich milk a higher tempera-
ture must be used or soft pasty cheese will result.
If after cooking up to 98 degrees you find that your vat is develop-
ing acid too fast and curd is not contracting, or in other words the acid
is ahead of the cook, draw off a greater part of the whey and add
water, good clean water, at a temperature of a hundred, and this will
check the acid, or if curd develops a gassy taint we find the same plan
to be helpful. By this means a good cook is assured, and this is very
important in the production of a good article. As soon as curd will
fall apart when squeezed in your hand and a slight acid will show on
iron, we draw off the whey and cut and pile in blocks of about eight
inches square. ‘These should be turned a few times to let them drain
and from % to % inch acid show on hot iron. In summer it will be
necessary to run more acid to stand the hot days. Mill the curd that has
been piled and turned for the required time or until it has become flaky
and velvety, and we are now ready for the salt.
If curd is too moist use a little more salt, if dry not so much, as it
does not require so much in solution. But at any rate don’t salt your
curd until it is soft and velvety, because here you enhance the flavor and
texture of your product. Hoop your salted curd as warm as possible
and apply light pressure at first so as not to destroy fat. Turn your
cloths as soon as cheese gets into shape and make your finishing look
clean and smooth.
336 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
FUTURE OF THE DAIRY INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI.
(By Geo. B. Ellis.)
Mr. President.—For the dairyman who has had many years of suc-
cessful experience to get up before an audience and tell what he has
done and how he did it is an easy task; for the scientist who has worked
out some scientific principle, to prove it to others is not a difficult thing
to do; but to lift the veil that covers the dark future and tell what may
be expected to come to pass is entirely a different and a more difficult
proposition.
It has been said that we can judge the future only by the past.
Now I think the past a poor standard for judging the future. This
we know by the past itself. The industrial progress of the first half
of the 19th century would have been a poor standard by which to meas-
ure the last half of the same century. And yet notwithstanding this
we can draw some reasonable conclusions of the future by what we have
learned in the past. This we know; the people of the world must be
fed; and the people who are engaged in producing the staple food
products are sure of a permanent business. The food products of the
world may be divided into four classes: animal, cereal, vegetable and
fruit. These are all essential to the welfare of the human race, and the
man who is engaged in producing any or all of these products need not
be afraid of not having a permanent business, but he must study the
conditions both present and future to know which may be the most
profitable.
I want to make this broad statement: The nations of the earth
which have achieved greatest success and all the nations which are
achieving any great degree of success are countries where the live stock
interests have been developed to a high degree. If this be true, and
I fear no contradiction on this statement, if Missouri would become a
great commonwealth, if the people of Missouri would become foremost
among the people of this great nation, they must strive to develop the
itive stock industry of the State to the highest possible limit. Can we
do it?
The most perfect environment that goes to produce fine quality in
live stock is found in Missouri. The money the northern farmer must
spend for fuel or cost of barns we have to buy bran or oil meal; the
money the southern farmer spends for commercial fertilizers or extra
feed when his grass is brown under the burning sun, we can spend for
cottonseed meal. We can produce corn and wheat more cheaply than
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 337
the southern farmer, and cowpeas and clover and bluegrass more cheap-
ly than the northern farmer. No country on the face of the globe can
produce, so abundantly, a greater variety of grains and grasses, and
produce them more cheaply than the farmers of Missouri. All we need
then to succeed, and to succeed well, is to concentrate our efforts in the
right direction.
But what has all this to do with the future of the dairy industry
in Missouri? Why, good feed and good cattle are the foundation of
the live stock industry, and the dairy industry is a very important part
of the live stock industry. What we want in Missouri is the highest
possible developement of the live stock industry and to have that we
must develop all its branches including the dairy industry. There should
be no war between the farmer who is producing beef and the one who
is in the dairy business; there is room for both, and the man must be
governed by circumstances when he chooses between the two.
What are some of the conditions in Missouri that should determine
which of these branches of the live stock industry a man should take
up? The average size farm according to the last census report was a
little less than one hundred and twenty acres. There are 154,952 farm-
ers in’ this State each of whose farms contains less than 100 acres of
land. The question arises how can the farmer manage to make the
most out of one hundred and twenty acres of good land, the average size
farm?
Let us see what he can do in the dairy business. Set aside fifty
acres for pasture which, if properly taken care of, should keep twenty-
five cows in summer; set off ten acres for vegetables, fruits and build-
ings and you have left sixty acres for cultivation; this may be divided
into three fields of twenty acres each and a crop rotation adapted to suit
the soil and local conditions. A rotation that might be profitably car-
ried out in many parts of this State would be corn, wheat, clover. The
corn cut and put in silo, the land sowed in wheat without rebreaking,
and wheat sowed in clover. The money obtained for the wheat and
clover seed crops should be put into other feeds and the benefits returned
to the land in the manure. Where clover does not do well then the
rotation might be as follows: Corn, wheat and cowpeas. Corn put in
silo same as before; wheat sowed after corn, then after the wheat has
been harvested put the land in cowpeas getting a good crop of hay the
same year. Then without plowing put the land in wheat or rye for
pasture, pasture until middle of May then plow the wheat down and sow
cowpeas again. This rotation will give in three years one crop of corn,
one of wheat, two of cowpeas, and green pasture from wheat or rye
A—22
338 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
in the spring. This plan if carried out and all the manure from the
barns saved and returned to the land, will give you a more fertile farm
fifty years from now than you have today. But you ask what may be
expected in return for this kind of farming?
From reports received from 40 butter dairies in Missouri the aver-
age production for each cow kept was 252 pounds of butter, this at 20
cents per pound equals $50.40 per cow; the skim milk fed to pigs and
the calf sold for veal should add at least ten dollars morc, making the
gross production from each cow in the dairy $6c, or $1,500 for a herd
of twenty-five cows kept on 120 acres of land. In addition to this
you have your ten acres for poultry, fruit and vegetables and the profit
of the hogs that should be kept on the dairy farm. In the face of these
facts I ask, what do you think of the future of the dairy industry in
Missouri?
According to the 12th census the average annual per capita consump-
tion of butter in the United States is a little more than 19 pounds. This
means a total consumption in Missouri of about 59,000,000 pounds.
The census figures also give the annual per capita consumption of cheese
3.3 pounds, or a total consumption for this State of about 10,000,000
pounds. In addition to this there is a large demand in all towns and
cities for new milk, sour milk and cream. The commission men will
tell you that this demand is not now all supplied from Missouri farms,
but a great deal of it is shipped in from other states. Another import-
ant thing in favor of the future markets for dairy products is that the
urban population of this State is increasing much faster than the popu-
lation in the country. From 1890 to 1900 the total population of Mis-
souri increased 16 per cent and during the same time the urban popula-
tion, including only cities of 4,000 inhabitants or more, increased 33.6
per cent. Therefore there is little danger of overcoming the demand ini
our own markets for first class dairy products, at any time in the near
future, and no one need hesitate on this account to embark in the busi-
ness.
One objection sometimes offered to the dairy business is that it
takes too much time and too close attention. I would ask what business
is it that does not take close attention if you expect to succeed? The
merchant, manufacturer, the railroad man or the man of any other pro-
fession must give the closest possible attention to his work. ‘The mer-
chant who gets a week off during the year is very fortunate, and if he
is not well established in business, if he is just building up a trade he
stays with his work every business day in the year. After his business
is well established and he has a son or trusted employe with whom he
can trust the management of the business then he can take a vacation
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 339
without detriment to his trade. It is the same with the dairyman. The
man who expects to succeed must give his work his whole attention
every day in the year, at least until his business is so well established
and until he has some one associated with him or an employe with
whom he can trust the work.
One great advantage the dairy industry offers is that its returns are
quick and constant. You go into the business today and your returns
begin to come in tomorrow and are constant every day in the year. It
seems very clear to me with all our natural advantages of soil, climate,
wide range of cheap feeds and pastures, and a good market in our own
territory, not yet supplied, the future of the dairy industry in Missouri
is as promising as any other branch of farming.
The full development of the dairy industry in Missouri means mil-
lions of dollars added to the taxable wealth of the State, it means thou-
sands of well improved farms with the comforts of life abundant, it
means a better system of public roads in the State, it means more money
for the education of the sons and daughters of the farm, it means that
father and mother will have something put away for their support in
declining years, it means that by this system of farming we can main-
tain the fertility of our lands and leave the farms of Missouri a rich
heritage for future generations.
THE DAIRY INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI AS SEEN BY A COM-
MISSION MERCHANT,
(By Wm. N. Tivy, St. Louis.)
It was probably the intention of the committee when they placed
me on the program that I should uncover some defects in your present
system, as we dealers think they exist, so that you may discuss and
correct if found desirable.
Lack of supply through the fall and winter months is the first and
probably the most important point I have to offer. You may not think
so, but it is a serious drawback to Missouri butter, which, like the Irish-
man’s flea, is not there when you want it; while Elgin can always fill
the bill. Again, when you don’t want it “very much” in the dullness of
summer, it shows up in full force, and some of it insists on being sold
quick, or it will soon put on strength enough to overcome you.
Now that “Oleo” is properly restricted from taking your trade,
more butter will be needed and you are called on to supply it with only
the same ability, the supply will be short, at least for awhile.
340 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
If all the butter made through the country at present was first
class, 1t would no doubt supply the demand, but it is not.
Now we come to another point, why can’t we make butter always
alike and equal to Elgin? With cows, grass and water as good as they
have, it can be done if we will learn the cause of our failure. It may
be the feed, or water, or bad surroundings, tainted cans, or some other
cause before reaching the creamery.
A dealer may find poor butter, off flavor, yet be unable to give the
exact cause, which is no easy matter, as there are so many causes.
Take the present exhibit here, and your judge though an expert
will find it hard to state the cause of each defect, but if he is informed
regarding all previous conditions and handling, he will be very apt to
point it out.
Few of us realize how readily milk, cream and butter become af-
fected by unseen particles, which often furnish starters of the worst
kind; a little impure water or a little dirt can, in due time, play the mis-
chief to flavor, consequently creamery men should be scrupulously clean
around their factories and see that every vessel used by them and their
patrons is perfectly clean also.
There are other things requisite as well as flavor, though it is the
chief “body” as now used on your card, and is important, especially in
summer. In cold weather, some extra working, which of course softens
the “body” will not hurt as it enables the grocer to cut it out better.
Mottles we find a continual drawback and many customers believe the
white spots to be lard, but they are unsalted butter. More working
will cause them to disappear. Natural June color is about the right
shade.
Missouri tubs are not equal to the Elgin tubs; some of the former
are quite poor and rough looking and so open that when butter stands
in them over night, the brine leaks out on the floor and the tubs lose in
weight. The covers are ill-fitting and the tins not properly placed.
They should reach down and tack into the hoop.
I should have mentioned that solid packing is important, if butter
has cooled off too much before putting into the tub, unless pressed down
well, it leaves spaces that breed mould, if there is any around the tub.
Tubs should be filled level. It is necessary that paper lining should
be used, and it ought to lap about one inch over the butter, a cloth
covering on the butter and a paper one over it, which helps to retain the
moisture and excludes the air. A paper covering next to the butter
causes it to wrinkle up and lqok bad.
The keeping quality of butter is a most important point, yet one
much over-looked by the butter maker, but without it the dealer can not
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 341
hold his trade, because when a tub of butter turns strong in a short time
or before being used up, it is next to impossible to sell the party who
purchased it, another tub of the same brand, even though it seems good
and you offer it to him at a reduced price.
That exclusively winter product, bitter butter, is just as bad as the
summer product, rancid butter, and is its opposite in most all particulars,
the low temperature starting the bitter ferment, which only proper heat
and souring will counteract. This I ascertained after considerable in-
vestigation and expense many years ago and have published’ my results
at various times in the Rural World.
BITTER MILK.
(By C. H. Eckles, Professor of Dairy Husbandry, Columbia, Mo.)
I have been asked to discuss bitter butter, its causes and prevention.
The statements which I shall make are based mostly upon experiments
which I have conducted along this line and are not a matter of theory.
I cannot take time to refer to the sources of my information or to dis-
cuss any experiments in detail.
Bitter butter, as the butter men and consumers know it, is generally
found in the winter season and mostly in the products of dairies rather
than of creameries. Bitter taste may be found in any dairy product as
well as in butter and is often found in milk, cream and cheese. ‘The
cause is the same, however, and what is said of it applies to the condi-
tions wherever found.
Butter may be of good quality when made but develop a very bitter
taste later. Milk may be perfectly normal when milked but become ex-
tremely bitter with age. This bitter condition has been credited by most
dairymen to stripper cows or faulty feeding. The dairyman has been
ever ready to blame the cow or the feed for every defect in butter or
cheese, while as a matter of fact the cow, as a rule, gives a pure prod-
uct and our common feeds seldom affect the quality of butter or cheese
seriously. Nine times out of ten a poor product is not to be blamed to
the cow but to the man.
Milk from stripper cows very rarely will have a peculiar, somewhat
bitter taste but hardly sufficient to show in the butter under any cir-
cumstances. It is safe to say not one case in a hundred is due to this
cause. If feed is used with very bitter taste it may go into the milk in
sufficient amounts to cause the same bitter taste, but our common feeds
are not bitter, and in fact it is as well to leave this cause out of con-
sideration altogether as it is of so little importance.
342 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
The common bitter taste is due to an abnormal fermentation. It is
generally understood now by dairymen that the souring of milk or
cream is due to a formation of acid made from parts of the milk by the
action of little yeast-like bodies called bacteria. The bitter taste is pro-
duced by bacteria also, but by another kind than the ones which sour
milk. To produce the desired flavor in butter we want the cream to
sour with a clean, sour taste, and in fact want to keep everything else
in the way of bacteria out as much as possible. To get the cream to
sour as much as we wish, we want to furnish the bacteria which do this
and keep out the bad bacteria as the bitter producing kinds. We also
want to handle our cream to prevent as far as possible those that may
get in from doing any harm.
The bacteria which produce the bitter products, we find, are gener-
ally in hay dust and stable dirt, and some always find their way into
milk, especially when the cows are in the barn. This is one of the two
reasons why the bitter taste is more apt to be found in winter-made but-
ter than in summer. The second reason, and the one having the most
influence, is that cream -in winter, in a small dairy especially, is often
kept for a long time between churnings and at a rather low temperature.
These bitter products will seldom if ever be developed in cream or milk
kept at a temperature of 70 degrees or 75 degrees, as it will then sour
but not become bitter, although it may become rancid if kept too long
at that temperature. These bitter producing bacteria cannot work in the
presence of any amount of acid or sourness. As soon as the souring
begins the bitter product is not made any more. Butter does not gen-
erally become bitter for this reason, and the rapid souring of cream in
summer is largely what prevents it getting bitter at that season. The
bacteria which produce the bitter taste work best at a temperature so
low the milk will sour very slowly.
The butter maker has the means of prevention always at hand. The
first thing to do is to use a good sour-starter in the cream at once after
separation, to start souring and check the other fermentations. Every
butter maker who expects to make a high grade of uniform butter should
make constant use of a good starter. The other point is to keep the
temperature up until souring begins, and then cool, if necessary, to hold
a day or two. Sour first and the bitter bacteria will not work, even if
the cream be then kept cool a couple of days. Keeping cream over at
a temperature of fifty to sixty degrees and later warming for souring
is the condition that allows development of the bitter defect.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 343
THE LITERATURE OF DAIRYING.
(H. A. Bereman, St. Louis.)
Since the days of Cadmus, the Phcenicians or whoever it was that
invented books, the literature of the world has been the most potent fac-
tor for enlightenment.
From the old days when the white haired patriarch of a nomadic
race, told to a circle of gaping youngsters, gathered among the brown
tents tales of daring, wars, conquests, visions, history and prophecies of
the tribe—to the knotted cords wherein was woven the history of Peru-
vian sun worshipers—to the birch bark picture writing of North Amer-
ican tribes—to the shards, engraved bricks, carved and painted hiero-
glyphics of old Egypt—to the wax tablet and stylus of ancient Rome
—to the papyrus of the Nile—to the invention of paper—to Gutten-
berg’s contribution of movable types—to the time of Ben Franklin and
the old Washington hand press—to the present pinnacle of advance-
ment, the Hoe web press turning out 30,000 perfect copies an hour, ofa
16-page metropolitan daily, each copy a complete epitome of the world’s
history for one day at a cost of one penny and left by the R. F. D. at
your door—literature has been the banner in the van of the steady march
of progress from prehistoric times down to what we are pleased to call
our Modern Civilization.
What literature, and by this I mean all recorded knowledge, has
done for the world in general, dairy literature has done, in kind if not
degree, for the dairy fraternity. I do not mean to say that the text
books on special subjects, the periodical publications, the official bulle-
tins, reports and statistical records which constitute the bulk of the lit-
erature of dairying, are the whole thing. Indeed it might be difficult
to convince the class of husbandmen who “don’t believe in book farm-
in’,” that books and newspapers have any value whatever. But the dairy-
man who has achieved success by getting out of the rut of conservatism
and traveling upon the hard high road of up-to-dateness, knows that
only out of the vast storehouse of all men’s contributions to this sci-
ence—has come the knowledge which is power. It requires a tremen-
dous assurance for one man to assume that his knowledge is all in-
digenous and that “nobody can’t learn him nothin.’”’ The science of
dairying is like a vast edifice, yet unfinished, to which each worker in
his chosen field has brought one stone of original thought, and the lit-
erature of dairying is the cement which binds these stones together in
strength and symmetry.
344 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
When a dairyman admits that he can’t learn anything about his
business by a discriminating reading of books and periodicals he is in a
bad way. The difficulty with his case is that he won’t take his medi-
cine; he’s not receptive; he needs an arrest of thought. Let us hope
there are only a few of the species left and that they will wake up to
the value of mental growth. All we ask of the intensely practical dairy
farmer, is a realization of the fact that the world is progressing, and
that the man who 1s unwilling to admit it is going to get left in the race.
It is true that ‘‘of the making of books there is no end,” and many
authors simply befog their readers with stuff which at best is visionary,
impracticable or prejudiced. I think this is less true today than ever
before. Scientific writers are more careful of their statements and less
theoretical glittering generalities and more facts proven by experience
and reason appear in the agricultural writings of today. After all the
same test must be applied that is used to judge a man who is looking
for financial credit. Discrimination in reading is a rare and valuable
gift. Many credulous persons swallow everything they see in print as
though there were something sacred about type-set matter. It’s the
man behind the pen you want to look for and the first questions to ask
are “Who is the writer?’ What has he done to justify a perusal of his
offering?’ It does not follow that everything by a well known or
classical author is to be accepted as the law and the gospel.
It is said that the copy readers for the great magazines accept or
reject an article by its opening chapter. In a measure this habit of the
judicial mind may be used to estimate a scientific article on breeding,
selecting of dairy cattle, sanitary methods of handling milk and any
other topic wherein the writer claims an audience. It after all is a mat-
ter of faith unless you are reading on a subject with which you are
better acquainted than the author. Fortunate is he who has a reason
for the faith that is in him. Just as unfortunate is the skeptical habit
of mind which locks the treasure house of knowledge against the search-
er for truth.
By an increasing knowledge of human nature one 1s enabled to know
by a man’s voice and manner when he is telling the truth. In the same
way, by reading between the lines, the reader may by practice winnow
the grain from the chaff or, I might better say, separate the cream
from the skim milk. Lord Bacon, I believe, expressed this thought
thus: ‘“Read—not to believe and take for granted, nor to confute and
contradict; nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.”
I have dwelt upon this idea of discrimination in reading dairy liter-
ature, for I believe it to be the key, the open sesame, to intellectual
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 345
growth as well as in the mere learning how better to feed, or churn, or
market one’s produce.
There are certain classics which are almost indispensable to the
library of the progressive dairyman, at least I have found them to be
indispensable in my own experience. Henry’s “Feeds & Feeding,” Woll’s
book on “Silage,” Peer’s “Soiling,” Coburn’s “Alfalfa,” Monrad’s “A.
- B.C. in Cheese Making,” and “Pasteurization,” and Gurler’s “American
Dairying,” are a few of these. There are others equally as good and
some also, I regret to say, which belong to the realm of trash.
It is impossible to speak of official reports and bulletins without re-
ferring to the great good being accomplished by the national and state
departments of agriculture. I wonder if the dairymen of this state and
the members of this association fully realize what a mine of wealth lies
at their very doors, or at least can be brought to them merely by request
in the published bulletins of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal In-
dustry of the National Department of Agriculture.
Just a year ago at Palmyra, we had the pleasure of listening to an
informal talk, by R. A. Pearson, late Assistant Chief of Dairy Division
at Washington, on dairy conditions in our new possessions, Porto Rico,
and adjacent islands. Since then Mr. Pearson has embodied in a vol-
ume of a hundred pages, a complete report of his investigations, accom-
pfanied by numerous photographic illustrations of dairy types, which
are chiefly valuable as horrible examples of how not to do it. Ofa more
practical nature are numerous pamphlets by Mr. Pearson and Major
Alvord, the chief of the dairy division and others, on “Market Milk,”
“Care of Milk on the Farm,” “Facts About Milk,” “The Dairy Herd,”
“Milk as Food,” “The Conformation of Beef and Dairy Cattle,” “House-
hold Test for Detection of Oleomargarine and Renovated Butter,”
“Breeds of Dairy Cattle,’ and others. The State Bulletins, issued by
the various experiment stations are just as useful, and a list of these
would be as long as the moral law.
Prof. Eckles sent out one last spring on “Raising Calves with
Skim Milk,” which every dairy farmer ought to read, and the Pennsyl-
vania station has recently published a bulletin telling how to raise calves
on no milk at all. If some one doesn’t tell some of these days how to
raise calves without feed, it will be only because the latest data was fur-
nished by that too thrifty farmer who managed to keep his cow on a
straw a day but before he could quite prove his theory, the cow died.
One of F. D. Coburn’s comprehensive quarterly reports took up the
general subject of “Dairying in Kansas,” most of which could be read
with profit by Missourians.
346 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, New York and other dairy
states have devoted much attention to the promulgation of dairy litera-
ture, and one of Wisconsin’s latest is a book every cow boy should pos-
sess—yes, and every cow boy’s boss. It is called “Investigations on
Methods of Milking.” It lies on my desk still unread, but I am going
to tackle it when I get- back home. The pictures in it are well worth
the price of admission.
All the government bulletins are free for the asking, and state bulle-
tins are sent on the same easy terms to residents. I believe a small fee
covering postage and actual cost of printing will fetch those of other
states. I may say in passing that for the dairyman who is also a gener-
al farmer, there are scores of bulletins on topics which touch dairying
on the edges. Send to the Secretary of Agriculture, at Washington, for
a list of Farmers Bulletins, then pick out what you want, or you can
say, like the Texas cow boy of the bill of fare in a fashionable eastern
hotel, “just gim me from here down to here,” and corrall the whole bunch.
I come now to the most important branch of dairy literature: The
Agricultural Press. You will not hold me unduly responsible for this
definition, when I hasten to add that its importance is due to the form,
rather than to inherent qualities.
Modern advertising makes it possible to furnish for a cent or two
a copy, a weekly dairy paper of from 8 to 32 pages, containing news
items, reviews of bulletins, special articles written by experts, reports of
dairy meetings, reports of creamery patron investigations, correspon-
dence by practical dairymen either asking information or giving their
experience, market reports with articles on market conditions, questions
and answers on veterinary matters, etc., etc.
The cheapness, the periodicity, the method of grasping at salient
facts of real moment and presenting them in condensed readable form,
the winnowing out of chaff and preservation of the good wheat, the
peculiarly complex nature of the modern newspaper as censor, pulpit and
forum—all these stand for the reasons why the dairy press, representing
the few strictly class papers and the “Dairy Department’ of general
farm publications, constitutes the most important branch of the litera-
ture of dairying.
I will consider briefly the relations of the Dairy Paper to the De-
partment of Agriculture, to the Agricultural colleges and to the Dairy-
man.
The National Department of Agriculture is doing a wonderful work;
and the notable feature of this work is that, as our very efficient Sec-
retary of Agriculture, Mr. James Wilson, says, “Agriculture is in its
infancy.” There is so very much more to come than what is passed in
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 347
the history of the science of Agriculture, that we can not measure in
mere dollars, nor indeed by any gauge, the results of the Department’s
labors. I find myself speaking and thinking of the broad field of the
Department’s work and of the whole realm of farm papers, but what is
true of them is true in a measure of the special efforts of the Division
of Dairy Husbandry on the one hand and the disseminating agency of
the strictly dairy publications and dairy departments on the other.
You begin to see, doubtless, the point I wish to make. ‘That is,
notwithstanding the five millions appropriated by the Government for
the Department of Agriculture and in spite of the volumes of printed
matter sent out by that department, these treasures would in most cases
be lost in the mines of wealth, buried in the darksome caverns of of-
ficial and statistical reports, did not the busy editor pick and shovel with
the pen and—scissors, and dig out the nuggets, polish them and present
them in get-at-able shape, through the columns of the weekly visitor.
The press is forever searching for new thoughts. It is a digestor and
distributor. The influence of the pebble of wisdom dropped in the ocean
of truth, is carried to the utmost confines of earth by the widening, ever
widening waves of the public press.
The same process of selection and dissemination is seen with refer-
ence to the work of the Agricultural colleges and the various experi-
ment stations. The Agricultural press thus aids.in that University Ex-
tension work, which has lately received the attention of our best educa-
tors. If Mahomet can’t go to the mountain, we must carry the moun-
tain to Mahomet. There is a growing appreciation of the value of self
education and the prevalence of so-called “correspondence schools” illus-
trates the tendency. We can not do without the colleges—the centers
of learning where in laboratory and field, and by the midnight oil are
worked out the problems of life, but no university should be satisfied
with the little family of foundlings for whom she stands as foster moth-
er, when by spreading her wings she can brood under her motherly
breast the whole race. The white wings of Alma Mater are the flut-
tering speeding pages of the press, flying from one end of this great
continent to the other, extending the good work, helping those who may,
to go to the founts of learning and drink direct full draughts from the
Pierian spring, and for those who may not, conveying thence the cup
for their refreshment and inspiration. What a vast irrigating system
it is.
The coincidence of our meeting, not only in the college town of
the great commonwealth of Missouri, but in this beautiful and ap-
propriate building and under the quasi-protection of the University
authorities, is my excuse for dwelling upon this phase of my subject,
348 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
and I wish I could emphasize in a convincing way the close relations
which should exist between the Agricultural college and the Agricul-
ture newspaper, for the extension of the light of the central lamp of
iearning. This is the true correspondence school of agriculture. This
is the logical development of the idea of university extension.
If you think I am soaring in the heights, I will get down to
practical earth and give you an illustration of the influence of dairy
literature upon an aspiring young dairy farmer, whom I happen to
know personally, and how he learned, by reading, the common every-
day things of his business.
This young man of fairly good common school education, was
forced, through ill health, to relinquish a lucrative office position in
the city of St. Louis, and he was persuaded to go on a dairy farm.
His assets, when I first knew of his enterprise, consisted of two cows
of the breed known as scrubs, an old horse that he bought for $17.00,
a rickety phaeten for which somebody buncoed him out of $4.00 more,
a monumental assurance and a rich endowment of ignorance on all
subjects relating to the cow industry. He dropped into the office of
the Rural World and asked for something to read on dairying. He
could not have gone to a better man than Levi Chubbuck, who loaded
the young aspirant for knowledge with tracts on various dairy mat-
ters and with these and the names or one or two dairy papers the
young man marched home. What he didn’t know about dairying
would fill a volume and what he hoped to learn would fill a library. I
think that is enough about the young man except two brief chapters
in conclusion.
Chapter two is the general fact that the young man is prosperous;
he has a fine herd of Jerseys which he selected on his own judgment
aided mainly by his study of dairy type and the illustrations of ideal
dairy cows in such papers as “Hoard’s Dairyman,” and the “Jersey
Bulletin,’ he gets the highest price for his milk, because he has put
into his business the transferred brains and ideas of every expert who
has crystalized his experience into type.
Chapter third is simply the young dairyman’s solemn assertion
that barring the hard knocks he got in undoing things—and the dear
old teacher, experience, gives us some severe jolts—he learned all he
knows about dairy form, scientific breeding, butter making, balanced
rations, protein, and the Grout bill, by reading. * * * * *
I observe that the oleomargarine question has no formal place
on this program. Some husky member of this association should have
been assigned the topic, “what shall we do with the oleo law, now
that we have got it.” It is not within my province, if I stick to my
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 349
text, to discuss the merits of the present national color law. I am
not allowed to say, that the oleogarchy will not submit, if strate~.
audacity and millions of money will defeat the provisions of the law.
I am off the track of my theme if I state, what you all believe, that
our interest in this legislation does not cease on the signing of the
bill by the President, that eternal vigilance is the price we must nay
for the execution of this law, that I know of my personal knowledge,
that in St. Louis little of the high colored oleo is being sold to-day,
but that people are buying in Union Market every day the “uncolored
goods,” believing it to be butter, that this belief is based on a “slioht
shade of yellow,” which the natural oleo has assumed in place of the
old “greenery” “yellery” tint.
There is still one branch of the literature of dairying of which I
wish to speak, and it bears directly on the subject of legislation.
Whether the present law is to be effective or not remains for future
history to disclose. I have my own opinion. I believe it is not the
last which Congress will be called upon to pass, and when that bill
comes up you have in your hands a power that for the specific purpose
of influencing legislation is mightier than the ballot, and greater than
the most clever and high handed lobby, and that is the postal card.
This species of dairy literature, aimed at your representative, embody-
ing in a few, brief, plain words your desire, has more weight than
columns of phillippies by the press. It beats the initiative and ref-
erendum, and it will beat a paid lobby all to smash, if there are enough
of you who will act.
Congressmen will truly represent their constituency on any meas-
ure, providing that constituency speak up in no uncertain terms and
tell them what they want. If you think your representative in Con-
gress of the Legislature is wavering, snow him under with postal
cards.
I do not wish to unduly emphasize the importance of dairy liter-
ature. I wish to place it before you in its right relations to all the
other factors in the world of dairying. The pride, ambition and en-
terprise of the individual members of the grand army of dairymen is
the real force. The Babcocks of the profession are the men behind
the guns. The guns of the campaign for better and more profitable
methods are the dairy and agricultural papers; these are the gatlines
and the maxims, I may say the weekly maxims; and the official
bulletins on hundreds of topics bearing upon Dairy Science are the
six pounders; the comparatively few text books of real value consti-
tute the rifled cannon, the disappearing great guns of coast defense.
350 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
The literature of dairying is a medium of communication of in-
dividual ideas, and when a man says he cannot afford to take a farm
paper and “don’t believe in book farmin’ because it ain’t practical,’-—
Oh, that word “practical” what sins have been committed in thy
name—he arraigns nothing but his own inability to learn from the
experience of his fellow men, so the true status of dairy literature is
not that it is the whole thing, but that it is the most powerful link in
the chain, the most indispensable department in the battle of progress
against archiac methods. The pioneers and the investigators in the
science of dairying are the gunners, ideas are the ammunition, the
press is the artillery, the enemy are the mossbacks of conservatism
sitting on the tail of progress, and the battle flags of victory are even
now fluttering in the breeze upon the outer walls of the citadel.
SELECTING; DAIRY +» COWS.
(By F. B. Mumford, Professor of Agriculture, Columbia, Mo.)
In conducting the dairy business at a profit, the most important
factor is the selection of the cows that will comprise the dairy herd.
It matters not how skillful a dairyman may be in handling milk or
butter or how good a feeder he may be, if the cows in his herd are
inferior and low producers, he cannot hope to make a profit from the
business.
It will not require any argument to convince the average man
that there is a very great difference among animals in their ability
to produce a given amount of product on the same food. One sheep
for example, fed a certain weighed amount of food will produce six
pounds of wool, whereas another animal fed in exactly the same way
will produce thirty pounds. Some horses will consume a bushel of
oats and do very well if they manage to trot a mile in four minutes,
while other horses fed the same kind and quantity of oats will be able
to trot in two minutes. This is not due to any difference in the
methods of feeding or in the character of the food fed, but it is pri-
marily due to a difference in the efficiency of the animal machine.
There are some cows, when fed a certain amount of food, that will
produce one hundred pounds of butter in a year; there are other
cows, subject to exactly the same sort of treatment receiving ex-
actly the same amount of feed that will easily produce two hundred
pounds in one year. We must therefore attempt to secure cows that
will produce a maximum yield with a minimum amount of feed.
We are to look upon the dairy cow as a machine and she is a
machine that is able to consume the raw products of the farm in the
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 351
shape of corn, oats, hay, pasture, etc., and make therefrom a valuable
product, milk, and her value in the dairy herd will depend primarily
upon the efficiency with which she is able to bring about this trans-
formation of raw products. The question is, how are we able to
select animals possessing this desired ability? Is it possible from the
external form of an animal to predict in any certain degree the ability
of that animal to produce milk and butter from the food consumed?
In answer to this question, it may be said with considerable assurance
that under certain conditions and within certain well known limits
we can judge of the value of any animal for the production of milk
and butter.
Before going any further, it may be well to consider brieflly how
we have.come by this knowledge. In the beginning man selected ani-
mals valuable for his use, and by continuous selection developed
breeds of animals that possess certain characteristics. For example,
it was soon discovered that animals were able to produce a valuable
product, meat, that was much sought after for food, other animals
yielded milk, other animals wool or hair which might be used for
clothing. As man developed in reasoning powers, he observed that
those animals which were mést valuable for beef had a certain form
and those which were selected for a long time because of their effic-
iency as milk producers, had always present certain essential char-
acteristics. Thus at the present time, standing as we do at the end
of these efforts to improve the domestic animals, and being able to
observe the results of careful selection through long periods, we are
able to see that animals which produce any certain product in abund-
ance have associated or correlated characters that are always present.
Animals that are selected for speed have small trim legs and deep
chests, generally with sloping haunches and are in most cases of
relatively small size; on the other hand, those animals that have been
selected for draft purposes are larger, coarser, with coarser bones
and joints and often great vigor of constitution. In animals that
have been selected because of their efficiency in producing milk and
butter for a great many generations, we always find in the best ani-
mals a certain type or conformation.
302 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE, DAIRY COW.
The general appearance of a typical dairy cow, giving milk in
abundance, is angular, thin, somewhat loose-jointed and with promi-
nent bones. In general it may be said that animals that remain in
a fleshy condition while at the same time giving milk are in most
cases not profitable dairy animals. Beef animals possess the ability
of consuming the raw products of the farm and producing therefrom
beef and depositing this between the muscular fibres and in the con-
nective tissue of the body. Dairy animals, on the other hand, possess
Fig. 1. Imp. Comassie 11874.
Test, 16 lbs. 11 oz. Butter in 7 Days. Champion Cow Island of Jersey for Five Years.
Ancestor of Many of the Most Noted Animals in the Jersey Breed.
the ability of making fat from the feed, but this fat, instead of being
stored or deposited between the muscular fibres, is deposited in the
udder and ultimately appears in the milk as butter fat. Now any
animal that possesses the ability to produce butter fat and deposit it
in the udder in large quantities cannot at the same time deposit the
same fat between the muscular fibres; therefore, fat looking cows are
not, as a rule, to be selected for dairy purposes.
FORM OR CONFORMATION.
Some animals possess in a remarkable degree the ability of con-
suming large quantities of feed and producing therefrom large quan-
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 353
tities of milk and butter. Pauline Paul, a Holstein Fresian cow, pro-
duced 1,143 pounds of butter in 365 days. Signal’s Lily Flag, a
Jersey, produced 1,047 pounds of butter in one year. These cows all
have a distinctive form and that form is best described perhaps by
saying that the animals are wedge shaped. They are wedge shaped
when viewed from the front ; they are wedge shaped also when viewed
from the side and they are wedge shaped when viewed from above.
That is, the withers are sharp, and the distance through the heart
is large, thus giving us the wedge shaped appearance in front. When
viewed from the side, the large pelvic regions and udder are so much
deeper than is the depth of the forequarters that we have also a wedge
~
4,
Pig. 2. Another View of Comassie, Showing a Wonderful Development of Dairy Form.
shaped appearance from the side. Then if we look down upon these
animals we see that the hips are wide and that the lines drawn from
the hips to the withers converge, thus giving us the third wedge
shape when looked at from above. This form is always present in
the best dairy animals. A mistake is sometimes made, however, par-
ticularly in viewing the wedge shape from the side; it must not be
supposed that shallow forequarters are desirable, but the wedge shape
should always be brought about by the increased depth of the hind
quarters and abdominal development of the cow. This typical form
is highly important. See Figs. 1 and 2 for a high development of the
A—23
354 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
best dairy type. Fig. 3 illustrates an animal lacking greatly in capac-
ity and deficient in dairy form. This cow was not a profitable pro-
ducer.
THE HEAD.
The head should be lean, moderately long, with face slightly
dished and a generally contented expression of the features. The
muzzle should be large, the mouth large, the nostrils wide and open.
A clear, full, bright eye is indicative of good health and good nervous
power. A broad, full and high forehead is undoubtedly an important
characteristic and is important because it indicates a large brain,
which. as the center of the nervous system, determines in no small
degree the efficiency of the milking functions. Numerous observa-
tions have led us to believe that the milking function is very closely
related to the nervous system of the animal and anything that dis-
turbs the nerve activities of the animal disturbs the function of milk
giving. It is therefore highly important that the nerve power of the
animal should be fully developed. The ears are best when of medium
size, fine texture, covered with fine hair and of an orange yellow color
inside. The orange yellow color is usually associated with healthy
oily secretions observed on other parts of the skin and are said by
some to indicate the ability of the animal to produce rich milk.
Whether that may be true or not it is certain that breeds like the
Jersey and Guernsey that habitually produce rich milk have this
yellow color developed to a higher degree than other breeds that do
not give as rich milk. The neck, unlike the beef animal, should be
thin, moderately long, with little or no dew lap and the throat clean.
Wide spaces between the jaws is a good indication.
THE FOREQUARTERS.
The withers should be lean and sharp and the shoulders lean
and oblique, the chest deep and wide. A wide, deep chest is un-
doubtedly evidence of vigor and constitution. In the selection of the
wedge shape, the writer believes that this characteristic has been al-
together too much neglected and its importance underestimated. It
must always be remembered that constitutional vigor is important
in any of our domestic animals and particularly so in our dairy cows
that produce large quantities of milk and butter. The forelegs should
be straight, short and fine boned.
DAIRY ASSOCIATION. 355
BODY.
A large heart girth is believed to be a valuable characteristic
because it indicates, among other things, a fairly well sprung rib
and large development of the chest with the consequent increased
development of lung power. The ribs should be well sprung and
long, and each individual rib broad and the ribs themselves far apart.
A well sprung rib is necessary in order that the animal may have
sufficient capacity for storing and digesting the immense quantities
of feed necessary to produce the milk and butter. The back should
be high and lean. The spaces between the vertebrae, called by some
the chine, should be far apart; the spaces wide and open. The loins
should be broad and strong, held well up to the level of the back.
Fig. 3. Bettie, a Guernsey Cow Owned by the Minnesota Experiment Station. A Year's
Test Showed Her to be an Unprofitable Animal.
THE HINDOQUARTERS.
The abdomen should be very large and deep, showing great capacity.
What is known as capacity in dairy animals is indicated by a large
abdomen showing large room for the digestive organs. Figs. 1 and
2 show an animal having great capacity. Fig. 3 illustrates one very
deficient in this important quality.
However important may be the characteristics already men-
tioned the efficiency of the animal will after all be most determined
by the qualities observed in the hindquarters. It is here that the
milk is elaborated and evidences of milk producing efficiency are to
356 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
be found. The hips should be wide apart and level with the back,
the rump long, high and wide and many authorities favor an arching
pelvis. The pin bones or thurls should be high and wide apart. In
many of the best dairy cows, we find the pin bones so high that the
line from hips to the setting on of the tail rises somewhat toward
the tail. This is undoubtedly a good characteristic. The thighs
should be thin, in-curving but well muscled. It may again be said
on this point that all the characteristics here mentioned are of sec-
ondary importance when compared with the development of the
udder and milking veins of the producing cow. The udder should
be large, extending well forward, full but not fleshy, the quarters
even. The attachment to the body should be as large as possible,
extending well forward and extending up behind. The udder should
milk out thoroughly so that when it is empty it will be considerably
smaller and very flexible. The milk veins, which may be observed
just in front of the udder, should be large, elastic, as crooked as pos-
sible and branching. The main milk vein enters the chest through
an opening known as the milk well and this milk well should be
large. The milk well seldom changes much in size. The milk vein
is very much larger while the animal is in full milk than when the
animal is dry; therefore the milk well may sometimes be regarded
as a surer index in a dry cow than the milk veins themselves.
We have attempted in the above to give a somewhat detailed
account of the characteristics that are found in the best dairy cows
and that are considered important in selecting the highest producing
animals. The relative importance to be placed upon each of the points
indicated is subject to some difference of opinion, but in general we
are all agreed that certain of these characteristics are much more im-
portant than others and we have attempted to indicate by the score
card published below the relative value to be placed upon these re-
gions and points of the cow: a
eee
alii
"<7. 2's
DAIRY ASSOCIATION.
Oo
By
“I
POINTS OBSERVED IN JUDGING DAIRY CATTLE.
Fig. 4.
Hi Ves Wend mecca wm nid
\ SHAE NI 7 i
i Ai.
. Bi
Diagram of cow showing points. (From Farmer’s Bulletin 106, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.)
1. Head. 12. Withers. 23. Shoulder. 34. Fore Udder.
2. Muzzle. 13. Back. 24. Elbow. 35. Hind Udder.
3. Nostril. 14. Loins. 25. Forearm. 36. Teats.
4. Face. 15. Hip Bone. 26. Knee. 37. Upper thigh.
d. Bye. 16. Pelvie Arch. 27. Ankle. 38. Stifle.
6. Forehead. 17. Rump. 28. Hoof. 39. Twist.
7. Horn. 18. Tail. 29. Heart girth. 40. Leg or gaskin.
8. Ear. 19. Switch. 30.. Side or barrel. 41. Hock.
9. Cheek. 20. Chest. 31. Belly. 42. Shank.
10. Throat. 21. Brisket. 32. Flank. 43. Dew claw. "
11. Neck. 22. Dewlap. 33. Milk vein.
358 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
Score Card B—Dairy Cattle.
Scale of points. |Perfect.
|
General Appearance : |
Form, wedge-shaped viewed from front, side and above...............+204- 10
Quality, indicated by fine hair, soft skin of medium thickness, and fine, clean|
DOIG ite olehe eleva yate: chatetenetasate isherfaujoy terete lane etau:iov oils is layub ites porenela Sierataler ss aetna | 5
Temnerament, SAMSUING, WELVOUS: ce .cs oe co «6 01s es aleuslatere eile ccn's oMeeneneverare | 5
Head: | *20
Muzzle, clean cut; mouth large, nostrils wide and open............sseeeees 1
Face, lean, long, slightly dished; expression contented.................- | 1
Hyes, Tull, «mild; bright ANd Clears 65.5.5 nc ciclo, sis lerevejesre/ale one, 0 Sleue aoe aeons ae | 1
Morehead; broaG, Lull Vande ish cok. viencuc Stet tei olev agaie's. « "so. chatpievesetelctel Raenene | i
Bars, medium size, yellow inside, Tine’ texture. «2.22. «oc scl ss tie ares © srelmeters | 1
Iorequarter : | 5
Neck, thin, medium length, throat clean, dewlap small................-. | 3
Weathers, lean snarpn sie le0cistarelt aie pinieowtars Slajo™.b. = sie tetaie stebepelacs inihs, « teaaa eee ] 3
Shoulders, Obl que,, LEAN = ic ccs clsns 6 Rietehsvevs <td © olafeyehetereiolstale oyecets ope ohcteletel Trane | 2
Ohest, deep! and” Wide ©. % .'< 0.0 ou ten eierete So conse e wise ese sd.my ere Wiesel ee ee eee | 3
‘begs straight, short, clean|+boned;) cannon fine: 2 oc.5.c0. cicle. siare oe ores e aretate oie | l
Body : 13
GAMTIE, MALL aexe hs soveyouiiyoicane lore rotesrar htaietn hal cleus hensiatete els pale telae teltihe oteveneretone toltneet an 4 4
Avs; well sprung, Jone; sbroad,, far APANG sn <ilove oclsleve ie mys © cceneisiela/elhenateneteneae 4
(BOCK. MEO ANG SLOAN: ta soeja cc's saya, she Gite ore sre reiacd SINS io oleleforsietehuliosal ratavatetelst het eae | 2
Merteura, large, spaces: wide: ‘and! “Open. 4 2)s2-05 oc en) oe cue tels © us shopsie ole aan 2
Lots DEOL BANG SUL ON Bases looks se hailnte ohschalte levis ete cleus aiekedecshou e's eleiwie eteker at ene ne ane | 4
Abdomen, large and deep showing great capacity................-2s2e- | Ss
LORI, GCeD, VElVety, SNGV CRIN. (cc, = cist eietecivialciars ofa e ates < eae) 0) oseiciel'eleheeieiaie ena | 2
WGQMAU PAPO cars iite lc ela sie wicie avecn ave © eieTeh ets Sele nape Ora S/aie we era ster Ones ear OKe eee | af
Hindquarter : | 2
Hips wide apavt, level swith eback, ¢c's2". sad so +ceakeea sedans Done eee | 3
Ramp, long, high and. wide:: (pelvis arehine. f.. <csrc~ciem c1s steve ionalets alelenerarels | 3
Pin Bones, High, wide Apart x <ctewilete « els piiore wlia-elelrerove lets jeune. ere jobaletereralere sialamateee | 2
Thigh; thin, incunryine, swell) USGL os cues ccstend wis srcselaneseieleicin cneitelcl anetelenetenetstene | f
Fore Udder, extending well forward, full, not fleshy, quarters even........ | 6
Hind Udder, attached high behind, full, not fleshy, quarters even.......... | 6
Teadte, Unlorm, 00d. Size, swell PIACEd Pcieta sec wicte 1 + © cic wiencierers wyaue ehetelesenenen | 4
Milk Veime, large, elastic) tortuous, branching... occ... oc «jee «os Cee ele sierene 3
ALTE VW, CLUS ILE EG iaie ace ts ta) wieisns plete oy iekaieieiaietelere opaters(a lore sitio iets iene eiterere ielcte et ae eeaee | 4
Begs, clean boned, wide apart; straight, cannon fine. ...:....c.0ssscu0es | 1
| 36
MISCELLANEOUS. 359
MISSOURI LIVE STOCK:
An abstract of the assessment of horses, mules, asses and jennets, and neat cattle as
shown by the assessors’ returns June 1, 1902. (Compiled for this report by
Tion. Albert O. Allen, State Auditor.)
Horses. Mules. Asses & Jennets Neat Oattle.
Counties. Val Val « <3
alua- alua- um- alua- Valua-
Number. tion. Number. tion. ber. tion. Number. tion.
Total for State.| 763,717 $20, 159, 764 | 222,329 | $6,625,233 | 7,493 | $365,284 | 2,251,104 | $30,978,943
8,082 $183, 650 938 $22, 030 87 $2,870 24, 058 $319, 630
5, 932 165, 285 1,565 62, 490 76 5, 530 31,738 476, 990
8,121 207,645 2,892 88, 065 28 2,120 34, 095 547,055
8,181 228, 860 3,166 101,470 159 5, 560 21,454 351,010
7, 745 192, 956 2,218 58, 576 72 3,015 19, 723 209, 078
IBIRGON so .5 5 e0s 8, 260 174, 852 1,816 45,994 86 3,597 21, 253 244,548
IERPERIN rate ss oferecie 13, 048 314, 330 2,828 87, 284 132 6,496 34, 734 432,714
Benton.......... 6, 706 154, 275 1,998 58, 044 106 3,415 21,516 347,340
Bollinger. .-.... 4,305 128, 285 1,784 56,475 34 2,605 13, 381 130, 542
IGONGE!. . 5 <i 7, 266 196, 310 3, 441 117,970 153 7,500 18, 804 291, 565
Buchanan...... 9,165 249, 370 2, 388 76, 390 73 3, 825 18, 848 307,695
GION. 6 6s - sss 2,730 70, 825 982 29, 469 16 630 10, 298 81,414
Oaldwell........ 7,102 174,485 Palos 81, 331 33 2,090 26, 660 406, 538
Oallaway....... 8,109 186, 820 3, 711 105, 820 269 12, 235 17,353 262, 033
Oamden ........ 3,972 119, 667 1,067 36, 601 42 1,305 15, 284 238,535
Oape Girard eau| 6, 083 161, 195 2,539 78, 765 7 3,980 13,814 130, 498
Oarroll....... 10,382 255.210 3,612 103, 899 120 6, 020 27,004 393, 248
Oarter’..2...\ 2. 910 29, 180 642 20, 088 12 350 4,939 §2,473
(0) Ca ae 10, 640 261, 092 2,849 79,377 92 5,192 29, 671 433, 347
WROD AT oc ce 6, 873 203, 339 1,413 41,312 57 4,005 17, 238 267, 388
Chariton........ 10,476 256, 699 2,910 84, 287 86 4,755 27, 338 419, 065
Christian. ...... 5, 581 157, 896 1,564 49, 396 69 3,885 15, 811 190, 553
Olam 225-3025. 6, 628 144, 200 928 26, 686 21 1, 500 18,097 264,995
(Oi iis DSaeeonea ane 5, 796 167,720 1,293 38,175 46 7,290 18, 862 281, &72
Olinton’.....:.2%:. 6, 306 170, 370 2,062 58, 366 63 3, 065 26, 363 429,111
OGlG7s. 2.0. sets ss 3,356 85, 010 1, 094 30, 530 15 640 9,429 109, 980
Cooper:.......-. 6, 983 174,870 3,732 141,115 118 5, 225 19,111 284, 325
Crawford.. - 2,873 81,520 1, 454 46,370 42 1,075 tf: one 158, 166
WAG. ue iss5 bass 6, 031 148, 061 1, 668 50, 273 84 3,925 16,7 205, 940
Wallasy...cs.e.s- 5, 663 129, 882 1,568 39,341 82 2,720 16, 593 190, 809
DAVICSS) .. <<. -2. 11, 589 255, 418 2, 343 65,177 105 5,945 34, 833 500, 815
Welealip. <2 2:.. 7,398 175, 825 1,169 82, 439 66 2, 722 30, 899 443, 589
10/237 pea aIe 3,395 98, 162 1, 521 40,312 59 2,565 13, 852 143, 422
Douglas......... 4, 769 134, 072 897 25, 240 38 1,360 ibviEss) 151,549
Dunidin ..¢-56.. 4,993 162, 645 3,411 101, 144 22 1,535 17,652 360, 185
Hranklin....:.<. 5,546 150, 447 2, 743 79, 390 30 1,325 13,537 194, 648
Gasconade...... 2,996 39,078 1,970 59, 986, 2 1,342 10, 408 116, 640
Gentry... <.::..-. 10, 383 247,955 1,300 35, 805 110 6, 685 36,719 529, 430
Greene.......... 12,300 279, 332 3,675 98,124 104 4,050 28,474 318,390
Grundy......... 7,074 1068, 423 1,152 30, 968 93 3, 425 28,509 417 159
Harrison ....... 15,122 341, 637 1,717 44,545 86 5,130 51, 042 813, 847
12 i Age eee rae 9,944 280, 000 2,503 82,235 60 4, 685 29, 541 390,175
Hickory ....\0:<. 4, 760 135, 124 1,191 30,510 49 2,735 16, 531 230,114
12.2) Ga Rees 7,304 170, 990 1, 967 54, 200 33 2,570 18,509 271, 755
Howard ........ 6,147 150, 255 3,081 97, 765 97 5, 960 17,815 281, 565
Howell. ......0.5 4,631 122, 124 1,439 42, 420 64 2,306 13, 036 138, 956
BOVE locas escee 1,478 40,772 744 22, 676 13 1,020 5, 650 63, 391
Jackson ........| 16,668 532, 840 3,114 TTS RLS |). colette rte eras cts 25, 520 408, 825
Jasper .... 17,081 458, 386 1, 903 62,397 64 3, 625 23,779 382,910
Jefferson 5, 093 123,575 2, 246 61, 670 61 1,905 16, 181 171, ag
BwOHNSON!......-.-| 11; 361 335, 645 4,022 124, &89 134 8,740 33, 567 530, 079
L070} ae 5, 642 134, 587 1,279 33, 324 41 2,400 22,180 329,175
Waclede.....:..... 5, 503 144, 694 1,494 43,945 120 3,471 15,217 209, 014
Lafayette ...... 11, 126 340, 315 4,303 145, 953 106 7,740 28, 778 470, 165
Lawrence ...... 8,839 228, 775 2,752 80,491 83 3,780 17, 089 222, 343
360) MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
7 MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.
Horses. Mules. Asses & Jennets Neat Cattle.
Counties. Tal Val N Val va
alua- alua- um- alua- alua-
Number.| ‘ign, |Number.) ‘tion. ber. | tion. | Number.| tion,
sSWiS. 25.03 cene 6,350 $155, 2535 1,592 $41, 255 41 $3,110 19, 256 $281, 352
incolnv.s.e. 6,973 171,530 1,090 33,825 1l 850 17, 356 252, 755
Fhe a ee 9,217 195, 108 1,313 34,477 37 1,677 33, 512 430, 850
Livingston...... 9, 145 235, 107 1.008 27, 221 31 1, 255 25, 038 383,692
McDonald...... 4,343 111, $52 1,220 34, 653 46 1,505 13, 397 149, 197
MACON a asc. nee 12, 505 329,185 2, 833 77,505 218 9,525 33,403 520.315
Madison........ 2,215 62,935 1,102 30, 980 34 1,870 9,118 102,775
Maries... scons 5, 231 119. 923 2,789 78, 204 26 995 13, 037 143, 748
Marion: 2.0 ocs 6, 223 156, 590 1,017 31,020 42 2,210 12,311 185, 395
Mercer.......... 7,698 216, 535 802 24,404 33 2, 230 32, 383 510, $31
WAIORR &s:3> ce 5,120 116, 455 1,362 33, 660 41 1,475 17, 688 183, 870
Mississippi..... 2,001 57, 100 3,285 93, 360 20 1,395 10, 333 101,073
Moniteau....... 5,311 124, 256 1, 966 54, 690 7 3,350 13,743 158, 280
Monroe........- 8, 033 207, 280 2, 847 80, 520 150 9,460 21,515 312,340
4,819 143,995 1,737 50, 184 55 1,920 16,592 243,470
4,520 115, 715 1,920 50, 760 81 3, 235 13, 508 187,817
2,016 44,485 2,694 68, 409 16 560 9,768 61,344
8,506 187, 845 1,383 35, 645 63 1, 935 15, 563 202, 205
16, 425 422, 467 2,548 74,431 65 3,544 64. %64 &98, 874
3, 422 69, 211 1,312 32, 392 23 485 12, 803 118, 861
3,183 79,225 2, 562 78,560 30 1,445 | = 18,329 ‘169, 334
3,017 82,975 788 22,970 24 1, 720 16, 551 186, 786
Pemiscot:... 27: 2,467 71,072 2,957 100, 538 28 1,665 12, 797 130,876
POrryeee.c eee 4,357 104, 966 2,423 67,948 34 1,480 10, 633 102,921
POUbIBE =. 250. f eee 9,981 263, 904 3, 119 99, 235 82 4, 355 29, 525 486, 264
IPHGIPS:2..2004 foes 3,474 80, 888 1,145 32,014 i! AAT. 13, 030 169, 122
Pik@ves .c ccd eee: 7,448 227,740 1,617 53, 09% 261 11, 990 16, 769 278,910
Lie ae ie Lae 5, 384 144, 840 3.095 87,095 55 3,940 13,018 214, 370
ED. oe ES 8,111 238. 060 2,029 61, 128 110 5,915 20,724 305, 018
IPUIASkT = 5: oes 3, 387 78, 425 896 20,895 53 1,110 12, 921 146, 725
Putnam, ....i.. 9, 333 210,776 1,121 27,421 67 2,505 33, 877 442, 805
Fea Seh ac pacomeees 4,054 119 645 1,071 33.075 72 3,500 13, 699 198, 460
ees bits. eee 6, 667 204, 355 1,502 46, 652 104 7,235 14,843 226,176
OY ror as) «3: in Bene J, 981 290, 268 3,654 117,748 139 6,995 27,400 456, 565
Besolde sei ee 2, 005 58, 158 1,188 36,787 12 960 11, 303 125, 197
Ripley =... ses. 3,074 86, 261 1,393 38,030 27 lols 11,281 119, 053
Saline: 7-6-4. 224- 10,414 297, 765 4,844 174, 464 110 5, 990 32,617 507, 940
Sehuyler.... =. 6,6'5 174,493 1,002 27,431 45 2,330 19,919 296, 361
Scotland........ 6,472 182, 815 976 29, 985 64 2,045 10,855 31,175
SCOLUN -20 3 Eee. 2,900 80, 983 3,463 98,913 19 821 15, 872 23,105
Shannon........ 2,148 65,520 880 25,999 26 770 10,372 116, 417
SHEIDY:.<...5.2008 7,202 207,095 1,912 59, 974 79 5, 460 20, 008 304, 183
Stoddard....... 5, 844 157,717 2,941 88, 366 50 2,403 16, 453 153, 296
BUGHEH. . 2s 3.4. 3,263 BS 637 937 26,312 43 1,510 10, 614 132, 522
St. Charles..... 7, 286 227, 770 2,280 74,585 28 520 14, 762 242,179
Ste. Olair..... 225. 8,126 184, 660 1,209 32, 835 60 2,575 23,845 284,390
St. Francois... 2,696 66, 105 82 24,220 6 650 8,100 83,640
Ste. Genevieve. 2,591 70,385 839 26, 385 26 1, 485 7,417 78, 622
St. Louis . 4.2.2. 7, 266 229, 065 3, 282 TZUSGRG: Ica de ae alewscwciee 9,365 175, 908
St. Louis City.. 12.100 384,000 820 POtG95 | eo 2. Resalick oe. c.38e 6,500 104, 720
Sullivan:...c.2< 10,542 286, 136 1,154 28,103 88 3,504 41,570 575, 128
PRAMNOY.00 soa bas 3.013 71,919 Vi 18, 702 46 1, 220 15,523 159, 348
AM=>. (CSE Bee 5, 904 142, 582 1,715 50, 346 71 2, 873 18,890 211,295
Wernon))..----<- 12, 684 328,148 2,870 76,530 131 5,035 36,312 593, 255
Warren........:. 3,181 72, 230 1,255 37,136 29 1,230 9, 266 97,805
Washington.... 3,012 63, 965 1.388 29,205 23 1,145 11, 806 102, 240
Wrmne.: ..2:0>.. 8, 241 86, 665 1,836 58, 374 38 1,910 17.414 151, 156
wean” Oras ates 5, 524 142, 850 1,818 52, 192 107 3,170 12,278 145, 583
Worth. iste be 6,371 165, 745 470 13,920 26 1,100 19,377 328,423
Wright.. vemtene Cone 4,829 117, 092 1,273 37, 281 69 2,534 13, 928 176, 212
MISCELLANEOUS.
MISSOURI LIVE STOCK.
361
An abstract of assessment of sheep, hogs and stock not classified as shown by the asses-
(Compiled for this report by Hon. Albert
O. Allen, State Auditor.)
sors’ returns, June 1, 1902.
And all other
gases) Hogs. live stock.
Counties. val Val y ae
alua- Talua- | Num- alua-
Number.) ‘¢ion, | Number. tion. ber. tion.
PECRU ALL SLOT LAU ON ele sais are cabtacte ees 906,373 | $933,326 1, 936, 062 | $4,736,918 | 12,924 $58, 324
REA TSE coerce sc Sajen.ica% ects 6 cwealiea ste 3, 403 $4,200 10,088 $30, 185 $1,370
MERIURTA WIN SOR Soc see ewes saa eh daeteca Ks 2, 782 3, 255 30, 028 BS 3740) ieee 55
oO PELLETS) 6s AOS eRG pth Ree, tee rs one aa 983 1,970 41, 467 113, 145 303 805
RMPIEMINSR IRC EA cos 5 Sook ction cies bane cde oe 13, 851 22,810 16,636 65/400) 238222 ao et eee
132 UE SPE RBS SHEE? Ce tc Scene aa arog 8, 856 9,143 16, 557 26, 299
DOES UPa TD ees Rees Rees crc 3, 284 3,389 14, 693 31, 251 178 170
Le TSS Sk OR I a 2 i 2 2,918 3, 655 29, 288 63, 153 323 3, 195
1 SLED: <2 ee ie on ee 6, 355 8,800 13, 661 2,330 472 495
SINT OR we. 3 26 dae Pa Acco catches 8, 356 10, 700 16, 852 VA at Gi | Sarre a fed
POON a eo ca be s/s eee s «view alatlen's Se eae 7,244 14,145 20, 529 ASOT e ws co wnihan semeteeree
RSH AT eee sco coos ose doles sc coach 1, 641 3,315 19, 060 53 (|e ee
DIS ATLCIE FAS Cee aS ee et 974 1,031 8,056 10, 352 22 217
MPMI O Mane 2 ciate doted ls ow vids oe edthekes 10,821 14,143 24, 030 54, 305 33 810
PTO) oh Ge osc atlas Selecesemaeh ok 15,177 25, 859 15, 533 ASI TO) Ne xz seccalcneeeee
WEIITOLENU GS ooo ao AOS AS voce, 0 ws eo old 8, 932 18, 351 8.605 22,420 281 | 487
PPEDOSGITATG CAUs <<< s5%<4,06.6 deicare'se tice 6, 656 10,080 24,451 41,045 PC ae
2) DEO bene ss een ae ee 2 a oe ia 4, 237 4,423 31, 829 60, 703 178 926
(SEPT Oe, ea Se, ae ae ee 709 1,055 3,749 7,184 42 30
(ESE. Sh EE SEI ene se 15 Se eee 4,372 6, 358 30, 646 Ushio Ole sence Lee
“HG OPE SCS Ree Cee Ree ae a ane 3,273 4,934 19,330 46,949 | 1,265 1,539
JD ieaic | DID AGR HRS SSeS ees Gee eee aoe 6, 741 13, 124 20,380 53, 442 232 466
WSPRSMIT AND spa 's.< arc ais Lele sicele save ge tanid ee cies 6, 050 8, 024 16, 604 26, 404 47 286
MPR aor ers tetrad os deters ook 6,135 8,575 9,715 40, 320 inne saan
LES? 2S 7c RECORD E e a eae 5,470 8,145 23, 284 67,580 See ieee
(2 LIBBY TD pas Be i Re Oa Ses = 3, 224 7,190 25, 197 84,811 382 3,700
SOE) 0i6 55 0e BR OOCERORS TBO D EEE EanE nenE as 2, 292 2, 722 11, 957 18,343 1,380
EIR rsa ch So nbatls co sin ocean he ca 6,214 11, 964 27,473 76, 869 5 hee
CUES ROT [ees 2 ee ne cee 5, 880 8, 869 8,476 VET) ae eee ec Be 5
En ear atl og ncrtchs Mach eave 3, 240 6, 098 15, 121 33, 894 338 626
PR Nears etl goo s/o Solel slovase.ciei deh ete okies 9, 889 13,911 15, 444 AAG cess e ate
DENUECS. Sees ce pS Seen eae teria aree 10, 854 17, 302 31,614 88, 589 re 3,099
Dekalb. 225... 2,316 4,912 22, 033 74, 633 hich Natiels
LUST A cy SRS Gees ernie Bea ie aes 6,692 7,791 11,375 ISIS ea Aue Deas
PERT LASS A rare c orc a SO a oe os ore eo SE 11, 446 17,271 11, 930 22, 022 248 293
LD sic th 5a ie bs Lo Rees 350 410 25, 073 33, 430 68 2,195
MARVELL IA so) rc cists oo¥ aca eof ciaac'e, Be ate 3 097 4,418 19,391 ATMOS ANS 0 a's u's |e ameter am
Gasconade... ..... 3,064 3,138 11,529 SO 883 4 hc 2s cee See eres
Genpry..:...... 7,873 D5 25,119 73, 725 85
Greene.... 8 OC OC ote 5, 659 6, 612 22,361 34, 132 132
CLT AR Eee AC a See Re oe aa 6,690 7,132 15, 889 41,505 45
LET O17 Saas SaaS ae eEarineis ob) mee e961 Bs 23, 226 33,174 102, 886 87 781
(GTO inka eee a oe eee 2, 134 3,180 25, 784 LOL \G05))|), cis eee loo ee
LO URIECE CA? iy See ASO ee an eo oe 5, 951 9,295 23, 156 24,188 566 1,636
lhiss . 2808 a cB ie Ge Caen eae ene ae eee 1,184 1,670 27, 463 1265360 iio ican eoeomeetns
LOE Ney: Sa ae oe ae ee 4,217 8,560 18, 326 48, 290 64 175
EMR stes eats sara tee Siaysiniete ajnicid oie /aievs o:5j0 Sie/s 8, 459 8, 466 14,709 1 Sob RBIS oaease eye
EMER Meera a re eter eee cree onsite ciccrciavle sitamre 2,369 2,881 4,229 5 O20 il chases 664
TAPS (0 Cay 2a pie a 62a ele oe ae 4,215 7,860 30, 338 ALG 4046) 2c cacetilloc cemeeeee
= CE DED ETE eI RE See eta ee 2,589 3,278 15,799 39, 674 351 615
RUCAIMEAIS Lesa ch nis ar tS oaictaie tera Me ue nate 2, 289 3,576 13, 622 ZaZOUAN a ctrtne es 210
DLT: SOT phe MEE RT oS Rae Rete agree ae ae 6, 295 6, 295 27,724 91,135 352 230
STG NS 2 25 5 eS Sree See Gee oe 4, 658 4,814 13, 464 BOS OLS Nl, Poviee celiac sees
LG VEU (Ds Da etn oe ee ee a aan 10, 232 14,910 14, 552 25, 729 114 127
REMC UNS sct as acess ocnee aan 3, 748 6, 070 32, 774 925000) | sera: ¢ <i ote terete
BEIIDHO ES ors osc. cata et Obes ae 3,015 3, 862 15, 991 40, 121 87 80
TL GATES © Se Re Se ea ran ot Be earn 8, 240 8, 750 12, 785 49,410 23 25
TDi EDITS. © (ARS eee ee etal 4,536 6,570 17, 642 58, 350 woe ate.
MAREE Cree yeep Ss o:otcin.s weige clos oeaeas seen 8,499 9, 232 12, 728 25, 747 49 2,346
EVAN ESLOMM Beh tac ew eee célstnsiennoocueas 4,569 5, 891 18, 573 51, 641 148 1,307
IMG DON Ala eee ccc tacs sos acneciccaneisls 4, 639 4,639 13, 957 16, 004 137 140
362 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
MISSOURI LIVE STOCK—Continued.
a a a
And all other
Sheep. Hogs. live stock.
Counties. N Tal ae =
um- alua- alua- um-| Valua-
ber. tion, | Number.| ‘tion. ber. | tion.
1. [C061 Re, ee 7,591 | $11,290 $16,911 $41,795 | e002 eel eee eee
MAGISONY Sah cen et haciccas one ta aasiomenee 3, 223 3,733 8,547 12,593 73 $68
IMATIBS =< ocdrcres cot eos comecceoes e oncwnm 6, 942 10, 305 12, 923 12, 923 198 187
MEAPIOM ace seis sae e cette © oun steers eameeivt 6, 905 14, 245 10, 422 38, 000. | 2.05.55. eloscemeeeten
MGRCON sates oe oy ae Pe oe eam etee 3,207 6, 436 13, 863 tS Po ae ee 420
MTree ee 3 Stee Pool seat tie cb eck De aes. ks 10,390 12, 655 12,651 209 ios cee eee 110
MIBSISSI DD! 82. os Se nose esta kaaee nee 91 140 14,031 22, 457 vi 55
MOTORING ds) ne So eto saat ene ee 2, 552 5,120 15, 140, 34,330. \.c52< cc]. eee
Monste: 5 $05. 24> Ree et eC RS 19,778 31, 830 16, 407 51, 6200500 5). eee
Mentenmerys. ss. soste sere fone ones 5, 755 12, 590 16, 643 46, 305 274 475
OPEN es ceca scit ee eee ee see tenes ve 5, 896 7,196 8,317 21,651 182 185
INGw Madrid’. 5.625 Shean. edaltemaics 393 540 11,364 18, 379: | soc, occ e| eee
TROWHA s eok oe ce ce itioa a woh tee Meets 602 675 10,323 27,025 225 705
INOUE WAVE eccccn st oeceee ens cecmewaneec 3,187 3, 523 54, 651 127, 679 614 600
OTOP ON ene Sa cicee casinnwe ce ccetmemeee 3, 802 3, 832 14, 965 14, 965. |.:.....<e.< [eee
OBAROT orn noes he sect feta cies oe recess. 3, 660 4,672 14, 832 26, 458) Sean 6,345
OP ATS © oe ecioce e-em indus oe Seamer 5, 990 8,804 | _ 9,453 15, 928
BOMISCObE. «2 su. seer nies 5 ote eee ee 440 87 12, 945 24,054 229 $18
POPE Ye eo ees cccn cde ted oble canes Pome 6, 717 8, 492 23,076 32, 820. |'Sco.see 6,539
PORDAS ae cto ne ieee Nee ae ido sane cee 4,474 7,950 21,997 63,685 15 375
IPRGLPS 2 eae od. Ceres. <b reese 6, 311 6, 674 9,417 12,779 314 284
BUG. 5c Soe Sc een eae cise eee aes 7,740 17,240 15, 037 050) |. «i aa.c ca) koe
121 F707 1 ane SORE neice coe ane iia Jac BS oEee 3, 364 4,550 14, 608 43,310 231 370
Loe ee Ee Se = aa. 3 ap ae Oe 7, 752 11, 885 21,250 49,233) |... oo.cc0 dee ee eee
URS Ate eae, Nee ere. Secsbc en mens 7,744 9,175 7,8 11, 720 |. ca ccclease eee
ERULOIL EIN Ness arae Stott sete oan Cee eo 7,636 9, 222 11, 928 20, 708 205 242
ERA Se oe 0) CO ose ROE eae ete reese 8, 037 12, 895 8,171 24, 625. | . «00:00 |ocm teen
Hand oliphiss <2.5<c osc oan ss areeeniees's 6, 373 15, 270 8, 878 31,380.) 2. .2 cca0| see
PE Peace g fo ee Sle SSO eS cn aos ee eS re 4, 326 | 6, 952 40, 442 113,583; |\. .. ....a).cce eee
Gy MOIR sec <a -ce oe eatin ke seh eeemabn 4,102 4,623 9, 94 17,439 | 1,159 $23
RUBIO Yeahs tn iwis ai See Secs ecco Meets se 3,100 4,090 11,415 16,611 13 15
SRINGs | oar sae eats sic sate oa taa te 2,680 4, 830 31, 276 110,365) |. .......0.. <n eels
SODUVIOP gos sects ene ay eee eee 20,155 19, 953 12, 985 yr Beemer. | ine eee
Scouland!;. Giese tL Ba tec dain. coerce ees 6,398 8, 680 10, 855 31,175\|). .2 3 00|ac eee
SCOUU Stes mek eon ale crea seine ree 699 821 15, 872 23, 105 18 18
SHANNON. coset cn eee es oe oe heater ee 2, 223 2,382 9,185 10,032 |... a) oe
SHOUD YP cri each ne ee bce este Meta cacee 10,071 16, 140 13, 043 39, TOL, |). 0.5 2.2 eee
SCOUT fs | eens COR See ee hee 2,809 2,811 21,616 22,063 16 21
SLOW | s sect eaae Ree die sete eee 3,196 4,909 8,545 13, 868 209 416
SENOHATIOS: 2: 2: Ghee ae ce cceC ae see sets 290 6, 057 22, 255 67, 396 | oic,s ism =|arcce een
Sb O) GUD Saree se baite ele ocienle DO oes 4,833 4,850 16, 863 39, 370 503 510
GS EPA COS a. eee coi os «fa ticagae des 1, 222 1,615 3,354 6, 050. |... 0... sie.e|s came
Mh GeNnevibyG.. 5 toraccnn seusleweeeracscine 2, 682 3,315 8, 990 13, 018.-|; ...< «+«<|Seeeeeee
SP OUISIEen cues sees cicicicis meee ees 603 1,300 12,324 39,490: |... 0-0) ecae eee
Pa OUISIONGY i. dials cats eee Seis ede uo taste ee Lelnte'ajoreveinsisl| eto setcelers ell areislayele ele:wa.eis | ie etal ets ell clea all aie mete eet
SESS ape ee or a ee a Lo ee 9, 221 10, 722 12, 365 28, 649 63 60
RENO. . Sutoesdce vate eGabe cs ssh ak caaepries 5,180 6,199 5, 601 9, 120. |.. <0 «nlc | ocr aetna
ORAS as os Where cca namin ov «ole Seman nese 17,587 26, 268 14, 639 23, 652 910 1,255
WISTMLOR Ds os ce fo con ae Meat con ce eee ies 2,491 2,879 21.059 57, 290 105 426
WHATTOM SS cso: San ee os tiowcncet eee cies 2,199 2,520 12,611 19335; || cee be 5, 135
WASHINGHON cic ctesaehine's ostetieccercccle’s 2, 825 3, 294 7,070 9,690 51 75
WAVUG 52.5. WC)s. 2 Pie eis R ode eee eles 3, 825 4,363 13,999 19, 246 9 10
WUGDSUOT Jos dak cpedeeen ls» oviebaitettenienss 12,397 25, 275 14,979 7, 862 295 630
YG OE Se <a Cane a a 3,257 4,875 13,149 68, 019 238 375
WANG terns a's cae pee dine vhs wo hatometne ice 16, 769 27,827 14, 055 25, 531 349 535
MISCELLANEOUS. 363
NUMBER AND ACREAGE OF FARMS AND VALUE OF SPE-
CIFIED,.CLASSES OF. MISSOURI FARM PROPERTY,
JUNE IST, Igoo.
12TH UNITED STATES OENSUS.
Acres in farms. Value of farm property.
a hoeen Cyt |e 2 a eg ee
ounty. arms in and anda ;
county. Total. Improved. provements Live Stock
except bldgs.
DHE StALC. .. esse ctsc ss 284, 886 33, 997, 873 22, 900, 043 $695, 470, 723 $160, 540, 004
EAI accins Sc av secs ccist'sc os 2,696 319, 132 240, 892 $6, 275, 060 $1, 685, 966
BRIBES ee srecie 5 a<'e,0 s'evere<nyetias 2,562 267, 752 222, 664 10, 056, 550 2,443, 977
RPAGISON oo. ccs bleclesvesctccss 2,149 336, 591 302,117 14, 095, 800 3, 435, 939
PRMEPEAT ce conc d sta dace tle acs 2,770 415, 248 372, 861 9,300,370 2, 330, 374
Oo) actiGBen soca eccaneees 3,709 339, 337 202,178 3, 905, 280 70, 054
15-010) 1 SB Bee Cope oeceBee 2,590 347,753 311, 024 6, 956, 760 1,586, 996
REE eter cc crcia ais cisisiale s bones 4,070 5138, 842 444, 528 11, 413, 780 2, 753, 030
Lae ti 1 Bae ea eae eee 2,575 367, 747 190, 928 3, 835, 910 1, 289, 251
UII OR orewrac othe sec ctiseeccs 2,298 274, 282 129, 470 1, 693, 050 667, 639
MEP PEETNAT oye slo. o Sees aioe x a's'sisie 3,540 408, 336 301, 732 8, 226,060 2, 260, 535
AGBRMANG: ¢ cis. taecoses oc. c0c 2,584 233,372 177, 312 11, 345, 780 1,754,086
NSERTIREN EES ofan Goes os sec s,c's'es vis 013 1,577 154, 127 55, 664 1, 009, 030 407,591
IMAL: cain now cCaveukle at secs | 2,329 276, 827 246, 077 8, 459, 630 2,115, 736
PMRW AY 3 ccs. ctceees sass 3,585 483, 905 340, 989 7, 069, 828 2,278,811
UPTIME ws cae cc sete ationece: sss 2,069 284, 292 82, 857 1,525, 800 625, 402
Cape Girardeau............. 2,576 348, 957 211,544 6, 124, 490 999, 291
MP ANMOMee rer siccls(cse-s t1e.ci erm ais «nis 3, 692 419, 245 371, 073 12, 130, 480 2, 486, 775
ON ol 21 ee ee ee ae 554 64, 084 22,873 388, 730 187, 036
CESS: 2 RE Oe ee 3,225 411, 754 363, 474 11,172,190 2, 441, 262
CHG ies Soe er ee eee 2,765 279, 184 185,840 3, 724, 830 1, 055, 549
(OU C00) 0 al 3, 805 450, 367 350, 567 11, 016, 820 2,541, 637
(ODT S Bee 2,648 258, 208 149, 140 3, 060, 550 782,577
ui: Oe A ee ee 2,514 307, 491 224, 651 7, 318, 290 1, 555, 014
LEST ¢ oh Ro Sa i 2, 203 235, 734 197, 550 8, 494, 180 2,085, 593
OMTMARRG S) cioe is cd cs saviee se aca. 2, 024 273, 704 251, 250 8, 120, 050 2,707,170
(SL. | ANA oon eee 1,700 224, 754 119, 476 3, 420, 970 671, 483
GODT Crake Ge eee nae 2,664 338, 441 264, 760 9,174, 080 1,903, 745
(E700 Vee Ane ee 1, 914 266. 243 100, 045 2,591,610 592, 201
DRAB Gert. e coe oe te eke et sins 2, 732 294, 434 207, 587 4, 676, 280 1,181,211
TDN SS Oe BS oC 2,397 257, 765 125, 231 1,816, 980 680, 318
MUPROND ES carn ccs woth tat wate © <r 3,308 353, 670 279, 050 9, 950, 520 2,525, 595
PRE ISGBE DD are tin io oa wie ta acseeeis seem 2,377 261, 394 222, 284 8,339, 060 2,075, 752
LET T e SOE EGE Eee ene 1,748 274, TAT 101,513 1, 585, 830 545, 391
LITT CSC 2,738 348,101 126, 885 1, 614, 540 552, 530
PERU sce sc seats ate ecas ce 2, 542 143, 640 101,173 2,193,520 681, 774
REANIM: aici aw etewe ccs cesiscs 3, 853 466,598 263, 711 8, 216, 490 1, 447,273
GHSCONGOC.: .04.5.00 50 seceecs 1,799 294, 972 109, 491 2,913,040 680, 502
GRETIDES sec ac ne ote foe bas-cicins 2,699 300, 589 227,449 8,412,970 2,362, 186
CEREONON.. «5.0000 cceasices css 4,320 369, 021 278,721 8, 143, 910 1, 5387, 252
PENMAN, aiayo.c.0.d.tlee ano cat css 2,298 272, 601 197, 384 6, 928, 710 1,751,710
OTN ayn.s.2)- oc(ctete « seeteicte ais 3, 836 448, 941 328, 598 10, 878, 440 3,145, 983
REA coer sic cies aie, oivic(e 1 smrarels. 15,0 3,447 437,720 370, 976 9, 309, 020 2,008, 658
LE cle my JoceepPeceoe beceOraS 1, 768 217, 947 101, 897 2,053, 710 629, 039
PU soon 60d Oona eee terse ss 2,256 265, 920 224, 996 9.918, 610 2, 047, 982
PERC WEINGLE otros oie tte chee Otic biais a 2,037 235, 521 213,894 6, 523, 120 1,594, 836
ERERVVEN LS 21a, 5.. osu SOO teachiee ss 3,065 417,170 153,710 3, 821, 160 729, 028
RETR ean cot coc csececoatle doc nes 880 102, 284 41,784 716, 060 307,276
MPC EBOM was creas cette cas esis 3, 681 358, 904 284, 122 20, 806, 360 2,818,278
MRS POE ccs cwcc so ceecateeuessics 3, 054 342,191 270, 236 9, 581, 900 1,396, 978
MOR EESON = 0k wi ccttasteatiewse 2,596 344,176 156, 055 4, 945, 650 963, 181
ARES EASE ONIN afore ooo asa'o 5 o.010;5 visicin ero’ 3, 869 488,131 411,544 10,431, 130 2,367, 798
PTR Sete a's oc eielcisie.sisiecis« 2,133 309, 244 252, 685 6, 767, 650 1, 868, 980
TRUELSAC aaraic ccs wine oisiewict sense 2,614 289, 936 131, 942 2, 228, 160 737, 944
TUR VOULC ccs aos cics'e oo0eis « carne 3, 043 367,526 326, 718 13, 597, 200 2,589, 762
RW LOM C Ossie slcenieissiec ccice'e sais 3,414 352, 120 264, 343 7, 262,110 1, 228, 361
364 MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
NUMBER AND AOREAGE OF FARMS AND VALUE OF SPECIFIED OLASS OF MIS-
SOURI FARM PROPERT Y—Oontinued.
Acres in farms. Value of farm property.
; Number of
Counties. farms in ‘
county. Land andim-| __
Total. Improved. | provements, | Live Stock
except bldgs.
PaG WIS 5. 5<niccetsss casaeseceses 2,277 309, 821 235, 437 $6, 779, 670 $1,511, 894
TANGO Ss alee eee ee cae eee 2,763 256, 643 252, 984 5, 936, 250 1, 438, O71
GIT eta ciciresies acieaer ce wie aie 2,925 393, 454 304, 720 9,297,810 2,534, 203
PA VIN eS StON «=. kiek terereans 2,752 321,068 246, 638 9,544, 440 1, 898, 748
McDonald.....: Peihaciine Sw teeines 2, 066° 186, 532 87, 712 1,770,370 597, 275
MRCON'. cau ccetensebichs nest 4,233 486,180 364, 444 8, 990, 560 2, 471, 227
MISO oe cet) k's oizsciess lairerere 1,163 147,711 67, 225 1, 152, 110 385, 448
Maries 6tt ...... ae. eae 1,619 248, 466 92, 440 1,527, 450 481, 426
Mardons.. t2.c fetter eee 2,022 267,621 199, 145 6,175, 720 1, 322, 291
NG Oa) ee ee Ae 2,507 291, 917 235, 774 5, 597, 270 1, 997, 038
bbs Se 2 A oe eee 2,251 277, 554 116, 683 2, 230, 390 690, 522
INEISSISSID Di: ...2- tect tesn.< 1,150 139, 891 97,453 5, 271, 210 582, 147
Moniteat: .o.-<tiencetas-s 0 2,144 25, 533 183, 348 5, 058, 945 1,108, 168
MONO We act stele nce ie nis sieiesle 3,217 _ 405, 467 331, 911 8,523, 970 2,514, 088
Montgomery .........--...-. 2,264 302, 932 207, 008 5, 134, 040 1, 296, 986
MOTCAN £3... on tense eeet wes 2,013 267, 457 139, 649 3,104, 410 1,028, 980
New Madrid ..).000.8. 00.000 1, 063 121,805 90, 635 2,517,610 544, 269
INGWHON SS. oe. ose eeees oes 3,043 280, 406 193, 560 5, 365, 300 861, 467
INDUS Way (iese ed ckee eee eee 4, 490 556, 122 486, 462 20, 792, 940 5, 037, 408
‘Oregon, Ss 2-2 uust, see an eee 1,880 224, 877 - 86,426 1, 491, 630 , 671
OSHECE acs ck Heese e dh se 2,022 341, 103 137,186 3,550,380 728, 883
OVARIES P ios nite See anes® 2,029 275, 293 79, 085 886, 470 490, 878
IRONTIBGOG ... .civelattey eons aacind 1,201 85, 844 47,361 1,185, 130 446, 610
PORE Yoo co cee esas cee tee 1, 936 259, 259 139, 945 4,022, 610 651,690
Ret Se. ccc, Soe ee 2,935 408, 515 344, 869 10, 256, 860 2,127, 882
BGS). (6c ncctn CRoaeetn ase 2,013 254, 286 106, 241 2,016, 140 573, 686
a ees 2 ea ee RSs So tal es 2,873 397, 274 294, 947 3,091, 890 1,891,047
ES 2) eS oes a eee 2, 042 261,435 182, 567 9,019,870 1,710, 380
OMG. gotten tenets Gro tie Seteleieten 3, 673 360, 871 234, 426 4, 766, 860 1,350, 729
Palaslilyes 2.%.cce Gems aecnes oe 1,512 195, 117 75, 660 1, 338, 670 480, 687
POUBATO «< 3152 5- Beaten eee 2,596 326, 747 246, 194 6, 362, 010 1, 905, 026
12) ) eens Aone oe 1,996 287, 995 230,319 5, 856, 220 1, 461,202
BANG OMI ss. ..t. sees ieea se ocrs 2, 460 287,491 24,515 6,072,770 1, 633, 529
(ESS ECR OA Re 3,321 340, 866 288, 627 10, 299, 790 2,521,971
MOGYVNOLGS 5/50 cs otk arate ain 1,165 120,374 50, 271 689, 950 460, 219
RAP Oy: .20sa2s carte one takes os 1,740 159, 723 63, 496 725, 380 372, 258
Sts Gharles........ 05s. woes << 2,297 300, 171 220, 491 8, 308,590 1,107,798
Ste Olair ie: co... eee aes = 2, 851 347,511 219, 404 4, 495, 640 1,278, 211
Pot e TANCOIS). ciaewic veienieie = 1,27 207, 685 97, 765 2, 857, 400 571, 629
Ste. Genevieve............. 1,364 230, 494 94, 600 2, 138, 160 469, 070
Ste onisiss. cts ade des - 4,734 264, 626 206, 863 31, 854, 400 1,527,119
SANG Seek wt Ciel tialodiews 3, 638 438, 976 384, 236 15, 403, 040 3,140, 827
MGNU VLD sieces ce reniae atu ss 1,654 198, 530 142, 867 4, 222, 590 1, 208, 585
Seonlanag.;. coe vees ces. secieses 2,118 277, 789 222,498 6, 813, 910 1,701, 759
BICOUD ob ..\c0cs neebiah anh cates se 1,341 181, 897 125, 094 3, 847, 200 630, 434
SHANNON cs </.toteeaeeta tse ae 1,311 158, 024 50, 665 899, 890 343, 645
BHBID Ys dia cnccny Dae tcc ute ss 2,475 307,514 245, 638 6,366,540 1, 872, 036
(2 006 (a Fo (ee A 2,873 227,417 142, 759 2,742, 440 859, 963
SEONG Mites aia csca tee wens 1,627 170,582 73, 127 1,399, 360 547, 825
SMA yA 5. oho RTO. Les < 3,101 402, 871 323, 868 8, 458, 950 2, 731,171
1, 671 241,408 66, 988 1,138, 060 535, 245
8,729 505, 288 185, 681 2,528, 410 798, 888
3, 988 484,744 408, 694 9, 304, O10 2,098, 994
1,358 217,684 116, 770 3,324, 140 681, 068
1, 724 213, 130 93, 743 2,124, 920 608, 752
1,733 197,413 83, 022 1,277,910 596, 343
2,500 263, 286 143,960 2,696, 760 741,523
1,549 164, 829 119, 169 4, 287, 820 1,235, 657
2, 726 326, 582 139, 272 2,039, 400 591, 160
MISCELLANEOUS.
COAL PRODUCT OF MISSOURI.
Showing production and value by counties for the year 1902. (Oompiled for this report by
J. W. Marstellar, Secretary Bureau of Mines and Mining.)
Oounty. Productin| Value.
tons.
Dib IITs As «Se ae BOB Seo SODA SOpCO BO Ges REBCC TEC CoCr EOE MASE BCC RC ees: Sear ae 311,563 $383,726
AFL SOIT inc Oa Seg toa o8 CGB ROS DOUG COCCAGEGBOU SIC COM ACIIE SEER ECACC SRI iT oC 33, 435 2,467
Sen TE ERE ee ees eer a ec ciscelccentte si no srel ate eiaiaselsesrecia pale ainpipialg eters absigies 200. 433 238, 307
ar re PT RA oP os Rigs Sec icsigl ng wisiee nig balan woreda v6 359, O61 381,508
TER eS ot tye CORE. cE pice noe opin neu mre ole az vino encased ew. ca's 23, 609 36,304
1 WESEUE 3 he dion Coe oc dibn GRBUNe 36g RADA AC CORE BAIIAIN ce tris Airgas Sa Sey et otic 11, 853 19, 902
nL WoL ac dates cepneeceGeuenoc 6 de hCG SOE Rp Ge doBedr (anon En coRnEe crc onnecisnccrar sn 24, 483 40, 760
eer EAL ea es ne Seer cte ls a dowipsaltiearle snicle,sie-> « Stialeip.sisieig a:cie\sinte pejele/evele 1,985 3, 670
1,350 3,037
3,107 4, 602
2,025 8,592
8,052 13, 688
1,045 1,829
945 2,170
5, 180 7, 453
34. 936 63, 232
91,616 149,718
4,350 9, 050
21.000 52, 500
8, 500 16,517
539, 612 920,479
79, 221 139, 440
IPRS TOM Ce aes ae ec eee telat ne ooh ete ore senses sewieeioae sas came dwesis's 800 1,400
RVI RECRN YANN hehe stecet ona) IND an ee eyore ela ecite eTaniaisiele wiaicicie n eleros ew crs cie w'e'S ire oMiste wi 1,198, 133 1, 330, 107
PUPAE RIESEUI RE fe eee le ores sare rareea te teal esos cee ave ale lca Stevlare Alar biar ata wise el niaialere ols 8 143 338
MRR CIO Pe laste ns excels Whee stetoetiere cave soiarais claves deisyateistetele}slevs Hienssis's) 5 aMsraeve arelelSe cele 1, 980 3,465
LY DYSUGTTS 2 pe SQ aes REE ARE lg noc GBGr OM ao ERE Se Sic PIDe Cane ACEO CEM MAE cry eins 446 557
Tn STEN 2° pee i Peart ICO CSCI Ree EES EE Ge CRC LICR OME MT Oo incor: OME oR HSM Gceote 2,400 4.650
MMMREHIEOU OT. 9 Seca ctotrors cic rcinte are ateleaasie nye Sic cum etsreet ate entpelel so reetavaks ww ape create ctelalat Ns «\6/aisise ope a 1,590 4,372
PUNTA eae oie oe a we Ie Po ata ate cha ole aracdid ain oe als Shscanwiine mislcieioe wera oareere Syee 125,543 191, 854
een, oy Rens co Rh tt re See, te ar Mee Se trait arte aietapesatelala Ste ne dt Selcvetont 20, 150 28, 355
Loud ONG 22 ener aReRorerain ne 2 Cn Cbiaoc: SB DURE AG te DD LOM nog OACEIe Cab Ghee tone see 450, 181 526, 933
UU ko Jade sepet oc Ge kedbd hr ieeobEe ieee 8 Oecne dress cenoncnOnmeee: ecader cecuics 280, 162 450, 633
SUERTE ss che 2 BE GARI SI a I ee SS Re en roe or ee 205 512
Sul UM MSTT 2 sesh Sati Gibran eh OCDE GCI Eee TENT He gr ROIAT Cari Cees ARSON ed BPS ae SORES 3,139 5, 663
SapM BME NECS Tore er ta a oe re neat winrate cerca eiais sian old cveialn's «ieielerasne spate oe ceis Male wveias eis alates 3,315 4,974
eGR PER PPT SS ee nein hei ee oie c Sennen ee aloud sama aa crswinnt sone ars 207,125 226, 964
UD HEEL ceed oe BU CRRA GAA MIE Ce BAUSCH Op Ie DODRIOD UG COCDOE RE ODOC enn aCt IT EetaE 4,062, 731 $5, 324, 828
MISSOURI AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
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INDEX.
A
Pages
PIMMeI EET te St. OWS PXDOSICLOM ss.csicersisjs ac. e's ne cice's 66 ncictiviocine hs a cainapie vlc eae senercte's 112-116
See aig NGUU ERIE ull SO ENE Cli aa Oo Liter. ase aseteCctevelss od nicl sta store Sieve pian slasiesAoiain vroisin(e Sicha are ele Darsisioleieleislolsiecers «ELSE eRe 4
PNRM EEL VEU Lem COs CSIC Cum ayers a chesaterorsitelsYeretareis siia/ern oy sieves tie Wiavele aleie\e cine # ga.c bias awh aoe ee elale ...170-173, 318-320
Peatiaiuural Collerte,, ADNTODMaAtions LOM. 6. e:+.cis vie asisiciow.e.s se .ssiiejesiwialsivionse aueaneeepeacee 185-193
PSRESEAsU Feed MMe tots cole Zo(-)<larc\crst=\atetntssa/sis vain ei)aietelaiaisievetecoja)oie'sisverandiotevsrevere.c- cares [efepersnsiafelet ree aateeto aisle e(ovaie teeter 14
Alfalfa for Hog EAU CUIT Gove ancycte is yntegensleieterev sisi eiciplaveseiele a alstave,Sa(s arese 6 aiptolors) ae/eieSTalsio nie rein diersratetaselelarsieve/icuniate 283
Eeaditias EUPRGU TE ae cAIE CLR Wied, CLIN Classes cieafey cs sinisieretersicie, vrais sinvvis:oveis)ooib18, sidisio. baleale CoveaIs/e Sale elawisia’e oe sie'eelaa nce a 249-253
Asses and Jennets, number and valuation by counties..............ccccccecccccsees 359-360
B
HeSneCCOmT ation TOR Dairy (COWS: occ clacete cays aieisia'o saa eisla Oe Hay STE ealelee cc cele eiseiseieds «ae aceon eaee 304
aR STI OUI Brelereie ta ele lalarerereras,cistecsiecatocstorerarolad oseveysrisjuiaieray heist oe-ctatala cate ct owtal sists Senibend dhe ciel cyanide’ (Oe ate seteraee 288-291
Bee auarasees Meme Led cca orvayay clay aVatsvatareia’eysteleenisfara/fatsicnsys;syatone) spars ies yarera| sta o.0' 9:15, Scsieyes al s,elcse) =, e.dj0jece overs ia\stelaareiaialat oe cles eNotes 341-342
TELE TEIGE? Ogu gb cnOUbO Cec DB CDOT ACOPOCUADEROCE CO ADOCGEOOCHEOC CHER Gn Aan eM raconconer aaceecricD soccendcaon 32
Board of Agriculture—
BAU ISU CCTs SHEN Oh Legend ahr ey vat ataysteteysicie ar'eyo/ clea, s)erelsvoyeretsinyiepntevels re gvalnseyeve.\ aja; eter giate’e winvcxayeie ve wlatelw: ouatAlovelererelal aeiayarei anata cua 4
ReaD ATL CUI TEL GLE Ye Ohiives = yeretca,eyasal sec ovets\a: aio: suey ainsi orasalajeliie iessin ela: sie eis; o-giela dts einen slupetetee areas steretmeate 5
RERUN omc, ee UTUNV UL Us TANS CCL 27) eraverarais, ars acayoselstatevejaya:orb casey ajo!eace’s oieiste/ eve! ahela aveeters wlshejcYole cole oleleroreteleterers 5-45
FEpPOrt Of SCretary.... ...eecnacees syayar Panay eae (at etanes lola ars o-apey ener ayaretane aratstielaerarstererefdelasieeke ctahstele siete 5-57
Talat (Cais. “ spopdeddacdgn dada cdUcgO GUase DU ROROn CTE ORC Tn Gan eer Ieeciocce mci ia eer, REE SHAE Iden. Oo 14
SRE Abe PSaD Ves SSA ore ce sycvatc ala ate vcierata eyejarsiasie. ois isl ess etal sialocafo ois ,olererelS eisaie.s Sele else eie\6\leicve © eidteye ais ele/e misao Sacral ele 328-331
SEMEN ACER Os SF Ds TOL CSSION = 6, ole ia;aiaa io; srstatec« arin eis rainieisievajese)are o0/4,644,0ie se \es0, 0/00 Neeley ciale ooracmeldes 320-326
(.
Moye NT A NRE Me MI] CULL SSUIEVon cajatslojeve!s(oiele\eiatelels afersfarelviotelelelevb(e/elelejs'evste’e aa oYate'alotattalataterslcistoletettate siete cieisiois o@ineecteiee Her Da=-aae
Cattle Breeding, Influence of Environment and Heredity.....................000000: 181-185
Cancer Ors Gain 'COMPAaLred iiccccccscocedavads anes dans acdadac su dtbienaeans secncddermentes 272
SME CI ENS COLTS Sours) SUITS TNC yeYararataraveva aleera¥eturctals ole atoteveloratote'atoteratete loreleterels'c cfelelaievoleistere tale « 198-210, 261-267
Gattles iNeat, Number and Valuation by Counties... .cc cece ccleccvecceccccguvesce eens 259-360
Sean CRMPLLE O LLL UO LGig ! OLA SSOS fel arelclatctetctofaserataretals oteteraralavsbavanchavsisloae Mae vale da. Laoag eid tee cele aetenoee 174-177
Crue mo MIMMers ANG: Winter. (BH CCGIM ET. o5 so av iee cists) eve ciuis a clanis'diviod eels cle oleic vlcjnieie’e oleae nelesing 266
RCE Ne MELON LO) IMLQICO safe (cic.cste cies cieiste,ce.c sis ainviclo tie akan acai teaarsisielalclafetele oleic sie setelelelele eieis'e owl eiclels 334-335
SPR GC TIS MRE OIN Cem EC ELE LOIS I MEU OM <.farcraiaiverarercyavarsrets ster e(eisaidie Sora Gv oo e's otele vlaleleleiieity delta aleve Salo eietteie 2381
JWG olédustdoquor UBUOUOD IEECOUICOBETERBERE DEE COOCECEE DROP OROAUCDEE EER AS AOnORTOORATOEEOECACHOE io asacc 14
SECT TAREL Sa ASCII OS telalstaloroleleiseindieistete J ne taaed eadiats eee Ok wc Ve <add sett detehls lltene ene eee 283
Somme Loducts Of MISSOULI by: COUMLICS: a... sed re5/0 0 orn nte/are/as's biajole/are'alsle oferaidie al /s oteleiarsle Gletereleteteirele 365
MOC eaR RETNA HEME TIT UEZ CLI. 7010} 7arctatatato) eYo(s el oof <loyo’aboratcleYosaratoteretateYaratateteiat ateca clata/aletaholcia’s Scve shee cio Moderate ioe 248
PEO EA CLO LO bir OAV» CG OWS sare oatsraye’acrak cfolahooter ear oh Raiavaleralelo atcloretoletet -/alefato Ca te eles eas cee Seen 352
Contributors, List of
PEN UMESTAGY 9 FEL CLINE PASO OR CHO) ia Wey oratcrate lore’ clatater states tote sate: ava taakstatavatorGra’atutels ahctborlatevaverUi ctoraloraror stan toteatelet tel ote 219 359-362
PEMERTSS © Uber AEM OLD Tell ets OV.) ayorovayaror tote terwfetelote lots’ eicTsifa\alatstarorezecatalotst oters ofetolu/ctelototoreishaleral folera aiderntere sce Mis ok eran oe 104-112
Anderson, M. M. .............¢ Rakeratafallerabalaforctetelctate' Yon lara arecet fate Sol teretuletlelefervials, vleislatTeletaters etc 150-152
PAV Mme iee DEY 15.3. ada cela dela sad ae cn ddady ada thaadamasaadar aston obese selene ed de 148-150
HES STN Seem EA EL As 5.5 Siera.a fares 6, 015,08,805 8 19, VGA Wa oe EEE Aats oe Ne erat cisis sto are ea he habe Gon « tecnica eee: 55-07
II INDEX.
Contributors, List of—Continued: Pages
Bereman, WG cA. «a v0ccce satis sacs ie cures omeclp vane ce saeidetiane an ins coh ioiy ane cetceaieiie Sees 343-350
BBA Oiy. Bs VEN ashen » 0 els ac'v nn o Werae voce boa balsa Mane Re ey ware fla ane te ose a 326-328
Cana day, TF. Wl. sigs ccitinesciele nsiclsnois vis wcje. cease cmos Gata w8ik ove ctdaiaee o eictad wines do sale cme aera 152
Casey. POP. a. EL. Aetenie nnn decibels tus wn'e 9s.dlnns bin bndae b oe aoc late cee es Sant ante 84-85
Clothier, Profs CRW... «ics do ceawets evcela vans os ona eeeew ne name dle esos eee eee 239-249
Cobb, FAUGUG Naini: « .inans vwleichueiet came css sisikive ble cinel 1 oe ip ehioo'es male tb coe ne aaa 231-289
Connaway,, DT. iS. | “Wi. %s ecucu de ate aeteecsiotiare ai tatala-aransinaitre’s clas ote aeiuialette WS avs vieja’ are eee 332-334
Davis Hons IML T: cadres cee cele cu ccmeih Seat Poabtabse vinic's a ulr clase clas nadaas a aot eae 87-100
Detweilller;. DOr. GAs is, .scacietuyee cow's ov owacle was opeiniete op eves waenare «6 ceiha ne feet 249-253
DOuUsHty We IM, capi se dca eis «cc eee Ua nw si'o veces 6 s\dle's ofan te meea eta ae cals Slee sae ee 170-173
HMickles; (Prot C! Ee oa ek no ecoming sree bm ois wis « klejecipelela ste cie\s'se «deeds bitte ecole sleet ss ae eae 341-342
PTS AGO. TBs ©. casero dc ss sealetolecstlcceas o Seick he saa etian ae ss Getemctatce mein tae eae 5-57, 336-339
Gabbert, IBEntOm ma ae... 5 oi,cto lea crs rekio= Ne oaipyn vo ve on caleeine yee» tetreetdetei tec ne ene eee 181-186
GROMER Y; GeELOM. IN GED io oa. sivesta ciais tole cies uisiv'eis Waste sistte wtipiate oie no: >, amet cians tia ee a 100-104
GQOOGTICD Es iGo ree sniecasvin Saolea ae Sela wiersinne ale na a tis elec ore clams eTe pie oof 301-305
PELAGIC CLT A BI, sine eie'o wait biviginiatslafe a w\vinse'€0/o a eipinte alsistetais stele y/s'eteleiale: alee eie-hteroimvalt on cree 58-70
PTArNEGs PV... HP. Sees cure sic ax oleaupbntee eia.e chess ave Pee Sia HIME aie « ele sine o Sateen reel ae claret A eee 178-180
Howards Prot. “We Le ees cet weave vc's. cree clstecion sta olsiareve ras drorine dacteeiains ane nigine © eee ane 211-225
PESSS RO Eta wise wis a slaiewistare sv o's eielelo'veivie cle wanes ste ale as ae Cee ee eee ole ate 157-170
JONES. EMUMIPHTCY: oie /sncls <'o.cjein.cib's te. vie «/eie'seioieis s'gle » cidisib lain o\e\s wicelsiersisie'e's's vie sive els /cto enema 233-235
STL SAD) VV AT Ls aortic ns 13 ore'n a ealoteiae in e's wine siete res ee elas ow sll neieainihe ere Cea Oe ICE oe eae 117-127
ERMCKE YS OU, Cy Hiccis oe sloais soo sine, a Siw ale nis iei alee eis'e wis ace a's vo Me elevate aieioratcte aes ete eee 29-34
Tepyiora tO DS aie cretteremie sic /iee nsare wt ola h.Sraiga ole w/o ethiw aie 2, asia eters ule S eteleloioieiaie set ese tee a oe ee 287, 288
Dea SPOT >| Gu) Ta. ec Ss be Rive sits Blelalelsteie b alars a. aisleinte Siel vieja Satara e oleieyetelele elo pe ea 320-326
BCI COS VV TILDE, | Zya'e'bis eleie‘ela' ale blu tala’e eleleloleleldlaiele'ctelersietele’ele cess « dinia tele letei)a dee ae eee 259-261
Maitland,» ELOn:s’ ATOR: 3.\sicteeleislaieiojale'a's 0's alelala’s sleia's vin/e'n's's bs. isies cles s bbs bes Seb eels eae 77-80
WEarple 2- W's. OW. = oss o's:css aire opts osc 0.ale/s ais o's eletsictals ol wee oles nels alain |e oicielele eis e eval ls's lhe olc/o'e rere 311-317
Marsteller, «20s “Ws 2 6 la's'sicia'clals w'slaloiclofolalalateiloiefeloistola'ofelole'elelsictateleio’slcielctals eletaicietistels okcietchat stcleeat sitet = aan 365
Mellette, on, Ts HE, 5 oasis sieeate'sleseinraseie aipsareie oie) awl sie aieis'a ele aisrzieibloreyerere even stevotete at satatetst eh aera 71-76
DVEOOT OS HDI MES, Ce" of 5 [ato 'slora’o's oie m0 a'e le o's we cleieiaieseloe's elhls ole e'eln wie lolatv ate latnt ote alelets (cate ee nn 35
Mim fond : er ot: iE. BSE es cic cwei clave since seca ealeaties ne aies nenaeene cates Peuieloees 198-207, 350-358
Murray) Elon NG CES 25552558205 556 fed Sante be hee cine mio eaeteereis oieiee > Geeisos elec oie aaa 254-256
UT, FTE BE, 2%, 2's ie fais ats ase 0's 'u's'o'stctnln'n n> als e'n clele's slo's ba .0iole ele ip uleiare ole tore’ o%s ola c-dlare = este nval tastes eee 225-231
Pattersons $JONM «525.2 sdscadasbeiads lane sie tas coe da dea eoanenne Seances uses ees ae cee 295-297
PP UINTNVETT A CVVINL A A os bee hd cae Sone aan oies pos ne awa EER OPEC OREOCO ED ot ccc ace oct 305-306
Price ass CNA acs 860.555 e noc cewtes ve ve a's o'uia.s eso /elene Lamp eine Oeieiolee Rite ne cco nae aie See 261-267
FRAINE: SETON ts Oe Ss aie, Sisrelstas cleo sisin' oe wine isiare #10 ore ciel alo/orn'n:aiaic oR Bem ee elanste reo cain ate care eee 80-84 _
Richardson. HOM! OW Te ee os8 vas ees aia aslo en. sicieie.o's ple w siels « ois'bie oles os Gore etwas sleaiaeeeanm 134-148
Seas a 5 Peas phe Shree ee ae eG i kaha cere eee ETE TOE eI 298-299,
SOME Te Tn oo sorsia's ashe datactekiewlpie Saree la sudke 6S a\s/ere hatayerate stetalete ie Acie wi eptatelare peieeeistatete eee ae 292-295
mbewearks Tr, SSC). yrs, ss) op0,0\e.01e ose /upefe ajaiwie,osesayelajs < <n -lo a shares falas tot eidete< Gig sloreleretareleis iat ra 268-271
Stinson PPro. iD. Tey sesod cs devic ne wise wesa dative Geese «Lin's gie'e'slere Natclase Seer cts Cato eee 112-116
LAV Vind SWVTLR. BUN Gc, » <s p'xa0 nivre'n erele's'olgtn vie clelavels arovjoleielaieoteinis ain nis otarsteta’s ate e'aceacete. = elated otetak atatetst annnannnnn 339-341
VanPelt 7. ERM Gy. cijciicsccwsccp sear eee caeke Poon ced epecue pape pemuidele sek ose aee anna 174-177
SWWALECT ES GES MW ns no: wicciere,xieiore epee open Witowis cls cia ntcle ereiee aia ae ines air tereinae 85-87, 128-134, 272-287
WV ATOR Ss VOL, ESD. iss eeveinis nics in wo:<\e:0 (ayo.ole win inywyv o01h fots)s)eya\a\a]oi4yayn oidseiois eae San Ne lO 318-320
Wriebster. Prot, «His FEDS Wo ge pecianiin aleja)ajcibie spin wins ale pi ms win nein sitio als oi tai hier Mer atia svn ee 328-331
SVU eRe yr > EEE Tah wasp cts ono ota ta ae ale we 8a ose pis iste ove Sinieie lst rie oboe detncan 8 setestW ds tetera ean 334-335
VUSUEE OD 2 STITT abe KGL. * 5s a crdlsscleeretb cisco yaace a(eelote oes epee wisinreiat ore Sinise Sis river all Gate SInTad oly cetera an 256-258
CVV ANICATES OND, cde whN's), ps'siv were wipe alvin cre'e parce «elev eraeieis wiktiste aid ital rac ioterclsinis s{olbivalsinie sista s/s is ie ae ae 35-39
WWIMAIMIS IGE Wie co scuy se sedect avs desecg eri eonns Sep eee cciog nays iene assmuteae cae tnt mire
ZAGEISL, VELONS DACOD y0\e's, ose w pals noianie a dole winnie ose» n'a moo wisn alee diac aidintoaia'h Are cia vo ate pe 193-196
orn, “Acreage and “Viel@ssd cis sacdis\osobaieien vciees con's tee pinot en's x:eaeatt ove Oiedidipe oo era aoe 10-13
GOEEON: oo ahr o5 Se ieee fa rs 505290 0 eek acdsee eee soi ta oon 1 ub we ces p.cenlameile seine Meee Os he ieee meee CO 14
ISOWee UAL CE UTDOSOs -sscrsnsls cop eves rears sab wepe ess eeom £ Sccib'o:aielwrmareae saree witb ot aow AMEE are pia 178-180
COWEE GAS sos pence dade sees oKe 0d aN PER EEOA CER Y panes EOP aC SS so dae tN en aloes Mee amaanae 14, 285, 304, 311
Cows FWiDter Ss ARS TIOM: LORS sco: ous - p's voles dihisieiny o'e,emibine alaminisie(vnareinse.s,5 18, 6.e(¥ pai maeeintet aN ee eee 301-305
@reameries, JElow ‘to Increase: Business lof. .< :casecesvavee Cdcccceesivn oeepandwcla ose \ arr wenn 326-328
Croam: SEpATACOE acdsee sews amen cuss. t vite Rete e teat ee eee eee eee sees eens eens teen eaeneneraenes 297-298
INDEX. IIt
Pages
Crops and Weather Conditions............. Aghor COCHISE AGS an GO ROO b At: S COMORTONEr o NBOgOOnaGee 58-70
Crop Review, AGYCAP RMA T YIGICcrn se cera cccaenechele snide apmetnas ars ctesuicdisissisignaih Dae ap eee 9-14
Crop Rotation ...... Mamanatcisene > seem ace ee aculeie e's cle BARE aps SAA ae RE oinivislersla sks mange sin/er Se on eas 247
STE weet OI: Of) pEOAC He ET OGE. ati wielcnmis nice .nies sthierotale a/oieicrerae nao etsaeitaiiis siele's's s vicina teepisldeie'soiee> ve dernnis 217
D
Dairy Association—
Seen ais aininiic a ate tlein omeic arciemtetnsinereisicapsines.e(eiecvrs einvavew iaisleldesieelecte aie ve Batanists b valde ones vice eeereoeeBOe
SPC aRCRCOTN Goer CIARA RELA e go-to nisin cle usin icisibinie’e © stein) o » pigie vin\e ep intae' vutn aia mis vintaio aio ocrpbie a eiaiatete 292
ITLL LiCl Ade VME LCA TE] ETL O° sic ale eiclclete ove g letersi cle(o'e'e nye eieip-e. oie aiginjeln:sie‘eia‘ele’eigisisin o dto'e-e:selernssieis'e’® ale 295-298
the retail milk business........ Maaeteateernar cia nies c'n #cieiciciotiete cisia'cieisieie else aiaieinisiveterenisimermarce 298-301
winter’s ration for the dairy cow............ HOODIE elotaretaiole%s,s « olnie ye ereivolarelsvs oiete sere eioeate 801-305
Sulose and’ Silas ew. -).7.:.../ictiacie's's'=\s vie aintaletatatatatatetatatatal alelu’ele'ctain lsiclateletals’a’e/slalatata c)stalo'e ale tatste sis siviaale 305-311
Wy) LUSTIG" Ga {7 2G TBE ABBE SOC RCOOUEEOCGOCR OIC DDNDIDSD DO ODODEECEOCOnOCnOCHOppa rar be ccnbaeion srs 311-317
Agricultural College .............. RRS SOAS eae Neds eae cone Moat eek Gieveleleledarats hia vie wreath syste 318-320
butter-making as a profesSsSion...........cceccseeeees ata stotals'aielalalee(s/o\a tute etaters’ tia ott ensiaiate ete 320-326
increasing business of MisSSouri CreamMerieS........cccsccccccccccccescecccesecees 326-328
some phases of butter-making.............eeeeeeeees PEER OPES osc ie bi ab 328-381
ATED MEL CWI CET GS aielcl cia) slora chaistcialalctatctshctalato}a'c\olelotciatetatel disto'e!cfelele's/sictele’s’ ctutatvlcialolatatel etetaiolole ors sieve staistas mainte wiete 332-334
enecse form the Missouri market: s5.3cc52issescccccieccs aves codevececokccwsccececvewccson 334-336
future of the dairy industry in Missouri.......... n'a oles unio ote/winlaisleleleleclacleeers state sataete 336-339
STURM TID TLE YojaielcYoiaia)ctalatelc\sieic\staie'ctulcra'alelchetstetslc’a!stctolaletc\e's Slejoteteletascletdelarete'ctata stare ajeteterctelsictstaivia brates ciate 341-342
POM ILLCR ALUN Cs Of s GAIL VIN Pree cicreitarcrotote'slafete/clels'e cle! slo's!s'avslelefalalelaleletele'cletele ous cow ctins bsmanlee ede 343-550
selecting dairy cows..... satatetolofatahaleYetatevatel silo’ sbetetal shalcictatefatcSstolateratel<te‘a'e'ciatciclelafctatersieletersteorele wate neste 350-358
Dairy Cattle, Score Card........ COECLECUCE Ee NCUDUCOCLOODDUCCREUCUCODUR ERC CONE Sons tDOUGADE COGac 358
mairvmebepartment, Arricultural) Colegeint cuss occcpacae vices cvevierivceveeencecaceceveds ce 318-220
ROS VES ae SOLE CLIO Te, Odscisia St aratore’atatecialae lot cto atels' oialelahelalatcle\ova'eYorstarala\aletalet ala) slavasetatarotayersra oles ete ore lae SRI 350-358
E
MECN CLUL CHILES weED OC INa, = 21 <caya'aVerars\cieral« ole: oles op avotela'eleleysle's tre sles ois a/erere's e'eie o's «/Suavelsleleeleraie'a stele Nala ree eta eitaere 225
PPLE On cclerete a riclkie's sisic'oie's s «te a's ayeistatetafernteieieieVeraterelotete aieistersinia etascis clove oroints jo vateraistn ele sein tne Gites ciefolae nee oe Taree 28
ERLE N Leiria © ECG, LW CCOIIN Es veo stciccloaeiaieaeeisias s.sisio.s/e Fieve seisieis s/s0s elas wie serene eevarshe 198-219, 261-267
¥F
PereDE I SCLEUCe WOMOUSUTALLOM CAD acwctae sac sc oe sisis.e ven suiisie toe tc cece deccounetteontes 45
een eS BC LGLE Ee GEUNEE SS s,< tcc ticatoiem vicreme.e's o sreistsia ce ciate eiciiescoa ote sacs code secu acmene 20-26
eae ee SELECT) GOP AU OLS oes ch ateia e loa) stoic siaiate uiSAtT loeic tole cers’ ovorsre Staeto léid cle eistns ciclo Stee eleetee on orc din erohte 211-291
PEACE LOW Nein MISSOUTI as. satin cce ven scaccinciences cece ceceldes vais oe cedars Ge soccer ee oth =Oer
aR MBL YT: OCU CRTN ESL ELV or tale e.<)stc c\a(oie'n clei a; orSoiais/o\einie, sialsiele'sia, sieve iofercie’s @ale'e «a ae Oe ate cieneeteton 225-23
Salasmran densi lac omer eer ir ed canes hs h te SASS E SEO asa SERVE! rap UE» Od) ae ele 231-23
soil improvement ................ iehetelemrsim clsietaleicictais slereverercra uta mavctareclaicets Eo sities. alolnetotnte ees 239-249
aU UG CREE wee Vie CCL Crtciraleyotelela) ivi e7e sla alessio sina cielo s/s (s/ecainta s wisia sloee dewiasicna rte cuicecaetemsicee 241-253
Cue CFI TITS AITO S CNUs ca cleaiclarearsieisicloe siersisielere)saleros’eiauieieere ele niatcicin ce ahuisieleieeraienltle see c sconce oD nG
PLCC aT eOLEICULLULGD. scsiscisistasicidt cnicme’vareslteeie sc satel se tacaics veetineetoere cnc ect ernie oe boees
SMB UIEALO VS eld DE DEV ota ctetstolatctetelalhioe ofa. sistesters ee.<.viale’e'e'siclavaceioie ec tie sialelare uterine nies ¢ Soret ee ene oat
EXPCLIMENLS PIN NCATELOSTCOOLIE. aa ctera's onclelsic aieeetclsieisiaciticc once sistelelatio enlaces cidietaloantecon 272-287
tuberculosis of the dairy cow........... plats nace (a Geile ale aivis'o =, ctathie ersyoyers, sjereietiareeeniee Cee 268-271
Rat ehad CH Oee NE ean C COLL E relcicls ate sisyercta crore sare oiee Ram alcisicie se wisiciera sislstortete eieie dere eco cone eration 272-287
EES E HRIETT UV OL Hc —SIE1 Ol Vetercins clelelsleia cic daveelveienic seaiweisine sisiciere ersraie wiateaiae Lewietee coteneace cence 287-288
ANT ASE DCE KOCDELS dace sceaeiannesmece mrclaicielerte Jtiats sles ecisisit alewineire siete aciacleniso chines cone o ea
PATIOS) AT SCLLIICCI ec sicewielociieiseecideecessecsccses SHOCO DS GAUL MAE ORO CUODDEC Ons AnoaconemacosaT 14-26
Harms, Number, Acreage and Value of, by CountieSs.... 0.0.0. ....cc0cccsccecsceroveses 563-364
ven aaretet bo OTAPORMGINL cca cian cracrelctais teivicis coe wietetawie’s visiee ewe ticiecican eae caie'd’s © acle einne Sema ea ECan 46-57 |
SIPARAMC ocls ssitsicistuiee el Sci Sslee nero ae aeIes celenieaclene cetteecee ns ais alu eierale sie (eeiainvainicis/eie olae/acars mersicteoercs sien een Lee
PETES CMAITC AVEO IPED UD INC ASE vaste catcistlelae aelaiele a cicists meiwares eves sieiaie ea re diets cielalcloticale clois Heat elcnleteotmereieerore 34
PMNEM OL DAV Oli OUSLE Yasin cram ceincae cdesion caetecs nee occa cece eadieae sora tudeubd teenie 336-339
G
Reg Mes EP Mme ELIACL LTS ANE OTIS COCs csjormictei ceasiwiay sail sivielalal sjnse/cToissojo nisi @icluls'o\s.winis'a'eja)e's.ccas.niebbloGinia win etieare are Mie OIS 278
NOMINEE SELES 01 oo oro. 3 of Rarc Cee ctetptolsie wie avale ayaa cle x micros he SSAC MOTRTANRCS wl ibinlebiaik ar verticialarssayola; 2 ctonabetniala oypmosbarae 80-S4
INDEX.
H
Pages
Hor and: Sheep: Diseases ..7'..2'.;, cs scsepa css ocmamvlessceits a.o.oss Cems scent ce ck nee Cee a SL
Hogs and Cattle; Gain) (Compared)... cs..csciswsienet ao eaacess Scipciec «eco ae aane eos ine eee 272
Hogs, Number and Valuiation of, by Counties... <5 cess. vonsee ssn scets neaeneounen Meera 361-362
Horses, Number. and Valuation, by Counties. 2... osc... «cacvsscch edoscatccntnere een 359-360
Horticulture, Europeans isis cchecssa sees sceasetanivs. dnc occa cig venoN se Pees ane ee 256-258
Eorticulture,at Sts Louis Bexposition. 25.0020 sacs tess ccgs ceases tees cs eoeek Opn eee 112-116
BUA | 5aie.cs 6 cinic.a 6:0 Sis 0.0.0) 0.05.00; ho daa caine Aden Seisnae we nome sO Nema So ae wlohe vale anleateroeic ate Na ae ie aaa 245
; I
TIllustrations—
TE pet ye Jee ke © © [oS Be GJ BRAC TO Dn Gere Ohne OC ORIATIOR OTIC ODDO SNCS CIOS Soca. cers Frontispiece
Appleton City Institute exWIDit. cs sc ck. ce ciceswsccecpeyic ss ss cascescess aeieeeale Frontispiece
institute exhibit, ‘UWmnionville.... ccc <s<0 se cqs Jas. 9:0 :0/6s0'6 sje.» ote o:aiernyaaieie 6 Sra divtpte eras ia ane a
IRSUIEULC TORT Cs etl CH MION On 27 ccicisre cisicinioceaisieieve ise wie crslereislateis' seis stata Wace vince « Seed epee epeetesl mene It
institute exhibit) Me Ver mOme eis sais viarejo aie ciseecls'awiqe ae ss ceisiewie cece anne sateen i7
BROW OD ATI LOS or, ojern oyeins0,0]nivibfaiaieieieleistels/vrsisjele eiercicicleia/a sie oi fele ait ale(sieial a aetel-Teisel= «pie iain ire Brees
CATE OA JOR (CALCIO. 6 ccc lees e:ecisieleale coo ncivinte Ae isis apis vinisiesitie e siswicieie noel nea lsc oe eter a 3
Fen (COUNTY. COTM, TOALACC a. na we ore nje:e sj0j0ie oie <[a\eja a araidsinlalla stale eral nie's ele psitats <i ate wiv eaten $9, 101, 109
ThGlaves2 = Mea ok Gor epr pase ceaccdocosrosconancice-cyornccne bebe a:e’alele Slvie Osisia ye We niate mote ain eee mf
POR. St. uO“ COUMEY « o(c5.c10cinsnivic sic.s'e. vie 0igie s' wicisievie@ o1s.0 10.0 wnieiaia aisina Piso s\wininis =18.0.9 aie etala area 122
GIA STAM TOA OT AL os wi5;0/0'sieejeiciaivio eps nies ae sido vis sae pido vs ssiaiente tis slates seyale diols ciaieani ont tere een 126
GRIGEVHICIHPSOs q cow ccce ciesiccaeclsecialec's's seis'e osc oes sieiocwirnwncln.nn «ec eiien ce miaels anaes ae 149
Shar VPRO GOR si<,5i0.<0,cre totais an 0 s,010is are 016.0 xcols,0j.sisi0ie o(eslassmnss(e oeio\aven ie tein clelealens s © elaine ers a nen ae 151
owmbles Marys (GUM. occcs once ccce eves sine bie e'sie'e'e ew siaiw’e ses © icc cletete aia mcinte's eiclers. cle wie ealele ee einen 178
WON HS ah Oe are oie's i .cleis'e'e wiclsisie oie ois aieSin sae winipie Rinle we eine 0 w ware e ereseintete eave Atle haere stat ee 181
peach trees; MEMOS (OF “PTUs cs ciciniccicielelvwaisciim ees 214 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221_
SOD DAS REPSCGS: “Scsrecicic:oteseievs.e 0:0 nisvaiere'o'sieVetete’e overaejere ovate e\ocreisis le e¥eve (erste) secs (os eteroheralototeys ese natete eee 232
WODD'S TSI *o 5. \sisis sistaeielsielnis vise cles 's slo's sleierseletie ie © tise © cic/ejeresiv Sleiniceie sislevelsce ole cierelele otal Grete mam 236
Dig TECOIN SEX PETIIMCTUESS ac’ nie /o\e ere (e. ole ciereicievein(e eels eistecererelele.e'sicitieievateleie ofeleterelete se asetetatete 280, 281, 282
TAVIS LONG sto crescrcinlas ais ste eieiece, vsielateleisjeinveniecoie elerern eteloa eis alncete orete tials e/eteleie inva" aleicjere atetorete(lelolorei eet 284
GOW: DOD STONY. Wi oicla ojala alets wie oo 3:0 /sais arava a\aisse/oyaceia's sie ais is o’steleis/Aim/e (tis n'siale, etareca(eleleiet «a are eet aloe 285
Dairy Building, Agricultural Come ee sce oc. cnc ccc ciecioes vnc sis ences = afeisieinsisie(iineainen 292
MIMAPOGLEE: COMMASSICS.« x /<.4 5 acaiscre/essra\</aVole (ni(ale/ale/a)sinis'e ¢/o sien ciel ieleie.o sie.sincereeiereie ale jaee terest 352, 853
GIIETMSEY, CO Ws, VESGETIC «x10 0'cte c1c vlc vicin's e 6'a)si0'e clolnicleiclorels e'e.n\e «'0)s/aie sje \cinjetaiatetefatalule ole (aia el tele 355
IA ST AN OIAIY: «COW: 1s o1sici<isie oicinte sinvela o.clo:ora vie cjelcinicisteleiete, (cio, 159 o(tinieseLeiete/oinfsaaiale eip)eta= a otal eiale aie 357
Improved Live Stock Breeders’ ASSOCIAtTION............cccceeececcceercccsercccecsecseens 77-210
AMOTESIS VOL. | WW EICOWIC sais cas cic soiisieie's 0,010 o.c(v.siale sisie \sye 2.9 oie \c.e'auicie.e wis os vin nie slas nin =| (aioe 71
responses to address Of WeICOME..........ceccceeccceer ence te ces ese ccenessesecnceses 77-87
Missouri’s part at St. Louis Worl@’S Wair...... ic... ccececenccneccecececsecescence 87-100
Missouri live stock at St. Louis World@’s Fair...........cccceeeeee cece eee e eee eeeees 100-104
The importance of showing as well as being SNOWN.......0-eeeeeeeeeee ence ee ee ee AOE TIZ
agriculture and. horticulture at the CXMOSICTOM nai. 6 ac 62). ou arenjslnis cieicinsje'nia sinensis 112-116
the what next of the 2ood roads) PTODISII. cscs cue nuchiclie sees cerita seen 117-124
i CL OL, LOM CLUE SVI Es sicrc.sicia sin.aioie's oid sre'elaic.0) wih.cuuis ec alate hepinlereieiac cote 5 Cee eee ae 124-127
the best application Of OUr OAM VA WS 6 ce ce sce sic anc eens ee iinisiciele =i-inieewinlviy Snislee eats 128-134
interest of United States Government in road improvement...................- 134-148
report of committee on YTeSOIULIONS........ 0. .cceweverercccrecccsssccsccoscresconans 147, 148
MEMAMIS PCOLSLEOS: .s1c.c.viv.c:s oleeieeieinlsietsix/sieloleln'sie)e/e iste clele si niere!e vivlercraleisiere/ele\ele!s\mojelein nateia sales eam 148-150
treatment. and feeding of PreELNANE, SOW. vers cj0 cecine cisisicie.s vis we oe aisle vis « sememieiente 150-157
what the University of Missouri is doing for the farmer...................++++- 157-170
a student’s opinion of the Missouri Agricultural College...................eeeee 170-173
profitable classes of cattle for the farmer tO IraiS€.........sceeeeseeceeesencccens 174-177
ENED IMLOCEL GLAD IID, KCOW sic ciciolc viclvlcle cicis ols curd cl elbie inl) o)sie's <ainloisre wale Wiese ciete a encarta ai eas eae 178-180
environment and heredity, two great factors in cattle breeding.............. 181-193
the great essential In sheep feeding..........csccsccccccceccecscnereneccsnsceosavas 193-198
some lessons from cattle feeding experimentsS..........cceeeeeececeeceeers ice eae 198-210
MPOCNIIUILCOTIEY. . core ciossca’ecovero rove nt € leseis’e tase: nis ole oa olececelni qo, a's ere nie ota. tier aie 4 /eipiaia a Sceinie 5 ait tohe eLeTOrata e's (eco ieein eaten 210
a ee
INDEX. V
J
Pages
SUES aS EAT Viet CLT ULO SME ict tokens 'n alatotatelerefow ts insrots sos ts Aivlae wv rciecereralelal ANT sew Bid Cela wai sield wavs asieine we Haaieale 857
K
pensar pat RM, COPE VD MESES cater xetaYetclafeiioyaiara"e erate fotareteie rokateletstettoheTa¥elviataleletetsvelavetate VGA. 1c D e'e-«'s e's\e e disis @uwieeleevieielelen ines 14
L
EHS LIA PEOVCOL sD VC OUMEMOS acccdccnc scat ccdecd cade a dade esos sais aden Viiele closets ciate omeebern 363-364
EARNER PRUETT OM) Ls Dre OULTIGL Go o'a) cai ctoyetatntotnjulcicic’shaiialciclels!c'e's'e’s’aelelaicicrelcle’s\eislnilveseciey ve'epcucdeeewes 363-364
SBE CR Ir eAIEND Toes Orbe CANT) Ee crnicya cieseivie Uibib ie bie vie 07s els: eieeleceRc xs é-0.0.0.0:8:0/0 aloaio'e'sib oie vinlelele'eleleie'cieie.e 0 wlelow ele aleve 343-350
PRES LACEP ET OEO CLS) ASSOCIA TLOM oerarelcle’s’c’clero'elererersielate'arlerorsictee Ve ge sin'vie\ee als elWicib'ereid sin sleuiays defvistale:e 71-210
REESE CTE EOD EAU COLE CL Sig EU AAT" yaterateiuicve at are7a'sTolaverata'cin ‘als Yuva (ele’aie vets/aieiefore/siele'a.ale.« clvialeiy e's srai-cteteleve yiavvis 100-104
Mmivesscock,. Number and Valuation, iby Counties... ..2.cccvessceescccsececusvqede snus 359-362
ESCO Kae Vien Obs ID, COMMEUES inte: delocielciereiasis ccleiciectacsstecie cddads!s colle dauisetvice’ dvs vieewnetios 363-364
M
cee usitiami (RiGbarldl GaocGoepGOgCODOUCRODDOLUOCOOOUCHCOCODOOUEUSEO ICOM CODODC ODAC Oona pocimaGuntdn be 30
CEREUS MEAN CN CAC Well hy VULCL Gl eratassinioieiait/ereiv/s a mielsrevsjo is nvorbin sie relelstnleretcleteieree/ats m(ereletehs\a'ele, o/mintnfal tin alelnlelefoyetele 14
SPREESESINCS Se LHC MECCURIL a cctare deicidie wicieldeiecleiners siveleicisiars alclaieievetisiele; a sfd’eleio ale (ajstelersiele wai via'sta/e}stetainlgts 298-301
RURMECBEVERE OU ME Nac eece ns ces aces iis <cateinen cece dsncb.t,caesore vd Sdv.ecadclelsldnelslee Onin vlelsielseiststele rete sa 341-342
dL U2 IPRS t= a6 BeSSCS06 CUBDOO BD OBEN S ALC ODDOOBD COCOCCODDOOCOCODOEEOCCOROCAG ODE CHOUCOODOSSe Cano eeC 302-394
Iti, [SERYOIP: lA Ccanoe CéceCCOGO00P CC UCOC DUD OCH COCDOUODDSTOUOU OO DEDSCULOOBULCURUDCEDOOCoCoaeragsccc 300
MAME BESO) fe AEN ANT Le IVE CO ELI crcrepepetclelclolol alalelaisvaleiaiatelc! siejetalele¥eta'sjate) Vota’ a(alaie/eieia;aisiets eveisiela uleisielelolw alele/s.e(e\s\sinls 5-45
SIM MREES ESE GD Ne TROLL ©) XNN SEN ER ac )a chal cre nicfates steal ofa) aietal tate! are caters! e'aipis\W ctw ol sis\c\ei sm aiatalaiate ciel elveistclejatelele efeie/elaivin ercle's.eisteidvels 79
TERT AM SS CELLO hE CULTS cies c avavcici oval shel ayatetcisterete aia tte aisterer cia a) al atc\atavale' ais ai cle/ate afeis!siarsielere tole © e(a’e ovelase e010 ieisietas aisievetelels 7
Mme eNumMmber and Waluation, Dy. COUNTIES Sec occ cocci sec sce usccct.c cece cece elvie vlelseeeine = 309-360
N
NESE eat TELM SS CH LINECSE St Olea! aratavel cnctoreinvoteterefeleievo rele lavsta/evaiocs eiateariclatsisiaei= atTevarnioveisie ole evaiereln oleteteleielarelaiviale efslele efateretals . 240
O
EEE POL CA Ce all Cll VILCL CL crarciaislove- ain slelaie ccstalctele ola sid'e:n'e ie wisieie. div.ele wi daieisie opto. wid ape dle wialdiae b meieleleteleenete 13
MU UES SOM Eset eA Fe LTS Comme rose sar ates averarns oiey%exeioie/visksvevals ovat aarw.sicneloe/aig 4 8.0. o's ru ails Wie eitys, stator Slee Sletois ol dl ciwtsverele eieisie os tae ele 35-3)
12
TRAIT Saive EATER RAST IC INS Raa ae aS O Re nna e OSE ae DOS OU CH ACRE IEE Sere CCnnnEE TEAAMCRnOPaSIIC protic Ge 332-334
Sie eERESEE TEENIE OTe PE ©) 5 5o arco clos crore ore ois si nla eal clo a selsTolosstole vel ova,s)sie_s arate leletays’s ana. 4/5 °5je1e|sfeVeceleve aiaie 0je ls Giaie: ote slates eebeceiace’s 279-287
eT SE CRW TIES LT) IVETSS OUT Licicjerasarersiotn crevele a leva's cie1e''etersixizis diare nix w nee nie npe\e(elvic(nieis «fe Se.me'e 6's « win/arajsjaaiel 211-225
Pete nOrenaras. Lena raciOls Olselsa MO vereici,cfelaaie’s cisia © aie clsiciecidelals nicieleleieinivieceiaje)simaleieyele lars lela soa" 214
See emt Te CAND CA BEEMAN EL 2 rerctel alo lafete lens evelvlaieheistar<inic/elnicieievelaeretaiw ais) e'e s)efoietelacclelalafefalclele ie) siare\aiece/eleseiste 222,
Crm COS en AV LIE OTs el FO CECLION isle! «varsieiele(oiciaicle siclojelels(alsisiers e’etsletcicte!s,sieie) «%aie alttesbiclern vais o'elcleis.ctelaicioieletote 222
Peaches, DVL GLC SO fete s:s'< laforelslotetcletetetetcbeiere: ste) atevelcle’e re ieverarelelecs siorelacc cysicisie(e,cfeleictaletarelerateys vole reraye sisieinretoreiand manta 223
BPR METSES CLE) Mists carers cies aio cs clste: e's eisicl 60s ovat less oi 6is 15 niorate Sielovote ves wiale.ele sis (ayelaistere ols alajal ein eieveleiale sie siorecslelviereiiae eer Tred
TESTS EGS) dadndeddosde TédeBOnoOCAagneacOSDOnCOCOCOODO OOD ESOCod GOUOe GADGHOCAGOCUROCOnS AA0m schicnobnDr 14
aaMPL EYE SERN ES SLC LUNE CCS /a5n\ avsterols esa'e\oiv/e'o1evn a/aveioie, ovr\ejeie eiaseieiscers}eio’ eles a/es0"oiaerereyaiefatere(oie'«%a/efossrelerevelsteiereiarsfelstevetatersie 218
R
Eh ea A TUN CRIT U EU Gs ECC GONCL, e's cro.5°2)<\ei0re(ale,5,cle'e)o:cla'e:eieleie/<to'e sisle ais) s.0,sto/s v eiere eters) oiera e(eie(e’eovele aisrajeudlelovaie/aioie 58-70
FES EAESMMBES CLS UE Cot voy ate rata: cre arei nine, aise ars) o's s7a/are'e' sie e\ersl vie/a/xie'n, 10 oyeini c/s \Slo eielai wtniei ln oieiaie/e/o otsiece¥ela\ 6 0.0/0 Sie iaTein/e(e'a os ole 277-284
EBL CASH OL OTH) COC Et Py COCLS clalcioryae.c'c\ciefe nivicicts, w'eiete.elein/e, o-c,cin'e’e:cli’s. sinie eyaiuiatalniese ies, che’ sfo/eiskolarem a cian crate nereza knee
EEA RER SEL OTS ELEN orcs clcscraraiciototeictere: cists, she a1 :elevalate/o.eislete atorals lace svorale:e eleraeeeso te leieic elelelsloia\9\e 8:07 e/aiele¥elaiw-e breve elo ea Lema
RULES ee VV DLC OI LO MALT Vii © OWE wine aiciersie viclataye'al cicieieis’e o/sic1er0)oi0lv aveiche cicleiere clele(ersie sie 'e siereiecarsieieielcieisiers 301-305
RE MOniMPA eS TICULEUBAL. COMEZE: (COMMIUELE Gs as sieiecs.x clelsiere eines e.eisis ¥ oinisle'v's «ini iafule site sinieie\ eereteiniaitints 41
ESCA LI CLCATI EN (© OMA ELC Cicicleiols/ainie (eters cise ele wicielctstole:tiszae's «/6is;070! isis /erese/sie elie eisis tc eleie"~ salaries ves 29
SME CRECAEN EM TOUS LUTE Ie ora ate oio.c' slate’ sro,crtdtereiafocalsis)o°,0, 1s ote:eje'ei<iace'a'«\a'Ca\erelabalalsia:e siete;sis(oierels/atelvele & sieleie’s oie we lslewie 55-57
REET CT OMICO) “LTLSDCCLLOMI s cisve. cisje/oin:sicsivnierare’o vln(uro oth ovore ers oit¥0. 6.5 ela olece'w vin e\ure'el viv siareleiesaie ners olarevevaletafieiere'ars the 35-39
VI INDEX.
Pages
FLODOTE, (SBECLCEATY ccs cs comadeieriee cana ness ccis cite wader teen cee saineceete OD errcimete ait atarantete . 5-57
GLlOD \TOVIGW SecsicasaccoccavineesicctneeDecccsh Eeeioae Se a ale W oeamataiste susie soe ase bceinne owadsiae
wheat, Acrearevanad sVield. j.ccscncso sce ote cen: asoee sesscen weiss seb cehietosn cetera acc ealO
COPR, “ACTCASS ANG) VICI. siciesa wc :s cu.s.c men aitepisiepuiebs Adee baliesae enters nos ae 10-13
OALS ACTEARS ANG WGI]. aici. cisise ola ww twiova lewis wale ws Cowie u ays aia sce 6 a0 Ee oneaeen eae ae lf
meadows, \acreaze and / Viel .oo. cd pews svaws's wple sa ewe ve ais anid rab cee iasspaaeeeee ebm ae ul
Crop Ylelds \AnGMpricess is sok ccc.csveniscie ca nesaciaivie we sanen sabe oabice ce eno acbe Ge cee ane eee 14
farmers’ institute work..... ate devia exeutes Tis ieisiep\sis: vie'e'e'e « uhlWielaivigre vels'c's wo els eit ia ee 14-20
farmers’ Institute: lecturers snc x cccieensitieciscis.cciacinie sslscleem pme bee es sake aac b eee a 20-26
Weterinary jSCPVICES uses saciew Parsee eres secicceps oa sepbwetoe seed ewes ae aoeeich omens Date aaa 27-35
GRAS LOVED c's viele sve soleereiae'e saceiemeac sess T asenescsvore son eiopepeMs se cassie: tee aaa 27-32
repore or (state. veterinarians: pyocses.< cove rece uae aps owetiieems semen. “inl iy Satalettnn aleeeeanne 29-35
MAMAN ANe CALALEM cocswasmaseenreeese eee pees BAIS ee Fis ate db Si wainie's tees ae ea 30
hog and sheep diseases.......... s pibleial obGsa ole WOK wy MORE Eis dio o. eenontans oie iaaeeaaelaes ots aoe 81
BTCC See ccam < ccbciees ner viccae Us vwisie (6 wis.aiow @ eine wie awwlsie e/slelee lds wien bale « adihacctes teleinel een 32
foot and WouUths GSAS... Hacc oc. cclne vec cucwlas sine bee ae soeiee tee cede tee ee 34
TEDOLt, OF MDL. MOOTE. om socteuces docu cnle sete ccinnreces sce o Cee t eee ven &
anti-butterine law ...... jaja siete nracaierefaisseltrersisiojaieisiehers ck damren eros o.laisjojeielorceis:aie) ae eee eee ena 35-39
report of auditing committee ................00.. i a'a'ala€e\einloeiote syovenrgie ole‘cie niale iat Cre mies ae 39-41
report of agricultural collage. ‘cOMMITEEE 255 oeccc cccciccocldeme cons casa Lceeeeeeeeeae 41-43
CLLCELOI OL SOMICETS. ois, scisicie<ibie ojols sare sielerart maatas es napeinsee oele eter esta cae IOC ere ee 44
PECOMIMEN GALLONS o vin.ceso sive sccecelissdeesoetewep soreue seunerineek pene tere ns Stee soee cee 44
MESOMIUONS)p scepet ees ines Sees cae wa cece uns eer entime tion c.cxitenenneeeaan cone siclate s\alela arate see 45
AnMaAweIal SCATCMENE Ss. os cose decse sce ep oss ewee es seep aisen oul smieneice oem: shektee eee ane 46-57
REPOre,.Shate,, VieteriNavwaM. ss o.o.0:5.0.02,0,010's\s10,0 sisioie c.sseeinwie 8 dies op asics e.cias eons lecieleeeie eae eee 29-35
Resolutions of State Road Association :...<\<:0sicic.c,00is.c 01 0.0.snleesisiesicioe visieole ete Mee 147-148
ERO RS TP EIS Ae aie wre -) cha almcnso;0'c's,<a,e/alerajose'ocsoa,0,0 aun s, oatateloiad sinioe w sistas is arte ston male sick alae ae 117-127
Road Improvement, Interest of U. S: Government im...:.:2.:...cs.cocs- deb eeeeeeee 184-148
Roadsimprovement, IESOlItIONS ON. ole e smetiaioajereiasia mateiels eens oree sleieeis ciate cieinr ae eet ee 147-148
Road. Laws, CADPLICAUON VOLS occcen cs cedeccsdisimeeas + de ouemes seein ad mobi rote ae a eee 128-134
Ss
peore: Card... Dairy: ‘Cattle nec. scncds zs vesscesesn sang aswcaeule costed ow ene ace eee 358
Secretary's Report. co. < cesses as 0 a) bia7s)a/o, o6]a:n'e/0iGiete.e.0:eisia\s:aie G/ate m ots ciplaie’e:aiciolarergieie Dios al sletete a eT aan 5-57
SHCCD SH COGN ES fe ass celesininrste saisies wee.o's ini'ee Gis ciniee tice me calaee abide ce reas cited gs Wialets ave]aiata ic aie anal 193-198
Sheep, Number and Valuation, by Countless: o.o2.... ccdececcccsseascesneceees case eee 361-362
Silage for Say MCOWS samec cis fcinesisivie/ssia'ee 6 oie cisse ciple sleleisie wove die Oeisiectas cate aes ee ae eR eee 296-297
Silage for Hogs......... sit oin/ ols Je alovaio nists a'alaie asia sie"uis]a winia ele ore wise aerate @ clcia-sieeiee bie ete lwre eines Citi ota ean 277
PASS LOD SECON s wai 5 nye'sio's's1a.0's oun oie. n'e cole oma ie cinives Cae oeeicisnivioa tieaiesicase nat teen eee 233
PLO CONSENUCHIOR (Ole ccajas «+ cicis sins aise nisinnie/s'oie.« ce sisa'e tie ode eye wlsio.s vicina ens e\aeis ei iaibie «temo ee ea 235
LOS AIC, UMMC eis oo: siaie ans <\e.sja a'a'eic-e oralestin d brews ce alte elet ota'es me aisintaine maearaeee Seer 231-239, 303-311
PO Mie MIMI TOV CUA CIEL «o's vccidlajers.c's'aie sam weie/ercie ode. ojgieloiew aleieisiorerstno\ee wie can nic ers ote Cnet ee peteTa set nee ea 239-249
DOLE UI Sarria nice sec doniece'« thtvapicatuerecstinsae sae cane cise acioncenweres essa dence 14, 286, 303,308-311
BOY UISCANS Sy itecicicecreics soc cceuaee cece ia 'asa, bale ese n'o, clarcisvacevora aS Teers Maver epeseie ee Aico aR ee IO 286, 304
Statistica: Marm and Live Stock; “by Counties:. .J.coc.c0..e ss wacc ce cece se sate 359-364
BCCErS) FAtlOns: LO aicice -riciskivcce valve. sivcigerede ce oneewiec etcleneen sein eleh aoe each ak kone eee 262-264
wine, LHscussion Of Breeding and “Beeding..G~ <cccks «sc oe one ces cll coe ee eee ate re 148-157
aL
Moemperavure, “Monthly FteCOrd ss... i cccsc cheeses cuctecicns o net see acs vcceence lence niente nase 58-70
PEEXASUOLE VED | is aires nacuincae cacmamoeeatnse tare ne oeticlere re Carin cae beens ee aleis cco'cins Sate el chate aie Reet eee . 21-32
Tillage to Regulate Moisture............... LIMalawe st one wleeeetoneee sis a's e,a(6 o's.bo's eck ee eee 243
PRTTAACR LLG eretaie's a'eis'ole/a ale nin wintxinle’a’s’ eye's simjerel tin son sree aie stalpiatelete sinus alaydra ala\sieiatere $0 die bsie'siele Ge'a'ete solely dates nnn 14
PECTS) eget cine = pivinte min elem nfs 6:0:5 elastase ta eisteicl e's ceeeminniciare Welertisreraiuiers alele were a sialerolua aivvece'ela aig wince ise ee 14
SUPORTE TS ELODOEL, coc sc vee netenicie te tee a akion care tociimemcce reece wate cence PP Occ 55-57
Tuberculosis: ........ Soraineise asivrecred (Sine Seip aisle'c¥ cwidiee spiterbiseees ce cleinle oop aatss wa clerthrbitne atentlerr ee 268-271
U
WEIVErSIEY Ol) MIBSOUTL s.cccunccesnes'ssponeeencs aces unten igi wis) aid wicls.6 sine truce SiMntew eee cle are e Oommen 157-170
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a Crop Conditions............. See EE GE oe OES ee eis ae . + 58-70
St. LOUIS... ee ee eee ee reste eens eee ee neste ee eeaeees los ciaenctee hiatal slauia cteaelas .. 87-116
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