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HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 


LIBRARY 


OF THE 


MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
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GIFT OF 


ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. 


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EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


NEW YORK 
ZOOLOGIC Ad I SOCIETY 


CHARTERED IN 1895 


OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY 


A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK 
THE PRESERVATION OF GUR NATIVE ANIMALS 
THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY 


1903 


-T NEW YORK 
OFFICE OF THE SOCIETY, 11 WALL STREET 
APRIL 1. 1904 


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CopyYRIGHTED, 1904, BY 
THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY — 
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Contents, 


HE EEOARD OF MANAGERS! 39. 8-6 bes em 6 es 
OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY 

List oF: MEMBERS 

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 


TREASURER’S REPORTS : 
Park Improvement Fund 
General Fund 
Animal Fund . 
Maintenance Fund ene ue LE 
Balance Sheet of Ground Improvement Fund 
Balance Sheet of Aquarium Improvement Fund 
Aquarium Fund 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. . i WWE Hornaday. 
A NEw SPECIES OF ‘Raccoon Doc. . . W. ZT: Hornaday 
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE AQUARIUM 

Nores ON THE ManaTEE . . .°. . Charles'H. Townsend 
List oF GIFTS 


ON THE POssIBILITY OF INFECTING OYSTERS WITH TYPHOID 

BACIDENaIS 6) 0 oe ow oe Cons Wee AEP: 
REPORT OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 

Dr. Harlow Brooks, Dr. W. Reid Blair 

CAGE-PARALVSIS “3... «4 » 0 =, “De; Harlow. Brooks 
INTERNAL PARASITES IN WILD ANIMALS 

W. Reid Blair, D.V.S. 

OBSERVATIONS ON LACERTILIANS. . . Raymond L. Ditmars 

FivE Days AMONG THE BrirRDS ON Cogs ISLAND 
C. Witham Beebe 
THE ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE LARGE MAMMALS OF 


INORTHOAMERICA & .. . Saheb. Wladison Grand 
DOCUMENTS : 

SveIGAWiste ce. 6. os “aced ene 
LRCTDIDS SS ea ra 2 yh 


104 


115 


129 
146 


161 


182 


208 


214 


List of Filustrations 


PAGE 

Norim FacApE or Lion House’. 70 2s. 0. 2 9. hrancapeece 
‘VoOunGe NUBIAN LION. DDONGOLAy sce (mean Cnnncnnn- Wayne ES 
i Vipre MEMORTAT, (GATEWAY! ~ jc ne "ct en-us eS) 
WiHithe TAILED “GNU \s< A 2 eee cee ay ent atee ee ea 
WHITESBEARDED, GNU © Sn oa be Me es ey) 
Y NEW “ANTELOPE UHOUSE ny Sh, nt so tem cane enim ot ns ee 
“BARBARY: VIONESS AND) CUBS) © Ge co. i2 Mev Umrao ont nee ey 
BAKER’ SROAN VAN TELOREG patience oa) Sen emRe ey OL ine a noe 
RAT HOW PDEE RWI) 2h (ecrmee germ nes a ota ee Suse) er Oo 
VICUNIA wo vee Beate Ne ulin (een oat Bhi eitis hs yees Bre iat a) or? 
ATIPINGIR, bill ore oe Wheel Saw Sed OA SR NAN re MI cea CSCS tian cs) cf 
GROUND PLAN] ANTELOPE; EIOUSE, AND) YARDS =) 3) 2 eee 
‘A SECTION OF THE NEWsBEAR DENS! 9 oc).) 7. ous 3 son te 
Vl aE ET ANAL OUSE  taertesmeees s. Usutah Lomi |) wine isr cy heerlen 
“RRATREX -ANEELORE ct Cla tends) Ay edd Me oe tch | ee ic ns Ore 
‘BLESSBOK . . Wire Eeetene Ma Miso | ER 
“WHITE RACCOON Doc (Nyctereutes albus) Su Gey 2 ae er be, ae ee 
WHITE Raccoon Doc . . eee Cae eV 
“New RoOcCK-WORK AT THE New York AQuaRIUM. i ee cp ee eT es 
ANGEL FISH . . so) A ae en el 
‘VIEW OF THE AQuarIUM AND New York Bay cio ka ee or ae 
YMANATEE .. Re ee EE EM IG | BS 
GREAT HORNED Ow: pr Se NTE RT “ae! Vk” al tae oath. cig t sien aac Me otete ai eee oS 
GRAWSHAVESUZEBRAQ 4) Urs ee 2 a 1g) ee cay os ea ied Cosette 
YCHIMPANZEE: POLLY ee here a Mee Nema Se 4 TIES 
VMICRO-PHOTOGRAPH OF THE COLON OF AN ORANG . . + . . . | 129 
ASCARIS MysraxX (RAILLIET) ~. . ee ey ISN 
DocuMius TRIGONOCEPHALUS, FEMALE Pe ee aso. ng SZ 
DocuMIUS TRIGONOCEPHALUS, MALE et ANE So, 5 13\5} 
FILARIA GRACILIS (RUDOLPHI) ee eer eke oa! 4 SG 
. FILARIA GRACILIS Ae ee a ee ek MR Ee UBT 
Piraeus: (IGEIDY) Gee) ee aa Ses ee bee ee iO 
SSTRONGVLUS. FIGARTA ) * Sag ibd) Wet) = es 2) ee ot La 
v CEYLONESE MONITOR Re eS a ee res tse de ch 5 Te 
JAERICAN, CHAMELEON yet © cet vor Psa talce Ses ance an, Cn ee sr eye eam 
CAs SCR Cll Ae iO SERS NS ue at RUSE MPC sty oo! og gS) 
RHINOCEROS IGUANA Le ee ee eA RP a ES 
WiGTIEA INPONSTERY i 0 eT ee SOW eel Wn gat cy Vea at esa eres fan Ae nen 
VAUSTRALIAN, MONITOR) <. () RAP 2h eGah ye) Ty settee ele boy reo ta oc) ae ea ere 
HorNED. “SAO AmN lk a SS Ee his RE © Ber ee af ct eS 
GLASS SNAKE . . AT ne Ce ees oh 6 RS 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE Swirr Dees Sa eh oe Cite! a> aaa aN 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SIX-LINED LIzarp sy cap 6 Cue Lys ek ek eS) 
EGG OF: THE :GIWA, MONSTER: “s-0 «2 2) Some eo ee et St 
MIN ESTS OR ATEE) WARTOUS © SEA=IS IRONS = yaniv) ey nt nlne st meg ttt lhe nine Nile nme mnem Co 
THE BuGc-EYE an Ue weet lhe ay VES Sark Re ae eee LO 
LAUGHING GULL ON Nest oo as he es ened aS 
Y BLACK SKIMMER ON NEST . . Pe arn het Nh ulrcarcreats - Gls) 
“BLACK SKIMMER’S NEST AND CRAB een Bic te fy Cede eed Ss 17/2 
NBLACK SKIMMER SINIEST 3 Ly: ihiont Wy, Seis tcoe ee eae i tienen ae ee 
ELAUE=GROWN COMMON, SIUBRIN® 2) y.0 es. lec ec inet etc s Une tU ot n 
GULL-BILLED TERNS IN NEST Pere te he ats WG ty eee rp At Mans, 1 7/G) 
SKIMMER FOURTEEN Days OLD Ra Nas Sa ae ae es) ose | eak LZ 
LrEast TERN TWENTY-ONE Days OLD . ee mee) a Pe 7/8) 
SEAS BIRDS) (EGGS ING RHE IN GUBATO Re ses) mine mn mere enn r= ne L7 


YounG TERNS JUST HATCHED a Ee eee Pe See 170) 


wWoard of Managers 


ae ( Hon. Georce B. McCtetian, Mayor of New York. 
aa SS Hon. JoHn J. Pattas, Pres’t Dep’t of Parks. 


CLASS OF 1905. 


HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBoRN, JOSEPH STICKNEY, 
Henry W. Poor, H. Castmir DE RuHaM, 
CHARLES T. BARNEY, GEORGE CROCKER, 
WILiiAmM C. CHURCH, HucH D. AUCHINCLOssS, 
CHARLES F. DIETERICH, James J. HI, 
LISPENARD STEWART, GEORGE F. BAKeEr. 


CLASS OF 1906. 


Levi P. Morton, Mapison GRANT, 
ANDREW CARNEGIE, WILLIAM WHITE NILEs, 
Morris K. Jesup, SAMUEL THORNE, 

Joun L. CADWALADER, Henry A. C. TAytor, 
PHILIP SCHUYLER, HucuH J. CHISHOLM, 
Joun S. Barnes, Wm. D. SLOANE. 


CLASS OF 1907. 


F. AuGUSTUS SCHERMERHORN, WitiraM C, WHITNEY, 
A. NEwsBoLp Morris, GEORGE C. CLARK, 
Percy R. PYNE; CLEVELAND H. Dopcg, 
GEoRGE B. GRINNELL, C. Lepyarp Brarr, 
Jacos H. Scuirr, CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, 


Epwarp J. BERWIND, NELSON ROBINSON. 


OFETGERS 


OF THE 


New Pork Zoologteal Society 


' President: 
HONS EE Vl ee MORMON: 
First Vice-President: Second Vice-President: 
HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. JOHN L. CADWALADER. 


Erecutive Committee. 


CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman, 


HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, MADISON GRANT, 
JOEN KS.) BARNES: WILLIAM WHITE NILES, 
PHILIP’ SCHUYLER, SAMUEL THORNE, 


LEVI P. MORTON, Ex-officio. 
Secretary: 


MADISON GRANT, 
11 Wall Street. 


Treasurer: 


PERCY he 2yNE: 
52 Wall Street. 


Director of the Zoological Park: 
WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 


183d Street and Southern Boulevard. 


Director of the Aquarium: 


CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, 
Battery Park. 


Architects: 
HEINS & LA FARGE. 
Landscape Architect: 

H. A: CAPARN: 


Consulting Engineers: 


WILLIAM BARCLAY anp H. De B. PARSONS. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. a 


Dcientific Council, 


WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Chairman. 

J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History. 

FRANK M. CHAPMAN, American Museum of Natural History. 

WILLIAM STRATFORD, College of the City of New York. 

CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. 

GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, Editor of Forest and Stream. 

ALFRED G. MAYER, Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. 

HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Columbia University. 

CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director New York Aquarium. 

CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Station, Cold Spring 
Elan Or NE 

MADISON GRANT, Secretary New York Zoological Society, Ex-officio. 

CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman Executive Committee, Ex-officio. 


Officers of the Zoological Jark. 


WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 
Director and General Curator. 


IElewhks Mi CHE fcc. alters s omar ste Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer. 
LN INTO 1 Bed Be BY DY WN SS) Se een Curator of Reptiles. 
(CN SA 0 51 25] 2H) 5) ee eee Curator of Birds. 
Pema E IVE ROR, fo icatees hosk Gate ciers s 4 aye Chief Forester and Constructor. 
iGHOnGrH Me BEER BOWER: sino) sec. bocca ee ce ceed Civil Engineer. 
FSW) AR (SAN BORN. .0%).is:0 505 Photographer, and Assistant Editor. 
Medical Staff. 
Ete ee BOERS ©) ORC Soul VG DD: eta wr,oiaic tae es cpusus pis aeieye eee olen Pathologist. 
VV me calaHI NTP) sls eA GS Ree) Voor cae eee as ks eee Ey ee Veterinarian. 


Aquarium Committee. 


CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Chairman. 

CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. 
BASHFORD DEAN, Columbia University. : 
ALFRED G. MAYER, Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. 
WILLIAM E. DAMON. 

R. M. SHURTLEFF. 


Officers of the Aquarium. 


CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director. 
LEONARD B. SPENCER....Asst. in charge of fresh-water collections. 
WASHINGTON I. DE NYSE....Asst. in charge of marine collections. 
BBE MR SAM BSON io cige'c oe scared ee Clerk and Disbursing Officer. 


MEMBERS 


OF THE 


New York Zoologteal Society 


Donorarp stembers. 


Pror. J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History, New York. 
PRor. ae AcAssiz, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 
ass. 

Tue Duke oF Beprorp, Woburn Abbey, England. 

Mr. ArTHUR Erwin Brown, Director Philadelphia Zoological Gardens. 

Pror. DANIEL GrirAuD ELLiot, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Ill. 

*Sir WILLIAM Flower, British Museum of Natural History, South Ken- 
sington, London, England. 

Dr. F. L’Hoest, Director of the Gardens of the Société Royale de Zoologie, 
Antwerp, Belgium. 

Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the U. S. Biological Survey, Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

Hon. Lionet WALTER ROTHSCHILD, 148 Piccadilly, W., London, England. 

Dr. Puitip LuUTLEY SCLATER, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London. 


Benefactor. 
ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM: Gi ate upite ce crema tte ole terest tel crete mearo ae 26 Broadway 
Founders. 
BAKER GEORGE. Fy -ghia aoeaist ces onion ectneee 258 Madison Avenue 
BARNES; JOHN Si scissors scot s cemie lowiciz se eieiasmehe ates 10 East 7oth Street 
BARNEY, (<GHARDES* Pst sc. oooh benders: Gas seer ee eee 67 Park Avenue 
BERWIND, EDWARD J)scc sal cca some ian ee merreee 2 East 64th Street 
GADWACADER,, JOHN: Tses.n5 can manatee ce crn rr 40 Wall Street 
CARNEGIE. MANDREW \.chc.. Cotte veo ee are ree eee 5 West sist Street 
DIETERTIGH: (CHARLES Hiicicsa nike GUGReat On com ae ee petra 963 Fifth Avenue 
*Dopce, WILLIAM E. 
*GOELET, ROBERT. 
GOULD es Miss eELEDEN SMInER ee neriinn nee eee Irvington-on-Hudson 
Gourp:\GEORGE! J.i600:5 ss sma ste ese Cee pee cine 195 Broadway 
*HUNTINGTON, C. P. 
“MORGAN: J. (PIERPONT 5.0502 nae cioee era ae Dee ere eres 3 Broad Street 
NORTON SELON. EEVIN ae cies eaters renee ea 681 Fifth Avenue 
*OTTENDORFER, OSWALD. 
IPYINES PERCY URS siecle o)tic'es oe ok 4 nle ei thete eRGIST reeareheeetore 36 East 36th Street 
ROCKEFELLER) JOHN Di se.c.c:s.cis «Se cleeen ee tener Recent cee Rerclor eres 26 Broadway 
SCHERMERHOEN,, F> AUGUSTUS: : «fas micce aie oe wien ieee 41 Liberty Street 


SCHIFF, JACOB VEEN. we nie ats ots. oan a ee ee te eee 932 Fifth Avenue 


FIGHTH ANNUAL KEPORT. 2 


SOMUNTEM VAUD AUNT ITE ann a een ct cheese cele dure tele nen onside totes ener 642 Fifth Avenue 
SBAG ATO Ree TEINIR Vie Ne (Gon stcusiets rove ress ustaie: sievh. Svcd te less te “sitious.covene's Sistelels 52 Wall Street 
THomMpson, Mrs. FREDERIC FERRIS...........+--..--- 283 Madison Avenue 
THORNE, SAMUEL...... Be a RS RRR SABES SOTO 43 Cedar Street 
BREN OR MMVIRS ol) OFDNe tse, omersrsetcisecie che fens sycueere cos earerave ee 21 East 37th Street 
* VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS. 

WEAN RIB EET VV TELA Ms NGS 5 ops sc totes ctaierele «a euate: a avove re siaiel tied sexe 660 Fifth Avenue 
*WHITNEY, Hon. WILLIAM C. 

NVOOD Ae VinSs AN TORNEDIE ao NO .pisierielcesl secret crete eierciaicne Waldorf-Astoria 


Associate Founders. 
*BABCOCK, SAMUEL D. 


(CARTIIR “JENA SC Geo ie tee canned a a eo oc ets era re 2 54 Wall Street 
Gre ELO Mew UGE ulin, cite hepieteiccts isle Gis Saino ckawie a areere 813 Fifth Avenue 
(CROCIRIAIN, (GOINGS alee cee oe One DOE moment te net ane 25 Broad Street 
BSS ERIN ORRIS eae cechoyetoincun cueivie eis eeeiieisuene ee end eae e 197 Madison Avenue 
@SEORNAM ROR EIPNRY. MATREIREDS ./) 05 s/o eSterclerave soos 850 Madison Avenue 
EANaNee © Oleg @ aN HRai Ld vary va veieverc avs eyarelejoreiocrerera eieheiaie elevates 852 Fifth Avenue 
Be tegrTUH THE EMTS Gare care sx ated? ape 008 eet Bas Sw eS vie OS SG s/s Irvington-on-Hudson 
SEWARD STSPENARD as space careless aes erie c aka ccelD tales: -aseops 31 Nassau Street 
SOMES MEVIESS) (GAROLINE EFTELES§ cc cic cists ele ciesiorss ee eve. 37 Madison Avenue 
SEU GUS RSM DURUAGNG Kem ty, [o's Su sier slots ore as crevete’ cieys oaleltioratane 3 West 36th Street 
TTR ARUS? nie ClO Bete neste one Ect GEIS CII EA Tote Cenc ee 15 Union Square 
WEINER IB Tt @ORNIE TUS ets at erste crekowst caer ae piece eae 30 Pine Street 
Patrons. 

PRINT) Wal sl CES rey oy eRaia carey cress ravesis| oles (ar lols istava e's. 5,<.0,a%eIoa Sistas 7 East 83d Street 
PNW GEIUNGHOSS eV iRS eel GED sarseiciorm «ats creiaie a are cieicierenebiee ss Newport, R. I. 
PEAR Oem DMARD). fas a ao g 0 face 2 avaye B's-c cyaiels edie Ss" efareilore te 15 East 60th Street 
ENTS Seah © ORIN THUG) Nie are soccustore evei chen eter cusie eneyarosloveicuei aimee 117 Duane Street 
*Biiss, GEorGE T. 

‘Bibles SOD | SISOV3) O15 Rh ESP Re ca 695 Fifth Avenue 
Grae GEORGE CRAWIEORDs eG anes aac ve sisic oils vleieunerotneioeee 51 Wall Street 
GramicoNMES AGEORGE. CRAWFORD: ¢. <2. cc eecdveesse seees 7 West 37th Street 
(CONSTAR OMe HREDERT CK Aras, o.c-a1s Sinw w ocWwhe cuss 6 cleo aii ertele 9 East 83d Street 
Conk, JEDI SY ol5 & Seale ee apr nese meen eee aera 1 East 78th Street 
WigneE ODE VERMA cEl ste ia,0/%-..bic se ays dase alae are svistentas se eelokietes Ir Cliff Street 
JEDTETRR IES E010) 2) 0 aa eR ae ey 1197 Park Avenue 
*FLOWER, ROSWELL P. 

TORI Pa GPU eee varssaicy  forevan aol favara 'evons oy svar ores aver exes aan onccners 4 East 43d Street 
HORUS p ep ELO WARD) us air Nora olelceteiertiss sins sate, assiov Seen ween re 4 East 43d Street 
ER RGEET RSS GEUAREES Wo... viars.uS sowie veltesiat Sonam ema eee 685 Fifth Avenue 
PAVE MEVERETEIENRY Oc: sc'de sh onan vied ycin etn ord eg eee 1 East 66th Street 
EAVIEIVGESVanR = mW Vili AUMIs [tear 205,55. aerepeycy: isle aya: ofevcy ere hearers 10 East 57th Street 


*HEWITT, ABRAM S. 
*HOFFMAN, VERY Rev. E. A. 


sree PADRUANT 35.6: 5--5 »-osd-srstetart haletole stele te ches Eanes Ack 23 East 26th Street 
J PARISI A DSC NG) oh RS ae eet ee Re eee nen et an Boyer dO 99 John Street 
femmes’ NitSSwAL, JB i282. crdltidsetig Power selec atari cee 48 Park Avenue 
Ketan, OED STEWART « x \sss 5 sthegsteisien card spice om ices 6 West 57th Street 
TLS, MIRE. A Gin6) el Sameer ceecae aces waned oie ints Saere 411 Fifth Avenue 
IMTOR RISE Atm WROD! <5, 2 Aericheveasin eral ore tetehaeiclcl a asia arcies a 19 East 64th Street 
Mionmisam Mins AN NEWBOLD. .:.c scuuht ote cance tee bese halon 19 East 64th Street 
Morris, Miss Eva VAN CORTLANDT.................. 19 East 64th Street 
Pens MeN IE NBODDS 4.2 .,<2 <2 Kaa C ada ee eno es coe aio ae 52 East 72d Street 
O SPOR Nee WALA, (CHURCH. <3.\i <8 fod oe eine eee oo Sart eee 71 Broadway 


* Deceased. 


10 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL: SOCIETY. 


*OsBorN, Mrs. WILLIAM H. 


POOR A ELE IRA (Wi eta hint ee5, wie ote tod sete cha ee cece a Le 33 Wall Street 
*Pyne, Mrs. Percy R. 
ROBINSON) UN BELSON: si; 2 cvccare cits oo cielo sae se cage ens beta hie SRE 
REVAIN  URFTOMEAS) Betas aia arava sds aca ole ncvoretelaeienehotenep enorme cert 38 Nassau Street 
*SCHERMERHORN, WILLIAM C., 
SELIGMAN) ASAAG : NEWAON' ds acicc ere nine crete cies eee eee Mills Building 
*STICKNEY, JOSEPH. 
SPCKNEY, (MRS JOSEPH: woe kite mioe trees ee area 874 Fifth Avenue 
DAy TORY JIAMESHB: a iRasmnmeeseer eee ne Care J. B. Taylor, to Wall Street 
TPHORNE: VED WIN © Sid cise skoe cris tease ieee ee aioe mete Babylon, L. I. 
THORNE, BRANCIS "Bilas sea atone ee eee DE eee Babylon, L. I. 
“THORNE, ELENRY: sSs.5.s Sete Bctaeseiae ooo wie ee nae 1028 Fifth Avenue 
‘TRHLORNES JOREA Wie atin eeserre oe ire oon ee 995 Madison Avenue 
THORNE LANDON Gans Ogi eet see ee Sie ee ee Babylon, L. I. 
TRHORNE SWViTSS@ Ee AEB EO ANIN Ata Gai seen eee oe 558 Madison Avenue 
THORNE, (OAMIURE. > JIRvie shee se eno athe See ae me 8 East 55th Street 
HORNE: Os DRENCKERHORE ae ee cee ee Minersville, Schuylkill Co., Pa. 
‘(RHORNE VilCTORM Greenies eo ciee oe eee New York Hospital, West 15th Street 
TEORNEs oVWVIIDIEDAN oleae dec). e siete sieatie cieuo saree aigusts otoisnotntereune terre 43 Cedar Street 
APADERS VRS ee VIARGARED olnanta acinus siete sioeie vente ride nee 1 East 86th Street 
CWO MIBIEVS WET ICH. 05 oi. cic ab claws ¢ siaree eee GOMER Oe 684 Fifth Avenue 
INO NSE OST ae EDERINAIN Gattis c's oc stint srsersit dene circa 32 West 57th Street 
*WEBB, WILLIAM H. 
*Wotrr, A. 

Life {flembers. 
IANIVAES eS WEAR LDA ING a= te cealetern trons Gieteteetimet sets ere 455 Madison Avenue 
PR NDRENUS PC ON SDAIN T (Ate... shebaic lore fettie «) aparece stead sea atenecate 737 Madison Avenue 
ZANIDRE WiSyae) MeO ELERT OG Kee a seer cle 111 North St. Paul Street, Rochester 
*ARNOLD, JOHN H. V. 
NUICHENGEOSSs Welit Git 1B) ee anes cosines see canes SEA ee 22 William Street 
PANISRVEGH S AUNIUIET Ey Srey Sc uepe csc stavel never ynein Sreitete tee MR eee ce 4 East 38th Street 
INVER Ve SAUMUU TAME, sili coe Aravore a sobvottrana slevarsin ard Oe at tetera 4 East 38th Street 
BALEANTINE, INOBERT (By, joes se 37 Washington Avenue, Newark, N. J. 
IBIAR EO WIRMMAINETOINDANSY .2 155 for rors svardrcceeh el eee eee 145 West 58th Street 
BARBOUR eV VIIUIEDAUVESS eters eo ysctovel earn oui aration easrs 145 West 58th Street 
IBARINIES SUITS GHC ORAS Ee ay eytieisye, acre a te Ee Oo oe 6 East 65th Street 
IBARNESMS VTS SE WVITEDREDscrtrecriet tise citi ninina meer eee Sharon, Conn. 
BEE MONDRWANTGUSI scat: clton cide oe ence ee ieee 23 Nassau Street 
IBEDES ee SAMKUEL INOSSIMERM seyee eters cianeeneetoe eer 102 Madison Avenue 
TIGHT PME BARR) [Res also. lors BARS ae acsulee Reha AOE. Sa ee 170 Broadway 
BEAGKRORDN UWGENE- Gos crc se syne renin 725 St. Mark’s Avenue, Brooklyn 
BOLD GEORGEY Gis t-..oc/sitidyoevaere ea en eee The Waldorf-Astoria 
BOND NSHIDAINIKEMS 5 Sersiecie ele crate oe 186 Pequot Avenue, New London, Conn. 
BOONE Pe VWI TEWAINES 35 acischeehoretuclors thee Boston Road, West Farms, N. Y. 
BOW DONE GEORGE! S)s5 sesso Aras oe ite oni ee eee 23 Wall Street 
BROWN. GEORGE MIGKESSON)..ocece ee «ce nie cae 859 Seventh Avenue 
IB, IMM) IMT NNSRe cos oaheaunnecdoscobonodeues 810 Fifth Avenue 
BURDENAMPEDENIR VA (2D: a. evs. o-clotede neiere ee Phono eee Cazenovia, N. Y. 
BUSHNEEUy, JOSEPH: seis ac ashsis 24 s.c0beloress Union League Club, New York City 
BUTLER VVALUTAITe VIII aeteiaiss. crate 4406 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
CAnapANINeN GEORGEN eas). sae sgisidaltsteceiaretaie theres 9 East 53d Street 
CR Ie Ea en enci steve <0 Gis sie: orev oe chee eee Hanover Bank, Nassau Street 
GANETER DS TAGE GAGS eG ieiite cw. ubotiallng.s vet tren ol ote OE ee ee ROslyneelessle 
GHANLER, WINTHROP) 2 vi vais Soi bra ee eae eee Newport, R. I. 
GHISHOUM, (ELUGERH ae) R) i/5s 0s va Sh Soo ee eee 813 Fifth Avenue 
CHURCH ES MDWIGHITD My ioinecccletelaaten i coer ee eee 63 Wall Street 


*Deceased. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. iat 


(Crruinon, WWE (COMP DNS gaig omado open cede acoseatso onc 51 Irving Place 
CLARKSON, TENN TYAS aase RCH CicAcEO GOT GOCE Ne Tee een 260 West soth Street 
*CocHRAN, W. F. 

COLGATE, VUASRIESO LRAT cee tig Metheg selloc cen ne ai meee me rec 13 East 69th Street 
CorNING, TGTEUSI | Ce eet ShetesetorSS crs at Tore CCC CRI acer ciel Taree ee ri Plaza Hotel 
CRANE, ZiSiSG) a iene g MAR 2 abel Aaa Ra eR NG an Sng) Dalton, Mass. 
SERENE ODI L) 5 2, cucclaus ara, oxe ay sve, sia erdtetss operator oye. s7ohetar cies ashore hal 621 Broadway 
RRNA PMO CSN Sayer Secs icin ce cD ans Seance < cists nce sl waco nis 44 Pine Street 
RUINS mise AUN Co fectauet semis Siu ec aC era stake, seco tyaratelollste chanel Some lewetsl suet one Racquet Club 
ID Re MENDED ATeBERT |. ate: costs sae ajeyaelesein siete afore Greenport, Suffolk Co., N. Y. 
DD EP RSETAUN i GPT ARTERG) sore neio suoveiesciote sie sieieis ome osieielanve aulaiiceas 24 Fifth Avenue 
GEE MGEORGE OGLESTON acs miaclopees so 14 vests 2 wersae27 eVWeSt 5 7tue Street 
DODGE WI VIAR CHEM U Si ELARTIE Yon. eit) ee se casino lens 232 Madison Avenue 
DOREGER MCEUARTEES EP apis ela sinc tscncran cise cieaieslerisrers se ote 407 East 55th Street 
IDOE GERRMIRETERS, ccicyevelateens oles ao o\sidve ielons Cie ieyaisis sone sacs a 407 East 55th Street 
DORUGCER MMSE TER Ris ieee spotis chsbeiore: sie ss o,ere.@'s alekalers/ ste’ es te 407 East 55th Street 
ID RATIO, MORSE SiN '45 aoiglo deine SOR ROE too I RCO 271 Madison Avenue 
Dey Ions! INDIR Betts ao ene oun Ooodo Counce ner coacrc 208 Madison Avenue 
Da OLS MeN UTSS MKCAMETERUNE a acr5 sie ee eincreis e+ cincseeie 2 < 667 Madison Avenue 
DWE OUS MEV VELIELA Minne sicielscoeterene tin a ansviaverae tice mere Balad 667 Madison Avenue 
IDTINSCOMBE (GEORGE PLS WORTH. <> <= --+ sec 00 oe esse 2 oss 392 Canal Street 
ESTETALO Ma SAUNG UL ster cye cio vsie, oe cevsaseeie. eyeits, etal eiscaye aysie! eieiaadieusicveue = 95 William Street 
ESN OMMANMOS Riueciave clevagcisiad ae cece sneis eit andar as ane ol bas adel 111 Broadway 
AIRC HTD GEDARER GO secc 52 Scie as sales wa eles case hess 5s 10 West 8th Street 
HGR GUS ON VIR Sem HAR OUIHVAR'. eye c/a 'ielsiscisieleleiers exelsisieieiels « 20 West 38th rae 
Hiren CORTLANDT DE, PEYSTER... =... - P. O. Box 294, Peekskill, We 
BISKE eIVIRSS JOSPAH: Mijecnt. «cre oe FG Cito OETA eo? 207 West zoth ae 
FLEITMANN, WILLIAM MEDLIcoTT SSD SOO ee 3 West 38th Street 
FLINT, CoaaTRIBIBS TR pao Oe Oe mE He 25 Broad Street 
FRENCH, Ser EVAR TONG: yet lalotelevoieiciceietss mielersiewe (one's « sucverare s1écens 15 West 5ist Street 
GERRY, JE ADT ETO IDR ae ec ee A a an 2 East 61st Street 
GOL AUN AEA BURS BI -ysy gous yaeslansie laicters, © «lela, cyatevs cieleleveisy«! dia 11 West 54th Street 
ME RIANIEE oe VATS OMe atetor coors late a1e Shslay Vole) abe)iajs elaveioksceishaayais = shaeioubare 11 Wall Street 
*GREEN, ANDREW H. 

GUN DERER eS ERINGAR Dil Cte cacsate et syehe cue leyaveiierstersisialeleier'ei scare onreteac ele 87 Front Street 
GON EER RANKER TING (piss cnibleysictaseiose elerscisnal'siscspetere seicierelsie 532 Fifth Avenue 
EUARIKN IES Sep MEUD VEATRI: Sistepe reael stele’ o.0is telaiena etare's: gate: slevevorayer eens 611 Fifth Avenue 
EWARRIACHPL GHHVAR INES) iJ|iais jehei stars exe a s\eysteliars' (evo ere eiere- soteilsicusies a: 27 East 64th Street 
EMABRIS ONTAN) ((G:2's 505 -o2,d6,60 «1% 119 South 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
WAV EIN Pet GEOR GIN Grsays & cis feicieieis « oleuayalais sists svste.e, wetclecsfercmmaareten’ 32 Liberty Street 
PURVIS ae RES OER SH ticle, ccrstchear cinlexersitveiwial ole ajecatiiodat seusvecints 30 East 5ist Street 
AARING GEORGE: At cncre ic cccisscrsas ce trsic e sie sisusin stee nslaie exerts 46 East 60th Street 
HENDERSON, GENRE SWIRG cis Sted siete te cles ee cron etre: 27 East 65th Street 
UTGGEN SONen [PAGE GHA iayyis vie si ecers sete e <:4,2 shayehnstestaarspa scare ays 16 East 41st Street 
IBbuese, TEI aN IRs ee ONAN He seca NS eS ce a OEP a 71 Pine Street 
Hit, A hate ae eres Great Northern Railway Building, St. Paul, Minn. 
Hopxins, PORCHES ne Rae Mn Te ed a Lan 52 Broadway 
Horn apay, NCTA WEP shat ver cate jens tear orseeees ae New York Zoological Park 
RIERA DO VIN ETO NAS" El wis octe sete ream et astelciaive reaper sais nec 16 West 58th Street 
EIOHNPREN GROIN: CAIRCEUER @ sreiareve seattle torts sie eitens essere = are Baychester, N. Y. 
ISAAK IA NGES eels ix ore) a4 nisin asehhe Seuete ais eile tee eae ie ae ahs 120 Broadway 
ESB ANTON G Sa OME UVR Gries! ai, d5 5 2 wae wenetyninns sees obits ee ou een ae ices 49 Wall Street 
ESEVGR GEORGE GORDON « «oss s/s 011853 oleceueyelns lalaitioetiertcse je: aps = Newport, R. I. 
EGS IME GUIS ISAGy, Fai shes a claire e's otalec atseve rate cisterlters oc a: Morristown, N. J. 
KEN ONIERAENENGPAUNGDING. (sos/o.coste! evshoncneratonets enero iets istoee ereiivestuais 27 Thomas Street 
BUMPED ARDY NN ie Ey aces, als) 1s «0, sine! svat bocholalale sist nya eas wistda Si eiavand eae 1 Broadway 
HPLVAR GIN Ge GRAINT + co sic 0 «etree atte tee eases cores ts 30 East 21st Street 
LEAN GHONME\\VOODBUR-Y, (Gr..c sc conteicicireeeiice nem seis ce 719 Fifth Avenue 


*Deceased. 


12 NEW YORK- ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


IGAWIPR:: @EARTES Has Cais bit okie Seas Aochee coranie Dene ras 59 Cedar Street 
LEE, GrAvEns (NORRH AN <:ic eae eee 86 Worth Street 
LEHMAN, SAN Se Onna Cie ots io B.A Bee clO-oicla moh 22 William Street 
LoUNSBERY, IPUGie ONO yy Neen nw APM gion ctiigordetad bet 15 Broad Street 
Low, C. ADORBHE: Ss aoe cts Se oa 41 Liberty Street 
ATE) roe SETS decay oie) Tas orks UND ore NE eo Ee a ee 30 East 64th Street 
TS yy cDVAMD G2 ois oie ee nese! oasialeon tere ranches Baek ereactets eee eee ene Union Club 
levnrg | GAPT PET Py Vi vas sheen areca er Gee bee Knickerbocker Club 
MACKAY: DONAED. J f.ic)ce etre stun <minioteai ee he ens meee oer Englewood, N. J. 
Micka, «CHARERS UF hs wink oes sersecis comer eieciesce eae 9 East 35th Street 
Macy, WV uiVERID. co. cece poe tees oasehceie Scarborough-on-Hudson, N. Y. 
MAITLAND, SALEWANDERsc\c 4... oiale.one + .0 sete site caineicie Semicon 14 East 55th Street 
IMMATTOR VCore irae cis. he carn ee are oe aioe ers 16 Burling Slip 
MARC. (erOPRInUS WN eer re reese oer aes era ee 329 Produce Exchange 
MARKOns TDR) RAMNICIS): TEI antes cts exeic steers retsicra crtcereersyeys 15 East 49th Street 
*MARKOoE, JAMES B. 

*Mason, THomas H. 

Mincer® Ral GEorGra Nemec nea amen mie acy 811 Madison Avenue 
NEW BORD: sR FIONUAS. oc Sic.2 a jo.e)h brass is ay nieionels srere sigherain eee 15 East 35th Street 
INnGr(oes. IMhasy Wore aNe (Ges bolo cers o cso ooegscnepcaccdas Rye, N. ¥: 
INGE sWWViIER AGI WVEIT Boao o.0/ayerstorsi cyera chee iers se ntiestet one oe 11 Wall Street 
PARRISH, SPAINGS AG Stes accleye ciaerra cece kite semen aie Alte eee Metropolitan Club 
PEABOD VeRO HARDES Asus sc 2a 6 dared wit lore earns via vee he ee VO Re AW oe ee em 
PHOENIX, TSLOMD ec « cca dae cenintink See es ose Shee Oe baste s dm Onnces 
LOPE FUND NUP Siaycsavo/sesneransxecorat sx ooterene toxes ree toret ole Potemeers 3 East 66th Street 
PTERREEON De) OEUN d)Acvineiic.ctee sleteracierentetetette 1 Pierrepont Place, Brooklyn 
PIUNGHOm re OWS .caleee eosin. fare hoc oe cement na soe cee 2 Gramercy Park 
BORGER VIR GaN Ys | Grrsiia. ctonietance oi os ae are tetera 347 West 8oth Street 
RATT VAT TAS IB ee ate miara sao epsteere tate ceqs'tteyele revere hie teratere getters 24 West 48th Street 
IB ROCTOR ENS wlee-uctevacd os Sttiars mGrmyeliere Sr siete Ge Waters = Oe ener cree 1931 Broadway 
QOUINTARD GEORGES Wi crctecs-sccteneleretecsrotbons Wlasete ater hie eres Stemi 66 Broadway 
VACYENTOINIDEN GGEEARIERS: elie siertererciras. Ginn stare tals Siero ok WO REIN 32 Liberty Street 
JR A SACLE 0) Riksica-nsterenesenten eusramedsteverove reba cbelatcretemetan chia teRe 145 Nassau Street 
ROBB Js EVAMPDEN:. 220i oct Seisatacisis ces 5 queens sented AOS ban ke aayennte 
IROBERN SeVMIETON (rosea orice See One oD REE tee 3 West 86th Street 
ROGERS OAR GEGIB AID ain aeeivecrerseice etcee ae eee: Hyde-Park-on-Hudson, N. Y. 
RUSS PED WARD). ior orasye cesar cnsateet anal eae P) ©. Box 316, Hoboken; Naw: 
SASNEPSONG GUE NR Vs ois tics: oroustch aus) a acarone te MiMi Sea ol an er 14 West 58th Street 
SCHIEPRELIN, . FUGENE Sica n.anis, Melee oarine eo Maite Steen 865 Madison Avenue 
SELON SE RNESD UDEONPSON Gat era dea aici eiicnia sas 80 West 4oth Street 
Sistine (Gi No oe ee I ails Socios a oomodn de deat 1 West 54th Street 
SHERMAN, SWE SN ROT Sc Ate Salsa a tees me veeh tary eye eae 838 Fifth Avenue 
SHEED Se GEORGE Olive nte acces Paws wees sence a 623 West 24the Simect 
SVATRERY WiAIMES «35s, 050 ate iloveray i coparatotence le tieba ee ere esac ee 320 West 84th Street 
SLOANE UBENSON ¢Biccicctnc sees Lee een UE ee Ene 141 East 36th Street 
SOME PS AILUEL b..t2 Gena ae eo eeieine Cee rao lea aac 7 East 38th Street 
STOWN WY SANMUEL» JR. o42 05 t Cuknch ee alee ee Seenieeteee are 45 East 53d street 
SHOAINE MENON Ss, potctteeiis cia ctesehets etsbetatae eenicle tate Cloke telenercieareat 883 Fifth Avenue 
SPiVER se PANIES ah oy/din & 5 ajae ane eye th ai lenmateneaa snes Rai eee 24 Pine Street 
*STERNE, SIMON. 

STERSON | SE RAN CIS) MEVINIDE:. s..fdcha crease retary ee 4 East 74th Street 
STURGES A WREDERICK as bis is ogc cod sas Meer eae oe eae 36 Park Avenue 
STURGIS HRA Kx, fe as riteis or 's a retevesar se fo OG Oren telefon er 3 West 36th Street 
TRELATEMTAININ PEORINS Tiss. ficvors ce sie, ate ars che, setenv auc oeieiey stares teks ae 25 Broad Street 
RFFONEPSONP ISB WiT Sistas 2 eka auars Sls: «dda! t(srel one ener ernest eeetee Knickerbocker Club 
“THOMPSON, CVWILEIAMAE © bn\s,44 «dt Sao sor eee ieee ee Red Bank, N. J. 
“TILT ORD pM RIANG Ken ae eatokr ets paren Gos evade kere eee cesar 208 Fifth Avenue 
TODD: WILLTAII Remcci asteccuss csptae lence Menaitee acts seoetoeiete epee 45 Broadway 


* Deceased. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL. REPORT. 13 


PRRAVERS I VITSS SUSAN cried susie wisilcieis iiereresie’s eleeie cae oe 175 Madison Avenue 
MPR OR Mell Ni RsVas Ge lenape- ear ansisraratels Miavers erst avons eagrotae eee mRLOn 6 East 45th Street 
PIRREV OR eae) OLN Es savers revel scevexars loverersi avsv systray oeiGratoveid elansteberstalece 21 East 37th Street 
LO RETEMIGAUN ING SEURISDIERTIGIX x, sis; oreustoncverevelevetevcleve oretoisyar cial oo) ores ctershonch aor 11 Pine Street 
WEDS WORT ED PMEATOR IVVieneACUSILNissc ei sjetelcis cielere elererele ovetiete rae Geneseo, N. Y. 
WESTENIVIRIG ELD SIR TCHAD clin +s teeccucrerec sreliet oversee aystoverscuelee ciao cere miele IRS, IN, NE 
WkEKER IDR) EIENRY IREEMA Nis cas. caecise secre cele 18 West 55th Street 
NPA BUR GOMML UE IGTeNom!lV lester taveveipyvcvs oreo cholera, Sree eisretvn crear oeiiaie 54 William Street 
WWEARRENS (SAMIUET NID) ccitrcccieiseuis oe 220 Devonshire Street, Boston, Mass. 
WVZAGIS ONPRLURVAINICIS tii 2s ac apchersiace/erssstel erciore’sie eo anernietecicotiere cis tne Union Club 
NV SEL ATE DOIN He OUTS: Neves! ourttntsecarsrals wicrouerercse areteinvorrolei nears 530 West 153d Street 
*WHITEHEAD, CHARLES E. 

WWE REDE AD Si EUA UBS ctolerete sna eciee Sisrsienlccie Stewie come corer laene eae 47 Broadway 
NNGEURN EV ARETPARRV a PAYVINE, = 5 cccic-s civecties sinew ea ene en ae 2 West 57th Street 
VAN ce MOIOERN ao tages riste cciecaeearsues ev oieste ealenctare oa 16 West 4oth Street 


PN Esra ERHOR Glaam aapelohaneierc: sialic rsyrave reiaveve, eis aiie lols wteceigeiccseraletns NaS 190 South Street 
FREE MPRA OLUN eilisiay. etre 5 Nelsverdaeee wa IS veel Red Sd a ee os 190 South Street 
ENBERECROMBIE Mel AVID olive renrelarsiec a euarsiciaeie sores cicie icietonee <i ot atinus 314 Broadway 
PANIIT AUIS ses IRUAUN Kae SV ANS ON sis ec orePriciert erm inels wiser ae victors eeclels 38 East 51st Street 
END AMSHMLUREDERT GKae Wenertar cio conole orem sive nerlic eee wrote eteeie ees: 10 Wall Street 
PAU S MRMLMET/AT CETMOR IVI! she voy i ste) oreo niesen pexorsk oer ctohah oholel sc orekero) ens 15 West 17th Street 
PNURUANCES SIREVs, VARRIS OLY sé ¢2cc esc eceelsateese ce oes 122 East 36th Street 
ENGINENV REE AINIDRESW ie Gathers i ictaritc, siiaen cm nredsoretociuneue tts Be REE 45 Wall Street 
EGP Ve RG Hn CORNELIUS) Eis, ofsrctateraverstevarcict score stanevatetelele sseldtee Palisades, N. -Y: 
Ptah Neem OLUN MEV coteit creas ents cela be Sie oes # ada ohn se eeeas a 873 Broadway 
PMID REC EU a MUR Sips Elica) sist Snaauaicilsid ofe ia eh slaeetoialela ress ieee se 6 200 Madison Avenue 
PN DRICH Ps IVIRG se ANES oO EIERIMUANIE sellers ics circle - 150 West soth Street 
UNDE WN DRAM URUANIKAVID) metlcteransaictmice aie wicka eo ee oieee ane 125 West 44th Street 
ENE SAUNT EIRP U AMUSO WV i olozein/s cle icuale ckeis se aiviaie nes, cb io.s ty pies 4 East 64th Street 
PNUEXAN DDR OR NVIELCOME vlc clee seiessiee cictt cele eee 940 St. Nicholas Avenue 
EN ESCAN REM Me ollel BINIR Viseactsialcuem eile nar liste enc are he are-horetens 35 East 67th Street 
PETG PAUNCE OME A NIE! Sta): eieicvadicve eve ote we 0 o's 04s SSE e ees 66 Fifth Avenue 
JANIDTLC {OVA IDI esa AR a Rn 3068 Third Avenue 
JATSTIDIBIMS(O Gy AS eG ea oe oe a ee 6 East 38th Street 
EMMERSON eI AOHEAU NICE 0c ss zieles'se cine 8 ied bees. oanves oa.e 25 Broad Street 
ENGI RESTNGTaeM ia Venti seu sc crejs wieiere.e a 0 cuee a oie Starner 29 West 75th Street 
Fee Gri InTe ie / NOMON OAC Le fee ol vo. ctivesa lv wo esavavs ato Sdauin &aRisis sapere aa 203 Broadway 
*ANGUS, JAMES. 

ENP IEE ONPEPLURIAN CLS Rate eylarssctassis\'c oie vaierevers eioisielere ats eieleyays eearae 21 Maiden Lane 
PME PERO Nias PANES a WV0 2i.hs fre oral) aeiors oe oe how aie eee evn Knickerbocker Club 
PAR CHBOLD si) OEUN GD) ere orcvsces clets wer seis cs os esaleers alaystspetastatet Teer 260 Broadway 
PRUGHUNGEOSS, WIRS), EDGAR Sicasoanc, sie sisiewre sian ee celta 24 East 48th Street 
ERUSENLNCEOSS (© JOEUN  WWicuats, srereie 14): cic on eratesahd ola eae Bete 22 William Street 
PAGE AVON ea CE ORGE ¢ Or ote. seater cietstoxayene nl oseistava sei vane yer a eerie 192 Broadway 
POGERIGG? bn SARTILUR tas «5, 5 iia dciaes aeinaearaae oad are 171 West 71st Street 
EMVMRAMEUREDERICIC (B o:5 », « ¢)2.0: syererw cleeis Gre eure ete eine Maisl'aas aevteroe 15 Broad Street 
URE R A OMED EE Ncw crn tiers viels auclatcvas Mieceeioe ieee een eee 40 Wall Street 
MTEC MAR ME PLIRVIING | Din ave! a-s'eis, sinraiees ahetovertte 4) ote em eae te 587 Fordham Road 
ep min eR. JARED |G pya:5-d size xd oraiorore crstaniniste oareioaei ca: 8 East 41st Street 
BALD WINMAPARED) G:s JRos..0. <0. - RE eet Ns RN rte 33 Wall Street 
BALEOUR, —REDERICK R. Sis... 005. Dawyck, Stobo, Peebleshire, Scotland 
eR See eemeES OTC EOIN 120%: 5.010 «2 aco ia’ ayere evant otis Grate eee ae ox 39 East 72d Street 
PACS ERED ROME f.i25 0:8 so019 «iat cross a, SAP RT RN cosas ae 29 Nassau Street 
AREER AGEN, (eT ONAG: EL. 2). oc ateusenesaebeione chon 45 East 68th Street 
EES ge SANEORDIS.!.. 5 oc visic'd certs ee ooo ae ie dc 10 East 7oth Street 


*Deceased. 


14 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


BARNEY, (ASTEBBDA le ccingitee tee a: eee eee ciel atch rene an att avn ceaacee 67 Park Avenue 
BARNEY? MIVITSS SCAT EVAR: IU on rey-vere oretelaieie) cfetenche tavet-teveher ons 67 Park Avenue 
BARNEY, Mys® J STEWARD: -1-/.0)-0.02e mcs cree biniete ele 40 West 38th Street 
BARNEY, INES Cie oe Sarees eb ib wis Gee OE ioe eee cine 49 West 44th Street 
Barr, NUGMUANE ha) cea y fe oon ee ee Llewellyn Park, Orange, N 

BARRON, Re JOHN» G25 o. 05 ors. ceoichoiores oietstesters ate ec] eter ere 35 Broadway 
BARRON, GEORGE SD as sais soos eee eens Harrison, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
IBARTENS. / VWWUIRELAM.. a> a2 sales arse Seleferanetpreeteyetelere 160 Greenwich Street 
BAXTER, GEORGESS | JRE Ae aeee ace eee See eer 17 William Street 
IBAWARD: COURS He ak on cea oe Ge ee aaron nies ciel eer iris 47 Cedar Street 
BAYLIES, EDMUND GL te natin oes omic cle eirioeteneieei erie 54 Wall Street 
BAvims: IVins SaNiAGERAI Ib ECS Oops er a) ie teuniale reineereeter 1 East 71st Street 
BAYLIS \ \WWELLTA Miecst eves canis cere arco etektouie ts o Rieti eta 15 Wall Street 
BEACH hes Cava at stots tga ee eee erate ens cee 9g West 20th Street 
BEADLESTON | ALBRED Ni qewicee ee: ee ries Merci 360 West 35th Street 
BEAT VTE WAINi RR esp store o are ree there cteyoleray sloreteretaga fete 1 West 12Ist Street 
IS An ID AMnnusn Co crop edaba dann Sidon bona ouo.ono Domo GNoD cc Flushing, L. I. 
BECKER AG, GIB set era ermine ies terete eictaie elelesete'aintoybis atsia stereo. Scarborough, N. Y. 
BEGKER,, (CHRISTIAN 2 .v-1005 5 7-161 3 Davenport Avenue, New Rochelle, N. Y. 
BECIER AG UME es eevee stint wichcle:e/s 5/014 aloves nye e¥e's,s:e)etacate 1030% East 175th Street 
iBinois., (Ceo NVR OA ea iSreemarau me cacanomoaT New York Zoological Park 
BEERBOWERONGEGRGE ML soni, < 52) aiel's's/o-a/eielaays, cele elle New York Zoological Park 
BERR GMaly et eet cites cuastllss, Shc aise ocis’s wlelwisgn coe eos teehee 408 Broadway 
IRL MONG, IPOs. oooonugupodmeouDoObDdauoGoUDdonnoco050 580 Fifth Avenue 
BENEDICT MIESS OIL ODISI |. .:275,q cris cloie/e ole =\« o¥als)sctersie elaine 10 West 51st Street 
BENSON, FRANK SHERMAN. ...... 000s0 214 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn 
I DING 77st Noe Sean e A rSOSA ba onciomvon dbeocie gmidc octes 4 377 Broadway 
BIcKMorRE, Pror. ALBERT S......-- American Museum of Natural History 
AES EG RAUNERGL TEIN, «hic sais! aa) sn erased de grote iataletelele al=leyriesee aisle: 1032 Fifth Avenue 
BIGHEOW eld D ass sicke Uoeees were elaine Oxford Street, Cambridge, Mass. 
IP TLIIMES, INTHE y ao co Abo ooo Ge canodbane Gudc0dUG UF 279 Madison Avenue 
BIER DINTG Sambel: p Be spc erapseesene teks ets crsiecieke crekeloncte(ehctets) stemedetane age 29 Maiden Lane 
IBUGERNGS,» IVDTSS, Mi ARCY-eIN Mig scr a ariepelrereie'« ole eo) -.aieroneieree 279 Madison Avenue 
INCIEUN, WWE wlolganto dace cooqudonvedoodato0cr 177th Street, Bronx River 
IE yan), (GIWGINEI so noe dean codooncccabo hobooseunoouLtodc 202 Madison Avenue 
BEAGDEN “GEORGE: 6. 20 st ieee eee oismictereh alone eieLeiats 18 East 36th Street 
BEAcuene MiRSs UREA Goes We. cicuenieeratios 18 Gramercy Park, New York 
Brame, D, sGanses asic dirk els wate ele sieis cee single cane eaten eed) Em Ode Siamaat 
BAe: ea MIN GUE VE cr4,ct; «drapes tke the fare sean er a: 6 East 61st Street 
IDA, IDR Ifosiisn IN a noooevcan se onaconKonodoodgec 601 Madison Avenue 
IBWASSESIEER.y duct Jive Si. caiehecciavaisic oro tu aieaslcto.e Ste creas acl Sree 353 Fifth Avenue 
IBETSS 4 He RIMIESINMG Ar ccisye: syaieiersiese archer Ac tonsuheuale oyster epein seen 30 Fifth Avenue 
BLopeert, Mrs. WitttAM T...2..5--se0co0.e00ss0-. 24 West math trees 
BWOODGOODSARODE RT Hier ria verse rnesereiteicten ie releter ereRerNerriet 50 West 37th Street 
BRLOOMMNIGHATE wa OSHPED theese cme mrecntstelsfelovsietemeral-teietatereleisn iets 78 Fifth Avenue 
IRiomaiKemAuiIn, ILVawNNE (Em ao 5adocacaccodccccGbodooU GUS 992 Third Avenue 
Bross wtAMnnguOns 22.28 Khaw eieh Oe ernie cern 21 East 47th Street 
BIELUNGE NSM AG cists, o1srcbe cscs exeierovorersisvereloibersne) aver Re Katoieeerte 108 East 7oth Street 
BOAS, © Riviere eo ste iis Jace ag oe een os oth see ee eee 37 Broadway 
ISOM, MOR, IDL (Cronaqgodanodonadusodascucucooad¢ 835 Madison Avenue 
BOR KELNANE SH LROE BERNARD USserictesianlscreiciaarcia ioe 106 West 45th Street 
BOETTGERY Hal py Wy istelets wc oie p ois Shc rote mtonyctesesaale esau ake 2144 Fifth Avenue 
BOnticERs WNEEEODOREM Vee =) <sccmmiee re ciee eercrele Lodi, Bergen County, N. J. 
BOGERT, EDWARD) Ga-cksth cot descent or eron eaten 112 East 39th Street 
BG ISSEVAUNG: Gr oleae ia tt oo ohns =. aio ssere tet erearnr ee perenne ook 572 Madison Avenue 
Bort, Ges eee oe et sions ans acton ote ape Fagsiieeneiee 3854 Southern Boulevard 
Borrow, Miss @areerine Wi... Socvemek 406 Jefferson Avenue, Brooklyn 
ROL TON: OEUNGWV5- creisis stay o's Sls: <) ia tent nln, coca acsoevenaietatts 1777 West Farms Road 


BOLTON) REOMAS,” |iRinaeerswdecritcia = nsturiete Minford Place, Boston Avenue 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 15 


SOON MV VATIETS PACA len ts\ Nisvetevel ayollclavale’ el eleieievevers (s/e)sis' Boston Road, West Farms 
SGINI PO RIRED iobalh eerste, siayctstst sy cieiei e,arelfoloie ete is. ats ai aire elecne a eters 127 Fifth Avenue 
BON ee VALET AUNT ED WIAD svaraievels'c,(e erers love ehavsieys,ecterece e¥elavevel eleVe.8) 41 100 Broadway 
HS ar MPM PANUNT 2 Ens va jos ctlvest sis "= create sp etegovele svsisloiave.o oe rae leievelavee Stamford, Conn. 
BorcSTEDE, JOHN G..... SS orth s Homo 968 Trinity Avenue 
FS ORTEARNID OM VALETE PALIN 4 Gy aikrs ye tosavoyacetevsunisiierevotelaroteloraloreler sterencit Oem 17 Broad Street 
MARR NM) OIE NGS ue cet & «av ccernioie, cyarepouautce wi lietatiete retain eretoveneete 205 West 57th Street 
ORR ONE elses c ts fewer «fava ener seps core voucher dis eavete ieietetevorniaiers Rie cste rene 1037 Fifth Avenue 
HS OAM OMEN ee GEAMAAP IGE rcs occ. aus ore ecaver Were @ are eche stare torionresan 104 East 37th Street 
Ea ny Sa) OETA IVE re vinat aos inrote,saillevale refs da Wo ee esialemaecleveens 7 West 2ist Street 
PERUSE ta SOE N | eer ad rach or oye hw suse Vaso ioha veils ce cova nal suanlw a ai ssveanaere aheve ieratereiees Union Club 
BRAD IER Veep ODS O Nevers sieore © ais als, o00it is Talene.@ arbi evsca ainie eleieveisielsiols arte sree 45 Broadway 
IBRAMIVABIVIRS Slee ons ciars a clavcisrecoint na loaee.e 84 Maple Avenue, Flushing, L. I. 
BRAUN ee URED)s\-yardate score) versitile a8 stave eo/end ied orow ate eisre 549 Buckhout Avenue 
Es ROMINA NMR AED NW chance wrerewic a cteieiee aleve iecre niente 11 West 12th Street | 
IERATUANT, “TRIO 4 closer k OOS Oe ROC at CODE Ea ae eae 691 East 143d Street 
BN ees VOAEMEDE Visas seca clei vscerst eins Gieveisvoie- 6 oi0406 ‘eslaieteete ee 1818 Clay Avenue 
BREMENBAGH=. (GRHARTES: Mi. crcioiseisie.oveieore a(e ssa anor ele(ea ere ieee ¢ West Farms 
Pest aOR ES gs Eee c Sota) ov avs tc aye' oe shatcici cs anaiwic s  a:a'e) eietwienw’e le,qunvee Darien, Conn. 
EDRAW RAE ea SIGIELAUNED AN. UPR ajc Srerereiie e,clove Supisho isles oleiselsia eae ava o% 141 Broadway 
BREW SPER VER Ses BNEPAUMLNiotevetersnero:sicieiers elvi cle.a2 ave ierevois be « 605 Fifth Avenue 
pag rales PME DORGE  Scvcew cinne v-ctavsie Sieh hie ww tiered s slsiasle) eared sees 51 Wall Street 
BRI GRERTIORE  TLBERT AS | 51s.csieieicis ois. win wees sles en's Englewood, N. J. 
BEI SROm pins CHARLES: ols. cers joss oe see wie Sersvern ee é New York University 
SRASMO INO ilew Dita cisreroserevesetete’s eves Giovstoreie evel alelenere siete 45 West 74th Street 
ES RUSH ON AMUN VALLATE WASNT Esta choy sviouatles siqvaliore weieierone iSronselaiers aes isicraletne 20 Nassau Street 
BRONSON DRA EDWARD EBDENNED: so seo oceiichseniet «cree 10 West 4oth Street 
ESCA nem VMS Gulia Vict ayetey cr tous Vouayoclatoiey creveieievensinns: 4 sxchenchtueveivate a 524 Fifth Avenue 
OWING MELON: ADDISON sc 22:0 /0)s.craiele pistejatieigdiees ss ss eee 45 West 80th Street 
ERROMVING SVOHUN, CROSBY wci0 1a steals s.cincso ersisiv sees sissies se cee oe 36 East 37th Street 
ESBIATU PE NEMEDROINGHED Sevalis crn clicasle 6 syeroievactealeaae viva sleeriar 32 East 35th Street 
HERA AN TENTS MAU VITIET TANG 4 (Gcrra.alaicsepe' ardiela ‘tee Gucle- ore) e.bivie)aravelsi Srerave-t 552 Fifth Avenue 
ESR OMVANGINIG SAV V Alle DEAN lel v-wecasetcs oteceverer ev shasusinrssarcie atnvaie Sa cm ats 18 West 54th Street 
ERG VIM IEEE ae AROMET UR AG. cy csistsictlocc ar sroreleloveveterare icra leve istewate eee erecaue eee 52 Wall Street 
Peewee ies Es LOSM PETS 1) 157. steis, craetoh tre ole-siatre bodaacrss 32 West 48th Street 
BRI GEVIRSMa VW ATSEDATMIS ceo, foe iets eeccislce<.c bse hace ec 20 West 54th Street 
FSstas EAU Me WV ATUL DANE MEA 2) avi aYe c.cxeid> aXe. {0 se: vieseraicna'oe-clnve 615 Tremont Avenue 
OREO ATU SEMEN, Wie) Miscwic colecn ses cvedeceaescteas 305 West 75th Street 
LEVOD TD: [BUD EZR SR eae a 121 West 72d Street 
ESUUMALSIE NP ENDING) VMs S15 shar gi-ea.0-6 0 o.0 o aie a 4 le alv-ans winterald Pn en 54 William Street 
SPIE PROBERE WVUAGIAY <b, wis is <uis 0/4, e/s'aiesa sieaag a sted va « 40 East 4oth Street 
LENOTESEg, AIUIRSE) Sy 221 had Bie eo ee fe 38 Broad Street 
Es aiereea pi NATIT AUN SUA) 85,215 ob sat cevshsries eave duatedwieun See pois 35 West 35th Street 
Baneems, TIERMON (Ga 65 4s'ss.00% dices 0 American Museum Natural History 
PSE TE PAIRS: VAs GAR i cbse, aiunei ols.cons di eiuiesle sieid Siete ceeiseee 174 Madison Avenue 
SUEDE EMROSIER EL: IW siardls vayeiara sera dudes ei dan eae. 6's alanine Sa Reson ae Union Club 
EXORDICIPAEORD US roersrae ice seine eh nce ees Seed Anita, North Dakota 
ERIM NIRS “CAROLINE TOUSEYic<os ss cine thie. oS on ona Plaza Hotel 
IB GRIAB GEL Wa CrRORGEW WW. coxes scree aie lenciee ree on oes ces 52 Wall Street 
Burnaam, Mrs. DOUGLAS W 6 iis o0.s-yoreeices eons Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y. 
URE MNNSINAEDR OP 42.."2 vin a's, 0 xls «toe pase eee ioe on oe 7 Wall Street 
DUS ROMANS Silt J8Mil «5 a\s.0'5%.6 6 sab aeuloaeae Tremont and Webster Avenues 
Pereunenee Gm, INICGOSIKRY: 6 5:6, ««e.0d rasa od eeu oe Boece 8 West 52d Street 
FE SEO NIGE LEMUR. » W'.5,0°%» sie, cuavciecee Sichoevan aml ha Hees eh 54 Wall Street 
SOAR MAGN Sep MUR, MIs oy5) espana a7 Gia deeded en ede eas eh, 18 East 23d Street 
ROAMRREANT NS EER NOANING. EL. i. oss 02 oid.sidid@ine weiner ive «so cke Merrick aL 
CAMMANN, HmNRY LORILLARD. ......<<ssces00e. Box 301, New York City 
Game RREDERTOK SMDGAR.. 2. . + s/.0csnee aed ces ¢ Morris Heights, N. Y. 


ANUP GEORGE EOLGER. «... 0% « «<siyss eee ee eas Gene 32 East 33d Street 


16 NEW YORK. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


CANEIEDD, JOSEPFIAID J c)-lerzstelsesemisie)ctel turers ever ela) oietete teil re Bridgeport, Conn. 
CANNON: PARES Gy, 52 )1ats.cte crs /eholacaloie/shelore alelon sles everebo el iat=tis 14 Nassau Street 
CARD EZA IMIDE WIG a lacates c. stererovere) aval oletaatctsl eleta\ tector rarer tete 43 East 49th Street 
CAREY, Elis Re sre oy hecsisl Soe eee 42 New Street - 
CARNOCHAN, (OUVERINNEURY \iiereertoreelsrereereteterictnstortst= Riverdale-on-Hudson 
CARPENDER, WILLIAM... 000 cccceccces cn cececeeren tees es 44 Pine Street 
CARPENTER, ) enti re mtn rien AaGO ONS od uo o.aat 38 Park Row 
CARROED, (ROWAT PHELPS aman cobs ister aatcae eae Knickerbocker Club 
Gan TER IC) AVEREI Sages cortate rena eects etneta ier 204 West 86th Street 
(GARTER, WALTER! (Srna javolaaaee ae on see ated 176 Brooklyn Avenue, Brooklyn 
GASES EMER Se ost ence te oe eee een eee 1 West 81st Street 
(CASSATT. Ge MI eres. erates = eis cea oo eee rete 19 West 34th Street 
GASTREE JOHN) Wis tevericistere aie ere eetoralalneteieyele tenner 150 Central Park South 
GAS WELE < JOIN EI: Giieasestaiats sia Mere nep ares aekeliore 11 West 48th Street 
CATHCART, IMITS'Ss JIENENIIE Rees syereielere The Barnard, 108 Central Park West, 
care Munroe & Cie., 7 rue Scribe, Paris, France 
GERBRO Ren Haare atest a evatetotare 321 Hancock Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
GHAnOT S34 neee eee a ieetreninns e's 6c t50th Street and Third Avenue 
CHADS MET RAIN ER apr ctot eva suveto oneie) soi cela: o) ala lala elateseetel a) aeiay eke 842 Broadway 
CHAMBERS saINMUES 5 32. oisrejaleveler slate leew 277 South Street, Morristown, N. J. 
CHANIBERS) UOEIN: PASS sicco sss nivlcionstola ssh 277 South Street, Morristown, N. J. 
CHAPNGANTS HRANIK UM isi5\¢.0::41s1 sieiee American Museum of Natural History 
GHESEBROMGH ROBERTVA 3% ois4/cic ws Sol orisis oe \sisyasise eee 51 East 49th Street 
GHiGrEsimR se CELART ES sD) AR WilNirseinclerta sehebeireeetl erste trae 46 Wall Street 
(CEmSin OI, 18, OVS cuodasoosudnooooUdon cou DOD S 436 Madison Avenue 
CHMTENDEN | sPAREDS’: [22/0 cfaiss solv sts oa eitaamiee eicmiet 1 West 30th Street 
*CHRYSTIE, WILLIAM F. 
GENURE EI NS Sls neicioie 2 ois cic ceiets os «tcl eaete epesyate te otesinge ect aera Carnegie Hall 
Cuurcu, MIBETE OS Vevey. e cincterac 354 Charlton Avenue, Souch Orange, N. J. 
GE ATIEENI ORIN. earth tars < «ea ccie's, statord sist olen ape dial a stertebenenene ee 4 East 72d Street 
GAR Ree eI CRA WEORDE. sic) di. tua Uholacters is ole woe tan lone homes eee 51 Wall Street 
GTA eae EMV IEE CRU. favaye gee yaa ic ge sivas nen tol cee ons ekebened spec etoee 45 Wall Street 
GAY vt GN ny kines er og CRI aR aia cic voy aN Serco’ 51 Wall Street 
GPA RENE MAR octet ate Cava sue erecta Wats a ecoy yal ea ere 49 Wall Street 
(inhi, WAGON ING ona soca enone coop apoGoodoanGSoooL 170 William Street 
Craig Grn Wn cnat a nara tote ahaladass. nicl: c eaiaale eee ree Scarborough, N. Y. 
(GBAT Ras ASO NUAS EOS ert hoe cet aust stare ofahatiateiete inc falehomn attra 1701 Madison Avenue 
CLARKE METONDASH SEMIELD SE ay Miseioceieeisn miietarimee iter 50 Riverside Drive 
GHAUISEN GEORGE sio-stecstaredereret 7 wclouatsvehets abe enororenetarc Portes 32 West 60th Street 
GEBAR Ys UOHUNG 0:5 sheets we erorarc anne e otovatahs eakaraekaceterots eee 121 Madison Avenue 
Crenrenirs: oG MEMS dtc vretsiayetravceaver tec eerste Bowne Avenue, Flushing, L. I. 
GREVELAIND (CHART ES 1D) een cyene outen feasted evalat aie ctatoveteras™ 54 East 52d Street 
ChyDEy, WanErAM iP '32304 saee tae en eeer P. O. Box 1194, New York City 
CoGKERMAE w ORIN Heat soteiiorachotay-1-/ vse seine elnere 147 Columbus Avenue 
CockerorT, Miss E. \V...... AOS ORO aut aos so 147 Madison Avenue 
COGKR ANE SB OURIKE: «tracer o-)s scgnlo viens ora keine Selene 31 Nassau Street 
CoFFIN, Wena, ral eer caay ae ee 31 Nassau Street 
CoHEN: SAMUEL IE..0:. sae Souci ote ah eee ere ee 127 Bleecker Street 
CoLzurn, INE PARAS ota ose vous aitnis soimjens oem theta he ne eM ne Co PeOtn 808 Broadway 
Conn Ey BAG acceb-sdicte tae see Sis lowieis as coi reer 253 Broadway 
COLEARD, (GEORGE: WV sosic.sGh ricci be eee 884 Fifth Avenue 
COLLTER  URRIGR aa. Beira 5-2 Se eeetaaka sisi aceon meee non Tuxedo Park, N. Y. 
(COLLTER WR Eeropeteeecaiis a oss oases ai aalneesccket ov eet oh ae ok ween ete 29 Fifth Avenue 
COLLINS) DRw SEAGY 98 UDD circle ier ninee eee eet eet 5 West 57th Street 
COLLINS MiRSiw BEDEN 5 200s i- os: = chee eee anes oar 41 West 11th Street 
Cottins, Miss GERTRUDE....... Care Stephen W. Collins, 69 Wall Street 
COMEORT a VWATBER Np iether) sis! -lol-seltelel eae eereteretete 944 St. Nicholas Avenue 
GOMSTOGK SMR Soe IeaGyaeavercieensts xcs acectenet Reenter tron too East 17th Street 


*Deceased. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 7 


SGN DON EONANS (GERAL Ds 1 iaveie «)s:eje.01s ociste seis aisleiersie sae Tuxedo Park, N. Y. 
GORD HUDIVARD). «.s0.0\0 vie cisia veisis wise, e008 0.0) 12 Washington Square North 
Corstn, JMO GHUOST EA ON ROO COT DISD ROCCO A OL OCCUR One 192 Broadway 
CorNING, Co RE CICER IS Sein cic er neaiie PPE oR eames entire Union League Club 
CORNING, Gee ears serstererece cies) sievseere eis ape etereys P. O. Box 501, New York City 
EQRIVUNIE MeV TEL TAIT DIR s)s crerelarene o sig crete reve aie Gicier eluate wisiciers 55 East 76th Street 
(COSMATINGE | TS UGENIE GEL 2.5 chistes <0 604 Shrub Oak, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
KS GSM R AMIE NRW, EAN os a. <'o) 2 creo chat shave eyeero erevaleverevere Westchester, New York City 
(Gio OINRB Veter fincrak ccteciere ais casa g.ot cere tence ecu perere ees 52 Wall Street 
BONDI AN VELENGDEDROP 5, 2)e erste ernie s.00e sesco-ie eons were ere e eae arreNe Mt. Kisco, N. Y. 
Raut GRECO GIN cc. .0 505, <0.) 4,015) sy2)2 210) 9 ae: 5; euej'ms, 6.8 6.50.2 esters 20 West 14th Street 
(GOES AIO LAW IIe Siyeic sei iets: <ye,tuoteie) steerer -e' seeker holevece sveicte Suskeys ial ey! 66 Broadway 
UB Oem ARTI GWE seve lc a cites ecisieieih ole a ate sieine os etbara estates 54 East 67th Street 
(COs, iONiMiOMNES: Gao oes eomiad Oo DUO OC one CAR GH Osama sore 10 Wall Street 
GRAGIEEARGHIBATD VWALPOLB ss eclc sicleis/ls «lose ole cle 22 57 West 46th Street 
GRANIE ME NIEBER Ts aeieloleis aicisisjtis. « piscevevsve ic’ aisle le!scorclers aysisecrs gder Stamford, Conn. 
GRAVIHORD eDRAENV c EL crs acres ceicis s sisie's bree ce sss ss cies 205 West 57th Street 
AGRO MMV EINEM PANCESS WWiccersiciis © sjevers/eic so ss 0106.0 «ous se 0 0 51) ecg ele 1 Greene Street 
AOR ONAN CHUAR UBS Elves evsyeie ceie.s oes olayere.8ie'eie ce aiess'a0u0 2496 Cambreling Avenue 
GRO SENABSIBEINGS TON a ier. tisielon sie esele.e osnie.e,90:6. 610 Weve ered ota Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. 
(GRU CK SIMIAWNIKG BILANES twee jscorcverersvererest eis cis@ieievesveres sie 275 Central Park West 
(GURTISHMISD WARD IAN cos\0c cisisie e-siacis ais eile ves svete sess cs oe ee 155 Worth Street 
CuLTER, PRAGPH Do os.c.st see os ES ARR a ah oe 219 Clinton Street, Brooklyn 
(COOREITEN TSS. TREN DORON Slane OIE CIAOG COLIC ORIG Ce Otro One 32 Nassau Street 
CSiRDENG MANE PVAVIARD «0. o.eisis so 25 ding. + oeidinis ecleisia'e on:eie eleveig 24 East 72d Street 
ID ASTINETERG Yong Vise WEAINIG RII) 2.0 chate; she ieveiloic myepeclaia sce sicveleiee's 103 East 20th Street 
DACRE MA VALLE WAU Sogo , ctsjouc)orm) «5 cle al lavevenateve! evere eles aus steve 222 West 23d Street 
NP MNN ATES BES (5.7. cals Fico sisiertre eisveimsicis ersaialele  leniad oe 76% Pine Street 
PONIES a GEORGE EL. a ose’ salepeyeitre sq) ee. eaunia sae eesie os Grand Central Depot 
DANN ID REORDER TCs ocr 410s fe.cueinvele ss wloiels wislleeis.e e-ale/aieio- 44 West 5oth Street 
DARDS ICEARUES: VAG. ais <ie.e0 aye.s sca'e 0.3.0,6.5 44th Street and Madison Avenue 
DNVIEN [RO RIT Mee lIRIAC.. cycjerclsievateycye, espe cuore ayvieyeuevayere ieve.6, Siejersvel sieie. & 31 East 39th Street 
DAVIES ENN TEITAin GI BERG. ycis.2 als esc e =io aiclersis eh eters saves 22 East 45th Street 
DANS Hee GELB RUATD leas ecaye sevsts cov oiewe lense areneyesdinia eerste oieter oe Gusiccee net cate 44 Pine Street 
MAPA SPan) ET NumVVic KASS 6,5 2 =o cies Deswibs vec eect n ees see's 2) 21 West 14th Street 
DASH ae OSIEPET Mr sear icrciens (stele ovsicieteis s Gicib sisne oles ais wtareieie 201 West 55th Street 
ID AVISH AV \ELETE TANT “EVARPER)2. «sscces bes ssinsiece ss New York Zoological Park 
PDA TSONG a GHARTES STEWART | of0.c5 bie ccs asd lise oisssia fete tole lelots 56 Wall Street 
IDANsONy, GSU EION AREAS cu ep ot GEOR OBOE COC EOCroSocosce 51 East goth Street 
DW MEIORNGE SEIN COLNis.s 2's oc scisscciese see asses ccdou ror West 84th Street 
DANN PETA SIEDRORD ors titorcrctehcicisrsuste-e atelsra sais; 6 arele oS pa sla hha Columbia University 
[DEV CORP MM eEENRY «oc ciate cies were sciehc oieie oe cles s os ci dace 22mvMeSt itm nebreet 
DDE WES pple CEWAIR Teeny fovesepsvaioaiotey oi cee ip.oveuerel ene iovenece ste cueibeacie 58 West 83d Street 
IDE BRORHST GEORGE. Bicics-2p 0c sige eros eile nig wieie’e area raster ite 14 East s5oth Street 
ID EMEORESTMSIOBERT WN icis\snsjolsra) 3:5 a%erecciace see sere 7 Washington Square North 
DEEHN ERAS RE ac atcta'e\rerers cecera on, bur epersi male crlely soo nes 5 West 38th Street 
BY EPTAVAIN, SUES peek caloye oh serazaiierarateuctoe oreisntepurcte Sierecic ne aise prow 64 Irving Place 
DD OMARIBED. j MRENERTCK) Piss isc cae cclers eeiistowau sc oleae 29 Liberty Street 
PBERS aE eC HUARLES o.2)c,,oy0ls' ssh 4.016°s jenttaye.& delete aieias eeeotes 680 Tremont Avenue 
LUTE CASON (1 Se PSAP Br nc a 1041 East 176th Street 
YEMINERG EIN GEORGE, 5 <)c 2rc/ oo e:efeveleres, arse teres ere 2063 Honeywell Avenue 
DERBYesDREPRTGEVARD JFL,» 5 isjeis eres aieiote cuss ele oerneiere 9 West 35th Street 
ID PRGEEAVNG a Eee COASTIMIR 55s: o/c, 5) 1s ote core aie 5 elaere ye Shorere Bislorernees Tuxedo, N. Y. 
ID SWAS GE PIVIORRUSisisy., ate aiess, koa sralaholevevae hota ketene eerie 407 East 7oth Street 
UD In\vininl beieet VN Bt ee een am Ae eta, ee eee ee 99 John Street 
EMV ANE SIHRODORE: LOW... s.s\.00 5 0:0 ,<0ssense eesieis glace 300 West 76th Street 
HPPSSTAUIN eR NOLEDIN PESO vba occ s,s, « s,s, 3:4, shefeheystolovaons 148th Street and Third Avenue 
vas UOHN El uievc ss oc cs sage soenee ee ces 148th Street and Third Avenue 


Sema Ny AMIE Gracies o <. «verte tee soetes 201 East 12th Street 


18 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


De WIrT, WILLIAM G........ eave esea suave Slee sie teen 10 West 30th Street 
DEXTER VOTANEEY W't.0/o1c actos wrstslelatetstaveteus ora acc) aim atare sisesieie aioe 71 Broadway 
TDR VO/SROBERT ME ee osavaressisua is ote a oc oreye sais iereless.eieleicioilere clove 106 West 48th Street 
DICKERSON EIN mci ow stalataveincie wlota'a’ wlelajatuls’ ayccalelataiata sei stetaeretenere 141 Broadway 
DICKEY: (CHARLES Dis oisie ta wle-ojareie cata nara io etelo Oia ele aio ic ee neal 59 Wall Street 
DIE HD GEORGE oda sieved oieteis ainvaretavala austolotolaienele eteiereis eve 18 West 127th Street 
DITENS TOA, VPS achiwiwictere a oa etait ototetetotoNe Third Avenue and r14oth Street 
DELON, WILLIAM Bi wisterclziesa« cvelsie sis clo etereletor seis oisieromerertee 49 Wall Street 
PTAA. IR aL: sora lavetatatenevesatetesstarslerenatetetalotetets New York Zoological Park 
DIXON, (GEORGE JA; .sistzyvais severe naa slerclote ole oleic avdietelorsiere 15 West 4oth Street 
TODGE; INORMANS \Wheavereeteretatervrotateleielede Blots ace duvets leloreitelersTaye tetoters 156 Fifth Avenue 
DOHSE: JOHN: A «wis. Sc cine pmmnocmanecesias Samm summers 717 Park Avenue 
DOMINIGK) EL BLANCHARD ceeiaaieievelteerstcnelelebeleyelcvokateroral 14 West 4oth Street 
DOM MERICH,! Tin oF isa ion: atsaitials sre wiser ticles ore fe cinley arole 314 West 75th Street 
DOREMUS,« Be (Sis at iialetacta cme rometghanioatsls ain elteatei nce acae 20 Nassau Street 
*DorMITZER, Mrs. Henry D. 

DOUBLEDAY, Ps Nig scemiviciciayocvel cielcle cliente iciersiet oletetorcteie 34 Union Square East 
DOUGLAS JAMES fasts saci csa ciaysinis Os cewicte aed ae opea daha) A ehelelelaters 99 John Street 
DOW GEASS HAS Bistros chetaierelstels arene ererayenevousie albinos aievaheletsistarotete Flagstaff, Me. 
TD OWS RIA GYeerererorcstorots tolevcits i lefers soloiteloieie tale loietofelerctevelerctatctalelereyenevoherers 8 Broadway 
TDRAKE OY ORIN erases or ro.o-ohe a 'atainia 4 weallorelaterelclorsfoin ie ole iste taele 58 William Street 
DRAKE WaT TANF ccc.0 6-4-3 sis 0 aiaicre sus sree idieleee siclsimraunnerere 37 West 22d Street 
DRAKENDELD S51) PERDINAIND s:cys jeje siisiciele) ate) eisloteieleieve oleraietelsrofeoied= 27 Park Place 
PRAVTON, oi) COLEMAN. sisceicies x tie fist toile sleie ofa ste dialaltanieievone 63 Wall Street 
TOA EO yoo sos ch alasccetat cn easean tara e ave Deatae is cue ounoler stoners 36 East 57th Street 
DrRESSEL, JOHN A. H...... Hartford Building, 17th Street and Broadway 
DRUMMOND? LD) WYMAN sar staiertis dia o.0i0 ois aisisie e)e.6 a ciei ee 436 West 22d Street 
DUANE, RICHARD -BAGHE 34 3.5 60.20.00 sins sie iob oe 9 oie oars 62 East 55th Street 
DUER, WILLIAM Ass isiecietcetetere ardSovcuravavateraratolerere: Sreferatatewonanete eines 115 Broadway 
DuGMORE, A. RADCLARFE ts oclhcu ox icit nt Bere sin oie wie elel Newfoundland, N. J. 
DUNCAN VV EU TIEIRY, cerca mt wveretetaiastors (o lofereltele ole ‘stots’ atolets trereton 1 Fifth Avenue 
DUNGANG (STUART coor foresee reise in 10 tate fa orc terol 'e"olafatie le ialetols eleleta 392 Canal Street 
DUNHAM, EDWARD Kes’ jieiid od vad dale's sais fo tin dee shores 338 East 26th Street 
GN EAI Sw Game ctoren cos eo tacrac igs wit is ase vemis levee celtioversiereire 19 West 81st Street 
DUNNE DWARD i Biss axicreiets)sresatotctoers!aietaiefeieuatalnicletaietotons 54 West 30th Street 
DUNNE, DAMES & « egeiers aie Sot calsinie eee ¥td <ccd octleleite wie leila aeiene 31 Nassau Street 
DURYEA EDARRY GEG opal eerow wail saieiaysialel elsynorsiol ene e atotae 80 Madison Avenue 
DURYEA< (GEN: PEIRAM 223 Sata gees cthnisveteie? Sisiohe js ere ojotetelors 80 Madison Avenue 
D)OTCHER YW ULLTA MM recat aictclstovelerolelehelovelelat hevetelctctorelets 525 Manhattan Avenue 
EBERHARDT, OVIAR GUS orcs ciclavete aeler one cronctevatose: seokele) ab-setalets) -ierere 1462 First Avenue 
FSDGARS MD a iteterere cis ie oichey wtslat aletcieter rar ciot hoterey hater Greenport, Suffolk Co., N. Y. 
EDGAR, MMITSSiA ULTAS Lave chavetscct aceite seuclerere sis sei eierotelersteters 28 East 30th Street 
Epckr, NEWBOED.0c4 cis eeera nm ttan eaten ele erate neueetererme 28 East 30th Street 
EGIGAR VETER NGAING de, wt Eetaievaveatovetete oiolaViesrere ictal al ctaietenascialaaveteyetatiele 31 Nassau Street 
IDE IHG, (GiONCI, “S\ooondamouoon sob OUD OUCOUUO DOD OD ODD OU OD 006K 192 Broadway 
ELDON DS | JOH Ne WWistel etait lata at arot ovate’ of ofeictarevelefele}otehel-tstaretel= 128 East 44th Street 
EIGERTON WV loyieeiieieeierteaie 9 Seamore Place, May Fair, London, England 
IEGGELING, OTION.. «cis seems GO ore Ra co 72 East 125th Street 
ECGS TONG HID SS ierciar ara talenete ro eis le arelowe Tefal airaave ienefenererohefetctaneperensiole 166 South Street 
FE EEERS SOUTO serena cictetenstacee foie eine revere cele olovevetoteseteiets 1901 Washington Avenue 
IMM, MROBERT: JAUME S rare ioreteesleelonetorcietoterctclaetelertertelerer 995 Madison Avenue 
ISEBERS ) MRSS FORIDZ 5 cto ctoreseterere eye tah ote terete votevatereretescieteteteteietetane 505 Fifth Avenue 
SEDER! RSs: MATa pa “Acsts\0/.steictatereretst ster ialelsfeieeayelntolee etme 25 East 30th Street 
EEEDRIDGE: SPREDERIGK IGS ge sic: cicrcisreleisiercie sistas stotstaretaleytienaterercrereters 66 Broadway 
ESEDRIDGE SMG WIS Ateyecorsiever escorts elereteleitolenersveveie eieetanntetotershetoleterotete 30 Broad Street 
FEEDRIDGE! ROS WELDiete os is 's/alesc te sacwre toralataters tore terareterets a isiaye ietetate Great Neck, L. I. 
BLUSWORTEH: DUNCAN: Si. s'caic/sle-ivro tutes pain eheletelelelede ates eaters Calumet Club: 
ELLSWORTH, JOHN MAGEE)... sesecincace cacisiee sd aecrsis 110 East 36th Street 


*Deceased 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 19 


PABE SNORTED Pe UN GOL Ns .,5,07s, o:he.0) 1s <(e,8 oltre eco ahey sis, ors, 6 6s alee 18 East 53d Street 
*ELLSWORTH, WILLIAM, 

HERETO OED N: L)igis cis: chais: re ieeieie,e-s0s 8 sissies aisle leveie Sie ave'e s 35 ei elese 5 East 68th Street 
ESTA Date Ga eM PIN oie sovsuerore corer inlets aise yeaiarorsiove oer 134 East 71st Street 
EV NIGNUE UNM TS Gin essai ayars Po, <loperancrayen Veto) evevenecovousiecey stare reretolelor New Rochelle, N. Y. 
EMMET, ROBERT TEMPLE........2.000- 11 Front Street, Schenectady, N. Y. 
ENDICOTT INOBERT! AS scycis srs’ stelevavavavare\cve)ofo elareve vs oteraa Otefalcketslene 1 East 35th Street 
FUNGERMAN) JONG acts seclesie 016 ¢ cfeisisic 335 East 18th Street, Flatbush, L. I. 
LEC ETS 2 GL a ee ey ees a 687 Eleventh Avenue 
EEN Ow OHINY CHESTER’: 35 ie winiesisercsii@o eles Sele P. O. Box 1889, New York 
ESPS THAINA EN DWAR Dispeie ee evete ie tare ancletaiele oie winner wets ORE 147 West 111th Street 
IDRBSLORE, Po So Goes to See SOOT COREE OOS Re rao 134 East 60th Street 
ENS EDINTAUNIN IR st WV tel Netrereteteiiciorate ayeitese sravers ot oreist ate eicrere a) Slersiiwets Yonkers, N. Y. 
ESIUE STIG RAV VAECISVANGir VV -.!</0.0/ 519. e55 wnin'e sissies) aca, avila’ sieve ® 17360 Bathgate Avenue 
FUTSAL GER AO WITS Paege oie raya) ateth vee che alaiieye sve’ e ereve.eteleve ies oleies 40 East 73d Street 
LUIGI ame OEUN iets = iolcle veils o.asia ec ole els e+ 108 Sls vee abe, e% oareree nek 80 Broadway 
Es ey IR Ste CADWALADER). oe-c,srsieis tioioesis « se ses sas eee ors 9 East toth Street 
IEIVAINIGHIEST CEDAR D iajecioie eis, ©. bstelefeverais,6 cle > oiereie.e,tereaiars overs era's 93 William Street 
MEPS mV oe fea che Sapaics nls dios cicis ona levajeie.s siaretas aiehaneSile.e eee aes 52 Wall Street 
EVANS Ma HUIPRIMGAUN os, ores a/s craters eeieia ale: sve elaneierevele\ersiavele oe lew eidielaueys 52 Wall Street 
TEAAS,, JOLIN s Sodiits GORD SE COCO BOGE One enae ES eeEEe 1351 Washington Avenue 
PAB ERT EATES SANDRO} aversicieie 0) sete) sie. sia/e slevejere so cereieeie eee Scarborough, N. Y. 
ABBR TMORINES TOM Gra s/)arsiearorsy ele) alos slop arerev ener alsin «oi siacone ere Scarborough, N. Y. 
PRED ME STOCKS TARRIS! (Cosi axe 5/10: 1e)0'e'0 averse obras) sie wiele boise a sls Wieie 2 Wall Street 
PAIN ESOC Kiam V VTE TACM 4. ty-cs-icheyenay oxohavesar ake ioneliniesevesvicon teereiole vetoes 2 Wall Street 
ATR CHIEN | A OVAV IDs 1.5 cic\< nice oo eleves 182 Benham Avenue, Bridgeport, Conn. 
TVATINGIS ICD), LEE MSG Hee era CE OO COC COG COCOT COC EE Itr tan tee 52 Wall Street 
VATE CEI Del NIELS ONiareve,t ietereverersial aie are ar evefeietel oieieleere srole evs 119 East 4oth Street 
IRANI, (GROUSE Garis BeicIG Eno OCCIO Bel ani eee Oe eee: 24 East 81st Street 
EEA VA PROAINI KG ANG Hs os s/svatsScisiaie cies ities dale eereivie ears 2081 Crotona Avenue 
LPLAVEIOID), TVENRVATSIGN a CA reer a ea oP ar 56 Park Avenue 
EVATRINIED AMI ops EAU DIN Garcveyesaies syei elevesone’e eishereicte cle wield ele arecevatete 15 Union Square 
PARR NATED ATED: ES )s .\s fos aie cieleiea s 6-6 oe: 'ere aie dioig «(aie sie 281 Fifth Avenue 
EATEDD mV VALUTET AUNT OES) @)}SGOODs ore1e crsyse «oi ctsval a ove eieicreieerexcie ees 2 West 52d Street 
PRIS EnIE Fe NU rd (rth tC ag rere ge cere ah ecalsto a ia deve Gh Aulelale sip) «°a a We are ears 42 New Street 
Feanlies USUI VIV Pe Meret tte Soi Pat vereiic 6 ayes bayou sieves sc everePale bre \elenncalotenl ones 41 Park Place 
EET RIA UM eVeie hv Whereis cle oie icss ¢ ci eie | aisle wre sini d Oatereriar detee Montclair, N. J. 
PARR AMD GEN MUOUTSe clo:s cc. oafeve,21e sis /sie we%eicrelouw ose 253 Lexington Avenue 
PLCs SmI) ers Pec aralers) ce sis algisis saa e/a exeio wate 06 0.4 'are aintd Gus eurd Aes Rye, N:) Y; 
ONG Hil GH ARPES oc. close a'ecs she,o 06's + oitiain deter eee aoe 1919 Prospect Avenue 
BRS EER MPIDMEARE-VWWie oS o.o.c ave alo a sie'ca's sale eeiaiew olbarnatdleys. wie 134 Leonard Street 
FEAICE SS Rae OMA TOA 2s 2 aes "eho, ay <'; olay 6h a ord) aaa el GaN hans Sai er RICE 18 Wall Street 
PES)ss aed Ream Mma tp AS Oy Petes eters ay aytisns roi eyo or trv core 876 St. Nicholas Avenue 
OS GER VERT OWistevs, dais sc: xi sixties, o/0\eyorSins ele lalate ceeow tars «dene 126 Liberty Street 
HMO SRER ME COMETS ects’ ailahs. ore /eeistararals totter ScSicie esi REIN rN 305 Canal Street 
ROSTER A Wis OBERT. 6.5 an nese sista oe oe Box 66, Madison Square P. O., N. Y. 
SO ASIER  MOVTTS MIS RR 5 on5 ce 5) ia aie 6 dl sinvend nis ay oem ayer sees lat 1263 East 170th Street 
EL Oxea AUIS TENGHelts oe eles ooreosincomeemeron ene Holworthy 5. Cambridge, Mass. 
GM GEUNG iss c\c'c 3 ssc de cae sivsashachase.caseuoemeses 1908 Bathgate Avenue 
EST eM BD NTD EEG, WN (os o'a'd io: 0 ve: cis wre) 'o tye RSTO eaters Mio mae ea 440 Canal Street 
SER MVIRSS (GEORGE |S). « si0s sjaisic.e beater a diateeeronieaeeras 667 Madison Avenue 
EIQ SD! WACO S se gee ee eer Set Eo kot ey 530 Fifth Avenue 
ICIS ARENAS of ciece's)s elaine sleveleinieola ete esieles 107 Kent Street, Brooklyn 
ETE AOR CDEMENS... «0.2.5.0. c vinelcwce ceaaen dun 107 Kent Street, Brooklyn 
EMT GE ARUES, Ds. 5:3 5: \0)s)a\eiwraineeonaerafere incre eee, ss 25 West oth Street 
UPEEReENIRSRSMUGENES:. ccs ss ss ecee ces eineen st eek 252 Lexington Avenue 
EAU BONER OLN GU Ral iis ino os de.asionrenin a Delon wa sceues « 443 West 44th Street 
ERUNISEMOTSD NEW INDY AG, «2 c>.s oes 0s c-sbecemee pote nee 854 East 165th Street 


*Deceased. 


20 NEW YORK: ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


GANNON, BARTHOLOMEW........2-00ceeeee Ms vavatags poteve 8 1628 Second Avenue 
GANZ; KAINTEION Mies cise isso siansiale se aliiele eo erslepeeaeho steerer 2146 Boston Road 
GARRETT oe] ORIN HV Viet erstet ete coer e erates evetauetet cred vars 11 South Street, Baltimore, Md. 
GAUEDR MOWRY Ge i ai,s cise eee ake eres eis Gleiem oles teoreiares uote etre 32 Cliff Street 
(GAVE OSHPED AEG. oe 4% Keats ois aero cteseTreia eae Beene GIoCete es Union League Club 
GEER) ‘Mins. NWIADTER J. )oSi soa eet clase meissesiomein 246 West 72d Street 
GERARD HNIRS ANGERS WW hs etre acon saan ec sincere exshersraters 725 Fifth Avenue 
GERRISH, JOHN BrowNn..Care of William L. Gerrish, 102 East 57th Street 
GERSTERS OR? FAR PAD AG is circa stot otel ater ctoveret nam otelar el rerebeueret shen 34 East 75th Street 
(GEER, *JORUINT EY, jytesaieketetarere 4 ed ait oes orerecrelsravelei ears Poplar Street, Westchester 
GHEE: “DHOMAS +... jas ccadecdedee Eastchester Road, Williamsbridge, N. Y. 
GIBNEY) “ORO "WARGIL) Pa is eataas ates steeds ce he ces aap as 16 Park Avenue 
GILBERT, OLUNTO Nis 2 lasts fore cela oi'eta tole ys (a veh sis oavn te aieyens tetova 48 East 50th Street 
GIGFORT, SROBERTS oso cc nti emits etina shells e 203 Main Street, Orange, N. J. 
GILLETTE, CURTENLUSH hlstioctie ct heres ctecen non ear. 24 West 4oth Street 
GitSEY NEIENRY, GR cial os sieibeterosta Pareisitavane srelterenahlinlacaanana 10 East 36th Street 
GEBASON: “MAGEAREA Saab jatercteletars dora sisrsysverctete elansie.ore 1893 Washington Avenue 
GOnDARDIOE., WN SGHehG Saris dais eines ties eee eee 273 Lexington Avenue 
(GOLDS CEUMADT 4S: a AWs aeioheycare oe rare eave octorwore or teterrS 71 Central Park West 
Goon; MEA TEN MO) ina. Coieneiatelaveiatelal ats: oracehelsyelaraietay el stesuerekate 233 East 87th Street 
GOODHUE NIRS MS eC weirs sstieteterelerersionsrctoevect croieueh -Parskerers 189 Madison Avenue 
GOOD WENE, HREVs MESRAIN CIS ics foie cvoterevats cates cferortiarststei Box 345, Hartford, Conn. 
GOT TRE OUD> HHREDERTC. for, jo oveveraie lores lola %s-c inks oteuote taverebenclove ae 165 West 58th Street 
GOUEDSKCEARLES” Aves: snaiatchara: syarerehotareabclote avctanehencyonatolences 25 West 33d Street 
(GOUED MOSAW: oduceshecicio cine Ris eve croee Oey: wrerstiarne et Ctnonee 5 Washington Square 
GoOUED! "EDWIN ee 1s sion c Site clwlele tiebalels s belie ave « stay averehneisterekeyarahe 195 Broadway 
GoUrp MGEORGE: Ey saci ee corm ant cc tala eee ca emetine Santa. Barbara Gale 
GoOULDENT WI OSEPEIAT: {occ sreie sarees elieteienensieee 2433 Creston Avenue, Fordham 
*GRACE, WILLIAM R. 
GRAIN ARES Soleo e, cideis Sa oie: ote Hab hie wichoy ad Geet aie eae ee Union Club 
GRAVES MVWALITIA IIc s schtais Holsn ei alone dale Reisgien hae Sere aoe Calumet Club 
*GRAy, 5; (HL: 
GRIANIBERSY WV salbLcto o siere ch ares tlese slave rele Greve ss chensisate, Aolarcnsiets ese 29 West 53d Street 
GREEFF SERNEST Wien saraettisreia nr ocsislel cvalore <tecavaraalotoneteisters 37 West 88th Street 
GREENE MGEN AE HRANGIS Witte cies etais-s sore o's aysiea)atetelene eet loners 11 Broadway 
GREENOUGH, JOHN s 2: vase cccctcoukles «dees oueeecs 31 West 35th Street 
GREENWOOD; ISAAC) Jie occccsaew se dues eneceancees271 Wiest anger anmemme 
GREER @HAREES hh oes oc e ae SO ee oa ato Oe ere Rye, N. Y. 
GRIFELTE: SO ANMET ii cvs orca evarcyettotorsioachatey Nensienctarcteys 21 West soth Street 
GRINNED MGRORGEMDMRD 6. capes ope revrelorelleys otela sepeieus Meneisie Seine 346 Broadway 
GRINNELE IWALERAI VIORTONa scree ae eiciiesaierce 873 Madison Avenue 
(GRISW OED OBES TER rsrantorare rrepetotenrine hi clereaee aieteropstoe tier 23 West 48th Street 
GROSS,» ERRIAINGRES 2 5 Fae oicoevaie va torester a onerssols sontyaitcta: ereus le toletersne 1345 Lexington Avenue 
(GROSSRPAN, GEORGE Hic osscureiaese tenses eredae her dartotenoretcrepetetetee 952 Trinity Avenue 
GUDEWILE, GRIEVE RIUDOUP Hise Wap. ofepe tates tote role tole lerelerenelors 30 West 5oth Street 
Gumniver: W. Cio eter ene ee Se oie ata. coo eevee oer oon 120 Broadway 
GURNEE LIW SS. JiReis cals eielts chs yet eincotarece ra rave te ate ante toler 417 Fifth Avenue 
EAC OAC O) i Pye acter cree eee mero che Merrctove eset peewee 1882 Bathgate Avenue 
EVADDEN ADRS CAE SCANIDERD oa oiiciel sictetaloleleralasicleetereleraienctete 155 East 5Ist Street 
EVAGGERT Ya wNIRS) SANED (BS velleecaetacttesicteldererstoie iene 2 East 45th Street 
RATINGS AETENTRAY “ELS ive seve c/a: dherelsloveieketetens levees slelsheteteter smetensteteerretette 2 Wall Street 
EAT SOEMEN RY GIL 5). ns, 3 = ois cs xcs & emilee sista etbuteeroeS 1269 East 170th Street 
—SEVATOGK a GHARLES git.-4. acca visieo eae 180th Street and Honeywell Avenue 
EPATSTEAD UNITSS. ESOP site) iayeravsyevevsretovel cleneiee serleketsretetokelts 110 East 37th Street 
EVARCERSERY SILOUES (GORDON « cccid sss tone muaimen ees ite 1030 Fifth Avenue 
ERAMCIN TON, SIMEIEODORE: «) d:<).<.0.0.0 aie els save wveve olerecereteieta seater tveyeeele 1028 Grote Street 
HAMMOND, JAMES B............. The Osborne, Broadway and 57th Street 
EVANENTOND. NIRS OEN TEIENR Yn cpiciells sieleicieleielele's<leiete tier 14 East 72d Street 


*Deceased. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 21 


ela OR MUON Te VVi'si5ye,0 0: « Wao a¥0/e ress ain; ocd iaoPatods'e iors opnlanciee Wyoming, N. J. 
EipRie Nee RORY LISRRY, 1) oc. Scie: <'a%ewisiciers o's:e o/alaisdicwrle ig 310 East 21st Street 
FIBER GERARDES 0.5, syscie.0 sieiace sisisieie sisrnleie sie-sie'a ave vow owista chelaiwrs Islip, N. Y. 
REIMER ENIS CONTAIN iofoto: 102s /0'ct0'c) 0 o0vayois*niajois sp sie tess orsiin eo eles eps 107 Wall Street 
LEAR WATTS EASVIE VV. cays at's teu slevelelsysiotesetersnevs:aceysie/oseyeveseowoletsrsiel evs 365 Fifth Avenue 
PART OG Hy ERDIOVAND? JP, Rs o.c.0 00 0000 5 6 aesianisclacieissiclee 21 East goth Street 
EOS Se ea ee ree 80 East Washington Square 
EUASEROUGK  GUARORD. cis.o,.:01015 vis 61s o-1s.0 sores esisinve cise Deis 39 West goth Street 
FAG Sie NG ETE Rae |PACOB' a:oxo cov ereveis levels! siere.clc\ateiels ie leilsiel lererenetovenn 100 William Street 
EVADE DsMISHOMAS El. os cccna sissies ss 834 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. 
Ep aRaNN BANNER BNW 2 S31 Sys. 0.2 erelicve) ao) say erk: oh) «jajshairele, ©) s:elele: uacerousyere 117 Wall Street 
EMMONS MeMSTOEREC TC AG 05 sim nin) « nds ay a! wala are siei'e Bie eeiw''< euolers'ete East Orange, N. J. 
PARE AGHORG EY Gress JiR ta eie os) 10-0 «0c a's o's 6 ws ofsiedelere cholo wieue 6 East 53d Street 
HEELESRV TNR AME Lieve ay Varco atevisfasjoheseys\exei vinyah «yay telarole/s¥erallecste/e ove eularmtons 25 Broad Street 
AESNES VAGRANT IDE HOREST 1001s 000 61s 00050 soe 16 East 36th Street 
IED GIES CHIERA | OHUNG GERARD 516 o/c 0s 0:6 0:0/0/0 106164 asia. 01 31 West 75th Street 
IF UPHAM Po MERU NCETVAUML ¥cpevcls, alcis'o,/s{cie/elelels oe siele ee oejsie: icicles 745 East 175th Street 
IES MRaRERR GEA acess “a iahafaiinya\ oS o.oo wi\elo (oleae! 6 o.0 wo, 6 0.0)6'0'% 650.08 745 East 175th Street 
IE WERNBAND PUIG! “SUPER siac.stislelece ooo vis slots e eleisvere ss ines 765 East 176th Street 
IFS TERURANTIS Pn GMO RG Bip Meretiats eve fs so atissovedevsae.0)' teense role voto: ese) of “= 303 State Street, Albany 
NS EUDIENUE Rea IS PONT veterstare sis teas sca ja lcis' eis os isle’ ies er) s Sie lo elec 54 William Street 
AGAR TMP OELIN GG). sic)\s) s\<e/0ra/e Sie'e ¥ wieie ovecie sie 169th Street and Third Avenue 
NRT OMISSION Wee AV. 2); 15/5,0,6: oyerve, ele! o's lois Zia ayers, 8 eee rezets ie Morristown, N. J. 
ENERINEAINING 1 EERDINAN DD). ¢)<.6/0.6)0 0010's 01c/sle/sicieivie.e 10,0 P. O. Box 477, New York 
EMER TOR oD Ree CEIRTSTEAIN: Aci «5,010; 6,5:0)5,606. o/e\01 0/015 5/08) 5:5 vere 819 Madison Avenue 
EA SSMINS ETANPAUR Maye te forays icsiniSieveo'e.c'se, ofeloiekelbic ois eiellele 2 ce weil 956 Madison Avenue 
IPITPMEVER CLEMENS: 2% cs .s00se 0s 810 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. 
FEgeE rama Ap Pars cc alt ctolizne! seve) ous. 6'a/0.074 8's 80 11 Sumner Street, Quincy, Mass. 
MATER INIEETOTEAS (S50 JiRieie ics ones ola 10 oiaieisie.ein sis sianis nies 243 West 98th Street 
FSLTANGATRD ol GERORGE t D5.5 ia iareye)'s; oi0i 01 cts) + 1910) 610, ssp sje, 8)003/e}'siei ese) scsi e1° 144 East 4oth Street 
[Ee IOIgNITAS pa Gre SURESTIRTSIDS Soya ei'cieilero! say ele sile/eloxe so) siolofeveters sl evaueisvekertetavers 126 Liberty Street 
EN TONE ORS JOHN El isisisiove sac love: siererse <ielaie sie reise, avers 41 West 32d Street 
(EUMRGILCOUKS SO BN TER, (5. 5.0,<,0,2:6,.01510 a0 foiee ore nee eamiseises Knickerbocker Club 
ELONET AND yNITSSMRAININGY: Mis ois sc nieces are sions oa eierecie sss 27 West 5Ist Street 
FORMER TGIPARINL WIR a ay-tole) <rokercbelc: cveuarouafole) «csrsVa.leieraiercverelevs.ayois. Ir East 71st Street 
FLOR MI NIRSH RI GEDAR TEI, craaicieievelare alec <0. c'eieie ove wis o/e¥ehors 11 East 71st Street 
Tio am iG e le OBERM ce tsis, cvarepessi oss <: ster; Siar sieve. cesvsie & 454) 5) severe Ir East 36th Street 
OTERO ORM VIRSGi Et Shelecys.5 sec) sselers/oieei v.sis, s1oi.cr ey cihomeee «Sere Stamford, Conn. 
FIORE ROO RS VIMSG HME TESTAING (oleic siress'e 6 <iore a's wieislete s/o. wie) ome sue eles Stamford, Conn. 
FHOGD EN DWH Biter cisias is elecs os sic-e aye secs atereis wel srei gyrus 323 Riverside Drive 
EMESIS NGA Gx ORG EPA (55 co cha /010)0 caso, 016; 0/,a/0:e) 6-af0.01 0/6. 4,2;003jaherey 912 185 Riverside Drive 
EHOW AGNI NITE V¢ Als 3 stare cts ,16)0/\,s)sie-siep6 2244 Bathgate Avenue, New York 
OMBISME RN GORGE | CLAW 2 5. «5.0 \c lores ojerstoxoisieieueieue els ieuele sisuere 515 Madison Avenue 
HEM RBIS aja wi'sinraig cba bi aie ere 6, 8 1410 President Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
AES MeaTic Rg LUGE /s slots jot nls ae 10: cleesa veyotoinisimigixsacaiayeteomssyelayayeystayeyels 29 West 23d Street 
EUaINGA Ce APA TET ANGE < fox5. 7 o.a- sha css Gra Weipa wit sole a wieialels isle saeNas Garrisons Ni. Y. 
FROr eines RUAMEMETON, Ts... cot .cieas sets ciew aalsie as oc ose hobs Mt. Kisco, New 
IVORDING  SARMUEG: LOWLAND s/s\shsfeysiotojsteyetsie) everciere ae shere. cis) evo% 55 Liberty Street 
*HortTon, G. B. 

IRIGEaR, DER Casa BR GE BRAPnOOOC ici id acres Gera aee reer 49 Wall Street 
AEH WHTEAUN DD a Gray Grains edo ie: 6 'osiv ad 1s oleliniorane elsysieusie oneiets ees etenegs 37 East 35th Street 
ELON IO AND AM EME NIRGVe IS 01's, <\</ eric ost sisveretareresaverelessi set ere 8 visveserserossaa rs 35 Wall Street 
IRM oegT me Tera FRA SANS, 5: ists: sc, arsine) hav ehaNape eres ecateteun wile uniessvea/So @ niwyerernlevs 1 Broadway 
PETET a © Oe CASTE E SPN Stevo os sye;'0\syavensseiaieisiobevel Vere ate ereisloiore elere & eter eoo oe 36 Wall Street 
FETA ARE GEOR GEM O¥reNe )arst'oja) oiSressisra/aj'e arate euarerolelaterere rletedetero ale sterelars 72 Gold Street 
Humpureys, Mrs, EDWARD WALSH.........--ceee00> 32 East 38th Street 
ECUINE LI GOING WISE Ve) WV loys ERtayoic toler oon stele ieheve korea: o elelevein eres gieienereieicts 804 Broadway 
MUSSE Ys NVIGETANG ED .2.6)<:10,0,0¢ 142 Arlington Avenue, East Orange, N. J. 


*Deceased. 


22 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL’ SOCIETY. 


FLUTCHINS AUGUSTUS iO CHELIn crsyeoreclaletstateteleiateteretoretevetctnetrctels 69 Wall Street 
FAVE BS a WD ABBITT se: cin.0/<ieiatela ole, #0 eielefece a lalete stoi ola cuvotats 20 West 53d Street 
FY DE si OLAREN GED Misis sci icterstcis oie oe) <reroteusiaerare elena sleneretenoieteterens 80 Broadway 
FlyDE DRS EIREDERICK: £5 sicleicierelere ciciotclstorelotersies sloteieienciclereicts 20 West 53d Street 
INCHES) (GEORGE "B.'./: ie:cte'si' creroiese oc North Grafton, Worcester Co., Mass. 
ENNESS, GEORGE © JiR jn tarrs core'o/ataiatelsleretoletabetote’ sietetmieictateuctove 145 West 58th Street 
INSEE! IRS HOEIEGEN (G.taess-victercs exer siaisre cote etorelere etevoverel cere 50 West 72d Street 
TSEGIN, “ADRIAN?” JRiscicinsis ovis Sra, aslas 0 aes stele Sie/ewiclometoe 9 East 26th Street 
USEPA MT }CEVARL ES! SE Ci a} viere'scle-ciaia’s ote nisioveivie arotatoviensiensiots 30 East 63d Street 
ISHAM, (MISS JULIA® Bs Fctcike sis vaaynjete vuajetatsvcrlaetsbiemyee 5 East 61st Street 
TSAME S SAMUELS srerevcroveteiolersieterere areleneretele leteteterctetsteletatorsteteteiey 5 East 61st Street 
LTENER, Jie ccctsnioe taeasd sore oe ee meee os Sinavana enone Soros 813 Park Avenue 
JACKSON, FREDERIC WENDELL........0-ee000. Westchester, New York City 
JACKSON, Dr. (GEORGE, THOMAS wc i105 s/s ose racm eet 692 West End Avenue 
JACKSON, Je AGd aio erirsietel slotarvavicle areldtexaelelsioninisians Box 86, Springdale, Conn. 
(PACKSON. RAG, Gere ois (eit Ree mee 23 Cedar Place, Yonkers, N. Y. 
JACKSON, ‘SAMUEL, IWACAULEY ciciss ye.cicis ofotore sisjeiciate te 692 West End Avenue 
, JACKSON: WD HEODORE ITN. ca\co vio alcreres state olehs losaieuetohale otelarrole 10 West 43d Street 
PAGCOR: . CHARTERS oho ice tacareya shane auclteh a o.0 atl cauteda iioarateiane Ie 310 West 45th Street 
JACOB, TZAWRENCE Seria ae hos oa eis eee let his Se, bm eum cevraios 42 East 4oth Street 
PACOBT, TORS WAC. Siac saroraecaiwiaress sialate otetate stershale oufelevahoretes 19 East 47th Street 
PACOBUS, WOEIN, Siics aioe es. olor slo tcns oi ais eres eilariowae Ge 107 East 37th Street 
JACOUEDING TIERBERT) dy, UB): cto ntee ane nearer 34 East 38th Street 
JACOUELIN WORN Uh) Sercick cece snk Sab N alee seine 34 East 38th Street 
PANEES “VARTE UR (CURTISS, «)<1.3-\0, cre apo /arsors ts he wlosordetorebatchnioetoe taint 99 John Street 
JAMES, DR sROBERT AG 4.5. x spomolae enc e's es maine ee mnieeete 58 West 55th Street 
PAIES) SRE WAL TIRES © 5/2: re ovate teiaieictel sveioksierelolotenaes 17 West 54th Street 
PAIMEES;, (NIOR MAN. Vs tec Store heme Sate rajn,s to ceabemeete oh stene eecetonen Baltimore, Md. 
PEIDELL MELUGE AS nets sain reves aic eetete arat Neuotetehehaiemsathe 407 West 148th Street 
IPENINGUNIGS, Etro heat tnects fo neato (et folnfsiaiole fats ata ou te ale myate loin rclevelele 86 Park Avenue 
(PENINEN GS IeuHOUAINIDER IRR cross 2 sts) ajolaioieicicta ole evens (nam cleletale peters 190 Water Street 
JENININGS os "WWADTER Sy cere avouiatd ovata ae aialarahe aie chain @ elerelaeietel eee 26 Broadway 
JESUP! HGEPAREES Meccan is tars altel sic reais ea ie tem Delete ero 124 East 36th Street 
JEWIETE C2 CEL MYR aca teters teas cietaisrataslel o ams sidiovciora el eee inne South Orange, N. J. 
JEWETT, (GEORGE MWictee aces cise et 20 Broad Street, South Orange, N. J. 
JOHNSON: MES. SE COI 5 wcick is ss leiciaeet< Weekapaug Inn, Weekapaug, R. I. 
JOELNSON DAVID Sicnis aii iesisce cts ols smtete ie writer eiceret 72 East 127th Street 
JOFINSTONS AOHEODORE We, Ri ycicts chests sin ercletelehetatsichers 234 Central Park West 
JOLINE: VADRTAN: THOFEMANS «o.c0c's.crtieieeeierpistns aire siere tere toe 1 West 72d Street 
JONES SEL BOLTON sIo's./2) 5) sais sl suciaisseiae eusta,ae sieie sreetarerele: Sie 253 West 42d Street 
ONES, NERS TORN Dis steyesezs iets cses<yesole'estis lassie oiedose olavcleto sae Fifth Avenue Hotel 
JONES! SEE WAS spat: tateciercieversne seretayateinis coreulerte an Bay View, Newport, R. I. 
KAUN 4 HLOUIS!-Hte0s cen ectlge 4 5 'ais 54 Seca oie winds ererelie wile leer anelcener crete 172 Broadway 
VEATUN, AMIGOS BSS esralare ret eras State teeta sratoca a atotavol aletakev ofelanetsyerictefchenetene 172 Broadway 
KANE, JOHN INNES: «omc oni coerce Eieevamineimienvertenter 49 West 23d Street 
IKANE SSH UNITGHOUSON:.e'ys occicracl ssersreie’ ore) ayepore oretclopsisvaienerate 23 West 47th Street 
IOARATSON VID, MUARTING 07% a.c'cswiersicis.ticiareals olaie,+ ciate oe etl eteseoreee Glenwood, L. I. 
KGGECH UMIRAINK: (Bicverstervstet ices ele istetele stcissor oictelelotcle eienetersts 14 East 65th Street 
BCG TTE VW TIT ie Shy cvacareraseteracare Gans arate eit hota totoraieeicisinte takers Tuxedo Park, N. Y. 
Kerem, DB as ch ata ltatoaa sth ebinrecisiomntstne aeaaenyne 115 West 125th Street 
ARETE Ve PAUSTIN: Ulue clcieistere) orsiete istaieteters. olneialeiels orclerenelarcieremmeisretoe 37 Wall Street 
FREELY,» THEUGENES 6 ister 0-010 Galois oe Te 0 eis lolele onl lots fo elole oleteteioieee 763 Fifth Avenue 
SKEET) BPATRICK iisj0-s/ale'd ia oct cistersiasters Kingsbridge Road and Taylor Avenue 
FRE REP ARTUR) Diop fae rains i Joler a feera svete is aos /u toler oakeletete teers 615 Fifth Avenue 
KENT EDWIN (C.. hutees/a.c:0ic sieswieter atepeinin oelete Ria e rae uaeepestete nite 80 William Street 
KENYON, Ropert N....... weiehije id ei snip latets Ra CTT RIE eee 49 Wall Street 
WKEVEFEL, WIDHELM. 3.05% 05 s00dssomteers 510 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. 
KIppER, JAMES HATHAWAY......ceeseeeee .....Union Club, Boston, Mass. 


KGMBATE GATRRED! Riactsic.aie tea arote ht aioie eet mie momen arene as 15 Wall Street 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 23 


GIN GMEIRO PERT) COCHRANE) s1s.c/e) cle cle)sieletclels eiejereireicieier)sisreis 27 Waverley Place 
1 TSE N00 65 00 i 6 a ee Pe _..-871 Madison Avenue 
RSENGMENVRLLETAI © Wie cic\s'ass 0.0/0 0c 0 scoie sew setae ss N. & S. R. R., Norfolk, Va. 
Ges AME NS ORS cioce cisth cial sicrn mo oiave.araie's, Aine wjeneomtereleue arene South Orange, N. J 
St PRANK VA: «cere rsperiieso]se1aiJo)svs Pelham Avenue and Southern Boulevard 
GEE ES HIN WEALD IN iy a)-cvoxct sin: eee @cfeneiarere eis ol cvalevavens-e) eyareinienerereia 22 Lafayette Place 
SNA PAB ReMi RIMIAIN |< ois: ora 0 cinien: « ale. ar aloes oi sverel ares srexer shave 26 West 4oth Street 
MSNA Ma OREN gel cla sin; ec okcie's: oi 70°) 8, 6ic)0is cle vacevarevel orm ine, aie Oraratelonereporerstots 66 Broadway 
KGNORDIEBR NOLAND! SE <s.ee1e0 sya s0scsne wia's, oe Ami NGS eye ore. bers 122 West 13th Street 
EN OPA PATIDE Sha setay arty creccisstetevslcrs, ersieieieie elcietelovsia ctsleierege 2032 Bathgate Avenue 
KOREA ETE Ue SERDINAIND « VWieverccisters ales oiel suetereuels exersy eternal Philippine Islands 
GO FRAMOAIN ET © FVARUEES ove; 0raisteie's iclejistei(ore' oie) sie eiei shore siovevevele sxe 1007 Madison Avenue 
GRAS Weg) AUNTS Laieretar stat siers clerevere.e ie ciacicie eis sieisteresteisuersicls 1037 East 183d Street 
SCRE MZ AMM ONVARDM © ctareteterereiarrere’ « kcieieie etsis ele leicio cyexers aie 2441 Seventh Avenue 
GGT a GEORGE wi) oicrsare sens eave revs siayeys ov stavesisisi siete wis cicheto-eiciore.s 4400 Park Avenue 
GUE NPIS ESE RG LUA 25 ot ox cy ave 'a; dei ese. «/0) a)avarevove\a\-0lG\le\siays\s eyes. 5 7 East 78th Street 
SGUINGETOATRD ToT ENR Vw EN Oray oy srareiece/ajs\ycis o/eysisis's,8)ete\eisierere isle 124 West 74th Street 
IS eATER OTH eA OWE keer ce ieiche (com s)o\eses610) bi o¥er0.0/0,\e01 6)e sles aioics 2 17 East 69th Street 
La Farce, OLIver H. P..Second Avenue and Cherry Street, Seattle, Wash. 
HERG Ate Ren GEORGE 5 a'atavele vcrareic elelaG'atases Cnlo'ale «id.2 <Jolaisieter 225 Fourth Avenue 
PAGER T DRS ALESGANDER: << s s.cim/s\e\siieisie’ cia 0ls-2.0 200 eases 125 East 36th Street 
HBPAUNGINOIN RM EURVAUIN CES 7 Gretasreseye io aave ete reveyn savin © esis reiel ava sieeaaa Lol ovendveretlo 8 ete 29 Broadway 
IPAUIN oes WANRIDRNViZ -afs sieve, oon) o\e1.cissa/ sieeve ssyeyseaejele! efolererave 143 Liberty Street 
AN MAP ANLES A VVARREM . o'cj016,cj0s's s/a1a 070.051 0[e\ 4 a/aie/> wie'e, w/e eie 4 East 61st Street 
PREIS ELL Dts) arcs sails dois 0: 4/e\hs, so. 0) o/s) suave! te, 8'at'e!ei ster dy/or%| m4 220 West 7oth Street 
IBEAINT GSE OPEL mM Do cvos natives cvcalnoss ever cle chejete eve) aiailoisnevorsyleievs oi onsuctoueye 784 Fifth Avenue 
JOAN GNTAINN (HDR SGU SDAV a1) o\i0 «cieyeienerersielie, choles js) s,0elovers 6s 121 West 57th Street 
WARS IAB veep OWAVIUID ccs c¥ciaStavers etcliaveie sisesaereeveloare lala! oe aitvelanerne 44 West 33d Street 
[EESCRIFDR © Bras LUVAUN CLS c-scra oceiviarvionsis eel e suereusvereiersishe ors. os 29 Washington Square 
PAN UIANIER Mla Npexetcveisectosels cvercisie oishete evslste wsiais,eiels ooieveeceilts 37 East 76th Street 
PERE CVRD SO I= ciara vie. cisie die) afeleioleiardisiave e)saia'e e/a <a aicieyeree 1 Park Avenue 
IPESVREN CHM OEUN: DY UREING onic ici seicisieccisis eiac «tie eiesvele 126 East 30th Street 
RENCE AN EW BOLD) CL 5,6: i0-e.c sipG ao siete v8 sere awe Reve wees 51 Liberty Street 
JEAWIREN CE aatlhONVINISEN Dc (,c10.6/0le eye wielocs:616 sie oiei6vs Willow Bank, Flushing, L. I. 
TLAWRENCE, WALTER BOWEN........-.--- Lawrence Street, Flushing, L. I. 
NE AWIRIEN GEV VME Sie ceis ato tonsicnele sis ie eyo tialoe evo. sie.e) ese disiole eViefelel< 542 Fifth Avenue 
MEG va rs MaRS) sie cts tec ane csisians, oicasiapais: $1.60, 0i)e%(e) ejo.aos°els e/apare ery MtaKiscosNa ¥. 
HERING Usxame NER PRU Te Ny este exayotoshy <1 ovaiaiatsiers) ein s'esclele stays ete size 39 West s5oth Street 
HeeMRORS GREDERIC (Siig sc sare, ois aisise win 60's ticle sieayse rele ales 64 Park Avenue 
ERP BigP REDERTCw Os /e\5 c,0)sisispois:elolsis severe cveys si ecelolancfavsis, sleet 64 Park Avenue 
MEAS OW ERG otiialutaiaw so Wic\ols's d/o clelcie'e 61 6.016.015 6.0) 9,sisfas 5 o's 51 Exchange Place 
[EMRRERTS tie VUARGELALT | Gi-4is.cieveresie aree-s osieveloraie SS ea eite Sere 34 East 65th Street 
eee GEN DRE we VRE TETANT Gis crotareiaie iste ie sie orer eels. ola wie laren ete wien 50 Wall Street 
RE RG ETON PROBE Ese asase-0icyne's wio.0 sjecelao.arerales aces ap eisete 126 Liberty Street 
NG ELINIER AA COBB calc soysssve expel 6 wietelarorsinieisvele, «yr{alerefeveielo-erers ave 678 Union Avenue 
JEERTNER AW OSERES «0: sterefers rere sues cveysiesalcssvepa:8l oo svelerejemeeeorecs 938 East 183d Street 
ER IRO NA AER EDs cre vcia suave. casave ie sccierticnalw als @iolafe eveass @ievous afore 117 Wall Street 
IE TSSHTER MU Nene Gage Avs ad ar aracenst aval So oxo audlsvelens irae Srere Orie ware alias 9 East 75th Street 
PERT Ge MOANING iy ED. SV ce os. oie; or o avers ove'eravele areata eisialois'o aisle oars 1278 Fulton Avenue 
GEV VARI AINUEL See cia. vis-s craic cie'rig aeoidenster iors s olsen eae ose 280 Pearl Street 
LEE WISPMREDERTC! eLETOLTS wy «,s1<)-le1a steheleveleleis eielcale Box 572, Tarrytown, N. Y. 
NEE WAGE IMITSSiNIARGITERITE\.\.ia7eie\s ascfapelstapersictcverersteneseleretie 215 Madison Avenue 
LEE WAS HRIEGER GVe ELVIN \5)5, «)-<,0:/s11oue1e peters aleteioletersveseusies acis BS VV eSt) 42g) Street 
MEETS PORE UNVEEDEAM J s.i's 0:0 sue a ovlitararersiarajoreye arsiehens 319 West 116th Street 
BEE WT SOT MN eA TOE RH 7) 05cicis cu s.a:0 aie ars a/sistn wiaial due she URLs s fis.c) cals ehetdate 11 Broadway 
LOST oe 5a 3 ae ea Hotel Albemarle, Madison Square 
NGTEBENIAU si AT BERT) siafsrelototevel'scksia chem ustaraiote oleyeastate altar ners/s) « 3492 Park Avenue 
ISTHBERT ZW) OSE PHMaetare eicssyals & a/ai'e ois east S ne ioe beaieis 1018 Prospect Avenue 


NET DMCAN Nowe AIN TE Tor Jfivoyo10% cra: #\ 0's: s 2). wysiselteteteiarcueeteteseta ¢ 1974 Bathgate Avenue 


24 NEW YORK’, ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


DITeHETEDD) EDWARD Elcpee eee oct eel ert ee eee 59 Wall Street 
LIVERMORE, JOHN R..... RE COCO oD Oion emo ati 36 West 46th Street 
TUIVINGSTONG BO NONS (Goes ran Oued duachociomnees Boston Road, Bronxdale 
BIVINGSTONT WV VLED LAND Sitalelelctcicieloncetsieioiel ster tetetete 207 Berry Street, Brooklyn 
LOBENSTINE, WILLIAM CHRJSTIAN........0.ecceee- 245 Central Park West 
BocKwoons WELISTON Bivaeus cscs eeieeh ceeiine eens 205 West 57th Street 
ILGEBER, tC BUA RUIG ove 4s (atera tse folate se ato aba labo atelcholete te telahetes Bedtord® Park, New 
HOGAN: CWEAtTERS Ss 3i.c 82S Goss ca detain coe oe eee 114 Riverside Drive 
TLONGENECKER (CHARLES), j.-< 5siculreretsrels lola Rlehale oe oaleinbele eee 126 Liberty Street 
BONGEELLOW A VIRS. JEREDERTCK Wis escmeeiicleleers oleic: Riverdale-on-Hudson 
FRORTNGS) JCAMEIIN <: sre, apel ore ctds Seeleesl svete cca avaret slots: ci cvelot oor atone orotate EE Owego, N. Y. 
EOWELIE MRS! = CHARLES USSELIaS a cle cineiee oeeiecioeie er 120 East 30th Street 
LUCKSINGER: PACOUES? iyo). selec cua East 198th Street and Pond Place 
Eupy Dupery=Onconteso 2 has oe Oona eset eee 4 East 53d Street 
TUDE WIGt CEPARTES) Chl sacs cstcee erelerteit erste araierrensine eae 996 Tremont Avenue 
TURD ERS EUANS OR Baht soren, telaints ceo ee Rector ee ee ROE 112 Wall Street 
TEND NERS. Pe A eats Se fener ore ote ote tebe bet aaa ere ete 512 Madison Avenue 
TEUSK SE RORY GRAHIAIIE tas mh tere eeiaenetee tei atee oe aor: 11 East 74th Street 
EUTRGENEVVALTFIERN soils seco or eiineen P. O. Box 1587, New York Citv 
TEVINUAIN. | TERAINGR Se roe ci cinieis, & sc essuaus aerebovei aie taeieierele 34 Remsen Street, Brooklyn 
IEVINDE, DERAN GIS Heep ye xccomterctelot toh ichehetel torts eter 318 West 86th Street 
IWRCATIAINT - IIOEUING Sec cere araiichsuenaliny shaved ehavecoheranevSiouel esac evecare 4 West 84th Street 
IMG ATPING  GEPARIBS Wo). cnc Sciteedcneiiaon Onan eee 10 West 43d Street 
NMGAtPING MRS AGEHARIES™ VV crete iors ele ioleroreletenterenianetetets 10 West 43d Street 
MGAEPING: GEORGE Dletacin conte sisketle nt eekteeis ceke loa 52 East 55th Street 
MGGATE. ORIN GAN se tonsacok aoe he hin ee oat a eee 346 Broadway 
INTE Gr UIR VS Sisco co. Sy eee cera: Cena ea ee 141 East 25th Street 
Mic Curnyae RICHARD AK sce conerciopots choleitenibotes (Personal) 32 Liberty Street 
INTC MIMETOMEA SI sata Clare scta iah pe verer ae nies en aN Rea 460 East roth Street 
MACKIAVES (BENTON Sas stance nines aie Gate celaee a Oo 51 East 25th Street 
MGKriie Riny SEAS Hm ili aeieales cleecciotcie eich: 9 West 48th Street 
IMEC WIGHIN WARS 28 ha wia cli violas slntctayslela iaiciald statel ae ea ea 18 Wall Street 
NIGIANE MIG UVs) RICHARDS Hettosleeictc heise te lonton hohe ee 51 West 38th Street 
MICA UGHiTINig At mile ow acucterctetsteceeverchaccrs.c Siena sete Seater Oe 1028 Grote Street 
INMIGILEAING JENS ah. icp tetas, aie altsstata ttorctalor sleet rannstecnererrer 16 West 55th Street | 
MGIENIN:AN; 13 C ERAT SWIAG vars 2 bate tae eo ein mie ele set oneal Whatcom, Wash. 
IMIG VGA BEED WARD iis fore ce se secession ike atode Ree ioho lo olee eee 112 East 56th Street 
IMAGE ARIE Es oercistersae etree ctseencectn elctonnrato sare tastes Williamsbridge, N. Y. 
NIACKAY GEORGE | DterdcrrenictaeUniore tee seleiarone ion eaaere 20 West 69th Street 
MEAGEE I OHEN: sfevsts\i'a classic taiwie Ss ne aha bo erte orora pore austere ls RESO OI Corning Nays 
IVEA CER ME INOBERIT aera teste ci sces Ree AS Toke 423 West 147th Street 
NEVER: LJPANOR SE IS 37.0 saute cate Ape thud aaa scones Sane Rees 500 Fifth Avenue 
VIGACET TES SAVANE TAINS oe ths re ee ee ted ee Ree ceca 200 West 138th Street 
NPAT EO BTRRRE, © 366,556 di. Gis 2a ae eare ues IIS Slee ee ans oasis 8 Fifth Avenue 
NEABESECIDAIN TET fa) [R’s.c/cnsiersociscncna cvacia hecho Sermrettneterere 1920 West Farms Road 
INBAPES? SEGRNEST (Sine ch cistetete roti tet peeve totsiaiets ts hele totes 1279 East 176th Street 
NGARBORS | EIEN RVG ta Wiayeea andiaicict cele! alate! drebeiane cheba xen esate eae Brooklyn, Conn. 
NARS 17 SPE Biv cater etxerevanatonslat ovebarhed tera boletaketilaneceee Country Club, Westchester 
NUARSTRAT TE aS OUTS gerd So foro sl acclaim cial faint aid erate 33 East 72d Street 
NAR TIN: CGEORGE™ G waxes tateres ayetoleta shloteiet del anspatet ash slebslteens 106 West 61st Street 
MARSTON, SED WING Shean oe eerie 291 Clinton Avenue. Brooklyn 
MU ACGWON A stl De meee Ree yee SOA MM EAA GBS co gidig 5 44 Pine Street 
SNDASUBNMSRIGHIARD cle 15 4 -s.cls ate loisente tie wie ere etre oretorelee 217 West 125th Street 
NGATETE WS) ILETONDAS . 5) ay a. sayervier ai. siel oie ernie oe Geel ete 110 Wall Street 
IMD Nic ee sy onsite leleannnishaacadecogs soc goth Street and Riverside Drive 
NU WELDS IROBERT aie foc, ston roti ite oie aren eeroeene eer 817 Broadway 
Mayer, Atrrep G.... Museum of B’klyn Institute, Eastern Parkway, B’klyn 
ENTE TERE NIR Ys apni elnts bestiers ire sien 128 Webster Avenue, Jersey City, N. J. 


MerrKpr, (EIERIWANING Wissen sie coco cee eee New York Zoological Park 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 25 


INTs ae EET DD fs VLG ke Yate naira ovrclors) otoy'atctenctole ioboroeinlote ore ete 36 West 93d Street 
INAS WA Rep ELUGRIMUAUNUNTIS INGs lays) 0) aici's aie) e) et shel sueneis\ olaiel aime aioicversorsie 4532 Park Avenue 
NIOERYARGD VV)Z EE NTT NES a oie are rare voy/cresrelrevre: avevle tele rele revetoveletere alle 104 East 23d Street 
DESDE BROOK) HREDERICK, <4\5:0:s cjavsts aie etclevesaloisis s/efeiekelede Grand Central Station 
DEMiIrHAU, Louis JOHN........... Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 
EMV IUIAEI SW) OIELNG dapat cage bates wai eieiarcl' wf earexexets) ore a wie ch suetenevevevaleceile ocapenslGiers 610 Broadway 
MAEDA SD WARD! pH tee vcs satecebhcrcbei el ciaiele ears Sie levore erevelars 712 Tremont Avenue 
AVI TRUDET en EAU Te (Oe. alia fo fas fotovtaln’o le tavato'a ee ororctave ovate toheualevntetens 900 Sixth Avenue 
INemerER: VWIEET ANE Ros eee case eas Southern Boulevard and 187th Street 
I Terpatese CAGE RUA ERAN Gres. cio)0-o15 018 a): eve)-019 calore lei 4'Sim slbre: sisin bisierave Se tiated s 71 Broadway 
INT RTETISias  VAVEIIRSINTEASIDTRY 55 stars lon ch os ols 70 /ste lobe! ono! ote" acol elelforateneterers 65 East 55th Street 
IVIRGNTO MED PAV VRAD Pt caicvetene ratcloters. efalalerstatelevote late ete love tolorslotater de South Orange, N. J. 
AIRE TY Teles AVEO 2 cee. < arsilois wile 01% (018) + wievelers 2849 Briggs Avenue, Bronx 
AVION Gane Ul COM: ci hyeicke Salesis ea fae Oe ad seis a laee aca 133 East 23d Street 
IMIG HERIAME Eyl. Sicrs cine o2 siews es 2025 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, Cal. 
DPC RAN Ie NPT ONISE: 0. ici inie'si0'e Sinie sieves e aise ave o Bile os 326 West 22d Street 
IMG TCOM ERA: RICHARD <M ose s0cc ciclo oe adeldc cis ve 8e/eiw' 2 19 West 34th Street 
RUMI OAS UNITES IIR) FR sires aya ia ove ts nia, /oi 0 oletn, ade ev0i0 o-'s'a/ oles 109 East 38th Street 
MGORE, (CEPARLESOARTHUR,: JRsisjsis/cisiviciecle elsieie's os ciste e's 277 Madison Avenue 
NYE O RPE ROA'IN @UG GGu cies, toieiate larareiole fetelee Tals etoile wlersrere Yolevelarese's 80 Madison Avenue 
IV EREISSIE NN OUTS AGNON GEES “Li :s'c%0\s n'a ou 'v lee ‘oiein siete: orabe'ei sie 219 Madison Avenue 
Dy MepeRReg TSS Oa bllits sila cttw cictaicharantle! al s\wletale:aishcletoto! d/anelata 121 Madison Avenue 
AVTOR AON aR DT VWAEN cal) 3. Vehctic at craves aschov sla clcley cuofel lel cvalane ovelicrenetatctarevatete le 100 Broadway 
VIORGAINAE GEORGE TET e tara fofelste tore ctor sie sfotialsristelalstlkew atetoion 6 East goth Street 
POR ART. sine Pes, Rates. sreie sinew 'elo tie’ J. S. Morgan & Co., London, England 
MII A Rap ea PUINT EEN SS st oes 70: Svs 0s be, (ool s fale tala niwitiie, hare a loiee wlevelae Princeton, N. J. 
INIGRGANTP VIR SE FI WINTUS! Sites 40 eide e151 ee apes sie oecs ives exesienerale Princeton, N. J. 
IMMGRRELTASIVIRSS UROBERT) (GEE a cereie a s:ele cisieisisre-s/aicicie « ersicialshe 2 East 45th Street 
IMIGRRIS MD AtRe bt, ets sfc cleyorenpivw's sieies 6 velo aise Westchester, New York City 
IMIDRRES ML ORDIEVAME oretaitieisia sate atere'eisio sis Selave'e cnals.e.aumisevelerete 16 Exchange Place 
PRPS RT SS aeME MER LATS Ss IRS Harolaliciole/eletataie’atni ale 's \eieiote: aiciesale\stetatd 60 West 58th Street 
VOT AEE NR C21 oct stolarete oiisrevaistelereleleteve, 6 428 Grand Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
IO IEG Mea ORDIAN GS IS. ee] Reeavana cielcetelere\s einieha ciclo sisinve-celebaielongiane 17 East 47th Street 
IMO. Vasyl Lael Bx ie. Brat See Ur IC aot a nee wee PPP ese Bellport, L. I. 
INKCED IER CIPEARDR SAE jclivs neces seceerdels tiers sibuareernetels ¢ 1815 Prospect Avenue 
IGN is EDIE Woes NORGROSScvsictelsiate oio¥e/s, otciale!stel ale eohellal stat otek wtatrar Orange, N. J. 
AVICURNARG) MELEE ROVE WW hevcraJ ciel aiuviakarelalehe’e oicielslele ohefetelal siateve! eichbaete 32 Nassau Street 
IMMIRGATROVD IGHING si. o0cc cc ccs cpa se eaawes 128 St. James Place, Brooklyn 
IMIURIGEN, SVVTRE TAN MEI... :.)o:..6 os sla'e's 3 York Terrace, New Brighton, S. I. 
INRIA AM Sreietra cats ciate e ebsieret ps ehetotoncicial Maker a chaeiafsinerdts 10 West 11th Street 
BUILTIN ANRC IL fa bk /avavtoloicw's in’e's Warne aa lolwla lan ia lack 3390 Alexander Avenue 
INGENIOUS  apet at arare eta siansvors cus sic eusalets 155 Ainslie Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Neritson, Dr. Howarp S...... P. O. Box 234, Althea Farm, Darien, Conn. 
UMeacrrsten Me A Grd Sts A avclalchsl apanch anh ieee ciclatcleal avelecctiarelel as Tevatetatats Kingston, Pa. 
IN/CCIETONG), GANGSTA AA Ae en cee ae ee ee ae ee eee 5 54 William: Street 
INTGHORGW GRORGE Mei. arenic hetero aiianmelow nt weieln noe 66 East 56th Street 
INURE eg, Jone EAR ONT ss Ys areca izatc Pale atese a Najofev'abe Sia iala tatattaarel whelevatebreeaete Bedford Park 
AMaEISe Ee OBERT Ut ctr. 1.05 Sta lojeinie ia ctotlarbafare ote ats otowteel total tailors 20 Broad Street 
INO BIERE phim Gris SPs tne siciccere Se orbit eeel ta ered ae sere ie 30 Broad Street 
Wormin, Ne WANEBAR 24 co.cc css cis Cob eS Rea S ees ae tek 15 East 84th Street 
DNC MENTEAGNT IA] OIDIN Sotctetiscete ots, ate out taveieuekets avs ted tava tarot ote tarsi roms ator 54 Wall Street 
OMe vesle GRUGERM Gs Sic sat ci aslnoncne Heo S as oe > ond eee 52 Broadway 
GHGONNED NITE AEE « 535.14. as stceae ek onesies sae on 2075 Arthur Avenue 
ROC eI USAIN G ooo 5 Vie, Bass ens loseamse's Searels 126 Liberty Street 
EERIE HS) UFLERNOAN NG) Ri sis os 4.6 aoedit Sinsainerealavereyod meres 1 East 57th Street 
CULa sit CLE A Re An Ae er oe 38 Munroe Place, Brooklyn 
NOESEIR EUAN) Ec) y/ os cls'staja!atdetatalelslntal atavclstatocstitialele ot sa 27906 Pond Place 
GEMEEDAIT PIROBERT coc 5, cciaie ¥ etee dares eee eeeteleles 21 Cortlandt Street 


OVE VNNGI ERO MN TA caso damit catshoto citar ea Severna ele 21 Cortlandt Street 


26 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


QNATIVIA, JOHN VICTOR 55.0 « 210'a siete tsscicateh lvleebelagy 2 oe ee 16 East 82d Street 
OSBORNE SMIRSRMEIEN RY: UE ise rscvielsceie slsteveeueieve (ovoieioiolener siete 850 Madison Avenue 
OSTRANDER: MESS (MARY “Mn is cincc/e’sreitiararel nietoelarare scheme 50 West 53d Street 
OTTEN; *MEsieGERTRUDE).. ties pein nono eoe ene eee eee 76 William Street 
QUTERBRIDGE? MOR: PAUL sarc. civs in icrorerele'e cic reise ote ein ersietere 27 West 74th Street 
OVENS) AVAMES). acs sic a: c.everclsnvs iste bei epnciee ae wiciee meee 770 Tremont Avenue 
QWEN; Miss JuLIErTe Aid. Se. 306 North oth Street, St. Joseph, Mo. 
PALMER, RAN GIS: 1: cc comia sisi cite @ » cinco» clels ssareiaaetaares 922 Fifth Avenue 
PALMERS NICHOLAS, “Hs /ciersreretese torstere otcncioreiereiscxoleyapeversieteretereTees 922 Fifth Avenue 
PAU MER IO 0 5S iiscsies 0570 ghe cugiaie cisierelansiaveteratie evoia seie siete cteletieniets 52 Wall Street 
PANCOAST 4RICHARD o's ereieyais cree ere Ce eine sme eine cree eee 28 Platt Street 
BARKER SE RANCIG TEGYRE selec lee siciet oie sietoreelevsta eters 160 West soth Street 
PARSONS SGEDWAN tei torataiavelete siege ste severe e cterete je scatelo tole 958 Madison Avenue 
PARSONS VERS: EDWIN catetersracielecereieleietelelelstexcvensieriey steele 326 West goth Street 
PARSONS, JOHN, Tiare alco. ore aro sional erate efaicie cleyate ers\avarsicterst 30 East 36th Street 
PARSONS EUs DEV Bissetere cicreos e cine cree atoree iets ele Oe eee Ee 22 William Street 
PARSONS) WiILETAN SBARCLAVE cinierei cleicrerVelsiotereieterestteraeieicieretae 320 Broadway 
PARSONS! WILLIAM MBARCLAY:) JiRucicleleicleistevecieis eletcieie sieietele 51 East 53d Street 
IARSONS 3) WILDEAMooT Sic ocletele bis eo acts’ s essintate octeleks, sterehoro ort reemerses Rye, N. Y. 
PATERSONA ses 4 Wichasince tae wre wis iolev elavsuvereterm miais slave, temstoriectrerc 2 West 5ist Street 
PATTERSON| MASS PEE RANOR| | Oeics] stelle clercle ele eleloleresictals 19 East 45th Street 
Pius Wis cs iO ies ayeteickere jctate re eve veierascslereayetetoyeroie onan Hotel Margaret, Brooklyn 
PEABODY; “OVAL ©. fac wie eo, ais ocossiaieis atels Oe oie ioieiet ee eee yee IS 11 Broadway 
PEARSON, EDWIN RICHTER.........+.- P. O. Box 721, Schenectady, N. Y. 
ID BE KS EVEN RNG tlle iereererele o(e staleisiaieiotaleletetelate cjeiershoreetoleieien: 1820 Monroe Avenue 
PEELS MRS SAMERED ctersote/olcvelciels evevevelcleieie tela sicierstoleycrolsiets Highland Falls, N. Y. 
PEEL: STEPHENS: SPs sisi tcrierd sioterers alele.s aie elotensclanviene eters 7 Wall Street 
PELTON RANKIN MDE pe; sra:ejateciotctaisis ere) eyanavereisisvorstcbaercisieveracieiemie Calumet Club 
PENDLETON ERAN CLS pIWEVisve store ciereiels alerslelstere] hele) sisearciueiciens 7 East 86th Street 
RENFOED SaVV Ele TAI gt WATL: yer retetarsletaleleysterelelereieteiore eae ae 10 East 4oth Street 
PENINT MAN GEORGE: El 'e.c arte wcarece's (ole @ + seis lalalete s\aternceunieataven 1071 Fifth Avenue 
PPERIKENIS SOIR OBERT iy Eypteretevetesetictereleielerniclerere stercteie ein clere cxeterens 3 West 16th Street 
IRERR Ya GHARDESwl] eteyeretere(elsisiersisiorejeictelvays iajavejsic Astor House, New York City 
PETERS ;SC@HARTIES «Grejeie's Siar eae ere wlnud omre ais. osc" exe ofavae a 38 East soth Street 
IBETERS yD Rese) WLTUSis cieretelerevs cisrrers etelecersione 937a Summit Avenue, Jersey City 
PETERS, FSAMUEE: PDs crerare ofe)e' sreisieiaisielere ofenare i svelsicreun nue oeals 117 East 37th Street 
IPEDERS sai Vivclete rinse yoiars.c score teiv'eis's! sets aid wiarnoe sesame te 23 West 73d Street 
DEVE NV Che Pe tcraccichoraitiols Siar: © coisa cm euaiokele mis A orca 12 East 43d Street 
PICKHARDE {GARE 1. cy eavebeinres ais Pamingteis tautomers caso 1042 Madison Avenue 
PIED SGOETRREED? oi: stykis.ce eines ecoe = Liberty and Sheffield Avenues, Brooklyn 
PIERCE) ELENRY, (CEAMIN os. 5's c:clersiaietslere o'cietatele’ar ate eiefeteis's « olatsiess Waldorf-Astoria 
Preeson GEN. yg REDos cicctearcetre onteisisi=cre eine ieee eis 20 West 52d Street 
PINCHOT, GIFFORD.......-. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 
PLY MPTON: GILBERT) Mic taiore sfoic)esciatereterereieveletotetore svereletoveverers 30 West 52d Street 
IROGGEN BERG! MEO 7 yorcrers crerevsiorsiciepevere Greteke el evatelel olor sronclevels 115 East 69th Street 
POLAND, “SAMUEL. jis.c 50 = <icis ess 0 Bane caicic, erga mceaneteratate 667 Eighth Avenue 
Porsrocr: SGEORGE JFes)..c:csasicloies sale ncnsradisie,eorste wericvstersiahs 28 West 21st Street 
IRORTER; ACIEARENCE.|. cis'c cer cola Sein eh ss oem age meee eek Ee 83 Park Avenue 
PORTER) WULLTANE 2 2s esere a's 21s,ac0 ore loretarelsie P. O. Box 573, Waterford, N. Y. 
ROSE SAR AML 1 Sits ahelars steiste/6 5, shajareneharsieyaiaveye totes aiaiela sie, eee 81 Fulton Street 
FROST MELD WARDig Gaicieusrs crslevcte cieterec osteo rience averelevenettelokate 350 West End Avenue 
POST) AGEORGE S.J Risrene'v sletanwielaierale/siciainceiare a os sanaetanone ene 38 Wall Street 
POSTLEY, CLARENCE Se ois. ol elevela exe isierssye- os oepecreteteets 817 Fifth Avenue 
POTTER. sMISSSBUAN CHE. ersiee-ciein cou siacats ¢ co esiaataclew ecient 33 East 38th Street 
ROTTER sins Giace che sich arava sojeove'e o:e is oie, elesevarclove aioieiecototerereheiebenctonere tenets 36 Wall Street 
POTTER: . FUREDERTCK ic icietareiale ojnia sce; sie'em ois aie djela'eteiatarsiorn aeierey ners ...71 Broadway 
POTTER; WIMISS | MLARTEDA oie ca .ei0\5/s se ovsinieisiere tare steam cicele 33 East 38th Street 
POTTS) WHLETA iy DREVOORT «.¢ c\0isi01s/eie scien iis ceeeernerisias 127 East 55th Street 


PRENTICE SOEUN’ s idicters cists cle's ls oie sre ers evans sche ies ete etal 3 West 37th Street 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 27 


IBREN|DISS. GEORGE WIS chase are verwcerailereralel ans tereserouele levorsie Ye ociesiars University Club 
BRIN GEE D WARD -15is)sisvele-s siers leleveleieia s ¢o-e'eraiaterere opis elev e 2055 Bathgate Avenue 
FZRUNCEWERORS el) VINELE Vc os sic crs citi ort eis etancinotereeietae eins University Heights 
IRR ME GEARLES co arereloets ois ia:cckein aisles ale atelereies sete wre ae New Rochelle, N. Y. 
RUINAMO eR a NPG SiS avev er ito, osoiteres co wisi ere) olaroe/oeiarevers lors "aeons 318 West 84th Street 
FLW NU ACen VLEET AMMEN, oie toro iaievov evaleviayel: aiere eee, evorsiicvevallalel oie aie otetetans 2 Wall Street 
AVEE SMa AUNEES ol OLMPAIN 5 5 aluye, celels ciate lets tele eieterescoreleleiavereioneress 673 Fifth Avenue 
Ee aa ron liane DD ASN OR 2hasiz Scat orth s inves crctia a cum eects hievatolsv as ianeda rants otene 52 Wall Street 
VANE Wy NURS oP ICACT: OR avarsis:« arelsiessietstate: olay esatezareclatelarsleve 263 Madison Avenue 
QUINDARD oD WARD! foro /0'lereteiereie tofeless 2 coloverererstersire svelte cvs 145 West 58th Street 
OST IY GEORG eee ovis fo ace Gis! ole cel Gv oie tere! suet eterais velele veh NoMarNs Lawrence, L. I. 
REAVNID OL PER Dees Vey Et yislatrs!avatahe(aesere) 6iavel'erataleiiclevalat sielsvois/sceteislayersiteleeie 60 Broadway 
FAN DOL PH VVETIETSNAUM NWictere revels aie svsiereisielese aisters eieisiaace eloretersie 31 Nassau Street 
RATHBORNE, RICHARD C...... Care Spratt’s Patent (Ltd.), Newark, N. J. 
PEO Ta ERPMMA VW TET TOUTE oa) ao. 2i \ssinyet ote8)a¥ o1svalnt siohe'p:ploliereta}ere¥ chek cis cte'szom wlayerete Union Club 
IEREE DAUD MMV STII TANTRA cat's ayn rolelralc orev oxaveiie’ sie aveveyarnversvele elereteus wists 4 East 62d Street 
CERO APETV S Oiaiateic’ oisieipisverd oinclovale ouare iorwl ere sisi slaie see oreister 41 Wall Street 
REDMOND fy GOOD) “els cicroie) ave! oieve oie sveierseleres) # stave 6 North Washington Square 
ESN gt ©) TINO A Mat ctu vapah oteta!soteoiellai a! «jay aver si eheralerelshsvenere siars ote ace leans 15 Broad Street 
RETINELARD De GEORGE Nisicisisisisers’o clovceereta oe sla a ote eliares 1346 Franklin Avenut 
RENENOLDS MESS crotch siatate w lave cis alolevaietsnase-avorereverers 281 Decatur Street, Brooklyn 
INEVANOLDSS JAREES SBRONSON vis.svclerstels ors sake eres siereie stesie, sie. 7 West 43d Street 
IVETEUNELANDER .o GITARIES 010 5 [46:6 do aia 0')o oe ere old o @ oie: a) ciate’ 6 West 32d Street 
RATOADES a ON ELARSEN(.%) caters oiovss el aieystat rerelerereiters avatars 559 Madison Avenue 
RTCEVARD SAG WSTE sravereversteverstavaroncy ste) stators /e1 sferate/o>ste lolol eveicrs ore 12 East 60th Street 
ERT CEVA) Siig lors) aoyet venavcatey-erstiey eve aeiel sie vaieis, sia chat avelere svera axoraye 105 East 19th Street 
PEs iers ies OED Las ratcote! «a's wiaretavs jaicrarsioiasyalaralalansiat’s ele shee 19 West 57th Street 
RURAL terete cavter oy ov cvarsisr cect evatraiet aye sierevoea oie winless 27 East 69th Street 
ROR PIELE Vy mid OTE LON 5. 3/a/c ae! tie: afoiaiaie wee ecotene W)siele « wie'sie vcs en ewe Racquet Club 
ELEN PE SEDINE MGS LD) LLTON: secrets ohe/o e's a/ete leis /aintola's's era ie's oer Hempstead, L. I. 
REV Sopa Gr HOR GERD cho dc cia'staceinlatoraislaieiete otevele\ ats’ <lehevicielstorde ne. 32 Nassau Street , 
IROBBINS a GVA NIDIGEIR say craictosievral otal sieve aiararet afateivaloterevevsccter aye 64 West 47th Street 
IROBERTSON MON ERS mL: Ie 5 sjetetaicrekotoyaislefalonei ciel oieisteies shataretel ciavaiste 2069 Fifth Avenue 
RGB ISON WOM MEDAN (12) c cise e- cis eles overs 6 oils. wiaieroreniale wen, eteeiiee 18 Wall Street 
FROGEW OOD MAVWATEL TA Mi Ell reretevateterete evel ete oi c1s\eraieboy e's) 10) eit e 513 West End Avenue 
IER GO EAB EURIAWNY Ka ©) ee sttctcy areretiavabayrceciniclamanciore a revlate sake avapakeie a tersvatehe rors 3 East 83d Street 
INGEMBIRVING IOs yas cerasloicoekis saeseas seine Sut nemeb sas 174 West 72d Street 
ROBE KER Me ATER D loratet ele tare elicvalanaie eiatsre) dear avers evoneiateseiererere etal 53 West 47th Street 
IROGGENIEAIIP SAU GUST syslo\c/eiclclere tree's ove clays biciciorelorsiearens 567 East 176th Street 
ROGERS ein os cist cia) oid tho) oo ovelal ave wie) S18) cualst's slstateiensi cfevehencvainvekoraverenree 71 Broadway 
ROGERS 6 PANGESE Edo )alaceia/vaies lois-s als Jos ae o/b m bonis wi eucie fers erereroarates 1 Wall Street 
PRC IGETED ATU GET, EAE NIRV! | Oc: ate: sis-o:srevale,c! cictwimarcialelavalcamierstel orereielsi& ava 100 Broadway 
ROOSHVERTS Wis) ECRDLEN oi a/eis's\cicnan avarcin are! svatersiaielstaiwiletchortare eters 804 Fifth Avenue 
ROOTS LIU et. 2. coe sis eess Room 64, The Arlington, Washington, D. C. 
WROPESH CO ARBERT Gre civ/.vidis'aisi este a sista siden eitm acca ow a dieeeioee 17 State Street 
ROSE a OEIND Sons cess einoye Ea aicneres each Jerome Street, Williamsbridge, N. Y. 
ROSS HD SANFORD oe. o ciclo cia: cia or stolaro tabelelataccis a tfatetersiotere cetclele 29 Maiden Lane 
Rosser; Ee Ve Woes: shes xastateval speneaatat skola Sanford Avenue, Flushing, L. I. 
OIE Pte Arico wie e's ae wreleles Gierelbieateieiare itn, See eb Sie &E. wok 571 Fifth Avenue 
RRTNGUOS) “CCAR 07.) c/a!aiencidelacraciiclemerersia eae est lole 107 Kent Street, Brooklyn 
PRUNIMON MOCEVARTEES 24:0 5 a ra:eranalsteraratetelatetere arateveralatacnonelatovs evolscare 25 Fifth Avenue 
BRUPPERT) AV ACOB 070.6) 0: «: 5 0/e,01 010.512: bal austeieegaiolersieieleiare eaarisvarclore 1116 Fifth Avenue 
Russ, WILLIAM \V........ 209 North 6th Street, Roseville, Newark, N. J. 
RUSSELL, ROBERT HOWARD.........0000- Sole tralersts See ee ans Union Club 
ESPN Pe aie oso. sho. vl vava'e o.'olavwoteta Glam ratetatenioenelateretawveiereies 825 Third Avenue 
SAMO TT MSS icine sicicieie wie sie dveiislayevercve bistsle Stacie etait e esis 196 Madison Avenue 
SACKED EO GPAREN CEN ci aerciaielaie-cissareehcioreroloen a On eihe neat 196 Madison Avenue 
SACRED IRS tS a Eis a50s v0 vere vase eee siavaretatecsrtors\eib is 196 Madison Avenue 


SHAG Me SONU EE dist ota shalaencis: s/e'e:0\'a "sale wnieVarelayoyaterepaieleaterenets ailarehe Se Portland, Conn. 


28 NEW YORK. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


SAGE Mins RSS BUT). jsis.o 02's te oud seperti ae eee 509 Fifth Avenue 
SAWNERS ONE AID BIN Sis chota art's ayo, chanie savor orenioioiers Sta teuayster tauren ete Haverford, Pa. 
SANDERSON LOVIN, BOWEN ves 5 cus ok srencre te amet e Oe ieee 22 State Street 
SAUSE (RICHARD is lave sc i.cice rs Gy versie ie oe ee ee 725 Sixth Avenue 
SAUTER, STORED PRTOKS, | 05s ass) evaharels Was aendens ete ate toerone 3 North William Street 
SOLAR MANNY vil 13: :. aihie meine siecle ioe oh eerie 170 West 59th Street 
SGHERER HOARE Ree tiyetielreacccae a cae eee En en 40 West 37th Street 
SGHIEEREDING: | MILLIAM > Jicaecdedet cigrunele case ionoere een 5 East 66th Street 
Soman ned RESEM «ies 0 wis siapsuas eye 6 Oewlee Bee Poe ee 28 Cooper Square 
SG MER GUSDAV otf fe ssbesetaiossie hcrelaue elavolersiebatellonsronete mee 117 East 35th Street 
SCHIRMER RUDOLPEDGE, alaeis csceverte aioe cine ecko oon 243 East 17th Street 
Serna’ AGES. ate isle eae weet terete ors eas eet g61 East 184th Street 
SCHIO WL, by JRIUDAINA. 5s Sisra rovoee a sectenas eeaiat ciate ialiapeleray shel erase aoe eee 126 Liberty Street 
S@HOLIR Ags FI oe is hivs cet e Sled tile tomb Plaats in vote nee etre 30 Broad Street 
SCHU CHIARD SBA Wier rta aes oicko sien sete Creare nee Manhasset, L. I. 
SOEMUET Zi OMIA FS ia. are haiasescursssy cease varevata Wrote evehencret aeRO 59 Wall Street 
SGU UUACHRERR ING 455 55 Wan oes taal atte pancaNoravene ic ate sve RRS 31 East 81st Street 
SCHUNVLER MiisGie 120 UISANGLHE Sse) Gere wieoscinle eke crc 135 East 21st Street 
SGERWAD MRS AGUSTAY:. coin did ace sama iocinecew suMeaene Morris Heights 
SGHWAR ZS ENIRW A Hitt taste ciotacaietornierere tio leiocie Guten ones 39 West 23d Street 
SCHWEIZER AEWA. rayeperarel eins fitecete olay lene ae eiais adele 2151 Prospect Avenue 
S COTA VW ML TATUAUNI Aas rocsiaras'e sale oi'os nial adeoesd late anG ap sveiovaus ppaenGee ieee 33 West 63d Street 
SPARS HOBBES) Ae jeseroyeceveseretex uosevovcheversieisynte rate 7 Taulmier Place, Jersey City 
SID SPIE NIRVtocletstevads ois iciave se enarecevgiate: See ioe Serta tore See 174 West I4Ist Street 
SEVIGNUAIN ERED 1, s'\cp0's-ce bie!Sa Whe oeten otein win ere oe tee Mills Building 
SIEVAEIR Og ID) WereVar teres cscs sists oie ee ooh: oe Pcie 4175 Third Avenue 
SAAN GEART HS MEDERBERT «ls eco susicts eieroiein dicfololeishavciontere ee 47 West 43d Street 
SEG ee PUES S Gis e) iscche a. grdesic motes ols cite laainng Se eaa on 130 William Street 
SERA NPAT VV arcrard lavas-acgentatalaralo, ce Sraane: ates wrarauel ohenaroverae 11 West 52d Street 
SHEMDOMe GEORGE Ro. 5\0.5 «aval leit ee 'esie oipivin «sic 000 lene ee eA ean gether 
SEBO NRNIREG ISAAC UH oii s0ccics rset wie eis wila wenemucks siete 83 East 56th Street 
SELELED ON NW ALLIES PA IEA Cie eo raierereuchsvoncssieie exe tene jecsnsuskenailerSiencvane Re 95 Park Avenue 
SPER MA Nee GARBINIER .\\5jsiclvg ais ols cioteievsie nnotepa eae Sat Maeno Metropolitan Club 
SHGDWANA JOHN, Fle oi.aceWes Madece se weies 2972 Hull Avenue, Bedford Park 
Sapa Ny ABWEN RIVE NI: ch wiwieia'e aise alerels eho Sioleat eet 305 West 8oth Street 
SHUNT BRES IRE EMPX. cars ccutniends Sete ea ioe wea Umino ee niente 44 West 22d Street 
SERGEE JPPACGBR ART At wriisisien ah eehinileaeab 169th Street and Third Avenue 
SHAM AN JEUARDER’ 2% «als Suche scares wale dase emanate seem 562 Fifth Avenue 
SUNENGONGS fo OSPR FM TH" 1 « ral ciorclissosefayaseuniencleiese nie eoiebe shorerompeee 28 West 52d Street 
SUEMONS ePANHES IP) 5). boca crolas cre cies eueeoe ees 44 Broad Street 
SUNGESO NES WAIT AIG ca siciseareraveie octercie toree stale iaciakcrenc okies 757 Sixth Avenue 
SREB g MANKIND) A. seco trans oe testers ia aie eieue see tosses AO 361 Mott Avenue 
SHIDMORE MVVAIUDDANT ILL wtinstate nena meee eran nae 39 West 52d Street 
SMT EY ea AINE TAA. a halegebeecsctotesaito rian er PICS Ronee Mohonk Lake, N. Y. 
SMI BIERS GHAREES X Binns cave sjaratin na iaaancl leet eee 50 Wall Street 
SMrret, “AUGUSTINE! Joes. «.ctSee ek wate tote cincs tore ele biecgeke 329 Lexington Avenue 
SMALE Ge aeetero.ecoqvoe le wheres Banas 1oI Sansome Street, San Francisco, Cal. 
SMITE 4 GEORGE WARREN: Haid stort oes oes sles ociecemiaule Metropolitan Club 
SMITH ea BU CHUSS Lelie oy3c\avthalssaeiel ho wees cle nO se Oto 19 East 34th Street 
Swarms Brae |S). so aie delatejs siecsicceteeare 264 Summer Street, Buffalo, N. Y. 
SMeETE ROBERT AVY sisi. 2.4.08, 'cd stoke pensions wale see oe 201 East 12th Street 
SME WanErane VALEXANDERaacunute nee cecee Lene 412 Madison Avenue 
SMITEERS), (GEMARE HS). 5705 laisse ,ole!tetots ate fere stot daneterctoteht sueuaiel & 507 Madison Avenue 
SINFITERRR Sia PtSi tb ee eres eras ME ar oleol ove gy Sree ne Pee 180 West 50th Street 
SIMA ETT VARY eas os aisiiecasold cic pie islets oneieee aioRIer hoes 57 East 127th Street 
SNBAD MGMSH ies inne cnaeioc loc cedars EE Ee Room 1115, 21 State Street 
SRP MPA NP Hig Geis ave bins oe Bia Oe wiolat etcleke enone oe aa Bedford Park 
SOTSCHIECRS A GARID da Salas Salcios omc tiealeetee oa eretcoeienine 1773 Clay Avenue 


SOURHACK WEREDERICK ya ciccks os COOL E Cr ane 48 West 53d Street 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 29 


SOMPHARD,. GEORGE YH... 0\0.0:0:0 oce's voi eiese.e's 164 Montague Street, Brooklyn 
SPEER MMVURS SH OR GHETA WIVIlc, 45 =rs) ajose’stoiey orokaele evsvoeiersie'ere stores South Orange, N. J. 
PSBEIN GERMS AGNI OIE ay ofavevayiela, or eieiicsevexeveree:svaheleleveicite ete erevorerel heieisies manic 80 Broadway 
SSPREOHIE ERG Ae npn eta trooncteratoleiniataratetarn miclalateteh oeie ete moet 19 William Street 
SPINA ND GEORGE. Vics shor oysi vse eres tray cicyevenay cl Srorevak sl eueravayoterehars 12 East 74th Street 
Seornonny IME ie Besse aogneree correc orcmen oc doce sone Etunts soit. Nery. 
SPRING SBVUTSSWAUNINIAY ER LIER! oct 5 (eye/e ic os) etaie levers aveiereis) stele 434 Madison Avenue 
SERDNG Nie VERA AISBERT 9 Ac ora shetalals;onnoitusicrorsie, sleintok Saelale eee ro ieee 120 Broadway 
REMI MMM Lee pre en cit ats Speirs ce is fee evevauclenckdholenopsuars ve lo \acstaleteveuerere selected 110 Worth Street 
SS OUMBB Me CARING WES) aro) a:6)0\'0ce a) oy alo, Siarer ailerons evetoialal overareier cane Bernardsville, N. J. 
SOUIBE OR MDW ARD HE ic.5.ciele clelers rel siele oie 148 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn 
SPAR Nieves OUELIN co = cit) arataiwi"eneraiel Po siaisislaveha a Sherer cee wre ater ae 13 William Street 
SSIVAUNGAE ON OIELINR EX vt o:as cxtisra, oyeyesee!s sveveleieievars sie ae. sieve olsreces 256 West 7oth Street 
SAR MeO GTS DIVIORRIS cise! rere cioraaciasieie tiers sleicais ols sleleye 3 West 53d Street 
IEBEEUN SMM J AITES ETS sicv:e alersivis acais sieves) slslsiele s-aiea's arertesvei’ 80 Madison Avenue 
SERVES OHIN wl iarcs citeiwre.s slerermeisiedarerees 138th Street and Fourth Avenue 
SUEUNBECKS JSDWARD) .\cosie's o0 crclsie leis es ocre Prospect Avenue and 180th Street 
SUPPEIEN SS ORIN: is.« secs eysvspere cleievesoravaeaielss 146th Street and Gerard Avenue 
SIDERINPRR SPAVA CU pao e tits ie /o ia¥ejialeoreard usd vlovetertvarsa,aveuercatevsene 32 West 23d Street 
SPRING MI VIRS see RNGTING savevareis <i cileya ie aie /e Biers Sie eretevoverateversione 410 West 154th Street 
SMS RIN BAGEL a GIEVART ES faretocer te ef cieteiotote sie) isle lereycte oreo e10)a0e 129 East 60th Street 
SEDVENSAPMREDERT CMV iieicieticite anes Mieteine eloldie ee cls'ob oe 6 33 West 35th Street 
SS EEAWAAUR ID am VALTSTE DAUD g ERG Pocrrstanicitads svevente pe evsisva eiele obit ecoiuere acl cial 31 Nassau Street 
SIMU NAIN AE SBA eracu ot cave dk ayaa re aiaateclewtc oi sieue fee eee 7 East 4oth Street 
SERUM ORY POV AN TET Vries 5 5.cPe/are elsysic'e shayalere © olasjere stele 11 West 17th Street 
SHRUGS. JEIC (BIS eae ah een aoe RE Rapa veins New Rochelle, N. Y. 
RRM CRESHS NP ort) ERETETPS oh5,37 isi a)o, sia elev ehaicneheevaiai elas distal eiaverene 229 Madison Avenue 
‘SSHRORTIDL IMLASTONG PAH Oe ecto OInne IS eS Gc ORO CET In Ea 244 Central Park West 
SS) Wea) OS INET ROSS Oe IRs ssn esie revoke Re leit olerete avis tele wo btacereinaioke Gates 25 Broad Street 
SEM PMIGIEMIRG EM (Crete. vc)crere. vite sey oasis alctal erat atn'atar o eRe Sots Oyster Bay, L. I. 
SRR STME NORM E SreP 5 ob sd ora at 0 Nish cor hax araftutares ofS eantareparntatdaraiaryeee Woodmere, L. I. 
SMRATRORD wSROBY = VV AIT ANin ne neler ciaresrerc:eenciereiete lice 263 West 52d Street 
SUMETI A TEA NOMS vate cia soc. o,a)'e 6, delesineaiercic. oa 6-sn Wielew bole e 62 Leonard Street 
SMR MEMER gl) Se 1) MERI ahve ratetaicl Soe hevale ons rel heveustevs 113 Hooper Street, Brooklyn 
SOMME MUN GIES. 8 a0: 5. c's 5 iaiciavn sy asieloa.c wes» aalao Sins bale eielee tenes U2OD TOA Way, 
STURGES ioe Ee LEINIRIV Grader sacred onc ve iatere easton tleksveiore dierorsnovevetereleke eyeiens 56 East 34th Street 
SUMVESAN TOM TITERRURDs < . 0:< 10s iso cle 0 sie bv siahevelete ce oes 18 Exchange Place 
AISI UNE BNER SH MPAINIIES 2 a1, vc) ejcve-clevere\ela'e’ ore’ se'sis ajare ale tion onsen 360 Park Avenue 
STUSSER ai ONG Mister sats, cioterelaners wie aie cla imei eimiove 183d Street and Third Avenue 
SUUMELIE NGM OLN SO sailIR'ss.2/ 3.6 oe.arostateid onieios sac eee 9 Desbrosses Street 
PAID ME RI PARRIY. sono. 215 cota aes siatolaje.s-aiproeteaieaune dee «inn meee 530 Broadway 
SWANN SS RDAINCIS MS as~ « avs ole cher ore isieveere¥s Riverside Avenue and goth Street 
SWENES HED RIEU ARIGBR 1 32\5 ccolets, cial syacevevovevevsl eieueial oles (evar eyerelts 50 West 47th Street 
BBAR ER ap NIMS Gla NUARW(.Larciareya(er aya\'sis) sfeverarsicun avereyonne sei hares anne 9 East toth Street 
MT ArTas ty ate AES IR-VGRBN Vis fe suisse sehfatasaneie-si-atoss cn ev otal ls ieosks Roe caters ee 40 Wall Street 
SPATCDTT, 1 PAIMIES «sions 5 <.c0.ed'0, oni Gia sete San wise’ sieeve. ola wel ala ae 7 West 57th Street 
PIVACEN AVES GITUARIGBS |. 15, 215; sis 6 jarerete re valevove ee) sveuaieia/ ei ever sielersieioae 465 West 23d Street 
PESTO DO) WAGE T? SW) 5's & sisasase cere sere » Stole we dee va ok 500 Madison Avenue 
APAWLOR GEORGE (ss:a cas b's joie, saSie econ ole See elas ocia ee 8 West 126th Street 
Ses a EATON pI 55:50} 0) aceles o¥eh Stet age s\ey ovareyelinda’aneiny nakecs¥e’ avrg ete 40 Wall Street 
PANEOR MEARRBERT ¢ Gi ia'o’<\ 50.0.5 sl nonisax acetate oucces meee ates 52 Broadway 
PACHA Ra AMUES OID. o's o+s:1a:0.0'0i 6 0/5 alors mioverevelstensteloaterelateteinie daria 10 Wall Street 
Pra OR MIGNON: 2 is sae aicieis ire abi to eae aa x wise Eb eete 6 ae Highbridge, N. J. 
TMASGILOI IE WONG DE ayn PAM OC CIO O roe a Dek mt ous otions aan poses 29 Broadway 
A MBI ROSES) Fy 5 vate ahc:isisis) s/o aio a)chavayoholanata taheinte tales ratenetotelersledolan eve 100 Broadway 
*TEFFT, WILLIAM E. 

Bra MIEN yor ets acho ais <a e'e asst winigee ne Soe Ses to ee Metropolitan Club 
IESE md) [OTN MP ra tar cPh eit wie cae) s lara tata ot ca al epateradiar Sean olaveb cai oy ener slave Tarrytown, N. Y. 


*Deceased. 


30 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


DERRY) REVS MR ODERTCR ssi is os is1s Scie clean sista ale nei als orks 169 Madison Avenue 
PRESEA, PINDROWA Hoa. crass! otvio aves sistoiuciete Tesla Laboratory, Wardenclyffe, L. I. 
THACHER, Mrs. Greorce W......Care Charles A. Peabody, 2 Wall Street 
ALVA CHER) |) 2h HO MAS qb icvein;nisin sie sve cvajnioieVaveiateetalslerercie slerstey sister 25 Broad Street 
THAYER): HIARRY (BATES (5:5 6 6 ccc isaidne encase seein Dacia 4603 West Street 
A HOMAS) “DR. COATEEN (Motnivcaapcnee hun neeniomeret 45 West 54th Street 
PHOMAS, | SEP EE s:2)cic lee snswiels ators orteslatoiets eile oei ties 8 West 20th Street 
(RAOMPSON, JPROE! Wis GIEMAN rerercloie cielo siciieterertere ister 34 East 31st Street 
SPHOMSON, (DAVID. Joie one swigs s Sev as sled Sake wekbn aeehne 14 East 73d Street 
THORNE) NEWBERRY (Das odiscieceenes ae eee cm seer New Rochelle, N. Y. 
TPHORINE: We § Vo.2 Sid ais sorel cvssauers ave ove a cfevereiohe otvarsielsie orev clove erelenereiotele 120 Broadway 
TiBBITS: LEGRAND (Cia cis cove tise oisiotera. oie er alcye ere xareuerorle Means eee Hoosac, N. Y. 
SIFRANY eOUTSHGaak icure cere ee te eines Care eee oon oreen 27 East 72d ‘Streee 
TILFORD, HENRY IM oes systcneratalevefersia's ars nieretela slavercrate ree a 24 West 52d Street 
*TILLINGHAST, WILLIAM H. 

FP IL TON? SOSERER Wis che voevclocetele is cfaze/areleio eet sie eietelavolsete eistolels serale 11 Broadway 
TODS J IGEN NEDY rato raranceteeiekccie says aye ots wim. ws ow ele atacelete ge Stee 45 Wall Street 
TODD Ele wEW away <r ca crarwer eee tshore raehcwote'e wna ievete ale oat tuce ic wa ea New Rochelle, N. Y. 
POEL WV AL EDAM.. larcb,cte Sicilia sialcistel dove civiciaiele © ans stead nee 20 East 67th Street 
*TOOTHE, WILLIAM. 

MOUSE YAWN ViMLTTAIN Ts ova: crotersvel os circ os 016 eal esicleteve eis oterarevlaete 14 East 46th Street 
MOWANSEND: 1 GEAR DES olellot  o.ciei oie evel «(ele areietera: sole ovolots Aquarium, Battery Park 
MOWINSENDS PLS AAC sto a ovr ites acre tocgna > toi olor etin ese crate stele meena eee Union Club 
PROW:N'S END) i) OLIN 5 cyerais) oys:s:019.asaiteletel stele) gieisiai et «/ersrsveloia ake 302 West 73d Street 
MOW Si GOE MWD OWANIEN Giri are,arcrese ove seleasvarelevsleverexererelererekove vekatere 34 West 52d Street 
WINRAR EAU aorta forte: Sevtvaaitvatelee: aveneia ineitalerete tatereey acs 2151 Prospect Avenue 
SRRAS Kes SPENCERS cts esiaitreio w ie.ab 6! <tetotw vides! etal ala stein iota dee eae 52 William Street 
ARROW RIDGE SD WEN ED) saareveisieieieroresuevelersusveis) eieieveiaysnalorsleves 123 East 39th Street 
ALROW BRIDGE WM REDERTCR ea a cians, aiersrarctoicrencie eroterenerersyeraione: 115 East 37th Street 
SERA MALONE CHARTER Se Flic ecaieejsicleisscie wis tela cisiisie aressieteroesore 12 East 65th Street 
TUCKER MAN VALERED soy iets or ee os ovoid ets biem ee ieee loo 342 West 57th Street 
*TURNBULL, ROBERT J. 

STNURINITURE A GEOs PEs staeraiste ove cierers ees le ieie tisierersi gaia stem oes 115 East 36th Street 
TWEDDELL, WILLIAM H......... 237 Prospect Street, South Orange, N. J. 
(WINDER WOODS AWAIT Acta lesvaNiANiemeneienetatelcieletoterne ere teioiere eee tele Belmont, Mass. 
WIP NAININTS EA RTE LI sori eect erie versitile clansioheh elaine chew orae 406 East s5oth Street 
WATEN TINE WD VVAIEEVAIM et At nacre saiisetarecauie cieiteere 34 West 38th Street 
WAN PBRUINT PEON, | Go lcrsjsverstcroctoteistercieislevotorsvarcievecieclcrte 10 East 46th Street 
VANE A CORTEANDD sEACUGUSTUSE: a ccorcrapele ernie eleieihraleveloy ers, eveveletel crensterer terete Bartow 
WAN DERPOET A NURS SOHN ACs csyercisitots ai claiejavetele yates sfers ararietalate 723 Park Avenue 
WAN SDERS SIMISSEN: ADR Gis stentervetatetoretetey arate ctepsreie 2081 Bathgate Avenue 
WANT DERAOMISSEN | (GIEBER Penemineiem reticle ne cele ber steers 758 Tremont Avenue 
WAN MENBURGH SY DABS ocr vstrsesis ero ot nisesiovs sistem inci 30 East 38th Street 
WVANENESTASIVIRS ALEXANDER Hlaere nm iinincienicie rise 31 West 37th Street 
WAND INES Ty Ga Witte ETT oyecc cere chele caieners slotereusreriereeveniers 14 East 60th Street 
WAN) NORDENP IV VIARINIERS scl stocpeiceneraclane eterno aie 751 Fifth Avenue 
MANET eGIEBERTES | carters sovemie ate iaeisineeies eee 123 East 60th Street 
WAN) MVIINKGLEWISDGAR WD otis, eves itor etelovele. orale tereinererpsteteieter 115 East 7oth Street 
*VAN WINKLE, GEORGE S. 

IVERDE, SIMETISSH TARY’ och Gieveiene pin terbelvesteiae seer ee eee 14 Fifth Avenue 
WATT? EMER MUAIN KG 05 jal lciesadelcre:cayore vetore Meese Lane roa aeeTe ee eee 146 East 35th Street 
MIVANTE PERRUCCIO! PAINSEE MOL a scsciere cities eeiieiceisioee 995 Madison Avenue 
WOGEL (IR RMTAN <i. 5)<\toiass.atniss.ctaveleresecanora terete teen nen 106 East 37th Street 
WOGEIF SJOHIN ocobiite.s sok aed seek See ete eee 1195 East 178th Street 
AVAG) ojo 72a) 1) D Se ice ere nn eS SP eS RG acabe 353 Fifth Avenue 
WADSWORTH, CLARENCE USine.crom ceilelo siete eineincieni tees Middletown, Conn. 
IWVEADSWORTEEMINV AGEs oarecisieniel tine EEO EOL Cie 25 East 30th Street 
WVAGNER WOTTON cei aicens fon eeke Washington Avenue and 185th Street 


*Deceased. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. ol 


WaAcsrArr, ©. Du Bois...... elarealetare carataretatersleverereretersterstwerets cle Babylon, L. I. 
VAI ER GEORGE. Lio wicc ccc cassoass SEDAN IOC ITC 560 West 149th Street 
VPAISICER I GEORGE, Wiele cle's «:c/c/s vicars) cls (elavevelels orsiei sisieie eve 560 West 149th Street 
Reson ROBERT. JR. sisreveis a o's 6ie elnictelnre sio's eye oie ue leln oieieiois/ace = 25 Broad Street 
SUMMITS Pe FT SINIRY’ ate oe clues © sw wilnie, ele) arava sist efele levels ialevaieieia si atete 76 Forsyth Street 
UPSET CIN NV TEADATA' MERC =. <)siei sin eco’ s'x/e/oie,lore's (ole bieveinie.aie'e estate 360 West 22d Street 
WWAININIENIGER Nn © HIARLES| icrecjeivie ole (s/s1e\0)s sieieie cicero siete ie oe Pde East OStmastreet 
SISTA EME TONY VALCO 1015-0 cpctotsture cho'uys eisis alaiala ia-oieie a sis alalevere) sTarsie 431 Fifth Avenue 
Berets ter) eet) Nasa fos svot xe trace otatarale)s°oilcl vi claveie/alaieielo/e’ oreretaiava 119 West 52d Street 
WORRD WEEE VWWAELTAM DT oascn cme soccecevscects's sisislels 21 West 58th Street 
DEV UPRTER EUR JOEUN vlicis «ciass,o\0is, 016) s/0\w aie 0.0 c'oye\ 6.e/sisie sols cielu'ciele'eis 20 Wall Street 
RR SaEON EG EEARUES) eye /nistele cleisielarelelsiais:sic'a sins oi vere oheenlare South Orange, N. J. 
VSO: REVAL |p ELENRY. <ise.s vieemeeciascissss caclcweee 51 West 75th Street 
NV EABENERE BE ECD WAL) vleltctateysial cleleleicielsistelelalele\elsrelelee efelele 240 Madison Avenue 
Wess, G. CREIGHTON.......0. SR SH DO AAU L COCA CIBAOE 47 East 44th Street 
BEM Rae SEWARD -ic1.i0 00 cies eGis'es eicisos ones lies © 51 East 44th Street 
asia ILOMIISS 35 Segae SDUDDUOC OD DOTOOO HOC COC nO oee rae 9 East 93d Street 
BRU cERTIN GS ERC VV gor srctesciclvio 16, cjnia Sia'e's e(ere's sieieio cS 5 i006 3 o'eo'e eles 2 Wall Street 
SMa rtaP SOLVERS) 2,21 cle (clcins siciaielc ole ee’ ie olclolo’s’ sis'e «ale sae iors zens Waldorf-Astoria 
VGN DREE EVER JAINSEN 1 oiclesicinis ciswrsielcic oe cislastecisiee ec. > 8 East 38th Street 
EMEP ere VR Sa sPACOB\ « o.croimicis ase ciel! soos elaine o xieia,oie «sie 8 East 38th Street 
eM AEEe WEO ULES Els! arcisisic aip ciaielelniee «piwie eee one .01e.e/vial'sis ore 133 West 83d Street 
WV TIRDETGTENT vB ly JES Be BOC bgt a. JOUD CODGAG OO CHO aot Noe oe 27 William Street 
POI ER GRIN sett Esch ere ace 'o!atcloinis/el's ele, ¥ wieeis'a)e%n\elinie.e\e/ai6'e''* 433 East 144th Street 
Wrosmownr, IME Re odasndoannc0c00600 douousunooduuoeG Schenectady, N. Y. 
UAE DER Aca dt onal ate ctslsislere eyaisieietatersieieleis o's\« sisia’clais sisal s Hotel Netherlands 
MERE RMN HAWN Crtrer tev ateis)oiaia aleleial alate Wielais e's elelss\aieisis eter) 560 Fifth Avenue 
\ ist, omy WAN IRs oo coo ndcan6 coonn0do00GG0G0Uc0r 103 East 57th Street 
RNREGERE PEE ONPARD 11) Grats otercielers sisvolsiale.a,6, 010,010) 9,.0[6.c10 'e:e70.8 exe 45 West 75th Street 
<0 CERIN y SUA INOS ag ee Ba onocoodo on Dopo due OCuUOOROdo OCG 160 Fifth Avenue 
MERRIE SSE MAN Re Pete cys ie vat ainicia'@ oainleia’eieiecs(o.0 ojoielnise'n.o,5)¢ cveletels elbiats 66 Broadway 
SN EEHEBE Le WU ATUL TANI VV) wictat cig, <is(se.0/8injevelece a's wie/aia\e, 9:ej0:6/0/e/e/0 = /simicie 49 Broad Street 
APEHERE LOU SH ea ETENR Ys as ners sicleieie cisisiv wicisiSioe mie lease Irvington-on-Hudson 
VVEEREEE TOUSEN VILL RANE Bie oie roiciclelalviciels elelelelere/e)«jele sie s/s1- Knickerbocker Club 
REP RDREEED PEPER: Dis cvetseia rales w(c.cfoiele’s’< wimelnieieie'ela’eleie 14 East 11th Street 
SUN SBETEEN Ghee GEE ES ots) soa; a c/ars) ciaveiwin e's! s 00 © o's 06s «eGo as Gia ena wialnlg 808 Broadway 
WRENN GE NITSS a GERTRUDE stele) s)s/cle1s.o 21's «1s/e) sioielhelsle esleievels 1 West 94th Street 
AVIrEeE WEAN! CLARENCE 1:5 s.0.0%'sicsiee cee alee P. O. Box 1805, New York City 
MUREIE NEY.) (CASPAR S)..-.cio0 mcveleis als dcVeie-wielc walsie'e 5 3 Washington Square North 
RWEEREMNTS VO NIVIES Gioia Gcre-araiercieiets ate) ec loje o/c cialeleictere’ 5 1m North Madison Square 
DUN IEBUIBE TNE CRIS, AUN cect iain ials or a¥e cites 0 are craw orccm orapsin hee eislers aieniels 59 Wall Street 
WVELCIGER SITANIE GEORGE | Wisieic.c.clele © crerele civics cr slehareboitevefn eueisvebeieis 40 Wall Street 
RG NEAT TING DRO VA TEIEA Mis Fs io 5 :0.0/a,s aos Seiaie cre cis a slave iene 416 Sixth Street 
WWGG ines HRERERTCR EVOEME «5:5 <\o(c/siela)alnisteletnje nicie stsiaia eat 55 West 36th Street 
BU TRIE ART RE APM aay ccotutel cra'eie! ord aicnelwia,e/alac ole ol chalolels;nieteiave seleies 21 State Street 
AVEEDETS! ROBERT: Ria rots: <syale’ere. wale oysters crerbieters aie. avotal everest less 303 Pearl Street 
*WILLIAMS, G. G. 
RG Se (CUAREES 2 Bia Sateaiera sin sierersiepeints eve 8 stele akiallstiecxe 156 Fifth Avenue 
NVIEREERDINGS GUSTAV) Dike cies aide siesertie area = seein water strveietens 38 Nassau Street 
AWViltEME STENTS VVTLE IAM 5 acs 2, aro.0%s accveloyers sores svereisreseye) alayevs /eie.eiels 414 Lenox Avenue 
RMAC OETENIRY: ER: s)siateisvare < clei shelw levee aeteratatsr oeieie sfeiio 208 Fifth Avenue 
SON AV ILLEAM «<5 2.01. oscineicainoe wren Briggs Avenue, near 20Ist Street 
RV FRING OBAGI 05s 's, 2ciicrs 10's oi orere eysinlonavena:eleiatotermiarst toners 854 West End Avenue 
MEN PETROS, EGERTON: Disasi2 o<is)s cis'ois wie lee nelominieisies slain» 23 East 33d Street 
WiwrmroPr: ROBERT D), ..... « 2s sie isicisieseeiecias P. O. Box 17, New York City 
Mere RAN IK: -S.%-< 2 cisrs sia sielereierejarataeisieteisieis) Sete ales a:e-e) oie'w 71 Broadway 
Vomit Wied niola co x: 0-0, v:evava: ssa Se iBinrg wa) eran Ueale eyes sare 747 Tremont Avenue 
NOMA SHIMON TT a2 Ph a2 1-3) a\e) cle ae 'ova/jseie7s whe ierePaNeiaisiere mies, aleve) 115 West 7oth Street 


*Deceased. 


32 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL -SOGIETY. 


WVipopAGiGBERT (\CONGDON .\5 5 2.)1> + o(latelelafele) otela siete = eee tate 51 Fifth Avenue 
NGOD, $i, BMV ALIEDR, GIR. cic; 5.) os0tsiat stapssaieejeiepssiareenyaysiercmeian eer Short Hills, N. J. 
OGD VV AMUSTAGML MC « cast aia)aioiexaianyn/oin a cienerens emejvare taro ereycrorneers 51 Fifth Avenue 
Veen) PV TEETAMO TT Sis Jue <a. d ence elses atetersiaeereer te eee 51 Fifth Avenue 
WOODCOCK: UR: Circe Sclewotied cad as oda ti oeeevereverntetete ont 636 West 55th Street 
NMOONDEROUSE Dye aires sac eneiansioa.cupiovarsy rake eee Retonernrey a aierey ete 341 West 87th Street 
AN nG eres). VIDIUINIBAIR «oct sre chs, xercrqiate aerate aoa e wea 346 Lexington Avenue 
WERTGHTT, | GEN cELOWARD 3. cto cc oraaisiee clare store cai veto ohare’ aceon tale 2 Wall Street 
AVRIGHT. AMS) i). HROODs.< 2c.06 ope Kingsbridge Road and 174th Street 
Wereicrr, Mass (MaBet OSGdODss. oa ncqemee «ols seater 118 West 11th Street 
Witicishy. VWareoin Ip og nooccoconocodcadooooeecoouc 2547 Valentine Avenue . 
WGKOEF REV: |(GHAREBS OS. sarcigalectee ais oles 582 Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn 
VOUINEAINS wr PEM ATING sIVIte oreterepaiereteinrey sislciohesieienciencioiel terieretsieterna 2020 Broadway 
WOUNG, JIREDERICK | STAFFORD jeri. sis s ale eaageieieicl= yale -iekeletelel=yaierepelete Union Club 
Younc, Joun ALviIn....Windsor Trust Co., 47th Street and Fifth Avenue 
MOWING TUTOR DIN eave eel ieislatelcier ie cieeteteacle see <itarat tension 11 Pine Street 
PATA SIRT: SUEUR: Wild Geet stertarafaian create ef stekeavenerel «rafal siete aie alates 716 Fifth Avenue 


ROWAN HERBERT arsoleioteieleteteveksnoteachotercieinisxs orspakel fotetshaleretels aanciote Yuma, Arizona 
BARBOUR BVIRGSE BS = ES 2 eter ajsrersyorarcievenslorouaterev or sven sicrolalscoraveneetets Eau Gallie, Florida 
BROWN, WILLIAM HARVEY............. Salisbury, Rhodesia, South Africa 
Counts yawns. se: Oxford House, Chiswick Hall, London, W., England 
HENATO IN ig EWEN WNZAURID 1-1 al ctotlctaio’ «) ¢1adevsitoretehuyefels aveuctavichal efererete Medora, North Dakota 
ELROD MINUS acter rei craiakeh oes ere sdle ai oot eiislawrars ores orete eeuarete vaiehe Missoula, Montana 
GoLpING, Capt. THos..Care R. L. Golding, 21 Birchin Lane, London, Eng. 
(Gro Medi h/G0 18 Wels Rene en Ren conebcugo cord cotaiecrc oo Winnipeg, Manitoba 
(GRRE eM NN IRE DATAL VAG 5 ci. cioic a ce wlarshevaioreisi Ae miele ee tetera Quebec, Canada 
INGE NBR GK GART ee reiicieielslereselers <teleleletereysier= Thierpark, Hamburg, Germany 
AERO AINE Mlb. AN. 25 ook c.0% 5 vowis slefee one on, un were eee Miles City, Montana 
IM CARRSZ JIOEUSscoaoponigbor cuDGUDOdcbbnbaoCUucToDEDODSEC Phoenix, Arizona 
VIPAT HR Ws, Ware la- cna foletdiere asyaa oe eieee eebiee einen St. Johns, Newfoundland 
DIE VE NIBERG s) Ee ato od re! 3, sua svas'a bie) eichavevioye te ecere irerar regalia clone tnenotns Pecos City, Texas 
SHELDON GEARS. .152 os co sienna eeieere cities ceteaeeettobele Chihuahua, Mexico 
Srone, ANDREW: Js <q: <0 :one/aieistnlaconclayey cholera teh he helenae leteioke New York City 
VAMTEESCOING, © Lie 5) 5, ss vanekciarens lonoqetavata leronenobah stone ore rae fetele etetarayeyers) eranars Banff, Alberta 
AVTETSEE, EO, BAL. 5.5 scelelaversveraetscs ometeharstelo evororaley shoo Denver Club, Denver, Col. 
Summary of sHlembership. 

BenelactOr cogs meena aes Gates Stak ona I 

Total number ior shounders...co.0io-ereir 22 

i: ca Associate Founders.... 12 

ES 7 PAUROMGTE™ catlepetense cette 45 

a Ieike \yMiemibetser wy. 155 

Annual Members ..... T,098 

Januar ] 
art 
y 1907 otal Of wall uclasse@Sivn cunepeuclaeioe 1423 


Form of Bequest. 


I do hereby give and bequeath to the ‘‘NEw YORK ZOOLOGICAL 
Society,” of the City of New York, 


VWIOODNOd -NOTI NVIGON SNNOA 


"NYOBNYS "HY NIM12 HdV¥Y9O10OHd 


REPORT OF 
THE -EXBCUTAVE COMMITTEE 


O the New York Zoological Society the year 1903 has been 

marked by very substantial progress, both in the Zoolog- 

ical Park and in the Aquarium. Its chief events have been the 

completion of the Antelope House, and the commencement of the 
iarge Bird House, the Ostrich and Small Mammal Houses. 

Of the success of the Zoological Park no better proof could be 
found than in the immense increase in attendance. The total at- 
tendance during 1903 was 1,164,146, as against 731,515 for 1902, 
being an increase of 432,031, or nearly sixty per cent. The larg- 
est day’s attendance was on May toth, when the Park was vis- 
ited by 34,050 persons. Upon the completion of the Rapid Tran- 
sit terminal at West Farms, the Committee confidently expects a 
still further increase in attendance, which in all probability will 
assume enormous proportions. 

Throughout the year the condition of the animal collections at 
the Park has been very satisfactory, and the Committee takes 
pleasure in recording the fact that, for the first time since the 
Park was opened, all the animals have been provided with proper 
winter quarters. 

The collections at the Park show a great increase in value over 
those of last year, and now consist of 536 mammals, 706 birds 
and 662 reptiles, making a total of 1,904. 

The Llama House was completed, and its collection installed 
on the 7th of October, 1903. All the animals for this collection 
were presented to the Society by Mr. Robert S. Brewster, a mem- 
ber, and the Committee takes this opportunity to express its ap- 
preciation. 

During the summer, four new cages were added to the bear 
dens, and they are, if possible, better than the old ones. With 
these new dens, we have adequate room for the finest collection 
of bears in the world, and the Committee intends to make special 
efforts to secure a very complete series. 


34 NEW YORK »ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The handsome granite fountain, donated by Mr. William Rocke- 
feller, has been completed, and greatly adds to the beauty of Baird 
Court. 

The Lydig memorial gate, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis, 
in memory of the Lydig family, which for many years owned 
about three-fourths of the Zoological Park, and to whom the 
public and the Society are indebted for the preservation of the 
magnificent forest existing there, has been completed. It is lo- 
cated at the top of the steps adjoining the Buffalo Range, a site 
which the Society intends to improve and beautify. 


FINANCES. 


The year 1903 closed with a substantial balance to the credit of 
the Society in each of its funds. In spite of the fact that over 
$25,000 was expended for animals during the year, the financial 
condition of the Society is, on the whole, satisfactory ; but we con- 
stantly require money for the purchase of new collections of ani- 
mals. The need of funds for the erection of the Administration 
Building is equally urgent. Detailed statements of the various 
funds of the Society will be found in the Treasurer’s report. 

Animal Fund.—Under the agreement with the City, all moneys 
derived from privileges are used for the increase of the collections. 
Moneys from this source, and special donations, are placed in the 
Animal Fund, which at the close of the year showed a credit bal- 
ance, as appears in the Treasurer’s report. 

General Fund.—The General Fund is replenished by the Mem- 
bers’ dues. This fund is devoted to the general purposes of the 
Society, and in the future we must look to this fund not only for 
funds needed for the purchase of animals, but also for whatever 
scientific work may be undertaken. 

Park Improvement Fund.—This Fund shows a balance of 
$8,000. The Committee hopes to add greatly to this fund during 
the coming year, in order to provide for the erection of an Ad- 
ministration Building. 

Ground Improvement Fund.—During the year 1903, the bal- 
ance of the $500,000 for construction appropriated by ex-Mayor 
Low’s administration became available, $75,000 on April 7th 
and $175,000 on September 18th. A full statement of the ex- 
penditures, and balance remaining of this fund, will be found 
in the Treasurer’s report. 

Maintenance of the Park (City Fund).—lIt will be noted by 
an inspection of the Treasurer’s report of the City Fund, that the 
Committee has succeeded in keeping within the maintenance 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. By) 


eas 


$ hl 
—— 


PHOTOGRAPH. ELWIN R. SANBORN, 


LYDIG MEMORIAL GATEWAY. 
Gift of Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis, as a memorial of the Lydig family. 


allowed for 1903, which was $104,965. A deficit was avoided 
solely by reason of the delay in the completion of the Antelope 
House and the Bird House, so that this fund was not called upon 
for the maintenance of the expensive collections contained in 
the former building until late in the year. The last administra- 
tion, unfortunately, did not provide for an increase in the mainte- 
nance fund for 1904, but allotted to the Park the same amount 
as in 1903. By reason, however, of the great increase in the col- 
lections and in the attendance, the cost of maintenance will con- 
siderably exceed the amount allowed, and by the end of 1904 your 
Committee anticipates a deficit which must be met by the Society. 

Maintenance for Aquarium (Aquarium Fund).—The mainte- 
nance provided for the Aquarium, known as the Aquarium Fund, 
has proved, with strict economy, sufficient for 1903. The same 


36 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


amount ($46,500) has been allotted to the Aquarium for 1904, 
and the Committee hopes, with careful management, to avoid a 
deficit in this Fund during the coming year. If the City had pro- 
vided an increase of the maintenance, the additional amount could 
have been devoted to the increase of the collections exhibited in 
the Aquarium. 

Aquarium Improvement Fund.—The bond issue of $30,000 pro- 
vided for the alteration and improvement of the Aquarium be 
came available late in the spring, and is practically all under con- 
tract. A full statement of this fund will be found in the Treas- 
urer’s report. 


MEMBERSHIP. 


The present membership of the Society is as follows: 


Pounders nl. oss gate 24 New members in 1903 200 
Associate Founders. . 12 . — 
Patron ais. s siete 49 ef . I 
Life Members <3),3.2 0: 165 ef af 9 
Annual Members ... 1,103 i gi 211 
Matalle ieee cia 7.253 . S 223 


The Society is in need of an increase in membership, and the 
most effective manner in which the present members can aid the 
organization is by sending in the names of friends, for election to 
the Society. From now on the privileges of members will be 
greatly enlarged, and an increasing proportion of the proceeds 
from annual dues will be devoted to publications and other bene- 
fits especially for members. The membership should be at least 
double its present size. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


During the year 1903, the four regular numbers of the quar- 
terly Bulletin have been issued, as well as the Annual Report and 
the sixth edition of the Guide Book. 


GIFTS. 


The Society has been fortunate during the year in receiving 
a number of handsome donations, for which the Committee de- 
sires to take this opportunity to express the thanks of the Society. 


PHOTOGRAPH. ELWIN R. SANBORN, 


WHITE-BEARDED GNU. 


es air 


a?) / rs 


i 
hi * 22 2 
4158 
a 
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as 
WY 
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if 
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7 
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EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 37 


A full statement of gifts will be found in this volume, but the fol- 
lowing should be noted here: 


Herd of 26 Bison, Herd of Elk, from Mr. William C. Whitney. 

I pair of Llamas, 1 pair of Guanacos, I Vicuna, 1 Alpaca, from 
Mr. Robert S. Brewster. 

1 Eland, 1 pair White-Tailed Gnu, 1 pair White-Bearded Gnu, 
from Mr. George F. Baker. 

I pair African Ostriches, 1 Baker’s Roan Antelope, 1 Addax 
Antelope, 1 Beatrix Antelope, 1 Sing Sing Water-Buck, I pair 
Altai Wapiti, from Mrs. Frederic Ferris Thompson. 

Herd of Fallow Deer, from Van Cortlandt Park. 

Collection of Palms, from Mrs. Byron Sherman. 


MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 


During the year 1903, the Medical Department, under the man- 
agement of Dr. Harlow Brooks and Dr. W. Reid Blair, has been 
very successful in the treatment of the animals in the Park. Dr. 
Frank H. Miller, who had acted for some two years as Veteri- 
narian, to the regret of the Committee resigned his position on 
May 27th, and Dr. Blair, who was his assistant, was appointed to 
fill the vacancy. Dr. Harlow Brooks has remained as Pathologist. 
The reports of Dr. Brooks and of Dr. Blair are published in full 
in this volume, and present matter of great interest. 

The New York Zoological Society is believed to be unique in 
having a medical staff at the Park, and scientific data are being 
accumulated which will ultimately be of great interest in the care 
of animals. The Executive Committee is greatly gratified with 
the results achieved in this Department. 


COBB ISLAND. 


An important expedition was made by Mr. C. William Beebe, 
Curator of Birds, to Cobb Island, Virginia, for the purpose of 
making a study of the bird life on that Island. An elaborate and 
interesting report by Mr. Beebe is printed herewith. The expedi- 
tion was arranged through the courtesy of Louis N. Whealton, 
Esq., a life member of the Society, who accompanied Mr. Beebe 
and greatly contributed to the success of the trip. 

Owing to the condition of Mr. Beebe’s health, the Executive 
Committee has granted him a leave of absence, in order that he 
may visit Mexico and study the conditions of bird life there. 


38 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


SCULPTURE AND PAINTING. 


During the year a large number of animal painters and sculp- 
tors have taken advantage of the facilities afforded them in the 
Park at large, and especially by the studio in the Lion House. 
This feature will probably be greatly developed in the future. 


CALAVERAS TREES. 


At the Annual Meeting of the Society, strong resolutions were 
passed, calling on Congress to save the Calaveras groves of big 
trees in California, now threatened with destruction. Copies of 
this resolution have been sent to parties interested, and the Com- 
mittee is endeavoring to promote legislation to the end that these 
trees, the oldest living things on earth, may be protected. At the 
present writing the prospect of favorable action by Congress is 
very promising. 

WORK AT THE PARK. 


During the year, the rockwork in the outdoor cages of the Lion 
House has been completed, and the contract for the Bird House, 
at the northwest corner of Baird Court, has been awarded, and 
work begun. The Ostrich and Small Mammal Houses are also 
under contract, and their construction is progressing rapidly. We 
hope to have these buildings ready for use by midsummer at the 
latest. 

A number of small installations are under consideration, the 
most notable of which is the Pheasants’ Aviary, extending along 
the west side of the Aquatic Mammals’ Pond; and if a sufficient 
bond issue can be obtained during the coming year, further im- 
provements, on a large scale, will be inaugurated. The buildings 
and installations most needed are as follows: 


Completion of Baird Court and Concourse, 
Completion of Sea Lion Pool, 

Elephant House, 

Lakeside Restaurant, 

Additional Sheep Enclosures, 

Aviaries for Pheasants, Grouse, Cranes and Eagles, 
Extension to Wolf Dens, 

Tropical Deer House, 

Completion of Motor Road, 

Enclosure for Wild Horses, Cattle and Swine, 
Altai Wapiti House, 

Hospital, 

Boat House and Entrance at West Farms, 

New Roads, Walks, Planting and Miscellaneous Improvements. 


ELWIN R. SANBC 


GRAPH, 


PHOTO 


HOUSE. 


ANTELOPE 


NEW 


View from the north-east, showing portion of the yards and main entrance, 


EIGHTH ANNUAL. REPORT. o9 


A bond issue of $550,000 is urgently needed for the above pur- 
poses, and the Society hopes that the Board of Estimate and Ap- 
portionment will appropriate this amount for the Park during the 
coming two years. 

The Society proposes to secure, from private sources, funds 
for an Administration Building, to be located near Baird Court. 
This building is for a much-needed headquarters for members of 
the Society, and will greatly increase the value of membership. 

The administration of Park Commissioner Eustis has been sig- 
nalized by a number of notable improvements in the immediate 
surroundings of the Park, the chief of which is the construction of 
a handsome single arch granite bridge across the Bronx at our 
northern boundary, and the improvement of Pelham Avenue at 
that point. 

The development of Bronx Park immediately to the north of 
the Zoological Park has been seriously undertaken, and two 
driveways have been completed through Bronx Park, from the 
Botanical Gardens, one terminating at what will be our main 
entrance, upon the completion of the Concourse and Baird Court, 
and the other at the Northwest Entrance. 

Commissioner Eustis has also been helpful in obtaining the 
approval of the City to the addition of one block of land at the 
West Farms Entrance to the Park, which will be developed in 
connection with the Boat House and Southern Entrance to the 
Park. A handsome growth of large and fine trees still exists on 
the eastern side of the Park, but beyond its boundaries, and the 
Society has urged the City to acquire this land as an addition to 
Bronx Park in order that the splendid forest thereon may be 
preserved. 


AQUARIUM. 


During the year the attendance at the Aquarium was consider- 
ably over a million and a half. The largest daily attendance of 
which record was kept was on Labor Day, when 18,800 persons 
visited the Aquarium, a notable increase over the largest day for 
the preceding year. The average attendance on Sundays during 
the summer months is over 10,000, and the average weekday at- 
tendance during the summer months is about 6,200. The actual 
average throughout the year, including the days when the Aqua- 
rium was partly closed for repairs, was 4,240. 

During the year the Aquarium building has been greatly im- 
proved from the proceeds of the $30,000 bonds granted by the 
City. With this money a large number of additional sky- 


40 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


lights have been provided, so as to illumine the wall tanks and 
the central floor pools. Other alterations have been made in 
the interior, and a reservoir for warm and pure salt water is be- 
ing constructed in Battery Park near the Aquarium. When this 
tank is completed it will effect a radical improvement in the 
condition of the collection of marine fishes and invertebrates. 

The Aquarium building has been painted throughout, with 
especial reference to the satisfactory exhibition of the collections. 
All the above work has been very satisfactorily conducted under 
the direction of Messrs. Barney & Chapman, architects, who have 
been employed by the Committee for these alterations in the 
Aquarium. <A further bond issue will ultimately be needed to 
provide for an additional exterior tank for salt water, and for a 
new water supply, heating and ventilating system. The bond 
issue provided for 1903 proved inadequate to supply these items. 

The collections themselves have greatly increased in value dur- 
ing the year, and now number 2,000 living specimens. A fish 
hatchery was installed early in the year, and was a source of great 
interest to visitors. More than two million young fishes were 
raised in this hatchery, and distributed in State waters. 

The Zoological Society, on taking over the Aquarium, found 
all the tanks lined with glaring white tile, producing an unpleas- 
ant effect on the visitor, and not properly exhibiting the col- 
lections. These tiles have been replaced by rockwork, represent- 
ing as nearly as possible the natural surroundings of each fish. 
This substitution of rockwork, the design being varied in each 
tank, has greatly improved the appearance of the Aquarium, and 
rendered imperative an additional supply of light. 

In addition to these items, a great number of minor im- 
provements and changes have been made, and will continue to 
be made during the present year. When the outdoor tanks are in 
full working operation, and proper filtering can be provided for 
water, both salt and fresh, the Aquarium will be entirely trans- 
formed. Various other improvements are in contemplation, and 
will be made as fast as money can be provided for the purpose. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 


’The Committee desires to acknowledge its great obligation to 
Hon. John E. Eustis, Park Commissioner for the Borough of The 
Bronx, for his assistance in the development of the Zoological 
Park, and to Hon. William R. Willcox, President of the Park 
Board, in connection with the Aquarium. Acknowledgments 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 41 


are also due to the officers of the late administration, especially 
to the Mayor, Hon. Seth Low, the Comptroller, Hon. Edward 
M. Grout, and the President of the Board of Aldermen, Hon. 
Charles V. Fornes, all of whom have in every way facilitated the 
work of the Society. 

Most important of all, the Executive Committee acknowledges 
the devotion and energy of the Director of the Zoological Park, 
and of all the members of his staff, which have made possible the 
uniform success that has marked the development of that institu- 
tion. The Director of the Aquarium, and his assistants, also are 
entitled to great credit for the manner in which the Aquarium has 
been conducted during the year 1903. 


Respectfully submitted, 
CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman. 


HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, MADISON GRANT, 
JoHN S. BaRNEs, PHILIP SCHUYLER, 
WILLIAM WHITE NILEs, SAMUEL THORNE, 


Levi P. Morton, E-x-officio. 


January I, 1904. 


Creasurer’s Reports, 


For THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1903. 


The annual expenditure of the various funds is shown in appended statements. 


Park Jmprovement Fund. 


RECEIPTS. 
Cashwminglreasury.. janitiany. 1, 1003s5)-c4e eae eee eee $12,462 17 
Refund of unexpended balance account European Trip $122 80 
ACEGMEOUSEMINENtAL Jewce c sites ede oe cis eee Ee 245 74— 368 54 
7 $12,830 71 
EXPENDITURES. 
ENnPincening eres. van see st crm acen Roa one $300 84 
Express Charges: on Animals» assess cesses a neceine 654 19 
andseape: Atchitecturesny. sm ce eee ae ae oe 306 75 
General dEexpenses (3). cen tac ne ee de eae 430 61 
Maintenance Shortage for 1902.....................+ 2,757 57—$4,449 06 
Cash in’ Treasurys December 31; 19032... un25.0a0e see. eee 8,380 75 
$12,830 71 
H. R. MircuHett, Percy R. Pyne, 


Chief Clerk. 
January I, 1904. 


Examined and found correct by the New York Audit Company. 


Treasurer. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 45 


Eeneral Fund. 


RECEIPES: 

Gachy balance im Treasury, January. 1, 1903. ..0--..2s00ecee oss $3,814 67 

ASntialledtess f:Otm met berseeeeceia eles csieecien ees ce $90,790 00 

Wikeemembership tees: cs ccyere rls cies arore.cs sieicicionas seve 1,800 00 

MEPS Staaten ce cyare hese ots sis feiaveve wioicietelare aleiae s okeeiiee ve le's 34 50 

(PRINTS TE "18 610) Cas ae Pts’ Bata Sa otc AR a eka sat 

iincome.tromt Stokes Bird Fundi.3. 2.52.2 62.206. ss 127 50— 13,089 60 
$16,904 27 

EXPENDITURES. 

Sranionery, and Olice Supplies....6.. «cease dees $767 50 

Photographs. and «Slides, saicjs <reraie ou oy) G arson cleve.0: vives Sieve 1,579 QI 

AnntialmReporteand, Bulllefinisscsseces ccccs se «oc 2,583 21 

PNG CIISIINE = ahatavs. 9 yorehe oycre'wis, Ae wvele Ob ae Ks w,0 winnie’ dare 436 70 

Miscellaneous expenses and supplies............... 487 73 

General Somice EXPENSES) 5.62. ievececsseiecscsacecees 1,92I 09 

WETEAsUrenS, OIC: EXPCHSES ...6.. oecs ce occchesccccces 414 75 

HB tbytectianey ret cvers ore otis osc hoe Picts oe ei ain ie are eeaeariwle teal 456 03 

SalatyMOUSECECLATY: cicihscinw Ac ere sini of Siete. 5 e)2 clave iets 4,000 00 

EXtaplOviers MSUPANCe)...'c.clciecis/clet cis oe n's.8 o.weieree oe Sires 322 93 

Muropeam trip, account, AQuaritiin:...c..0..s.s. 06s Gh) (GY) 

ARES Teela yas tetad = oh Paya eal chclcveteistateiariels © oie n/e ore. sodiaveis AGI 345 88 

BiggeaumOr, UMOLIMALIOM ..,5)s\stersiesels evs) s/o sievesieleer ee eyes 287 48 

PMAUOUG IITs CRP ETISES:.Meeis-v, 0 avobelsiallselereiors 40 ciclo ane orate 19 75 

PablicatiOns! £Or members, cele ca.c ieiesd emis ore aalereccion 307 50—$14,064 13 

Cash balance in’ Treasury, January. I), 1004... 50...0c4c. nen « 2,840 14 
$16,904 27 

H. R. MircHett, Percy R. Pyne, 
Chief Clerk. Treasurer. 


January 1, 1904. 


Examined and found correct by the New York Audit Company. 


44 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Animal fund. 


RECEIPTS: 

Cash in Treasury, “Januaty, 1; 1G0s. += senna elas erecieie $8,304 19 
Receipts at Park: 

UNATISSIONS) Sai.vs tose ele ce ne ee nee $5,912 95 

Checking sskscnewprelent setrseinouie eet Sat ere rere 156 10 

IRGntsy AxtccBuk sect cei eee Ee 307 26 

OAM GE, “A ia sion scolsvcke aera store Ge Seite Mitta acetone 325 00 

Privilege Account, 5.02 2st cen eid oe eee 2,500 00 

Sale Ors Animals conse apace aae eee eae 389 60 
Miscellaneous Receipts: 

Special Subscriptions— 

Mrs. Mary Clarke Thompson........ $4,000 00 

Georset lh Baker’ 3 vchiers eon ones ane 4,000 00 

IRIS Sy) IBIMANISUAO oooboboao onoaooG 1,200 00 

Miscellaméous items .... 6c 2 elaens oes 666 14—9,866 14— 19,547 05 

$27,851 24 
EXPENDITURES. 

Purchase of Animals: 

Mia rammialli gee tate -a a rita d orto anak $22,318 38 

Bin dstisntevtirlencoereadt neve oa. Hes ater 1,738 25 

Reptilesiams tes veiscitee avec ees 459 66—$24,516 29 
Express and other chargess.. ccc nite sctrotacon 1,031 77 
Traveling and other expenses. <..i/s./o<..0.00% oe 72 32—$25,620 38 
Cash in Treasury, December 31, 1903............ 2,230 86 

$27,851 24 
H. R. MircuHe tt, Percy R. Pyne, 
Chief Clerk. Treasurer. 


January I, 1904. 


Examined and found correct by the New York Audit Company. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 45 


fflaintenance Fund, 


RECEIPTS. 
Received from the City on account of Maintenance Appropria- 
HONGOL PHIOA QOS OT TeV VCAT «coc 'nre sietete wick icte widc(oio steaiereNe ote $92,522 77 
Balance due from City: 
Bills rendered—November supplies ............ $4,522 10 
Pay-rolls last half of December. 2,911 45 
December supplies .:..........- 5,008 68—12,442 23 
$104,965 00 
EXPENDITURES. 
GeneraleadminiStrati Om aicieiecielslelsisleieic <4 ieicleisile <isie $10,726 38 
Maintenance of buildings and care of animals.... 28,983 57 
Maintenance and care of grounds................ 27,505 OI 
Moolspandwhancdwiahewecictcede slelecieisicieelcieioisie soils sicl« 2,452 7 
PATTEM TI CUNO Se ayaa ieicreievelniatee aiefe,lateseVouie wickaincneseiale 277 05 
Office supplies, and printing. =. 260.5. 0<cecs ccc 603 48 
Winttormswan dabadoes rs ctcre sister cireieicie cles efore!ssiere 1,364 75 
Ilonseswmati deve lit Clesitretoleverctelelelelereolove clatcietsleiere cielo ete 309 73 
ERNE M alte cumetetncrata oxy ee atsrelete evo lorclons lolesoiciersisretarcoic eres 614 26 
Telephone and electrical supplies................ 234 44 
Melephonesenvice andi tolls tae sje cielers «cele cicietelarei «+16 385 65 
Rostagevand telesraph, and express... - 3...) 869 38 
OO GaO raaratii all Shs -avevvetercra ctieiemereiere oc leverersis'sieverslor<!< 17,875 43 
ea Peey tele sa sol ne eicis clonal versa siouscsi dw achaveleveiererexece.s 5,570 2 
Sietisman Ue TADELS  ctese: cia eieieresers ¢1 salovoicyojeneieyaisjeisie ve «oa. 180 45 
FMPANeC KING SUIPPILES) of. slo «icicle o/c's's.e1e seis icisis sic sie o's 69 62 
Dips came te GICIMESs yale -)\2\=\s01s) 10) sie1e c/s! 92,0 cieistsin © 329 32 
ME ATIaA DD Etiatraeetorsiars whet elere aust overe ever ote.o) 4.8) oa) 01 6: aleus: ara tuorensiara.6 1,059 30 
Miscellaneous astipp ldeSieveeyccleleteleiere\otel=lsierelteletehelsiel-is 861 47 
Surgical imstruments and appliances.....-....... 2I 70 
Perm ones Seles 16 ga goos0ddo CoC obOOoUR dood onodG 562 08 
HUleCERI CH lies otis aie aoc ietelele walelsls. sie sa ais om lop lacie 138 08 
Salty di tera tects crceeare acjeveveieiaiere ale ls oi atays: eccrine etaheverctarp sts oe 309 67 
INTESE Tay erS UDP IU Spmeetene elerele leis eictelel sielel ofelepiereseloverekelereter 2D is 
INES EGyaeSEOCs cua ISCCAS: won. «ayes opensiele: ¢-sreretniere alay fei AZ 7 
fice citinMitMGe sana tLe Sie slelsielicleieieyelenieleisiereiers 226 26 
Sori teil @ tls enc ta ates nuerctedere: ce axsieteneis ocromersrarsioveervute stat ates 224 86 
Medical attendance GCanimals))......2.0..-+.--<-- 370 00 
Medical ‘attendance (employés)............sece0. 35 00 
INS. hovel ats deinceNB ee ee oo Codd bCe > aeonoueEenno 445 05 
CO tee i eLe le Sica eras abe wie aiist ares eh eisrener tial sisie cleerctay scales 350 SI 
PATKabAaSketsins <ctcavew isis silo e sictarsi nests oem pie e-cietetors 175 00 
Wie oO S Cal cae eete © erets\ ao orene: sv otar clo) srelalelaioterer<tetcielevepsrers 189 60 
TNFa. THORS Soleameeodsbebe Coco orounonomassous 569 98 
=a Eo 00500 
H. R. MitcHeELt, Percy R. PyYNE, 
Chief Clerk. Treasurer. 


January I, 1904. 
Examined and found correct by the New York Audit Company. 


46 


NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Ground Jmprovement Fund Balance Dheet. 


(Showing status of Appropriations aggregating $500,000.) 


RECEIPTS: 
Appropriation of Board of Estimate and Apportionment: 
Available Mays 18; O02: eclelsijeleiateletelsicieielersierers $250,000 vv 
Reb rlulany 120; 1OOS weleeiees sete elerele ie 75,000 OO 
IN SH kel} asGooooddaococ je sleelsieis 175,000 00 


Premium on the sale of bonds to December 
BT s TOS hares ces eves Settee are cetaeins ace 


EXPENDITURES. 


Through Park Department: 


Contract, Thomas Dwyer, Antelope House.. 
Contract, Wm. H. Wright & Son, Bear Dens 
Contract for improving West Farms Road.. 
Over-expenditure last appropriation......... 
Muscellaneous expenditures <r cies se elec le 
Contract, George L. Walker, Small Mammal 
ande@strich ELOuSesi ca caieriteriiieioreeteets 
Contract, George L. Walker, alteration of 
floor construction and drainage system 
for Small Mammal and Ostrich Houses. 
Contract, George L. Walker, Large Bird 
EVOUSE’ “clateioicieverancy See Seva si eisisicus re moerorteterstere 
Contract, George L. Walker, extra masonry 
in foundation of Large Bird House..... 
Contract, Page Woven Wire Fence Co., An- 
telopes Elo musemVand Sucrtelecie civeiciie cisctelerels 
Contract, Julian Scholl & Co., steam roller. 
Judgment of T. W. Timpson & Co., account 
work performed on abandoned contract. . 


By the Zoological Society: Bill to reimburse Park 


Improvement Fund, account advanced to 
complete buildings on Baird Court— 
IMO mKeyMETOUSE tereneioterelsseteteretereiey ovsiersiexeleteietare 
Teton HEVGUSE 7 tosis foiwie sais \ecetetointerote aie leyeielelovavae 
Antelope TELOUSe vies steiavels tore te io esetetelavsie averete 
Girard! Tails! copes cise ccciste elete lovaisnraialarets voc iomlorierars 
Seeds andiplants \csdiecs pecs even serene 
Public Comiort “Building No, 1...) icieclsiere += 
Bears Dens sad dition cis -micipierectetsiertelevsteieleveieere 
Mountain Sheep Eitllitrercrsr-tereteteisi-loietele elelelstcrete 
Buttalo~ Range. drainage’ <(<::<jeaieke cieiclosaislore 
Beaver avialleya vial cusetecteruetetveleieteicisiercieecrele 
Grading, and ‘seedings <i. cic cijclaw incisive Gisieeicters 
Drainage Elephant House site...........00. 
Baird ‘Court retaining swall) sc < oe acteicicicas se 
Baird ‘Court walks <i. .1:« Scavetle ofeinia'g teysfeveeneretare 
Buffalo and Restaurant water main......... 
Beaver: Bond <x: .%...csciceres seisleeie sce yeeoene 


3,853 58 
73,780 00 


378 00 
114,944 00 


700 0O 


8,713 00 
1,890 00 


1,140 00— 


$5,374 77 
9,262 16 
1,189 00— 
1,730 52 
1,002 95 

210 50 
9,326 41 
3,831 51 
2,331 50 
4,191 71 

932 12 

256 31 

155 80 
4,566 II 


$500,000 00 
2,369 64 
$502,369 64 


$269,025 86 


15,825 93 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 47 


Brought tonwardi cnc .\cmrtesicete ere 
Photog raplia Gallery” ix sive cicero. cmere cio viee ites 
(Crushes 120) nh eae EOC Aa eer ric sw aloreveloreverevele 
Grading and seeding Auto Road............ 
Bronco River> Walk cc2cscseswe cece ss 5560006 
Antelope House ........ eieloieiteretele joaqoDa0dC 
MEFONE PV OUSEe rates siols'ess scfoietetere/sioter siete etereie'e oer 
Miscellaneous fencing and netting .......... 
Improvements East of Bronx River......... 
Pavilion’ NOS 32 ass sle%s's-6:4 BAC COOCCCORBOOGTOIt 
@orrals anid@ walls: sis sxicte-cicwie'ns'eleaves are arate 
Miscellaneous ground improvement items.... 
Mountain Sheep Walk ....... SG005000 sietelers 
BRECMING TIOUSE: (6 wis:e.a)e ore siaisie'cisisinie er Sen wreries 
Reptile House improvements .............. 
TOOMPEAT KDE TL CMES evereys!cterehersiorencilerereisiereterei: -iclats 
Grading and seeding Beaver Valley Walk.. 
Mortotseme nclostineymcuisteciewiesieciseeie cl esesis 
Electric lighting—Reptile, Mammal, and Bird 
EVIOUSES) ajore s¥eveve os eiovaiocaieleiese ors 0Ve/eve aistoteteieionere 
Lydig Gate Foundation ..2 6000005006 BAC Ao 
lama TOUse Yards 1... esi oe siare:cise's sree BeBoe 
Boundary Fence along the entire ‘Eastern 
Ot daiiy: a oysieie 2.6 1avcieais sete tare wletevale ya's 5 
Water supply for Italian Fountain......... 5 
Bind mE nclostines seicise celeste gsi rleleleieiavsleloiavet ere 
Red Deer Range drainage. oem ater aciva seen 
Trimming, pruning, and planting ......... ¢ 
Ducker” Portable, HOuses is cic sce. cictcisiete were oe 
Corralutore Wild: TIOPSES .)atciccic sie veces Sie 
Miscellaneous materials and supplies. Seve ieisteis 
Mammal, Pond! fences ..0is.10 sisie s cvc,vie'e »sis nOaG 
ion House (outside cages) siic60000s ss 000.0 
Birdmelousem(laree)) cece ccelesc. suiereretsiais sieve 
IA\hattOimearrdustalletce se sielcloiere ieisice sieve leicisl sieve 
Antelope House Yards ..:... aavelale aroveroteretelere 50 
WET OneElOIse nwa eslenicsrcremmis oleiaic eo cterereieesercere 
Geme§nnitios ceion ovis cial otous arate wroiere arse aise svarestn ees 
Buffalo Range division fence .........seee 
Sodae BaviliOm\ ites sce slajs'eis(e sierelelowre cle aeieers 
Small’ Mammal TOuse’ . o.i.'s 2. cvicc sis e's a etle 
KOSErICHOUSE) ctcicle clas Guidi nals el aerate leanne 
el armas OUSEh cs aajstetecas cists o 5.6 o\erevetsisrero re rctenavere 
Removal of Mammal House to Nursery..... 
Additional wall, Prairie Dog Village........ 
Meaminial Eotise: fences sieisca1s six os e111 ecrosls : 
Sika Deer Shelter ...... AS EOS Seon nae 
Buttal on Corral sp sciocisctetse stevelersiea nen erence = 
Artists’ Room, Lion House ....... eitereleeretens 
Fallow Deer Shelter and Yard...... wae ei 
Animal Storehouse .........+-.--seseeseees 


H. R. MItTcHELL, 
Chief Clerk. 
January I, 1904. 


2,559 36 
12,736 18 

952 58 
2,229 99 


1,373 82 


959 57 
44 63 
948 73 


3,064 44 
287 95 
380 40 
442 52 

3,417 73 
573 50 
682 65 

1,278 66 
798 30 

3,449 08 

3,310 51 
990 OI 

14,690 79 

1,257 77 


I,OII 29— 117,210 93 


Se cosine 100,306 92 


$502,369 64 
Percy R. Pyne, 
Treasurer. 


Examined and found correct by the New York Audit Company, 


48 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Aquarium Jmprovement Fund Balance Sheet. 


(Showing status of Appropriation of $30,000.) 


RECEIPTS. 
Appropriation of Board of Estimate and Apportionment...... $30,000 00 
EXPENDITURES. 
Through Park Department: 
Contract, Charles: Wille; ‘skylights... ose «0 $6,850 00 
Contract) Cj Wallyresesvoine-peeeeeren eens 18,496 00 
Architects’ commission on above contracts.... 1,207 30—$26,613 30 
Unexpended balance .i\cssmeicca oa ce clessine cise emteniesi ieee 3,380 70 
$30,000 00 
Aquarium fund. 
RECEIPTS. 
Received from City on account of Aquarium appropriation of 
$467500:- TOF TOOBt Sees e ncn siotiese oe ECE ee $38,680 42 
Balance jdue-tromaGity 1) oo secs dale onieem coc er eerie 7,773 26 
Unexpended: balance sor. oo esi) ee ieee 46 32 
$46,500 00 
EXPENDITURES. 
Pay=follsstomemplovesieereeer eee oer cere $26,552 02 
Pay-rollsston paintensenmececeueere eee eo eee: 2,320 00 
Painteand panting "Ol TOOL seieeite sd eteietotiecie tc 1,300 00 
AIECFAtLONIS csltavesiersoneloe cite Saker eater EL ie Euioro) St 
Coal aie Rievehiate ents Wie dhe ei OCR IEE ore ietoea 6,320 66 
Live SpeCiimemsys../com Salolecearsehterstecae e eiticiereiele ora crate 2,500 00 
Bish food! v.)sesvcd cixore he ctolen arse teense reriseae teiotes 1,000 00 
Gas! artis G Sais crsvore asl vino lavage alsvelaierersl eletoetelsieins isterereoke 509 67 
Telephone: service a2. tocresseserstcens idheisterere torn ie ere ee 197 34 
Ice-fon twelve amonthise acm. cries tee kenacterstarsusetene 50 72 
Tnerdentalvexpenses) js sere acre eee er ran orasees 600 00 
Wnitormstandicaps: -cmaeceel setae eee eiereriee I2I 45 
Rock, fom limine: tanks osc cntc <2 aie nsreersernerueeter: 73 14 
Books stor deibranyec. tipo ensicteictectciorsiarerereierecie tele eile 79 43 
Burniture, tomesdesks i... sincsseutic stamina - 15 00 
Supplies for engine-room and for general use..... 1,464 57 
SLElsolsmy ebavel joysohete! Gap ogouoonoooKoDHdCaNd OOS 150 37 
Wnexpendedubalancemneases seen 46 32 
a $40, 500)ea 
E. R. SAMPSON, Percy R. Pyne, 
Disbursing Clerk. Treasurer. 


January I, 1904. 
Examined and found correct by the New York Audit Company. 


Sd09O GNV SSUNOIT AUYVEAVE 


"NHOBNYS ‘HY NIM13 Hd¥H9OLOHd 


REPORT OF “LHE DLE GLO 


ZOOLOGICAL RvR Ke 


OR the year 1903 we are able to report a great advance to- 
ward the completion of the Zoological Park. Not only has 
the usual progress been made in the construction of perma- 
nent improvements, but the collections have been increased by 
the acquisition of many new animals of noteworthy value. In 
response to this progress, the attendance of visitors has also 
increased over the number of the previous year by nearly sixty 
per cent. 

Of the events fully accomplished during the year, the most im- 
portant were the opening of the Lion House, the completion and 
stocking of the Antelope House, the receipt of the Whitney Buf- 
falo herd and Elk herd, the completion of the four new Bear 
Dens, and the building and stocking of the Llama House. Im- 
portant events provided for development and completion in the 
near future were the building of the large Bird House, Ostrich 
and Small Mammal Houses, large Deer Barn, and the improve- 
ment of the south half of Baird Court. 

It is again a satisfaction to be able to report that the relations 
of the Zoological Park with the public, and the various City 
Departments with which it regularly comes in touch, continue to 
be cordial. The usefulness of the Park to educators and students, 
to animal painters and sculptors, to authors and illustrators, and 
also to the officers of other zoological gardens and parks, is of 
sufficient importance to indicate, even at this early date, the value 
of a zoological park as an educational institution. 


ATTENDANCE, 


Notwithstanding the fact that the street railway facilities for 
reaching the entrances to the Zoological Park are as far away 
as ever, the attendance of visitors has shown a surprising increase. 
The absence of a street railway on Pelham Avenue is a source 
of constant surprise and annoyance to visitors, and this dissatis- 
faction is very frequently expressed by those who are compelled 


50 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIEIN: 


to walk the half mile between the Northwest Entrance and the 
railways at Fordham. 
The monthly record of visitors for the year is as follows: 


1g02 1903 
Janay soo c8 ase: coe 12,958 11,405 
Biebritarye> ae). woe event tens 12,155 42,134 
March 2.cte.cis ie oe 54,742 81,222 
Apc creo eee soe Mee 56,081 133,662 
Waive) oie sme aie nay erty ee 105,519 187,940 
JOE: Ae em eases ee 89,691 72,776 
bt hs Aare Ne ena Age hes NOS 87,164 154,290 
ATIOTISE Fae Saran everson 126,874 155,505 
September ssi ss- eee te 63,370 T5102 
Wctoherssey.cls. eset 45,262 70,060 
iNiovetmbet.) sans ence: 68,268 89,215 
WECeiber ence aaa 9,431 14,775 


731,515 1,164,146 


Total increase for the year, 432,631, or 59 per cent. 
Increase in 1902, 38 per cent. 


PRACTICAL WORKING OF THE PRIMATES HOUSE, 


The Primates’ House has now been in active use for a little 
more than two years; and inasmuch as the entire building was 
evolved from our own ideas, it is now proper to place on record 
our estimate of its working value. It is no exaggeration to say 
that this building has not only come up to our expectations, but, 
in many respects, has surpassed them. 

All persons familiar with zoological gardens are well aware 
of the fact that the odors of monkey houses are difficult prob- 
lems to contend with. Wherever either ventilation or cage sani- 
tation is imperfect, the odors become disagreeable—especially 
in winter weather, when doors and windows must be closed, and 
the supply of pure air is necessarily restricted. The best evi- 
dence that can be offered of the success of the ventilating sys- 
tem of our Primates’ House lies in the expressions of satisfaction 
that have been offered, voluntarily, by visitors. The absence of 
the usual ape and monkey odors from the Primates’ House— 
even in the severest winter weather—is frequently remarked by 
visitors, and from this fact we have reason to believe that the air 
supply is pure, and therefore beneficial to the living inhabitants 
of the building. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. dL 


The question of the necessity of mechanical or forced-draft sys- 
tem for this building may be considered settled by conclusive 
evidence that it is not necessary. The supply of outside air 
that is continually brought into the building, warmed over coils 
of hot-water pipes, and delivered both into the large cages and the 
auditorium, finds its way out of the top of the cages and the 
main hall by a system of upper currents, which carries away what 
would otherwise be objectionable animal odors. 

The great decrease in the number of cases of tuberculosis 
among the primates may fairly be regarded as evidence that the 
air supply of the Primates’ House is very nearly what it should be. 
During the year 1902, and immediately following the opening of 
this building, the animals within it were subject to the conditions. 
under which they entered it, and the death-rate from tuberculosis 
was as heavy as it usually is in such collections. During the first 
year of the building’s use, the animals which entered the Pri- 
mates’ House with tuberculosis disappeared by death, and were re- 
placed by healthy animals. The mortality records of 1903 show 
a decrease in the death-rate of the primates of nearly fifty per 
cent., bringing the total for the year down to a comparatively 
small number. | 

In Europe it is a common practice to keep all orangs and 
chimpanzees behind glass. Our policy has been to keep nothing, 
save marmosets, behind glass, and to give the anthropoid apes 
as much fresh air as they can stand without contracting severe 
colds. In fact, in comparison with the views of some European 
authorities respecting the air supply of anthropoid apes, we have 
gone to the opposite extreme, and prefer to furnish to the orangs 
and chimpanzees a supply of air so cool and fresh that occasion- 
ally it produces a head cold, rather than weaken the lungs of 
those creatures by a constant high temperature, and consequent 
diminution of vitality. 

All the large cages of the Primates’ House have proven con- 
ducive to great activity on the part of their living inhabitants. 
The only cases of cage paralysis (three in number) have occurred 
in the small side cages. It must be borne in mind, however, that 
in every large collection of primates there must be a liberal num- 
ber of small cages for the use of timid animals that fare badly in 
mixed company, and also for quarrelsome individuals that will 
not live peaceably in the cages that are devoted to groups. 

The lignolith floors of our cages have proven of extreme value 
in the matter of cleanliness, and the manner in which that mate- 
rial has been applied to connect the floor with the lower portions. 


52 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


of the walls without corners or seams, has undoubtedly exercised 
a great influence on the general cleanliness of the building, and 
absence of odors. 

It is a great satisfaction to be able to report that, were we to 
build next year a new house for primates, it would be very diffi- 
cult to suggest even one important improvement upon the present 
structure. That the building is crowded with visitors during 
Saturdays and Sundays of the season when visitors are most 
numerous, need cause neither surprise nor regret; for were the 
structure five times as large as it now is, it would, during those 
periods, be crowded precisely as it is now. So long as apes and 
monkeys are in good health, and perform their usual antics on 
horizontal bar and trapeze, just so long will people pack six deep 
in front of their cages, and stand until they are compelled by 
policemen and keepers to move on. 


PRACTICAL WORKING OF THE LION HOUSE. 


The Lion House has now been in actual use a little more than 
one year, during which time it has been thoroughly tested. Thus 
far but two defects have been revealed, both of which are of so 
simple a character that they can easily be remedied, and the 
necessary substitution of materials will be accomplished at an 
early date, with no disturbance to the daily routine. The Lion 
House may be described as a handsome domicile joined to an 
elaborate but smoothly-working machine. It appears to be the 
verdict of the public that in view of the fine facilities it affords 
for the exhibition of its animals, for their management and care, 
and for the general comfort of the public, this building is worth 
all that it has cost. 

Beyond question, the animals are as contented, as happy and 
as active in their cages as such animals ever could be in captivity. 
The wire cage-fronts have proven an unqualified success, and 
the color-scheme of the cage interiors is almost everything 
that could be desired for the exhibition of large felines. The 
elevated balconies and the high steps leading up to them are used 
by the majority of the animals to a gratifying extent, and beyond 
question, the climbing done by the animals from day to day is 
beneficial to their health and spirits. It has been noticed, with 
particular pleasure, that the lions born and thus far reared in 
the Lion House use these steps and balconies very freely, quite 
as if they appreciate the climbing privilege more than those ani- 
mals which matured elsewhere without similar opportunities. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 53 


One of the best indices of the health, spirits and contentment of 
the animals in the Lion House is to be found in their desire to 
reproduce their kind. Thus far the results have been as follows: 

Out of the first litter of five lion cubs, one cub died by accident, 
but the other four have developed as finely as if they had been 
bred and reared in an African jungle. The second litter of 
three lion cubs is progressing, and promises to develop success- 
fully. The young Senegal lioness died in giving birth to her 
first cubs, as also did the female Indian leopard: A third litter 
of lion cubs is now due. 

It is believed that the income from the breeding and rearing 
of young animals in the Lion House will be of material assistance 
in keeping up the supply of large felines. 

The general health of the animals in the Lion House has been 
well-nigh perfect, the only death not due to accident being that of 
the cheetah, which occurred within a comparatively short time 
after its arrival, and was chargeable to long-standing causes. 

The mechanical working of the Lion House has proven to be 
one of its best features. The plan for the shifting and transfer 
of the animals works excellently. Its practical effectiveness may 
be summarized in the following incident: 

A tigress which was found at six o’clock in the evening with 
a large piece of bone fast upon one of her canine teeth, and 
greatly distressed thereby, was taken out of her cage by means of 
the shifting car, run into the outdoor area, where the remaining 
daylight was sufficient, the obstruction was removed, and the 
animal replaced in her cage safely and without worry, in precisely 
twenty minutes from the assembling of the men to remove her. 


ANIMAL COLLECTIONS. 


During the past year the increase in both the scientific and in- 
trinsic values of the animal collections of the Park has been 
really great, and it is by no means expressed in any of the figures 
representing the number of individuals in the various depart- 
ments on December 31st. The most noteworthy increase has 
been in the mammal collections. 

The collections of small mammals, birds and reptiles have so 
completely filled the installations provided for them that no 
marked increase has been possible. The Aquatic Birds’ House 
has long been filled to overflowing. The erection of the new 
house for small mammals, and the consequent removal of the 


54 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


temporary building, has caused the collection of small mammals 
to disappear from exhibition, and has also operated to prevent, 
temporarily, the acquisition of new specimens. 


DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS, 


The collections in this Department were increased during the 
past year by the addition of about $34,000.00 worth of new speci- 
mens, representing many species new to the Park. This increase 
was the greatest that has yet been made in one year. It is a 
source of sincere gratification to be able to report that fully one- 
half of our splendid list of accessions for 1903 came to the So- 
ciety as special gifts from its Founders and other members. 

The most noteworthy individual gift came from the Hon. 
William C. Whitney, who presented to the Society his fine buffalo 
herd of twenty-six animals, which had previously inhabited his 
park on October Mountain, near Lenox, Massachusetts. This 
splendid gift, which was delivered at the Park without any ex- 
pense whatever to the Zoological Society, places the Society in 
possession of not only the largest herd of buffaloes on public 
exhibition, but also a herd second to none in the quality of its 
members. The presence in this herd of a large number of female 
animals renders it particularly valuable for breeding purposes. 
All the animals were crated on October Mountain and trans- 
ported to the Zoological Park without the slightest mishap or 
accident. This herd has been kept separate from the Society’s 
original herd, which occupies a separate range and shelter. 

Coincident with the delivery of the buffalo herd, Mr. Whitney 
also presented a herd of ten elk of choice breed, which were also 
delivered at the Park at the expense of the donor, and now con- 
stitute an exhibit of which the Society is justly proud. 

The animals in the Antelope House represent a cash value of 
about $15,000.00, and more than one-half of them stand as gifts. 
Through much correspondence, lasting through a period of sev- 
eral months, the Society had the good fortune to secure for the 
Antelope House a remarkably large proportion of rare species. 

Mr. George F. Baker generously provided funds for the pur- 
chase of a very fine male eland, from the herd of the Duke of 
Bedford ; a pair of white-tailed gnu and a pair of white-bearded 
enu, from German East Africa. Mrs. Frederic Ferris Thompson 
provided funds for the purchase of three very rare African ante- 
lopes, a beatrix antelope, a pair of Altai wapiti and a pair of 
African ostriches. Mr. Robert S. Brewster presented a complete 


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EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. vod 


collection of llamas, guanacos, vicunias and alpacas, with which 
to fill the new Llama House. After about two years of contin- 
uous effort, Mr. Charles Sheldon succeeded in securing a Mexi- 
can grizzly bear, which he presented to the Society. 

The funds provided in 1901 by Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss, for 
the purchase of a snow leopard, secured a very fine male speci- 
men early in 1903, and it now forms one of the chief attractions 
of the Lion House. Being a hardy animal, it is living contin- 
uously in one of the outdoor cages, beside the Manchurian leop- 
ard, and has not been in the least inconvenienced by a tempera- 
ture of sixteen degrees below zero. 

An order that was placed in 1903 for three pairs of Steller’s 
sea lions was, after many futile efforts, finally filled late in 1903. 
Six young specimens were received from the coast of California ; 
but, with one exception, their fate has been exceedingly unfortu- 
nate. Shortly after their arrival two died of pneumonia, and 
three others died from ptomaine poisoning, leaving only a soli- 
tary individual. 

From Mr. William Rockefeller, six Russian fallow deer, spe- 
cially selected by Carl Hagenbeck, for breeding purposes, were 
received by gift. Mr. David S. Cowles presented a black bear 
cub from the Laurentian Mountains, Canada. From Mr. John J. 
Ittner, two fine male mandrills were received. From the Park 
Department for the Borough of the Bronx, a herd of twenty-five 
fallow deer was received by gift. 

From Captain Thomas Golding the Society purchased several 
very interesting importations from northern China and Japan, the 
most important specimens being two Tscheli monkeys, one Chinese 
macaque and a rare palm civit. From Singapore, Captain 
Golding brought a half-grown specimen of a very rare anthro- 
poid ape called the siamang,’ the first animal of that species to 
come into the possession of the Society. 

A pair of fine giraffes from German East Africa was purchased 
of Mr. Hagenbeck, and safely installed in the Antelope House on 
October 17th. Upon their arrival the male specimen measured 10 
feet; & inches, and the female was 10 feet, Winch: hich: 
These animals are in excellent health, very active in taking exer- 
cise in their compartment, and they appear to be growing satis- 
factorily. The pair cost the Society $5,500.00, which, consider- 
ing the rarity of living examples of this species, was a very mod- 
erate price. 

The health of the animals in the mammal collection has been 
fairly satisfactory. The deaths have been much fewer than dur- 


56 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


ing the previous year, and there has been no loss of animals of 
great value. The most valuable animal lost by death was the 
large female orang-utan, which, having been captured when fully 
adult, was necessarily short-lived. 

The health of the animals in the Lion House has been particu- 


FALLOW DEER. 


Herds of fallow deer have been presented by Mr. Wm. Rockefeller and the Park Commissioner of 
the Borough of the Bronx. 


larly gratifying, there having been but one case of illness, and 
but one death save by causes to be classed as accidents. 

With the disappearance of the animals which in I90I-2 en- 
tered the Primates’ House suffering from various diseases, the 
collection has settled down to a normal condition of health, and 
the death-rate for the year 1903 was really very low. Such deaths 
as did occur were chiefly amongst the delicate and short-lived spe- 
cies, such as the howlers, marmosets and spider monkeys. The 
only baboon lost during the year was a female which died in par- 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 57 


turition. With the elimination of the two apes that entered the 
Primates’ House in a diseased condition, the three remaining an- 
thropoid apes have thriven surprisingly. They are not only in 
good health, but are exceedingly active, and growing rapidly. 

The health of all the foreign tropical deer in the Park has been 
excellent ; but the filaria affecting the old elk herd has caused the 
loss of several individuals, and gastro-enteritis has also carried 
off several of our native deer. It is very unfortunate that our 
native deer should be so difficult to acclimatize in New York, and 
keep in good health. 

The following is a statement of the species and specimens of 
mammals on hand on December 31st, 1903: 


BASIMMAECS: cin «coe ete as o's « 40 species. g6 specimens. 
Giireptera 25. ns ines I ‘i : 
CARMVORAL Aono seve 3 iol ae 49 ‘: 132 h 
IBA BE IV gai svace tcl 8) ote <0) 2 a 9 
NGG AD hale ne ieig te Brae veyrie 12 F 78 7 
MORAGA: 5) sts haeo 013% ee Fars yererys 47 i 205 4 
(UES 00) eh oe Z . 8 a 
153 536 ? 
Reece aye UL  ickep tis ays a ae Se, ures data ai Say nieys 163 
SPR etTT SE lee pate eure Rae Se coi scale BES euch Me ie renee sh «Se pey Repos 137 
EXCiB, US eS Geen oe sien eg ete Beer oe en 61 


DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS. 


It has already been stated that in this Department no substan- 
tial increase in the number of species has been possible, for the 
reason that all available accommodations were so well filled. The 
most noteworthy accessions consisted of herons, egrets and ducks 
purchased at Brownsville, Texas, and Orlando, Florida, and the 
collection of gulls, terns and other water-birds secured by Cura- 
tor Beebe on his expedition to Cobb Island. Special mention 
should be made of the collection of birds received as a gift from 
Mr. Louis N. Whealton, and also of the generous and effective 
cooperation which Mr. Whealton extended to the Society’s repre- 
sentative on Cobb Island. Mr. Whealton’s gift embraces speci- 
mens of three species of ducks, two swans, two Egyptian geese, 
five species of terns and gulls and also specimens of the black 
skimmer. Mr. Beebe’s observations and work on Cobb Island 


58 NEW YORK "ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. 


will be fully described elsewhere in this volume. Among the 
birds of special interest acquired during the year the following 
were the most noteworthy: 

A fine adult specimen of the great white heron—a bird of 
exceeding rarity—was received by purchase from Miami, Flor- 
ida. Two African ostriches were received by gift from Mrs. 
Frederic Ferris Thompson, and pending the completion of the 
Ostrich House, have been placed on exhibition in the Antelope 
House. Three blue geese, and specimens of the avocet and stilt, 
were received from Brownsville, Texas. 

Two specimens of the pinnated grouse were received by ex- 
change; and a ptarmigan, from Alaska, was purchased in De- 
cember, but survived in the Park only three days. 

To the Bird Department, the most notable event of the year 
was the beginning of work on the erection of the Large Bird 
House. Owing to the very considerable cost represented by the 
lowest bid when the contract for that building was first adver- 
tised, in the spring of 1903, the contract was withdrawn, the 
plans were restudied with a view to reducing the cost of the 
structure, and later on a new contract was advertised. On this 
occasion the lowest bid was accepted, and by the end of Decem- 
ber the foundation walls were ready to receive the base course of 
granite. It is believed that this building will be as perfect in its 
appointments for the care of its collections as any other which 
the Society has erected. It will contain a really great amount of 
cage room, outdoors as well as within, and-it will accommodate 
as large a collection of perching birds, shore birds and members 
of the Order Psittaci (parrots, macaws, etc.), as the Society will 
desire to exhibit. 

During a large portion of the year 1903, the Zoological Park, 
as a whole, was greatly plagued by an enormous influx of rats. 
To everyone concerned with the work of the Bird Department 
these vermin were an intolerable pest, and were resisted vigor- 
ously, with poison, traps and guns. Ferrets were tried, but 
proved of no practical value. Finally the services of two rat- 
terriers were employed, and these proved effective. The Park, as 
a whole, is now as free from rats as such an institution can rea- 
sonably hope to be in a rat-infested city; but the warfare against 
these obnoxious creatures must necessarily be constant and vig- 
orous. The wide distribution of grain throughout the Park, as 
used in feeding both mammals and birds, constitutes a perpetual 
attraction to vermin living around the Park, and, like stray 
cats, they continually pour in. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 59 


The following is a full statement of the bird collections on 
hand on December 31st, 1903: 


ORDER. SPECIES. SPECIMENS, 
Ratitae, Ostrich and Cassowary.... 2 3 
oncipennes, — (Gulls. Terns; ete..-4.5-6 4 50 
Stemanopodes,. | Pelicans, ete a... 2s e 5 25 
Anseres, Dueks: Geese, cic. e2n.. 34 240 
@dorntoclossac;) ‘Hlaming@oes..c.6-0-7. 202 3. 2 3 
Herodiones, Fete rOm Same TCLS met qr are: 14 7A 
Limicolae, ShOLe Birds. Anes oie I I 
Paludicolae, CraneowRatis etes a-ae 262 = 8 74 
Gallinae, UplandGame Birds =2%5. +2 21 116 
Columbae, Pigeons and. Doves... 5 5 

_ Raptores, Hawks, Eagles and Owls.. 19 57 
PSiehacr Barrots.. Wacaws, “ete... 20 28 
Passeres, erchine wBigd Se: veces 28 40 90 

ThE + CSG ISAS Geran Oe es 175 700 
ateee me VE Oda ater Acre ora it a AR ee sae ety alee 81 
mT ASC hte hot Pee ra ome hn hae acta srditneer ad See LEO 
HEB rele MC See pS at et ec oy cS a re aye Gen ee a ese 6 
Pree ICC MOM GepOSity mt iaer Sneath Gotie e ow cise ee 2 
Wolllectede ees ei a hennce set mht ie esi Cee Warene 93 
RACE 5-1: ate gS Terme es ae rk Rhee el aera ly Nats Cg 136 


DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES. 


Among the important additions to the Reptile collection during 
the past year were two large specimens of the South American 
bushmaster (Lachesis mutus), representing the largest known 
species of poisonous serpent; an anaconda, measuring fourteen 
feet in length; three specimens of the Boa constrictor; two speci- 
mens of the Boa diviniloqua; a large Indian rat snake, and two 
particularly fine specimens of the spectacled cobra (Naja tripu- 
dians). The cobras are strongly marked by the characteristic 
colors of their species. By their fierce demeanor, and hoods ex- 
panded for the slightest provocation, they attract much attention. 
These specimens were captured in the vicinity of Calcutta, and 
were presented by Mr. Thomas H. Barbour. 

During the early summer, one of the Sumatran cobras evinced 
a cannibalistic appetite by swallowing one of its cage-mates. 
Promptly upon the discovery of the incident, the distorted snake 


60 NEW © YORK + ZOOLOGICAL {SOGCIETY. 


was taken from its cage, and by reaching down its throat with a 
pair of long forceps the curator was enabled to extricate the 
smaller cobra. The victim exhibited signs of life, but only sur- 
vived for a few moments. This specimen was mounted in forma- 
lin, with hood spread, in the attitude assumed by the cobra when 
about to strike, and hardened in that position. 

The big Ceylonese monitor, which has long been an important 
member of the collection of lizards, was so inconvenienced by an 
abnormal growth during the summer that it refused all food, and 
fasted for two months. Curator Ditmars operated on the reptile, 
which rapidly recovered, and its energetic and amusing egg-eat- 
ing exhibitions are again a feature of the Reptile House. 

As is usual in a large collection of reptiles, eccentric and dor- 
mant appetites are always to be cultivated. During the year sev- 
eral of the big snakes were fed at regular intervals in a compul- 
sory manner, and one of the Sumatran cobras was subjected to 
the process of having three beaten eggs forced down its throat 
every ten days. 

During the summer months, over two hundred terrapins, rep- 
resenting four of the larger species, were liberated in the various 
ponds of the Park, for the purpose of establishing an exhibit of 
these creatures in a partially wild condition, and at the same time 
to provide more living inhabitants for those small bodies of water. 
They soon made themselves quite at home, and on sunny days 
could be seen basking on the edges of the ponds, or upon rocks 
and other objects projecting above the water. 

The condition of the collection of reptiles and amphibians on 
December 31st, 1903, was as follows: 


@lvel oma is 0655 2 otlerea arate 32 species. 212 specimens. 
Crocodilia oi acetone Bo Wet 30 + 
Lacertilia: ps ituiis ahlieeaats Tsar PA 77 e 
Opltidiay «\..- cee ast AD. 38 218 af 
Ait phils tsiccy. aja geet dS dade TB ei sr" 125 % 

OO is 662 zt 
Received day .eittte yociade gee es 126 
Purehaséd 3s 34 tes pices BE osha 5 oS RUE eek 262 
BOE. sic fit Ait recat IS A Ce Le eee enemas 174 
Used for food; tor*snaketeatinevcnakesaa. ea. oe 275 


210 turtles were purchased for distribution in the Park ponds. 


BT a ce mi? * winigin em S 


PHOTOGRAPHS. ELWIN R. SANBORN, 
ALPACA. 


From the collection of Cameloid animals presented by Mr. Robert S. Brewster. 


j i oe "she 
: { a) a att 7 
a ' a hk pe hee eee WN 
. = rs on ee! 
ce oe. 


7 , {€ 
7 a 5 
- ' ? 
‘ * 
- 
r 7 OY j 
a A) 
7) 
7 z i ‘ie 
Va 7 ‘ : 
in ir > n uy 
_ » ’ = ls 
: 4 : 
ai TO ‘ i é 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 61 


SUMMARY OF LIVE ANIMALS ON HAND ON JANUARY I, I904. 


Mammals iy. Si ve. so ese eG 153 species. 536 specimens. 
Binet Ses tee tanee al 1G aebiee taht aot EZ se 706 cs 
Nepiilegen«ouk.. fr. Ses vas Go) TN 662 4 

MP Oudheets ike nai One Abel. 427 1,904 


DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION. 


During the year 1903 the facilities of the Department of Ad- 
ministration were increased by several noteworthy items of con- 
struction. A new soda-water pavilion and candy stand was erect- 
ed near the Bear Dens, commodious in size and convenient in ar- 
rangement. During the busy season a cashier was employed for 
each soda-water pavilion, and the volume of business transacted 
was very satisfactory. The net profits on the sale of soda water 
and candy amounted to $3,113.86, which was paid over to the 
Animal Fund. 

Abattoir.—In order to diminish the quantity and cost of meat 
purchased for the carnivorous animals, a properly equipped abat- 
toir was erected in connection with the service yard, for use in 
providing horse-meat. It may be of general interest to state that 
in many zoological gardens, horse-meat, derived from animals 
that have passed veterinary inspection, and which is known to 
be free from disease, is regularly fed to the large feline animals, 
and is very acceptable to them. In view of the present high 
prices of beef, it is imperatively necessary that this measure of 
economy be practiced in the Zoological Park. The horse-meat 
that has been supplied to the Lion House since the erection of 
the abattoir costs about one and one-half cents per pound, and is 
quite as satisfactory food for the animals as beef at five times 
that price. 

Wagon Scales —A much-needed addition to the equipment of 
the service yard has at last been installed at the west end of the 
service building. Platform scales for the weighing of coal, hay, 
grain and other supplies purchased in large quantities, have been 
purchased and placed in position, and now all the supplies men- 
tioned are weighed as they are received. 

Women’s Rest Room.—Early in the year a rest room, specially 
designed for ladies, and children accompanying them, was suita- 
bly furnished and opened for use in the northwest corner of the 
Lion House, with an attendant in charge. This has proven very 


62 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


acceptable to visitors, and has been well utilized. It is a satisfac- 
tion to be able to report that thus far the room has been treated 
by visitors as if the benefits it confers were gratefully appreciated. 
It is of special utility to ladies who, through excessive fatigue or 
sudden illness, require a retiring room with couches and easy 
chairs, and such attention as a female attendant can bestow. 

Exhibit at the Sportsmen’s Show.—Under the direction of 
Chief Clerk Mitchell, the Society placed an exhibit of photo- 
graphs, drawings, specimens and publications at the Sportsmen’s 
Show, held at the Madison Square Garden at the end of the win- 
ter of 1903. This exhibit was constantly attended, by Mr. Mitch- 
ell, Mr. Sanborn, and others, and the attention which it attracted 
to the objects of the Zoological Society resulted in the acquisition 
of about sixty new members. 

Publications.—During the year a Souvenir Book of twenty 
Zoological Park photographs, reproduced by the Albertype proc- 
ess, was prepared and placed on sale. Although it was not 
offered to the public until late in the year, its sales showed, up to 
the end of the year, a profit of $218.15. About the same time a 
series of souvenir postal cards, illustrating the Zoological Park, 
was prepared and placed on sale, and up to the close of the year 
yielded a net profit of $130.14. 

Gate Receipts.—The gate receipts for the past year show an 
increase of 38 per cent. over those of 1902. The total for 1903 
was $5,912.95, an increase of $1,656.45 over the amount of the 
previous year. 

Rocking-Stone Restaurant.—The Restaurant service was con- 
tinued under the same system of management as had proven sat- 
isfactory in 1902. While no profit accrued to the benefit of the 
Animal Fund, a net loss of $758.95 entered up on January 1, 
1903, was at the end of the year converted into a profit of $89.83. 
In addition to this there was effected a reduction in the obligations 
due the General Fund of $150.00, besides the purchase of furni- 
ture and fixtures during the year to the amount of about $500.00. 
Thus it will be noted that an actual gain of $1,500.00 has been 
made in the operations of the Restaurant during the year 1903. 
A considerable increase in the amount of business can safely be 
expected during 1904, which, if realized, will put the Restaurant 
on a paying basis, and make it a regular annual contributor to the 
Animal Fund. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 63 


DEPARTMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PUBLICATION. 


The Zoological Park photographs which have appeared in the 
quarterly numbers of the Bulletin, and in the present volume, 
constitute ocular proof of the valuable and constant work of Mr. 
Sanborn in photographing the animals and buildings of the Zoo- 
logical Park. The photographic records of rare animals that are 
constantly being secured are of great value to the general pur- 
poses of the Society. In a comparatively short time the Society 
will be able to publish a series of popular monographs, which will 
serve as an additional demonstration of the value of such photo- 
graphic records as are now being made. Every rare animal that 
reaches the Park is photographed as soon as circumstances will 
permit, and the Society has always exercised toward the public, 
in the matter of reproducing its pictures, the greatest liberality 
consistent with its own interests. 

Mr. Sanborn’s admirable editorial work on the publications 
of the Society is fully appreciated by those for whom it is spe- 
cially intended—the members of the organization. An extensive 
exhibit of enlarged photographs will be made at the Sportsmen’s 
Show which is to be held in Madison Square Garden in Feb- 
ruary, 1904. 


DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING. 


During the past year the civil engineer of the Zoological Park, 
Mr. George M. Beerbower, took up and carried through to com- 
pletion the very important task of preparing the plans and specifi- 
cations for all work in connection with the yards, walks and 
drainage surrounding the Antelope House, and also of acting as 
supervising engineer of the work. 

It was considered inexpedient to attempt to plan these intricate 
improvements until the Antelope House had been erected. Im- 
mediately upon the opening of spring weather the necessary sur- 
veys of the site surrounding the Antelope House were made. The 
task which presented itself was one which involved serious diffi- 
culties, chiefly due to the irregularities of the surface of the hill 
to be covered with metal fences, the presence of a great number 
of trees that could not be disturbed, and various outcroppings 
of rock. All problems, however, were successfully worked out 
and embodied in a contract for fences and gates of structural 
steel, wrought iron and wire, which finally was awarded at a 


64 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


cost of $8,713.00. The execution of the work planned by Mr. 
Beerbower has satisfactorily demonstrated the correctness of his 
plans, and the finished work has received the approval of the 
Executive Committee. The fences erected are of three pat- 
terns, all new to the Park, and all gates and fastenings, also, were 
especially designed for the service they now render. 

The total work involved in connection with the Antelope House 
fences, yards, drainage and walks occupied the attention of our 
engineer for a considerable portion of the year reported upon. 

Mr. Beerbower has successfully designed a handsome and sub- 
stantial fence of wrought iron to enclose the sea-lion pool on 
Baird Court. His plans for this improvement have been ap- 
proved by the Executive Committee and Park Commissioner, 
and a contract for the work is to be advertised forthwith. 

The improvement of the surface of Baird Court is proceeding 
under the joint direction of the Society’s engineer and chief con- 
structor. Mr. Beerbower’s plans for the drainage of Baird Court 
have been carried into effect under his supervision, and the west- 
ern retaining wall is now being raised to its full height. In addi- 
tion to the above, Mr. Beerbower has prepared plans and specifi- 
cations for the winter shelter and animal hospital in the animal 
yard, for the abattoir and stable connected with it, for the 
soda water and candy pavilion, for proper coal chutes for the 
large animal buildings, for the Bear Dens, and the preliminary 
plans for the large Deer Barn and yards surrounding it. 


GROUND IMPROVEMENTS. 


The operations of the ground improvement force, under Mr. 
Hermann W. Merkel, chief constructor, have been unusually 
varied and important. A list of the most important work per- 
_ formed by this force during the year 1903 includes the fol- 
lowing: 

The Antelope House yards, drainage and surrounding walks; 
the drainage of Baird Court; construction of the Llama House, 
candy pavilion, animal shelter and hospital, deer shelter for fal- 
low deer range, deer shelter for sika deer range; water supply 
and drainage to Italian fountain; construction of abattoir and 

- stable adjoining ; construction of rock-work in three outside cages 
of Lion House; construction of concrete wall around Prairie Dog 
Village, and the erection of a great number of new fences for ani- 
mal enclosures. During the working months of the year three 
separate forces of mechanics and laborers, skilled and unskilled, 


Jaazy po areczc 


ett se 


Stl 


pea ae 


D YARDS. 


N 


GROUND PLAN: ANTELOPE HOUSE A 


EIGHTH -ANNUAL REPORT. 65 


were employed on these tasks, and work was pushed forward 
with the utmost vigor. A few of these items are well worthy 
of special mention : 

Antelope House.—The series of twenty-three yards surround- 
ing the Antelope House form a very extensive feature of this in- 
stallation, and from the first their development was recognized 
as a matter involving much difficult work and very considerable 
expense. Owing to the peculiar nature of the site, it early became 
apparent that it would be desirable to let a contract for the fenc- 
ing, gates, etc., and have all filling, grading, macadamizing, post- 
setting and concrete work performed under the immediate su- 
pervision of Zoological Park officers. By the consent of the 
Park Commissioner this plan was adopted and has been carried 
out, and by reason of the possibility of meeting certain conditions 
as they were found, the best results possible have been secured 
with the least possible expenditure. 

The outer boundaries of the two series of yards consist of a 
heavy wrought-iron fence, eight feet high, standing over concrete 
coping. The divisions between the yards consist of two double 
lines of the heaviest Page wire fencing, set on steel posts three 
feet apart, partly for the purpose of giving valuable space for 
planting, and partly to prevent horned animals. from fighting 
through the partitions and injuring each other. The fence for 
the elephant yard has been constructed of heavy angle-irons and 
tee-irons of several patterns, each post being very firmly braced 
on the outside. All the yards have been paved with telford mac- 
adam, and fully provided with valleys, catch-basins and under- 
ground drains. By means of a series of gates near the building, 
it is possible for service carts to drive entirely around the building 
near the outer wall, for the purpose of collecting refuse. 

With the exception of the Bear Dens, this outdoor improve- 
_ment has been the most extensive of its kind that has yet been 
made in the Zoological Park. A contract for the fencing was 
awarded to the Page Woven Wire Fence Company, of Adrian, 
Michigan, and has been filled with promptness and scrupulous 
care, with materials that are highly satisfactory. The extent of 
the yard accommodations, and the cost of their construction, 
may be appreciated from the fact that their total frontage is 
1,392 feet. If laid out in a straight line, the yards of the An- 
telope House would extend in an unbroken series from the north 
door of the building to the Boston Road Entrance, and fifty feet 
beyond. If laid down upon Baird Court, this improvement, as a 
whole, would cover practically the entire southern portion of that 


66 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL) SOCINAY:: 


area up to Sea-Lion Pool. As an index of the extent of the task 
recently completed, the following figures are offered: 


Dimensions “of areatreated= s.r eee 335 X 3o7etece 
Length, of conerete swall/and icopines.. poe ee 1,392 
Lineal feet of heavy wrought-iron fence, 8 feet high. 1,392 
Lineal feet otselepiant enter. haere cer eee 270. a 
Lineal Geetiot (extra Weaviywite teneiien ssi) eee 3,42 

" Wire Gates: <i. ccurhulonces eu ek lan oe oot eae 38 
Heavy <wrought-ironve@ates.<..4 1 eet area ee 2 
Extrayheavy gates oft steel heamsa.~ qoa, 7 seep ae cc eee 2 


In addition to the construction of the yards around the Ante- 
lope House, a twelve-foot walk was built to encircle the whole, 
and render the twenty-three outdoor enclosures available to visit- 
ors. The necessary elevation of the northern portion of this en- 
circling walk renders it necessary to expend about $500.00 in 
connecting it with the Mountain Sheep Walk and one other. 

Cleaning Ironwork of Bear Dens.—The four new Bear Dens 
which were to have been completed in 1902, were not completed 
until the late spring of 1903. The final occupancy of the new 
dens at last rendered it possible to transfer bears from the old 
dens for the purpose of putting those enclosures into thorough 
repair. It was found necessary to purchase a sand-blast, in order 
to free the ironwork of the rust which had accumulated upon it 
and paint it in such a manner that the rusting of the metal would 
be effectually stopped. It has been found that the salt air of the 
Zoological Park causes all fences and exposed ironwork to 
accumulate rust at an alarming and almost unprecedented rate. 
It has been found that unless structural steel and wrought-iron 
work exposed to the weather has been cleaned of all foundry 
scales by the sand-blast process, it is an impossibility to paint the 
metal in such a manner that rust will not take hold under the 
foundry scales and greatly damage the material. For this reason 
all recent contracts for ironwork in the Zoological Park have 
called for the strictest precautionary measures calculated to avoid 
rust. Every particle of ironwork in the original series of bear 
dens is now being gone over with the sand-blast, in order to arrest 
the ravages of rust, and prevent damage from that source in the 
future. This grave and imperative necessity applies to all struc- 
tural ironwork exposed to the weather in the Park, except wire 
netting, and the cost involved has already made a serious inroad 
upon the Maintenance Fund. 


A SECTION OF THE NEW BEAR DENS. 


Showing the rock-work sleeping quarters. 


Swarr 


Tat, 


Ly 
ON 


hae 


> Bey 


ee, 


PHOTOGRAPHS. 


ELWIN R. SANBORN, 


THE LLAMA HOUSE. 


For the llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunias. 


\ 
i 


EIGHTH ANNUAL , REPORT. 67 


Llama House.—Early in 1903 the Zoological Society received 
from Mr. Robert S. Brewster, as a gift, a complete collection of 
the cameloid animals of South America, embracing the llama, 
guanaco, vicuna and alpaca. To provide suitable quarters 
for this handsome gift, the Society erected, at the expense of the 
Ground Improvement Fund, a building now known as the Llama 
House, situated near the Southwest Entrance to the Park. This 
building is 30x35 feet, and is one story in height. It contains 
four spacious shelter rooms, a feed-room, and connects directly 
with four outside yards of good dimensions. This structure was 
built of wood, at a cost of $2,000.00, and is in every way so 
substantial that it will keep in repair for a long period. 

Outdoor Cages of Lion House.—As early in the year as weather 
would permit, work was begun on the construction of the rustic 
rock-work in the interiors of the three largest outside cages form- 
ing a part of the Lion House. A great amount of trouble was ex- 
perienced in collecting an adequate supply of weathered rock for 
the artistic structures required, the idea being in each case to re- 
produce what appears to be the end of a rocky ridge. This work 
was prosecuted vigorously throughout the summer, and com- 
pleted in October ; but the wall decorations designed for each rear 
wall of the three cages mentioned are yet to be executed. 

Riverside Walk.—The walk extending along the eastern side of 
Bronx Lake, from West Farms to Bronxdale,—a total distance 
of 4,195 feet,—has been completed in a satisfactory manner, and 
adequately opens up to visitors the entire park area east of the 
Bronx. 

Improvement of Baird Court.—Late in the year the improve- 
ment of the southern half of Baird Court was undertaken by the 
construction of a complete network of drains and catch-basins 
for the adequate drainage of the surface. The western retaining 
wall of Baird Court is now being raised to the full height of the 
finished grade, and at an early date this wall will receive its 
facing and coping of cut stone, surmounted by a balustrade, and 
permanent steps will be erected leading from Bird Valley to the 
center of Baird Court. A large quantity of stone has been 
accumulated on Baird Court for the foundation of the telford 
macadam pavement that will be laid early in the spring. Ex- 
periments with tar as a surface-binder were undertaken, and 
it is hoped that a combination can be found which will render 
it possible to provide a smooth, hard surface for the telford 
macadam. 


68 NEW “YORK *ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


MISCELLANEOUS GROUND IMPROVEMENT WORK. 


Even the briefest mention of the miscellaneous ground im- 
provement work performed during the year 1903 would make a 
long list, and for the sake of brevity will be omitted here. It is 
desirable, however, to mention the fact that the planting opera- 
tions included the planting of 2,063 trees in the border plantations 
of the Park. 

The temporary Small Mammal House erected by the Zoological 
Society at its own expense, was removed from its original location 
and re-erected in the Nursery as a hot-house, it having been orig- 
inally intended that it should finally be used in that manner. This 
adds a very important feature to the Nursery plant. The re- 
moval of this building, and the acquisition of large herds of buf- 
falo and elk, rendered it imperative to provide a winter shelter for 
miscellaneous animals not on exhibition yet requiring some arti- 
ficial heat. A substantial and permanent shelter was erected in 
the northwestern corner of the animal yard, and provided on all 
four sides with stalls and cages for the accommodation of animals 
which live outdoors in summer, but require a temperature of sixty 
degrees in winter. The completion of this feature rendered it 
possible to devote the entire shelter portion of the Buffalo House 
to the Whitney herd, and the main shelter of the Elk House to the 
Whitney elk herd. Heretofore both those buildings have been 
occupied in winter as temporary shelters for tropical hoofed 
animals. 

Lydig Memorial Gateway.—The fact that for fully three-quar- 
ters of a century the Lydig family carefully preserved the forest 
of south Bronx Park, and in so doing rendered a conspicuous 
service to the City of New York, has long been considered by the 
Zoological Society worthy of permanent commemoration. In 
these days of forest destruction such an example has seemed well 
worthy of public notice, in the hope that its influence will bear 
fruit in the future for the benefit of other cities. The offer of 
Mrs. Lydia Lydig Sturgis to erect in Zoological Park a memo- 
rial gateway in commemoration of the preservation of the sur- 
rounding forest by the Lydig family, was promptly accepted by 
the Zoological Society. A very handsome gateway, or arch, con- 
sisting of two massive pillars of cut stone, surmounted by an arch 
of ornamental wrought iron, was erected at the expense of 
Mrs. Sturgis at the top of the steps leading from the Buffalo En- 
trance to the upper level of Rocking-Stone Hill. On the eastern 


PHOTOGRAPH. ELWIN R. SANBORN. 


BEATRIX ANTELOPE. 


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EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 69 


face of these pillars two bronze tablets, explanatory of the cause 
of their erection, have been affixed. It has, from the first, been 
the plan of the Society to bring about the construction at that 
point of a handsome flight of steps of cut stone, with suitable 
balustrades, which, when carried into effect, will render this fea- 
ture sufficiently beautiful to impress every visitor who enters the 
Park from the Boston Road by way of West Farms. 

Maintenance.—The fact that the Maintenance appropriation 
for the year 1904 is no larger than that which has been barely suf- 
ficient for the present year, creates a serious condition. The in- 
crease already made in maintenance expenditures on account of 
the Antelope House and its collections and the Whitney buffalo 
herd, and the increase which must be made next year on account 
of the Ostrich House and Small Mammal House, will call for ex- 
penditures very considerably in excess of those for the present 
year. In view of the close economy which has been necessary 
to carry the Park through the year 1903, with its Maintenance 
appropriation of $104,965.00, it is painfully apparent that the So- 
ciety will be compelled to face a deficit for 1904. 


WORK DURING THE COMING YEAR. 


In the making of new improvements, the developments of the 
year 1904 promise to be of great importance. The successful 
ending of the work recently begun will bring the Zoological Park 
about three-quarters of the way toward practical completion. 

Large Bird House.—On September 22d a contract was entered 
into with the George L. Walker Company for the erection of a 
large and finely appointed building for perching birds, to be sit- 
uated on the northwest corner of Baird Court. The contract price 
is $115,934.00. The object of this building is to provide both in- 
door and outdoor accommodations for a really great collection of 
birds belonging to the three Orders of Perching Birds, Shore 
Birds and the Parrots and Macaws. The extreme length of this 
building, north and south, is 15134 feet, and the extreme length of 
the cross-extension toward the east is 89 feet. The total number 
of cages, indoors, is 59, besides which there are 19 outside cages. 
This building is divided into two halls, one of which will be spe- 
cially devoted to the parrots, parrakeets, macaws and cockatoos, 
while the other and larger hall will be devoted chiefly to the sing- 
ing birds. The larger hall will contain a flying cage of generous 
dimensions, which will be specially devoted to song birds. 

This building is. now receiving its base course of granite, and 


70 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


with the opening of spring its construction will proceed very 
rapidly. 

Small Mammals’ House.—On the site of what was until recently 
the temporary Small Mammals’ House, there is now being erected 
a building 170 feet long, specially designed to accommodate a very 
large mixed collection of small mammals. The majority of the 
cages will be occupied by carnivorous types, but there has also 
been provided a number of larger cages suitable for kangaroos 
and various other tropical mammals of medium size which cannot 
be accommodated elsewhere. In addition to the indoor cages there 
is a complete series of outdoor cages corresponding to those with- 
in, and directly connecting therewith. The total number of cages 
is 114. The cost of this building is $36,890.00. 

Ostrich House.—For the accommodation of a large collection 
of ostriches, rheas, emus and cassowaries, a building of the same 
dimensions as the Small Mammals’ House is being erected imme- 
diately south of the latter, and the two are connected by a spacious 
portico. The cost of this building is $36,890.00, and both it and 
the Small Mammals’ House are included in one contract, made on 
July 23d, 1903, with the George L. Walker Company. 

Large Deer Barn.—In order to provide for several large and 
important foreign species of deer, a large Deer Barn is being erect- 
ed at the intersection of the ranges now occupied by the maral 
deer and fallow deer. These three ranges are to be remodelled 
in such a manner that accommodations will be provided for five 
more species of deer, in addition to the present herds. All these 
herds will then find shelter in the new structure. With the com- 
pletion of this improvement, the Society will procure herds of 
Dubowsky’s deer, barasingha, deer, Eld’s deer, and other species 
of special importance. 


Respectfully submitted, 
WitirAmM T. Hornapay, 
Director. 


(SQAGTV 


ALQAAUALOAN) DOG NOOOOVA ALIHM 


"NHYOBNYS “HY NIM13 


“Hdvu/OL1OHd 


A NEW SPECIES OF RACCOON DOG. 
By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY. 


N November, 1902, the New York Zoological Society received 
from Captain Thomas Golding, of the steamer “Afridi,” a 
collection of about twenty live animals from Japan, China and 
Singapore. In the collection was a small white animal which bore 
a slight resemblance to an immature Arctic fox, and which up to 
its arrival had been called a “White Fox.” It was obtained by 
Captain Golding in Nagasaki, Japan, of a native dealer in live 
animals, who was unable to give its history, and could only state 
that it came from the northern portion of Japan. 

It was at once apparent that the creature was not a fox, and 
also that it represented a species which at the least is very rarely 
seen in captivity. An examination of its external characters re- 
vealed an unmistakable resemblance to Nyctereutes procyonoides, 
the raccoon dog, of Japan and north China. Inasmuch as the 
animal appeared to be immature, and it seemed possible that its 
pelage might undergo seasonal changes of some importance, it 
was decided to defer bringing it into notice, and keep it under 
observation for at least a year. 

During the fifteen months which this strange specimen has 
lived in the Zoological Park, it has not undergone any noteworthy 
change in pelage, nor has it perceptibly increased in size. It 
therefore seems fairly conclusive that the creature is adult, and 
that its colors are constant throughout the year. It is not an al- 
bino individual of the well-known raccoon dog referred to above, 
with living specimens of which it has been in constant comparison. 
There appears to be no escape from the conclusion that this speci- 
men represents a species hitherto unknown, and it is quite time 
that it should be described. 


NYCTEREPULES ALBUS; spx nov: 


WHITE RACCOON DOG. 


No. 1371. Type, an adult female, obtained alive at Nagasaki, 
Japan, by Thomas Golding, and living in the New York Zoologi- 
cal Park from November 21st, 1902, to date (February 15th, 
1904). 


72 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOGIEEY. 


Form.—In general appearance this animal resembles a sharp- 
nosed raccoon (Procyon lotor), even more than its nearest 
relative, Nyctereutes. procyonoides. Its back is highly arched, 
its head is carried rather low, and its tail has a very raccoon-like 
droop. The feet are small and delicately formed, and the front 
feet in particular are short and weak. Although the claws are 
long, they are slender, remarkably straight, and have little 
strength, either for offense or defense. The ears are short, and 
in shape most nearly resemble those of the arctic fox. As a 
whole, this animal is not physically robust, nor is it vicious in 
temper. On the contrary, it has taken kindly to its keepers and 
captivity. Its teeth are small and weak, and it is poorly equipped 
for self-preservation. It requires a home that is not overrun by 
bears, wolves, foxes, or the larger members of the Family Muste- 
lidae; and very probably it inhabits moist lowlands, rather than 
dry and rugged mountains. 

Colors——Excepting upon the feet and lower half of the legs, 
the pelage is like that of a small arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). 
The entire neck, body, legs, feet and tail are pure white. On each 
side of the head is a large and conspicuous triangular patch of 
blackish-brown hair, of which the eye is the culminating point, 
suggestive of the dark cheek-patch of the common raccoon. 
From the eye, this dark patch extends backward over the lower 
half of the cheek, and forward along the side of the muzzle two- 
thirds of the distance from the eye to the end of the nose. The 
top of the muzzle is white, and the upper lip shows a light- 
colored blending of brown and white. The forehead is white, 
but the side of the head, between the ear and the dark cheek- 
patch, is a dusky mixture of white and brown hairs. 

The ear is conspicuously dark, the edge being quite black. 
The back of the ear is light brown, but the interior is partly filled 
with long, light-colored hairs. 

Pelage.—On the neck, body, tail and thighs the pelage is dense 
and fine, and consists of two coats. On the upper surface the in- 
ner coat is very fine and woolly, and about one inch long. The 
outer coat is two inches long, straight, and of coarser texture, as 
is usual in a rain-coat. The hair on the tail is abundant, but ends 
abruptly at the tip, like a tail artificially shortened. The pelage 
on the lower half of each leg is exceedingly scanty. The feet 
are very thinly haired, as if this creature had been specially 
fitted for life in swamps and tundras, where frequent wad- 
ing in water is necessary. The claws are long, slender, white or 
pinkish. On the abdomen the pelage is about one-half the length 


WHITE RACCOO 


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P A 
HOTOGRAPHS. ELWIN R. SANBORW 


JON DOG. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 73 


of that on the upper surface, and consists chiefly of the fine, 
woolly under fur. 

Dentition.—The teeth are small and weak, much smaller than 
in Nyctereutes procyonoides, and of not more than one-half the 
size and strength of those in Vulpes lagopus. As nearly as could 
be ascertained by an examination of the teeth of the living ani- 
mal, the dental formula is as follows: 

Incisors 373, Canines aie Premolars 33, Molars 2-3 
oad I-I ms) Sime 


MEASUREMENTS. 
Reneumorheadnand bodys cs 2. sean: ta awa 3 21.00 in. 
MiaietonciG Ot VeErtebrac eet nus.00< G-. cte oi Gla tices G:25ee. 
aie Omends OF “Mai ioc nee 5 sare zn eit ott ay ee 8:00:55 
Elereiitaat eShouldersy ere qe: amise mem os or a sees 1O:25). 
Ginui a belnnd: fore Weasies scr. stays Nee oie see es 14.00 “ 
Length from inner corner of eye to end of nose.. 2.25 “ 
Distance between inner corners of eyes........ bine ose eat 
Distance between immer cormers of €ars...:...... 200) 
elei Ca tOenCaty tet wenger ian cs Sep chevo Se anayt the ses E50, | 
Length of fore foot to end of middle claw...... 150m. 
Benet of middle claw, exposed «4.2 22.2 sce 550) 
Length of hind foot, to end of longest claw...... COW 
CWO PM OF KCVE-OPENINe” Hemi es 9 aera mee ssa One 


Pupil, round; color of iris, dark brown. 
End of nose, black. 
Weight, 7% pounds. 


Nomenclature——In his “Monograph of the Canidae,” Mr. St. 
George Mivart not only discards the genus Nyctereutes, but also 
the genera Vulpes and Urocyon, and throws all their members, 
pell-mell, into Canis! The very least that can be said of such a 
proceeding is to call it remarkable. To the average student of liv- 
ing mammals it would seem that if generic groups ever are con- 
venient and desirable, and also fully justified, Vulpes, Urocyon 
and Nyctereutes are entitled to stand; and the very appropriately- 
named genus proposed by Temminck, in 1838, for the raccoon- 
like dog of North China and Japan, is retained for the species de- 
scribed above. 


REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE 
AQUARIUM. 


URING the year that has passed since the Zoological 

Society undertook the management of the Aquarium, 

important improvements have been made in the building and its 
equipment. 

Its conditions and requirements have had the careful consider- 
ation of the officers of the Society. The Director, as a result of his 
studies among the public aquariums abroad, prepared plans for 
increasing the efficiency of the equipment of the building, and 
has had the hearty cooperation of the Aquarium Committee. 

The alterations and additions that have been made were direct- 
ed toward increasing the attractiveness of the Aquarium and se- 
curing the safety of its exhibits. While much remains to be done, 
the idea of simplifying the machinery and reducing the ultimate 
cost of operation has been kept in mind. 

The renewal, on improved plans, of all badly worn equipment 
is still in progress. 


IMPROVEMENT OF THE BUILDING. 


With the $30,000 of bonds granted by the Board of Estimate 
and Apportionment in the spring of 1903, contracts were made 
for certain alterations and improvements of the interior of the 
building, the admission of more light and the construction of an 
underground reservoir to contain pure sea water. The alterations 
included the removal of an unsightly balcony at the south side of 
the exhibition hall and the restoration of the original curve of the 
interior, the passage-way being thrown behind the arches, as in 
other parts of the main balcony. 

Light.—The outer series of skylights used for the illumination 
of the wall tanks were trebled in size. Additional skylights were 
placed above the dome, and those over the floor pools were en- 
larged. The opening in the dome for the admission of light was 
also greatly enlarged. In all, 42 skylights were changed. 

These changes have long been needed, and the gain in light is 
such that the collections in the tanks may be viewed with satisfac- 
tion. 


“BUI YOOI JO spury JussayIp Aq paovpdads Sutaq a1v syur} []VM ayy UL SaTTy aE UT, 


WOAIIVONOV ‘AN GQHL LV YYOM-NOOW MAIN 
NHOGNYS ‘YH NIMT9 
ee oe PET. ET Sty 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 75 


The large floor pool in the center of the building can now be 
provided with attractive exhibits. Heretofore it has been too dark 
to permit of its contents being seen, except on the very brightest 
days. There is now no reason why it should not contain some 
of the large-sized marine animals, for which it was intended. 

It should be borne in mind that the perfect lighting of the 
Aquarium is a matter of considerable difficulty. The building is 
an old fort, with walls 8 to 10 feet thick, in which it is impractica- 
ble to make alterations. The light in the lower wall-tanks being 
derived entirely from lofty skylights, is still somewhat like the 
light at the bottom of a well. 

Reservoir for Sea-Water.—The pressing need of the Aqua- 
rium has always been pure sea-water. The collection of sea ani- 
mals has suffered from being kept in the brackish or nearly fresh 
water of New York Bay, which has always been used. Not only 
has the loss of marine specimens been great from their being kept 
in water that was too fresh, but the exhibition of many marine 
animals has been quite impossible, for the same reason. A still 
greater objection to its use is its muddiness during the winter 
months. The constant heating of water in winter has always been 
very expensive. With a suitable reservoir four important objects 
will be attained: first, clear instead of muddy water; second, 
salt instead of brackish water; third, the exhibition of new forms; 
fourth, the saving of heated water. 

The construction of a reservoir has-been undertaken with con- 
siderable hesitation, as the Aquarium has no basement and it is 
necessary to locate the reservoir in the Park adjacent to the build- 
ing, placing it entirely underground. This is a difficult matter, 
as the tide at the adjacent sea-wall rises considerably above the 
floor of the reservoir, making its position, on account of the lift- 
ing power of the tide, a rather unfavorable one. 

There will probably be no difficulty in filling the reservoir with 
pure water, as numerous steamships come to New York with sea- 
water in their water-ballast compartments. 

This reservoir or closed-circulation system is the one common- 
ly used in the public aquariums of the world. 

In the table of temperatures and densities presented elsewhere, 
the mean temperature is shown for each month. While the aver- 
age for February was 37°, it was frequently as low as 35°. The 
energy expended in raising the water temperature to the neces- 
sary warmth of 70° is considerable. The waste is a continuous 
one. As there is no reservoir for receiving the warm water, it 
has always flowed back to the Bay. The completion of the reser- 


76 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


voir now in course of construction will enable the Aquarium to 
maintain a permanent stored supply of pure salt water, such as 
can never be procured from New York Bay at any season. 


OTHER IMPROVEMENTS. 


Among thé minor improvements, may be mentioned the ad- 
dition of a number of reserve tanks, so that it will be possible to 
keep a larger stock of specimens on hand; the introduction of 
seats around the pillars, the painting of the exhibition hall, lab- 
oratory and offices. 

The improvement most apparent to visitors is doubtless the 
painting of the interior. This work was imperative, as the orig- 
inal plaster finish had become soiled and unsightly. 

The change effected by painting has been quite marked, and an 
attractive setting to the exhibits of the Aquarium, has been se- 
cured. 

The renewal of some of the piping in the building has been 
made at different times during the year. It has been both troub- 
lesome and expensive. 

Improvements Needed.—While there are many changes and 
improvements that are desirable, the most important and urgent 
one is the renewal of the heating system and probably of the steam 
pipes, which cannot be delayed longer than a few months. 

Fish Hatchery.—At the beginning of the year a fish hatchery 
was installed in one of the floor pools. Through the cooperation 
of the United States Fisheries Bureau and the State Fisheries, 
Game and Forest Commission, the hatchery was kept in operation 
at a minimum of expense throughout the fish-hatching season. 
Fish eggs were furnished free by the Government, while the young 
fishes were removed by the State Commission. More than 2,000,- 
ooo fry were distributed in State waters. Many specimens of 
each species hatched were retained to be reared for exhibition in 
the Aquarium, as such stock is hardier in captivity than adult 
fishes taken from streams. 

The species hatched and distributed included brook trout, lake 
trout, brown trout, rainbow trout, whitefish, shad, pikeperch and 
yellow perch. The shad were all placed in the upper Hudson; 
the balance, with the exception of the brown trout and yellow 
perch, were planted in Lake George; the eggs of the brown trout 
having been presented by the Tuxedo Club, the fry were donated 
to members of the Zoological Society ; the yellow perch were used 
for stocking the lake at the Zoological Park, with a view to rais- 
ing food for fish-eating birds and mammals. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. ie 


The hatchery afforded a practical working exhibit of the proc- 
esses of modern fish culture and was of constant interest to visit- 
ors. School teachers visiting the Aquarium with their classes 
found it useful for biological instruction. It should doubtless be 
developed into a local school of fish culture, and can supply em- 
bryological material for advanced students in the universities. 

Arrangements have been completed for continuing the hatchery 
on the same basis during the coming year, and eggs of the Quin- 
nat Salmon of the Pacific Coast have already been placed in it. 


PHOTOGRAPH. H. V. LETKEMANN, 


ANGEL FISH. 


Rock-work in the Exbition Tanks.—During the past year 
nearly one-half of the exhibition tanks at the Aquarium have 
been lined with rock-work, in order to exhibit the specimens with 
more natural backgrounds. This treatment of the tanks has prov- 
en satisfactory, and is an improvement on the original lining of 
white tiles, which gave them a very monotonous appearance. 

A supply of coral rock was procured from the Bahama Islands, 
and an attempt has been made to give the tanks the appearance 
of grottoes like those occurring in the reefs about islands of coral 
formation, 

A number of very good sea caverns have thus been constructed, 


78 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. 


some being made of calcareous tufa obtained in New York State, 
and the effect of sea-worn rocks has been produced in some tanks 
with other material. 

In the fresh-water tanks the problem has been somewhat more 
difficult, but an attempt has been made to reproduce the stony 
banks of streams with various kinds of rock. 

A supply of basalt from the gorge at Little Falls, N. J., has been 
arranged in one of the larger tanks, in the exact position it occu- 
pied on the edge of the stream. 

It is hoped, by the time this work is completed, that a series 
of under-water pictures will be worked out in such a manner as 
to greatly enhance the attractiveness of the exhibits at the Aqua- 
rium. Seaweed will be introduced into the salt-water tanks, and 
the fresh-water tanks will be decorated with fresh-water species 
of plants. Aquatic vegetation of various colors growing on the 
rock-work will also contribute largely to the interest of the ex- 
hibits. This treatment is beneficial to the animal life contained 
in them. The fishes appear to take an interest in exploring the 
crannies in the rocks, while star-fishes, crabs, and other inverte- 
brates cling to them constantly. 

A colony of ascidians is now propagating freely in one of the 
salt-water tanks, the rocks being covered with hundreds of young 
specimens. It will be possible to ascertain the rate of growth 
of many invertebrate animals in this way. 

The observations already made tend to show that the species 
exhibited retain their natural colors better than when the tanks | 
were lined with white tiles. After a few weeks the rock-work 
acquires various rich tones, which are agreeable to the eye of the 
visitor, and contribute to the comfort of the species exhibited. 

The accompanying photograph will serve to convey an idea of 
the nature of the rock-work already in place. 


THE WORK OF THE COLEECTOR: 


In order that the local marine and fresh-water forms of life 
might be constantly on exhibition, a collector was added to the 
Aquarium force at the beginning of the year. The results se- 
cured thereby have been very satisfactory. Collections of salt- 
water fishes have been made constantly both in summer and in 
winter, while numerous trips for fresh-water species have been 
made to lakes and streams in the vicinity of New York. 

The collector has always been able to contribute an important 
proportion of the minnows and other live food required for feed- 
ing the collections, while the surplus marine life gathered along 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 79 


the coast has been placed at the disposal of the biology teachers in 
the city schools. 

In addition to furnishing the large amount of seaweed used as 
food for the manatee, the collector has supplied all of the seaweed 
required for the decoration of the exhibition tanks at the Aqua- 
rium, and for the small study aquaria now being established in the 
public schools. 

Some of the surplus exhibition material brought in by the col- ~ 
lector has been sent to the aquariums of the Bureau of Fisheries 
and the Zoological Park at Washington, in exchange for valuable 
specimens from those institutions. 

Donations of the large horseshoe crabs, of the American coast, 
were made to the aquariums at Brighton, Eng., and Amsterdam, 
Holland. These interesting specimens, not found in Europe, 
reached their destinations safely, to the great satisfaction of the 
recipients, who offered to exchange European species. 

All interesting specimens dying in the New York Aquarium 
during the year were donated to the American Museum of 
Natural History, the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, and the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons. 


OTHER COLLECTIONS. 


Arrangements were made during the summer with owners of 
some of the large pound-nets on the New Jersey coast for the col- 
lecting of a number of large fishes, not otherwise obtainable. For 
the transportation of these fishes, some of them weighing over 50 
pounds, a “live car’ was constructed out of an old boat, which, 
when loaded, was towed to the Aquarium by a steam launch. 

Several good collections were received from the State fish- 
ery commissions of New York and New Jersey, and from the 
fish hatchery of the Tuxedo Club. 

The Fisheries Bureau at Washington has not only furnished 
fish eggs for the hatchery, but has contributed quite a number of 
interesting adult fishes. 

The accompanying list of accessions shows that many friends 
of the Society have contributed specimens during the year. 

Arrangements were made with the steamer ‘Angler,’ which 
makes frequent trips during the fishing season, for the regular 
collection of large skates and other desirable specimens from the 
fishing banks off the New Jersey coast. 

Mr. Henry Bishop, of Baltimore, presented 25 specimens of 
fancy goldfishes, representing several varieties. This is Mr. 
Bishop’s annual donation to the Aquarium of a collection of this 
kind. 


80 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The usual collection of tropical fishes from Bermuda was se- 
cured through the New York University. Prof. Charles L. Bris- 
tol, of that institution, who went to the Bermudas in charge of 
the biological station of the University, collected the specimens, 
which were sent to the Aquarium as four different shipments in 
June, July and August. Specimens were procured of a large 
number of brilliantly colored species inhabiting those waters. A 
further collection of Bermuda fishes was received as a deposit by 
the Fisheries Bureau at Washington, the specimens being in- 
tended for the aquarium at St. Louis. These fishes, being simply 
deposited in the New York Aquarium for safe-keeping, will be 
sent to St. Louis in the spring. It is needless to state that they 
contribute greatly to the attractiveness of the tanks in the Aqua- 
rium at the present time. 

The alligator pool having been divided by a partition, has been 
made more interesting by the addition of a 9-foot specimen of the 
Florida crocodile, affording the means of a ready comparison of 
the features of the two large saurians of the United States—the 
alligator and crocodile. 

On September 3d a specimen of the manatee or sea-cow was 
received from Florida. It arrived safely, and was a great attrac- 
tion for five months. This specimen, 7% feet long, was the only 
manatee in captivity in this country at the time. It was seen by 
526,700 people. 

An 11-foot alligator was loaned to the Aquarium by the Zoolog- 
ical Society from its collection at the Zoological Park. 


EDUCATIONAL WORK. 


According to the contract of the Zoological Society with the 
city, the Society has the privilege of reserving two forenoons of 
each week for educational purposes, for the use of its members, 
and such other uses as may be prescribed. Teachers from the 
schools were invited to bring their classes at such times to the 
Aquarium, and they have not been slow to avail themselves of the 
privilege. The services of a member of the Aquarium staff have 
been placed at their disposal on such occasions and the number of 
classes visiting the building is on the increase. 

The collection of small study aquaria in the laboratory has been 
increased with a view to facilitating their work. In the labora- 
tory pupils have the opportunity of examining closely, living 
coral polyps, sea anemones, marine worms, hydroids, small mol- 
lusks, crustaceans and other forms that cannot be studied mi- 
nutely in the large exhibition tanks. Lessons of this kind are of 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 81 


the greatest value in nature study, in arousing the interest of the 
pupils, and are vastly more instructive than illustrations in the 
books. 

In response to numerous requests from biology teachers for as- 
sistance in establishing small study aquaria in the school-rooms, 
an expert from the Aquarium was detailed to visit all schools 
making application, and give the teachers practical instruction in 
maintaining these valuable aids to nature study. The coopera- 
tion of the Board of Education was secured; the Board agreeing 
to supply the teachers with aquarium jars and transport to the 
schools the necessary supply of sea-water. The collections for 
these aquaria are furnished free from the surplus stock at the 
New York Aquarium. About 100 small aquaria have already 
been placed in schools, both teachers and pupils taking great in- 
terest in them. The number is being steadily increased as teach- 
ers make application for them. This work is in the hands of Mr. 
L. B. Spencer, of the Aquarium. 

A small library of works on marine and aquatic life has been 
acquired for office purposes, and for the use of teachers and oth- 
ers studying the collections. 


DENSITY OBSERVATIONS AT THE AQUARIUM. 


The remarkable conditions under which sea fishes have always 
been kept at the Aquarium rendered it desirable that regular ob- 
servations be made on the density of the water. Ocean salinome- 
ters were secured and the results of a year’s observations show 
some very interesting conditions, especially with respect to fishes 
from the Bermuda Islands, where ocean densities are probably 
at their highest. While it is a fact that some of these fishes live 
in the Aquarium for months, and even for years, the majority of 
the species in each collection brought from that region do not 
survive many weeks. 

Injured fishes, that have been bruised at the time of captivity 
and during transportation, frequently heal in a short time if the 
density of the water happens to be at its highest when they arrive 
at the Aquarium. Should the density be low, they are apt to die 
much sooner, as their injuries do not heal under such conditions. 
Should the Hudson River be high when new fishes, either tropical 
or local, are received, the mortality is apt to be greater than when 
the river is low. The highest death-rate among the sea fishes 
that the Aquarium has had for some time followed the heavy 
floods of the past summer. During the winter and spring the 
densities are much lower than in summer. 

Sea fishes living in water of low density are affected in other 


82 NEW “YORK ZOOLOGICAL, "SOGIETY. 


ways; their colors fade and they do not feed well. An increase 
in density has a good effect on the entire salt-water collection. 

The following table, giving the monthly mean density of the 
water used at the New York Aquarium during the past year, will 
serve to show at a glance the conditions under which the salt- 
water fishes have been living there. With the density of fresh 
water at 1.000 and the density of the open ocean at 1.028, it will 
be seen that under average conditions the water was at least half 
fresh, while at times it became almost entirely so. 


MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT THE 
NEW YORK AQUARIUM DURING THE YEAR 1903. 
(From the daily observations made by Mr. W. DeNyse.) 


Months. pours Specific gravity. 
Pebriary. 7 seve oe has: 274 1.010 
INTAGCHRE terete ec et tie 40 1.008 
TNO) 1 le ahh 5 Aran ae oie EP aR gy 40 1.009 
ISTE aha seeder aS ani eel A Aedataecaeel Be 56 1.014 
linemen ee et aoe te tee 61 1.013 
sty tao necdn eh ik RAE ea eee 66 1.013 
ZENO CAUISY Caag§ ate, Uo nea ie Ra ae 68 I.013 
SEpLeimDet =: cera ere poe cee 68 1.013 
October eit es or ene eee Oe 62 I.OII 
IN@VeMbel veers cre Se aol ate tee 52 1.014 
Wecember* i... ae ess eke ere ee 40 1.014 


The above table shows only the monthly means. Observations 
were made daily. During the month of March the densities were 
frequently as low as 1.006, on one occasion reaching 1.005. The 
highest densities recorded during the year, were late in May and 
early in June, when the densities were steadily recorded at 1.016. 
The most trying times come in March, when for days the density 
may be 1.006 or 1.007.* 

It would be very interesting to determine just what freshness 
of water fishes from the Bermuda region could endure. A few 
hardy species have lived through all the changes that they have 
been subjected to, and are still in excellent condition. 

Labels.—Transparent labels have been placed over all the wall 
tanks on the ground floor, and will be placed over those on the 
gallery at an early date. The labels are in good-sized letters and 
can be read with comfort. The information which they contain 
is useful and is condensed to a few lines. 


* Density observations were made with samples of water brought to the uniform 
temperature of 60° Fahr. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT: 83 


In the preparation of these labels the general character of the 
questions ordinarily asked by visitors was kept in mind. The 
following specimen label shows that each species has been treated 
with reference to its names, geographic distribution, abundance, 
size, whether artificially propagated, market value and value as 
a game fish. 


STRIPED BASS (ROCCUS LINEATUS.) 


ALSO CALLED ROCK-FISH. 


Atlantic coast—Maine to Florida, ascending rivers. 
INTRODUCED AND ABUNDANT IN CALIFORNIA. 
Reaches a weight of about 100 pounds. 
SPECIMENS RAISED IN THE AQUARIUM,—NOW NINE YEARS OLD. 
An important market fish—41/2 million pounds sold yearly. 
AFFORDS TO SPORTSMEN THE FINEST OF SEA FISHING. 


TRANSPARENT LABEL. 


Uniforms.—Attractive uniforms of gray cloth have been pro- 
vided for the employees, which insures a neater appearance of the 
force in general, and is a convenience to visitors seeking informa- 
tion. 

The Aquarium force, as a whole, has rendered satisfactory 
service during the year. Most of the men have been here several 
years. 

ATTENDANCE. 


The attendance in 1903 was 1,547,873, making a daily average 
of 4,240 visitors. The average daily attendance during July, Au- 
gust and September was 6,255. The Sunday average for the same 
period was 10,166. The attendance on Labor Day was 18,800. 
But for the extensive construction work going on in November 
and December, the remarkably large attendance at this institution 
would doubtless have been still greater. Few records of the at- 
tendance at other public institutions are available for comparison, 
but the New York Aquarium is doubtless in the lead in this re- 
spect. The total number of persons who visited the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art during the year 1903 was 802,900. 

The following table shows the attendance at the Aquarium by 
months. 


84 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 


January ....Total number visitors 74,255 Daily average 2,395 
Pebriary snc 0. x * S027" 3 2,915 
March tee + s i jig eyo pt kas . 3,690 
pil Were: - = i L35,670) 4,522 
Mays. toe as i a LORS SSNe si 5,210 
June’. cc we ri 133,017 = i 4,434 
Jualyae Seo F 3 *, [90,939 2 —— - 6,159 
PUSS (ee eee fh 197,044 = - 6,360 
September 05.5 : s: LO7,302)0 < 6,246 
@ctober).2 6 | a ‘ 11S, 0A Oe ee 4 re 3,811 
November ~> = * : OG,233" a 2,201 
December .. “ i 5 75GlmA ° * 1,856 

AEGEAN staan Sete aie Neen 1,547,073 Daily average 4,240 


BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. 


The Aquarium undoubtedly offers opportunities for certain 
kinds of biological work. With a great variety and abundance of 
marine and fresh-water forms of life constantly coming to the 
building, it would be quite possible to make the Aquarium more 
or less a station for biological research, as is done at some of the 
aquariums of Europe. 

Although public aquariums and fish cultural establishments suf- 
fer more or less loss on account of the diseases of fishes in captiv- 
ity, this important subject has never been thoroughly studied. It is 
highly desirable that some studies of this nature be undertaken at 
the New York Aquarium with a view to reducing the death-rate 
from fish-fungus and other diseases. 

During the past summer the New York Department of Health 
conducted at the Aquarium a series of experiments relative to 
the possibility of infecting oysters with typhoid baccilli. Labora- 
tory facilities were furnished in the building, and specimens and 
jars were set aside for the purpose. 

The subject is one of great interest in connection with public 
health, and is of vital importance to the oyster industry. 

The result of these experiments will be found in a paper in 
this report prepared by Dr. Cyrus W. Field, of the City Health 
Department. 

The development of the institution to some extent along educa- 
tional and scientific lines would in no way interfere with its im- 
portant uses as a place of recreation for the people or appreciably 
increase its cost of maintenance. 

Respectfully submitted, 
CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, 
Director of the Aquarium. 


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NOTES ON THE MANATEE OR-:SEA-COW. 


By CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, 
DIRECTOR OF THE AQUARIUM. 


HE manatee which was received on September 3, 1903, lived 
exactly five months, and was of constant interest to visit- 
ors. It was captured in the Sebastian River, a tributary of the 
Indian River, Florida, about three miles from its mouth. The ani- 
mal was taken by means of a specially constructed net set across 
the stream, and about eight days were consumed in the hunt be- 
fore it was captured. Manatees, when caught in Florida, usually 
strike about midway on the nets set for them, and are taken when 
going down stream. The net is set slack, and the shore ends of 
the line being cast off promptly, the animal is readily enmeshed 
and dragged ashore. The net employed in this instance was 150 
yards long and 30 feet wide; the material being quarter-inch soft 
manila with 14-inch mesh. 

The manatee is found throughout the Indian River and the 
lagoons of the eastern coast of Florida. The northern limit of its 
range is supposed to be the Halifax River at Ormond. It is found 
in the everglades, and is not uncommon about Lake Worth. 
Through the efforts of the Hon. F. S. Morse, of Miami, the man- 
atee has been protected for some years in Florida and is now said 
to be holding its own. The species had been reported for some 
years as being on the decrease. 

This species (Manatus latirostris) is supposed to be limited to 
Florida, although the species found in Cuba and Porto Rico, San 
Domingo, and other parts of the West Indies and the coast of 
Central America and Mexico, may be the same. 

Other species are Manatus australis, of the northern coast of 
South America; Manatus inunguts, of the Orinoco and Amazon 
rivers, ascending the latter river to the borders of Peru. 

Manatus kollikeri has been described from Surinam, and, on the 
other side of the Atlantic Manatus senegalensis is found on the 
west coast of Africa. Other sirenians, which should be mentioned 


86 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL. SOG ni 


in this connection, are Halicore dugong of the Indian Ocean and 
Halicore australis of the northern and eastern shores of Australia. 
A species which became extinct during the past century was Stel- 
ler’s sea-cow (Ihytina stellerti), of the Commander Islands, 
Kamtschatka. 

The Aquarium specimen was the only one in captivity in this 
country at the time. The Zoological Society of London has a 
small specimen from the Amazon. 

In Florida Manatus latirostris is found in both fresh and salt 
water, as is the habit with this genus elsewhere. 

The manatee is an animal which has not usually lived long in 
captivity. The specimen at the Aquarium was placed in a tile- 
lined pool 20 feet long and 13 feet wide, having a depth of 3 feet 
of water ; the water was kept at a temperature of about 70 degrees, 
and renewed daily, salt and fresh water being pumped in on alter- 
nate days. This manatee could not be induced to eat lettuce, cab- 
bage, and other vegetables usually given to such animals in captiv- 
ity, but fed eagerly on eel-grass (Zostera marina) and pond- 
weed, which were supplied constantly. It became quite tame and 
raised its head and neck completely out of water in taking food 
from the hands of Mr. Washington DeNyse, who devoted much 
care to it. It was more or less active in the morning until feed- 
ing-time ; after eating a peck or more of eel-grass, it slept on the 
bottom, rising to breathe at intervals of 5 to 8 minutes. Although 
the tank was provided with a sloping bottom at one end, the ani- 
mal showed no inclination to come out of the water. When the 
water was drawn entirely out of the pool the manatee did not 
seem to take advantage of the condition to breathe with any 
greater frequency. The specimen was a male, 7% feet long. 
The manatee reaches a length of at least 13 feet. It was shipped 
in a narrow tank containing nearly enough water to float it, an 
important consideration in the case of sirenians, which have bones 
of exceptional weight. 

As a matter of interest to those not acquainted with its charac- 
teristics it may be stated that it is a warm-blooded, air-breathing, 
plant-eating, milk-giving, water animal. It has bones of the 
ereatest density known among mammals, no front teeth, no hind 
limbs, no hip bones, and a huge beaver-like tail. It has six bones 
in the neck, whereas all other mammals, excepting the sloth, but 
including the giraffe and man, have seven. 

Another interesting feature is the position of the milk glands, 
which are two in number and are placed on the breast. 

A recent visitor to the Aquarium, Mr. Beverly J. Harris, who is 


MANATEE. 


Showing the shape of the flippers and the position in which they were usually held 


MANATEE. 


Head, showing about the position assumed when raised out of water to take food. 


Me joe a 
< SS, 


=. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 87 


familiar with the habits of the manatee in Nicaragua, says that 
the species is quite common in the lagoons and streams in the 
neighborhood of Bluefields, and that they are often seen as far as 
75 or 80 miles inland in the larger streams, where they go to feed 
on the so-called ‘manatee grass.” In some streams they ascend 
above the rapids, and appear to bring forth their young, one or 
two in number, in the deeper pools above the rapids. 

They are frequently speared by the Indians of Central America, 
who use their flesh, oil and skins to some extent. 

They feed mostly at night, and according to Mr. Harris some- 
times come partly out of the water to eat the water grasses along- 
shore. 

When surprised in shallow water they exhibit great activity, 
getting out of the way quickly, in fact are more active under such 
circumstances than the appearance of the animal would indicate. 
Mr. Harris thinks that in Nicaragua at least they are more nu- 
merous in fresh than in salt water. 


MEASUREMENTS OF MALE MANATEE AT THE NEW YORK 
AQUARIUM. 


Received, September 3, 1903. Died, February 4, 1904. 


Ades Tabata cet sere e rik seve pehcicisne, © bernie nim Bhan rsicels 432 ibs. 
reruns xt Chee Wiercrer eyes ccs owe Sato ana Fitts (Ol) Sins 
SOU PR UOMONC tombe PAG tah uc edsna eyeysrcb a, ifs Fe 7 
SHOU tomimontsbaserOt, HIppPer. 4. do +. 2. a3 6% 
@iehipperedaside, mMeastnet.. <0. do... < ne So) Wl 
Baseornupper tOuipOr tall 2.2 os) oe 6 ts B58 
Base orhipper to genital opening. ../ 0... ; I 9 
Tip of lower jaw to genital opening...... & x 
Giri lGAdaimeyes: Sciive ceded eee dew ee es Gara 
INC Gat once aay cence ats nelel els cP tata fo ha, Sd cops eel de 2 4% 
Shoulders, back sat Mippers. so... usa.e 2-2 Aan 52% 
bases Olutall seme ener. See ea. ZAG 
CAT PUG 1g ek Sug meee AP ee, 2 retin’ NS Tp apes 
Wiitdthsactoss trontyob uppensli~. sess sc cc: ae 6% 
° i widest, pattots taller 2... ia 
ce ce widest part of Hippers 22h. a4- a: 6 


A post-mortem examination showed the cause of death to be 
bronchial pneumonia. The specimen was well nourished and 
otherwise in good condition. 


GREAT HORNED OWL. 


List of Gifts 
TO. THE, ZOOLOGICAL FSOGIETi: 


(Complete from January 1, 1903, to January I, 1904.) 


ALDEN, JoHN V., Woodmere, L. IL: 
Red Coati Mundi; Agouti. 
ANDERSON, Miss Emma, New York City: 
English Linnet. 
ATKINS, Mrs. M. J., New York City: 
Coral Snake. 
ATKINSON, Guy, New York City: 
Horned Toad (8 specimens). 
AvucHINcLoss, Mrs. Hucu D., Newport, R. I.: 
Snow Leopard. 
Baker, D. B., New York City: 
Horned Toad (4 specimens). 
BAKER, GEORGE F., New York City: 
Eland, White-Tailed Gnu (1 pair), White-Bearded Gnu (1 pair). 
Batrour, F. R. S., San Francisco, Cal.: 
Lynx. 
Banxs, Davip, New York City: 
Green Snake, Large Garter Snake. 
BarsBour, THOMAS, New York City: 
Cobra-de-Capello (2 specimens), Bald Eagle. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 89 


BARTELS, WiLLIAM, New York City: 
Brown Gannet. 
BEEBE, C. WILLIAM, New York City: 
Green Heron (25 young specimens), Common Tern (2 young speci- 
mens, 2 half-grown specimens, I adult specimen), Least Tern. 
(4 specimens), Herring Gull (adult), Laughing Gull (50 speci- 
mens), Black Skimmer. 
BELL, Miss Mae A., New York City: 
Red Fox. 
BENJAMIN, WILLIAM M., Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y.: 
Horned Toad. 
BiscHor, Dr. ALBERT, New York City: 
Green Monkey. 
BisHop, Henry, Baltimore, Md.: 
1,000 Silver Fish, 5,100 Goldfish. 
Biack, Miss FLoreNce, Brooklyn, N. Y.: 
Tovi Parrakeet. 
BootH, WILLIAM, West Farms, N. Y.: 
Large Garter Snake. 
Botruor, Miss Rosr, New York City: 
Golden-Crowned Parrakeet. 
Bremer, I. (Medford Fancy Goods Company), New York City: 
2 Dog-Collars, studded with imitation jewels, for the two Fox Ter- 
riers at the Bird House in the Zoological Park. 
Brewster, Ropert S., New York City: 
Guanaco, Alpaca, Vicunas and Llamas (1 pair each). 
BrRooKLYN INSTITUTE oF ARTS AND ScIENCES (through Dr. R. Ellswortlr 
Call, Curator of the Children’s Museum), Brooklyn, N. Y 
Copperhead (2 specimens), Marine Toad (6 specimens). 
Brown, HERBERT, Yuma, Ariz. : 
Mexican Screech-Owl (5 specimens—adult female and young). 
Brown, Oscar T., New York City: 
Hog-Nosed Snake. 
BruUPBACHER, G., New York City: 
Barred Dove (2 specimens). 
Burke, Dr. J. A., New York City: 
Green Monkey. 
Buttock, F. Stuart, New York City: 
Broad-Winged Hawk. 
CAMERON, Miss, New York City: 
Great Horned Owl. 
(GASS Dre). 1 Camerony dhexas: 
Texas Rattlesnake. — 
Cuapin, Mrs. Gitsert G., New Brighton, S. I.: 
Green-Cheeked Amazon Parrot. 
CLEVERLEY, FRANK, Bayonne, N. J.: 
Musk-Rat. 
CLuttTersuck, E. H., Yonkers, N. Y.: 
Ring-Dove. 
Cott, Leon J., Woods Hole, Mass.: 
Marine Toad (27 specimens). 
CoTTrELL, Orsamus S., Jr., Keyport, N. J.: 
Red-Shouldered Hawk. 
Cowtes, Davin S., Rye. N. Y.: 
Black Bear Cub. 
Cox. Mrs. FuLtarton, New York City: 
Dancing Mice (4 specimens). 
Darpoes, Fr. THomas, New York City: 
Hawksbill Turtle. 


90 NEW YORK’ ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Darzois, E. O., West Hoboken, N. J.: 

Alligator, Land Turtle, Spotted Turtle. 

Davenport, Homer B., East Orange, N. J.: 
English Pheasant (male). 
Davison, ALVIN, Easton, Pa.: 

Copperhead Snake. 

DeLuca, A., Van Nest, New York City: 

Snapping Turtle. 

Denis, Martin, New York City: 

Alligator (young specimen), Musk Turtle (2 specimens—one very 
young). 

Dienst, A. P., New York City: 

White-Tailed Deer. 

DooLey, J. J.. New York City: 

Bald Eagle. 

DosseErt, JoHN, New York City: 

Sparrow Hawk (young specimen). 

Dove, ADAM, New York City: 

The following specimens were collected by Mr. Dove and Mr. Pear- 
sall at Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: Black Snake (8 speci- 
mens), Hog-Nosed Snake (4 specimens), Water Snake (12 speci- 
mens), Milk Snake (5 specimens), Garter Snake (57 specimens), 
Ribbon Snake (5 specimens), Green Snake (15 specimens), 
Storer’s Snake (24 specimens), Ring-Necked Snake (8 speci- 
mens), Banded Rattlesnake (7 specimens). 

Ecxkes, Henry, New York City: 
Sparrow Hawk (young specimen). 
EccELInG, Otro, New York City: 

Water Moccasin. 

E1nseck, A. C., Weehawken, N. J.: 

Black-Headed Caique (2 specimens). 

BISTES Ee We, Jienseyn Citya Nein: 

Monkey- Faced Owl. 

FALKENSTEIN, SAMUEL, East New York: 

Alligator (young specimen). 

FAULHABER, JULIUS, New York City: 

Raccoons (2 specimens). 

FELLNER, RupoLpH, New York City: 

Herring Gull. 

FLEET, S. J., New York City: 

Eagle. 

ForBes, JAMES C., Van Nest, New York City: 

Milk Snake. 

GALLAND, SEYMouR N. H., New York City: 

Ring Dove (2 specimens). 

GERDING, CHARLES, JR., Croton Lake, N. Y.: 

Fox Squirrels (4 specimens). 

GiLBerT, Miss, New York City: 

Raccoon. 

GitsEy, Mrs. Joon, New York City. 

Marmoset. 

GRAHAM, MASTER Epwin SAFFEN, New York City: 
~ Red Squirrel. 
Gwyer, K. V., University Heights, N. Y.: 

Spotted Salamanders (3 specimens). 

Haase, Carr. Hans. New York City (S. S. Alleghany) : 
Three-Toed Sloth, Hawksbill Turtle. 

EVADERY. ID Reve sel eeassarcs Niles 
Iguana. 


FIGHTE ANNUAL, REPORT. 91 


Hatcu, Epwarp, Jr., New York City: 
Raccoons (2 specimens—young ). 
HEMMELSKAMP, A. D., Williamsbridge, N. Y.: 
Coot. 
HERANNEY, Mrs., New York City: 
Black-and-White Capuchin Monkey. 
Hiceins, Capt., Bark Nannie Swan, South Brooklyn, N. Y.: 
Hooded Sapajou. 
HInKtey, W. C., Stoney Creek, Conn.: 
Barred Owl. 
HoFFMANN, Dr. Juttus, New York City: 
Water Snake. 
Hoccrn, Mrs., New York City: 
Green Monkey. 
HusBBARD, ASHBEL, Mobile, Ala.: 
Red Lynx. 
Huck, Witit1am, New York City: 
Screech-Owl. 
Hutter, JoHN, New York City: 
Flicker. 
ITTNER, JOHN J., New York City: 
Mandrill (2 male specimens). 
Jounson, Mrs. L. S., New York City: 
Japanese Robin. 
KAHLE, HERMAN, New York. City: 
Red Newt (41 specimens). 
KAHN, HerMAN, New York City: 
Tee specimen), Mud Turtle, Spotted Turtles (2 speci- 
mens). 
« Katz, WiLtiaAM, Bedford Park, New York City: 
English Starling (2 specimens). 
Kenny, Mr., New York City: 
Sparrow Hawk (young specimen). 
KoEcHLING, ApotpH, New York City: 
Boa, Rat-Tailed Opossum (female, with young). 
Kors, Gustav, Mt. Vernon, N. Y.: 
White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. 
KuBier, Gustav A., Westchester, N. Y.: 
Snapping Turtle. 
Lapp, CHar_es E., Springfield, Mass. : 
Gray Fox (2 specimens). 
Lamegson, G. H., Baird, Shasta County, Cal.: 
Red-Bellied Salamander (4 specimens). 
LANGERMAN, Hon. JAMES W. S., Washington, D. C.: 
Banded Rattlesnake (11 specimens—g adult, 2 young). 
Lire-Savinec Station No. 12, Chadwicks, N.-J. (Officers of the) : 
Hog-Nosed Snake. 
Lorine, J. ALDEN, Owego, N. Y.: 
Ring-Billed Gull, Painted Turtle. 
Lutz, Girpert C., New York City: 
German Squirrel. 
Lyon, Miss Luty, Rowayton, Conn.: 
Ring-Tailed Monkey (female). 
McCartuy, GeorcE M., Jersey City, N- J.: 
Broad-Winged Hawk. 
Maraum, Mrs. J. E., New York City: 
Canary (2 specimens). 
MeEapeErR, L. J., New York City: 
Edible Snails (12 specimens). 


92, NEW YORK :ZOOEO@OGICAL SO CIE LY. 


MEEKER, DAyton, New York City: 

Snapping Turtle. 

MENDELSON, Mrs. G., New York City: 

Ring Dove. 

MEYENBERG, E., Pecos City, Texas: 

Road Rat, Mice (3 specimens), Rat, Western Meadow-Lark (2 
specimens). 

MILiterR, Epwarp B., New York City: 

Gray Screech-Owl. 

MILter, Miss JENNIE May, New York City: 

Screech-Owl (young specimen). 

MILLER, S1pney R., Newark, N. J.: 
Double Yellow-Headed Parrot. 
New York Aguarium (through Mr. Charles H. Townsend, Director), 
New York. City: 
Yellow Perch (20,000 specimens). 
NicHotson, A. M., Orlando, Fla.: 
White Ibis (young specimen). 
Nuttine, Mr., New York City: 
Sparrow Hawk (young specimen). 
Orton, Noaw, Brooklyn, New York City: 
English Song Thrush. 
PARK DEPARTMENT OF THE BorouGH OF THE Bronx, through Hon. John 
E, Eustis, Commissioner: 
Fallow Deer (25 specimens). 
PEARSALL, Morris, New York City: 

The following specimens were collected by Mr. Pearsall and Mr. Dove 
at Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: Black Snake (8 specimens), 
Hog-Nosed Snake (4 specimens), Water Snake (12 specimens), 
Milk Snake (5 specimens), Garter Snake (57 specimens), Ribbon 
Snake (5 specimens), Green Snake (15 specimens), Storer’s. 
Snake (24 specimens), Ring-Necked oe (8 specimens), 
Banded Rattlesnake (7 specimens). 

PIERMAN, Mrs. F. E., New York City: 

Levaillant’s Amazon Parrot. 

Porr, Dr. G. W., New York City: 

Opossum and 12 young. 

QUAINTANCE, W. Gray, Englewood, N. J.: 

Alligator (young). 

RHEINHARDT, Emit, New York City: 

Western Great Horned Owl. 

Rice, Mrs. T. G., Brooklyn, N. Y.: 

Pig-Tailed Monkey. 

RicHARDSON, Mrs. E. S., Mamaroneck, N. Y.: 

Belgian Hares (2 specimens). 

RICHTER, WILLIAM J., New York City: 

Sea Gull (2 specimens). 

RospoTHAM, WILLIAM, Belmar, N. J.: 

Gannet. 

ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM, New York City: 
~Russian Fallow Deer (6 specimens). 
RuHL, Dr. Henry C., New York.City: 
Gray Squirrel, White-Faced Sapajou, White-Throated Sapajou. 
RUINELLO, Henry, Hoboken, N. J.: 
Chinese Geese (1 pair). 
SCHIEFFELIN, EuGENE, New York City: 
3 Starling Coops. 


EIGHTH, ANNUAL] REPORT. 93 


SCHILLING, RoBert, New York City: 

Coral Snake (5 specimens), Chicken Snake (3 specimens), Green 
Snake (2 specimens), Ground Rattlesnake (2 specimens), Box 
Tortoise (8 specimens), Water Moccasin. 

SCHROEDER, Epwarp, Jersey City, N. J.: 
Peacock (2 specimens), Peahen. 
Scott, Mrs. JAMES, New York City: 
Albino Peruvian Cavy (Angora). 
SEBILLE, Gustave, New York City: 
Large-Billed Tyrant Flycatchers (2 specimens). 
SETON, ERNEST THompson, New York City: 
Turtle (7 specimens), Barn Owl (2 specimens). 
SHAW, MASTER Brian, Alberene, Va.: 
Green Snake. 
SHaw, R. E., Alberene, Va.: 
Yellow King Snake, Copperhead Snake, Hog-Nosed Snake. 
SHELDON, CHARLES, Nashville, Tenn. : 
Grizzly Bear (young specimen). 
SILVERNAUL, S. J., New York City: 
Raccoon. 
SPAETH, ReEyNoLD A., Philadelphia, Pa.: 
Sparrow Hawk (5 specimens). 
SPINNING, E. S., Jersey City, N. J.: 
Golden Eagle. 
STEIN, Epwarp, Yonkers, N. Y.: 
Alligator (young specimen). 
Stewart, Mrs., New York City: 

Indigo Bunting. 

STREETER, D. D., Jr., Brooklyn, New York City: 

Bear aved Hawk, Purple Finch, Mud Puppy, Black-Crowned Night 

eron. 
TacoMa, WASHINGTON (City oF) (through Board of Park Commissioners, 
Mr. Stuart Rice, President) : 

Olympian Elk (2 specimens). 
Tuomeson, A., New York City: 

Chipmunk (6 specimens). 
Tuompson, C. D., Bernardsville, N. J.: 

Golden Eagle. 
Tuomeson, Mrs., New York City: 

Large Albino Rabbit. 

Tuompson, Mrs. Freperic Ferris, New York City: 

African Ostrich (1 pair), Baker’s Roan Antelope, Addax Antelope, 
Beatrix Antelope. Sing-Sing Waterbuck, Altai Wapiti (1 pair). 

Minty. G. De Darien:iConn,: 
Gadwall Duck. 

Titus, Mrs. F. C., New York City: 
Yellow-Faced Parrakeet. 

ToMANN, JoHN, New York City: 
Yellow-Bellied Terrapin (2 specimens). 

Tomutinson, Miss D., New York City: 
Levaillant’s Amazon Parrot. 

UrBANSKI, Mrs., New York City: 
Levaillant’s Amazon Parrot. 

Von BriESEN, ArTHUR, New York City: 

Marmoset. 

WapswortH, W. A., Geneseo, Livingston County, N. Y.: 

Adult Red Fox and 2 Cubs. 

WALL, ArTHUR W., New York City: 
Red Fox (2 young specimens). 


94. NEW YORK ZOOL@GICAE SOCIETY. 


WALLACE, WILLIAM, JrR., New York City: 

Garter Snake (200 specimens). 

Wattace, WiLLiaAmM M., Williamsbridge, N. Y.: 

Alligator. 

WHEALTON, Louis N., New York City: 

Black Duck, Pintail Duck (2 specimens), Green-Winged Teal (2 
specimens), Whistling Swan (2 specimens), Egyptian Geese (2 
specimens), Common Tern (adult), Least Tern (4 specimens), 
Herring Gull (adult), Laughing Gull (50 specimens), Common 
Tern (2 half-grown specimens), Black Skimmer. 

WHITFIELD, Mrs. Henry D., New York City: 

Jack Rabbit (4 specimens). 

Wuitney, Hon. WiLLiAM C., New York City: 

Buffalo (26 specimens), Elk (10 specimens). 

WITHERBEE, W. G., Port Henry, N. Y.: 
Whistling Swan. 

Wren, Dr. A. A., New York City: 
Boa. 


Recreation Derics. 


Gifts from the readers of Recreation Magazine, through Mr. G. O. 
Shields, Editor and Manager. 


GarRETTE, P. J., Collinsville, Ce-n.: 
Red-Shouldered Hawk (< <pecimens). 


Gifts of Plants. 


ACKERMAN, Mrs. J. E., Mt. Vernon, N. Y.: 
Two Cycas revoluta. 
ARENT, Mrs. CHARLES, Yonkers, N. Y.: 
One Myrtle-Tree. 
Catiin, Mrs. Jutius, Fairholme, Morristown, N. J.: 
One Seaforthia Palm. 
Homan, Mrs. F., New York City: 
Rubber Plant. 
Hype, C. M., The Chimneys, Greenwich, Conn. : 
A large collection of Plants. 
SHERMAN, Mrs. Byron, Morristown, N. J.: 
A large collection of Plants. 
TIENKIN, Mrs. L. C., Rahway, N. J.: 
2 large Rubber Trees. 
VICKERY, FREDERICK, Mt. Vernon, N. Y.: 
One large Rubber Tree. 
Woop, Mrs. Crarissa L., Katanah, Westchester County, N. Y.: 
A large and valuable collection of Plants. 


Gifts to the Library. 


AMERICAN Museum oF Natura History, New York City: 

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XVI. 
Barzsour, THomas, New York City: 

Essays Relating to Indo-China, 4 vols. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 95 


BEEBE, C. WILLIAM, New York City: 

Fancy Pheasants and Their Allies. 

Quailogy. 

94 Numbers of Science, in 5 vols. 

British Museum (THE TRUSTEES OF THE), London, S. W., England: 

Hand-List of Birds, Vol. IV. 

Catalogue of Birds’ Eggs, Vols. I., II., and III. 

BrooKLyN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND ScIENCES, Brooklyn, New York City: 

Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, 2 vols. 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA: 
Annual Report of the Geological Survey, etc., 1899. 
Catalogue of Canadian Birds. 

Gorppr Pron. Dr. vA., Para, Brazil: 

Estudos sobre 0 desenvolvimento da armacao dos veadus galheiros 

do Brazil. 
LINNEAN Socrety, New York City: 
Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society. 
Morean, J. P., Jr., New York City: 

Zoological Record, Vols. I. to XXXVII., inclusive, Years 1864 to 
1900, inclusive, including the Index Zoologicus—Zoological Rec- 
ord—Index Volume, 1880-1900. 

New York BotANIcAL GARDENS, Bedford Park, New York City: 

Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux, 5 vols. 

(Euvres Completes de M. Le Cte. de Buffon, etc., 7 vols. 

Practical Taxidermy. By Montagu Browne. 

Animal Breeding. By Thomas Shaw. 

Natural History of New York. 

The Natural History of Norway. 

Mexican Boundary Survey, Part II. 

Smithsonian Report—National Museum—188o. 

Geological Survey of New Jersey, Vol. I1., Part II., 1890. 

Pacific Railroad Survey Reports, 3 vols. 

Eleventh Report of the New York State Entomologist. 

Invertebrate Faune of the Yellowstone Park. By S. A. Forbes. 

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 15 Parts. 

63 Zoological Pamphlets. 

PETTIGREW, J. A., Jamaica Plain, Mass. : 
The Antelope and Deer of America. J. D. Caton. 
PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF ScIENCES, Philadelphia, Pa.: 
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 4 vols. 
Sciater, Dr. P. L., Odiham Priory, Winchfield, England: 

List of the Vertebrated Animals, Zoological Society of London, 1870. 

Vertebrated Animals in the Zoological Society of London, 1877. 

List of Vertebrated Animals in the Zoological Gardens, 1872. 

Catalogue of the Library, Zoological Society of London, 1886. 

Library of the Zoological Society. 

Library Catalogue, Zoological Society of London, 1872. 

Guide to the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London, 42 copies, 
bound in cloth. 

SMITHSONIAN INstITUTION, Washington, D. C.: 
Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1901. 

University oF MONTANA: 
A Biological Reconnoissance in the Vicinity of Flathead Lake. Elrod. 
Lectures at Flathead Lake. 


Gifts to the Aquarium. 


Brown, C. E., Highland, N. Y.: 
Alligators (3 specimens—small). 


“96 NEW YORK) ZOOLOGICAL SOGIETY, 


BEEBE BroTHERS, Sayville, L. I.: 
Winter Flounder. 
BisHuop, Henry, Baltimore, Md.: 
Collection of fancy goldfishes, several varieties. 
Burns, J., New York City: 
Box Tortoise. 
CALEB, HALEY & Co., New York City: 

Florida Soft-Shell Turtle. 

CARMICHAEL, WILLIAM, Staten Island, New York City: 

Young File-Fish. 

Dix, May E izasetH, Brooklyn, New York City: 

Young Alligator. 

.DrYDEN, Hon. Joun F., Newark, N. J.: 

Lobster (large specimen). 

Dwyer, J. F. 

Turtle. 

Exprince, R. H., & Co., New York City: 

Turtle. 

FajyemM, WiLLtIAM, New York City: 
Green Turtle. 
sGOHLKE, JOHN W., Jersey City, N. J.: 

Blotched Salamander. 

Haase, Caprain H., S. S. Allegheny: 

Land Hermit Crabs (4 specimens), Hawksbill Turtle. 

HANSEN, CAPTAIN, S. S. Fortuna: 

Sea Turtle. 

Houston, FRep., Brooklyn, INGE 

File-Fish. 

-Hupson, Litit1an, New York City: 

Small Alligator. 

Kirk, Georce C., Syracuse, N. Y. 
Mud-Fish (2 specimens), fallitoes (2 specimens), Snapping Turtle, 
Bullhead. 

Lampson, G. H., Baird, Cal.: 

Salamanders (14 specimens) from California. 
“Lapp, HENRY: 

Blue Crab. 
Lyncu & Co., New York City: 

Green Crabs (950 specimens). 
Myers, G. C., Englewood, N. J.: 

5 small fishes from Georgia. 
New Jersey FisH AND GAME COMMISSION: 

Pickerel, Crappie, Scale Carp, Yellow Perch, Sunfish, Catfish, Brook 
Sucker, Common Roach, Pirate Perch, Mud Minnow (44 speci- 
mens in all), and 6 miscellaneous species. 

NicHoLs, Emma, Brooklyn, N. Y.: 

Painted Turtle. 

«O’Nie_, LAMsert, Staten Island, New York City: 

Sea Turtle (large specimen). 

PENTECOST, Mrs. H. 

Small Alligator. 

Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y.: 

Small Alligator. 

REDFIELD, Bessigz, Closter, N. J.: 

Bullfrogs and Salamanders. 

JREDFIELD, Epwarp T., Closter, N. J.: 

Turtles (7 specimens), Bullfrogs (2 specimens), 1 Tortoise, several 

Salamanders. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 97 


RicHarpson, F. F., Paterson, N. J.: 
Green Turtle. 
Ropinson, CuHaArtes H., Staten Island, New York City: 
Alligators (2 specimens). 
SEARING, GEorRGE E., Towanda, Pa.: 
Collection of Tadpoles, Newts, and small fishes. 
SxKeEIL, Mrs. H., New York City: 
Diamond-back Terrapin. 
SoutH SipE SporTsMEN’s Cius, Long Island: 
Collection of Trout. 
STEEB, HArRoLp, Sparkill, N. Y.: 
Bullfrogs (2 specimens). 
Stone, Max, New York City: 
Small Alligator. 
Taytor, G. W., Closter, N. J.: 
Bullfrogs (2 specimens), Collection of Salamanders. 
Townsenp, C. H., New York City: 
Turtles (46 specimens). 
Tuxepo Cius, Tuxedo, N. Y.: 
150 specimens of fishes, representing Q species. 
ULHoRN, THEODORE, Brooklyn, : 
Young Alligators (2 specimens). 
UNITED STATES FISHERIES BuREAU, Washington, D. C.: 
Important donation of fishes and fish eggs—acknowledged in previous 
report. 
VANDOREN, FrEpD., Hoboken, N. J.: 
Small Turtles (2 specimens—small). 
VoceEL, JosePH, Brooklyn, N. Y.: 
Snapping Turtle. 
Watters, C. H., Long Island, N. Y.: 
Brook Trout (24 specimens), Small Pickerel (32 specimens), Darters 
(Q specimens). 
ZUMBUSCH, WILLIAM F., Jersey City, N. J.: 
Alligator. 


Gifts to the Aquarium Library. 


AMSTERDAM Aguarium, from Dr. C. Kerbert, Director: 
Copy of the Feestnummer (s5oth anniversary vol.). 
Amsterdam Zool. Soc 
BROOKLYN INSTITUTE: 
Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, Nos. 1 and 2. 
CALIFORNIA STATE FisH Commission, from Charles A. Vogelsang, Chief 
Deputy: 
Reports California State Fish Commission. 
Concpon, J. W.: 
Report on Japanese Fisheries and Aquaria. 
GREGG, WILLIAM H.: 
When, Where and How to Catch Fish on the East Coast of Florida. 
MASSACHUSETTS FISH CoMmissIon, from Captain J. W. Collins, Chairman: 
Reports Massachusetts Fish Commission, 1869 to 1902. 
NEw JERSEY STATE FisH Commission, from H. P. Frothingham, President: 
Reports New Jersey State Fish Commission, 1901 and 1902. 
New York State Forest, FISH AND GAME CoMmmIssIon, from John D. 
Whish, Secretary: 
The Food and Game Fishes of New York. 
Reports New York State Fish Commission, 1898 to 1900. 
New York State Museum, from Frederick J. H. Merrill, Director: 
Natural History Museums of United States and Canada. 


98 NEW YORK ‘ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 


PENNSYLVANIA FisH Commission, from Joseph Kalbfus, Secretary: 

Game and Fish Laws of Pennsylvania. 
SHUFELDT, Dr. R. W.: 

Osteology of the Steganopodes. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: 

Current Publications. 
TOWNSEND, CHARLES H.: 

Explorations of Steamer Albatross, 1883. 
UNITED STATES FISHERIES BUREAU: 

Current Publications. 
WEEKS, HENRY CLAY: 

Papers on Extermination of the Mosquito. 


Purchases. 


SUE ee ie recon eon from the fishing banks off the New Jersey 
oast: 
6 Mutton Fish, 45 Dog-Fish, 20 Bergalls, 4 Sea Robins, 2 Cunner, 
8 Whiting, 10 Hake, 14 Sculpin, 1 Rock-Fish, 3 Crabs, 2 Anglers, 
39 Sea Ravens, 29 Skates, 11 Black-Fish, 1 Portuguese Man-of- 
War, 23 Puffers, 2 Pollock, 1 Conger-Eel, 1 Cod-Fish, 1 Fluke, 2 
Mussels, I Bass, 1 Trigger-Fish, 1 lot of Barnacles. 
M. C. LousEN—collections from New York Bay: 
2 Fox-Fish, 2 Porgies, 7 Drum, 9 Sea-Horse, 5 Spotted Codlings, 
35 Orange File-Fish, 17 Scup, 23 Spot, 3 Prawn, 3 Bergalls, 11 
Crabs, 4 Mullet, 5 Lobsters, 1 Skate, 1 Sole, 9 Bass, 8 Black-Fish, 
25 Mackerel, 18 Toad-Fish, 2 Eel, 5 Puffers, 1 Pilot-Fish, 8 Moon- 
Fish, 1 Herring, 1 Blue-Fish, 1 Silver Gar, 1 Jelly-Fish, 3 Sea 
Robins, 1 Sea Raven, 2 Catfish, 2. White Perch, 1 Hake, 1 
Flounder. 
TROPICAL FisHeEsS—from Bermuda: 
2 Mud Bellies, 2 Butter Hamlets, 6 Moray, 17 Snappers, 52 Squirrel, 
1 Deer Hamlet, 8 Trigger-Fish, 5 Cow-Fish, 1 Porgy, 20 Trunk- 
Fish, 12 Rock-Fish, 11 Slippery Dick, 9 Bermuda Chub, 1 Crab, 
14 Schoolmaster, 21 Beau Gregory, 2 Cataphcebe, 6 Hog-Fish, 
3 Amber-Fish, 1 Cardinal-Fish, 11 Groupers, 62 Angel-Fish, 14 
Parrot-Fish, 29 Surgeon-Fish, 9 Lady-Fish, 169 Foureyes, 4 Mollie 
Miller, 1 Margate-Fish, 9 Coneys, 1 Craw-Fish, 35 Yellow-Tails, 
59 Grunt, 8 Bream, 4 Octopus, 31 Sergeant Major, 3 Butterfly- 
Fish. 
OTHER PURCHASES: 
1 Crocodile, 1 Manatee, 1 Harbor Seal, 11 Turtles, 16 Terrapin, 1 
Thread-Fish. 


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ONE FOSSIBILITY OF INFECHNG OYSTERS 
With TYPHOID: BAGIEEL 


By CYRUS“ WO FIELD) M.D: 
ASSISTANT BACTERIOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, N. Y. 


HIS work was undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. William 

H. Park, Director, Research Laboratory, Health Depart- 

ment, to determine whether or not the oyster could be a means of 

infection, and, if so, under what conditions it would act in this 

manner. The oysters were kept at the New York Aquarium, 
where all facilities were granted. 


TECHNIQUE. 


The oysters were placed in large glass jars containing about 
8 gallons of sea water, balanced with vegetable life. The specific 
gravity of this water varied from 1.012—-1.014, which was much 
lower than that of deep-sea water, but not very different in any 
respect from that over the oyster beds in most localities where 
oysters are grown for the market. 

The first tank was infected by introducing a litre of a 24-hours 
bouillon culture of Bacillus typhosus, and thoroughly mixing it. 
At the end of 24 hours the water in the tank was discolored, and 
at the end of three days was very foul. The oysters were tightly 
closed. In this first experiment there were placed in the tank, 
besides the oysters, some soft-shell and little-neck clams. The 
little-neck clams were as tightly closed as the oysters, but the 
soft-shell clams had their siphons fully extended and some were 
evidently dead, as they did not retract them on their being 
touched, while others retracted them but slowly. 

It was evident that the tank was now unbalanced; that is, the 
vegetable life in it failed to give off sufficient oxygen to support 
. the animal life, and that the mollusks were rapidly dying. 

They were removed, and three oysters and two clams were ex- 
amined. In oyster No. 1 no typhoid organisms were found. This 


100 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL -SOCIETX 


oyster was normal in every respect, and its heart was pulsating 
when opened. In oyster No. 2, 25 per cent. of the organisms iso- 
lated from it were found to be Bacillus typhosus. On opening 
this oyster no signs of life could be detected. No. 3 was dead be- 
yond doubt, and had turned black; and in this case all organisms 
tested were found to be B. typhosus. 

The two little-neck clams examined looked normal in every 
way, except that no pulsation could be noticed in clam No. 2. No 
typhoid bacilli could be found in No. 1, whereas No. 2 showed all 
organisms to be B. typhosus. 

It was seen from this that this method of infecting the tanks 
could not be used, so in all further work the tanks were infected 
in the following manner: 

The bacilli were sown on agar planted in flasks. They were 
incubated for 24 hours. At the end of 24 hours about 20 c.c. of 
sterile sodium chloride solution was placed in the flask, and the 
growth washed off the agar into this solution. This was poured 
into the tank, and more fresh sodium chloride solution placed in 
the flask, to wash the remaining bacilli off, as the whole growth 
could not be removed at the first washing. This was also added 
to the tank. 

After this the oysters were removed at the end of certain pe- 
riods for examination. After the first experiment five oysters 
were removed each time. These were washed and scrubbed to re- 
move as many organisms as possible from the shell. The oyster 
was then opened by cracking off the edge and inserting a sterile 
platinum needle and stirring it around, then draining the juice 
into a sterile beaker glass. One-tenth of a c.c. of this juice was 
used to inoculate each tube of plate media. The plates were in- 
cubated for 48 hours, and then either 20 or 40 colonies were 
planted in bouillon—that is, 20 or 40 colonies from each oyster of 
the 5 removed, making either 100 or 200 colonies examined. At 
the end of 24 hours the bouillon cultures were tested in the hang- 
ing drop, with the serum of a young goat immunized to B. typho- 
sus, and having great agglutinative power for this organism. The 
dilution used was 1-800. If the organisms in the tube did not 
agglutinate, they were thrown out, and no further test was made 
on them. If they showed agglutination, they were planted in 
Dunham’s solution, and tested for indol, also in lactos bouillon 
for gas production, and in milk for coagulation; but later in my 
work I relied wholly on the agglutination test. | 

It will be seen from Chart I, that when the oysters remain in 
the infected water the B. typhosus may remain present until the 


101 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


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102 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


7th day, but when removed to fresh sea water they disappear be- 
fore the 3d and 4th days. 

This is the result of dilution and the action of the sea water. I 
found that in the sea water used in these experiments B. typhosus 
was destroyed in from six to eight days, 50 per cent. being de- 
stroyed in the first 24 hours. 

When the oysters were removed from the infected tank, and 
kept either directly on ice or else in a compartment of the ice box, 
as under market conditions, there was a very slight diminution 
of the number of bacteria per c. c. and a slight increase in the 
per cent. of B. typhosus present. Thus, if oysters have been in- 
fected they may retain this infective material, and in this manner 
may act as disseminators of typhoid fever. 

Now the question arises, Does the oyster ever come in contact 
with infective material? If it does, does not the fresh sea water 
over its beds dilute and destroy the organisms? ‘To this I should 
say that if the oysters were taken from the beds situated in deep 
water, where the flood tide brought pure sea water to them, that 
there would be very slight chance of infection. But it is not from 
these beds that the oysters are brought to market. After they are 
brought up from the natural beds they are generally placed in 
creeks where the water is brackish, being deposited in small 
houses built on the edge of the stream. These houses at low tide 
are nearly dry; but as the tide rises they become filled with water, 
which finally covers the oysters, and where a hissing noise can be 
heard as the oysters suck it in. There being a specific gravity 
less than that which has covered the oysters on their native beds, 
there occurs, owing to osmosis, an enlargement of the oysters, 
making them “fat” and plump. This process is therefore called 
“fattening,” and plumping or drinking. 

The great danger in this is, that the streams used for this pur- 
pose may be contaminated by sewage. Should a case of typhoid 
fever occur where there is drainage into a stream, oysters may 
become polluted. This was just what occurred in the epidemic 
at Middletown, Conn., in 1894, and which was traced directly to 
oysters fattened on the banks of the Quinepiac River near New 
Haven. There had occurred a short time before a case of typhoid 
fever in a person living on this stream, and the discharges had 
been drained directly into this river. Wherever this lot of oysters 
had been shipped there had followed typhoid fever in those who 
had eaten them. 

The conditions are still the same in many places where oysters 
are shipped to market. In one stream I took samples of the water 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 103 


around the oyster drink-houses, and in every sample isolated B. 
coli communis. Where this organism is found in water it is held 
to be indicative of contamination by human excreta. 

In conclusion, it would seem as though the only way to protect 
the public would be to forbid the sale of fattened oysters and to 
enforce it; also to see that oyster beds were not subject to con- 
tamination from streams used for sewage purposes. The most 
important measure would be the prevention of the process of 
oyster “fattening” where the water was or could be contaminated. 

For lack of space, the studies of Foote in the Report of the State 
Board of Health of Connecticut, 1895; Klein of London in Local 
Government Board Reports, 1894-95; and of Prof. Herdman of 
the Liverpool Biological Laboratory, are not discussed in this 
connection. 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MEDICAL DEPART- 
MENT OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK FOR 1903. 


DR. HARLOW BROOKS, PATHOLOGIST, 
DR. W. REID BLAIR, VETERINARIAN, 


TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS. 


HE following report of the Medical Department of the New 

York Zoological Park relates only to*the pathological 

side of the subject. The clinical treatment of the animals will be 
dealt with at length in our next report. 

During the year 1903 autopsical investigations have been made 
on every animal which has died in the Park, and our records 
concerning the same are complete. 

The work in this department has been more thoroughly done 
than was possible during the two preceding years, since we were 
able to start in with a well-organized staff, and with a clearly 
defined idea as to the lines along which our efforts should be 
best directed. 

From our previous work we have found that the most serious 
mortality of the animals under our charge has been among the 
mammals, and, at the same time this class of animals comprises 
the most expensive and important of the collection at the Park. 
Chiefly for these reasons, and because with our limited staff it 
has been impossible to give the requisite amount of attention to 
the deaths in the Reptile and Bird collections, it has seemed best 
to devote our attention, for the past year, entirely to the mammals, 
hence the subject material of this report deals only with the con- 
ditions found in this class. 

Although the examinations have been thoroughly and _ syste- 
matically made during the past year, they have been conducted 
so as not to damage the material for the use of the taxidermist. 
Indeed, we find that a mutual understanding between pathologist 
and taxidermist makes the specimens equally valuable to both 
without, except in rare instances, loss to either. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 105 


During 1902, 227 deaths are recorded; most of these cases came 
to autopsy. During the past year the collection has been consid- 
erably enlarged in the number of valuable species, yet the deaths 
which have occurred during 1903 have been only 113; a notice- 
able decrease in the mortality. We shall show further on in our re- 
port that this decided diminution in the death rate has been mostly 
in those diseases which may be characterized as preventable, and 
it is certain that the great improvement has been due not to for- 
tune nor to the fact that less delicate species of animals have been 
kept this year, but chiefly, if not entirely, to the quarantine sys- 
tem, the treatment of sick animals, and perhaps most of all to the 
preventive measures which previous experience has taught us to 
put into practice at the Park. 

Of the stock present during the past year, 503 were carried over 
from 1902, and during 1903 accessions were added as follows: 
hoofed stock 123, primates 47, miscellaneous mammals 60. Total 
733. Our death-rate, therefore, gives a mortality of about 15.4 per 
cent., apparently large, but when we consider the previous rate, 
it is seen to be small, especially when we remember the nor- 
mally short life of most wild animals. 

In so far as I have been able to learn from other reports, and 
from personal observation, I do not think that we should expect 
to markedly reduce the percentage below that reached this year 
if the Society still continues to keep the same high-class stock 
which they now carry. It is also to be expected, that from time 
to time infected animals will creep into the collection, despite the 
most cautious supervision, and we must therefore reckon on occa- 
sional outbreaks of infectious and contagious diseases from which 
we have been very free for the past year. We must see to it that 
no laxity or carelessness on our part is responsible at any time. 

It is very significant that of our 113 deaths, 21 took place in 
animals but very recently introduced to the Park. Seventeen of 
these arrived in a moribund condition, a large proportion of them 
were never placed on exhibition, and all 21 died within a few days 
of conditions contracted before their arrival at the Park. Among 
these animals were several expensive additions made to the collec- 
tion. 

Equally important in this relation is the always imminent dan- 
ger that animals may contract diseases of a contagious nature 
which may not become evident until the stock has become the 
property of the Society. 


106 NEW -YORK” ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


INJURIES. 


The Society should congratulate itself on the fact that but nine 
deaths have been due to accident. This number, of course, in- 
cludes all animals which were killed on account of injuries re- 
ceived by accident. It also speaks very highly for the general 
efficiency of the keepers, since but one of these accidents occurred 
as the result of gross carelessness or thoughtlessness; the other 
eight cases being mostly the result of the inevitable quarrel be-. 
tween animals, or of other causes which may be justly classified 
as unavoidable, - 


MONTHLY DEATH RATE. 


Careful observations have been made in order that it might be 
determined whether the month or time of year had anything to 
do with the death rate, as is the case with human disease in this 
climate. Our statistics are as yet too few to allow any well- 
founded speculations in regard to this matter, though in the course 
of a few years we may find the facts which we are now collecting 
of some considerable value. Taken singly, this year’s figures seem 
to indicate that the monthly death-rate is more dependent upon 
the monthly accessions than on any other factor. The figures 
are as follows: 


January..... 5 ANDI ooo d0d6 IO Jf? oon on 9 @ctoberss--- 7 
Rebruatyre- 8 May cisncrass 6 PATIOS terepey eee 12 November... iI 
INianGhiverererenere 14 | WAS. 0600006 8 September...) 12 December... II 


DIETETIC DEATH RATE. 


Observations are being made in relation to the number of deaths 
which occur among the various types of animals classified in re- 
gard to their food. Thus during the past year 1 Carnivore, 32 
Ungulates and 34 Primates have died. Improvement is especially 
evident among the Primates, where the deaths have been reduced 
from &9 instances in 1902, to but 34 in 1903. 


PROPHYLACTIC MEDICINE. 


This department has especially concerned itself during the past 
two years in the adaptation to the Park of the principles of pre- 
ventive medicine, and during this last year we have particularly 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 107 


devoted ourselves to the consideration, from this standpoint, of 
the contagious diseases. Chief among these is tuberculosis, and 
in the last year’s report I dealt rather extensively with this mat- 
ter, recommending that a most rigid quarantine and isolation sys- 
tem be put in force with special regard to tubercular animals. 
Dr. Blair has shown us, as stated in last year’s report, the manner 
by which this disease is transmitted, and we have put our ob- 
servations to practical test with the gratifying result that but 
9 deaths from this disease have occurred this year, and 4 of these 
cases entered the Park in a hopelessly infected condition. So at 
the outside but 5 cases can have developed in our compounds dur- 
ing the past year; this as against 39 deaths from tuberculosis 
among the Primates alone last year. Further observations but con- 
firm our ideas as regards the infection, course and lesions of the 
disease, as expressed in last year’s report. Our successful meth- 
ods of dealing with this contagion may be expressed briefly as fol- 
lows: Rigid quarantine of all infected or suspected animals ; isola- 
tion as soon as the disease develops, special diet, hygiene, and 
proper medication with thorough disinfection of the quarters of 
infected stock before healthy animals are placed in the same cages. 

With the other chief contagious diseases similar methods have 
given us very like results, and for the sake of comparison we 
have grouped them with my last year’s incomplete records. 


Ig02. 1903. 
PNG EMLOMUVCOSKSH Sis? ogee cis) bi Peien “ithe ts ks eee iene 5 O 


(It is important to note here that one case of actinomycosis 
was sent to the Park, but in the routine of the quarantine of in- 
coming animals the case was detected by Dr. Blair and at once 
isolated, thus doubtless preventing a repetition of the calamity 
of last year. It is also interesting to note that Dr. Blair is ap- 
parently achieving some result in the treatment of this animal, 
though it is very doubtful if it will be safe to place it with 
healthy stock; still, it is of great interest to stock raisers as 
well as to animal men, if some reliable treatment for this very 
refractory and serious disease can be discovered. ) 


WD IGEITA DOTY | 5c sha/sko ace Romeeanens: sieeedotro fio Ghete erste 10 fo) 
J CHET ESS at PROMO SLO GE obec Ct OS PR ne O O 
TEASE Dik Sich 1 Seager ae PES ty Pag & Es ot Pot ee a na ea I O 

O 


108 NEW. YORK, ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY: 


INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 
Not Strictly Contagious. 


Pneumonia.—Ten deaths have occurred from this disease dur- 
ing the past year as compared with 33 cases last year. Three of 
these cases have followed infection with bronchial filaria. In 
other instances the prevailing factors seem to have been those 
discussed in last year’s report under the heading of “Pathological 
Effects of Captivity on Wild Animals.” Deaths from pneumonia 
in these cases are so frequent that it really seems as if it may be 
necessary to attempt to devise some method by means of which 
the animals may be forced to take more exercise, a matter which 
Mr. Hornaday has discussed several times with me, and which I 
find has been noted by Bostock in his recent book on the training 
of wild animals. 

Post-Partum Sepsis.—There is a widely prevalent idea in the 
public mind, and to a certain extent among medical men, that 
post-partum sepsis is almost unknown except in the human, and 
that it is rare among the uncivilized peoples, the latter being used 
not infrequently as an argument for the so-called ‘“Nature Life” 
as opposed to the methods of modern asepsis and antisepsis. It 
is, therefore, most interesting to note that during the past year 
two fatal cases of post-partum sepsis have occurred, one in an 
East African baboon and one in an Indian leopard, notwithstand- 
ing the fact that the cat family are usually resistant to the ordi- 
nary infections. In these two animals the disease appears to have 
followed the general course usually present in the human, infec- 
tion having taken place through the vagina and extending up 
through the uterus and into the tubes, setting up peritonitis by ex- 
tension, with finally a general sepsis. No bacteriological studies 
were made on the cases, but both were apparently induced by 
dystocia, and it seems necessary that more care be exercised in the 
selection of animals for propagation, and that special methods for 
their feeding and exercise be devised. This is already under con- 
sideration. 


NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 


Gastro-Enteritis—Deaths from gastro-enteritis have not been 
so frequent during the past year as they were formerly, but 12 
cases dying from this disorder as compared with 43 cases last 
year. Seven of these deaths were among the mountain sheep, and, 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 109 


as in our previous experience with this disease, the undoubted 
cause was the cropping of the grass which grows in the enclosures. 
From our observations there can be no doubt but that the propo- 
sition made in an earlier report must be complied with before we 
are reasonably free frorn it; that is, that the entire food and water 
supply of all the animals, particularly of the native Herbivora, 
must be placed immediately under the control of the keepers. It 
is worse than useless, after our experience, to attempt to furnish 
a natural food supply within the ranges. The complete absence 
of fatal gastro-enteritis among the Primates, whose food and 
water supply has been very carefully supervised during the past 
year, entirely demonstrates the benefits guaranteed by these 
methods. 


PARASITIC DISEASES. 


Deaths from parasitic diseases have been much reduced during 
the past year, only 7 fatalities arising from this cause. This fa- 
vorable result, in the case of intestinal parasites, in my opinion is 
mostly due to the fact that, under the direction of your Veterina- 
rian, vermifuges have been systematically employed, and often- 
times the result has been the voiding of large numbers of para- 
sites, fortunately before the animal had been directly killed by the 
parasites, or before they had set up a serious gastritis or enteritis. 
This one fact alone places far beyond question any doubt as to 
the value of medicinal treatment of wild animals in captivity, for 
animal men tell us that intestinal parasites are among the most 
serious factors with which they have to deal, and certainly our 
experience before these methods were introduced bears out this 
idea. One badger died as the result of intestinal nematodes, but 
no fatal cases of tenia infection have occurred during the past 
season. 

Cysticerci—There has been a marked diminution in the number 
of cases exhibiting cysticerci and hydatid cysts. During the past 
year but two cases were found, while, as I mentioned in a previous 
report, at one time these cysts were present in nearly every case 
dying in the Park. Doubtless this year’s records in regard to this 
have been partly a matter of good fortune, but it is also certain 
that the general methods of cleanliness, now so universally en- 
forced about the animal enclosures, has reduced the number of 
infections occurring in the Park itself. The careful supervision 
of the food is also doubtless a factor; however, I do not believe 
that it will ever be possible to eradicate the disease entirely, since 


110 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 


we must secure our stock from dealers in whose enclosures infec- 
tious and questionable food are the rule rather than the exception. 
We can, therefore, only hope to exclude the more serious cases by 
our quarantine system and to prevent, in so far as possible, infec- 
tions within the Park. Later on it may be practical to make micro- 
scopic examinations of the ejecta of all new animals which enter 
the collection, and by this means we should be able to exclude still 
more cases and thus greatly reduce the possibility of intra-park 
infections. 

Mischerschen Schleuche.—As predicted in my previous report 
the Mischerschen schleuche has been found in the myocardium of 
all the elk which have died or which have been killed. Bronchial 
filaria have also been universally present in these animals. 

Bronchial Filaria.—From incomplete experiments made by me, 
I am about convinced that bronchial filaria are at least sometimes 
communicated directly from animal to animal by means of the 
ove or embryos of the parasite which, I believe, I have shown 
may sometimes develop directly into the mature filaria without 
the intervention of an intermediary host, though this is probably 
generally present. There can be no doubt but that the infective 
agent, probably the ove or embryos, are conveyed through in- 
fected dirt or water, but so far we have been unable to confirm 
our ideas experimentally. 

For the purpose of statistical information it has seemed best 
to me to classify certain diseases as they occur at the Park under 
the heads of the systems, for though this method is subject to 
many disadvantages, after a few years such records will doubtless 
be of considerable statistical value. 


DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. 


Five animals have died from diseases of the central nervous 
system, two from cerebral hemorrhage, one of traumatic origin, 
one case from cerebro-spinal meningitis, one from acute cerebral 
meningitis with acute mania (a cheetah) and two from “cage 
paralysis.” Since these instances are to be discussed in a special 
communication, it seems unnecessary to more than mention them 
here and to call attention to the appreciable large number of deaths 
from this class of disease, consequently the importance of proph- 
ylaxis and of a more thorough study of these conditions, not 
only on account of their great value to comparative medicine and 
pure science, but also for the more purely economic problems of a 
great zoological collection. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 111 


CARDIO-VESICULAR SYSTEM. 


Myocarditis is doubtless the most important disease of this 
system arising among our animals; the general conditions induc- 
ing it were discussed in last year’s reports under “Effects of Cap- 
tivity on Wild Animals.” Needless to say this serious condition 
has been present in all of the elk of the old herd which have come 
to autopsy. One mule deer died from a fibrinous pericarditis. 


RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 


The only cases that come under this heading have already been 
discussed under tuberculosis, pneumonia, and as concerning the 
bronchial filaria. 


DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 


The important diseases of this tract have already been consid- 
ered under gastro-enteritis and, in a previous communication, 
under fatty degeneration of the liver. Three fatal cases of fish 
poisoning occurred among the sea lions; one of this same group 
of cases recovered. 


SPLEEN AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 


Only secondary lesions have been found in these organs, mostly 
tuberculosis and simple hyperplastic lymph-adenitis of inflamma- 
tory origin. 


GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM. 


But two cases of primary nephritis have been discovered this 
year, one occurring in a caribou and one in an ocelot. Both cases 
showed the lesions of acute exudative nephritis. 

Two cases of post-partum sepsis have already been considered. 
One case of cystitis of unknown origin, terminating in rupture 
of the bladder, was found in a small rodent. 


MALNUTRITION. 


Eight post-mortem examinations have shown no definite lesions 
other than such as might be most conveniently classified under the 
heading of malnutrition. Two cases have died as the direct re- 
sult of general visceral fatty degeneration, probably due to over- 
nourishment and under-exercise. 


112 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY. 


RECOM MENDATIONS. 


Ranges.—Although our results for the past year have been in 
general very satisfactory, and though they have shown a distinct 
improvement in nearly all classes of diseases over the results ob- 
tained in 1902, still we feel that there is much to be desired, and 
I should like to impress upon the Board that we are by no means 
satisfied with the results and particularly with the large amount 
of sickness which occurs among our valuable ruminants, though 
the death rate in these animals has been materially reduced. 

There is no doubt but that the faults that cause this condition 
are dietetic and follow almost immediately the release of the ani- 
mals into the grass ranges. This subject has already been the 
object of a special report in which I emphasized again, as I 
have in all of the reports which I have had the honor to render to 
your Board, the impossibility of making these ranges safe, unless 
all the natural vegetation be removed and in most cases at least 
the floor of the enclosures be replaced with an artificial one. J am 
fully convinced that these rules apply to all the ranges in a greater 
or less degree. 

Sheep Ranges.—My ideas are embodied in a special report ren- 
dered November 29, 1903. 

Ponds.—In all cases where mammals are quartered in enclo- 
sures which contain bodies of water, these should be so arranged 
that they can be drained and thoroughly cleaned from time to 
time, otherwise once infected they may act for a long time as a 
source of infection for all animals confined in that pound. We 
have good reason for believing that the pond in the elk range has 
acted in this way. Of course I realize that such radical alterations 
are not practicable in all instances, but in so far as possible they 
should be observed, and, in my opinion, it is only a question of 
time when we shall find it necessary to make it a general rule. 


THE OLD ELK HERD. 


There is no room for reasonable doubt but that all the members 
of the old elk herd are infected with bronchial filaria and the 
Mischerschen schleuche. Both these parasites are transferable to 
other and healthy animals, so that throwing out entirely the 
question of consanguinity, I look on this herd as not only itself 
hopeless, but as an actual menace to all other animals of like 
nature confined within their vicinity. Of course there should be 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. iS 


no mingling of the animals of the new herd with those of the old, 
and, as I have pointed out before, the floor and pond of the elk 
range must be most thoroughly gone over before it will be safe 
to place the healthy stock in this pasture. 

I would also like to suggest that from time to time new bulls 
from other herds be secured, perhaps by exchange, so that the 
well-recognized bad effects of too great inbreeding may, in so 
far as practicable, be obviated. 


BUFFALO HERD. 


I do not wish to add anything in regard to this herd other 
than the opinion given in a previous report in which I advised 
against the continuance of the present grass ranges. 


HOSPITAL. 


Observations which Dr. Blair has been conducting have, we 
believe, shown the practicability of a building designed in part 
for a quarantine station at which all incoming animals may be 
received and kept under observation for a sufficient period of time, 
and for a hospital in which sick and injured animals may be 
confined for observation or treatment. This building should be 
so constructed that different temperatures may be maintained 
in various wards for the various species of animals. Arrange- 
ment for water, light, and air should be ample, and a special pro- 
vision should be made for a properly equipped operating room 
and surgical ward. Arrangements should be made in the same 
building for the laboratory with the dead house adjoining and 
for a pathological museum. 

I sincerely hope that if the construction of such a building be 
undertaken, that the Board will remember that a building and a 
name do not make a hospital, and that the general experience in 
human medicine has been that the opinions of architects solely 
are far from the best when the question of medical utility is to be 
considered. 


LIBRARY. 


My report would not seem familiar to you, did I not again 
ask for an appropriation for the purchase of a few books each 
year, dealing with the subjects which bear directly on the work 
at the Park. 


114 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


We believe that the records of the past year’s work have shown 
the medical work of the Park to be a financial success, to put it 
on no higher plane, and it does not seem unreasonable for us to 
ask for a modest appropriation for the purchase of a few books 
and such few journals of comparative medicine as are published. 


REPORTS. 


It has seemed best to your Advisory Board and to ourselves, 
that in the future a special report be rendered to your Board deal- 
ing almost exclusively with statistical information and such con- 
clusions and recommendations as should be brought before you 
alone. In addition to this official report, that an article or articles 
dealing more with the scientific part of our work be rendered for 
publication in the Report, or elsewhere, as you may wish. This 
will enable us to study each year some particular problem, in a 
more satisfactory way and at the same time will, we believe, give 
you more concisely the facts needed for your consideration, re- 
lieving our report from yearly repetition of almost axiomatic 
facts. We have attempted to follow this general plan in this 
year’s report but shall have the matter in better hand next year. 


Respectfully submitted, 
Hartow Brooks. 
New York, February I, 1904. 


PHOTOGRAPH. 5; ELWIN R. SANBORN. 
CHIMPANZEE: POLLY. 


A thriving young specimen in the Primates House. 


CAGE PARALYSIS. 


By HARLOW BROOKS, M.D. 


WITH A PRELIMINARY PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF FIVE CASES. 


F the 113 deaths which have occurred at the New York 
Zoological Park during the past year, five were caused by 
diseases of the central nervous system. These cases do not in- 
clude those in which the nervous diseases were but a complication 
in some general or local disease, but only such instances as may 
correctly be classed as primary diseases of the nervous system. 
Thus we find that the occurrence of diseases in this class of wild 
animals in captivity is in about the same proportion as in man. 
Of these five cases, two were of cerebral hemorrhage, one of 
which was of traumatic origin and the other idiopathic. One ape 
died from a well-defined cerebro-spinal meningitis, in which the 
exudate approximated very closely that seen in human epidemic 
cerebro-spinal meningitis. A cheetah died with acute mania con- 
sequent upon an exudative cerebral meningitis. Two primates 
died from a peculiar type of spinal paralysis, known and recog- 
nized among animal men as “cage paralysis.” 

I have become very much interested in this condition, since it 

offered the opportunity to study spinal lesions in a cord of more 
primitive simplicity than in the human, and with the lesions in an 
earlier stage of development than we are able to obtain them in 
man. ; 
This preliminary study is presented in this crude state since I 
believe that it presents the question in a general way, and ap- 
parently eliminates from our problem some by-paths into which 
the student might easily be diverted from the more important 
aspects of the question. . 

My knowledge concerning “Cage Paralysis” as a clinical pic- 
ture has been chiefly derived from conversation with Drs. Frank 
Miller and W. Reid Blair, of the N. Y. Zoological Society, and 
Director Hornaday, with his associates of the same institution. 
I have also derived considerable information from conversation 
with various animal trainers and keepers. Through the courtesy 


116 NEW YORK ZOOLOGIGAE SOCIETY: 


of Drs. Miller and Blair I have also been able to see and study a 
few clinical cases. 

“Cage paralysis” is generally recognized by animal men as a 
distinct disease. The few veterinarians who have become sufficient- 
ly versed in the diseases of wild animals are also generally inclined 
to look upon it as an entity, though they make a distinct differen- 
tiation from certain rheumatic symptoms which uninstructed men 
would be very apt to call and to mistake for actual spinal disease. 

Occurrence.—The disease occurs almost exclusively among wild 
animals, though a few cases are also probably seen among certain 
domesticated ones. It is found most commonly among the higher 
mammals, principally among bears and primates. Of the pri- 
mates, in which the disease is by far the most frequent, the lower 
types, such as the lemurs, are not often attacked, though baboons, 
macaques and other examples of the lower monkeys are affected. 
In general, we might say that it occurs most frequently in those 
animals which habitually or commonly assume the upright gait. 
Its occurrence is not limited to, or more usual in, animals from 
any one part of the world. I have found no instances of its being 
found among those in the wild, and Mr. Hornaday, whose nu- 
merous observations of wild animals in their natural habitat are 
well known, tells me that he has never seen it in a wild animal, 
either free or at the time of its capture. However, he adds the 
very significant statement that an animal, even in the early stages 
of the disease, is so seriously handicapped that it would in all 
probability soon die of starvation or fall prey to the carnivorous 
animals which are generally found in the same habitat; hence, 
though it is rather improbable that it occurs in nature, it is still a 
question which will probably never be really settled. 

Sex.—tIn so far as our observation goes, the disease occurs 
equally in both sexes. 

Age.—The disease may appear in either old or young animals, 
and there seems to be no relation between age and occurrence. 
It does apparently affect more frequently those animals which 
have been in captivity a long time, and hence it is, perhaps, most 
frequent in old animals. Bearing on this fact, we must remember 
that under the usual conditions the life of many primates in cap- 
tivity is perhaps fully as long as in the open. 

Etiology.—Absolutely nothing definite is known of the etiology 
of the disease. By some it is thought that it is caused by exposure, 
but, as in the cases at the New York Zoological Park, this is ex- 
cluded by an automatically adjusted temperature and by the 
greatest possible care. Some think that it develops as a result 
of the unnatural character of the floor on which the animals are 


PIGH THY ANNUAL REPORT: LG 


confined, but this does not seem to be well founded, since it ap- 
pears alike in animals confined in the ordinary board-floor cages 
of the travelling menageries, in metal cages, the floor of which 
is covered by some soft substance, and in those which have the 
ground as a floor. The cleanliness of quarters does not seem to 
affect the etiological factors, for the disease apparently occurs 
as frequently in the scrupulously kept enclosures of the New York 
Zoological Park as in the often foul quarters of the animal deal- 
ers. Confinement in smaller cages apparently offers some predis- 
position to the disease, since we have observed fewer cases occur- 
ring in the larger, more airy, and best-lighted cages; most of 
the cases developing in the smaller and darker side compartments. 
Food has apparently no effect on the disease. The mental effects 
of restraint apparently do not act as a causative factor, for as a 
rule the disease occurs in those animals which take very kindly 
to cage life, and it does not appear more frequently in those ani- 
mals which are most affected by confinement and restraint. The 
mentality of the animals bears no apparent relationship to the 
onset of the disease. 

A few cases are found which have followed traumatism, but 
the instances have been so few as to almost lead one to the con- 
clusion that they have always been but coincidences and that in- 
jury in reality had nothing to do with the onset. The character 
of the food has apparently nothing to do with the causation of 
the disease, for at the New York Zoological Park the food is 
very thoroughly inspected, and the amount and character is care- 
fully controlled. Nevertheless it is generally admitted that the 
disease occurs mostly in animals which have been in captivity for 
a considerable length of time, and animal men, who as a rule 
are keen observers, are convinced that the cause of the disease is 
in some way connected with the effects of captivity. 

Onset.—The first symptom generally noticed is a stiffness of 
the lower extremities, manifested in that the animal is not as 
quick and agile as usual and soon ceases to attempt the more dif- 
ficult feats which the monkeys in particular are so fond of doing. 
This stiffness is generally more evident on one side than the 
other, and the actions of the animal resemble those of one suffer- 
ing with rheumatism. They often continue to feed and look well, 
but once the initial stiffness has appeared, the disease almost al- 
ways progresses with at least observable rapidity, finally affecting 
both of the rear extremities. During this period the animal is 
apparently free from pain and, if accustomed to handling, does 
not resent it at this time. It is not evident that pain is produced 
by the manipulation of the partially paralyzed extremities. 


118 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Progression is generally quite rapid, and locomotion becomes 
more and more difficult, until finally the legs begin to show 
marked atrophy. The coat of the animal becomes unkempt and 
rough, he ceases to feed well, and the paralysis finally becomes so 
marked that he can progress only by dragging the lower part of 
the body after him, or sometimes by swinging the legs and lower 
trunk between the arms, much as a cripple uses crutches. 

Rarely, as in one case of this series, distinct symptoms of pain 
are present, but this is the exception, and the legs generally be- 
come anesthetic, so that a pin may be thrust into them without the 
animal apparently noticing it. 

Deep necrotic ulcerations begin to appear, usually on the but- 
tocks where the animal habitually seats himself, but later perhaps 
on the feet or over the sacrum. Trivial wounds of the paralyzed 
legs do not heal properly, but ulcerate and slough. 

In a few observations which I have made there seems to be a 
general loss of muscular and tendon reflexes, but it is very diffi- 
cult to be certain on this point. 

No mental symptoms appear, though the animal avoids his own 
kind, apparently fearing, not without reason, injury from them, 
but toward his keepers and friends he shows no alteration of 
temper. 

In the later stages of the disease control of the sphincters is lost 
and the feces and urine are passed involuntarily. At about this 
time the animal, apparently as a result of these general conditions, 
begins to fail rapidly and of course soon ceases to be a desirable 
specimen for exhibition and therefore is disposed of. 

No cases of recovery are on record, and no measures thus far 
attempted have even seemed to arrest the progress of the disease, 
once it becomes fully inaugurated. Where subjects of “cage- 
paralysis” are allowed to live, they usually die from some inter- 
current affection, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, or gastro- 
enteritis. 

Treatment.—Medical treatment is apparently without avail. 
Tonics, iron in various forms, nutritious foods and all the meas- 
ures generally employed in such conditions in the human, are 
used here without avail. It is interesting that iodides have also 
been used entirely without effect. 

Pathology.—In so far as I have been able to find in the various 
reports and studies from various zoological gardens, few care- 
fully conducted post-mortem examinations are recorded and in 
most of these instances microscopic studies are wanting. 

For these reasons we have attempted to systematically study 
the spinal cords of the case which have occurred in the Park, 


EIGHTH” ANNUAL REPORT. 119 


and in this paper is a preliminary study designed to outline the 
subject. I have refrained in it from unnecessary details, stating 
as briefly as possible only the lesions bearing directly on the dis- 
ease. No constant or significant alterations have been found in 
the general viscera, and for this reason they have not been in- 
cluded in this study, though a complete examination was made in 
each instance. 

No gross lesions of the central nervous tissues were found in 
any case except one, where meningeal exudate was present, a 
point confirmed by the microscopic examination. 

Since this study is intended only as a preliminary outline and 
not as a finished article—most of the cases not having been care- 
fully observed clinically—the pathological studies have been but 
fragmentary. In the time at my disposal for the preparation of 
this article it was manifestly impossible for me to carefully study 
each of the cases, hence segments were selected from the cords, 
with the full understanding that an examination of each seg- 
ment, of each posterior root ganglion, and of many of the periph- 
eral nerve fibers, as well as the entire encephalon, would be 
necessary were the study designed to be a finished one; such 
minute examinations would seem wasted on material, most of 
which has been casually observed by the keepers of the animals 
and occasionally by the veterinarian. The observations are sub- 
ject to the assumption that the general arrangement of the tracts 
and fibers is the same in these animals as in man, an assumption 
probably inaccurate. I am indebted for most of the gross patho- 
logical observations to Dr. W. Reid Blair of the Park. 

Technic.—Previous experience in the study of the spinal cords 
of the smaller animals has taught me that the removal of the 
cord from its bony canal while the tissue was perfectly fresh fre- 
quently resulted in formation of serious artefacts, consequently I 
removed the entire spinal column in the first four of the following 
cases, immersing it for 48 hours in a 5-per-cent. solution of forma- 
lin, after which the bones were carefully cut away, exposing the 
cord more immediately to the action of the formalin. Tissues for 
general tissue changes were then transferred to graded alcohol, 
embedded in paraffin, cut and mounted in the usual manner and 
stained chiefly with hzmatoxylon and eosin, also with Van 
Gieson’s picro-acid fuchsin. Sections stained with the Neisl blue 
were also prepared in the same general manner. 

Segments intended for detection of degenerated fibers and 
tracts, were hardened and prepared after the method of Marchii 
or by the Busch modification of the same method. 


120 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOCINDY: 


CASE I. 


Barbary Ape (Imacacus innus).—The animal had been some 
time in captivity or on ship-board before being delivered to the 
Park. 

On its arrival with a consignment of other animals the veteri- 
narian at once noted the condition of paralysis, which seemed to 
be fairly typical of the picture usually presented in “cage paraly- 
sis.’ The animal was also found to be tubercular, hence was 
never placed on exhibition but was kept in the quarantine station 
up to the time of its death. 


POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION. 


Examination made on date of death. 

Body.—Markedly emaciated, tissues very anemic. Heart.— 
Collapsed, flabby; otherwise apparently normal. Lungs.—Both 
lungs filled with caseous tubercular masses varying in size from a 
pea to a walnut. There is a small area of recent hemorrhage in 
the right middle lobe. Liver.—Vessels congested, a few scattered 
tubercules are present. Kidneys.—Both are studded with tuber- 
cles and the parenchyma shows a general parenchymatous nephri- 
tis. Spleen and Lymph Nodes.—Both are much congested and 
are extensively tubercular. Stomach.—Empty except for a small 
amount of yellowish fluid, no food is present. Jntestine and Gen- 
ito-Urinary Tract.—Negative. Brain and Spinal Cord.—Gross 
examination of the spinal cord after it has been hardened, showed 
meningitis, most intense at lower levels. 


MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION. 


Cervical Cord.—In the upper cervical levels the pia-arachnoid 
shows a moderate degree of chronic thickening of the membranes, 
and in places the connective tissue cells of its structure show evi- 
dences of recent proliferation, particularly about the vessels, which 
are quite universally injected. In the lower cervical regions the 
membrane shows in addition a very marked serous exudate, which 
in places contains a good many leucocytes, chiefly mononuclear 
cells, but in places there are a good many polynuclear ones. The 
cellular exudate is most apparent about the blood vessels, which 
are mostly congested. 

The substance of the cord shows a very general dilatation of 
the lymph channels, particularly of the perivascular spaces, and in 
some places the lacunze in which the cells are lodged are also 
dilated, this without apparent shrinkage of the ganglion cells. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 121 


The vessels of the cord are injected and a few of them show 
a slight exudate of small round cells into the adventitia. 

Sections prepared after the Marchii method show occasional de- 
generated fibers, chiefly in the posterior tracts and most numerous 
in the column of Goll. Occasional degenerated fibers are also 
found in the descending tracts, but nothing like a systematic de- 
generation is evident in them. 

Sections stained with the Neisl blue, show a very general dis- 
integration of the chromatic plaques of the ganglion cells, some 
of them are still evident but show lack of staining affinity, others 
show a finely granular disintegration of the plaques. These evi- 
dences of degeneration are very general and in some places amount 
to actual cytoclasis; it is more than probable that many of the 
alterations are of post-mortem origin. 

Dorsal Segments.—Series of sections taken in the upper, mid 
and lower dorsal segments show alterations very like those de- 
scribed in the cervical region, except that the lesions increase in 
intensity as the lower levels are reached and, though altogether 
similar to those described in the cervical regions, are of much 
more marked degree. In the lowest dorsal segments the cellular 
exudate is found passing into the cord with nerve roots. 

Lumbar Cord.—In some places the meningeal exudate has so 
infiltrated the cord that practically a condition of transverse mye- 
litis exists, otherwise the lesions are like those of the superior por- 
tions of the cord. 

Cauda Equina.—Sections show a very marked general small 
round-cell exudation about all the nerve fibers. Well-formed tu- 
bercles are frequent and in some cases have caused complete 
necrosis of the normal structures. 

Posterior Root Ganglia.—Sections of the posterior root ganglia 
of the lower levels show also an intense productive inflammation 
apparently following the nerve trunks. Degenerated nerve fibers 
are not numerous even in those of the cauda equina, and from the 
condition of the ganglion cells it seems highly probable that at 
least a part of the degenerated fibers are due to a disease of the 
ganglion cells. 

Conclusion.—The condition clearly originated as a tubercular 
meningitis and the disease apparently started in the lower por- 
tion of the spinal canal, extending rapidly upward. 


CASE II. 


Common Macaque (Macacus rhesus).—TVhis animal formed 
one of a large group of these monkeys and was not particularly 
observed, except that the case was rapidly progressive. 


122 NEW YORE ‘ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The wasting of the muscles of the rear extremities was mod- 
erately well marked and paralysis of the extremities was com- 
plete when the animal was killed. No trophic ulcers had devel- 
oped and the body was not extremely emaciated, for the animal 
had continued to take its food fairly well, though not so anxiously 
as a normal one would. 

The gross examination of the cord and brain showed nothing of 
note, and the internal viscera were normal, except for a general 
deficiency in fat. 


MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION. 


Brain.—Sections taken through the left motor cortex showed 
nothing noteworthy, except a general dilatation of the lymph 
spaces. No degenerated fibers are present in either the sub-corti- 
cal white matter or in the left internal capsule. Cord.—The mem- 
branes of the cord are normal. 

Medulla—Sections prepared by the Busch-Marchii method 
show no degenerated fibers in the pyramids, but a few are present 
among the arcuate fibers and in the neighborhood of the nucleus 
gracilis and cuneatus. A few degenerated fibers are also pres- 
ent in the fillet. There is general dilatation of the lymph spaces. 

Cervical Cord.—The lymph spaces are generally dilated, but 
otherwise the general structure is not altered. Sections prepared 
by the Busch-Marchii method show a great many degenerated 
fibers in the posterior tracts, particularly in the column of Goll. 
The most radial fibers in Burdach’s tract do not seem to be af- 
fected. There is also a marked general degeneration in the fibers 
of the direct cerebellar tract and a few scattering degenerated 
fibers in the antero-lateral tract, also an occasional one in the direct 
pyramidal and in the anterior ground bundle. 

Sections stained by the method of Neisl show a general chroma- 
tolysis in the cells of the anterior horns; the alteration is so gen- 
eral that it is likely largely due to post-mortem changes. 

Dorsal Cord.—Sections through the upper dorsal levels show 
alterations similar to those found in the cervical segments as re- 
gards the degenerated tracts, except that the column of Burdach 
is relatively more involved. 

The mid-dorsal region presents an area of myelitic softening 
in which all the structures of the cord are extensively necrosed 
and the entire mass is permeated by extravasated blood mingled 
with broken-down masses of myeline. 

The lower dorsal segments show extensive degeneration of the 
direct and crossed pyramidal tracts and numerous degenerated 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 123 


fibers in the anterio-lateral and the anterior ground bundle; a few 
scattering degenerated fibers are also present in the posterior 
tracts, but these columns are in general free from degenerations. 
The blood vessels in the gray matter are quite extensively con- 
gested and areas of myelitic degeneration are frequent. 

Lumbar and Sacral Cord.—The degenerations present are al- 
most exclusively limited to the descending columns. 

Posterior Root Ganglia.—No alterations are evident above the 
level of myelitis. Ganglia corresponding to the area of softening 
show a few small patches of cellular exudation and a shrinkage 
of some of the ganglion cells. 

Blood Vessels——The blood vessels throughout the spinal cord, 
with the exception of the area of sonienine g, show no apparent 
changes. 

The case is clearly one of transverse myelitis of the mid-dorsal 
cord with the descending degenerations below the lesion and the 
usual ascending degeneration above. Aside from this the cord 
seems to have been normal and the cause of the myelitis is not 
apparent. 


CASE III. 


Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandu).—The animal pre- 
sented the general clinical manifestations of cage paralysis. Six 
weeks elapsed between the time of the first observation of the dis- 
ease and the death of the animal. During this period the monkey 
emaciated moderately and progressive erouuy of the rear extrem- 
ities have become marked. 

The autopsy, which was performed by Dr. Blair, showed mod- 
erate general emaciation with marked atrophy of the hind ex- 
tremities from the pelvis down. There was a large deep indolent 
appearing ulceration of the tissues over each tuberosity of the 
ischium. The heart was in diastole and normal. The Jungs were 
normal. The liver was congested. The kidneys were moderately 
congested. The bladder was well filled with urine and was other- 
wise normal. The stomach, pancreas and intestines were normal 
throughout. Brain and Spinal Cord.—Gross examination shows 
no lesions in either brain or cord. 


MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION. 


Cervical Cord.—Microscopically, the spinal cord in the cervical 
region shows a considerable number of degenerated fibers in the 
direct and crossed pyramidal tracts and in the antero-lateral tracts. 


124 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL “SOGIETY. 


Degenerated fibers are also found in the anterior nerve roots. Ex- 
amination of the ganglion cells of the anterior horns shows very 
marked atrophy, in many cases amounting to actual cytoclasis. 
Others of the cells are elongated, the chromatic plaques are miss- 
ing and the cells show atrophy to a marked degree. 

Dorsal Cord.—The descending degeneration present in the cer- 
vical segments is also present in the dorsal cord, and in addition 
occasional degenerated fibers are present in the columns of Goll 
and Burdach. The ganglion cells of the anterior horn in these 
levels show also the same marked degeneration as was found in 
the cervical regions, but the degenerated cells are much more nu- 
merous here than in the cervical levels. Sections of some of the 
posterior root ganglia from these levels show atrophy of certain 
cells, together with the degeneration of some of the fibers origi- 
nating in the ganglia. The nerve trunks surrounding the cord 
show a good many degenerated fibers. 

The blood vessels show no abnormality except in those areas 
of the anterior horns where the degenerated cells appear most fre- 
quent; here there seems to be perivascular gliomatosis of slight 
degree. 

Lumbar Cord.—Alterations in the lumbar cord do not differ 
from those found in the cervical and dorsal levels. 

Conclusions.—A descending degeneration with poliomyelitis is 
disseminated throughout the cord, becoming more marked in the 
lower levels where the posterior root ganglia are also involved, 
causing degeneration of isolated fibers in the ascending tracts. 

It is a little difficult to reconcile the degenerations found in 
this cord without assuming some disease of the encephalon, and in 
all probability this was present. It is probable, however, that the 
lesions that give rise to the most marked symptoms were the polio- 
myelitic changes. 


CASE Iv. 


Macacus nemestrinus.—The animal exhibited the atrophies in a 
moderate degree, and the disease was of rather recent onset. The 
animal was killed by chloroform and the general post-mortem 
examination showed nothing of note. No gross alterations were 
evident in the brain or cord. 

Microscopically, the lesions present throughout the cord con- 
sisted of an atrophy and degeneration of the cells of the anterior 
horn, particularly in the lower dorsal and lumbar regions, but 
present also, though in lesser degree, in the cervical levels. 

Occasional degenerated fibers were found, scattered irregularly 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 125 


throughout the ascending as well as descending tracts, but no defi- 
nite systematic degeneration was present. 

Vascular alterations, chiefly an acute exudative arteritis, was 
present in the anterior horns in a few patches, and elsewhere many 
of the smaller vessels showed a chronic proliferative arteritis ; the 
larger vessels seem to be free from these changes. 

Conclusions.—This case apparently represents one of poliomye- 
litis of rather recent origin associated with a chronic proliferative 
arteritis of the smaller vessels of the cord. 


CASE V. 


Himalayan Bear (Ursus torquatus).—This animal was re- 
ceived at the New York Zoological Park showing on its arrival 
a partial paralysis of the hind extremities. This was accompanied 
by a slight atrophy of the muscles of these limbs, but the case dif- 
fered from the ordinary one of “cage paralysis,” in that this ani- 
mal gave many manifestations of most intense sensory disturb- 
ances. If we may judge from the actions of the animal, it suf- 
fered from pains of a darting or lancinating character confined 
to the paralyzed extremities, and so severe that the animal in pain 
and anger would often turn and savagely strip the skin and mus- 
cles of the extremities with fangs and claws, so that in mercy the 
animal was killed by chloroform. 

I am indebted to Dr. Frank Miller for the clinical observations 
on this case and for the spinal cord which he removed and kindly 
sent to me for microscopic examination. 

The case differs very materially from those of typical “cage pa- 
ralysis,’ but it has seemed best to introduce it in this series, since, 
except for the presence of parzesthesia, the manifestations were 
fairly typical of this clinically indefinite disorder. 

We have been unable to obtain anything in regard to the pre- 
vious history of this animal. Judging from the lesions found the 
condition must have been of long standing. 


MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION. 


Spinal Cord.—Membranes.—The dura mater appears normal 
throughout. The pia-arachnoid is not thickened, but its vessels 
are universally congested; no exudate, however, surrounds the 
vessels and the condition is apparently largely passive. The lym- 
phatics of the membranes, as well as those of the cord, contain 
numerous bacteria. Three varieties are most common, namely, a 
coccus (staphylococcus), a long, slim, square-ended bacillus and a 
spirillum. From the fact that no local inflammatory reaction ap- 


126 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
pears to have resulted, I infer that the growth of these bacteria 
has been mostly, if not entirely, post mortem, and that it has 
nothing to do with the explanation of the disease. 

Vessels.—Many of the vessels of the cord show the presence of 
these bacteria in numbers equal to those found in the membranes, 
otherwise the vessels are normal, excepting in certain gliomatous 
areas in the posterior column, where many of them exhibit thick 
and sclerosed walls; in other parts of the cord atheroma and end- 
arteritis are entirely wanting. 

Cord.—No marked pathological lesions are evident in the upper 
portion of the cord (cervical and upper dorsal) and in no parts are 
evidences of acute myelitis or softening found. In the lower dor- 
sal and in the lumbar portions of the cord and, to a much less 
degree, in the sacral portion, a V-shaped area is found which im- 
pinges near to, but not entirely on, the peripheral fibers and ex- 
tends toward the center of the cord to within from .1 to .3 cm. 
of the gray commissure. In this area a marked proliferation of 
glia is shown mingled with connective tissue hyperplasia and re- 
sulting in the formation of a firm mass of tissue in which vessels 
with greatly thickened walls are found. But few nerve fibers are 
still remaining in this zone. 

This sclerosis chiefly involves the column of Goll. The general 
character of the lesion resembles that seen in disseminated scle- 
rosis. 

Gray Matter.—No gross changes are present in the gray mat- 
ter. The vessels are aodeete injected and there is slight dila- 
tion of the lymphatics and of the perilymph spaces. 

Since the cord was not placed in fixing fluid for some hours 
after death, the cytoplasmic findings are not to be absolutely re- 
lied upon. The technic employed for this purpose was that of 
Neisl. 

The cell groups are larger and contain more cells than in the 
human, but the general arrangement of them is as in man, and the 
ventro-lateral and the ventro-mesial seem to be the most prominent 
collections of the anterior horns. It is difficult to make out a 
definite arrangement in the posterior horns. The cytoplasmic 
alterations are about equally present at all the levels and possess 
the same general characteristic throughout. The majority of the 
cells are normal, in so far as we may judge from the results 
of the Neisl method. The most frequent alteration in the plaques 
is a coarsely granular disintegration of the chromatic bodies with 
a chromatophilia of the remaining plaques. Sometimes the frag- 
mentation is final, and a few cells show chromatolysis, but the 
above is the most frequent lesion, and, inasmuch as it is most pro- 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 127 


nounced in certain ganglion cells, which show also a few cytoplas- 
mic vacuoles, I infer that the change may be largely or entirely 
post mortem. 

This special stain brings out the bacteria mentioned as present 
in the vessels particularly well, and it is found that the lymph 
channels throughout the cord are literally crammed with them, 
principally the rod-shaped organism, which is found to contain - 
intensely staining polar bodies which resemble spores, while the 
intervening portions of the rod are homogeneous. 

FIBERS AND TrRActs.—(Marchii method). 

Cauda Equina.—Sections through the cauda equina show nu- 
merous degenerated fibers; these are rarely found side by side, 
but are scattered irregularly through the mass of nerve trunks. 

Sacral Cord.—Sections through this portion of the cord show 
many degenerated fibers in the posterior portion of the column of 
Goll, and an occasional degenerated fiber in the peripheral portion 
of the direct pyramids and anterior ground bundles. Sections of 
the nerve fibers which surround this portion of the cord show 
irregular degenerated fibers scattered throughout. 

Lumbar Cord.—Degenerated fibers are present in the same dis- 
tribution as that just mentioned, and many such fibers are found 
in the sclerosed patch which is at this level. Degeneration 
in the trunks surrounding this portion of the cord is more infre- 
quent than below. 

Dorsal Cord.—The dorsal region shows degeneration in the 
same general distribution, but more frequent in the anterior and 
lateral columns, though still most prominent in the column of 
Goll. Degenerated fibers in the surrounding trunks are less fre- 
quent than in the lumbar sections. 

Cervical Cord.—The cervical enlargement shows practically 
identical conditions. 

Ventricle.—The ventricle is wide open throughout, probably 
the normal condition in this animal. 

Posterior Root Ganglia.—Sections stained by the ordinary 
methods show general shrinkage of the ganglion cells, and it is 
plainly evident that most of them are surrounded by a distinct 
cuticular membrane which is a part of the cell itself. The im- 
plantation cone is plainly seen in many of these cells. There are 
a few areas in which a slight exudate of small round cells is pres- 
ent, mostly in the region of ganglion cells, but this change is not 
marked, though the general condition of the tissues indicates an 
ante-mortem cedema to quite a pronounced degree. (This change 
was noted in the gross.) Sections stained by the Neisl method 
show that nearly all the ganglion cells have degenerative altera- 


128 NEW YORK) ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 


tions. This consists in most instances of a finely granular breaking 
down of the plaques without resulting chromatolysis, but in a few 
cells this change is often present, when it is generally of a some- 
what patchy character. A few cells show vacuoles, clearly a post- 
mortem change. The cuticular membrane of the cells does not 
stain, but appears sometimes finely granular and sometimes clear. 
There is no apparent alteration in the ganglion cell nuclei or 
nucleoli. 

Conclusions.—The lesions of this case may be summarized as 
posterior sclerosis with disseminated patches of sclerosis and 
chronic arteritis, chiefly confined to the posterior columns in the 
lumbar and lower dorsal cord, resembling very closely the lesions 
found in disseminated spinal sclerosis or the late lesions of tabes. 
The alterations in the posterior root ganglia also simulate tabes 
dorsalis. In some respects the changes may be said to strikingly 
resemble those in human spinal syphilis. 

For the reasons mentioned in the text, it does not seem likely 
that the bacteria found inthe sections bear any relation to the 
lesions found. In so far as the sequence of lesions is concerned, 
nothing is determined, unless we assume the vascular alterations 
to be primary and the changes in the nerve tissues secondary to 
them. 


GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. 


From these fragmentary observations it seems evident that 
“cage paralysis’’ as noted by animal men is not a true disease 
entity, but that it covers many types of paralysis, mostly of spinal 
origin and probably as numerous as the like conditions in man. 

From the five cases outlined in this study it seems that the 
lesions very closely resemble those of similar and well recognized 
human diseases. It is therefore reasonable to expect that careful 
study of the tissues of these animals, killed in the early stages of 
the disease, may throw much light on the evolution of the same 
class of disease in man. 

Concerning the causation of these spinal paralyses in wild ani- 
mals in captivity, the present study determines nothing, except 
that the causative factors, like the lesions, are probably variable; 
but it has clearly shown that a more accurate clinical study of 
these animals is necessary and must precede or accompany patho- 
logical investigations. With the absolute control of every condi- 
tion surrounding these animals (after their capture) in our power, 
we should be able in the course of a few years to collect some 
data of definite value in regard to the etiology of these diseases. 


CROSS-SECTION SHOWING PARASITE WITH EMBRYOS, 


AN ORANG. 


E. 


TISSL 
MICRO-PHOTOGRAPH OF 


SCLEROSTOMA IN THE MUSCULAR 


CROSS-SECTION SHOWING 


FP 


( 


COLON 


THE 


INTERNAL PARASITES IN WILD ANIMALS. 


By W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S. 


5 fice frequency of the occurrence of parasitic diseases, par- 

ticularly those due to nematode intestinal worms, has led 
me to devote a considerable amount of time to the investigation of 
the worms infesting our various animals. The fact that each para- 
site or group often demands a different management establishes a 
greater call for a thorough study of the subject. In order to deal 
with parasites so as to cut off their sources of survival, and extir- 
pate them from a locality, a fuller knowledge of their life history is 
demanded than for. simple parasiticidal medical treatment. From 
our experience, I am led to believe that parasitic diseases are an 
important factor in the death rate of probably all zoological col- 
lections. This is perfectly natural. In nature a wild animal roams 
over a considerable surface of ground, and the infection it spreads 
is therefore widely scattered; in a zoological garden, this infec- 
tion, with eggs and embryos of parasitic worms passed in its drop- 
pings, is necessarily confined to a small area: hence small ranges, 
corrals, and cages are naturally areas of concentrated infection. 
Therefore, the mortality of animals and birds due to parasitic 
worms, particularly to nematodes not requiring an intermediate 
host, will be a factor with which we shall always have to reckon. 

Considering the great fatality among young canines and felines 
caused by worms, not alone of the greatest importance is the treat- 
ment after their existence is obvious, but treatment for preven- 
tion is demanded with equal urgency. Probably no known dis- 
order to which the Canidz or Felidz are subject is so destructive 
as intestinal worms. It has been estimated by reliable authorities 
that at least three-fourths of the whole canine race is infected 
more or less seriously by them. 

Among the many different species of internal parasites, some 
are found in the liver. The cruel threadworm selects the heart 
of its victim, death resulting suddenly in a convulsion, or it may 
be deferred for a time, during which the animal is racked by 
agonizing pain. In the nasal cavities, the lungs, blood and muscu- 


130 NEW YORK “ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 


lar tissues, parasites have been found. In fact, scarcely any por- 
tion or tissue of the body is free from intrusion. Parasites be- 
long to such numerous different types that it is quite important 
that the complete dissimilarity of parasitic types and their relation- 
ship to others should be appreciated. 

In dealing with parasites such as certain filaria found in the 
lungs of elk, deer and buffalo, which require an intermediate host 
or bearer, it is important to remember that the existence and grav- 
ity of a parasitism often depends quite as much on the favorable 
conditions of the environment as on the presence of the parasite 
itself. 

Any injurious parasite will tend to increase to a deadly degree 
of prevalence when present in a given locality, in which the num- 
bers of its natural hosts are very great, and in which other condi- 
tions conduce to its preservation and increase. If, for instance, 
it must pass a certain stage (embryo, larva) in water, then wet 
lands, marshes, pools, lakes or sluggish streams are a necessary 
condition. On the other hand, if the larva, as in the case of certain 
tenia (JT. canina), lives in an invertebrate skin-parasite of the 
same host, then the existence and maintenance of the intestinal or 
other parasitism is dependent on the presence of the cutaneous 
parasitism. So with the hundreds of other conditions varying 
with the parasite, the host, and the environment, and, as a rule, 
these conditions must be changed before we can hope to get rid 
of the parasitic invasions. 

Practically all parasites are capable of propagating and devel- 
oping with marvellous rapidity, a single female sometimes pro- 
ducing hundreds, or even thousands, in a very few days. Most 
of them possess inherent vitality, and particularly is this the case 
with the eggs and embryos. They possess the power of resisting 
a certain amount of heat and cold and desquamation, and will even 
withstand some chemical agents. 

During the last year the systematic and regular treatment of 
lions, tigers, leopards, pumas, lynxes, bears, wolves, and foxes, 
and such smaller mammals as badgers, ocelots and other members 
of the Felidz which subsist largely or entirely on a meat and fish 
diet, by administering vermicides and vermifuges at certain reg- 
ular intervals has, in my opinion, been of the greatest importance 
in keeping these animals free from the intestinal disorders so 
frequently produced by intestinal parasites. 

The morbid effects of worms infesting the Canide and Felidz 
cannot be exaggerated. I believe that the epileptiform convul- 
sions or fits, so often seen among young wolves, foxes, ocelots and 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 131 


other meat- and fish-eating animals, are due, in the great majority 
of cases, to the irritation produced by intestinal parasites. 

Following is a list of parasites most commonly met with among 
our animals, nearly all of which are amenable to treatment: 

Ascaris mystax (Zeder).—Female measures 5 cm. to IO cm. 
long; male, 4 cm. to 6 cm. This species is very commonly found 
in the Felide generally—tigers, lion cubs, ocelots, martens and 
badgers. Its distinguishing features are well shown in the ac- 
companying cut. 

Ascaris marginata (Rudolphi).—This worm is white, or slight- 
ly reddish; head is curled, and has three lips with papilla on each. 


PROFILE, MAGNIFIED. ev 


MALE, NATURAL SIZE. 


CEPHALIC EXTREMITY, 
MAGNIFIED. FEMALE, NATURAL SIZE. 


ASCARIS MYSTAX (RAILLIET). 


Female, 8 cm. to 14 cm. in length; tail obtuse. Male, 5 cm. to 
10 cm. long; tail is curled, and possessing two small membranous 
lateral wings. They have been found in tigers, leopards, coyotes, 
wolves and foxes. 

Ascaris megalocephala, of the horse, has been found in bears, 
wolves, and zebras. Male,12mm. to 18 mm. long; female con- 
siderably longer. A female worm obtained from a zebra meas- 
ured 14% inches after being in formalin for more than a week. 
The presence of these worms does not usually affect the health of 
their host, although in young animals they might give rise to 
various digestive disorders. 

Ascaris lumbricoides.—Female, 12 mm. to 24 mm. in length, 
and about 5 to 7 mm. in diameter ; the male is considerably smaller. 

This common parasite of the human intestine has been found 


‘AIVINGAA ‘SA TVHAAOONODINL SAINHOOd 
“VL *aV3H 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 133 


in an orang-utan, and also in a chimpanzee, in which they occurred 
in such numbers as to cause a fatal intestinal obstruction. 

An unidentified Ascaris from a black leopard (Felis pardus). 
This parasite resembles the Ascaris lumbricoides of man, but is 
somewhat smaller in diameter, but fully as long. 

Dochmius trigonocephala (Uncinaria).—Male, 9 mm. to 12 


DOCHMIUS TRIGONOCEPHALUS, MALE 
Caudal pouch magnified. 


mm. long; female, 9 mm. to 15 mm. long; caudal pouch trilobate, 
the middle lobe being slender; tail of female obtuse; eggs ovoid. 

This parasite has, I understand, been very disastrous to a recent 
importation of blue foxes (Vulpes lagopus) from Alaska in one 
of our prominent American zoological gardens. 

Only two cases of this troublesome worm have come under my 
observation among the Park animals. 

Of these cases, one of them was a Mearns’ coyote, on autopsy. 


134 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


from the record of which I will partially quote :—‘“Carcass has the 
appearance of general anemia and marasmus. Extreme pallor 
and bloodlessness of the various mucosz with areas of congestion 
and marked infiltration and thickening. The villi are enlarged to 
several times their normal size. On the small intestine, especially, 
the ilium mucosa are deep red hemorrhagic spots, in which the 
worms, in greater or lesser numbers, are found attached by their 
mouths to the mucosa. The whole muscular system is anemic, 
soft and flabby. The blood is lacking in its rich, healthy, deep red 
color, and hydremic, with a deficiency of red globules. C&dema 
and softening of the lymph glands of the mesentery is a marked 
feature.” 

This parasite has been very prevalent during the last year or 
two among dogs kept in kennels in New York City and the im- 
mediate vicinity. Unlike the genus Ascaris, which subsists by 
absorption of the host’s intestinal contents, this parasite exists 
by extracting its nourishment directly from the host’s blood, by 
attaching itself to the mucous membrane by hook-like spikes with 
which it is provided. 

In these animals it gives rise to a fatal anemia, known as “ma- 
lignant enzootic anemia.” It is interesting to note that this para- 
site, or one closely allied, Dochmius duodenale, is the recognized 
cause of the disease in man known as ‘“‘Egyptian chlorosis.” 

Dr. Brooks has kindly given me two specimens of Dochmius 
duodenale, for comparison. These were obtained from the in- 
testine of a Puerto Rican. On microscopical examination, I was 
unable to note any characteristic differences between it and the 
parasite of the fox and coyote. 

Owing to the unsatisfactory results obtained from vermicides 
in the treatment of this parasite among domestic animals, the 
means of prevention is obviously of the greatest importance. This 
affection is one that may easily be mistaken for essential, non- 
parasitic anemia; so that in order to make an absolute diagnosis, 
a microscopic examination of the faeces should be made after the 
administration of anthelmintics, which should result in the dis- 
covery of ova of the Uncinaria. 

Leuckart has studied the evolution of the Uncinaria trigono- 
cephala, and it appears to be analogous in its general characters 
to that of the Ankylostoma of man. 

The vitellus of the ova, segments in the omits of the female 
until it reaches the larval stage: their evolution is probably not 
continued in the intestine of their host, but after their expulsion 
with the feces. The cycle is completed in the presence of suitable 


MALE, NATURAL SIZE. 


FEMALE, NATURAL SIZE. 


FILARIA GRACILIS (RUDOLPHI). 


136 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


heat and moisture. The period occupied in this development va- 
ries according to the environment, but on incubating in water at 
a suitable temperature an embryo soon becomes visible in their 
interior, and hatching is completed in two or three days. The 
larvee that issue from the ova are 300 mw long and 95 p broad; 
their posterior extremity is elongated into a tapering tail; in de- 
veloping they moult two or three times, and attain adult con- 
dition after passing with the water into the intestines of their 
host, without requiring an intermediate host. Eight days after 
this passive migration they are 5 mm. to 1 mm. long, and in cer- 
tain details resemble the definite form. On the tenth day the old 
chitinous integument is shed, the buccal capsule appears, and it 
is only now that the group to which the parasite belongs is recog- 
nizable. It retains this form for three or four days, during which 
it acquires its final dimensions, and a second moulting results in 
the parasite acquiring its sexual individuality. 

These details, and particularly the essential part that water 
plays in the evolution of this parasite, show that infestation prob- 
ably takes place through the medium of the drinking water, and 
that the hosts contaminate each other by scattering the ova of 
their parasites in the water-troughs. This shows the necessity 
of having elevated drinking places, so as to reduce the infection 
of animals from this source to a minimum. 

The genus Filaria is a very large and important one. Like 
Ascaris, it is confined to Vertebrates, but usually lives in the tis- 
sues of the body and not in the intestines. Several rare members 
of this genus have been found among the Park animals. 

Filaria gracilis (Rudolphi).—Fourteen specimens of this nema- 
tode were found in a spider monkey (Ateles) ; one of this num- 
ber was partially encysted in a false sac formed by the costal 
pleura. Two more were quite firmly adherent to the pulmonary 
pleura on the left side. Seven or eight were found in the abdomi- 
nal cavity, five of which were situated between the folds of the 
mesentery of the small intestines. One was found coiled around 
the portal vein, while several were found in the mesenteric blood 
vessels. Owing to the extreme rarity and great length of this 
nematode, I think it is of sufficient interest to warrant a short 
description. 

Prior to this writing I am not aware that this worm has ever 
been found in this country. However, a number of preparations 
of this Filaria are reported to be in the Museum of the Royal Col- 
lege of Surgeons in London. Some of these specimens were 
originally obtained by Professor Owen from the pleural cavity 


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138 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


of a capuchin monkey, others having been found by him in the 
thorax of an orang-utan. The distinguishing features of this 
nematode are its extreme length and nearly uniform thickness 
throughout, only slightly attenuated at the cephalic end, the caudal 
extremity, however, gradually tapering for about an inch, ter- 
minating in a fine point. 

Female longer than the male, 7 to 14 inches for the female. 
All the males which I examined were under 6% inches. A single 
female has been reported over 20 inches in length. The tail, as 
shown in the accompanying cut, is furnished near its extremity 
with three conical papilla. The actual extremity of the tail has 
an exceedingly minute prominence, with a centrally placed duct. 

Filaria immitis (Leidy).—The cruel threadworm of the Chi- 
nese has been found among our animals in a number of instances 
(sea-lions and wolf). While this Filaria is commonly found in 
man and dogs in China, and the East generally, it is not, however, 
unknown in America and Europe. It occasionally occurs in such 
large numbers in the right side of the heart and pulmonary artery 
of the dog that it is difficult to see how the circulation can pro- 
ceed. 

The Filaria immitis does not often betray its presence by any 
distinct recognizable systems during the lifetime of the infected 
animal; though its existence may be predicted on finding embryos 
on a microscopical examination of the blood. In the majority of 
instances the worms are found at the autopsy of animals which 
have died after various morbid manifestations. 

Death is usually sudden, or has only been preceded for an hour 
or two by dyspnoea and convulsions. Frequently the animal has 
exhibited for a variable number of days dullness, debility, local 
dropsies, and more or less frequent attacks of convulsions or epi- 
leptiform seizures. The immediate host of this parasite is still 
obscure, but from the prevalence of the disease appearing in coun- 
tries particularly rich in marshes and surface-water, the host 
might therefore be supposed to be some aquatic animal. 

It is interesting to note in this connection the occurrence of the 
parasite in our California sea-lions, that live exclusively on fish. 
The female worms are usually more numerous and of greater 
length than the males. Of the fourteen filariz found in the right 
ventricle of a sea-lion, only three were males. 

Several of the worms which I examined microscopically con- 
tained an enormous number of ova, enclosing embryos in various 
stages of development. Manson noted a habit of these embryos 
of abounding in the superficial blood vessels during the night and 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 139 


MALE, qH 
G 


FEMALE, NATURAL SIZE, 


CAUDAL EXTREMITY OF MALE, MAGNIFIED. 


FILARIA IMMITIS (LEIDY). 


retiring to the large vessels of the chest and abdomen during the 
day, after the manner of the Filaria sanguinis hominis. In the 
heart they are usually found wound around the columne carne 
and corde tendine. I have also found them in the pulmonary ar- 
tery and its ramifications in the lungs. 


140 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


To the naked eye the sexual differences are readily discernible. 
The female maintains almost throughout a uniform calibre of 
I mm., but at the cephalic end it diminishes to about .5 mm. and 
at the caudal extremity to about 1-100 inch, the extreme point 
being bluntly convex. The oviducts of the female are usually 
crowded with eggs. The largest eggs contain coiled embryos. 
The male parasite is readily recognized by its comparatively slen- 


EMBRYO, 
MAGNIFIED. 


EGG, MAGNIFIED. 


EGG CONTAINING COILED EMBRYO. MALE AND FEMALE, NATURAL SIZE. 


STRONGYLUS FILARIA. 


der body, having a diameter of about 1.2 mm., and also by its spi- 
rally curved tail, which is three or four times twisted upon itself 
with the regularity of a corkscrew. The coiled portion is much 
narrower than the body of the work, gradually becoming atten- 
uated to the breadth of 1-300 inch, the extreme point, however, 
terminating bluntly as in the female. 

Strongylus filaria and Strongylus micrurus are the species of 
nematodes found in the bronchia and lungs of our American elk 


EIGHTH ANNUAL, REPORT: 141 


\ 


and European red deer. The Strongylus filaria is the one princi- 
pally found, however. It is a very long filiform worm, of the 
thickness of stout cotton thread, somewhat attenuated at the 
extremities and of a white color. The male, 3 cm. to 8 cm. long; 
female, 5 cm. to 10 cm. long. Upon examination of the female 
under the microscope, the ovarian coils are usually found to be 
filled with eggs, oval in shape, .o1 mm. in length and containing 
well-formed embryos. When the ovum is laid the well-formed 
embryo soon escapes. It is not known to undergo further develop- 
ment in the bronchia, but if expelled and thrown into water or 
moist earth, the egg or embryo may remain alive for months. 
(Baillet). 

Leuckart, who experimented quite extensively with this par- 
ticular nematoid, failed to produce the disease in healthy sheep 
by feeding them the bronchial mucus rich in ova and embryos. 
He found that in the second week of their existence in water, or 
moist earth, they moulted. He even supposed that they moulted 
a second time and infested an invertebrate host; but of this there 
is no actual proof. He also found that if kept in water many died 
soon after moulting. I have never succeeded in keeping the adult 
worm or its embryo alive in water at any temperature longer than 
2 to 4 days. Ercolani found that if the embryos were dried up 
after moulting, they could be preserved for a year and revivified 
when again subjected to moisture. While water seems to be es- 
sential to the preservation and moulting of the embryo, yet a 
drought following such moulting might preserve it indefinitely 
by drying it up, and arresting vital changes without destroying 
its vitality. 

The worm undoubtedly enters the body through the medium 
of green vegetation, earth or water. Just how it reaches the lungs 
—whether by the larynx, in connection with deglutition and ru- 
mination, or by means of the circulatory system—has not yet 
been certainly determined. 

It is the unanimous opinion of all observers that the conditions 
favoring the disease are wet seasons, as in the case of worms gen- 
erally. The abundance of water favors the preservation of the 
embryo, and also its moulting, which fits it for a new internal 
habitat. Grazing on marshy pastures, pools and sluggish streams, 
or inundated lands are especially favorable to the preservation of 
the worm, and hence its frequency in countries like Holland and 
Belgium, and in all damp lands that have once become infested. 

Impaired health from previous or coexistent disease, or from 
lack of stamina due to inbreeding, must be recognized as predis- 
posing to the disease by lessening the power of resistance. 


142 . NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Owing to the unsatisfactory results obtained from medicinal 
treatment of this disease among domestic ruminants, it is of ob- 
vious importance to prevent the spread of the disease as much as 
possible. Prophylactic measures then are the means by which we 
must expect the best results. I am of the opinion that thorough 
burning of the contaminated ranges, adequate drainage, and isola- 
tion of infected animals, will bring such outbreaks to an end. 

Diagnosis is principally based on the occurrence of the disease 
simultaneously in the majority of the herd, without apparent ex- 
posure or meteorologic cause, on the knowledge of the existence 
of the parasites in the ranges or locality, on the damp or otherwise 
favorable condition of the ranges, and on the importation of new 
animals from infected localities, and positively by the examina- 
tion of the expectoration of muco-purulent matter containing 
adult worms, embryos or eggs. 

Symptoms.—Symptoms are those of bronchial irritation. The 
cough is at first hard, but after a time it becomes more frequent, 
soft and mucous, or wheezing; the animal becomes hide-bound, 
with rough coat, absence of subcutaneous fat, stunted growth of 
antlers, progressive emaciation and weakness. The animal finally 
isolates itself, dying by asphyxiation or marasmus. 

Lesions of Verminous Bronchitis in Elk.—The trachea and 
bronchia contain an abundant frothy. muco-purulent secretion con- 
taining great numbers of wriggling filaria, which are often found 
rolled up in bundles of sufficient size as to completely fill up the 
lumen of the tube. The mucosa of the affected bronchi is usually 
congested, reddened, thickened and softened, or even desquamat- 
ing. The bronchia shows dilatations at intervals filled with the 
verminous débris, ova, embryos, and mature worms. Lobular con- 
gestion of the lungs is frequent. In advanced cases acute lobular 
pneumonia is present, while at certain other points particular 
lobules are collapsed as the result of blocking of their bronchia, 
and expulsion of the air. The body shows a general atrophied 
condition, blanched mucosa and anzmia, and loss of subcuta- 
neous fat. 


SCLEROSTOMES. 


Several interesting Sclerostomes have been found among our 
animals. 

Spiroptera megastoma ( Railliet).—Found in the small intestine 
of a clouded leopard (Felis macrocelis) from Sumatra. This 
parasite is described by Neumann as belonging almost exclusively 
to the stomach of the Equidz, where they form round promi- 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. ; 143 


nences. Male, 7 mm. to 9 mm. long; tail obtuse, rolled in a spiral 
manner and bearing two lateral wings, each sustained by five 
papillae and two unequal spicule; female, 11 mm. long; tail 
straight ; ova oblong. 

In the intestine of the leopard the tendency of the tumors 
seemed to form colonies, 8 to 10 of these occurring from ™% to I 
inch apart, and then perhaps none occurring for 7 to 8 inches. 
The color of these tumors did not differ from that of the adjacent 
parts, and they were rather firm in consistence. On their summit 
were one to two, sometimes three, perforations that communicated 
with the irregular cavity. These tumors were situated between 
the mucous and muscular layers of the intestine. When the tu- 
mors are old their contents are concrete and their walls fibrous. 
In these are found worms or their débris. Whether they multiply 
in the tumors, or submit to migration, is not definitely known. 

In the case of this leopard, the parasites were so abundant as 
to give rise to hemorrhagic enteritis and dysentery. 

The Sclerostoma found inhabiting the colon of an orang-utan 
was the causative factor in giving rise to a chronic hemorrhagic 
dysentery. The tumors they formed beneath the mucous mem- 
brane were of the same general character as those of the Sclero- 
stoma tetracanthus which inhabits the cecum and colon of the 
Equidz. The parasite itself, however, differs considerably from 
that of the Sclerostoma tetracanthus. Plates show sections of 
this encysted parasite in the muscular coat of the bowel. They 
are probably introduced into the intestines with the water the 
host drinks, and it is very likely that they encyst themselves di- 
rectly in the mucous membrane, without penetrating the circula- 
tory system—at least, no wandering parasites of this kind have 
ever been observed. When the tumors are old their contents are 
concrete and their walls are fibrous. In them are found dead 
worms or their débris. In certain of these tumors | found a single 
adult worm 5 mm. to6 mm. long, and several much smaller worms 
about 3 mm. in length; while in other tumors the adult worm alone 
was present. That the parasites multiply in the tumors is evident, 
but just when the young worms submit to migrations’is not defi- 
nitely known. 


SYMPTOMS OF INTESTINAL WORMS. 


The symptoms denoting the existence of worms within the 
intestinal canal are in some instances obscure, in others promi- 
nent. At times but little derangement is noted, at others pro- 
found disturbances result. 


144 NEW YORK" ZOOLOGICAL, (SOCIE EY 


The more common symptoms observed among our animals are 
the following: Considerable abdominal distention or bloating, 
vastly disproportionate to the amount of food taken; voracious or 
depraved appetite, manifested by eating all sorts of foreign bodies, 
sticks, stones, bedding, etc., thirst, and an offensive odor to the 
breath; intermittent abdominal pains, vomiting, diarrhoea, and a 
rough, dry, harsh coat, with gradual emaciation. 


TREATMENT. 


A very large number of drugs have from time .o time been 
recommended for intestinal parasites ; but many of them have an 
unwarranted reputation, and it is best to employ only those the 
efficiency of which has been well established. 

After carefully noting the effects of a number of parasiticides 
and vermifuges on the various animals, I am convinced that the 
safest and at the same time the most effectual remedy for the 
round worms infecting these animals is santonine, alone or in 
combination with the ethereal extract of male shield fern (Oleo- 
resina aspidti) in properly graded doses. For tapeworm, oil of 
areca-nut is most effectual. This oil should be freshly prepared 
as needed. It is prepared as follows: Take three ounces of fresh- 
ly-ground areca-nut and six ounces of olive oil. Place in a wide- 
mouthed bottle and thoroughly mix, remove to a warm place and 
macerate frequently for 48 to 72 hours, and then allow it to settle. 
Decant the oil, which is now ready for use. The dose of this oil 
for a large animal, like a polar bear, is from two to three ounces, 
given preferably in a pan of milk, after the animal has been pre- 
pared by fasting for 48 hours, or at least on an empty stomach. 
As the object of treatment is primarily to expel the worms, it is 
very important that remedies shall reach them readily and find 
them in a somewhat famished condition. 

In many instances it is better that the anthelmintic treat- 
ment should be preceded by half-diet for a number of days. A 
purgative may be added to the vermifuge, in order to expel the 
worms which have been killed or stupefied. 

I have found, in such cases, that calomel, in small doses, is both 
efficacious and entirely safe. Occasionally it may be found that 
remedies which in some cases are effectual, are in others inactive. 
For this reason, when there is positive or presumptive evidence 
of the existence of worms, absolute dependence should not be 
placed upon any one agent, but others be given after a proper in- 
terval has been allowed. In giving medicines for the destruction 


FIGHT ANNUAL (REPORT 145 


of worms, certain precautions in feeding should be observed. If 
a single dose of a drug is to be depended upon, food should be 
withheld until after the bowels have moved freely. If, however, 
the drug is to be continued three or four days, the diet should be 
simple and as limited as the condition of the animal will permit, 
and allowing as long an interval as possible between the feeding 
and th: administration of the medicine. 

A very valuable and safe remedy for Ascarides in very young 
or delicate small animals weighing one to three pounds is worm- 
seed oil. This should be given in doses of one to four drops. It 
is well to combine the remedy with a drop of oil of aniseseed or 
oil of peppermint, well mixed in a teaspoonful of cod liver oil or 
castor oil, or it may be given in a little warm milk. 


PREVENTION. 


As the Ascaris develops in the bowel directly from the ovum 
or embryo, taken in with food or water, without requiring an in- 
termediate host, every effort must be made to prevent its admis- 
sion by these channels. Fecal matter, charged as it may be with 
the parasites and their eggs, may find its way into the drinking 
water or feeding vessels, and infect healthy animals. 

While it is true that we do not know the precise mode of intro- 
duction of a great number of parasites, we are yet not altogether 
at the mercy of their invasion. For them, as for the others, their 
germs are certainly derived from without; and it is evident that 
our animals can be rendered absolutely safe from them, if we can 
ensure the rigorous cleanliness of their surroundings and various 
hygienic agencies. But it requires continual, fastidious and patient 
care, which is generally so often neglected, and only comes into 
notice when circumstances have demonstrated the manner and 
seriousness of ati invasion. 

I wish to express my thanks and acknowledge my indebtedness 
to Mr. George M. Beerbower for the several excellent drawings 
of parasites contained in this article. 


OBSERVATIONS ON LACERTILIANS. 
By RAYMOND L. DITMARS, 


CURATOR OF REPTILES. 


F the class of reptiles, the Order of Lacertilia presents the 
most remarkable variation in anatomy and habits. As an 
example of this, the species of the South American genus Am- 
phisbena may be compared with the Old World monitors. In the 
former we have limbless, worm-like, half-blind creatures, which 
timidly burrow away from the light in mouldy ground or decay- 
ing trees. These lowly and helpless forms of reptile life would 
appeal to the popular mind as more distinctly removed in classifi- 
cation from the monitors than the latter are removed from a 
bright-eyed and highly-colored snake. But those worm-like 
creatures, and the bold, dashing monitors, with their great size, 
and powerful limbs and claws, all belong to the Order of Lizards. 
Thus we have in these forms a variation in anatomy and habits 
from feeble, insectivorous and burrowing creatures to those that 
run swiftly, and possess strength of jaw sufficient to crush the 
life out of the small mammals that constitute their food. There 
are 1,893 species of lizards, evincing many curious phases of form 
and color. 

The collection of lizards in the Reptile House of the Zoological 
Park has been made valuable and interesting only by the diligent 
and constant efforts that have been made to obtain representative 
species from various parts of the world. The larger lizards have 
been represented by such species as the Marine Iguana, Rhinoceros 
and Crested Iguana, four species of Monitors, the Frilled Lizard 
and the Gila Monster. The smaller species of particular interest 
in the Eastern Hemisphere have been represented by the African 
Chameleon, various Geckoes, the Giant Cyclodes, Mastigure, 
Green Lizard, Viviparous Lizard, Sand Lizard, the Blind “worm” 
and Sheltopusic. The collection from the Western Hemisphere 
has contained various species of Horned “Toads,” the lizards of 
the Western deserts, the Blue-Tailed Lizard, Six-Lined Lizard, 
Swifts of several species, the Anolis or American Chameleon, and 
the Glass “Snake.” With such a thorough representation of the 
Lacertilia constantly on hand, the writer has had exceptional 


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EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 147 


opportunities for observing the characteristics of these interesting 
creatures. 


COLOR CHANGES. 


Certain lizards have always evoked popular interest because 
of their colors and color changes. These characters are especially 
noticeable in members of the family Chameleontide, and certain 
species of the Jguanide. The families evincing this variation of 
hues among their species are among the minority. Such forms 
as the Scincide, the Lacertide and the Anguide show no intima- 
tion of this character. Although the marked changes of color 
occur in species possessing a fine, granulated scalation, there are 
many species with large and well-developed scales, either smooth 
or carinated, that momentarily vary in their hues. Usually, how- 
ever, the variation in such individuals consists of an intensifica- 
tion of a definite and permanent pattern, or the fading of the same. 
An example of such species is the common Swift (Sceloporus un- 
dulatus) and its allies. Patches of pale gray on the abdomen and 
throat will assume the most brilliant shades of blue, while the 
pattern on the creature’s back varies from a series of transverse 
dashes of gray to the same pattern in brown or yellow. 

It is not the writer’s idea to describe these color changes from 
a realistic standpoint, but rather to note the actual effects pro- 
duced upon several species by certain conditions. The common 
Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris), of Africa, is an interesting 
illustration. Numerous experiments have been conducted with 
these lizards in the Reptile House, and the following is a list of 
observations made upon them: 

Specimen No. 1 was placed in the sunlight in such a position 
that only one side of the creature was exposed to the brilliant rays. 

Specimen No. 2 was placed at an angle to the sun so that its 
rays suffused the entire reptile. 

Specimen No. 3 was placed in a perfectly dark box in a tem- 
perature of 75° F. 

Specimen No. 4 was placed in a dark box in a temperature of 
SO. 2b. 

After a quarter of an hour’s time the following results were 
noted: 

No. It was dark brown on the side exposed to the sun, and a 
pale brown mottled with green on the shadowed side. 

No. 2 was of a yet darker brown than No. 1. 

No. 3, when uncovered, emerged in a brilliant coat of green. 

No. 4 crawled sluggishly about his chill quarters, showing a 
uniform pale gray. 


148 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


PHOTOGRAPH. ELWIN R, SANBORN. 


AFRICAN CHAMELEON. 


Noted for its remarkable color changes. 


These experiments were several times repeated, and with the 
same results. Thus we may presume that light and temperature 
are among the factors conducive in altering a reptile’s hues. 

The next test was in the direction of ascertaining whether or 
not the lizards are sensitive to the colors of objects over which 
they move. The specimens were separated and placed in several 
cases, all with a corresponding degree of illumination. In one 
case was a branch of green leaves, in another a number of dark, 
leafless twigs, and in the third, fine white sand had been spread. 
In these quarters they were left for an hour. The results 
were decidedly negative. All of the lizards took on a shade of yel- 
lowish brown, causing each individual to differ quite materially 
from its surroundings. Repeated experiments in this line tended 
to prove that the colors of a reptile’s surroundings have little to do 
with its own eccentric variations. 

Fright or excitement produces a marked effect upon these 
creatures, the majority of which acquire lighter shades. When 
enervated through lack of nourishment (and these reptiles show 
a-great reluctance to feeding in captivity), the body becomes 
irregularly splashed with pale colors. Traces of green will show 
on a gray body ground, and immediately after death patches of 
black appear. A peculiar instance of the effect of sunlight and 
shadow was observed upon a specimen that was basking under 
a wire grating of coarse mesh. Becoming frightened at the ap- 
proach of the writer, the lizard changed its position. Its dark 


BIGHT VANNUAL TREPORT. 149 


brown body was brilliantly imprinted in pale yellow with the out- 
lines of the mesh, where the shadow from the wire screen had 
rested on the reptile. This pattern faded away within twenty 
seconds. 

The common colors of the Chameleon are grayish brown, green 
with irregular patches and spots of a lighter shade, or, when ex- 
posed to moderately strong sunlight, brown with ocellz of green 
or yellow. From these phases the creature varies. To sum up 
our observations on this lizard, it appears that the changes of 
color are influenced involuntarily mainly by light, temperature, 
excitement and the health of the individual. Few chameleons ex- 
hibit a definite color pattern. Indistinct stripes, spots and ocellz 
come and go with the changing shades of the body. 

Rivalling the Chameleon in abrupt changes of color is a North 
American lizard, the Anolis, also called “Chameleon” (Anolis 
carolinensis). In its agility this little creature exhibits a marked 
contrast to the African reptile, and it is a highly interesting and 
easily procured example of the character under discussion. Be- 
ing an inhabitant of an area where changes of temperature are 
frequent, and likewise so prolonged that the reptile hibernates 
during the colder months, it does not appear to display the sensi- 
tive color changes due to temperature, as noted in the Old World 
Chameleon. Light and excitement, however, strongly affect this 
reptile. The writer has observed two male specimens, previously 
a velvety brown as they sported in the sunshine, suddenly ap- 
proach each other and engage in combat, which with one termi- 
nated in the loss of the larger portion of its tail. Within half a 
minute after the fighting began, which was accompanied by an 
energetic bobbing of heads and frequent dilations of the throat 
fan, the participants had become a beautiful shade of emerald 
green. On watching the victor as he triumphantly strutted along 
a fence rail with the writhing tail of the victim in his jaws, it was 
noted that the green soon faded. Dropping the souvenir of bat- 
tle, the reptile settled down to rest and bask, and within two or 
three minutes after the fracas it had faded to a dull yellow, 
which soon gave way to the sober brown first noted. 

In collecting these lizards and placing them in wire-covered 
boxes, the writer has invariably noticed their change from a 
variety of shades prior to capture to the same emerald hue in a 
scrambling collection of several dozen individuals. If the collect- 
ing box be laid down for a few moments and left undisturbed, 
the lizards acquire a brownish tint, but as soon as the box is again 
carried about, and the occupants become shaken up and fright- 
ened, the brilliant green appears on all. When sleeping, this liz- 


150 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


ard assumes a pale green tint, with the under surfaces of the body 
and limbs white and immaculate. 


FEEDING HABITS. 


Owing to the great variability of anatomical characteristics, 
“he feeding habits of lizards differ greatly. They may, in conse- 
quence, be divided into several groups for the convenience of de- 
scription. Some species are omnivorous. 

Carnivorous Species.—Under this head the Monitors come first 
in importance. Four species have been on exhibition in the Rep- 
tile House, namely: the Ceylonese Monitor (Varanus salva- 
tor); Yellow-Bellied Monitor (Varanus flavescens) ; Gould’s 
Monitor (Varanus gouldi), and the Brown Monitor (Varanus 
griseus). 

The feeding habits of these species are very similar. The 
Monitor’s method of attacking a small mammal resembles more 
the actions of warm-blooded animals rather than those of rep- 
tiles. Rushing for the ill-fated creature at a speed that rapidly 
overtakes it, the lizard seizes the quarry and shakes it in much 
the same manner as a terrier treats a rat. If the creature 
struggles so violently that there is a possibility of its escape, 
the reptile holds it to the ground under its powerful claws, 
while the jaws take a firmer hold, and the shaking process 
is renewed. The prey is killed quickly, and if it is small, the 
reptile tosses it about in its jaws until the head points down the 
throat, when it is swallowed in the same manner that an owl con- 
suumes a mouse or a scrap of meat—by a series of quick, reaching 
gulps. If the prey is large and heavy, it is dropped to the ground 
and picked up carefully by the head, when the swallowing process 
is the same, though more prolonged and difficult. The fine, large 
specimen of Varanus salvator that has thrived for several years 
in the Reptile House, is frequently given a full-grown pigeon, 
which is killed immediately before placing it in the Monitor’s 
cage. With but little difficulty the reptile swallows the pigeon 
entire. This specimen, like all the Monitors, is voraciously fond 
of eggs, and will take from eight to ten hens’ eggs at a meal, 
swallowing them entire, and with such rapidity that the eggs 
come in contact with one another in passing down the reptile’s 
throat, and produce a clicking sound that is quite audible to any 
one standing near. Within twenty-four hours the gastric juices 
have so disintegrated the shells that they are broken by the com- 
pression of the reptile’s stomach, the contents of the eggs are di- 
gested, and the shells entirely dissolved. Besides small mam- 


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EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 151 


mals, birds and eggs, the Monitors will eat lizards and snakes. 
These reptiles are entirely carnivorous. 

The Tegu, or Teguexin, of tropical South America, is another 
carnivorous species exhibited in the Reptile House. It differs 
from the preceding reptile by its lack of agility. This lizard is 
fond of eggs, but does not swallow them entire. It breaks the 
shell in its exceedingly powerful jaws, and laps up the contents, 
an operation for which it is well provided by the possession of a 
broad, forked tongue. The tongue is covered with minute papil- 
le, to which the substance of the egg readily adheres, and is thus 
conveyed into the creature’s mouth. This lizard will also eat 
young birds and mammals, and is insectivorous as well. Struc- 
turally it is ill provided for the chase of active prey. Strictly 
carnivorous species form a small minority of the Lacertilians. 

Insectivorous Species.—Lizards of insectivorous habits consti- 
tute the majority of the Lacertilia, and in securing their food 
they employ many methods. 

The Anolis (Anolis carolinensis), of the Southern States, is 
provided with broad, adhesive digits, and by leading an arboreal 
life it is able to feed largely upon flying insects (Diptera), for 
the capture of which it is well fitted. Its method of procuring its 
prey resembles the stealthy, stalking manceuvres of the feline ani- 
mals, followed by a quick rush when within a distance that make 
capture possible. The writer has many times watched these lit- 
tle creatures hunting along sunny spots where flies are numerous, 
and noted their great caution in approaching the quarry. After 
carefully stalking to within a few inches of the insect, like a cat 
stealing toward a bird, the lizard pauses and prepares for a rush. 
Such is the momentary tension as it prepares to dart forward, 
that the little creature may be seen to quiver in the intensity of 
preparation. So surely does it calculate, and so agile is the move- 
ment, that the insect rarely escapes. When the prey is cap- 
tured it is well crushed by an irregular and snappy mastication 
before it is swallowed. The lizards of the Family Geckonide 
possess adhesive pads on the digits, and stalk insects in the same 
fashion as the Anolis. 

Many of the thick-tongued lizard swallow their prey in the 
rapid fashion of the frogs. The Horned “Toads” are an example 
of that manner of feeding. In fact, these lizards pick up their 
prey by a quick protrusion of the glutinous tongue, and swallow 
it with a gulp in exactly the same fashion as the toad. 

The insectivorous species which are not provided with suckers, 
or adhesive foot pads, produce more noise with their claws in 
progressing, and feed less upon the dipterous insects. They ap- 


152 NEW YORK, ZOOLOGICAL. TSOCIET Ye 


proach their food with a scampering rush, and feed largely upon 
beetles and their larve, which they hunt in the crevices of bark. 
These species also feed largely upon ants. 

The true Chameleon, of Africa, affords an exaggerated exam- 
ple of the manner in which many insectivorous lizards secure 
their food. The specimens in the Reptile House, always exceed- 
ingly sluggish in making their way among the shrubbery of their 
cage, are supplied with mealworms, grasshoppers and flies. Ap- 
proaching an insect with an air of great deliberation, a Chameleon 
regards it steadfastly for a few seconds with one rolling eye, 
while the other indifferently examines other objects. A sudden 
dart of the long tongue follows, to a distance nearly equal to the 
length of the reptile’s body, and the morsel is snapped back into — 
the lizard’s jaws, where it is well crushed by the sharp teeth 
before being swallowed. 

Omnivorous Species.—Under this head come a number of La- 
certilians that have generally been credited with herbivorous hab- 
its. There are few, if any, exceptions of these alleged strictly her- 
bivorous lizards that do not continually vary their diet with in- 
sects, and even larger prey. The Iguanas serve well to illustrate 
this characteristic. It has been the custom in the Reptile House 
to feed the common Iguana (J guana tuberculata) with such ten- 
der vegetables as lettuce and celery, besides various fruits. The 
cages being overcrowded, several species of insectivorous lizards 
were placed with the Iguanas, and it was soon noted that the lat- 
ter showed an equal enthusiasm for the insect larve and earth- 
worms provided for the smaller reptiles as for their own vegeta- 
ble food. Investigation soon demonstrated that they were fond 
of small birds and mammals. The experiments continued, and 
proved conclusively that certain species of Iguana, particularly 
the large Metopoceros cornutus, or Rhinoceros Iguana, and the 
Iguana delicatissima, preferred the carnivorous diet, and more- 
over displayed in obtaining it an amount of agility and voracity 
equal to the strictly carnivorous monitors. 

A number of the smaller species of the Jguanide in the Reptile 
House have been observed to be omnivorous. Interesting obser- 
vations were made of the Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus col- 
laris), and the Leopard Lizard (C. wishzenii)—two Lacertil- 
ians interesting in many ways—the former from its peculiar 
habit when alarmed of running erect on its hind legs for a dis- 
tance of twenty-five feet or more, after which curious perform- 
ance it drops upon all-fours and darts over the ground with an 
amazing show of speed. These lizards are largely cannibalistic 
in their feeding habits, but they are also herbivorous and insec- 


RHINOCEROS IGUANA. 


An omnivorous West Indian lizard. 


PHOTOGRAPHS. ; ELWIN R. SANBORN. 


GILA MONSTEK. 


This species inhabiting the Gila River valley, and another found in Mexico. 
are the only known species of poisonous lizards. 


EIGHTH, -ANNUAL, REPORE. 153 


tivorous. It was not unusual to observe them swallowing lizards 
of two-thirds their own size, as well as small snakes. Quantities 
of grasshoppers and crickets were placed in their cases; and to 
prevent those insects from eating the ornamental plants, the blos- 
soms of red clover were strewn about as food for them. Instead 
of selecting the grasshoppers, the lizards turned their attention 
to the clover blossoms, which they greedily devoured. It was 
ultimately noted that they fed upon insects also, but not to a 
great extent, although they displayed a fondness for large ants. 

The snake-like lizards of the Family Anguid@ have been noted 
as partly omnivorous, feeding largely upon insects, and also tak- 
ing earthworms and slugs, young birds, and eggs. The larger 
species prefer the latter to any food that can be offered in captiv- 
ity. The various skinks feed much the same, although none of 
our specimens could be induced to take earthworms. Certain spe- 
cies of the large Family 4gamid@ are both herbivorous and in- 
sectivorous, although the vast proportion evince the latter taste 
alone. Examples of this family that display omnivorous habits 
are the Mastigures (Uromastix), which seemingly take either 
vegetable or insect food with equal voracity. The vegetable food 
of such lizards is partially masticated before being swallowed. 

The Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum) may be placed 
under the head of omnivorous lizards, as in captivity it feeds al- 
most exclusively upon eggs—the food which most certainly can- 
not form a large proportion of its nourishment in a wild state. 
Our captive specimens never have been induced to take other food 
than eggs, either boiled or raw, the latter sometimes mixed with 
chopped meat. Unless mixed with eggs they will not eat meat. 
With stolid indifference they refuse morsels that are dear to the 
ordinary reptile of their size, such as very young rodents, large 
grubs and mealworms. Ants and their eggs are said to furnish 
a large proportion of this reptile’s food, but all the specimens 
under the writer’s observation have refused them. They have 
lived with us for four years, and have thrived upon their simple 
and unvarying diet. 


BPHEE CTS TOR VEAP TL Vyhi ve 


Some lizards thrive indefinitely in captivity; others, owing to 
an insufficiency of sunlight, and to conditions found only in their 
native haunts, are delicate, and although feeding readily, live 
but a short time. Compared with snakes, they suffer more 
keenly the change brought about by confinement. The most 
hardy lizards are the carnivorous species, for, like the serpents, 


154 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOGIEEY. 


they are indifferent to the presence of sunlight, provided the tem- 
perature is high. Between 75° and 85° F. constitutes a tempera- 
ture in which Lacertilians flourish. The omnivorous species 
evince a like disposition, but eventually die of enteritis. 

The most delicate of the lizards are the insectivorous forms, 
and the vast majority of them require a continued flood of sun- 
shine during the day to awaken them to activity and appetite. In 
a wild condition these smaller lizards seek the sun from the time 
its rays first strike the ground until it sinks among the trees. To 
these active, diurnal creatures the sun is one of the most important 
factors of life. Without its light they are dull and sluggish, no 
matter what the degree of temperature. Thus it is that these 
creatures of the light are difficult to maintain in captivity. Some 
are more hardy than others, but captive quarters can at best be 
but a poor imitation of their natural haunts. During the few 
hours that sunlight streams into their cages they lie flattened 
on the sand or boughs, drinking in the warm light, and so 
greatly enjoying the abbreviated pleasure that often they fail to 
feed properly. The wild insectivorous lizard hunts most of the 
day, and under normal conditions consumes daily a large quantity 
of food. Its activity demands this, and the feeding of an inactive 
captive specimen slowly but steadily produces enervation. The 
creature survives for a time, but eventually succumbs to malnu- 
trition, brought about by a lack of variety in its insect food. Dur- 
ing the few hours of light and activity, the food is gorged hastily, 
and the alternate sluggish condition of the reptile, when the 
sunlight has gone, produces imperfect action of the digestive ap- 
paratus. Such insectivorous species as the Anguide or snake- 
like lizards, which care not so much for the sunlight as to bur- 
row after their prey, thrive for many years in captivity. 

As captives the larger lizards become very tame, and show 
considerable intelligence, although their interest seems invariably 
associated with appetite. Whenever their cage doors are opened 
the monitors in our Reptile House always approach them and 
nose about their keeper, with their long, forked tongues playing 
at frequent intervals. Frequently they will climb over the keep- 
ers’ back and shoulders, in good-natured curiosity. The sight of a 
rat or bird throws them into a frenzy, and they take such objects 
from the keeper’s hand with a display of ferocity that is quite 
startling compared with their former quiet demeanor. 

Outside sunlight and air have a remarkable effect upon these 
“tame” reptiles. During the past summer it was decided to place 
the monitors in a large cage outside the Reptile House, that they 
might enjoy the sun. The largest specimen, a Ceylonese mon- 


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EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 155 


itor, nearly six feet in length, was easily carried out as it clung to 
Keeper Snyder’s body in a position to suggest a good-natured 
embrace. Following the big fellow came three monitors about 
four feet long, which clung to the men’s coats by their long claws. 
All these specimens had become exceedingly docile, and fed read- 
ily from the hand. It is interesting to note the change that oc- 
curred within twenty-four hours’ time. 

On the day that followed the placing of the monitors in the 
outside air, Keeper Snyder went into their enclosure to feed 
them. He was startled to hear a sharp hiss from his big pet of 
many months, the Ceylonese monitor, and to behoid that power- 
ful reptile puff himself up in angry fashion, and make a quick 
sweep with his tail. The powerful caudal extremity of the liz- 
ard struck the pan of eggs carried by Mr. Snyder and sent the 
contents flying in various directions. On looking at the other 
monitors, the keeper was amazed to see nothing but hostile glances 
as they backed away in surly fashion. 

Returning later in the day to ascertain if the food had been 
consumed, Mr. Snyder was attacked by the big monitor, which 
came at him with open mouth. When only a few feet distant the 
reptile threw its body sidewise, and with an amazingly quick 
blow of its tail struck him on the arm, inflicting a long and se- 
vere contusion. This hostile action was accompanied by vigor- 
ous hissing from the other monitors. 

So long as they remained outdoors these lizards continued 
to be wild and savage, and when brought into the Reptile House 
on the approach of the cool autumn nights, were very decidedly 
vicious. Gradually, however, they lost their wild demeanor and 
finally became as docile as ever. This instance of the monitors 
is by no means the only case noted by the writer wherein tracta- 
ble captive specimens reasserted their wild nature with a rush 
when placed under the influence of outside air, sunshine and nat- 
ural surroundings. He has noted the same disposition on the 
part of crocodilians and snakes, particularly poisonous species of 
the latter. 

The most interesting demonstration of this mental change has 
been in connection with specimens of the venomous Gila Monster. 
In their cages, these lizards are the personification of good- 
nature, permitting themselves to be handled in the most uncere- 
monious manner, without the least show of bad temper. Re- 
moved to a sand-pile heated to a high temperature under a 
bright sun, and left for a few moments, they become different 
creatures. They will snap viciously from side to side, and resent 
the least intimation of interference with sharp hisses as they lie 


156 NEW YORK (ZOOLOGICAL (SOCIETY: 


Sern acaPh ELWIN R. SANBORN. 
HORNED “ TOAD.” 
Several species which inhabit our Western deserts. 


open-mouthed, awaiting an opportunity to close with bull-dog 
tenacity upon an offending object. On several occasions when 
endeavoring to extract poison from these lizards, the writer has 
been unable to provoke them to bite, but after giving them a 
sun-bath for a few moments had considerable difficulty in disen- 
gaging their jaws from the glass vessel in which the fluid was 
collected, although the temperature of the outside air and sun- 
light which had aroused such hostility differed but slightly from 
the warm air of their indoor cages. 

While discussing the effects of captivity upon the Lacertilians, 
the writer is prompted to explain the results of his experiments 
with Horned “Toads” (Phrynosoma), which although possibly 
not strictly germane to the subject is nevertheless of interest. 
These investigations were made to discover if possible the extent 
to which the various species of Horned “Toads” evince the al- 
leged remarkable habit of ejecting jets of blood from the corners 
of the eyes, when annoyed. Various disputes have arisen over 
the possibility of this occurrence. Over two hundred specimens, 
representing different species, were examined. These were teased 
and provoked most persistently by the writer and the keepers, but 
without result. Their general attitude at such times was to feign 
death, with closed eyes. They seldom attempted to bite, but 
when placed on the ground would make off with a great show of 
speed. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL “REPORT. 157 


During these investigations Mr. Otto Eggeling, of this city, 
received a consignment of five hundred horned lizards, and with 
the idea that from this large number there should be some dis- 
play of the habit—if it existed—he transferred them from one 
box to another, with vigorous handling. Mr. Eggeling states 
that although some struggled energetically to escape from his 
grasp, some feigned death, and a few made feeble efforts to bite, 
no jet of blood was ejected from a single individual. Subse- 
quently Mr. Eggeling has received other shipments of Horned 
“Toads,” aggregating a total number examined of about eight 
hundred, and thus far he has failed to observe a single instance 
of the interesting performance that has been accredited to these 
creatures. With eight hundred of these lizards examined by Mr. 
Eggeling, and over two hundred by the writer, it appears that 
over a thousand specimens of these lizards, representing princi- 
pally the species Phrynosoma cornutum, P. coronatum and P. 
blainvellei, have passed careful observation with no exhibition 
of the very eccentric habit referred to. It therefore appears that 
the performance described by Dr. O. P. Hay (Proceedings 
United States National Museum, XV, 1892, pp. 375-378) must 
be limited to a very small proportion of these creatures, or was 
accidentally elicited by some unique measure not practised during 
our investigations. 


BREEDING HABITS. 


In their breeding habits the lizards resemble the snakes, though 
a much smaller number of the former are viviparous. Many 
Lacertilians alleged to be viviparous cannot strictly be so classed. 
Although their eggs possess a very thin and soft covering, they 
are actually deposited some days before the young appear. The 
Scincid@ are examples of this character, and although when de- 
posited the eggs contain rapidly developing embryos, they are 
hidden away with the same precautions as the eggs of species 
which take a much longer time to develop and hatch. The La- 
certa vivipara of Europe is a good example of the strictly vivip- 
arous lizards. The young emerges in a thin, translucent mem- 
brane, through which it breaks a few hours later. 

It has not been the writer’s idea to compile the various com- 
ments that have been made on the breeding habits of Lacertilians, 
some of which appear very vague and theoretical, but rather 
to describe actual observations of these reptiles as noted in the 
Zoological Park. 

The Gila Monster (Heloderma suspectum) constitutes a good 


158 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


PHOTOGRAPH. ELWIN R. SANBORN, 
GLASS SNAKE. 
Typical representative of the family Anguidae. 


type of strictly oviparous lizard. The eggs are very large in pro- 
portion to the reptile’s size. A specimen in the Reptile House 
measuring nineteen and one-half inches deposited four eggs, 
each of which measured two and three-quarter inches in length 
and one and one-half inches in diameter. These eggs were fertile, 
but in such a primary state of development that they contained 
nothing but a germinating spot to represent the future embryo. 
Incubation in warm sand produced further development, but at 
the end of two weeks the leathery integument covering the eggs 
began to shrivel, and despite the moistening of the sand and va- 
rious precautions taken to complete the growth of the embryo, 
their contents solidified. From our notes concérning this species 
it would seem that the number of eggs deposited is always small, 
varying from three to five, a condition noted of many of the 
North American lizards. The largest number of eggs deposited 
by any North American lizard in our Reptile House was twelve, 
from a Swift (Sceloporus undulatus). 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE SWIFT. 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE SIX-LINED LIZARD. 


Photographs show the eggs, and the various stages of dev elopment of the embryos during an interval 
of six or eight weeks ; at time of deposition of the egg, it contains a well-formed embryo. 


z : ‘ 2 RST 


Pearl and Duane a] 


PHOTOGRAPHS- 


' ELWIN R. SANBORN. 
EGG OF THE GILA MONSTER. 
Photograph of an egg from a specimen in the Reptile House. 


160 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL) SOCIETY, 


Several notes have been made relating to the family Anguide. 
A specimen of the European Blindworm or Glass “Snake” 
(Anguis fragilis) gave birth to twelve living young. These 
snake-like creatures were born in thin sacs, in the same fashion 
as viviparous snakes, which they immediately pierced, and with- 
in a few days after birth were eating small earthworms. The 
mother displayed no interest in her offspring. ‘This is the only 
species of the snake-like Lacertilians that the writer has observed 
to be strictly viviparous. The common Glass “Snake” (Ophi- 
saurus ventralis), a reptile of the southern United States, be- 
longing to the Anguide, deposits about a dozen eggs covered 
with a thin, soft integument, which at the time of oviposition 
contain well-formed embryos. Such eggs hatch in less than half 
the time required for the development of eggs of the strictly 
viviparous species. Similar habits have been noted in the Five- 
Lined Lizard (Eumeces quinquelineatus) of the eastern United . 
States. Eight specimens in the collection deposited eggs in their 
cases under strips of bark. The eggs varied in number from two 
to four, and possessed a very thin covering. In direct opposi- 
tion to the writer’s experience with other lizards, this species 
evinces a unique but energetic interest in its own eggs. Each 
female specimen coiled herself in serpentine fashion about them, 
and remained in this position, declining all food until they 
hatched, which in some instances occurred in the short period of 
three weeks after being laid. When the young emerged, the 
parent took no notice of them. 

By their habits in reproduction, lizards may be separated into 
three groups, as follows: First, the strictly oviparous species; 
second, those species which deposit eggs with thin integu- 
ments containing rapidly developing embryos; and third, the 
truly viviparous forms, which produce fully developed young. 
On account of the variations noted in the incubation periods of 
different species, the second group shows a relationship to the 
viviparous group. 

Generally speaking, lizards deposit a much smaller number of 
eggs than snakes. Regarding the breeding of the Lacertilians, 
much remains to be learned, but owing to the frailty of many of 
these creatures in captivity, however, their life histories are diffi- 
cult to determine. 


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THE BUG-EYE. 


FIVE DAYS AMONG THE RIRDS ON COBB 
ISLAND, VIRGINIA. 


By iC WILEVTAM BEEBE, 
CURATOR OF BIRDS. 


Illustrations from Author’s Photographs. 


ROM Labrador to Florida, on the islands and beaches washed 

by the waves of the Atlantic, a splendid series of birds lay 

their eggs and rear their young. The narrow limits and compara- 

tively uniform character of their breeding-grounds make this 

class of birds exceedingly susceptible to the sentiment prevailing 

among the nearest human inhabitants, favorable to their exist- 

ence or otherwise. Their abundance or speedy extinction is abso- 

lutely under human control. For this, and for many other rea- 
sons, they are among our most interesting birds. 

Before the advent of Europeans our littoral birds were doubt- 
less all but immune from danger at their breeding-places. Hawks 
made raids upon them, and bears and Indians, searching for tur- 
tles’ eggs, may occasionally have wrought havoc among the beach 
nests. Christopher Columbus saw flocks of birds and took hope 


162 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


from them long before land was sighted. Captain John Smith, 
when he visited the “laughing king of Accomack,” stirred them 
from their nests along the Virginia coast, and Sir Henry Hudson 
saw the shores of New Jersey and Long Island peopled with 
thousands of gulls and sea-swallows. 

The reduction of these beautiful creatures to a pitiful remnant, 
has for its cause the robbing of untold thousands of their eggs 
for food, and the worse craze for adornment which has sacrificed 
cart-loads of breeding birds, to gratify an instinct of woman, 
harking back to savagery. 

Birds of inland woods and fields have myriad places to choose 
from for nesting sites, but favorable places within sight of the 
great ocean are fewer in number, and, as a natural result, great 
colonies of sea-birds are found nesting close together in certain 
favorite localities, six or eight species sometimes laying their 
eggs in close proximity. When, to the desire for a safe place 
for their eggs, we add the strong instinct of these birds to return 
each year to the islet or bit of beach on which they were hatched, 
we realize that these chosen localities are to the birds something 
as our native country is to us. These brave birds of the sea will 
cling to the few yards of pebbles or sand, flecked with their eggs, 
with a persistence (what matters whether we call it patriotism, 
or love of home, or mere instinct!) which endures until perhaps 
the last survivor of the colony perishes. Or if left undisturbed 
and encouraged, their numbers will increase until overflow colo- 
nies arise near by, and the shore for scores of miles to the south 
and to the north are enlivened by the incomparable beauty and 
grace of their form and flight. 

What a pity we cannot begin our list with mention of the flocks 
of thousands of scarlet flamingoes which formerly built their 
adobe mound-nests on the coral mud-flats near Cape Sable, Flor- 
ida! All have disappeared, and only a remnant cling to the little- 
known outlying islets of Cuba and the Bahamas. 

The brown pelicans which glean their living from the emerald 
waters of the whole eastern coast of Florida, focus upon a single 
islet in Indian River. No one knows how long this colony has 
been in existence, but, after passing through the throes of robbery 
and slaughter, the mute appeal of the birds and the thought of the 
irreparable loss which the extinction of these birds would mean 
to the Florida beaches and bayous, has influenced legislation, and 
the birds are now safe forever under the protection of the United 
States Government. 

Passing northward, we find among the low marshes and sand- 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 165 


dunes of the Virginia coast another haven for wild sea-birds, 
but one which they now hold with difficulty. Black skimmers, 
laughing gulls and various species of terns are here found nest- 
ing in colonies close together. Continuing to the north, we find 
small scattered colonies of sea-birds here and there, notably on 
Gardiner’s and other islands at the eastern end of Long Island. 
On the former island, whose owners for thirteen generations 
have given the birds protection, several hundred fish-hawks build 
their nests within the radius of a few square miles. On the Maine 
coast, where the intelligent sympathy of the inhabitants ts readily 
enlisted, large colonies of herring-gulls and other birds are estab- 
lished, while we may complete our brief and imperfect review 
with the Bird Rocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where, among 
other species, gannets, auks, puffins and murres lay their eggs 
on the ledges and among the crevices of the steep cliffs. 

This brief mention of the principal bird colonies of our Atlantic 
sea-coast will show what a charm will be added to our shores 
when these birds are so protected that they will form a winged 
chain extending without a break from the far north to Florida, 
and even throughout the entire year, for when our sea-swallows 
and smaller gulls go southward in the fall, herring gulls and other 
northern species ie their places. 

The visits we had paid to Gardiner’s Island and Pelican Island 
[vide Z. S. Bulletins, Nos. 11 and 12] only made us the more 
eager to visit other colonies, and when an opportunity presented 
itself to study the homes and habits of the birds along the Vir- 
ginia coast, we were delighted to be able to take instant advan- 
tage of it. 

During the past summer, in company with some friends we were 
able to spend a week sailing from island to island along the Vir- 
ginia coast, we were delighted to be able to take instant advan- 
of the interesting birds which make the cedars and sand-dunes 
their home. We were able in this way to study intimately the 
nesting habits of some dozen of our sea-birds, besides observing 
many other species. 

It was after nine o’clock on the evening of July eleventh when 
the sleeper moved out of Jersey City, and yet the first rays of the 
next morning’s sun are reflected to us from the waters of Chesa- 
peake Bay, as we leave the car at Cape Charles. A drive of six 
miles across country shows the familiar roadside nature of Vir- 
ginia at its best. The notes of cardinals and bob-whites come to 
us from every side. Shadows of soaring buzzards pass over the 
backs of the horses, purple martins and kingbirds swoop across 


164 NEW YORK’ ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


the road. Pine trees are everywhere, and from their needles 
great crested flycatchers scream and tiny gnatcatchers twang 
their little ditties. In every field are young birds just out of the 
nest, calling for food, or struggling with the rudiments of flight. 
Through and around the whole scene the songs of mocking- 
birds come to us. Before passing out of earshot of some master 
singer whose melody absorbs our whole attention, another song- 
ster comes within hearing, pouring out a low, soft murmuring, 
like the undertone of humming insects in our northern fields. 
The cares of nesting and feeding the young had not silenced 
these superb musicians. . 

The fauna of the southern part of the small peninsula compris- 
ing Northampton County is interesting as being included in the 
Louisiana faunal area, so that although so far north, such typi- 
cally southern birds as the yellow-throated warbler and brown- 
headed nuthatch are found here in summer. 

After breakfast at the home of the guide, we leave the pines 
behind us, and passing through lines of fig-trees, covered with 
their ripening fruit, we reach the marshy shore. Here a hun- 
dred yards of wading is necessary to reach a1owboat, and a half 
mile of poling before we can climb on board the sixty-foot 
schooner, or “bug-eye” as the Virginians call it. 

Then follows an eighteen-mile sail through scenes as interest- 
ing as they are novel to us. We thread our way past island after 
island, some dry and covered with gnarled cedars where herons 
nest, or a few scattered pines on whose topmost branches ospreys 
have piled their cartload of sticks. Marsh-grass of every imag- 
inable shade of green covers other islands, along whose edges 
mud-flats begin to glisten as the tide leaves them exposed. Cur- 
lews, gulls and rails run back and forth, and probe for worms and 
snails. 

As the afternoon passes, whiffs of salt air, fresh from the ocean, 
come to us, and soon we catch glimpses of sandy beaches and 
dunes. Twilight begins to close around us as we drop anchor in 
Loon Channel, just abreast of the Life-Saving Station on Cobb 
Island. This is the island weare to study, and we will never for- 
get our first view of it. The western sky still glows dull red, the 
eastern is a mass of black storm-clouds, sending out fierce gusts 

~which moan through the rigging as we eat our supper in the 
schooner’s cabin. Most vivid lightning plays about us, and shows 
the tossing marsh-grass and swirling sand of the island near by. 
The staunch little boat tugs at her anchor as the black tide rushes 
past straight from the sea, and every now and then a curious 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 165 


complaining cry comes from the darkness around the boat—a sub- 
dued yéh!—yéh! yéh!—-yéh! and our guide tells us that a pair 
of flood-gulls are passing—following the flood-tide and feeding 
as they go. 

Another weird nocturnal scene is vouchsafed us before the pro- 
saic light of day lessens the mystery, but not the interest of the 
vague sounds and shapes of this first night. We escape the storm 
by sleeping in the great launching room of the station, with the 
wonderful self-righting and self-bailing surf-boats on either hand. 
About midnight the bright moonlight pours through the wide 
double doors and awakens us, and going out we find that a won- 
derful change has taken place. Perfect calm has succeeded the 
storm, and the great yellow moon, occasionally dimmed with 
fleecy clouds, makes the vast stretches of marsh only more black, 
with here and there a silvered bit of water. The slack tide ripples 
against the reeds, and from everywhere, back in the marsh, along 
the water, and even from under the station itself, comes a most 
weird and bewildering chorus—the subdued chuck! chuck! of 
invisible clapper rails. 

Cobb Island is a link in the chain of outlying islands which 
threads our coast from New Jersey south to the Carolinas. It is 
about twenty miles north of Cape Charles, opposite Cheriton Sta- 
tion on the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad. This 
island was at one time a fashionable summer resort of Virginians, 
and as early as the civil war had one or more large hotels and 
several private dwellings. The former owner of the island, a 
man named Cobb, accumulated a small fortune by making salt 
from sea-water, and being proprietor of this summer resort. In 
those days the island was about fifteen miles long and three or 
four miles wide, and was at a safe elevation above sea-level. 
Some ten years ago currents of the ocean began to undermine 
the island, and now it is uninhabited, its hotels and dwellings hav- 
ing been washed away. Reduced to about one-half its former size, 
Cobb Island is still one of the principal breeding-grounds of the 
sea-birds of our middle Atlantic coast. The trust which the 
white-winged creatures placed in old Ocean, depending on her for 
daily food, and rearing their young almost within reach of her 
waves, was not misplaced. With a rush and a swirl she toppled 
over the structures of the human intruders, drove them in terror 
from the island, and left but shifting sand-dunes, safe only for 
the sea-swallows and their kin whose cries had echoed the roar of 
the surf so many years before their human enemies appeared. 

The island may be divided longitudinally into six zones, which 


166 NEW YORK: ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


merge into one another at certain portions, but, on the whole, are 
fairly distinct. “The seven miles of beach on Cobb Island, which 
faces the ocean, is a long stretch of breakers booming upon a 
beach of yellow sand. At certain spots windrows of oyster-shells 
are piled many feet high, and pebbles and shells cover the upper 
portions. Beyond the reach of ordinary tides the curving mounds 
of the sand-dunes are seen, covered with a scanty growth of coarse 
grass, mingled with clumps of maritime goldenrod. 

Farther inland these dunes rise higher, and are composed part- 
ly of earth. Here the grass grows rank and close, and bayberry 
and “kings” bushes appear. This zone, in the northern portion of 
the island, continues to the western side, to the edge of the brack- 
ish high tides, where it is succeeded by a zone of tall reeds and 
marsh-grass. Farther out on the mud-flats eel-grass appears, 
around whose stems hordes of minnows and crabs abound, and 
where occasional diamond-backed terrapin may be picked up. 
From this point, especially at the north end of the island, the tide 
leaves bare a wide expanse of flats, dotted with hollows where 
the deadly sting-rays hide. Now and then the great side fins of 
one of these uncanny creatures may be seen undulating through 
the shallows. 

Such is a brief sketch of Cobb Island, a few acres of pebbles 
and marsh and dunes, which, except for the Life-Saving Station 
near one end, is as primeval as the day the eye of man first beheld 
it. Utterly useless for human purposes, it is the home of hun- 
dreds of beautiful beings, who fly around us in clouds begging 
for the safety of their young and eggs, not an individual among 
them who would not risk its very life to shield its nest from harm. 
Last year a terrible danger threatened the birds and their young, 
in the shape of cats which were turned loose on the island. But 
old Nature came to the rescue of her children, and every feline 
perished in the first high tides of October. When we learn that 
twenty-eight hundred birds have been slaughtered in three days 
on Cobb Island for millinery purposes, we may well blush at 
having to acknowledge that there exist such brutes in human 
guise. The least we can do is to guarantee protection to the sur- 
vivors and their eggs from now on. 

To do this intelligently we must know the ways and habits of 
‘the birds. So here on the dunes of Cobb Island we pitch our 
tents; we patrol the beach watching the birds in calm and storm; 
we pry into their life at midnight, with only the faint ray of a 
bull’s-eye lantern and the roar of the surf to guide us; we photo- 
graph them and their eggs and young; we discover their food 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 167 


and enemies; and finally, when we leave them unmolested, it is 
with the hope that they look upon us as their friends, and we wish 
that they could appreciate the sympathy and affection which close 
companionship with such beautiful living creatures has aroused 
in us. 

We remained five days upon Cobb Island—July 12-18 inclu- 
sive—and observed twenty-three species of birds, twelve of which 
were breeding, or had bred this year on the island. This list 
would doubtless have been longer if we had not confined our at- 
tention almost entirely to the gulls, terns and skimmers. The 
following is a list of these birds with a résumé of the notes which 
we made during our brief stay. One could spend a year upon 
this limited area without beginning to exhaust the interesting 
facts of its bird life. 

The usual order of classification has been reversed, so that the 
most interesting and characteristic birds of the island are the last 
in the list. 

I. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra, Bodd). Fifteen 
or twenty pairs of these birds build their nests beneath the sta- 
tion buildings, on the ledges near the piles, the only available 
places for them, so their presence on Cobb Island is dependent on 
man. They feed chiefly on mosquitoes which they glean from the 
brackish marshes at the south end. 

2. Song Sparrow (Melospiza cinera melodia, Wils.). 

3. Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus, Wils.). 

Four or five pairs of each of these finches breed here. I found 
several nests and saw young birds of both species. Several song 
sparrows and at least one seaside sparrow were in full song. 
These birds keep to the zone of “kings” bushes near the center 
of the island and feed on both seeds and insects. 

4. Meadowlark (Sturnella magna, Linn.). One individuai 
heard and seen. 

5. Nighthawk (Chordeiles virgimianus, Gmel.). Several of 
these birds hawked about the island every evening, apparently 
finding a plentiful supply of insect food in the air high above the 
marshes. They are said to lay their eggs on the sand. 

6. Osprey or Fish-Hawk (Pandion haliaétus carolinensis, 
Gmel.). Three or four Ospreys were seen fishing near Cobb 
Island or flying over. They had half-grown young in their nests 
near by on Marchon Island. 

7. Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis, Gmel.). A single in- 
dividual of this species was seen passing over the island headed 
straight for the ocean. He flew steadily and took no notice of the 
terns which were mobbing him. 


168 NEW YORK, ZOOLOGICALS SOCIETY: 


8. American Oyster-Catcher (Hematopus palliatus, Temm.). 
Two pairs of these handsome birds were on the island during our 
stay. We were told that both pairs had bred on the beach in 
April, but we saw no signs of young birds. The long legs and 
straight coral-red beak serves to distinguish this species at a con- 
siderable distance. ‘This forlorn hope of Oyster-Catchers arrives 
about the first of April and leaves for the South in September. 
With suitable protection these interesting birds should breed 
abundantly here, even though oysters are much less numerous 
than formerly. Their eggs are hatched and the young birds 
fledged before the gulls and terns begin to breed. 

The mandibles of the Oyster-Catcher are thin, knife-like blades, 
and show very distinctly the rough usage to which they are sub- 
jected in opening the shells of mollusks. One side is invariably 
worn down, and sometimes the bill is permanently bent from the 
constant prying strain. I noticed these birds feeding on small 
sand-fleas. 

g. Wilson’s Plover (Ochthodromus wilsonius, Ord.). We 
found six of these dainty birds. These also were reported to 
have bred in April, but no young birds were on Cobb Island 
while we remained there. Their time of arriving and leaving is 
about the same as the oyster catcher, and like those birds they 
seem only waiting the chance to cover the sands with flocks of 
their black-banded scurrying little forms. Their food consists 
of small crustaceans and insects. 

10. Long-Billed Curlew (Nwmenius longirostris, Wils.). A 
few individuals of this rather rare species flew past the island 
during our stay. 

11. Hudsonian Curlew or “Jack” Curlew (Numenius hud- 
sonicus, Lath.). These long-legged birds nest in Alaska and 
other parts of the far north, and the several small flocks which we 
saw on Cobb Island were the first of the great host of migrants 
which wing their way each year from their breeding-grounds to 
the marshes of South America. 

12. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia, Linn.). Five or 
six Spotted Sandpipers teetered along the mud-flats near our land- 
ing, busily seeking out the worms and snails left exposed by the 
tide. They doubtless breed on the adjacent mainland. 

13. Willet (Symphemia semipalmata, Gmel.). At least two 
pairs of Willets were breeding on the island. They were greatly 
concerned when we approached close to where their eggs, or prob- 
ably young, were concealed. They uttered their plaintive “willy- 
willy” and fluttered over our heads with dangling legs, or 


i ee 


NEST. 


LAUGHING GULL ON 


NEST. 


BLACK SKIMMER ON 


cn 
: 


ere SE Oran 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 169 


swooped fearlessly toward us. Despite our painstaking search 
we could not discover their secret, and we hope that any enemy 
may have been as unsuccessful. During this season the Willets 
feed principally on worms and insects. 

14. Solitary Sandpiper (Helodromas solitarius, Wils.). I 
noticed two specimens feeding on the mud flats. This is an early 
date for this bird, as it nests north of the United States. 

15. Yellow-Legs (Totanus flavipes, Gmel.). Like the curlew, 
the small flocks of Yellow-Legs were the advance guard of the 
thousands of their kin which would soon poe from the north 
and pass southward. 

16. Clapper Rail or Marsh Hen (Rallus crepitans, Gmel.). 
This is the most characteristic breeding bird of the marshes on 
and near Cobb Island. It is very wary and secretive, and seldom 
allows itself to be seen, but its reiterated calls combined with the 
remarkable ventriloquial power with which they are uttered, 
makes it seem as if every bunch of grass hid one or more of these 
birds. They are very abundant on the island, and without par- 
ticular search we found several of their nests. The young birds 
had left in most cases, and two sets of eggs of seven and nine re- 
spectively, were almost ready to hatch. A wooden causeway 
built on piles connected the main building of the Life-Saving Sta- 
tion with the ocean side, and just about two feet to the right of 
this, half-way across the island, a Clapper Rail had built her 
nest. Several times we crept up and watched her leave her eggs 
—a small brown form which swiftly and silently threaded the 
reeds without touching the water. 

On June twenty-third and twenty-fourth unusually high tides 
had destroyed the nests of hundreds of these birds, and their 
eggs were washed up along the shore in windrows. The nests 
which we found in the low marshes had all been built since that 
time and showed a remarkable provision against a repetition of 
such a disaster. The nests on the higher dunes were merely a 
rough collection of reeds upon the ground, while the nests in the 
flooded portions of the island, although rebuilt at almost the ex- 
act location of the old nests, were woven between supporting 
reeds some eighteen inches higher, the old flattened nests form- 
ing a rough platform at one side and below the new structures, 
and used by the rails as resting places in leaving or returning to 
the eggs. 

The rails feed on small crabs and insects, and they certainly 
cannot lack for food. If anyone has ever stood barefooted in 
the waters of a Cobb Island marsh photographing the nest of one 


170 NEW. YORK ZOOLOGICAL, SOG 


of these birds, he will readily admit that voracious minnows and 
ravenous crabs are there in tens of thousands! 

The little rails and their eggs are considered great delicacies 
in this part of the country, and suffer accordingly. From the 
causeway we had a point of vantage; but approach a ground nest, 
even with the utmost care, and no sign of the parent will be visi- 
ble. But do not be too ready to accuse the tiny mother of undue 
fear or neglect, for the spotted eggs will always be warm to the 
touch. 

17. Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias, Linn.). Several 
young birds of the year had made Cobb Island their home, at- 
tracted by the vast quantities of fish and crabs in the marsh 
creeks. They probably remained there until the fall migration. 
These birds were hatched, doubtless, at the rookery at Cheapside, 
some miles away on the main shore. They were quite tame, not 
having as yet learned the treachery of mankind. 

18. Black Skimmer, also known as Flood-Gull and Sea- 
Hound (Rhynchops nigra, Linn.). Of all the birds whose hab- 
its we studied on the coast of Virginia, the Black Skimmers were 
the most interesting. They breed near the gulls and terns and 
yet showed most distinct characteristics. Although, owing to the 
inartistic aspect of the head, these birds have not suffered at the 
hands of milliners to such an extent as the terns and gulls, yet 
their numbers have been greatly depleted, and we found that 
they have another no less terrible foe to combat. These birds are 
really terns, with a strangely modified bill fitted for their unique 
method of feeding. They are very strikingly colored, the entire 
upper part of the plumage being jet black and all the under parts 
white. The bill and feet are bright red. The upper mandible is 
always much shorter than the lower, and both as thin as paper 
knives and as pliable. The method of feeding of these birds has 
often been described, and yet no description is adequate,—no 
words can present the charm of their graceful flight. Although 
these birds are only about a foot and a half in length, their long, 
narrow wings spread fully four feet. These powerful pinions 
enable the Skimmers to fly very close to the water, so close indeed 
that the long lower mandible drops beneath the surface and 
ploughs a zigzag furrow. All worms and small fishes in the path 
of this furrow are thus scooped up into the mouth of the bird. 
And yet, even with such a remarkably shaped bill, it is not im- 
possible for these birds to feed in other ways. We saw several 
swimming about in small pools and picking up floating insects 
and small crustaceans. And again a Skimmer, when getting food 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. iia 


for its young, will make one dash at the water and seize a small 
fish crosswise in its beak. 

It is not until late in May that these curious birds arrive from 
the south and scatter to their various breeding-grounds along the 
coast. Whether they pair for life I do not know, but the re- 
markably close association of pairs during the summer, whether 
making the nest, incubating the eggs, or feeding, would lend 
credence to such a theory. 

For nesting-places the birds select the upper portion of the 
beach, which is thickly strewn with clam and oyster shells and 
scattered bits of sea-weed. Here they nest in colonies, eight to 
ten birds sometimes laying their eggs within an area of a few 
square yards. A small depression is hollowed out in the sand, 
and, this simple preparation having been made, three or four 
eggs are deposited. These are very beautiful, the ground color 
being white, and the whole surface spotted and splashed with 
black and brown. They vary greatly, and one specimen was seen 
which was entirely white with only a single large blotch of black 
on the side. 

One would think that such coloration would render the eggs 
very conspicuous, but such is not the case, and we had to use the 
greatest care to keep from trampling on the eggs before we saw 
them. When an oyster-shell happened to extend within the nest, 
the bird apparently made no attempt to remove it, and in no less 
than six instances we noticed one of the eggs resting in the hol- 
low of a clam-shell. 

We were too early to find young Skimmers, as the birds had 
been delayed by the destructive high tides, but the old birds were 
a never-ending source of interest. From the actions of certain 
individuals it is probable that a very few of the eggs had been 
hatched. The proverbial needle in a haystack is an easy task 
compared to finding one or two young sand-colored Skimmers 
among the miles of dunes, and all search which we made was in 
vain. 

There were two scattered colonies of Skimmers on the island, 
probably fifty pairs of birds altogether. They were much more 
solicitous as regards the welfare of their eggs than were the 
gulls or terns. As we walked up the beach we could see the birds 
in the distance sitting on their nests, their black upper parts 
showing conspicuously against the sand,—all facing up wind. 
The danger line once crossed, all the birds rose as one and wheel- 
ing outward swooped past us, their scissor-like mandibles work- 
ing as they uttered their anxious yéh! yéh! As we approached 


172 NEW YORK - ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


the immediate localities of the nests, the excitement increased. 
Nearer and nearer they swooped toward us, and now one of 
their most interesting habits was shown. Like night-hawks, par- 
tridges and other land birds, they simulated weakness and ex- 
treme disablement. No other species in the vicinity practised this 
deceit, but there was no mistaking the intentions of the Skimmers. 
They exerted themselves to the utmost to decoy us away, and al- 
Ways in one direction—toward the sea. The birds swooped at us 
from right or left, and when close turned sharply outward and 
flapped slowly toward the water, keeping close to the sand. They 
struck forcibly with their breasts every hummock of sea-weed in 
their path, and their progression until they reached the edge of the 
breakers was a succession of bumps. When only hard damp 
sand was in their path they lowered their tiny red feet, and partly 
broke the force of the concussion. When we actually reached the 
eggs of the outlying nests of the colony, the owners redoubled 
their efforts, and it was a strange sight to see several go bounding 
along, occasionally rolling head over heels and lying still a mo- 
ment, perhaps weakly waving one wing. When they saw that all 
their efforts were unavailing, the whole flock flew to the edge of 
the water and alighted. Here they remained until we left the 
vicinity of their eggs. When thus resting at a distance they 
looked more like little top-heavy wooden manikins, or a lot of 
badly made decoys, than like living birds. 

We found it a very pleasant experience to leave our tents at 
the first hint of dawn and walk up the beach, this proving a very 
favorable time to study the birds, as they seemed less wary at 
this early hour. The weird ghost-crabs scurried away before us 
like silent sand-wraiths, and disappeared into their tunnels. 
They abounded everywhere, and it was quite startling, at first, to 
awaken in one’s tent and see several of these little creatures, twid- 
dling their absurd stalked eyes at the entrance of their newly dug 
burrow at one’s bedside. If a heavy dew had fallen during the 
night and no wind had disturbed the sand, we could read on its 
surface, or on newly fallen snow, the record of every creature 
which had stirred. Here a worm had burrowed to the surface, 
crawled some distance and vanished, but the imprint of a pair of 
gull’s feet near by explained the mysterious disappearance. Far- 
ther on we noticed a crab encircling a Skimmer’s eggs with his 
complicated trail—a mark more sinister than we then supposed. 
A picture of another Skimmer’s nest taken in the early morning, 
shows evidence of her faithfulness; her tracks to the nest, the 
impression of her forked tail and the deep lines where her lower 


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EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. live 


mandible rested upon and cut into the sand at the margin. These 
bill marks were a sure indication of the direction of the wind dur- 
ing the night and sometimes the entire circle would be thus in- 
dented. 

Late in the afternoons of windy days we noticed that some of 
the eggs of the Skimmers were fairly buried beneath the shifting 
sand, and soon after, when the bird had cleared her eggs, we were 
given hints of the way these birds make their nests. Unmistaka- 
ble signs, made the more permanent by the damp cohesive nature 
of the sand immediately beneath the surface, showed that when 
the bird wished to make or deepen a hollow, she stood on the 
edge and flicked out the sand with -her flat lower mandible, or 
else balanced herself in the center of the depression on one leg, 
and kicked out the sand behind her with the other foot. Weak and 
small as these limbs are, a Skimmer can send lumps of sand to a 
considerable distance. When a good-sized depression had thus 
been made, the bird settled into it, and turning round and round, 
moulded it smooth with her breast. When they settle down 
upon their eggs they utter a soft lower note, very different from 
the yéh! yeh! which 1s their usual vocal utterance. 

Of the two hundred or more young Skimmers which we esti- _ 
mated would soon be scurrying over the sand-dunes of Cobb 
Island, we later learned that not one lived to mature. The cause 
was reported to be the crabs which so amused us during our stay, 
but which, at the thought of their devouring every one of the 
poor helpless fledglings, we now think of with disgust. If this is 
true, as my recent experience with young Skimmers has led me 
to believe, a new factor enters into bird protection, comparable 
with the voracious gulls of the bird colonies on the Farrallone 
Islands off the California coast, which seize every opportunity to 
devour the eggs of other birds. The fish-crows of the Florida 
heron rookeries have also become chronic nest robbers, carrying 
a failing of their family to an extreme. 

The problem of the crabs is one to be undertaken and solved at 
once if these birds are to be saved from extermination, and it is 
hoped that during the coming season absolute proof either of 
the innocence or guilt of these crustaceans can be obtained. 

The local name ‘“‘Flood-Gull” is given to these birds because 
of the habit which the Skimmers have of following the flood-tide 
up the creeks in search of food. They are called ‘“Sea-Hounds” 
from a fancied similarity between their call and the baying of a 
distant foxhound while in the chase. Their strange habit of 
feeding at night has been mentioned. 


174 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 


The Black Skimmers leave for the south about the first of Oc- 
tober, and are not again seen until the following spring. In the 
place of the thousands of these birds which formerly bred along 
our middle Atlantic coast, there are now but two or three small 
colonies north of Cape Charles, the largest of which are the two, 


HALF-GROWN COMMON TERN. 


each consisting of about one hundred birds, which breed on 
Assateague Island. 

A flock of these birds—a mass of black, white and scarlet— 
flying above the green water, beyond the yellow sand, and sil- 
houetted against the clear blue sky, is a picture which will re- 
main in our memory for many years. 

19. Least Tern (Sterna antillarum, Less.) —The smallest and 
the most graceful of the sea-swallows has become only a memory 
on Cobb Island, where thousands formerly made their home. 
Once, while at the extreme end of the island, I saw one of these 
feathered fairies dash past me with a frightened glance. Was 


PIGHTES ANNUAL. REPORT. ie 


she the last survivor, haunting the place where once her young 
were reared? 

On Assateague Island, forty miles to the north of Cobb, a 
colony of four hundred Least Terns still hold their own, and the 
last week in July about a hundred young birds were safely 
hatched. 

20. Common Tern (Sterna hirundo, Linn.).—We estimated 
that there were about five hundred mature Common Terns and 
two hundred eggs on the island. These had just begun to hatch, 
and pipped eggs were in almost every nest. These birds begin 
to arrive about April first and leave in October. Next to the 


GULL-BILLED TERNS IN NEST. 
One is just breaking through the shell. 


Least Terns they have paid the heaviest tribute to plume-hunters 
and the agents of milliners. 

As we approached a colony of Common Terns, they rose en 
masse and circling and wheeling about our heads filled the air 
with their anxious cries,—tearr! tearr! tearr! But no matter 
how closely we examined their eggs or young they never seemed 


176 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


as bold as the skimmers. Their favorite nesting site is the 
irregular line of sea-wrack which marks the highest reach of 
some unusually high tide. When they nest on the bare sand, a 
few stems of reeds or grass are placed around the eggs. This is, 
doubtless, the last remnant of some former more elaborate and 
useful nest-building trait. 

The nestling Terns, as soon as they are dry, begin to pant from 
the excessive heat of the sun and leave the nest at once, scram- 
bling along until they rest under the shade of some stalk of gold- 
enrod. Most of the young birds spend the day squatting close 
to the ground, and only moving to welcome the approach of the 
parents with food. They are fed on predigested fish for over a 
week. The Terns hereabouts are called “Strikers,” from the meth- 
od of fishing of the old birds, which dash down vertically against 
the water with a momentum which sends up a cloud of spray. At 
night the Terns and other young beach-hatched birds take long 
excursions. At eleven and twelve o’clock it was most interesting 
to take a bull’s-eye lantern and walk noiselessly along the shore, 
with only a narrow swath of light to guide us. Tiny white forms 
would occasionally scurry away, and giving chase we would soon 
run down a young tern. It seemed strange to find such tiny help- 
less little beings abroad in the darkness, but at the first frightened 
peep which he uttered at being cornered, a harsh angry tear-r-r-r 
would come from the darkness overhead, and we knew that 
Mother Tern’s sharp eyes were watching over the little fellow, 
guarding him through all the blackness of night. 

Although secure in their island home from all four-footed ene- 
mies, yet careful study of the lives of these voung birds would 
doubtless reveal many tragedies. 

One incident which I noticed was interesting as throwing light 
upon a habit peculiar to many birds—that of the parent removing 
the pieces of egg-shell as soon as the young bird has ‘escaped. 
The skimmers, gulls and Terns all do this. I watched one baby 
Tern escape from his olive-hued prison, and roll wet and sprawl- 
ing out upon the warm sand. The parent Tern was greatly dis- 
turbed, and swooped threateningly at my head all the time I re- 
mained. As usual, a small quantity of blood escaped from the 
egg membranes and more remained within the shell. Hardly had 
the youngster freed himself when a small ant appeared at the edge 
of the nest, waved its antenne for a moment and disappeared. 
The word had evidently been quickly passed, and scores upon 
scores of these ferocious little creatures swarmed over the egg- 
shell and young bird. The little fellow writhed and tried to 


EIGHTH, ANNUAL REPORT. 177 


scramble away, but his strength failed him, and as the fierce ants 
had already pierced his thin skin, there is little doubt as to what 
the ultimate result would have been. I removed the blood-stained 
egg, scattered the ant hordes and placed the nestling Tern some 
distance away. Is not the principal result gained by the removal 
of the blood-scented shell to lessen the danger of attacks from 
keen-scented enemies—insects and others,—rather than to bridge 
over any fancied weakening of the protective coloration scheme 
which the unbroken egg and the young bird so perfectly typify? 
And when we consider what a great source of danger the diffu- 
sion of the odor even of the rapidly drying blood within the 
shell would be, does this explanation not suffice to account for 
this habit of ground-nesting birds, and do away with the need 
to trace its origin to ancestral species which carried on their nidi- 
fication in trees? We were surprised to notice the extent to 
which the Terns and Gulls feed on insects, this diet in some cases 
seeming to take entirely the place of fish. 

21. Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri, Nutt.). 

22. Gull-Billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica, Hasselq. ).—About 
a score of these birds nest upon the island, their habits being very 
similar to those of the Common Terns. 

23. Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla, Linn.) —We estimated 
that there were five hundred Laughing Gulls on the island, nest- 
ing among the clumps of grass in two large colonies. These were 
associated with the colonies of skimmers and terns, the several 
species evidently finding each other’s presence agreeable, and 
thus enlivening the island at these favorite sections from the beach 
back through the dunes and marsh. The nests of the Guls were in 
some instances very artistic, the eggs being concealed under over- 
hanging grass stems, with an arched entrance, two feet or more 
in length. When the nests are built on the lower, wet portions of 
the marsh, they are often a foot or more above the ground, the 
eggs lying on a rough pile of reeds. 

These Gulls are strikingly colored, their wings and back being 
pearl-gray, the large flight feathers black, the under parts white, 
while the head and throat is a dark slate in hue. Mr. Chapman has 
very aptly compared them, when sitting on their nests, to white 
flowers scattered over the marsh, and even when we know that 
they are birds, the odd coloring of the head and wing feathers, 
rendering these parts almost invisible, so breaks up the shape of 
the sitting bird that the general effect is only of an indeterminate 
mass of white. 

The Laughing Gulls do not swoop at one as do the. terns and 


178 NEW YORK’ ZOOLOGICAL, SOGIELY. 


skimmers, but when the colony is disturbed the birds all fly back . 
and forth—a great intermingling mass of forms in the air above 
the marsh. They have a clear, high note, and occasionally they 
break out into an ah-ah-ah-ah-ah which bears some resemblance 
to our expression of mirth. The young birds seem to have much 
the same habits as the terns, although very few had hatched at 
the time of our visit. At night they roam about the beach, the 
members of each brood keeping together. The adult Gulls, and 
indeed most of the birds on the island, seemed to enjoy an insect 
diet. Dragon flies in the marshes, and the white-winged tiger 
beetles of the beaches, were devoured by the hundred. 


RESULTS. 


A. As immediate direct results of the trip, ninety-two specimens 
of living birds, representing six species, were added to the 
Society’s collection. Acknowledgment should here be made of 
the courtesy of Dr. J. W. Bowdoin, President of the Eastern 


SKIMMER 14 DAYS OLD. LEAST TERN 21 DAYS OLD. 


The young birds were hatched in a Park incubator. 


Shore Game Protective Association of Virginia, in granting 
permits to collect and to ship out of the State, birds protected 
by law. 

B. Exhaustive notes were made upon the heron rookeries of 
this part of Virginia, which will form the subject of a future 
paper. 

C. Even the brief examination which we were enabled to make 


SEA-BIRDS’ EGGS IN THE INCUBATOR. 


YOUNG TERNS JUST HATCHED. 


180 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIbiY 


of the status of the avifauna of Cobb Island, showed the diminu- 
tion in numbers from the figures given by Mr. Chapman and other 
observers in 1902 and in former years. This emphasized the im- 
portance which absolute protection would mean, not only to the 
breeding birds in summer, but also to the great numbers of birds 
which make these waters their home during fall and winter.* 

D. The most important result of our visit to Cobb Island was 
a discovery of far-reaching importance to the bird collections 
of the Zoological Society. A score or more of the eggs of terns, 
skimmers and gulls, nearly ready to hatch, were collected and 
brought to the Zoological Park, with the intention of preserving 
the embryos for future microscopical and gross study. When 
the time came to remove them, although the eggs had been gath- 
ered over three days previously, and indeed some were partly 
crushed on the journey, yet the little unhatched creatures were 
found to be in such vigorous condition that instead of being sac- 
rificed to the science of embryology, the eggs were placed in an in- 
cubator. Not only did the individuals of each species hatch and 
escape from the shells, but they were successfully fed and reared 
by hand until the young birds were able to feed themselves. This 
unique undertaking has yielded many interesting facts as to the 
growth and development—both physical and mental—of these 
little-studied young birds. These notes will be elaborated during 
the coming year, and will fill out many important gaps in the life- 
histories of the birds. For example, the characteristic call and 
alarm notes of the adult terns and skimmers are uttered by the 
young birds while their bodies are yet within the egg. The food 
of the terns for more than a week is fish which has been macer- 
ated in the crop of the parent for about two hours, while the 
young skimmers require small living fish from the first. The nest- 
lings of the black skimmer have only about one-half the strength 
of young common terns, and about one-third that of nestling gulls, 
the comparison, of course, being between birds of the same age. 
This would seem to lend credence to the report that the young 
skimmers hatched on Cobb Island this season have succumbed 
to the attacks of the ghost-crabs. 

The fact that birds so small and so fastidious as to diet were 
successfully reared, presages important results when the eggs of 
birds of other orders can be collected and incubated. Young birds 


* As an appendix to this article I have added a list of some of the more striking 
birds which other observers have noticed on or near Cobb Island, taken mostly 
from Dr. Rives’ ‘‘ Catalogue of the Birds of the Virginias.” 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT: 181 


thus hatched and reared within the confines of Bird Valley would 
be perfect as to plumage, tame, and absolutely contented with 


their life in our great Zoological Park. 


BIRDS OBSERVED 
ON OR NEAR COBB ISLAND, VIRGINIA. 


Horned Grebe. 
Loon. 

Red-Throated Loon. 
Razor-Billed Auk. 
Herring Gull. 
Ring-Billed Gull. 
Bonaparte Gull. 
Caspian Tern. 
Royal Tern (“Gannet’’). 
Roseate Tern. 
Black Tern. 
Gannet. 


Double-Crested Cormorant. 


Brown Pelican. 
Red-Breasted Merganser. 
Mallard Duck. 
Black Duck. 
Baldpate. 
Green-Winged Teal. 
Blue-Winged Teal. 
Shoveller Duck. 
Pintail. 

Red Head. 
Canvasback Duck. 
Scaup Duck. 

Lesser Scaup Duck. 
Golden-Eye Duck. 
Buffle-Head Duck. 
Long-Tail Duck. 
King Eider Duck. 
American Scoter. 
White-Winged Scoter. 
Surf Scoter. 

Ruddy Duck. 

Snow Goose. 
Canada Goose. 
Hutchins’ Goose. 
Brant Goose. 

Black Brant Goose. 
Whistling Swan. 
American Bittern. 
Least Bittern. 
Snowy Heron. 


Louisiana Heron. 
Green Heron. 
Black-Crowned Night Heron. 
Yellow-Crowned Night Heron. 
Sora Rail. 

Florida Gallinule. 
American Coot. 
Northern Phalarope. 
Knot. 

Pectoral Sandpiper. 
Least Sandpiper. 
Red-Backed Sandpiper. 
Semipalmated Sandpiper. 
Sanderling. 

Hudsonian Godwit. 
Greater Yellow-Legs. 
Bartramian Sandpiper. 
Eskimo Curlew. 
Black-Bellied Plover. 
American Golden Plover. 
Semipalmated Plover. 
Piping Plover. 
Turnstone. 

Marsh Hawk. 

Bald Eagle. 

Duck Hawk. 

Pigeon Hawk. 

Barn Owl. 
Short-Eared Owl. 
Saw-Whet Owl. 
Snowy Owl. 
Chuck-Will’s- Widow. 
Scissor-Tail Flycatcher. 
Horned Lark. 
American Raven. 

Fish Crow 

Boat-Tailed Grackle. 
Snow Bunting. 

Ipswich Sparrow. 
Savanna Sparrow. 
Sharp-Tailed Finch. 
Prothonotary Warbler. 
Connecticut Warbler. 


THE ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIP OF Siig 
~ LARGE MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 


By MADISON GRANT, 
SECRETARY OF THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


HE increase of knowledge of the true relationship of mam- 
mals, and their geographical distribution, has now reached 
a point where it is possible to analyze the mammalian fauna of 
North America, and to indicate the continent where the original 
expansion and radiation of the various groups took place. Paleon- 
tology has, of recent years, shed a flood of light upon this sub- 
ject, and offers, in many instances, definite proof of what has 
heretofore been largely conjecture. 

It is the purpose of this article to briefly review the living 
large mammals of the United States and Canada, and to en- 
deavor to trace their past history. 

The higher fauna of North America, when compared with that 
of other large continents, presents an astonishing poverty as to 
the number both of genera and of species, and the latter are, in 
the great majority of cases, very closely allied to Old World 
forms. 

The animals which the first settlers found along the Atlantic 
coast seemed almost identical with those they had left behind 
in England or on the adjoining continent. This resemblance 
was very close in the North, but in the South a larger number 
of unfamiliar forms were found. As the seventeenth and eight- 
eenth centuries were not ages of scientific accuracy in matters 
zoological, names were applied at random, just as was done by 
the Dutch settlers in South Africa, with the result that many a 
misfit occurred, and the same animal bore distinct names in dif- 
ferent sections of the country. 


BIGHT ANNUAL. REPORT. 183 


Along with this close resemblance, there seemed at first to be 
also an appreciable inferiority in the size and beauty of the ani- 
mals found in America, as compared with their Old World con- 
geners. The puma and the jaguar were compared with the lion 
and tiger, somewhat to the discredit of the former, and our black 
bear, which was surprisingly numerous in Colonial times, suf- 
fered also when compared with the brown bear of Europe; as 
did our Virginia deer in comparison with the European red deer. 

Later, however, when the frontier was pushed inland, and the 
grizzly, the wapiti and the moose were measured by the 
standards of the European brown bear, red deer and eik, no such 
superiority could be claimed for the Old World animals. In pro- 
fusion of distinct types, however, North America, with its bison 
and prong-horn, which, with the black-tailed deer and the wapiti, 
virtually monopolized the great prairies and plains of the West, 
could not vie with the magnificently diversified fauna of Africa, 
with its hundred and more species of bovine antelopes, to say 
nothing of other huge mammals. 

Close as is the relationship of Eurasian and North American 
mammals, it never amounts to specific identity in the view of the 
best American systematists, who differ in this respect from Euro- 
pean zoologists. The polar bear and one or two smaller arctic 
mammals form the sole exceptions to the above statement. 


FIRST RADIATION. 


This poverty of animal life, both as to variety and number, 
has not always existed, and a close study of the fossil mammals 
of North America, of which we have a very complete record 
from the Rocky Mountain region, demonstrates that there have 
been two separate and distinct periods of great development and 
radiation of mammals on this continent, together with several 
clearly distinguishable immigrations from other lands. The last 
of these immigrations from the Old World, by way of Behring 
Straits, gave us the predominant members of our present fauna. 

The first of these periods of development is known as the 
Puerco, and dates from the very dawn of the Basal Eocene, some 
three million years ago. Deposits of this horizon are found in 
New Mexico, and have revealed to us a large and varied fauna, 
with true mammals, some as large as a Newfoundland dog. In 
European beds of a corresponding age, the Cernaysien, a similar 
but more limited fauna is found. 

This Puerco fauna flourished and radiated, paralleling many 


184 NEW YORK, ZOOLOGICALs SOCIEIY: 


of the existing orders of mammals, and giving rise to primitive 
Carnivores known as Creodonts, primitive Ungulates known as 
Amblypoda and Condylarthra, and still other orders not so easily 
defined. Only partial traces of types which were ancestral to the 
Puerco fauna are found in the underlying Laramie beds, which 
are assigned to the top of the Cretaceous period. This would 
probably indicate that the Puerco mammals, to a large extent, 
come in from some other country, probably from the North. 


SECOND RADIATION. 


By the Middle Eocene, the early and generalized types of this 
Puerco fauna were rapidly dying out, leaving only a few carnivo- 
rous forms to linger on into the Oligocene. We do not, of course, 
know the causes of their disappearance, but it is safe to hazard 
the conjecture that their structural development, especially their 
limited brain capacity, was inadequate to cope with that of the 
new and more highly organized animals which suddenly appear 
in the Lower Eocene. These new types were possibly descended 
from some side line of the earlier radiation, and were derived 
from members of the Puerco group, which had lingered on in 
the original northern home, but no direct lines connecting these 
two faunz are known. 

Assuming that the Puerco mammals were driven out of more 
northerly or boreal lands, where they had originally developed, 
by a declining temperature, it is conceivable that some animals 
remained behind and adjusted themselves to the changed condi- 
tions, until a still further increase of cold forced them also to 
follow the path of their predecessors, southward. 

Some of these Lower Eocene types of this second radiation, 
which are found in the Wasatch beds of Wyoming, have sent 
down lines of descendants, which have ultimately culminated in 
existing animals. At this time first appear the horses, tapirs, 
rhinoceroses, camels and dogs. Some of these animals, such as 
the horses and rhinoceroses, are found contemporaneously in 
Europe; others, like the camels, are peculiar to this country. 

Being more highly organized and better adapted to their en- 
vironment, these new types entirely supplanted the older fauna, 
and by the Oligocene this transformation was complete, and the 
older fauna had disappeared. This Wasatch fauna culminated 
in the Miocene, and then faded gradually away on this continent, 
until in-the Middle Pleistocene they were largely supplanted by 
new arrivals from Eurasia. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 185 


Similar radiations, on as large a scale, have taken place in early 
Eocene times among the marsupials in Australia, and somewhat 
later in South America, which was then, and long afterwards, 
separated from North America, although probably for a shorter 
period connected with Africa and Australia, by way of Antarc- 
tica. In Australia the rapid replacement of the native Marsu- 
pials by the better equipped placental mammals, when the latter 
were introduced by man, is analogous to the manner in which 
the Puerco fauna was supplanted by the Wasatch fauna, through 
inability to successfully compete with those more highly organ- 
ized types. 


DECLINE OF ANCIENT GROUPS. 


After attaining a high degree of development this second or 
Wasatch fauna also declined, and one of the causes which con- 
tributed to its disappearance was the gradual elevation of the 
Western half of North America and the draining of the ancient 
lake basins there, with consequent loss of moisture. 

Desert lands, however, are not necessarily unfavorable to the 
development of structural variety and great bulk in animals. On 
the contrary, arid conditions seem to favor the development of 
large-hoofed animals, by imposing upon them the necessity of 
traveling over great stretches of country to find water during a 
drought. South Africa is a country of open plains, scantily sup- 
plied with water, many large areas being quite desert, and yet no 
other region of the earth can show such profusion of large mam- 
mals. 

As speed and endurance are to some extent correlated with 
bulk, no animal of small size could long survive competition 
with the faster and more enduring members of its own or a 
rival race. Increased size leads to an accelerated development, 
until a limit is imposed by the question of food supply. The 
larger the animal the more food it requires in proportion to its 
bulk, hence the larger animals must spend most of their time 
feeding, and if, through climatic changes, food becomes scarce, 
or enemies appear which they cannot resist, the larger animals 
are the first to succumb. 

A race, therefore, tends to increase in size until a maximum 
is reached, and is then apt to become suddenly extinct. The rhi- 
noceroses, elephants and horses are now on the verge of extinc- 
tion, all their smaller relatives having been weeded out by com- 
petition. 


186 NEW. YORK: ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. 


AFRICAN FAUNA. 


In this connection, the origin of the South African animals 
may be briefly referred to. Madagascar has a peculiar fauna 
resulting from long isolation, but the ancestral types came from 
Africa, where, in later times, most of these particular animals 
have died out. 

It had long been supposed that the lemurs, the pangolins, the 
aardvarks, and some other types, were the only remnants of this 
original fauna, and that the typical large mammals of Africa 
originated in Eurasia, and were driven south into Africa by the 
advance of the glaciers in comparatively recent times. Recent 
investigations, however, have demonstrated the fallacy of this 
view, and at present the best authorities concur in viewing Africa, 
south of the Sahara, or the Ethiopian region, as having expe- 
rienced a radiation of large mammals, quite peculiar to itself, 
but which took place after the separation of Madagascar.* 

That the elephants originated in Africa has been demonstrated 
by the recent discovery in Egypt of fossil forms, clearly ances- 
tral to the modern Proboscidians. The Sirenia, the hyrax, the 
hippopotamus, and related swine, the giraffe, and the wonderful 
group of bovine antelopes in all probability attained their devel- 
opment in Africa, and possibly all of the Bovidae originated 
there also. In Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene times many of 
these forms pushed north, in some cases as far as England, there 
becoming extinct or retreating into Africa again upon the ad- 
vance of the glaciers, but leaving behind in Europe and Asia 
some of their members, which successfully adjusted themselves 
to temperate or subarctic conditions. 


PREGLACIAL FAUNA OF AMERICA. 


During these same periods before the approach of the glaciers 
a magnificent fauna flourished in North America, consisting of 
camels, horses, ground sloths, elephants, mastodons, sabre- 
toothed tigers, and others, including distinct forest and plains 
faunae, but few of these animals seem to have survived the great 
glaciers. One of the survivors was the mastodon, which, origi- 

* This meas was first pane set forth by Prof. oe Fairfield Osborn, 
before the New York Academy of Science in 1900, and has been more than con- 
firmed by the explorations of the Egyptian Geological Survey, published by 
Andrews & Beadnell. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 187 


nating in Africa, spread over the world, and even reached the 
southern end of South America in Pliocene times. 

Other animals of this early period have probably survived, but 
we are without such knowledge of the forest fauna of preglacial 
and postglacial times as would enable us to trace them down to 
existing forms. Our American deer, Odocoileus, the prong- 
horn, peccaries and raccoons, probably are survivors of this same 
fauna. But the fact remains that the great majority of the early 
American mammals perished, probably because of their inability 
to cross the Mexican deserts, and because of the destruction of 
their normal food supply. 


EURASIATIC CONNECTION. 


During and after the glaciers came a new fauna, the imme- 
diate ancestors of the predominating types of to-day. At inter- 
vals throughout Tertiary times there apparently existed a broad 
land connection with Eurasia, over the present site of Behring 
Sea. This connection probably existed in the Lower Eocene, 
Lower Oligocene, Middle Miocene, Upper Pliocene, and Lower 
Pleistocene, and was interrupted in Middle and Upper Eocene, 
Upper Oligocene and Lower Miocene times. 

We have several corresponding invasions from Eurasia. The 
first of these invasions was in the Lower Eocene; the second in 
the Lower Oligocene; the third, bringing in the Proboscidians, 
in the Miocene; the fourth occurred during the Lower and Middle 
Pleistocene, bringing the ancestors of most of the typical Ameri- 
can animals of to-day. 

This Eurasian land connection had a sufficiently temperate 
climate during early Tertiary times to admit of the interchange 
of animals which required either an unbroken forest or a tem- 
perate climate, and consequently the faunae of the eastern and 
western continents were very closely related, but as time went on 
they became more distinct, until it is evident that some obstacle 
existed, probably the increasing cold temperature of the ever- 
narrowing land bridge. Animals which could sustain great cold 
and long journeys still crossed, but the more southern types were 
cut off. 


THE BOREAL THEORY. 


In this connection it is necessary to mention the recently ad- 
vanced theory of the boreal origin of mammals, indeed of all 
life, both animal and vegetable. The chief evidence, so far as it 


188 NEW YORK *ZOOLOGICAE SOCIETY. 


relates to mammals, adduced by the advocates of this theory, 
lies in the singular and simultaneous appearance in Europe and 
in America of the same types of animals, the hypothesis being 
that these animals came from a common boreal home. 

As will appear below in the detailed consideration of our va- 
rious animals, the place of origin of each group, based on positive 
and not on negative evidence, can be found in practically all 
cases. There can be no serious doubt, for instance, that the bear 
originated and developed in Eurasia. The same is true of the 
cats comprising the type genus Felis, and of the great deer 
genus Cervus. 

In fact the only American animals about the origin of which 
there is much doubt, are the moose and the caribou. These two 
undoubtedly originated and attained their development in some 
far northern land. It is not necessary, however, to assume a 
polar continent for these two genera, as the existing land areas 
to the north of the American continent, or that portion of Siberia 
lying within the Arctic Circle with the recently submerged and 
adjacent coast, would supply boreal land areas quite sufficient 
in extent for the development of these types. 


TYPE DIVERGENCE. 


In carefully considering the various types of North American 
mammals a very important clew to their origin can be found in 
the degree of differentiation which each one of these animals has 
achieved. It would appear that this degree of radiation and of 
departure in structure from their Old World kindred would in 
some measure correspond to the amount of time which has elapsed 
since the first appearance of these animals in North America. 
The deductions in this article are based on these lines of reason- 
ing, and the conclusions are in most instances confirmed by the 
fossil record. 

When we find, as in the case of the genus Cervus, of which our 
sole American representative is the wapiti, that the Old World 
has about twenty species belonging to this genus and to closely 
allied genera; that is, one species as an inhabitant of the New 
World, against about twenty in the Old World (and some of 
these Old World species, like the Altai wapiti from Mongolia, 
are very closely akin to the American wapiti) ; when we can go 
from England eastward through Germany, Hungary, the Cau- 
casus and the mountains of Central Asia, and find the red deer 
growing larger and finer, and fading imperceptibly through one 


BIGHT H ANNUAL “REPORT. 189 


species after another into this Altai deer, which is in turn almost 
indistinguishable from our great American wapiti, how can we 
escape the conclusion that the centre of radiation of the genus 
Cervus was in Eurasia, and our wapiti so recent an immigrant 
from the Old World that it has not had the time to evolve, under 
the varied influences of its new habitat, well-marked species, 
there being at most only two or three races of subspecific value. 

Turning to the fossil record we find that no member of this 
genus has been found in America of an earlier age than the Mid- 
dle Pleistocene. 

A similar line of reasoning applied in turn to each of the large 
American animals, enables us to draw what appear to be accurate 
conclusions not only as to their original home, but as to the rela- 
tive duration of the type in America. 

Not all our animals, however, came from the Old World, al- 
though the predominating types undoubtedly did. South Amer- 
ica contributed a few types, and others, like the raccoon, peccary, 
prong-horn and American deer, are either autochthonous, or else 
have been here so long that their specialization’ has taken place 
entirely on this continent. 

To take up the possible places of origin of our living mammals 
in the inverse order of their importance, we find them to be: a 
migration by a possible land bridge over the Atlantic; migration 
from South America; development in North America, and last, 
and by far the most important, migration from Eurasia by way 
of Behring Sea. 


ATLANTIC BRIDGE, 


A mid-Atlantic land connection has been suggested, but has 
little evidence in its favor, and can be practically disregarded, 
and, while there is no doubt that continuous land connected 
Greenland, Spitzbergen and Scandinavia in Pleistocene times, no 
known element of our fauna was derived from this source. 


SOUTH AMERICA, 


South America was entirely separated from North America 
until the Pliocene, but apparently since that period has been more 
or less continuously united to North America. The southern 
continent, during this long period of isolation, before the Plio- 
cene, developed several groups of large and clumsy animals which 
almost defy classification, but which stand close to the Ungulates, 


190 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


and for the reception of which several new orders have been 
created. 

During the Lower Pliocene the mastodons entered South Amer- 
ica, and the Edentates, represented by the extinct ground sloths 
and the living armadillos, found their way into North America, 
together with a number of hystricomorph, or porcupine-like Ro- 
dents, which have since spread throughout the world. 

In the Upper Pliocene a more extensive interchange of animals 
took place, South America receiving from the North its camel- 
like llamas, its cats, its dogs, its raccoons, its numerous deer, and 
many others. The peccaries did not reach South America until 
the Pleistocene. 

The cats, represented by the sabre-toothed tigers, entering the 
southern continent at this time (Upper Pliocene) very possibly 
played a large part in the destruction of the giant herbivores, 
which flourished at that time on the Pampas. It would almost 
seem that the sabre-toothed tigers were modified in their mar- 
vellous dentition for the express purpose of preying on these huge 
and thick-skinned animals. 

South America at this time received its deer, all of which are 
closely related to Odocoileus, but which have been there long 
enough to evolve nearly twenty distinct species. 

The horses, too, entered South America during this period, 
and survived there nearly until the arrival of Europeans. 

Of the animals which North America received from the south- 
ern continent during the Pliocene, few have seemingly survived, 
except the porcupines and armadillos. The opossum did not 
come from South America, but is a survivor of a family of early 
Marsupials, Didelphidae, which were once widely spread through- 
out the northern hemisphere, but which have become extinct in 
the Old World. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


We have in America one family of the Carnivores, Procyoni- 
dae, and two distinct families of hoofed animals, Dicotylidae and 
Antilocapridae, and one very important genus of the deer family, 
Odocoileus, none of which have close relatives in the Old World. 
All these four groups are probably of autochthonous origin, and 
-their peculiar characters are described at length below. 


EURASIA. 


The remaining large North American mammals, the wapiti, 
the bison, the musk-ox, the mountain sheep, the mountain goat, 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 191 


many cats, including the lynxes, the bears, the otter, the wolver- 
ine, the fisher, the marten, the mink and the beaver, are all more 
or less recent immigrants from Eurasia. The moose and caribou 
also probably came from the extreme north of the same conti- 
nent. 

It is from the character of the animals above named, which 
are nearly all of northern or subarctic habit, that we draw the 
inference that this land connection between the continents lay far 
to the north. From their close relationship to Eurasian animals 
we can also infer that the connection persisted until very recent 
times. Let us now examine the chief groups of the large Ameri- 
can mammals one by one, and see what knowledge can be gained 
from a study of the distribution of the members of each genus, 
and of closely allied genera. 


CARNIVORES. 


BEARS. 


Taking up the Ursidae first of all, we find that all of the Amer- 
ican bears belong to the type genus Ursus, although there are 
several ill-defined subgenera. 

Like the deer, the bears are essentially northern animals, and 
are widely distributed throughout Eurasia, with a single out- 
lying species in North Africa. Their absence from the Ethiopian 
region, or Africa south of the Sahara, is probably due to their 
inability to pass the barrier of the deserts. 

If we take the common European brown bear, U. arctos, and 
follow, by way of the great mountain ranges, its gradually in- 
creasing racial variations across Europe and Asiatic Russia, we 
find one type fading into another, until in the hairy-eared bear 
of Amurland, U. piscator, and the great Kamchatkan fish bear, 
U. behringiana, on the easternmost confines of the Old World, we 
have bears very close in type and structure to the brown bears 
of Alaska on the American side of the straits. The similarity 
would probably prove even more striking than we now believe, 
if we had more accurate data about this great fish bear, which, 
until the discovery of the Kodiak bear, was the largest known 
carnivore. 

Neither of these bears is inferior in size to the Pleistocene cave 
bear, U. spelaeus, or its American congener, Arctotherium. 

More distantly related to these Eurasian bears are the grizzlies, 
and most distant of all are the black bears. Leaving out of con- 


192 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


sideration the white bear, which is circumpolar in its distribution, 
and is assigned to a separate subgenus, Thalarctos, we can place 
all the American bears in one of these three groups. 


THE BLACK BEAR GROUP. 


Judging from the degree of type divergence and from distri- 
bution, the first of these bears to arrive in North America was the 
black bear group, U. americanus. Its variation from the true 
Ursus is of subgeneric value, and the members of the group are 
assigned to the subgenus Ewarctos. This group we find distrib- 
uted throughout the length and breadth of North America to the 
limit of tree growth in the North and West, with a subspecies, U. 
sornborgeri, in Labrador, and species in Florida, U. foridanus, 
in Louisiana, U. luteolus, a recently described bear of large size 
from Queen Charlotte Island, U. carlottae, and most distinct of 
all, the blue or glacier bear, U. emmonsi, with a limited distribu- 
tion in Alaska, in the district of the St. Elias Alps, and east- 
ward among the rugged coast ranges as far as Juneau. 

In South America a closely related form, the spectacled bear, 
U. ornatus, has followed the Peruvian Andes south of the equa- 
tor. It is sometimes assigned to a subgenus, Termarctos, but is 
very closely related to the typical black bear, U. americanus. 

As the black bear only extends into Mexico there is a long 
break in the distribution of the genus, where bears have appar- 
ently died out. So that we need not be surprised to find that this 
isolated South American form is somewhat aberrant. This bear 
is, furthermore, the sole representative of the family in the 
southern hemisphere. 

Titsis quite evident from the distribution of the group that its 
residence in America is of considerable antiquity. 


THE GRIZZLY GROUP. 


All these black bears differ from the European bears more 
than do the grizzlies. From this fact, and from the distribution 
of the grizzlies along the range of the Rockies, we can safely be- 
lieve that they are later arrivals from Eurasia than are the black 
bears. 

The grizzlies have not evolved any well-marked species except 
perhaps the Barren Ground grizzly of the far North, U. richard- 
soni, about which very little is known. 


BIGHTH ANNUAL, REPORT. 193 


The type species, U. horribilis, is distributed throughout the 
Rockies from Alaska to Mexico, with two subspecies, the Alas- 
kan grizzly, U. alascensis, described from Norton Sound, the ex- 
istence of which is still in dispute, and the great California 
grizzly, U. horriaeus. 


THE BROWN BEAR GROUP. 


The third and, judged by the same tests, the latest group to ar- 
rive was that of the Alaskan brown bears. Its members have 
departed but little from the Eurasian bears, and a comparison of 
forms may bring the resemblance still closer. 

These bears have known a distribution along the South Alaska 
coast as far as the mountains at the head of Portland Canal, and 
extend probably far inland toward the north. While the group 
has split up into a number of races, the gradations are scarcely 
distinguishable, and it is probable that the further examination 
of specimens from intermediate points will result in the merging 
of some of the species. 

The American type of the brown bear is the great Kodiak bear, 
U. middendorfi, from Kodiak and adjoining islands. It is the 
largest of all living carnivores, and is closely related to the main- 
land bear along the adjoining coast. 

These mainland bears have been assigned to a number of spe- 
cies or subspecies, beginning on the west in the Alaskan penin- 
sula: U. merriami or U. gyas; farther to the east, U. kidderi of 
Cook Inlet, U. dalli of Yakutat Bay, and U. sitkensis, which 
appears to be the most eastern of the group. 

Turning now to the fossil record, we find no fossil bear in 
North America until the Pleistocene, whereas bear abounded in 
Europe in the Lower Pliocene. A related form, known as Arcto- 
therium, entered South America during the Pleistocene, but un- 
doubtedly came from the north, as it has also been found in the 
Pleistocene cave deposits of California. 


MUSTELINES OR WEASELS. 


Of the American members of the Mustelidae there are but three 
genera which are peculiar to America. First, the American 
badger, Tavidea, which dates back at least as far as the Pleisto- 
cene; and the skunks, Mep/itis and Spilogale, neither of which 
have Eurasian equivalents nor American ancestors. Paleontol- 
ogy gives us but little light on these three genera. 


194 NEW YORK. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


The Family Mustelidae is cosmopolitan from the Middle Eo- 
cene, and, as its members have always been numerous in America, 
we should expect to find other equally distinct forms here, but, 
as a matter of fact, we are indebted to Eurasia for most of the 
well-known forms, the otter, the wolverine, the fisher, the marten, 
the mink and the weasel. 


RACCOONS. 


The Old World family of civets, Viverridae, is entirely un- 
known in America, and its place is taken, on this continent, by the 
peculiar family of the raccoons, Procyonidae, which are of North 
American extraction, and have no relatives in the Old World.* 
The line of ancestry of the raccoons leads back on this continent 
in a series, of which we have the most important links, to certain 
primitive Canidae of the Oligocene. 

The Bassariscus, one of the most interesting of the raccoons, 
is probably an almost unaltered survivor of one of these primitive 
forms. 


THE WOLVES AND FOXES. 


The Canidae, like the Mustelidae, swarm in North America 
from the Oligocene down, and in fact are cosmopolitan. The 
evidence of the direct descent of the more typical forms is incon- 
clusive, but the species of the Upper Miocene, in North America, 
are in general more nearly related to living South American and 
certain Old World types than our present wolves and foxes. This 
is as it should be, and is another evidence of the migration of the 
old types southward, and their replacement in North America 
by later immigrants. 

The Virginia gray fox, Urocyon, forms the only distinctly 
American genus of this family, and is possibly a survivor of the 
preglacial fauna. Our other wolves, Canis, and foxes, Vulpes, 
are close relatives of Eurasian forms. 


THE FELINES OR CATS. 


The remaining family of the Carnivores, the Felidae, is also 
well-nigh cosmopolitan in distribution, and the species that form 


* Panda is to be referred to the bears rather than to the raccoons. 


FIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 195 


the type genus Felis are nearly all closely related, and vary in 
size and color rather than in structure. 

The sabre-toothed tigers were in North America in the Plio- 
cene, and entered South America in numbers at that time. 
Recent discoveries indicate an American line of sabre-tooths 
back to the Lower Oligocene and perhaps earlier, and one genus, 
Smilodon, existed until comparatively recent times, even as late 
as the Middle Pleistocene. 

The type genus, Felis, occurs doubtfully in the Upper Miocene, 
and certainly in the Pleistocene, but this genus undoubtedly 
achieved its development in Asia, and thence spread throughout 
the world. 

To the puma is probably to be assigned a rather more recent 
development, as, while it ranges from Canada to Patagonia, the 
local races which have arisen are all of doubtful value. Closely 
related fossil forms, however, suggest a possible American origin 
of great antiquity on this continent. 

In America, the genus Lynx, which is a thoroughly northern, 
possibly boreal, type, contains three well-marked species, L. can- 
adensis, L. rufus, L. baileyi, the last a western form, together 
with ten or more subspecies. All are closely related to European 
forms. 


RODENTS. 


Of the great order of Rodents, two interesting families are 
confined to North America. The curious sewellel, or mountain 
beaver, Haplodon, is surely of American origin. It has no near 
relatives outside of North America, and can probably be traced 
back, through Lower Miocene forms, as far as the Oligocene. 
The Geomyidae or pouched rats are also peculiar to America. 
Of the true Muridae, the genus Fiber, the muskrat, goes back to 
the Lower Pleistocene. Since it is closely related to the voles, 
Arvicola, it also is probably of Eurasian origin. 

As has been already mentioned, the porcupines represent a 
peculiar group of South American rodents, which has now at- 
tained a world-wide distribution, and is interesting as the sole 
contribution of South America to the fauna of Eurasia and 
Africa. The genus Erithizon may have been developed in North 
America, but the ancestral type unquestionably came from the 
south. 


196 NEW YORK, ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY: 


THE UNGULATES. 


The next great group to be considered is the order of Ungu- 
lates. 


PECCARIES. 


Like the American deer and prong-horn, the peccaries form a 
peculiar American family, Dicotylidae, and are the American 
equivalents of the Old World swine, to which they are not closely 
related. They entered South America in the Pleistocene, but 
existed in North America throughout the Pliocene, Miocene and 
back into the Oligocene, and their North American ancestry has 
been clearly traced. 


BOVINES. 


BISON. 


The next family of the Ungulates is the Bovidae, and its larg- 
est American member is the bison, Bison americanus, which is very 
closely related to the European bison or wisent, B. bonassus, now 
often miscalled the aurochs. 

The American bison is probably a relatively recent immigrant 
from the Old World. It does not occur in the Lower Pleistocene 
Equus fauna, but comes in abundantly just above. Several other 
species of fossil bison go back to about the Middle Pleistocene, 
one, B. priscus, being found fossil both in Europe and in Alaska. 
These bison probably represent other species which arrived at the 
same time, rather than the ancestral stock of the living animal. 

Additional proof of its recent arrival is indicated by the fact 
that while attaining the greatest numerical development of any 
American hoofed animal, and with an immense range, extending 
from Great Slave Lake to Mexico, from the Rockies to the 
Atlantic tidewater, and northeastward into New York State, it 
appears to have developed but one imperfectly marked subspe- 
cies in the far North, known as the wood buffalo, B. americanus 
- athabascae. 


MUSK-OX, 


The bovine nearest to the bison, in point of size, is the musk- 
ox, Ovibos moschatus, which is now entirely confined to the Bar- 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 197 


ren Grounds, south and east of Cape Bathurst, and the great 
arctic islands to the north of the continent, including Greenland, 
where the local race has been described under the name of O. 
wardt. 

For some reason probably connected with the food supply, 
it has disappeared from Alaska, and it is only reeently extinct in 
the Old World. The musk-ox probably came into America about 
the same time as the bison, in fact all the Bovidae probably ar- 
rived about the Middle Pleistocene, at the same time as Cervus. 
In the recently discovered cave fauna of Arkansas a large species 
of musk-ox has been found. 


MOUNTAIN SHEEP. 
ay. 

With the mountain sheep we have a case very similar to that 
of the bears and the wapiti. The genus Ovis ranges throughout 
Eurasia, and, like Ursus and Cervus, has one outlying species in 
North Africa. 

In Asia it extends eastward to Kamchatka, having, apparently, 
its distributional centre in the central Asiatic plateau, where it 
culminates in the great Marco Polo sheep, O. poli, whose horns 
have a sweeping open spiral, and which is one of the most highly 
prized trophies that can fall to a sportsman’s rifle. 

The Eurasian sheep nearest in habitat and structure to the 
American form is the Kamchatkan sheep, O. nivicola, and the 
closely related O. sirensis of Mongolia. The great Ovis am- 
mon is also close. In fact, nearly all the Eurasiatic members of 
the genus are very closely related to each other, and to the Ameri- 
can forms. : 

These latter, while obviously of Eurasian origin, have been 
here long enough to split up into three good species and four sub- 
species, chiefly characterized by their coloration, but in some 
cases by their horn development. 

Beginning at the northwest, the Alaskan white sheep, O. dalli, 
ranges throughout Alaska and the adjoining Rockies. The dis- 
tribution of the closely related Fannin sheep, O. fannini, which 
is a white sheep with dark saddle-patch and other dark markings, 
is much more limited, and appears to be surrounded by the dis- 
tributional area of O. dalli. Its value as a full species remains to 
be determined. Both these sheep resemble the type big-horn of 
the Rockies in the relatively close spiral of the horns, but do not 
grow so large in bulk. 


198 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


To the south of these two sheep and in the Cassiar Mountains 
of British Columbia, thus interposed between it and the true Rocky 
Mountain big-horn, is the Stone sheep, O. stonei, which is very 
dark in color, and the horns of which have a decidedly open spiral, 
suggestive of the wide sweep of the horns of O. poll. 

Small dark sheep, with horns of an open spiral, extend along 
the Selkirks in British Columbia to the American border, while 
the sheep of the main Rockies in the same latitude are clearly of 
the type species and have an extremely close spiral. 

South of the Stone sheep, ranging from British Columbia into 
Mexico, is the true Rocky Mountain big-horn, O. cervina, with 
three subspecies; first, a salmon-colored race in Southern Cali- 
fornia, O. nelsoni; second, an outlying form in Old Mexico, O. 
mexicanus; and third, in the Bad Lands of the upper Missouri 
River, O. audubont. 


ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT. 


The only remaining member of the Bovidae to be considered 
is the Rocky Mountain goat, Oreamnos, consisting of two species, 
O. montanus, extending from the northern Rockies of the United 
States into Alaska, where it is replaced near the western limit of 
its range by an allied species, O. kennedyi, the horns of which are 
lyrate and relatively wide spreading. The British Columbian 
mountain goat is a much larger and finer animal than the type 
species in the United States, and has recently been assigned a 
subspecific rank, as has the smaller form in the mountains of 
Idaho. 

We would expect to find more species of this animal, as it is 
a very aberrant form of the mountain antelopes or Rupicaprinae, 
a subfamily of the Bovidae, of which the chamois is the best 
known member. While not in any sense goats, the members of 
this genus are to some extent intermediate between the true or 
bovine antelopes and the goats. 

The genus most closely allied to Oreamnos is Nemorhaedus, 
the members of which inhabit the central Asiatic plateau, where 
_ they are known to sportsmen as the goral. An outlying form 
in Japan, N. crispus, is well known as the serow. 

This strange and interesting inhabitant of the Rocky Moun- 
tains is assigned to a peculiar genus, sharing its characters 
with no Old World species, and, while its lineage cannot be traced 
farther back on this continent than the Upper Pleistocene, still 


EFIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 199 


its closest Eurasian relatives are farther removed than are those 
of the other American genera of the Bovidae. In other words, 
the gulf between Oreamnos and the nearest Eurasian form is of 
generic instead of specific dimensions. 

In discussing the antiquity of Oreamnos, it must be borne in 
mind that it may well be, and probably is, as recent an immigrant 
as the other three genera of the Bovidae. A closely allied species 
may have existed in Siberia until very recently. Once extinct, 
and with no known fossil remains, we should have no trace of its 
existence. In the case of the musk-ox, the Eurasian and Alaskan 
forms died out, but their fossil remains were found and demon- 
strated the former existence of the genus in those countries. 

As to the fossil record of the Bovidae in general, no sheep, 
goats, antelope or true oxen have been found fossil in America. 
In fact goats, antelopes, and true oxen never existed on this con- 
tinent, and no bovines of any sort appear until the Middle Pleisto- 
cene, so that all the American genera of the Bovidae are beyond 
dispute of Eurasian origin. 

Comparing these four outlying groups with the wonderful de- 
velopment which the members of this family attain in the Old 
World, we cannot help regretting, either that the American rep- 
resentatives have not been here longer, and evolved more dis- 
tinct and striking types, or else that nature had, in the first in- 
stance, been more lavish in the number of species which crossed 
the Behring Sea land bridge. 

Considering the Family Bovidae as a whole, we find by far the 
greatest number of genera and species in the Ethiopian region, 
and there can be little doubt that further investigation of the 
fossil fauna of Africa will disclose the ancestors of the extraor- 
dinary bovine antelopes which flourish on that continent. 

It is most probable that all the Bovidae achieved their develop- 
ment in Africa in Oligocene and Miocene times. They first ap- 
peared in Eurasia, in the early Pliocene, became abundant and 
spread rapidly throughout the continent, reaching North Amer- 
ica at a much later period, the Middle Pleistocene. At an 
early date some members of this family pushed to the far north, 
and becoming adapted to boreal conditions, produced types like 
the musk-ox. Others accepted a mountain habitat, and developed 
the goats, the sheep, and the mountain antelopes, the latter exem- 
plified by the American Oreamnos. 


200 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


THE DEER. 


In contrast to this probable African origin of the Bovidae, there 
is little doubt that the Cervidae, or deer family, achieved its 
development in Eurasia, with an important outlying group on 
this continent, which, springing from some early Eurasian ances- 
tor, developed into the American deer, Odocoileus. 

There are in America five genera of this family. The first 
two, the moose, Alces, and the caribou, Rangifer, are circumpolar 
in distribution. Being animals of large size and great endurance, 
they can and do make long migrations, the moose rarely and only 
when impelled by danger or failing food supply, and the caribou 
at regular intervals. It is consequently not surprising to find a 
close resemblance between the Old and New World species of 
each genus. 

Both the moose and caribou may have developed in some 
as yet unknown subarctic land. In fact these two genera seem to 
afford the only evidence from the fauna of North America in 
support of the theory of the boreal continent. Of the two, the 
caribou shows, in its structure, more adaptation to Arctic condi- 
tions. 

Of the American moose only two species are known, one of 
limited distribution in southern Alaska, A. gigas, and the other, 
A. americanus, ranging from the limit of tree growth in western 
and northern Alaska to Nova Scotia on the Atlantic coast, and 
just entering the United States at several points along its north- 
ern boundary. It is a larger and finer animal than its Eurasian 
relative. This, too, holds true of the caribou. 

We have in the American Pleistocene deposits a mooselike 
form known as Cervalces, with complex antlers which are highly 
suggestive of those of the giant Alaskan moose. This animal 
was Closely related and possibly ancestral to the moose, in which 
case the moose may have developed in the northern part of the 
continent and crossed into Eurasia. More probably it represents 
another and somewhat aberrant species of moose, coming in at 
the same time from northern Siberia or other boreal lands. 

In the genus Rangifer we have a greater variety of types, and 
the species fall naturally into two groups: barren ground caribou 
and woodland caribou. 

The first has five species: Fe. granti, of the Alaskan Peninsula on 
the west; FR. stonei, of the Kenai Peninsula and adjoining main- 
land (the handsomest of barren ground caribou) ; the typical R. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 201 


arcticus, of the Barren Grounds; FR. pearyi, of Ellesmereland, and 
R. groenlandicus, of Greenland. 

The second group, of woodland caribou, holds four species, all 
of which lie to the south of the barren ground species. In con- 
trast to their northern cousins they are forest animals. In the 
Cassiar Mountains of British Columbia we have R. osborni, 
handsomest and largest of all caribou; R. montanus, of British 
Columbia, passing over the border into the United States; R. 
caribou, of Canada, east into Nova Scotia, and FR. terraenovae, 
in Newfoundland. 

These nine species are all fairly well separated, and are all, 
but especially the barren ground group, closely related to the 
Eurasian reindeer, of which as yet only three species have 
been described. Their varietal development on this continent 
indicates a long residence here, longer probably than that of the 
moose. 

The next genus of the deer, Cervus, has one outlying member 
in America, the wapiti. This genus first appears fossil in the 
Middle Pleistocene, and has only developed two local races of 
doubtful value, C. occidentalis, or the Olympic elk, and C. mer- 
riami, a small form from Arizona and the San Joaquin Valley in 
California. The wapiti once ranged to the Atlantic Ocean and 
as far northeast as the Rcondacls and in the East may possibly 
have had local characters of subspecific value. 


THE AMERICAN DEER. 


Last of all the deer we come to a strongly marked genus, Odo- 
coileus, which includes all North American deer not referred to 
above. There are in the United States and Canada at least four 
well-marked species, with seven or eight subspecies. In South 
and Central America there are at least twenty additional species, 
all belonging to Odocoileus, together with a closely related genus 
containing one small and aberrant form, Pudua. 

All deer being of northern origin, these South American deer 
show signs of the deterioration which inevitably overtakes the 
members of the deer family when they enter the tropics. 

Only three of the North American species need be referred to: 
first, the Virginia deer, O. virginianus, extending with its sub- 
species westward into the Rockies and south into Florida and 
Texas, where it meets the closely related Coues’ deer, O. couesi; 
second, the mule deer, O. hemionus, of the Western plains and 


202 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


Rockies ; and, third, the Columbia black-tailed deer of the Pacific 
coast, O. columbianus, with its outlying subspecies in the North, 
the Sitka deer, O. c. sitkensis. 

The genus Odocoileus departs widely from all the Old World 
types. Its closest allies, as far as foot structure is concerned, are 
Alces and Rangifer. 

These American deer have been on this continent for a very 
long time, possibly as far back as the Miocene. They have spread 
throughout both North and South America, and have developed 
many well-defined species, both facts indicating a long period of 
radiation on this continent. The antlers of Odocoileus cannot be 
in any way correlated with those of any other genus of the deer 
family, least of all with those of Cervus. 

All the members of the Cervidae sprang originally from the 
same stock, but this ancestral form was either hornless, or else 
had a simple spike, with, at most, a single branch, resembling the 
dag-antler of the yearling. This spike-horn ancestor is probably 
the correct explanation, as otherwise it is necessary to assume 
that the different members of the deer family acquired the ex- 
traordinary character of deciduous antlers independently, and to 
find a common ancestor we should have to go back to a hornless 
cervine, resembling the existing musk-deer or the Chinese water 
deer. 

A Miocene group of ruminants found in North America, 
which has heretofore been considered as possibly ancestral both 
to Odocoileus and Antilocapra, proves, on close investigation, to 
be a new and separate family, or at least a clearly defined subfam- 
ily of the Bovidae. This group includes Cosoryx, Blastomeryx 
and Merycodus. 

These merycodonts are practically antlered antelopes, being in 
foot structure, the high molar crowns, and in other char- 
acters, close to the bovine antelopes, and still closer to Antilo- 
capra, and, were it not for the antlers, they might be considered 
ancestral to the latter. In this affinity to the prong-horns they 
suggest an American ancestry for that animal. 

Paleomeryx, however, is a true deer, and is found both in the 
American Miocene and in the European Oligocene. It is a gen- 
eralized cervine. The American forms had unbranched antlers, 
situated directly over the eye, apparently with permanent velvet, 
and without a burr, suggesting in these respects the giraffe. The 
European forms, however, although earlier, were much more spe- 
cialized, and had both a burr and naked antlers, with a single 
prong. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 203 


The existence of Paleomeryx in America proves that as early 
as the Miocene, deer existed here, which could readily have given 
rise to Odocoileus. This, taken together with the fact that there 
is no known Old World line which suggests Odocoileus, would 
indicate an American origin for the latter animal. Nevertheless 
Odocoileus is not found fossil earlier than the Middle Pleisto- 
cene, when both O. virginianus and O. hemionus appear at the 
same time with Cervus. 


THE PRONG-HORN OR AMERICAN ANTELOPE. 


Of the prong-horn, Antilocapra americana, and its aberrant 
characters, much could be written. It is not an antelope, not even 
in the sense that the mountain goat is an antelope, but stands ab- 
solutely alone, and represents one of Nature’s efforts to evolve a 
horned animal. It certainly has developed all its peculiar charac- 
ters on this continent, but has not yet been found fossil earlier 
than the Lower Pleistocene. 

Although the family Antilocapridae has but one genus and a 
single species, with a northern and southern form, yet its charac- 
ters are so extraordinary that it is properly assigned to a rank of 
equal value with the Cervidae and the Bovidae. 

The horns of the prong-horn differ greatly from those of the 
other hollow-horned ruminants, but not so much as do the horns 
of the latter from the antlers of the deer, but all the structural 
characters of the prong-horn, other than its exceptional horns, 
indicate an affinity with the bovine antelopes rather than with 
the deer. 

First we have the peculiarity of the horns being placed directly 
over the eye, a character which the prong-horn seems to share 
with the American Miocene antlered antelopes or merycodonts. 
Next, the horn structure itself is unique. It is not a bony process 
of the skull, like the antlers of the deer, but grows over a persist- 
ent horn-core. It is pronged, and, above all, is annually shed not 
long after the rutting season. 

The horns of the Bovidae are a process of the skin, of the same 
material as hoofs, claws and nails. But the horns of the prong- 
buck are composed of agglutinated hair, paralleling in this respect 
the horn of the rhinoceros. However, hair is also an epidermal 
process, and the horns of the prong-buck are histologically closely 
related to those of the Bovidae. 

The horns of other hollow-horned ruminants may be spiral, 


204 NEW YORK + ZOOLOGICAL VSOCiEiINe 


lyrate, straight or curved, annulated or studded with bosses, but 
they can never be forked, and are never deciduous. 

Which of these types of horn structure is the most ancient, that 
of the prong-horn, of the bovines, of the deer, or of the giraffe, 
we do not know, but the present evidence from paleontology in- 
dicates that the lines of descent diverged before horns came into 
existence. 

The giraffe and the kindred okapi form another great group 
of horned animals, representing an entirely different scheme of 
structure, the horns being persistent and permanently covered 
with velvet. It has been suggested that this horn is a mere gen- 
eralized structure, from which were evolved the antlers of the deer. 
This theory does not seem well supported by the facts, especially 
since a new species of giraffe has been recently discovered in 
Africa with an additional pair of horns, making five in all, the 
two extra horns being, like the third horn of the common species, 
quite rudimentary. 

The okapi also has two rudimentary horn cores, indicated ex- 
ternally by mere tufts of hair. All these horns are rudimentary 
and cannot be correlated with the antlers of the deer. 

A number of giraffine forms have been found in the Pliocene 
of Greece and India, and the Giraftidae appear to represent a sep- 
arate line of descent from a hornless ancestor of African ante- 
cedents. 

Nature made similar experiments in North America with the 
colossal Titanotheres, giving them paired horns on the extreme 
front of the skull, and with the Uintatheres, which had three pairs 
of horns. These efforts appear to have resulted in failures, since 
the groups no sooner obtained their full development than they 
rapidly became extinct. 

On the other hand the rhinoceroses, with unpaired horns, set in 
the median line of the skull, have survived to the present day. 

The horns of the giraffe and the bovines are present in both 
sexes, and are primarily weapons of defense, although the horns 
of male bovines are larger and stronger than those of the females. 
The branched and deciduous antlers of the deer and the prong- 
horn, on the other hand, are confined to the males, practically 

without exception,* and being functional only during the mating 
half of the year, are consequently secondary sexual characters. 


* The female Caribou has small antlers. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 20 


Or 


DERIVATION OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS. 


DIDELPHIDAE: MARSUPIALS. 
Didelphys, Opossum......... North American, of great antiquity. 


DASYPODIDAE: EDENTATES. 
Gubassous ArinadilO~ strc. cok case eens oes-o: South American. 


ERITHIZONTIDAE: RODENTS. 
TOM EMMP SIUC Sate eons SNES EON fo hee WA eR care South American. 
HAPLODONTIDAE: 5 
Sewellel, | 


GEOMYIDAE: | 
Pouched Rats, 
@ fherMamiilves ar emieccnee cies seioe as se ee ee Eurasiatic or Cosmopolitan. 


UNGULATES. 


ie ys: Set atctis ah dS eA heee eNOIM tie Alin Gil Cam 


BOVIDAE: 
Ovibos, Musk-Ox, ) 
Bison, Buffalo, | Eurasiatic, possibly of remote African 
Ovis, Mountain Sheep. ‘ origin. 
Oreamnos, Mountain Goat, 
CERVIDAE: 
Alces, Moose, ) 
Rangifer, Caribou, § 
ECEEOP NaI tM then tar ancia atte © GR tach secre 6, Seconds Sarselass Eurasiatic. 
OdocoileusseAmerican) DW ecetyaen caste oie eee North American. 
ANTILOCAPRIDAE: 
Alaa pate IiRos=lalOinbo ahacooohasscoacddaacoce North American. 


DICOTYLIDAE: 
IDCORVIES MP eCCATY see eein ken eet ne Seine ee oe North American. 


URSIDAE: CARNIVORES. 


Ursus—Black Bear Group, Se : Oley a 
Goce Bear a sige ee arriving in the 


Brown Bear Group, 


MUSTELIDAE: 
Taxidea, Badger, © 
Mephitis, | Semis, steric cbeieits Inc ate dee Meech North American. 


Spilogale, § 
Gulo, Wolverine, 
Mustela, Marten, 
IES: INGi es Mt eo ods So roo ane Some aGaaoo 0G no OGaO Eurasiatic. 
Lutra, Otter, 
Latax, Sea Otter, 

PROCGYONIDAE: 
Bassariscus, Cacomistle, | 
Procyon, Raccoon, [voce teres eee ee dees ese North American. 
Nasua, Coati Mundi, 

CANIDAE: 
Urocyon, Gray Fox..................North American, doubtfully. 
Canis, Wolf, ?} 


Th ioe, Bee I) Tee Ue RO OB SO BOERS Ga aca na sa o0 5335 Eurasiatic. 
FELIDAE: 
MEM aga PUY TUK) 5 <vicsenis 21s) «ia;s, +. 2/0's tynle «<p olor, ete stesicsee mys one sso Eurasiatic. 


Piece MPAs rie stot, ai01 aah eae, eve Svein lathe ra eerie Eurasiatic, probably. 


206 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


To sum up the contents of the preceding pages we find that we 
have: 

First: The Puerco radiation (in Europe also in part) ; 

Second: The Wasatch or Lower Eocene radiation (in Europe 
also in part). 

In each of these two radiations we have three elements: 

a. A fauna found both in America and in Europe; 

b. An independent American fauna; 

c. An independent Eurasiatic fauna. 

Third: A portion of the Second or Wasatch American fauna, 
by migration into Europe. 

Fourth: A portion of the Second or Lower Eocene Eurasiatic 
fauna, by migration into America. 

In Miocene times there also appears an African fauna, a large 
portion of which enters Europe and Asia, sending into North and 
South America mastodons, and into North America only mam- 
moths and modified Bovidae. In Pliocene times North America 
receives a South American fauna. 

This completes our review of the important mammals of North 
America. 

We find that the great majority of our large animals came 
recently from Eurasia, but all have been here long enough to 
develop characters of specific rank. 

There is also a native element, which seems to have survived 
the devastation of the glaciers, including the prong-horn, the 
American deer, the peccaries, the raccoons and the opossums. 

A small South American element, consisting chiefly of the 
armadillos and the porcupines, of considerable antiquity, can also 
be traced. 

The element of recent arrivals is naturally strongest in the 
North, and in the Arctic itself we find certain species, like the 
white bear and the arctic fox, which are circumpolar in their 
distribution. 

In the South the native element and the South American types 
become more and more prominent as we proceed through the 
United States and Mexico southward, until at last the face of 
nature changes, and we find ourselves in the tropics, amid the 
strange fauna of South America. 


The writer desires to express his deep sense of appreciation of the 
courtesy and aid in the preparation of the above paper, of Prof. Henry 
Fairfield Osborn and of Dr. W. D. Matthew, both for their special knowl- 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 207 


edge of the subjects treated and for the material placed at his disposal by 
them in the American Museum of Natural History, and also to William 
T. Hornaday, Director of the New York Zoological Park. 

Reference has been had to the following books: 

The Geography of Mammals, by W. L. and P. L. Sclater. 

Mammals Living and Extinct, by Flower and Lydekker. 

Geographic History of Mammals, by Lydekker. .. 

Mammalia, by F. E. Beddard. 

Distribution of Animals, by Angelo Heilprin. 

Island Life, by Alfred Russel Wallace. 

A Synopsis of the Mammals of North America, by Daniel Giraud Elliot. 

And especially: The Rise of the Mammalia in North America, The 
Law of Adaptive Radiation, in American Naturalist, 1902, The Faunal 
Relations of Europe and America, and Theory of the Successive Invasions 
of an African Fauna into Europe, New York Academy of Science, 1900, 
by Henry Fairfield Osborn. 

Classification of the Fresh-Water Tertiary, The Merycodus, Field 
Notes, etc., in the Bulletins of the American Museum of Natural History, 
by W. D. Matthew. 

Polar Climate in Time, by G. R. Wieland, in the American Journal of 
Science for December, 1903. 

Origin of the Primates, by J. L. Wortman, in the American Journal of 
Science for June, 1903. 


BY-LAWS 


OF THE 


Pew Work Zoological Society 


AMENDED TO FEBRUARY I, I903. 


ARTICLE I 
MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 


Section 1. The office and place of business of the New York Zoological 
Society shall be in the City of New York, unless otherwise ordered. 

Sec. 2. The Society shall hold its annual meeting for the election of 
Managers, and other business, on the second Tuesday of January, or such 
day thereafter during the month of January to which said annual meeting 
shall adjourn. 

Sec. 3. Special meetings of the Society shall be called by the Secre- 
tary, upon the request of the President or the Chairman of the Executive 
Committee, or at the written request of ten members. 

Sec. 4. Notices of all meetings shall be mailed to each member of the 
Society at least three days before such meeting. 

Sec. 5. At meetings of the Society twenty members shall constitute 
a quorum. 

Sec. 6. The order of business shall be as follows: 

Roll call. 

Reading of minutes not previously read. 
Report of Executive Committee. 

Report of Secretary. 

Report of Treasurer. 

Report of Director of the Zoological Park. 
Report of Director of the Aquarium. 
Election of Managers. 

Communications. 

Miscellaneous business. 

Reports and resolutions. 


FSO RN DUARWH A 


iio! 


ARTICLE. iL 
BOARD OF MANAGERS. 


Sec. 1. The Board of Managers shall consist of thirty-six members, 
together with the Mayor of New York and President of the Park Board, 
or Commissioner for the Bronx, who shall be members ex-officio of the 
Board. 

Sec. 2. Nineteen Managers shall constitute a quorum, but ten man- 
agers may transact current business, and adjourn, subject to the subsequent 
approval of a meeting at which a quorum shall be present. 

Sec. 3. The Board of Managers shall hold an annual meeting on the 
third Tuesday of January, or on stich day thereafter to which said annual 
meeting shall adjourn. Regular meetings of the Board may also be called 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 209 


by the Secretary on the third Tuesdays of October and April, upon the re- 
quest of the President or Chairman of the Executive Committee. Special 
meetings of the Board shall be called at any time by the Secretary, upon 
the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Committee, 
or at the written request of five Managers. 

Sec. 4. Notices of meetings of the Board shall be mailed to each Man- 
ager at least three days before such meetings. 

Sec. 5. The successors to the outgoing class of Managers shall be 
elected by the Society at its annual meeting, but vacancies in the Board 
may be filled for the unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the 
Executive Committee. 

Sec. 6. A Nominating Committee shall be annually appointed by the 
Executive Committee, and shall consist of three members of the Society 
at large, who shall nominate and post ten days before the annual election 
the names of twelve persons to succeed the outgoing class of Managers in 
a conspicuous place in the office of the Society. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible for election to the Board of Man- 
agers, except to fill vacancies, unless his name shall have been posted as a 
candidate by such Committee, or by not less than ten members, in’ writing, 
in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society ten days before the 
annual election. All candidates for election as Managers must be Life 
Members, Patrons, Associate Founders, or Founders of the Society. 

Sec. 8. Any Manager who shall fail to attend three consecutive meet- 
ings of the Board, unless excused by vote of the Board, shall cease to be 
a Manager. 

Sec. 9. The Board of Managers shall at its annual meeting elect a 
President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, who shall 
hold office for one year, of until their successors are elected. The Presi- 
dent, Vice-Presidents, and Treasurer shall be members of the Board. 

Sec. 10. The Director of the Zoological Park, the Director of the 
Aquarium, and all other persons employed by the Society, shall be appointed 
by the Board or by the Executive Committee, and shall hold office during 
the pleasure of the Board. 

Sec. 11. The Board shall, at its annual meeting, elect an Executive 
Committee and Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year, 
or until their successors are elected. The Board of Managers and the 
Executive Committee shall also have authority to appoint such other Com- 
mittees or Officers as they may at any time deem desirable, and to delegate 
to them such powers as may be necessary. 

Sec. 12. The order of business of the meetings of the Board shall be 


as follows: 
Teeollecall: 
2. Reading of minutes not previously read. 
3. Report of Executive Committee. 
4. Report of Secretary. 
5. Report of Dreasurer,. 
6. Report of Auditing Committee. 
7. Report of Directors of the Zoological Park. 
8. Report of Director of the Aquarium. 
g. Election of Officers. 
10. Election of Committees. 
11. Election of new members. 
12. Communications. 
13. Miscellaneous business. 


Sec. 13. All reports and resolutions shall be in writing, and the ayes 
and nays may be called on any resolution at the request of one Manager. 

Sec. 14. Whenever the funds of the Society shall permit, the Board 
of Managers or the Executive Committee may award medals or other 
prizes for meritorious work connected with the objects of the Society. 


210 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


ARTICLE ir. 
OFFICERS. 


Sec. 1. The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, two 
Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary and a Director of the Zoological 
Park. These officers, with the exception of the Director, shall be elected 
at the annual meeting of the Board of Managers, but any vacancy may be 
filled for an unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the Executive 
Committee, until the next annual election. 

Sec. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and of 
the Society, and shall be ex-officio a member of the Executive and Auditing 
Committees. 

Sec. 3. The Vice-Presidents shall, in the absence of the President, 
eco his duties and possess his powers, acting in the order of their 
election. 

Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall receive, collect and hold, subject to the 
order of the Board of Managers, or the Executive Committee, all dues, 
subscriptions, warrants from the City, fees and securities. He shall pay 
all bills as ordered by the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee, 
and shall report to the Society at its annual meeting, and to the Board of 
Managers at all regular meetings and to the Executive Committee at each 
meeting. He shall keep all moneys and securities in some bank or trust 
company to be approved by the Board of Managers or Executive Com- 
mittee. The books of the Society shall at all times be open to the inspec- 
tion of the Managers. 

Sec. 5. The Secretary shall be a salaried officer of the Society. He 
shall be present, unless otherwise relieved by the Board or Executive 
Committee, at all meetings of the Society, of the Board and of the Stand- 
ing Committees. He shall keep a careful record of all proceedings, shall 
have the custody of the seal, archives and books, other than books of 
account, and shall conduct the correspondence of the Society. He shall 
issue all notices and tickets and shall perform such other duties as the 
Board may direct. He shall be a member ex-officio of the Executive, 
Aquarium and Auditing Committees and of the Scientific Council. 

Sec. 6. The Director of the Zoological Park shall be elected annually 
by the Executive Committee at a salary to be determined by said Com- 
mittee, and paid monthly from funds of the Society. He shall be the 
responsible administrative officer of the Park, and shall recommend to the 
Executive Committee candidates for the various positions in the Park. 
He shall also perform all such other duties in connection with the busi- 
ness, scientific and literary administration of the Society as may be assigned 
to him by the Executive Committee. 

Sec. 7. The Director of the Aquarium shall be elected annually by 
the Executive Committee, and shall hold office until removed or his suc- 
cessor is chosen by said Committee. He shall be the responsible admin- 
istrative officer of the Aquarium, and shall recommend to the Executive 
Committee all candidates for positions in the Aquarium. The Director 
of the Aquarium shall be ex-officio a member-and Chairman of the Aqua- 
rium Committee. He shall perform such other duties in connection with 
the Aquarium as may be assigned to him by the Executive Committee. 


ARTICUE WV. 
COMMITTEES, 


Sec. 1. There shall be two standing committees, the Executive Com- 
mittee and the Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year 
or until their successors are elected. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 211 


Sec. 2, The Executive Committee shall consist of seven Managers, 
together with the President and Secretary of the Society e+-officio. Four 
members shall constitute a quorum, and all meetings shall be called by the 
Chairman. The Executive Committee shall fill all vacancies in its own 
number and shall have the full powers of the Board of Managers, except 
so far as such delegation of power may be contrary to law. 

Sec. 3. The Executive Committee shall have the control and regula- 
tion of the collections, library and all other property of the Society, and 
shall have power to purchase, sell and exchange specimens and books, to 
employ and control all officials and employees of the Society, Park, and 
Aquarium, and generally to carry out in detail the directions of the Board 
of Managers and the terms of any contract between the City, or Park 
Board, and the Society. 

Sec. 4. All the rules and regulations for the examination of applicants 
for the various positions in the Park and Aquarium shall be made or 
approved by the Executive Committee. 

Sec. 5. The Executive Committee may regulate the auditing and pay- 
ment for all current accounts. 

Sec. 6. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aquarium 
Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Section 11 of Article 
IV. of these By-Laws. 

Sec. 7. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Nominat- 
ing Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Sections 6 and 
7, Article II. of these By-Laws. 

Sec. 8. It shall also appoint a Scientific Council, whose powers and 
duties are set forth in Section 2 of Article V. of these By-Laws. 

Sec. 9. The Committee shall make a written report at each regular 
meeting of the Board of Managers. 

Sec. 10. The Auditing Committee shall consist of three regular mem- 
bers of the Society, in addition to the President and Secretary, members 
ex-officio, and vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Committee. It 
shall be the duty of the Auditing Committee to audit, annually, the 
accounts of the Treasurer, of the Director of the Zoological Park, and of 
the Director of the Aquarium, and any other accounts of the Society, and 
shall report to the Board of Managers at its annual meeting. 

Sec. 11. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aquarium 
Committee of five members of this Society, who shall hold office until their 
successors are chosen. All vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Com- 
mittee. The Director of the Aquarium shall be ex-officio a member and 
the Chairman of the Aquarium Committee, and such Committee may vest 
in him any or all of its powers. The Chairman of the Executive Com- 
mittee and the Secretary of the Society shall also be ex-officio members 
of the Aquarium Committee. Three members shall constitute a quorum. 
The Executive Committee may delegate to the Aquarium Committee such 
powers as it may deem proper. 


ARTICLE. Ve 
SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL. 


Sec. 1. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Scientific 
Council of not more than ten members, and shall fill all vacancies. Mem- 
bers of the Council shall hold office until their successors are appointed. 

Sec. 2. The duties of the Council shall be to act as an advisory board 
in all matters pertaining to the scientific administration of the Society, 
and especially as to the scientific features of the Park, the promotion of 
zoology by publications and otherwise, and the preservation of the native 
fauna of America. 

Sec. 3. Four members, including the Chairman, shall constitute a 


212 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


quorum. The Chairman shall be elected annually by the Council. The 
Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society 
shall be members ex-officio of the Council. 


ARTICLE VE. 
MEMBERS. 


Sec. 1. The present members and such others as shall become asso- 
ciated with them, under the conditions prescribed by the By-Laws, shall 
be members of this Society as long as they shall comply with the By-Laws. 

Sec. 2. Members failing to comply with these By-Laws, or for other 
good and sufficient cause, may be expelled from the Society by the 
Executive Committee. 

Sec. 3. Candidates for membership shall be proposed and seconded by 
members of the Society. The name, occupation and place of residence of 
every member so proposed shall be submitted for election to the Board 
of Managers or the Executive Committee, and such person, when elected, 
shall become a member upon payment of the annual dues, or of the fees 
as prescribed below. 

Sec. 4. The annual dues shall be ten dollars, payable in advance, on 
the first day of May of each year, but the Executive Committee may remit 
the dues for the current year in the case of members elected between 
January Ist and May tst of each year. The classes of membership shall 
be as follows: 

Sec. 5. The payment of $200 at one time shall constitute any member 
a Life Member. : 

Sec. 6. The payment of $1,000 at one time, or in the case of a Life 
Member, of $800, shall constitute any member a Patron. 

Sec. 7. The payment of $2,500 at one time, or in the case of a Patron 
of $1,500, or of a Life Member of $2,300, shall constitute any member an 
Associate Founder. 

Sec. 8. Any member who shall donate to the Society $5,000, or prop- 
erty of equal value, or any Associate Founder who shall donate $2,500, 
or any Patron who shall donate $4,000, may be elected by the Board of 
Managers or Executive Committee a Founder. 

Sec. 9. Any member who shall have donated to the Society ten thou- 
sand dollars ($10,000), or its equivalent, may be elected by the Board of 
Managers or the Executive Committee a Founder in Perpetuity. Such 
Founder in Perpetuity shall have the power to designate by a last will 
and testament his successor, who shall thereupon be entitled to all the 
rights and privileges of the original Founder in Perpetuity, including the 
right of designating in turn his successor. 

Sec. 10. Any member who shall donate to the Society $25,000, or 
any Founder who shall donate $20,000, may be elected by the Board of 
Managers or Executive Committee a Benefactor. A Benefactor shall have 
all the rights and privileges of a Founder in Perpetuity. 

Src. 11. Persons who have rendered marked service in the science of 
zoology or natural history may be elected Honorary Members, but not 
more than three such Honorary Members shall be elected in any one 
calendar year. 

Sec. 12. A resident member who shall have rendered marked scien- 
tific or professional services to the Society in any branch of its work may 
be elected by the Executive Committee a Life Member, Patron, Associate 
Founder, or Founder. A resident of New York who shall have rendered 
marked services in zoology or natural history may be elected by the Execu- 
tive Committee a Permanent Fellow. 

Sec. 13. Non-residents who communicate valuable information to the 
Society, or who have rendered marked service in the science of zoology 
or natural history, may be elected Corresponding Members. 


EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 213 


Sec. 14. Benefactors, Founders in Perpetuity, Founders, Associate 
Founders, Patrons, Life Members, Honorary Members, Permanent Fel- 
lows and Corresponding Members shall be exempt from annual due. 


LAR TICE ES Vil; 
PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS. 


Sec. 1. A member’s ticket admits the member and his immediate 
family to the Park on reserve days, and to all lectures and special exhibi- 
tions, and may be used by the member’s immediate family, and shall be 
good for the current year. 

Sec. 2. Admission tickets to the Park and Aquarium on reserve days 
are issued to members for distribution, and are good for the current year. 

SEc. 3. Each member of the Society is entitled annually to a mem- 
ber’s ticket and to ten admission tickets. 

Sec. 4. Each member shall also receive one copy of the catalogue or 
handbook, the report and official publications of the Society, and shall 
* have all the privileges of the Library and Members’ Building. 

Sec. 5. No member shall be entitled to the privileges enumerated in 
this Article unless his annual dues shall have been paid. 

Sec. 6. The Life Members shall have all the privileges of Members 
and ten additional admission tickets. 

Sec. 7. Benefactors, Founders in Perpetuity, Founders, Associate 
Founders and Patrons shall have all the privileges of Life Members, and 
eee in addition receive copies of all scientific works published by the 

OGIEby..* 

Sec. 8. Any member who shall fail to pay his annual dues within 
three months after the same shall have become due, and after notice of 
thirty days, by mail, shall cease to be a member of the Society; subject, 
however, to reinstatement by the Board of Managers or Executive Com- 
mittee for good cause shown. 

Sec. 9. Any person elected to membership who shall fail to qualify 
within three months after notice of his election shall be considered to have 
declined his election; but such term may be extended by the Board of 
Managers or Executive Committee. 


AR TICES sVibk 


FINANCES. 


Sec. 1. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be the calendar year 
commencing January Ist and ending December 3ist. 

Sec. 2. Neither the Society nor any of its Managers or Officers shall 
contract any debt which, with existing debts, shall exceed in amount the 
funds then in the Treasury, except to meet expenditures for which the city 
is liable, and for which the Society will be reimbursed by warrants from 
the Comptroller’s office. 


Me AM KCIAD DS 
AMENDMENTS. 


Sec. 1. Amendments to these By-Laws may be proposed, in writing, 
at any meeting of the Board of Managers, and adopted by unanimous con- 
sent of the Managers present, or if such proposed amendment shall fail 
to receive unanimous consent, the Secretary shall, with the notices of the 
next meeting, send a copy of it to each Manager and state that it will 
be brought up for action at such meeting, when it may be passed by a 
majority vote. 


Fuoder 


ABATTOIR, 61 
Acknowledgments, 40 
Afridi, 71 
Alces americanus, 200 
gigas, 200 
American Museum of Natural His- 
tory, 207 
gifts to, 79 
Amphisbaena, 146 
Anguidae, 147 
Anolis, 151 
carolinensis, 149 
Antilocapra, 202 
americana, 203 
Antilocapridae, 203 
Aquarium, 39 
attendance, 83 
biological investigations, 84 
educational work of, 80 
A gifts to, 95 
improvements, 74 
Ascarides, 145 
Ascaris lumbricoides, 131 
marginata, 131 
megalocephala, 131 
mystax, I31 
Attendance, 49 
Auchincloss, Mrs. Hugh D., 55 
Aviary, Cranes’, 38 
eagles’, 38 
grouse’, 38 
pheasants’, 38 


Basoon, East African, 108 
Bacilli, typhoid, 99 
Baird Court, 65 
improvement of, 67 
Baker, George F., gift of, 54 
Barbour, Thomas H., 59 
Barney and Chapman, 40 
Bears, 191, 192, 193 
Beddard, F. E., 207 
Beebe, Curator C. William, 37, 57, 161 
Beerbower, George M., 63 
Birds, department of, 57 
Bishop, Henry, 79 
Bison, 196 
americanus, 196 
americanus athabascae, 196 
americanus bonasus, 196 
priscus, 196 
Blair, Dr. W. Reid, 129 


Blastomeryx, 202 
Bovidae, 196 
Bowdoin, Dr. J. W., 17 
Brewster, Robert S., gift of, 54, 67 
Bristol, Prof. Charles L., 79 
Bronchial filaria, 110, 140 
symptoms of, 142 
lesions of, 142 
Brooklyn Institute, gifts to, 79 
Brooks, Dr. Harlow, 37; 104, 11. 
By-laws, 208 


CAGE paralysis, 115 
pathology of, 118 
treatment of, 118 
Calaveras trees, 38 
Canidae, 194 
Cervalces, 200 
Cervidae, 200, 202 
Cervus merriami, 201 
occidentalis, 201 
Chamaeleontidae, 147 
Chameleon, African, 146, 152 
Clapper rail, 169 
Cobb Island, 37 
five days among the birds on, 161 
list of birds observed on, 167, 181 
Collections, animal, 53 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, 79 
Cosoryx, 202 
Cowles, David S., 55 
Cysticerci, 109 


DEPARTMENT, administration, 61 
birds, 57 
engineering, 63 
health, of New York, 84 
mammals, 54 
medical, 37 
medical, annual report of, 104 
photography and publication, 63 
reptiles, 59 
Dicotylidae, 196 
Diseases, central nervous system, 110 
infectious, 108 
parasitic, 109 
Ditmars, Curator R. L., 60, 146 
Dochmius duodenale, 134 


EpucaTION, Board of, 81 
Eggeling, O., 157 
Egyptian chlorosis, 134 


INDEX 


Elliot, Daniel Giraud, 207 
Engineering department, 63 
Estimate and Apportionment, Board 
Fe of, 39 
Eustis, Park Commissioner John E., 
39, 40 
Executive Committee, 37, 64 
report of, 33 


Fauna, African, 186 
pre-glacial, of America, 186 
Puerco, 183 

Felidae, 194 

Field, Dr. Cyrus W., 84, 99 

Filaria, gracilis, 136 
immitis, 138 
micrurus, 140 
sanguinis hominis, 138 
strongylus, 140 

Fish hatchery, 76 

Fisheries Bureau, 79 

Flood-gull, 173 

Flower, Sir William Henry, 207 

Fornes, Hon. Charles V., 41 

Fox, blue, parasites in, 133 

Fund, animal, 34, 44 
Aquarium, 35, 48 
general, 34, 43 
ground improvement, 34, 42 
maintenance, 34, 45, 69 
park improvement, 34, 42 


GASTRO enteritis, 57, 108 
Gate receipts, 62 
Geckonidae, 151 
Gifts, 36 

list of, 88 
Gila monster, 153, 158 
Giraffe, 55 
Giraffidae, 204 
Glass snake, 160 
Golding, Capt. Thomas, 55, 71 
Grant, Madison, 182 
Grout, Hon. Edward M., 41 


HEALTH Department of New York, 84 
Heilprin, Angelo, 207 
Hornaday, Director William T., 71, 207 
report of, 49 
Horned “‘ toad,” 156 
Hospital, 113 
House, Altai wapiti, 38 
antelope, 33, 54, 65 
bird, 33, 69 
boat, 38 
elephant, 38 
lion, 52, 55, 61, 67 
Nama, 33, 55, 67 
ostrich and small mammals, 33, 70 
primates, 50, 56 


215 


IGUANA, crested, 146 
marine, 146 
rhinoceros, 146, 152 

Iguanidae, 147 


LABELS, 82 
Lacertidae, 147 
Lacertilians, observations, 146 
Laughing-gull, 177 
Leopard, Indian, 108, 153 
Manchurian, 55 
snow, 55 
Library, 113 
Lizards, 146, 153, 160 
breeding habits, 157 
carnivorous species, 150 
color changes, 147 
effects of captivity, 154 
feeding habits, 157 
insectivorous species, 151 
omnivorous species, 152 
oviparous, 158 
viviparous, 146 
Lydekker, Richard, 207 
Lydig Gateway, 34, 68 
Lynx, 195 
baileyi, 195 
canadensis, 195 
rufus, 195 


MammaAts, boreal origin of, 187 
decline of ancient groups of, 184 
department of, 54 
derivation of North American, 205 
first radiation of, 183 
origin and relationship, 182 
second radiation of, 184 
type diversions, 188 

Manatee, 80 
measurements of, 87 
notes on, 85 

Matthew, Dr. W. D., 206, 207 

Medical Department, 37 
report of, 104 

Membership, 36 

Merkel, Chief Constructor, H. W., 64 

Merycodus, 202 

Miller, Dr. Frank H., 37 

Mitchell, Chief Clerk, H. R., 62 

Monitor, brown, 150 
Ceylonese, 150, 155 
Gould’s, 150 

Morse, Hon. F.S., 85 

Mustelidae, 193 

Myocarditis, 111 


NAGASAKI, 71 

Nemorhaedus crispus, 198 
New York University, 79 
Nyctereutes procyonoides, 72 


216 


ODOCOILEUS, 201 
columbianus, 202 
couesi, 201 
hemionus, 201, 203 
sitkensis, 202 
virginianus, 201, 203 

Okapi, 204 

Oreamnos, kennedyi, 198 
montanus, 198 

Ovibos, moschatus, 196 
wardi, 197 

Ovis, 197 
ammon, 197 
auduboni, 198 
cervina, 198 
dalli, 197 
fannini, 197 
mexicanus, 198 
nelsoni, 198 
nivicola, 197 
poli, 197 
sirensis, 197 
stonei, 198 

Osborn, Prof. Henry Fairfield, 186, 206, 

207 


PAGE Woven Wire Fence Company, 65 
Paleomeryx, 202 

Parasites, internal, in wild animals, 129 
Park Department, Borough Bronx, 55 
Pneumonia, 108 

Procyonidae, 194 

Prong-horn, 203 

Publications, 36, 62 


Raccoon dog, new species of, 71 
Rangifer, 200 

arcticus, 201 

caribou, 201 

granti, 200 

groenlandicus, 201 

montanus, 201 

osborni, 201 

pearyl, 201 

stonei, 200 

terraenovae, 201 
Rapid transit terminal, 33 
Reptiles, department of, 59 
Restaurant Rocking Stone, 62 
Riverside Walk, 67 
Rockefeller, William, 55 


SCINCIDAE, 147 

Sclater, Philip Lutley, 207 
Sclater, William L., 207 
Sclerostomes, 142 
Sculpture and painting, 38 
Sea-hound, 173 


INDEX 


Sea-lions, California, parasites in, 138 
Steller’s, 55 

Sepsis, post-partum, 108 

Sheldon, Charles, 55 

Skimmers, 170, 171 

Sturgis, Mrs. Lydia Lydig, gift of, 68 

Swift, 160 


TEGU, I51 
Tern, common, 175 
least, 174 
Thompson, Mrs. Frederic Ferris, 54, 


58 
Townsend, Director Charles H., 85 
report of, 74 
Treasurer, report of, 42, 48 
Tuberculosis, 107 
Tuxedo Club, 76, 79 


UNIFORMS, 83 

Ursus, 191 
alascensis, 193 
americanus, 192 
arctos, I9I 
behringiana, Igrt 
carlottae, 192 
dalli, 193 
emmonsi, 192 
floridanus, 192 
syas, 193 
horriaeus, 193 
horribilis, 193 
kidderi, 193 
luteolus, 192 
metriami, 193 
middendorffi, 193 
ornatus, 192 
piscator, IQI 
richardsoni, 192 
sitkensis, 193 
spelaeus, 191 


VIVERRIDAE, 194 


WALKER, George L., Company, 70 
Wallace, Alfred Russell, 207] 
Wapiti, Altai, 188 
Whealton, Louis N., 37, 57 
Whitney, Hon. William C., 54 
Wieland, G. R., 207 
Willcox, Hon. William R., 40 
Women’s Rest Room, 61 
Worms, intestinal, 143 

prevention, 145 

symptoms, 143 

treatment of, 144 
Wortman, J. L., 207 


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