BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
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G-ivEN By
ANNUAL EEPOET
WATER-SUPPLY DEPARTMENT,
FOR THE TEAR 1893.
BOSTON:
KOCKWELL AND CHURCHILL, CITY PRINTERS.
1894.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
Boston Public Library
http://www.archive.org/details/annualreportofbo1893boston
ANNUAL EEPOET
WATER-SUPPLY DEPARTMENT,
FOR THE TEAR 1893.
BOSTON:
ROCKWELL AND CHURCHILL, CITY PRINTERS.
1894.
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OrriGE OF THE Boston Water Board,
City Hall, Boston, February 1, 1894.
Hon. Nathan Matthews, Jr.,
Mayor of the City of Boston :
Sir : The Boston Water Board, in charge of the Water-
Supply Department, herewith submit their annual report
for the financial year ending January 31, 1894.
The disbursements by the department for the year were
as follows :
Money expenditures, Cochituate Water-
Works (see page 20) . . . . $895,652 19
Money expenditures. Mystic Water-Works
(see page 21) 149,678 79
$1,045,330 98
Less increase in stock during year (see
page 22) 16,492 61
$1,028,838 37
Current expenses, Cochituate
Water-Works . . . $393,154 00
Current expenses, Mystic
Water-Works . . . 151,579 90
Extension of mains, etc. . . 256,193 57
Additional supply of water . 190,655 62
High service .... 37,255 28
$1,028,838 37
City Document No. 39.
EARNINGS AND EXPENDITURES.
The total receipts of the Cochituate Water- Works, from
all sources, for the year ending January 31, 1894, were as
follows, viz. :
Balance of revenue from 1892-93 $15,820 46
Income from sales of water . . . $1,637,531 94
Income from shutting off and letting on
water, and fees 3,088 44
Elevator, fire and service pipes, sale of
old materials, etc. .... 36,917 60
1,677,537 98
$1,693,358 44
The total expenditures of the Cochituate
Water-Works from revenue, for the year end-
ing January 31, 1894, were as follows, viz. :
Current expenses, viz. :
Water-Supply Department . $393,154 00
Less stock used purchased in
previous years . . . 10,224 68
$382,929 32
Water-Income Department . 60,478 86
$433,408 18
Interest on funded debt .... 826,077 88
Sinking-fund requirement, 1892-93 . . 229,520 00
Refunded water-rates .... 1,479 18
Extension of mains, etc 132,925 93
Balance to Cochituate Water Sinking-
Fund 69,947 27
$1,693,358 44
The total receipts of the Mystic Water- Works from all
sources, for the year ending January 31, 1894, were as
follows, viz. :
Income from sales of water , . . $421,574 18
Income from shutting off and letting on
water, and fees 984 40
Sei"vice-pipes, repairs, etc. . . . 1,204 02
Sale of portion of Mystic sewer to State
of Massachusetts . . . . 52,637 00
$476,399 60
Water-Supply Department.
The total expenditures of the M_ystic Water-
Works from revenue, for the year ending
January 31, 1894, were as follows, viz. :
Current expenses, viz. :
Water-Supply Department . . , $151,579 90
Less stock used, paid for in previous
years 1,901 11
$U9,678 79
Water-Income Department . . . 10,965 18
$160,643 97
Interest on funded debt .... 18,70759
Refunded water-rates . . . . 151 42
Amount paid Chelsea, Somerville, and
Everett, under contracts . . . 144,101 35
Extension of mains, etc., Cochituate De-
partment ...... 152,795 27
$476,399 60
For further details of the expenditures, the condition of
the water debts, and the outstanding loans, we refer to the
tables appended.
CONSUMPTION OF WATER, RAINFALL, ETC.
The daily average consumption during the past year wns
47,453,200 gallons on the Cochituate and Sudbury, and
10,742,500 gallons on the Mystic, or 58,195,700 gallons on
the combined supplies, being an increase of 13.8 per cent,
over the previous year. The consumption per capita was
102.4 gallons, being larger than any year since the works
were built.
Although the rainfall was al)ove the average (A' the last
twenty years, it was so unequally distributed that the amount
of water stored was reduced to the smallest quantity since
the Sudl)ury works have been in use.
In the month of October the water had fallen to such an
extent that it was deemed advisable to procure pumps and
put them in readiness for pumping water into the conduit at
Lake Cochituate. Notices were issued to the wsiter-takers
through the newspapers to economize in the use of water,
and all possible means were taken to prevent waste. For-
tunately, however, the drought was broken by the late fall
rains, and pumping was not resorted to on the Cochituate
supply. The pumps on the Mystic supply were put in con-
dition, and water was pumped from the Mystic lake into the
4 City Document No. 39.
conduit from October 19th until November 4th, at which
time the water had risen to such a point that further use of
the pumps was unnecessary. On October 23d the water in
Mystic lake reached its lowest point, 8.90 feet below high
water, which was within 1.27 feet of the lowest point ever
reached. After November 4th the water rose steadily, and
on January 19th it a^ain wasted over the dam.
EXTENSION OF MAmS.
The work of extending mains has been somewhat less than
for the previous year, for the reason that we were obliged
to curtail in the expenditures, and only such work as was
absolutely necessary was done. Some two miles less of
main pipe was laid than during the previous year.
The total number of miles of pipe now connected with the
Cochituate works is 560.06. Payment was made to the Park
Department for the Jamaica pond aqueduct pipe system,
consisting of about ten miles of pipe, amounting to
$75,199.70, which amount, together with $29,527.63 for
stock purchased but not used, deducted from the total amount
expended, leaves $180,993.87 for the actual cost of ex-
tensions during the year, being about $40,000 less than for
the previous year.
The whole cost of extension of mains during the year has
been paid from the surplus revenue.
We are required to expend quite a large amount of money
each year for extensions of pipe in advance of its actual need
in new streets which are continually being laid out under
the provisions of chapter 323, sections 10 and 12, of the Acts
of 1891 ; but on all petitions for extensions we require a
guarantee of 5 per cent, for five years on the cost. Owing
to the changing and extensions of Commonwealth avenue
the large mains were raised, relaid, and extended during
the winter, thereby enabling us to keep quite a large for(;e
of men emploj^ed that otherwise would have had to be
suspended.
The abolishment of the grade crossing at the Old Colony
Railroad at Dover street has necessitated a large amount of
work in order to protect the pipes crossing Dover-street
bridge and in changing the line to conform to the new grade.
This work is not yet completed.
We have in contemplation other important work, such as
the laying of a second force main (36 inches) from the
Chestnut Hill to the Fisher Hill reservoir, a new main to
South Boston via Swett street, and the changing and en-
Water-Supply Department. 5
larffinof of the main from Charlestown to Chelsea to conform
to the changes on account of the abolishment ot the grade
crossino; of the Boston & Maine Railroad.
HARBOR SERVICE.
The submerged pipes supplying water to the several
islands in Boston harbor are a constant source of trouble and
annoyance to this department, and great expense is incuiTcd
each year in keeping them in repair. Their liability to
freeze in exposed places at low tide, as well as the disturbance
caused by the strong currents in the channels, make it impos-
sible to ensure an unfailing su{)ply of water to the islands,
and we deem it most essential that storage reservoirs be con-
structed on all the islands, of sufficient capacity to supply
their needs, both for domestic and tire purposes, in cases of
emergency.
The cost of extensions and repairs of the water-works sys-
tem from Neponset to Moon, Thompson's, Long, Rainsford,
and Gallop's islands to February 1, 1894, is as follows:
Siphon across Neponset river
Main from Neponset to end of Moon island,
Lillie V. Titus, right of way in Squantum,
Flexible pipe between Moon and Long
islands .......
Main from Long island shore to almshouse.
Extension to Rainsford island
Extension to Gallop's island
Extension to Thompson's island
Extension of high service to entire system .
$8,000
00
19,741
93
3,500
00
9,903
50
4,986
28
3,233
41
3,248
64
9,965
29
3,445
88
$66,024
93
6,608
68
$72,683
61
Repairs on the entire line .
Total cost to February 1, 1894
In addition to the above the Board of Health expended
some $1,300 for a temporary pipe between Long and Gal-
lop's islands.
The Board have requested the Engineer to devise and
report some plan, if possible, whereby the harbor system can
be maintained without such extraordinary expense. Previous
to September, 1893, the harbor system was supplied from the
low service, but on the 12th of that month the Board ordered
the high service to be connected.
6 City Document No. 39.
During the past year the supply has been extended to
Fort Warren, the pipe to that point being laid by the
United States Government.
FIRE SERVICE.
Owing to the many petitions received by the Board for
connections with the high service to supply automatic sprink-
lers and fire pipes now so generally in use througliout the
business district of the city, the Board, after several confer-
ences with the Board of Fire Underwriters, and many of the
merchants and owners of buildings, have practically decided
to equip the business district with a duplicate set of pipes to
be connected with the high service, and be used exclusively
for fire protection in supplying water for fire pipes, automatic
sprinklers, and roof hydrants, the regular street hydrants
to be retained on the low service, so that in case of a large
conflagration, if the fire pipes entering the buildings become
broken by falling walls or otherwise, thereby greatly reduc-
ing the head of water, the supply for the fire-engines from
the street hydrants would not be impaired.
In order to determine as to the necessity for larger mains
in the streets, the Board have established recording gauijes in
a number of the fire-engine houses in the various districts of
the city for the purpose of keeping a continuous record of
pressures at different points, arrangements having been made
with the Board of Fire Commissioners to have the gauges
properly looked after by their men.
HIGH-SERVICE PUMPING-ENGINE.
The new 20,000,000 gallons per day high-service pump-
ing-engine contracted for with N. F. Palmer, Jr., & Co., of
New York, for the Chestnut Hill Pumping-Station is now
built and set up in the shops of the Quintard Iron Works.
It will be taken down and brought to this city immediately,
and we hope to have it in operation by July 1st. When
fully completed, it is safe to say that this will be the best
pumping-engine in the United States.
In connection with this engine and pump a steel boiler of
the Belpaire Fire-Box pattern is now in process of construc-
tion at the Atlantic Works, East Boston. The boiler will
pi-obably be in [)osition by June 1st. All of this machinery
is being made from plans and specifications })repared by
JVIr. E. D. Leavitt, with every improvement that science has
suo'2:ested.
Water-Supplt Department. 7
The saving in coal with this plant will be at least 33^ per
cent.
BASIN 6.
The work on this Basin has been carried on vigorously
during the year, and it is now practically completed and
gradually being filled with water, the gates having been
closed early in January.
Considerable work yet remains to be done, however, to
put the basin in a finished condition, but the Board hope to
be able to complete the work thoroughly with the balance
of the appropriation on hand.
The total cost of this basin, including the dam, to Febru-
ary 1st, is $866,575.65. Its capacity is about the same as
that of Basin No. 4, ~ 1,400,000,000 gallons. This will
add 4,500,000 gallons to the daily capacity of the supply.
WHITEHALL POND CASES.
Preparations were made in the year 1892 for the trial of
these cases, which finally took place early in 1893 before
a commission appointed by the Superior Court, consisting
of Messrs. Chas. H. Allen, Frederic T. Greenhalge, and
Sigourney Butler. These cases were actions for damages
brought by the Dwight Printing Company, represented by
Eben D. Jordan, owning a two-thirds interest in Whitehall
pond, and the Wood Brothers and Newhall, owning the other
one-third. The questions involved were of an intricate char-
acter, and the greater part of the year passed before the
commissioners made their award. Several experts were
emploj^ed to represent the interests of the city. The cases
still remain unsettled at the date of this report.
BASIN 5.
By an order of the City Council approved April 26, 1893,
the further sum of $2,500,000 was appropriated to extend
and perfect the water-supply in accordance with the order of
November 13, 1889, and all other statutes, ordinances, and
orders relating to the acquisition of land and construction of
basins and reservoirs upon the Sudbury river water-shed,
and on May 16th the Engineer was requested to prepare
plans and specifications for the construction of a new dam
for Basin No. 5 on Stony brook in the town of Southbor-
ough and the city of Marlborough.
As the construction of this basin necessitated the chano-ino:
of certain roads in Southborough, numerous conferences
have been held with the County Commissioners of Worces-
ter County, and also with a Committee of Citizens from
8 City Document No. 39.
Southborough, with whom arrangements have practically
been made. On July 10th the Board requested the Law
Department to prepare the papers necessary to enable the
city to take the lands required for this basin, but owing to
some changes in the plans the taking has been delayed. A
contract for building the dam was awarded to Moulton &
O'Mahoney on July 25th, and the work will be commenced
as soon as the taking of lands is made. When completed
this basin will be the largest of the series, and will have a
capacity of 7,438,000,000 gallons and will cover about 1,500
acres, adding at least 12,000,000 gallons to the daily supply
in the driest year.
AEEA AND COST OF BASINS.
The following table shows the area in acres and storage
capacity of each of the basins already constructed on the
Sudbury supply, also the cost of each basin :
Area
H. W.
Area
Not Flowed.
Total Area
Land.
Storage in
Million Gals.
Daily Supply
Proportional
to Capacity.
Million Gals.
Basin 1
143
64
207
280
1.
" 2
134
50
184
530
1.8
" 3
253
90
343
1,080
3.7
" 4
167
94
261
1,400
4.9
" 6
185
270
455
1,530
5.2
Basin
1
it
2
((
3
<c
.4
* ((
6
Dam.
$144,929 15
152,982 51
194,950 13
521,998 45
512,636 48
Basin.
^4,455 20
147,957 82
183,939 98
265,617 93
327,062 58
Land Damages.
$67,759 46
165,013 78
40,512 61
26,330 00
26,876 59
Total Cost.
#257,143 81
465,954 11
419,402 72
813,846 38
866,575 <o
* Construction account not yet closed.
Water-Supply Department. 9
FUTURE SUPPLY.
In the last two reports attention has been called to the
subject of a future supply for Boston. From the best data
now at hand the entire development of the Sudbury supply
will only be sufficient to supply Boston for about eight
years. The growth of the city is keeping abreast of this
development, indeed during the latter part of the fall and
early winter the basins were lower than ever, and much
anxiety was felt by the Board lest they should be compelled
to curtail in the use of water. The Legislature of 1892 ap-
propriated a sum of money for the State Board of Health to
make some studies looking to a supply sufficient to provide
for Boston and surrounding cities and towns, or in other
words a Metropolitan system, and with this end in view the
State Board have been making soundings and collecting data
on the Nashua river above Clinton, and there is no doubt
that if this source of supply should be adopted a sufficient
quantity of good water could be procured to supply all the
communities within a radius of ten miles of the State House
for many years to come. This water could pass through the
new basin No. 5, which is about to be constructed.
MYSTIC DEPARTMENT.
The Mystic works have received the usual care and atten-
tion during the year and are generally in good condition.
Early in the year a committee from the town of Winches-
ter presented to the Board a proposition and plan to take a
tract of about twenty acres of land located in the central part
of that town to remove the nuisance therefrom and dedicate
it to the public for a park. The f>lan contemplates the re-
moval of an old tannery which has for years endangered the
purity of the water-supply. After an examination of the
plans, and consideration of the advantages which the city
would derive from the scheme as an improvement to the
Mystic supply, the Board requested the Engineer to investi-
gate and report the approximate cost of the land along the
Abajona river included in the scheme which it would be
desirable for the city to take for the protection of its water-
supply. Numerous conferences were held with the com-
mittee, but up to the closing of this report nothing has been
done on the part of the city towards acquiring any of the
land.
By request of the authorities of Medford a connection of
their system with the Mystic works has been made at
Boston avenue near the reservoir, for use only in cases of
emergency.
10 City Document No. 39.
On July 12, 1893, the Board engaged Mr. E. D. Leavitt,
Mechanical Engineer, to furnish a design and specifications
for a 10,000,000-gallon per diem pumping-engine for the
Mystic Station, and on December 26, 1893, the contract for
buildins: and erecting the eno;ine was awarded to the Georo;e
F. Blake Manufacturing Company, for $38,950, — the work
to be completed within nine months from the date of execu-
tion of the contract.
On July 14, 1893, the Metropolitan Sewerage Commis-
sioners in behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts took,
by right of eminent domain, a portion of the Mystic sewer
in Woburn, in connection with the North Metropolitan
sewer system, for which the State paid to the city of Bos-
ton the sum of $52,637.
The Cochituate high service was turned on to supply the
residents on the top of Bunker Hill, on June 26, the Mystic
supply being inadequate to furnish an ample supply at that
elevation.
During the month of November, the water in Mystic lake
being extremely low, it was considered a favorable time to
improve the shallow portion at the upper end of the lake,
and a large temporary force was employed until the rise in
the water necessitated the suspension of the work, some
14,000 cubic yards of soil being removed.
ELECTROLYSIS.
In 1892 the attention of the Board was drawn to the fact
that the lead service-pipes in the immediate vicinity of the
power-station of the West End Railroad Company were being-
destroyed from some cause, and from the best information
which we could obtain it seemed probable that the destruc-
tive action was due to the underground currents of elec-
tricity.
The subject was at once placed in the hands of the City
Engineer for investigation, and the detailed results of the
partial study which has been made under his direction by
Messrs. Stone and Webster will be found in the City
Engineer's report.
Many other cities throughout the country are experiencing
the same difficulty, and as it is a subject of great importance
w^e propose to continue the investigation with the purpose of
finding the best means of preventing the corrosion wdiich,
although slow in its action, is nevertheless sure in time to
cause serious trouble to our pipe system.
Water-Supply Department. 11
TAXATION OF PROPERTY.
The following act relating to the taxation of property held
for purposes of a water-supply was passed by the Legislature
in 1«93 :
An Act relating to property held for the purpose of a water
SUPPLY.
Be it enacted etc., as follows :
Section 1. Any city or town holding property, taken by purchase
or otherwise, for the purposes of its water supply, whether for domestic,
manufacturing, or other purposes, in another city or town, shall not pay
any tax on such property, but shall hereafter in the month of September
annually pay to such other city or town for each lot of land held therein
for said purposes, an amount of money equal to the rate of taxation per
thousand dollars in such other city or town, for every one thousand dol-
lars of the average of the assessed valuations of the land, without build-
ings or other structures, for the three years next preceding the taking
tliereof, the said assessed valuation for each year being first reduced by
the amount of all abatements allowed thereon : provided, hotvever, that
any land or building from which any revenue in the nature of rent is
received from any person occupying or using the same shall be subject
to taxation.
Sect. 2. The assessors of any city or town in which land is held for
the aforesaid pui'poses on the day of the passage of this act shall, with-
in one year after such passage, determine the aforesaid average valua-
tion of such land and certify the same to the mayor of the city or the
selectmen of the town holding the same ; and the assessors of any city
or town in which any land is hereafter taken for the aforesaid purposes
shall, within one year after such taking, determine and certify as afore-
said the said average valuation of the land so taken. In determining
said average valuation the aforesaid assessed valuation for each lot of
such land shall be taken to be the proportional part of the assessed val-
uation of the estate of which such lot formed a part, which the value of
the land thereof, exclusive of buildings and other structures, bore in the
year of assessment to the entire value of said estate.
Sect. 3. If the aforesaid mayor of the city or selectmen of the town
be dissatisfied with said determination, the said average valuation of
such land shall be determined in the manner provided in the preceding
section by the superior court for thecounty in which such land is situated
on appeal of such mayor or selectmen from said determination, filed
with the clerk of said court within six months after receiving the afore-
said notice thereof, and the provisions of sections two and four of
chapter one hundred and twenty-seven of the acts of the year eighteen
hundred and ninety, except as is otherwise provided herein, shall apply
to appeals under this act.
Sect. 4. This act shall take effect upon its passage. [^Ajjprovcd
May 12, 1893.'\
In accordance with the provisions of this act the Board
have had lists made of all the taxable property and the valua-
tions for the three years previous to the dates of the taking
of lands in Framingham and Ashland, and these towns have
also prepared their lists. The lists have been agreed upon
so fiir as these two towns are concerned, but none of the
12 City Document No. 39.
other towns have yet furnished their statements as required
by the law.
FILTRATION.
The Board have been endeavorins: for several years in one
way or another to purify Pegan brook in Natick, and they
feel that they have been moderately successful in getting rid
of all the sources of pollution flowing directly into the
stream ; but there is always danger in such a situation, and they
have tried to persuade Natick to adopt a system of sewerage,
and have oiffered to contribute to any well-devised plan.
Unnecessary delays, however, in these negotiations have oc-
curred. Feeling that it would be unwise to postpone this
work any longer, the Board, a year ago, determined to take
the matter in hand and put in a system of filter beds on
Pegan brook. A piece of land adapted to this purpose was
secured early in the season, and three large natural beds
were built, into which the water flowing in the brook is
pumped. After passing through several feet of sand the
water enters the lake.
The Board have also secured a piece of land at the head
of Basin 5, in Marlborough, and intend to build lilter liasins
modelled after those at Natick. These beds will be used to
filter the water flowing through Marlborough, and which
otherwise would discharge into the new basin whenever it is
built.
BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
The laboratory established at Chestnut Hill Reservoir has
proved its value in aiding us to form an opinion as to the
character of the water in the several sources of supply from
week to week. It has now become an established portion
of the work.
IN gp:neral.
Early in the spring the Board employed J. N. McClintock
to prepare a model in relief about (3 feet X 8 feet, and col-
ored, showing the Cochituate and Sudbury water-sheds, with
the lakes, ponds, and basins connected with Boston's water-
supply. This model, together with a number of large
photographs, was exhibited at the World's Columbian Expo-
sition in Chicago. Since the close of the Fair the Board have
received from the Executive Committee on Awards an of-
ficial copy of the award made by them, viz., "For careful
and skilful preparation and instructive dis|)lay," which will
be inscribed in the diploma and forwarded to the Board in
due time.
GENERAL STATISTICS.
SUDBDRT AND COCHITUATE WORKS.
Daily average consumption in gallons
Daily average consumption in gallons per inhabitant
Daily average amount used through meters, gallons
Percentage of total consumption metered
Number of services
Number of meters and motors .
Length of supply and distributing mains, in miles . .
Num.ber of fire-hydrants in use ........
Yearly revenue from water-rates
Yearly revenue from metered water.
Percentage of total revenue from metered water ....
Cost of works on Feb. 1, 1892, 1893, and 189+
Yearly expense of maintenance
Mystic Works.
Daily average consumption in gallons
Daily average consumption in gallons per inhabitant
Daily average amount used through meters, gallons
Percentage of total consumption metered
Number of services
Number of meters and motors
Length of supply and distributing mains, in miles . .
Number of fire-hydrants in use . .
Yearly revenue from water-rates
Yearly revenue from metered water
Percentage of total revenue from metered water . . .
Cost of works on Feb. 1, 1892, 1893, and 1891 ,
Yearly expense of maintenance
* Thirteen mouths.
1891.
37,686,980
89.3
10,186,400
27.0
62,877
4,357
519
5,643
* $1,838,494 30
t $606,451 00
33
" $21,643,526 91
5,755 92
9,055,200
74.7
1,845,500
20.4
20,566
427
158
1,116
* $406,784 26
t $102,719 26
25.2
$1,710,943 70
* $174,421 92
1S93.
41,312,400
95.3
11,225,900
27.2
65,074
4,412
536
5,793
$1,433,413 78
$649,672 31
45.3
122,243,351 56
$350,743 68
9,810,800
78.6
1,862,200
19
21,588
550
160
1,223
$394,008 75
$105,685 56
26.8
$1,713,227 00
$117,922 20
189.t.
47,453,200
107.5
11,651,600
24.5
66,586
4,585
560
6,042
$1,637,531 94
$683,948 52
41.8
$22,727,456 03
$393,154 00
10,742,500
84.4
1,921,570
17.9
22,398
482
165
1,306
$421,573 48
$109,367 37
25.9
$1,721,609 33
$147,417 10
t Twelve months.
Water-Supply Department. 13
On July 18, 1893, Commissioner Robert Grant resigned
his position on the Board to accept the position of Associate
Justice of the Probate Court, he having served continuously
since April, 1888.
On December 13, 1893, Thaddeus C. Dunn, chief engi-
neer at the Chestnut Hill Pumping-Station, died, after a
lingering illness, having served tlie city faithfully for the past
twenty-four years, and the Board appointed Mr. E. C. Nor-
ris to fill the vacancy.
The employees of this department generously contributed
to the fund for the relief of the needy unemployed citizens
to the amount of $1,253.33, the secretary forwarding a check
for that amount to the treasurer of the Citizens' Relief Com-
mittee on January 6th.
We annex hereto detailed statements of the expenditures,
etc., also reports of the Superintendents of the several divi-
sions and the City Engineer.
Respectfully submitted,
Thomas F. Doherty,
John W. Leighton,
William S. McNary,
Boston Water Board.
14
City Document No. 39.
MAINTENANCE ACCOUNTS, COCHITUATE WATER-
WORKS.
(From Revenue.)
February Draft, 1893, to February Draft, 1894.
Boston Water Board:
Salaries of two Commissioners, Chief
Clerk and Secretary, Executive
Clerk, Purchasing Agent, Asst.
Clerk, Messenger, and Special Agent, $16,o37 85
Travelling expenses . . . . 2,104 54
Printing and stationer^' . . . 876 16
Advertising, postage, and miscellane-
ous ......
Eastern Division :
Salaries of Superintendents, Clerks,
and Foremen .....
Travelling expenses and transportation
3,590 26
1,491 84
$23,108 81
of men ....
.
1,000
00
Printing and stationery
,
,
922
60
Miscellaneous .
.
,
142
85
18,557 29
Western Division:
Salaries of Superintendent, Assistant
Superintendent, and Clerks
.
,
$25,007
03
Travelling expenses .
.
.
885
98
Printing and stationery
.
394
15
Miscellaneous .
.
.
174
00
9fi 4fi1 1 fi
Zu,4Ul ID
Engineering
.
.
8,162 73
New meters, and setting
.
.
8,336 90
Meters, repairing
.
.
20,332 93
Machine-shop, Alban}^ street
.
.
12,381 23
Telephones
.
,
1,560 48
Cochituate Aqueduct .
,
.
1,618 34
Sudbui-y Aqueduct .
.
.
5,521 74
Main-pipe relaying (including
stock
and labor)
10,689 69
" repairing "
((
u
(b
19.426 51
Hydrants " "
u
i;
((
21,406 24
Stopcocks " "
((
((
((
4,657 50
Hydrant and stopcock boxes,
and re
pairing (includ
ing stock and labor) .
,
7,-267 49
Tools and repairing (including
stock
and
labor)
9,007 38
Streets " "
((
((
u
8,152 13
Fountains " "
a
1,1.
((
2,483 46
Stables '' "
a
a
u
20,477 97
Waste-detection "
u
u
(4
25,731 04
Carried forward^
$255,341 02
Watee-Supply Department.
15
Brought forivard,
Basins, Framiogharn and Ashland (including stock
and labor) .......
Service- pipe repairing (including stock and labor)
Protection of Sudbury and Cochitnate supply .
High service, Chestnut Hill (including fuel, salaries
repairs, etc.) ......
High service, East Boston (including fuel, salaries
repairs etc.) . . . . . .
High service, West Roxbury (including fuel, salaries
repairs, etc.) ......
Albany- street yard . .....
Chestnut Hill Reservoir (including stable, care of
grounds, etc.) ......
Parker Hill Reservoir .....
Brookline Reservoir .....
East Boston and South Boston Reservoirs
Fisher Hill Reservoir .....
Lake Cochituate ......
Chestnut Hill driveway .....
Taxes ........
Damages .......
Analyses of water, etc. .....
Merchandise sold (pipes and castings, in cases of
emergency) ......
Filtration .......
Biological Laboratory .....
$255,341 02
7,794 13
24,422 43
16,574 47
26,338 52
4,849 66
3,522 13
5,544 76
11,910 64
1,449 30
1,191 27
3,059 05
1,604 23
5,289 89
12,258 38
782 05
1,355 24
280 00
197 53
7,324 89
2,064 41
$393,154 00
16
City Document No. 39.
MAINTENANCE ACCOUNTS, MYSTIC WATER-WORKS.
(From Revenue.)
February Draft, 1893, to February Draft, 1894.
Boston Water Board:
Salaries of one Commissioner and one
Assistant Clerk . . . . $.5,806 40
Printing and stationery ... 50 79
Advertising, postage, travelling ex-
penses and miscellaneous . . . 660 55
Superintendent's Department :
<1J)U,UX* < *
Salaries of Superintendent, Assistant
Superintendent, and Clerk
,
.
$5,762
77
Printing and stationery
.
.
162
63
Travelling expenses
.
.
186
25
Miscellaneous
•
•
70
98
6,182 68
Engineer's Department
.
.
.
2,012 50
Meters, repairing
.
.
3,507 99
Off and on water (labor)
.
.
,
3,154 07
Main-pipe laying (including stock and
labor)
4,162 80
" relaying "
183 91
" repairing "
1,250 69
Service-pipe laying "
1,564 55
repairing "
1,019 42
Hydrants, repairing "
1,957 00
Gates " "
787 19
Streets, repairing "
476 63
Lake .....
21,781 22
Conduit ....
1,152 12
New meters and setting
592 24
Stables ....
5,644 76
Reservoir ....
5,818 05
Pumping service (salaries, wages
, fuel
, repairs, etc
.)',
36,401 10
Repair-shop . . . .
.
2,624 63
Fountains ....
,
818 70
Tools and repairing
.
1,155 38
Mystic Sewer (repairs, and pumping
anc
treatment
of sewage)
.
,
,
20,717 70
Waste- Detection Service
.
,
,
8,597 78
Protection of water sources (including
salaries
of
three Special Agents on Pollution)
.
.
.
5,669 80
Analyses of water
,
,
,
,
120 00
Filtration ....
,
.
.
,
2,489 77
New Pumpiug-engine No. 4 (on
account)
%l
4,219 53
51,579 90
Water-Supply Department.
17
DETAILED EXPENDITURES UNDER
APPROPRIATIONS.
THE SEVERAL
February Draft, 1893, to February Draft, 1894.
Extension of Mains ^ etc. {from Cocliituate and Mystic Revenue).
Labor
Teaming .
Blasting
Water-pipes, contracts
Stock
Miscellaneous
Amount paid to Park Department for
Jamaica Pond Aqueduct Pipe system.
$74,990 27
3,444 99
8,383 90
82,171 85
37,307 72
4,222 77
75,199 70
Additional Supply of Water {from Loans) .
(Account of Basin No. 6, Whitehall pond. Cedar
swamp, Protection of Supply, and Surveys and
Borings for Basin No. 5.)
Salaries and labor .... $47,594 54
Materials 11,339 33
Contract, filling on Dam No. 6, bal-
ance (total, $54,151.30) . . 31,284 98
Contract, stripping Section D, Basin 6,
balance (total, $56,595.80) . . 11,371 30
Contract, stripping Section E, Basin 6,
balance (total, $53,632.60) . . 13,959 81
Contract, excavation in Basin No. 6
(on account) 5,493 44
Contract, riprap and paving on Dam
No. 6 (on account) . . . 7,195 23
Town of Westboro', balance of con-
tract for a system of sewage dis-
posal for the protection of the Boston
water-supply (total, $20,000) . . 6,666 67
Engineering and suuplies . . . 21,007 42
Land damages . ' . . . . 18,420 99
Teaming 12,493 22
Travelling expenses .... 842 69
Printing, stationery, and advertising . 570 19
Miscellaneous 2,415 81
,721 20
$190,655 62
I stock to the amonnt of $29,52T.63 not used, and carried into the Stock account.
18 City Document No. 39.
High Service (from Loans) .
Account of High-service Pumping-
engine No. 3 for Chestnut Hill, viz. :
Contract for engine (on account) . $22,153 90
Inspection 2,595 92
Steel plates 2,256 21
Babbitt metal 1,081 30
Stock and labor on foundations (day-
work) (total, $12,123.82) . . 3,707 26
Contract-work, foundations (balance)
(total contract, $4,566.05) . . 3,674 74
Lining air-pump with Tobin bronze . 185 00
Covering pump rods with brass . . 200 00
Miscellaneous . . . . . 491 72
$36,346 05
High-service Fire Service :
Stock used, paid for in previous years, 909 23
$37,255 28
Water-Supply Department. 19
COST OF CONSTRUCTION, AND CONDITION OF THE
WATER DEBTS.
Cost of construction of Cochituate Works
to February 1, 1893 .... $22,243,351 56
Expended from February 1, 1893, to Feb-
ruary 1, 1894, as follows, viz. :
Additional Supply of Water . $190,655 62
Extension of Mains, etc. . 256,193 57
High Service . . . 37,255 28
484,104 47
Cost of construction of Cochituate Water-
Works to February 1, 1894 . . . $22,727,456 03
The outstandino; Cochituate Water Loans,
February l,l893, were . . . $16,758,773 98
Issued during the year 1893-94, as follows :
r Additional
Appropriation, { Water^ ^
[ 4% Loans, $221,500 00
f High Ser-
" <( vice, 4%
I Loans . 75,000 00
296,500 00
Total Cochituate Debt, February 1, 1894 .$17,055,273 98
Cochituate Water Sinking-Fund, February
1, 1893 $7,019,058 38
Cochituate Water Sinking-Fund, February
1, 1894 7,649,504 87
Net Cochituate Water Debt, February 1,
1893 $9,739,715 60
Net Cochituate Water Debt, February 1,
1894 9,405,769 11
Cost of construction of Mystic Works to
February 1, 1893 $1,713,227 00
Cost of construction of Mystic Works to
February 1, 1894 1,721,609 33
20
City Document No. 39.
The outstanding Mystic Water Loans, Feb-
ruary 1, 1893, were .... $440,000 00
Paid during the year 1893-94 . . . 338,000 00
Total Mystic Debt, February 1, 1894 . $102,000 00
Mystic Water Sinking-Fund, February 1,
1893 . $579,254 01
Mystic Water Sinking-Fund, February 1,
1894 . 265,210 26
TOTAL MONEY EXPENDITURES, COCHITUATE WATER-
WORKS, FROM FEBRUARY 1, 1893, TO FEBRUARY 1,
1894.
Stock
Labor
Salaries
Travelling expenses
Printing
Stationery .
Advertising
Postage
Freights and express
Rents
Gas . . .
Teaming
Repairs
Land damages, etc.
Taxes
Miscellaneous
Inspection of pipes
Blasting
Water-pipe contracts
Coal and wood .
Pumping Service, salaries
" " fuel
" " repairs
" " oils, etc.
" " small supplies
Miscellaneous contracts
Engineering
Engineering supplies .
Hay and grain
New meters
Pipe System of Jamaica Pond Aqueduct Corpo-
ration. (Purchased of Park Department.)
68
95
76
91
75
$89,478 06
273,066 80
97,828 04
10,699 21
2,184 99
621 19
633
238
942
2,632
281
16,920 82
19,242 33
18,520 99
676 25
11,598 32
1,260 17
8,392
82.685
4,923
11,745
9,159
1,986
593
88
110,459
25,856 40
262 78
5,509 08
11,962 97
55
58
36
25
58
55
37
13
67
520,452 49
75,199 70
^895,652 19
Water-Supply Department.
21
TOTAL MONEY EXPENDITURES, MYSTIC WATER-
WORKS, FROM FEBRUARY 1, 1893, TO FEBRUARY 1,
1894.
Stock .
$8,519 82
Labor
49,467 02
Salaries
30,104 54
Advertising .
130 17
Printing
265 10
Stationery .
88 12
Rents .
100 00
Gas .
36 80
Postage
14 00
Travelling expenses
3,680 56
Coal and wood
239 14
Freights and express
52 62
Teaming
665 66
Hay and grain
1,278 61
Repairs
1,453 44
Miscellaneous
4,624 55
Telephones .
417 40
Pumping service, salarie
s
10,968 70
" fuel
18,790 47
" " repair
s
3,608 28
" " oils, etc. .
674 50
" " small supplies .
187 01
New machinery, etc.
315 00
Mystic Sewerage Station, viz. :
Salaries and wages .
$8,970 42
Fuel
•
1,351 07
Chemicals
. . .
2,898 68
Repairs . .
.
255 44
Small supplies .
.
521 67
—
13,997 28
$149,678 79
22 City Document No. 39.
STATEMENT OF STOCK ACCOUNTS.
<^ 1 .. ^ -.rr ,^ , Increase. Decrease.
Cochituate Water-Works, viz. :
Stock on hand, February 1, 1893
" " " February 1, 1894
Decrease during year
Mystic Water- Works, viz. :
Stock on hand, February 1, 1893
" " " February 1, 1894
Decrease during year
Extension of Mains, etc., viz. :
Stock on hand, February 1, 1893
" " " February 1, 1894
Increase during year
High Service, viz. :
Stock on hand, February 1, 1893
" " " February 1, 1894
Decrease during year
Total increase in stock during year
1893-94
$22,561 14
12,336 46
$29,527 63
129,527 63
116,492 61
$10,224 68
$3,950 18
2,049 07
$10,224 68
$1,901 11
$97,467 55
126,995 18
1,901 11
$29,527 63
$4,313 75
3,404 52
$909 23
909 23
$13,035 02
Water-Sdpply Department.
23
OUTSTANDING LOANS.
The outstanding Cochituate
February 1, 1894 (^exclusive
$7,175,000), are as follows :
6 per cent. Sterling Loan
(£399,500) . . $1,947,273 98
5 per cent. Gold Loans, 100,000 00
5 per cent. Cur. Loan, 1,000 00
Water Loans at this date,
of the Additional Supply,
6 per cent. Loans
4,253,000 00^
4 per cent. Loans
2,389,000 00 «!
3i per cent. Loans
3 per cent. Loan .
Total .
990,000 00 <
200,000 00
$9,880,273 98
450
540
250
625
688
330
413
38
161
142
6
82
6
1
280
111
257
50
144
23
58
28,
236
21
161
7,
160
20,
6,
100.
200,
250.
100.
100.
75,
50,
50.
100.
75.
25.
240.
100.
130,
220,
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,700
,000
,550
,750
,000
,000
,000
,000
000
,000
,000
,000
,200
,000
,000
,500
,300
,000
,000
,000
,700
,000
300
000
000
000
000
000
,000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
,000
000
Due Oct.
Due April
Due Oct.
Due Dec.
Due June
Due Oct.
Due April
Due Jan.
Due April
Due July
Due April
Due April
Due Jan.
Due April
Due Oct.
Due Jan.
Due April
Due Oct
Due Jan.
Due Api-il
Due July
Due April
Due July
Due Jan.
Due Jan.
Due April
Due Oct.
Due Jan.
Due April
Due Oct.
Due Jan.
Due April
Due July
Due Oct.
Due Jan.
Due April
Due Oct.
Due April
Due Oct.
Due April
Due Jan.
Due April
Due April
Due Oct.
Due Jan.
Due July
Due Oct.
Due April
Due July
Due Nov.
Due Jan.
Due April
1902
1906
1907
1897
1898
1898
1899
1901
1901
1901
1903
1904
1905
1905
1905
1906
1906
1906
1907
1907
1907
1910
1913
1914
1915
1915
1915
1916
1916
1916
1917
1917
1917
1917
1918
1918
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1922
1915
1915
1916
1916
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1917
24 City Document No. 39.
The outstanding loans on account of Additional Supply of
Water on February 1, 1894, are as follows ;
f
6 per cent. Loans . . $644,000 ■I
I
5 per cent. Gold Loans . 3,452,000 {
5 per cent. Cur. Loan . 12,000
Ah per cent. Loan . . 268,000
3^ per cent. Loans . . 180,000 \
4 per cent. Loans . . 2,619,000/
$100,000
Due July
1902
492,000
Due April
1903
8,000
Due Jan.
1904
44,000
Due July
1905
1,000.000
Due Oct.
1905
452,000
Due Api'il
1906
2,000,000
Due Oct.
1906
Due April
1908
Due Oct.
1909
35,000
Due April
1917
145,000
Due Oct.
1919
588,000
Due April
1908
82,000
Due July
1909
324,000
Due April
1912
336,000
Due Oct.
1913
209,000
Due Jan.
1914
18,600
Due April
1914
16,000
Due Oct.
1914
1,500
Due April
1915
100,000
Due April
1916
50,000
Due Oct.
1916
300,000
Due Oct.
1919
134,000
Due Oct.
1920
162,500
Due Oct.
, 1921
283,000
Due Oct.
1922
14,500
Due Oct.
1923
Total . . . $7,175,000
The outstanding Mystic Water Loan at this date, Febru-
ary 1, 1894, is as follows:
5 per cent. Currency Loan, $102,000 Due April 1, 1894.
The following statement shows the appropriations by the
City Council for an additional supply of water, and the
amount of expenditures to February 1, 1894 :
APPROPRIATIONS .
Oct. 21, 1871. — Transfer from Reserved
Fund .... $10,000 00
Apr. 12, 1872. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow . . . 100,000 00
Apr. 11, 1873. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow . . . 500,000 00
Feb. 26, 1875. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow . . . 1,500,000 00
Oct. 1, 1875. —Premium on $1,000,000
bond, under order of
February 26, 1875 . 83,700 00
Apr. 1, 1876. —Premium on $452,000
bonds, under order of
February 26, 1875 . 47,786 80
Carried forward, $2,241,486 80
Water-Supply Department.
25
Brought forward, $2,241,486 80
July 1, 1876.— Order for Treasurer to
borrow
Oct. 1, 1876. — Premium on $2,000,000
bonds, under order of
July 1, 1876
Apr. 20, 1878. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow
Apr. 11, 1879. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow
Aug. 17, 1881. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow
June 2, 1883. — Order for Treasurer to
boiTow
Oct. 14, 1884. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow
May 28, 1887. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow
Nov. 18, 1889. — Order for Treasurer to
borrow
Oct. 24, 1891. — Forfeiture of conti-act
bond
Dec. 24, 1892. — Transfer
Apr. 26, 1893.— Order for Treasurer to
borrow
Less transfers June 4, 1888, and January
3, 1890
EXPENDED.
1871-72
1872-73
1873-74 including $20,897.50 discount
on bonds sold, January, 1874,
1874-75 .
1875-76 .
1876-77 .
1877-78 .
1878-79 .
1879-80 .
1880-81 .
1881-82 .
1882-83 .
1883-84 .
1884-85 .
1885-86 .
1886-87 .
1887-88 .
1888-89 .
1889-90 .
1890-91 .
1891-92 .
1892-93 .
1893-94 .
Balance unexpended February 1, 1894
2,000,000 00
221,400 00
600,000 00
350,000 00
324,000 00
621,000 00
150,000 00
35,000 00
1,045,000 00
2,500 00
20,000 00
2,-500,000 00
iCIA 1 in QGfi
SO
v
12,946
48
$10,097,440
32
$2,302 81
61,278 83
114,102 77
224,956 68
783,613 49
1,924,060 24
1,257,715 26
635,658 08
213,350 97
97,406 78
35,677 98
167,621 43
423,625 79
276,292 13
139,187 68
128,109 32
30,332 77
2,398 90
18,518 01
233,710 59
281,271 82
313,844 53
190,655 62
7,555,692
$2,541,747
48
1
84
1 $2,506,000 unnegotiated on this date.
26
City Document No. 39.
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27
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28
City Document No. 39.
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30 City Document No. 39.
KEPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
EASTERN DIVISION.
Office of Superintendent of Eastern Division,
710 Albany Street, Boston, February 1, 1894.
Col. Thomas F. Doherty,
Chairman Boston Water Board:
Dear Sir : I herewith respectfully submit the annual re-
port of the Eastern Division for the year ending January 31,
1894:
Distribution or Mains.
Two hundred and ten petitions for extension of mains
have been received, and 176, including 20 of 1892, have
been granted and the mains extended.
Over 16 miles of main pipe have been laid, and
10,776 feet of pipe have been abandoned, making a total of
550.06 miles ; and 10 miles of main pipe bought of the
Jamaica Pond Aqueduct added to this makes the total
number of miles now connected with the system 560.06.
Stop-cocks.
During the year 296 stop-cocks were established and 24
were abandoned, making an increase of 272 ; and 50 which
are on the Jamaica Pond system added to this make a total
of 6,182 stop-cocks connected with the system.
Hydrants.
Two hundred and fifty-six hydrants were established, and
67 were abandoned, making a net increase of 189, and 6,042
now connected with the system.
Service- Pipes.
One thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine service-pipes
have been laid, with an aggregate length of 45,393 feet, and
377 have been abandoned, making the net increase 1,512
during the year.
Meters.
Cochituate Division. — Two hundred and forty-eight
meters have been set and 110 have been discontinued,
Water-Supply Department.
31
making a net increase of 138, and a total of 4,046 now in
use.
Mystic Division. — Forty-six meters have been set and
14 discontinued, making the net increase 32, and the total
number in use 461.
Water-Posts.
Twenty-four water-posts were erected and 3 abandoned,
making the number now in use 341.
Fountains.
During the year there were 4 fountains erected and 1
abandoned.
Waste Detection.
Premises examined . . . . .
. 82,501
Defective fixtures . . . . . .
12,609
Reexaminations ......
12,827
Second notice to repair issued
1,423
Wilful- waste notices issued . . . . .
94
The defective fixtures may be divided into the following
classes :
Ball-cocks ......
Faucets, sink, bowl, hopper, and bath-tub
Water-closets .....
Services burst inside buildino;
Services burst outside building
Wilful waste
7,314
5,515
176
675
94
94
In connection with the meters, out of 2,718 night exami-
nations by means of the sidewalk shut-ofis, there were 1,010
detections of defective fixtures. There were also 479 hand-
hose reported for non-payment.
Deacon Waste Meter System.
There are now in use 83 meters, 76 on the Cochituate,
and 7 on the Mystic system. The territory supplied by the
meters is divided into 176 sections.
For various reasons 10 of the sections were not tested
during the j^ear.
Last May 2 meters having been set in the Back Bay dis-
trict, the entire residential portion of Boston can now be
32
City Document No. 39.
tested by the meters, with the exception of a portion of
West Roxbury and a small portion of Dorchester.
Neither of these portions can be advantageously tested
until the districts are more densely settled.
On the M^'stic system, Charlestown, which was practically
covered b}^ meters, has been disarranged owing to the intro-
duction of the high service to a part of the system.
The meter at Pearl street will be useless in its present
location, and 4 sections on the other meters cannot be tested.
One meter supplies about one-fourth of Chelsea. The
Somerville meter has not been worked during the year
owing to a lack of proper connections.
Everett as yet has no meter.
The estimated population supplied with water as obtained
from the Water Registrar's books, and the population that
is supplied through the Deacon meters in the different
sections of the city, is us follows :
City Proper
Roxbury
West Roxbury
Dorchester .
Brighton
South Boston
East Boston
Charlestown
Chelsea
Somerville .
Everett
The consolidated results of
secticms is shown in the following summary, in which is given
the final readings of the year 1892, and the first and final
readings of the year 1893 :
Estimated
Population
population.
on meters.
1(38,500
142,650
128,100
87,950
16,800
5,400
41,200
33.800
15,800
8,800
73,000
67,350
43,800
33,500
48,200
30,200
37,000
9,650
58,800
17,800
the
readings of the various
1893.
1893.
System.
.2
o
Ph
2d Reading.
d
o
a
"3
p.
o
1st Reading.
2d Reading.
Daily
consump-
tion.
Night
rate.
Daily
consump-
tion.
Night
rate.
Daily
consump-
tion.
Night
ral;e.
Cochituate .
Mystic . . .
337,900
42,600
Gallons.
64.2
43.0
Gallons.
35.0
27.3
679,450
39,850
Gallons.
54.48
44.12
Gallons,
36.69
28.18
Gallons.
54.78
44.12
Gallons.
37.88
28.18
Water-Supply Department.
33
Statement of Location, Size, and Number of Feet of
Pipe Laid in 1893.
Note. — B., indicates Boston; S.B., South Boston; E.B., East Boston; Rox., Roxbury;
Dor., Dorchester; 'Vy.Rox., West Roxbury; Bri., Brighton.
In what Street.
Congress
Ashby
Commonwealth ave. .
Roxbury
Terrace
Atlautic ave
Columbus ave
Deerfield
Devonshire
Milk
Spring lane
Washington
East Second
L
Sleeper
Swett
Audubon road
Brookline ave
Bumstead lane . . . .
Blue Hill ave
Commonwealth ave. .
Holborn
Lawn
Magazine
Riverway .......
Ritchie
Tremont-st. entrance
to Park .
East Chester park . . .
Dewey
Between what Streets.
B and C
Commonwealth ave. and St. Mary
Deerfield and Ashby
Elmwood and Pynchon
Heath and Cedar
Total 16-iBch
Pearl and Oliver ,
Camden and Davenport
Commonwealth ave. and Bay State road
Spring lane and Water
Oliver and Battery march .......
Washington and Devonshire
Haymarket sq. and Friend
From Q
First and Congress .
Congress and N". Y. & N. E. R.R, . . .
Boston " " ...
Boylfeton and B. & A. R.R
Riverway and Audubon road
Smith and Tremont
Otisfield and Warren
Deerfield and Ashby
Blue Hill ave. and Holborn park ...
From Hayden
Kemble and East Chester park ....
Huntington ave. and Tremont ....
Amory and Centre
Huntington ave. and Riverway ,
Boston and Clapp
Howard ave. and Danube . . .
Carried fonoard .....
S.B.
Rox.
S.B.
Rox.
Dor.
16 in.
624
98
1,883
98
92
2.795
205
144
383
45
149
243
294
32
1,048
221
210
812
31
339
793
41
231
197
573
283
231
494
218
316
7,533
34 City Document No. 39.
Statement of Ijocation, Size, etc. — Continued.
In what Street.
G-Ien road
Geneva ave. . . .
Morton
Park
Romsey
Sydney
Stockton
Arbor Way . . .
Brandon .....
Beech
Baker
Belle ave
Bellevue ave. . . .
Montclair ave. . .
Neponset ave. . .
Newberg
Robinswood . . .
Vermont ave. . . .
Commonwealth ave,
Cambridge ....
Parsons
South
Oliver ..,.,,.
Mountfort ....
Bay State road . .
Bothnia
Cottage place . . .
Dalton
Lincoln
Thorndike ....
Between what Streets.
Brought forward
Harvard and "White
Westville and Bowdoin . . . .
Wildwood and Blue Hill ave. .
Vinson and Washington . . .
Sagamore and Dorchester ave.
Romsey and Harbor View . .
Washington and Milton ave. .
Pond and Perkins
Washington and Forest Hill .
Aldrich and Arden
Orange and Newberg ....
Prospect and Belle ave. . . .
From Baker
Brook and Dudley ave. . . .
Centre and Merlin
Canterbury and Folsom . . .
Brandon and Berry
Centre and Enfield
Corey and Mt. Vernon ....
St. Mary and St. Paul ....
Harvard and Royal road . . .
Faneuil and North Beacon . .
Foster and Lake
Total 12.inch
Milk and Franklin . .
Arundel and St. Mary
Total 10-inch . . .
Raleigh and Deerfield ....
Belvidere and Boylston . . .
Washington and Harrison ave.
Scotia and Cambria
Essex and Tufts
Reed aod Harrison ave. . . .
Carried forward
Dor.
W.R.
Bri.
B.
Rox.
12 in.
10 in.
7,533
57
306
564
533
22
62
1,190
715
],39:i
1,050
529
220
1,050
60
160
122
128
1,002
249
2,358
859
60
911
21,132
42
156
198
551
427
343
6
252
212
1,791
Water-Supply Department.
35
Statement of Liocation, Size, etc. — Continued.
In what Street.
Turner
W. Newbury . .
Rawson ....
Wormwood . .
Gladstone . . .
Avon
Asbby
Granby ....
Island
Pontine ....
Sherborn ....
Bowdoin ....
Chamblet ....
Fulton
Glendale ....
Holden
Mt. Vernon . . .
Mt. Hope ave. ,
Melville ave. . .
Milton
Torrey
Walcott ....
Waldeck ....
Arbor Way . .
Ashland ....
Aldrich ....
Clarendon ave. .
Clement ave. . .
Forest Hills. . .
Knoll
Kenneth ....
Peter Parley road
Proctor ....
Between what Streets.
Brought fonoard
From Haviland ,
Charlesgate West and Kenmore . • . ,
Boston and Dorchester ave ,
A and N.T. & N.E. R.R
Breed and Chelsea ,
Ruggles and Greenleaf
Bay State road and Commonwealth ave.
Gerard and Hampden
From Norfolk ave
Bay State road and Commonwealth ave.
Bullard and Mt. Bowdoin ave
Hartford and Magnolia
Water and Ericsson
Columbia and Bird
From Boston
Buttonwood and Von Hilleran . . . .
From Blue Hill ave
Upland ave. and N.Y., N.H., & H. R.R. .
Adams and N.T., N.H., & H. R.R. . . .
Learnard and Withington
Columbia and Erie ave
Park and Lindsay
Pond and Centre
Canterbury and Hyde Park ave. . . .
Sherwood and Brown ave
Berry and Beech
Hilburn and Augustus ave
Park and Farrington
Green and Williams
Selwyn and Centre
Stratford and Farrington ave
Forest Hills and Walnut ave
Walter and Fairview . . . .
Carried forward
S.B.
E.B.
Rox.
Dor.
W.R.
1,791
313
104
48
484
162
300
14
24
755
36
17
185
499
1,029
300
200
124
190
269
228
204
701
495
2,667
232
125
268
180
326
265
206
371
1,171
I 192
1 14,475
36
City Document No. 39.
Statement of LiOcation, Size, etc. — Continued.
In -what Street.
Paine
Roslindale ave. .
Rockwood . . .
Sedgwick . . .
Stratford ....
Schuman ....
Weld Hill . . .
Chilmark ....
Chiswick road .
Eleanor ....
George .....
Hill
Lincoln ....
Bidgemont . . .
Summit ave. . .
Battery wharf .
Chauney ....
Cambria . • . .
Clarendon . . .
Devonshire . . .
Gilbert place . .
Hathaway . . .
Kenmore . . .
McLellan . . . .
Mystic . . . . .
Scotia
Prescott . . . .
Pope
Pope-st. court .
Dunham park .
East Fifth . . .
H
I
Between what Streets.
Brought forward
Canterbury and Walk Hill
Auburn and Dudley ave
Pond and Brookline line
Elm and South
Clement and Anawan ave
Washington and Ifikisch ,
From Wenham ,
Commonwealth ave. and Bay State road ,
Selkirk and Fenwick roads
Cambridge and Ridgemont ,
North Beacon and Spring ,
Murdock and Lucas
Franklin and Cambridge
Eleanor and AUston Heights
AUston and Summer ,
Total 8-inch
From Commercial ..........
Essex and Rowe place
Dalton and Bothnia
St. James and B. & A. R.R
Water and State
Summer and Congress
W.R.
Bri.
Commonwealth ave. and W. Newbury
From Reed
E. Canton and Brookline
Bothnia and Dalton
Saratoga and Bennington
Curtis and Pope-st. court
From Pope
" Fifth
H and I
Fourth and Fifth
«' " Sixth
Carried forward
E.B.
S.B.
14,475
56
219
620
233
379
208
275
26
467
190
20
104
417
382
131
18,202
33
238
190
24
73
257
376
239
66
106
72
251
109
163
28
68
323
147
2.867
Water-Supply Department.
Statement of liocation, Size, etc. — Continued.
37
In what Street.
Btory
Bay State road . .
Batavia
Crestwood terrace
Dunford
Dalmatia
Devon
Deerfield
Dacia
Heath
Homer place . . .
Intervale . '. . . .
Kalada park . . .
Magazine
Miner
Penryth . . . . .
Sunderland . . .
Sachem
Vine
Wait
Ashmont
Auckland . . . .
Auckland . . . .
Brook
Bloomington . . .
Bicknell
Buttonwood . . .
Bowdoin
Baker court . . .
Bellows place . .
Bertram
Chapman ave. . .
Columbia terrace .
Chamberlain . . .
Between what Streets.
Brought forward . . . . .
G and H
Deerfleld and Sherborn . . • .
St. Stephen and Parker . . . .
From Townsend
Cobden and Fenner
Howard and Blue Hill aves. .
Warren and Blue Hill itve. . .
Bay State road and the water .
Dewey and Dove
Parker and Blckford ave. . .
Winthrop and Moreland . . .
Warren and Blue Hill ave. . .
From Holborn
Dunmore and Dudley . . . .
Beacon and B. & A. R.R. . .
Centre and Pynchon
Warren and Blue Hill ave. . .
Calumet and Hillside . . . . .
Dudley and Forest ......
Tremont and Hillside . . . .
Newhall and Neponset ave. .
Elton and Savin Hill ave. . . .
Belfort and Elton
Patterson and Dorchester ave.
Tolman and Eaton
Harvard and White
Grafton and Crescent ave. . .
Hancock and Church
From Willow court . . . . .
" Dorchester ave
" Neponset ave
Tucker and Birch
From Richfield
Harvard and Cook
Carried forward
S.B.
Rox.
Dor.
6 in.
2,867
150
785
504
254
187
244
48
153
290
578
150
42
131
77
373
162
65
149
24
137
809
306
140
82
94
255
378
209
36
140
19
94
84
60
10,076
38
City Document No. 39.
Statement of Location, Size, etc. — Continued.
In what Street.
Crescent ave. . . .
Glarkson
Danube
Dalkeith
Ditson
Evansdale terrace
Between what Streets.
Brought forward . . . ,
Spring Garden and Sydney .
Barrington and MuUaney . ,
Brookford and Dewey . . .
From Howard ave
Leroy and Josephine . . . .
From Savin Hill ave
Elmont Waterlow and Washington
Ellet
Ericsson
Fulton
Freeman
Greenheys
Houghton
Howell
Harlow
Hartland
Harrison park . . .
Josephine
Longfellow
Marshfield
Mascot
, Mt. Bowdoin Green
Mullaney
Neponset ave. . , .
Oakley
Oak ave
Shelton
Spencer ... • . .
Saco ....
Stratford . .
Street . . .
Sidney place
Sydney . •
Adams and Dorchester ave. . . . .
Fulton and High
Water and Franklin
Faulkner and Charles
Cedar and Magnolia
Mill and Tileston place
Boston and Dorchester ave. ...
From Howard ave
Sydney and Tuttle ave
From Beach
Ditson and Geneva ave
Topliff and Ditson
Clifton and Batchelder
From Mountain ave
Mt. Bowdoin and Mt. Bowdoin . .
From Clarkson
Ashmont and Neponset bridge . .
Bowdoin and Geneva ave
Adams and Plain
Adams and Wrentham
Park and Wheatland ave
Downer and Cushing ave
From Neponset ave
From Waldeck
Clayton and N.T., N.H., & H. R.R.
From Waterlow
Harbor View and Crescent ave. . .
Carried forward
Dor.
10,076
48
266
169
173
79
203
108
117
72
31
87
281
51
525
19
52
190
175
1,045
143
136
225
58
2,996
830
615
365
156
202
48
331
92
60
117
20,141
Water-Supply Department.
39
Statement of Jjocation, Size, etc. — Continued.
In what Street.
Between what Streets.
Sagamore
Train
Tuttle ave
Vose
Virginia
Warner ave
Wrentham
Arbor way
Austin Farm ....
Auburn ......
Asbury place ....
Boynton
Berry
Clement ave
Elgin .......
Eldridge
Eugene
Folsom
Flora
Erisno
Franklin Park terrace
Garden
Goldsmith
Hillburn
Hadwin way ....
Hastings
Hall
Locksley
Mozart ave
Myers
Newburg
Newbern
Norfolk
Brought forward
Belford and Romsey
King and Mill
Hartland and Savin Hill ave. . . .
Butler and Crest ave
Bird and Arion
Coolidge and Park
Ashmont and Shelton
Shelton and Dorchester ave. . . .
Morton and Forest Hills
From Canterbury
Bellevue and Roslindale
From South
South and New Call
Cornell and Brooks
Stratford and Farrington ave. . .
Hilcrest and N.Y., N.H., & H. R.R.
From Metropolitan ave
Forest Hills and Peter Parley road
Florence and Mt. Hope
Kenneth and Clement ave
Alder and Dudley ave
Eugene and Walnut ave
Sherwood and Brown ave
Centre and Jamaica
Poplar and Clarendon ave
Hammet road and Hyde Park ave.
Centre and Carl
South and New Call
From Robinswood ,
"Walter and Selwyn
From Spruce ,
Brandon and Beech
Elm and Bishop
Washington and Kittredge . . . . ,
Carried forward
Dor.
W.R.
6 in.
20,141
154
213
10
100
128
48
60
52
1,032
211
243
246
182
120
12
75
183
630
628
163
95
573
136
225
248
175
17
153
377
242
48
1,105
144
163
28,332
40 City Document No. 39.
Statement of Location, Size, etc. — Concluded.
In what Street.
Pierce Farm
Perham
Perbam
Starr lane
So. Fairview
Street
Taft's place
Alcott
Bentley .......
Bayard .
Chestnut Hill reservoir
Chiswick road . . . .
Callahan place . . . .
Cambridge terrace . .
Garden
Highland ave
Leicester
Linden
Mansfield
Quint ave
Spring
Windsor road . . . .
Westford
Weitz
Bellevue ave
Huckins ave. . . . . .
Long Island
Long Island
Street
Street
Rainsford Island line
Between what Streets.
Brought forward
From Walk Hill
Ivory and N.T., N.H., & H. R.R
Ivory and Winslow
Centre and Seaverns ave
South and Brookfield
Boylston ave. and N.Y., N.H., & H. R.R.
From South
Franklin and Mansfield
Sparhawk and Henshaw
Kenneth and No. Harvard
From South
Selkirk road and Commonwealth ave. .
From Western ave
From Cambridge
Murdock and Lucas - •
From Cambridge
Bennet and Arlington .........
Cambridge and Pratt .
Cambridge and Alcott
From Brighton ave.
George and Market
From Lanark road
From Raymond
Franklin and Bayard <
From Huckins ave
Squantum and Bellevue
Moon and Long Island
For reservoir
Total e-inch
From Dacia
From Savin Hill ave
On Long Island
On Rainsford Island
Total 4.inch
Long and Rainsford Islands
W.R.
Bri.
Quincy.
Rox.
Dor.
6 in.
4 in.
28,332
1,935
115
205
126
42
130
239
191
529
239
442
74
270
214
60
117
339
226
216
359
445
70
72
110
67
15
1,700
384
37,263
149
141
1,300
2,300
3,890
2,200
Water-Supply Department.
41
Statement of Pipes Raised, Lowered, and Abandoned.
In what Street.
Tremont
Tremont
Commonwealth ave
Commonwealth ave
Cambridge
Mansfield
Linden
Peter Parley road •
Eldora
Norfolk ave
Roxbury
Elmwood
Commonwealth ave.
Seaver
Cambridge . . . .
Lincoln
Lincoln ......
Fourth
Terrace
Washington . . . .
EuBtis .
Ericsson
Neponset ave. . . .
Mansfield
Highland ave. . . .
Linden
Long Island . . . .
Between what Streets.
Raised.
Brookline line
Brookline line
St. Mary and Essex
Beacon and St. Mary ....
Harvard and Royal road . .
Cambridge and Alcott . . .
Cambridge and Pratt ....
Lowered.
Forest Hills and Eugene . .
Hillside and Sunset
Relaid.
Franklin court and Magazine
Abandoned.
Gardner and Pynchon . . .
Roxbury and Texas ....
St. Paul and Essex
Total 16-inch
Humboldt and Walnut aves.
Harvard and Royal road . .
Total 12.inch
Franklin and Cambridge
Essex and Tufts
Foundry and N.Y., N.H., & H. R.R.
Heath and Cedar
Eustis and Ball
Washington and Harrison ave. . . .
Fulton and High
Neponset bridge and R.R
Franklin and Cambridge
From Cambridge
Pratt and Cambridge
Long and Moon Islands
Total 6-inch
Rox.
Bri.
Rox.
Bri.
W.R.
Rox.
Bri.
Rox.
Bri.
Bri.
B.
S.B.
Rox.
Dor.
Bri.
12
72
70
1,050
2,400
241
275
165
90
135
960
1,095
1,195
851
2,046
136
252
425
75
610
365
45
130
216
117
320
1,700
4,255
42
City Document No. 39.
Statement of Pipes Abandoned, etc. — Concluded.
In -what Street.
Spring lane .
Essex place .
Cottage place
Avon . . . .
Ball
Madison . . .
Webber . . .
Ambrose . .
Mall
Reed's court
Shawmut ave,
Between what Streets.
Washington and Devonshire .
From Tufts
Washington and Harrison ave.
Ruggles and Greenleaf ....
Washington and Shawmut ave.
Washington and Shawmut ave.
Albany and Harrison ave. . . .
Total 4-inch
Albany and Orchard .
Albany and Eustis . .
Yeoman and Ambrose
Vernon and Ruggles .
Total 3-inch . .
B.
Rox.
Rox.
343
188
295
485
160
1,750
300
680
254
ITO
1,404
Water-Supply Department.
43
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44
City Document No. 39.
to
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Water-Supply Department.
45
rH (N 0>
(D CO CO
CD CO 10 tft (M 05
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CO UD rH
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JO jaqinnx
rH O (N 1-1 ■* ■* ■*
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46
City Document No. 39,
Meters in Service, January 31, 1894.
COCHITUATB.
DiAMETEB IN INCHES.
Total.
6
4
8
2
I5
1
3
i
Worthington
Crown
B W W
2
2
10
22
22
35
118
43
103
105
542
237
418
323
148
87
361
3
2
69
1,199
21
4
4
6
2
1
1,284
1,966
148
1
5
12
20
39
78
185
443
Ball & Fitts
7
1
1
8
4
Nash
1
4
33
62
174
228
897
1,342
1,306
4,046
Meters Purchased.
DiAMETE
a IN Inches
Totals.
6
4
3
2
n
1
5
>
6
5
26
25
75
137
1
1
1
1
30
13
135
15
165
Worthington
1
3
4
6
14
1
2
9
9
32
56
223
....
332
Meters Sent to Factory
for
Repairs.
Cochituate.
Diameter in Inches.
Total.
3
2
n
1
21
1
32
54
i
'
1
1
4
2
1
3
12
1
1
14
106
1
142
Hersey
5
1
41
1
6
6
107
188
Watee-Supplt Department.
Meters Applied.
47
Diameter
IN Inches.
Total.
COCHITUATK.
6
4
3
2
H j 1
1
s
4
3
6
3
6
20 19
36
12
5
2
25
1
49
6
137
1
7
2
25
18
1
2
2
54
B W W
2
10
35
Ball & Fitts
1
2
1
6
5
16
28
56
81
55
248
Meters Discontinued.
Diameter in Inche
s.
Total.
COCHITUATK.
4
3
2
n
1
i
a
B, W. W
8
S
Ball & Fitt8
1
1
1
2
5
6
8
1
3
8
5
29
1
51
1
2
2
1
14
7
g
2
3
5
3
33
3
5
8
10
21
33
30
110
Meters in Service, January 31, 1894.
Mtstic.
Diameter
IN Inches.
Total.
6
4
3
2
n
1
i
s
Ball & Fitts
2
8
1
2
2
7
1
12
3
2
1
33
8
13
71
44
101
209
14
29
51
6
42
11
6
42
7
194
2
19
17
57
10
125
124
107
461
48
City Document No. 39.
Meters Applied.
Diameter
IN Inches.
Mystic.
4
3
2
1
1
1
Total.
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
1
3
11
19
6
10
14
6
7
1
3
8
10
13
11
46
Meters Discontinued.
Mtstic.
Diameter
IN Inches.
4
3
2
1
1
s
Total.
1
1
1
1
2
2
9
15
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
4
10
20
Meters Sent to Factory for Repairs.
Mystic.
Diameter in Inches.
Total.
6
4
2
1
i
1
1
1
2
2
4
3
20
28
5
1
1
2
2
7
20
33
Water-Supply Department.
49
Meters Repaired in Service.
Leak at coupling .
" spindle .
" stop-cock
Not registering .
Clock broken . .
" defaced . .
Ratchet broken .
Spindle stuck . .
Stopped by fish .
" sand .
Cause.
Oochituate.
Mystic.
45
10
78
5
5
45
10
57
14
32
6
57
Meters Changed.
Cause.
For test
Not registering . . . .
Unsatisfactory
Frozen
Enlargement of service
No force
Leak at coupling . . . .
" body
" spindle . . . .
Clock broken
" defaced
Service reduced . . . .
1,072
Cochituate.
Mystic.
570
34
214
65
34
7
29
1
25
4 •
100
11
16
24
3
18
31
2
H
2
1
130
50
City Document No. 39.
General Statement of Meters for Year ending January
31, 1894.
COCHITUATB.
Meters. Boxes
Mystic.
Meters. Boxes
In service, January 31, 1894
New set
Discontinued
Changed
Changed location
Tested at shop
Repaired at shop
Repaired at factory ....
Repaired in service ....
Purchased
Lost in service
4,046
248
110
1,072
22
2,192
503
188
270
332
4
46
461
46
20
57
1
202
56
33
57
Hydrants Established and Abandoned during the Tear,
Established.
Abandoned.
>>
>,
u
«
f^
o
§
^
£»
a
o
^
^
ii
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hJ
"m
^
a
iJ
m
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o
o
O
O
o
a
M
hJ
fM
n
PQ
H
H-l
P^
P3
m
H
20
4
20
6
2
2
42
12
2
1
1
4
1
8
3
15
5
27
South Boston
7
Roxbury
2
32
2
4
40
6
4
6
16
24
3
4
61
54
6
13
70
71
2
1
1
9
6
5
2
17
9
53
West Roxbury
62
2
14
4
1
20
1
1
4
' •
5
15
1
35
187
29
5
256
12
3
28
24
67
189
Water-Supply Department.
51
Total Xumber of Hydrants in Use, January 31, 1894,
>.
%
3
1
o
1-3
pq
s
o
1
a
O
o
pq
i
o
Eh
691
214
138
663
575
J 22
79
246
93
84
195
423
468
269
16
66
21
24
63
184
166
59
1
510
259
138
95
67
48
36
1,513
588
384
1,016
804
443
16
5
3
7
g
7
7
4
7
' 4
2
2
1
1
2,487
1,807
583
]
1,164
6,042
Water-Posts.
DiSTBICT.
Put in during
the year.
Abandoned
during the year.
Number now
in service.
3
5
2
6
3
2
3
2
1
45
28
27
64
75
41
24
3
341
Hydrant barrels changed for repairs
Hydrant boxes renewed
Stop-cock boxes renewed
Dead ends blown off .
Water-posts repaired .
Fountains repaired
Hydrants cleaned and oiled
219
178
243
122
211
48
253
52
City Document No. 39.
Repairs of Pipes during- the Year ending Jan. 31, 1894.
Diameter or Pipes in Inches.
Total.
48
36
3
1
4
30
15
15
24
8
1
1
1
11
20
10
1
7
18
16
36
1
37
12
11
3
4
14
5
7
2
46
10
1
8
8
1
1
4
3
6
76
12
2
15
8
3
4
3
4
38
1
5
10
3
12
1
2
2
7
1
4
1|
5
1
1
1
2
1
18
1
3
8
30
1
7
1
7
1
2
18
1
5
567
150
141
273
188
64
29
1,412
9
14
5
26
4
68
832
South Boston
East Boston
1
•
1
186
168
365
Dorchester
West Roxbury
Brighton
Long Island
Chelsea
210
82
35
3
1
1
17
123
54
15
12
8
2
1,882
Causes of repairs tiiat have occurred in 4 inches diameter
and upwards ;
Settling of earth
18
Blasting
4
Defective joints
141
" pipes
* ' stop-cocks
21
20
*' packing .
" stuffing-box
78
4
Cap blown off.
Frozen .
3
6
Falling wall (fire) .
2
Changed location
21
Eaten by soil .
1
Broken by gas men .
1
" sewer men
3
Pierced by pipe
" drill
1
1
" pick
2
Of 3- inch and in service-pipes :
Settling of earth 260
" service-box . . . . 3
Broken by gas men .
1
— 327
Carried forward^
264
327
Water-Supply Department.
53
Brought forward.
264
327
Broken in sewer-trench .... 14
" by sewer men
13
" Tel. Co.
1
Gnawed by rats
4
Eaten by soil ....
Broken by blasting .
18
8
Eaten by ashes
1
Broken by pile-driver
Struck by pick
Pierced by drill
1
79
1
Changed grade of street .
15
" location
23
Uprights in way of edgestone .
In way of manhole .
238
3
Defective joints
31
' " packing .
" coupling .
Broken by steam-i'oUer
16
28
4
Defective stop-cocks
. 40
" church-cocks
6
" pipe
Nail-hole in pipe
Dead pipe
Defective plug
97
1
7
2
Building demolished
1
Stoppages by dirt .
" gasket
. 40
7
" solder
3
fish .
. 49
" rust .
. 417
" frost .
. 120
Broken by plumbers
3
1,555
1,882
In addition to the above, 363 service-pipes were shut off
for repairs inside street line, and notice of the same sent to
the On and Off Division of the Income Department.
54
City Document No. 39.
Statement of Leaks and Stoppag-es from 1850 to 1893.
Diameter in Inches.
Tbab.
Four inches and
upwards.
Less than four
inches.
Total.
1850
32
64
82
85
74
75
75
85
77
82
134
109
117
97
95
111
139
122
82
82
157
185
188
153
434
203
214
109
213
211
135
145
170
171
253
111
72
173
241
260
280
219
232
278
334
449
458
399
373
397
394
496
536
487
449
407
707
1,380
1,459
1,076
2,120
725
734
801
1,024
995
929
883
1,248
782
1,127
638
104
1851
237
1852
1853 ,
323
345
1854
354
1855
1855
294
307
1857
363
1858 ,...,....,...
1859
401
531
I860
592
1861. ............
1862
508
490
1863
494
1864
489
1865
607
1866
675
1867 .......
609
1868. ............
1869. ............
1870
531
489
864
1871
1,565
1872.
1873
1,647
1,229
1874
2,554
1875
928
1876
943
1877
1878
910
1,237
1879
1,206
1880
1,064
1881
1,028
1882
1,418
1883
953
1884
1,380
1885
749
Water-Supply Department.
55
Statement of Ijealcs and Stoppages from 1850 to 1893,
Concluded.
DiAMBTBB IN INCHES.
Tbab.
Four inches and
upwards.
Less than four
inches.
Total,
1886
150
172
216
183
180
194
212
327
725
869
1,140
849
718
758
1,232
1,555
875
1887
1,041
1888
1,356
1889
1,032
1890
898
1891
952
1892
1,444
1893
1,882
EespectfuUy,
William J. Welch,
Superintendent.
56 City Document No. 39.
REPORT OF THE RESIDENT ENGINEER AND
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE WESTERN DIVI-
SION.
South Framingham, January 1, 1894.
Thomas F. Doherty, Esq.,
Chairman Boston Water Board:
Sir : The annual report for the Western Division of the
Boston Water-Works is submitted herewith.
SUDBURY-RlVER BaSINS.
Water-shed, 76.2 square miles.
The rainfall for 1893 was 48.9 inches at Framingham, and
the mean rainfall taken at Framingham and Dam 4 was 48.18
inches, which is about the average rainfall. The quantity of
water proved just enough to carry the city through the year
without any restriction in the corusumption, but with little
margin. Late in the summer, as the level of Lake Co-
chituate began to approach the top of the aqueduct, some
alarm was naturally felt in regard to the abundance of the
supply, and temporary pumps were erected.
Basin 4 was drained entirely dry during the summer.
The construction of Basin 6 has been completed sufficiently
to allow the basin to be filled, and the gates will probably be
closed in a few days.
A large amount of work has been done during the year on
questions connected with the construction of another Basin,
No. 5, to be built at Nichols' Mill site on Stony brook.
Early in the year plans were made for the dam and a con-
tract awarded for its construction. When built this basin
will be the largest ever undertaken by the city. Its capacity
will be 7,438,000,000 gallons. It will cover about 1,500
acres, will be 70 feet deep at the lower end, and will add at
least 15,000,000 gallons to the supply in the driest year.
The dam will be 80 feet high at the highest point and
2,000 feet long. The greater part of this season has been
occupied in arriving at an agreement with the town of South-
boro' in regard to the plans for the roads affected by the
proposed basin. On June 29 the first conference was held
with the County Commissioners of Worcester County, and
since that time a number of public hearings have been held
and negotiations have been carried on between the Water
Water-Supply Department. 57
Board of Boston and a committee of citizens from Southboro'.
An agreement has been practically reached, but not yet signed.
Work will probably be begun early in the coming season.
The color of the water in Boston has been increasing some-
what during the past two years, for the following reasons :
The increase in storage at the sources of supply does not
keep up exactly with the increase of consumption in the city.
When a new basin is completed the storage suddenly re-
ceives a large addition and then remains for several years
without any increase until the growing demands of the city
call for the building of more works. Before another basin is
built the resources of the system are taxed to their utmost to
supply sufficient water, and the basins are perhaps drawn
down to their lowest levels. It is well known that where
reservoirs are properly built the quality of the surface water
stored in them improves the longer it is kept in store : but
this process requires that the basin should be tolerably full ;
for where it is drawn down to the natural bed of the stream,
the water simply passes through it without any improvement
whatever. The nearer we get to the limit of our resources,
as far as the quantity of water to be supplied is concerned,
the less storage we have on hand at the end of the dry
period, and consequently the water is sent to the city when
the winter flows first begin, with but little benefits derived
from storage. This leads me to the conclusion that in order
to deliver water of approximately uniform quality, the
storage supplied should not only be sufficient to cover the
periods of drought, but should also be sufficient to supply
stored water for a somewhat longer period.
No excessive growths of algge have visited the basins, and
no general or serious complaints of the quality of the water
have been made during the past year.
Reference was made in the last annual report to studies
for the drainage of Cedar swamp. Much attention has been
given to the question whether it would be better to build a
basin in the swamp by excavating the mud and raising the
water-line, or whether, all things considered, it would be bet-
ter to reclaim the swamp. Now that it has been decided to
build Basin 5 with its enormous storage the question assumes
a different aspect. With Basin 5 built, the importance of a
basin in Cedar swamp to reinforce the supply becomes less,
for the reason that as we rise in the scale of development of
a given water-shed the advantages of additional basins di-
minish, as will be seen by an inspection of the following table,
showing the result of giving up any one basin while all the
rest remain in service :
58
City Document No. 39.
1 -
o
a
<v
<5
bit
a
2
Increase to daily supply of city.
A.8 successively
added.
Proportional to
capacity.
Taking each as
if last on the
list.
Whitehall pond ....
Basin 1
Basin 3
Basin 2
Basin 4
Basin 6
Basin 5
Cedar Swamp basin .
550
130
230
120
150
170
1,000
500
1,257
288
1,081
530
1,416
1,530
7,438
2,271
13.7
2.0
4.9
2.2
6.3
6.0
15.8
3.3
4.3
1.0
3.7
1.8
4.9
5.2
25.5
7.8
1.5
0.4
1.5
0,8
2.3
2.6
11.7
3.3
Total
2,850
15,811
54.2
54.2
It therefore seems clear to me that it would be better to
proceed at once with the construction of the drainage scheme
already perfected. To aid in carrying out this work the
following act was passed in 1892 :
[CHAPTER 434.]
An Act authorizing certain improvements in the Sudbury
RIVER IN the towns OF WeSTBORO' AND HOPKINTON.
Be it enacted, etc., as follows :
Section 1. For the purpose of protectino^ and preserving the purity
of the water of the Sudbury river, the city of Boston, by the Boston
water board, may, wherever said board shall deem necessary within the
towns of Westboro' and Hopkinton, from time to time, widen, deepen,
and straighten the existing channels of, or make new channels for, the
Sudbury river and its tributaries, and may construct ditches connecting
with said river or its tributaries, and may, from time to time, repair and
maintain the said channels and ditches as now existing, or as so changed,
altered, or constructed.
Sect. 2. Said city, from time to time, before constructing any im-
provement hereinbefore described, shall file in the registries for the
districts in which the lands lie, a map or maps, showing thereon as far
as practicable the existing channels of said river and its tributaries, the
changes or widenings proposed to be made thereiu, and the locations
and sizes of any ditches proposed to be made.
Sect. 3. The said city may by said board, in carrying out the pur-
poses aforesaid, enter upon and dig up any public way or railroad, and
conduct any channel of said river or its tributaries, or any ditches across
the same, and, in case any channel or ditch passes under any existing
bridge, it shall be left by the city in good condition, and if across any
highway or railroad a new channel or ditch is constructed, the said city
shall compensate the town or railroad corporation for constructing and
maintaining a suitable bridge over the same.
Water-Supply Department. 59
Sect. 4. Any person claiming to be injured in property by any act
done by said city under tlie autliority of this act, if the said water board
acting for said city fails to make satisfactory compensation therefor,
may at any time within three years after the said tiling of a map or
maps by the city petition the superior court for the county of Worcester
for a jury to determine the amount of his damages, and thereupon after
such notice as the court shall order, a trial shall be had at the bar of
said court in the same manner as other cases ai'e tried by jury. In esti-
mating the damages caused by such acts there shall be allowed by way
of set-off the benefit, if any. to the property of the petitioner by reason
thereof, and interest shall be added from the date of filing his petition
as aforesaid ; costs shall be taxed and execution issued for the prevail-
ing party as in civil cases.
Sect. 5. If said city, in carrying out the powers aforesaid, does any
work or makes any repairs in any public way which is outside its limits,
it shall do the work and make the repairs in such manner and with such
care as not to render the way unsafe or unnecessai-ily inconvenient to
the public travel thereon, and in accordance with such reasonable regu-
lations as the selectmen of the town in which such way may be located
shall prescribe, and shall restore the way to as good order and condition
as it was when siich work or repairs therein commenced.
Sect. 6. Said city shall at all times indemnify and save harmless any
town against all damages and costs which may be recovered against
such town, on account of any defect or want of repair in any of the pub-
lic ways of such town, caused by any act done under the authority of this
act or by any negligence of said city and its agents, and shall reimburse
to such town all reasonable costs and expenses incurred by it in the
defence of suits for such recoveries, provided that said citj^ has notice of
any claim or suit for such damages and an opportunity to assume the
defence thereof.
Sect. 7. Nothing in this act shall be construed to authorize the city
of Boston to interfere with the present water-supply of the town of
Westboro', or with the water-shed of said water-supply above the
present reservoir dam of such supply.
Sect. 8. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
l^Approved June 16, 1892.']
Basin 1.
Orades, IT. W., 161.00; Topn of Flash-boards, 139.29 and 158.41;\Grest of Dam, ln7.54.
Area, Water Surface, 143 acres; Greatest Depth, 14 ft.; Contents, below 161-00,
376,900,000; below 159.29, 288,400,000 gals.
On January 1, 18!»3, this basin stood at elevation 157 44
above tide marsh level in Boston, irom which all heights
are reckoned. Water was wasting at this time over the
stone crest, and continued to waste until January 11. The
surface then gradually fell to 157.27 on February 6, when it
began to rise, and on February 7 flowed over the dam and
continued to waste until April 16. On April 14 a waste-
gate was opened in order to draw off the basin to make
repairs on the 48-in. main. On May 1 the vvater stood at
147.83, rising to 157.18 on May 5, and falling to 14(i.97 on
May 29. The surface then rose slowly, and on June 6 the
waste-gate was shut.
On July 6 the vvater reached 156.54, and remained at
about this level until September 11, after which it fluctuated
60 City Document No. 39.
between 155.00 and 156.00 for the remainder of the year.
No flash-boards have been placed on the dam during the
year.
The highest elevation was 159.20 on March 15, and the
lowest 146.88 on June 2.
Water was drawn wholly from this basin for the supply of
the city from February 10 to April 14, and from December 2
to the end of the year.
For several years past trouble has been experienced with
the 48-in. mains in the bottom of this basin, connecting-
Basins 2 and 3 with the gate-house. These troubles arose
from leaks in the pipes. Two of these leaks, one on the
Basin 3 branch and one on the Basin 2 branch, were very
bad, and limited the quantity of water that could be run
through the mains, for if the head was increased the water
escaped into Basin 1 . During the latter part of May and
the tirst part of June, water was drawn out of the basin and
the more dangerous leaks were repaired. This involved
digging around the joints. In many cases the lead was
found to be loose all around the pipe.
No other repairs of importance have been made. The
gate-house is in good condition.
A flow of at least one and one-half millions of gallons has
been passed into the river daily in accordance with the law.
Basin 2.
Grades, E W., 16S.00; Tops of Flaah-boards, 167 .12 and 166.49; Crest of Dam, 165.87.
Area, Water Surface, 134 acres; Greatest Depth, 17 ft.; Conteyits, below 168.00,
'668,300,000; below 167.72, 629,860,000 gals.
On January 1, 1893, the surface of the water was at ele-
vation 163.04, and it rose to 164 96 on January 10, from
which point it gradually fell to 158.72 on February 7. After
this date the water rose rapidly, and on February 11 waste
over the stone crest began. This overflow continued until
March 8, when the gates having been opened itfell to 16U.54
on March 10, but again rose, and on March 23 was flowing
over the dam, and so continued until May 27, when both sets
of flash-boards and also an additional temporary set were
placed in position. The w^ater then rose and was kept at
about 167.00 until June 30, when the surface began to fall
gradually, reaching 159.65 on August 4, at which time it re-
ceived water from Basin 4. The water remained between
161.00 and 163.00 until October 7, after which the basin
gradually fell to 155.53 on November 28, and then gradually
rose with slight fluctuations to 160.00 on December 31. On
September 16 all flash-boards were removed. The highest
water during the year was 167.23 on June 24, and the lowest,
155.30 on December 1.
Water-Supply Department. 61
Water for the supply of the city was drawn wholly from
this basin from May 23 to May 24, and from August 3 to
September 26. The supply was drawn partially from this
source and from Basin 3 from January 1 to February 10,
April 14 to May 21, May 24 to August 3, and from Septem-
ber 26 to December 2.
The following repairs have been made : the upper gates
scraped and painted; slope paving near dam extending 125
feet ; house and barn on the Le Baron place shingled and
repaired ; and wooden culvert at upper end of basin re-
placed by stonework,
Orsanisms were not abundant during 1893, and those
present were found in the summer and autumn. Cyclotella
and Synedra among the diatoms, and Raphidium of the
Chlorophyceae, and Miscrocystis of the Cyanophyceffi have
been the most important growths. There was a slight
growth of Uroglena in October. The amorphous matter has
been more abundant than usual, especially in October and
November.
The mean temperature of the water has been 51.2°
Fahrenheit, based on weekly observations.
The mean color of the water has been 1.00. Last year it
was 1.01.
Basin 3.
Grades, II. W., 177,00; Crest of Dam {no flash-hoard! s) , 175.24.
Area at 177.00, 253 acres; Contents, below 177.00, 1,224,600,000 gals.
Area at 175.24, 248 acres; Contents, beloio 175.24, 1,081,500,000 gals.
Greatest Depth, 21 feet.
On January 1, 1893, this basin stood at grade 171.58 and
the surfttce gradually fell to 166.76 on February 7. From
this date the water rose, and on February 13 was flowing-
over the crest of the dam. Waste continued until March 5,
when one of the gates was opened, and on March 10 the
water had fallen to 169.50, and on March 23 was again
wasting, and so continued until June 7. The surface then
fell to 167.72 (m August 2. It remained at about this level
until September 29. On October 25 the water had fallen
to 157.81, remainingat about 158.60 until December 4, from
which date it rose to 168.20 on December 31. The highest
point reached was 176.20 on May 4, and the lowest 157.81
on October 23. No w^ater has been drawn solely from this
source : it has been drawn partly from this basin and partly
from Basin 2, on dates already given.
The water in Basin 3 has been generally better during
the past year than in 1892. The organisms were not as
numerous and the chemical results were better. The spring
growth of diatoms (Synedra and Tabellaria) was small, and
62 City Document No. 39.
the autumn growth of Tabellaria and Asterionella was of
short duration and not as vigorous as last year. Protoc(H;c-us
was quite abundant during the summer and autumn ; so
also was Ccelospherium. During October and November
Synura was quite abundant, especially at the upper end. It
was found that in Nichols' and Rice's mill ponds, just above
Basin 3, the Synura was developed in large numbers, fre-
quently reaching 1,000 standard units per c.c. In Basin 3,
as in the other basins, the amorphous matter has been
higher than usual. The average number of living organ-
isms in Basin 3 water has been 332 per c.c.
The mean temperature of the water, based on weekly
observations, has been 50.8° Fahrenheit.
The mean color of the water has been 0.94.
The lilter-basins on the brook flowing from Marlboro'
have not yet been built. The plans and specifications are
ready, and I recommend their construction as soon as the
frost is out of the ground. The " takings" along the line
of the brook in Marlboro' have not yet been settled. The
damages asked are so excessive that it seems probable
that in many cases the land will be released back to the
original owners. A legislative act to ratify this action will
be asked for at the present Leislature.
With the exception of the scraping and painting of the
upper gates, no repairs have been made at Basin 3 during
the past year.
Basin 4.
Grades, H.W., 215.21; Tops of Flash-boards, 213.21+ and 214.89 ■{■; Crest of Dam,
214.23.
Area, Water Surface, 167 acres; Greatest Depth, 49 feet; Contents, below 215.21,
1,416,400,000 gals.
On January 1, 1893, the surface stood at 194.22, after
which the water gradually rose, and on March 23 was flowing
over the overfall. On May 27 a set of flash-boards was placed
in position and waste ceased. On June 2 the water began
to overflow, and on June 5 another set of planks was added,
and (m June 10 waste began over the second set of planks
and continued until June 22, when one set was removed,
but again placed in position on June 29. The basin was
kept just above elevation 215.00 until August 3, when an
outlet gate was opened and water drawn for the supply of
the city. On September 2G the water was at 179.44. At
this time the gate was closed and the water rose to 181.40,
October 27, when the gate was again opened and all the water
drawn out of the basin for the supply of the city. It was
entirel}^ empty on November 17. On November 27 the
gate was shut sufficiently to allow the water to rise high
enough to measure the flow through the gate. On December
Water-Supply Department. 63
20 the gate was shut to allow the basin to fill, and on
December 31 the water had risen to 178.42.
The highest elevation reached was 215.37 on June 16, and
the lowest 169.00, basin empty November 18.
While the basin was empty all the gates were overhauled,
scraped, and painted. Some improvements were made to the
channel of Cold Spring brook by depositing about 193 cubic
yards of gravel on the slopes near the dam. The channel
was also gravelled for a distance of 150 feet from the end of
the slope paving. The boundary lines to city property along
Cold Spring brook have been run out and stone bounds set.
The new channel for the brook has been excavated between
Stations 13 and 17, and 21+50, and 23.
The water chemically has been of almost exactly the same
quality as in 1892. The number of organisms has averaged
87 per c.c.
The heavy draughts made upon this basin during the last
two seasons have had a considerable influence on the color.
In 1891 the mean color at the gate-house was 0.63 ; in 1892
it was 0.74, and in 1893 it was 0.93, and this, notwithstand-
ing the fact that in 1892 the mean color of the intluent
stream was higher than in 1893, 1.43 against 1.19.
The temperature of the water has averaged 50.9° at the
surface, 48.3° at mid depth, and 45.6° at the bottom.
There have been few diatoms, mostly Cyclotella ; Protococ-
cus was present in June and August, and Raphidium in Sep-
tember and October. Microcystis was somewhat abundant
in October.
Basin 6.
Grades, H. Tf., 296.00; Top of Flash-boards, 295.00; Crest of Dam, 294.00.
Estimated Area, 183 acres; Estimated Contents, 1,630,300,000 gals.
This basin has just been completed after five years of
work. No water has yet been stored in it.
Whitehall Pond.
Elevation, H. W., 327.91 ; Bottom of Gates, 317.78.
Area at 327.91, 601 acres ; Contents, between 327.97 and 317.78, 1,266,900,000
gals.
On January 1, 1893, the water in this pond stood at
323.04. It gradually rose to 323.30 on January 6, but fell
to 322.88 on February 5. It then rose to 324.00 on Feb-
ruary 27 and kept at about this level until March 8, after
which it rose to 326.00 April 11, and to 327.00 on May 4,
remaining at this point until May 17. The surface then fell
to 325.17 on August 16. On September 12 the pond stood
at 325.00 and on October 22 at 324.43, remaining at about
this height until November 27, when it began to rise steadily,
64 City Document No. 39.
and on December 31 it had reached 324.94. The highest
point reached during the year was 327.07, May 4, and the
lowest, 322.88, February 4.
Measurements of the yield from this source have been
made daily at the weir at the outlet. The gates at the dam
have been, as heretofore, under the control of the mill-owners.
Nothing has been done with the dredging plant otherwise
than to inspect it daily and to wet down the decks in the
hot weather.
Farm Pond.
Grades, H. W., J49.25 ; Low Water, 146.00.
Area at 149.25, 159 acres ; Contents, between 149.25 and 146.00, 166,500,000 gals.
On January 1, 1893, the water of Farm pond stood at
148.63. The water has been kept at about high- water mark
during the whole year. The highest elevation reached was
149.92 on May 19, and the lowe'st, 148.18 on October 22
No water has been drawn from this source for the supply
of the city.
The Framingham Water Company have pumped 103,000,-
000 gallons from the pond, or 282,192 gallons daily. The
total amount of water wasted has been 96,400,000 gallons,
all of which, with the exception of 4,500,000 gallons, was
turned into Sudbury river.
Lake Cochituate.
Grades, H. W., 134.36 ; Invert of Aqueduct, 121.03 ; Top of Aqueduct, 127.36.
Area, Water Surface at 134.36, 785 acres.
Contents, between 134.36 and 127.36, 1,513,180,000 ; between 134.36 and 125.03,
1,910,280,000 gals.
Approximate Contents, between 134.36and 121.03,2,447,000,000 gals.; between 134.36
and 117.03, 2,907 ,000,000 gala.
On January 1, 1893, the surface of the lake stood at
128.41, or 5.95 feet below high water, but it gradually rose
to 128.94 on January 9, when flow in aqueduct having been
started it fell to 127.34 on February 6. On February 18 it
had risen to 129.50, remaining at about this height until
March 7, after which it rose to 134.36 on April 2i. With
slight fluctuations it remained full until May 22, when it be-
gan to fall steadily during the summer, reaching 127.73 on
October 27. At that date the Dudley pond connection was
opened and the stop-planks taken out of the circular dam,
which raised the lake to 128.31 on October 28. On Novem-
ber 7 the surface began to fall again, and on December 3
it stood at 127.55. After this it rose slightly, and kept on
the average at about 127.60 until December 25, when it be-
gan to rise slowly, and on December 31 it stood at 127.93.
The amount of water wasted during the year was 255,300,-
000 gallons.
Advantaije was taken of this overflow to make some exper-
"Water-Supply Department. 65
iraents at the new dam at the outlet for the purpose of ob-
taining coeflScients for the waste -gates and for the openings
under the bridge forming the roll-way. The water was
passed over a weir 20 feet long, erected for this purpose.
In October the amount of storage on hand, both in the
basins of the Sudbury river and in the lake, was so small that
it was feared the supply to the city might not be maintained,
so two engines were purchased and erected near the gate-
house. Pumps were made ready to place on the old plat-
forms in the lake in order to pump up 20,000,000 gallons
daily from the lake into the aqueduct ; but the water re-
mained at about the right height to keep up the flow without
pumping, and the machinery was not used. A different
arrangement of the plant was planned from any heretofore
used. Both engines were placed together on the northerly
side of the gate-house and the plans contemplated belting
down to the pumps, which were to be located on platforms
and placed one behind the other with long shafts, terminat-
ing in pulleys at convenient points for the belts. On De-
cember 20 work on this machinery ceased, it having been
partially tested, housed, and put in perfect readiness for
operation.
The water in the lake has been very satisfactory in qual-
ity. In January Asterionella and Stephanodiscus were quite
abundant. In February and March the organisms were few.
In April we had the usual spring growth of diatoms, Melo-
sira, Asterionella, and Stephanodiscus appeared successively.
By July they had practically disappeared. In November,
after the turning over, Tabellaria and Melosira developed
again, but the autumn growth was not so extensive as usual.
Chlorophycese were present in small numbers from June
to November. Microcystis appeared in June and increased
gradually until September. During September and October
it was quite abundant. Clathrocystis vvas present in Octo-
ber. From November 1 to the end of the year the Cyano-
phycege decreased. Infusoria were present during the
summer at all times, but not abundant. Crenothrix was
found in March, April, July, and August. The amorphous
matter was more abundant than during 1892, especially in
October, November, and December.
The period of stagnation extended from April 18 to No-
vember 21. The maximum color at the bottom was 2.00
and the mean temperature 45. 0'* Fahrenheit at the bottom
during this period. The mean color of the surface of Lake
Cochituate has been 0.23 during the year, and at mid depth
0.25.
Some negotiations were entered into by your Board with
66 City Document No. 39.
the Sewerage Committee of Natick early in January, but
nothing has come of them, and the town has taken no fur-
ther action so far as I can learn. The necessity for the ex-
penditure of a large amount of money on the part of the cit}^
of Boston towards the construction of sewers in Natick is
not as great as it was before the filter-beds were built. The
plan submitted by the town was to run a force main, convey-
inof all its sewage across the willow bridge. In case of a
break on this line all the sewage would be discharged into
the lake.
Filter- Beds.
Probably the first filter-beds ever constructed for the fil-
tration of a feeder to a lake by means of a natural filter-bed
were designed in the early part of 1893, and let by contract
on May 1 to Auguste Saucier. The prices per cubic yard
were, earth excavation 22 cents, rubble-stone masonry $5,
concrete $6, and riprap $1.08 per square yard.
The amount of Saucier's contract was . . $5,013 69
Day labor on completing works . . . 4,568 16
Supplies, drains, carpenter-work, etc. . . 1,553 88
Engineering ...... 1,449 38
Total $12,585 11
The above was the cost of construction, exclusive of land
damages, which have not yet been settled.
Although all the drains that can be found in Natick have
been taken out of the brook, these filters were constructed as
an additional safeguard to the water of the lake. It is not
intended to take all the water, particularly of freshet flows,
upon the beds, but with the exception of a few days in the
year the whole flow can be handled by the pumps.
The principal features of the scheme besides the filter-beds
are a dam across the brook at its outlet and pumps to lift
the water intercepted by the dam onto the beds.
The filter-beds are on the south side of Pegan brook, near
its mouth, and extend from the Boston & Albany Railroad
to the brook and the lake. They were constructed by re-
moving the soil and putting it into embankments 5 feet high
around and between the beds. The latter were formed by
simply levelling the sand. There are three beds at eleva-
tions 140, 144, and 146.8 above water-works datum, 134.36
being the elevation of high water in the lake. The areas of
the beds are about 2 acres, | of an acre and 1^ acres re-
spectively. The material of the beds to a depth of 8
feet or so is mostly sand, about as fine as is used for making
Natick Pilter-Beds. Analyses of Applied Water, Thomas M. Drown, M.D.
Pakts ra 100,000. i
Date of
Residde on
Evaporation.
Nitrogen.
S^
■
^
Color.
,' -5
~ s
■5
=
P
Kemarks
1 Collection.
Examination.
! 1 i
i
<
5
1
O
!■ '
1
1
.=
>^
■o o
^
Unfil-
?
^
3 1 3
3
i
H 1 fJ
o
teretl.
h
<!
"^
d
O
"^
-
1S93.
1,S93.
Tcgan Braol;
... .Tiih- -10 . .
Jnly 20 . .
.10
29..n0 1 10.10
19.40
8.10
.0170
.3600
.0090
.3300
.31
7.86 ' . . .
138
1090
511. U
... ■■ 27 . .
2S. .
.14
32.30 8.90
23.40
7.58
.0280
.3040
.0140
.4250
.36
8.00
Applied W;itev
... " 20. .
9.30 A.M.
20 . .
..30
20.40 .i.90
14.50
3.60
.0526
.1440
.0140
.2000
.70
4.86 i . . .
32
3460
2000
... " 27 . .
28 . .
.iS
30.90 9.00
21.90
6.08
.0280
.3136
.OlSO
.4300
.37
8.29 . . .
509
280
1600
1 9 A.M.
1 '
... 1 August 11 . .
Augnst 12 . .
JO
23.90 7.00
16.90
4.65
.0180
.2380 j .0210 1
.5000
.46
7.21 .03
"
. . . September 8 . .
September 9 . .
.GO
29.60 S.r.O
21.10
4,63
.0490
.1600
.0140
.5000
1.14
7.29
4009
8776
107.5
,
Meaus of 4 Aiwlvses '• A
pplied
1
.46
26.20 1 7.60 18.60
4.75
.0369
.2139 .0168 1
.4123
.67
6.91 . . .
2690
1
Means of filtered water
Angiist 1'
9 A.M.
September
Analyses of Filtered Water.
.00
21.90
6.80
15.10
3.35
.0044
:0160
.0400
j .00
21.00
7.10
13.90
4.85
.0052
.0320
.0800
i .01
24.00
8.00
16.00
3.40
.00.56
.0122
.0070
1 .00
22.30
8.20
14.10
4.95
.0066
.0094
.01,50
i .01
17.30
7.30
10.00
4.15
.0014
.0006
.0033
.00
23.4
8.50
14.90
4.55
.0076
.0032
.0005
.00
21.7
7.30
13.90
4.65
.0044
.0020
.0050
• • 1
.00
21.66
7.67
13.98
4.84
.00.50
.0108
.0219
.4r)0Q.
.4000
; I •Protorocciis £ri>
Note. — July 20. Water has been .ippIitKl to Bed No. 1 since June 24.
\reii of bed, 1.14 acres. Average rate, June 24 to July 28, 4fi7.4.^0 gallons per
hiv on bed, or about 374,000 (lallons per acre pev day. Rate when samples were
■' per day. Water :ill applied in
July 27. Water applied to Bed No. 1 .
August 11. "Wiiter applied to Bed No. 2. Pumps started at 7.30 A.M.
Samples taken at 9 A.A[. No water pumped on previous day.
September 8. Water applied to Beds No8. 3 and 3. Samples collected 3i Imurri
after pump was started. Approximate rate, Drain 2,78,750 saltona pt-r hour;
Drain 5, 72,000 aaDons per hour.
Novumlier 17. Water applied to Bed No. 3.
Creiiothrix grows abundaully in Dmin Xo. 1. Cunfei
in phaiiiieN leading from all tbe drains.
Water-Supply Department. 67
plaster. Watei* percolates through it freely, and it is excel-
lent for the purpose of filtration. There are no underdrains
beneath the greater portion of the lowest bed, which com-
prises nearly one-half of the whole filtration area. Under-
drains about 100 feet apart and 8 feet deep have been laid
beneath the upper beds. They consist of about 1,150 feet
of 8-inch vitrified clay pipe, laid with open joints, having
canvas wrapped around them. These underdrains, though
not necessary for the passage of the water through the
ground, enable a part of the effluent water to be got at for
examination.
The dam is of earth, about 8 feet in height above the
general level of the ground upon which it is built. Under
the middle line of the dam 4-inch tongued and grooved sheet
piling was driven. Waling pieces were bolted to the sheet
piling, and upon this foundation a concrete wall was built.
The embankment was made of such gravel or other material as
was found on the premises. It was 10 feet wide on top and
had slopes of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. The up-stream
slope was paved. A masonry overflow, 10 feet wide, was
provided at elevation 139, but stop-planks were put into it,
so that the water can be raised much nearer to the top
of the dam, which is at elevation 144. The underdrains
were laid by day labor, and also the iron pipes, which are
laid under the embankments so as to deliver the water of
Pegan brook at different places upon any of the beds as
desired. The iron pipe, 6, 8, and 12 inches in diameter,
has a total length of nearly 1,000 feet, and it is provided
with seven gates.
To pump the water on to the beds there is a portable Hoad-
ley engine, made by McLaughlin, of 25-h()rse power driving
two (i-inch centrifugal pumps, which have been set up at the
south end of the dam and protected by a wooden shed.
The lift is about 9 feet. Pumping began June 24, 1893.
It was stopped from September 11 to November 3, while the
flow of the brook was so small that it percolated through the
ground or evaporated. The amount pumped in a day has
varied very much ; it may be estimated at about 500,000
gallons. The capacity of each pump is about 1,800,000
gallons per day. A slight deposit has at times accumulated
upon the beds, which have been raked over occasionally and
kept in good condition. Chemical and biological examina-
tions of the water of the brook as it goes onto the beds, and
of the effluent from the underdrains, have been made from
time to time. An inspection of the following table will
show the puriticatiou obtained by filtration :
§8 City Document No. 39.
Dudley Pond.
(ffrades, H. W. 146.46; 18-inch Pipe, 130.36 and 127.36.
Area, Water Surface, 81 acres; Greatest Depth, 27 feet; Contents, above 130.86,
250,000,000 gals.
On January 1, 1893, the water stood at 139.80, 6.65 feet
below high water. The water rose to 141.10 on October 28,
when the stop-planks were removed and the water drawn off
to reinforce the lake. The pond was emptied on November
20, and so remained during the rest of the year.
SUDBURY-RlVER AqUEDUCT.
Grades, 141.352 at Farm Pond; 124.051 at Terminal Gate-House.
Length, 15.89 miles; Sise, 7 ft. 8 in. X 9 ft.; Capacity, 109,000,000 gals. 24 hours.
The three portions of this aqueduct are in good condition.
The supply and Farm-pond aqueducts were cleaned by
machine on May 12 and September 15. The main aqueduct
was cleaned by machine between Farm pond and the West
Siphon Chamber on May 22 and 23, and by hand from the
East Siphon Chamber to Chestnut Hill reservoir on August
21 and 22. The 48-inch pipes in Basin L have been flushed
out twice during the year. The aqueducts have been in use
for 357.66 days, the flow having been stopped for cleaning
only. The amount of water carried to the city was
11,737,900,000 gallons, or a daily average of 32,159,000
gallons for the year.
Owing to the scarcity of water in the autumn, the aque •
duct was not cleaned, and the usual spring cleaning was
prevented on account of the work going on in Newton. No
water could be let out at Clark's waste weir.
The only rock that has fallen in the Beacon-street tunnel
during the year was 20 pounds at Station 778+06 and 50
pounds at 779+60, in both cases from the roof.
The culverts and other structures have received the usual
amount of attention and are all in good condition. In
October the culvert in Walnut street, Newton, which takes
the surface water from the Sudbury aqueduct and carries it
under the Cochituate aqueduct, was rebuilt by the city of
Newton under my direction and at the expense of the city
of Boston. This work was done to remedy the flooding of
Coleman's and O'Connell's land. I have had a full descrip-
tion of all the questions entering into this matter written
out and filed in my office, together with a description of the
details of the work.
Early in 1893 plans were made for carrying one of the deep
sewers of Newton under the Sudbury aqueduct in a quicksand
formation in Summer street, Newton Centre. Foreseeing
that this would endanger the stability of so large an aque-
Water-Supply Department. 69
duct, I determined to support it upon piles before beginning
the excavation. Work of pile- driving was begun on April
24, and the work was safely finished and backfilled on June
21. Twenty -five piles were driven adjoining the aqueduct.
The bents were 6 feet apart on centres, lengthwise of the
aqueduct. The piles nearest to the structure were only 16
inches from the side walls. All the piles were sunk by
means of a water-jet and a 1,170-pound hammer. The pipe
for jet was 1^ inch diameter, stapled onto Lhe side of the pile.
The piles were driven through 281^ feet of quicksand. The
footing of the piles was 11 feet below the bottom of the sewer
trench and 35 feet below the street level. The wisdom of
driving the piles so deep was shown when the pumps for
the sewer work were put in operation. Settlements and
cracks occurred in the neighborhood, but the aqueduct re-
m.imed firmly supported and the flow was not shut ofi" for a
single day. The caps on tops of tiie piles were doubled and
a 6-inch space allowed for wedging up to the concrete bed
forming the bottom of the aqueduct. The span between
the piles at right angles to the aqueduct was 16 j feet. The
wedges were driven so as to deflect the timbers in the centre
1- inch, which was the calculated amount they would deflect
under the distributed load. Concrete foundations with brick
piers were carried up from the sewer, when built, to the
under side of the aqueduct before the temporary work was
removed. Owing to the care and supervision shown by the
Assistant Superintendent, Mr. J. W. Oldham, this difficult
and tedious work was safely carried out without so much as
a crack to the masonry of the aqueduct.
The fences that were built along the roads having become
decayed, 1,767 feet of new fencing were built at various points
during the year. This work was done by the regular aque-
duct force.
It is ten years since the concrete walk on Waban bridge
"was resurfaced, and on August 10 and 11 this work was
again undertaken. All the crackvS in the concrete were
first filled with fine dry sand, jarring the surface of the con-
crete with light blows to compact the sand. A ridge of
sand was then formed on each side of the bridge, and a coat
of boiling tar, which had been boiled for two hours previ-
ously and then reboiled at the time of application, was then
passed over the walk as hot as it was possible to put it on.
This first coat was sanded, scraped, and swept, and a second
coat of tar put on, sanded, scraped, and swept as before,
and lastly, a coat of sand was put on to remain.
When the aqueduct was built, the owners of adjoining
land were anxious for the privilege of mowing the embank-
70 City Document No. 39.
inents, and it is needless to say they were allowed to do so,
but as the work is difficult, they have nearly all given it up,
so that we are now obliged to mow the whole line in order
to. prevent weeds and briars from killing out the grass.
CocHiTUATE Aqueduct.
Grnden, 121.03 at Lake; 116.77 at Brookline Reservoir.
Length, 14.60 miles; Size, 6 ft. X 6 ft. 4 in.; Capacity, 20,000,000 gals, per 24 hours.
This aqueduct has been in service, with the exception of
the first eight days in January, during the entire year. The
flow was stopped for these eight days to build a sewer under
the aqueduct for the city of Newton. A depth of 6.5 feet
of water has been maintained in the aqueduct excepting fronj
February 2 to February 8, when the lake was not high
enough to furnish this flow. The aqueduct has not been
cleaned. In the spring the cleaning was prevented by the
work in Newton, and in the autumn by the scarcity of water.
The structures along the line are all in good order and the
bushes have been mowed. The work of building the arch at
Hammond's brook near Pleasant street, Newton Centre,
which was in progress on January 1, 1893, was completed
on January 21. The excavation was 18 feet wide and 26 feet
deep from the top of the embankment. The material at this
point was principally gravel, and the only trouble arose from
the shaky conditions of the aqueduct. Beginning at the
bottom of the work, there is first a 1-foot sub-drain, over this
a brick sewer of e^^ form 3 feet X 2 feet, and over this an
archway for the brook water 10 feet span by 7 feet high, of
brickwork. The whole of these structures were encased in
concrete where they pass under the aqueduct. The latter
was supported by brick piers built upon the masonry under-
neath.
In November an arrangement was made with the city of
Newton b}' which the city of Boston agreed to allow the con-
struction of a portion of a boulevard, proposed on the part
of Newton, upon and over the Cochituate aqueduct in New-
ton Centre, west of Grant avenue. The city of Newton
agrees to take up the tracks of the electric or other railways
whenever required, and to bear all extra expense that may
arise in the future to the city of Boston by reason of said
boulevard, either in maintaining or repairing the aqueduct.
mfl
\
Staurastrum (Desmidie^e) X 570.
I^p
I
COSMARIUM (DESMIDIEyE) X 285.
Water-Supply Department. 71
Chestnut Hill Reservoir.
E. W., 126.00; Dam, 128.00; Effluent pipes, 99.80.
Area, Lawrence Basin, 87.5 acres; Contents, 166,000,000 gals.; Bradley/ Basin, 87. S
acres; Contents, 391,000,000 gals.
Total Contents above grade 100.00, 557,000,000 gals.
There has been very little work done at this reservoir dur-
ing the past year except in the way of maintenance.
A pipe line was laid on South street, running across the
o-rounds and terminating on the driveway with a watering-
cart hydrant. This greatly facilitates the work of watering
the driveway.
A section of Beacon street was repaired by the Street
Department.
The grounds and structures are in excellent condition.
Brookline Reservoir.
H. W., 125.00; Area, 23 acres; Greatest Depth, 24 feet; Contents, 119,583,960 gals.
Everything in connection with the Brookline reservoir is
in good order. No work other than that pertaining to main-
tenance has been done on this reservoir during the year.
Fisher Hill Reservoir.
H. W., 241.00; Pipe Inverts, 220.00; Depth, 21 feet; Contents, 15,400,000 gals, above
223.
The reservoir is in good condition. In October a soft and
springy spot appeared in the emi)ankment a few feet south
of the gate-house and on the berm. A deep excavation was
made in the walk and the puddle backfilled and rammed
solid. No hole was found, but the puddle was not very
good.
The grounds have been maintained as usual by the force at
Chestnut Hill reservoir.
Biological Laboratory.
This laboratory has turned out excellent work throughout
the year, and proved a valuable adjunct to the proper man-
agement of the different sources of supply. Weekly exam-
inations are still made of all the Boston waters and results
recorded. Mr. G. C. Whipple is the assistant in charge of
all the laboratory work.
During the year 2,505 microscopical and 1,725 bacterio-
logical examinations have been made in the laboratory.
Twenty-five different species of bacteria have been isolated
and studied. Investigations have also been made of some
of the micro-organisms with regard to their power of pro-
ducing tastes and odors.
72 City Document No. 39.
The standard unit referred to in last year's report has
been used during the year with satisfactory results. This
unit is used in stating the results of the microscopical exam-
inations, and is believed to be an improvement over the old
method of giving the results in "number per c.c," as it
takes into account the size of the oroanisms. The unit is a
unit of area, a square, 20 microns on aside {i.e., 400 square
microns), and is the same unit which has previously been
used in estimating the amorphous matter. A unit of area
was selected instead of a unit of volume, on account of the
difficulty of using the latter; but if proper judgment is used
in estimating organisms which are either very thin or very
thick, the unit will have substantially the same value as a
unit of volume.
In order to use this unit it is convenient to have the mi-
crometer in the eye-piece divided as follows : The square
should first be divided into four equal squares, and each of
these quarters subdivided into twenty-five smaller squares,
each of which is equivalent to twenty-five standard units.
The eye will readily divide the side of the small squares into
fifths, and this division will be the side of the square which
is the standard unit. The size of the unit is thus continually
before the observer. There is little additional labor in ap-
plying this unit. Many of the organisms are quite constant
in size ; these may be counted and then reduced to the stand-
ard by multiplying by a previously determined factor.
Other organisms are so variable in size that each speci-
men must be estimated by itself. In case of filaments of
constant width, the length may be estimated and a factor ap-
plied. These operations can be performed easily and quickly
by an experienced observer.
On account of using this unit the results of the past year
should not be compared with those of previous year;*, with-
out making allowance for the difi<erent standards. The unit
system gives more weight to the summer organisms, i.e., to
the Cyanoph3'^ceae and Chlorophyceae, whose value is under-
rated by the old method. It has been found that in many
cases the curve drawn by plotting the number of " standard
units per c.c." corresponds more closely with the curve of
the suspended albuminoid ammonia than does the curve of
the " number of organisms per c.c." The method also has
this advantage, that organisms and amorphous matter are
expressed in terms of the same unit.
The study of the color in the Boston water has assumed
im{)ortant proportions, and much time and thought have
been given to the subject. The weekly color examinations
throughout the system, from the brooks feeding the basins
Tabellaria (Diatomace^) X 285.
^'■
J^^
^
Clathrocystis (Cyanophyce^) X 175.
Water-Supply Department. 73
at the sources of supply to the tap water in the city at its
centre, and as far out as Mattapan, liave now extended over
a period of three and one-half years. During the greater part
of that time the "Natural Water Standard" has been used,
the readings being taken in Nessler tubes holding 50 c.c.
and the depth of the water being 200 mm. Since May,
1893, the colors have been determined by the colorimeter
elsewhere described and using the platinum standard, after
which they have been reduced by a table to the natural
water standard. The results undoubtedly give a fairly good
idea of the color in the different seasons.
As has been already stated in my reports, the water ac-
quires its color principally from the swamps on the Sudhury-
river water-shed. Some i)lans have been made for draining
the most extensive of these swamps, which it is hoped may
be carried out in the near future. In Cedar swamp the color
varies from 1.00 to 7.00. In July the color is a rich red-
dish brown, and in the autumn after the leaves have fallen
the color has more of a greenish cast. Indian brook has
swamps just above the nevvly constructed Basin 6, and
hence the water flowing into that basin is sure to be highly
colored. The cohn" of the water in the swamps on Cold
Spring brook at the head of Basin 4 varies from 1.00 to
3.70, There are also swamps on Stony and Angle brooks
givins: colors of from 1.00 to 3.00. The color of the water
in the swamps varies constantly during the year. In the
winter the color is naturally low. In the spring we have
a high color, reaching its maximum in June. In the summer
the swamps are often dry, and though the standing w^ater be
highly colored, the flow of the brooks is so small that the
efiect on the reservoirs is slight. If, however, there are
heavy rains during the summer the brooks become highly
colored. The observations made on the Boston Water-
Works under my direction have been plotted, and I will now
give a brief summary of some of the results noted. From a
profile of the colors of Cold Spring brook and the amount
of water flowing over a weir erected at the head of Basin 4 a
general agreement can be traced between the colors and the
flow, and the effect of such storms as those in August and
September, 1892, are clearly shown. There are two high
points found in almost all the studies on the Sudbury-river
water-shed, and these occur in the months of June and De-
cember, and their influence is felt even in the tap water, for
the color is highest in the city in these two months, although
the difference is not as marked as in the case of the sources
of supply. In the autumn the leaves and decaying vegeta-
74 City Document No. 39.
tion again cause an increase in the colors of the brook
waters.
In Lake Cochituate the two maxima occur in April and
November, and the color is much more uniform than the
Sudbury throughout the year, and of course much lower.
During the winter, when the surface is frozen, the color of
the lake-water increases, reaching its maximum in April.
During this month the ice has disappeared, and the sun again
begins its work of bleaching and the color decreases. In
November, when the period of stagnation at the bottom
ceases and this highly colored water comes to the surface, we
have a second maximum. The profiles of the influents to
the lake are based on monthly observations upon four of
the principal brooks, and these values are weighted accord-
ing to the extent of their respective water-sheds. The pro-
files which have aided graphically in this study of color
have consisted of separate lines for each of the years and of
lines formed by combining the three years. These have
been taken : 1st, for the tap water ; 2d, for the effluent gate-
house at Chestnut Hill reservoir; 3d, for the Brookline reser-
voir gate-house ; 4th, for the termini of the aqueducts ; 5th,
by taking the averages of all the basins and then combining
them into one line ; and 6th, by plotting the averages of all
the influent streams at the heads of the basins. The same
course has been followed with the Cochituate supply.
Other profiles have been plotted, showing the combined
colors for each year at all of the stations. The gradual in-
crease of color is thus brought out, if w^e except the lake,
where there has been a decrease. There is an apparent ex-
ception in the case of the influents of Basins 2, 3, and 4,
which, however, disappears when the values are weighted by
the quantity of water flowing when the observations were
made. In the case of Lake Cochituate, the colors at the
bottom averaged during the seven months of stagnation as
follows: 1.84 in 1«91, 1.61 in 1892, and 1.02"in 1893.
Exactly why the color has improved, it is difficult to say,
but it may be partly on account of the work done in improv-
ing the sanitary condition of the brooks, notably Beaver
Dam and Pegan brooks.
The increase in color in the basins of the Sudbury supply
and in the tap water in Boston is largely due, however, to a
very different cause, and one which is brought out graphi-
cally on another set of profiles, viz., increased consumption
— and in consequence, decreased storage. In a general way,
storage reduces the color of water, and the amount of the re-
duction depends upon the length of time the water is stored,
the condition and depth of the basin itself in which the water
Water-Supply Department. 75
is stored, the effect of the seasons (for when the water is
covered with ice there is no material improvement in color),
and the amount of sunlight existing during the period of
storage.
The extent to which the color is reduced in the several
basins is shown by the following figures: In 1891, Basin 2
reduced the coh)r of its induent 11 per cent. ; in 1892, 8
per cent. ; and in 1893, 3 per cent. Basin 3, for the same
periods, reduced its influent 23 per cent., 14 per cent., and
0. This effect is clearly due to the heavy draughts made on
the storage and the consequent lowering of the water or
emptying of the basins. When this is done the water
passes thi'ough them without change.
Another set of profiles has been made to show the effect of
colors of the feeders of a basin when combined with the flow
of water. These bring out the great effect of the spring flows
on the colors of the waters of the basins at their outlets or at
the gate-houses for the whole of the remainder of the year.
If the colors of the feeders alone are plotted, there is no cor-
respondence with the profile of colors at the gate-house, but
when the product of the color and yield is taken, there is a
good agreement. In plain terms, the basins are filled with
the whiter water of the melted snows, and the darker water
which follows in the summer is not of sufficient quantity to
make its effect felt at the outlet ends of the basins.
The four subjects reproduced on the heliotype plates ac-
companying this report were photographed in the laborator}'.
The following description of the Syimra uvella, anorganism
sometimes found in the Boston water, has been prepared by
Mr. Whipple :
Of" the thirty or more genera of infusoria which are found
in the water-supplies of Massachusetts, there are but fifteen
which may be said to be commonly found in large numbers.
Eight of these common forms belong to one oi-der, and six
of them belong to one family of that order, if we adopt the
classification of' Mr. W. Saville Kent. (See "A Manual of
the Infusoria," vol. 1, page 212.)
"This order, Flagellata-Eustomata, includes such of the
flagellate infusoria as have an ingestive area constituting a
true and distinct mouth, the flagella of the organism not
being supplemented by cilia. The special characteristic of the
family Chrysomonadidse is the presence of lateral pigment
bands. These color bands, in addition to their distinctive
tint, are apparently of firmer consistency than the surround-
ing transparent protoplasm, and bear a very considerable
resemblance to the coloring matter of the Diatomaceas."
But the most important fact about the Chrysornonadidee,
76 City Document No. 39.
from a sanitary point of view, is that almost every one of
them has given rise to very disaojreeahle and sometimes
extremely offensive tastes and odors in the waters in which
they have been found. Uroglena, Cryptomonas, and Chlo-
romonas have already acquired quite unenviable reputations.
To these may be added Synura uvella and Dinobryon. It is
noticed also that there is a simihirity between the tastes pro-
duced by some of the organisms of this group and those
produced by certain diatoms. Cryptomonas, for instance,
produces a sweetish, aromatic taste, very much like that of
the violet. The diatom Asterionella also produces a sweetish,
aromatic taste and odor resembling that of a rose geranium,
although at times the Asterionella odor is decidedly fishy and
oily. Uroglena volvox has a strong oily taste, very much
like cod-liver oil. Synura uvella has, at times, a somewhat
oily taste, often resembling that of a cucumber, but generally
more spicy or bitter. The taste is a very persistent one.
" It stays in the mouth." It is strongest at the base of the
tongue, where the nerves are most sensitive to bitter sub-
stances. The taste of Dinobryon is similar to that of Synura,
but is not as strong. In all of the above-mentioned
organisms oil-globules have been observed. In some of
them the amount of oil has been estimated, and in at least
one of them, Uroglena Americana, the oil has been isolated.
It remains to be determined if there is any connection be-
tween the presence of the pigment bands and the amount of
oil production.
It should be stated that these organisms do not always
contain oil-o;lobules. In the younoer forms thev are fre-
quently absent. The oil may be said to be a reserve prod-
uct, produced by the organism during its growth, and stored
up in the cell, — hence it is most common in the older speci-
mens. It is by the disintegration of the cells and the con-
sequent liberation of the oil that the tastes are brought about.
"The Synura animalcules are free-swimming, united in
sub-spherical, elongated, social clusters, each zooid contained
in a separate membranous sheath or lorica, the posterior
extremities of which are confluent. The contained anin\al-
cules ahnost entirely fill the cavities of the lorica^, their
posterior extremities being produced towards and adherent
to the bottom of the same. The two flagella are sub-equal.
Minute eye-like pigment-specks are sometimes present,
though generally absent. A large vacuolar space, appar-
ently representing a pharyngeal dilatation, is developed at the
anterior extremity. The yellowish-i)rown color Iiands are
produced equally throughout the length of the two lateral
borders. The contractile vesicles are two or three in num-
Water-Supply Department. 77
ber, posteriorly located." (See Kent, loc. cit , vol. 1, page
412.)
The size of the colonies varies from 30 to 75 microns in
diameter. Generally there are about twenty zooids in a
colony, though sometimes there are as many as forty. The
spherical colonies are often seen moving briskly through the
water with a rolling motion. The elongated forms generally
move more slowly. At a certain stage in its life history.
Synura becomes encysted. In this condition it is smaller
in size, and the zooids are crowded together and surrounded
by a sheath. It is also somewhat darker in color, and is
entirely without motion.
Synura in its maturer condition contains oil-globules.
They are especially numerous just before encystment.
At times the amount of oil has been ap'proximately de-
termined. On December 9, 1893, a sample from Basin 3
contained 100 colonies of Synura per c.c. It had a strong,
bitter taste. Each colony had about 20 zooids, and each
zooid contained about 20 oil-globules. The oil-globules
had an average size of about one cubic micron. Calcula-
tion showed that oil was present approximately in the pro-
portion of one part of oil to 25,000,000 parts of water.
This seems to be a very small quantity of oil to produce so
stronir a taste, but some experiments on a few of the essen-
tial oils prove that it is easily within the range of possibility.
The following table shows the degree of dilution at which
some of the essential oils can be recognized by taste.
Oil of peppermint 1 : 50,000,000
Oil of cloves l:y,00(',000
Oil of checkerberrv .... 1:7,000,000
Oil of cassia " 1 : 6,250,000
Oil of bergamot 1 : 6,250,000
Cod-liver oil 1:1,000,000
Kerosene oil 1 : 800,000
In some cases where dilution was greater than the above
figures indicate, the odor was perceptible, but quite different
from the real odor of the substance. For instance, kerosene
oil diluted 1 : 1,500,000 was described by three persons as
smelling " like cologne." This fact may account for the differ-
ences in descriptions of tastes and odors produced by the
same micro-organism.
Synura is generally found in surface waters where there
is a considerable quantity of organic matter. It does not
thrive at high temperatures, and is almost always absent from
the water during the summer months ; or, in other words, it
78 City Document No. 39.
is almost never found in water having a temperature above
55" F. Only once in the last four years has a growth ot"
Synura been found in Boston water between May and
October. The exception was in September, 1891, in LaKe
Cochituate, where there was a considerable growth at the
mid-depth ; but even there the temperature was below 55°
F. There are, however, rare instances in which Synura has
been found in hot weather, as for instance in Walden pond,
Lynn, in August, 1891.
In winter the Synura is often found under the ice. Some
quite extensive growths have been thus found, as for in-
stance in Lake Cochituate in 1892, and in Basins 3 and 1
in 1893.
While Synura cannot be said to be a very common organism
in Boston water, it has frequently been found in Lake
Cochituate and Basin 3 during the winter months. In only
one or two instances, however, has it been found in numbers
sufficient to cause any trouble.
In September, 1891, it was present at the mid-depth of
Lake Cochituate, where it imparted a slight taste to the
water. Its distribution at this time was something peculiar.
The growth was confined to the vicinity of the dee|) hole
near the gate-house, and, moreover, was found only in a
stratum about 10 feet thick, about 35 feet below the surface.
The temperature of this stratum was between 48° and 50° F.
The layer of water immediately below the Synura bad a
decided cloudiness and contained considerable Crenothrix.
These conditions prevailed for about a month, during which
the Synura varied from 20 to 70 standard units per c.c.
(One standard unit equals 400 square microns.) The fol-
lowing table shows the state of thino:s on September 28,
1891 :
Depth in
feet.
Color.
Tempera-
ture.
Crenothrix
per c c.
Synura
per c.c.
CloudiQess.
Taste.
35
0.50
49°
0
0
0
0
40
0.55
48°
10
25
Slight
Slight
45
■ 0.95
45°
156
0
Distinct
6
50
2.40
44°
32
0
0
0
In January and Fei>ruary, 1892, Synura was again present
in Lake Cochituate immediately under the ice. While the
numbers were not large, the conditions for the production of
oil were probably at their best, for the taste was strong.
This taste and the Synura themselves could be traced
through Chestnut Hill reservoir into the service-pipes,
where in certain parts of the city the taste was quite strong,
and complaints were made by the consumers. It is likely,
Water-Supply Department. 79
however, that other infusoria than Synura helped in the pro-
duction of this taste. That the taste was not due to the
decay of the organisms in the pipes is shown by the fact that
the bacteria at that time were quite low, the average of 14
tap samples being only 61 per c.c.
The most extensive growth of Synura which has been
found in Boston water occurred in the ponds on Stony
brook just above basin 3 in November and December, 1893.
Both in Rice's and in Nichols' mill ponds the number of
colonies frequently reached 200 per c.c. (equal to about
1,000 standard units). These were gradually washed down
into Basin 3. At one time 2,000 standard units were found
in the influent stream. They soon became numerous in
Basin 3 and in Basin 1. They were present in the Sudbury
gate-house at the Chestnut Hill reservoir, in almost every
sample during November and December. A few were seen
in the effluent gate-house, and even in the service laps, but
not in numbers sufficient to impart much of a taste to the
water.
There is no question but that the Synura uvella is a very
objectionable organism. Mr. F. F. Forbes, Superintendent
of Brookline Water- Works, has stated that 10 colonies per
c.c. will render a water unfit to drink. From our expe-
rience it is certain that 10 colonies of Synura per c.c, if
they are in the right condition, will cause a taste sure to be
noticed by the consumers.
Inspection of Water Sources.
The following is a digest of the report of Mr. J. S. Con-
cannon, Chief Inspector :
Total number of cases inspected .... 941
Old cases ........ 836
New 105
Of the above, 368 are reported as remedied, 387 safe at
present, 40 seem safe, 41 suspected, 105 unsatisfactory.
Thirty-five legal notices were sent.
No legal injunctions were found necessary during the
year.
Filtration Experiments.
Filtration experiments were continued during the year with
six large tanks one one-thousandth of an acre in area, and
four small tanks one forty-thousandth of an acre in area. Of
the six large tanks, four were used for experiments on con-
tinuous sand filtration, one for intermittent sand filtration
from March to December, and the remainder of the year for
80 City Document No. 39.
continuous sand filtration ; the remaining tank for experi-
ments with dried alumina. All of these tanks were run at
rate of 1,500,000 gallons per acre per day. The four small
tanks were used for experiments with dried alumina and
bone charcoal at rates of flow of from 1,000,000 to 5,000,000
gallons per acre per day.
Analyses of the applied water and the etHuents from all of
the tanks were made each week during the year. Mr. Will-
iam E. Foss is the assistant in charge of these experiments.
The following description of the investigations into the mat-
ter of color has been prepared with the assistance of Mr.
Foss.
As the color of the Boston water indicates, to a large ex-
tent, the quantity of organic matter which it contains, much
attenti<m has been given to finding a correct scale to indicate
the color.
Solar light is a mixture of many component colors, from
the violet and blue, through the greens and yellows, to the
red.
When solar light is transmitted through a water containing
foreign matter, some of its components are wholly or par-
tially absorbed and the transmitted light is more or less col-
ored in consequence. The color depends on the nature of
the missing rays, or is the resultant of the rays which have
been transmitted. The greater the depth of the water
throuoh which the light is transmitted, the greater will be
the effect on the components, and the more marked the color.
Light which has traversed a depth of two meters of dis-
tilled water has only a very slight blue color; hence it can be
said that in pure water all of the component colors are trans-
mitted with almost equal facility.
In order that any change in the color of a water from a
given source can be detected, and that the colors of waters
from different sources can be compared, color standards are
employed. The standards at first used at the filter station
were prepared by diluting a highly colored water with dis-
tilled water until the colors matched those produced by ness-
lerizing varying amounts of an ammonia solution (0.01 Mg
N Hg per c.c.) in 50 c.c. of distilled water; the color being
recorded as the number of cubic centimeters of the ammonia
solution used. These water standards are, therefore, as near
as possible, duplicates of the nesslerized ammonia standards
employed for reading the color of water. They are much
more convenient to use, because their color does not change
as rapidly as that of the nesslerized ammonia solutions, which
have to be mixed fresh at every observation. A set of
standards having been prepared in this manner, the color of
SCALE
CCNTIM^TERS.
I I I I M l-r-l
=r=J
COLORIMETER
roR
[XPERIMENT Filter Station
BOSTON WATER WORKS
Western Division.
Aug. 1892.
/
/
1
\
/
j
\
/
/
y
'/"
y
«;
f
/
n
^
J
\
^
^
./
/
Q/
<«-/
-^
0
^
A
1 *
„.-'
^
0/
— -
-^
-^
,
0/
Platte: 2.
S'.oo
^.So
3.50
3- 00
o.S'o
200 180 fGa /fC) /SO 100 80 so <to 2o
DEPTH or \A/ATE-R IN M I L L I f^ ET E R S .
UNirORM SCALE.
O O./O " 0.2.0 0.30 O.-^O Q.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 I.OO
NATURAL. WATER OR NE55LERIZED- AMMONIA SCy^LES.
O O.IO .ZO .30ffG .SO .60 .70.80 .so /.OO
O./O .20 .30 .40 .SO .6G .70 .80 .9o /.OO
Water-Supply Department. 81
a water .s determined in Nessler tubes, which are of glass,
about 15 to 20 millimeters in diameter and 300 millimeters in
length and closed at one end. The tubes are filled with the
different standards, to a depth of 200 millimeters. A similar
tube filled to the same depth with the water to be examined is
moved along the scale until a point is reached where its color
matches that of one of the standards. All of the tubes are
viewed against a white background. When the color of the
water falls between two consecutive standards, the color is
estimated by the observer.
The colorimeter, shown on Plate 1, was designed for
reading the colors of waters with greater convenience and
accuracy. Plate 1 shows an isometric projection of the
complete instrument and a section of the eye-piece. The
latter consists of two totally reflecting prisms A and B and
a magnifying lens C. The lens is free' to slide in the bi-ass
tube D, so that it can be focused on the upper faces of the
prisms. The field of view is cut down to a circle by a dia-
phragm E, at the lower end of the tube D.
. ■ Rays of solar light from some uniform source, after pass-
ing through the water placed in tube F, which has a plate-
glass end, enter the prism A, and emerging, illuminate
one-half of the circular field of view. Rays of light from
the same source, after passing through the standard solution
in tube G, enter prism B, and are totally reflected at its sur-
faces, and emerging illuminate the other half of the field of
view. The colors produced by the absorption of the two
liquids can then be readily compared and brought to the
same value, as follows : The standard solution is held in
a glass jar and is connected by means of a glass tube with
the standard tube. The top of the jar is furnished with a
piece ot flexible rubber tubing terminating in an inflating
bulb. By means of the latter the; observer increases the
depth of the standard solution in the standard tube until
the color produced on the field of view matches that of the
water in the other tube ; he then closes the pinch-cock on
the tubing and reads the color of the water from the scale
on the standard tube. i
Before the present form of the colorimeter was finally de-
termined upon, two methods were suggested by which the
colors produced by the absorption of the standard solution
and the water could be; made to match. The first was to
vary the depth of the water under examination, while the
depth of the standard remained constant. The second was
to vary the depth of the standard solution, while the depth
of the water remained constant.
A study of the first method showed that the depth of
82
City Document No. 39.
water could only be varied between certain limits, and that
it was better, for accurate results, to keep the water under
examination of a definite depth. As the bottom of the tube
is approached the change in color, corresponding to any
. given decrease in depth of water, increases rapidly. It was
decided that 200 millimeters would be the most convenient
length for the tube, and that the scale divisions should not
be less than 2 millimeters to be read accurately ; also that a
difierence in reading of one scale division should not make
an error in the resulting color of more than four per cent.
It was also assumed for purposes of calculation that the
color of the water and standard varied directly with the
depth ; that is, if the color of a water in a depth of 100
millimeters equals that of the standard in depth of 200
millimeters, then the color of the water would be twice that
of the standard. If the color of the water in depth of 20
millimeters equals that of the standard in depth of 200 milli-
meters, then the color of the water would be ten times that
of the standard.
The following table shows the increase of color correspond-
ing to equal variations in depth of the water when a stand-
ard of 0.50 is used. It can be seen from the last column of
this table how rapidly the differences of color, due to a de-
crease in depth of 10 scale divisions, increases in the lower
portion of the tube. It is thus evident that the readings of
color in the upper portion of the tube will be of much
greater accuracy than those in the lower portion :
Standard.
Depth of
Standard. M.M.
Depth of Water.
M.M.
Calculated Color
of Water.
DiffereDt color
for 10 Scale
Divisions.
0.50
200
200
0.50
0.50
200
180
0.55
.05
0.50
200
160
0.69
.07
0.50
200
140
0.71
.09
0.50
200
120
0,83
.12
0..50
200
100
1.00
.17
0.50
200
80
1.25
.25
0.50
200
60
1.67
.42
0.50
200
40
2.50
.83
0.50
200
20
5.00
2.50
In the upper diagram, Plate 2, the colors obtained by cal-
culation have been plotted for several different standards ;
the abscissas represent the depth of water in the tube and
Water-Supply Department.
83
the ordinates the calculated color when usino; the standard
marked on each curve. The cross on each of the curves
shows the point at which the error in a color reading, result-
ing from an error of one scale division in reading, would
equal four per cent. For all waters having colors darker
than this, a new standard must be employed.
In this way it was found that where waters having colors
ranging from 0. to 1.00 are common, at least three standards
are necessary. For quick practical work this method would
be very inconvenient.
The second method, however, was found to have none of
these objections ; it gave readings of equal value in all parts
of the tube, and readings from 0. to 1.00 could be obtained
with a single standard, as shown by the following table :
Standard.
Depth of Water.
M.M.
Depth of Stand-
ard. M.M.
Calculated Color
of Water.
Different Color
for 10 Scale
Divisions.
1.00
200
200
1.00
1.00
200
180
.90
.10
1.00
200
160
.80
.10
» 1.00
200
140
.70
.10
1.00
200
120
.60
.10
1.00
200
100
.50
.10
1.00
200
80
.40
.10
1.00
200
60
.30
.10
1.00
200
40
.20
.10
1.00
200
20
.10
.10
0
0
.10
If it were true, as was assumed for these calculations,
that the color of the standard varied directly with the depth,
then if a depth of 200 millimeters of the 1.00 standard solu-
tion gave a color of 1.00 on an adopted scale of color, a
depth of 100 millimeters would equal a color of 0.50 on the
same scale.
It was known before the instrument was constructed
that this would not be the case with the nesslerized am-
monia standards or the natural Avater duplicates, but it was
thought that a scale could be graduated on the standard tube
by filling the sample tube with various Nessler standards
olio, 0.20, 0.30, . . . 1.00 and marking the points on the
standard tube to which it was necessary to fill it with the
1.00 standard to match them. It was not expected, how-
84 City Document No. 39.
ever, that a scale marked on the tube in this way would be
as irregular as it was found to be.
The irregularities of the nesslerized ammonia and nat-
ural water scales are illustrated graphically on Plate 2.
The upper scale represents a uniform graduation, and the
middle one the graduation corresponding to the nesslerized
ammonia and natural water scales. It is an average of
determinations made by two independent observers with
the colorimeter having the 1.00 natural water standard
in the jar. The lower scale shows the graduation of the
nesslerized ammonia or natural water scales as determined
from the average of the observations on 15 sets of natural
water standards in Nessler tubes and in colorimeter com-
})ared with the platinum standard, which was also used in
Nessler tubes and in colorimeter (hereinafter described).
The observations were made by three independent observers.
The ditferences between the two natural water scales are
probably due to changes having taken place in the natural
water standards, after their comparison with the nesslerized
ammonia standards, or to differences arising in the prepara-
tion of the nesslerized ammonia standards.
The following experiment showed that the natural water
standards are subject to change. A set of the standards
kept in the dark from April 16 to May 16, 1892, and then
compared with a new set had changed on an average 0.07.
The irregularities of the nesslerized ammonia and natural
water scales are due to the method of preparation and not
to any cause introduced by varying the depth of the stand-
ard ; for, by preparing a set of colors by diluting the 1.00
natural water standard with distilled water, and then read-
ing these colors on the colorimeter, having some of the
original 1.00 standard in the jar, gave the following uni-
form readings. They are an average of the readings of two
observers :
Dilution of
Reading on
1.00 Standard.
Colorimeter.
.10
.095
.20
.21
.30
.295
•40
.405
.50
.52
.60
.60
.80
.80
1.00
1.00
From these investigations it was learned that the nessler-
ized ammonia and natural w^ater standards were of very little
value for accurate color readings.
Watek-tSupply Department. 85
; To illustrate the misleading results obtained by using these
standards the following example may be taken. Water
having a color of 0.40 on the Nessler scales before filtration
was found to have a color of 0.10 after filtration, showing
a reduction of 75 per cent. By the uniform scale, however,
shown on the diagram, Plate 2, this reduction will be found
to be only about 50 per cent.
By the platinum standard, a new color standard recently
suggested by Dr. Allen Hazen,' " the color of a water is the
amount of platinum, in parts per ten thousand, which in acid
solution, with so much cobalt as will match the hue, pro-
duces an equal color in distilled water." In preparing a
set of standards, a standard solution having a color of 5.00
is usually prepared, and from this the lower standards are
prepared by dilution with distilled water.
This standard, from the method of its preparation, can be
used in the colorimeter with a uniformly graduated scale.
It has also been found to keep without change for months if
protected from dust.
The color of a water determined by comparison in the colori-
meter should differ slightly from the color obtained by com-
ymrison in Nessler tubes and using the platinum standard ; due
to the fact previously mentioned that distilled water has a
slight blue color. In the colorimeter the portion of the tube
above the standard is not filled with distilled water, while in
Nessler tubes }t is filled.
The following readings of a set of platinum standards in
the colorimeter having the 1.00 platinum standard in the jar,
are the average of two sets of readings by independent ob-
servers. They show that the maximum error does not
exceed 0.02. In cases where greater accuracy is required
for water having a low color, a 0.50 standard can be sub-
stituted for the 1.00 in the jar.
Platinum Colorimeter
Standard. Reading.
0.10 0.115
0.20 0.22
0.30 0.32
0.40 0.40
0.50 0.50
0.60 0.595
0.70 0.70
0.80 0.80
0.90 0.895
1.00 1.00
lAmer. Chem. Journal, Vol. XIV., No. 4.
86
City Document No. 39.
The platinum standard has now been adopted for use in
the Boston filtration experiments.
For converting any former readings on the Nessler or
natural water scale to the platinum, the following table can
be used. It was prepared from the average of the fifteen
observations by three independent observers mentioned on
page 84:
Table for Converting Colors on the Nesslerized
Ammonia and Natural Water Scales, to Equiva-
lent Values on the Platinum Scale.
Natural Water Scale
.18
.20
.26
.30
.33
.40
.39
.50
.46
.60
.52
.70
.80
.90
1.00
Equivalent on Platinum Scale
.58
.63
.70
.81
For standards darker than 1 .00 no satisfactory compari-
sons have yet been made. For reading colors darker than
1.00 it has been found best either to read in shorter depths
or else dilute with distilled w^ater in order to bring the color
within the range of the 1.00 standard. The latter method
has been adopted at the filter station. The reason for
this is that it is often difficult to compare the dark waters
with the standard, owing to a diff'erence of hue. It has been
found that the amount of light which passes through a num-
ber of equal layers of an absorbing solution diminishes in
geometrical progression as the number of layers increase in
arithmetical progression. Thus if /denotes tlie intensity of
the incident light, la will be the intensity after transmission
through unit thickness, where a is a proper fraction, and
depends upon the nature of the substance and the refrangi-
bility of the light employed. For a given wave length, a
will be difterent for diiferent substances ; and for a given
substance, a will vary with the wave length. The quantity
a is termed the coefficient of transmission.^
It is because of the fact that the coefficient of transmission
for the different rays varies with different solutions that we
sometimes find a water matches the standard very closely in
hue in a short depth, but appears of quite a diflerent hue in a
greater depth. This can be represented by a diagram as
follows: Let the ordinates of the curve ahem diagram
Plate 3 represent the intensities of the incident rays of light
from the red to the violet, which fall upon a water and the
standard with which it is being compared. Then assuming
' Thos. Preston — " The Modern Theory of Light."
Plate 3.
LUMINOSITY
y
h
u
.0
O
I
h
0
z
u
-J
>
<
o
D
X
LUMINOSITY
Water-Supply Department.
87
the following coefficients of transmission for a depth of 100
millimeters :
standard.
Water
Red .
.1
.9
Orange
.5
.8
Yellow
.6
.6
Green
.9
.5
Blue
.9
.1
Violet
.9
.1
the intensities of the different rays after traversing 100 mil-
limeters would equal their original intensity multiplied by
their respective coefficients.
The intensities after traversing a depth of 300 millimeters
would equal the original intensity multiplied by the third
power of their respective coefficients, giving the following :
standard.
Water
Eed . . .
. .001
.729
Orange ....
. .125
.512
Yellow . .
. .216
.216
Green ....
. .729
.125
Blue ....
. .729
.001
Violet ....
. .729
.001
Plotting these values gives the curves in the diagram.
The upper curve shows the intensity of the different colors
in the incident light, and the four other curves show the
intensities after having passed through 100 and 300 milli-
meters of the standard and water respectively. Comparing
the intensities after passing 100 millimeters of the water with
those of the standard for the same depth, it is noticed that
they do not differ much in hue or luminosity. Comparing
the intensities after passing 300 millimeters of standard and
water it is noticed that the hue of the water has approached
the red, while that of the standard has approached the blue.
These hues would, therefore, be quite different, and could
not be accurately compared. The relative luminosity has
also changed, the standard having become somewhat brighter
than the water.
The platinum standard which has been found to match the
Boston water best contains twenty-five parts of cobalt to
fifty parts of platinum.
The water in summer is usually redder than the standard,
while in winter it is greener.
Color readings made by different observers have been
found to agree to within .02. Occasionally differences of
.05 or more are found. These differences are usually found
8'8 City Document No. 39.
in cases where the water, from turbidity or other causes, dif-
fers from the standard in hue. This renders the comparison
difficult, and the result depends largely upon the judgment
of the observer.
The accuracy at present attained in color readings is prob-
ably quite sufficient for practical purposes.
From the reduction of color of a water by filtration at the
filter station, it is possible to judge of the probable reduc-
tion of the organic matter.
The principal difficulty in the way of greater accuracy in
color readings is the difierence in hue between the prepared
standard and tire water, Maxw^ell, Young, and Holmholtz
claim that all color perceptions are due to the simultaneous
excitation of three sets of nerve ends in the eye, and that all
colors can be produced by a combination of three colors, red,
green and blue, in the proper proportion.
It is possible that a colorimeter might be constructed on
this principle by employing standard red, green, and blue
solutions, so arranged that they could be combined in all
proportions. A solution would also probably have to be
employed to give the effect of turbidity to the standard.
With a colorimeter of this kind much more time would be
required to make the comparisons.
Prof. Ogden N. Rood ^ has employed these three constants
to define completely a color :
1st. Purity, or freedom from white light.
2d. Luminosity or brightness.
3d. Hue or wave length.
To measure the color produced by the absorption of a
water it could be arranged so that the measurement of the
first constant would not be necessary. The light after pass-
ing through the water would consist of several components.
It would be necessary to separate these by means of a prism
or grating, and compare the spectrum thus obtained with the
spectrum of the original light. The measurement of the hues
could then be accurately made, and the luminosity would
remain as a photometric problem. It appears, therefore,
that in order to obtain much greater accuracy in color readings
than is at present possible, more time and expensive appa-
ratus must be employed.
With the colorimeter herein described and the platinum
standards, it is, however, possible to read the colors of
waters quickly, and generally with a probable error of but
.01 or .02, which is sufficiently near for all practical pur-
poses.
1 Text-Book of Color, by Ogden N. Eood, 1892.
Water-Supply Department. 89
It would tend to uniformity of results and facilitate com-
parisons if all color readings were made on the uniform
depth herein described, all waters darker than 1.00 being
diluted as set forth on page 86.
Quality or the Water.
The quality of the water has on the whole been very good
throughout the year.
The following tables give, first, the average condition of
the water as delivered at a tap in Boston during 1893 ; and,
secondly, means of monthly analyses in 1893 of different
parts of the supply. They afford a ready means of com-
parison with the condition of the water as given in the last
annual report.
The succeeding tables contain the average results of bio-
logical examinations made during the past year, together
with temperature observations and rainfall records.
Very truly yours,
Desmond FitzGerald,
Res't Eng'r Adcfl Supply and Supt. Wesfn Div.
90
City Document No. 39.
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City Document No. 39.
Table IV. — Temperatures (Fahrenheit), 1893.
Months.
January .
February .
March . .
April , . •
May . . .
June . . .
July . . .
August . .
September
October . .
November
December .
Mean 51.4 52.3 51.!
Chestnut Hill
Reservoir
g-ate-houses.
37.1
34.8
34.6
43.7
55.0
66.1
72.4
70.8
65.8
57.9
42.1
36.4
36.5
36.6
37.1
41.5
53.4
66.0
73.1
71.9
66.4
58.3
47.9
39.0
35.7
34.9
35.0
43.0
54.8
67.0
72.3
73.3
66.6
58.1
45.1
37.0
Chestnut Hill
Reservoir.
<0
1
u
3
m
.2
■a
34.4
35.6
33.9
35.2
32.9
34.7
42.8
42.8
57.5
54.7
71.9
66.3
75.1
72.0
72.5
70.6
66.6
66.7
59.1
58.4
45.8
45.5
38.0
39.5
52.5
51.8
35.9
35.4
35.0
42.9
51.4
56.6
60.6
65.3
66.0
58.1
45.6
39.0
36.7
36.1
35.8
42.8
54.2
66.7
72.7
72.1
66.3
58.2
46.3
37.7
Taps.
36.7
36.1
35.8
41.7
53.7
65.7
71.7
71.1
65.5
57.5
47.0
42.1
38.5
35.9
36.0
39.6
47.9
57.2
62.7
64.5
62.4
57.3
50.2
42.8
The above figures are based on weekly observations.
Water-Supply Department.
99
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City Document No. 39.
Table V. — Colors, 1S93.— Concluded.
Month.
January
February
March . ,
April . . ,
May . • ,
June . . ,
July . . .
August . .
September
October . .
November
December ,
Mean ,
Chestnut Hill
Reservoir
Gate-Houses.
1.15
.91
.85
.85
1.03
1.24
.92
.82
.63
.91
1.05
.83
.75
.61
.53
.40
.37
.44
.61
Chestnut Hill
Rbseevoik.
.f1
^
-a
3
QQ
S
1.03
1.03
.80
.81
.78
.78
.63
.63
.65
.67
.87
.87
.61
.64
.51
.51
.40
.41
.39
.40
.46
.44
.53
.51
.64
.64
1.04
.81
.78
.63
.65
.66
.51
.53
.42
.41
.44
.51
u
Taps.
1.04
.82
.69
.59
.70
,92
.62
.51
-41
.40
.47
.64
.97
.75
.67
.53
.62
.65
.53
.42
.32
.31
.37
55
Water-Supply Department.
Bacteria, 1893.
101
Month.
January .
February .
March . .
April . . .
May . . .
June . . .
July . . .
August . .
September
October . .
November
December .
Mean .
Chestnut Hill
Reservoir
g-ate-housbs.
446
1,440
912
85
179
279
287
339
108
43
252
109
76
446
1,189
134
119
281
434
123
195
67
40
55
263
273
758
622
178
253
573
205
523
447
86
63
60
280
Chestnut Hill
Rbservoib.
338
763
87
59
48
52
150
142
36
26
18
18
145
279
738
175
242
323
326
382
360
533
101
192
205
321
383
772
328
262
359
484
352
413
422
99
306
285
372
5 »
199
694
746
70
81
49
65
71
89
44
30
5S
183
Taps.
<u
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3
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ca
m
P.
M
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Ph
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257
58
690
178
110
52
54
73
63
155
64
171
97
229
103
76
75
51
68
84
59
53
79
84
143
97
102
City Document No. 39.
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Water-Supply Department.
103
Table of Rainfall at Chestnut Hill Reservoir for Year ending
December 31, 1893.
Da
DB.
1
2
«
a
(-1
<=> a
Duration.
Date.
o
a
u
a"^
m
Duration.
Jan.
1 1.04
Snow and
Rain.
9.45 a.m. to
3.00 a.m.
Apr. 4
" 6
0.07
0.23
Rain.
Snow.
8.00 p.m. to 9.00 p.m.
1.45 a.m. to 9.30 a.m.
«
5
6
1 0.63
Snow.
6.00 a.m. to
5.15 p.m.
7
8
1 0.53
Snow and
Rain.
1.15 p.m. to
4.30 a.m.
"
9
0.54
"
1.15 p.m. to 10.00 p.m.
" 8
0.18
Rain.
12.55 p.m. to 2.45 p.m.
"
15
0.10
"
5.00 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.
8
0.10
Rain.
4.00 p.m. to 5.00 p.m.
"
29
0.43
Rain.
2.00 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.
« 14
" 15
0.73
"
4.40 p.m. to
Total.
2.74
6.30 p.m.
" 20
!:.„
„
3.15 p.m. to
Feb.
3
0.50
Rain.
8.10 a.m. to 3.00 p.m.
« 21
)
12.30 p.m.
..
6
7
9
10
13
17
18
1 0.54
1 1.08
1.44
1 1.55
Snow and
Kain.
Snow and
Raiu.
Snow and
Rain.
Snow.
9.30 a.m. to
5.00 a.m.
10.30 p.m. to
3.00 p.m.
8.30 a.m. to 9.30 p.m.
8.30 p.m. to
8.00 p.m.
" 25
" 27
0.14
0.17
«■
7.45 a.m. to 4.00 p.m.
7.15 a.m. to 5.15 p.m.
„
Total.
3.32
Rain.
"
May 1
<< 2
" 3
5- 3.36
12.45 a.m.
to
«
22
24
2.25
0.23
Snow and
Rain.
Snow.
12.30 a.m. to 10.30 p.m.
2.30 a.m. to 9.30 a.m.
" 4
'« 13
0.50
12.15 p.m.
7.50 a.m. to 11.30 p.m.
"
25
0.28
"
4.45 p.m. to 11.15 p.m.
" 16
)
4.00 p.m. to
"
28
0.22
"
7.00 p.m. to midnight.
" 17
" 26
1 1.40
0.03
0.48
<<
8.00 a.m.
Total.
8.09
6.00 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.
7.50 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.
Mar.
1
4
9
10
11
0.22
0.20
i 1.55
Snow.
Rain.
midnight Feb. 28 to
7.15 a.m.
4.00 a.m. to 3.30 p.m.
3.00 a.m. to
7.45 a.m.
9.30 p.m. to
" 27
Total.
5.77
<•
June 13
" 14
I 0.55
Rain.
5.00 p.m. to
11.30 a.m.
"
12
1 0.30
4.00 p.m.
« 17
0.24
"
7.00 a.m. to 7.00 p.m.
"
14
15
1.00
Rain and
Snow.
11.00 p.m. to
7.50 a.m.
" 22
" 23
- 1.50
»
7,30 a.m.
to
"
22
23
1 0.10
Snow.
5.00 p.m. to
3.00 p.m.
" 24
•' 24
J
0.04
«
6.00 a.m.
9.00 p.m. to 9.30 p.m.
Total.
3.37
Total.
2.33
104
City Document No. 39.
Table of Rainfall at Chestnut Hill Keservoir. — Concluded.
Date.
u
m
Duration.
Date.
Oct. 13
0)
.a
o
a
m
Duration.
July 5
0.24
Rain.
9.45 p.m. to 11.30 p.m.
)
11.00 p.m. to
\ 1.39
Rain.
•• 8
0.07
«
8.00 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.
" 14
)
10.45 a.m.
« 12
0.10
"
4.30 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.
" 23
2.02
„
7.00 a.m. to
" 18
0.73
«
7.45 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.
" 24
10.00 a.m.
" 22
0.67
"
6.55 p.m. to 11.15 p.m.
" 27
1 0.29
10.00 p.m. to
" 23
0.16
0.10
«
2.15 p.m. to 2.55 p.m.
6.30 p.m. to 8.00 p.m.
" 28
10.00 a.m.
" 25
Total.
8.70
" 26
0.03
8.00 p.m. to 8.30 p.m.
Nov. 4
" 5
" 15
0.71
0.19
Rain.
11.30 a.m. to
2.00 a.m.
Total.
2.10
5.30 a.m. lo 3.00 p.m.
Aug. 4
)
8.00 p.m. to
J 1.99
Rain.
" 20
0.02
Snow.
7.00 a.m. to 9.30 a.m.
" 6
)
4.30 p.m.
" 22
0.65
Rain.
12.30 a.m. to 11.00 a.m.
•• 6
)
5.40 p.m. to
\ 1.48
"
" 28
0.43
<•
2.20 a.m. to 11.30 a.m.
" 7
0.03
0.33
..
2.00 a.m.
11.20 a.m. to 11.40 a.m.
4.50 p.m. to 6.10 p.m.
« 7
Total.
2.00
« y
Dec. 1
0.39
Rain.
7.30 a.m. to 8.00 p.m.
" 17
0.09
"
1.00 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.
" 3
3.00 a.m. to
" 18
0.04
"
12.30 p.m. to 3.00 p.m.
" 4
1.56
Snow and
Rain.
9.00 a.m.
" 20
)
8.15 p.m. to
\ 1.84
it
" 5
0.67
Snow.
11.15 a.m. to 11.45 p.m.
" 21
i
2.30 p.m.
" 9
)
2.40 p.m. to
.. 24
0.35
"
6.30 a.m. to 1.00 p.m.
" 10
1 0.35
Snow and
Rain.
7.15 a.m.
'« 29
0.38
**
6.40 a.m. to 2.30 p.m.
" 14
" 15
1
7.45 p.m. to
Total.
6.53
" 16
J- 1.54
Snow and
Rain.
Sept. 1
)
8.00 p.m. to
\ 0.36
Rain.
« 17
2.00 a.m.
•• 2
I
5.30 a.m.
" 19
0.03
Snow.
5.00 a.m. to 8.30 a.m.
•< 7
0.46
(>
7.50 p.m. to 11.00 p.m.
" 23
0.07
Rain.
3.30 a.m. to 6.00 a.m.
" 15
0.02
"
6.30 a.m. to 7.00 a.m.
" 23
0.01
<.
12.30 p.m. to 2.00 p.m.
" 16
0.56
"
1.00 p.m. to 4.00 p.m.
'< 29
0.05
«
11.45 a.m. to 4.30 p.m.
" 19
0.23
"
12.05 p.m. to 3.15 p.m.
" 30
)
1.15 p.m. to
" 23
0.05
II
6.30 p.m. to 7.15 p.m.
<• 31
1 0.24
Snow.
3.00 p.m.
«• 25
0.12
0.05
"
9.30 a.m. to 8.30 p.m.
4.15 p.m. to 8.00 p.m.
« 29
Total.
4.91
Total.
1.85
T
otal Bai
nfall for yt
ar, 46.71 inches.
Water-Supply Department. 105
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
MYSTIC DIVISION.
Office of Superintendent,
Corner of Medford and Tufts Streets,
Boston, February 1, 1894.
Col. Thomas F. Dohertt,
Ohairman Boston Water Board:
Sir : The report of the Mystic Division of the Boston
Water-Works from February 1, 1893, to February 1, 1894,
is herewith submitted.
Mystic Lake.
The water in the lake was lower last fall than it has been
since* 1880, and it was necessary to pump into the conduit.
Water was wastins; over the dam until June 7, then s^radu-
ally lowered, and as it drew near the pumping point, the
temporary engines were overhauled and repacked.
The centrifugal pumps were lowered into place, the
strainers enlarged ; a new and larger flume built, 20 feet long
by 9^ feet wide by 31- feet deep, from the discharge pipes
to the conduit ; the coal-bunkers were rearranged, and
another feed-pump set up. It required a few days' testing to
get the engines and pumps into working order.
On October 19 the surface of the lake was at 8.50 below
high water, or 2.67 above the conduit invert. The pumps
were started and were worked constantly until November 4,
when the water had risen sufficiently to gravitate to the
pumping-station. On October 23 the lake was at its
lowest, 8.90 feet below high water, or 2.27 feet above the
conduit invert. This was within 1.27 feet of the lowest point
ever reached, which was on October 25, 1880. After
November 4 the lake regained very slowly, but about the
middle of December the water began to rise rapidly, and
continued until January 19, when water again overflowed the
dam. In the upper portion of Mystic lake, the lowness of
the water already referred to exposed about 20 acres of
a black vegetable mould, favorable to the growth of algse.
This section, locally known as "Bacon's pond," had been
a meadow previous to the construction of the dam, but is
now overflowed the greater part of the year. To remove the
106 City Document No. 39.
objectionable matter a large additional force of men and
teams were employed. A great many tree stumps and
about 14,000 cubic yards of soil were removed, and the
refuse was disposed of by grading the land bordering the
east side of the lake, and by filling the nooks and shallow
parts along the banks. Two large inlets, especially, were
filled in and the bank slopes surfaced with gravel. The
work was continued about three weeks, but it was suspended
because of the rise of the water.
Reservoie.
The customary care was taken of the banks, walks, and
roads surrounding the reservoir, and a number of minor
repairs attended to. Each year for several years past sec-
tions of the roads about the banks have been macadamized ;
the past year about 14,000 square feet of the work was done.
The brickwork at the gate-house was repointed, and the old
fence on the north side was taken down. I respectfully call
the attention of the Board to the necessity of having the
bottom of the reservoir puddled and concreted, and to the
need of laying a 12-inch drain-pipe to the river for use when
draming the reservoir.
Conduit.
The conduit was cleaned and inspected twice during the
year and some repointing and repairing done. Part of the
brick air-chamber was rebuilt and a new top put on. The
conduit and the force-mains are in good condition.
The improvements proposed in my last report — the
construction of a 36-inch gate and pipe on the blow-off",
the renewing of the sills and grooves for the screens in the
screen-chamber, and the raising of the roof of the chamber
— I postponed, as more important and unexpected repairs
necessitated the total expenditure of the appropriation.
Pumping-Station.
The daily average amount of water pumped during the
past year was 11,163,000 gallons, and the daily average
consumed was 11,161,600 gallons, an increase in consump-
tion of 13.8 per cent, over the preceding year. In May,
Engine No. 1 was disconnected, and found to be 7-16 of an
inch out of line, and all the anchor bolts on the water
cylinders badly decayed. After relining the engine and sub-
stituting a new set of anchor bolts, the steam cylinders were
bedded in sulphur and the water cylinders in Portland
cement.
WATER-SuprLT Department. 107
Then the engine was bolted to the bed, the four cylinders
were rebored and St. John's packing put on the pistons.
The United States metallic packing on the piston-rods, in use
for nineteen years, was overhauled, and after some remedying
was replaced as good as new. Two new steel piston-rods
were placed in the low-pressure cylinders, and the stuffing-
boxes for the pump-rods on the water cylinders were
rebushed with composition. The internal heads were re-
modelled with new rod-rings.
In the steam-chests, the valves were reset and the four
balance-pistons replaced by new ones, and new steel pins
put in the balance-valve links.
The throttle valves were repaired and the domes on the
high-pressure steam-chests were each lengthened thirteen
inches. Engine No. 1 is now running very smoothly, and
will need no repairs of notice for several years to come.
Engine No. 2 required but a few minor repairs the past year,
and is in fair order. Engine No. 3 will be overhauled the
coming spring and some needed repairs made. As the steel
piston-rods in the independent air-pump for engines Nos. 1
and 2 are worn from corrosion, new bronze metal or com-
position ones will be substituted. Boilers Nos. 4, 5, and 6
were last inspected September 28, 1893, and boilers 1, 2, and
3 on January 31, 1894, and all pronounced in good condition.
Boilers Nos. 1, 2, and 3 had received some slight repairs,
and No. 4 had a new blow-off pii)e put in. Owing to inter-
ference with the draught, the smoke consumers that were
placed in the furnaces a few years ago were removed.
As the covering on boilers Nos. 1, 2, and 3 is badly worn,
it will soon be renewed, and about 150 feet of 2-inch pipe
will be covered. A 250-incandescent light dynamo and an
Armington and Symmes' 18 horse-power engine were placed
between engines Nos. 2 and 3, — the dynamo in the engine-
room and the engine on a solid brick foundation in the
basement. For the engine a 2-inch connection was made
with both sets of boilers and a 2J-inch exhaust to the rear of
the building.
About 150 feet of 16-inch drain-pipe with 3 six-inch con-
nections were laid in front of the engine-house, and about
150 feet of the blow-off 12-inch drain relaid. The interior
of the engineers' residences were painted, and when the gut-
ters and the conductors are renewed, the exterior and the
barn will be painted.
My STIC- Valley Sewer.
The quantity of sewage pumped during the past year
was 123,569,531 gallons, to which 304,010 pounds of crude
108 CiTT Document No. 39.
sulphate of alumina were applied as a precipitant, thereby
throwing down 3,291,701 gallons of sludge, which was
pumped into the settling basins on the adjoining grounds.
The solid sludge was removed for the most part by a neigli-
boring farmer for agricultural purposes.
The amount of coal used was 231 tons. The engine was
thoroughly overhauled last fall and is now running well.
The tanks are apparently sound, but show signs of age, and
the chemical vats, though rehooped and repaired, are nearing
the end of their usefulness. Owing to the dryness of the
season, the well that supplied the water for the boiler was
running dry, so it was dug several feet deeper and plenty of
water obtained.
Many improvements could be made at this station, but in
view of its abandonment in the near future, I deem it inad-
visable to expend any money upon it, except for essential
purposes.
Sewage Treatment at Stoneham.
The chemical treatment of sewage at Tidd's Tannery,
Stoneham, is progressing satisfactorily. After the tanks
and the tilter-beds were constructed and the sewage and
sludge pumps set up, some delay was occasioned through
insufficient power furnished by the tannery engine, but
everything was finally adjusted and the chemical treatment
commenced on March 28, 1893. The quantity of sewage
pumped to February 1, 1894, was 5,226,184 gallons, an aver-
age of 22,000 gallons daily. The quantity of sludge pumped
during the same time was 714,000 gallons, or 13 per cent,
of the sewage. The amount of crude sulphate of alumina,
applied as a precipitant, was 85,286 pounds, or at the rate
of 1 part of precipitant to 511 parts of sewage.
Inspection of Water-Sources Department.
A summary of the inspection work for the past year as
reported by Mr. John S. Concannon, Chief Inspector, is
as follows : Total number of cases inspected, 678 ; of these
there are, " Old Cases, 625 ; " "New Cases, 53." The present
condition of all inspected cases is: "Present Safe," 447;
"Seem Safe," 78; "Unsatisfactory," 46; " Suspected," 71 ;
"Remedied," 36. Twenty-six legal notices were sent.
Intelligent and frequent inspections have produced good
results. The authorities in the towns and city on the sup-
ply are willing and generous in every legal work tending
towards the purity of the water.
This year Woburn will probably complete a large part of
Water-Supply Department. 109
its local sewer (system), consequently, as more than 50 per
cent, of our pollution cases are in that city, considerable
benefit will be derived.
Filtration Experiments.
The two experimental filters at West Medford were in
continuous operation for two years and a half, and weekly
chemical and biological examinations were made of the
Mystic water and of the efiluents of these filters during
this time. Prof. T. M. Drown, of the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology, reports that the results of the experi-
ments were in all respects satisfactorj'-, the effluent water
being clear and practically colorless and of a satisfactory
degree of purity.
The average purification of the water during the last six
weeks, while filtering at the rate of 2,500,000 gallons per
acre daily, was as follows :
Per cent.
1. Removal of color ...... 60.00
2. " organic matter as determined by the
albuminoid ammonia . . . 57.00
3. " organic matter as determined by the
" oxygen consumed " . . . 40.00
4. " free ammonia .... 86.00
5. '« nitrites 100.00
6. " microscopic organisms . . . 99.85
7. " bacteria 99.76
8. Increase of nitrates showing oxidation of organic
matter 26.00
The sand in these filters was scraped from time to time as
they became clogged, and for one foot in depth the sand was
twice renewed during the thirty months.
The experiments show conclusively that the filtration of
the Mystic supply through sand would furnish a water of
attractive appearance and almost perfectly free from living
organisms.
Distribution Pipes.
The distribution pipes were extended by the addition of
290 feet of 2-inch pipe, 772 feet of 4-inch pipe, 11,770 feet
of 6-inch pipe, 5,355 feet of 8-inch pipe, 3,354 feet of 10-
inch pipe, 328 feet of 12-inch pipe, and 876 feet of 16-inch
pipe. Twenty-eight thousand three hundred and twenty-
nine feet of pipe have been relaid.
There are remaining in Charlestown 6,139 feet of cement-
lined pipe, varying in size from 2 to 20 inches.
110
City Document No. 39.
Hydeants and Gates.
Eighty-three new hydrants, 4 street Lowry hydrants,
and 79 Post hydrants were established ; 21 Post hydrants
were abandoned, and 20 replaced ; 146 additional gates were
established: one 20-inch, eight 12-inch, two lb-inch, four-
teen 10-inch, twenty-one 8-inch, seventy-eight 6-inch, eight
4-incb, and fourteen 3-inch gates. Eight 4-inch gates were
abandoned. Twenty-six gate-boxes and eight hydrant-boxes
were replaced by new ones.
Fountains and Stand-Pipes.
Two drinking-fountains were abandoned, and one new
stand-pipe was erected for street-watering purposes.
Service-Pipes and Boxes.
Eight hundred and ten new services were laid, distributed
as follows: Charlestown, 49 ; Chelsea, 105 ; Everett, 284;
Somerville, 372 ; for which 23,100 feet of lead pipe and 139
feet of iron pipe were required. One hundred and thirty-
seven services were repaired. Eleven service-pipes were
removed and larger ones substituted. Twenty-four service-
boxes were repaired.
Sixty-six stoppages by eels, twenty-two by rust, and one
by moss were forced out.
Twenty-one leaking services were repaired and two frozen
ones thawed out.
New Services.
Size
l-in.
i-in.
I-in.
lin.
IJ-in.
l|-in.
2.in.
4-in.
Total No.
Total ft.
Charlestown . .
1
39
20
62
280
372
14
4
2
3
3
2
4
2
49
105
284
372
1,332
2,704
Everett . . . .
2
5,629
13,435
Totals ....
40
734
20
5
3
2
4
2
810
23,100
Water-Supply Department.
Ill
Summary of Services connected with Works, February 1,
1894.
Number of services
Number of feet . . .
Charlestown. Chelsea. Everett. Somerville. Totals.
6,083
162,796
5,487
147,217
2,974
59,707
7,854
266,339
22,398
636,059
Breaks and Leaks on Distribution-Pipes.
Size
2-in.
4-in.
6-in.
8-in.
lO-in.
12-in.
16-in.
20.in.
SO-in.
Totals.
3
1
1
4
1
1
6
Chelsea
19
7
26
6
2
18
4
1
29
1
2
12
1
1
52
112
City Document No. 39.
Distribution-Pipes Relaid.
Location.
Charlestown, Bunker Hill ct
Chelsea, Fourth st. .
" Ash St. . .
" Washington ave
" Gardiner st.
" Clark ave. .
" Eleanor st. .
it (( «
" Spencer ave.
" Lynn st. . .
" Watts St. . .
" Winthrop st.
" Webster ave.
" Franklin st.
" Hawthorn st.
" Willard st. .
*' Parker st. .
" Lafayette ave
" Clark St. . .
" Second st. .
Everett, Oakland ave.
" Corey st. . .
" Second st. .
Somerville, Albion st.
" Aldersey st.
" Appleton St.
" Bonner ave
" Boston St. .
" Cameron ave
" Chester st.
" Clark St. .
" Clifton 8t. .
" Cottage ave.
" Cutter ave.
" Dane st. . .
Carried forward
Original
Size.
2-in.
4-in.
4-in.
6 -in.
4-in.
4-in.
6-in.
4-iii.
4-in.
4-in.
4-in,
4-in.
6-in.
6-iii.
4-in.
4-in.
4-in.
4-in.
4-in.
4-in.
2-in.
4-in.
6-in.
4-in.
4-in.
4-in.
6-in.
6-in.
4-in.
4-in.
1-iu.
4-in.
4-iD.
4-in.
6.in.
4-in.
304
66
1,100
89
34
310
233
1,076
490
28
355
24
460
517
12
3
502
563
20
4
641
213
384
19
8,315
1,178
90
1,550
3,008
10-in.
12-iii.
709
568
2,592
568
Total.
149
304
66
1,100
89
34
310
233
1,076
490
28
355
24
460
868
477
1,178
90
1,550
1,883
517
12
709
3
502
563
20
20
4
641
170
213
384
19
568
12,517
"Water-Supply Department.
Distribution -Pipes Relaid. — Concluded.
113
Location.
Origin a
Size.
4-in.
6-in.
8-in.
10-in.
12-in.
20.in.
Total.
Brought forward ....
. . . .
626
8,315
3,008
2,592
568
12,517
Somerville, Day st
4-in.
14
768
782
" Dover st
4-in.
18
877
895
" Elm st
4-in. >
6-in. \
42
1,990
2„032
" Franklin ave
3-in.
485
485
" Frost ave
4.in.
272
272
" Grand View ave. . .
4in.
2
2
" Grove st
4-in.
18
18
'• Harrison st
D-in.
30
30
" Heath st
Sin.
5
5
" Hillside ave
4- in.
149
. . .
149
" Herbert ave
4-in.
376
376
" London st
4-in.
4
4
" Meacham st
4-in.
284
485
769
" Medford st
4-in.
30
. . .
30
" No. "Union st
4-in.
442
442
" Oliver st
4-in.
. . .
390
. . .
390
" Orchard st
4-in.
529
529
" Pleasant ave
4-in.
552
552
" Poplar st
4-in.
17
17
" Sacramento st. ...
6-in.
142
142
" Summer st. .....
6-in.
62
62
" Summit ave
4-in.
532
532
" Spring st
4.in.
10
10
" Tenney ct. • . . . .
4.in.
5
433
438
" Tower ct
4-in.
173
173
«' Tyler st
4-in.
435
435
" Vinal ave
6-in.
11
751
762
" Washington st. . . .
8-in.
20
23
1,063
1,106
" "Warren ave
6-in.
673
. . •
673
" Willow ave
6-in.
1,108
1,108
Total
1,495
12,620
4,651
1,811
3,689
1,063
28,329
114
City Document No. 39.
Extension of Distribution-Pipes.
Location.
2-in.
4-in.
6.in.
8-in.
10-in.
12.in.
16-in.
Totals.
Charlestown :
545
645
211
211
Bartlett street and Monu-
1,457
1,457
24
24
Chelsea :
18
18
80
243
238
702
80
243
238
702
Everett :
264
264
133
768
620
160
300
217
572
490
901
620
160
300
217
572
490
2,400
2,400
470
470
396
255
475
459
13
575
160
250
205
396
255
475
459
13
575
160
250
205
168
168
1,388
1,388
Carried forward ....
133
450
7,883
2,945
2,S45
14,256
Water-Supply Department. 115
Extension of Distribution-Pipes. — Coniinued.
Location.
2-in.
4-in.
6-in.
8-in.
10-in.
12.in.
16-in.
rotals.
Brought forward ....
Russell court
133
157
450
7,883
2,945
2,845
14,256
157
276
276
Somerville :
30
36
30
36
298
106
133
298
106
133
30
30
21
128
149
313
313
634
224
207
18
132
634
262
486
207
18
132
13
13
200
200
48
48
320
106
118
212
320
106
118
212
200
339
185
200
6
6
382
26
120
345
191
382
Hawthorne street
26
120
16
16
13
710
723
171
171
8
g
12
12
Carried forward . . . .
290
757
10,515
1,816
3,121
328
710
20,372
116 City Document No. 39.
Extension of Distribution-Pipes. — Concluded.
Location.
2-in.
4-in.
6.in.
S-in.
10-in.
12.in.
16-in.
Totals.
Brought forward ....
290
757
5
10
10,515
1,816
3,121
328
710
20,372
5
334
344
43
43
10
10
166
166
42
260
42
Russell street
260
233
233
164
10
20
223
188
14
154
Talbot street
561
571
Washington street
20
223
188
14
Totals
290
772
11,770
5,355
3,354
328
876
22,745
Water-Supply Department.
117
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118
City Document No. 39.
Hydrants Established.
Established.
o
1
6
a
o
a
4
4
10
36
33
10
36
33
Totals
4
79
83
Total Number of Hydrants in use February 1, 1894,
202
33
58
198
201
560
2
2
38
2
6
1
331
200
Everett
1
2
202
562
8
3
Totals
205
33
1,021
47
1,306
Respectfully submitted,
Eugene S. Sullivan,
Suj) erintendent.
Water-Supply Department. 119
KEPORT OF THE ENGINEER.
Engineering Department,
50 City Hall, February 1, 1894.
Col. Thomas F. Doherty.
Chairman Boston Water Board:
Sir: I hereby submit the following report of the work
done and records kept during the past year, for your Board :
Corrosion of Pipes by Electrolysis.
During the year 1892 a number of leaks in lead service-
pipes were found which were caused by electrolytic action
due to underground currents of electricity induced by the
street-railway system.
The pipes were decomposed on the exterior surface and
presented a pitted appearance. Most of the cases were dis-
covered in the immediate vicinity of the power-station of the
West End Railroad Company, where the quantity of current
is naturally largest.
As the use of electricity for motor power is constantly
increasing, and as the destruction of our water mains and
services would be of incalculable injury to our city, an
investio-ation has been besun into the causes and extent of
the difficulty, with the view of taking the necessary measures
to preserve the pipes, both lead and iron, from further
injury. This investigation has been placed in the hands of
Messrs. Stone & VVebster, electrical engineers, and the
results of their preliminary study indicate that decomposi-
tion of the pipes is going on, but that, generally, it may not
be apparent for some years.
The cases which have so far been discovered have been
where the quantity of electricity in the ground was large ; but
we have no proof that the same action is not taking place
more slowly all over the city. The investigations show that
there is a constant current of electricity flowing through the
earth toward the power-station, and that the intensity of the
current varies continually with the amount of power used.
As these currents must unavoidably pass into and out of the
water-pipes by way of the earth, and as electrolytic action
follows in a greater or less degree, it is more than probable
that the gradual decomposition of our pipes is taking place.
120 City Document No. 39.
Whether this corrosion of decomposition is sufficient to
seriously affect the pipe system has not yet been determined,
and I recommend that the investigations be continued during
the present year. I would also recommend that test-pits be
dug for the examination of the pipes in difierent parts of the
city, particularly in the immediate vicinity of the West End
power-station, and if evidence of corrosion of the pipes is
discovered I would recommend that the pipes be drained by
means of heavy copper conductors connected with the power-
station.
The following is a preliminary report from Messrs. Stone
& Webster ;
Boston, January 31, 1894.
William Jackson, Esq., City Engineer :
Sir : In accordance with your request we have entered upon a care-
ful investigation of the subject of the corrosion of water pipes and
mains by electrolysis, and beg to submit the following preliminary
report :
A longer time for experimental work, and a season of the year at
which the pipes are more freely accessible, are necessaiy to place us in
a position to report fully on the extent of the difficulty, and to make
definite recommendations as to its remedy.
This report presents briefly to your consideration the following
points, and contains an appendix which includes various data obtained
hj us, together with a somewhat detailed discussion of the same.
The points considei'ed in this report are as follows :
First. The evidence showing injury by corrosive electrolysis to
underground iron and lead piping for water, gas, and telephone cables
in Bost(m and elsewhere.
Second. The nature of this injury to pipes as developed by experi-
mental tests in the laboratory.
Third. The existence of the necessary conditions, electric and other-
wise, in the soil of Boston, to produce electrolysis in pipes laid therein.
Fourth. The proof that these electric conditions are due to the
return currents by way of the earth, arlshig from the electric service of
the West End Street Railway Company.
From these we shall show that the inference that serious corrosion
may be proceeding from this cause is almost unavoidable, Avhile, how-
ever, distinctly pointing out that the evidence is still insufficient for
decisive judgment.
Finally, while we are not yet prepared to suggest a practicable and
complete remedy, we shall point out methods by which the trouble has
been somewhat lessened in certain instances.
Tlie Evidence of Injury.
The action of electrolysis is to corrode the pipes, chiefly at the sur-
faces where the electric current leaves them. This corrosion is not
uniformly distributed over the surface, but is quite irregular, usually
producing deep pits. Its tendency Is, therefore, to accelerate the nat-
ural rate of decay of the pipes, the rate of corrosion being greater as
the current flowing oi;t of the pipe is greater.
The evidence of injury to Avater and gas mains by electric action
would, therefore, naturally be expected to take two forms: one. the
Water-Supply Department. 121
very premature giving out of pipes in localities where the conditions
were such that especially large currents flowed out from the surface of
the i^ipes ; the other, the increase of rate of renewals and repairs in
the entire system, so far as exposed to the electric currents.
Evidence of the first sort would presumably be the earliest to develop
itself, and we shall quote some instances. Evidence of the second sort
would appear onl}' in the course of years, and the evil might have as-
sumed serious proportions before this class of evidence became convinc-
ing. We have been able to secure very little such evidence.
It should be clearly apprehended that the injury to the pipes, if going
on at all, is of a very insidious character, consisting, as stated, merely
in an acceleration of the natural decay of the pipes. This acceleration
might be seriously large and yet not become apparent for a term of
some years, when the trouble would suddenly begin to assume very
lai-ge i^roportions. The absence of extensive direct evidence of de-
struction must not, therefore, be interpreted as proving the absence of
the action. The amount of direct evidence, although not yet large, is
sufficiently disquieting.
Of actual giving out of water-pipes in Boston, apparently through
electrolysis, the only instances which we are able to cite are those of
lead service-pipes in the vicinity of the power-station of the West End
Street Railway Comj^any on Albany street. At the time that these
pipes Avere discovered, the subject was not under careful investigation,
and the reasonable supposition that electric currents played a consider-
able part in their destruction was not put to test by critical inspections.
Of the destruction of lead piping in general by electrolytic action
underground, we have abundant and indisputable evidence in the cor-
rosion of the lead sheaths of telephone cables. In one case, the sheath
of a new cable was destroyed within six weeks of laying. The amount
of the injury, its nature, and the methods successfully adopted for its
partial removal, show conclusively that it was due to electric currents
traversing and escaping from the lead covering on their way between
the electric cars and the power-station of the West End Street Rail-
way Company, in the same way that they presumably do from water-
pipes.
From several cities other than Boston, owing possibly to more
favorable conditions for the development of trouble, injury of a serious
nature has been reported respecting water and gas mains. We have
information, reliable in character, showing electrolytic injury of water-
pipes in Peoria, 111., and Cambridge, Mass., and of iron mains in Nor-
walk, Conn., — the trouble being serious in all cases.
Pipe-Tests.
In order to get an idea of the probable character of the electrolytic
action upon the water-j^ipes and the rapidity with which it might be
taking place, a number of tests were made at our laboratory upon com-
mercial specimens of pipe, under conditions similar to those to which the
city piping is exposed.
The pipes were grouped in pairs as shown by the table of pipe-tests,
and each pair in a separate box of moist sand sprinkled with a small
quantity of common salt.
In this respect they were pi'actically under the conditions of pipes
buried in the streets, since the moist earth usually contains common
salt and other salts either from the tide water or from the surface
drainage.
Measured currents of electricity at constant pressure were then caused
to flow for noted times from one pipe to the other of a pair. Thus one
pipe would show the action when the current flowed out of the pipe
into the earth (i.e., when the pipe was electrically positive with respect to
122
City Document No. 39.
the earth around it) ; the other would show the effects when the current
flowed from the earth into the pipe (i.e., when the pipe was negative
relatively to its surroundings).
The common salt in the water by its electi'olysis yields chlorine at the
surface where the cui'rent of electricity leaves the pipe. This corrodes
the pij^e rapidly. At the surface where the current enters the pipe th
product formed by the electrolysis has but little corrosive action.
This well-known fact was "borne oat by these experiments, which
developed, moreover, a point of great practical importance ; namely,
that the corrosion took place largely in a localized manner. That is,
the pipes became deeply pitted in spots instead of corroding uniformly
over the surface.
Although the difference of potential between every pair was the same,
the currents were of various magnitudes corresponding to the degree of
moisture and quantity of salt in solution.
Consequently, this inust be taken into consideration, in comparing the
effect of electrolysis on pipes in different boxes ; for with pipes of the
same material, the losses are directly proportional to the magnitudes of
the currents. After reweighing at the end of 100 hours, the tests were
continued for 50 hours more on all the specimens except Nos. 13 and 14.
The positive pipes were all badly pitted, so that the amount lost as
determined by weighing before and after the run is not a true measure
of their deterioration.
To make this more evident, pipe No. 13, which had lost but 7.6 per
cent, in weight, was turned down for half its length, to the bottom of
the deepest pit, and the loss in weight was then found to be, for the
whole pipe, 63 per cent. This shows, of course, that owing to the for-
mation of pits the corrosion has gone in spots to about eight times
the depth that it would have gone if it had been uniform over the
surface.
This is a true measure of the electrolytic action, for the strength of a
pipe is determined by the strength at its thinnest part, which leaves the
pipe but 37 per cent, of its original value.
Tarred Wrought-Iron Pipe No
Length
Diameter
Original weight . . ...
Loss of weight after 100 hours
Average current ....
Average voltage ....
Weight of iron turned off in h length
Weight of iron pipe equivalent to pipe in p
dition ......
Present value in per cent, of original .
esent
13.
1 foot
1 inch
694.7 grams
53.2
0.739 amp.
12.96 volts
191.9 grams
257.7 grams
37 per cent.
After running one hundred and fifty hours, four other iron pipes, Nos.
1, 5, 9, and 11, were similarly treated, and the i-esults tabulated below.
The positive lead pipes were all so deeply pitted that it was impossible
to turn them down. They showed even more marked deterioration,
however, than the wrought-iron pipes.
Water-Supply Department. 123
Table showing True Extent of Deterioration caused by Electrolysis.
Number of pipe
Length
Diameter
Original weight in grams
Loss of weight in 150 hours
Average current
Average voltage
Weight of pipe equivalent to pipe
in present condition
Present value in per cent, of origi-
nal
In these tests data have been accumulated which may prove of further
value later in a discussion of the relative merits of different kinds of
piping;, but which we are not now prepared to enter upon.
In the experiments, in order to save time, it was necessary to use cur-
rents of electricity larger than could be expected to occur, except under
unusual conditions, in practice. This, however, does not affect the gen-
eral character of the electrolytic action, but only its rate, the amount of
electrolysis being proportional to the current.
The corrosion and disintegration of the sheaths of the telephone cables
by electrolysis underground was of the same general character as that
in the lead pipes tested in the laboratory.
Existe7ice of Necessary Condition for Electrolysis.
If we could ascertain by direct means whether currents of electricity
were flowing from the earth into the pipes or from pipes to earth, how
large these currents were, and how they wei'e distributed over the pipe
surface, we should then have a direct means of estimating the injury
done to the pipes ; but these three points are fi'om the nature of the
ease very difficult, if not impossible, of even rough determination. It
is essential, therefore, to proceed indirectly by showing that the under-
ground electrical conditions in the city are such as either to render
destructive electrolysis likely, or to render it unlikely. We have done
so as follows :
By extended tests we have shown that the distribution of electrical
pressure in the eai'th in Boston is such that there must be a continual
and at times strong flow of electricity through the earth from nearly all
parts of the city toward the West End Power-Station on Albany street.
Inasmuch as iron water and gas mains are imbedded broadcast in
the soil, and are relatively much better conductors than the soil, bulk
for bulk, a portion of these currents must traverse the pipes ; and since
there is no metallic connection between the pipes and the railway
returns, the current must enter and leave the pipes by way of the earth.
Wherever the current thus enters or leaves a pipe it is accompanied by
electrolysis at that point, the amount of the electrolysis being jjropor-
tional to the current. This produces corrosion, but chiefly where the
current leaves the pipe.
Admitting, then, the conclusion just drawn that currents must enter
and leave the pii3es, and since this process is nearly continuous
throughout the day, the inference is unavoidable that corrosion is con-
tinually going on, and in the same measure as the current. This infer-
ence is confirmed by multiplied tests, which show that the piping is
almost everywhere at a potential different from the earth around it, and
from the nearest railway tracks.
Under such conditions currents must be flowing either to or from the
124 City Document No. 39.
pipes. These diiferences are, moreover, not constant, but subject to
continual momentary fluctuation, which add to the certainty of tlie flow
of currents.
The demonstration of the continual flow of current through the eartli
to the power-station was made by measuring the difi'erence between the
electrical pressure in the water-pi[)ing at a point near the station, and
at other distributed points. These outlying points showed always
higher j^ressures than the one near the station. The difference amounted
in one case to more than 15 volts in 4,000 feet. Similar measurements
were made between the outlying points themselves.
It is evident that by taking a sufficient number of jjoints and of
pressure observations between them, an equipotential map — that is,
a map showing lines of equal pressure difference relatively to the
l^ower-station — might be drawn ; but while such a map would possess
some value, we have not yet thought ourselves justified in incurring
the expense of running the necessary number of overhead lines in the
city.
It is, perhaps, not superfluous to add that the substances which give
the soil its conductivity are chiefly the various salts which are in solu-
tion in the water of the soil. Earth itself, when perfectly dry, is a very
poor conductor; water when pure is also an exceedingly bad conductor.
Moist earth is usually a comparatively good conductor, not, however,
because of the conductivity of the water itself, but because the water
holds in solution common salt and other salts which make it a conductor,
these being derived either from the soil, from surface drainage, or from
the sea, much of the soil beneath Boston being moistened by tide water.
There are, therefore, present in the soil of Boston not only the elec-
tric current necessary to produce electrolysis, but the materials which
will upon electrolysis i^roduce corrosion of iron and lead.
Cause of the Underground Electric Current.
The above-mentioned measurements of pressure-difference between
A^arious points afford convincing proof that these pressures are due al-
most exclusively to the return currents of the West End Street Railway.
For not only are the pressures found to be distributed about the pi)wer-
station in the way which would be anticipated, but they show iiuctua-
tions from hour to hour, and even minute to minute throughout the day,
which, when plotted as curves, show the characteristic form of the
power load at the station, being neai'ly zei'oin the early morning hours,
and having four maxima: namely, at about 8 A.M., 6, 8, and 11 P.M.
This point is very clearly illustrated by tests made on January od and
4th, 1894, to show the difference of potential between the water-pipes at
different points in the city. By means of rubber-covered copper wires
the water-pipes afc Foster's wharf and Summer street were connected
with the water-pipes at the corner of Harrison avenue and Bristol
street, near the power-station of the We^P^nd Street Railway.
Continuous readings of the difference in potentials were taken for 24
hours, and the results show admirably the periodic fluctuations corre-
sponding to the amount of travel on the raih'oad. (See plates 1 and 2.)
If any evidence of the source of these currents and pressures were
necessary, this would be incontestible.
Summarij .
It seems from the preceding discussion that the direct evidence is
good, although not yet ample; that injur^^ has been wrought upon iron
and lead pipes buried in the earth; this injury being the direct result of
corrosion arising from the passage of the return currents of an electric
street-railway into or out of the pipes.
P.M.
A.M.
RM. f^LATENo.l.
P.M.
■1_
1
^
V
1
dl
51
■j — -^M^^^—He
L
0
Mfl
Water-Supply Department. 125
It seems further to be almost incontestably shown that the under-
ground conditions in Boston are such that electric ctirrents, presumably
of considerable magnitude, pass into and out of the pipes by way of the
earth, and with the unavoidable accompaniment of electrolysis and cor-
rosion.
It remains to be shown whether this corrosion is or is not, under ex-
isting conditions, a serious factor in lessening the life of the piping
system as a whole or of any part of it in particular.
Upon this most important subject we feel that the points previously
made in this report would certainly not warrant a hopeful view. They
would rather incline one toward the opinion that serious corrosion may
be now proceeding ; but we must strongly call attention to the fact that
it has been impossible, thus far, to acquire sufficient reliable informa-
tion to warrant a decision.
The matter is under further investig:ation.
RcTnedy.
As to remedy it is clear, of course, that were the return railway cir-
cuit to be confined to channels pi'ovided for it, the trouble would cease.
This it is impossible to do with a railway system in which the cars give
up their return current to the uninsulated rails as now. However good
the conductivity of the cojjper return lines provided, the current will
divide between them and the earth, the fraction going back by earth
being to that going back by the copper lines as the earth conductivity is
to that of the lines. Now, the earth conductivit}' is at least fairly good,
so that the amount of copper required in returns becomes enormous to
reduce the earth currents to small amounts. Railway systems which do
not ground the return have not proved successful for various reasons.
To remove the difficulty with telephone cables, the New England
Telephone & Telegra^jh Company has laid a special copper return along
the affected part of the cable, and thence by a heavy overhead line back
to the power-house. This, together with the practice by the West End
Street Railway Company of making the trolley-wire positive, has
proved lai-gely successful.
It is feasible because the number of these cases to be dealt with is
comparatively small, so that the expense is not intolerable.
A similar suggestion respecting certain portions of the water-main
system was offered by us in February, 1893.
The larger and better distributed such a system of special copper re-
turn from the water-pipes is, the less danger from electrolysis ; but the
great outlay for copper involved is pi"ohibitive beyond ascertain limit.
Whether within this limit the electrolysis can be reduced to an unimpor-
tant amount is by no means yet demonstrated. The data is still so
incomplete as not to warrant a positive inference.
(Signed) Stone & Webster.
Sources of Supply.
The rainfall during the year 1893 was above the average
of the last twenty years, but on account of the unequal dis-
tribution of the rainfall the amount of water in store in the
reservoirs was reduced to a smaller amount than during any
year since the Sudbury-river works have been in use.
126 City Document No. 39.
The rainfall and quantities collected on the several water-
sheds were as follows :
Sudbury.
Cochituate.
Mystic.
Rainfall in inches .
48.225
45.28
44.20
" collected in
inches
21.774
17.65
19.687
Daily average yield
of water-shed in
gallons
77,963,300
15,862,000
25,192,500
The quality of the water has continued to be good, the
only noticeable change being in an increase in color of the
water of the Sudbury and Cochituate supply. This has been
caused by the use of a larger proportion of Sudbury-river
water.
Reservoir JSfo. 1. — With the exception of a few days dur-
ing the first week of January, no water was wasted over the
dam until February 8.
Water flowed over the crest of the dam continuously from
this time until June 6, when waste ceased and the amount
passing the dam from the latter date to January 1, 1894, has
been only the daily flow of one and one-half million gallons
required by law.
The lowest point reached by the reservoir was 155.11, or
4.18 feet below the top of the flash-boards on November 27,
1893.
Reservoir JSfo. 2. — The water in this reservoir remained
at or near high-water mark until the first of July. During
the month of July the water surface was lowered nearly
seven feet, and in the months of August and September it
was from five to six feet below high-water mark. In Octo-
ber and November the quantity in store was still further re-
duced, and on December 1 the water was 12.7 feet below
high water, the lowest point reached during the year.
Reservoir JSfo. 3. — This reservoir was drawn down to 8
feet below the crest of the dam during the mouth of January,
but on February 13 water began to waste over the dam and
continued until the first of June.
Water was taken from this reservoir for the supply of the
city from May 24 to August 3, and at the latter date the sur-
face of the reservoir was 17.89 feet below the crest of the
dam.
It was again drawn upon on September 26, and on October
23 the reservoir was practically empty. It remained empty
until December 1, when it began to till, and on Februar^'^ 1
the water-surface was 2.68 feet below the crest of the dam.
Water-Supply Department. 127
Heservoir' JSTo . 4. — On January 1, 1893, the water in Res-
ervoir No. 4 was 20.99 feet below high-water mark. On
March 23 the reservoir was full and water began to waste
at the overflow.
The reservoir was kept full until August 3, when the
gates were opened, and during August and September
1,293,800,000 gallons were drawn from the reservoir for
the supplj' of the city, lowering the water in the reservoir
35 feet. The outlet gates were closed from September 26
to October 27, when they were again opened, and on
November 17 the reservoir was emptied.
The outlet gates have been closed since December 6, and
at the })resent time, February 1, the water surface is 29.45
feet below high-water mark.
Far7n Pond. — The average height of the water in this
pond has been 148.82 feet above tide-marsh level, and the
surface has not varied more than 11 inches from that
height during the year.
The Framingham Water Company has drawn from the
pond 103,000,000 gallons.
Lake Cochituate. — Lake Cochituate was about six feet
below high-water mark on January 1, 1893, and did not fill
until April 22.
A small quantity of water was wasted at the outlet dam in
May, and about June 1 the lake began to fall. There was a
gradual lowering of the water surface from June 1 to Octo-
ber 27, when it was 6.6 feet below high- water mark, and it
remained at about the same level during the months of No-
vember and December.
In October the water in the lake was but little above the
top of the aqueduct, and for the purpose of maintaining the
supply to the city in case of a continued drought, a temporary
pumping plant was erected at the gate-house capable of
pumi)ing 20,000,000 gallons per day into the aqueduct.
The engines and pumps were placed in position, housed,
and put in readiness for use, but the lake did not fall so as
to require their use.
For the purpose of purifying the water of Pegan brook
before it enters the lake, three filter-beds have been built
near the mouth of the brook, into which the water of the
brook is pumped and allowed to percolate through the sand
into the lake. The beds have a combined area of about 4
acres, and are from 6 to 12 feet above the surface of the
lake. They are surrounded by banks 5 feet high, and the
two upper beds have underdrains of 8-inch vitrified pipe,
laid ahowi 100 feet ap;irt, at a depth of 8 feet below the
surface of the beds.
128 City Document No. 3J).
For the purpose of retaining the water of the brook, a dam
8 feet in height was built, having a centre of 4-inch tongued
and grooved sheet piling, upon which a centre wall of concrete
was built.
The embankment is of gravel 10 feet wide on top, with
slopes of two horizontal to one vertical. The water is
pumped on to the beds by means of a 25-horse power
Hoadly engine, and two 6-inch centrifugal pumps delivering
the water through about 1,000 feet of 12, 8, and 6 inch pipe.
The cost of construction exclusive of land damages was
$12,585.11. The works have been in operation since
June 25, but from September 11 to November 3 no water
was pumped, as the flow of the brook was so small that it
percolated through the dam or evaporated.
Dudley pond was drawn off to reinforce the lake during the
month of November.
No water has been received in the lake from the Sudbury
river during the year.
Water has been drawn from the difierent reservoirs as
follows :
Reservoir No. 1.
February 10 to April 13, December 2 to 31.
inclusive.
Reservoir No. 2.
May 23.
August 4 to 20.
August 22 to September 14.
September 16 to 25.
Reservoirs Nos. 2 and 3.
January 1 to February 9.
April 14 to May 11.
May 13 to 21.
May 25 to August 3.
September 26 to December 1.
The heights of water in the various storage reservoirs on
the first day of each month are given below.
"Water-Supply Department.
129
Reservoirs.
Farm
Pond.
Lake
COCHITU-
ATE.
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
Top of
Flash-
boards.
159.29
Top of
Flash-
boards.
167.12
Crest
of
Dam.
175.24
Crest
of
Dam.
215.21
High
Water.
149.25
Top of
Flash-
boards.
134.36
January], 1893
February 1, "
March 1, "
April 1, "
May 1, "
June 1, "
Julyl, "
August 1, "
September 1, "
October 1, "
November 1, "
December 1, "
January 1, 1894
157.44
157.31
157.76
158.15
147.83
146.93
156.40
156.43
156.20
155.57
155.40
155.16
155.55
163.04
159.46 '
166.08
166.12
166.11
167.17
166.46
160.17
161.55
161.45
157.50
155.30
160.17
171.58
167.05
175.50
175.52
175.54
175.37
174.02
168.02
167.79
166.21
158.65
158.20
168.53
194.22
197.04
204.64
214.62
214.44
214.81
215.05
215.07
201.42
179.72
179.77
170.51
178.83
148.63
148.75
149.28
149.31
149.50
148.89
148.85
348.50
148.53
148.31
148.39
148.39
148.74
128.41
127.58
129.50
133.38
134.51
134.12
133.24
131.68
130.60
128.95
128.30
127.58
127.94
Aqueducts and Distributing Reservoirs.
The Sudbury-river aqueduct has been used 361 days, and
has delivered 11,737,900,000 gallons into the Chestnut Hill
and Brookline reservoirs. The Cochituate aqueduct has
been used 356 days, and delivered 5,623,532,500 gallons.
The distributing reservoirs are in good order. The over-
flow at the East Boston reservoir, which was constructed of
flagging and brick, and was badly cracked by settlement or
frost, has been replaced by a 12-inch pipe thoroughly em-
bedded in Portland cement concrete.
Reservoir No. 6.
This reservoir, which has been in process of construction
during the past four years, has been practically completed,
and is now being filled. It is situated on Indian brook in
the towns of Ashland and Hopkinton, and has a capacity of
about 1,500,000,000 gallons.
The dam across the valley is about 1,500 feet in length,
and consists of an earth embankment with a centre core wall
of concrete extending to the bed rock. This core wall is 8
130 City Document No. 39.
feet in thickness at the base, and 3 feet at the top, and is plas-
tered on its upstream side with a very carefully applied coat-
\ns of Portland cement one-half inch in thickness. A thick
coating of Portland cement mortar, mixed in the proportion
of one part cement to one part of sand, was put on to the
concrete, rubbed to a uniform thickness and left rouofh.
Over this was smoothly spread with trowels a coat of neat
Portland cement, which was thoroughly worked in order to
make a perfectly water-tight surface.
The embankment is 20 feet wide on top. The inner or
reservoir slope is two horizontal to one vertical, with a berme
6 feet in width 13 feet below the top of the embankment.
This slope is riprapped below the berme, and from the berme
to the top of the embankment is paved. The outer slope is
covered with loam, and has a gutter running longitudinally
about half-way down its face to prevent washing of the banks
by rain. Above this gutter the slope is 2 to 1, and below
2^tol.
The body of the embankment is composed of sand and
gravel, deposited in thin layers, watered, and well compacted
by rolling. Next the core wall, on the upstream side, the
material was selected so as to aid in securino- a water-tio;ht
dam.
Two gate-houses have been constructed in the dam in
which the delivery pipes are so arranged that the water can
be drawn from different levels, and if desired discharged into
filter beds.
For further information concerning work on this reservoir
and other work in connection with additional supply, see the
following report of Desmond FitzGerald, Resident Engineer :
South Feamingham, Mass., January 1, 1894.
William Jackson, Esq., Citi/ Engineer:
Dear Sir : I submit herewith a brief report of engineer-
ing work accomplished during the past year by the Addi-
tional Supply force.
At Basin No. 6 the building of the core wall was resumed
on May 1, and on May 10 the first gravel was delivered.
The dam was built up from grade 270 to the top, b}^ the end
of the year, and is practically completed, although the paving
is not yet done. The riprap extending from the berme to
the inner toe is in place, and the broken stone above the
berme, forming the footing-course for the paving, has been
placed so that the basin can now be filled. The contract for
laying the riprap and paving was awarded to John Berry
on September 19. The removal of the loam from the basin
Water-Supply Department. 131
and the treatment for shallow flowage were completed before
the end of the season. October 2 a small section of strip-
ping, remaining near the dam, was let to A. Saucier.
The loam for the Boston Park Department was all re-
moved, and the tracks taken out of the basin.
Mr. N. S. Brock, Assistant Engineer, has had charge of
Basin 6.
Work
DONE
AT Basin 6 in 1893.
5,564
cubic
yards
concrete.
4,196
square
cement plaster.
04,170
cubic
embankment.
20,000
i (
stripping.
3,670
i 1,
stone crushed.
1,574
i i
sand screened.
4,522
i i
riprap.
1,504
i i
ballast.
12,000
t i
loam hauled.
Gravel for the embankment was taken this year from a
new gravel pit on the westerly side of the basin.
Survej'^s in connection with Basin No. 5 have been con-
tinued. Property and seizure lines have been run out, and
plans have been made in connection with changes in the
roads. Early in the year plans and specifications were com-
pleted for the dam, and on July 17 a contract was awarded
to Moulton O'Mahoney for building the dam for $454,729.90.
Since that time the plans have been modified to harmonize
with the work contemplated by the State for a metropolitan
system. Owing to delays caused by negotiating with South-
boro', in regard to changes in roads, no work has yet been
done.
Early in January, 1893, some studies and surveys were
made in connection with the proposed Natick Sewerage
plans. In February a filter scheme for Pegan brook, Na-
tick, was devised, which was carried out in June, and is now
in successful operation. The water of the brook is pumped
on to shallow beds, and is filtered before passing into the lake.
Studies have been continued during the year on many
matters connected with the Sudbury supply, such as drain-
age of the swamps, and the possible construction of other
basins.
Plans and specifications have been prepared for construct-
ing filter beds on the brooks drainins; Marlboroush.
Very truly yours,
(Signed) Desmond FitzGerald,
Resident Engineer.
132
CiTT Document No. 39.
High-Service Pumping- Stations.
The engines and boilers at the Chestnut Hill station are
in good condition. The daily average quantity pumped was
15.4 per cent, more than in 1892. During the month of
July Engine No. 1 pumped 10,451,500 gallons per day, and
for the entire year the pumps delivered about 21 per cent,
above their rated capacity.
The foundations for Engine No. 3 were completed in
April. The engine is now being shipped from the works in
New York and will soon be erected by the contractor. A
contract was made on April 18 with the Atlantic Works to
furnish a Belpaire fire-box boiler for use with the new engine.
The table on page 145 shows in detail the work done by the
pumping-engines and boilers during the year.
Engine No. 1 was run 4,512 hours,
pumping .....
Engine No. 2 was run 4, 162 J hours,
pumping . . . . .
Total amount pumped .
" " coal us ed .
Percentage, ashes and clinkers
Average lift in feet
Quantity pumped per lb. of coal
Daily average amount pumped
1,860,811,915 gallons.
1,649,918,185 "
3,510,730,100 "
4,210,241 lbs.
7.6
126.71
859.6 gallons.
9,618,400 "
On account of the large increase in the quantity pumped
one boiler was not sufficient to easily supply steam for
pumping, lighting, and heating the buildings, and a tempo-
rary boiler has been placed in the boiler-house for use in
connection with the two old boilers.
Cost of Pumping
Salaries
Fuel ....
Kepairs
Oil, waste, and packing
Small supplies .
Total . . . . .
Cost per million gallons raisek one foot high,
Cost per million gallons pumped to reservoir,
$11,745.25
9,159.58
814.97
593.37
88.13
122,401.30
$0.05
$6.38
At the West Roxbury pumping-station the daily average
quantity pumped was 96,900 gallons, an increase of 5.5 per
cent, over the amount pumped in 1892.
Water-Supply Department. 133
At the East Boston station 402,400 gallons per day have
been pumped for the supply of the high-service district, and
24,000 gallons per day for the Breed's island high service.
The pump used for the Breed's island service is in poor
condition, and should be replaced by a new pump.
Mystic Lake.
On January 1, 1893, the surface of the lake was 1.50 feet
below high-water mark. During the month of January the
water-surface gradually fell, and on February 7 was 4.15 feet
below high water. Copious rain and melting snow quickly
filled the lake, and from February 9 to June 7 water was
wasted over the dam. During the summer and fall the lake
surface fell, and on October 23 it was 8.90 feet below high
water. The temporary pumps were used at the lake to raise
the water into the conduit from October 19 to November 4.
During November and December the lake filled slowly, and
on January 1, 1894, was 3.15 feet below high water.
Advantage was taken of the low water in the lake to remove
about 14,000 cubic yards of loam from the section of the
lake near the mouth of the Abbajona river, and depositing it
in the shallow coves.
Mystic-Valley Sewer.
The quantity of sewage pumped and chemically treated
during the year was 126,226,000 gallons, an average of
361,700 gallons per day.
The table on page 147 gives the monthly quantities of sew-
age pumped, aluminum used, coal burned, etc.
Mystic Conduit and Reservoir.
The conduit has been cleaned and is now in good condition.
Recommendations made in previous reports in regard to
repairs at conduit screen chamber and at reservoir have not
been carried out and are now renewed.
Mystic Pdmping-Station.
There has been a large increase during the past year in the
quantity pumped, and it has been necessary to run all of the
pumps at times to maintain the supply.
Engine No. 1 was, used 1,070| hours
pumping 223,963,200 gallons.
Engine No. 2 was used 4,323|- hours
pumping . . . . . 968,212,000
134
City Document No. 39.
Engine No. 3 was used 8,358^ hours
pumping . .
Total amount pumped
Total amount coal consumed .
Percentage, ashes and clinkers
Average lift in feet
Quantity pumped per lb. of coal
Average duty of engines per 100 lbs.
coal, no deductions
Daily average amount pumped
2,882,304,000 gallons.
4,074,479,200
9,188,000 lbs.
10.5
149.36
443.5 gallons.
55,239,700 ft. lbs.
11,163,000 gallons.
Cost of Pumping.
Salaries . $10,968 70
Fuel 18,790 47
Repairs 3,608 28
Oil, waste, and packing .... 674 50
Small supplies 187 01
Total $34,228 96
Cost per million gallons raised one foot high . $0,056
Cost per million gallons pumped to reservoir . $8 40
The table on page 146 shows in detail the work done by the
engines during the year.
Engine No. 1, which was the first of the w^ell-known type
of Worthington compound duplex pumping-engine ever built,
has been thoroughly overhauled and put in repair during the
year.
The steam cylinders were rebored and the pistons fitfed
with St. John's packing. The United States metallic pack-
ing, which had been in use on the piston-rods for nineteen
years, was after some small repairs replaced as good as new.
New piston-rods were placed in the low-pressure cylinders,
the steam- valves reset, and other repairs made, for details of
which see report of Superintendent.
A 250-light dynamo and 18-horse power Armington and
Sims engine have been placed in the engine-house.
On December 30 a contract w^as made with the Blake
Manufacturing Company for an additional engine to be
placed in this station.
It is to be built from designs of Mr. E. D. Leavitt, and is a
compound beam and fly-wheel engine operating two ditteren-
tial plunger-pumps. The capacity of the pumps will be
about 10,^500,000 gallons per 24 hours. It is expected that
this engine will be ready for service before the end of the
present year.
WATER-SUPPLY Department.
135
Consumption.
The daily average consamptiou for the j^ear was as fol-
lows :
Sudbury and Cochituate Works .
Mystic Works ....
Total combined supplies
47,453,200 gallons.
10,742,500
58,195,700
an increase of 13.8 per cent, from that of the previous year.
The consumption during each month for the past seven
years is given by the table on page 138.
The following table shows the consumption per capita for
the past two years :
Cousumption.
Month.
January
February
March .
April . .
May . .
June . .
July . .
August . ,
September
October .
November
December
Average
Cochituate.
Consumption in
Gallons per Capita.
1892.
86.4
91.3
89.9
86.9
86.5
96.8
106.3
104.5
104.8
103.1
95.4
100.7
96.1
J89».
123.7
117.6
111.4
104.1
99.0
100.4
110.6
108.3
105.5
104.2
99.3
106.9
107.5
Consumption in
Gallons per Capita.
1S93.
80.4
84.0
80.8
73.9
74.2
81.6
85.8
77.9
76.2
74.3
73.3
82.9
78.8
111.5
103.7
91.9
76.9
76.7
81.5
80.6
77.6
71.8
75.7
75.0
90.9
84.4
Combined
Supplies.
Consumption in
Gallons per Cajjita.
189S. 1893
85.1
89.7
87.9
84.0
83.7
93.4
101.7
98.5
98.4
120.9
114.5
107.0
98.1
94.0
96.1
104.0
101.5
98.0
97.8
93,9
103.3
102.4
On June 29 a small section of the Charlestown district,
containing a population of about 2,400, was connected with
the Cochituate high service.
The consumption per capita was larger than in any year
since the works were built.
13Q City Document No. 39.
Loss OF Head.
In order to have a continuous record of the water press-
ures in the mains at different points throughout the city, six
recording pressure gauges have been placed in fire-engine
houses.
These, with four gauges previously established, furnish a
record which is of great value in determining the necessity
for larger mains, and in case of excessive draft upon the
supply for fires or other causes the available pressure at all
times is accurately recorded.
The table on page 144 gives the results shown by these
gauges.
Distribution.
On the Cochituate works 15.96 miles of pipe were laid, and
10 miles purchased of the Jamaica Pond Aqueduct Company
were connected with our system. About two miles of pipe
have been abandoned, and the total now connected with the
system is 560 miles.
No large mains have been laid during the year, and noth-
ing has been done in the improvement of the supply for fire-
service by the replacing of old mains with new ones of larger
size.
Seventeen hundred feet of the 6-inch flexible pipe crossing
the channel between Moon and Long islands has been
relaid, it having been frozen and burst during the winter.
Pipes have been laid from Long island to Rainsford island,
3,600 feet of 4-inch pipe on the islands, and 2,200 feet of
3-inch wrought-iron pipe across the channel.
The distribution system of the Mystic works has been ex-
tended 4.3 miles and 5.36 miles have been relaid, generally
with pipe of larger size. The length of mains now con-
nected with these works is 164.8 miles, of which 39.1 miles
are maintained by the city of Boston, the remainder being
under the control of other municipalities.
Two hundred and forty-nine hydrants have been estab-
lished in the Cochituate and 83 in the Mystic works, making
the total number now in use on the combined supplies 7,348.
Contracts have been made for pipes for an additional 30-
inch main in Dorchester avenue and D street from Swett
street to Congress street for the improvement of the supply
in South Boston, and for an additional main to reinforce the
present supply for the Brighton district.
Pipes for an additional force main, 36 inches in diameter,
between the Chestnut Hill Pumping-station and Fisher Hill
reservoir, and for the extension of the 24-inch low service
Boston Water Works.
©iagi-^n-j SfjowirTg +tpe l^elgb-t^ of§udbui^ l^ivfei-'l^eseiVoii'lj Fai'i-r, Pbrjd, 3170! Cocl7l+ua'fe 3170!
Mystic Lal^es, aiTcl ^7e I^ai7fall 017 +[76 ^udbui^ l^ivei' VVafei' .gl^ad c/urn7g +^72 year /S33.
KV-
\'
■oiic,!
b-tis .C.'S>I.'=; J .-'i+JvM
3^
i:
Water-Supply Department. 137
miiin in Dorchester are on hand and the mains will be hiid
during the coming season.
Twenty-five contracts for rock excavation were made dur-
ing the year. Two hundred and sixteen petitions for main
pipe extensions were reported upon in regard to grade of
street, size of main, and cost of laying.
The pipe laid during the year has been measured, the
gates and hydrants located and plotted on the plans.
The records from the four pumping-stations, the lakes,
reservoirs, the Mystic sewer, and the returns from the pipe
foundries, etc., have been carefully recorded.
Appended to this report will be found the usual tables of
rainfall, consumption, yield of water-sheds, etc.
Respectfully submitted,
William Jackson,
Oity Engineer.
138
City Document No. 39.
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s
l«
0
0
in
m
in
in
0
in
t-<
in
IH
eo
CO
rH
CO
T)l
c3-g 0)
S
W
o a "
1
in
^
to
00
0
o>
^
CO
0
10
CO
eo
t-
eo
CO
0
ft
rH
eo
rH
'""'
•
•
•
■O aa
M
at)
H
a
1
3
ja
3
3
(S
J=
i
u
i
u
0
i
a a
c3 bo
3^
3
>-5
JO
0
p
>
F;
>
1
ft
0
0
>
0
|2i
0
0.
Watee-Supply Department.
147
Table showing Work done at Mystic Sewage Pumping- Station during the
Tear 1893.
1S93.
Hrs. Min.
Gallons.
Lbs.
Lbs.
« ■" p
C3 CS P.«
Gallons^
January .
February .
March . .
April . . .
May . . .
June . . .
July . . .
August . .
September
October . .
November
December .
Totals
517
485
582
502
517
517
501
1409
468
485
459
532
135,000
,336,000
371,000
,573,000
,746,000
,244,000
,966,000
,224,000
,212,000
,493,000
,490,000
,436,000
31,210
29,610
36,030
29,300
31,395
27,800
24,050
18,845
20,495
23,155
n4,220
23.025
40,250
37,470
43,680
39,980
43,150
41,960
39,060
32,320
33,000
31,920
36,800
40,374
5,979
55 126,226,000
309,135
459,964
391,500
440,600
528,100
413,300
405,000.
341,500
298,900
314,100
283,200
274,000
292,800
347,900
361,700
1 August 20th to 27th repairing engine.
2 November 5th to 14th no sulphate of alumina used. Supply-pipe being repaired.
148
CiTr Document No. 39.
Statement of Operations at the West Roxhury Puvnping- Station for the
Year 1893.
1893.
60
a
3 *^
o
c
s .
^
552
a o
«_:
P<ea
as
>, .
a a
gg
i|
S'S
o o
o a
p "
ffl-a
« a
o
IS
>
Month.
Hours.
Min.
Gallons.
Gallons.
Gallons.
Pounds.
Per cent.
Feet.
January . .
February .
March . . .
April . . .
May ....
June . . .
July ....
August . .
September .
October . .
November .
December .
218
195
170
139
175
214
310
290
242
257
225
217
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
30
00
00
00
3,265,950
3,002,550
2,401,875
1,931,700
2,502,675
3,049,425
4,150,950
3,830,775
2,994,825
3,132,450
2,562,975
2,531,700
105,400
107,200
77,500
64,400
80,700
101,600
133,900
123,600
99,800
101,100
85,400
81,700
136.2
142.0
134.4
135.8
153.3
158.0
159.0
162.0
158.7
159.0
148.1
134.1
23,975
21,150
17,875
14,225
16,325
19,300
26,100
23,650
18,875
19,700
17,300
18,875
19.7
19.3
19.5
18.7
19.1
20.6
21.4
20.8
20.2
20.1
20.6
20.7
135.85
134.15
133.50
134.23
137.05
137.34
138.45
138.72
138.52
139.05
139.40
138.02
Totals and
averages,
2,652
30
35,357,850
96,900
149.0
237,350
20.1
137.02
Watee-Supply Department.
149
statement of Operations at the East Boston Pumping- Station for the Year
1898.
Engines Nos. 1 and 2.
Engine No. C
.
"3
o
•a
1
O
pa
1S93.
S 6
!= a
■S.9
« s s
C
a
O
3s^
a3
I
.a
o •
(2"
Month.
Hrs.
M.
Gallons.
Gallons
Hrs.
M.
Gallons.
Gallons
Pounds,
Pe*- c«.
Jan. .
437
55
19,280,100
621,900
61
50
967,020
31,200
57,910
19.8
Feb. ,
3i8
15
14,774,620
527,600
54
10
828,900
29,600
43,520
20.4
March,
343
45
13,588,120
438,300
40
05
625,380
20,200
40,260
20,0
April .
290
30
10,978,940
366,000
36
20
541,140
18,000
30,310
19.5
May .
274
15
10,727,220
346,000
40
40
582,180
18,800
29,910
18,5
June .
266
40
10,777,060
359,200
50
20
722,760
24,100
30,130
18.5
July .
277
15
11,656,260
376,000
67
00
944,700
30,500
31,827
18.5
Aug. .
272
35
11,260,420
363,200
57
35
795,180
25,600
30,030
18.6
Sept. .
264
00
10,986,640
366,200
48
15
685,680
22,900
27,260
18.5
Oct. .
264
45
11,043,060
356,200
50
25
690,660
22,300
26,760
18.1
Nov. .
239
15
9,903,460
330,100
45
35
625,080
20,800
25,070
18.3
Dec. .
284
15
11,894,260
383,700
54
05
761,340
24,600
31,520
17.7
Totals,
3,563
25
146,870,160
402,400
606
20
8,770,020
24,000
404,507
19.0
150
City Document No. 39.
Rainfall in Inches and Hundredths on the Sudbury River Water-shed for
the Year 1893.
1893.
ca
IS
ft
a
>>
1
1
ft
o
m
u
1
o
o
si
1
u
(0
S
1
0.930
0.295
0.270
0.370
2
3
0.335
3.950
4
0.415
0.130
0.060
0.755
1.430
5
0.425
1.615
0.430
0.115
0.680
6
7
0.935
0.590
0.360
0.520
0.050
0.275
0.515
0.095
8
0.340
0.040
9
10
0.490
1.170
1.390
0.005
0.410
11 ....
12
0.015
0.010
1.610
0.625
0.145
0.035
0.020
13
0.025
0.505
0.880
14 . .
0.790
15 ....
0.120
0.980
0.670
0.185
16 ...
1.570
0.625
17
0.230
0.060
0.865
0.030
1.640
18
19 ...
1.190
0.055
0.055
0.175
0.005
0.040
20.
21
0.040
0.220
1.140
1.770
0.925
22
2a
24 . . .
0.040
1.840
0.205
0.310
0.050
0.985
0.385
0.065
0.035
0.035
2.260
0.695
0.065
25
26
27
O.0S5
0.120
0.210
0.090
0.065
0.010
0.205
0.275
28
29
e.280
0.595
0.365
0.095
0.495
0.080
0.855
0.555
0.055
30
31
0.020
0.010
0.150
Totals .
2.925
8.195
3.670
3.605
6.610
2.3S0
2.570
5.415
1.735
4.065
2.195
4.860
Total rainf.in during the year, 48.225 inches, being an average of two gauges, located at
Framiirghani and Ashland.
"Water-Supply Department.
151
Rainfall in Inches and Hundredths at Lake CocMtuate for the Tear 1893.
1893.
10,
11.
12.
13.
14.
15 ,
16.
17,
18,
19,
20.
21.
22.
23,
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
0.79
0.26
0.57
1.33
0.88
1.57
0.37
0.29
0.45
,09
2.94
Totals . 2.61 7.26 3.13 3.21 5.45 2.75 2.40 5.86 1.76 3.74 2.08 5,03
04
,08
18
0.33
1.41
0.90
0.38
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.13
Total rainfall during the year, 45.28 inches.
152
City Document No. 39.
Rainfall in Inches and Hundredths at Mystic Lake for the Year 1893.
1893.
p
1-5
3
1
S
03
p
p
"p
B
SJ)
P
<
u
o
a
ft
a
o
B
o
O
S
a
ffi
>
o
a
§
a ■
O
1 . . . . .
0.99
0.23
0.37
0.44
2
3
0.35
0.07
. . .
. . .
. . .
4
. . .
. . .
0.13
0.04
3.68
. . .
. . .
0.10
1.42
5
0.22
1.63
1.21
. . .
0.05
0.70
6
0.30
0.52
0.19
0.04
0.20
0.33
7
0.53
0.19
0.68
8
0.24
0.03
9
0.50
1.05
• • .
. . .
10 .... .
0.85
0.37
11
12
1.27
0.27
0.01
0.45
0.48
0.28
0.06
0.03
0.06
13
0,03
14
. . .
. . .
1.20
. . .
15
0.08
. . .
0.89
0.33
0.02
0.52
0.05
0.18
16
1.60
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
17
. . .
0.28
. . .
0.03
1.36
18
1.40
0.20
. . .
0.05
0.36
0.18
0.18
19
0.14
0.07
20
0.04
0.03
21
0.03
1.20
0.02
1 50
22
1.75
. . .
0.94
0.03
0.86
. . .
23
0.02
0.17
. . .
0.03
1.27
0.07
. . .
0.05
0.11
24
0.29
. . .
. . .
0.25
2.25
• . .
25
0.07
0.30
0.15
0.14
. . .
0.06
. . .
26
. . .
0.03
. . .
0.02
. . .
. . .
27
0.19
0.35
28
0.34
0.45
0.45
29 . . . . .
0.27
0.01
0.02
♦
0.02
0.38
0.11
0.10
30
31
0.03
0.09
Totals. .
2.26
7.50
2.55
3.37
6.26
2.10
2.04
5.41
2.01
4.10
2.25
4.35
Total rainfall during the year, 44.20 inches.
Water-Supply Department.
153
Rainfall Received and Collected, 1893.
Sudbury.
COCHITUATB.
Mystic.
Month.
"a
a
"3
.9 "3
3 «
13
"3
<4-l
d
"3
-d
3 «
-a
. o
II
"3
a
1
= 1
5 o
■6
Ph
Inches.
Inches.
Per
cent.
Inches.
Inches.
Per
cent.
Inches.
Inches.
Per
cent.
January . .
February .
March . . .
April . . .
May ....
June . . .
July ....
August . .
September .
October . .
November .
December .
2.925
8.195
3.670
3.605
6.610
2.380
2.570
5.415
1.735
4.065
2.195
4.860
0.773
2.485
5.789
3.668
5.143
0.759
0.282
0.322
0.187
0.395
0.550
1.421
26.44
30.32
157.74
101.75
77.81
31.88
10.96
5.95
10.75
9.72
25.07
29.23
2.61
7.26
3.13
3.21
5.45
2.75
2.40
5.86
1.76
3.74
2.08
5.03
0.64
2.55
4.12
2.42
1.83
0.75
0.38
0.77
0.42
1.09
1.00
1.68
24.53
35.14
131.74
75.65
33.52
27.22
15.85
13.16
23.93
28.78
48.36
33.42
2.26
7.50
2.55
3.37
6.26
2.10
2.04
5.41
2.01
4.10
2.25
4.35
0.752
2.143
4.521
2.718
4.420
1.040
0.473
0.684
0.411
0.551
0.709
1.265
33.27
28.58
177.31
80.66
70.61
49.52
23.17
12.64
20.45
13.43
31.53
29.07
Totals and
averages,
48.225
21.774 1 45.15
45.28
17.65
38.99
44.20
19.687
44.54
154
City Document No. 39.
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Water-Supply Department.
155
Talle showing the Temperature of Air and Water at Various Stations
on the Water- Works.
Tempkbatuee of Air.
Tempeeatttbe of
Water.
1893.
Chestnut Hill Reservoir.
Framingham.
Brookline
Reservoir.
Mystic
Engine-
House.
a
03
S
a
'3
i
a
3
a
a
"a
03
January .
54.0
-7.0
18.8
52.0
-11.0
16.5
37.0
34.4
February
49.5
-2.0
26.0
50.0
-4.0
24.5
36.3
35.0
March . .
54.5
7.0
32.9
55.0
3.0
31.3
35.9
34.6
April . .
69.0
19.0
44.6
71.0
16.0
43.8
43.7
42.3
May . . .
90.5
36.0
57.7
89.0
31.0
56.8
54.9
54.4
June . .
93.0
44.0
67.3
93.0
42.0
66.5
66.7
67.6
July . . .
93.5
50.0
71.7
93.0
49.0
70.0
72.3
72.1
August .
94.0
49.5
70.4
93.0
46.0
69.3
72.3
72.9
September
84.5
40.0
59.2
79.0
36.0
57.8
66.2
66.4
October .
80.0
27.5
54.2
77.0
24.0
52.6
58.0
57.8
November
68.0
12.0
40.6
64.0
9.0
38.8
43.7
48.3
December
54.0
-7.0
29.0
54.0
-8.0
27.2
37.0
36.4
City Document No. 39.
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
REPORT FOR 1893.
Boston Water-Works, Suffolk County, Massachusetts,
supplies also the cities of Somerville, Chelsea, and Everett.
Population by census of 1890 :
Boston . " 448,477
Chelsea . . '. 27,909
Somerville 40,152
Everett . 11,068
Total 527,606
Date of construction ;
Cochituate Works 1848
Mystic " 1864
By whom owned. — City of Boston.
Sources of supply. — Lake Cochituate, Sudbury river, and
Mystic lake.
Mode of supply. — Sixty-five per cent, from gravity works.
Thirty-five *' " pumping "
Pumping.
COCHITDATE.
Mtstic.
Builder of pumping
machinery .
Holly Co.
H. E. Worthington.
Description of coal used
:
a Kind
Bituminous.
Bituminous.
c Size .
Broken.
Broken.
e Price per gross
ton, in bins
$5.30, $5.00,
$4.45, $4.35,
$4.75
$4.12, $4.20, $4.36
f Per cent, of ash,
7.6
10.5
Cochituate. Mystic.
Coal consumed for year, in
lbs 4,210,241 9,188,000
Total pumpage for year, in
gallons . " . . 3,510,730,100 4,074,479,200
Average dynamic head, in
feet .... 126.71 149.36
Gallons pumped per lb. of
coal .... 834.3 443.5
Duty in foot- lbs. per 100
lbs. of coal . . . 88,118,600 55,239,700
Cost of pumping figured on
pumping-station expenses,
viz. ; . . . . $22,401.30 $34,228.96
Water-Supply Department.
157
Cost per million gallons
raised to reservoir
Cost per million gallons
raised one foot hio;h
COCHITUATB.
$6.38
$0.05
Consumption.
Estimated population . 441,400
Estimated No. of consumers, 435,000
Total consumption, srallons, 17,320,427,300
Passed through meters . 4,252,830,000
Percentage metered . . 24.5
Average daily consumption,
gallons .... 47,453,200
Gallons per day, each in-
habitant . . . 107.4
Gallons per day, each con-
sumer .... 109.1
Gallons per day to each tap, 712.6
Mystic.
$8.40
10.056
127,300
126,000
3,921,019,200
701,372,910
17.9
10,742,500
84.4
85.3
479.6
Kind of pipe used.
Sizes .
Extended, miles .
Total now in use .
Distribution-pipes
Distribution.
Mains.
COCHITUATE.
Cast-Iron.
48 in. to 4 in.
17
Mystic.
Cast-Iron, W rough t-
Iron, and Cement.
30 in. to 3 in.
4.3
less
than 4-in., length,
miles
Hydrants added .
Hydrants now in use
Stop-gates added .
Stop-gates now in use
Kind of pipe used,
Sizes .
Extended, feet
Service-taps added
Total now in use .
Meters added
Meters now in use
Motors and elevators in
use . . . .
560.04
2.11
189
6,042
296
6,206
Services.
Lead.
m.
to 6 in.
37,881
1,512
66,586
134
4,046
539
164.8
5.5
83
1,306
138
1,937
Lead and
Wrought-Iron.
^ in. to 4 in.
23,100
810
22,398
26
461
21
158 City Document No. 39.
CIVIL ORGANIZATION OF THE WATER-WORKS, FROM
THEIR COMMENCEMENT TO FEBRUARY 1, 1894.
Water Commissioneks.
Nathan Hale,^ James F. Baldwin, J Thomas B. Curtis. From
May 4, 1846, to January 4, 1850.
Engineers for Construction.
John B. Jervis, of New York, Consulting Engineer. From Mav,
1846, to November, 1848. t
E. S. Chesbrough, Chief Engineer of the Western Division. From
May, 1846, to January 4, 1850. |
William S. Whitwell, Chief Engineer of the Eastern Division.
From May, 1846, to January 4, 1850.
Engineers having Charge of the Works.
E. S. Chesbrough, Engineer. From November 18, 1850, to Octo-
ber 1, 1855.t
George H. Bailey, Assistant Engineer. From January 27, 1851,
to July 19, 1852.
H. S. McKean, Assistant Engineer. From July 19, 1852, to October
1, 18554
James Slade, Engineer. From October 1, 1855, to April 1, 1863. J
N. Henry Crafts, Assistant Engineer. Fi'om October 1, 1855, to
April 1, 1863.
N. Henry Crafts, City Engineer. From April 1, 1863, to November
25, 1872.
Thomas W. Davis, Assistant Engineer. From April 1, 1863, to
December 8, 1866. t
Henry M. Wightman, Resident Engineer at C. H. Reservoir. From
February 14, 1866, to November, 1870.$
A. Fteley, Resident Engineer on construction of Sudbury-river
works. From May 10, 1873, to April 7, 1880.
Joseph P. Davis, City Engineer. From November 25, 1872, to
March 20, 1880.
Henry M. Wightman, City Engineer. From April 5, 1880, to April
3, 1885. t
William Jackson, City Engineer. From April 21, 1885, to present
time.
Desmond FitzGerald, Resident Engineer on Additional Supply.
From February 20, 1889, to present time.
After January 4, 1850, Messrs. E. S. Chesbrough, W. S. Whitwell,
and J. Avery Richards were elected a Water Board, subject to the
direction of a Joint Standing Committee of the City Council, by an ordi-
nance passed December 31, 1849, which was limited to keep in force
one year ; and in 1851 the Cochituate Water Board was established.
CocHiTUATE Water Board.
Presidents of the Board.
Thomas Wetmore, elected in 1851, and resigned April
7, 1856J Five years.
Water-Supply Department.
159
John H. Wilkins, elected in 1856, and resigned June
0, 1850^ Four years.
Ebenezer Johnson, elected in 1860, term expired April
3, 1865t Five years.
Otis Norcross, elected in 1865, and resigned January
15, 1867t One year and nine months.
John H. Thorndike, elected in 1867, term expired April
6, 1868$ One year and thi-ee months.
Nathaniel J. Bradlee, elected April 6, 1868, and re-
signed January 4, 1871{ . . . Two years and nine months.
Charles H. Allen, elected January 4, 1871, to May 4,
1873 Two years and four months.
John A. Haven, elected May 4, 1873, to Dec. 17,
1874J . . . . . . . One year and seven months.
Thomas Gogin, elected December 17, 1874, and resigned
May 31, 1875 Six months.
L. Miles Standish, elected August 5, 1875, to July 31,
1876J One year.
Members of the Board.
Thomas Wetmore, 1851, 52, 53, 54, and bb% . . Five years.
John H. Wilkins, 1851, 52, 53, *56, 57, 58, and 59J . Eight years.
Henry B. Rogers, 1851, 52, 53, *54, and 55% . . Five years.
Jonathan Preston, 1851, 52, 53, and 56J . . . Four years.
James W. Seaver, 1851$ One year.
Samuel A. Eliot, 1851.$
John T. Heard, 1851$ One year.
Adam W. Thaxter, Jr., 1852, 53, 54, and 55$ . . Four years.
Sampson Reed, 1852 and 1853$ Two years.
Ezra Lincoln, 1852$ One year.
Thomas Sprague, 1853, 54, and 55$ .... Three years.
Samuel Hatch, 1854, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 61$ . . Six years.
Charles Stoddard, 1854, 55, 56, and 57$ . . . Four years.
William Washburn, 1854 and 55$ .... Two years.
TiSDALE Drake, 1856, 67, 58, and 59$ .... Four years.
Thomas P. Rich, 1856, 67, and 58$ .... Three years.
John T. Dingley, 1856 and 59$ Two years.
Joseph Smith, 1856$ Two months.
Ebenezer Johnson, 1857, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, and 64$ Eight years.
Samuel Hall, 1867, 58, 69, 60, and 61$ . . . . Five years.
George P. French, 1859, 60, 61, 62, and 63$. . . Five years.
Ebenezer Atkins, 1869$ One year.
George Dennie, 1860, 61, 62, 63, 64, and-65 . . .Six years.
Clement Willis, 1860$ One year.
G. E. Pierce, 1860$ One year.
Jabez Frederick, 1861, 62, and 63$ .... Three years.
George Hinman, 1862 and 63 Two years.
John F. Pray, 1862$ One year.
J. C. J. Brown, 1862 One year.
Jonas Fitch, 1864, 65, and 66$ Three years.
Otis Norcross, * 1865 and 66$ Two years.
John H. Thorndike, 1864, 65, 66, and 67$ . . . Four years.
Benjamin F. Stevens, 1866, 67, and 68 . . . . Three years.
William S. Hills, 1867 One year.
Charles R. Train, 1868$ One year.
Joseph M. AVightman, 1868 and 69$ .... Two years.
Benjamin James, * 1858, 68, and 69 .... Three years.
Francis A. Osborn, 1869 One year.
Walter E. Hawes, 1870$ ...... One year.
160
City Document No. 39.
68, 69, 70,
68, 69, and
John O- Poor, 1870 ....
HoLLis R. Gray, 1870 ....
Nathaniel J. Bradlke, 1863, 64, 65, 66, 67,
and 71t . . .
George Lewis, 1868, 69, 70, and 71$ .
Sidney Squires, 1871 J .
Charles H. Hersey, 1872
Charles H. Allen, 1869, 70, 71, and 72
Alexander Wadsworth, *1864, 65, 66, 67,
72
Charles R. McLean, 1867, 73, and 74$
Edward P. Wilbur, 1873 and 74
John A. Haven, 1870, 71, 72, 73, and 74$
Thomas Gogin, 1873, 74, and 75* .
Amos L. Noyes, 1871, 72, and 75 .
William G. Thacher, 1873, 74, and 75$
Charles J. Prescott, 1875 .
Edward A. White, 1872, 73, 74, 75, and 76t $
Leonard R. Cutter, 1871, 72, 73, 74, 75, and 76t
L. Miles Standish, 1860, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75,
and76t$
Charles E. Powers, *1875 and 1876t $
Solomon B. Stebbins, 1876t.
Nahum M. Morrison, 1876t .
Augustus Parker, 1876t
One year.
One year.
Nine years.
Four years.
One year.
One year.
Four years.
Seven years.
Three years.
Two years.
Five yeai's.
Three years.
Three years.
Three years.
One year.
Five j-ears.
Six years.
Ten years.
Two years.
One year.
One year.
One year.
*Mr. John H. Wilkins resigned November 15, 1855, and Charles Stoddard was
elected to till the vacancy. Mr. Hemy B. Rogers resigned October 22, 1865. Mr.
Wilkins was rei^lected February, 1856, and chosen President of the Board, which
office he held until his resignation, June 5, 1860, when Mr. Ebenezer Johnson was
elected President; and July 2 Mr. L. Miles Standish was elected to fill the vacancy
occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Wilkins. Otis Norcross resigned January 15,
1867, having been elected Mayor of the city. Benjamin James served one year, in
1858, and was reelected in 1868. Alexander Wadsworth served six years, 1864-69,
and was reelected in 1872. Thomas Gogin resigned May 31, 1875. Charles E.
Powers was elected July 15, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr.
Gogin.
t Served until the organization of the Boston Water Board.
j Deceased.
WaTER-SuPPLY DEPAPtTMENT. 161
Boston Water Board,
Organized July 31, 1876.
Timothy T. Sawyer, from July 31, 1876, to May 5, 1879 ; and from
May ], 1882, to May 4, 1883.
Leonard R. Cutter, from July 31, 1876, to May 4, 1883.
Albert Stanwood, from July 31, 1876, to May 7, 1883.
Francis Thompson, from May 5, 1879, to May 1, 1882. j
William A. Simmons, from May 7, 1883, to August 18, 1885.
(George M. Hobbs, from JNIay 4, 1883, to May 4, 1885.
John G. Blake, from May 4, 1883, to August 18, 1885.
William B. Smart, from'May 4, 1885, to March 18, 1889.
Horace T. Rockwell, from August 25, 1885, to April 25, 1888.
Philip J. Doherty, from March 18, 1889, to May 4, 1891.
Thomas F. Doherty, from August 26, 1885, to May 5, 1890; and
from May 4, 1891, to present time.
Robert Grant, from April 25, 1888, to July 18, 1893.
John W. Leighton, from May 5, 1890, to present time.
William S. McNary, fi'om August 15, 1893, to present time.
Organization of the Board for Y^ar 1893.
Chdirman.
Robert Grant, to July 18, 1893.
Thos. F. Doherty, from August 15, 1893.
Secretary and Chief Clerk.
Walter E. Swan.
City Engineer and Engineer of the Board.
William Jackson.
Sujyeriniendent of the Eastern Division of Cochituate Department.
William J. Welch.
Superintendent of the Western Division and Resident Engineer of
Additional Supply.
Desmond FitzGerald.
Siqjerintendejit of Mystic Division.
Eugene S. Sullivan.
t Deceased.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Report of the Water Board
Di>bursements .
Earnings and expenditures
Consumption of water, rainfall, etc.
Extension of mains, etc. .
Harbor service .
Fire service
High-service pumping-engine
Basin No. 6
Whitehall pond cases
Basin No. 5 . . •
Area and cost of basins
Future supply .
Mystic Department
Electrolysis
Taxation of property
Filtration ....
Biological laboratory
In general
General Statistics. (See also Summary of Statistics, pp. 156-7),
Maintenance Accottnts
Expenditure Accounts in Detail
Cost or Construction and Condition of the Debt
Money Expenditures
Stock Accounts
Outstanding Loans, etc.
List of Contracts
Report of Superintendent of Eastern Division
Distribution mains, hydrants, etc.
Waste detection and Deacon meter-system
Tables of pipe laid, hydrants established, etc. .
Report of Superintendent of Western Division
Sudbury-river basins
Whitehall pond .
Farm pond
Lake Cochituate
Filter-beds
Dudley pond
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6
6
7
7
7-8
8
9
9-10
10
11
12
12
12-13
m
14-16
17-18
19-20
20-21
22
23-25
26-29
30-55
30-31
31-32
33-55
56-104
56-63
63-64
64'
64-66
(;(;-()7
68
164
Table of Contents.
Aqueducts . . .
Cliestuut-hill, Brookline, and Fisher-hill reservoirs
Biological laboratory .
Pollution .....
Filtration .....
Quality of water
Analyses and rainfall tables, etc
Report of Superintendent of Mystic Division
Mystic lake, reservoir, condifit, and puniping-station
Mystic sewer and inspection
Filtration ....
Distribution pipes, etc., etc.
Report of the Engineer
Electrolysis
Yield of sources of supply
Sudbury reservoirs and Lake Cochituate .
Aqueducts and distributing reservoirs
High-service pumping- stations .
Mystic lake . . . . .
Mystic sewer ......
Mystic conduit, reservoir, and puniping-station
Consumption ......
Loss of head ......
Distribution ......
Tables of consumption, diversion of Sudbury-river water, amount:
drawn from Lake Cochituate, rainfall, operations of pumping
stations, etc. .........
Summary op Statistics .......
Civil Organization of the Board, 1845-1893 .
PAGE
08-70
71
71-79
79
79-88
89
90-104
105-118
ln5-107
107-108
109
' 109-118
119-137
]l!i-125
12.5-1 2(5
126-129
129-131
132-133
133
133
133-134
1 35
13(i
13«
138
156-157
158-161
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