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4 F/OGSEs.: 


ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


BOARD OF REGENTS 


OF THE 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION 
OF THE INSTITUTLON 


FOR THE 


YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897. 


gig! ble Oot ave b 


OF THE 


U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


al Se 3 Be 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
L393. 


AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE PUBLIC PRINTING AND BINDING, AND THE DISTRI- 
BUTION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. 


Approved January 12, 1895. 


“Of the Report of the Smithsonian Institution, ten thousand copies; one thousand 
copies for the Senate, two thousand for the House, five thousand for distribution by 
the Smithsonian Institution, and two thousand for distribution by the National 
Museum.” 


Il 


Bee ORT 
Pe ee ON ATL MUSHUM, 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


FOR THE 


Wen ASiny hNdoWINGeo a WEN EE SOs Leo. 


% 
, 
tala 
ba 
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a 
¢ 


+ 


REPORT OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 
ENDING JUNE 30, 1897. 


SUB rE eT S. 


I. Report of the Acting Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, in charge of the National Museum, with Appendices. 


II. Papers describing and illustrating collections in the U,S. National 


Museum. 
“ 


Fas 


CONTE NES: 


Page. 
SUITS CASS See Se oR a re a Soe Rae teen ie ae ee \ 
PE TRORRGHs TL RANSMUENTAT Ys Coo. Perea eacien sins oniod Gh mas ba aee Seale aan abiona Soe eos VIL 
Sia RUN Re tee ie eee eee eee ome es ae BN en ae eee bees dae ele see 1.4 
[SISO KE LUS DR ADLONG = so sas Sees coboee Moe ce solo kee octet es neu ee ties XI 


Ag TE as 
REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY IN CHARGE OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


I.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, 


iSenprsly COUSIC CER ULOUS eetste eee eee cyst ecto sqaie las ania olaine re See alcale tes vee sos 4 
MNS MCLONtING. ANC AGO NTS Ghat VO: Mba ns yee oe oes Seca estes ele fe, ee cca ta 6 
Wiorksotsthe MoOSe6UM Moe ce noes se sie ree miami aens Sele oe baile oe Nee elo ajaaels 7 
1I.—SPECIAL TOPICS OF THE YEAR. 
PBireuMTIneuiny Su alles ee ec ee eee eee ss esc e sas sleneten aoe sees Sos nes 9 
A OBSSTONS LOpuiMe;COl OCIONS sat eer a= w= oe cet et aloes e we cle a= oe oe eee we ete 10 
PaO OU CON GRIOS mea ie sia tek ane ers alice seo aya) a wies sera Sere eae eee 12 
PpYEIepriahigne fomlGIl—Oeeepecesos 253 J 2 ae DS eee eae we eee soak 13 
Exchanges of specimens with institutions and individuals abroad... -.-..----- 14 
Cooperation of the Executive Departments of the Government. ....-.-------- 18 
BEES LOrAULOUS ea aay ee ee oe a eS eae ee Jen eee teak wee a cane 21 
MoMechors -OWUUUS ase Soe ee ee Soe Oe sas seta se 6 Sas eck enh oee sees oem 22 
Development and arrangement of the exhibition series -...--..-...-....----- 23 
Wea Sees ee ae a we a Sea PR age ee oe Le oe ee eee ale awe See wes 24 
MEAN Vc oe =. asap Ss = ot Sete cea Se Pay er ete en nie ee Rha Re oe ek 25 
Contributions of the year to scientific literature -...........-..---.-..------- 25 
DTIC TONS See eres whee see ee es eee a saat eae es Soo es St, po ss aenes 26 
Matierisl len tt or iv Oshl Ca WON ese = nas eas ono iaola a on ovis eo eassete- cea nt 27 
Work of students and investigators at the Museum .......---..-----..--.---- 29 
“VIS Fo ES See Roe cea eio Sar 6 AG 6s Ceo CeO ee as eee eee oe 31 
Material received for examination and report.............-.----------------- 32 
Meetings of associations in Washington during the year ...-...-.------------ 32 
et GUA ISL OM ALICE Ao eee ren eee MeL es Pals se soe 33 
eee MAMET ORIEN eee enn oe aoe ee mae yous Sa soe salace oa swe hes ems 34 
enNeshee COuLOn alae Ee x pPOBlUIOMN = os. assess tas Sen) siete aac c estes - sess a= == 34 
Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition .-.-.........-----------.----- 34 
Pier NawWOus on Sp OshnOUln bh ALIS Gs ahs elec en oc iate oau sicws asinine see occ 3d 
ROL G erent MermenaP nr De tole ths ta piss be Ueda LOS aims eet 34 


III.—REVIEW OF WORK IN THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENTS. 


Department of— 


Orion i A akg See, DP ee a eet om © ere heat Cer AL er ars 2 ae eres ae 38 
TEST TG Sie ee arena Cees at oh Pe Pept ee ee ela et noe witha Sewn 40 
SER ORME fen ee ae nS eee: pa ane ons tn n Ss CRRA e oom atte mi wee 43 
PAYA EA eas POT CHIARA 22 52 22728 25 sicji sasha dancin nnidoode Saat olde Sane 43 
[Riis eRe eres eee BT ST eee ers Se aids Olen pe pee 44 
ip ere cee eee eer tnt ee ao RE Sek 2 Sa Ob a oclnele oes wane ee 46 
seen eee eA ake Se oe Be IS So sek eric eo oes a beware emia mor 19 


x CONTENTS. 


Department of—continued. 
Marine invertebrates. 2522) 2s. 2552 secs oa oe ee ee eats see noe cee eae 
Helmintholorical collection. 2-20 eee eee eae eng eee 
Comparative; analOMy, oso = 2c. tenes See eee eee eae ee ere ee 
Paleontology 22-5250 ees 3 See es eee eee ee are eet ee eres 
Botany? (National Herbarium):2 Jose 23s 75 ee eee eee ee ee 
Minerals 32-2 y seo oan ore ys aren ate ee een ey a nee cae 
Geology 22 sso8 ie Soe Sa ew ai eet Rie eee Se ee rege ee eae ere 
WGbnolosy® 3.3. fesse Pos ee hae ee eee a ee tage ears rp ee eee 
Prehistoric:anthropoloryst2s s--o eset e ee sees eaee eee ee 
Arts-and industries <2 oases 28 Sase, soae 8s eos Open eee aoe eee na 
Téeehnolorieal-collectionsss635 ca soe aa. 2 eons eee ee eee 
Historical collections -. 2222s aa-se saat See a ee ae ee 
Oriental antiquities and religious ceremonials ...-...--.-.-.----.---- 
Graphic tartaciie. 2 soc ec aac oe ce te tte eee eee ae ene = meen tetas ae 
Materia medica ss ee eae Oe eee ae 
Musical. instraments ttecjoc. feo. eee weet ne cane eee ee Sere ee 


IV.—REVIEW OF WORK IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS. 


Finance, property; supplies, and accounts =.=) 3.25225 52 os Sos eee cee 
Correspondence and reports =< so0 Sos teen ae ee Sees See ee ee ee eee ee 
Registration gnd\distribution®, = 28. 52 25. tson tee tee ee See eee 
Buildingsiand superintendence 25. ssc Sees see ee eae oe rane eee ee 
Work of: the’ Museum preparators'2.: 2225 -ooc eS Ae ee ed ee aioe = 


APPENDICES. 
I. The scientific and administrative staff....-..-----.-----. 2+. ---------- 
II. List of accessions during the year ending June 30, 1897 ....-.--...----. 
Ill. List of accessions to the Museum library by gift and exchange during 
the fiscal yearending June: 30; 1897 oo ee aa ae sa ee eee aoe 


IV. Bibliography of the U. 8. National Museum for the fiscal year ending 
June 30; 1897-5 Stokes tes Saree as eee = ten ea aeteed 
VY. Papers published in separate form during the year ending June 30, 1897. 


89 
91 


153 


193 
213 
217 
235 
238 


239 


VI. Specimens sent to the Museum for examination and report....---.--..- 
Vil, Lectures‘ and meétinessof societies eo. s a eee eer oee ae eee eee 
VIII. Finance, property, supplies, and accounts-:-2-.-:_.2----.-.2.--.------ 
IX. Statement of the distribution of specimens during the year ending 
June. 30; 1897. eos Stes ease Sine oe ne he ea has pe meeueee rte 
PART II. 
PAPERS DESCRIBING AND ILLUSTRATING COLLECTIONS IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL 
MUSEUM. 
1.. Recent: Foraminifera. “By James Me Plint = 2ss5-25- seee- bee eae sees = 
2. Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Aborigines, based on Material — 

in the U. S. National Museum. By Joseph D. MeGuire......-...---...-- 
3. Catalogue of the Series Illustrating the Properties of Minerals. By Wirt 
Tassie. 2: teens see ee Pees ten etry ma ese rey ons Re eee as oe 
4, Te Pito Te Henua, known as Rapa Nui; commonly called Easter Island, 
South Pacific Ocean. By George H. Cooke--..---..--.-.--.----.-2+-5--- 
5. The Man’s Knife among the North American Indians. By Otis Tufton 
MasOis22o5 2.25 s2c.\sses coe sce Coes Sone eee eee Pee eee ea eee 
6. Classification of the Mineral Collections in the U.S. National Museum. By 
Wart Passin s22022 2232522 2.ks cee ee eee <Okea sean es 
7. Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times. By Thomas 


Walsonrcerd oes a ee 23s See ES Cas er ae eee aes cae ae 


iS Oh LEST RA TIONS. 


PLATES. 


RECENT FORAMINIFERA. By JAMES M. FLINT. 
Facing page. 


Lic NEUTRON PE RE ere tae as ok RE Se eS I See a eee 300 
PPAR POLMIZ a Crassatine brady. 228. . Soe Pes sleet ee 2 cies ose 350 
peat CANT Dray anenIOsS Bea ys Seco: fd. os Soe waa Soo aes ke S224 350 
a SAgtrorhiza arenaria, NOPMAM <22220 .a-b2> cs ss aaelete tose se esas cle 350 
ELS aS Se 3 9 be eg a ae a 350 
Ze Stocuhosphera. al bida senmltzere -_ cece e222. asos eee sees ene 350 
PebinlmajerreysilsG apen ter co-ase = 2 ea eae coe woo aco meee he ee wee sale 350 
See. To Crm IMIS, DINU GOON. 22 ot ates cnt e S2 ese ee 350 
2. Crithionina pisum Goés, var. hispidum, new..------.-.------------- 350 

we obach yaipuon irutnimy deb Olin-aasese ee" gah 2 ah ot sas clos 5 ee, eee ase 350 
Shige 1 Psammosphiera insta shultze 22222. SSs22 2 22 2 Sos = 3 See oes ase se 350 
2. Psammosphera fusca, var. testacea, new ..-....----.------------- 390 

Se hige Ce eaammosph era parva. SALE sccm: osissn.= o/s os sens eee as = 3s 550 
Aa CAM Mitt SPSL Cai RES. sao See = | eel ae eclenee cea in< = oe a 390 

3. Saccammina consociata, new species .-:--.-2-.----2--2-.--------- 350 

4 Jacnlella acuta brady cos 323 oss See eae eats Sats, 22 sek 350 

fe bios ley Loy perammina ria bilis)/ Brady 2/22 2i25 she ee ea. Fal en Ses. 350 
Jo EY POEAMMINa ClON CALs BEAU, == 2202-5 - S258 oaae se ose ese So 390 

ot hie. 1. Hy perammina ramoss brady .-20 5. -- = 2 8 sees kt eas cee ce 2 350 
Ze Lby perAamMmMing VAP ANS: DPACy-—=-- — 25222 s-.es Se esha se se 2's 300 

aa, ie maretpoln clongate Warman...) 285.22 2 Ioc bes. oe7 SLs 2.22. 350 
2. Hhabdamming abyssorum M. Sars'):- 2220.3 222.520 2250 sheets =: 300 

fae ula bOamMnina GiSGLeta DEAGy; - nasa. coe eee ott Se ese SoS siese sts 22. S 300 
i Shige: 1. Rhabdammina linearis; Brady 22522. 22-2) occ. 2) --5.< fe l. 2e 8s 3900 
Zena amine GOLMMba, BEAC Ys soles oan a,s aes nts o oe ee bose se 3900 

i Fig. 1) Rhizammina.alppformis Brady: J... ---.2.-.2--2---2-----.+.-5--- 350 
PeDIZaTAMIN YIN CAVIne BIACY eo etc lest es tenes oo sta see in oa e, 350 

16. Fig. 1. Reophax difflugiformis Brady, var. testacea, new .-.-..----------- 350 
eophax Mittin oitormisiDrady: <= =.= 2202.) oe iss. peels So ses = 2 350 

Me Reophax ReOEplurus MOntorig = sc25. lon se. 2 Se eae so ale 350 

17. Fig Reopnbasscorpinris Monitor. -2.2 ¢es 6 foo ete ce ceh esc en 350 
Beopuas. biuoecwlaris, New Species=-s---- 2-2-2) 42252) setae ses ee 350 

18. Fig neophax pilnlitora Bray siecee es se alae hos SUC OSes t on OO 


: 
OnteR Wd eH wh ew 


) meophax: dentaliniformis Brady. .\--2..- 2/222...  s225-22. 2... 350 


. Reophax bacillaris Brady...- - SESE er ee ares Seed eras oe E 350 

SOPH aAs NOGULOSA TRO yess oR one onto - cls mena cee ee ane act 350 
. Reophax adunca Brady .........---. .----------- PRET Ase et ee OOO 
poops evn, Draty coc. 0l0s 1. ots Uke lk ee niet ee 350 


XII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Facing page. 


1). igo Hapleophragmium ‘calcareumebrady sees) San ws ee ener ee oer 350 
. Haplophragmium ageglutinans Brady ..-.-...----..--.....-.----- 350 

. Haplophragmium tenuimargo Brady -.-2- .2--22-- 22-2 222 -- seen 350 

. Haplophrarminm; cassis: Parken sos. enc eee an faye te ae eee 350 

. Haplophragmium emaciatum Brady. .-..-.-.-.------..-.--..---.- 350 

. Llaplophragmium foliaceumsbrady.-- 2. se sss) neater 300 

20. Fig. 1. Haplophragmium latidorsatum Bornemann. ........--...--------- 350 
» Haplophracminm scitwlumi brady => ee eats a eee ee OU) 
. Haplophragmium canariense d’Orbigny ...---.-----..---------.-- 350 

21. Fig. 1. Haplophragmium globigeriniforme Parker & Jones.......-...---- 350 
Thurammina tavosa, NOW SPpeClessasa--e) ns oem ae eae te 350 

; Haplostiche soldanti., Jones|& Parker: 2.2.22 ss e225 eee 350 

22. Fig Tiurammina: papillata Brady.) -2 vaso. eee .e 4 ee eee ae OU 
Thurammina cariosa, New SPCCles= + 9-0 scaas eee eee eee 350 

23. Vig. Ammodiscus tenuis: BlAd Vince sss a oni ee ae ee ee ee OO) 
Ammodiscus incertus:d’Orbigny 22. nat se eee ee eee eee 350 

24. Fig Ammodiscus gordialis Jones & Parker .......-.-.--....--2. ------ 350 
, Ammodiscus charoides: Jones & Parkers cao -o5 ose eee 350 
Webbina clavata Jones &:Parker = 222<))-2s0-s2sntase tase eeee ee 350 
Hormosina ¢lobulifera Brady? soe seat ee see os eee eee) werooO 

25. Fig. 1; Hormosina carpenteri Brady -.-...----..--=----.- ---- Sipe Seer 350 
. Hormosina-ovicula, Brady 222 526. niece oc een ase cetera eeu OU) 

; Trovhammina ‘proteus! Karrer taj oo.e 3 yee see eee eee eee 350 

26, Fig.-1. ‘Trochammina lituiformis Brady 2-2. 22.) 22 22 nee tee ee 350 
Trochammina/conglobata Brad yes 2 ase eee ste eee eee 350 


Trochanimina coronata Brady seen cee es aie ae ee ees ere et ee OOO 
Trochammina Tingens Brad ys2- <8 joicet seers eee see eee acter DU 
Trochammina pauciloculata Brady 222-02: aopen ese eae aos. 350 
Cyclammina/‘cancellata Bradyoeoss tes ores ye eee ae ee OO) 
Cyelammiina cancellata Brady tsetse eas oe eee ae ee eo OO 


27. Fig. 


28. Fig. 


. Cyclamming pusilla brad yoje2- ces ces oases 350 

. Textularia quadrilatera Schwager .-....-....-.--..---+--.---s--- 350 
Textulartatransversaria;Dradyes\. 22. a: seas = eee aa ee 350 
Textularia-concava Karrer a. hc so vs on sae ee eae ee aon eee 350 

29) Bigs bo Vextularia carurata dd’ Orbigm yi seni seer eee aetna 350 
2 \extularia TUG Osa HOUSE ss s<5- ence mms eee els | Balaidaamtermtesae ee 350 

> Dextularia luculentasBrad yec = ta-e eee ose sence eee ee eMOOD, 

. Textularia agglutinans d’Orbigny..-----.-----. --2--- ..-.2---2--- 350 

1 Lextulariaoramen id’ Or Dig My cee cere ante sect ie clans pears 350 
Textularis conics d’Orbigny >< = Sgtess 2 aces ee ee eae et eee 350 

30° Big:. Textularia trochus d’ Orbigniy Soe ete see eee ee ae mene ete ake tae 350 
Textularia barrettit Jones & Parker ©2225 52 sco siance Se ee ene 350 

31. Fig.l. Verneullinapyemma Beper let. 3s eee ose cebeeinc seme oon 
. Verneuilina propingua: Brady :2-Go222 joes a eistes oo eae 2 eee oD 

; Valvulinaconica Parker &JOnesisser a5 eae er mater ee anie 3= nee 350 

. Bigenerina nodosaria d’Orbigny. ....-.----.------ See et kOe ee 350 

a2; Fig: t. Bigenerina, robusta-Brady-=cs. 22-6 -eealisene eae tee ieee a eeaeeee 350 
. Bigenerina pennatula:Batseh:?.. eS o eee see a ee eee eee eOO 

. Bigenerina, capreolus'd/Orbieny.-2es sete = ee eee eee tee 350 

. Gandryina pupoides d’ Orbigny \s25.ces see a= eee eee ee eee 390 

.. Gaudryina-baccata Schwager -s..4,.2Sceeioss cee eee eee eee oOU 

33. Fig. 1. Gaudryina subrotundata Schwager....-....--..---.-------------- 350 


. Gaudryina filiformis: Berthelin==)o: sess eeeee ee = eeee eee 350 
. Gaudryina rugosa d’Orbieny 2... -.- sess Sa eee eee ele oe 350 


OHNE TAR WNP RF YONE NPAT EWN PTR HON PON PWN PWN PRON PDP PPP wha teow oS 


34, 


36. 


37. 


38. 


39. 


40. 


41. 


42, 


43. 


44. 


45. 


Fig. 


. Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


POR WN RP ONATRWNH POR WON Pwd wne 


mt pe OO NO 


root ot pw 


So OF m W DO RH & © bo 


p—_ 


m 0 tor & Ot Re & lo 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


XIII 


Facing page. 


tC VID SGM DN AEE LAA. © ae aces mete eae ela aes ois do Sef Wielasw c 
MGAUCT TINA BINUONS ae ROUSA ne peta e feces ete ome ceca toes = 


Clavulina communis: d/ Orpen y. 32-2 elon == Senso ese oe eee ints. Fa - 


of © lavatlinar coca Gum Gls. Joh: as aertals tole ely) as sw cis ieecis oo 2 
Pe Clavilina patisiousis d Orbignyac5seees socio. 2.4. oust bs ere =- o-- 
. Clavulina parisiensis d’Orbigny (var. coarse coral sand) .. .... ---- 


Clavulina parisiensis d’Orbigny, var. humilis Brady. ......-.------ 


Pela Wins an ela nis CO DIOMIVS eee. she ism ase) miss) ers mle aoe 


Bulimia elev anawonOL ten essen one ae oesje— ai soee clan sioe cs ~/=- 


Seba Limnin ap you as Gs OND Gn yer a-Si ara sisi ate cals oe sins. + Soe 
Se MEIN ae) yuan Os CO RDM yee see er ise bee oe ene eho Sn ceo 


Bulimina pyrula, var. spinescens Brady.....-.-..--...--..----..--- 
FE UU y I a ey ELIE le ODT OT vere etre aren ree else te aerate a afc. o = =7— 
Bulimina;pupord ess: Orbionyern. = sosce saete oele Sw fae sk als Joe - 


SS alanins te ules tad ORD PN yen eames sa eee ree oe bia ato ain = 


Bulimina inflata Seruenza -2- =~ =.= -2=5.--.2--.5-2-- See seas 


Se Viroulina, sSchrelDenstan ai G.7) 20lket a ental mtas sae a oes, \oo 2 ses 4- === 
. Virgulina subsquamosa Egger -....------ SES tes Enis ae oe oe 


BON as SUALIONRIS) OCOStA ees. or ae nee ee ie sot eeeseke esac 


SbolivinacpuncL ata, dO, OL bien yeas pee ase a= hee eles dees sido 
} Bolivina) porrecta Brady)--2----<a-210- 2 45- === Soe eee 
PO@sssidulina crassa G:OLrDlonyes-s2e-e sateen ae once Ss 2 -)- = 
Cassianlina snp olobosalbrilyee char = ae saeecien soe. oas eySa5 2 a1 2 


Bilgenhna, palloiders @ Orbign ys 2-6 <2 4s; aoe leon S. 2ece e 
Bilocwlinartobulosa. COs tales ac isaac ares Sats cites eisinjat- =~ 2 
Biloculmaanin cens amare sss sce selaek ata si omeia Seem ine eo 


WB locwlinacomata Dradyiereese > = iyere pins tok Dos ee setaclelaeieyae sie-n hae 


Biloeulina elongata Bhrenberg:------ 5-5. 5--- ----)-----. =... -.---- 
Bilocnlinadepresss d’ Orbignys.25-- 222 - sae eee oe owl ee = 


. Biloculina depressa, var. serrata Brady .......-.-...---.---------- 


Biloculina; dehiscens, new Species! =~ -- 5 2-- = ss ee ons = 2 
Biloculina levis Defranee: =~ 4222.1 - == aoe 8 sos Beer crea a tes 
Bilocwlinsg splicors, dOrbigny sass sos a2 aie tase eas seinioa ene acne 


. Biloculina irregularis d’Orbigny ..-.-..---...---. NS ee ee A ao aie 


SPLLOLOG Uinta Nib ian Ge OTT Om yore eat ees ee ee ieee a= amas me 
Spiroloculina excavata d’Orbigny.-.-.---..--.------------.------- 
SpILOloculing, LODUS TAP DLAC yeaa a ee ete eee age ose laiarial ala aia = 


SS DICO OCU IN a TODUS bap OLA yim ome ee ees epee eiateye oreo faleic olarak ro 
mOpIrolocnling lim baba deOLbIO ys ae c/s Se sts ac lan'a'=)= sian alas os = 
. Spiroloculina planulata Lamarck -.---..-.5-.----.--2---------+-: 
PEP DILOLOCULING SLONALIA/ DEA Yaseen seat ee snes wien sG Sore @ 
Pe MiphiGlint as SOM nn AM inne Mae sie eem les celecalino eels 5 2 =~ - 
eS ADINenitie OUND NLOUGROU o 2 or)! lacica ck Sara fobcc wine e ww ak’ nmiewoiee = 
SeMilolinwenvieran a GOL Moenyecssas alas sao ceo se claw e\ eens ee === 
ERE UACOL IIE AURAL CME DMN a oar oh ore ews wm ine winis'= oe = 
SMOLIN Un OLA sc OLrDlOnyiaseaeera soe <ionsiscotea ack. ben ===- 
oe Maliolina cited laris bOMmemMAnn ss ce oe onnoe)< oo ce a va aee-tine === == 
Pe MIKO Nin hey OOTA ban MAELOR ea saeitee sete er fie Set ensaa fooare wimie S-aa 
. Miliolina trigonula Lamarck ...............--------+----------+-- 
oy MALOLIs AELORTINata Ce OF DIPNY. ace sco oko cms eee nie nes =~ es ~~ ee 


Miliolina valvularis Reuss ........--. Sh TS OAL SEF BRE ea or 


. Miliolina subrotunda Montagu..........--. .------------+--+----- 
eMilalina DUCCOLCNEALBIAC Yrer eo inclsae- cl aso) ss ark e os 
Se MGLCUTIS BNSIONIG LGN Y scenes ntoms wn anu cies te wee oweiesinw 4+ sane 
oo ANT TT OU OE PE OTP 0) 1G RS Re ee Se aE ee ee etc Oe eae 
SPOUUIOM TAN NOOHA) MATTODR oases sou. ane ssce aS cone pees eo = ae 


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XIV 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Facing page. 

46. Fig. 1. Miliolina angularis; new. species =2---.4 2522.2) 322-252 stones. = 350 
2. Miliolina; bicornis Walker:&: Jacobi. se sus sete et ee 350 

3: -Miliolina Jinnaana@Orbiony- 75 te eS eee ee ae ae BOO 
4.:Maliolina'‘pulchella-d’Orbigny 2222 2222020 shee See enon ace) OOU 

5. Miliolina reticulata d/Orbiony:o222 ieee 2 eo eee ee eee ae eee 350 

6; Miliolina separans -Bradyor-2 2. e2 = ees eae eae e eee ee = ees rh) 

47, Fig. 1. Articulina sagra d’Orbigny --.- ---- - aE Ae en SUE aan ae ed 350 
27 Miliolina agolutinans @Orbiony"sos-c6 ses eee eee eee 350 

3. Ophthalmidiumanconstans: Brad y_ S22 See ae eee ae eee eee 350 

4, Vertabraliia insignis Brady >2<.22 oes 0 cee eee oe ee ee 350 

5... Planispirina’ celata:‘Costa: - 23.55. 2ete see ese se ee oe ae eens 350 

6.) Planispirina sigmoidea, Brady. 25 see oer oes ee oe ee ee ee 350 

48: Fig. 1. Cornuspira foliacea Philipph := 222. sie lee es. elesces = te eeet en aan 350 
2. Cornuspira carivate Costa. : 22. 32s-- ses. 2ee oe ees oe eee ee 350 

3. Cornuspiraanvolyens Reuss) c.=. 5 has Se ee ae rene see ete 350 

4: Peneroplis'pertasus 1 :0rsk ale 22a eae eee ae ee ee ene ee ee 350 

49. Fig. 1. Peneroplis pertusus Forskal, var. discoideus, new --.-.--..-..---- 350 
2. Peneroplis pertusus} 6teKal-2 2-2 2ek Se eee ee ees ee 350 

50. Fig. 1. Orbienlina adunea, Fichtel:& Moll 2.22 -. 2252002 eee tee ne 350 
2.; Orbitolites marginalis Lamarok. :.225 0. 522.0 se nt oooh renee eae 350 

51. Vig: 1.. Orbitolites marginalis: Lamarek 2 2) 0.0 S222 22. ae ooee eae ne 350 
2: Orbitolites:duplex. Carpenter 2.20 5s 3 eee eee eee 350 

3.- Orbitolites:duplex: Carpenter \--2 So. ae ee eee ee 350 

52. Orbitolites tenuissima Carpenter 250.72 co hic ess ee ee eee 350 
53: Fig. 1. Liagena elon rata, hren barges 2 oso sete = eee eae 350 
2, Lagena lonmispina, Brady: 225) cocoon ate noe oe ee Cen melee ate 350 

3. Lagena Sracilima SeouenZa cose. coed ssa ee een sane 350 

4. Lagenaielobosa: Montag) 5205 ose oe on. ce eee to Rane ee eenerene 350 

5, Lagena distoma, parker & Jones .22--- 2-225 Sao oeoae eee eee eee 350 

6... Lagena levis, Monta ert Seis eee ie See eee eee a ee 

7. Lagena-suleata: Walker. & Jacop sess. 2so-c- eee ene eee ee 350 

8. Lapena hispida, Retsd2.0 0-025. S27 Sas ne Ee Sees ae 350 

54. Fig. 1. Lagena staphyllearia Schwager ......---..----- ee eae are 350 
2. Lagena marginata Walker & Boys~_-..+-----=----.------ -------- 350 

3: Lagena castanea, NOW SPeCles- = isa cst aks oe oes seine ae eee 350 

4, Lagena orbignyana Segnenza .<2 22. 22 55.-- 2-5 2--2-2 -22-2---6- eee 350 

5, Lagena eastrensis Schwager - cc. 5 2-cs-2-- --2 spec esse apo te-ea eae aoe 

6: Nodosaria rotundabtacheussso5- 52 tae ae etree aa sa entee aa 350 

55. Fig. 1. Nodosaria radicula Linnwus ..-2..~2.- -2-. 2 -- 2-25 =o eee ~~~ 350 
2. Nodosaria simplex: Syl vestri:? 6 Sas tore oace np es eee eee 

3. Nodosarialevigata NiSssons o-stasoe eee tein ie ele ie er 350 

A: Nedosaria py rilad’ Orbiony gs se ee eee area aes 350 

5, -Nodosaria farcimen:Soldani act sc aes ee oa ees eee 350 
6..Nodosaria filiformis @ Orbieny--=-23--. sos seneree wan sean ae weep 000 

56. Fig. 1. Nodosaria consobrina d’Orbigny, var. emaciata Reuss- --.--------- 330 
2. Nodosaria communis:d’Ocbiony (403022 3) eee ne cess eee 350 

3 Nodosaria soluta:, Bormenann ns sees ee ee ee ear see anes 350 

4, Nodosaria hispida d’Orbigny, var. sublineata Brady .----.-------- 350 

5. Nodosaria roemeri Neuveboren 22-2 sas soe == saree eee ae ee 350 

57. Fig. 1. Nodosaria hispida d’Orbigny ......-.-.----.-2--------/s----- ------ 390 
2. Nodosaria mucronata Neugeboren......--------. ----------------- 350 

3. Nodosaria comata Batseh i. 522 ae Soy eee eee ae eae ee 350 

4. Nod osaria obliga Auimmeaus case oe or ea ere ee eae ae 350 

5. Nodosaria vertebralis: Batsch-. 2-25. a5 = = eee 350 


61. 


62. 


63. 


64. 


66. 


67. 


69. 


. Fig. 


Fig. 


Vig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


. Fig. 


Fal ap be 


OU 1m CF bt eR & NO Re bo wore nworFwWNRr WHR WON RH & 


_ 


PoP wh 


2. 
3. 


wD oe w 


if 


Pm oo bo ED 


“1D or 


Pm oo ty 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


XV 


_Facing page. 
Hit seles NOCORATIA. cOstulatavheussi-+ cose 2 ey eek Lees cl 


Nodosaria, cappnulata serady, 22-652" oor ot sts Elo 
Lingulina carinata d’Orbigny---.-...--- 


. Lingulina carinata diGebieny, 4: var, semmande Hi: aatkone ahs 
- Hrondicularia alatad Orbigony <2. oS 55 See ee ee 
SEL rOngiculania in egualis, Costa... 2=..22- ses teee tee Ll ek 
PEVAUOUNT MIN ACO AP WBNS ee ee mona ocak senate BI OLE pelo To 
Maromulinartlaprard) OrDigmy o-25- <5 2s. 2 oe tee ee ste enck 
PVacinuunaMerumen Winnwmus: . S222. 02.2222) Seo Bo 


VWarimulina apinivera Dratye= success. lecttcu se cees Ck ek te = 


Py acinGling lneasrig Montapucssesess lh ver ls)s esl apes 
CaO Tistellaria tenuis. bornemann cesses. oles SI ee 
. Cristellaria obtusata Reuss, var. subalata Brady -................ 
Cristellaria, compressa GC Orble o-oo hes I ds ale 
psOristellaria Treniftormisud Onplemye =e sees eke 3 se 
MOTISGG UAT VANPADULISUROUSHN= sore weet ser os fat Jig 2 ee 
CristellariacerepidulaMichtel me Moll sisst ete. 82s eee bl 


Cristellanarl AbirONS sOLaAd'y +s sees ceca es el SS ee 


Ae ristellaria sen loeb achioMOnss = sent eee en es 


PPOLIStollarialoip pay OLDIE Nye anes se acetate le Saran of. Sac 
Orisvellariararbiculatarheussee cect e sce octal eo he ne 
wCristellaria orbicularisid’ Orbiony = 22a. s.s)oek 2202 ae oe 
Oristelaria Tropilata lamanrok= 4 see: cose ss) os582 oe elsds 


scerintellaniaGulotata; Montviorue- 2-6 -sas tee meee toes ce sce fo 
pAUristellaria calcar Linmeeasi = soc sess Soe ee aes cot eas Goes Soe 
PIGMSLONAEIA CCHINata:d OFrblgNy sae see ok ates ae ck 
Cristellaria-aculeatad’ Orbiony seas oe-es ee eee ete foe 
 OxIsbollania limbate, Now, Species pa) a. so sees ase Se 
SLOly Morphing, SOlaria NO@UBS 225. sores ne ee ees wee ee S Soll. 
7Lolymorphina:compressa.d Orbigny2s-- 222. 2s4s-5----2) 222 22.2 
. Polymorphina elegantissima Parker & Jones ...-.-....--.-------- 
PE OLy MOLD niin ODA @ OFiipiy, 2 2\o ecco. ee fl fee cee. 
[wolymorphina communis: d’Orbigny .25-'.5.0 6225-20 22s s2.. eas. 


Uvigerina tenuistriata Reuss................. os AS pi om ert pe a 


Bees ROE tre Pye Mieke Orie Were oe ee ene oon = 
POU VICErine Ne HLOsA WIITAMSOM 22 ese S oles SSL. fe sk 


Unicermnaraspenula Ozj7oknss- sete aus eek Slee I Slee 


. Uvigerina asperula Czjzek, var. ampullacea Brady. --..-.---------- 
mhamolinacrlopulitera Brady 22248 oe sa ee ss oe eee eee 
shamulmanprotelformis, new species. .2 2.2... 58120-50228) 25.222 
Ieee Mela UMinGread ONpiene ss S22 Sos SUL eee lek 2k 


Globigerma bnllomes @Orbipny <2... 2 2522 2.2220 222 eee ek 
Glepiporine inpate d'Orbieny .. 225.2222 0.2 ese leo eels... 


Molopigerinadupla wim rerstet. ses) tune kul, Ue sed ree. 


GlobirerinaeEnbraa Orbiomy =. 22.55 Al SL Lee aL 
Globigermarconplopata Brady. = 5202 22 2 la. S Ss 22 i oe 
Globigerma sacculifera Brady: .:- 22.2222 222/125. 2.2. pe ele 


GLO DIS CLIN SG GISI ua BY aOy asc. LS TLS cose ost 


Globigerina squilateralis brady 2222.25 2 S222 see Lec e eke. 
Hasipering pelacieasd’ Orbigny 22-258) s.222 See yee 


MirtllenivicguImanelovar Weuss: 22455. 2~. 2227 Ole e lk Leee loos. 
 Folienia-obliquilocolata Parker & Jones .-.. 122. 2-22 2-2-4 2-0-25- 


350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
390 
35 

35) 

350 
359 
350 
350 
3D0 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
3d0 
35 

350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
3D0 
390 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 


XVI 


(le 


73. 


7A. 


76. 


78. 


(eh 


80. 


Fig. 


. Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


. Fig. 


Fig. 


. Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


PONE AMNERHONETRWNHNE ATP WNE RONDE TRE WHE OARWNE TAR W NP OANAM PWN EH oP wh 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Facing page. 

. Spheroidina bulloides d’Orbigny..-....-- ths as ee eee ee 350 
. Spheroidina dehiscens Parker & Jones.-.--.-....---------------- 350 
* Gandeinamitidad/Orbiony2e) .a.cee ee oe eer etree noe ee = 350 
; Spinillina‘vivipara Ehrenberg. - 2-262 <2 eh epee ese ee tee 350 
.) Spirillina lim bata Brad yor eee eo = eee eg ae 350 
. Spirillina ob¢onita Brady -2- 2326-22 sone amoe cea see aes see =e 350 
. Cymbalopora poeyi d’Orbigny ----..---..):------2-e-2 s----+--4-- 350 
Discorbina globularis Karrer>. 22-2, ce ssa ee eea ee - 350 

». Discorbina rosacea) 0 Orbiriy a. soeee ee emcee a ee ee eee ee 350 
Diseorbina, berthelotudiOrbign yess. -seemone se ereaneae na aemactaaes 350 
Discorbina biconcava Jones & Parker..-.-.-.-...---...------------- 350 

. Planorbulina mediterranensis d’Orbigny .----.-.----.------------ 350 
. Planorbulina acervalis Brady -sss-22 ts - ene eae “eee ea 350 
. Palvinulina repanda Fichtel &-Moll <2... 2.22-22scees = ae=-> 2 =~ 350 
. Pulvinulina punctulata d’Orbigny.~...--- -=-------22-:--=-- <--2-- 350 
. Pulvinulina auricula Fichtel & Moll -_...-...---:.------22- ------ 350 
‘SPulyinnlina menardicd/Onpio mys. sees ee ae eee 350 
Pulvinulina menardii d’Orbigny, var. fimbriata Brady.......----. 350 
Polyanglinatumid ty Brad yces ee as-is 350 
Pulyinulimaccrassad Orpiony 2-42 -eres see eee eae eee 350 

.. Palvinulina:micheliana d’Orbieny, - 52. <s2s 222255 -s22- see 350 
. Pulvinulina pauperata Parker & Jones......--..----.------------ 350 
. Pulvinulina umbonata Reuss 3.662 2oee eee see ee eee eee 350 
Pulvinulinaikarstenl Reuss os2ss2 ses see ee eee eae eet eee re mee 350 
Pulvinulina elegans d’Orbigny ..-.-. ...--- ------- -2---+ -2s--- -=-: 350 
Rotalia: béceaxril, linn eus) soe se eee cere einen eae 350 
Pulvinulina partschiana d’Orbigny ....---.----------------------- 350 

. Rotalia soldanii d’Orbigny...--- ......--22. 22-0. - 6-5-2 sees == 2 e=- 350 
_sRotaliacorbicolarisid@ Orbi@ny 2-2. st) 22 = eee ane a eee ee 350 
Rotalia schroeteriana Parker & Jones .----.. AERP Ran ys ene Ree 350 

. Rotalia papillosa d’Orbigny ---..---.----.-.----- ------ ----------- 350 
. Rotalia pulchella d@’Orbigny.--.-.-.---. .-----. ---- +--+ +--+ +------ 350 
. Truncatulina lobatula Walker & Jacob.-.-..-..-------------------- 350 
. Truncatulina wuellerstorfi Schwager..---....--------------- pee SOU 
. Truncatulina ungeriana d’Orbigny .----.------------------------- 390 
Truncatulina robertsoniana Brady ..---..---------- SO Sess Beene 350 

. Truncatulina tenera Brady .-.---.---------------------+---- -------- 350 
. Truncatulina akneriana d’Orbigny .----.------------------------- 350 
. Truncatulina pygmea Hantken....-..--------------------------- 350 
. Truncatulina precincta Karrer..-.-.-..----------- ---------------- 350 
. ‘Truncatulina rosea d’Orbigny ------------ ------- -=---------------- 350 
. Truncatulina reticulata Czjzek.-.-..-....---.---------------------- 350 
. Anomalina ammonoides Reuss...-.------------------+ ------------- 350 
Anomalina grosserugosa Giimbel .-.....-------------------------- 350 

. Anomalina ariminensis d’Orbigny .----.-.----------.------------- 350 
. Anomalina coronata Parker & Jones. .----..---------------------- 350 
. Anomalina polymorpha Costa. ....-..-----------+----- +--+ ++----- 350 
. Rupertia stabilis Wallich .......-.-.---------+---0---------------- 350 
Nonionina boueana d@’Orbigny..---------------------------+----+- 350 

. Gypsina inhewrens Schultze -......----. .----- ---+ --------0+ + +--+ 350 
. Nonionina scapha Fichtel & Moll ....---------------------------- 350 
. Polystomella striatopunctata Fichtel & Moll ---.------------------ 350 
. Polystomella crispa Linnwus..-.....---.------+---+---------+---- 350 
. Amphistegina lessonii d’Orbigny.... ----.-------+---------- +--+ -+-- 350 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


XVII 


PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES, BASED ON MATERIAL 


A 
2. 
3. 
4. 


. Specimens of fine arrowpoints. Italy 
. Specimens of fine arrowpoints. Italy 
. Flint flakes, arrowpoints, and spearheads. Gurob, Egypt, XIIth dynasty, 


IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
By Josern D. McGutIre. 


Facing page. 
Eronitunicte se AeamiOnkin ys fUnCMON s. os ces <- ines onc ios n Sei e ose Sele aioe sie sss 


Localities where typical pipes are found .... ..--...--....---.------- +--+... 
Localities where typical pipes are found: .----......-...--. ..------2-4-.- 
Localities where typical pipes are found.-.-.-.-...--..-.-....--..----..---. 
Localities where typical pipes are found .-..-..--.. ..-...-...---+---- s-s- 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES OF PREHISTORIC TIMES, 


By THomMas WILSON. \ 


. Prehistoric iron knives and spearheads. Cemetery of Chei’tan-thagh, 


IRR STE RTA ANT HOT se es Re ES Si A eS 


. Pointed flint flakes, picks, hammer stones, and chisels. Spiennes, Belgium. 
. Deer-horn picks. Grimes Graves, and Brandon, Suffolk, England 
. Flint objects from prehistoric workshops. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et- 


Loire), France, and other localities in Europe 


. Flint knapper engaged in quartering flint. Brandon, Suffolk, England. -- 
. Flint knapper flaking the flints into long slips ......-....---...-------- 
. Knapping the flakes into gun flints. Brandon, Suffolk, England 
. Implements from flint mines. England 
MmCachorGmacraperss, (Goslenec, brittany 2. .-:).2-2-.-.22 ss--esesc ne esas 
. Map of Flint Ridge, Ohio, showing aboriginal flint quarries and work- 


HDDS 2 cect phan sto S453 babes db Sad deb oadesae Se Se see ne tee SeseoadES 


. Worked flints from workshops. Flint Ridge, Ohio...........-........... 
. Flint chips from workshop. Flint Ridge, Ohio 
| Microscopic thin sections of flint. England . -....--.-.........-----.-.-- 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint. Denmark, France, and Belgium 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint. France and United States 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint. United States .................-...--- 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint and other rocks. United States ......--. 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint and other rocks. United States ......-.- 
. Microscopic thin sections of rocks, used for aboriginal implements. United 


. Specimens of rock from which thin sections were made. .......--.-.------ 
. Specimens of rock from which thin sections were made ...-...----..----- 
. Obsidian Cores, flakes, and finished arrowpoints. Principally from North 


GUI Eee SS cs cece nee eee eet xs be Rede Of Br, dae 


. Concave arrow-shaft scrapers of flint. England and United States. ...--. 
Sarrow-shait orinders. Cherokee, lowa. -.-..---.0-.2=-<-.-----s5---~~-- 
. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class A----. 


Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class B-~--.- 
Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class B- -.-. 
Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class C-.-.. 


. Triangular arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division II....--..------ 
. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class A ----. 
. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class B...--. 


Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class C ----. 


. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class C-- 


NAT MUS 97 II 


646 
646 
646 
646 
646 


XVIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


37. 
38. 


39. 


40. 
41. 


Facing page. 


Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class A. 
Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class 
BoC, D' . 22 san 2o Se Eo Oe ETT oe en dtm ase a Bee 
Bavaliat forms of arrowpoints, speweh andes or ieee Division IV, Class 
By, FG, Hy Bock ao ee ee Se ee eee LAE fe et SO SO Ye San eee 
Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class I 
Flint and obsidian leaf-shaped blades, handled as knives. Hupa Valley, 
Californian. 2.2%: fe oc Eo ws ol ae RE oe Snes = eae on 


. Leaf-shaped flint blades in wooden handles, fastened with bitumen. 


Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz islands, California .--...............-.-- 


. Leaf-shaped blades of flint and chalcedony, showing bitumen handle fas- 


tening.),- Californian gece soe ete eee sete tee eee ree 


. Ulu, or woman’s knife. Hotham Inlet and Cape Nome ..............--.-. 
. Common arrowpoints, handled by the author to show their possible use as 


KENT VOS! LEG Bs Se ee a ee es ra 8 oe ome ee ey an eer 


. Humpbacked knives. District of Columbia, United States, and Somali- 


Jand,"Atritars Sot ose cae eas cin the came eels caress See ie eee 


. Humphackedjknt ves.) Wnited\Statese 3. 22- a> Sseree eee eee 
. Manner of holding ‘“‘humpbacks” for use as knives ...--....---.-----.-- 
. ‘*Humpbacks” chipped smooth, showing intentional knives. United 


SEALOS, oe irs Beers me are as eee rE ee a 


. ‘Humpbacks” of quartzite with one cutting edge used as knives. United 


Statessite! S52 ahs s Paes otro State Src ee a eye ee ee agen ae 


. Rude knives of flint and hard stone, chipped to a cutting edge on one side 


of. the ovals United:Staties shee toe cae ee eae ee eee ee ee 


. Rude knives of flint, jasper, etc. United States ........--....---.-.------ 
. Knives with stems, shoulders, and barbs, resembling arrowpoints and 


spearheads, but with rounded points unsuitable for piercing. -.-----.---- 


54,55,. Unilateral knives s 2: 5328 6 Soecpecare es sae see eee eee eee 


56. 
57. 
58. 
59. 
60. 


61. 
62. 
63. 


64. 
65. 


Flint flakes chipped on one edge only, intended for knives. .-.......-.---- 
Flint flakes chipped on one edge, intended for knives. ...-..-..------.---- 
Arrowpoints or spearheads inserted in ancient human bones. Cavern, 
Kentileky 2:2: Pecoe eee. soc see eer eae ee ae eo ee ey ee oe eee 
Plan showing one of layer of cache of 95 argillite implements. Chester 
County, Pennsylvanians: {hoc : oe nae oe ee a eee ea 
Plaster cast (model) of a spring near Hibriten Mountain, North Carolina, 
showing 15 leaf-shaped implements in cache. Lenoir, North Carolina -- 


Large spearheads of chalcedony. Little Missouri River, Arkansas .-....- 
Flint disks, made from concretionary flint nodules. Ilinois; Ohio. .---... 
Pile of 7,382 chipped flint disks, cached in mound 2, Hopewell farm, 


Anderson Station; Ross County, ORO 2) 42a eee ee eee ee eee 
Large spearheads of chalcedony. College Corners, Ohio.-.....-..------- 
Spearhead of white flint. Carpentersville, Illinois. .........-...----.--.- 


TEXT FIGURES. 


931 


PipEs AND SMOKING CUSTOMS OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES, BASED ON MATERIAL 


Sorwndre 


IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By JoserH D. MCGUIRE. 


A tobacco:pipes 22 2.26.22 6 2s tea oe ei alee ee eae teat ete ee 
Snuffing tube: Tiahtuanaco 20.2.2 eens center i  e 
. Mexicanismoking 2255. 0.0 ee end. Soe cee ere eae ee eater 
« Mexican amoking=~..-2c.<- soba eases sts =e Soe ee eee 
2 Mexican holdimey pipe) .- as. ae cee = aie ne oe ee ete tae 
,7. Ancient Pueblo pottery pipe. Sikyatki, Arizona .-.-...--..0.---------- 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX 


Page. 

8. Ancient ornamental Pueblo pottery pipe. Sikyatki, Arizona........._... 379 

WEnueplospouery pipe. Laos, New Mexico visi 25) 2222 h 5 ube fe. lke 379 
fim rnehlowpoteryepipe. .Nambe, New Mexico 2.2%) 522-525 lsd. ek wie lk 379 
11. Pueblo pottery pipe. Northern New Mexico................22.2.......--- 380 
12. Ancient clay pipe. San Juan River, New Mexico ..-..-............-.-.-. 381 
13. Tubular implement, probably pipe. Boone County, West Virginia....... 382 
Peecopper aibe.. Mourid Wolte Plain, Ohio.2 0.222) 20 see. 2 le) 888 
Peemnerpipe:: Kiowa (diane... rere sew hl) lotrel te MCT CR bet 384 
PE UREHMILO DOC PEDO tree ae. . suerte Se selos tue LL. Sea oe Na: 384 
17. Ancient stone tubular pipe. Wilkes County, Georgia................_.-. 38d 
18. Stone tube with bone mouthpiece. Santa Barbara, California ........_-- 386 
19. Unfinished tubular stone pipe. Cook County, Tennessee ........_.__. -_-- 387 
20. Tubular pipe of soft, indurated clay. Santa Barbara, California..-..-.--- 388 
Piesaniscone tube. wrankfort, Kentucky - -2-<-. 22.5524 ss<c2k eoewe esos 388 
was Oulery tube pipe. ‘Dan! River; Virginia: 222. 722s cso2. 22 ibis ee. 389 
23. Tube and cup-shaped implement. Bartow County, Georgia.-............ 390 
24. Red pottery tube and bowl pipe. Colorado River ..---.--- SUE ghee Uh eebels 390 
Pooelopular wood pipe, Hupaiheservation’ 2-2-5 2-2-2), 2... <b 22.22.2222 392 
26. Wood pipe. Hupa Reservation -....---- st fie Shh Said A ee ae eB pes UR i 392 
Pipenl=woode pipe. . Huparheservablonons©:.--2 <<< men ets secs he lUas. 28228 392 
28. Sandstone tubular pipe. Hupa Reservation ..........--..----...-.-----. 393 
29. Steatite tubular pipe. Hupa Reservation -2.:.2..--. --...--. 2-22. .2228- 393 
SU lip ularwood pipe. Lupa Keservaulon= -.25-5 22.522. -csesccse ec eeeee 393 
31. Root-plaited tobacco bag. Hupa Reservation ...-..--.-..-..-.--.-.-..--- 394 
S205. Wood and stone pipe. Hupa Reservation .--....----2. 2.222.222.2122. 394 
34-36. Wood and stone pipe. Hupa Reservation ....--..-------------------- 395 
Si-vyood and stone pipe.  Hupa Keservation -2.-.22.2.... -22225 (2252-2 396 
38. Concretion stone. Morgantown, West Virginia --.. ....----.--..--..--- 396 
po. stone Hourglass tube. Nashville; Tennessee: -...)-..-2.-- 2222 2-2 ---2-2- 397 
40. Hourglass tubular pipe. Ashland (Kentucky) Mound .....-...---.------ 399 
41. Tubular stone pipe. Williams Island, Tennessee --..-.--.---.....-....-- 400 
ieee MEXICAN POLbELY; PIp© 220.22 ees 25. oes sse-- 2 = Ree ee ate Oe cae Pee 407 
PU LOSS Va OLuCLYe IPOs, “MORICOM sec aes Snloa ne tioe a chin posses eee eee 408 
44, Hard-burned pottery pipe. Santa Clara, New Mexico ..---...----..----. 409 
PL ONICTANES IG were eet te ee eee ese ee See Nea cn sen case 415 
Haske DOW OL volcanic bull. OTeCONess----20-+--- 262,225 noe ee eee ee A294 
47. Stone bowl pipe. Berks County, Pennsylvania.-....--..--..---..----.--. 425 
AeOVOLd ShONS DOW.) —BrOWwnSVille, Ohio. <2 -o-2s2s + cacic-s vdes ces woe eek 425 
49. Stone urn-shaped bowl. Cumberland County, Tennessee .--..---.---.--- 426 
50. Stone bowl with thong hole. Bloomfield, New York ..-..-....--.---..--. 426 
pre Uninished pipe. Eranklin’County, Indiana.---.5- 2-22-22 +222. 2222222. 497 
Py mviase-Suapege pipe: “ACCOMM, VITGINIR .---2--ssccc- ts oes occas eee oe 428 
D3. Rectangular stone pipe. Sterling, Connecticut..........-...---.-.-.--.. 429 
54. Animal pipe. Middleboro, Massachusetts -.............-..---.-----.---- 429 
55. Animal-head pipe. Laneaster County, Pennsylvania een ee eee ee) 430 
56. Animal-head pipe. Piqua, Miami County, Ohio -.-.....-....--..---..--.. 430 
MipiuMan-Headapipe: | Wiest VITOIMA. 5. 2... ccs. eee ee bee es eee sence ae 431 
em VINOL DOs sm AILS i Wre ONTO) 2 vacctnas aoe se eee oe athe a Soatecer ce eile! = oie 43 
Pepi pea MUlpiv  NOLbA (ATOMS. (ace ne accee Seae see ecw salons - 5+ es 432 
60. Bird pipe. Williamson County, Tennessee .....-...---..---..----------. 482 
fie owan pipe. Mineral County, West Virginia....25--2--22 2-2-2 .a2--2 322 433 
62. Pottery pipe. Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama .-........--.-.----..----- 433 
eee ilee ipo... Pork VWratrel, AIASES © 2222-0 gece <cesnas se sce sp ecnes nee tee 43 

Sie Housil pipe. LPottawatomie, Kansas’ 2) 22.50.0250. 02. 2---eesl cee else. (484 
65. Stone bird pipe. Blount County, Tennessee . --...----..----.-----.------ 458 


66. Stone pigeon pipe. Decatur County, Tennessee ......--.-.--.---.-------- 439 


xXx 


Pa 
67. Stone wood-duck pipe. Cumberland County, Tennessee .--....--------- 139 
68, Animal-head stone pipe. Jackson County, North Carolina..._..-.-.---- 440 
69. Human hand and arm. Western Tennessee-.--..--.----..----------.-s- 441 
40)" Bird with human head. “Chillicothe; Obioe-f22295.2 2 eee 449 
71-73. Iron, bronze; and clay pip6s 2-2. 2e2 sea e Hee otis eee alee eee 452 
74. Dutch form.of clay,trade pipe. London, Englamdi..-2-: 222-2222 ses- ce 453 
75. English form of trade pipe. London, Mngeland -2 222) 3232s eee 453 
76. English type of clay pipe. Guda, Holland --....----..--. SS. ee Sane SN) 454 
fd: Pottery trade \pipe.. Warren, Rhode: Islandes2 = 2 =. 52-23 5-ee ae. eae eee 454 
78. Steatite trade pipe. Norfolk, Virginia ..---. Loe ew sige Sat oe ee eee 454 
79: Stone pipe: , Nacoochee; (Georgia: 7.4 te aoa ee ee ee 455 
80. Type.of stone trade pipe. Diora, New, York 22.20 325.. 5 asses eens 455 
81. Italian type of clay pipe. Red Bank, New Jersey -----. -.--------------- 456 
82. Modern clay pipe. Holland.----. a $e ewe Sas as Cs eee, See = 456 
83. Brazed iron pipe. Cherokee County, North Carolina.--....-.-...--..--- 459 
84. Stone pipe. Westerly, Rhode Island..-.--.-.--- ulate (Sido os See ee 460 
85. English typeof tomahawk pipe .2—-- -(55:- = she sb ee ee Le 
86; Tomahawk pipe. Devils Lake, Dakota 2-23.25... 35-2 2-4 52+ ee 465 
87. French type (?) of tomahawk pipe. Kiowa Indians ..---.-..---.--..--.- 466 
88. Spanish type of tomahawk pipe. Greenbrier County, West Virginia.... 467 
89: Monitor/pipe.” Milford, Massachusetts,.2. 52. 2.25. -2s222 254-2. eee 469 
90. Monitor pipe. Sullivan County, Tennessee -.--..----.-.-----------------= 470 
91. Monitor pipe. Caldwell County, North Carolina... .--...-.---.---.---- 470 
92. Flat-base monitor pipe. Cumberland County, Tennessee-.-..--.---..--- 471 
93. Monitor pipe, Kanawha County, West Virginia .----.----.----- Sacer 471 
94. broad-based monitor pipe. Knox County, Tennessee..--..-.----.---- amet a2 
95. Curved-base monitor pipe. Kanawha County, West Virginia-..---...--- 472 
96. Curved-base monitor pipe. Loudon County, Tennessee.----...--------- 472 
97. Pottery monitor pipe. Fort Wayne, Michigan..._...........-2.--.--.-- 473 
98. Type of monitor pipe.) Ross County, Ohio-=----- 32 --- 5 ee 473 
99. Type of monitor (?) pipe. Kanawha, West Virginia........---.---..-.- ATA 
100. Rectangular pipe. Bradford County, Pennsylvania. .--.-.----.-----.---- 475 
101. Rectangular pipe. Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.-.--....-.--.---.---- 475 
102.. Miemac pipe: Newark, ‘Ohio: : 225.22 S26] 3235 - soe ces eee 480 
103. Micmac pipe... Ungava, Labrador o:.--. 252-2225. . 22 ok 2 2a 481 
104. Ornamented Micmac pipe. Fort Niagara, New York..-...-.-.------.---- 482 
105. Bird’s head Micmac pipe. Oriskany, New York-..-..-..-----------.---<. 484 
106. Totemic Micmac pipe. St. John River, Maine....--..--- 2 Seen 2. 485 
107. Catlinite pipe. Kentucky-..-- oes sige lop boan Boe See ee 486 
108. Pipe with handle. Loudon County, Tennessee..-.-...-..-.---..---..-..- 486 
109. Disk pipe of limestone. Union County, Kentucky-..........-...-..----- 487 
110. Disk pipe of oolitic limestone. Wabash County, Illinois............---. 488 
111. Pottery pipe. . Chantanqua, New York:<...4-.150-o-- 252-3 eee 493 
112. Trampet pipe. - Ellisbureh, New) Work: 2252-52. soso o0-= 2s eee 495 
113. Iroquoian pottery pipe. Sandusky County, Ohio. ...-.........-.--.---- 494 
114. Iroquoian pottery pigeon pipe. Cayuga County, New York....--.------ 495 
115. Iroquoian pottery crow (?) pipe. Onondaga County, New York. ---.---- 495 
116. Iroquois escutcheon pottery pipe. Massachusetts. ......-..-..-.-.------ 497 
117. Iroquois pipe of stalagmite. Oswego County, New York-....----..----- 498 
118. Iroquois pottery pipe. Bloomfield, New York...----..----..-.---- savers’ 499 
119. Iroquois pottery pipe. Watertown, New York..-.-..-..-.-..------..s---- 500 - 
120. Iroquois pottery pipe. Honeoye Falls, New York. .-.--..----- Sis see 501 
121. Stone bird pipe. Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.....----..----...---- 502 
122. Stone bird pipe. Erie County, Pennsylvania. .........-.----------.-..- 503 
123:- Calumetihertac se tee sees needa Secs eee ce sce ae ee eee ae See rey 
124. Calumet: dane} =: 22ch Goss es Se SS i ee eae 506 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XX] 


Page. 
LEDER AOE CARR EH ES Ge eS ee es ee ar ee a ee 507 
Pe MOUNG. DIS ar COunbys ONIOY ones cos ~ oe ee eose es odie ess betes wee 514 
Pre MOUnCEpIpG sMiariObbay OMI). os oa aa o oe wen eclek cubes Goudie seen ba 514 
foe Mound anakeipipes. Mound City, Ohio. - 2... 222, 2.%2<25lc linc deck wn ceed 518 
Pa Mound Arar pipe.) Mound iGity, Ohio... 2229. <5- o.-es he. coe e ese ee 518 
ao Mound turhie pipe; ) Naples Ellinois +. -. 32222262 Jose coes cecee elec 519 
131. Mound Indian head pipe. Mound City, Ohio. ......-...-...-:......-... 519 
Pao MMOUG i rTaAccoon pipe. Naples. LLINOIS: .. 3. — «.n.2cc2-22cccs see seeene 2285 520 
fee MounG pipe. Mound Oxby. ‘Ohio -o5o8l 2 occ stec lst ee wo (euslele conn cen 520 
i eMonnG (pIre- pipe... Mound City, Ohio. ~.2.. s--<s<. co sone codes oi wan 521 
iso swoundeatle pines Naples; Tlimols=.2.< 2... 22s) ss. ccaees0e> Schon eelsn 2s 521 
PeMONNC COB AN TING: sees aoe nk oto one Sac eae Aj eet aes weedeat. 523 


137. Straight-base mound pipe. Clifton, Kanawha County, West Virginia... 527 
138. Double conoidal pipe. McNairy County, Tennessee...............--.-.. 528 


ie OUD eeOupIds! pipes .ODIO-s Mere. asa cisese ese - ce oe ante Saeco eee 529 
140. Double conical pipe. Ohio.....-....-.-.-..--- eae Sa Ree See 530 
fale Doubleiconical pipe: (Lowisianw- 262. 2.25.2 2-56 24. - Sscnit cnn bein wtecse 530 
ie WOU pIOcOnICaAL pipe: AuOWISISNa. =... -.2 5.020220 cas eauce. od sse ence e tee 531 
3. Double conical pipe. Souther Missouri. 2; =. 25.<:-5--...252 ice. 531 
144. Double conical pipe. Mobile Bay, Alabama -.--.-...-.....:.....--...-<-. 532 
ie ouple conicaopipe.. \GEOUOaiina..s22 a iat sae 2 Sal ss. cee ss\ooe cee. tbe 532 
HG) BiconIcal pipe. — VVood County; Virctinia: 222. 22..24 225206 ssdeses <2ccke 533 
Pere iconicalipe-. OAC6Ola, ATKANRAG. 22-2. 250-20 e5 eee =< Sas n ese ies So 533 
148. Modern pottery mound pipe. St. Johns River, Florida -..............-. 534 
149. Biconical pipe. Indian Bay, Lonoke County, Arkansas .-..-....-..----. 534 
150. Biconical pottery pipe. Carroll County, Tennessee. ....-.-.-----..----- 535 
iis Pottery pipe, ~ Loudon County; Tennessee. -2., 2--2 222-022 becens tse -e 535 
152. Biconical frog pipe of sandstone. Branch County, Michigan..---..----- 536 
#50. Biconieal frog pipe. Cherokee Nation .--. ~.-.:4----s.--.- ----.----i--0- 536 
fo biconical trom pipe. © Miami County; Ohio. 2 -4-)22.-5222 Sesh e5-eo-04 2° 537 
155. Biconical pottery frog pipe. Nelson County, Virginia -..-...-.-.-...----. 537 
156. Biconical animal pipe. Coahoma County, Mississippi .-.--.--.-----.-.--- 538 
i. biconical animal pipe: wouistanas:.osees ite ke. See gece ens 5 5 ck 5. 538 
158. Biconical animal pipe. Hot Springs, Arkansas -........-------..--=-.+- 539 
159. Biconical stone-figure pipe. Monroe County, Arkansas .......---..----- 539 
160. Biconical stone pipe. Kingston, Tennessee. -..-....-.....--..----.------ 540 
161. Biconical stone-hunter pipe. Stoddard County, Missouri ...---..-.-.---. 540 
162. Biconical pottery pipe, Mississippi County, Arkansas .....-.....---.---- 540 
163. Idol pipe. Hollywood Mound, Georgia.........-.-. Sesser ee aes epee ee 541 
fp, Idol pipe., Monrose County, Arkansas .....25-2-.--25 css 5524 stl 2 ieee 541 
Tes, LOOl D1pe.. MoO WAL MOUNG, (FGOTPIS....2 S252 ure katcteue dice pee ico aS 542 
SE GT Obi pos MICO OUG Ky Set es Sa se De ote sss acon hee eee Lueck. 543 
167. Great pipe representing man and bird. Lexington, Kentucky-~.----.---- 543 
168. Indurated clay pipe. Knox County, Tennessee ...........-.-..----..--- 544 
169. Banded green slate pipe. Dubuque, Iowa -.-.-.-.....-.-..-.---.--------- 544 
170. Steatite pipe. Boone County, Missouri..-..-....---.-.--2.-2--.-2------- 545 
171. Bridegroom pipe. Rhea County, Tennessee. ...-...---...----..--------- 545 
172. Bridegroom pipe. Columbia, South Carolina ....-........---.---.------ 546 
Wid eu UPI ANIC ere ott 9s ars Sols Su Sse Ss na eat tata e loin cece ncce 557 
PaaS OTA CRU LITN LO IIE te Se eer aiele Ba ieetnle eae elated an ntsc olen SoS = 577 
Mone aninice pipe... SVansson, MMOS: bh. 2292 sui a5. oo ne sen ce eeee 577 
ie eOeGWle- OW IOU CALLINICE | PIPO-.. oe oo ea noe eels is ols Jsisn[e Sooo nies 578 
Hit. SiOuxapipe, Lore Butord, North Dakotas: ./5-2-..2-5-.:-+-0--e-2------- 518 
ive. Cathnite pipe. -. Dakota’....2.:..:. 25-. .-<-+- ok EAN Re ae ae Oe 579 
io Sioux pipe. Upper Missouri River -_-. -.--..--..----.2-c-.: root eee 579 


SETAC SUODO PLOUAW PIO o-eea tae oe lot see os coe mest nite seeidcisase 580 


XXII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page 
18h. Metal-pipe. :- Upper Missouri .: i222 S222 saeceeee ee ee ee eee 581 
182. Inlaid) Sioux.pipe., Dakota: 2. 29725522 BS eee ee 581 
133: “Siouxs caglinitepipe)..- 225" ae eee eee Sete ee oe Meee ALS 582 
134, Siouxpipe. Sioux, Dakota. -352¢-5:.2 jee se ee eee ee 582 
185. Steatite pipe. Mineral County, West Virginia ..................-...--- 583 
180. Northwest coast pipe of steatite. American River, California ........-- 584 
187. (Puget Sound pipe: ~Puleet:Soumdls sas seg ene ee 585 
188. Eskimo, pipe 2.052. 22252122 ee ee 587 
189. Russian type of Eskimo pipe. Nome Island, Alaska _................--- 587 
190. Eskimo pipe: 22.22 s3s2 25 25e8 oe ae tee ee eee ee eee 590 
191. Eskime pipes. 2.33522 adeaas senso nee ee ee eee eae 591 
192. ‘Alaskan:pipe.. Utklawin, Alaskaje2.s0s2 2 2550-222 eee eee eee 591 
193. Eskimo‘ pipe of -willow: \- 223/25 ee eel ee eee oes seve ee eee 502 
194. Modern Pueblo pipe.-.-....--.--- - sa SNS SB a O U Sd SUL ee ee 596 
195: Wolpi-Pueblo pipes. Wolpi Pueblo; Arizomaress2 soe ee eee eee 597 
196. Moki Pueblo pipe. -Moki Pueblo, New Mexicot-. 2222225) ee sae se ee eee 597 
197. Green stone pipe. Santa) le; New Mexicoms22--- 5-46 -= ee eae eee 597 
198: ‘Delaware pipe.” Delaware as: -¢- 2225) = ses See nee Oe ae ee 598 
199. Cherokee pipe. Cherokee County, North Carolinas ice secre ee iets sont 599 
200. Cherokee stone pipe. Cherokee County, North Carolina...-....---.---- 599 
201. Rectangular pipe. Jefferson County, Indiana -_--..-.2--.-2.-2---------- 600 
202: ‘Rectangular pipe. “Pike County, Missouril2-2-- 22 202-5- gee) oe ees 600 
203. Angular pipe. “Avizona s-4.!-0 32 sae eee ene Hae oe sae ae 601 
204; Angular pipe. : ‘Southern Utah )2220:% 0.525 eee ae seer eee 601 
205. Natural form. Chautauqua County, New York-.-........-.-..---.---.---- 602 
206. Cherokee type of sawed stone pipe. Howard County, Missouri. --.. .--- 603 
207. Cherokee stone pipe. Bradley County, Tennessee .----.---...---..----- 604 
208. ‘Cherokee: pottery pipes s-tict- Se et te eee cceais oa eee ee 604 
209. Stone pipe.) Jackson County, Missourie: -\550- (22) 2 s- 2s. ee eee 605 
210: Wood and lead pipe.s Rhode Island 222255 222s eee ne ee eee 606 
211. Portrait pipe. San Salvador, Central America .....---..--.--:.--..---- 606 
212. Rectangular stone pipe: “indiana. 2522 2255 eee ee ee ee 607 
213. Atlantic coast pipe. Monroe-County, Tennessee.-......---------------. 609 
214. Atlantic coast pipe. Lenoir, Caldwell County, North Carolina..---.---.- 610 
215, 216. Atlantic coast pipe. Caldwell County, North Carolina......-..-..-.-- 610 
217. Atlantic coast pipe. Monroe County, North Carolina. --....---.----.--- 611 
218. Atlantic coast pipe. Caldwell County, North Carolina .....-.....-..---. 611 
219. Atlantic coast pipe. Essex County, Massachusetts -.....---.-..---.---- 612 
220. Southern mound pipe. Monroe County, Tennessee.......-.-------..---- 613 
221. Southern mound pipe. Loudon County, Tennessee. -.---.-------------- -- 613 
222. Southern mound pipe. Monroe County, Tennessee..---..----.---.------ 613 
223. Southern mound pipe. Ashe County, North Carolina .-....-.----------- 614 
224. Southern mound pipe. Caldwell County, North Carolina..-.....-.-.---- 614 
225. Southern mound pipe. Caldwell County, North Carolina-...-.-..------ -- 615 
226. Southern mound pipe <2. Se soe ee eee ee ee ae eee 615 
227. Southern mound pipe. Etowah mound, Bartow County, Georgia... -.-- 616 
228. Southern mound pipe. Bradley County, Tennessee -......--..---------- 616 
229. Southern mound pipe. Loudon County, Tennessee.-...----.------------ 616 
330-232. Southern mound pipe. Etowah mound, Bartow County, Geotail ieee LT 
233. Southern mound pipe. Loudon County, Tennessee -....-.----.---------- Oli. 
234. Southern mound pipe. Camden County, Georgia ..-.....-..------------ 618 
235.; Souther mound pipe:<t2224-.5 sets ase ae eee ee ee eee 618 
236. Southern mound pipe. Loudon County, Tennessee ..----.-----.---------- 619 
237. Southern mound pipe. Nacoochee, Georgia .....-....-.-..--.---------- 619 
238. Mound type of molded pottery pipe. Mtowah mound, Georgia... --- ---- 619 


239. Combination clay, copper, and wood pipe. St. Louis, Missouri-..-.-..--- 622 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXIII 


THE MAN’S KNIFE AMONG THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 
By Otis TuUFTON MAson. 


In Arriersiknie: ease On, 1) Onl e hsv a Bec eee aioe ute 
DEVIC MACICHE VOC skit Ome ans Naso eies cee aa. eee ee at merece te eat ima ace 
PeeiioMmaorcunyedekMite = mmacse ase se 0 2 = eo eas - oe ee ee aa bttoneelee es 
APRARSAMACQuOdd y KMG es 42 om fee aoe = Sone oa bee eee ee eet pacino = 
5, Leime ea ibe ON ey oe Be eee Goer ac he eee ee eee 
6. Curved knife from Montagnais Indians ....-.-..-....---.------------------ 
TaGuryecslcniie trom NascOpr MNGIADS!- <<< i. s-me2 oo eee ieee oe eens <= 
Se bskimorknite-we Mackenzie hiv Ol. s--.2cso522 2.0 seo 2a nee See a ees See oe = 
9. Two-handed curved knife, showing structure and method of using. Yak- 
CIE Ut ES) a Sods Se IE RNs SOE er ees ee 

10, 11. Carver’s knife, and guard for back of hand. Sitka, Alaska-........--- 
i2Carversa knitedtor bwo-hands.. Sitka; Alaska.-..<-2.2--.-45-252-2.)--.4--- 
13,14. Carver’s knives. British Columbia-.-...-.-.--.--.---..----------------- 
Pepiunvedsknitese: hort kupert Mndlans}23.)5- nes eran = ee ree aig ee 
1G Carvers knives ron the AINGs.2 2-26. - <5 sss- = soa .. so aos eee seme ean n 
MPC unvedekniyese AMmOOl TOMO sss see ee aa ee ase a tooo eae eae Sea 


ARROWPO!INTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES OF PREHISTORIC TIMEs. 
By THOMAS WILSON. 


1. Acheuléen implement of flint. St. Acheul, France. ..-.--.---.------------ 
2. Paleolithic implement of quartzite. Madras, India .-...---.---- ot nase 
3,4. Mousterien spearhead of flint. Le Moustier, France. ..---..----------- 
5,6. Paleolithic points and harpoons of reindeer horn. La Madeleine, France- 
7-10. Paleolithic points and harpoons of reindeer horn. La Madeleine, Dor- 
“Seca S000 Dy a TUE Ss Se ee eC eee eo 

11. Solutréen point of chipped flint. Solutré, France..---...----.----------- 
12-14. Solutréen points of chipped flint. France..---..-.-.------------------- 
15, 16. Solutréen points of chipped flint. Dordogne, France. -.-.---.-----.----- 
17, 18. Solutréen flint points. Dordogne, France .--------------------------- 
19. Primary arrow release... -.- -+-...---<- .----- --2- ---- -2-- ---= eann eo - = 02-8 
20. Secondary arrow release. -......--.=--------------------+ + ----+---2-2----- 
Ol Tertiary arrow release... .--.2 =. 6-1... -5- --5-.s2--/- <2 = --- + == 2225-7 ones 
29. Mediterranean arrow release. .----.----.-----+---- +--+ ------------+------ 
23. Mongolian arrow release......-.-..--------------- --------22 ee eee ere 
24. Scythian and Parthian bow....-......---------------------------++e----7-- 
aml ng Kail) OW Mee ee eine eee oe ceo ne ee isla ees Says ae |S ooo Sain cine in ein fe 
26. Greek bow case and quiver .....------------- .----- ---- ++ 2-22 - 2-222 eee eee 
27. Greek bronze ‘‘three-tongued” arrowpoint. Persepolis -.---.------------ 
28. Greek bronze ‘‘three-tongued” arrowpoints. Marathon.-.-.-...----------- 
29,30. Prehistoric iron spearheads. Cemetery of Mougi-yéri, Russian Armenia. 
31-38. Prehistoric iron spearheads. Cemetery of Cheitan-thagh, Russian 
gmigine) Ge. 8 Sis SS A Re noore eon ron ter. sare oars 

39,40. Prehistoric Armenian bows, engraved on bronze cinctures. Cemetery 
of Akthala and Mougi-yéri ..-.-....---.--------- ------ ---+ +--+ ---+-- 

41-45. Prehistoric arrowpoints of bronze and iron from Armenia . .---.------- 
46,47. Prehistoric arrowpoints of chipped obsidian, tranchant transversal. 
Cemetery of Mougi-yéri, Armenia--.-..----- ------------------------- 

48. Section showing geology of prehistoric flint mine. Spiennes, Belgium. -- 
49. Section of prehistoric flint mines. Spiennes, Belgium -..---------------- 
50. Section of shaft in the prehistoric flint mines, showing ancient workings 
and how they were filled. Spiennes, Belgium -.----------------------- 

51. Section of shaft in the prehistoric flint mines, showing ancient workings 
and how they were filled. Spiennes, Belgium. ..---. ------------------ 


XXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


52. Section of pit in the prehistoric flint mines. Spiennes, Belgium .-....--- 
53. Flint implement; the peculiar product of a prehistoric workshop. Grand 
‘Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), WranGe: seo. oie et see eee eet 


54. Section of prehistoric flint mine or pit. Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron)... ---- 
55. Prehistoric deer-horn hammer and pick combined. From flint mine at 
Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron), Wrant@-2 222-2. Seces see ee ae eee 


56. Section of prehistoric flint mine. Meudon (Oise), France .......---.---- 
57. Section of a pit of the prehistoric flint mine at Champignolles (Oise), 
Prane@s te sare 2 sss So: actaca' soe siee am ke eee SRO eo Ole ere ree Serer 
58. “Strike-a-light,” steel and tinder, used by French peasants. Paris, 
Frances: 25.52 $204 LsG i aS Soe. SE Se 2 ee eee eee ee eaters 


59. Prehistoric pick marks in the hard clay in the excavation of an Etruscan 
tomb. (Del Colle Cassuccina), Chiusi, Italy........--....------------ 

60. Plan of prehistoric flint mines. Cissbury, England..........--.---.---- 
61. Portion of plan of prehistoric flint mines. Cissbury, Sussex, England. -- 
62, 63. Iron flaking hammer and a ‘‘strike-a-light” made with it. Albania, 
Greece £2 52222 eta dissts 2352 See 32 eet eee eee eee 

64. Flint core, with its flakes in place as struck. ..........-.-.--..---------- 
65. Section of flint nucleus showing bkow flakes are struck off -:...-.-..----- 
66; 67. Hammer’stones: “Ohio, New York2<-_<.2 252-3 o2 2. eee eee 
68, 69. Eskimo arrow flakers, points of reindeer horn, handle of ivory ----- 
70, 71. Eskimo arrow flakers, points of reindeer horn, handles of wood and ivory - 
72-74, Flakers of antler or bone in handles of wood..-...---.-.-----.--------- 
75, 76. Flint flakers (?) with smooth, rounded ends, worn by use. Yorkshire, 
Boland. 222) ae Sones oe seein nie seis Se a ae ee 

77. Arrow-shaft grinder, chlorite slate. Cape Cod, Massachusetts. ----.-.--- 
78. Serpentine arrow-shaft straightener, with three smooth grooves, ornamen- 
tal irregular incised lines. Santa Barbara County, California. ..-....-- 

79, 80. Arrow-shaft straighteners of wood or ivory-.-.------.---------------- 
81. Leaf-shaped spearhead of flinty chert, pointed a both onde Madison 
County; Kentucky 322 ti sen2 poeta ae pene et eae eee ete 


82. Sword of dark-brown flint. Williamson County, Tennessee. ...--.------ 
83: (‘Sword of obsidian. Orégonwes=2se e522 eee teres ees aes 
84. Ferruginous conglomerate containing jasper pebbles. Blount County, 

Alabamatss2s os oo. et Se eae oes oes oe oe toe ee 6 Oe eee 


85. Pale-gray flint having the appearance of aoneed wood. Austin, Texas. 
86. Yellow chert. Tennessee River, opposite Savannah, Tennessee..---- ---- 
87. Leaf-shaped implement, Spied at both ends. Folsom, Sacramento 
County, (California s22 22 fogs eee aint ents Se cet eee eee 
88. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends: .< 2222. ssc cote ees 
89,90. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends.......-...------------- 
91. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. Santa Barbara County, 
California ys. 2¢ See Sas Pe eae See Be See ee ee 
92. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. California .......--.---- 
93. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. National Museum, Mexico. 
94. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends, two notches near base for 
fastening handle. . Gilmer County, Georgia. -..---.---.---------------- 
95. Leaf-shaped implement of gray hornstone, pointed at both ends. Belle- 
ville, St; Clair County, Illinois#-2: --2-¢2. senso. to ee One ee 
96-101. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, pointed at both ends .....-.---.-----.----- 
102. Leaf-shaped implement of argillite, with straight base. Trenton, New 
JOLSOV ss eet aac he omen cclece Same eee ee ee ete eee ae ae 
103. Leaf-shaped implement of argillite, with straight base. Trenton, New 
JOLSCY Sas ceee sentinel eee oe Ret ee eee eee ee eee ee 
104. Leaf-shaped implement of pale-gray jaspery flint, with convex base. ---- 
105, 106. Leaf-shaped implement of dark-gray flint, with convex base .-... -.--- 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


107. Leaf-shaped implement of dark-gray flint, with convex base. San Miguel 
ESSE Mee OIL he ett erp ee a de oe ok Week cpa woes 
108. Leaf-shaped implement of jaspery grayish flint, with convex base... __-. 
109. Leaf-shaped implement of obsidian, with convex base. San Miguel 
jE EO Eni wank eee See Se ee ae ee ee ee 
110. Leaf-shaped implement of lustrous chalcedonic flint or silicified wood, 
with convex base. San Miguel Island, California .......-..........-.- 
111. Leaf-shaped implement of pale gray chalcedoniec flint, with convex base. 
SUNS VALGUS TG GEG 1Sg Sirs ee ee ee 
112. Leaf-shaped implement of translucent chalcedony, with straight base. 
BUTI GUBOG see tench aie sera oem NA ote alnis fa ed Boye 
113. Leaf-shaped implement of porphyritic felsite, with convex base. Dart- 
mouth, SristolaCounty, Massachusevts=-- ss<cr.o soo-s5sis,0-- sees eee cess 
NAS ten Outs aAped tn pleMmoentc.. soe saseeae ea eeasiesSHe= = onic, cee ses e se 2 
112-125. Weatshaped implementss. 2... to.25~. sada ees oases 3-4 5-5 2a os eee 
124= New, Caledonian javelin: (modern) + 2224 Seecse seen 6 cect ec ies eee 
125. Leaf-shaped implement of brownish-gray jasper, with concave base and 
parallel edges. Santa Barbara County, California ...-.......-....---- 
126. Leaf-shaped implement of gray flint or jasper, with straight base and 
parallel edges. Santa Barbara County, California .............----..- 
127. Leaf-shaped implement, with concave base and parallel edges. Califor- 


PNP Peo be ere i eee 2 Bae ne 
128. Leaf-shaped implement of lustrous flint or chalcedony, with slightly 
concave base and parallel edges. California.--.-........-----.----.--- 
429. Leaf-shaped implement of lustrous flint or chalcedony, with concave base 
and paralleledges. «California . 2222252 2255 ee yee ea ecs oc ons ane 
130. Leaf-shaped implement of black flint, with concave base and parallel 
Sd Sexes CAlifOMnigs-2 22. 2225 sos cos oe a mre ee eae eae ais bse 
131. Leaf-shaped implement of black flint, with convex base and parallel 
Bd res.) MO RMITOTNL aS (38 Sen oa SS ee ee ee ere eases soos oe 


132. Triangular, equilateral arrowpoint. Nantucket Island, Massachusetts -- 
133. Triangular arrowpoint or spearhead, with straight edges and concave 

pase: hhode Island... 2. gas oleae ae ernest Sea ees oe ee econ ue 
134. Triangular arrowpoint of gray flint, with concave edges and base. Still- 


water. Washinoton County, New YOLK) --as2sne> aeeas<sece- ceca. es one 

135. Triangular arrowpoint, with concave base. Chilmark, Massachusetts - -- 
136. Triangular arrowpoint, deeply concave. Oregon ...---.--.------.------ 
isi ranean, arrowpoilot white quartz. 22.5.2 ec— sss nse See nscs os -- 
138. Triangular arrowpoint of pale gray flint, wih convex ‘hace. St. George, 
Washinoron i COUnRby.WGal. -asccc> eases ea oo bao op ows te 

139. Stemmed arrowpoint of porphyritic felsite, lozenge-shaped. La Paz, 
" 1 BURA gS CSUN Zea 65 by VRE ia oe tag ee De SS ee 
140. Stemmed arrowpoint of porphyritic felsite, lozenge-shaped. Edgartown, 
Diukesi aunty MassaChusebis. sso se essen an sede ssc o kcal mete te 


141. Stemmed arrowpoint of white quartz, lozenge-shaped .....-....----.---- 
142. Stemmed arrowpoint, lozenge-shaped. East Windsor, Hartford County, 


Gtcrineayetntcn gee Se Be Bee Se nee eee ae ee 
143. Stemmed arrowpoint, lozenge-shaped. Keeseville, Essex County, New 
MC Seen o Cane ane ae ates mere OF oe Ei a ee 
144. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale gray flint, lozenge-shaped....-.....--.-.----- 
145. Prehistoric stone arrowpoint inserted in shaft and tied with fiber. Switz- 
TENG Ne = oleae ee See pile Bea Se See ek ee 
146. Stemmed arrowpoint of black flint, shouldered but not barbed.  Plain- 
Hela naam CON, CONNCCHICUD=..-c-- 22.5 oj .2-5- scien oa asleannse's 


147. Stemmed arrowpointof gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. Kingston, 
MABE Pp LOU OMY UNGUO TBIBN Osco. oles oe noice ce cee ee woes cece = 


XXVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Tennessee 
2. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. New Braunfels, Comal 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Groveport, Franklin 


County;‘Ohio22: 222 2S esate esas Ones Sama ee oe ee ee eae eater 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of greenish-gray hard slate, shouldered but not 


barbed.’ Georgia“. 3: 2520 < 2 St TSS te Be ose eee S Soe ee ee 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Southold, Suffolk 


County (Long Island), New Yorkicc. 2.42 aa ae eh eee etens Sere ae 


County; Texas iis 23 one ee fe caer eee ne re eee ee aie eee 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Plantersville, More- 


house:County, Louwisianags: Soo.) Soe. sece cee nee ron Sean ae ceme ene 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. St. 


Mary County; Maryland 222; $2022.22 22 ee Soowaee eae eee eee eee 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of yellowish-brown jasper, shouldered but not 


barbed. Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania..---...---.-.-..---------- 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of yellowish-gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. 


Brownsville; hickine’\ County; Ohiorssse—- s2232s sees eee ee aera 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not ee Lincoln County, Ten- 


NCSSCCO - . 22 nck we eee ce ee mewn cece w ne ween eee eH 8 eee wee ees oan ee --- 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. South Dennis, Barn- 


stable County; Massachusetts {222 22 220-2. 2s53 2-2 ee ee eee ee 


9. Stemmed arrowpoint of bluish chalcedonic flint, shouldered but not 


barbed) Obito: eee eee oe aa eee ee ee ee 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed-....--....---.-----.---- 
. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. St. Clair County, 


Tinoisie 2 ssssd cB ee ee le eee a ee ae te oe ee 


2. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. Edmond- 


HOns COMIN yr MACe@ NN GNC ley e a ora eye area en 


3. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed........---.-----.------ 
. Stemmed arrowpoint of black flint, shouldered but not barbed. San 


Miguel Jeland, Calitotmiars 2.2. <2 2) Seenecer < Shea. -8- eee eee 


5. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Ohio ....-...---.---- 
. Stemmed arrowpoint of dark gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. 


TOenNeOSSOC? soe eee ee eR Sa ae ee ee ee ee 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed......--..-.------------ 
. Stemmed arrowpoint of white jaspery flint, shouldered but not barbed. 


West Bend, Washington County, Wisconsin. -......---.----.----------- 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of brown flint, shouldered but not barbed. Den- 


nysville, Washington County, Maine.....-..-----..----.-----. -------- 


. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed --.--...:-.------------------ 
. Stemmed spearhead of whitish chalcedony, shouldered and barbed. 


Shreveport, Caddo:County, Louisiana ---<:--2-- 2.2222 2-2. = 2-2 == 


2. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed. Crawford County, Wiscon- 


. Stemmed spearhead of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Saratoga 


County, WN we VOtk 22525 ip oo sa see iene eaten ace ete eee eee 


. Stemmed spearhead of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. McMinnville, 


Warren/County, Dennessee ----= === ssa === ee ee eee 


5. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed -...---.---.---------------- 
3. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. eee 


County, Undianas 2s. 22a. se seleee te ea ees eee ae 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale-brown flint, shouldered and harteeae tania 


Barbara County. California sass ss. cae ae eee re eee a are eee 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of dark-gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Sharps- 


burg, Washington County, Maryland...----.--.----------------------- 


Page. 


918 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXVII 


Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered and barbed. Oregon... .-...--... 2... 


. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Elkton, Giles County, 


LUG WN SGIS COM + AA Oe Se SAR OSC SS Cn tte ia ene ae 


. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. ‘Tennessee .......---. 
. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Point Lick, Kentucky. 


183. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Louisville, Kentucky. 
184. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with serrated edges. Oregon ......-...--- 
185. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with serrated edges. Stockton, San Joaquin 

COIN ey ORIOL de pera se ee we ne fae oars, So alae wie See eee Sap ne ee els 
186. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with bifurcated stem. Tennessee....-..-.. 
187. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with extremely long barbs, square at ends. 


PARAM SPAM Setos cre cd ew Salou sm sc, n os whe orem atniada waned se ceae = 


. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, triangular in section, reddish jasper. Chiri- 


qui, Panama, United States of Colombia ..-..-.--..:.........-...-...- 

Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, broadest at cutting end—tranchant trans- 
? oD 

TREN We meAN SN © se ENT CG see ee yo oe ae OU ee 2 Skee coe See alae 


. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints—tranchant transversal --.........-...--- 


Arrowpoint of bone, with narrow grooves on each side and sharp flint 
flakes fastened with bitumen or gum. Sweden.-.................-..... 
Yew bow from prehistoric lake dwelling. Robenhausen, Switzerland... 


. Eskimo knife with nephrite blade, ivory handle, and wooden shaft. Nor- 


AOI ED) ZU RE NN CAS Aa ta on I ee OLS (ae crate tee nee cc Ae 
Leaf-shaped blade of agatized wood. Wyoming ..........-.-..---.----- 
Wnilaterali knife of yellow flint. -Georpia..----.~.--.).--.....--.-<4-.--- 
Human vertebra (prehistoric) pierced with flint arrowpoint (tranchant 

UES VOLS) pee enim oie enn ls Nace Sonia bee Praca ae es ae Eee oe ee 
Human tibia (prehistoric) pierced with flint arrowpoint (tranchant trans: 

VOLS) cee ANL GO recreate a net ene SO Bie ha ia tage Cs SE ere ee 


. Ancient skull pierced with a flint arrowpoint, perforator. California . -- 


Ancient human vertebra pierced with quartz arrowpoint, healed ....-..-. 
Ancient skull pierced with perforator arrowpoint. Illinois. ....--...--- 


. Ancient skull, arrow wound over left eye, entirely healed. Missouri --. 


932 
933 
933 
933 
934 


934 
935 


936 


937 


938 
939 


fl erate: Soe) er (ote) ma ge Ee 


REPORT 
UPON THE 
CONDITION AND PROGRESS-OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING 
THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897, 
BY 


CHARLES D. WALCOTT, 


ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
IN CHARGE OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


NAT MUS 97——L1 1 


err ORT 
UPON 


THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 
DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897, 
BY 
CHARLES D. WALCcorT, 


Acting Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U.S. National Museum. 


I.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 


It was my good fortune to be associated with the late Dr. G. Brown 
Goode for many years, both as a friend and as an Honorary Curator of 
the National Museum, with a laboratory in the Museum building. We 
were thus in continuous social and professional intercourse for a period 
of fourteen years, and during this time I became well acquainted with 
the great work that he was doing, and obtained a fairly clear conception 
of the history, present condition, and, to a certain extent, future needs 
of the Museum. Nevertheless, when, after Professor Goode’s death, the 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. 8S. P. Langley, requested 
me to take temporary charge of the Museum, it was only after much 
hesitancy that I coneluded to assume the responsibility, my reluctance 
arising chiefly from the fear that, owing to official duties previously 
assumed, the comparatively small amount of time that I could devote 
to the Museum would not suffice for the proper care and advancement 
of its interests. However, I took charge of the Museum in January, 
1897, and my hope that the cooperation and support of the ofticers and 
assistants connected with the Museum would be so large and so efti- 
cient as satisfactorily to supplement my own labors, has been realized. 

In a conversation had with Dr. Goode a few weeks before his death 
I learned that he wished to make more or less of a reorganization of 
the Museum staff and collections, and had he lived there is no doubt 
that this would have been done at an early day, on lines that he had 
already outlined in various papers. Soon after taking charge I made 
a thorough investigation of the personnel and organization of the 
Museum, and made a number of recommendations to the Secretary, 
which were approved and went into effect July 1, 1897. The classifica- 
tion in force prior to that date, priuted in the body of this report, had 


> 


2 


4 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


been in use many years. The new organization, which went into effect 
July 1, 1897, will be found on pages 6 and 7. 

It has been the custom to present in the Annual Report of the 
Museum certain general considerations. In following this precedent 
reference will be made to the functions and policy of the Museum as 
outlined by Dr. Goode. 


GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 


By act of Congress passed in 1846 the Smithsonian Institution 
became the only lawful place of deposit for “all objects of art and of 
foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, 
and geological and mineralogical specimens belonging to the United 
States.” These collections have served as a nucleus for the National 
Museum of the United States. For many years this Museum was sup- 
ported entirely at the expense of the Smithson fund, and a considerable 
portion of the collections is the property of the Institution through 
gift or purchase. 

The early history of the Museum—in the building up of which Pro- 
fessor Henry, and later Professor Baird, assisted so ably by Dr. Goode, 
took such great interest—is already well known tc the readers of the 
National Museum reports, the first chapters of which in recent years 
having been devoted to its presentation and discussion. A special 
paper treating of the relations between the Smithsonian Institution 
and the National Museum and the early collections which came into its 
possession was prepared by the late Dr. G. Brown Goode, under the 
title ‘The Genesis of the National Museum,” in 1891.! 

In an historical review Dr. Goode pointed out that the history of the 
Museum may be divided into three periods—first, from the foundation 
of the Smithsonian Institution to 1857, during which time specimens 
were collected solely to serve as materials for research; second, from 
1857, when the Institution assumed the custody of the ‘ National 
Cabinet of Curiosities,” to 1876, during which interval the Museum 
became a place of deposit for scientific collections which had already 
been studied; and, third, from 1876 to the present time, in which the 
Museum has undertaken more fully the additional task of gathering 
collections and exhibiting them on account of their value from an edu- 
cational standpoint. 

When the present Museum building was first occupied, in 1881, elab- 
orate plans were made for the reorganization of the Museum staff. The 
first of them (Circular 1) is entitled “ Plan of organization and regu- 
lations.” Of this it may be said, in passing, that the regulations 
embodied therein were so admirably considered and drawn up that no 
radical changes have become necessary since it was issued, although 
occasional minor modifications and additions have been made from 
time to time, to meet the special requirements of varying conditions, 


1 Report of the Smithsonian Institution. U.S. National Museum, pp. 273-330. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 5 


and on account of the establishment of new departments and sections 
in the Museum. In this pamphlet the functions and policy of the 
Museum are clearly defined, as may be seen from the following para- 
graphs quoted from its pages: 


The collections in the National Museum are intended to exhibit the natural and 
industrial resources primarily of the United States and secondarily of those of the 
remainder of the world, for the purpose of comparison. 

The activity of the Museum is exerted in three directions: (a) The permanent 
preservation of objects already in its possession; (>) the acquisition of new material; 
(c) the utilization of material already in its possession, by its exhibition in the most 
instructive manner and by the prosecution of and publication of scientific researches 
for which it forms the basis; by the distribution of properly labeled duplicates of 
materials to colleges and other educational institutions. 

The preservation of material is accomplished by msans of the vigilance of the 
curators and the skill of the preparators. 

New material is acquired (a), in accordance with law, from the various govern- 
ment surveys and expeditions; (b) by gift from individuals, from other institutions, 
and from foreign governments; (¢c) by exchange for its duplicate specimens or pub- 
lications; (d) by the efforts of officers of the Museum, who make collections in con- 
nection with their regular duties or are detailed for special service of this nature; 
(e) by purchase, when appropriations are made by Congress for that purpose. 

The treasures in the custody of the Museum are utilized to the world by exhibiting 
them to the public, and by encouraging investigations on the part of the officers of 
the Museum and other suitable persons, and facilitating the publication of the 
results; also by the distribution to other museums and educational institutions of 
duplicate specimens, which have formed the basis of scientific investigation, these 
being identified and labeled by the best authorities. 


By these means the Museum fulfills a threefold function: 


1. It is a museum of record, in which are preserved the material foundations of an 
enormous amount of scientific knowledge, the types of numerous past investiga- 
tions. This is especially the case with those materials which have served as a 
foundation for the reports upon the resources of the United States. Types of inves- 
tigations made outside of the Museum are also incorporated. 

2. It is a museum of research, by reason of the policy which aims to make its con- 
tents serve as fully as possible as a stimulus to and a foundation for the studies of 
scientific investigators. 

Research is necessary in order to identify and group the objects in the most philo- 
sophical and instructive relations. Its officers are selected for their ability as inves- 
tigators, as well as for their trustworthiness and abilities as custodians, and its 
treasures are open to the use of any honest student. 

3. It is an educational museum of the broadest type, by reason of its policy of 
illustrating by specimens of every kind of natural object and every manifestation 
of human thought and activity, by displaying descriptive labels adapted to the 
popular mind, and by its policy of distributing its publications and its named series 
of duplicates. 


The collections forming the National Museum were from the begin- 
ning very diverse in character, and when the new building for the 
Museum was ready for occupancy in 1881 it was extremely desirable 
that a very comprehensive classification should be adopted. Such a 
classification was elaborated by Dr. Goode (Circular 13), in which man 
was the central figure. Natural objects, both animate and inanimate, 


6 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


were regarded as his resources, and each of the arts resulting from the 
utilization of these resources was assigned its proper place. 

While this great anthropocentric scheme of classification, with its 
multiplicity of divisions, was of the highest utility in arranging and 
distributing the vast assemblage of objects in the Museum, it was rec- 
ognized at the same time (Circular 1) that the collections could readily 
be administered by the establishment of four principal scientific 
departments—those of anthropology, zoology, botany, and geology. 

Various causes prevented the adoption of these departments; minor 
divisions and sections along these lines had multiplied from year to 
year to meet current demands until it became apparent that further 
development had practically reached a limit and that a consolidation 
under a few principal departments was imperative. 

The new plan of organization, which included three departments— 
Anthropology, Biology (or Zoology and Botany combined), and Geology 
(including Paleontology), was formulated and went into effect July 1, 
1897. It is given in detail in the following tabulation. The results of 
its operation will be considered in the report for 1898. 


THE SCIENTIFIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF.! 


S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Keeper, Ex-Officio. 

Charles D. Walcott, Acting Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the U.S. 
National Museum. 

Frederick W. True, Executive Curator. 


SCIENTIFIC STAFF. 


DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY: | DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY: 
W.H. Holmes, Head Curator. Frederick W. True, Head Curator. 
(a) Division of Ethnology: (a) Division of Mammals: 
0. T. Mason, Curator. Frederick W. True, Acting Curator. 
Walter Hough, Assistant Curator. G.S. Miller, jr., Assistant Curator. 
F. H. Cushing, Collaborator. D. W. Prentiss, Aid. 
J.W. Fewkes, Collaborator. (b) Division of Birds: 
(b) Division of Historie Archceology: Robert Ridgway, Curator. 
Paul Haupt, Honorary Curator. Charles W. Richmond, Assistant Cura- 
Cyrus Adler Honorary Assistant Curator. tor. 
I. M. Casanowiez, Aid. J. H. Riley, Aid. 
(c) Division of Prehistoric Archeology: Section of Birds Eggs: 
Thomas Wilson, Curator. William L. Ralph, Custodian. 
(d) Division of Technology (Mechanical phases): (ec) Division of Reptiles and Batrachians: 
; J. i. Watkins. Curator. Leonhard Stejneger, Curator. 
Section of Electricity: (d) Division of Fishes: 
G. C. Maynard, Custodian. Tarleton H. Bean, Honorary Curator. 
(e) Division of Graphic Arts: Barton A. Bean, Assistant Curator. 
S. R. Koehler, Honorary Curator. (e) Division of Mollusks: : : 
Section of Photography: William H. Dall, Honorary Curator. 
T. W. Smillie, Custodian. C. T. Simpson, Aid. 
(f) Division of Medicine: Paul Bartsch, Aid. 
J.M. Flint, U.S. N., Honorary Curator. (f) Division of Insects: 
(g) Division of Religions: L. O. Howard, Honorary Curator. 
Section of Historie Religious Ceremonials: W.H. Ashmead, Assistant Curator. 
Cyrus Adler, Custodian. Rh. P. Currie, Aid. 
(h) Division of History and Biography: Section of Hymenoptera: 
Section of American ITistory: W.H. Ashmead, In charge. 
A. H. Clark, Custodian. Section of Myriapoda: 
Paul Beckwith, Aid. | O. F. Cook, Custodian. 


1 The organization of the staff for the year ending June 30, 1897, is printed in Appendix I. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 7 


Screntiric STAFF—Continued. 


DEPARTMENT OF BroLoGy—Continued. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY: 
Section of Diptera: George P. Merrill, Head Curator. 
D. W. Coquillett, Custodian. (a) Division of Physical and Chemical Geology 
Section of Coleoptera: (Systematic and Applied): 
W. A. Schwarz, Custodian. George P. Merrill, Curator. 
Section of Lepidoptera : | , Assistant Curator. 
Harrison G. Dyar, Custodian. W.H. Newhall, Aid. 
(q) Division of Marine Invertebrates : (b) Division of Mineralogy : 
Richard Rathbun, Honorary Curator. | F. W. Clarke, Honorary Curator. 
J. E. Benedict, First Assistant Curator. | Wirt Tassin, Assistant Curator. 
M. J. Rathbun, Second Assistant Curator. | Rev. Dr. L. T. Chamberlain, Custodian 
Section of ITelminthological Collections : of Gems and Precious Stones. 
C. W. Stiles, Custodian. (c) Division of Stratigraphic Palzontology : 
(h) Division of Comparative Anatomy : Charles D. Walcott, Honorary Curator. 
Frederic A. Lucas, Curator. Charles Schuchert, Assistant Curator. 
(i) Division of Plants (National Herbarium): Section of Vertebrate Fossils: 
Frederick V. Coville, Honorary Curator. | O. C. Marsh, Honorary Curator. 
J.N. Rose, Assistant Curator. F. A. Lueas, Acting Assistant Curator. 
C. L. Pollard, Assistant Curator. Section of Invertebrate Fossils : 
O. F. Cook, Assistant Curator. ’ Paleozoic: Charles Schuchert, Custodian. 
Miss Carrie Harrison, Aid. Mesozoic: T. W. Stanton, Custodian. 
Section of Forestry : | Cenozoic: W. H. Dall, Associate Cura- 
B. E. Fernow, Honorary Curator. tor. 
Section of Alge: | Section of Paleo-botany: 
W. T. Swingle, Custodian. Lester F. Ward, Associate Curator. 
Section of Lower Fungi: F. H. Knowlton, Custodian of Mesozoic 
D. G. Fairchild, Custodian. Plants. 
Associates in Zoology (Honorary) : David White, Custodian of Paleozoic 
Theodore N. Gill. Plants. 
C. Hart Merriam. | Associate in Paleontology (Honorary) : 
R. E. C. Stearns. Charles A. White. 


ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. 


Chief Clerk, W. V. Cox. 

Chief of Buildings and Superintendence, J. E. Watkins. 
Chiet of Correspondence and Documents, R. I. Geare. 
Photographer, T. W. Smillie. 

Registrar, 8. C. Brown. 

Disbursing Clerk, W. W. Karr. 

Property Clerk. W. A. Knowles (Ac ting). 

Librarian, Cyrus Adler. 

Assistant Librarian, N. P. Scudder. 

Editor, Mareus Benjamin. 


Work of the Museum.—Thus far, reference has been made to the origin 
and growth of the collections, and to the plans adopted for their proper 
installation and exhibition. There are, however, other functions of the 
Museum which have been brought into operation from time to time 
with a special view to aiding the scientific work of students and inves- 
tigators. Thus, during the year covered by this report, nearly 27,000 
geological and biological specimens, selected from the duplicates, were 
(distributed to universities, colleges, and in a less degree to normal 
schools also. The publications of the Museum, consisting of the 
Annual Report, Proceedings and Bulletins, are distributed as freely as 
the limited editions will permit, to libraries and individuals, both at 
home and abroad. The constantly increasing requests for the identifi- 
cation of specimens are invariably complied with, except when analyses 
of geological specimens are desired. These the Museum can not make, 


8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


as it has no facilities for doing such work, nor is it considered expedi- 
ent that the curators should expend their time in assaying material 
sent for the purpose of furthering purely commercial interests. The 
thousands of letters containing requests for information on almost 
every conceivable topic are all carefully answered. These now number 
from 12,000 to 15,000 a year. Not only is much of the time of the 
curators consumed in furnishing data for replies, but where the request 
shows a bona fide desire for scientific information, publications bearing 
upon the subject are carefully selected and forwarded, free of charge, 
to the applicant. 

Additional remarks on the work of the Museum in public education 
may be found on pages 18-20 of the Report of the National Museum 
for 1895. 

The library of the Museum, which was established primarily as. an 
aid to the curators in their Musern work, is now under excellent con- 
troland is inereasing rapidly. Sectional libraries have been established 
in every department and section, whereby each curator has close at hand 
such books as he may desire to consult in his special field of work. 
The privileges of consulting the books in the main collection are freely 
extended to a limited number of persons who, although not officially 
connected with the Museum, have given satisfactory evidence of their 
desire to avail themselves of the benefits to be derived from access to 
the library. 

Popular courses of lectures have been frequently provided, and, in 
addition, the lecture hall has been placed at the disposal of societies 
desiring to hold their meetings in the Museum, or to give lectures on 
special educational topics. 

To sum up the policy and aims of the Museum, it may be said that 
the leading ideas kept in mind are to aid in the education and eleva- 
tion of the masses, and to promote the advancement of scientific 
research, (1) through the medium of the collections exhibited; (2) by 
affording to specialists access to the “reserve” collections; (3) by the 
identification of specimens; (4) through the agency of the library; (5) 
by the donation of specimens to educational institutions; (6) by the 
distribution of its publications; (7) by its lecture courses, and (8) by 
imparting special information through correspondence. 


II.—SPECIAL TOPICS OF THE YEAR. 


THE MUSEUM STAFF. 


Dr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, in charge of the National Museum, died on September 6, 1896. An 
extended account of the life and services of this eminent naturalist and 
museum administrator will be found in another volume of this report. 
The affairs of the Museum were administered by Dr. Frederick W. 
True, Executive Curator, until January 27, 1897, when the present 
Acting Assistant Secretary was appointed to take charge. 

Mr. W. ©. Winlock, honorary curator of physical apparatus, died on 
September 20, at Bay Head, New Jersey. 

The superintendent of buildings, Mr. Henry Horan, died on Septem- 
ber 29. A new division, that of Buildings and Superintendence, was 
organized on October 19, to take the place of the former department of 
Buildings and Labor, and Mr. J. E. Watkins, curator of the technolog- 
ical collections, was placed in charge. 

Maj. Charles Bendire, U. S. A., honorary curator of birds’ eggs, died 
on February 4, at Jacksonville, Florida. 

Dr. F. W. True was appointed Representative of the Smithsonian 
Institution and National Museum for the Tennessee Centennial Expo- 
sition, which opened at Nashville, Tenn., May 1,1897. Mr. W. V. Cox 
was assigned to special duty in connection with the same Exposition 
on January 27. On February 2 Mr. J. L. Willige was designated acting 
chief clerk. 

On June 6 Dr. Leonhard Stejneger and Mr. F. A, Lucas were detailed 
temporarily, by order of the President of the United States, for duty 
on the Alaska Fur-Seal Investigation Commission. 

Mr. J. N. Rose and Mr. C. L. Pollard, assistant curators in the depart- 
ment of botany, were transferred from the Department of Agriculture 
to the Museum roll. Prof. O. F. Cook was appointed assistant curator, 
and Miss Carrie Harrison, aid, in the same department. 

Mr. T. W. Smillie was designated custodian of the photographic col- 
lections on July 15. 

Rev. Dr. L. T. Chamberlain, of New York City, was placed in charge 
of the collection of gems and precious stones on January 11. 

Mr. M. L. Linell, aid in the department of insects, died on May 3. 

9 


10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Dr. I. M. Casanowicz was appointed aid on August 12, 1896. 
A list of the officers of the Museum, corrected to June 30, 1897, is 
printed in Appendix I. 


ACCESSIONS TO THE COLLECTIONS. 


There has been an increase of more than 50 per cent in the number 
of specimens received during the year, as compared with 1896, the total 
having been 111,910. The number of accessions or lots of material 
shows an increase of 168, giving a total of 1,467 accessions for the year 
just closed. The increase is most apparent in the departments of 
botany, insects, mollusks, geology, prehistoric anthropology, and orien- 
tal antiquities, and in the section of helminthology and the historical 
collections. The total number of specimens in the Museum is now esti- 
mated to be 3,720,237. The figures for each department are given in 
the appended tables. 


Number of specimens received in 1896-97. 


Department. Specimens. 
Arts and industries : 
Btaterin medica: Vai 5 6 22 ees nance tatwe ee eee esrecid scion cine ests, cane SOE a eee eee eels 5 
Animal products 2:22.232642-b -lwitoa saeco s bss aac oes titece oss - cee see eee eE eo eee eee 1 
Graphiciante’s «53 2ae5 can ie saecee Son cee ate co tots eee ee See ce ee oa eet 2 
‘Transportation and engineering 52 -c2eacu2- 2S. aces Sols oc eee dies oct eee eee 3 
Electrical collections -...-. eR sob atch ccieebe ohio ces spe emsiae oaaeee aes coe aoe Eee eee 253 
Nawal arehitectar@uca.: sececace we aoncmneaescme aint ses von Davee roe mat as Smee eee 5 
Historical collections) 2042 -2s4 Hee 5 Sooo erence tap eet ee eee eee ee ee B, 441 
Photegraphic collections :.2 22) .< .olsmie coc ec cnloiak won 2 Sach eee ones ese ees aes eee 47 
Musical instruments :23.022 =< a oes ka soda bse se cca ke en Gcee aa ae ecee ae oe ne Dene eee 50 
Modern pottery, porcelain, bronzesete.-2-1--s2-525---2-2 2. secs a seees oe ce ee eee 143 
Physical apparatus =. sob2.225 the... secsn'sacecee tb owcisscise cs ocetee cone eean sees 1 
Moniesticianimals fn. 25.2 Sth woe coon cteee see en Sac de cake ae eee eee 2 
HGH OlO Rye oh oat Same oe ee ig ey wie ree oes Ooo SSS St mania sare STEs ioce See Eee 1, 600 
Pueblo collection............. oe eee ete at a tes Os aetnatire dmtcausee ain acetic See aa area ee 2, 234 
Oriental antiquities and religious ceremonials ........-----.-------+--+------2+cee+---e-- 628 
Prehistoric anthropology --.------- Bee eer ee ee ap a eee nee a@ 13, 840 
Mammals i(skins/and /aleoholics)2.2ss2s--5: 22 -ncose ace eases ease sre Deca es aaa aera eis 1, 011 
Birds 222acc chew cece dad scoscad aes sede was Paws pee ce kinsatbe nan hehe Obes aoe See e Meee | 4, 947 
BITS? OPPS ANG MEAS q.oeme oes o mess Sotto Soe sere elas ols cid seals te see ereie mnie eer ee 940 
Reptiles:and, batvachians' 2222-22. cossecee see es tece oe oie ae eee tae eee tae eee 1, 158 
Wishes 250 352 eeee ese arc ee ee rE eS ee ee ee eee 2,110 
IMONUSKSs 22055 20.5 Sek So Sa aces aon cee ea oe Se Sew e Sin ee eee oe eine eee eee er eee sates 10, 400 
NNSCCHS SW ose cook sacele Fase We eee eee en UR knee nine eee eee at neem eee ene mies eo 13, 217 
Marine invertebrates: 225 cose se saccee bateee ace mete ee eee is near ae meas eee eran ale 2, 371 
Hehnintholorical collections.222--6<sosencinwceente seer oe eons sehen ame Sete b 2, 949 
Comparative anatomy : 
Miammalls::.- 2 Scinsco0cnw secs odes odes os cae acetate Sane ele e sem Sacer eee | 
Bind Sat ies ee = = tegen ac eat ete are weet eae re ts es eee eel renee tear Foes! 
: 2 | 110 
Reptiles and hbatrachians'.-fc.s-\-casee sae cee ee eee oe oe ae oe ee ae ere as Sees 
Bish6ss2-0ace05 52 asaeeh dias tee Fak S eae Asoc ee hence a pea eee a enere | 


aIn addition, a large quantity of aboriginal pottery, estimated at 20,000 specimens, has been trans- 
ferred to this department. 
b Number of catalogue entries during the year. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Number of specimens received in 1896-97—Continued. 


11 


Department. Specimens. 
Paleontology : 
SR Hee OGRE Ser eerste anes ce nenn nie coon «eae ender = ceww eb ae na a cmnmem ane ane 
tS Pe ETDS ron) CUE Nee EE, Se eS a ey eee AO NS a See 
TRATEG CIM tel t ls Sh Cee ee OEE Sie ieee coer eee ere 
INARA hata Slt ent ee on eee cen eed Sasi eee ans B 5, 300 
OST 20 SS See nn Bete eee ea eS RS I enn er oe | 
TORS UT) Cin Se Re ae Ee Oe: ORC EES ORE a ees Seis Ea aes Sr eine een Soe 
RIUM G PANS oy oe ee oi oe ae sein wae wwe wim ten = a ae nas ona manent 40, 000 
(Cr Tie set Say SEs ae Ses a ee ea Se ere. Ape OC eon ER Tae aer 1, 341 
(TUT Seon CR Re: At Soe SSeS OO ean Se SCS Tre Se Or MOC ee oe 3, 801 
RRO eee nee Sten fe eh te eae ee nec carckind socepe ta eee mowa ole seme mates eters 111, 910 
ee 2: inl ae z pees = 
Number of specimens in the departments of the Musewm on June 50, 1897. 
Department. Specimens. 
Arts and industries : 
Materia medica ----....--- 2-2-2202 202 nnn on oa enn nn ene we nee enna sese nee 6, 330 
DUGG apt: pas SR en I A oe he Pe le eee Seer eee ee ee 1,114 
JUSS as ee ee ee ee eee se BN eer Saye Smeal oe ee 4, 942 
MBIIGIGN ae — 3 oo See eer a woe sane e ee maces ncaameme cin Poae scenes mien cin‘cele saan 10, 080 
JSS TEE TS opel (eC: a es a ARO ee See ee ee nee eo aE er 3, 040 
RoR CARES else mere nae ee a a weenie ao elew wale ee eerie moe <= ema nmna a mnnn ne oma = wm 5, 622 
Sire) AS See 6 SOS ae See anes SESE oe Sen sa SRS EEe Ceara IOS cea ss Scr tor tt-p se] 749 
Transportation and engineering -.....-.----------------------+ e222 22222222 eee eee 1,914 
MiBeiiCal COUBGWOUN ss) essce. ce nel meee e cee wear basa sans ence een emomen eee esas ae 395 
tavalarcniiectnee.: eases tena nee a ke ae ene eo eo nase ee renmema==a—=e— 5 1, 336 
IM TIO CMOGhIGNS te co 4c cael on ae See mora he oo nas nena tiet an ee ane eames ee ~ 34, 790 
Photographic collections -.-- ~~. .-- 2... <= oe an soon n i een nw wn new nee enn= 1, 28:4 
VETTES ed SEN TET TIOS oe aoe a= Sa ee ee ee caren ome ease mma maaan m=" 1, 393 
Modern pottery, porcelain, bronzes, etc....-.---..------ 2-22-20 ee eee ene eee een eee eee 4,008 
ReGtib es AIG VOR ce ee = ee mam ce nw ses nei el ea alien ein mien gee = minim ia'= 197 
Physical apparatus .......- Soe SRA Bt Dk uh es Soe a SS pane? es eee 367 
MTA BIT ETI Nh Seee ee eee cae aes na eee eee ieee ance cana las eeininlewe ase seamen N Lie 
Bboruicalernducte esse: nese a een ae at eee oe eee acne ae woes J 
MINES GISANTINGI) 222 Soe a ae ee ee ee ae eae eine eaeiasa aueeite Jbian age == 219 
RETR eee ea ee eens eee eee oa Mere aoe in Scien es ae aaee ese nas =. 430, 070 
cv TEU Cem RET ey 1 a tw ee eee wh or Re ORO poco see Ea eae res @17, 155 
Oriental antiquities and religious ceremonials .......-----------------+--0--+------se200- 3, 648 
PPB LOEIG ANGHTOPOOMN vet = 25 = 0s sansa sas phn see w nie oe win p= to as Seen ean ese alnweinsa cen a 250, 256 
Mammals | (Gkins and’ alcoholics)... -.-< 00) on. es < = aoe econ esd aa meer ceceaewamsen ances +~ sine 16, 223 
RE ee he REE E ee oka Re A Sa seinen Commarea eta sis moines naw aaatemiasl clas 104, 487 
RCM POR ANN GSU amar beeen SS a tn oceans eclaaies paecien a see a calneeenies wnasa nowcms 62, 887 
Reepinlesind PAtraGhiane.<- oo eas--e cya he ne snes Sense eae wo oe cee ae ea eee =n 36, 777 
AS ee ee oo OS a ee a at Se eS te ee ass 150, 000 
MEOUMBES =o. -5.- 22 3% Ree te ate ga Ort: Se ae OE es ae ee OS nee hae Sate ale.5 632, 300 
Saar ee Peer eet Ce en SNe eae eee toda sae warascakawekciaas se 643, 000 
IPC pet NEE ese tee ee oe een es ee ee eee ee ae ee ake tno sae awe 528, 700 
GUN EUGLOMIOAD COMED GION 6 an acne aetna Sone wanes ean mace caje === Mas b 4, 499 
Comparative anatomy : 
OU AUINGS fis cece ee ee PEA e Be eee et BAPE er ee ieee peer \ 15. 395 
LTE TIES TN Gone Sa ey en A ig eee er Ce ee ee eee rea J 


aThe prehistoric pottery, with the exception of the pueblo series, has been transferred to the 
department of prehistoric anthropology. The number of specimens transferred is estimated at 20,000. 
b Number of catalogue entries to June 30, 1897. 


12 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Number of specimens in the departments of the Museum on June 30, 1897—Continued. 


Department. Specimens. 
Paleontology: 
Vere lrato LONSIIS> os oe ance ocle sales Romine ean es mine eins ee atee sete ete ae retelsie letters 
Tn COTTON LALO LOSSLLS oe c cesta Soke ceca eo ee aptada ie teem laters eS aetne tes © Boe rote eater aaa aia aint sioiectorstars Bee, 112 
Difay ebb) Pree ren ARES Ee BOR See ee rm Sac tad See Cpe octamer sob aap ste sence nose 
Recent pPlantyess-o- pace oe one ot ea oe eles me een eaters iat Oe a a Porat tee renal it 318, 733 
iY, (FEST 277: RR Se Eg Fa RE Ne Be as Att Ta Sh eS tN ee ee ee 28, 898 
(OP=0) (0S ete ae Be Se OS eS SCROSe CEE OOGir BH Or cOsteo sec UEC SSmBSooncGaa eg saesscoserae ss 76, 205 
Aa 1) Ee Res AIC Ce SSS SES SOC BE ERIC SEBO on AS Sano OL ce timO Scie DOUTOCUCSOeTeE Goa 3, 720, 237 
The following table shows the number of accessions annually since 
1881: 
Weeocttan Number of 
Year. numbers Seite 
(inclusive). ane year. 
LBS Soe c at aaw cn ect Se eteueer te apc ws sce acces sam ewliecas so celes asics sam ee ee 9890-11000 1h 
LESD Secaan s Thao s,caawe ee See NSR aac mese ome nriotionsemmce acta Ouse ees tee cree wie | 11001-12500 1, 500 
PRBS S ovo Sa lsaaie oc coum vc a eletclele «stasis ose a ae Sie ma Siojelals essa w cielo ae cleisie eice ene 12501-13900 1, 400 
1 its 8 Be Sp A keh ot res icp Eek Sent Al ree eRe att Rela AAA Oe Ee Omen | 18901-15550 1, 650 
LESS (MARAT (0G NG) ak arto) eact ans oe ae eee esteem nee cece manila iatee | 15551-16208 658 
MOR Gy faite a aevok oe nyoe a Gel eiain Se at in aise abe aloete enolate oe = icone eS eigneeats ee cleeaie 16209-17704 1, 496 
WOT... tee ace te cae sce eo ere Macnee atte tan Sobek oe Sow eco soe Seen dane eee 17705-19350 1, 646 
WSSS.E 2 can sin wae oc tesae dete neces cemace canaencmseec Scot oo cencesmasmeecis 2 se 19351-20831 1, 481 
WEBOC. ao 5 Sse ces ma tanye Sake cricet tin cela e ns mac octeptns Hea baie sence cmee 20832-22178 1, 347 
NS90 cia oa) cave tamale em eee wa aleee tome ses en Oa ee ORES Sem See a ae anise peters 22179-23340 1, 162 
WB OMe coe: ora ciata See wee oats | Smee et SLE era ORS SAVE eh mec Ee ere aera ctor Baas eer ete eee | 23341-24527 1, 187 
USO So ste stbu cra 2 Seats Fetes eee e cide ateee clas ee ates aia eistom are ees 24528-25884 1, 357 
MBS Crome ane tee oe Se sen ceteris in CMe eels ae ee SR ee aaenie NGray one Sie oe eee 25885-27150 1, 266 
WS OM —cmenin che chemise eda oae Mare c)oeasckite seecen nae sees cee aaaacee ue meee 27151-28311 1, 161 
AG OD 2% 5 orcas ict eee Se male aie ease ye ers aajegn ica eae) See ere estes cee eee Ee 28312-29534 it 223 
| ee Nh ge oh eee Maite en aN oe foment esl) Toe ccc eur 1, 299 
BOE Said Same lnet Setan ee slenisa oe ean sieves eal thine cma k Se oon ase Ee comes aoa 30834-32300 1, 467 


CATALOGUE ENTRIES. 


The number of catalogue entries made during the year wa 
more than double the number for the preceding year. The in 


A complete list of the accessions for the year is printed in Appendix II. 


8 67,097, 
crease is 


most apparent in the departments of prehistoric anthropology, paleon- 
I - 


tology, and mammals. 
in the following table: 


The entry figures for each collection are given 


Arts and industries: 
Materia medica 
Graphic arts 


Department. Entries. 
aie wiatain)ataimin win sinin's eiwinia'a mdi oioimisin ais a sine Simei ales ene ee ee oi tao See 5 
Binwin}ain/ejeio{ara\ecain niin ieleeimtae n/a alee mania ee ee See EEC SEER ee ence ee 2 
Lransportahon-and’en gineGrin gi. = 2-secons 2 ese e eee eee ere eee ee eee 3 
RineWls bs daalda nena ojos cies a’nial oleae a <lewas ale mwas aasaeeten sere icte Saale 276 


Electrical collections 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 13 


Catalogue entries—Continued., 


Department. Entries. 


Arts and industries—Continued. 
Ea UOC N GE ts code Stree eens ie tae RG nee loom avec ons ce te wwcrn'ss codssbcrdens 5 
SONS SRE CUO Crepe Ba Ae ae Reh Ses REE AORN Eee A Se oat pt a a ee ge 441 
IG L TH RUE oe aie Pe ete soot ett or omemi= Sa Soe aioe eae = eke Dene om eee 39 
REO Ord NOULery, POLcelains DLONZES, OUG.—- 9 <sro tence cago boa wine van ome wn wei es ope en 120 
ioe CIR = sae | ee aa ek EE Se = SRR eee EP NR i Oe ee | 1 
PCRS SAUMET TA LN Oe oe Se eater ie ee see ea eval eee aree Geet tinde tavcope cence wets es 2 
LP TUNPESS Shoe Be eS ae SR DEAE Os St Ae A EE OOSEA ESE SER SESE EOS sae 895 
MEET OROLIGCI OY: 5 poe en Oc sn ae ew me Row eee Sow tans wees saseteeeusosstiess ponents 1, 826 
Oriental antiquities and religious ceremonials -..--......2.-. 2-2-2. + s-s20e- ee see et ences 50 
See ECE AG ELUNE NO LOE Veena ae eee ceed anon ene oie oa oe ae i ents 5 sere ore ee oe 22, 210 
IIASA Ant AICONOLIGR) <eodees scene oes Sere S ace obec uetees etal ee ee 11, 079 
NN rae wen Sra rn as a Se ae eas aa ya caec ban ast moe teere eacue Bae | 4, 947 
UE Ce URES BAS BRS Sat oy Soe to SEE Oe SS anc ESO SSA SaaS EER AEE NE Sree 300 
De ero PALEAG UD ANA eect se heen acim teat ogee tere come ae aia iy ae eens ws 1158 
ILLES aenetyesds Amie ed pe ei een i ra Anaemia erie. deste 784 
BOTS TRS it Soe BIE BIS EE 2 Oe a es ee ee ae ee 2, 808 
UO AE te ASABE SSE BS a ae Al ae en ec ee ee gee eee eee ee 239 
PPE RRRSTERAN UU CAITR TIDA Gna eetrt n ee oe I R  e  Se aie een seas Uh ee Sas 825 
Helminthological PS LEAL TE eee toe ho ry ee ae ee =n Beye cee 2 ee Se 2,949 
Comparative anatomy : 
TNR De eons ee Sain a ho oe ee a a a ss be owns a eos oases eee beans seem 
SA SCER cae Ee oreo dia ee noe Sela tees aie seus Soe adceeedinesc eee ee 
Reptiles and batrachians......-...-.- 2 EPS AEC Be SEAS I te Be a Sy I ee ie ms 
LU ISEG SSS SEE ER SE a ASE Re ae ee ee eae 
Paleontology: 
Mertebrate Ossie. 5 22552) sone ceseas sas cee <5 Se aaa ae ee aa eae 
POORENtODIGO TOSSING hee = oom Sen cpeintwara mea aaeele ie a aio onise aac bace saesa Seale sage 
RS ELL ZAN Clr eer oar he ree Me he Ses he ne Ba ie eee RL Se ee Em Ne 
IUCR te et es Irs Pp RRR PN, Nn ce Pe gy Re eS ee ec 14, 723 
GTI TANIO a Sea ire aes SNS ete re a Ses Ste ae Se SE SEL SR by oases 
RUCHED LANG a sis ase ae aetna oc eo oat oat act oe sec ce Benes we ssnvn sen bands sleds 
RCRGREA CALE Acree arate Ne Bere en oem ae ay ie ee os sinle ie! Sx cowie, SoS aco oe se 374 
o EMR: Lic. GB Rey ae Si I et ee ee ee eee 532 
MEME SO ea einen tet Jae ae ate siate ieee fe aman ae eee 2k oo eee sec ce oes ce seU uses teetaecce. 394 
LGR ok seek Re ere ee Oe ll a eS ee ee Se ty a te ee eh Ae ae eee 67, 097 


APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1897-98. 


The appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, are as 
follows: 


PERC LNCcINONEO RECO UP OLLOUN ao. ate nm neha nin REO eee oe ee ea A $160, 000 
2 TM asl BICEP EEN L a TB 1a oS eee al aa ae eR” cy ey Ae ON eee 30, 000 
MMC DME RO METI) 2 Ce FACS. Soa a. Snes Bee eee ks ec oe Sans 14, 000 
I EaRE NISL IRQ 5 0) SS eet 2 beet eh eee a aks 4, 000 
RUT ca Ba ct oh asi GD pM ise Sd tele Ba oa ki Sain a «2 2, 000 
i EN EE OS ee ee ee yee Se eh ee re 500 
COOLING TE So 5 2s 2a Se gel ag cha Ss AS ot a ee 8, 000 
LCR Ligs 2.5 re ip Relea gd est lk td eal i a ele a 2,500 
SDE SOG ch Sg a TIRE cee Te eo 12, 000 


PGE ECS Se EEN ne ey Reo ee oe ee es lates ee 233, 000 


14 REPORT Of NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


This is an inerease of $25,275 over the appropriation for the fiscal 
year just closed. The increase in the regular appropriation, however, 
is only $7,775, the remainder ($17,500) being for the removal of sheds 
and the purchase of furniture and fixtures for the galleries. 


EXCHANGES OF SPECIMENS WITH INSTITUTIONS AND INDIVIDUALS 
ABROAD. 


The exchanges which have occurred during the year with foreign 
museums and individuals have resulted in the acquisition of some very 
desirable material. Natural history specimens, as well as ethnological 
material, have been received from museums and individuals in differ- 
ent parts of the world. The principal exchanges, arranged to cor- 
respond with the order ot the departments in the Museum, are here 
briefly referred to. 

Mammals.—A skull of a bison has been sent to Mr. J. MeNaught 
Campbell, Kelingrove Museum, Glasgow, Scotland, in return for arche- 
ological objects already received. 

A specimen of Tamias and one of Sciwrus have been received from 
Mr. G. D. Wilder, Pekin, China, for which birds’ skins have been sent 
in return. . 

From the Berlin Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany, a specimen 
of Monophyllus redmanni has been transmitted by Dr. Paul Matschie, 
in exchange for a specimen of [schnoglossa nivalis. 

Birds.—One hundred and seventy-two birds’ skins from South Africa 
have been received from the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South 
Africa, Dr. S. Schénland, director, in continuation of exchanges. An 
equivalent in birds’ skins from the United States, Bahamas, and 
Labrador has been sent. 

Prof. Jean Stolzman transmitted from the Branicki Museum, War- 
saw, Russia, 152 birds’ skins from Peru and Transecaspia, in continua- 
tion of exchanges. 

Five birds’ skins from Hungary have been received from Mr. Stefan 
Chernel von Chernelhaza, Készeg, Hungary, in return for material 
already forwarded by the Museum. 

Ten specimens of redpolls have been received from Mr. J. H. Fleming, 
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Seven birds’ skins have been transmitted 
inreturn. Birds’ skins from British Columbia have been received from 
the Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, through Mr. John 
Fannin. An equivalent in birds’ skins has been sent in return. 

A specimen of Mixornis everetti and a specimen of Conurus xantho- 
genis have been received from the Tring Museum, Tring, England. An 
equivalent has been transmitted. 

From Mr. Victor Ritter von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, Hallein, Hun- 
gary, have been received 17 birds’ skins, for which an equivalent has 
been sent, 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 15 


From Mr. G. D. Wilder, Pekin, China, have been received 53 birds’ 
skins, for which a collection of similar material has been transmitted 
in exchange. 

Reptiles and batrachians.—A specimen of Crotalus confluentus has 
been sent to Mr. J. McNaught Campbell, Kelingrove Museum, Glas- 
gow, Scotland, in return for archieological objects received from him. 

Fishes.—A collection of Gobioid and Blennioid fishes has been trans- 
mitted to the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Mr. R. 
Etheridge, jr., curator, in continuation of exchanges. 

Fishes representing 16 species have been forwarded to the Museo 
Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy, Marquis Giacomo Doria, 
director, in continuation of exchanges. 

A small collection of fishes has been received from the Museum of 
Natural History, Lyons, France, Mr. L. Lortet, director, in continua- 
tion of exchanges, and as a special return for fishes sent in 1895. 

Gobioid fishes, representing 13 species, have been sent to Prof. F. A. 
Smitt, director, Zoological Museum, Stockholm, Sweden. 

Mollusks.—Dr. R. Koehler, Lyons, France, transmitted 3 species of 
mollusks in continuation of exchanges. 

Shells have been received from the Royal Academy of Science and 
Arts, Barcelona, Spain, Senor Arturo Bofill, secretary, and specimens 
of fossils and shells have been sent in return. 

From Mr. Henry Sutor, Christchurch, New Zealand, have been 
received three alcoholic specimens of Unios and Unio shells. Unios 
from North America have been sent in exchange. 

Insects.—To Dr. H. Friese, Innsbruck, Austria, have been sent 461 
_ Specimens of hymenoptera, representing 203 species. 

One hundred and seventy-two specimens of Brazilian lepidoptera, 
representing 115 species, have been received from Mr. J. G. Foetterle, 
Petropolis, Brazil, for which publications will be sent in return. 

Rev. J. H. Keen, Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Colum- 
bia, has transmitted specimens of rare coleoptera, for which a partial 
return has been made. 

From the Museum of Natural History, Geneva, Switzerland, through 
Dr. N. d’Adelung, have been received 84 specimens of orthoptera. 
Crustaceans have been sent in return. 

Marine invertebrates.—Crustaceans representing 9 species have been 
received from the British Museum of Natural History, Sir William 
Flower, director, in continuation of exchanges. 

Mr. H. Farquhar, department of lands and surveys, Wellington, New 
Zealand, has transmitted echinoderms from New Zealand, for which a 
specimen of Asterias rupicola has been sent in return. 

- From Dr. R. Koehler, Lyons, France, have been received 21 species 
of marine invertebrates from the Gulf of Gascogne, in continuation of 
exchanges, 

A collection of crustaceans has been received from Prof. Wilhelm 


16 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Leche, Stockholm, Sweden, in return for material already forwarded 
by the Museum. 

From the Museum of Natural History, Geneva, Switzerland, crusta- 
ceans have been received, and similar material has been sent in return. 

Crabs, representing 72 species, have been received from the Museum 
of Natural History, Paris, France, Dr. A. Milne-Edwards, director. 
One hundred and thirty-nine crabs, from the United States, Mexico, 
Central America, and the West Indies, have been sent in exchange. 

Thirty-two species of crabs have been received from the Royal 
Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany, Prof. Karl Mobius, director, in 
continuation of exchanges. 

The Royal Zoological Museum, Turin, Italy, transmitted decapod and 
other crustaceans in continuation of exchanges. 

A collection of crustaceans has been received from the Zoological 
Institute, Kiel, Germany, Dr. K. Brandt, director, in return for crinoids, 
holothurians, and crabs recently forwarded by the Museum. 

Thirty-two species of crabs have been received from the Zoological 
Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark, in return for crustaceans. 

Helninthology.—Parasitic worms have been received in exchange 
from Dr. M. Kowalewski, Dublany pres Léopol, Galicia, Austria, Prof. 
A. Railliet, Alfort, France, and Prof. Dr. F. Zschokke, Basel, Switzer- 
land. 

Comparative anatomy.—The skeleton of a sea otter has been received 
from Mr. J. M. Macoun, Geological Museum, Ottawa, Canada, for which 
a suitable return has been made. 

Paleontology.—A collection of fossils has been sent to Dr. Hermann 
Credner, Paleontological Institute, Leipsic, Germany, in return for 
material already received from him. 

A collection of English carboniferous pelecypods, representing 36 
species, has been received from Dr. Wheelton Hind, Stoke-upon-Trent, 
England, for which fossil pelecypods have been sent in return. 

Cambrian fossils have been sent to the Museum of Natural History, 
Paris, France, Dr. A. Milne-Edwards, director, in exchange for material 
already received. 

From the Oxford University Museum, Oxford, England, have been 
received, through Dr. E. S. Goodrich, three casts of Stonefield fossil 
mammals and a cast of Sphenodon punctatus, for which an equivalent 
has been sent. 

Shells and fossils have been forwarded to the Royal Academy of 
Science and Arts, Barcelona, Spain, Senor Arturo Bofill, secretary, in 
return for Mesozoic fossils. 

botany.—Through the Department of Agriculture a collection of 
dried plants has been received from Mr. R. T. Baker, Sydney, New - 
South Wales. ; 

From Mr. Alex. Batalin, St. Petersburg, Russia, have been received 
specimens of dried plants from Brazil and other localities, in return 
for which botanical specimens have been sent. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 17 


From the Botanical Museum, Berlin, Germany, a collection of plants 
from the Argentine Republic and Brazil and specimens of Angelica 
medicana have been received. An equivalent has been sent in return. 

Dr. E. Warming, director Botanical Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark, 
transmitted a large collection of herbarium specimens in continuation 
of exchanges. 

From Dr. A. Brick, Hamburg, Germany, has been received, through 
the Department of Agriculture, specimens of plants from Australia, 
Africa, and Europe. 

Botanical specimens have been sent to Mons. Casimir de Candolle, 
Geneva, Switzerland, as an equivalent for material already received. 

One hundred and seven specimens of dried plants have been received 
from Mons. C. Copineau, Doullens, Somme, France. 

Specimens of Umbelliterze have been sent to Mr. Oscar Druda, direc- 
tor Botanical Gardens, Dresden, Germany, in return for botanical 
specimens. 

sotanical specimens have been transmitted to Prof. James Fowler, 
Kingston, Ontario, Canada, in return for material already received. 

A specimen of Sucoglottis amazonica Mart. has been received in 
exchange from Mr. J. H. Hart, Botanical Garden, Trinidad, West Indies. 

Specimens of Juniperus occidentalis have been received in exchange 
from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. 

Botanical specimeus have been sent in coutinuation of exchanges to 
Prof. Dr. H. Pittier, Instituto Fisico-geogratico Nacional, San José, 
Costa Rica. 

Mons. 8. E. Lassimonne, Moulins (Allier), France, has transmitted 
2235 plants in continuation of exchanges. 

From Baron Ferd. von Miiller, Melbourne, Australia, have been 
received in exchange several collections of Australian plants. 

Botanical specimens have been forwarded to Mr. G. R. M. Murray, 
British Museum, London, England, and to Mr. José Ramirez, National 
Medical Institute, City of Mexico. 

From the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, India, botanical speci- 
mens have been received in continuation of exchanges. 

From the Imperial Royal Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, 
have been received 100 plants in continuation of exchanges. 

Collections of plants have been sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens, 
Kew, England, Dr. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, director, in continuation of 
exchanges. 

From the Tiroler Botaniker, Die Freie Vereinigung, Oberdrauthale, 
Karnten, Austria, Hans Simmer, secretary, have been received 118 
lichens, for which lichens, mosses, and ferns have been sent in return, 

From the Zurich Botanical Garden, Zurich, Switzerland, botanical 
specimens have been received, and a suitable equivalent transmitted in 
return. 

Prehistoric anthropology.—Mr. J. McNaught Campbell, Kelingrove 
Museum, Glasgow, Scotland, has received stone implements and shell 

NAT MUS 97——2 


18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


beads in exchange for material already transmitted to the U. S. 
National Museum. 

Ten knives, scrapers, and a chipped bowlder have been received from 
the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand, Mr. F. W. Hut- 
ton, curator, in continuation of exchanges. 

From Mr. J. de Morgan, Gizeh Museum, Egypt, a series of 252 speci- 
mens of prehistoric stone implements from Egypt has been received. 
An equivalent will be sent shortly. 

Archeological objects have been forwarded, in continuation of 
exchanges, to Prof. H. H. Giglioli, director of the Royal Zoological 
Museum, Florence, Italy. | 

Hthnology.—EKthnological objects have been received, in continuation 
of exchanges, from the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zea- 
land, Mr. F. W. Hutton, curator. 

From Mr. G. Colini, Museo Prehistorico Etnografico, Rome, Italy, a 
model of a throwing-stick obtained from the Ozonana Indians of the 
Amazon district has been received. A suitable return has been made. 

From the Royal Museum, Salford, Lancashire, England, Mr. B. H. 
Mullen, director, ethnological objects have been received in return for 
casts of prehistoric implements. . 

Oriental antiquities.—Highteen objects, illustrating Buddhistie wor- 
ship, have been received from St. John’s College, Shanghai, China, 
Rey. F. L. Hawks Pott, president, in return for casts of prehistoric 
objects and botanical specimens already transmitted. 

Minerals.—Mineralogical material has been received from the Royal 
Academy of Science and Arts, Barcelona, Spain, Senor Arturo Bofill, 
secretary, and shells and fossils have veen sent in return. 

Geology.—Specimens of nepheline-syenite and sodalite from York 
River, Dungannon, Ontario, Canada, have been received from Mr. 
F. D. Adams, MeGill University, Montreal, for which geological mate- 
rial has been sent, in care of Mr. Adams, to the Peter Redpath 
Museum, McGill University. 

Thirteen specimens of rocks have been received from Prof. H. 
Alleyne Nicholson, University, Aberdeen, Scotland, in exchange for 
geological material previously forwarded by the Museum. 


COOPERATION OF THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERN- 
MENT. 


The courteous assistance which has been rendered to the Museum by 
the State Department and other Executive Departments and bureaus 
of the Government has been instrumental in adding much valuable 
material to the collections. 

A collection of candlesticks and lamps obtained in China by Mr. A. 
EK. Hippisley, commissioner of customs in China, has been received 
through the Department of State. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 19 


Hon. W. W. Rockhill, Assistant Secretary of State, presented a 
Korean idol to the Museum. 

The Museum is much indebted to the Treasury Department for its 
continued assistance in connection with the prompt free entry of mate- 
rial from various foreign countries. 

Portraits of Franklin, Henry, Morse, and Kendall have been received 
from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. 

Dr. Stejneger and Mr. Lucas, members of the Fur-Seal Investigation 
Commission, were given permission by the Secretary of the Treasury 
to kill a limited number of fur-seals on the coast of Alaska for the 
National Museum. 

The Museum is indebted to Capt. J. J. Dunton, keeper, Life-saving 
station, Ocean City, Md., for a specimen of Angler, or Fishing Frog 
(Lophius piscatorius). 

Several officers of the U.S. Army have secured material of various 
kinds for the Museum, consisting of natural history and botanical 
specimens and ethnological objects. Among those who have shown 
special interest in behalf of the Museum are Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, Dr. 
W. H. Forwood, Dr. J. C. Merrill, Capt. J. W. Pope, Capt. W. L. Car- 
penter, Lieut. Wirt Robinson, and Lieut. H. L. Willoughby. Dr. E.R. 
Hodge, of the Army Medical Museum, contributed specimens of Con- 
federate paper money. 

From the U.S. Signal Office, Gen. A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer, 
was received the Beardslee magneto-dial telegraph instrument. 

The Museum is under obligations to several officers of the U.S. Navy 
for valuable contributions to the collections. Commander F. W. Dick- 
ins sent two clay pipes found in an Indian grave at Newport, Rhode 
Island. Commander 8. D. Sigsbee transmitted a specimen of sea-lily 
obtained from near Havana. Lieut. C. G. Calkins secured for the 
Museum a collection of bamboo objects from Japan and some musical 
instruments from China. 

Dr. James M. Flint has continued to act in the capacity of honorary 
curator of the section of materia medica. 

Large collections of geological and other material obtained by field 
parties and individual geologists have been transmitted to the Museum 
collections by the U.S. Geological Survey. Special mention should be 
made of the material obtained by Prof. I. W. Clarke, Dr. W. H. Dall, 
Dr. David T. Day, Mr. J. 8. Diller, Dr. W. F. Hillebrand, Dr. F. H. 
Knowlton, Whitman Cross, Dr. T. W. Stanton, David White, and 
others. Mr. Charles D. Walcott, Director of the Survey, transmitted 
gold-bearing quartz from Nevada. Large collections of Middle Cam- 
brian medusie and Middle Cambrian trilobites have also been made in 
Alabama under the direction of Mr. Walcott. 

Four buffalo heads from animals killed by poachers in the Yellow- 
Stone Park, and ten photographs and sketches made by Mr. F. Jay 
Haynes, of Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, have also been added to 
the Museum collections. ; 


20 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Mr. Porter D. Haskel, of the U.S. Patent Office, presented a specimen 
of Chrysopsis falcata. 

Dr. Z. T. Daniel, of the Indian Office, has continued to favor the 
Museum with ethnological and other objects. 

Mr. J. W. Paschal, of the U.S. Pension Office, transmitted a photo- 
graph of a Cherokee Indian girl. 

Several collections have been received from the Fish Commission 
during the year. The cruises made by the steamer Albatross in the 
vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands, off the coast of Lower California, and 
the Galapagos Islands, as well as the explorations of the steamer Fish 
Hawk, have resulted in the addition of much valuable natural-history 
material to the Museum. The material obtained by different field 
parties connected with the Commission has also been of an interesting 
nature. Important collections of fishes have been made by Prof. C. H. 
Gilbert, Stanford University; Prof. B. W. Evermann, Mr. C. H. Town- 
send, and others. A very interesting collection of bones and ornaments 
was discovered by Superintendent Leary, of the Fish Commission sta- 
tions at San Marcos, Texas, while engaged in excavating for fish-ponds. 

Numerous and varied collections have been received during the year 
from the Department of Agricultvre. The increase in the botanical 
collections, under the care of Mr. Frederick V. Coville, has been very 
marked, and the results of his cooperation are gratifying. 

Large quantities of botanical specimens from many sections of the 
country have been transmitted by individuals and special collectors 
connected with the Department of Agriculture. 

Dr. L. O. Howard, entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, 
has continued to act as honorary curator of the Department of Insects 
in the National Museum. Messrs. Ashmead, Linell, and Coquillett 
rendered able assistance in determining the collections of Hymenoptera, 
Coleoptera, and Diptera. Mr. E. A. Schwarz has rendered valuable 
aid in the work of the Department of Insects. 

Through Dr. C. Hart Merriam, chief of the Biological Survey, speci- 
meus of plants and other material have been received. A small collec- 
tion of fishes, obtained in Mexico by Messrs. Nelson and Goldman, 
have been added to the Museum collections, and other specimens of 
various kinds, obtained by collectors connected with the Biological 
Survey, have also been received. 

Among the most important collections which have been transmitted 
by the Bureau of Ethnology especial mention should be made of the 
collection of ethnological, entomological, and paleontological objects 
obtained by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes in Arizona and New Mexico, while 
engaged in explorations under the auspices of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution. The Hilder collection of antiquities has also been added to 
the Museum collection. It consists of material obtained from mounds 
in Missouri and Illinois. Mrs. M. C. Stevenson has transmitted plants 
and archeological objects gathered from Arizona, and among the Zuni 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 21 


Indians of New Mexic o. A collection of archeological specimens made 
by Prof. G. K. Gilbert in Colorado, ceremonial objects used in conneec- 
tion with the ** Ghost Dance” of the Kiowa Indians, and numerous 
other collections of importance and value have also been received. 


EXPLORATIONS. 


Dr. William L. Abbott has extended his travels into Lower Siam, 
and has forwarded to the Museum two very large and exceedingly 
interesting collections, consisting of natural-history specimens and 
ethnological objects. In a communication concerning the ethnological 
objects obtained he gives a graphic description of the foot-gear found 
in that country, a number of examples of which have been added to 
the Museum collection. The material transmitted by Dr. Abbott 
includes many objects new to the collections, and among the natural- 
history material several new species have been discovered. 

Dr. J. W. Fewkes, assisted by Dr. Walter Hough made additional 
ethnological collections in Arizona and New Mexico. The material 
already collected is of especial value, for the reason that it forms a 
connecting link between the modern and ancient culture of the tribes 
of Middle Americ: 

Dr. David stan! cece president of the Leland Stanford Junior 
University, transmitted, in behalf of the Fur-Seal Investigation Com- 
mission, a collection of natural-history specimens obtained by the 
Commission in Japan and Bering Seas. Dr. Leonhard Stejneger and 
Mr. F. A. Lucas, of the National Museum, were absent during the 
greater portion of the first half of the fiscal year on duty connected 
with this Commission, and during that time they ccllected a consider- 
able quantity of material for the Museum. Dr. Stejneger extended 
his trip to Japan, Kamchatka, and the Sandwich Islands, making col- 
lections at all these places. Dr. Stejneger and Mr. Lucas again left 
for Alaska on June 5, 1897, having been detailed, by direction of the 
President, for further duty in connection with the Fur-Seal Investiga- 
tion Commission. 

Mr. Charles Schuchert, assistant curator of the Department of 
Paleontology, was, in October, 1896, authorized to visit Alabama and 
Mississippi in search of the remains of Zeuglodon and other fossil ani- 
mals. Later in the year Mr. Schuchert proceeded to Marksboro, New 
Jersey, under instructions to inquire into the reported finding of masto- 
don remains at that place. After completing duties assigned to him in 
connection with the installation of the exhibit of the National Museum, 
and, incidentally, of the Geological Survey, at the Tennessee Centen- 
nial Exposition in the spring of 1897, Mr. Schuchert remained in the 
vicinity of Nashville for the purpose of making collections for the 
Museum.. 

Dr. D. W. Snyder, Nashville, Tennessee, who has been engaged in mis- 
sionary work in Africa, obtained for the Museum a collection of ethno- 


22 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


logical objects, including a model of a Mukete house. Dr. Snyder also 
obtained a very interesting collection of beetles from the interior of 
Africa. He proposes to return to that country, and has kindly offered 
to procure additional material for the Museum. 

In May Mr. J. N. Rose, assistant curator of botany, was directed to 
proceed to Mazatlan, on the west coast of Mexico, for the purpose of 
gathering material for incorporation in reports on the botany and 
ethno-botany of the region extending from that point eastward across 
the low tropical country and over the Sierra Madre to the arid interior 
plateau. His investigations will be conducted in accordance with a 
plan outlined by the honorary curator of botany and approved by the 
Acting Assistant Seeretary. It is hoped that the appropriations for 
the coming year will enable the continuance of his detail upon this 
work. The Mexican minister has graciously bespoken for Mr. Rose 
the kind offices of the Mexican officials in facilitating the transporta- 
tion into the United States of any collections which he may obtain, and 
in aiding in other ways in the furtherance of his plans. 

Additional collections of mammals, plants, invertebrates, and other 
material obtained by Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A., in New York, Min.. 
nesota, Maryland, and Virginia have been added to the Museum 
collections. 

Prof. O. F. Cook, of the National Museum, obtained, during his 
travels in Africa, valuable collections of flowers, ferns, and other 
botanical specimens, which have been added to the Herbarium. 

Mr. Rolla P. Currie was detailed to accompany Professor Cook to 
Africa for the purpose of obtaining natural history collections and, 
more particularly, mammals, birds, insects, fishes, mollusks, and marine 
invertebrates. He was instructed to give especial attention, in addi- 
tion, to protective mimicry among insects and to devote his efforts to 
securing objects and photographs illustrating the arts and industries 
of the Liberian natives. Mr. Currie left Washington in October, 1896, 
and was absent about seven months. 

Valuable collections obtained by field parties and agents of the 
U. S. Fish Commission. the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the 
U.S. Geological Survey have also been received. 


COLLECTORS’ OUTFITS. 


Collecting outfits have been furnished during the year to the follow- 
ing persons: Prof. B. W. Evermann, of the U.S. Fish Commission, 
for collecting in Idaho; Mr. C. G. Rorebeck, Washington, D. C.; Mr. 
H. C. Oberholser, of the Department of Agriculture; Rev. P. H. 
Sérensen, Jakobshavn, Greenland; Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A., for col- 
lecting in New York State; Dr. W. L. Abbott, Bombay, India; Mr. F. 
X. Holzner, San Diego, Cal.; Lieut. C. A. Clarke, U. 8. 8. Thetis, San 
Diego, Cal.; Dr. DeWitt Webb, St. Augustine, Florida, and Mr. 
George D. Wilder, Pekin, China. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 20 


Many of the members of the scientific staff of the Museum have 
engaged in field-work during the year, and have been supplied with 
suitable outfits. 


DEVELOPMENT AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION SERIES. 


No changes of special importance have been made in the exhibition 
series during the year. A portion of the time of the curators was 
occupied in preparing exhibits for the Tennessee Centennial Exposi- 
tion, and the work of constructing galleries 11 several of the halls and 
courts necessarily caused considerable disturbance, and effectually 
prevented any permanent improvements being made in the arrange- 
ment of the collections. 

In the department of mammals a number of antlers of wapiti and 
caribou were hung on the walls, but otherwise the exhibition series 
remains practically unchanged. The collections are very much 
crowded and are in need of labels. The taxidermist in the depart- 
ment of birds has been engaged almost constantly during the year in 
cleaning specimens in the exhibition series and in supplying them with 
new supports and label-holders. The cases are not dust-proof, and 
constant care is necessary to keep the collection in good condition. 
The specimens are considerably crowded, but otherwise they present 
a better appearance than for some time past. Portions of the series 
have been rearranged; many new specimen labels have been supplied 
in place of species labels, and descriptive labels for families have been 
quite generally placed. A few specimens have been remounted, some 
of which were sent to the Tennessee Centennial Exposition. The exhi- 
bition series in the department of fishes remains much the same as 
heretofore; a few additions have been made during the year. The 
mounted series of mollusks has been enlarged, but is withdrawn tem- 
porarily for exhibition at Nashville. No material change has been 
made in the unmounted portion of the exhibition series. The collec- 
tions on exhibition in the department of comparative anatomy are in 
excellent condition. A great deai of time has necessarily been devoted 
to rearrangement, owing to the disturbance caused by laying a new 
floor in this hall. A small collection of insects is still exhibited at the 
foot of the stairway leading to the offices of the department, no more 
suitable place being at present available. 

Much time has been devoted to the exhibition series of fossil verte. 
brates and fossil plants, but these collections are still in a condition 
far from satisfactory. When the new gallery is finshed, the former 
series will be considerably enlarged. That portion known as the 
“Marsh Collection ” needs labeling, and the entire invertebrate exhi- 
bition series should be mounted on tiles. 

The collection of gems has been remounted and installed in four 
cases instead of two, as heretofore. A case containing a series of 
specimens illustrating the mineralogy of Sussex County, New Jersey, 


24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


has been installed, and the entire collection of minerals has been sup- 
plied with new blocks. No changes of importance have been made 
in the exhibition series of the department of geology. 

The time of the curator of ethnology has been so largely occupied 
with other matters that the exhibition series has received but little 
attention during the past few months. The construction of new gal- 
leries has interfered with the work, as in the case of several of the other 
departments. The collections are, however, in as good condition as 
circumstances will permit. A portion of the exhibition series is 
arranged ethnically and the remainder technically. In the American 
series objects belonging to each culture class are placed together. No 
special changes in the exhibit of the department of prehistoric anthro- 
pology have been made. Many new labels have been added, and others 
are in course of preparation. 

The entire section of religious ceremonials of eastern Asia has been 
rearranged. In the Egyptian alcove six casts made from squeezes 
were added, and the colossal torso from Senjirli was placed in position. 
In the Assyro-Babylonian alcove the monuments from Palestine were 
installed. 

The electrical collections have been classified and arranged, and an 
effort has been made to assemble and place on exhibition the Henry 
relics. A suitable case has been provided for their installation. <A 
considerable number of pieces of Professor Henry’s experimental appa- 
ratus have been received from the Smithsonian Institution, and the 
apparatus made by him in 1831 for Yale University has been deposited 
in the Museum. The exhibition series in the section of naval archi- 
tecture has been rearranged with a special view to bringing together 
and in proper sequence models illustrating the same classes of vessels 
and showing their gradual development. In the sections of textiles and 
animal industries tentative exhibits have been prepared and installed. 
In the section of transportation and engineering the exhibition series 
is in fairly good condition, considering the limited space available. No 
changes of importance have been made during the year. The collection 
of materia medica has been carefully examined and in part rearranged. 
The Daguerre monument has been removed from the rotunda and 
placed in the grounds east of the Museum building. 


LABELS. 


During the year more than 200 requisitions were received from the 
various departments of the Museum, an increase of about 25 per cent 
over the preceding year. 

The following work was done at the Government Printing Office upon 
requisition by the Museum: Printing 700 copies of specifications for sup- 
plies, 2,000 vouchers, and 300 labels; binding 181 volumes; ruling and 
cutting 25,000 catalogue cards; ruling, printing, and binding 25 record 
books. : 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 25 


There were printed on the Museum press 120,727 labels, representing 
2,486 forms; 103,352 blanks, representing 73 forms; 36,500 letter heads, 
representing 7 forms; 15,575 envelopes, representing 10 forms, and 
56,258 copies of miscellaneous matter, representing 34 forms; total, 
332,412 items, representing 2,610 forms. Of the labels printed, 46,704, 
representing 1,945 forms, were for the exhibit of the Museum at the 
Tennessee Centennial Exposition. 


LIBRARY. 


The librarian, Dr. Cyrus Adler, states that the increase in the library 
has been larger than in any previous year, that more books have been 
withdrawn, and that the work of the library is progressing satisfactorily 
in all its branches. 

The accessions for the year were as follows: Books, 707; pamphlets, 
1,852; parts of periodicals, 13,635; total, 16,194. These figures include 
the publications retained from the accessions to the library of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, which were as follows: Books, 373; pamphlets, 
1,303; periodicals, 8,117. One thousand books belonging to the Smith- 
sonian deposit were bound at the Government bindery, and 178 were 
bound at the expense of the Museum appropriation. 

More than 9,000 books were borrowed during the year, of which 4,000 
were assigned to sectional sibraries. 

The Smithsonian Institution has, as heretofore, rendered aid in secur- 
ing the loan of books from the Library of Congress needed for reference 
in the Museum. 

There are now twenty-one authorized sectional libraries, as follows: 


Administration. Materia medica. 

Birds. Mesozoic fossils. 

Botany. Mineralogy. 

Comparative anatomy. Mollusks. 

Ethnology. Oriental antiquities. 
Fishes. Paleobotany. 

Geology. Parasites. 

History. Photography. 

Insects. Prehistoric anthropology. 
Mammals. Reptiles. 


Marine invertebrates. 


An examination has been made of all these sectional libraries, and 
with a few exceptions they are in good condition and well cared for. 

A list of the accessions to the library by gift and exchange, during 
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897, is printed in Appendix III. 


CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE YEAR TO SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. 


Many important monographs and papers, based upon Museum 
material, have been published during the year. The titles of these 
papers, together with abstracts of their contents, are printed in full in 


26 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Appendix IV. Highty-seven authors are represented in this Bibliogra- 
phy. The following table shows the subjects to which the papers relate: 


By Mu- : By other 

Subject. seun. investi- | Total. 
officers. | gators. 

AGIMINIS hRAON as 2a. saan ane ae eee ecre RessGsepsocn Hoes tore dood ti tee 1 
PSR O TED) Col Gene ee Pe eee BPP AMET AAPA roan cco oso ac aap Sec ge eee 7 6 13 
SURE) UN RO eno Sena oe Ee eC nnonrmatod soe SS ac. vec SoS sce Ose MY |eser5 = sae rl 
BIG Sra phy. ase 22 5 sae cewle deemeene a cee eae keener ane ee eee. ae Serer a eee Sa oe 1 
Jeo ERY ine See gh Sees deta SEAS coscins Seeaser tee Saracen oe cotintode SS 0NSer 1 eseee sac 1 
0 eee Re SEAS eenAR GR EnS SE OGAR san Sua Sbisnco aa tos taeceo Sat saeedocnate 15 19 34 
DITO OLB ie we states ta aa ate a ee ee Re ee a etal oe 1 1 
BESS COV CRIT eee ee 18 11 29 
1D) ita) (Ten eee eee eS ROE te a pe es seca omne age SALE Ser E Eck 11 18 
‘Explorabions: 24.2) seco see Oe cee cee eee ee ne Cree nee eee Te 1 2 
BIshes 2.22 Se cee ae soit a ae wasn ae eenssoe area etaatie oe pa aes Smee | 5 10 15 
MOSS Ss - Ss sale hs ean tye sonic ee clas oa ee eee ce enlde mec Sates Scene LOM ee see = 10 
GeBOlO Sy eae Se ee eek oe ioe pees cas co aeee saucer eee em eee ae au se eres DM Saas os = 9 
TMS OCHS 2. te Pete eee eee ne ea ee ee ee ata ae ete alo aia oe nee 39 7 46 
Mammals = Sore 5 cee Sneed eee eee cm mianin Salab.ae ele eosin 4 Te 11 
iMarineinvertebrates.— os2-s=«cs2scewas cass canioeaiea ceases sa sia aes aoe 11 | 4 | 15 
IMG Hailes 9 Se Sen Pe Cee en ek, ae ee RE eee Ee eee tes Be os ee ek te oe oe gi 2, 19 
IPARASILER NS 2S Se ee wb Rage at ee seen oboe eee emcee sate ae ade ees oe NIE pote 3 
Reptiles: :< ete aseseden, foe eee sce buee tebe teas pats seks ce ae meee eee 1 1 2 
Dota soso. ba wsacas Se oe cee ee meee ake sae see ae ace eae Ree eee eee eelpe 76 231 


It has been found impracticable to issue hereafter ‘‘advance sheets” 
containing diagnoses of new species of animals, plants, minerals, etc., 
received in the Museum, as has been occasionally done in the past for 
the purpose of securing priority of publication. In order that prompt 
publication may still be secured, arrangements have been made where- 
by, when necessary, authors can publish such descriptions elsewhere, 
with the provision that this action first have the approval of the Secre- 
tary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


The Report of the Museum for 1894 was published during the year, 
and on June 30 the Report for 1895 was practically all in type. The 
manuscript for the administrative portion of the volume for 1896 is 
nearly ready for the printer. Volume XVIII of the Proceedings was 
issued in bound form, and papers 1069 to 1071 and 1083 to 1100, con- 
tained in this volume, have been distributed in the form of separates. 
Copies of the other papers belonging to this volume were issued prior 
to the commencement of the present fiscal year. Nos. 1101 to 1119, 
inclusive, of Volume XIX have also been published, together with 
advance editions of five papers (Nos. 1126-1129 and 1132 bolonging to 
Voiume XX,! 


1The titles of all the separate papers issued during the year are given in Appen 
dix Vv. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY 27 


In the series of Bulletins two numbers have been issued—No. 47, the 
first part of an elaborate work entitled The Fishes of North and Middle 
America, by David Starr Jordan and Barton W Evermann, and No. 
49, Bibliography of the Published Writings of Philip Lutley Sclater, 
F.R.S., secretary of the Zoological Society of London, prepared under 
the direction of the late Dr. G. Brown Goode. 

Two important monographs have been issued as Special Bulletins. 
The first of these consists of a work on the deep sea and pelagic fishes 
of the world, by Drs. G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean. This vol- 
ume (Special Bulletin No. 2) contains 553 pages, and is accompanied 
by an atlas of 125 plates. The second (Special Bulletin No. 3) consti- 
tutes volume 2 of the late Major Bendire’s Life Histories of North 
American Birds, and contains 518 pages and 7 colored plates. These 
works have been reprinted by the Smithsonian Institution as Volumes 
XXX, XXXI, and XXXII of Contributions to Knowledge. 


MATERIAL LENT FOR INVESTIGATION. 


Two specimens of bats were sent to Dr. Harrison Allen, Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, for use in connection with his studies of the Chiroptera. 
Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American Museum of Natural History, made use 
of about thirty specimens from the National Museum in the preparation 
of a paper on the mammals of Central America. Twenty-seven speci- 
mens of mammals were sent to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, chief of Biologi- 
cal Survey, Department of Agriculture, and Mr. G.S. Miller, jr., of 
the same Department, borrowed a number of bats for use in mono- 
graphic work, besides several other specimens. One of these was 
made the type of a new species. Twelve skins and skulls of shrews 
were sent to Mr. KE. W. Nelson. Mr. 8S. N. Rhoads, of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, received 40 skins of flying squirrels and 
11 East African mammals for study. 

The following material has been sent out by the department of birds 
for study and investigation: To Mr.C. B. Cory, Hyannis, Massachusetts, 
13 bird skins; to Mr. Frank M.Chapman, American Museum of Natural 
History, New York City, 19 bird skins as an aid in the determination 
of Mexican birds; also 9 specimens for use in connection with the 
identification of South American birds; to Mr. Witmer Stone, Academy 
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 69 specimens of Meadow Larks 
(Sturnella) for use in a study of the genus, and a specimen of Horned 
Owl; to Mr. Joseph Grinnell, Pasadena, California, 75 specimens of 
Goldfinches for use in a revision of the western subspecies; to Mr. Edwin 
Sheppard, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 11 specimens 
of game birds for use in illustrating a work by Prof. D. G. Elliot, of 
the Field Columbian Museum; to Mr. Osbert Salvin, London, England, 
4 specimens of owls for examination; to Mr. L. M. Loomis, of San 
Francisco, California, 9 specimens of Leach’s Petrel; to Prof. A. New- 
ton, Cambridge, England, 2 specimens of Bebrornis; to Mr. William 


28 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Brewster, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 8 specimens for examination, 
and to Mr. W. E. Brooks, Mount Forest, Ontario, 2 specimens for 
identification. 

Specimens of west coast sharks were sent to Dr. C. H. Gilbert, Stan- 
ford University, California; also specimens of sculpins from Bering 
Sea. A plaster cast of a brook-trout was sent to the American Museum 
of Natural History; 6 young specimens of Hydrolagus colliet to Dr. 
Bashford Dean, New York City, and a number of specimens of gobioid 
fishes to the Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Duplicate 
named specimens of mollusks were lent to Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and to Mr. B. H. Wright, 
Penn Yan, New York, for use in connection with their investigations of 
Dentalium, Bulimulus, and Unio. 

Dr. W. MeM. Woodworth, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts, is making a special study of the Turbellarians 
and Nemerteans, and the entire collection in the National Museum has 
been transmitted to him. The collection of leeches has been sent to 
Mr. J. Perey Moore of the University of Pennsylvania, who has nearly 
completed a report upon the same. Sixty-three microscopic slides of 
Plumularide were seit to Prof. C. C. Nutting of the State University 
of Iowa. These are types of species described by Professor Nutting 
in his monograph of the Plumularian Hydroids, now nearly ready for 
the press. Mr. F. 8S. Morton, Portland, Maine, received several small 
lots of unassorted Foraminifera; also a number of species mounted for 
microscopic study. Two lots of Solenogasteridie were sent to Prof. 
A. Agassiz for the use of Dr. Kofoid, who is studying the material of 
that group collected by the Albatross. A cranium of a fossil skate 
was sent to Dr. ©. R. Kastman, Museum of Comparative Zoology, who 
described it as a new genus and species, and named it Tamiobatis 
vetustus. 

From the department of insects the following material has been 
lent: Homoptera, belonging to the family Typhlocibidie, to Prof. C. P. 
Gillette, Fort Collins, Colorado; Homoptera, belonging to the families 
Jassidze and Cercopid, to Prof. Carl F. Baker, Fort Collins, Colorado; 
specimens of bees of the genus Prosopis, to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, 
Las Cruces, New Mexico; the collection of Acronyctas, to Prof. John B. 
Smith, New Brunswick, New Jersey; a series of Odonata, to Prof. 
D.S. Kellicott, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; one species of 
the genus Corixa to Prof. H. Garman, Lexington, Kentucky; the col- 
lection of Ixodidie, with manuscripts, bought from the heirs of Dr. 
George Marx, to Prof. G. Neumann, Toulouse, France, for monographic 
study. 

Specimens of plants have been sent to the following persons for 
study and determination: Mr. W. W. Ashe, State Geological Survey, 
Raleigh, North Carolina; Mr. E. G. Baker, British Museum, London, 
England; Mr. T. 8S. Brandegee, San Diego, California; Mr. George 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY, 29 


Davenport, Medford, Massachusetts; Mr. A. A. Eaton, Seabrook, New 
Hampshire; Dr. N. M. Glatfelter, St. Louis, Missouri; Mr. J. M. Green- 
man, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mr. Theo. Holm, Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia; Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, Field Columbian Museum, 
Chicago, Illinois; Dr. B. L. Robinson, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mr, 
P. A. Rydberg, Columbia University, New York City; Mr. C. 8. Sar- 
gent, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts; Dr. J. K. Small, Columbia Uni- 
versity, New York City, and Prof. John Donnell Smith, Baltimore, 
Maryland. 

To Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, Cambridge, Massachusetts, were sent 51 
specimens of Fort Cassin cephalopods and 29 specimens of Placen- 
ticeras to aid him in the preparation of a synopsis of the class Cepha- 
lopoda. A few specimens and slides of Bogosloff and Alaskan rocks 
were lent to Mr. ©. W. Purrington, of the U. 8S. Geological Survey. 

Photographs and drawings of Museum cases and information regard- 
ing their construction have been furnished to the following: Mr. F. H. 
Gerrodette, director of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pennsyl- 
vania; Mr. C. H. Hitchcock, Dartmouth Museum, Dartmouth, New 
Hampshire; Mr. H. L. Preston, Rochester, New York; Mr. W. H. 
Bishop, Delaware College, Newark, Delaware; Mr. I. J. V. Skiff, 
director of the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Illinois; Woman’s 
College, Baltimore, Maryland, and Mr. H. Nehrling, Public Museum, 
Milwaukee. 


WORK OF STUDENTS AND INVESTIGATORS AT THE MUSEUM, 


Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A., has continued his studies of the mam- 
mals collected in connection with the survey of the Mexican boundary. 
He has already published several preliminary papers in the Proceedings 
of the Museum, and later a general treatise on the vertebrate animals 
of that region will probably be issued. Mr. C. H. Townsend, of the 
U.S. Fish Commission, studied the series of Bald Eagles; Mr, C. B. 
Cory, Hyannis, Massachusetts, examined some West Indian pigeons, 
and Mr. Kk. W. Nelson, of the Department of Agriculture, made exten- 
Sive studies of Mexican birds in connection with the identification of the 
large amount of material collected by him in Mexico and Guatemala. 
Dr, A. K. Fisher, of the Department of Agriculture, examined numerous 
types in connection with his official work, and Messrs. H. C. Oberholser 
and W. H. Osgood, of the same Department, made use of the Museum 
collections on a number of occasions. Mr. William Palmer, chief taxi- 
dermist of the Museum, studied birds from the Pribilof Islands in order 
to ascertain the status of some of the forms. Dr. David 8S. Jordan 
examined the collection of fishes from Bering Sea, comparing the mate- 
rial with recent collections made by the Fur-Seal Investigation Commis- 
sion. Dr. B. W. Evermann made extensive use of the collections in con- 
nection with the preparation of Bulletin 47, by Jordan and Evermann, 
on the “ Fishes of North and Middle America.” He also made compari- 


30 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


sons with species recently obtained by the Commission. Dr. Bashford 
Dean, of New York City, examined certain Chimeroid fishes, and 
Prof. S. E. Meek studied collections from the Pacific slope. Dr. W. C. 
Kendall, of the U. S. Fish Commission, made comparisons with recent 
acquisitions by the Commission. 

Mr. T. Wayland Vaughn, of the U. S. Geological Survey, has had 
the use of the entire collection of Hocene corals in connection with his 
researches in that group, and Prof. G. D. Harris, of Cornell Univer- 
sity, utilized material in the Museum in connection with his work on 
the Lower Eocene faunas. The collections of the department of com- 
parative anatomy have been studied at various times by students from 
medical colleges and the city high schools. Mr. Samuel J. Holmes, of 
the University of Chicago, who is preparing a list of the crustaceans 
of the west coast of the United States for publication by the California 
Academy of Sciences, spent a short time at the National Museum in 
examining and comparing specimens. Miss Harriet Richardson has 
aided in the identification of the Isopoda, especially the Sphzromide. 
Dr. Albert Hassall, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of 
Agriculture, and Dr. Murray Galt Motter have prosecuted investiga- 
tions upon the material in the section of helminthology. 


The collections of the National Herbarium have been used by a num- 


ber of specialists not connected with the Museum. Dr. N. L. Britton, 
of New York City, made three visits to Washington in order to settle 
certain points in connection with plants described in one of his works; 
Prof. F. W. Card, Lincoln, Nebraska, studied the genus Ribes; Prof. 
J. M. Coulter, Chicago, Illinois, spent several days in the study of the 
Umbelliferze, and Miss Clara E. Cummings, Wellesley, Massachusetts, 
examined the eryptogamic collections. Prof. E. L. Greene, of the 
‘atholic University of America, made frequent visits to the Herbarium, 
chiefly for the purpose of studying various types of Composite. Many 
specimens of Astragalus were determined by Mr. Marcus E. Jones, Salt 
Lake City, Utah. Mr. John B. Leiberg, a field agent of the Department 
of Agriculture, devoted several months to the determination of material 
_eollected in Oregon and Idaho. The collections were also utilized for 
comparison or for other purposes by Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, Ithaca, New 
York; Mr. W. L. Jepson, Berkeley, California; Prof. C. 8. Sargent, 
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts; and Mr. K. M. Wiegand, Ithaca, New 
York. 
Dr. R. R. Gurley, of Worcester, Massachusetts, has continued his 
study of the graptolites in connection with the monograph which he 
has in preparation for the U. 8. Geological Survey. Dr. T. G. White, 


Columbia College, New York City, visited the Museum in March for the. 


purpose of studying the collection of Trenton fossils. The ammonites 
were examined by Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
The geological material collected by Dr. E. A. Mearns along the line of 
the Mexican boundary has been worked up by Dr. EH, C. H. Lord, of 


/ 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. ok 


the U.S. Geological Survey. Mr. Thomas Means, of the Division of 
Soils, Department of Agriculture, was engaged for a short time in the 
study of micro-chemical methods for the determination of minerals, and 
Dr. A. 8. Eakle, Washington, D. C., spent some time in an examina- 
tion of the topaz erystals. Dr. Kakle has prepared a paper embodying 
the results of his studies, which will be published in the Proceedings 
of the Museum. 

Mr. E. W. Nelson, Dr. W. J. Hoffman, and Dr. J. Walter Fewkes 
have carried on investigations of much importance in the department 
of ethnology. Mr. Nelson was engaged in the preparation of a mono- 
graph of the material collected by himself in Alaska some years ago; 
Dr. Hoffman has given his time to the pictographic work of the 
Eskimo, and Dr. Fewkes has been engaged in the preparation of an 
elaborate report upon the material which he recently collected in Ari- 
zona. Mr. J. D. McGuire, of Ellicott City, Maryland, has continued 
his work on aboriginal pipes. Mr. Charles Richards Dodge, of the 
Department of Agriculture, studied the fiber fabric from Lake TPan- 
ganyika, Central Africa, and Miss Georgie Leonard, of Washington, 
studied various South American antiquities. Countess Louise Ross, of 
the German embassy, and Miss Tuckerman, of Washington, made 
numerous visits to the Museum in connection with certain archieolog- 
ical studies. The Washington relics, and other portions of the histor- 
ical collections, have been frequently examined by students of history. 
Several persons have visited the department of oriental antiquities in 
order to acquire special information. 


VISITORS. 


The following table shows the number of visitors to the Museum and 
Smithsonian buildings for each month of the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1897 : 


Year and month. ecco aes 
5 building. 
1896 
PERM ae le wie ote to ea A ee Sisal waw eam eee sa sticeiass sw ents ocaesy es cne Acs | 46, 031 24, 361 
0 SDE Dee et eee fee RE te 3 Re Ee 5 COR ee aes Ss Se erences 12, 817 5,149 
Op ENTE Peis cate se oie! Soe oa 6 SRA ES ee ern Oe EEE eae See ee 14, 879 6, 801 
eee oe ea ie ee ee ee oe. acs tae Aa welm ah Hovinwnis swab avian dcubisccee ac as 13, 850 6,611 
November ...---...--.. BS ee Ee Se ae oe a ee ae ee aD 10, 637 5, O74 
Oe Dy gals eee as Ser ae oe sae ee ow cle et eee cmciere ae wena mei cei 13, 218 5, 762 
: 1897. 

Me eee ee cel i Se ALOE Mana e USE eae oad eta ueee 10, 298 5, 126 
J Joie ype 8 BSS Oe ice ane See ae ere Se ees ey eee | 13, 049 | 5, 600 
RES eee ele Ee Bik oo ee oe se Semen it ead Won teme ee eweebenab aes 43, 483 25, 740 
CET ese elk Co eee Ss nda pane hace map ost ane eeliet scams | 21,504 10, 835 
Oe Sap es Seat ves aS CR A eee ee ee Be See St he ee | 15, 383 | 8, 127 
hse 2s SU, 1 5 Ry 2 Fa Eg Ee ge ee: ta es Se ee eae ey ee ee 14, 457 6, 823 
Clie #ie. eae = eee ee Se Sa ee ai ee ee ~ 999, 606 115, 709 


Approximate daily average on a basis of 313 days in the year...----.--.--.----- 733 370 


32 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Number of visitors to the Museum and Smithsonian buildings since the opening of the 
former in 1881. 


: é Total to 

Year. linge | Bulmngs Bee 

ABSA ae neice er ccianate ance mauicin ale sate iaeleie iataissate sataioe wae 150, 000 100, 000 250, 000 
RSQ ee Ne sae aetie seme clare 2 sclet aye wion sels wan noel eee an Cees 167, 455 152, 744 320, 199 
1G ee ee See tee Berner cite ay Pina ce sea ar aig hat caaaeas 202, 188 104, 823 307, 011 
TERE GR), Goo sosse cesta sede noredoacereincssencnaays ise 97, 661 45, 565 143, 226 
NSSH GH WA Seances sic See 2 es nee a een ane eee ee eeineeae ease 205, 026 105, 998 311, 019 
ASSH=SGr we es aces ete aeecee Deca ene et ee Seale ee eRe erate 174, 225 88, 960 263, 185 
USSG287) 2 asc cece emcee anesee ttds tad na eee eee aa cies tebe Aemene 216, 562 98, 552 315, 114 
ASBT288" asd etek Seecise cee rece ae ae aca aera a aera ne eRe 249, 665 102, 863 352, 528 
1SGS229 Ge. Ped tPE Steen ga ates eee ethene oes He see so eee eee 374, 843 149, 618 524, 461 
1889290) a2: » ECM SITES OA Lite eee oes note igte te oie it aoe a an a ere ea 274, 324. 120, 894 395, 218 
T8902 91 3. Seebae pae coe ees sees eh sinc esate sen anon ae Sac mee Aeeeete 286, 426 111, 669 398, 095 
1801209) 4. scent ee eee ie eee atc ok ce aie eee erin eres eee al 269, 825 114, 817 384, 642 
W892 93 ad Saracen feo k ns heen en cece ase tineee cule ca veiee semek oes | 319, 930 174, 188 494, 118 
GOS 208 sas ee = eee ee Me Oe sae Ree eee eet ee aa om | 195, 748 103, 910 299, 658 
1894-95 .5 basen wate aco meee ee see cost osbas nee tee akcmae menace | 201, 744 105, 658 307, 402 
TRO5 OG roc eo ene ae oo nes eee Baise Nae aseismic eaten ee | 180, 505 103, 650 284, 155 
BOG297, oe ech ro eee nee cee inate see eee eames Peers 229, 606 115, 709 345, 315 
A Ny Lae See Bs a ed eh a eS ARR AA EN coe a | ~ 3, 795, 733 1, 899, 613 5, 695, 346 


a Years of * Presidential i inaugurations. 


MATERIAL RECEIVED FOR EXAMINATION AND REPORT. 


There has been am increase of nearly 25 per cent in the number of 
‘‘lots” of material received for identification, the total for the present 
year having been 716. The record for the year covered by the last 
report also showed a considerable increase over that for the year 
preceding. 

In Appendix VI a list of the material received during the present 
year is presented. 


MEETINGS OF ASSOCIATIONS IN WASHINGTON DURING THE YEAR. 


The annual meeting of the Society of Agricultural Chemists was 
held in the lecture hall of the Museum November 6, 7, and 9, 1896. 

On December 11, Dr. David Starr Jordan delivered a lecture on the 
seal fisheries. 

The Geological Society of America held its ninth annual meeting in 
Washington, December 29-31. During the second and third days the 
sessions were held in the lecture hall of the Museum.' 

Mr. J.S. Diller, of the U.S. Geological Survey, delivered a lecture 
on “ Crater Lake, Oregon,” January 8, 1897. 

A memorial meeting was held in the lecture hall of the Museum on 
February 13, under the auspices of the Joint Commission of Scientific 
Sagres id the ESR and_ historical societies of Wasbe to 


‘The titles of the papers nena are given in ve Oe VII. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 33 


commemorate the life and services of Dr. G. Brown Goode. Another 
volume of this Report will contain a full account of this meeting. 

The Washington Camera Club gave an exhibition of lantern slides 
in the lecture hall on the evening of February 23, 

On April 7 and 8 the National Science Club held its third annual 
meeting, using the lecture hall of the Museum for a portion of its 
sessions.! 

The National Academy of Sciences held its annual meeting in the 
Museum building. The Academy remained in session four days, from 
April 20 to 23.! 

The fourth triennial congress of American Physicians and Surgeons 
opened in Washington on May 4. 

The series of Saturday lectures was continued under the auspices of 
the Joint Commission of Scientific Societies. The addresses were 
illustrated by the stereopticon and by maps, diagrams, and specimens. 
The lectures were arranged in two courses; the first on hydrography, 
and the second on current topics. 

The following table indicates the number and dates of Saturday 
lectures since 1882: 


Year. Date of first and last lecture. wealerct 
Wb) OMEN MINE eh enon? coe dasecd Soe cen sh Sab SoSCSh yoReSSbecs GUase rs 0 95 ss once seme 8 
eet Pnrin O} Wise sgt eee a, tas ee ead Ot ee aaa e eR etal 2 seeatercee ee att 12 
RRP Rao A RO US kody oo eee een ak dence sn vock Joc Sse Guece noone conn ce 17 
1885 | “io ALES RR iE Se ot Sa OP eye 10 ed BLE RE Ra eR, es eee eee 12 
Cb LUGAR) I iS eae Bee ae COR ESSE ao sob OR ROSES OE acs Serene Sac OSs SORE 10 
Daa | WMD DI IMPS Yieso S656 sct6es nécc sob0ossece oseStoos Secssece sesensessesocee sosockeicccsse 12 
LS) LS oR ESA 6 a ee ee Ry tea tate ta ia ete ei tee ace ate awe eaten sateen cee a ast 12 
UMMA OMe Tit SANT eee AL a Nar MRO LB Ry Ph EEN es 2 10 
(ANE SS Ee EB) Sa oS Oe ae eee | 10 
GBD oo ddosde Sees Senge Goce ou een EADIE EN ic cle GREE er aie dee eae ee | 
FTES ene ee i coh Pe em Poet ne ae MeN Ee IADR eeu seis Lic Swine oh Cuno eae [iota eodetue 
Rela ToD iM avo Bia ean han te Uae ae Semen ented Soec mene Meee ee eee. uno eaccectescu toes | 8 
Die | TERT TINIE POTS sie re aie ered eel EO See Oe ee ee Roe eee ene 15 
cei, WET BBP EN oP Rae Ac a leads SAS nS 6 BSS GeR SSS BOC SU DOS AOC HS NEO e ACB OCSO SE nAnCE nae | 10 
Rani EN rine DIN MaviOS sec b ose at She aaa tee Sa. Pe Fk LL Ae ee Soe ded dee See oda eesons tc oe 10 
eRe Wine oe et) oe ene eR ee Reel te | 8 

ATWO ieee Poe NS OA ee teed eRe Ro SoS Se Se ene ea eee ee oe ine 154 
| 


The titles of Saturday lectures for the season of 1897 are given in 
Appendix VII. 
NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 


The employees of the Department of Agriculture assigned to the 
National Herbarium were transferred to the Museum on July 1, 1896, 
in accordance with a provision of the sundry civil appropriation act 
for the current year. 


' The titles of the papers presented are given in Appendix VII. 
NAT MUS 97 3 


34 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


NEW MUSEUM BUILDING. 


A bill appropriating the sum of $250,000 for an additional Museum 
building, introduced by Senator Morrill in the first session of the lifty- 
fourth Congress, was taken up in regular course on January 23, 1897, 
but was passed over without action. 


TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 


The sum of $14,500 was allotted to the Smithsonian Institution and 
National Museum from the amount appropriated by Congress ($130,000) 
for an exhibit of the various Governmental departments at the Tennes- 
see Centennial Exposition, to be held in Nashville from May 1 to Octo- 
ber 31, 1897. The amount allotted to the Museum was afterwards 
slightly increased. Dr. F. W. True was designated representative for 
the Institution and Museum on the Government board of management. 
Mr. W. V. Cox represents Dr. True at Nashville, and has also been 
appointed secretary of the Government board. 

An extended account of the participation of the Institution and 
Museum in the Exposition will be presented in the next annual report. 


TRANS-MISSISSIPPI AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION, 


An appropriation of $200,000 has been made by Congress for a Gov- 
ernment exhibit at the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition 
at Omaha, Nebraska. This exposition will open in June, 1898, and 
continue for five months. 


INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION AT PARIS. 


An invitation to participate in the International Exposition to be 
held in Paris in 1900 has been extended to the United States by the 
French Republic, and an appropriation of $25,000 has been made by 
Congress to cover preliminary expenses in securing appropriate space 
for the exhibits from this country. 


NECROLOGY. 


In another part of this Report will be found an extended account of 
the life and work of the late Dr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary 
of the Smithsonian Institution, who died on September 6, 1896, A 
memorial meeting was held in the lecture hall of the Museum on Feb- 
ruary 6, 1897, under the auspices of the Joint Commission of Scientific 
Societies and in cooperation with the patriotic and historical societies 
of Washington. 

Mr. W. C. Winlock, honorary curator of the section of physical 
apparatus in the National Museum, died at Bay Head, New Jersey, on 
September 20. . 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 35 


Mr. Winlock was born on March 27, 1859, at Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, where he lived until his graduation from Harvard University in 
1880. Shortly afterwards he accepted an appointment as assistant 
astronomer in the U.S. Naval Observatory, and his connection with 
that establishment continued until 1889, when he entered the service 
of the Smithsonian Institution as curator of the Bureau of Interna- 
tional Exchanges. About two years later he was made assistant in 
charge of office-in the Institution. 

Mr. Winlock continued to interest himself in astronomical work, and 
at the time of his death he oceupied the chair of astronomy in the 
Corcoran Scientific School and also in the Graduate School of Colum- 
bian University. Scientific papers written by him have appeared in 
the publications of the Smithsonian Institution, the Naval Observatory, 
the proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and 
in foreign scientific journals. He devoted much attention to the 
bibliography of astronomy, and also published several papers of a 
popular nature. During recent years his administrative duties occu- 
pied a large portion of his time, although he always cherished the hope 
that at a later period he would be able to devote himself more com- 
pletely to his chosen work—a hope that was never realized. 

Mr. Winlock was for many years secretary of the Philosophical Soci- 
ety of Washington. He was a fellow of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science and a member of the Astronomische 
Gesellschaft, of Leipsic. He was also a member of the Society of the 
Sons of the American Revolution, and for a long period was secretary 
of the Cosmos Club, of Washington. 

On February 4, 1897, Maj. Charles Bendire, U. S. A. (retired), died 
at Jacksonville, Florida. 

Major Bendire held for a number of years the position of honorary 
curator of the department of birds’ eggs in the National Museum. He 
was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, April 27, 1836, his German 
name being Karl Emil Bender. He came to the United States in 1852, 
and in 1854 enlisted in the army under the name of ‘‘Charles Bendire.” 
After thirty-two years of service he was retired in 1886 on account of 
disability. He took an active partin the Indian wars in the West, and 
in 1890 was brevetted major for gallant services rendered during a fight 
with the Indians at Canon Creek, Montana, in 1877. He also led a 
number of expeditions in connection with the work of laying out roads, 
surveying routes for telegraph lines, ete. In 1807 he crossed Death Val- 
ley, California, and explored the deserts of the southern part of Nevada. 
The large amount of time thus spent in the field gave him ample 
opportunity for scientific observation. 

At the request of Professor Baird he assumed charge of the collec- 
tionof birds’ eggsin the National Museum in 1884, and soon afterwards 
undertook its entire rearrangement, which resulted in placing the series 
in excellent condition for study and reference. His own collection of 


36 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


about 8,000 specimens of birds’ eggs, obtained during his army service 
in the West, ranks as one of the most important gifts to the Museum. 
Moreover, the intense zeal which he displayed in his chosen field of 
labor inspired others to lend their generous aid in the work of building 
up the department under his charge. He was conspicuous for the 
methodical and careful manner in which all his undertakings were 
carried on, and particularly so in connection with his scientific 
investigations. : 

The most important of Major Bendire’s published works is entitled 
Life Histories of North American Birds, issued by the U.S. National 
Museum in two quarto volumes. It is.a matter of sincere regret and 
a great loss to ornithology that this work could not have been com-. 
pleted before his death; but although incomplete, this elaborate 
monograph will remain a lasting monument to his memory. 

Mr. Martin L. Linell, aid in the department of insects, died on May 
3, 1897. 

Mr. Linell was born at Grénby, Sweden, June 24, 1849, and was edu- 
cated at the University of Lund. Early in life he showed great interest 
in biology, and soon after coming to America, in 1879, he resumed his 
studies, confining himself mainly to the study of entomology. He 
became connected with the National Museum in 1889, and, although 
since that time he worked over and arranged a very large part of the 
collection of insects, it was to the order Coleoptera that his attention 
was especially given, and all of his published papers were upon that 
subject. It is to be regretted that at the time of his death he had only 
just begun the publication of the results of his work of many years. 

Mr. Henry Horan, superintendent of buildings, died on September 
29, 1896. 

Mr. Horan had been connected with the Smithsonian Institution and 
National Museum since 1857, and during this long period of faithful 
service he had the entire confidence of his official superiors and the 
esteem and respect of all who were brought in contact with him. 

Prof. Edward D. Cope, of Philadelphia, one of the most eminent of 
American naturalists, and a correspondent and collaborator of the 
National Museum, died on April 12, 1897. 

Professor Cope’s researches covered a wide field, dnd his contribu- 
tions to scientific literature were varied and extensive. His special 
attention was given to the study of ichthyology, herpetology, mam- 
malogy, and philosophy, and the results of his studies in these sciences 
are contained in twenty octavo and three large quarto volumes. Among 
his most important works the following may be mentioned: ‘The 
Batrachia of North America,” published by the National Museum 
(1889); “ Observations on the Systematic Relations of Fishes,” published 
in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement 
of Science (1871); ‘‘On the Classification of the Extinct Fishes of the 
Lower Types,” published in the same journal (1887); ‘The Relations of 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. ot 


the Horizons of Extinct Vertebrata of Europe and North America” 
(1879); “*The Origin of the Fittest” (1887), and “The Primary Factors 
of Organic Evolution.” 

A complete bibliography of his writings is in preparation -under the 
auspices of the National Museum, and an elaborate monograph of the 
Reptilia of North America, which he had completed shortly before his 
death, will be published by the Museum. 

Professor Cope was president of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, editor of the American Naturalist, and a 
member of the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania. 


III.—REVIEW OF WORK IN THE SCIENTIFIC 
DEPARTMENTS. 


DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS. 


Since the death, in September, 1896, of Dr. G. Brown Goode, the 
assistant secretary, the time of Dr. F. W. True, curator of mammals, 
has been occupied almost exclusively with the administrative work of 
the Museum. Dr. True states that the department has been without 
a regular force at times, and throughout the year there has been no 
officer on duty higher than an “aid.” Under these circumstances it 
has been possible to do very little more than preserve the collections 
intact and prevent the routine work from accumulating. 

The exhibition series has remained practically unchanged during the 
year. A number of antlers have, however, been hung on the walls. 
The specimens in the cases are very much crowded, and little could be 
done to improve the general appearance, while it has seemed undesir- 
able to increase the series by adding freshly mounted specimens. The 
collection is still much in need of labeling. This is especially true of 
the foreign mammals, of which there are but few specimens for com- 
parison in the study series. The American series needs relabeling, on 
account of the recent extensive changes in nomenclature, but the cura- 
tor has not found time for this work during the year. 

The study series is in fair order, but could be rendered more accessi- 
ble if additional cases and more space in which to arrange them, could 
be provided. At present it is impossible to carry anything like a 
natural sequence from case to case. 

More storage cases are needed for the larger mammals, many speci- 
mens of which are now exposed to dust. 

The arrangement of the collection of medium-sized skulls has pro- 
gressed, but has not yet been finished. : 

Sonsiderable work has been done on the alcoholic collection, and the 
smaller species are in fair order. Thereare stillmany jars of the larger 
forms (rabbits, weasels, and the like) which need overhauling. It will 
be necessary to reconstruct the storage shelves on which these speci- 
mens are placed, before the latter can be properly arranged. 

The accessions for the fiscal year just closed do not compare favora- 
bly with those of previous years, either in number or value. No new 
sources of supply have developed, and for the reasons above set forth 
the curator has been unable to give special attention to the matter of 

38 


. REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 39 


increasing the collections. As stated in previous reports, it is espe- 
cially necessary that more money be provided for the purchase of speci- 
mens for the department of mammals. 

The accessions of greatest importance are as follows: 

An excellent general collection from lower Siam, consisting of 165 
specimens, was presented by Dr. W. L. Abbott, to whom the Museum 
is already so much indebted for valuable material. Two skins of the 
Mount St. Elias bear were obtained by purchase. Dr. EK. A. Mearns, 
U.S. A., presented valuable collections from the Catskill Mountains 
and from the vicinity of the District of Columbia, amounting in all to 
385 specimens. There was also obtained by purchase an excellent 
series of skins and skeletons of lemurs and other Madagascan mammals. 
Two specimens of the recently described pigmy African flying squir- 
rels, genus Jdiurus, were obtained from Mr, William B. Filer. They 
are from Efulen, Cameroons district, and appear to represent a new 
species. A numberof skins of the larger lemurs, not previously repre- 
sented in the collection, were purchased, and in the same manner three 
skeletons and a skull of Globiocephala brachyptera were obtained. 

Mr. William Palmer and Mr. D. W. Prentiss, jr., both of the National 
Museum, collected a number of mammals in the District of Columbia 
and vicinity, and in the Dismal Swamp, Virginia. Nine fur seals were 
collected by Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, and Mr. IF’. A. Lucas obtained 
twelve skulls of the same animal on the Pribilof Islands. Six other 
members of the Museum staff have also sent in from one to four speci- 
mens each. 

The Kent Scientific Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, through Mr. 
C. A. Whittemore, curator, lent for study a young specimen of a very 
rare Bassaricyon from Honduras. 

During the early part of 1897 the preparation of an exhibit of mam- 
mals for the Tennessee Centennial Exposition was begun. This exhibit, 
as finally installed, consisted of a group of Proboscis monkeys, a group 
of gibbons, and a number of mounted specimens of lemurs, exhibited 
in two unit cases. 

A monograph or revision of the American moles was published by the 
curator during the year. The manuscript of a paper on the antlers of 
the American deer has been nearly completed, but the work has neces- 
sarily been suspended for the present. The proper nomenclature of 
the whalebone whales has occupied the curator’s attention during such 
time as he could devote to the subject. 

Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A., has continued his studies of the mammals 
collected during the survey of the Mexican boundary, and has pub- 
lished the results in several preliminary papers in the Proceedings. 
The titles of these papers are given in the Bibliography (Appendix LV). 
A general treatise on the vertebrate animals of the Mexican boundary, 
by Dr. Mearns, will probably be published in the form of a bulletin. 
Valuable assistance on technical matters has been rendered by Dr. 


AO REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. . 


Mearns at such times as the curator could not give personal attention 
to details. 

Mr. D. W. Prentiss, jr., has rendered volunteer service while not 
on the staff of the Museum. 

During the year 1,011 specimens were received, the total number in 
the collection now being 16,223, In the catalogue of the regular series 
1,011 entries have been made, and in the catalogue reserved for the 
deposit of the Department of Agriculture there were 10,068 entries dur- 
ing the year. 

DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS. 


Mr. Robert Ridgway, curator of the department of birds, states that 
there were 118 permanent accessions during the year, being 32 more 
than during the preceding year. In addition there were 87 “ tempo- 
rary” accessions, consisting of material received for examination and 
report. It is especially gratifying to note that several of the accessions 
contain material new to the collections, and of great value. One collec- 
tion included 55 species and 3 genera new to the Museum series. The 
material received from Dr. W. L. Abbott embraced several specimens 
of species hardly represented in the collection. 

The following accessions are worthy of special notice: 


From Dr. W. L. Abbott, 458 bird skins collected in Lower Siam (gift); the Bran- 
icki Museum, Warsaw, Russia, 152 bird skins from South America and Transcaspia 
(exchange); Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, 155 bird skins (exchange) ; 
111 bird skins from Patagonia (purchase); 105 specimens from Madagascar (pur- 
chase); 60 specimens from West Africa (purchase); 163 specimens from Florida 
(purchase); from Mr. George D. Wilder, Peking, China, 53 bird skins from North 
China (exchange); Hon. W. P, Brownlow, House of Representatives, Washington, 
District of Columbia, 49 bird skins from British Guiana (deposit); 205 specimens 
from tropical America (purchase) ; 328 specimens from the United States.(purchase) ; 
Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, 97 bird skins from British Columbia 
(exchange); Mr. A. W. Anthony, San Diego, California, 22 bird skins from the islands 
off Lower California (exchange), also 8 bird skins from the same localities (gift); 
Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, 37 bird skins (exchange); Australian 
Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, 25 bird skins from Australia (exchange); Dr. 
KE. A. Mearns, U.S. A., 84 bird skins from New York State (gift); Mr. E. A. McIhenny, 
Avery Island, Louisiana, 26 bird skins from Louisiana (gift); California Academy 
of Sciences, San Francisco, 12 specimens of Puffinus griseus (exchange); Mr. A. Bou- 
card, Isle of Wight, England, 1 specimen (gift); Mr. R. C. MeGregor, Palo Alto, Cal- 
ifornia, 68 bird skins from the western portion of the United States (gift); Dr. 
Leonhard Stejneger, U.S. National Museum, 18 bird skins from Japan; Mr. H. P. Att- 
water, San Antonio, Texas, 11 bird skins from Texas (purchase); Mr. A. W. Anthony, 
San Diego, California, 3 types of new species (deposit); Dr. E. Coues, Washington, 
District of Columbia, type of Junco danbyi, Coues (gift); W. B. Judson, Highland 
Park, California, type of new Humming-bird (gift); Mr. William Palmer, U. S. 
National Museum, 1 specimen of Oceanodroma cryptoleucura from Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia; Mr. Joseph Grinnell, Pasadena, California, 9 specimens, including 
types of Pipilo clemente Grinnell; also 12 specimens of Jays (gift); Science College, 
Tokyo, Japan, 2specimens of Petrels (gift); Mr. Rollo H. Beck, Berryessa, California, 
23 specimens (gift); 9 bird skins from the Hawaiian Islands (purchase); 7 specimens ° 
of Parrots (purchase); Eugene Coubeanx, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territory, 
Canada, 10 bird skins; Mr. R. C. MeGregor, Palo Alto, California, 14 specimens (gift) ; 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Al 


Mr. J. D. Figgins, Falls Church, Virginia, 2 specimens (including 1 Bachman’ssparrow) 
from Maryland (gift); Prof. W. B. Hinton, Kissimmee, Florida, 1 specimen of White- 
winged Dove, from Florida (gift); Alexander Hintze, Helsingfors, Finland, 2 spec- 
imens of Lapp Owl (gift); Mr.George Ayers, Alexandria, Virginia, 1 specimen of 
Brunnich’s Murre (gift); Mr. Lawrence Skow, Omaha, Nebraska, 1 specimen of 
Hybrid Teal (exchange); Mr. W. W. Price, Leland Stanford Junior University, 2 
specimens of Pinicola from California (gift); Mr. Joseph Grinnell, Pasadena, Cali- 
fornia, 7 specimens of Californian birds (gift). 

The Museum is indebted to the following individuals and institutions 
for material transmitted at the request of the curator for examination: 
Mr. Osbert Salvin, London, England; Mr. William Brewster, Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts; the American Museum of Natural History, 
New York City; the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and 
the Boston Society of Natural History. 

Considerable attention has been given to the exhibition series, and 
it is now in much better condition than for several years past, although 
a general rearrangement would greatly improve its appearance. 

The following extract from the report of the curator indicates the 
present condition of the study series and the progress made in caring 
for the collections: 


The condition of the study series is very satisfactory, except that portion con- 
tained in the storage bases in the west basement, which remains practicably inac- 
cessible. A large portion of the collection contained in the bird gallery was 
radically rearranged, the classification followed being that of Dr. Stejneger. The 
contents of 52 quarter-unit cases were involved, and in order to give the specimens 
ample room and allow for moderate growth of the collections, 19 additional cases 
were required. The new arrangement is a systematic one, the previous one being 
geographical. The collection is divided into a North American, Neotropical, and 
Old World series. The bird gallery has now become so crowded that further case- 
room can not be had there; eleven of the cases are placed in double tiers. <A half- 
unit ‘‘type” case with quarter-unit compartments was installed in the gallery, and 
the majority of types of small birds were removed from the general collection during 
the process of rearrangement and placed in this case. A large portion of the collec- 
tion (over 5,000 specimens) made by Dr. E. A. Mearns was distributed in the general 
series at the same time. 

About 35 cases in the bird gallery were labeled. 

An additional room was placed at the disposal of the curator during the year, to 
be used both as an office and storeroom. Fourteen quarter-unit cases were placed 
in it, and the collections of pigeons, cuckoos, and part of the Coroidie were thus 
provided for. Twelve new half. unit cases were installed in the west basement, and 
many large birds contained in the old Salvin cases were transferred to them tempo- 
rarily, but the whole west basement collection will require readjustment when the 
remainder of the new cases are ready for use. 


Since the death, in February, 1897, of Maj. Charles Bendire, honor- 
ary curator of the department of birds’ eggs, the routine work of that 
office has been conducted by the curator and assistant curator of the 
department of birds. 

A group of about 250 parrots and birds of British Guiana was pre- 
pared for the Tennessee Centennial Exposition at Nashville. 

There have been no explorations directly under the auspices of the 
Museum through which material has been added to the collections of 


42 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


this department. Many of the specimens referred to above, in the list 
of important accessions, were, however, collected by the individuals or 
institutions transmitting them. 

A large quantity of material has been lent for study during the 
year, and a number of specialists have prosecuted investigations in the 
department, as will be seen by a reference to the chapters entitled 
“Material lent for investigation” and ‘‘The work of students and 
investigators at the Museum.” 

The Museum is indebted to Mr. H. C. Oberholser, of the Department 
of Agriculture, for the identification of certain specimens of owls, and 
for the arrangement of a small portion of the study series, and also to 
Dr. A. K. Fisher for special services. 

The time of Mr. Ridgway has been devoted very largely to the 
preparation of his proposed work on the Birds of North and Middle 
America. Regarding the progress made he says: 

Since June 30, 1896, there have been completed the synonymy, family diagnoses, 
and concomitant matter—except (in most cases) specific diagnoses, statement of 
geographic range, etc.—pertaining to 31 families, 261 genera, and 1,093 species, 
belonging to the proper field of the work, besides numerous extralimital genera and 
species brought into the analytical ‘‘ keys” to facilitate identification. 

With the exception of a part of the Fringillide the synonymy is now complete 
(except for final revision) for the entire avifauna of the geographical area bounded 
on the south by the Panama Railroad, together with the West Indies and the Gala- 
pagos Archipelago, embracing altogether about 3,000 species, nearly 750 genera, and 
100 families. The portion of the work completed constitutes in some respects the 
most laborious part of the undertaking, having involved the collation and verifica- 
tion of many thousands of references. 

The assistant curator, Mr. C. W. Richmond, was engaged at intervals 
from July 1 to September 1, 1896, in the determination of Dr. W. L. 
Abbott’s collection from East Africa. This work is still unfinished, 
however, owing tothe great amount of routine and miscellaneous work 
which has since occupied Mr. Richmond’s time. The work of prepar- 
ing a card catalogue of the described species of birds, with reference 
to the original descriptions, type localities, ete., has been continued. 

Twenty-nine papers based directly or indirectly upon material 
belonging to the department have been published during the year. 
These papers are mentioned by title in the Bibliography (Appendix 
IV). They contain descriptions of a large number of new species and 
two new genera. 

The plans of the curator for the further development of the depart- 
ment remain substantially the same as indicated in previous reports, 
and Mr. Ridgway states that the pressure of other work is so great 
that no decided advancement can be made along the lines indicated 
until an additional skilled assistant be employed. 

The number of specimens received during the year was 4,947, involv- 
ing the same number of catalogue entries. The total number of speci- 
mens in the collection is estimated at about 104,000. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 43 


DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS’ EGGS. 


Maj. Charles Bendire, honorary curator of this department, died on 
February 4, 1897. An account of his life and of his valuable services 
to the National Museum will be found under the head of “ Necrology.” 

At the close of the fiscal year no one had been appointed to the posi- 
tion of curator. The routine work of the office has, however, been 
conducted in the department of birds. 

The most important accessions of the year are as follows: 

From Dr. W. L. Ralph, Utica, New York, 610 eggs and 51 nests were 
received. These were all from North America, and included many 
rarities, such as the eggs of the White-throated Swift (new to science), 
the Western Evening Grosbeak (new to science), the Buff-breasted 
Flycatcher, Grace’s and Hermit Warblers, the Everglade Kite, ete. 

Mr. Otto Widman, Old Orchard, Missouri, presented the nest and 3 
eggs of Bachman’s Warbler (new to science). 

Forty-eight eggs and several nests from Lower Siam were presented 
by Dr. W. L. Abbott. 

From Dr. J. C. Merrill, Surgeon-General’s Office, Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, were received 49 eggs from Fort Sherman, Idaho. 

Forty-three eggs, collected in Texas, were presented by Mr. H. P. 
Attwater, of San Antonio. 

Twelve eggs of rare Petrels were received from Mr. A. W. Anthony, 
San Diego, California. Three of these were donated and the remain- 
der purchased. 

Special Bulletin No.3 of the U.S. National Museum, constituting 
Volume II of Major Bendire’s Life Histories of North American Birds, 
was published early in the fiscal year. This volume contains 518 pages 
and 7 colored plates. The titles of three other papers, based wholly or 
in part on material in this department, are given in the Bibliography 
(Appendix IV). 

The number of eggs received during the year was 838, and of nests, 
102. There were 300 entries made in the catalogue. 


DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 


The curator of this department, Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, was absent 
during the first half of the fiscal year on duty connected with the 
investigation of the fur-seal rookeries, and after his return to Washing- 
ton he was engaged for some time in the preparation of a report upon 
the results of his observations. In May he was detailed by the Presi- 
dent of the United States for similar duty during the summer of 1897, 
For these reasons the work of the department of reptiles and batrachians 
has been greatly interfered with. There has, however, been an increase 
of 50 per cent in the number of permanent accessions, the total for the 
year having been 66. The most important additions are as follows: 

A collection of reptiles and batrachians from Liberia, obtained by 


44 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Prof. O. F. Cook, of the U. S. National Museum; a number of reptiles, 
chiefly from Australia, received in exchange from the Australian 
Museum, Sydney, New South Wales; two lots of material collected by 
Dr. W. L. Abbott in Lower Siam; a collection of reptiles and batra- 
chians from Madagascar, obtained by purchase; a series from Yesso 
Island, Japan, presented by S. Nozawa, Sapporo, Japan; a number of 
lizards from Hawaii, trans’yitted by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, and a col- 
lection of the same character from Mr. Valdemar Knudsen. Doctor 
Stejneger collected reptiles and batrachians in Japan and the Hawaiian 
Islands, and material from Japan was also received from the Science 
College Museum, Tokio. 

Mr. William Palmer, Mr. D. W. Prentiss, jr., and Mr. Paul Bartsch 
collected material in the Dismal Swamp, Virginia. 

The collections were examined systematically on two occasions, and 
the alcohol replenished and strengthened as required. 

A paper by Doctor Stejneger on a new species of Guillemot from the 
Kurile Islands was published in the Auk of April, 1897. 

The number of specimens received and entered during the year was 
1,158, the total number now in the collection being placed at 36,777. 


DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 


Dr. Tarleton H. Bean continues to act as honorary curator of this 
department, although Mr. Barton A. Bean, the assistant curator, has 
practically had charge of the department during the year. 

During the year there were 30 accessions to the collection, four of 
which were “temporary.” The total number of accessions last year 
was 22. So far as scientific value is concerned, the material received 
compares favorably with that acquired during ‘the preceding year. <A 
series of fishes obtained by the steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the 
Hawaiian Islands, off the coast of Lower California, and in the vicinity 
of the Galapagos Islands, was received from the U.S. Fish Commis- 
sion. The commission also transmitted a collection of types and 
cotypes of 41 species of fishes from the west coast of North America, 
and a series of specimens from the Colorado and Columbia rivers, 
including several types. Prof. Seth E. Meek, of the Field Columbian 
Museum, presented a fine series of fishes collected by himself in the 
Bay of Naples. Material was received in exchange from the Austra- 
lian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, and from the Museum of Nat- 
ural History, Lyons, France. A series of fishes from the vicinity of 
Yesso Island was presented by Mr. 8S. Nozawa, by whom they were col- 
lected. An interesting collection obtained in 1892 and 1894 in Mexico 
by Messrs. Nelson and Goldman, of the U.S. Department of Agricul- 
ture, was turned over to the Museum. Prof. O. F. Cook collected a few 
fishes during his recent trip to Liberia. 

The study series has been increased during the year by the addition 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. A5 


of numerous type specimens and other desiderata. A large portion of 
the series stored in the west basement has been relabeled and con- 
densed, with a view to making it more accessible. The collections on 
exhibition are referred to in the chapter entitled “* Development and 
arrangement of the exhibition series.” 

All of the specimens received during the year have been entered on 
the catalogue books, and most of them are labeled and installed. The 
entire collection has been examined from time to time, to insure the 
preservation of the spegimens. In February and March, 1897, an 
exhibit consisting of deep-sea forms and a series of casts of American 
fishes was prepared for the Tennessee Centennial and International 
Exposition at Nashville. 

Small sets of American fishes were distributed to the following 
foreign institutions: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy; 
Zoologisches Institut, Kiel, Germany; The Australian Museum, Syd- 
ney, New South Wales; The Natural History Museum, Academy of 
Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. . 

The preparation of a report upon the fishes collected by the U.S. 
Fish Commission steamer Albatross in South American waters in 1887-88 
has been continued by the honorary curator. A report has been pre- 
pared by the assistant curator upon several new fishes from Bering Sea, 
and the manuscript and drawings are now ready for the printer. The 
fishes collected by Messrs. Nelson and Goldman in Mexico have also 
been reported upon by Mr. Barton A. Bean. 

Material has been sent to a number of persons for study, and several 
specialists have prosecuted investigations in the department. <A refer- 
ence to these transactions will be found in another place. 

Dr. Theodore Gill, associate in zoology, has, as usual, rendered valu- 
able assistance during the year. Drs. David 8. Jordan, C. H. Gilbert, 
S. E. Meek, and W. C. Kendall have aided in theexamination of doubtful 
species. 

Two ichthyological works of special importance have been published 
during the year—Special Bulletin No. 2 of the Museum, entitled Oceanic 
Ichthyology, by the late Dr. G. Brown Goode and Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, 
and part 1 of Bulletin No. 47, entitled The Fishes of North and Middle 
America, by Messrs. Jordan and Evermann. Thirteen other papers 
based upon Museum material have been published, the titles of which 
will be found in the Bibliography (Appendix IV.) 

New cases will be constructed for that portion of the collection which 
was removed from the room above the office of the department. Elec- 
tric lights have recently been furnished in the basement. 

A portion of the study series has been stored in the exhibition hall 
for some time past, this condition of things being necessary on account 
of lack of space. Additional cases should be erected in the basement 
for the accommodation of these specimens, the exhibition space thus 
provided being used for the installation of a collection which will be of 
popular interest. 


A6 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


In order to provide additional material to take the place of the alco- 
holic specimens, which will inevitably deteriorate, it will be necessary 
to collect, from time to time, the fishes of our coasts, even the common 
forms. 

There were 2,110 specimens received during the year, the total num- 
ber of specimens in the collection being estimated at 150,000. These 
figures are the same as those given in the last report, since the material 
distributed, in connection with a small amount of useless duplicate 
material which has been discarded, is about equal to the receipts for 
the year. The last catalogue entry on June 30, 1896, was 47687, and on 
June 30, 1897, 48471. 


DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS. 


Dr. William H. Dall, honorary curator, states that there were 149 
accessions to the collection of mollusks during the year, as compared 
with 118 for the preceding year. It is estimated that these accessions 
embrace more than 10,000 specimens, which is three times the number 
included in the accessions for 1895-96. While many of the accessions 
were not large or important, on the whole an unusual number of desir- 
able species were received and, as a result, many gaps in the reserve 
series have been filled. | 

The curator calls special attention to the following contributions: 


The most important accessions are those due to the generosity of Rev. L. T. Cham- 
berlain, of New York City, who, as in past years, has contributed by the purchase 
of desirable material, especially Unionidz. Much-needed publications bearing on 
the same subject have also been secured. The most important single lot of speci- 
mens comprised 232 species and over 700 specimens from the well-known Sallé col- 
lection, recently sold in Paris. 

Next in importance is a series of 200 species and 315 specimens purchased to com- 
plete the series exhibited at Nashville. All of these will be added to the reserve 
series and will supply many deficiencies. 

Thirdly, there should be mentioned a quantity of material received from the U. 8. 
Fish Commission, comprising about 5,700 specimens. Among these are many desir- 
able additions to our collections of North Pacific mollusks. 

A collection containing about 400 species, largely from the Island of Cuba and 
adjacent regions, was purchased, adding a number of desiderata to the Museum 
series. 

Among the smaller lots which are worthy of special mention are the following: 

From Dr. W. L. Abbott was received a small but interesting series of shells from 
the Malay Peninsula. All of the material was new to the collection, and it included 
a number of fine specimens, among them a new species of Nanina. 

Mr. J. S. Arnheim, of San Francisco, presented 50 or 60 miscellaneous species, most 
of which were desiderata. ‘ 

Rey. E. H. Ashmun, Albuquerque, New Mexico, presented several small lots of 
interesting land shells from New Mexico and Arizona. These included a few new 
species. 

From the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, 29 species of most 
desirable Australian land shells were received in exchange. 

Mrs. T. 8S. Oldroyd, Los Angeles, California, has continued her researches into the 
fauna of San Pedro and has presented a number of species not before represented 
in the collection from that locality. Some of these were undescribed. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. AT 


Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.N., sent in exchange a number of typical specimens of inter- 
esting shells from the Parana River and adjacent parts of South America. 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture presented a number of interesting Mexican 
species collected by Mr. E. W. Nelson. Several of these were new and most of the 
others were not previously represented in the Museum series, 

Dr. De Witt Webb, St. Augustine, Florida, presented negatives of photographs of 
asea monster stranded near that place, named Octopus giganteus by Professor Verrill. 
Portions of the remains, preserved in formalin, were also transmitted. 

Col. L. Worthington Wilmer gave a miscellaneous lot of shells from various 
localities, some of which were very acceptable. 

Mr. Berlin H. Wright, Penn Yan, New York, contributed a large number of inter- 
esting Naiades, all of which filled gaps in the geographical series and several of 
which were author’s cotypes of new species. 

In the chapter entitled ‘‘ Development and arrangement of the exhi- 
bition series” will be found a statement relating to the exhibition 
series in this department. A series of mounted specimens, illustrating 
the families of mollusks, was sent to Nashville for exhibition at the 
Tennessee Centennial Exposition. The study or reserve series has 
been considerably increased during the year, and the whole collection 
is in condition for reference by means of a card catalogue of the genera. 
The material received from Professor Verrill is now all labeled and 
listed, but it will not be incorporated with the regular study series until 
the remainder of the specimens have been received from him. The 
work of registering the Jeffreys collection has progressed, although 
slowly, on account of the extreme care which it is necessary to exercise 
in handling the material. The reserve collection of alcoholics, except 
the most recent accessions, is now catalogued on cards, more than 
2,000 of the latter having been filled out during the year. The collee- 
tion of duplicates is also fully catalogued and in perfect order. The 
number of species represented is 4,174. The collection of minute 
Helicide—Pupa, Vertigo, Pisidium, ete.—has been worked over and 
named by Dr. V. Sterki, and may now be regarded as in complete 
order for reference. 

The honorary curator makes the following statement regarding the 
scientific work accomplished by members of the staff and by others not 
connected with the department: 


The report on the land shells collected by the Mexican Boundary Commission has 
been printed. The discussion of the insular land faun illustrated by the collec- 
tions at the Galapagos Islands, by Dr. G. Baur and others, is likewise printed. 

The descriptions of the Antillean Tertiary fossils prepared by the curator from 
the collections of the National Museum, including a revision of the manuscript sub- 
mitted by Mr. R. J. L. Guppy, of Trinidad, West Indies, have also been published. 

Work has been continued by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson on his proposed monograph of the 
Naiades, and fair progress has been made. The curator has continued to devote con- 
siderable time to the Neocene fauna of Florida. The Pelecypods, up to and inelud- 
ing the Pectinidie, are practically finished. This work involved complete revision of 
the reserve series belonging to the Museum, as far as the work has gone. 

Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, has been 
studying the collection of Seaphopods, which is one of the largest in the world, in 
connection with his monograph of that group, now in preparation. He has also 
utilized the collection of the genus Bulimus for the same purpose. 


48 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Dr. E. L. Mark, of Harvard University, has studied the collection of microscopic 
slides illustrating the anatomy of the rare forms of Pelecypoda, and Mr. Berlin H. 
Wright has utilized the collection of Naiades in connection with his studies of that 
group. 

Mr. T. Wayland Vaughan has had the use of the entire cee of Eocene corals 
in connection with his researches. 

Prof. G. D. Harris, of Cornell University, utilized the collection in connection 
with his work on the lower HKocene faunz. 

A number of minor investigations of particular groups or species have been made 
by members of the staff, and also by visitors. 

Miss Jennie A. Letson, of Buffalo, a student of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, devoted several weeks to a general 
study of the Mollusca. In return for the privileges afforded she ren- 
dered considerable assistance during a portion of the time in the 
regular work of the department. 

Mr. Charles Schuchert, while making explorations in southern 
Mississipp1, obtained and transmitted to the Museum some interesting 
specimens of mollusks. 

Mr. William Palmer, of the National Museum, sent in a small number 
of specimens. 

Dr. Dall mentions the names of 30 persons who have made collec- 
tions with a view to working out local faunz, and who have in most 
cases contributed types of new species to the Museum, in return for 
the work performed by the department in examination and identifica- 
tion. In this connection it is stated that during the year applications 
for information of various kinds were received from 164 persons, and 
that compliance with these requests involved the identification of 3,734 
species of mollusks, besides the preparation of a See number of 
letters. 

Material for examination has been lent to Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and Mr. Berlin H. 
Wright, of Penn Yan, New York. 

Twenty-three papers based upon Museum material have been pub- 
lished during the year by members of the staff and other collaborators. 
The titles of these papers will be found in the Bibliography (Appendix 
TV) 

At the present rate of progress several years will be required to 
complete the work of cataloguing, labeling, and arranging for reference 
the material now on hand. The Jeffreys collection and the material in 
Professor Verrill’s hands must be finally administered upon, and the 
duplicates entirely eliminated from the reserves. 

The total number of specimens in the department of mollusks, exclu- 
sive of fossils, is estimated to be 632,300. The fossils number about 
67,000. More than 2,800 entries have been made in the catalogues of 
recent shells. The total registrations of all kinds, including entries 
made in the catalogues reserved for fossils, exceeded 18,000, an increase 
of about 50 per cent over the registrations for the preceding year. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 49 


DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS. 


The honorary curator of this department, Dr. L. O. Howard, states 
that while there has been a decrease in the number of accessions, or 
“lots,” of material received, there has been a marked increase in the 
number of specimens and species represented in these accessions. The 
material is also of greater scientific value. The most important acces- 
sions are here mentioned: 


From Dr. W. L. Abbott, about 4,600 specimens from Trong, Lower Siam (gift); 
from Rev. D. W. Snyder, 1,410 specimens of insects from Luebo, Congo (gift); from 
D. W. Coquillett, Department of Agriculture, 860 specimens of Tachinide, including 
81 type specimens (gift); from H. G. Hubbard and E, A. Schwarz, Department of 
Agriculture, 69 species of Coleoptera, new to the collection (gift); from the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, about 600 specimens of Homoptera, Micro-hymenoptera, and 
Coccinellidxe from China, Japan, and Australia, collected by Mr. Albert Koebele 
(gift); from Prof.T. D. A Cockerell, Las Cruces, New Mexico, types of Hymenoptera 
from Mexico and New Mexico; from Prof. H. Osborn, Ames, Iowa, types of 20 species 
of Homoptera (gift); from H. G. Hubbard, Department of Agriculture, a choice colleec- 
tion of Hymenoptera from the arid region of Arizona (gift); from Prof. O. F. Cook, 
a collection of European Myriapods (gift); from H. G. Hubbard, Department of 
Agriculture, 118 species of Coleoptera from the West Indies (gift); from the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, 168 specimens of Acridiidie collected in Mexico by C. H. Tyler 
Townsend (gift); from J. G. Foetterle, Petropolis, Brazil, 115 specimens of Lepi- 
doptera from his locality (gift); from Dr. A. Dugés, Guanajuato, Mexico, a new 
Cynipid and a new Curculionid from Guanajuato, Mexico (gift); from Prof. J. B. 
Smith, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 7 types of Acronyctas (gift); from the Musée 
@ Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland, a collection of Orthoptera (exchange). 


The fragmentary exhibition series, owing to the lack of a more suit- 
able place, has been arranged in the hallway leading to the offices of 
the department of insects. On aecount of the unfavorable conditions 
under which the specimens are exhibited, many of them need remount- 
ing, and in some cases new and fresh material should be substituted 
for the old. The study, or systematic, series is in good condition, 
although some additional labels should be supplied. 

The honorary curator states that an effort will be made to arrange 
and determine all the exotic material during the coming winter. 

A considerable amount of scientific work has been accomplished 
during the year, as will be seen from the following paragraphs quoted 
from the report of Dr. Howard: 

Mr. D. W. Coquillett has been engaged in monographing the flies belonging to the 
family Tachinid#, a group of parasitic flies of great economic importance. The 
work is based largely upon Museum material, and has just been completed. It will 
be published shortly as a special bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Mr. 
Coquillett has also nearly completed a revision of the Simulid in our collection. 

Mr. E. A. Schwarz is monographing the North American Psyllidw. The monograph 
will be based entirely on the extensive collection of these insects in the National 
Museum. 

Mr. W.H. Ashmead is monographing the Hymenopterous family Braconide, and 
hopes to complete the work this fall. During his studies he has identified and 
rearranged the collection of these insects in the Museum, He has also studied the 

NAT MUS 97 4 


50 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Ichneumonide and some groups of the Micro-hymenoptera, particularly the families 
Cynipide and Chalcidide, besides doing much work in naming and rearranging the 
Aculeate Hymenoptera, and in labeling and cataloguing the type specimens in all 
orders. 

Prof. Carl F. Baker of Fort Collins, Colorado, is monographing the families Jassidz 
and Cercopide, and Prof. H. E. Summers is doing similar work with the Hydrobatide. 

The explorations of Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Malay Peninsula, of Mr. 
Albert Koebele in China, Japan, and Australia, and of Rey. D. W. 
Snyder in the Congo region, West Africa, have resulted in the addition 
to the collections of many new and rare forms. Reference has already 
been made to the material obtained. During the summer of 1896 Mr. 
Rolla P. Currie made collections in North Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, 
and Wyoming. Many of the specimens obtained probably represent 
well-known species, although a few are rare or new, while others will 
help to fill up gaps in the systematic collection. In November, Mr. Currie 
accompanied Prof. O. F. Cook to Liberia, where he made quite exten- 
sive collections of Arthropoda. The material collected had not, how- 
ever, reached Washington at the close of the fiscal year. 

In the chapter treating of ‘“‘ Material lent for investigation” a reference 
will be found to the specimens sent out from this department for study. 

Thirty-seven papers based upon material in the Museum have been 
published during the year by members of the staff of this department, 
and five others by persons not officially connected with the Museum. 
The titles of these papers are given in the Bibliography (Appendix IV). 

There were 13,217 specimens received during the year, and 239 
entries were made in the catalogue. The total number of specimens 
now in the collection, including some material which has been received 
on deposit, is estimated at 643,000. 


DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. 


Mr. Richard Rathbun, who was recently appointed Assistant Secre- 
tary of the Smithsonian Institution, continues to act as honorary 
curator of this department. He states that during the year the entire 
collection has been overhauled, the jars supplied with new stoppers, 
when necessary, and the alcohol replenished. Catalogue cards have 
been made for all the speciinens entered on the books. Hight collec- 
tions of marine invertebrates have been sent to educational institutions, 
and a considerable number of special collections have been prepared 
and distributed, most of the latter, however, having been sent in 
exchange. 

An exhibit, consisting of five cases of echinoderms, corais, and 
sponges, was prepared for the Tennessee Centennial Exposition, at 
Nashville. The echinoderms were arranged in systematic order, the 
corals and sponges being grouped in an attractive manner. A fine 
Series of commercial sponges, crustaceans, and corals was lent to the 
U.S. Fish Commission for its exhibit at Nashville. 

The work of separating the material collected by the Fish Commis- 


sion and stored at the museum of Yale University has been carried on 
during the year under the direction of Professor Verrill, although no 
specimens have been received at the National Museum. 

The condition of the exhibition and study series is practically the 
same as indicated in the Report for last year. 

There was an increase of 13 in the number of accessions, the total 
having been 82. The material received from the U.S, Fish Commission 
is not nearly so valuable as that received during the preceding year. 
On the other hand, the value of the accessions from outside sources 
has greatly exceeded that of the accessions for 1895-96. 

The material of greatest importance is here mentioned: 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 51 


One hundred and twenty-four microscopic slides of Adriatic sponges (purchase) ; 
from the State University of Iowa, through Prof. C. C. Nutting, 14 species of crabs 
and 52 microscopic slides of Plumularian hydroids, collected chiefly by the biolog- 
ical expedition made by the University to the Bahamas and Florida Keys in 1893 
(exchange); from the Museum of Natural History, Paris, through Prof. E. L. Bouvier, 
72 species of crabs (exchange); from the Royal Zoological Museum, Turin, Italy, 
through Mr. Joseph Nobili, 34 species of Crustacea (exchange); from the Royal 
Museum of Natural History, Berlin, Germany, 32 species of crabs (exchange); from 
the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, through Dr. F. Meinert, 30 species of crabs 
(exchange); from the University of Stockholm, through Prof. Wilhelm Leche, 24 
species of European Crustacea (exchange); from Dr. R. Koehler, Lyons, France, 21 
species of invertebrates dredged in the Gulf of Gascogne (exchange); from Prof. 
D’Arey W. Thompson, Dundee, Scotland, 16 specimens of Crustacea, chiefly from 
Davis Straits (exchange); from the Museum of Natural History, Geneva, Switzer- 
land, through Dr. N. d’Adelung, 12 species of .Crustacea (exchange); from the 
British Museum of Natural History, London, England, 9 species of crabs (exchange). 

Prof. W. P. Hay, Washington, D. C., transmitted 25 species of Crayfishes, in 
exchange. Many of these were type specimens. Six species of Crayfishes, described 
by Dr. Walter Faxon, were sent, in exchange, by the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. From Cornell University, through Prof. J. H. 
Comstock, were received 19 species of invertebrates collected by the Cornell expedi- 
tion to Greenland in 1896. Eight species of Crustacea and 5 Japanese sponges were 
purchased. 

Other accessions were as follows: From Mr. F. S. Conant, Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity, Baltimore, 29 species of crabs collected in Kingston Harbor, Jamaica (gift); 
from Dr. E. A. Andrews, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 17 species of crabs 
collected in the Bahamas (gift); from the U. S. Fish Commission, material obtained 
in connection with oyster investigations in Long Island Sound in 1890 and 1892 
(gift); from the Fur-Seal Commission, Dr. David S. Jordan, president, invertebrates 
collected in Japan and the Bering Sea (gift); from Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, U.S. 
National Museum, Crustacea and worms from the Sandwich Islands (gift); from Dr. 
W.L. Abbott, crabs, lobsters, and shrimps collected in Siam (gift); from Mr. A. W. 
Anthony, San Diego, California, Crustacea collected on the west coast of Lower 
California (purchase); from H. Farquhar, department of lands and survey, Welling- 
ton, New Zealand, 5 species of echinoderms (exchange); from Mr. E. B. Carter, 
St. Augustine, Florida, 2 pieces of wood eaten by Isopods, also numerous specimens 
of Isopods from St. Johns River, Florida (gift); from T. D. A. Cockerell, Mesilla, 
New Mexico, 2 species of Isopods, one of which was undescribed, from the vicinity of 
Socorro, New Mexico (gift); from J. O. Snyder, Stanford University, California, 
crustaceans, worms, and hydroids collected on the coast of southern California 
(gift); from H. N. Lowe, Pasadena, California, crustaceans and echinoderms collected 
in San Pedro Bay, California (gift). 


¢ 


52 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Special investigations have been prosecuted by members of the staff 
of this department, as follows: 

Mr. Benedict, assistant curator, has made a study of the Isopoda, 
especially those collected by the steamer Albatross. He has deter- 
mined the bulk of the unnamed specimens, and has nearly completed a 
report upon the same, for which a number of drawings have been made. 

Miss Rathbun, second assistant curator, has continued her studies of 
the Brachyura, and has completed a revision of the nomenclature. 
Special studies of the Palicidie, the fresh-water crabs, and the genera 
Callinectes, Sesarma, and Hthusa, have also been carried on. 

Miss Rathbun was on detached service for four months for the pur- 
pose of visiting the museums of London, Copenhagen, Kiel, Berlin, 
Geneva, and Paris. During her travels many type specimens of deca- 
pod crustacea were examined, and about 140 photographs made for 
future comparison and study. Exchanges were arranged with the 
museums visited, and one series has already been received from each. 
The number of species represented in these collections is 176, and the 
number of specimens, 312. Nearly all the species are new to the collec- 
tion, and 28 type specimens are included. 

Some of the museums visited kindly lent specimens of crabs to the 
U.S. National Museum for study. 

Those who were especially instrumental in bringing about these 
results were Sir William H. Flower, Mr. Charles EK. Fagan, and Prof. F. 
Jeffrey Bell, of the British Museum of Natural History; Dr. F. Meinert, 
of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen; Dr. K. Brandt, director of the 
Zoological Institute, Kiel, Germany; Dr. K. Mobius, director of the 
Royal Zoological Museum, Berlin; Dr. F. Hilgendorf, also of the Berlin 
Museum; Dr. N. d’Adelung and Prof. H. de Saussure, of the Museum 
ot Natural History, Geneva, Switzerland; and Prof. A. Milne-Edwards 
and Prof. E. L. Bouvier, of the Museum of Natural History, Paris. 

Material for study and examination has been sent to five specialists 
during the year, and others have prosecuted investigations in the 
department. Further reference to these matters will be found in 
another part of this Report. 

Assistance has been rendered in various ways by persons not con- 
nected with the Museum, as may be seen from the following paragraphs 
taken from the report of the honorary curator: 


Dr. Walter Faxon submitted for publication a report on the crayfishes added to 
our collection during recent years, at the same time returning the specimens upon 
which the report is based, and adding others from the collections of the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. 

Prof. C. C. Nutting, who is monographing the hydroids, including the large col- 
lection belonging to the Museum, has completed and transmitted for publication 
that part treating of the Plumularide. 

Dr. A. Zumbrach was a volunteer assistant in the department from October to 
June, rendering valuable service during that time in translating from the German. 

Mr. W. P. Hay, professor of zoology at the Central High School, who has assisted 
the department in various ways, contributed his entire collection of crayfishes, 
including many types. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 53 


Mr. FS. Morton, Portland, Maine, has mounted and named a number of specimens 
of Foraminifera for the Museum. 

Miss Harriet Richardson has been a volunteer assistant in the department since 
September, 1896, and has aided in the identification of the Isopoda, especially the 
Sph:eromidie. Descriptions and figures of several species have already been pub- 
lished 


Fifteen papers based upon Museum material have been published 
during the year.’ The titles of these are given in the Bibliography 
(Appendix LV). 

Itis proposed to rearrange the exhibits in the west hall of the Smith- 
sonian Building. In carrying out this rearrangement more attention 
will be given to systematic order and a better representation of the 
genera. New cases will be provided. Forms which can not be repre- 
sented properly by specimens will be shown by casts or diagrams. 

Nearly 2,400 specimens were received during the year, the total 
number in the collection being estimated at about 529,000. Eight 
hundred and twenty-five entries were made in the catalogues, as fol- 
lows: Crustaceans, 586; worms, 20; bryozoans and ascidians, 10; 
echinoderms and coelenterates, 203; sponges and protozoans, 6. 


HELMINTHOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 


Dr. C. W. Stiles, custodian, reports that four collections have been 
added to the Museum series during the year, namely, the collection of 
the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, and the 
private collections of Drs. Leidy, Stiles, and Hassall. These have 
all been received on deposit, with the understanding, however, that 
the duplicate material is subject to exchange with other museums. 
The helminthological collection of the U. S. National Museum is now, 
with one or two exceptions, the largest in the world. 

In addition to the material above mentioned, a collection of para- 
sites of seals, obtained by the Fur-Seal Investigation Commission in 
Alaska, was received from the Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Owing to limited space it is impossible to satisfactorily arrange the 
study series. There is no exhibition series. No comprehensive plans 
for the further development of the section can be carried out until 
more room is provided. 

Doctor Stiles has completed an extensive revision of the adult ces- 
todes of hares and rabbits. This paper was published in the Proceed- 
ings of the National Museum. He has also published, as a bulletin of 
the Department of Agriculture, a paper on the tapeworms of poultry. 
Doctors Stiles and Hassall have prepared a paper on the parasites 
collected in Alaska by the Fur-Seal Investigation Commission. An 
extensive report upon certain parasites of meat inspection, by Doctor 
Stiles, is also ready for the press. 

The catalogue entries for the year cover nearly 5,000 numbers. 


54 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 


Mr. F. A. Lucas, curator of this department, was absent from the 
Museum from June 18 to October 15, 1896, having been detailed to 
accompany the party visiting the Pribilof Islands for the purpose of 
aiding in ascertaining the condition of the fur-seal herds. On June 5, 
1897, he again left for the north on a similar mission.. 

The number of accessions to the collection has been small, although 
such material as has been received is of considerable scientific value. 
The study series is overcrowded, and many valuable specimens are in 
storage. It is possible to employ only a very small force in the prepa- 
ration of material, and facilities for the work are also limited. For 
these reasons no effort has been made to accumulate specimens which 
could not be cared for, and only particularly desirable material has 
been accepted. 

A skeleton of an Australian native and a skeleton of a Gangetic 
crocodile were purchased for the exhibit at the Tennessee Centennial 
Exposition. A number of skeletons of mammals, birds, and reptiles 
from Lower Siam, collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott, were transmitted to 
the Museum. The specimens are all in excellent condition and include 
many species not before represented in the collection. 

The exhibition series of the department is in especially good con- 
dition. The study series, although overcrowded, is also well cared for. 
The cataloguing of specimens has been kept up, but owing to the 
absence of the curator and the rearrangement of the cases and speci- 
mens in the exhibition hall, necessitated by the laying of a new 
floor, no great amount of progress has been made in developing the 
collections. 

In speaking of special investigations, Mr. Lucas says: 

In connection with his report on the fur-seal the curator has devoted considerable 
attention to the question of dentition and to other anatomical points, as well as to 
the food and breeding habits and diseases of the fur-seal. The food was determined 
almost entirely from osteological material, and in this connection one new genus of 
fishes has been described. The description has not yet, however, been published. 
The curator has also examined and identified the bones collected by Doctor Fewkes 
at the ancient pueblo of Homolobi, and in this connection published a note on an 
ancient Indian dog. The study of species of fossil bison of North America has been 
continued, as well as the study of a new species of fossil shark from Iowa. 

The exhibition series has been studied at various times by students 
from the medical colleges and the high schools. Students and teachers 
have been allowed the use of the dissecting models whenever possible. 
A new genus and species of fossil Skate were described by Dr. C. R. 
Eastman, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, from 
material sent to him. 

The number of specimens received during the year was 110, repre- 
senting the same number of catalogue entries. The total number of 
specimens now in the collection is 15,395, The last numbers in the 


— . 
>» 
v 
> 


. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 55 


various catalogues at the end of J une, 1896, and June, 1897, are shown 
in the appended table. 


1896. 1897. 
bss saqibis SRE DSS SEBS eee Bee OE On Seon etn oe BARA ce 49436 49469 
ne ne te ode Re SSIES S EEE Se ae ne fee ee, eee See eae 19446 19480 
Reptiles and amphibians ...................-- SUTIN BE SEE CA SS SHS EAA NASER AAO 29396 29410 
at pathos uta pte Sees es ee a Be Es SR erp noe aes 26185 26194 
SENTIPICUUIETINIOIB aoe caches ahha wactien sone tolkacens <cwdsle reo cnd am Sen sd soumee case on 53520 53527 


DEPARTMENT OF PALEONTOLOGY. 


The scientific value of the collections received during the past year 
in this department, of which the Acting Assistant Secretary is the 
honorary curator, has exceeded that of the two preceding fiscal years. 

The collection of greatest value was made by Mr. Charles Schuchert, 
assistant curator, in southern Alabama. As a result the National 
Museum now has nearly complete skeletons of Zeuglodon and Dorudon, 
besides much suplementary material. Mr. Schuchert also made a 
small but interesting collection of Ordovician and Devonian fossils in 
Tennessee. 

The U.S. Geological Survey transferred to the Museum seven lots of 
invertebrate fossils, all of which are of considerable value. 

Mr. hk. D. Lacoe, Pittston, Pennsylvania, added to the Lacoe Collec- 
tion 208 specimens of Tertiary fossil plants, many of them being types. 

Mr. Walter Hough, assistant curator in the department of ethnology, 
presented his private collection of Carboniferous fossil plants and 
invertebrates. 

Col. Charles Coote Grant, Hamilton, Ontario, donated two interesting 
lots of Silurian graptolites from his locality. 

Mr. W.S. Gresley, Erie, Pennsylvania, presented a number of spec- 
imens of Lake Superior iron ores, containing probable fossil imprints. 
If these are actually the imprints of animals, they are the oldest 
known fossils. 

Dr. Charles E. Beecher, New Haven, Connecticut, presented a small 
but valuable collection of Devonian phyllopod crustacea, and two 
models showing the ventral anatomy of trilobites. 

Dr. Wheelton Hind, Stoke-upon-Trent, England, sent an interesting 
collection of Carboniferous mollusca in exchange. 

Prof. E. H. Barbour, of the University of Nebraska, deposited a 
collection of the problematic fossils known as Demonelix, which was 
afterwards purchased. 

The University of Wyoming, through Prof. Wilbur C. Knight, sent 
an interesting collection of Mesozoic invertebrates from Wyoming, in 
exchange. 

The type specimens of Lepido.ylon anomalum and Megaphytum gold- 
enbergii were received in exchange from Dr, J. H. Britts, Clinton, 
Missouri. 


56 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester, England, pre- 
sented fifty-four species of fossils from the Lancashire coal measures. 

A great deal of time has been devoted to the exhibition series of 
fossil vertebrates and fossil plants, but the collections are still in a 
condition far from satisfactory. When the new gallery in the southeast 
court is completed, the former series will be considerabiy enlarged. 
The Marsh collection of vertebrates should be labeled and the entire 
invertebrate exhibition series mounted upon tiles. All of the fossil 
Medusve illustrated by the Director of the U. 8. Geological Survey in 
a work to be published by the Survey, will be placed upon exhibition. 
Two synoptic collections illustrating the genera, families, and orders of 
the Crinoids and Trilobites have been arranged and mounted on tiles 
for the Tennessee Centennial Exposition. About five months have been 
given to the preparation of the Zeuglodon material collected by Mr. 
Schuchert, and a nearly complete skeleton of this cetacean will soon 
be placed upon exhibition. 

Considerable progress has been made with the study collections in 
_ the various sections of this department under the charge of Messrs. 
W. H. Dall, Lester F. Ward, T. W. Stanton, F. H. Knowlton, David 
White, and Charles Schuchert. The material gathered annually by 
these gentlemen is, however, accumulating more rapidly than they are 
able to study and finally dispose of. 

The assistant curator has been able to give very little time to original 
research, owing to pressure of other work. He has, however, as oppor- 
tunity permitted, continued his studies of the North American fossil 
starfishes. He has also prepared reports on several collections of 
fossils submitted to him by the Director of the U. 8. Geological Survey. 
His work entitled Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda, includ- 
ing Bibliography and Synonymy, has been completed, and is in type. 
It will appear as Bulletin No. 87 of the U.S. Geological Survey. 

A number of papers have been published during the year by mem- 
bers of the staff of this department. The titles of these appear in the 
Bibliography (Appendix IV). 

The assistant curator devoted a portion of the month of May, 1897, 
to collecting invertebrates from the Devonian strata of western Ten- 
nessee. His explorations in Alabama have already been referred to. 
From the Fewkes expedition of 1896, through Mr. Walter Hough, an 
interesting collection of Mesozoic invertebrate fossils was received. A 
large quantity of material collected by the paleontologists of the U.S. 
Geological Survey has been deposited in the Museum, but has not yet 
been formally transferred. 

A number of specimens have been lent to Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, of 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, for use in the preparation of a synopsis of 
the class Cephalopoda. Professor Hyatt also spent a short time at the 
Museum in April, 1897, studying the ammonites. 

Prof. J. ’. Whiteaves, of the Geological Survey of Canada, identified 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 57 


the Museum series of Ordovician fossils from the Red River of the 
North, and Prof. Charles E. Beecher, of Yale University. assisted in 
the arrangement of the synoptic collection of trilobites. 

Collections of fossils, made either directly by the National Museum 
or through its influence, are arriving faster than the staff of the depart- 
ment can properly transfer them to the exhibition or study series. 
Material transmitted from the U.S. Geological Survey is also rapidly 
accumulating. Although this material has served the purpose for 
which it was coilected by the Survey, it is not in condition for final 
disposition in the study or exhibition series. The services of a pre- 
parator are required, and the specimens must be finally identified and 
registered. Owing to lack of assistance and insufficient drawer-space, 
these collections have been accumulating for some time past, and there 
are now in storage 880 boxes of practically unworked material. - 

The most important gap in the paleontological collections of the 
Museum is in the vertebrate series. The assistant curator has, during 
the past three years, devoted many months to the work of gathering 
and preparing material of three skeletons of the large cetacean, Zeuglo- 
don cetoides. More than 225 boxes of vertebrate material are in storage 
awaiting preparation. In addition to this the U.S. Geological Survey, 
through Prot. O. C. Marsh, of New Haven, desires to gradually turn 
over to the Museum the vast collections of vertebrate material which 
have been accumulating during the past ten or twelve years. Upon 
the gallery now being constructed in the southeast court will be placed 
the exhibition series of fossil plants which at present occupies the wall- 
cases along two sides of the ground floor in that court. 

The total number of specimens received during the year is estimated 
at 5,300. The number of catalogue entries is shown in the following 
table: 


orc Number of 
Collection. ' earone 

ERCOZOIG INVErtebrates .=-...2-2--22-s-cccccecucseo. pate Aen eee REE eer ena 719 
PCPEIANC TR EBPLOUDACER oon e et ee Se et oe ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Ae 11 
Cenozoic invertebrates -.--- See eae oer cia eno ae cote ena teas We seein oe nied ee ote eesdee 13, 427 
ROTEL Sees en anne 2 fe ae ee ee et ae Oe eS een es eos 150 
RCRA RI SLT TR egret eee eae een SA a Tome ee a8 A DOLCE I Rak. Be cosa fate Snes: 208 
MPEM NANTES UAE: OOLUOMON)= #2950. 3- case tod occ cast eet oes ceceee coacce oe esc eooceeesee 208 
Ute as aoe ee aoe es Se ea Re ae eee on See de Sait Sewiesiee Sates ona 14, 723 


DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY (NATIONAL HERBARIUM). 


Mr. F. V. Coville, honorary curator of this department, states that 
there were 370 accessions during the year, an increase of 134 over the 
previous year. The material received is also of greater scientific value, 
the opportunities for advantageous exchange having been largely 
increased since the transfer of the Herbarium to the National Museum 
building. 


58 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The following accessions are of especial importance and have mate- 
rially added to the value of the collection: 


Nearly 900 South American plants from Dr. A. Engler, Berlin, Germany (exchange) ; 
1,369 specimens from Mr. F. V. Coville (gift); 981 plants from the Sandwich Islands 
(purchase) ; 1,057 plants from Oregon (purchased by the Department of Agriculture) ; 
1,000 specimens from Dr. W. H. Forwood, Washington, D. C. (gift); 625 Mexican 
plants purchased by the Department of Agriculture and about 1,500 Mexican plants 
purchased by the Museum; 424 specimens from Mississippi, collected by Mr. C. L. 
Pollard; 600 specimens from Connecticut, obtained by exchange with Dr. E. H. 
Eames, Bridgeport; 500 rare specimens from North and South Carolina, received in 
exchange from Biltmore Herbarium, Biltmore, North Carolina; 525 plants from Mis-~ 
souri (purchase); 600 California specimens (purchase); 735 specimens from India, 
sent in exchange by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta; 535 plants from Idaho 
(purchase); 1,267 specimens from Montana (purchase) ; 500 West Indian plants (pur- 
chase); 600 tropical plants from Dr. E. Warming, Copenhagen, Denmark (exchange) ; 
300 South African plants from Dr. K. Schumann, Berlin, Germany (purchase) ; 382 
Wyoming plants from Mr, A. Nelson, Laramie, Wyoming (exchange); 250 plants 
from Florida (purchase); 298 hepatice (purchase); 80 plants from the islands of 
California (purchase); 176 Australian plants from Mr. R. T. Baker, Sydney, Australia 
(exchange); 696 specimens from the Botanical Gardens of St. Petersburg, Russia 
(exchange); 226 African plants from Dr. Hans Schinz, Zurich, Germany (exchange), 

There were also obtained by purchase 208 plants from Yucatan, 218 specimens from 
the Azores, 150 algze, 50 specimens of Salix, and 209 Californian plants. 

Additional material of special value was presented as follows: From Mrs. O. F, 
Cook, Washington, D. C., 335 foreign plants; from Mr. J. M. Macoun, Ottawa, Canada, 
154 Arctic and Canadian specimens; from Mr. E. 8. Steele, Washington, D. C., 110 
grasses from the District of Columbia; from Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, 109 Texan 
plants, and from Prof. B. W. Evermann, 139 specimens from Idaho. 


The collection is in excellent condition, although considerably crowded. 
Additional case-room is regarded as necessary if the present satisfac- 
tory development of the Herbarium is to continue. The species are so 
arranged as to be easily consulted, and many of the genera have been 
revised in the light of recent monographs. The old and worn-out genus 
covers have, in a large number of instances, béen replaced by new ones. 
The progress made in other directions in caring for the collection is set 
forth in the following paragraphs: 


The storage cases in the tower rooms haye been thoroughly overhauled and all old 
collections, with few exceptions, have been mounted and prepared for distribution. 

The Herbarium has been stamped almost up to the Leguminose, making a total 
number of about 18,000. The desirability of completing this count can not be too 
strongly emphasized, but it would require the exclusive services of a botanical 
assistant for the space of nearly a year. A similar statement might be made with 
reference to the transfer to the Herbarium of the old Museum collection now stored 
on the south balcony and the separation from it of the District herbarium. 

The selection and labeling of type specimens has progressed in a very gratifying 
manner. There are now 1,344 types properly labeled and indexed, a large proportion 
of them consisting of species described within the last three years. In this connec- 
tion the growth of the collection is evidenced by the fact that a total of 32,607 
mounted sheets have been added to the Herbarium during the year. This work has 
been performed by two preparators, under the personal supervision of Mr. Pollard, 
the labeling of the types having been directed by Mr. Rose. 

The development of the cryptogamic collection under Mr. Cook’s charge has also 
been remarkable, but as Mr. Cook was here for the space of three months only, it is 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 59 


impossible to give any definite statistics in relation thereto. It would be an 
advantage if this collection could be moved into one of the tower rooms, affording 
more light for microscopic study, but there is, unfortunately, no room on the balcony 
floor available for the preparators now at work in the tower. 


In alluding to explorations, the honorary curator states that valu- 
able collections have in several instances been obtained by employees 
of the Museum sent out to obtain materials in other groups. Mr. 
Charles Schuchert made collections during a trip to Alabama and Mis- 
sissippi in October, 1896, and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, during his trip 
to the islands of Bering Sea, obtained a number of specimens. Mr. 
Pollard, assistant curator, collected a quantity of material while on 
leave from the Museum. Full sets of the specimens collected in Mexico 
by Messrs. Nelson and Pringle have been purchased. These are of 
great value. The explorations of the field agents of the U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture and the Fish Commission have also resulted in the 
acquisition of much important material. 

Specimens for study and determination have been sent to fourteen 
specialists during the year, and a number of persons have made deter- 
minations and prosecuted investigations in the department. A more 
extended reference to these matters will be found in another place. 

The following paragraphs, from the report of the honorary curator, 
relating to the scientific work of the members of the staff, are of 
interest: : 


Mr. Coville has been engaged, in connection with Mr. John B. Leiberg, field- 
agent of the Department of Agriculture, in preparing a synopsis of the botany of 
the northwest, based on the collections made in that region under the auspices 
of the Department and deposited in the National Herbarium. Mr. Coville has also 
continued work on the Pan-American Medicinal Flora, which is now in satisfactory 
condition, due in part to the cooperation of Drs. Havard and Rusby. 

Mr. Rose has made determinations of the Polypetale in the Mexican collections 
of Messrs. Nelson, Pringle, and others, and has also begun the determination of 
Dr. Palmer’s large collection from the vicinity of Durango, Mexico. He has pub- 
lished several reports on this work from time to time. Ja the fall of 1896 he was 
commissioned by the Museum to visit the herbaria of the Philadelphia Academy of 
Sciences, Columbia University in New York, and Harvard University for the pur- 
pose of studying the types of Mexican species. In addition, he has revised the 
genus Chrysosplenium in North America, and, in connection with Prof. John M. 
Coulter, the genus Lilwopsis (Crantzia). 

Mr. Pollard has continued his work on the new edition of The Flora of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, which it is proposed to publish as a bulletin of the National 
Museum. In January Mr. Pollard was commissioned by the Museum to visit the 
herbarium of Columbia University in New York City, where he spent a week with 
Dr. N. L. Britton preparing the manuscript for the treatment of the family Cypera- 
cex for the work above referred to. Mr. Pollard has also continued work on the 
Violacexe and Gentianace for the Systematic Botany of North America. 


More than thirty papers, based upon Museum material, have been 
published during the year by members of the staff of the department 
and other specialists. The titles of these papers will be found in the 
Bibliography (Appendix IV). 

The thanks of the Museum are due to Mrs, O, I’, Cook, who spent 


60 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


several hours each day for about three months in assisting Professor 
Cook in his work on the cryptogamic collections. Dr. B. L. Robinson, 
curator of the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts, has been of 
great assistance to Mr. Rose in his work on the Mexican collections. 

Mr. Coville recommends the establishment of an exhibition series in 
this department. The science of botany, except in certain economic 
aspects, has never been represented in the exhibition series of the 
Museum. He further states that it is very desirable that the crypto- 
gamic portion of the collection should be developed. Some steps in 
this direction have recently been taken, but in order to carry out any 
comprehensive plan, more space is needed. The necessity of additional 
room for the study series has already been referred to. 

The routine work of the department practically consumes the time of 
both of the assistant curators, leaving very little opportunity for the 
prosecution of special investigations. It is therefore recommended by 
the honorary curator that an assistant be employed, whose duty it shall 
be to look after some of the minor details. 

In May, 1897, Mr. Rose left for Mazatlan, on the western coast. of 
Mexico, for the purpose of collecting material illustrative of the botany 
and ethno-botany of the country extending from that point eastward 
across the lowlands and over the Sierra Madre Mountains. A plan of 
work has been outlined by the honorary curator and approved by the 
Acting Assistant Secretary. Through the courtesy of the Mexican 
minister at Washington, the cooperation of the governors of the 
States of Sinaloa and Durango, and other officials, has been secured. 

The total number of specimens received during the year was about 
40,000, of which 32 607 were added to the permanent collection. In the 
catalogue 374 entries were made. 


DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS. 


Prof. F. W. Clarke, chief chemist of the U. S. Geological Survey, 
remains in charge of this department as honorary curator, with Mr. 
Wirt Tassin as assistant curator. In January, Rev. Dr. L. T. Cham- 
berlain, of New York City, was appointed custodian of the collection of 
gems and precious stones. s 

The relative scientific value of the accessions for the fiscal year end- 
ing June 30, 1897, and those of the preceding fiscal year is about the 
same. In the number of accessions, however, there has been an increase 
of more than 50 per cent during the year covered by this report. 

From the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, a series of 
63 minerals was obtained in exchange. Three specimens of gold pseu- 
domorph after calverite, and one specimen of telluride, were presented 
by Mr. D. V. Donaldson, Colorado Springs, Colorado. Mr. F. W.'Trap- 
hagen presented a specimen of corundum, variety sapphire, in matrix. 
There were deposited by the Smithsonian Institution three pieces of 
the meteorite which fell at Long Island, Phillips County, Kansas, an 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 61 


emerald crystal in a geode of calcite from Muso mine, United States of 
Colombia, and two cut tourmalines from Paris, Maine, the latter being 
the gift of Rev. Dr. L. T. Chamberlain. A specimen of crystallized cin- 
nabar, collected by J. E. Spurr, at Mercur, Utah, was transmitted by 
the U. 8S. Geological Survey. Mr. Wirt Tassin collected 244 specimens 
illustrating the mineralogy of the zinc regions of New Jersey. A col- 
lection of 84 minerals, exhibited by the U.S. Geological Survey at the 
Cotton States and International Exposition, was turned over to the 
Museum, and from the same source were received 81 specimens of 
covellite from Gray Rock mine, Butte, Montana. A specimen of wire 
silver from Aspen, Colorado, was presented by Dr. A. S. Eakle, and 
3o4 specimens of minerals, chiefly from Connecticut, were obtained in 
exchange from Wesleyan University, at Middletown. 

There has been no radical change in the exhibition series during the 
year. Two additional cases have been provided for the gem collection, 
and all of the gems and precious stones have been remounted. <A case 
of specimens illustrating the mineralogy of Sussex County, New Jer- 
sey, has been installed. 

The progress made in caring for the collections is shown in the fol- 
lowing paragraphs, quoted from the curator’s report: 


The material stored in the armory sheds has been removed to those on Ninth 
street, giving an opportunity of examining a large number of boxes whose contents 
were unknown. The greater part of this material was worthless, and the work of 
assorting and making final disposition of it is still going on. 

Work is progressing, though slowly, on the card catalogue of the collections. 

The gems have all been weighed, measured, examined with the microscope, and 
eatalogued, and the manuscript for the labels is now in the hands of the printer. 

The series sent to Nashville has been enlarged by models and additional speci- 
mens, so that upon its return a series defining and illustrating all the properties of 
minerals, including their optical properties, will be ready for installation. 

Some 800 specimens belonging to the old collection, but not catalogued, have been 
entered and supplied with numbers. 


The assistant curator has completed a crystallographic examination 
of the minerals of Italian Peak, Gunnison County, Colorado, an under- 
taking requiring over 200 measurements of crystals. He is also meas- 
uring or describing crystallographically the specimens in the systematic 
series, and has already finished the sulphides. A catalogue of the 
series illustrating the properties of minerals is nearly completed, and a 
synoptic arrangement of minerals has been prepared and submitted for 
publication. Mr. Tassin has also investigated the use of iodine in the 
rapid determination of minerals. 

Dr. A. S. Eakle was engaged for a time in the study of the topaz 
crystals in the collection. 

The lack of proper facilities for analytical work is seriously felt, and 
the equipment of a suitable laboratory would go far toward increasing 
the value of the collection, which at present contains a large amount 
of undescribed material. 


62 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


There were 1,341 specimens received during the year. The last cata- 
logue entry in June, 1896, was 83747, and in June, 1897, 84279, giving 
a total of 532 entries. It should be stated, however, that a considera- 
ble number of specimens received in previous years have but recently 
been entered on the catalogue. 


DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 


The curator, Dr. George P. Merrill, states that there were 86 “‘ regular” 
and 176 ‘“‘temporary” accessions received during the year. In the 
‘‘temporary” accessions, consisting of material received for examina- 
tion, there was an increase of 16 over last year. 

The accessions of greatest importance were the following: From Mr. 
H. 8. Washington, Locust, New Jersey, 42 specimens of volcanic rocks 
obtained in Italy (gift); from Prof. Frank D. Adams, Montreal, Can- 
ada, 14 specimens of rocks from Canada (exchange); a drift bowlder 
of native copper, obtained by purchase; from the U. 8S. Geological 
Survey, 264 specimens of rocks from Nevada City and Grass Valley, 
California, and 252 microscopic sections of rocks from the same locali- 
ties; from Prof. C. H. Hitchcock a series illustrating geological sec- 
tions across Vermont and New Hampshire (exchange); a fine series of 
spherulitic liparites, described by Dr. Whitman Cross, and transmitted 
by the U.S. Geological Survey; collections illustrating the petrology 
of Pike’s Peak, Cripple Creek, and Gunnison, Colorado, described by 
Messrs. Cross and Penrose, and received from the U. 8S. Geological | 
Survey; rocks from the Tewan Mountains, collected by Maj. J. W. Powell 
and Mr. W. H. Holmes, and described by Prof. J. P. Iddings, also 
received from the U.S. Geological Survey; a collection of zine and 
lead ores obtained in Cherokee County, Kansas, and presented by 
Mr. B. Cooley, of Galena; 10 specimens of gold and silver minerals, 
and 4 specimens of fine native gold and silver, purchased for the 
Nashville Exposition; a collection of Nepheline rocks of Canada, 
from Prof. Frank D. Adams, Montreal (exchange); a fine slab of onyx 
marble from Sau Luis Obispo, California, obtained by purchase, and a 
second slab from the same locality, presented by Mr. Frank Kessler, 
New York City; a large slab of conglomerate from Virginia, showing 
etched quartz pebbles (purchase); a collection of thin sections of rocks 
obtained during the survey of the fortieth parallel, deposited by the 
U.S. Geological Survey. 

But few changes have been made in the exhibition series pending 
the completion of the galleries. 

A large quantity of material which has been in storage for a number 
of years has been overhauled. This included 40 boxes of ores and- 
useful minerals received from the General Land Office in 1885, and a 
series of ores collected by the Tenth Census Division of the U.S. Geo- 
logical Survey. The work of assorting and cataloguing these speci- 


Pe 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 63 


mens is still in progress. About 600 duplicate specimens were picked 
out, identified, and labeled. The card catalogue of the exhibition 
series was nearly completed during the year. The regular work of the 
department has been interrupted by the necessary preparations 
involved in building the new galleries, and also to some extent by the 
preparations for the Nashville Exposition. 

A large amount of time has been given to the work of determining 
and classifying the collections, although some attention has been given 
to the systematic study of rock weathering. Five papers based upon 
Museum material have been published by the curator during the year, 
the titles of which appear in the Bibliography (Appendix IV). 

Under the head of explorations, Doctor Merrill mentions a small 
collection of ores obtained in Mexico by Mr. Edward Palmer, of the 
Department of Agriculture, and the material turned over to the 
Museum by the U. 8S. Geological Survey, already referred to. 

A number of specimens and thin sections were lent to specialists for 
examination during the year, and Mr. Thomas Means, of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and Dr. KE. C. E. Lord were occupied for a time 
in making investigations in the laboratory of the department. 

The curator makes the following remarks relative to the further 
development of the exhibition series: 

It is doubtful if, so far as relates to this department as at present organized, the 
actual amount of exhibition material should be greatly increased. The additional 
space provided by the galleries will not be more than sufficient for a satisfactory 
display of exhibits at present installed, and it is believed that better results may 
be obtained by carefully working up and rounding out existing exhibits than by 
installing new ones. The opening of the balconies will necessitate an almost entire 
rearrangement of the materials in the southwest court. It is intended to remove 
what is known as the systematic series of economic products to this baleony, and 
install the building stone exhibit in the wall-cases now occupied by the geographic 
series. This will relieve the overcrowded floor space and render the systematic 
series more accessible and vastly more attractive. 


There were 394 entries in the catalogue during the year, the number 
of specimens received having been 2,656, besides 1,145 microscopic 
slides. The number of specimens in the different series is shown in 
the following statement: 


eS TOM ROUICR See amet aceite ate Cote ate aaa yaets aed ne natn oles ee aie aa Sac 23, 625 
PHU NERDEIOS coe met cote Mclsin os se bye cc isinwteleii oso iSsles, sail cece eeesee cons cbedewe 29,908 
IDEN SOUP TGS ITC OB armies ie Seago fer neh Ae See ocina's sina oghis eee = soho selec aie 6, 000 
PLLC UCR era ete ee a tole etn ais asiccbisis Vase Som nee seeec rescence Ses 16, 672 

SR Of lee eee comer ont ee cM Poses sucisaey Seles eens se = = hie st ska 76, 205 


DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 


The main dependence of this department for the acquisition of mate- 
rial is divided between the Bureau of Ethnology, the consular service, 
and the Department of Agriculture. Few military expeditions are now 
sent to the West, and there are no sources of supply other than those just 


64 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


mentioned to take the place of the various Government surveys and 
expeditions sent out in previous years, through which large quantities 
of ethnological material were acquired. During the year just closed 
the total number of accessions was 79. Of the material acquired, how- 
ever, alarge proportion was collected under the auspices of the Museum 
for the purpose of filling gaps in the existing series. 

The collection of greatest value was that obtained from the pueblos 
of Arizona by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes. It consisted chiefly of ancient 
pottery, and of objects of wood, textile, and stone. The curator, Prof. 
O. T. Mason, makes the following reference to this material: 

The value of the Fewkes material consists, first, in the fact that the student who 
is to describe the collection is the one who also made it; secondly, while the modern 
pueblos have been well studied by the various members of the Bureau of Ethnology, 
and we have excellent information also from Dr. Seler and others concerning the 
culture of ancient Mexicans and the inhabitants of Central America, Dr. Fewkes 
has been able to trace out through this large number of examples the symbolism of 
the pueblo worship, and to compare it with that of the more cultured regions lying 
south. It forms, therefore, a connecting link between the study of modern pottery 


made by other students and the old culture of the architectural tribes in Middle 
America. 


Other accessions embracing material of value for study and compar- 
ison are as follows: 

From Dr. W. L. Abbott, 121 specimens, obtained in Lower Siam, and 
12 specimens from the Malay Archipelago; from the estate of the late 
Maj. Charles Bendire, a small collection from Dakota and the northern 
boundary; from Mrs. John G. Bourke, a collection of ethnological 
objects; from the Bureau of American Ethnology, 233 specimens, col- 
lected by Mrs. Matilda C. Stevenson; and other small collections 
through Mr. W J McGee, Dr. Marcus Baker, and Mr. James Mooney. 
Thirty-seven specimens from Shanghai, China, were purchased; and 
there were received in exchange from the Canterbury Museum in New 
Zealand 16 ethnological specimens, and from the Hon. John Daggett, 
of California, 18 photographs of Klamath Indians. Dr. J. Walter 
Fewkes presented 108 specimens from the Moki pueblos, and 20 speci- © 
mens were received from Mr. A. E. Hippisley. From Mr. E. W. Nelson 
242 Alaskan specimens were purchased, and 94 specimens from 
Durango, Mexico, were obtained in the same manner. Through the 
‘Hon. W. W. Rockhill, Assistant Secretary of State, excellent small 
collections of photographs and other material have been received from 
consuls in Korea and the far East. From Miss H. R. Scidmore were 
received 172 photographs obtained in various parts of the world (gift); 
from Rev. D. W. Snyder, 85 objects from Africa (exchange); from Miss 
M. A. Tribolet, 22 specimens from Burmah (gift). 

A collection of objects from the Seminole Indians of Florida was 
purchased. Excellent service in the way of collecting from the tribes 
in the Indian Territory has been performed by Mr. James Mooney, of 
the Bureau of Ethnology. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 65 


In speaking of the exhibition and study series Professor Mason says: 

So far as the limited space will allow, the study series is in good condition. A 
portion of it is arranged ethnically and the remainder technically. Especially are 
those objects which have been gathered in the Orient placed ethnically, because 
there is in no case a sufficient amount of material to permit of a satisfactory com- 
parative study. For the American series, the material being much more compre- 
liensive, it has been possible to lay out certain large ethnic or culture areas, and to 
regard the whole western world as one enclave. In these areas comparative studies 
of considerable range can be made, and therefore objects belonging to each culture 
class are placed together. 

The exhibition series is not in its best condition at the close of the fiscal year, 
because several months of the curator’s time have been devoted to the preparation 
of an exhibit for the Nashville Exposition, and it has not been possible to give 
proper attention to this part of the collection. The construction of new galleries 
has also interfered with this portion of the work. It is hoped that in some way 
additional exhibition space may be provided for the ethnological exhibit. The 
specimens have been carefully guarded from destruction by moths or otherwise, and 
those belonging to the study series have been made as accessible as possible. 

The curator states that all of the material assigned to him during the 
year has been cataiogued, cleaned and, when necessary, poisoned. Cat- 
aloguecards havealso been made out for a large number of the specimens. 
The constant transfer of specimens from the study to the exhibition 
series makes it difficult to keep all of the material exhibited, properly 
labeled. Additional assistance is necessary for the purpose of contin- 
uing the work of checking off on the catalogues such specimens as have 
been sent out in exchange during past years. 

Since the beginning of the fiscal year the curator completed the 
proof reading of his paper on “ Primitive Travel and Transportation,” 
which was published in the Report of the National Museum for 1894. 
He has also published several other papers, the titles of which will be 
found in the Bibliography (Appendix IV), together with the titles of 
papers published by Dr. Fewkes, Dr. Hough, and Mr. J. D. McGuire. 

Professor Mason has devoted as much time as possible to bringing 
together and studying material for an exhaustive monograph of the 
arts connected with the animal world. A large number of specimens 
and many drawings have been gotten together, and it is hoped that the 
work will be ready for the press during the coming year. Mr. Stewart 
Culin, of the University of Pennsylvania, is still studying the Museum 
collection of games. 

The Royal Scottish Museum recently sent to the U. S. National 
Museum a number of photographs of objects known to have been col- 
lected by the celebrated geographer Capt. James Cook. These had 
been incorrectly labeled, and it was desired to have them compared 
with the large collection here. This matter has now been attended to. 

The following statement regarding scientific work accomplished, and 
services rendered by persons not connected with the Museum, is of 
interest: 

Investigations of great importance have been prosecuted in the department of 
ethnology during the past year. Mr. J. D. McGuire continued his studies of the 

NAT MUS 97 a) 


66 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


pipes of the North American aborigines, and the pictographic work of the Eskimo 
has occupied the attention of Dr. W.J. Hoffman. Dr. Fewkes spent the winter in 
preparing an elaborate report of his researches in Arizona during the past two years. 
Mr. E. W. Nelson, who spent three years in Alaska in the early eighties, and who 
was subsequently compelled to go to Arizona on account of ill health, recently 
returned to Washington and prepared, with the aid of the force connected with the 
department, a monograph of his collection, consisting of 7,000 objects. So long had 
this work been delayed, and so necessary to general ethnology was it that Mr. Nel- 
son, who with his own hands collected these treasures, should prepare an account of 
his explorations, that the curator deemed it of the utmost importance that every other 
duty should be laid aside in order to push forward as rapidly as possible this ethno- 
graphic study. The work has now been finished, and the manuscript has been sent 
to the Bureau of Ethnology for publication. Hundreds of drawings and many pho- 
tographic plates were carefully made in order to illustrate the monograph. It isi 
also worth mentioning that with the cooperation of Mr. Nelson all of the specimens: 
in our collection kindred to those which he brought together, have attained addi- 
tional importance. 

It would be impossible to name all the persons who have willingly served the 
department of ethnology during the past year, but especial attention is called to the 
services rendered by the following persons: Mr. Tappan Adney worked up the classi- 
fication of canoes and traps according to forms; Mr. Henry Balfour studied the 
Asiatic bow; the Hon. John Daggett, of California, studied the material, dyes and 
technique of California Indian basketry; Mr. Samuel J. Entrikin, Chester, Pennsyl- 
vania, gave information concerning the structure of the Eskimo dog harness; 
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes gave information regarding the industrial life of the pueblo 
Indians; Dr. J. W. Hudson, Ukiah, California, studied the various stitches used in 
California basketry; Dr. W. J. Hoffman studied the methods of mat making among 
the Chippewa tribes; Miss Elizabeth Lemke, of Berlin, investigated the distribution 
of looms of Germany; Mr. J. D. McGuire, Ellicott City, Maryland, studied the art of 
stone working; Mr. E. W. Nelson gave information on many details connected with 
the technique of the Alaskan Eskimo. Rev. G. B. Winton, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 
transmitted valuable collections illustrating the survival of ancient Indian arts 
among the modern tribes, and of old Spanish culture in the folk Mexican life. Mr. 
F. V. Coville has become interested in the study of plants used by the Indians of our 
western country for food, narcotics, clothing, houses, textiles, etc. 


Professor Mason again calls attention to the desirability of directing 
special effort to the acquisition of such material as will fill gaps in the 
present series and of acquiring material for new series. He refers to a 
paper which he recently published in the Report of the Smithsonian 
Institution,' in which he has elaborated eighteen culture areas in the 
Western Hemisphere and divided the products of human activity into 
seven large classes, indicating in a table what constitutes the necessary 
data for a correct study of the ethnography of these culture regions. 
He suggests the advisability of preparing, in connection with this, a 
statement showing what the Museum already possesses and what is 
still desired, in order that the National Museum may, as far as possible, 
present a Goaiplte history of the culture of all the tribes which have 
lived upon the American continent. 

The total number of specimens received during the year, ee 
the pueblo material above referred to, is 3,834, and the number of 
ealalozue entries 2,721. 


Renae of ihe saaaaaee Tce une 1895, pp. 639- 665, 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 67 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 


The curator of this department, Dr. Thomas Wilson, states that the 
material received during the year has been fully up to the general 
average, so far as scientific value is concerned. The total number of 
permanent accessions was 117, while 52 lots of material were received 
for examination and report. - 

The accessions of special importance are as follows: 

Dr. Roland Steiner of Groveton, Georgia, deposited a large collection, 
consisting of more than 10,000 specimens of implements and other objects 
from an aboriginal village site on the Kiokee Creek, Columbia County, 
Georgia. Fromthe Bureau of American Ethnology was received acollec- 
tion of antiquities found in mounds and stone graves in Missouri and IIli- 
nois. The material consists principally of pottery bowls and vases, 
although there area number of stone implements and other objects. The 
collection included altogether about 350 specimens. The U.S. Fish Com- 
mission transmitted 44 archeological objects found while excavating for 
fish ponds at its station at San Marcos, Texas, and a collection of about 
350 specimens from the same locality was received from Mrs. Joseph D. 
Sayers. Another collection from the Bureau of Ethnology consisted of 
240 prehistoric stone implements from different localities in Colorado 
and Kansas. These were collected by Messrs. G. K. Gilbert and F. H. 
Newell of the U.S. Geological Survey. Dr. Thomas Wilson deposited 
a series of 19 objects from a stone grave near Nashville, Tennessee, and 
a collection of 64 objects from the Noel Cemetery, Glendale Park, near 
Nashville. From the Smithsonian Institution was received a collection 
of implements and other objects gathered by Miss Emma Delafield 
while traveling in Mexico several years ago. Dr. Thomas Featherston- 
haugh of Washington, Districtof Columbia, presented 55 objects found in 
a burial cave near Lake Apopka, southern Florida. Miss Georgie L. 
Leonard, Washington, District of Columbia, deposited a hook of native 
hammered copper, found in the glacial drift in the valley of the Sault 
Ste. Marie River, on the Michigan side. 

Other collections were: From M. de Morgan, Gizeh Museum, Cairo, 
Egypt, a collection of 252 specimens (exchange); from Mr, Clarence Bb. 
Moore, 1521 Locust street, Philadelphia, a large pottery burial urn 
from a mound in Bryan County, Georgia (gift); from Mr. Henry S. 
Washington, Locust, New Jersey, a rude stone ax or pick found at 
Beni Hassan, on the Nile, Egypt, also a hammer stone from Greece, 
(gift); from Mr. Byron EK. Dodge, Richfield, Michigan, a collection of 
30 specimens found in Genesee County, Michigan (deposit); from Dr. 
Felix Adler, New York City, 50 specimens of pottery obtained from 
acave at Dos Caminos, near Acapulco, Mexico (exchange); from Mr. 
J. W. Emwmert, Bristol, Tennessee, 594 specimens, principally from Sul- 
livan County, in that State, (purchase); from the Canterbury Museum, 
Christchurch, New Zealand, 11 flint knives, scrapers, ete. (gift); from 


68 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Mr. George H. Scott, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, a small spear-head 
from Bar River, Ontario, Canada; from the Royal Museum of Natural 
History, Brussels, Belgium, 82 casts of animal bones and implements, 
the originals of which were obtained from various caverns in Belgium; 
from Mr. John M. Foss, Forbestown, California, a collection of imple- 
ments from Yuba County, in that state (gift); from Mr. H. W. Beck- 
ett, Woodbury, New Jersey, a collection of 45 objects from his vicinity 
(gift); from Mr. Elias Richards, New Orleans, Louisiana (through the 
Bureau of Ethnology), a polished spade-like implement of dark green 
chlorite (exchange); from Mr. H. C. Duvall, Washington, District of 
Columbia, 4 specimens from various localities (gift); and from Mr. John 
C. Abel, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 201 specimens from the Conestoga 
Hills, near Lancaster (gift). 

The exhibition series is in as good condition as at any previous time. 
Many labels have been added, and others are in course of preparation. 
There is no separate study series in the department. During the year 
there have been no radical changes, so far as the installation of the 
collection is concerned. The routine work of the office (including the 
examination of a large number of objects sent to the Museum for that 
purpose) has been heavy. In addition to this, however, the department 
prepared an exhibit, consisting of nearly 1,000 specimens, for the 
Tennessee Centennial Exposition. The work of preparation was per- 
formed mainly by Mr. Upham, the installation of the collection being 
superintended by Dr. Wilson. The transfer to this department of the 
collection of prehistoric pottery, which has recently been completed, 
has added considerably to the work of the office. 

In the early part of the fiscal year Dr. Wilson completed the proof- 
reading, etc., of his paper on the Swastika. He has also prepared a 
descriptive catalogue of the Steiner collection, and has devoted a con- 
siderable amount of time to other papers. 

The curator has continued to fill the position of professor of prehis- 
toric anthropology in the National University in this city, where he 
delivered a series of lectures during the year. 

The following explorations have resulted in enriching the collections 
of the department: 


Dr. Roland Steiner has continued his investigations into the Kiokee village site in 
Columbia County, Georgia. 

Mr. John C, Abel, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, has continued his investigation of 
the Conestoga Hills in his neighborhood. 

The curator, while at Nashville, engaged in work connected with the Tennessee 
Centennial Exposition, spent three days in making investigations among the stone 
graves which are to be found in abundance in that locality. He procured the entire 
contents of one of the graves, including the stone coffin and pottery floor, and. 
brought them with him to the Museum, where they will be placed upon exhibition. 

Prof. G. K. Gilbert and Mr. F. H. Newell, of the U.S. Geological Survey, collected 
240 archeological specimens during a reconnoissance in the plains regions of the 
Arkansas River in eastern Colorado. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 69 


M. Jacques de Morgan, of the Gizeh Museum, Cairo, Egypt, sent to the U.S. 
National Museum 252 specimens of neolithic flint implements collected by himself. 


Dr. Wilson was appointed by the Secretary of State to act as com- 
missioner on behalf of the United States to the International Exposi- 
tion, which opened at Brussels in April, 1897. 

About 200 specimens were lent to Mr. J. D. MeGuire for use in con- 
nection with the preparation of his paper on prehistoric pipes. 

Several persons have made special studies of the collections in the 
department, as will be seen by reference to the chapter on the work of 
students and investigators. 

The titles of those papers published by the curator during the year. 
which are based upon Museum material are given in the bibliography 
(Appendix IV). 

There has been no material change in the plans of the curator for the 
future development of the department. These were set forth quite fully 
in the last Annual Report. 

There were 13,840 specimens received during the year. The total 
number of specimens in the department was given in the last Report 
as 209,346. The number of specimens transferred to this department 
from the former section of American aboriginal pottery is estimated at 
20,000, and 15,981 casts, made for distribution to scientific and educa- 
tional institutions, are now accounted for for the first time. This gives 
a total of 250,167. Deducting the number of original implements and 
casts distributed during preceding years and not accounted for, and 
also those sent out during the current year (in all 8,911), the number of 
specimens in the department is shown to be 250,256, 

The last catalogue entry in June, 1896, was 173061, and in June, 
1897, 195271, giving a total of 22,210 entries. The number of speci- 
mens received for examination and report during the year was 174. 


DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 


Technological collections.—Mr. J. E. Watkins, curator, has submitted 
separate reports upon the several series embraced in the technological 
collections. These collections are gradually being brought into better 
condition; although, since the appointment of Mr. Watkins as chief 
of the division of buildings and superintendence, it has not been pos- 
sible for him to devote much time to matters pertaining to the techno- 
logical exhibits. Such work as has been performed has been done 
with a special view to bringing together and preserving those objects 
which are representative of epoch-making inventions. 

Mr. George C. Maynard has rendered important service as custodian 
of the electrical collections. The prospects for building up an interest- 
ing series of historic electrical apparatus are very gratifying, and sub- 
stantial progress has already been made. 


70 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The following tentative classification of the technological collections 
has been adopted for convenience in administration: 
Transportation and engineering: 
Transportation by land— 
Vehicles without wheels. 
Vehicles with wheels. 
Transportation by water— 
Rafts and primitive crafts. 
Sailing vessels. 
Steamboats and steamships. 
Electrical engineering— 
Telegraph. 
Telephone. 
Light and heat. 
Motors, stationary and for traction. 
Machines and appliances of historical interest. 
Textiles (arranged to show the history of the art of weaving). 
Animal products (arranged to show the result of human effort in utilizing the 
products of the animal kingdom). 
’ Foods (arranged to show the adaptation of the products of the animal, vegeta- 
ble, and mineral kingdoms to supply food for man). 
Physical apparatus. 


The most important addition to the transportation collection, from 
an historical point of view, was a poster, dated October 9, 1821, of a 
stage-coach line between Providence, Rhode Island, and Worcester, 
Massachusetts. This poster was presented by Mrs. 8S. H. Olmstead. 
The first machine used in the manufacture of baskets, known as the 
Horton automatic basket machine, was received from Mr. R. G. DuBois, 
Washington, District of Columbia. The original working model of the 
first boiler-riveting machine, using steam as the power, was presented 
by Mr. Charles H. Haswell, New. York City. 

In this section the exhibition and study series are combined, and the 
collections are in fair condition, considering the limited space avail- 
able. Very little progress has been made in administering upon them 
during the year, owing to the fact that the time of the curator has been 
taken up with other matters. A small synoptical series was prepared 
for the Tennessee Centennial Exposition. Whenever additional space 
shall be provided, the collection will be entirely rearranged. 

Three entries were made in the catalogue during the year, embracing 
the same number of specimens. 

The electrical collections have been increased through the courtesy 
of Miss Mary A. Henry, who deposited additional specimens relating 
to Professor Henry’s discoveries in electro-magnetism.. Some pieces 
of apparatus were also received from the Smithsonian Institution. 
Regarding this collection Mr. Maynard says: 

An effort has been made to assemble and place on exhibition the Henry relics, for 
which a suitable case has been provided. In this undertaking the Museum has 
received the valuable cooperation of the daughters of Professor Henry, who have 


deposited many valuable objects illustrating his work and showing in some measure 
the recognition he received for it from scientific men throughout the world. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. fe 


A considerable number of pieces of Henry’s experimental apparatus has also been 
received from the Smithsonian Institution. The apparatus made by Henry in 
1831 for Yale University, and deposited by that institution, and other apparatus 
illnstrating the important original work done by Henry, also form part of the col- 
lection. At this time, when the whole world is enjoying immense benefits from 
numerous electrical appliances which have grown out of the discoveries made by 
Henry in his early researches, this apparatus used by him, much of it constructed 
with his own hands, possesses an intense interest. It forms a suitable beginning for 
a collection of historical electrical apparatus showing the various stages in teleg- 
raphy, telephony, electric lighting, and kindred industries, the history of which— 
yet to be written—reflects much credit upon Joseph Henry and the Smithsonian 
Institution. 

Mrs. Isabella Field Judson presented a large number of objects 
relating to the laying of the early trans-Atlantic telegraph cables and 
the work of Cyrus W. Field in connection with that enterprise. This 
collection includes specimens of the original cables preserved by Mr. 
Field himself, with his charts and autograph records of the first cable- 
laying expeditions. 

The Western Union Telegraph Company and the Telegraphic His- 
torical Society deposited several specimens of original apparatus show- 
ing the development of the telegraph in this country. Mr. F. W. 
Hawley, of New York City, presented an electric motor which was 
operated by a current generated at Niagara Falls and transmitted to 
New York City, a distance of 453 miles, over commercial wires of the 
Western Union Telegraph Company. 

A large number of interesting and important objects can not be 
placed upon exhibition owing to lack of space. 

A great deal of time has been devoted to the classification and 
arrangement of the collections, the preparation of a catalogue, and an 
investigation of the history and authenticity of numerous objects not 
heretofore fully identified and described. 

Models illustrating some of the discoveries and inventions of Frank- 
lin, Henry, Morse, and Page were sent to the Tennessee Centennial 
Exposition. 

Correspondence has been entered into with Mr. Thomas A. Edison, 
Prof. Elihu Thomson, Mr. Charles F. Brush, the General Electrical 
Company, the Western Union Telegraph Company, and other indi- 
viduals and firms prominent in electrical matters, and gratifying assur- 
ances of cooperation have been received. Assistance in furnishing 
information or in Searching for historical objects has been rendered by 
the following persons: Gen. Thomas T. Eckert, president of the Western 
Union Telegraph Company, and Messrs. C. A. Tinker and A. 8. Brown, 
of the same company; Mr. Edward L, Morse, Yonkers, New York; 
Dr. Henry M. Field, New York City; Mr. T. C. Martin, editor of the 
Electrical Engineer, and Mr. S. H. Kauffmann and other officers of 
the Telegraphic Historical Society. 

Work has been outlined for the future as follows: 


The more perfect classification and arrangement of the objects now belonging to 
the collections and the completion of an accurate catalogue and historical record of 


72 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


them; the gradual establishment of a complete collection of historical apparatus 
showing the development of the art of generating electricity and its application to 
various scientific and industrial purposes, such as telegraphy, telephony, electric 
lighting, power, heat, etc.; the preparation of a series of models of epoch-making 
apparatus illustrating the more important discoveries in electrical science, com- 
mencing with the voltaic pile and continuing down to the intensity magnet of 
Henry. 

Two hundred and fifty-three specimens have been received, the total 
number in the collection being 595. There were 276 entries in the 
catalogue. 

The additions to the collection of naval architecture show an increase 
in value over the specimens received in the preceding year. A small 
pamphlet entitled A Treatise on the Application of Steam, by James 
Rumsey, published in 1788, constitutes the most important accession. 
This was presented by Thomas Rumsey. A model of the ship America, 
in which all the sails and important parts—about 425 in number—are 
labeled, was constructed and sent to Nashville for exhibition at the 
Tennessee Centennial Exposition. A model of the ship &. F. Stockton, 
the first steamboat with an iron hull and also the first steamboat with 
a screw propeller to cross the Atlantic, was built and placed on exhi- 
bition in the Museum. 

The collection of naval models is not fully labeled, but it is hoped 
that arrangements may be soon made for having this work done. The 
wall-cases in the exhibition hall have been enlarged, rendering possible 
the better arrangement of the models. Although no study series 
exists, the needs of the student have been considered in the arrange- 
ment of the exhibition series, and they will also be considered in the 
preparation of the labels. Many of the models are in need of repairs, 
and this matter will also receive attention. It is proposed to complete 
the series, so far as the means at command will allow. 

Five specimens were received during the year, involving the same 
number of catalogue entries. The total number of specimens in the 
collection is estimated at 1,336. 

There have been no additions during the year to the collection of 
textiles. A large number of unit boxes have been overhauled and a 
tentative exhibit arranged. As soon as the galleries are completed, it 
is hoped that an opportunity will be afforded to permanently arrange 
the exhibition series. Labels should also be provided and the gaps 
filled, as far as possible, with material now in storage. The study 
Series requires attention as well. 

A tentative arrangement of the exhibition series of the collection of 
animal products has also been effected. It is hoped that considerable 
progress may be made during the coming year both with the exhibition © 
and the study series. 

The collection of physical apparatus, formerly in charge of Mr. W. 
C. Winlock, has been placed in the care of Mr. Watkins, but it has 
not yet been possible to give the collection the attention which it 
deserves. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Yo 


Historical collections.—There has been a decided increase in the num- 
ber of specimens received during the year, as well as in their scientific 
value. The number of accessions or lots of material has not, how- 
ever, been above the average, there having been 45 “ permanent” and 
19 “temporary ” accessions. 

The most important additions were as follows: 

A collection of the coins of the Chinese Empire from 770 B. C. to 
date, comprising 2,025 pieces in gold, silver, and bronze, and including 
governmental and private notes, amulets, and bamboo tallies. This 
collection was bequeathed to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. G. B. 
Glover, an American gentleman connected for many years with the 
Maritime Customs Service of China. It is believed to be the most 
complete series of Chinese money in the world. 

A collection of bronze medals of the sovereigns of France was obtained 
by purchase. The series comprises 75 pieces, all of which are in perfect 
condition. 

Mrs. A. b. Van Deusen deposited a collection of ceramics, consisting 
of 204 plates, pitchers, etc., illustrative of American history. 

A collection of relics of the Revolutionary war was deposited by the 
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 

A sword presented to Gen. Gabriel R. Paul by his command was 
deposited by Col. Augustus C. Paul, Soldiers’ Home, Hampton, Virginia. 

Mrs. Abner Doubleday transmitted a sword worn by General Double- 
day during the war of the Revolution. 

Students of history have in a number of instances received permis- 
sion to make photographs or drawings of objects on exhibition, to be 
used in illustrating works intended for publication, especially in con- 
nection with the biographies of General Grant and other soldiers of 
the late war. The Washington relics have frequently been examined 
by writers of colenial history. 

That portion of the collection which is on exhibition is in good con- 
dition, and there are many objects of historic interest which could be 
advantageously displayed if there were room. Much remains to be done 
in arranging the study series. 

Mr. A. Howard Clark, custodian, makes the following statement with 
reference to the work performed in caring for the collections: 

During the past three monfhs much progress has been made in cataloguing and 
permanently arranging the valuable collection of coins and medals belonging to the 
Museum. Several series have been placed on exhibition, and the difficult problem 
of installing large series of coins has been solved by the use of upright cases with 
sloping diaphragms covered with olive-green velvet. 

A great deal remains to be done to complete the labeling of the collection, but 
the work is steadily progressing. 

The series of portraits of representative men has been increased somewhat, and 
the entire collection has been arranged for ready reference. 

Considerable time was devoted to the preparation of a collection of 
medals and coins pertaining to the colonial period of American history, 
for display at the Tennessee Centennial Exposition at Nashville. 


74. - REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


It is proposed to build up and exhibit a complete series of the pres- 
“ent coinage of all countries, and to provide labels showing the commer- 
cial and intrinsic value, fineness, and comparative value with the coins 
of the United States. Such a collection, it is believed, would be of great 
interest to the public and to students. 

A very large series of medals of various countries is now in storage 
but inaccessible to the public. This will be placed upon exhibition as 
soon as the necessary space is provided, as will also a series of portraits 
of representative Americans, such as was shown by the Museum at the 
World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893. 

The number of specimens received during the year was 3,441, and 
the total number of specimens in the collection is estimated at about 
35,000. There were 441 entries made in the catalogue. 

Oriental antiquities and religious ceremonials——Dr. Paul Haupt 
remains in charge of the collection of oriental antiquities as honor- 
ary curator, while Dr. Cyrus Adler holds the position of assistant cura- 
tor in this department and also that of custodian in the section of 
religious ceremonials. 

Although the number of accessions for the year was considerably 
less than for the preceding year, the number of specimens included in 
these accessions shows an increase of more than 100 per cent. The 
material received during 1896-97 is also of greater scientific value. 

From St. John’s College, Shanghai, China, a collection of objects 
used in Buddhist worship and illustrating the form of the ceremonial 
of that religion in China was received in exchange. A small collec. 
tion of Buddhist and Mohammedan objects from India was purchased, 
as was also a collection of objects of Christian ceremonial. While 
many of the other accessions contained material of interest and value, 
these were the most important. 

In the chapter entitled ‘“‘ Development and arrangement oi’ the exhi- 
bition series” will be found a statement relating to the present condi- 
tion of the-collections on exhibition and the changes recently made. 

An exhibit comprising 167 objects was prepared for the Tennessee 
Centennial Exposition at Nashville. 

Dr. Adler has completed a description of the exhibit of Biblical 
science at the Cotton States and International Exposition at Atlanta, 
embodying also the results of recent discoveries and researches in the 
domain of Biblical and oriental archeology. This paper is published 
in Part IL of the Report of the National Museum for 1896. <A study of 
ancient oriental seals is in progress. 

During the year a number of persons have received information or 
assistance in one way or another with reference to antiquities. . 

Dr. Adler has prepared and published a short paper on the Cotton 
Grotto, an ancient quarry in Jerusalem, and Dr. I. M. Casanowicz 
published in the American Anthropologist during the year a paper 
entitled ‘Tel-et-Tin on Lake Homis, in the Valley of the Orontes.” 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 75 


It is proposed to rearrange and relabel a portion of the Egyptian 
collection and to reinstall the Jewish and Mohammedan collections. 
The method of arranging and exhibiting objects of Christian cere- 
monial in other museums will be studied. 

About 270 labels for specimens have been prepared during the year. 

Dr. Adler states that it is desirable that opportanity and facilities 
be afforded for the preparation of a description of the Benguiat loan 
collection of Jewish ceremonials, which is one of the most complete 
and valuable collections of its kind in existence. 

The total number of specimens received was 628, the number of speci- 
mens now in the collection being 3648. There were 50 catalogue 
entries made during the year. 

Graphic arts.—Although Mr. 8. R. Koehler, of the Boston Museum 
of I’ine Arts, is still in charge of this section, he has been able to give 
but little attention to the work during the past year. The most impor- 
tant accession was a series of photographs from paintings, obtained 
by purchase. The only other addition was a chromo-collograph, pre- 
sented by the Heliotype Printing Company of Boston. 

As previously stated, the collection has now reached a stage where 
very few additions of value can be expected, except by purchase. 

Materia medica.—Dr. James M. Flint, U. 8S. Navy, honorary curator, 
states that the specimens in the exhibition and study series are in 
remarkably good condition, considering their perishable nature. Fora 
considerable portion of the year the exhibition series, which is installed 
in the northeast court, was not accessible to the public owing to the 
preparations for the Tennessee Centennial Exposition, which made it 
necessary to close some of the halls temporarily. After this work had 
been completed and the exhibit again rendered accessible, the speci- 
mens were carefully examined and everything put in order. No effort 
has been made to increase the collection, owing to lack of space for the 
exhibition of any more material. Manuscript for a number of labels 
has been prepared. 

As it is impossible under present conditions to do very much toward 
the further development of the collection, Dr. Flint has given a large 
proportion of his time to the investigation of the Foraminifera collected 
by the U.S. Fish Commission. As a result of his studies he has pre- 
pared a paper entitled “A Descriptive Catalogue of the Recent Forami- 
nifera collected by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, and 
now on exhibition in the National Museum.” This paper is printed in 
Part Il of the present volume. A reference was made in the last annual 
report to the instrument devised by Dr. Flint for the exhibition of 
Foraminifera and other microscopic specimens. 

The curator states that the direction in which the collection of 
materia medica can be most advantageously extended is toward a more 
complete exhibit of organic chemical products, now so extensively 
used in medicine. 


76 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Only five specimens were added to the collection during the year and 
none of them were of particular importance. The total number of 
specimens now in the collection is 6,330. 

Musical instruments.—There were three accessions of importance 
during the year. Dr. W. L. Abbott presented 11 musical instruments, 
collected during his travels in the east, and Messrs. H. A. and F. H. 
Vinton, of Bedford, New York, presented a spinet supposed to have 
been made about the middle of the seventeeth century. A few Chinese 
musical instruments were collected for the Museum by Lieut. C. G. 
Calkins, U.S. N. 

ehbcharanice boliceviolh —Mr. T. W. Smillie was on July 15, 1896, 
designated custodian of the collection illustrating the history of ain 
tography. Although the photographic exhibit is recognized for the 
first time in the present Report as an established section, as long ago 
as 1888 a series of specimens showing the uses of photography was 
prepared for the Ohio Centennial Exposition, held at Cincinnati. This 
collection included portrait and landscape cameras of early types, a 
complete daguerreotyper’s outfit, and examples of cameras of various 
kinds in use at the time of the Exposition. The daguerreotype, talbo- 
type, albumen, collodion, and gelatine negative processes were also 
illustrated. There were examples of prints made by various processes, 
of transparencies, and of transferotypes on paper, canvas, aud porce- 
lain. Another series was intended to show the value of photography 
in the study of astronomy, geology, biology, and medicine, as an aid 
to the artist and engraver and to the scientist in recording the fluctu- 
ations of various instruments. 

Since the Exposition at Cincinnati a considerable quantity of material 
has accumulated, especially during the past two or three years, and 
there is every reason to believe that a valuable and interesting collection 
can be built up. The design is to bring together an exhibit illustrative 
of the history and uses of photography, beginning with the earliest 
authentic discoveries in the art and grouping them chronologically up 
to the present day. 

The following statement, taken from the report of Mr. Smillie, indi- 
cates the scope of this collection and the plans for its further develop- 
ment: 


The collection includes a fine series of portrait, landscape, and marine daguerreo- 
types; an original daguerreotype of Daguerre; also a panoramic view, about 4 feet 
long, of the harbor of San Francisco in 1852, showing the dismantled fleet of the 
Argonauts, a remarkable piece by Shew, of California. 

There are also specimens of the ambrotype, erysotype, the asphalt process, the 
various silver processes, the carbon process, the aniline process, etc. In fact, the col- 
lection, although small, is so rich in the earlier processes, which are passing away, 
that it will be comparatively easy to fill up the blanks. 

At the photographie exhibition recently held in the hall of the Cosmos Club in 
Washington the Museum secured, partly by purchase and partly by donation, over 
50 examples of the best work of the present day by the leading amateur and profes- 
sional photographers of the United States. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Te 


Comparatively little has been done to illustrate the work of the last ten years, 
and an effort is now being made to complete the series, so that it will be a worthy 
representation of the progress oftheart. The acquisition of the prints from the Wash- 
ington Exposition of 1896 is a step in this direction. 

An effort will be made hereafter, especially in connection with the future exposi- 
tions of amateur work, to secure such specimens as are necessary to make the collec- 
tion in the National Museum a reference and record collection, which shall be not 
only of interest and pleasure to the public, but of practical value to photographers 
themselves. 

Itis unnecessary to enlarge upon the importance which such a collection as this 
must have to every photographer—a collection in which he may see, side by side, 
the best works produced from year to year, and study the effects of light and time 
upon the permanence of paper and processes. 

The pictures recently bought by the Museum were chosen with the idea that they 
represent as fully as possible the different schools of amateur photography in Amer- 
ica at the present time and the work of as many as possible of the most character- 
istic and representative artists. The fact is fully recognized that the development 
of these schools is sought in amateur photography rather than among professional 
photographers, whose work is of necessity more conventional in its character and 
affords less opportunity for originality and progress, although the fact was recog- 
nized that several professional photographers were represented in the exhibition, 
and characteristic specimens of the work of each of these were also secured. 


Owing to the pressure of other work, Mr. Smillie has found but little 
time to devote to the development of the photographie collection dur- 
ing the year covered by this Report. Forty-seven specimens were 
received, all of them being unsolicited donations. Miss L. Bernie 
Gallaher presented 20 daguerreotypes, 3 ambrotypes, and 1 melano- 
type; Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston contributed a platinum por- 
trait; Mr. C. W. Canfield a stereoscopic melanotype; Mr. J. W. Osborn 
19 portraits of celebrated photographers, and Mr. Alexander Beckers 
1 hand stereoscope and 1 revolving stereoscope. 

The total number of specimens now in the collection is 1,284. 

It has been necessary to devote some attention to the preservation 
of the specimens, many of the old and valuable daguerreotypes show- 
ing signs of fading from exposure to the air. These have now been 
resealed. 

The work of preparing specimens for exhibition has been carried on 
as opportunity permitted. 


IV.—REVIEW OF WORK IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE 
DEPARTMENTS. 


FINANCE, PROPERTY, SUPPLIES AND ACCOUNTS. 


In Appendix VIII will be found a statement showing the amount of 
the appropriations for the present fiscal year, the disbursements during 
the same period, and the balance available June 30, 1897, for the pur- 
pose of meeting outstanding liabilities. 

The following remarks are quoted from the report for the current fis- 
cal year, submitted by Mr. J. L. Willige, acting chief clerk: 


On January 27 Mr. W. V. Cox was designated by the Secretary as special repre- 
sentative at Nashville of Dr. True, representative of the Institution and the Museum 
on the board of management of the Government exhibit at the Tennessee Centen- 
nial Exposition. Itis probable that he will remain in Nashville almost continuously 
until the close of the exposition. 

On the 2d of February Mr. J. L. Willige was, upon the recommendation of the 
acting assistant secretary, designated acting chief clerk, and on the 12th of the 
month assumed charge of the office. 

There has been a considerable increase in the work of the office in certain direc- 
tions. In addition to the preparation of financial statements and other information 
required in regular course, the following classes of routine work may be particular- 
ized: More than 1,600 orders for the purchase of supplies and the performance of 
services have been issued on approved requisitions (an increase of approximately 
200 over the preceding year) ; nearly 1,200 inside requisitions have been registered on 
account of supplies furnished from the stock in the property clerk’s office, and 
services performed by the regular employees of the Museum; record has been kept 
of requisitions for articles of furniture and fixtures already made and in stock; 
approximately 900 vouchers have been examined and certified to the disbursing 
clerk for payment, and more than 1,500 pages of letters and memoranda have been 
copied in the letter-press books. 

The participation of the Institution and its dependencies in the Tennessee Cen- 
tennial Exposition, which opened at Nashville on the 1st day of May and will con- 
tinue until the 31st of October next, devolved a considerable amount of extra work 
upon the office. The work has been accomplished, however, without additional 
clerical service. There were issued on account of the Exposition 211 orders for the 
purchase of specimens and material and for the performance of special services; 
375 pages of letters were written, and 126 vouchers, aggregating in payments 
$11,941.42, were prepared, in addition to statements of expenditures and liabilities, 
showing the condition of the allotment from time to time. 

The placing of the several dependencies of the Institution within the limitations 
of the civil-service law necessitates additional records and correspondence, and 233 
reports and letters written are chargeable to this account. 

An elaborate statement, in tabulated form, has been prepared, showing the amounts 
appropriated by Congress for the support of the bureaus under the direction of the 
Institution, and the aid rendered from the Smithsonian fund and other sources, from 
the date of the Wilkes exploring expedition in 1836 down to the present year. 

78 


; 


" 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 79 


The offices of superintendent and assistant superintendent of build- 
ings and labor were abolished October 19, 1896, and the division of 
buildings and superintendence created. Mr. J. E. Watkins was desig- 
nated chief of the division, with instructions to report directly to the 
executive curator. 

The membership of standing committees at the beginning of the 
present fiscal year was as follows: On inspection, Mr, Lucas (chairman), 
Messrs. Goldsmith and Hawley; on condemnation, Mr. Brown (chair- 
man), Messrs. Goldsmith and Steuart; on lumber, Mr. Horan (chairman) 
and Mr. Goldsmith, with W. H. Haney as advisory member. On July 8 
Mr. Tassin was designated a member of the committee on inspection 
to replace, temporarily, Mr. Lucas, detailed for duty in Alaska. The 
committee on Jumber has been reduced to Messrs. Goldsmith and 
W.H. Haney. 

Special committees were appointed during the year, as follows: Pro- 
fessor Mason and Messrs. Schuchert, Newhall, Watkins and Brown, 
to examine Museum material in storage at the Armory Building, with 
a view to condemning any objects no longer serviceable; Messrs. Gold- 
smith, Steuart, Schuermann, Berry, McDevitt, and Baker, to open bids 
for furnishing supplies during the current fiscal year and to recom- 
mend awards; Messrs. Goldsmith, Bean, Berry, Schuermann, McDevitt, 
and Baker, to open and examine proposals for furnishing supplies dur- 
ing the coming year; Messrs. Tassin, Richmond, and Bean, to examine, 
with a view to condemnation or other disposition, certain books and 
labels in the editor’s office. 

The various bureaus of the Smithsonian Institution having been 
made subject to the civil-service law by order of the President, a clas- 
sification of the employees was transmitted to the Civil Service Com- 
mission on July 3, 1896, together with a tabulated statement of the 
number of employees in each class. 

The civil-service rules require that the head of each department or 
bureau of the Government shall nominate not less than three persons 
who shall be members of a board of promotion, and in accordance 
with this regulation the following officers were nominated as members 
of the Smithsonian board: Mr. W. V. Cox, chairman, Prof. O.T. Mason, 
and Dr. Frank Baker. On June 8, 1897, Mr. J. L. Willige, acting chief 
clerk, was instructed to act as chairman of the board during the 
absence of Mr. Cox on duties connected with the Tennessee Centennial 
Exposition. By direction of the Secretary, the chief clerk of the 
Museum will be chairman ex officio. All correspondence between the 
Commission and the Institution relating to the Museum or to the other 
Bureaus of the Institution will be conducted through the oflice of the 
Secretary by the chief clerk of the Museum. 

The Assistant Secretary of Agriculture invited the cooperation of the 
Smithsonian Institution in establishing a uniform standard of require- 
ments for scientific assistants in the several bureaus of the Government, 


80 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the object being to secure assistants with any desirable combination of 
qualifications and to simplify the operations of the civil-service law so 
far as these bureaus are concerned. Assurance was given of hearty 
cooperation on the part of the Institution. 

Considerable attention has been devoted to systematizing the records 
and files relating to civil-service matters. A card catalogue has been 
started, upon which decisions of the commission are recorded; also a 
catalogue embracing the names of all employees of the Smithsonian 
Institution and its dependencies. 

During the year there have been fifteen requests for certification of 
eligible applicants for appointment, nine transfers from the Institution 
to the several departments, four reinstatements, and eight emergency 
appointments. Twelve monthly reports have been submitted and 163 
letters written relating to civil-service matters. 

Upon recommendation of the chief clerk, and with the approval of 
the Secretary, a law reference library has been established. It is 
intended to include in this library publications relating to the origin 
and establishment of the Institution and the Museum, the Revised 
Statutes of the United States, Journals of Congress, decisions of Comp- 
trollers, opinions of the Attorney-General, reports of the Civil Service 
Commission, directories, and other works of reference. Through the 
courtesy of the Secretary of State, a copy of the Revised Statutes and 
supplements has been received during the year. The reports of the 
Civil Service Commission have been added, and a series of Congres- 
sional Records and Globes—more than two hundred volumes in all— 
have been transferred from the general library of the Institution. Mr. 
W. W. Karr, Dr. Cyrus Adler, and Mr. W. I. Adams were designated 
by the Secretary as a committee to cooperate with the chief clerk in 
the selection of books for the library. 

The oath of allegiance has been administered to all of the employees 
of the Institution and its bureaus, as required by law. 

The attention of Congress has been called to the necessity of increas- 
ing the scientific staff and enlarging the force of clerical employees, 
watchmen, laborers, and cleaners. 

It was estimated that the sum of $8,000 would be required to make 
all necessary repairs to the Museum building during the coming year, 
but only half that amount has been appropriated for this purpose. 
Attention was also called to the need of additional skylights. No 
appropriation has, however, been made for use in this direction. 

In the sundry civil act for 1896-97 the sum of $8,000 was appro- 
priated for the erection of galleries in two or more halls of the Museum 
building. Steps were promptly taken toward the construction of the 
galleries thus provided for, and on November 25, 1896, a committee, 
composed of Mr. Cox (chairman), Mr. Watkins and Mr. Lucas, was 
appointed to consider plans and recommend the award of contracts. 
Later, Prof. O. T. Mason was designated to act as a member of the 


a 


committee, to serve in the place of Mr. Lucas, who had been assigned 
to special duties in connection with the Fur-Seal Commission. The 
chairman was relieved on June 5 by Mr. Willige, acting chief clerk. 
Contracts for the construction of the galleries were duly awarded and 
the work has progressed satisfactorily. In the appropriation for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, an additional sum of $8,000 has been 
provided for the continuation of the construction of galleries, thus 
allowing for their extension into the east, west and south halls. 

A reference was made in the last Report to the lease of new prem- 
ises for workshops and storage purposes. <A formal agreement was 
entered into on July 1, 1896, for the present fiscal year, with the privi- 
lege of renewal for five years, if desired. Two frame buildings, each 
100 feet long, 25 feet wide, and one story high, were erected by the 
owner. It was hoped that it would be possible to transfer the material 
in the shed adjacent to the armory building to the new storage quar- 
ters, but this was found to be impracticable, and it was therefore 
recommended that an additional building be erected between the two 
existing sheds on Ninth street, and that these two sheds be extended. 

Provision has been made in the appropriations for the coming year 
for the removal of the sheds south of the Smithsonian building. They 
will probably be rebuilt on the ground leased by the Museum on Ninth 
street. The need for suitable fire protection for the Museum property 
stored at this place is urgent. 

A number of applications for the use of the lecture hall have been 
granted during the year. When lectures are given at night, it is 
necessary that additional watchmen, firemen, and other attendants be 
provided, and if the lantern is used, a skilled operator 1s required. 
The society or association asking the privilege of using the hall, 
assumes the expense of such additional service. It is also required 
that information be given in advance as to the names of the lecturers 
and the subjects of the proposed lectures. It has been found neces- 
sary to refuse to permit the removal of the lantern from the Museum 
building. 

The report of the acting chief clerk is accompanied by a statement 
of the proceedings of Congress during the fiscal year, so far as they 
concern the Smithsonian Institution and its bureaus. 

The report of the property clerk, Mr. J. S. Goldsmith, includes a 
nuinber of detailed statements showing the work performed during 
the year, the amount of supplies of various kinds purchased, and the 
amount on hand June 50, 1897. More than 1,000 invoices of supplies 
were examined, transferred to official forms, and certified for settle- 
ment. One thousand six hundred and thirteen inside requisitions for 

_general supplies, and 1,505 requisitions for stationery were filled; also 
74 requisitions for cases, ete. 
NAT MUS 97——-6 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 81 


82 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTS. 


There bas been a large increase of work in this division, which 
remains under the charge of Mr. R. I. Geare. This is doubtless due 
to the now well-established policy of the Museum with regard to sup- 
plying technical information to all applicants. There has also been 
general evidence of increased interest in the publications of the 
Museum, and this has resulted in a much larger distribution of them 
than in any previous year. 

During the year more than 15,000 official letters and other papers 
have been prepared, and in addition nearly 30,000 volumes and pam- 
phlets have been sent, free of charge, to applicants for special publica- 
tions and to the libraries and individuals on the regular mailing lists. 
The number of individuals making special application for some Museum 
work is not less than 6,000, and it may be added that, whenever prac- 
ticable, their requests have been complied with. 

The Annual Report for 1894, Volume XVIII of the Proceedings, 
Bulletins 47 and 49, and Special Bulletins 2 and 3 have been distributed 
to the institutions on the regular mailing lists of the Museum, as have 
also the separate papers issued from time to time during the year. 

In addition to the letters addressed to the Museum, there are received 
from the parent Institution not less than 4,000 letters a year, asking 
not only for publications, but for technical information, which can be 
supplied only by reference of these letters to members of the Museum 
scientific force. 

The detail, in February, of Mr. J. L. Willige, of this office, to act as 
chief clerk of the Museum, while undoubtedly serving the best interests 
of the Museum, was a serious loss to this division, and as no substitute 
has yet been appointed, his work is kept up only by the strenuous 
efforts of others in the office, among whom it has been subdivided, in 
addition to their regular duties. In other respects the force of the 
office has remained practically the same as last year. 

The manuscript and illustrations of the Report for 1895 were com- 
pleted early in the fiscal year, and during the fall the proof of the 
administrative portion of the Report was received and read. In Feb- 
ruary the general editorial supervision of the papers in the appendix 
to the Report was placed in charge of the editor of the Proceedings 
and Bulletins. Owing to pressure of other matters in the editor’s 
office, however, it became necessary to detail a clerk from this division 
for several weeks, to assist in editing the papers and in proof-reading. 
The administrative part of the Annual Report for 1896 has been pre- 
pared in this office, as well as that part of the Secretary’s report to the 
Board of Regents, which relates to the affairs of the National Museum, 

Considerable time was spent toward the close of the fiscal year in 
cataloguing, in convenient form for reference, the applications for 
specimens received during the past twenty or twenty-five years from 
educational institutions. 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 83 


Manuscript was prepared for a pamphlet giving a general descrip- 
tion of the exhibits sent by the Museum to the Tennessee Centennial 
Exposition. 

A statement was prepared of the most important Government explo- 
rations which resulted in the acquisition of natural history or ethno- 
logical material by the Institution or the National Museum. 

A beginning was made toward the compilation of statistics showing 
the size, value of collections, ete., of the principal museums in this 
country and abroad. 


REGISTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION. 


During the year 42,585 packages of all kinds were received. Of this 
number, 611 packages contained specimens for the Museum collections, 
1,288 contained supplies of various kinds for the offices and shops, and 
about 28,000 consisted of publications. There was an increase of more 
than 17,000 in the total number of incoming packages, about 60 per 
cent of this increase being due to the unusually large number of publi- 
cations received. The total number of boxes and packages sent out 
was 3,532, of which 367 consisted of material shipped to the Tennessee 
Centennial Exposition. 

The entries on the incoming transportation record numbered 3,242, 
and on the outgoing transportation record 1,615. 

There were 1,467 regular accessions, while 716 lots of material were 
received for identification. 

One hundred and ninety packages were placed in storage and 761 
were withdrawn. 

The number of specimens distributed during the year was 26,712, of 
which number 3,542 consisted of material lent for study. More than 
12,000 herbarium specimens were sent out in exchange, and many 
sets of marine invertebrates and geological specimens were distributed 
to educational institutions. 

A detailed statement, arranged geographically, showing to what 
institutions and individuals specimens have been sent during the year, 
is printed as Appendix IX. The following statement, arranged geo- 
graphically, shows the number of lots of specimens sent out: 


United States: United States—Continued. 
Alabama ..... Ah SP at ae a al Ienihtt@ley Races = = See eae 1 
ACTILEO0 G1h  ae  e neg e 1 Manet te hcoc 2 tae a ees 1 
COTE yt) ee 14 Mavi atten ars cree ee eee 4 
MSE O = te Se koe Ra) oe 2 MaScaCHURGUUS joe eee cee k Ol 
BERCCIICULAL- So SoA ee non s <m ea 6 MTch paneer eee fee ct CSS re 2 
UM ELD gS Mee a aie ee 3 UY Ura ate <(0) 1 ie a ie a 1 
District of Columbia —....------ 15 MARR e se eee et tice he th) 
LAUD IDEN Sea OO aS a 2 INGUTAN MI ce eet s. ta et 2 
GOT ofS SESS. SA een ae eae 2 | ING Wal OLBC Yio oe eee te is 6 
SMUMETENS Wate ee a, ee 12>) MewavOllew 16 tanto ce ae a. 33 
Lic TET Se ee 5 Norune@arolinge of ese. basa on 1 
RN ME ee NS I aS tee Srpin cee 11 HIGH eters eeees wees chine cme 3 


84 - REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


United States—Continued. Foreign countries—Continued. 
Onegom -eecasaeet sheer eee eee Tid Canada i2 os eie 2k eee ies See 8 
Pennsylvanian ssc scene eee 24 | Chinas 30 ss aa. eee eee 1 
South! Carolina. 22. 522.5 -ee=-- il Costa Rica. v8) 08 Se ee ib 
Souths Dakotas -sscs0- sere ee 1 Denmark (2: Joe se ae eewaes 2 eset 1 
Tenn esseere. ts. eee eee i Enoland®s 23 2e res ass sees 11 
Mebane 5 SS BN SE eee Sees ea ee 4 | TAN COL 22 ae: LRN EAs eer Ue 4 
Venmontwes<- 716 A ea seceeeces 2 Germanys or ee a eee 7 
Virgina: 2 oe ies ieee een ase 3 | Ttaliy 3s nS eee toe 5 
WISCONSIN 325,252 2se a senee re eee 2 MeOxiICO). 22523 5-0 eos Go eee 1 
Wi VOMiINg os 62. eecc eae ake 3 RUSSla- 22cm ee 1 

Foreign countries: | Scotland’. 3 eeeeseet eee ff 
ASTIG ah SS Sora nee ie ce anes e 1 Spain cet st cece setae see eee ere 1 
Wars tralia eo 2stee ee eet egeare 3 Switzerland). 5: sthssess == 2 
Avis ria aa = ae eee ee oe ee eee 3 Turkeyues eo: ee ee ee ae 1 
Bermudas 2 Us oe ee 2s she eee i ta 
Bravili esis ee ee eas sae eee = iL) Total 2cs eee ete eee cee 264 


The various departments of the Museum have distributed material 
as gifts or in exchange as follows: 


Matmimalss? 222 tent cee eee 38." | Minerals ..32 ch stassaee me eee 177 
Birds tees. sass ae asase nce epee 449 | Geology... 2.225 225-3225 eseeeene anor 2, 430 
Repbilesye. se. cence sees come 3: |) Ethnoloty .. -. sense ee eee 103 
PigHOSee ss seas eee ee ee ere 110 | Prehistoric anthropology .--..-.--- 377 
MollwSkke = esse eS eee ely eee 2213) Rechnology- 25.2 see cet seas = 1 
INS6CUS = See he ee ee ee 1,642 | Musical instruments. ....-.-..---- 8 
Marine invertebrates ........---. 3, 754 ’ - 
IROSSTIS sete erveta gts a owes sees ee 1, 602 Total 2s: 5. sore ete 23, 370 
Plante*s: $2260 Tee nos oo Seale ee 12, 449 


BUILDINGS AND SUPERINTENDENCE. 


Mr. Henry Horan, who had been connected with the Smithsonian 
Institution and the National Museum for many years, and who since 
1880 had held the position of superintendent of buildings, died on 
September 29, 1896. On October 20 a new division was organized— 
that of buildings and superintendence—with Mr. J. Elfreth Watkins as 
chief. The following subdivisions are included: Cases and fixtures, 
J.S. Goldsmith, property clerk, in charge; buildings, watch-service, 
mechanics and labor, C. A. Steuart, general foreman; heating, lighting, 
and electrical service, J. H. Parkhurst, engineer. 

Much-needed repairs and improvements have been made on both the 
Smithsonian and the Museum buildings, although on account of lack of 
funds it was necessary to restrict operations in this respect to such 
changes as were absolutely essential. 

During the winter and spring the attention of the office was taken 
up to a considerable extent with matters connected with the erection 
of galleries in the Museum building. The contract for the ironwork 
was awarded February 24, at a cost of $3,200, the work to be completed 
in sixty days. The contract for the stairs and balustrades was awarded 
on May 13, at a cost of $1,780, and that for the fireproof arching and 
floors on June 29, at a cost of $2,214, 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 85 


On December 19, 1896, it was possible, for the first time in the 
history of the Museum, to open all the courts of the building to the 
public. 

The watchmen have been trained in the use of the fire extinguishers, 
and regular fire drills were held. One of the watchmen rendered effi- 
cient assistance at a fire in the storage rooms on Ninth street, and as 
a result much valuable property was saved. The watchmen were also 
trained in the use of the telephone exchange board. There were more 
than 28,000 telephone calls during the year. 

The Smithsonian and Museum buildings were illuminated on the 
evening of March 4, the date of the inauguration of President 
McKinley. 

Three hundred and ninety requisitions relating to repairs to build- 
ings have been attended to by the general foreman; 274 for making 
and repairing cases have been looked after by the property clerk, and 
54 have been attended to by the engineer. 

The report submitted by the chief of the division includes detailed 
statements showing the number of requisitions received from each of 
the departments of the Museum, the amount of fuel, gas, and ice con- 
sumed, the temperature in the halls of the Museum during each day 
of the winter months, the supplies purchased for the use of the divi- 
sion, and an itemized list of the requisitions completed. The last- 
mentioned statement shows that 41 cases were Gonstructed, 26 altered 
or remodeled, 38 repaired, 61 painted, and 49 glazed. There were 672 
unit drawers made and 1,043 repaired or fitted to cases. 


WORK OF THE MUSEUM PREPARATORS, 


TAXIDERMISTS. 


Mr. William Palmer, chief taxidermist, reports that 65 mammals 
were received and skinned during the year. About one-half of these 
came from the National Zoological Park, as shown in the following table: 


| From the | From 


Mammals received in the flesh. Zoological; other 

Park. sources. 

TERME Sn et ee PSE cS ou ote bc arena iuiauie'd a.asale Gino oem eens oslo aets sles | 6 | 1 
(a Ah Baa ihe Be tee Si Si a er eg na bac ce es PR 21 3 
OL LUD bat Si a SR RB Se a A ree rg as SS | Ie pean ease 
RSet ote Aa sie iae r  oSietew ie eae = Oa wee SA nee Bane aaa eco tee leoe sa sece 7 
(ne Silda SI EE et ed me eal nt ee, Pre 3 | 21 
EHS CUNTCT tac Gone Gea eae Sn ee a ee any are ANN Bae ee eee amy (Fn 1 
Co OTOL Ae oe SE ee ee ae ee Se de en See ee 11 (ea ese 
REUSE foes em ete alas a mia sino aserie e vlok.c Cee ea a ioe wate aA ees Nee ce ee owe iy a 32 weake 


The bodies of many of these specimens were sent to the Bureau of 
Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture. 
Twenty-five specimens of mammals, birds, and reptiles, in addition 


86 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


to the above, were immediately turned over to other departments of 
the Museum. 
A number of skins were received to be remade, as follows: 


Skins received. 


PTMates: >. 4.52) decor = eee 4 | Rodentia_»_.—: ..222. eee ee eee 30 
CarnivOraes Sets ee en oe eee 14. AMS CCTEY OT atte re een cee eae nee ee 2 
Wngulatars 352 eee ee ees ee ees 8 — 
Chiroptera 2. 2223 eee eee 3 Rota ssp ee se eee eee a om 61 


There were thirty-one skins received for poisoning, cleaning, or 
drying. 
The following table shows the number of dry skins made up: 


Skins made up for the study series. 


Primates’ cfs e oat eee oetice 19: '| Rodentia 2+ site see eee eee 53 
Carnatvona ties bee eke de ates 52). Marsupialia 2.222 < S222 sess see 1 
Un sul ataaans soe ce ee ee eee 28 — 
Chiroptera. 29 ser eon eames 7 | "Total ee ee ee eet 161 
Insectivora .......- Both Se eee 1 | 


In addition, twenty-nine skins were reshaped and dried, and two 
heads of deer were poisoned. 

Twenty-six skins were returned to the Department of Agriculture 
during the year. 

The number of specimens mounted is as follows: 


Mammals mounted. 


Primates:=2).. 2222 eae cee eee etietens 45 -Chiroptera.:--2- 2 oar een es eee 4 
Carmivoras 2. 26 esc e ee teeta 6: insectivora estes ee eee 2 
Uneulataee. 3 ass ee see eee 1 — 
Rodentia suse 22 oh eee ee eee 15 ‘Total’ s 2s eee eee 32 


About three months were spent on work for the Tennessee Cen- 
tennial Exposition. For this purpose four specimens of lemurs were 
mounted and eighteen other specimens cleaned and packed; a cast of 
a large Galapagos tortoise was made and painted; three casts of ceta- 
ceans were made; a cast of the head of a large turtle was cleaned and 
placed on a new shield; a model of the National Zoological Park was 
finished and packed; a group of monkeys and another of gibbons was 
renovated and put into condition for exhibition, and models of a giant 
squid and an octopus received similar attention. Mr. Palmer devoted 
three weeks’ time to the work of setting up this and other exhibits at 
the Exposition. 

About 200 pair of elk, caribou, and moose antlers, which have been 
accumulating in the Museum for many years, were turned over to the 
taxidermist for attention. It was decided to select a series to mount — 
upon shields for decorating the piers of the mammal hall. Those hav- 
ing skulls were cleaned and bleached. The bases of the others were 
built up and covered with brown velvet. Twenty-seven sets were thus 
' prepared and hung on piers. ‘ 

Other work has been attended to as follows: Four mounted heads of 


REPORT OF ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY. $7 


American bison were repaired, poisoned, placed on new shields, and 
installed in the department of mammals; six mounted heads of mam- 
mals were overhauled and boxed for shipment; a number of casts of 
an Assyrian cylinder seal were made; several mounted heads on the 
south wall of the exhibition hall devoted to the department of mammals 
were taken down, cleaned, and rehung. 

The following statement shows the number of skins on hand June 
30, 1897: 


MEIER Heo So ew eee s Sos Ai INOW Beenie yee are als ee lense ere a 2 il 
La NR a 129s | Marsupialiaisa-e2 te scsee ee eae oe 14 
eee aa att 104 
BREEN NY a2 S825 NS at 5 A aN ee ees oraepeee 312 
te ee 32 


In the department of birds the work of the preceding years—that of 
renovating the entire series of mounted birds—was continued. A 
number of specimens received in the flesh were cleaned and prepared, 
other skins were poisoned, and a few improperly made specimens were 
remade. A limited number of mounted specimens were transferred to 
modern stands and a few mounted specimens were made up for the 
study series. The Museum specimen of the extinct Philips Island 
parrot was remounted. A series of 49 specimens of birds from British 
Guiana and about 35 parrots were mounted for the Tennessee Centen- 
nial Exposition. A group of 5 Argus pheasants was mounted and 


nearly completed. 
OSTEOLOGISTS. 


Considerable time has been spent in cleaning fishes and the contents 
of the stomachs of seals, the synoptic series has received attention, and 
a number of casts of brains have been made. Many vertebrate fossils 
have been mounted and repaired. Material was prepared, mounted, 
and boxed for the Tennessee Centennial Exposition. 

The work of laying a new floor in the exhibition hall of the depart- 
ment of comparative anatomy necessitated a large amount of extra labor 
in removing the specimens, placing some of the material in storage, and 
finally in cleaning and preparing the specimens for exhibition after the 
work on the floor had been finished. 

A summary of the osteological work during the year is presented in 
the following statement: 


me Birds. | Reptiles. prebel Total. 

Skeletons received in the flesh -.......-.-..---..------- 3 2 3 |ooeeeeeee> 8 
PIRES CR ANOU ES os a See ad nian bowen cee ma ne aneee ce 1 1 All SESeC ese ner eee 18 
Paris of skeletons cleaned -----.<-----.--------se-0=0-- 53 16) [Pe ee ees Cn aaa 66 
esha ays et A ga eee Sor 883 | 2 eet ere ts. : 886 
ERENT OUILOO coos oe ae => nae ssn ose eats = ae eee aaa] san sem = 1 2 1 4 
SASS a a er ee 940 36 | 5 1 982 


Of the skulls cleaned, more than 500 were for the Department of 
Agriculture. 


88 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


PHOTOGRAPHER. 


Mr. T. W. Smillie reports that the following work has been accom- 
plished in the photographic laboratory: Seven hundred and thirty- 
three negatives have been made; also 1,318 platinum prints, 50 silver 
prints, 1,100 cyanotypes, 6 bromide enlargements, and 41 lantern slides. 

The free public lectures in the Museum have, as usual, been illus- 
trated under the direction of the photographer, and Mr. Smillie has 
served as chairman of the Board on Photography of the United States 
Civil Service Commission. 

COLORIST. 


The work of Mr. A. Zeno Shindler on the series of paintings repre- 
senting the races of man has been continued. Five paintings were 
completed during the year and two more are nearly finished. Fifty- 
nine paintings belonging to the Catlin collection were cleaned or 
restored. This work requires a great deal of time and much care. The 
hands, heads, and feet of several lay figures were painted, also a num- 
ber of casts of fishes and reptiles. 


APPENDIX I. 
THE SCIENTIFIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. 


[Corrected to June 30, 1897. ] 


8. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Keeper, Ex-Officio. 

G. Brown Goode,' Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of 
the U.S. National Museum. 

Frederick W. True, Executive Curator. 


SCIENTIFIC STAFF. 
ARTS AND INDUSTRIES: 
Historical Collections: A. Howard Clark, Custodian. 
Religious Ceremonial Objects : Cyrus Adler, Custodian. 
Technological Collections: J, %. Watkins, Curator. 
Electrical Collections, George C. Maynard, Custodian. 
Graphic Arts: 8S. R. Koehler, Curator. 
Materia Medica: J. M. Flint, United States Navy, Honorary Curator. 
Forestry : B. E. Fernow, Honorary Curator. 
Physical Apparatus: W.C. Winlock, Honorary Curator (died September 20, 1896). 
Photographic Collections: T. W. Smillie, Custodian. 
ETHNOLOGY: O. T. Mason, Curator; Walter Hough, Assistant Curator. 
Aboriginal Pottery : William H. Holmes, Honorary Curator. 
Pueblo Collections: F. H. Cushing, Custodian. 

ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES: Paul Haupt, Honorary Curator; Cyrus Adler, Honorary 
Assistant Curator; I. M, Casanowicz, Aid. 

PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY: Thomas Wilson, Curator. 

MAMMALS: Frederick W. True, Curator. 

Birps: Robert Ridgway, Curator; C. W. Richmond, Assistant Curator. 

Birps’ Eaes: Charles Bendire, Honorary Curator (died February 4, 1897). 

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS: Leonhard Stejneger, Curator. 

Fisnes: Tarleton H. Bean, Honorary Curator; Barton A. Bean, Assistant Curator. 

Mo.iusks: William H. Dall, Honorary Curator; C. T. Simpson, Aid; W. B. Marshall, 
Aid. 

Insects: L. O. Howard, Honorary Curator; W. H. Ashmead, Custodian of the Col- 
lection of Hymenoptera; D. W. Coquillett, Custodian of the Collection of Dip- 
tera; O. F. Cook, Custodian of the Collection of Myriapoda; E. A. Schwarz, 
Custodian of the Collection of Coleopterous Larvie; Martin L. Linell, Aid 

(died May 3, 1897). ‘ 

MARINE INVERTEBRATES: Richard Rathbun, Honorary Curator; J. E. Benedict and 

Miss M. J. Rathbun, Assistant Curators. 
Helminthological Collections: C. W. Stiles, Custodian. 

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: Frederic A. Lucas, Curator; Frank Baker, Associate 
Curator (Honorary). 

PLANtTs (NATIONAL HERBARIUM): F. V. Coville, Honorary Curator; J. N. Rose, C. 
L. Pollard, and O. I’. Cook, Assistant Curators; Miss Carrie Harrison, Aid. 


'Dr. G. Brown Goode died September 6, 1896,and on January 27, 1897, Mr. C. D. 
Walcott was appointed Acting Assistant Secretary. 
8Y 


90 _ REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


PALEONTOLOGY: C. D. Walcott, Honorary Curator; Charles Schuchert, Assistant 
Curator. 
Vertebrate Fossils: O.C. Marsh, Honorary Curator; F. A. Lucas, Acting Assist- 
ant Curator. 
Invertebrate Fossils : 
Paleozoic: Charles Schuchert, Custodian. 
Mesozoic: T. W. Stanton, Custodian. 
Cenozoic: W.H. Dall, Associate Curator (Honorary). 
Fossil Plants: Lester F. Ward, Associate Curator (Honorary); F. H. Knowlton, 
Custodian of Mesozoic Plants; David White, Custodian of Paleozoic Plants. 
Mrinerats: F. W. Clarke, Honorary Curator; Wirt Tassin, Assistant Curator. 
Collection of Gems and Precious Stones: Rev. Dr. L. T. Chamberlain, Custodian. 
GEOLOGY: George P. Merrill, Curator; W.H. Newhall, Aid. 
LiprarRy: Cyrus Adler, Librarian (Honorary); Newton P. Scudder, Assistant 
Librarian. 
ASSOCIATES. 


(Honorary.) 


Theodore Gill, Associate in Zoology. 

R. E. C. Stearns, Associate in Zoology. 

R. W. Shufeldt, Associate in Comparative Anatomy. 
C. A. White, Associate in Paleontology. 

C. Hart Merriam, Associate in Zoology. 


ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. 


CHIEF CLERK: W. V. Cox. 
CHIEFS OF DIVISION: 
Correspondence and Reports: R.I. Geare. 
Registration and Storage: S.C. Brown. 
Editor of Proceedings and Bulletins: Marcus Benjamin. 
Disbursing Clerk: W.W. Karr. 
Property Clerk: J.8. Goldsmith. 
Photographer: T. W. Smillie. 
Buildings and Superintendence: J. E. Watkins. 


PREPARATORS., 


Joseph Palmer, Chief Modeler. 
William Palmer, Chief Taxidermist. 
A. Z. Shindler, Preparator. 

J. W. Scollick, Osteologist. 

Henry Marshall, Taxidermist. 

N. R. Wood, Preparator. 

A. H. Forney, Taxidermist. 


APPENDIX II. 


LIsT OF ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897. 


{All accessions marked with an ‘‘N”’ indicate material obtained primarily for exhibition at the Nash- 
ville Exposition. ] 


Apsxsott, Dr. WittIAM L., Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania: Two very large and 


valuable collections of natural-history | 


specimens from Trong, Lower Siam, 
consisting of mammal skins, birds’ 
skins, birds’ eggs and nests, reptiles, 


skeletons of reptiles, fresh-water shells, | 


marine invertebrates, insects represent- 
ing all orders, ethnological objects, and 
musical instruments. (31341, 31941.) 

ABEL, J. C., Lancaster, Pennsylvania: 
Stone implements and archeological 
objects collected near Lancaster. 
(30988, 31236, 31656, 31858, 31957, 32023, 
32081.) 

AckER, Dr. C.S., Arkansas City, Kansas: 
Photograph of a clay urn taken from a 
mound near Arkansas City. 31600. 

Apams, F. D., McGill University, Mon- 
treal, Canada: Geological material 
(80955) ; nepheline syenite and sodalite 
from Canada (31880). Exchange. 

D’ADELUNG, Dr. N. (See under Geneva, 


Switzerland: Musée d’Histoire Natu- | 


relle.) 

ADLER, Dr. Cyrus, Smithsonian Institu- 
tion: Set of 11 Turkish weights ob- 
tained in Constantinople (30910); 10 
campaign letters of 1896 (32077). 

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF, Hon. J. 

Sterling Morton, Secretary: 
specimen of Lugnorista occidentalis 


Coquillett, collected by Prof. T. D. | 


A. Cockerell, Las Cruces, New Mexico 
(31144); 160 specimens of Acridiidie 
and a few other insects, collected in 


| 
Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, 


by Mr. C. H. Tyler Townsend (31244) ; 
15 specimens of miscellaneous insects, 
collected by F. F. Crevecceur, Onaga, 
Kansas (31389); 85 species of miscel- 
laneous insects, collected by Mr. 
Crevecceur - (31738) ; about 600 exam- 


Type | 


| AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF—Cont’d. 

| ples of Homoptera, Micro-hymenop- 
tera, and Coccinellidie, collected by 
A. Koebele in China, Japan, and 
Australia (31926); small collection 
of fishes made by Messrs. Nelson 
and Goldman in Mexico, consist- 
ing of 8 species, including a new 
cyprinodont, and 23 very fine speci- 
mens of Anableps dowi (31947); 
branch of Yucca, dried fruit of 
Yucea, and boiled Salvia seed (32073) ; 
2 species of Bulimulus from Mexico 
(32088); land and fresh-water shells 
from Mexico and Alaska (32181); 
specimens of Hylurgops nigripennis 
Mann; Amara erratica Sturm; Homa- 
lomyia canicularis Meigen, from Ka- 
diak Island, Alaska, and a specimen 
of Physonota limoniata Boh., from 
near San Sebastian, Mexico (32196). 

Material deposited in the National Herba- 
rium: 163 plants from Oregon, col- 
lected by J. B. Leiberg (30836); 257 
dried plants, received from Aven Nel- 
son, Laramie, Wyoming (30837); 7 
herbarium specimens (30840); her- 
barium specimen, received from Mrs. 
W. W. Thompson, Smithville, Geor- 
gia (30841); herbarium specimen and 
tubers, sent by A. J. Tisdall, Bell 
Ranch, New Mexico (30842); 3 plants 
from California, sent by Dr. A. David- 
son, Los Angeles (30843) ; 200 plants, 
collected by J. B. Leiberg in Oregon 
(30988) ; 625 dried plants from Mex- 
ico, collected by Edward Palmer 
(31229); 30 specimens of Junci, col- 
lected by P. A. Rydberg, Columbia 
College, New York (31370); 15 speci- 
mens of dried plants, collected by 
N. L. Gardner, Coupeville, Washing- 
ton (31417); 904 specimens of dried 

, 91 


92 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF—Cont’d. | AMERICAN ARCH#OLOGICAL AND ASI- 


plants, collected by J. B. Leiberg in 
Oregon (31460); plant sent by J. A. 
Flath,Glenbeulah, Wisconsin (31485) ; 
specimen of Juncus polycephalus, from 
Dr. Charles Mohr, Mobile, Alabama 
(31531) ; specimen of Picea rubra, from 
Roan Mountain, North Carolina 
(31533) ; 109 plants, collected by C. H. 
Tyler Townsend, Las Cruces, New 
Mexico (31553); 3 plants from the 
District of Columbia, collected by 
F. L. J. Boetcher (31626); 6 speci- 
mens of dried plants, sent by J. W. 
Tomey (31679); 37 plants from Ore- 
gon, collected by J. B. Leiberg 
(31681); specimen of Juncus differsis- 
simus, sent by C. Mohr, Mobile, Ala- 
bama (31695); specimen of Peperomia 
(31746); 31 herbarium specimens, 
sent by Robert M. Horner (31811); 
plants from Leland Stanford Junior 
University, California, collected by 
W. R. Dudley (81853) ; plant from 
Texas, sent by George Stotley (32127) ; 
specimen of Juniperus sabinoides, col- 
lected in Texas by H.T. Fuchs (32135) ; 
specimen of Pinus divavicata, col- 
lected in New York by Prof. G. K. 
Gilbert (82192). 

AIKEN, C. E., Colorado Springs, Colorado: 
Aiken’s Screech Owl, Megascops asio 
aikeni. Purchase, 31946. 

ALBANY MusrEuM. (See under Grahams- 
town, South Africa. ) 

AupricHu, Hon, T. H., House of Represent- 
atives: Rock phosphate; weathered 
phosphatic shale, showing zonal struc- 
ture. Transmitted by the U.S. Geolog- 
ical Survey. 31659. 

ALDRICH, CHARLES. 
Stanley.) 

ALLEN, CHARLES A., San Geronimo, Cali- 
fornia: Three nests of Hutton’s Vireo 
and a snake from California (31058) ; 
mammal skins and skulls, comprising 
2 specimens of Microtus, 2 of Sorex, 2 of 
Peromyscus, and 1 of Mus musculus 
(31879). 

ALLEN, Dr. H. N. 
Rockhill. ) 

AMATEIS, L. (See under L. Menchini.) 

AMERICAN ARCHAOLOGICAL AND ASI- 
ATIC. ASSOCIATION, transmitted by 
Gen. G. W. Bailey, Nevada, Iowa: Clay 


(See under D. T. 


(See under W. W. 


| 


ATIC ASSOCIATION—Continued. 
vessel with an ornament representing 
a human head on the rim, found in a 
mound in Marshall County. 31632. 

AMERICAN ELECTRICAL WoRKS, Provi- 
dence, Rhode Island: One specimen of 
lead-covered telephone cable, composed 
of 240 wires. 31548. 

AMHERST COLLEGE OBSERVATORY, Am- 
herst, Massachusetts, transmitted by 
Prof. David P. Todd: Two frames con- 
taining photographs illustrating the 
work of the Amherst Eclipse Expedi- 
tion to Japan during the summer of 
1896. 31985. 

ANDERSON, R. M., Forest City, Iowa: 
Specimen of Krider’s Hawk. 30869. 
ANDREWS, Dr. E. A., Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, Baltimore, Maryland: Crabs 
from Green Turtle Cay, Bahamas, rep- 

resenting 17 species. 32133. 

ANDREWS, J. O., Gainesville, Florida: 
Piece of a branch, with thorns and 
leaves of a tree, and fruit of the same. 
31099. 

AnpDrus, F. H., Elkton, Oregon: Land 
and fresh-water shelis representing 10 
species (30930); specimens of Pupa 
(31828) ; land-shells (31596). 

AntTHony, A. W., San Diego, California: 
Fishes, land-shells, crustaceans, rep- 
tiles, birds’ eggs and a nest (all new to 
the collection and to science), and deer 
antlers from Lower California (pur- 
chase) (31199); birds’ eggs from the 
same locality (purchase) (31382); 22 
birds’ skins, representing 4 species 
from islands off the coast of Lower 
California (exchange) (31324); 8 birds’ 
skins from the same locality (gift) 
(31825); 80 plants (purchase) (31535) ; 
type specimens of 3 species of birds 
from Lower California (deposit) 
(31667). 

AnTHONY, H.R., Reading, Pennsylvania: 
Call-bell in use at the Marshall House, 
Alexandria, Virginia, in 1861, when 
Colonel Ellsworth was shot. Deposit. 
32114. 

APPLEGATE, E. I., Klamath Falls, Oregon: 
Eight specimens of dried plants (gift) 
(31331); 92 plants (purchase) (31545) ; 
52 specimens of Phanerogams (gift) 
(31654) ; specimen of Orthocarpus (gift), 


1 Received in a previous fiscal year. 


LIST OF 


APPLEGATE, E. I.—Continued. 

(31972); plant (gift) (31997); 40 speci- 
mens of dried plants from the vicinity 
of Crater Lake, Oregon (gift) (31999). 

APPLETON, J. M., Dayton, Ohio: Portrait 
study. 381007. 

ARNHEIM, J. S., San Francisco, California: 
Shells from various localities (32104) ; 
land, fresh-water, and marine shells 
from the western coast of North Amer- 
ica and other localities, representing 25 
species (31197); 2 land crabs from Clip- | 
perton Island (31674); land, fresh-wa- 
ter, and marine shells from various lo- 
calities, representing 30 species (31884) ; 
shells from Esquimalt Dry Dock, Vic- 
toria, Vancouver Island (32248). 

AsHMEAD, W. H. “(See under W. Hague | 
Harrington. ) 

Asumun, Rev. E.H., Albuquerque, New 
Mexico: Collection of land and fresh- 
water shells from New Mexico, Arizona, 
and Nebraska. (30888, 31179, 31279.) 

ATTwaTER, H. P., San Antonio, Texas: 
Forty-three birds’ eggs, representing 
8 species, 2 birds’ nests (gift) (31077); 
11 birds’ skins from Texas (purchase) 
(81114); 2 specimens of Tradescantia 
(gift) (31890). 

Austin, Mrs. R. M., Quincey, California: 
Six hundred specimens of dried plants. 
Purchase. 31994. 

AUSTRALIAN MusSEUM. (See under Syd- 
ney, New South Wales:) 

AVONDALE MARBLE COMPANY, Avon- 
dale, Pennsylvania: Specimen of mar- 
ble. 31587. 

AYERS, GEORGE, Alexandria, Virginia, 
transmitted by Mr. Entwistle: Speci- 
mens of Brunnich’s Murre, Uria lomvia, 
in the flesh, from the Potomac River. 
31461. 

BaiLey, Gen. G. W. (See under Ameri- 
can Archeological and Asiatic Associa- 
tion.) 

BAKER, CARL F., Fort Collins, Colorado: 

» Eight specimens of Colorado Umbel- 
lifere. 31723. 

BakER, Dr. FRED., San Diego, California: 
Marine shells from San Diego Bay. 
31644, 

BAKER, FRANK C. (See under Chicago 
Academy of Sciences. ) 

BAKER, Marcus. (See under Smithso- 
nian Institution, Bureau of Ethnol- | 
ogy.) 


ACCESSIONS. 


93 


BAKER, R. T., Sydney, New South Wales: 
Specimens of dried plants (gift) 
(31101); (exchange) (81163; 31212). 

BaKER UNIVERSITY, Baldwin, Kansas, 
transmitted by C. S. Parmenter: Thir- 
ty-two specimens of insects. $1515. 

BANNER, W. H., York, Pennsylvania: Two 


historical war pictures. Purchase. 
32161. 
BaRBOouUR, Prof. E. H. (See under 


Nebraska, University of). 

BARCELONA, SPAIN: ROYAL ACADEMY OF 
ScrENCE AND ARrkTS, transmitted by 
Senor Arturo Bofill, secretary: Ten 
specimens of Mesozoic fossils, minerals, 
and shells. Exchange. 31226. 

BARLOW, CHESTER, Santa Clara, Califor- 
nia: Nest and 4 eggs of White-tailed 
Kite, Elanus leucurus. 30858. 

BarRnES, A. J., Dunedin, Florida: Marine 
shells from Florida representing 3 spe- 
cies. 31974. 

BARRETT-HAMILTON, G. E. H., Kil- 
mannock, New Ross, Leinster, Ireland: 
Insects from the Pribilof Islands. 
31335. 

BARTLETT, Mrs. N. GRAY, Chicago, IIli- 
nois: Photograph—‘‘A Reverie.” 
3 L006. 

BarRtTscuH, Pau, U.S. National Museum: 
Four specimens of Viola (gift) (31708) ; 
4 plants (gift) (81790); specimen of 
Lycosa nidifer Marx, with nest (gift) 
(31906); 2 salamanders from the Dis- 
trict of Columbia (collected for the Na- 
tional Museum) (32152); 2snakesanda 
frog (collected for the National Museum) 
(32252); erabs from Smiths Island, Vir- 
ginia, representing 2 species (collected 
for the National Museum) (32269) ; leech 
from Virginia (collected for the Na- 
tional Museum) (32286). 

Bascom, Dr. FLORENCE. (See under Bryn 
Mawr College. ) 

BATALIN, ALEX., St. Petersburg, Russia: 
696 specimens of dried plants from 
Brazil and other localities. Exchange. 
31126. 

BaTES, J. M., Long Pine, Nebraska: Two 
specimens of fungi. 31419. 

BEADLE, C. HW. (See under Biltmore Her- 
barium. ) 

BEAN, Dr. T. H., Battery Park Aquarium, 
New York City: Alcoholic beetles, col- 
lected by William J.Fisher on the island 
of Kadiak, Alaska. 30931. 


94 


Beck, R. H., Berryessa, California: Twen- 
ty-three birds’ skins. 31476. 

BECKERS, ALEX., Hoboken, New Jersey: 
An adjustable Becker’s stereoscope. 
32191. 

BEckETT, W. H., Woodbury, New Jersey: 
Arrow and spear heads, a grooved ax, 
and fragments of pottery. 31992. 

BECKWITH, PAuUL,U.S. National Museum: 
Ten-cent fractional currency of the 
issue of 1874 (32195); ten-barreled re- 
volver, used during the war of the 
rebellion (32261). 

BEECHER, Dr. C. E., Yale Museum, New 
Haven, Connecticut: Six fine speci- 
mens of Echinocaris costalis Beecher; 2 
specimens of Tropidocaris bicarinata 
Beecher, 16 specimens of Nucula cor- 
buliformis, and 3 specimens of Lingula 
(31455); 2 models of Triarthrus becki, 
showing the limbs (31570); model of a 
Trilobite, with appendages (31616). 

BENDIRE, Maj. CHARLES, U.S. A. (See 
under George Griffin, A. Hewitt, Dr. 
J. C. Merrill, R. 8. Williams.) 

BENEDICT, J. E., U.S. National Museum: 
Specimen of Scalops aquaticus from 
Woodside, Maryland (gift) (30846); 
Chimney Swift, Chetura pelagica, in 
the flesh (gift) (31147); 4 salamanders 
from Nashville, Tennessee (collected 
for the National Museum) (32158). 
(See under J. D. Mitchell. ) 

BENEDICT, J. E. jr., Woodside, Maryland: 
Devonian specimen of Stropheodonta. 
Exchange. 31676. 

BENNERS, G. B., Philadelphia, Pennsyl- 
vania: Four sets of birds’ eggs and 2 
nests from Comal County, Texas. Ex- 
change. 31283. 

BENSON, H. W., Kelseyville, California: 
Concretions from Lake County, Cali- 
fornia. 31551. 

BENTON, FRANK, Department of Agricul- 
ture: Young pea-fowl, in the flesh. 
31340. 

BERCKMAN, P.J., Augusta, Georgia: One 
hundred bulbs of Hymenocallis. Pur- 
chase. 31135. 

BERLIN, GERMANY: 

BoraNnicaL Museum: 476 plants from 
Argentine Republic and 517 plants 
principally from Brazil (exchange) 
(31707); three fragments of Angelica 
mexicana (31751). 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


BERLIN, GERMANY—Continued. 

Roya MusEevM oF NATURAL HISTORY, 
transmitted by Prof. O. F. Cook: 
Myriopods belonging to the Family 
Craspedosomatidz. 31339. 

Royaut ZOOLOGICAL Museum: Crabs, 
representing 32 species (31481) ; trans- 
mitted by Dr. Paul Matschie; speci- 
men of Monophyllus redmanni. 
(31607.) (Exchange.) 

BERNARD, Dr. F., Paris, France: Type 
specimens of Condylocardia and Hoch- 
stetteria from southern seas. 31837. 

BETHEL, E., Denver, Colorado: Nine her- 
barium specimens. 31106. 

BETTESWORTH, G. W., Omaha, Nebraska: 
Four photographic views, a publica- 
tion entitled ‘‘An Omaha Idea,” and 3 
fragments of pottery (31988); photo- 
graph of a stone ax and fragments of 
pottery found in the ash strata near 
Omaha (32065). 

BEYER, Dr. G. E., Tulane University, New 
Orleans, Louisiana: Plaster cast of a 
fragment of pottery representing an 
animal’s head (31608); plaster casts of 
a human skull and of pieces of pottery 
(32101); plaster cast of a hematite plum- 
met (32282). 

BIBBINS, ARTHUR, The Woman’s College, 
Baltimore, Maryland: Specimen of wa- 
vellite from Mount Holly Springs, 
Pennsylvania. 31663. 

BIEDERMAN, C. R., Gold Hill, Oregon: 
Slung shot found in Placer Mine, near 
Rogue River; collection of double-ter- 
minated crystals from Sierra Blanca, 
New Mexico, and petrified wood from 
near Gold Hill. 32149. (See under 
Prof. J. W. Meritt.) 

BIERSTADT, E., New York City: Two 
frames containing pictures of rugs, 
illustrating the progress of color print- 
ing from gelatine plates. 31090. 

BILTMORE HERBARIUM, Biltmore, North 
Carolina, transmitted by C. D. Beadle, 
Curator: Five hundred plants (ex- 
change) (31818); 3 specimens of Tril- 
lium (gift) (32238). 

Biscor, H. L., New York City: Collec- 
tion of badges worn at the Sixth Re- - 
union of the Ex-Confederate Veterans, 
Richmond, Virginia. 30928. 

Biack, WILLIAM, Dale, Idaho, transmit- 
ted by R. L. Packard: Leaf-shaped 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


BLack, WILL1IAM—Continued. 
chipped implement from Washington 
County. 31047. 

Biair, HERBERT B., U.S. Geological Sur- 
vey: Tooth of Mastodon obscurus 
31646. 

Buiarr, R. A., Sedalia, Missouri: 
Specimen of Devonian limestone. 
31736. 

BLANKINSHIP, J. W., Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts: Twenty botanical specimens 
from California. 31873. 

BLATCHLEY, W.S., State Geologist of In- 
diana, transmitted by the Bureau of 
Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution: 
Small piece of stalagmite from Wyan- 
dotte Cave, Indiana. 31641. 

Buiunck, A. E., Johnstown, New York: 
Bantam game-cock and a brown Leg- 
horn hen. 31584. 

BOARDMAN, G. A., Calais, Maine: Five 
eggs of Passenger Pigeon, Lctopistes 
migratorius. 31261. 

BoertTcueERr,F. L. J., Washington, District 
of Columbia: One hundred and one 
dried plants from northwestern Ger- 
many. Exchange. 31105. (See under 
Agriculture, Department of.) 

BoriLy, Senor ARTURO. (See under Bar- 


celona, Spain: Royal Academy of Sci- 


ence and Arts.) 


BoGan, R., New South Wales; Australia: | 
Specimen of Rhagodia parabolica R. Br. | 


31434. 

Bo..gEs, Mrs. C. C., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Golden mat from Poly- 
nesia. Purchase. 30866. 

Botton, Prof. H. Carrington, Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia: Violin and 
case from Paris. 31631. 

Boscokr, J. F., Hembrie, Texas: Twenty- 
one plants. 31346. 

BOTANIC GARDENS. 
ta, India. ) 

BOTANICAL MUSEUM. 
Germany.) 

Boucarp, A., Oak Hill, Spring Vale, Isle 
of Wight, England: Specimen of the 
rare Leipoa ocellata from Australia 
(31555); photograph of Mr. Boucard 
(31634). 

Bourkk, Mrs. J. G., Omaha, Nebraska: 
One hundred and two stereoscopic 
photographs of Indians and scenery, 
and 7 photographs of Indians. 


(See under Caleut- 


(See under Berlin, 


31963. | 


95 


| Bouvier, Prof. E, L. (See under Paris, 
France: Museum of Natural History.) 

Bowman, D. A., Bakersville, North Caro- 
lina: Minerals. 31187. 

Boyp, C. Rk., Wytheville, Virginia: Speci- 
men of spinel. Purchase. 31586. 

Boye, Dr. C. B., Hot Springs, South Da- 
kota: Asbestos from Lawrence County, 
South Dakota. 31017. 

Branpt, Dr. K. (See under Kiel, Ger- 
many: Zoological Institute. ) 

BRANICKI MusEuM. (See under Varsovie, 
Russia. ) 

TsRAVERMAN, M., Visalia, California: 
Specimens of magnesite from. Tulare 
County, California. 32212. 

ISRENINGER, G. F., Enterprise, California: 
Titmouse. 31463. 

DBRENSING, HERMANN, San Antonio, Tex- 
as: Specimen of Twig-girdler Beetle, 
Oncideres terana Horn. 32129. 

BrETON, Miss ADELA, Camden Crescent, 
Bath, England: Three chipped stone 
implements from Zacatecas and San 
Juan del Teul, Mexico. 31945. 

BREWER, W. H New Haven, Connecti- 
eut: Plants from California. 30877. 

BREWSTER, WILLIAM, Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts: Specimen of Cairnes’s War- 
bler, Dendroica cwrulescens cairnsi, from 
Virginia. 31603. 

Brick, Dr. C., Hamburg, Germany: Three 
hundred and seventy-one dried plants 
from Australia, Africa, and Europe. Ex- 
change. 31117. 

Briees, A. A., Clear Lake, Wisconsin: 
Plants. (30975, 31039, 31100, 31141, 
31332.) 

BRIMLEY, C.S., Raleigh, North Carolina: 
Specimens of Neonympha eurytris Fabr., 
Neonympha gemma Hbn., and Neo - 
nympha sosybius Fabr. (30964); 9 
butterflies belonging to the family 
Hesperidie (31000). 

BrimMLeyY, H. H. & C. S., Raleigh, North 
Carolina: Snakes from Florida and 
North Carolina. (31924, 31546, 31728). 
Purchase, 

British MusEuM. 
England.) 

BRITTON, Dr. N. L., Columbia University, 
New York: Specimen of Chrysoplenium 
alternifolium, 31709. 

Britts, Dr. J. H., Clinton, Missouri: 
Seven specimens otf Promacrus nasutus 


(See under London, 


96 


Britts, Dr. J. H.—Continued. 

Meek. (gift) (31380); type specimens of 
fossil plants (exchange) (31528). 

Brovers, A. C., Garfield, Virginia: Rude 
notched implement from Fairfax 
County. 31045. 

BRODIE, JAMES, Biloxi, Mississippi: Two 
fragments of pottery anda copper 
sinker found on Big Ridge, near Biloxi, 
and a specimen of Granatocrinus, a 
blastoid from the Lower Carboniferous, 
10 miles north of Huntsville, Alabama. 
32219. 

Bropnax, B. H., Brodnax, Louisiana: 
Wood covered with fungus. 31149. 

Brooks, A. H., U. 8. Geological Survey: 
Five specimens of Hamilton fossils from 
Cornwall, Orange County, New York. 
32012. 

Brown, C. F., Hot Springs, Arkansas: | 
Specimen of quartz. 31968. 

Brown, C.S., Memphis, Tennessee: Two | 
hundred and eighteen plants from the | 
Azores. Purchase. 30891. 

Brown, E. J., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Birds’ skins and birds’ eggs. 
(31201, 31559). 

BROWN, GLENN, Washington, District of 
Columbia: Orbicular granite from 
Stokes County, North Carolina. 31388. 

Brown, H. E., Clear Creek, California: 
Ninety-one plants from Oregon and 
California. Purchase. 31854. | 

Brown, LINCOLN, Woodside, Maryland: | 
Sixteen specimens of Cambarus bartoni. | 
30942. | 

Brown, Mrs. M. E., New York City: Two | 
rattles made of tinned plate and small 
wire rings obtained from the western 
coast of Africa (gift) (81612) ; 5mounted 
and 2 unmounted photographs of per- | 
sons with musical instruments and a | 
photograph of a portable organ, proba- | 
bly the Nimfali( gift) (31791); a bellfrom | 
Japan, bell used by the Buddhist priests 
in worship, and a bell used by Shinto 
priests in worship (exchange) (32008). | 

Brown, Mrs. N. M. (See under E. W. 
Nelson.) 

BROWNLOW, Hon. W. P., House of Repre- | 
sentatives: Specimen of Ant-eater, | 
Cycloturus (gift) (81604); birds’ skins | 
and eggs and a nest from British Hon- | 
duras (31605). 

Brunton, D. W., Aspen, Colorado: Three 
specimens of polybasite. 31613. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


BRYANT, E.S., Minot and Grind Harbor, ° 
North Dakota: Skin of White-rumped 
Sandpiper, Tringa fuscicollis (gift) 
(32103); birds’ eges and a nest (31069). 

BRYANT, H.G., Philadelphia, Pennsylva- 
nia: Geological specimens from Green- 
land (gift) (31832); 14 ethnological 
objects from Inglefield Gulf, Green- 
land (exchange) (32010). 

BRYANT, O., Longwood, Florida: Living 
Unionide. 31911. 

BRYN Mawr COoLuece, Bryn Mawr, 
Pennsylvania, transmitted by Dr. Flor- 
ence Bascom: Geological material from 
South Mountain, Pennsylvania. Ex- 
change. 31713. 

BuFFORD, HENRY. (See under Interior 
Department: U.S. Geological Survey.) 


| BuRGER, W.C., Blacks, California, trans- 


mitted by Hon. 8. G. Hilborn: Tooth 
of a fossilelephant. 31412. 

Burns, W. R., Concord, Kentucky: Au- 
tograph letter of Thomas Jefferson 
to George Otis, dated July 18, 1820. 
320381. 


BurtTcH, VERDI, Penn Yan, New York: 


Fresh-water shells (31242); specimens 
of Vivipara contectoides, showing varia- 
tion of color bands (31264); Unios from 
Niagara Falls representing 3 species 
(81445); Unios from the United States 
representing 6 species (31468); Union- 
ide from the eastern section of the 
United States representing 3 species 
(31574); Unionidee from the eastern 
section of the United States represent- 
ing 5 species (31669). 

Busu, B. F., Courtney, Missouri: Land 
and fresh-water shells from Missouri, 
representing 20 species (gift) (51429); 
botanical specimens (purchase) (31429, 
31765, 31798, 31829, 31836). 

BUZZARD, S. 8., Berkeley Springs, West 
Virginia: Sample of maple wood with 
natural ingratting. 31554. 

CaLcuTrTa, INDIA: Botanic Gardens: 409 
herbarium specimens (31213); 326 bo- 
tanical specimens (51842). Exchange. 

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Sna 
Francisco, California, transmitted by 
L. M. Loomis: Twelve birds’ skins - 
(exchange) (31198); 4 type specimens 
of plants (gift) (31552) ; transmitted by 
Dr. J. G. Cooper, shells, from various 
localities, representing 7 species (gift) 
(52032). 


LIST OF 


CALKINS, Lieut. C. G., U.S. N., Nagasaki, 
Japan: Collection of Chinese indus- 
trial and artistic ware made from bam- 
boo, and 9 musical instruments. Pur- 
chased for the Museum. 31289. 


ACCESSIONS. 


Catt, Prof. R. Ertswortn, Lawrence- | 


burg, Indiana: Type specimens, repre- 
senting 5 species of Arachnida and a 
mollusk from Mammoth Cave. 


31943. | 


CAMPBELL, M. R., U. 8S. Geological Sur- | 


vey: Weathered conglomerate from 
Virginia. Purchase. 32143. 


Cansy, W. M., Wilmington, Delaware: 
Specimens of Ticdemannia. (31725) 
(lentand returned), (51743) (exchange). 

CANTERBURY MvusEuM. (See under 
Christchurch, New Zealand.) 

CANTWELL, G. G., Howkan, Alaska: Four 
birds’ skins. 31711. 


CARPENTER, Capt. W. L., U.S. A., Sack- | 


etts Harbor, New York: Nest, 4 eggs, 
and skin of Prairie Horned Lark. 32244. 

Carr, J. C., Morris, Illinois: Specimen 
of Dipeltis diplodiscus. 30859. 

Carrico, E. T., Moberly, Missouri: Ar- 
rowheads (31761); clays, shales, ete. 
(31987). 

Carter, E. B., St. Augustine, Florida: 
Two pieces of wood eaten by isopods, 
also specimen of isopod from St. Johns 
River. 31783. 

CASAD, Miss ALICE. 
Cockerell. ) 

CaseE, H. B., Loudonville, Ohio: Speci- 
men of Conularia micronema Meek, and 
aspecimen of Conularia newberryi Hall, 
Exchange. 31374. 

CASHMAN, N., Rochester, New York: 
Copper coin used during the reign of 
George III, 1797. 32194. 

Cassapy, J. M., Camden, New Jersey: 
Specimen of Castanea dentata. 31176. 

CASTEEL, J. N., Myrtle Creek, Oregon, 
transmitted by J. 8. Diller. Tusks of 
amammoth. 31512. 

CENTRAL HiGuH ScHooL, Washington, 
District of Columbia, transmitted by 


(See under T. D. A. 


W. P. Hay: Six birds’ skins. Ex- 
change. 31316. 


Ceramic ArT Company, Trenton, New 
Jersey: Porcelain campaign button. 
31637. 

CHAMBERLAIN, Dr. L. T., The ‘‘ Chelsea,” 
New York City: Land and fresh-water 
shells from Central America and the 

NAT MUS 97 7 


ot 


CHAMBERLAIN, Dr. L. T.—Continued. 
West Indies, representing 252 species 
(31839); 2 tourmalines from Paris, 
Maine (to be added to the Lea collee- 
tion) (32227) (presented to the Smith- 
sonian Institution and deposited in the 
National Museum). 

CHAMPION, W. R., Hazel Green, Wiscon- 
sin: Photograph of arrow and spear 
heads (gift) (31984); galena from Wis- 
consin and Illinois (purchase) (32273). 

CHAPMAN, R.H. (See under Interior De- 
partment, U.S. Geological Survey.) 

CHAPMAN, 8S. H. & H., Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania: Seven medals. Pur- 
chase. ‘‘N.” 31876. 

CuasE, Dr. A. G., Millwood, Kansas: 
Shell of a soft-shelled turtle belonging 
to the genus Tryonyx. 31549. 

CHASTRAND, A. D., Matanzas, Cuba: 
Specimen of Callidryas thalestris Boisd. 
31471. 

CHERNELHAZA STEFAN CHERNEL, VON, 
Koészeg, Hungary: Five birds’ skins. 
Exchange. 31164. 

CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Chi- 
cago, Illinois, transmitted by F. C. 
Baker: Shells. (30929, 31657, 31956.) 

CHIPMAN, W. F., San José, Calisornia: 
Four specimens of Zygadenus pinicula- 
tis (31939); specimen of Monardella 
douglasii (32148). 

CHITTENDEN, N.H., San Diego, Califor- 
nia: An unfinished tube or pipe of ser- 
pentine. 31782. 

CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND: CAN- 
TERBURY MUSEUM, transmitted by F. 
W. Hutton, curator: Ethnological and 
archeological objects. Exchange. 
30996. 

CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NaTuRAL HIs- 
Tory, Cincinnati, Ohio, transmitted by 
Joshua Lindahl: Cast of a sandstone 
object. 32160. 

CrarKk, G. A., Stanford University, Cali- 
fornia: Skulls of young fur seals, and 
ovaries. 31425. 

Ciark, James, London, England: A 
group of pearls found in a shell from 
Torres Straits, Thursday Island. 
30886. 

CLARKE, Prof. F. W., U. 8S. Geological 
Survey : Three meteoric specimens from 
Long Island. 31188. Presented to the 
Smithsonian Institution and deposited 


98 


CLARKE, Prof. F. W.—Continued. 
in the National Museum. (See under 
G. S. Fellows; W. J. Knowlton.) 
CLARKE, Prof. JOHN M., Albany, New 
York: Plaster cast of a specimen of 
Coronura diurus Green. 31757. 
CocKERELL, Prof. T. D. A., Las Vegas, 
New Mexico: Types and cotypes of 
species of Aculeate hymenoptera 
(30948); 2 Mexican plants (31042); 
types and cotypes of 22 species of 
hymenoptera (31061); Isopoda (Sphe- 
roma sp. noy.), from a warm spring 
near Socorro, New Mexico, and a ter- 
restrial Isopod from the edge of the 
spring (31621); black-headed snake, 
Tontilla nigriceps obtained by Miss 
Alice Casad (32003) ; specimen of Halic- 
tus midosensis Cockerell, a cotype from 
Sante Fe (82025); type specimen of 
Cecidomyia neomexicana Cockerell from 
Organ, New Mexico (32072). (See 
under Agriculture, Department of.) 
CocKERTON, F. T., Danville, Illinois: 
Coal Measure mollusks representing 6 


species (exchange) (31420); 400 speci- | 
mens of Coal Measure plants, repre- | 


senting 21 species (exchange) (31543) ; 
fossil Nautilus, representing 2 species 
(gift) (31789). 


CoHEN, D. A., Alameda, California: Set | 


one-fourth of eggs of Oregon Towhee 


runt eggs, and a runt of the California | 


Partridge. 31247. 
Coe, Miss ELLA A., Meadow Valley, Cal- 


ifornia: Cocoon and moth of Attacus | 


ceanotht Behr. 32042. 
CoE, J. L., Manomet, Massachusetts: 
Specimen of sea-mouse. 31565. 
CoLEMAN, A. P., Practical School of Sci- 
ence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Fresh- 


water shells, representing 2 species | 


from the interglacial beds at Toronto. 
32145. 
Couina, G. A., Museo Preistorico- 


Entografico, Rome, Italy: Model of a | 
throwing-stick used by the Ozonana | 


Indians of South America. 
31979. 

Couns, F. S., Malden, Massachusetts: 
Specimens of sea-weeds. (31343, 31703.) 
Purchase. 

Co.Luins, J. F., Providence, Rhode Island: 
Twenty plants. Exchange. 31893. 
ComEs, Prof. O., Portici, Italy: Thirty- 
two specimens of Nicotiana. 30849. 


Exchange. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Comstock, Prof. J. H. 
nell University.) 

CONANT, F. 8., Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity, Baltimore, Maryland: Crabs, rep- 
resenting 29 species from Kingston 
Harbor, Jamaica. 31436. 

Cook, Prof. 0. F., U.S. National Museum : 
Collection of myriopods and crypto- 
gamic plants (deposit) (80981) ; 224 her- 
barium specimens comprising 164 speci- 
mens of African flowering plants and 
60 African ferns (gift) (31086); 3 
specimens of Periderits from Liberia, 
representing one species (gift) (31093) ; 
2 specimens of Haplochilus sexfasciatus 
specimen of Lleotris sp., and a small 
Goby; also reptiles from Liberia 
(31014). (See under Hamburg, Ger- 
many: Hamburg Museum, and Berlin, 
Germany: Royal Museum of Natural 
History.) 

Cook, Mrs. O. F., Care O. F. Cook: Four 
hundred and thirty-five herbarium 
specimens consisting of Spanish plants 
and plants from Massachusetts (51092); — 
14 specimens of alge (31118); 297 
plants from Massachusetts (31252). 

COOLEY, BARTLETT, Galena, Kansas: 
Lead and zine ores from Galena and 
North Empire,Cherokee County. 31810. 

Cooper, Dr. J.G. (See under California 
Academy of Sciences. ) 

COPENHAGEN, DENMARK: Zoological 
Museum, transmitted by Dr. F. Mei- 
nert: Crabs, representing 32 species. 
Exchange. 31717. 


(See under Cor- 


CoPpinEAU,CH., Doullens, Somme,France: 


One hundred and seven dried plants. 
Exchange. 30957. 

CoQquiLLETT, D. W., Department of Agri- 
culture: Eight hundred and sixty speci- 
mens of Tachinidwe, representing 196 
species and including 81 types of spe- 
cies (32084); type specimen of Culex 
signifer Coquillett (82098). (See under 
Charles Robertson.) 

CORDLEY, Prof. A. B. (See under Oregon 
Agricultural College. ) 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, New York, 
transmitted by Prof. J. H. Comstock: 
Invertebrates, representing 19 species, 
collected by the Cornell Expedition to 
Greenland in 1896. 31975. 

CorRNMAN, C. T., Carlisle, Pennsylvania: 
Bantam hen (31426) ; brown-red bantam 
fowl (32062). 


£ 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


Cory, Prof. C. B., Boston, Massachusetts: 
Eleven strings of beads obtained from 
the Seminole Indians. 82040, 

Cory, C. B., Palm Beach, Florida: A 
young alligator and a young crocodile. 
32004. 

Costa Rica, MuskO NACIONAL DE, San 
José, Costa Rica: transmitted by Senor 
J. Fid Tristan: Screech Owl, Megascops 
sp. (80850); 2 fresh-water crabs (32230). 

CossuM, Celia §8., De Ruyter, New York: 
Fan, writing set, and a razor from Ning- 
po, China, 32086. 

CoviL_Le, F. V., Department of Agricul- 
ture: Specimen of Carum gairdneri B & 
H; (31308) ; specimen of Asimina triloba. 
(31993. ) 

COUBEAUX, EUGENE, Boucher, Saskatch- 
ewan, Canada: Ten birds’ skins. Ex- 

‘change. 31719. 

Cougs, Dr. ELttiott, Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Type specimen of 
Junco danbyifrom South Dakota. 31157. 


Court, E. J., Washington, District of | 
Columbia: Two eggs of a Turkey Buz- | 


zard and 2 eggs of a White Ibis. 31177. | 
CourtnEy, C. W., Doniphan, Idaho: 
Sample of diatomaceous earth. 32222. | 


CowpREY MACHINE Works, Fitchburg, 
Massachusetts: Specimen of wood. 
31687. 

Cox, Miss Haze, VAN Zanpt, Bright- 
wood, District of Coluinbia: English 
Sparrow and a Parula Warbler, in the 
flesh (31154); young Goldfinch and a 
Phebe, in the flesh (31182). 


Crarts WILBUR (no address given). 


Suit of Mandan costume consisting of | 


acoat, pants, and moccasins. Purchase. 
31870. 


CraiG, R. L., Fossil, Wyoming, through | 


F. H. Knowlton: Fossil Ray-fish. 31160. 
CRANDALL, C. §., Fort Collins, Colorado: 


Eight specimens of Colorado Umbel- 
liferee. 31504. 


CREVECOEUR, F. F., Onaga, Kansas: 
Six plants. 31418. (See under Agri- 


culture, Department of.) 

Crossy, G.8., Pacific Grove, California: 
Two plants. 31598. 

Cross, WHITMAN. (See under Interior 
Department, U.S. Geological Survey. ) 

CROWN LaNpDs, DEPARTMENT OF. (See 
under Quebec, Canada.) 


99 


CULIN, STEWART, University of Pennsyl- 


vania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 
Time-indicating lamp ‘Pride of 
America.” 


CUMMINGS, Miss C. E., Wellesley College, 
Wellesley, Massachusetts: Twenty 
specimens of Myxomycetes. Purchase. 
31393. 

Curtiss, A. H., Jacksonville, Florida: 
Three bulbs of Hymenocallis caribwa 
from near Indian River, Florida (gift) 
(30977); 5 specimens of Commelina 
hirtella (gift) (81067); specimen of 
Acnida tuberculata Mog. (gift) (31214) ; 
herbarium specimen of Tradescantia 
(gift) (31447) ; 200 specimens of Florida 
plants and 50 specimens of Alga 
jloridane (purchase) (31722). 

DaGGeEtTT, A.S., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Angora cat, in the flesh 
31472. 

DaGGETT, Hon. JoHN, U. 8. Mint, San 
Francisco, California: Thirteen large 
photographs illustrating the industries 
of the Klamath Indians, San Fran- 
cisco, California; also 2 plaster beads 

| (exchange) (31277); 3 photographs 
(exchange) (31628); specimen of weay- 
ing in Klamath sipnook, or acorn 
storehouse, and 2 braids for fringe on 
garments (gift) (32190). 

DaiL, J., Ayden, North Carolina: Speci- 
men of Polyporus conglobatus Berk. 
32001. 

DALE, T. NELSON, Williams College, Will- 
iamstown, Mass. (See under Interior 
Department, U. S. Geological Survey.) 

Dati, W. H., U. S. Geological Survey: 
Specimen of Hickory-borer, Cy/lene pic- 
tus (gift) (81881); basket of Japanese 
bamboo-work (deposit) (32100); spec- 
imen of Cypraa xanthodon Gray, from 
Torres Straits (gift) (32179). 

DANHAKE, JOHN, Washington, District of 
Columbia: Malformed egg of a duck. 
31971. 

DANIEL, J. W.,; jr., Lynchburg, Virginia: 
Thirteen birds’ eggs, representing 6 
species, also 2 birds’ nests from Virginia 
and California. 31079. 

| DANIEL, Dr. Z.T., Carlisle, Pennsylvania: 

lower incisors of a deer (30897); alco- 

holic snake (30932); suit of clothing 
made from the skin of a black-tailed 

deer (purchase) (31330). 


100 


DaniEts, L. E., Morris, [linois: Speci- 
men of Dipeltis diplodiscus (30860); 
shells from Indiana, representing 26 
fresh-water species (31592). 

Davipson, Dr. A., Los Angeles, Califor- 
nia: Spiders. 31029. 

Davinson, D. (See under Agriculture, 
Department of.) 

Davis, J. WOODBRIDGE, New York City: 
Manuscript copy of the William Bar- 
tram manuscript, 2 photographs of Dr. 
E. H. Davis, and a chronological chart 
of the Human Period (with reference 
to Europe) by J. W. Davis. 31588. 


Day, Dr. D. T., U. S. Geological Survey: 
Minerals from Colorado, California, 
Oregon, Utah, and Pennsylvania (31184, 
31305, 31405). (See under D. V. Don- 
aldson. ) 

Day, F. H., Boston, Massachusetts: Four 
photographs selected from the Wash- 
ington salon. 31288. 

Dayton, C. N., Buffalo, New York: Ten 
photographs of ethnological objects 
and three photographs illustrating 
methods of transportation by horses 
and oxen. Purchase. 31098. 

DEAN, S. B., New York City: Proces- 
sional candlestick with seven branches, 
used in France during the fourteenth 
century. Purchase. 31855. 

DEANE, Walter, Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts. Five fragments of Tiedemannia. 
31799. 

DEISHER, H. K., Kutstown, 
vania: Fossils. 31564. 
Smithsonian Institution, 

- Ethnology.) 

DELAFIELD, Miss EmMMa, Washington, 
District of Columbia: Wax models of 
native fruits, wax flowers, and a col- 

- lection of Mexican idols and other 
archeological objects from the Pyra- 
mids of Cholula and Teotihuacan. 
Presented to the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion and deposited in the National 
Museum. 31989. 

DE Mier, J. R., Lava, New Mexico: 
Specimens of Ephedra trifurca. 32109. 

DENNISON, G. W., Smith’s Island, via 
Port Townsend, Washington: Six eggs 
of Corvus caurina. $2144. 

Dewey, L. H., Department of Agricul- 
ture: Specimen of Prionopsis ciliatus 
(31150); 100 specimens of grasses from 


Pennsyl- 
(See under 
Bureau of 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Dewey, L. H.—Continued. 
the District of Columbia (32151); 9 
plants (82038); specimen of Crinwm 
(32284). 

DickINsS, Commander F. W., U.S. N.: 
Twe clay pipes, found in a grave in 
the Island Cemetery, Newport, Rhode 
Island. 31696. 

DickHavt, H. E., U.S. National Museum: 
Slab of supposed fossil marine plants 
from the Cincinnati formation, Coving- 
ton, Kentucky. 314381. 

DILLER, Dr. J. S. (See under J. N. Cas- 
teel; Interior Department, U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey. ) 

DopGr, Byron E., Richfield, Michigan: 
Collection of archeological objects, 
chipped stone and flint implements. - 
(30979, 31506, 31747, 32193.) Deposit. 

DoNnaALpson, D. V., Colorado Springs, 
Colorado: Three specimens of gold 
after telluride from Orepha May Mine, 
Cripple Creek District, a specimen of 
telluride ore containing a specimen of 
gold from Pike’s Peak Mine, same local- 
ity, obtained through Dr, Day. 31186. 

DOUBLEDAY, Mrs. ABNER, Washington, 
District of Columbia: Sword worn dur- 
ing the war of the rebellion by Gen- 
eral Doubleday. Deposit. 31948. 

| Dozier, 8S. B. (See under Smithsonian 
Institution, Bureau of Ethnology.) 

DRAKE, C. M., Tacoma, Washington: 
Three species of marine shells from the 
western coast of the United States 
(gift) (81265); specimens of Lchinar- 
achnius excentricus Val., and Strongylo- 
centrotus drébachiensis Miiller, and ma- 
rine shells representing 2 species (gift) 
(32122); shells from Puget Sound (gift) 
(31408); seven starfishes, representing 
2 species from Puget Sound (exchange) 
(32279); 2 specimens of Venus (gift) 
(32283). 

Drowne, F. P., Providence, Rhode Is- 
land: Snake, specimen of Fundulus 
majalis, marine invertebrates and larva 
of a carrion beetle inflated with mites. 
30895. 

DRUSHEL, J. A., Commerce, Texas: Speci- 
men of Astragalus distortus T. & G. | 
31929. 

DrypDEN, Dr. R. C., Winslow, Arizona, 
transmitted by the Fewkes Expedition, 
1895-96: Tanning-tool of stone from 
Santa Clara Cation. 31200. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


101 


Du Boise, R. G., Washington, District of | Eaton, G. F., New Haven, Connecticut: 


Columbia: The Horton automatic bas- 
ket-making machine. 31844. 

Duprey, W.R. (See under Agriculture, 
Department of.) 

Dues, Dr. A., Guanajuato, Mexico: Spec- 
imen of Malvacea and seeds of Helian- 
thus (31368); specimens of Anodonta 
(31369); large root-gall, product of a 


eynipid, belonging to the genus Andri- | 


cus (31673) ; specimens of 4nodonta con- 

taining the animal (31697); galls of a 

eynipid on oak (31907); eynipid, Syner- 

gus dugesi Ashmead, a new species, and 

Cureulionid, belonging to the genus 

Otidocephalus (31991) ; skin and skull of 

a mouse, tooth of a horse found in an 

Indian mound at Cuecillos, body of an 

abnormally shaped hen, and a tooth of 

a horse found at Penon Warm Springs, 

2 tubes of gall-insects (32131). 

Dunn, MATHEW & Co., Great Falls, 
Montana, transmitted by G. F. Kunz: 
Sapphires, and sapphires in the matrix 
from near Utica, Montana. 31185. 

DuvaL., H. C., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Archeological objects from 
Missouri, Illinois, and Tennessee 
(31773); 4 specimens of pentremites 
from Illinois (31815); dust from sup- 
posed ‘‘ blacksnow” (31954). 

Dyar, Dr. H.G., New York City: Forty- 
one specimens of North American Saw- 
flies (Tenthredinide) representing 26 
species, and including types of 19 spe- 
cies by Dyar and Marlatt. 31166. 

EAKLE, A. S., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Wire silver from Molly 
Gibson mine, Aspen, Colorado. 31770. 

Eames, Dr. E. H., Bridgeport, Connecti- 
eut: Six hundred botanical specimens. 
Exchange. 31764. 

EARLE, Prof. F. S., Auburn, Alabama: 
Two specimens of Trillium. 32240. 

Eastwoop, Miss ALICE, San Francisco, 


California: Forty-two plants from 
southeastern Utah. Exchange. 31037. 


EAstTwoop, FRED., Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania: Badge and ribbon, National 
Workingmen’s Tariff League, Washing 
ton, District of Columbia. 32113.' 

Eaton, A. A., Seabrook, New 


Hamp- | 


shire: Twenty-seven specimensof Lqui- | 


setum 
31930. 


and 11 specimens of /srtes. 


One hundred and seventy-two speci- 
mens of Sphagna. 31425. 

Eckert, T. T. (See under Western 
Union Telegraph Company.) 

Ets, B. A., Fort Meade, South Dakota: 
Herbarium specimen of Ranunculus 
glaberrimus Hook (31715); 13 speci- 
mens of the same (32108). 

EvMer, A. D. E., Pullman, Washington: 
Two hundred and thirty-two plants. 
Purchase. 31534. 

ELROD, M.J., Bloomington, Illinois: Six 
small mammals from Snake River, 
Idaho. 31270. 

EMERSON, W. O., Haywards, California: 
Nest of Annas Hummingbird, Calypte 
anna. 30839. 

Emmons, S. F., U. 8. Geological Survey: 
Land shells from Peru, South America. 
32048. 

ENGLE, H. M., Roanoke, Virginia: Speci- 
men of tscheffkinite from Bedford 
County, Virginia, and a specimen of 
samarskite from North Carolina. 31294. 

ENGLISH, G. L.., & Co., New York City: 
Specimen of gersdorffite from Alova, 
Province of Malaga, Spain (exchange) 
(31404); gold and silver specimens 
(purchase) ‘‘N” (31898). 

Enos, Mrs. D. C., Saratoga Springs, New 
York: Two specimens of Lachnosterna 
arcuata Smith. $2061. 

ENTRIKEN, 8. J., Chester, Pennsylvania: 
Eight models of Eskimo knots 31865. 

ENTWISLE, Mr. (See under George Ayers. ) 

Ericson Brorurrs, Arcata, California: 
Twelve photographs of Klamath In- 


dians. 31823. Received through G. P. 
Merrill. 
Dre Erve, H. V., Hein, South Dakota: 


Specimen of Belemnitella. 32235. 

Ernst, H. A., Youngstown, Ohio: Fifteen 
photographs of Seminole Indians from 
Florida. Purchase. 32207. 

Evans, A. B., Philadelphia, Pennsyl- 
vania: Twominiature Liberty Bells, in 
porcelain. 31089. 

EVERMANYN, Prof. B. W., U. 8. Fish Com- 
mission: Fifteen plants from southern 
Florida (31359) ; 139 plants from Idaho 
(31567); 47 specimens of lepidoptera, 
representing 17 species from Key West 
(31867); specimen of Tradescantia 
(31995). 


‘Received in a previous fiscal year. 


102 


EVERMANYN, T. B., U.S. Fish Commission: 
One hundred and ninety-five specimens 
of lepidoptera, representing 44 species, 
from Idaho. 31866. 

FAIRBANKS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIs- 
TORY, St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Two 
photographs of bushmen, taken in Pre- 
torea, Transvaal, South Africa. 31334. 

FANNIN, JOHN. (See under Victoria, 
British Columbia: Provincial Museum. ) 

FARQUHAR, H., Department of Lands 
and Survey, Wellington, New Zealand: 
Echinoderms, representing 5 species 
from New Zealand. Exchange. 30873. 

FARRINGTON, D.O.C. (See under Field 
Columbian Museum. ) 

FAXON, WALTER. 
Comparative Zoology.) 

Fay, H. W., De Kalb, Illinois: Photo- 
graph of an Indian arrowhead em- 
bedded in the rib of an animal (31044) ; 
cabinet-size photograph of Abraham 
Lincoln (32082). 


FEATHERSTONHAUGH, THOMAS, Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia: Collection | 


of archeological objects from burial 
mounds near Lake Apopka, 


excavations in the mounds. 31781. 
FELLows, G. §., transmitted by Prof. 
F. W. Clarke, U. 8. Geologival Survey: 
Specimen of onyx from near Pedrara, 
Lower California. 30999. 
FERNALD, M. L., Gray Herbarium, Cam- 


bridge, Massachusetts: Two hundred | 


and twenty plants from Maine. Pur- 
chase. 31487. 

FERNOW, Dr. B. E. 
Reid. ) 

FEWKES, Dr. WALTER, U. S. National 


Museum: Specimen of Canon Diablo | 


meteorite (31274); 3 musical instru- 


ments from Arizona and New Mexico, | 


and 110 ethnological objects from the 
same locality (31785); pair of Moki 
moccasins (32079). 

FIELD COLUMBIAN Museum, Chicago, 
Illinois, transmitted by C. F. Mill- 


spaugh: Two hundred and eight speci- | 


mens of plants from Yucatan (31084) ; 


transmitted by Dr. O. C. Farrington, | 


specimens of Grecian marble, septu- 
rian nodule, barite and phosphorite. 
(32027) 


Fieerns, J. D., Smithsonian Institution: | 
Water Thrush, Seiurws motacilla from | 


(See under Museum of | 


South | 
Florida, and 5 photographs showing | 


(See under C. H. | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fiacains, J. D.—Continued. 

Dismal Swamp, Virginia (31831); 2 
sparrows (31840). 

FILER, W. B., New York City: Four mam- 
mal skins and skulls and 60 birds’ 
skins from Efulen, West Africa. 32298. 

FisH Commission, U.S., Hon. J. J. Brice, 
Commissioner of Fish and> Fisheries: 
Two type specimens of shad (Alosa 
alabame) (30987); bone perforators, 
shell ornaments, ete.. found in Indian 
graves at U. 8. Fish Commission sta- 
tion, San Marcos, Texas, while exca- 
vating for ponds: collected by J. L. 
Leary, superintendent of the station 
(31009); types of new fishes collected - 
by the steamer Albatross in the vicinity 
of the Hawaiian Islands, also a few. 
from the coast of Lower California and 
the Galapagos Islands (31011); collec- 
tion of marine invertebrates obtained 
in the course of oyster investigations 
made in Long Island Sound by the 
Fish Commission in 1890 and 1892 
(31115); stone implements, fragments 
of pottery, human teeth taken from 
ponds at San Marcos, Texas (31167); 
specimen of river shrimp collected by 
Mr. 8. G. Worth in North Carolina 
(31387); collection of new fishes from 

| the Colorado and Columbia Rivers, and 

| the type of Trachyrynchus helolepis, col- 

| lected by Prof. C. H. Gilbert (31760) ; 

| shells and mollusks obtained by the 
steamers Fish Hawk and Albatross and 
by field parties (31878); reptiles and 
batrachians from various parts of the 
United States (32002); specimen of 
Unio cornutus from Texas (32043); 
types of 41 new species of fishes 
(32201). 

FIsHerR, Capt. WALTER, Washington, 
District of Columbia: Two specimens 
of Caspian Tern, in the flesh, from Four 
Mile Run, Virginia. 31169. 

| FISHER, WILLIAM J. (See under Dr. T. H. 
Bean.) 

FuatH, J. A. (See under Agriculture, 
Department of.) 

FLEMING, J. H., Toronto, Ontario, Can- _ 
ada: Two specimens of Brunnich’s 
Murre from Ontario (gift) (81068); 10 
specimens of Redpoll (Acanthis) (ex- 

| ehange) (31097). 

FLopMAN, Mr. (See under P. A. Ryd- 
berg.) 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


Fioop, O. D., Clinton, Massachusetts: 
Nine birds’ skins from the Hawaiian 
Islands. Purchase. (One skin _ re- 
turned.) 31072. 

FOETTERLE, J. G., Petropolis, Brazil: 
One hundred and seventy-two speci- 
mens of Brazilian lepidoptera, repre- 
senting 115 species. Exchange. 30921. 

Foorr, Dr. A. E., Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania: Gold and silver specimens. 
Purchase. ‘N.” 31897. 

ForTIETH PARALLEL SURVEY. Micro- 
scopic thin sections prepared by Prof. 
Ferdinand Zirkel for the Geological 
Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, 
and transferred from the U.S. Geolog- 
ical Survey to the National Museum, 
by Mr. Arnold Hague, then custodian 
of the collections and slides belonging 
to the Survey. 32107. 


Forwoop, Dr. W. H., U. 8. A., Soldiers’ — 


Home, Washington, District of Colum- 


bia: One thousand plants, represent- | 


ing Dr. Forwood’s private collection 
(31901) ; 432 herbarium specimens from 
South Dakota (30902). 

Foss, MuLBERRY, Forbestown, Califor- 


nia: Two stone sinkers, an arrowhead, | 


and a small paint mortar from Yuba 
County, California. 31838. 

FRANCIS, JOSEPH, Pensacola, 
Skin of Great White Egret, Ardea 
egretta. 32232. 

FRazAk, G. B., West Medford, Massachu- 
setts: Thirty-four rude chipped imple- 
ments, alammer stone, and anet sinker 
from Blackman’s Point, Mansfield, Mas- 
sachusetts. 31322. 

Frepuorm, A., Walbrook, Baltimore, 
Maryland: Specimen of Plantago aris- 
tata Mx., and a specimen of Liatris 
graminifolia Willd, variety dubia, Gray 
(31087) ; 4herbarium specimens (31196). 

FRIERSON, L. 8., Frierson’s Mill, Louisi- 
ana: Specimens of Unios (31071, 31127, 
31486, 31640, 31833). 

Frix, A. M., Calhoun, Georgia: Rhinoce- 
ros Beetle, Dynastes tityus. 30990. 

Frost, L. L., Susanville, California: 
Chipped quartzite disk, a pitted stone, 
and 2 obsidian arrowheads. 31910. 

Fucus, CHARLES, San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia: Two specimens of Typhlusechus 
singularis Linell. 32258. 

Fucus, H. T. (See under Agriculture, 
Department of.) 


Florida: | 


103 


FuLLER, E. G., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Specimen of Fiber zibethicus, 
from Potomac Flats. 31454. 

FULLER, Miss Fay, Tacoma, Washington: 
Ten plants from Washington and Ore- 
gon. $1255. 

Fur SEAL INVESTIGATION COMMISSION, 
through Prof. David 8. Jordan: Squids, 
invertebrates, alcoholic specimens of 
birds, reptiles, and batrachians from 
Japan and Bering Sea. 31560. 

GARDNER, N.L. (Seeunder Agriculture, 
Department of.) 

GARMAN, A., Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Lexington, Kentucky: Six 
specimens of Llassoma zonatum, speci- 
men of Chologaster cornutus, and 3 speci- 
mens of Diemyctylus viridescens, variety 
vittatus, from Wilmington, North Caro- 
lina. 31934. 

GARNER, EDWARD, Quincy, California: 
Thirty-four butterflies. 32295. 

GAYLORD, HORACE, Pasadena, California: 
Set of eggs of California Screech Owl, 
and an abnormal egg of Desert Sparrow 
Hawk. 31245. 

GENEVA, SWITZERLAND: MUSEE D’His- 
TOIRE NATURELLE, transmitted by Dr. 
N. D’Adelung. Insects comprising 84 
specimens of orthoptera and crusta- 
ceans. Exchange. 32268. 

GILBERT, C. H. (See under Fish Com- 
mission, U.S.) 

GILBERT, Prof. G. K., U. S. Geological 
Survey: Sandstone with problematic 
markings from between Paria and 
Kiparowitz plateaus, southern Utah. 
31571. (See under Agriculture, Depart- 
ment of.) 

GILL, J. P., Albany, Georgia: Four Indian 
arrowheads. 31748. 

GILL, Prof. THEopoORE N., Smithsonian 
Institution: Fossil Unios, representing 
4 species, from Niagara Falls (51057); 
specimen of Mus musculus, in the flesh 
(32167); abnormal egg of a domestic 
fowl (32204). 


| GILLESPIE, F. B., Stamford, Connecticut: 


Persian fiddle,‘‘ Kemangeh” (30909) ; 
musical instrument from East India 
(30985). Purchase. 

GILMAN, COLLAMORE & Co., New York 
City: Delft or Faiénee specimen of 
ware. Purchase. ‘‘N.” 32050. 

Girty, G. H., U. 8. Geological Survey: 
Fire clay from Sciotoville, Ohio, and 


104 


Girty, G. H.—Continued. 
whetstone from Chagrin Falls, Ohio. 
32384. (See under Interior Depart- 
ment, U. S. Geological Survey; Wilbur 
Stout. ) 

GIvEN, J. F., Decatur, Illinois: Photo- 
graph showing both sides of a metal 
medallion which was picked up in the 
catacombs at Rome. 32187. 

GLAISHER, JAMES, South Croydon, Eng- 
land, transmitted by Prof. W. W. John- 
son: Photographs of Mr. Glaisher. 
Presented to the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, and deposited in the National 
Museum. 31950. 

GLATFELTER, Dr. N. N., St. Louis, Mis- 
souri: Fifty specimens of willows. 
Purchase. 31843. 

GLovER, Mrs. Lucy H., Brooklyn, New 
York: Avery large and valuable collec- 
tion of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese 
coins, consisting of 2,025 specimens, 
dating from 2254 B. C. to 1392 A. D., 
medals and amulets; also books written 
in the English and Chinese langnages 
referring to the specimens comprising 
the collection. Bequeathed by Mr. 
George Bunker Glover, through his ex- 
ecutrix, Mrs. Lucy HM. Glover, to the 
Smithsonian Institution, and deposited 
in the National Museum. 32055. 

Goap, G. W., Phillips, Virginia: Seven 
rude chipped implements, a steatite 
vessel, and fragments of steatite ves- 
sels. Exchange. 31055. 

GODDARD, HERBERT, Decorah, Iowa: 
Specimen of Chrysosplenium alternifo- 
lium. 32260. 

GoLp, J., Santa Fe, New Mexico: Silver 
relic, of Spanish manufacture, dated 
about the year 1783. Purchase. 31446. 

GOLDEN, R. A., & Co., Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Albino Channel 
Catfish, Amiurus albidus. 30853. 

Goon, H. F., Springfield, Ohio: Specimen 
of Bipalium kewense Moseley. 31827. 

GoopE, Dr. G. Brown, U. 8. National 
Museum: Chinese dulcimer. Pur- 
chased by Dr. Goode for the National 
Museum. 30966. 

GoovE, Master PHILIP BURWELL, Wash- 
ington, District of Columbia: Specimen 
of Dragon fly, Epicordulia princeps 
Hagen. 30946. 

GoopricH, Dr. E.S8. (See under Oxford, 
England: Oxford University Museum. ) 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


GorRpDON, R. H., Cumberland, Maryland: 
Fossils from the Niagara formation of 
Cumberland (31649, 31730, 31816). 

GoRMAN, M. W., Portland, Oregon: One 
hundred and thirty-nine plants. 31714. 

GOULD,C. N., Winfield, Kansas: Specimen 
of Serpula, 3 specimens of Ostrea frank- 
lint Coquand, a specimen of Gryphaa 
corrugata Say, and 4 specimens of Gry- 
pheasp. 32262. 

GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTH AFRICA: ALBANY 
MusEvUM, transmitted by Dr. S. Schén- 
land, Director: 37 birds’ skins from 
South Africa (31249); 135 birds’ skins _ 
from the same locality (32140). Ex- 
change. 

GRANT, Col. C. C., Hamilton, Ontario,Can- 
ada: Specimen of Palwaster granti, 61 
specimens of Upper Silurian grapto- 
lites, and 8 specimens of miscellaneous 
fossils (30993); 51 Silurian graptolites 
(31569). 

GRANT, F. H., Melborne, Victoria, Austra- 
lia: Twenty-five fossil seeds. 31542. 
GRAY HERBARIUM, Botanic Garden, Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts: Sixteen herba- 
rium specimens. Lent. (Returned.) 

31699. 

GRAY, Mrs. M. F., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Four plants. 32154. 

GREELY, A.W. (See under War Depart- 
ment, U.S. Signal Office.) 

GREEN, BERNARD, Washington, District 
of Columbia: Building stones. 30959, 

GREENE, Prof. E. L., Catholic University 
of America, Washington, District of 
Columbia: Four plants. 32157. 

GREENMAN, J. M., Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts: Two herbarium specimens of 
Umbelliferee from California (30874) ; 
specimen of Acacia from Cuba. (31501.) 

GREGER, D. K., Fulton, Missouri: Twelve 
plants from Missouri (gift) (50884); 
land and freshwater shells, represent- 
ing 18 specimens from Callaway Coun- 
ty (gift) (31174); 17 specimens of 
brachiopods and a _ crinoid (gift) 
(31550) ; 29 specimens of Devonian and 
Carboniferous fossils representing 19 
species (exchange) (31729). 

GREGORY, JAMES, El Paso, Texas: Por- 
tion of a root of Acerates viridiflora. 
30927. 

GRESLEY, W. S., Erie, Pennsylvania: 
Thirty-three specimens of Algonkian 
iron ores from Michigan, containing 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


GREsLEY, W. S.—Continued. 
probable impressions of plants and 
trailings of animals. 31473.! 

GRIFFIN, GEORGE, North Head, Grand 
Manan, New Brunswick, Canada, trans- 
mitted by Major Bendire: Two speci- 
mens of starfishes, comprising Asterias 
vulgaris and Cribella sanguinolenta. 
31240. 

GrirFiTHs, DAvip, care Department of 


Agriculture: Five specimens of dried — 


plants from South Carolina, 31239. 
GRINDALL, Dr. C. 8., Baltimore, Mary- 

land: Five pigeons. 32163. 
GRINNELL, G. H., Holbrook, Massachu- 


setts: Specimen of Corallorhiza multi- | 


flora. 31078. 

GRINNELL, JOSEPH, Pasadena, California: 
Seven specimens of Chamaa from Cali- 
fornia (31427); 12 skins of Aphelecoma 
from the same locality (31661) ; 9 speci- 
mens of Towhee, including types of 
Pipilo maculatus clementw (32056). 

GuRLEY, Dr. R. R., Clark University, 
Worcester, Massachusetts: Grapto- 
lites. 30861. 

GuTuRIF, OSSIAN, Chicago, Illinois: Gla- 
cial bowlders from ground moraine 
near Chicago (gift) (31909) ; native cop- 
per from glacial drift (purchase) 
(31391); specimen from a Huronite 
bowlder found about 20 miles south of 
Chicago (gift) (32247). 

HaGurE, ARNOLD. (See under Fortieth 
Parallel Survey.) 

HALL, D. F., Creston, lowa: Small piece 
of leather made from human skin. 
32170. 

HAMBURG, 


GERMANY: HAMBURG 


Mv- | 


sEUM, Prof. Kraepelin, Director, trans- | 
mitted by Prof. O. F. Cook: Thirty-five | 


jars containing myriapoda belonging | 


to the family Spirostreptidie. Lent. 
31338. 

HAMILTON, BOURNE, Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Skin of a Rocky 
Mountain Sheep, Ovis montana. 31278. 

HAMILTON, JAMES M., Coahuila, Mexico: 
Specimen of Covillea divaricata. 30969. 

HAMILTON, Mr., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Sharp-shinned Uawk, in 
the flesh. 31272. 


HAMLINE UNIVERSITY, St. Paul, Minne- | 


nesota, transmitted by Prof. H. lL. Os- | 


105 


HAMLINE UNIVERSITY—Continued. 
born: fifty-six specimens of marine 
shells from the Philippine Islands. 
31123. 

HAMMOND, Mrs. C. W., Argyle, Washing- 
ton: Specimens of Corralina. 31625. 
HANSELMAN, J.J., Brooklyn, New York: 

Pigeon, in the flesh. 50926. 

Harpy, MANLy, Brewer, Maine: Trout. 
30984. 

HARRINGTON, W. H., Ottawa, Canada, 
transmitted through W. H. Ashmead: 
Thirty specimens of parasitic Hyme- 
noptera, representing 11 species. 31351. 

Harrison, Miss Carrig, U.S. National 
Museum: Specimen of Soelreuteria. 
30876. 

Hart, J. J., Botanic Garden, Trinidad: 
Herbarium specimen of Sacoglottis 
amazonica Mart (gift) (81119); speci- 
men of the same (exchange) (31210). 

Hart, WILLIAM W. & Co., New York 
City: Two skins of Mount St. Elias 
Bear, Ursusemmonsi. Purchase. 31759. 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, HERBARIUM OF, 
Cambridge, Massachusetts: 14sheets of 
Crantzia, and 32 sheets of Heliocarpus. 
Lent. Returned. 31962. 

Hassprouck, Dr. E. M., Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Two hundred and 
eighteen birds’ skins (31254); 110 birds’ 
skins (31556). Purchase. 

IIASKEL, P. D., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Specimen of Chrysopsis fal- 
cata from Massachusetts. 31063. 

HASWELL, C.H., New York City: Model 
of the first steam boiler-riveting ma- 
chine. 31871. 

HAVENS, J. G. W., Point Pleasant, New 


Jersey: Alcoholic specimen of Sea 
Hare. 31243. 
Hawks-Portt, Rev. F. L. (See under 


Shanghai, China, St. John’s College.) 
HAWLEY, FI’. H., New York City: Lundell 
Electric motor and a set of Morse tele- 
graph instruments, relay sounder, and 
key on one board, 31821. 
Hay, W.P., Central High School, Wash- 
ington, District of Columbia: Large 


collection of crayfishes. Exchange. 
(See under Central High School.) 
31622. 


HAYMOND, Mrs. Dorcas, Morgantown, 
West Virginia: Ware from an old pot- 


'Types illustrated in ‘‘ Traces of organic remains from the Huronian series at Lron 


Mountains, Michigan, etc.” 


106 


HAYMOND, Mrs. Dorcas—Continued. 
tery in Morgantown, stamps, dies, ete. 
Transmitted by Walter Hough. 31352. 

Haynes, F. Jay. (See under Interior 
Department. ) 


HEIDEMANN, O., Petworth, District of 
Columbia: Two beetles and two insects 
from Canary Islands. (The beetles 
proved to be new to the Museum col- 
lection.) 32287. 

He1ks, V.C., Mercur, Utah: Specimens of 
orpiment and associations from Mercur 
mine, Mercur, Sunshine district, Tooele 
County. 31544. 

HELIOTYPE PRINTING COMPANY, Boston, 
Massachusetts: Chromo - collograph 
made from nature, from a piece of Mex- 
ican onyx, by the three-color selective 
process. 31809. 

HELLER, A. A., Lancaster, Pennsylvania: 
Plants from Idaho and the Hawaiian 
Islands. (30904, 30997, 31035, 31227, 
31435.) Purchase. 

HEMPEL, ADOLPH, Gotha, Florida: Speci- 
men of Diemyctylus viridescens. 31763. 


HEMSLEY, W. B., Royal Botanic Gardens, 
Kew, England: Fragments of Juniperus 
occidentalis. Exchange. 31800. 

HENRY, Miss M. A., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Eighteen pieces of elec- 
tricalapparatus (32991) ; 40 diplomas, 19 
medals, etc., presented to Prof. Joseph 
Henry (32292) ; 11 objects, consisting of 
letters, books, documents, pamphlets, 
also portraits of Professor Henry and 
others (32293) ; first scientific book read 
by Professor Henry, entitled ‘‘ Letters 
on Experimental Philosophy, Astron- 
omy, and Chemistry,” by G. Gregory, 
Volume 1, 1808 (32294). Deposit. 

HeEnsHAW, H. W., Hilo, Hawaiian Is- 
lands, transmitted through Dr. Stej- 
neger: Specimens of Longicorn Beetle, 
Plagithmysus varians Sharp, from Ki- 
lauea, Hawaii (31491); collection of 
lizards from Hawaii (31754). 


HERMAN, W. W., Boston, Massachusetts: 
Land and fresh-water shells, represent- 
ing 9 species, from various localities 
(31409) ; shells from Mauritius (31467). 

HERSHEY, O. H., Freeport, [llinois: Six- 
teen specimens of Cincinnati group 
fossils. 31913. 

HERZER, Rev. H., Columbus, Ohio: Four 
specimens of Psaronicus. 31955. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


HEss, I. E., Philo, Illinois: Nest of Wood 
Pewee, Contopus virens, and of Mary- 
land Yellow-throat, Geothlypis trichas. 
31680. 

HESSLER, ROBERT, Logansport, Indiana: 
Eight herbarium specimens. 31452. 
HETHERINGTON, W. P., Belding, Michi- 

gan: Specimens of marl. 31002. 


HEwITT, A., Winnebago City, Minnesota, 
transmitted by Major Bendire: Krider’s 
Hawk and a Red-tailed Hawk (30851) ; 
set of eggs of Krider’s Hawk (new to 
the Museum collection) (31049). 

HEYDE, Rev. H. T., Vera Cruz, Mexico: 
Thirty-one birds’ skins. Purchase. 
31516. 

Hiceins & SEITER, New York City: Two 
Washington jugs, of porcelain. 31576. 
HiIcgeorn, Hon. 8. G. (See under W.C. 

Burger.) 

HILBOURN PRINTING Company, Hart, 
Michigan: Tomato Hawk Moth, Proto- 
parce celeus. 30922. 

HILDEBRANDT, A. M., College Station, 
Texas: Plants. (32095, 32185.) 


HI1, Dr. R. T., U.S. Geological Survey: 
Specimen of native bitumen and 3 
specimens of bitumen rock from Uvalde 
County, Texas (31309); specimen of 
gypsum from 3 miles north of Sweet- 
water, Texas, and a specimen of quartz 
in granite from Burnet County (32156). 
(See under Interior Department, U.S. 
Geological Survey.) 

HILLEBRAND, Dr. W. F., U.S. Geological 
Survey: Specimens of prosopite from 
near Lewiston, Utah. 31066. 

HILLMAN, U.H., Forest Dale, Massachu- 
setts: Specimen of Chrysanthemum leu- 
canthumum. 30989. 


Hinp, Dr. WHEELTON, Stoke-upon-Trent, 
England: Two hundred and ten speci- 
mens of English carboniferous pelecy- 
pods, representing 36 species. Ex- 
change. 30896. 

HINTON, Prof. W. B., Kissimmee, Florida: 
Part of a specimen of White-winged 
Dove, Melopelia leucoptera. 31348. 


HINTZE, ALEX., Helsingfors, Finland: 
Two specimens of Lapp Owl from Fin- 
land. 32090. 

HippisLey, A. E., Commissioner of Cus- 
toms, China, transmitted by Hon.W.W. 
Rockhill: Collection of lamps and can- 
dlesticks from China. 350941. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


Hircucock, Prof. C. H., Hanover, New 
Hampshire: Geological material illus- 
trating the geological sections across 
New Han:pshire and Vermont. 31520. 

Hireuwins, G. D., Brighton, Virginia: 
Snake. 32257. 

llopss, B.S8., Brooklyn, New York: Spec- 
imen of obsidian from near Cali, State 
of Cauca, Colombia. 30954. 

llopGe, Dr. E. R., Army Medical Museum, 
Washington, District of Columbia: 
Snake (30833) ; 10 specimens of Confed- 
erate paper money (32116).! 

HorrMan, Dr.W. J., Washington, District 
of Columbia: A carved hard-wood pes- 
tle from Doublinggap, Pennsylvania. 
31064. 


Hotcoms, E. G., Brasher Iron Works, | 


New York: Stone implement. Ex- 
change. 31585. ' 

Hom, T. W., Department of Agriculture: 
Twenty-three specimens of fungi from 
Denmark and Sweden. 31054. 

Hovtmgs, J. A., Chapelhill, North Caro- 
lina, transmitted through U. 8. Geo- 
logical Survey: Contact of vein and 
wall rock from Painter Mica Mine, near 
Sylvia, Jackson County. 30973. 

Houtmes, J.S., Bowmans Bluff, North Car- 
olina: Specimen of Spadefoot, Scaphi- 
opus holbrookii. 31886. 

Homes, S. J., Chicago, Hlinois: Crabs, 
representing 3 species, and an isopod 
from the western coast of North Amer- 
ica. Exchange. 31402. 


Hout, H. P. R., Takoma Park, District of | 
| Howe tt, E. E., Washington, District of 


Columbia: Cut-glass globe of an astral 
lamp, 80 years old, and a pair of snuff- 
ers. 31828. 

HOLZINGER, J. M., Winona, Minnesota: 
Eleven herbarium specimens of Uibel- 
lifer from Colorado (31396); speci- 
men of moss, representing a portion 


of a type of Hypnum cyclophyllotum | 


(32009). 
HOLZNeER, F. X., San Diego, California: 
Alcoholic reptiles and mollusk. 30962. 


Hoop, 8. B., Sparta, Illinois: Specimen 


of pyrite. 31961. 


Hooprr, J. J., Selma, Alabama, trans- | 


mitted by Johns Hopkins University, 
Baltimore, Maryland: Neuropterous 
fly, Corydalus cornutus. 30835. 
Hopktns, Miss Suz, Melbourne Beach, 
Florida: Three specimens of Commelina 


107 


Hopkins, Miss Sur—Continued. 
erecia and two of Tradescantia rosea 
(30937); six specimens of seaweed 
(31085); 8 plants (31204). 

HoprinG, Ravpu, Kaweah, California: 
Beetles, representing 85 species. 31688. 

HORAN, HENRY, U.S. National Museum, 
through Jeseph Horan: Nineteen rib- 
bon badges and a metal badge. 31390. 

Horan, JOSEPH. (See under Henry 
Horan. ) 

HORIGAN, M. E., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Farrier’s knife. 31775. 

HorNER, R. M. (See under Agriculture, 
Department of.) 

HOsTETTER, Karu, Minerva, Ohio: Four 
rude chipped implements and other 
archeological objects. Exchange. 
31048. 

HouGuH, Dr. WALTER, U. S. National 
Museum: Fossil plants and animals 
(31382); 16 prehistoric objects from a 
cave at Mentone, France (31440). (See 
under Mrs. Dorcas Haymond.) 

How, Rev. Henry, Annapolis Royal, 
Nova Scotia: Photograph of a gold 
figurine found in Costa Rica. 32092. 

Howakpb, L. O., Department of Agricul- 
ture: Pack of Spanish playing-cards 
found in the hole of a spermophile 
near an Indian hut in Tucson, Arizona. 
31766. 

Howarp, N. C., Mathis, Texas: Herba- 
rium specimen. 31038. 


| Hower, M. A., Newfane, Vermont: Four 


specimens of Junci. 31102. 

Columbia: Polished section of a flint 
nodule from England (exchange) 
(30954) ; specimen of rutile in quartz, 
specimen of rutilated quartz from 
Madagascar, and a specimen of varis- 
cite from Utah (purchase) (30940); 
corundum from Corundum Creek, Pine 
Mountain, Georgia (exchange) (30992) ; 
reel, from the homestead of Samuel 
Perry, Maine, and a scaling stick (ex- 
change) (31109); native gold in quartz 
from Greenwood Mine, near Chancel- 
lorsville, Virginia (purchase ‘‘N”’) 
(31672); specimen of calcite (sinter), 
specimen of stephanite, specimen of 
argentite, and specimen of chalcosti- 
bite (purchase “‘N”) (31691) ; 3specimens 
of Calymena callicephala, 3 specimens of 


' Received in a previous fiscal year. 


108 


HoweE.., E. E.—Continued. 
Asaphus gigas, 2 specimens of Dendro- 
crinus polydactylus, and a specimen of 
Conularia chesterensis (purchase ‘‘N’’) 
(31706); specimen of kylindrite from 
Poopo Choro, Bolivia (purchase ‘‘N”’) 
(31749); 8 fossil Trilobites (purchase 
“‘N”) (32165); specimens of elaterite 
from England, sal ammoniac from Sic- 


ily, and placer gold from Eagle Creek, | 
| INGERSOLL, J. C., Bowie, Maryland: One 


Birch Creek district, Alaska (exchange) 
(32242). 

Howes.1, THomas, Clackamas, Oregon: 
One hundred and thirty-four plants 
from southern Alaska. Purchase. 
30913. 

Hoyir, W. E. (See under Manchester, 
England. Manchester Museum.) 

Hupparp, H. G., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Seventy-six species of 
coleoptera from Montserrat, West In- 
dies (gift) (31016); coleoptera, repre- 
senting 42 species, from Jamaica (gift) 


(31025); 58 specimens of hemiptera, | 


representing 9 species of Larrea triden- 
tata and Prosopis juliflora, from Tucson, 
Arizona (31492); coleoptera, represent- 
ing 69 species from North America (all 
new to the Museum collection) (ex- 
change) (31493); specimens of hymen- 
optera from the arid regions of Arizona 
(gift) (31904); 2 specimens of Chrame- 
sus n. sp., and 8 specimens of parasitic 
hymenoptera bred from them (gift) 
(32259). 


Hupson, Dr. J. W., Ukiah, California: | 
Photographs and working drawings of | 
a Ukiah house (31082); 8 photographs | 
of paintings of Pomo and Ukiah In- | 


dians of California (31131). 
Hupson, Mrs. J. W., Ukiah, California: 
Oil painting of a Pomo Indian. 


men of Sambucus pubens dissecta. 31912. 
HUNTER, CHARLES,* Mammoth Hot 


Springs, Wyoming: Soapstone mortar. 


31466. 
HUNTER, WILLIAM, Washington, Dis- 


trict of Columbia: Plants (80855, 30903, 


31820, 31860, 31892). 

HurtErR, JuLius, St. Louis, Missonri: 
Two specimens of reptiles. Exchange. 
31580. 

Hutcuinson, I. W., Abbeville, South 
Carolina: Specimen of monazite sand 
after the reduction of the ore. 31111. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


32063. | 
Huert, J. W., Ottawa, Ilinois: Speci- | 


Hurron, F. W. (See under Christchurch, 
New Zealand: Canterbury Museum.) 
IHERING VON, Dr. H., Museu Paulista, 
San Paulo, Brazil: Shells from Brazil 
and fossils from Santa Cruz formation, 
Patagonia (30935); shells from Brazil 
(31917). 

Ima, Dr. I. (See under Tokyo, Japan: 
Science College of the Imperial Uni- 
versity.) 


hundred and sixty-three birds’ skins 
from Florida, Purchase. 31019. 
INTERIOR DEPARTMENT: Ten photographs 
or sketches made by Mr. F. Jay 
Haynes, Mammoth HotSprings, Wyo- 
ming, of scenes on the Yellowstone 
National Park (32206). 

United States Geological Survey, Honor- 
able Charles D. Walcott, Director: 
Eighty-six herbarium specimens col- 
lected by F. H. Knowlton(30863) ; 50 
plants from Colorado, collected by 
F. H. Knowlton (30872); specimen of 
Dryopteris acrostoides sent by Dr. G. 
H. Girty (80880) ; duplicate specimens 
of Upper Miocene fossils from Nan- 
semond River, near Suffolk, Virginia 
(30980); specimen of wollastonite 
from New Hartford, New York, and 
a specimen of pyrite in schist from 
Sitka, Alaska (31065); 63 plants from 
Wyoming, collected by F. H. Knowl- 
ton (31281); 68 specimens of minerals 
from various localities (31319); 2 
bones of Morotherium, collected by 
Dr. J. S. Diller (31395); a collection 
of rocks made by Mr. W. Lindgren in 
Nevada City and Grass Valley, and 
252 slides (31451) ; geological material 
to illustrate Prof. H. W. Turner’s 
paper in the Fourteenth Annual Re- 
port of the U. S. Geological Survey, 
on the rocks of the Sierra Nevada 
(31525); phosphate rock from Reeds 
Gap, Juniata County, Pennsylvania, 
and Quincey, Florida (31527); speci- 
men of psilomelane, after pyrolusite, 
from Phillipsburg, Montana, col- 
lected by W. H. Weed (31664); speci- 
men of calamine from Elkhorn Mine, 
Elkhorn, Montana, also collected by 
Mr. Weed (31665); geological mate- 
rial collected in Colorado by Mr. 
Whitman Cross, and 2 basaltic bombs 
obtained in New Mexico by Dr. R. T. 


LIST OF 


INTERIOR DEPARTMENT—Continued. 
Hill (31684) ; rocks from Arkansas and 
sodalite-syenite from Square Butte, 
Montana, obtained by W. H. Weed 
(31705) ; trap dikes of the Lake Cham- 


plain region, collected by Mr. Whit- | 


man Cross and Mr. J. F. Kemp 
(31731); geological material from 
Pikes Peak, Colorado, collected by 
Mr. Whitman Cross (31782); geolog- 
ical material from Cripple Creek, Col- 


orado, collected by Mr. Whitman | 
geological material | 


Cross (31733) ; 
also obtained by Mr. Cross in Gunni- 
son, Colorado (31734) ; geological ma- 
terial from the Tewan Mountains, 
New Mexico, collected by Maj. J. W. 
Powell (31735) ; 81 specimensof covel- 
lite from Butte District, Montana, col- 
lected by George W. Tower (31750) ; 
270 specimens of Devonian and Car- 
boniferous fossils from: Montana, col- 
lected by W. H. Weed (31762); 4 Buf- 
falo heads taken from animals killed 
by poachers in the Yellowstone Park 
in 1894 (31777); collection of Paleo- 
zoic rocks consisting of 214 speci- 
mens, collected by T. Wayland 


Vaughan in Oklahoma and Indian 


Territories (31852) ; aseries of roofing 


slates from eastern New York and | 
western Vermont, showing cleavage, | 


color variation, and general physical 
characteristics, collected by T. Nelson 
Dale (31900); type specimens of Gas- 
triceras branneri and Pronorites cyclo- 
lobus arkansiensis Smith, transmitted 
from Yale University, New Haven, 
Connecticut, by Prof. H. S. Williams 
(31959); specimen of galena and a 


specimen of wire silver, argentite, | 


and calcite from Aspen County, Colo- 
rado, collected by J. E. Spurr (31965) ; 
5,545 specimens of Middle Cambrian 
Medusz and 1,250 specimens of Mid- 
dle Cambrian Trilobites, from Ala- 
bama, constituting collections made 
by Mr. Henry Butfiord, of Blaine, Ala- 
bama, under the direction of Mr. 
Walcott (31976); 18 photographic 
prints (32066); specimen of kaolinite 
from Red Mountain, Colorado, col- 
lected by Mr. Whitman Cross (32096) ; 


ACCESSIONS. 


109 


INTERIOR DEPARTMENT—Continued. 
Carboniferous plants from Tremont, 
Pennsylvania, collected by Mr. David 
White (32168); type specimen of 
rocks from the Leucite Hills, Wyo- 
ming (32218) ;! calcite corroded with 
pyrite, from Neihart, Meagher 
County, Montana, collected by R H. 
Chapman (32241). (See under T. H. 
Aldrich; Horace M. Engle; Fortieth 
Parallel Survey; Geological Survey 
of Japan; J. A. Holmes; Mrs. Moore; 
Willets Manufacturing Company, and 

| F. H. Williams. ) 

| Iowa, STATE UNIVERSITY OF, Iowa City, 
transmitted by Prof. C. C. Nutting: 
Fifty-two microscopic slides of Plu- 
mularian hydroids, collected by the 
Expedition of the State University of 
Iowa to the Bahamas in 1893; species 
of crabs obtained by the same expedi- 
tion. Exchange (32029, 32049). 

JAPAN, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF, trans- 
mitted from the U. 8. Geological Sur- 
vey: Chalcedony from Oguni village, 
Oitama District, Uzen Province, Ja- 
pan. 932500. 

JEPSON, W. L., Berkeley, California: 
Fourteen specimens of Umbelliferze. 
31508. 

JOHANNES, J. W., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Set of birds’ eggs. 31285. 

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. (See un- 
der J. J. Hooper.) 


JOHNSON, Professor W. H. 
Smithsonian Institution 
Glaisher. ) 

JOHNSON, CLAUDE M. (See under Treas- 
ury Department, Bureau of Engraving 
and Printing. ) 


(See under 
and James 


JOuUNSON, C. E., Washington, District of 
Columbia. Table yarn-reel. 32119. 

JOHNSON, J. N., Celestia, South Caro- 
lina: Specimens of pyrite crystals. 
30982. 

JOHNSTON, J. P., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Worm. 31482. 

JOHNSTON, Dr. Wyatt, Montreal, Can- 
ada: Specimens of Opisthorchis sinensis. 
31653. 

JonES, M. E., Salt Lake City, Utah: 
Five specimens of Umbelliferse. 31645. 


'The collection includes specimens of orendite, wyomingite, wadupite, and inelu- 


sions in orendite, collected by Whitman Cross June 12, 1897. 


The types are 


described in a manuscript published by the Geological Survey. 


110 


JORDAN, Dr. D. 8. (See under Fur-Seal 
Investigation Comniission. ) 

Jupson, Mrs. ISABELLE FIELD, Dobbs 
Ferry-on-Hudson, New York. Objects 
relating to the Atlantic telegraph cable, 
etc. (32289); objects of the same char- 
acter, and testimonials to Cyrus W. 
Field, etc. (32290). 

Jupson, W. B., Highland Park, Cali- 
fornia. Humming bird, representing 
a new species of Atthis from Arizona, 
also nest and 2 eggs of Broad-billed 
Humming bird (new to the Museum 
colleetion). 31284. 

KANE, W. G., Kansas City, Missouri: 
Five specimens of biotite inclosing 
muscovite, from Custer, South Dakota. 
Exchange. 31116. 

Kan Ko Ba, New York City: Tiger, old 
Bizen ware used early in the eighteenth 


century. Purchase. ‘“‘N.” 31935. 
KARNTEN, AUSTRIA: TIROLER BOTANI- 
KER, DIE FREIE VEREINIGOUNG, trans- 


mitted by Hans Simmer, secretary: 
One hundred and eighteen lichens. 
Exchange. 30885. 

KAYSER, WILLIAM, Wapakoneta, Ohio: 
Lepidoptera from Nevada and Ohio, 
representing 30 species. 31668. 

KEANEY, W. M., Desoto, Missouri: 
Specimen of Ephedra trifurca. 31845. 

KEARNEY, T. H., jr., Department of Ag- 
riculture: Fifteen plants from Tennes- 
see. Exchange. 31602. 

KEEN, Rev. J. H., Massett, Queen Char- 
lotte Islands, British Columbia: Cole- 
optera, representing 8 rare species, 
from Queen Charlotte Islands (ex- 


change) (30856); 300 specimens of 
coleoptera, representing 38 species 


(new to the Museum collection (gift) 
(31222). 

KEEFER, C. A. 
Moloney. ) 

KELEKIAN, D.G-, New York City: Koran, 
Mosque doorknocker, Koran talisman, 
dervish crouch, dervish belt buckler, 
dervish alms receiver, and an Egyptian 
manuscript seroll. Purchase. ‘N.” 
31915. 

KELLY, J. E., New York City: Copper- 
plate engraving of John Ericsson. 
31310. 

Kemp, J. F. (See under Interior Depart- 
ment, U.S. Geological Survey.) 


(See under Sir Alfred 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


KENDALL, W. G., Boston, Massachusetts: 
Runt Pigeons. (31595, 31623.) 

KENESAW MARBLE Company, Marietta, 
Georgia: Two pieces of verde antique 
marble. 31015. 

KENT SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE, Grand Rap- 
ids, Michigan, transmitted by C. A. 
Whittemore: Three birds’ skins from 
Guatemala. Exchange. 31056. 

KESSLER, FRANK, New York City: Speci- 
mens of onyx from San Luis Obispo, 
California. (31927 gift); (81928 pur- 
chase). 

KeEyY,CLARENCE, Park View, New Mexico: 
Deposit obtained from melted snow. 
31977. 

KIEL, GERMANY : ZOOLOGICALINSTITUTE, 
transmitted by Dr. K. Brandt: Crusta- 
ceans. Exchange. 31693. 

KINDLE, E. M., New Haven, Connecticut: 
One hundred and sixty fossil plants. 
Purchase, 31529. 

KiNG, CHARLES Dana, Wahpeton, North 
Dakota: Fragments of pottery from an 
old Indian camp, 6 miles south of Heart 
River on the Missouri River. 31841. 

KIRKLAND, Dr. R. J., Grand Rapids, Mich- 
igan: Unios, representing 2 species 
(31479) ; Unionidie, representing 5 spe- 
cies (31566); leeches and beetle larvie 
of Psephanius lecontei (31600); crayfish 
and leeches from Plaster Creek, Michi- 
gan (31601). 

Kirscu, P. H., Indiana Commissioner of 
Fisheries, Columbia City, Indiana: 
Specimens of Cambarus immunis and 
Cambarus propinquus (30894); land and 
fresh-water shells, representing 15 spe- 
cies (31021). 

KNAUS, WARREN, McPherson, Kansas: 
Eight specimens of Lachnosterna calce- 
ata Leconte from Kansas (30900); 2 
specimens of Lachnosterna hirtiventris 
Horn (31190). 

KnautH, E., Union Square, New York, 
transmitted by G. F. Kunz: Sapphires 
from Yogo Gulch, French Bar, and 
elsewhere in Montana. 31070. 

KNIGHT, Prof. W. C., University of Wyo- 
ming, Laramie, Wyoming: Fifty-one 
specimens of Jurassic fossils and a 
specimen of Cretaceous fossil, also 18 
rude quartzite implements found near 
Laramie. Exchange. 31767. 

KNOWLTON, F. H., U. 8. Geological Sur- 
vey : Specimen of Solidago from Laurel, 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


Know ton, F. H.—Continued. 
Maryland (gift) (31125); fossil insect 
(gift) (31161) ;5Y birds’ skins (exchange) 
(32253). (See under R. Lee Craig; In- 
terior Department, U. 
Survey.) 


S. Geological | 


KNOWLTON, W. J., transmitted by Prof. | 


F. W. Clerke, U.S. Geological Survey: 
Two cut opals from Queratero, Mexico. 
30949, 

KNUDSEN, WALDEMAR, Waimea, Kauai, 
Hawaiian Islands: Lizards from Kauai. 
31771. 

KNY-SCHEERER COMPANY, New York 
City: A series of 8 models by Zeigler, 
showing the development of the brain. 
Purchase. ‘“N.” 31969. 

KOEBELE, A. (See under Agriculture, 
Department of.) 

KOEHLER, Dr. R., Lyons, France: Inver- 
tebrates from the Gulf of Gascogne, 
representing 21 species, and mollusks 
representing 3 species. Exchange. 
32234. 

KOWALEWSKI, Dr. M., Dublany pres 
Léopol, Galicia, Austria: 
of Bilharzia polonica, Echinostomum 
echinatum, Echinostomum 
and Lchinostomum recurvatum. 
change. 31456. 

KRAEPELIN, Professor. (See under Ham- 
burg, Germany: Hamburg Museum.) 

KruGEk, P. W., Cleveland, Ohio: In- 
sects, representing 3 species. 32046. 

Kunz, G. F., New York City: An enam- 
eled souvenir cup given to the popu- 
lace by Nicolas III on the occasion of 
his coronation (gift) (30901); specimen 
of banded corundum from Georgia 
(gift) (31806); Korean ganie of incense 
or odors, Chinese filigree and carved 
shell lamp and a terra-cotta candle- 
stick, a processional cross from the 
church of San Domingo, Valley of 


Specimens | 


conoideun, | 
Ex- | 


Mexico; 75 bronze medals of the Kings | 


of France, and 230 antique Tassie 


pastes of the eighteenth century (pur- | 


chase) (51365). (See under E. Knauth; 
Mathew Dunn & Co.) 

KunzIE, Mrs. HELEN KANE, Umatilla, 
Oregon: A sculptured stone resem- 
bling the head of an ape. Purchase. 
31875. 

Lacog, R. D., Pittston, Pennsylvania: 
Two hundred and eight specimens of 


Tertiary plants from Florissant, Colo- | 


Leary; Jol. 


111 


Lacog, R. D.—Continued. 
rado. To be added to the ‘ Lacoe col- 
lection.” 32044. 

LAFLER, H. A., Dewitt, Nebraska: Spec- 
imens of Apus, Lulimnadia, and Esthe- 
ria. 30907. 

Lamp, F. H., Stanford University, Cali- 
fornia: Three hundred and twenty-five 
plants from western Mexico. Pur- 
chase. 31314. 

LANGDALE, J. W., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Specimen of kaliophilite 
from Monte Somma, Italy (gift) (31794) ; 
rocks and minerals from the District of 
Columbia (exchange) (32228). 

LANO, ALBERT, Aitkin, Minnesota: Birds’ 
skins. Exchange (31494, 31689.) 

LARTET, L. (See under Lyons, France: 
Museum of Natural History.) 

LaruT, PERAK, Straits Settlements: 
Perak Museum, transmitted by L. 
Wray, jr.: Land and fresh-water shells, 
representing 15 species, from Straits 
Settlements. 31643. 

LASSIMONNE, S. E., Moulins (Allier), 
France: Two hundred and twenty- 
three plants. Exchange. 31428. 

LATCHFORD, F. R., Ottawa, Canada: 
Specimens of Unio borealis. 31191. 

(See under Fish Commis- 
sion, U.S.) 

Lrcue, Prof. WILHELM, Stockholm, Swe- 
den. Crustaceans, representing 24 spe- 
cies. Exchange. 31136. 

LEE, W. T., University of Denver, Uni- 
versity Park, California: Forty-nine 
herbarium specimens. Lent. Re- 
turned. 31022. 

LEESE, P. H., Espanola, New Mexico: 
Archeological objects found near Santa 
Clara pueblo, New Mexico. 32102. 

LE GRAND QUARRY COMPANY, Marshall- 
town, Iowa: Dressed cubes of building 
stones, and a rock slab containing 42 
perfect crinoid heads. 31826, 

LEeEHAN PauvL, Allegheny, Pennsylvania: 
Specimen of Attacus cecropia L. 32075. 

LEHMAN, W. Y., Tremont, Pennsylvania: 
Coal plants. (31379, 31499.) 

LEIBERG, J. B., Department of Agricul- 
ture: One hnndred and fifty-three dried 
plants. Purchase. 31170. (See under 
Agriculture, Department of.) 

LITER, JOSEPH, Washington, District of 
Columbia: Specimen of Roseate Spoon- 
bill, Ajaja ajaja, from Texas. 31514. 


112 


LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY. 
(See under Agriculture, Department of.) 

LELING, Dr. Hans, Zurich, Switzerland: 
Eighty specimens of African dried 
plants. 31181. 

LEMKE, Mrs. ELIZABETH, Berlin, Ger- 
many: Belt loom and distaff from east 
Prussia. Exchange. 31795. 

LENDENFELD, VON Prof. R., Universitat, 
Czernawitz, Austria: One hundred and 


twenty-four microscopic slides of 
sponges. Purchase. 32175. 
Lronarp, Miss G. L., Washington, 


District of Columbia: Copper hook 
found in the glacial drift on the Michi- 


gan side of the Sault Ste. Marie River. 


Deposit. 31411. 

LeEssER, J., Winston, Arizona: Meteoric 
iron from Canyon Diablo, Arizona. Pur- 
chase. 31107. 

Lewis, E.C., Forney, Texas: Four bulbs 
of Cooperia drummondi. 31104. 

Lewis, G. A., Wickford, Rhode Island: 
Silvery Hair-tail, Trichiurus lepturus 
(30847); Winter Flounder 
pleuronectes americanus (albino) (32041). 

LINCOLN, H. D., Cottage Grove, Oregon: 
Specimen of Telea polyphemus Cramer. 
32147. 

LINDAHL, JOSHUA. 
nati Society of Natural History.) 

LINDGREN, W. (See under Interior De- 
partment, U.S. Geological Survey. ) 

Linpsay, Mrs. Wm. (See under National 
Society, D. A. R.) 

LITCHFIELD, ARCHIBALD, Braiden Town, 
Florida: Specimen 
31470. 

LITTLEJOHN, CHASE, Redwood City, Cal- 
ifornia: Four eggs of Ancient Murrelet, 
Synthliborhamphus antiquus. 31651. 

LocHuMAN, C. N., Bethlehem, Pennsyl- 
vania: Specimens of Cytissus scoparius 
and Sisymbrium altissimum. 31034. 

Lockr, Otro, New Braunfels, Texas: 
Fifty specimens of Tradescantia and 
Tinantia 31940. 

LONDON, ENGLAND: 


British Museum, 


transmitted by Dr. Henry Woodward: | 


Two plaster casts of Bison priscus (gift) 
(31583); crabs, representing 9 species 
(exchange) and crabs, representing 2 
species (lent) (31482.) 

LonG, J. C., Jefferson, Maryland: Asbes- 
tos, from Jefferson, Frederick County. 
30967. 


of Unio obesus, | 


Pseudo- | 


(See under Cincin- | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Lone, M. E., Kansas City, Missouri: 
Copper pike found 3 miles east of New 
London, and acopper ax found 3 miles 
west of Ahnapee, Wisconsin. Ex- 
change. 32245. 

Loomis, L. M. (See under California 
Academy of Sciences.) 

Lorer, 8. WaRbD. (See under Wesleyan 
University. ) 

LORENZ, JOHN, Tremont, Pennsylvania: 
Large specimen of Alethopteris sertii 
(Brongn) Goepp, from Mammoth vein, 
Good Spring, Pennsylvania. 32099. 


Lorine, J. A., Department of Agricul- 
ture: Pair of Kootenay Indian mocca- 
sins, and a specimen of babiche of the 
Cree Indians. 31973. 

LOWDERMILK, W. H. & Co., Washington, 
District of Columbia: Confederate edi- 
tion of Braddon’s ‘‘ Lady Audley’s Se- 
cret.” Purchase. 30943. 

Lowe, H. N., Pasadena, California: Ma- 
rine invertebrates and crustaceans 
(81675, 31792). 

LowgE, Dr. J. N., Milford, New York: 'Cwo 
specimens of Smerinthus geminatus Say. 
32130. 

Lucas, F. A., U. S. National Museum: 
Crustaceans and ascidians from Prib- 
ilof Islands, 2 birds from Alaska, skulls 
and skeletons of seals, collected for the 
National Museum (31220, 31362, 31568). 

LUNE, WILLIAM, Mathews Court House, 
Virginia: Herbarium specimen of Fil- 
ago germanica L. 31187. 

LYCETT, EDWARD, Atlanta, Georgia: A 
carved slab of North Carolina tale, the 
carved face coated with an iridescent 
glaze, supposed to be a reproduction of 
the ancient murrhine of the Romans. 
31784. 

Lyons, FRANCE: MUSEUM OF NATURAL 
History, L. Lartet, Director: Small 
collection of fishes. Exchange. 31540. 

McApboo, W.G., jr., New York City: Old- 
style pistol, supposed to have been car- 
ried by General Packenham at New 
Orleans. Returned. 31575. 

McCuttock, J., Sterling, Virginia: Na- 
tive copper. 30838. 

McGEE, W J (See under Smithsonian 
Institution, Bureau of Ethnology.) 

McGreeor, R. C., Palo Alto, California: 
Birds’ skins from Colorado and Cal- 
ifornia (31268, 31303, 31367). 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


McGuire, J. D., Ellicott City, Maryland: 
Polished stone implement (31609); 
carved pipe of serpentine found in 
Kentucky (31958). Deposit. (See 
under William D. Porter.) 

McILHENNY, FE. A., Averys Island, Louisi- 
ana: Twenty-six birds. 31120. 

McKeg, S. B., Mineville, New York: 
Specimens of zircon from Essex County. 
31526. 

McKEsson & ROBBINS, New York City: 
Four specimens of drugs. 31825. 

McMANNEN, Dr. C. T., White Springs, 
Florida, transmitted by Hon. 8. Pasco, 
Unfinished Indian arrowhead found in 
a field near the Suwanee River. 32057. 


MAcMILLAN, C., Minneapolis, Minnesota: | 


Two hundred and fourteen dried plants. 


Exchange. 31032. 
McMILLAN, P. A., Banyan, Florida: 


Specimen of White-tailed Kite, Llanus 


leucurus. 31477. 


Macoun, J., Geological Survey of Can- 
ada, Ottawa, Canada Plants from 
Pribilof and Bering islands. Gift and 
Exchange (31502, 31938, 32051). 

Macoun, J. M., Geological Museum, 
Ottawa, Canada: Skeleton of a sea- 
otter. Exchange. 31916. 


MANCHESTER, ENGLAND: MANCHESTER 
MvusEUM, OWENS COLLEGE, trans- 
mitted by William E. Hoyle, Keeper. 
Fifty-four species of Carboniferous fos- 
sils, illustrating a paper by Mr. H. Bol- 
ton, entitled ‘‘The Lancashire Coal 
Measures,” and read before the New 
York Academy of Sciences. 32277. 

MANSFIELD MEMORIAL MUSEUM, Mans- 
field, Ohio, transmitted by E. Wilkin- 
son, curator: Insects, representing 24 
species from Mexico. 31624, 

Masius, A. G., Department of Agricul- 
ture: Specimen of Thalesia uniflora. 
32111. 

Marvatt, C.L., Department of Agricul- 
ture: Ninety specimens of Cynipid, 
representing 21 species. 31768. 

Marsu, W. A., Aledo, Illinois: 
(31298, 31410). 


MARSHALL, GEORGE, Laurel, Maryland: 
Two plants collected for the National 
Museum. 32281. 

Marsuati, H. R., Laurel, Maryland: 
Specimen of Sciurus hudsonius. 32123. 

NAT MUS 97——8 


Unios 


113 


Mason, Prof. O. T., U. S. National Mu- 
seum: Steel engraving of a portrait of 
Benjamin Hallowel. 31630. 

MASTERMAN, E. E., New London, Ohio: 
Three photographs of a Great Horned 
Owl]. 31448. 

MATSCHIE, Dr. PAUL. (See under Berlin, 
Germany: Royal Zoological Museum. ) 

| MATTHEW, Dr. G. F., St. John, New 

Brunswick, Canada: Two specimens of 
Microdiscus schucherti Matthew. 31424. 


- | Maxwe Lt, Huau, St. George, West Vir- 


ginia: Specimen of dust obtained by 
melting so-called “ black snow” which 
fell in Tucker County. 31834.. 

MAYNARD, G.C. (See under Telegraphic 
Historical Society of North America.) 

| Meap, G. B., San Francisco, California: 
Eight birds’ skins. 32178. 

MeEapDoR, J. F., Phoenix, Arizona: Speci- 
men of Melittia gloriosa H. Edwards. 
31806. 


Mearns, Dr. EpGAR A., U. S. A., Fort 
Myer, Virginia: Nine herbarium speci- 
| mens of Tradescantia and Umbellitere 
_ from Minnesota (30892); 6 specimens of 
Peromyscus leucopus and 2 crayfishes 
(30923); the feet of a Moose (Alces 
machlis = Alce alces) from Two Rivers, 
Minnesota (30925); 500 plants, fishes, 
72 birds’ skins, reptiles, insects, shells, 
mammal skins, marine invertebrates, 
and alcoholic birds from New York 
(31110); specimen of Cypripedium par- 
viflorum (82216); collection of plants, 
birds’ skins, reptiles, turtle, dry-land 
and fresh-water shells, birds, crusta- 
ceans, mammal skins, small collection 
of fishes from New York (31250) ; land, 
fresh-water shells and mollusks, repre- 
senting 19 species, from New York 
(31342); reptiles and batrachians from 
Maryland and Virginia (31480); Unios 
from Fort Snelling, Minnesota, repre- 
senting 2 species (31986); photograph 
of the discharge of David Niles, ser- 
geant in the American Army, signed by 
George Washington and Jonathan 
Trumbull, jr., June 13, 1783 (32033) ; 
specimen of Microtus pennsylvanicus 
from the Smithsonian grounds (32142) ; 
snake and a tree-toad (32154). 
| MEARNS, Master LOUIS DI ZEREGA, Fort 
Myer, Virginia: Specimen of Microtus 
pinetorum, in the flesh (31538); 3 skins 


114 


MEARNS, Master Louis DI ZEREGA—C’t’d. 
and skulls of Microtus and 3 skins and 
skulls of Peromyscus (31578). 

MEDER, FERD, New York City: Book en- 
titled ‘‘Verzeichniss von Photo- 
graphien nach Werken der Malerei,” 
Berlin. Purchase. 31805. 

MeprorbD, H. C., Tupelo, Mississippi: 
Left valve of a specimen of Unio 
muliplicatus, 31822. 

MEEK, Prof. 8. E., care U. 8. Fish Com- 
mission: Specimen of Haliwétus leuco- 
cephalus from Idaho (31610); specimen 
of Cariacus (31619): collection of fishes 
from the Bay of Naples (32197). 

MEEKER, GRACE, Ottawa, Kansas: Two 
specimens of Daucus carota and Plantago 
lanceolata. 30881. 

MEINERT, Dr. IF’. (See under Copenhagen, 
Denmark: Zoological Museum. ) 

MEL, Miss NELLY, Glenwood, California: 
Specimen of Hosackia glabra ‘Torr. 
30862. 

MELL, P. H., Auburn, Alabama: Eleven 
dried plants. Exchange. 31173. 

MENCHINI, L., Washington, District of 
Columbia, transmitted by L. Amateis: 
Model in plaster of the Venus de Milo. 
31189. 

Meritt, Prof. J. W., Central Point, Ore- 
gon, transmitted by C. R. Biederman: 
Pipe found in a lava fort where General 
Canby was killed by the Modoc Indians. 
31682. 

MERRIAM, Dr. C. Hart, U. 8. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture: Photograph of a 
specimen of Rhododendron catawbiense 
(31922); 2 specimens of Pseudotsuga 
mucronata, from near Barclay, Utah 
(32094); 38 specimens of dried plants 
from Oregon (31232). 

MERRILL, G. P., U. S. National Museum: 
Alcoholic specimen of Star-nosed Mole, 
Condylura cristata, from Orono, Maine 
(30924); 2 photographs of Italian 
women carrying coal (30944); geolog- 
ical material from Maine and California 
(30972); fresh and decomposed serpen- 
tine from Broad Creek Quarries, Har- 
ford County, Maryland (31062); speci- 
mens of argillite and residual clay from 
Peach Bottom slate quarries, Cambria, 
Maryland (31096); geological material 
from Frederick, Maryland (31152); 
fresh and decomposed soapstone from 
near Fostoria, Virginia (31275); fresh- 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


MERRILL, G. P.—Continued. 
weathered and disintegrated dolomite 
from South Dover, New York (31753) ; 
3 models of edged weapons from Upper 
India (gift) (31824); fresh and weath- 
ered limestone (marble) from Egremont, 
near Great Barrington, Massachusetts 
(31864). Collected for the National 
Museum. (See under Ericson Brothers. ) 

MERRILL, Dr. J. C., U. S. A., Fort Sher- 
man, Idaho, transmitted by Major 
Bendire: Birds’ skins, birds’ eggs and 
nests from Idaho (350889, 31080, 31218). 

MERRILL, L. H., Orono, Maine: Two pho- 
tographs of Indian children. 32189. 

Merritt, W. A., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Eggs of Corvus ossifragus 
from District of Columbia. 31925. 

METCALFE, JAMES, Silver City, New Mex- 
ico: Specimen of Androsace occidentalis. 
31861. 

MILLER, FANNIE, Mount Carmel, Penn- 
sylvania: Pyrite with coal. 31617. 
MILLER, Dr. G. A., Department of Agri- 
culture: Specimen of Obolaria virginica 
from Maryland (32215); specimen of 
Lycopodium inundatum from Maryland 

(32285). 

Mitts, R. A., Chuluota, Florida: Two 
reptiles from Florida, puparium of 
Rabbit Bot-fly, Cuterebra cuniculi 
(30912); 2 specimens of Sun-fish, Hu- 
pomotis holbrooki (31439). 

MILLSPAUGH, C. F. (See under Field 
Columbian Museum. ) 

MINDELEFF, Cosmos, Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Fire-sticks of Nava- 
jo Indians from San Juan, New Mex- 
ico. 30945. 

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF, Minneap- 
olis, Minnesota: Six plants from the 
United States and Kurope (gift) 
(32225). 

Herbarium of the University of Minnesota: 
64 plants (exchange) (51998). 

MIssoURI BOTANICAL GARDEN, St. Louis, 
Missouri, transmitted by Prof. William 
Trelease, director: Ten specimens of 
Tradescantia and allied genera. 31041. 

MITCHELL, G. E. & C. W. RICHMOND, U.S. - 
National Museum: Eighteen birds’ 
skins from Nicaragua, 31769. 

MiTcHELL, Hon. J. D., Victoria, Texas: 
Larva of Serphus dilatatus and marine 
invertebrates (31030); land and fresh- 
water shells, representing 5 species 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


Mircne.y, Hon. J. D.—Continued. 
from Texas (31171); transmitted by J. 
E. Benedict, toad (31524); mollusks, 
representing 4 species from Texas 
(31787); crustaceans, snake and toads 
(31804); 4 specimens of Atta fervens 
Say (32085); 7 specimens of Golden 
Tortois-beeetle, Coptocycla aurichaleca 
Fab. (32124); larvee of Thecla peas 
iiibner, lizard and a toad (32226). 


Mour, Dr. CHarLxEs, Mobile, Alabama: | 


Nine plants from Alabama. 


of.) 

MoLoney, Sir ALFRED, Belize, British 
Honduras, transmitted by C. A. Keffer: 
Rock containing fossil foraminifere 
(30933); specimens of gypsum and 
marble (31026). 


Moore, Mrs., Corning, New York, trans- 


mitted by U. S. Geological Survey: 
Specimen of Dictyophyton tuberosum. 
31638. 

Moorr, C. B., Philadelphia, Pennsyl- 


31113. | 
(See under Agriculture, Department | 


vania: Large burial-urn found on Ossa- | 


baw Island, Georgia. 31474. 

Moore, Herrie A., Pasadena, California: 
Marine shells from California, repre- 
senting 11 species. 30963. 

Moors, Mrs. L. D., Huntsville, Alabama: 
Piece of rock showing natural weather- 


ing from Monte Sana, near Huntsville, | 
and two photographic views showing | 


rocks in situ. 31846. 

MorGan, Dr. E. L., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Monkey and squirrel 
(31205, 32246). 

MorGAN, H. DE. 
gan.) 

MorGAn, J. DE., Gizeh Museum, Egypt, 
transmitted by H. de Morgan: Two 
hundred and fifty-two specimens, rep- 
resenting a series of prehistoric stone 
implements from Egypt. Exchange. 
31407. 

MorreLL, C. H., Pittsfield, Maine: Eggs 
of (uiscalus quiscula wneus and of Cor- 
vus americanus. 31718. 

MorRILL, H. K., Gardiner, Maine: Speci- 
men of Centaurea nigra and a specimen 
of Digitalis ambiqua (30916); specimen 
of Digitalis ambigua (31103); dried 
plant (31276). 


(See under J. de Mor- 


PS 


Morrison, J. H., Luray, Virginia: Two 
hundred and twenty-one specimens of 
Trenton fossils. $2013. 

Morron, F. 8., Portland, Maine: Speci- 
mens of worms, belonging to the 
Family Terebellidie, and three speci- 


mens of Pecten magellanicus Gmel. 
31894. 
Moss, WILLIAM, Ashton-under-Lyne, 


England: Photographs illustrating the 
anatomy of land-snails (82180); alco- 
holie specimens of Anodonta cygnea 
(32275). 

MULLEN, B. H. (See under Salford, Lan- 
cashire, England; Royal Museum, Sal- 
ford. ) 

MULLER, Baron FERD von, Melbourne, 


Australia: Plants. Exchange. (31088, 
31040, 31266.) 
MuMBRUE, D. P., Helena, Montana: 


Bones of a large Dinosaur, and a speci- 
men of Scaphites ventricosa M. & H. 
32047. 

Mounprt, A. H., Fairbury, Illinois: Para- 
sitic copepod taken from a carp. 32188. 


| Muster pb’HisrorreE NATURELLE. (See 
under Geneva, Switzerland. ) 
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, 


Cambridge, Massachusetts: Types of 
new species of crayfish, described by 
Mr. Walter Faxon. 30994. 

MusEUM OF NATURAL HIsTORY. 
under Paris, France. ) 

NAMIyYF, M., Zoological Institute, Science 
College, Imperial University, Tokio, Ja- 
pan, through Dr, Leonhard Stejneger: 
Specimen of Cicada leechi Dist., de- 
seribed from China, and Cicada flammata 
Dist., described from Japan. 31490. 

NATIONAL SocrETy, Daughters of the 
American Revolution; transmitted by 
Mrs. William Lindsay: Autograph 
dinner invitation of Thomas Jefferson 
and a photograph showing folding of 
the same; a forty-dollar bill of the 
United Colonies, 1778, presented by 
Mrs. Eleanor Holmes Lindsay; letter 
of G. Brown Goode, dated July 3, 1896; 
engraved portrait of Israel] Putnam, pre- 
sented by his great, great granddaugh- 
ter, Miss Emily N. Walker (32014) ; spin- 
ning wheel presented to the society by 
G. Brown Goode (32039)'; pewter plate, 


(See 


‘The wheel belonged to Dr. Goode’s grandfather during the Revolutionary war, 
and suggested to him the design for the badge adopted by the Society in 1890. 


116 


NATIONAL SocIETY—Continued. 
one of a set from which bullets were 
made for use during the Revolutionary 
war, also 2 photographs of Mrs. Har- 
riet Perry Stafford, of Cottage City, 
Massachusetts, who presented the plate 
to the society (31371) ; silver teastrainer 
owned by Wildred Washington, aunt 
of George Washington, shirt and mit 
worn by William Woodford at his 
christening about 1760, a candle from 
Yorktown, Virginia, and one from Ger- 
mantown, Pennsylvania, in use during 
the Revolutionary war, letter of Wil- 
liam Woodford dated Bethlehem, Octo- 
ber 6, 1777, and a specimen of Conti- 
nental money, cight dollars of the issue 
of 1775 (31488); china punchbowl of 
India ware that belonged to Col. R. H. 
Harrison, aid-de-camp to General Wash- 
ington, presented by Elizabeth Sinclair 
Jones, and a china cup of India ware 
150 years old, presented by Mrs. Ste- 
phen J. Field (31611.) Deposit. 

NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF, Lincoln, 
Nebraska; transmitted by Prof. E. H. 
Barbour: Five tablets of mounted 
small specimens of D:emonelix, 2 speci- 
mens of Dzemonelix and 10 structural 
specimens of the same. Purchase. 
31498. 


NELSON, AVEN, Agricultural Experiment | 


Station, Laramie, Wyoming: Thirteen 
specimens of Wyoming Umbelliferie 
(gift) (31350); 125 specimens of dried 
plants (exchange) (31933). (See Agri- 
culture, Department of.) 

NELSON, E. W., Mexico, Mexico; trans- 
mitted by Mrs. N. M. Brown: Two 
hundred and_ seventy-five Mexican 


plants (purchase) (30898); 25 plants | 


from Mexico (purchase) (30899); 213 
Eskimo ethnological objects (purchase) 
(31796); 138 plants from Mexico (pur- 
chase) (31217); 21 Mexican plants 


(gift) (81648).) (See under Agriculture, | 


Department of.) 
NeEsMITH, H. M., Buffalo Gap, Texas: 
Oxidized septarian nodule. 32211. 
NEVILLE, E. A., Austin, Texas: Egg of a 
white-necked raven. 31579. 


NEw BRUNSWICK RED GRANITE Com- 
PANY, Calais, Maine: Specimens of 
granite from Calais, and New Bruns- 
wick, Canada. 31849. 


| NorpstROM, 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


NEWHALL, W. H., U.S. National Museum: 
Specimen of Cyanocitta cristata from 
Falls Church, Virginia. 31953. 

NrEwsaM, FRANK, Mapleton, ITlinois: 
Block of bituminous coal containing 
large fragments of mineral charcoal. 
Deposit. 30939. 

NIcHOLSON, Prof. H. A., University of 
Aberdeen, Scotland: Geological mate- 
rial from England and Scotland. 32141. 

NIVEN & Hoppinc, New York City: 
Badger skin and skull from Tulare 
County, California. Purchase. 31012. 

NosBILi, JOSEPH. (See under Turin, 
Italy: Royal Zoological Museum. ) 

O. F., Punxsutawney, 
Pennsylvania: Two specimens of 
Epeira fasciata. 31807. 

Nortu, H.N., Government Hospital for 
the Insane, Washington, District of 
Columbia: Four snakes (gift) (32251) ; 
drilled ceremonial object (deposit) 
(31450). 

Nozawa, 8., Sapporo, Japan: Collection 
of reptiles, batrachians, and fishes 
from Yezo Island. 31755. 

Nutt, Davip, London, England: Rux- 
torf’s Rabbinical Bible, in two vol- 
umes. Purehase. 31152. 

NuttineG, Prof. C. C. (Sea under Iowa, 
State University of.) 

OGBURN, Burt, Pheenix, Arizona: Three 
pieces of cane or reed, and fragments of 
string or yarn found in a cave near Pho- 
nix (31539); fragments of three shell- 
rings from Arizona (31742); specimen 
of painted pottery found on an ancient 
ruin in the Salt River Valley (31967). 

OLDROYD, Mrs. T. 8., Los Angeles, Cali- 
fornia: Six shells from San Pedro 
(31430); coral from California (31978). 

Ou_ps, HENRy, Woodside, Maryland: 
Specimens of Ammannia koehnei and 
Quercus palustris. 31124. 

OLMSTEAD, Mrs. 8S. H., care Prof. F. W. 
Clarke, U.S. Geological Survey : Poster 
of an early stage-coach used in the year 
1821. 31702. 

OLNEY, Mrs. M. P., Spokane, Washington: 
Shells, representing twospecies. 31629. 


OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Cor- 


vallis, Oregon, transmitted by Prof. A. 
B. Cordley: Crab (Pinnotheres). 32266. 

OsBorn, Dr. E. H., Kansas City, Kansas: 
Specimen of Corydalus cornutus Linn. 
32271. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


Osborn, Prof. H., Ames, Iowa: Type 
specimens representing twenty species 
of hemiptera and homoptera. 31519. 

Ossorn, Prof. H. L. 
line University. ) 

OsGcoop, W.H., Department of Agricul- 
ture. Skin of Marsh Wren from Ari- 
zona. 32034. 

OsTERHOUT, G. E., New Windsor, Colo- 
rado: Plants (31960, 32071, 32121). 

OXFORD, ENGLAND: OXFORD UNIVER- 
siry MusEcUM; transmitted by Dr. E.S. 
Goodrich: Cast of Sphenodon punctatus, 
and three casts of Stonesfield fossil 


(See under Ham- | 


mammals. Exchange. 31121. | 
Packarp, R. L. (See under William 
Black.) 


Pam, CHARLES, New York City: Twenty- 
seven specimens of coleoptera from 
Costa Rica. 31327. 


PALMER, EpwArp, Washington, District 
of Columbia: Eight hundred and seven- 
ty Mexican plants (31710); collection 
of objects illustrating pulque making 
and the manufacture of pottery (31859). 
(See under Agriculture, Department 
of.) 

PALMER, T. CHALKLEY, Media, Pennsyl- 
yania: Two specimens of dried plants 
from Maryland. 31422. 


PALMER, WILLIAM, U. S. National Mu- 
seum: Specimen of Adelonycteris fuscus 
(30968); specimen of Vespertilio lucifu- 
gus from Four Mile Run, Virginia 
(31020); two specimens of Microtus and 
a specimen of Vesperugo carolinensis 
(31043) ; waterproof cap made from Sea- 


lion gut, and a bag of gut from St. Paul | 
Island, Bering Sea (31130); 16 mam- | 


mals, representing 4 genera from Hamp- 
stead, King George County, Virginia 
(31356) ; two specimens of Sciurus caro- 
linensis and a specimen of Putorius 
noveboracensis (31513); specimen of 
Oceanodroma erystoleucura from the Dis- 
trict of Columbia (31752) ; 2 snakes and 
3 lizards, mammals, land shells, 2 speci- 
mens of Lark Finch, Chondestes gram- 
maca, from Nashville, Tennessee 
(32105); beetle, 2 spiders and a myria- 
pod (32171); 9 reptiles and batrachians 
from Great Falls, Virginia (32182); 4 


snakes and 2 frogs from Virginia. 
(32256.) Collected for the National 
Museum. 


117 


PAMMEL, L. H., Ames, Iowa: One hun- 
dred and one plants (gift) ($1671); 212 
plants (exchange) (32000). 

Paret, T. D., Stroudsburg, Pennsyl- 
vania: Specimens of garnet from near 
New Hope, California. 31662. 

PARIS, FRANCE: MUSEUM OF NATURAL 
History; transmitted by Prof. EK. H. 
Bouvier: Crabs, representing 72 species. 
Exchange. 32112. 

ParisH, 8. B., San Bernardino, Califor- 
nia: One hundred and nine specimens 
of dried plants (exchange) (31033) ; 100 
dried plants (purchase) (31536) ; speci- 
men of Atripler conpertifolia (gift) 
(31745); specimen of Phacelia tanaceti- 
folia (gift) (32070). 

PARKER, E. W. (See under Savannah 
Mining Company.) 

PARMENTER, C. S. 
University.) 

Pascual, J. W., U. S. Pension Office, 
Washington, District of Columbia: 
Photograph of Maria Paschal, a Chero- 
kee Indian girl. 31949. 

Pasco, Hon. S. (See under Dr. C. T. 
MeMannen. ) 

PATTERSON, Rose, San Jose, California: 
Insects, consisting principally of hy- 
menoptera. 31557. 

PauL, Col. AuGusTUS C., National Sol- 
diers’ Home, Virginia: Sword, present- 
ed to Gen. Gabriel R. Paul by the citi- 
zens of St. Louis, Missouri, at the close 


(See under Baker 


of the Mexican war. Deposit. 51561. 
PEABODY MusEuM, Yale University, 


New Haven, Connecticut; transmitted 
by Prof. A. E. Verril): Two crabs 
(Lophoxranthus frontalis) from Califor- 
nia. Exchange. 31885. 

PEARCE, C. W., Arcadia, Florida: Four 
mammal skins and 13 birds’ skins 
from Florida. 31192. 

PEARSON, W. H., Nutsford, near Man- 
chester, England: Two hundred and 


ninety plants. Purchase. 31558. 
Peek, Amos, Cedar Blufts, Kansas: 
Specimen of Cuscuta epithymum Mur- 
ray. 30919. 


PrrRaAK Museum. (See under Larut, Pe- 
rak, Straits Settlements. ) 

Perkins, L., Baxter Springs, Kansas: 
Specimen of Clitoria ternatea lL. 31203. 

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Eleven 
herbarium specimens. 31724, 


118 


Puriuirres, A. G., Johannesberg, Trans- 
vaal, South Africa: Garnets, obsidian, 
and zircon from Monastery Mine, 
Transvaal. 31523. 

PHILLIPS, Dr. W. A.,- Evanston, Illinois: 
Stone implements illustrating the 
process of flaking. 31837. 

Piusspry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 
Unios representing two species. 31018. 

PINE, GEORGE, Aripeka, Florida: Speci- 
mens of Polygyraand Cyrenoidea(32059) ; 
shells representing three species from 
south Florida (32137). 

PINKERTON, Mrs.S. E., Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Copy of the ‘‘ New 
York Herald” containing an account 
of the assassination of President Lin- 
coln. Deposit. 32085. 


PreER, C. V., Seattle, Washington: 
Twenty-two specimens of Umbelliferz 
(gift) (31194); 200 specimens of dried 
plants (exchange) (31326); 20 speci- | 
mens of Salices (exchange) (31433). 

PoeEy, F., Tampa, Florida: Larval cases 
of Helicopsyche, minerals, fresh-water, | 
marine, and miscellaneous land-shells | 
from Cuba, teeth and epidermis of a 
shark, portion of cranium and spine of | 
a fish, skulls of 2 bats, 2 feet of a small 
mammal, corals, and fossils. Purchase. 
31165. 

PoLiarD, C.L., U.S. National Museum: | 
Plants (31238, 31416). 

Po.ock, M., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: | 
Title-page, etc., of Aitken’s New Testa- 
ment. Exchange. 30995. 

Porr, Capt. J. W., U. S. A., Bismarck, 
North Dakota: Fragment of a human 
skull found inan Indianmound. 31215. 

PortTER, T. C., Easton, Pennsylvania: 
Two specimens of Trillium from Penn- 
sylvania and New York. Exchange. | 
32239. 

PortErR, W. D., Evanston, Illinois, trans- | 
mitted by Hon. J.D. McGuire: Catlin- 
ite pipe-head from Wisconsin. 31231. 

POWELL, Maj. J.W. (See under Interior | 
Department, U. S. Geological Survey.) 

PRENTISS, D. W., jr., Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Dormouse (Mus car- 
dinus) from Interlaken, Switzerland 
(gift) (81206); 10 moles from Germany 
(gift) (81209); 11 birds’ skins from Dis- 
mal Swamp, Virginia (collected for the 
National Museum) (32263); long raw- | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


PRENTISS, D. W., jr.—Continued. 
hide line and 12 squirrel traps from 
Point Hope, Alaska (collected for the 
National Museum) (32270); 9 mammal 
skins with skulls, 5 mammal skulls, 
hind foot of an opossum, part of a ro- 
dent, 3 young birds, specimen of Camba- 
rus blandingii Erichson, shells, insects, 
sand, and water from the edge of Lake 
Drummond, birds’ eggs and nest, 12 
reptiles and batrachians, and fishes 
from the Dismal Swamp, Virginia (col- 
lected for the National Museum) (32274), 


| Price, R. H., College Station, Texas: Ten 


plants. 32210. 

Price, W. W., Stanford University, Cali- 
fornia: Pair of Sierra Nevada Gros- 
beak, Pinicola enucleator californica. 
32011. 

PRINCE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, New 
York City: Raw and burnt ore from 
Bowman’s, Prince, Pennsylvania. 
31001. 


| PRINGLE, C. G., Charlotte, Vermont: 


Thirty-two type specimens of plants 
from Mexico (31507); 320 Mexican 
plants collected in 1896, 78 miseellane- 
ous plants (31627). Purchase. 

PRINGLE, H.N., Anoka, Minnesota: Con- 
cretions (31008); 8 specimens of Jnoce- 
ramus from the Cretaceous formation 
(31027). 

PROUDFIT, 8. V., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Miscellaneous collection of 
stone implements from Virginia and 
the District of Columbia. 31774. 

PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. (See under Vic- 
toria, British Columbia. ) 

PuLLiAM, R. R., Lewisburg, West Vir- 
ginia: Monkey-faced Yellow Spider, 
Misumena rosea. 30878. 


| QUEBEC, CANADA: CROWN LANDS, DE- 


PARTMENT OF, transmitted by E. E. 
Tache, Assistant Commissioner: Two 
specimens of Salvelinus oquassa mars- 
toni from Chenier Township, Rimouski 
County, Quebec. 31320. 

Ramet, Prof. A., L’Keole Vétérinaire, 
Alfort, France: Parasitic worms con- 
sisting of specimens of Stilesia centri- 
punctata, Strongylus spathiger, Tenia 
cantaniana, and Fasciola hepatica var. 
angusta, Exchange. 31457. 

Ra.pu, Dr. W.L., Utica, New York: Five 
birds from the western section of the 
United States. Presented to the Smith- 


LIST OF 


Ravpw, Dr. W. L.—Continued. 
sonian Institution and deposited in the 
National Museum. 32007. 

Ramso, M. ELMER, Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania: Specimen of Corydalus cornu- 
tus (30834); specimens of d’schna heros 
Fab. (32183). 

RaNbDOoLtPH, P. B., Seattle, Washington: 
Land-shells, representing three species. 
31786. 

RaNnDoM, GILBERT, Hurley, Wisconsin: 
Sixty-one plants. 31083. 


RANSDELL, J. W., Middletown, Cal- 


ifornia: Specimen of Buprestis lauta 


Leconte. 32097. 

Raturay, Rey. B. F., Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Specimens of Lpi- 
phragmophora fidelis, from Puget Sound. 
31518. 

Recror, J., Washington, District of Co- 
lumbia: Cell of Porter Wasp, HLumenes 
fraterna Say. 32249. 


ACCESSIONS. 


REGuA, Mrs. E. M., New York City: White | 


metal miniature models of the Viking 
ship and the Santa Maria. 32115. 
Reip, C. H., Flagstaff, Arizona, trans- 
mitted by Dr. B. E. Fernow: Specimen 
of Thaspialpestre. 32035. 
RENIcK, A. B., Truckee, California: Min- 
eral. 31139. 


RETHERFORD, W. O., Tipton, California: | 


Two-tailed lizard from California 
(31561); beetles—Ptinid and Dermes- 
tid—representing 2 species from Cali- 
fornia (31768); 19 beetles (32052). 

REVERCHON, J., Dallas, Texas: Herba- 
rium specimen of Lactuca scariola L. 
30867. 


Rick, Miss 8. T., Worthington, Massa- | 


chusetts: Specimen of Gentiana crinita 
(albino), 31228. 

RICHARDS, Ev1as, New Orleans, Louis- 
iana: Spade-like implement. Ex- 
changé. 31140. 

RICHMOND, C. W., U. S. National Mu- 
seum: Eighteen birds’ skins from Nica- 
ragua. 31769. 

RICKSECKER, A. E., Oberlin, Ohio: Five 
hundred plants from Danish West 
Indies. Purchase. 31500. 

RipEovt, B. 8., Norway, Maine: Speci- 
men of trap-dike in granite. Pur- 
chase. 31701. 

RipGway, Rosert, U. 8. National Mu- 
seum: Carolina Paroquet from Florida 
(31173); Scarlet Tanager, Piranga ery- 


i 


RipGway, Ropert—Continued. 
thromelas (313829); two specimens of 
American Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra 
minor, from Brookland, District of Co- 
lumbia (31589). 

RipGway, Dr. T. E., Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Autograph letter 
ter from General Washington to Quar- 
termaster-General Greene, from Head- 
quarters, Middlebrook, December 15, 
1778, ordering that supplies be pro- 
vided and deposited at Albany. De- 
posit. Returned. 31521. 

RILEY, J. H., Falls Church, Virginia: Set 
of eggs of Broadwinged Hawk, Buteo 
latissimus (31178) ; set of eggs of White- 
breasted Nuthatch and an egg of Broad- 
winged Hawk from Virginia (31246); 
10 birds’ skins from Virginia (32026). 

ROBERTSON, CHARLES, Carlinville, Ili- 
nois, transmitted by D. W. Coquillett: 
Thirteen specimens of North American 
diptera, representing types of nine 
species by Townsend and Coquillett. 
30971. 

ROBINETTE, I’., Falls Church, Virginia: 
Nest of Parula Warbler, Compsothlypis 
americana, from Virginia. $2177. 


| RoBINETTE, G. W., Flag Pond, Virginia: 
| ~ 


Unios, seven 
31208. 

ROBINETTE, J. D., Flag Pond, Virginia: 
Unios from southwestern Virginia. 
(31013, 31051). 

ROBINSON, Dr. B. L., Gray Herbarium, 
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Twenty- 
two fragments of plants, principally 
from Mexico. Exchange. 31211. 

RoBINson, Lieut. Wirt, U.S.A., Hubbard 
Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Al- 
bino Nighthawk, Chordeiles virginianus, 
from Virginia. 31153. 

RoBrinson, W. R., Wingina, Virginia: 
Runt egg of Field Sparrow, from Nel- 
son County. 31059. 

ROCKHILL, Hon. W. W., Assistant Secre 

tary of State: Korean idol obtained by 
Dr. H. N. Allen. Purchase. 31129. 
(See under Alfred E. Hippisley. ) 


representing species, 


Root & FIELD, Kilbourne, Illinois: Spee- 
imen of Telea polyphemus Cramer. 
32150. 

ROREBECK, C. G., Falls Church, Virginia: 
Kight reptiles from Virginia Beach. 
31295. 


120 


Ross, J. N., U. S. National Museum: 
Specimen of Allamanda nerifolia 
(30918) ; 2 specimens of Hibiscus muta- 
bilis (31036); 30 plants (31354); speci- 
men of Agave and a specimen of Coop- 
eria (32198); 17 herbarium specimens 
from E] Paso, Texas (32255). Collected 
for the Herbarium. 

Rose, 0. G., San Rafael, California: Two 
skins of Nuttall’s Woodpecker, Dryo- 
bates nuttalli. 31557. 

RoTHROCK, THOMAS, Howard, Pennsylva- 
nia: Specimen of Gillenia trifoliata 
(31031); cocoon of Cecropia Silk-moth 
(31923) ; specimen of Porteranthus trifo- 
liatus (32217). 

Roya ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND ARTS. 
(See under Barcelona, Spain. ) 

RoyaL Museum. (See under Salford, 
Lancashire, England.) 

RoyaL Museum oF NaTuRAL History. 
(See under Berlin, Germany.) 


Royat NaTurRAL History SOcIETY 
HorMusEum, (See under Vienna, Aus- 
tria. ) 

RoyaL ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM. (See un- 
der Berlin, Germany.) 

RoyaL ZOOLOGICAL MusEUM. (See un- | 


der Turin, Italy.) 

RuBIn, C. A., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Insects (30947); mammals 
(30986, 31075). 

Rurr, J. A., Cincinnati, Ohio: Galls of 
Neuroterus saltatorius. 30991. 

RuMsEY, THOMAS, transmitted by Dr. G. 
Brown Goode: Pamphlet entitled “A 
short treatise on the application of 
steam,” by James Rumsey of Virginia, 
printed in Philadelphia in 1788. Pur- 
chase. - 31315. 

Rumsey, W. E., Morgantown, West Vir- 
ginia: Specimen of Capnoides flavulum. 
32058. 

Ruspsy, H. H., New York City: Two hun- 
dred and thirty-six Venezuelan plants 
(31003) ; 317 plants from Bolivia (30875) ; 
74 specimens of Yucatan plants (31716). 
Purchase. 

Rusu, R. C., Hudson, Ohio: Unionidz 
(32267, 32299). 

Rusa, Dr. W. H., U. 8. N., League Island 
Navy-Yard: Land and fresh-water 
shells from the eastern coast of South 
America, representing about forty 
species, principally newly described 
orrare. Exchange. 32280. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


RvssELL, Prof. I. C., Ann Arbor, Michi- 
gan: Fresh basalt and residual soil 
from southeastern Washington. 31530. 

RutTTER, Prof. CLoupD, Stanford Univer- 
sity, California: Specimen of Sequoia 
sempervirens and a specimen of Tumion 
californicum. 31142. 

RYDBERG, P. A., New York City: Two 
hundred and thirty-three plants from 
Montana (purchase) (31932); 5 spec- 
imens of Umbelliferze (gift) (32110); 
164 specimens of dried plants, collected 
by Mr. Flodman (purchase) (32173). (See 
under Agriculture, Department of.) 

SABINE, G. W., House of Representatives: 
Twenty-one birds’ skins from Nebras- 
ka. Exchange. 31400. 

St. JOHN’s COLLEGE. (See under Shang- 
hai, China.) 


| SALFORD, LANCASHIRE, ENGLAND: ROYAL 


Museum, Peel Park, England, trans- 
mitted by B. H. Mullen, curator: Eth- 
nological and archeological objects. 
Exchange. 30865. 

SANSHODO, New York City: Bronze Bud- 
dha, by Suzuki Chokichi and an alms 
bowl made of old bronze (31908); por- 
celain dog of Kutani ware (31937). 
Purchase. ‘‘N.” 

SARDESON, Dr. F. W., University of Min- 
nesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Sha- 
kopee fossils, representing 2 species, 
and 21 specimens of St. Peter fossils, 
representing 9 species. Exchange. 
31726. 

SARGENT, C. S., Jamaica Plains, Massa- 
chusetts: Eighty-three plants. Ex- 
change. 31721. 

SAUNDERS, W. G., Newbridge, Oregon: 
Specimens of Wantispa brunnea Say, a 
neuropterous insect belonging to the 
family Hemerobiidz. 31808 

SavaGE, M. A., New York City: Fire- 
syringe from Java (30845); collection 
of foreign matches (31372). 

SAVANNAH MINING COMPANY, Dillsboro, 
North Carolina, transmitted by E. N. 
Parker: Corundum. 32117. 

Sayers, Mrs. J. D., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Collection of stone imple- . 
ments, shell ornaments, and fragments 
of human bones, found while excava- 
ting for ponds at the U.S. Fish Com- 
mission Station, San Marcos, Texas; 
fossils and mammal bones from the 
same locality. Exchange. 31778. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


Scuavurp, F. G., Shovel Mount, Texas: 
Two specimens of Tradescantia. 31996. 

Scuinz, Prof. Hans. (See under Zurich, 
Switzerland: Botanical Garden.) 

Scumip, E. S. Washington, District of 
Columbia: Serin Finch, in the flesh 
(31146); Paroquet from South America, 
in the flesh (31269); Paroquet, in the 
flesh (31271); 2 Canary birds (32080). 

SCHNEIDER, Louts, Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania: Collection of ivory clubs. 
Purchase. 31138. 


ScHOENFELT, J. B., Douglas, Wyoming: 
Specimen of gypsum. 31010. 

SCHONLAND, Dr. S. (See under Grahams- 
town, South Africa, Albany Museum.) | 


SCHUCHERT, CHARLES, U. S. National 
Museum: Collection of Oligocene fos- 
sils from Red Bluff, Mississippi (31230) ; 
Unios from Shubuta, Mississippi 
(31241); skeleton of Dorudon trom 
near Dead Level, Alabama (31376); 
Claiborne shells (31377); Zeuglodon 
bones and Jackson formation shells 
(31378); geological material from Ala- 


bama (31385); Zeuglodon material and 
shells from near Fail, Choctaw County, | 
Alabama (31449); boat-shaped object 
from near Rescueville, Alabama (31511); 
200 herbarium specimens from Alabama 
and Mississippi (31647); Oriskany and | 
Helderberg fossils from Tennessee | 
(32166). Collected for the National | 
Museum. 


ScHuETTE, J. N., Green Bay, Wisconsin: 
Specimen of Aster angustus (Lindh.) 
T. &G. 32186. 


ScHUMANN, Dr. K., Berlin, Germany: 
Three hundred specimens of Austro- 
African plants. 31862. 


ScuHwarz, E. A., and H. G. HUBBARD, 
Department of Agriculture: Coleop- 
tera, representing 69 specimens from 
North America (all new to the Museum 
collection). 31493. 

ScipMORE, Miss E. R., Washington, D.C.: 
Ninety-five photographs of views in 
Macao and Java, and 77 photographs 
of views in the vicinity of Hizen, 
Japan. 31224. 

SCIENCE COLLEGE, IMPERIAL UNIVER- 
sity. (See under Tokio, Japan.) 


Scott, GEORGE, Glen, Nebraska. Four 
- teeth of amastodon. Purchase. 31779. | 


121 


Scort, GEORGE H., Sault Ste. Marie, Mich- 
igan, transmitted by E. 8. Wheeler: 
Copper spearhead found on the banks 
of Bar River, Ontario, Canada.  Pur- 
chase. 31095. 

Scort, Prof. W. B., Princeton University, 
Princeton, New Jersey: Skeleton of a 
condor and &9 birds’ skins, from Pata- 
gonia. Purchase. 32297. 

ScuppER, N.'P., U. S. National Museum: 
Bat (Nycticejus) from Linden, Maryland. 
30978. 

SEATON-Karr, H. W., Atherton Grange, 
Wimbledon, Surrey, England: Two 
photographs of chipped implements 
from Somaliland, South Africa. 31522. 

SELBY, A. D., Wooster, Ohio: Two dried 
plants. 31394. 

SHANGHAI, CHINA: ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE, 
transmitted by Rey. F. L. Hawks-Pott, 
president: Eighteen objects illustra- 
ting Buddhistic worship. Exchange. 
31156. 

SHEAD, Mrs. E. E., Eastport, Maine: 
Specimen of Leontodon autumnalis L. 
31221. 

SHEAHAN, THOMAS, Batavia, Illinois: 
Sevenspecimens of Calymene niagarensis 
and one specimen of Stromatopora. 
31727. 

SHERIFF, D. T., Landover, Maryland: 
Barred owl, Syrnium nebulosum, in the 
flesh. 31375. 

SHERMAN, C. A., Manville, Wyoming : 
Twenty - five modern scraper - blades 
used in dressing skins. 31686. 

SHRIVER, Howarpb, Cumberland, Mary- 
land: Eleven land snails (32106) ; speci- 
men of Sedum nevit (30917). 

SHUPELDT, Dr. R. W., Takoma, District of 
Columbia: Three specimens of Holo- 
spira and Helix from Texas. 32164. 

SIGSBEE, Commander C. D., U. S. N., 
Washington, District of Columbia: 
Sea-lily, Pentacrinus asterias, from near 
Havana 31562. 

Sitto0N, J. J., Pendleton, South Carolina: 
Specimen of Thalessa lunator Fabr. 
32132. 

Stmumer, Hans. (See under Kiirnten, 
Austria: Tiroler Botaniker, Die Freie 
Vereinigung. ) 

Simms, C.N., Ronceverte, West Virginia: 
Two staurolite crystals, in the torm of 
a cross, from Giles County, Virginia. 
31857. 


122 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Simpson, T. L., Montgomery, Texas: 
Specimen of Tinea pellionella Linn. 
32125. 

SincLarr, 8. (See under Sydney, New 
South Wales, Australian Museum.) 

Skow & GRIFFEN,Omaha, Nebraska: Hy- 
brid Teal from Nebraska, Exchange. 
31401. 

SKREHOT, R. F., Kiajina, Texas: Speci- 
men of Canavalia. 31547. 

SLATER, Miss S. R., Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania: Specimens of Amherstia no- 
bilis and other seeds, from Burmah. 
32068. 


SMALL, J. K., New York City: Two speci- 
mens of dried plants from South Caro- 
lina and China (gift) (31421); 51 speci- 
mens of mosses of the southern section 
of the United States (purchase) (32036) ; 
60 lichens (purchase) (32221). 


SmiTy, Mrs. A. M., Minneapolis, Minne- 
sota: Twenty specimens of colonial and 
continental paper money. Purchase. 
31918. 


SMITH, EUGENE, Hoboken, New Jersey: 
Specimen of Varanus arenarius from 
North Africa. Exchange. 31462. 

Sm1TH, HARLAN I., New York City: Spec- 
imen of Apus aequalis Packard, from 
New Mexico. 31441. 

SmitH, Dr.H.M. (See under J. S. Wil- 
son.) 

Sm1rTHu, Prof. J. B., Rutger’s College, New 
Brunswick, New Jersey : Fourteen spec- 
imens of Lachnosterna. Lent. Re- 
turned. (30908); 10 specimens, includ- 
ing7 type specimens of noctuid moths, 
from Colorado and British America. 
(32199). 

SMITH, J. SHIRLEY, Shelby, North Caro- 
lina: Specimen of muscovite. 32024. 

SmirH, L. H., Easton, Maryland: Royal 
Walnut moth, Citheronia regalis. 30905. 

SmitH, Rey. Lucius C., Department of 
Agriculture: Plants from Mexico, rep- 
resenting fourteen species. 31053. 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Mr. S. P. | 


Langley, Secretary : 


Emerald crystal in calcite from Muso | 


Mine, Colombia. Addition to the 
“Lea Collection.” 31225. 

Bronze medal commemorative of the 
sesqui-centennial of the College of 
New Jersey and the inauguration of 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—Continued. 


Princeton University. Presented to 
the Smithsonian Institution by the 
Trustees of Princeton University and 
deposited in the National Museum. 
32030. 


Transmitted from the Bureau of Eth- 


nology, Maj. J. W. Powell, Direc- 
tor: 


Copper hawk-bell, taken from a mound 


in Tonto Basin, Arizona (30857) ; note 
of Bank of Cincinnati, issue of 1818 
(30961); 172 stone implements from 
near Kutztown, Pennsylvania, and 
a specimen of mineral from the 
same locality, obtained by Mr. H. K. 
Deisher (31133); natural history 
specimens and ethnological objects 
collected by Dr. Fewkes in Ari- 
zona and New Mexico, 1896 (31151) ; 
2 skins of Cariacus virginianus from 
Maine, with,skull (31437); plantsand 
a specimen of bufo punctatus, col- 
lected by Mrs. Matilda C. Stevenson 
in Pueblo County (31599); specimen 
of sandstone, with a cup-like depres- 
sion, from Winifrede, West Virginia 
(31642); collection of archeological 
objects obtained by Prof. G. K. Gil- 
bert in Colorado (51683); 13 photo- 
graphs of Eskimos in costume (31737) ; 
2 potsherds obtained by Dr. F.S. Bul- 
mer from the adobe walls of an 
early Spanish monastery near Casas 
Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico, an@ a 
fragment of obsidian from the neigh- 
boring mountains (31803) ; the Hilder 
collection of antiquities from mounds 
in Missouri and Illinois (31883); col- 
lection of ethnological objects from 
Zuni, collected by Mrs. M. C. Steven- 
son (319%3); collection of mat-mak- 
ers’ app/iances and products obtained 
from the Musquaki Indians, Iowa, 
collected by W J McGee (32138) ; sling 
or bolas used in taking water-fowl 
by the Eskimo of Arctic Alaska, col- 
lectet. by Marcus Baker near Icy 
Cape (32250); objects used in connec- 
nection with the Ghost Dance of 

the Kiowa Indians (32272); shinney- | 
stick, a set of four gaming-tubes, and 
asetof three gaming-sticks, collected 
by 8. T. Dozier, Espanola, New Mexi- 
co (32288). (See under W.S. Blatch- 


ley.) 


LIST 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION-—Continued. 

Transmitted from the National Zoological 
Park, Dr. Frank Baker, Superintend- 
ent: 

Civet Cat, Bassariscus astuta, and Pec- 
cary (Dicotyles tajacu) (30848) ; Iguana 
(30883); 2 specimens of Macacus rhe- 
sus, a specimen of Afeles ater, 2 speci- 
mens of lynx, and a specimen of 
Brethizon (30970); Clark’s Nuterack- 
er, Nucifraga columbiana, from Mon- 
tana, in the flesh (31023); specimen 
of puma (31128); Clark’s Nutcracker, 
Nucifraga columbiana, in the flesh 
(31145); porcupine ( Lrethizon epixan- 
thus) in the flesh (31207); 2 speci- 
mens of Phoca vitulina (31280) ; speci- 
men of Paro cristatus, in the flesh 
(31299); specimen of Phalangista, 
from Sydney, New South Wales 
(31398); Eskimo dog (Canis famil- 
iaris) (31413); specimen of Phoca vit- 
ulina, in the flesh (31414); 4 birds, in 
the flesh, from Montana and District 
of Columbia (31677); specimen of 
Dicotyles tajacu, specimen of Neotoma 
cinerea, and specimen of Felis pardalis 
(31692); specimen of American Mag- 
pie, Pica pica hudsonica, in the flesh 
(31882); specimen of Macacus rhesus 
(31903) ; Golden Eagle and an African 
Gray Parrot, in the flesh (31921); 
snake from Florida (32015); snake 
(32016); snake from Blue Ridge 
Mountains (32017); Iguana (32018) ; 
snakes from Kansas and Oregon 
(32019, 32020, 32021, 32022); specimen 
of Urocyon virginianus from Winches- 
ter, Virginia (32128). 

Smoot, Mrs. T. J.,. Wood River, Nebraska: 
Photograph of signatures of members 
to ‘‘Non-Importation Association” in 
the Continental Congress, October 20, 
1774. 31848. 

SMUGGLER UNION MINING COMPANY, 
Telluride, Colorado, N. T. Mansfield, 
Superintendent: Specimen of silver 
ore from the Mine. 31590. 

SNYDER, Dr. D. W., Nashville, Tennessee: 
Collection of ethnological objects from 
Africa, including model of a Mukete 
house, and a very interesting collection 
of beetles from the interior of Africa. 
31155.! 


OF ACCESSIONS. 


123 


SNYDER, Dr. F. D., Gaines, New York: 
Five birds’ skins from New York. 
Exchange. 31495. 

SNYDER, J. O., Stanford University, Cali- 
fornia: Collection of reptiles and ba- 
trachians, 18 birds’skins, invertebrates, 
insects, representing about 140 speci- 
mens, and a specimen of Thomomys 
bottw. Exchange. 31776. 

Sorin, T. R., Bisbee, Arizona: Sheet sta- 
lactite from Copper Queen Mine. Pur- 
chase. 30952. 

SpainHour, J. M., Lenoir, North Caro- 
lina: Specimen of Afttacus cecropia 
Linn. 32060. 

Spatz, P. W. H., Gabes, Tunis, Africa: 
Alcoholic specimen of Ctenodactylus 
massoni. Purchase. 31193. 

SPENCE, R.S., Montpelier, Idaho. Ten 
specimens of Middle Cambrian trilo- 
bites and a piece of rock containing 
Corbula from the Bear River group 
(Upper Cretaceous). 31108. 

SPENCER, A. L., Oenaville, Texas: Bee- 
fly, Bombylius lancifer Osten Sacken, 
and a Wasp (Chrysis clara) Cresson. 
32208. 

SPRINZ, BARNARD, New Albany, Indiana: 
Seven pottery pipes (51202); 3 clay 
tobacco-pipes (31606). 

Spurr, J. E., U. S. Geological Survey: 
Specimen of cinnabar (crystallized), 
and two specimens of scorodite with 
realgar from Mercur Mine, Mercur, 
Utah (31291); tooth of a mammoth 
(31307). (See under Interior Depart- 
ment, U.S. Geological Survey.) 

Stant, E. M., Glenville, Pennsylvania: 
Four plants. 32136. 

STANFORD, A. W., Lowell, Massachu- 
setts: Thirty-four ferns from China 
and Japan. Purchase. 32235. 

STANLEY, D. T., Des Moines, Iowa, trans- 
mitted by Charles Aldrich: Polished 
stone implement (patu-patu) found on 
the bank of Rogue River, Oregon. 
Purchase. 32159. 

STANTON, L. H., Boulder, Colorado: Four 
specimens of altaite (lead telluride) 
from Inter Ocean Mine, Sunshine, Colo- 
rado. 30844. 

SranTon, T. W., U. 8S. Geological Sur- 
vey: Fossil fly (31162); nest of Antho- 
phora maculifrons Cresson, found in a 


' The insects, which were collected at Luebo, Congo, are the first specimens received 


from the interior of Africa. 


124 


Stanton, T. W.—Continued. 
specimen of sandstone from New York. 
(31475. ) 

SrarIn, Col. J. H., New Rochelle, New 
York: Macaw, in the flesh. 31573. 
STEARNS, ELMER, Salt Lake City, Utah: 

Specimen of Thalesia fasciculata. 32236. 
Srrarns, Dr. R. E. C., Los Angeles, Cal- 
ifornia: Specimen of infusorial earth, 
fire-clay, insects, shells. 32028. 
STEELE, E. S., Department of Agricul- 
ture: Plants and grasses. (31333, 31503, 
31685.) 


STEINER, Dr. ROLAND, Grovetown, Geor- 
gia: Large collections of archeological 
objects from an ancient village site on 
Kiokee Creek, Columbia County, Geor- 
gia: (30938, 30976, 31050, 31235, 31237, 
31258, 31311, 31313, 31347, 31484, 31497, 
31541, 31931, 32214.) 


Stritz, ADAM, Baltimore, Maryland: 
Specimen of Pogonia ophioglossoides 
(30871); five specimens of dried plants 
(30956). 


STEJNEGER, Dr. L., U. S. National Mu- 
seum: Fifteen plants from Kurile Is- 
lands (31577); miscellaneous insects 
from Pribilof Islands, Commander Is- 
lands, Japan, Hawaii, and Robben 
Island, representing about 20 species, 
reptiles and batrachians, mollusks from 
Bering Island, fossil vertebrates, fossil 
plants, fish from Paratunka River, 
Kamchatka, crustaceans and worms 
from the Sandwich Islands, birds’ skins 
from Kurile Islands, plants, skulls of 
mammals (31801); specimen of Lampro- 
peltis rhombomaculatus from Brookland, 
District of Columbia (32153). Col- 
lected for the National Museum. (See 
under H. W. Henshaw; M. Namiye.) 


STEPHENS, F., Witch Creek, California: 
Bats (gift and exchange) (31919, 32053). 

Srerk1, Dr. V., New Philadelphia, Ohio: 
Specimens of Piscidia, representing 8 
species from the United States, and 3 
specimens of Palwmonetes  exilipes 
Stimpson. 31323. 

Stevens, S. G., Lincoln, New York: 
Squirrel, in the flesh. 31195. 


STEVENSON, Prof. J. J., New York Uni- 
versity, New York; folded gneisses 
from University Heights, New York, 
and ‘‘asbestos” from Tilly Foster 
Mine, New York. 32276. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


STEVENSON, Mrs. M. C. 
Smithsonian Institution, 
Ethnology.) 

STEWART, Dr. T. B., Lock Haven, Penn- 
sylvania: Five photographs of arche- 
ological objects. Exchange. 31046. 

| STOTLEY, GEORGE. (See under Agricul- 

ture, Department of.) 


(See under 
Bureau of 


STOLZMAN, Prof. JEAN. (See under Var- ° 
sovie, Russia: Branicki Museum. ) 


Strout, WILBUR, Sciotoville, Ohio, trans- 
mitted by Dr. G. W. Girty, U. 8. Geolog- 
ical Survey: Four small hatchets or 
chisels, and a fragment of a pendant, or 
sinker, of hematite, 24 specimens of 
Conostychus ornatus Lesq., 6 specimens 
of Conostychus prolifer Lesq., and 5 
specimens of Asterphycus, species unde- 
termined (31373); 50 specimens of Co- 
nostychus, 19 specimens of Upper Wav- 
erly fossils, and 14 specimens of fire- 
clay (314438). 

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. (See under La- 
rut, Perak, Perak Museum.) 


STRANAHAN, JULIUS, Keeseville, 
York: Specimen of titanic iron. 


New 
32254. 
STRANAHAN, J. W., Fort Lauderdale, 

Florida: Photograph of families of Pine 

Island Indians from New River, Florida, 

and wooden spoons and ball rackets’ 

with a description of the game, obtained 
from the Seminole Indians (gift) 

(31383) ; complete costume of a Seminole 

Indian chief (purchase) (31509); 2 

complete costumes worn by Seminole 

women (purchase) (32064). 


Strone, Miss L. A., Greeley, Iowa: 
Tineid-moth, Tinea pellionella Linn., 
and clusters of cocoons of Apanteles 
glomeratus L. 32162. 


SuxsporF, W.N., White Salmon, Wash- 
ington: Plants. (30893, 31582.) 

SULLIVAN, G. N., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Albino Song Sparrow, 
Melospiza fasciata. 31690. 

SuRBER, THADDEUS, White Sulphur 
Springs, West Virginia: Two speci- 
mens of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus 
from Statesbury, Missouri. 31287. 


Sutor, Henry, Christchurch, New Zea- 
land. Unios from New Zealand and Tas- 
mania (gift) (31254; Unio from New 
Zealand (gift)(31381) ; 3alcoholic speci- 
mens of Unios from New Zealand, and 


LIST OF 


Sutror, Henry—Continued. 


Unio shells (exchange) (31581); 2speci- | 


mens of Unio legrandi from Tasmania 
(gift) (31812). 

Swan, J. G., Port Townsend, Washington: 
Specimen of Pecien caurinus from Fuca 
Strait. 31442. 

SWINHOE, ERNEST, Oxford, England: 
Sixty-five specimens of lepidoptera, 


representing 52 species from the East | 


Indies, illustrating mimicry and pro- 
tective resemblance, Purchase. 31868, 

SworD, J. F., Jonesville, Virginia: 
Unionidie, representing fourteen spe- 
cies, from Lee County, Virginia. 
30974. 


SYDNEY, NEW SouTH WALES: AUSTRA- | 
LIAN MUSEUM, transmitted by 8. Sin- | 


clair, secretary: Fishes, mollusks, 
reptiles, 25 birds’ skins, minerals, ores, 
and rocks. Exchange. 31081. 

SYLVESTER, E. O., Sitka, Alaska: Plant. 
31851. 

TacueE, E. E. (See under Quebec, Canada: 
Crown Lands, Department of.) 

Tassin, Wirt, U. 8. National Museum: 
Specimens of monazite sand from Burke 
County, North Carolina (31290); 11 
specimens of calamine from Bertha 
Mine. Pulaski, Virginia (31292); miner- 
als from Stassfurt, Germany, consisting 
ofrock salt, kainite, schénite, and others 
(31293) ; 158 specimens of minerals from 
Sussex County, New Jersey, and Orange 
County, New York, including spinel, 
fowlerite and others (31300); 4 speci- 
mens of millerite from Gap Mine, Lan- 
caster County, Pennsylvania (31304); 
9 specimens of minerals (31318); a set 
of 5 models illustrating the dispersion 
of optic axes in minerals (31388) ; speci- 
men of gersdorftite from Alova, Malaga, 
Spain (31889). 

TAYLOR, Miss EVELYN, Tiverton, Rhode 
Island: Lower pharyngeal bone of a 
Blackfish (Tautoga onitis). 31847. 

TayLor, J. G., Owensboro, Kentucky: 
Archeological objects from Corn Is- 
land, Spencer County, Indiana, and an 
unfinished ceremonial object from 
Daviess County, Kentucky. Deposit. 
Returned. 30960. 

TAYLOR, Miss KATHERINE A., Baltimore, 
Maryland: Six herbarium specimens 
of Commelina communis from Baltimore 
County. 31403. 


ACCESSIONS. 


125 


TEN Eyck, Miss D., Worcester, Massa- 
chusetts: Land snail. 31321. 

Trerrt, Dr. F. O., Tecumseh, Michigan: 
Two Green-sided Darters Diplesion 
blennioides. 32265. 

TELEGRAPHIC HisroricaAL Sociery OF 
Nortrn AMERICA, transmitted by G. C. 
Maynard, Secretary: Collection of 
Morse telegraphic apparatus (31175); 
piece of submarine cable laid in 1853, a 
specimen of the submarine cable laid 
in 1866, and two glass insulators 
(31545). Deposit. 

TELLERY, 8S. J., New York City: Tibetan 
brass trumpet. Purchase. 30965. 

TERRELL, J. A., Bloomfield, Kentucky: 
Sereech Owl, in the flesh (31122); spec- 
imens of Megascops asio, in gray plum- 
age, in the flesh (31317). 

Test, F. C., Lafayette, Indiana: Three 
snakes. 32223. 


| THAYER, A. H., Dublin, New Hampshire: 


Snake (30854); 15 birds from Europe 
(32176). 


| THOMPSON, Prof. D’ARcY W., Dundee, 


Scotland: Crustaceans. 31639. 
Tuompson, H. D., Moline, Illinois: Pot- 

tery whistle shaped like an animal's 

head, anda small flint scraper. 32264. 
Tuompson, M.'T., Providence, Rhode Is- 


land: Hemiptera, representing four 
species. 31814. 


THOMPSON, Mrs. W. W. (See under Agri- 
culture, Department of.) 

THORNE, E. J., Findley, Maryland: Nest 
of Ruby-throated Humming-bird, Tro- 
chilus colubris. 30914. 

THORPE, Dr. H. H., Liberty Hill, Texas: 
Two alcoholic snakes (30864); 2 speci- 
mens of Scolopendra heros, and a Ta- 
rantula (31257). 

TiFFANY, C.L., New York City: Vase of 
favrile glass. 30951. 

TIFFANY & Co., New York City: Collec- 
tion ofengraved diplomas, inscriptions, 
etc., made by the company (gift) 
(31145) ; specimen of rhodochrosite from 
John Reed Mine, Alecante, Lake Coun- 
ty, California (purchase ‘‘N”) (31797); 
gold and silver specimens (purchase 
“©N”’) (31899) ; native silver from Batop- 
ilas, Mexico (purchase ‘‘ N”) (31905); 6 
specimens of Copenhagen porcelain, 
consisting of a faience figure of an owl, 
2 fiiience pitchers, and 11 pieces of Rus- 
sian iron art castings (purchase) (31936). 


126 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


TILDEN, JOSEPHINE E., University of | TREASURY DEPARTMENT, U.S8.—Cont’d. 


Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota: 
Marine and fresh-water algze, repre- 
senting 100species. Purchase. 31620. 

TINSLEY, J. D., Agricultural College, Me- 
silla Park, New Mexico: Two speci- 
mens of Philadelphus microphyllus. 
31392. 

TIROLER BOTANIKER, DIE FREIE VER- 
EINIGUNG. (See under Kiirnten, Aus- 
tria. ) 

TISDALL, A. J. (See under Agriculture, 
Department of.) 

Topp, Prof. D. P. (See under Amherst 
College Observatory. ) 

ToKYO, JAPAN, SCIENCE COLLEGE, IM- 
PERIAL UNIVERSITY, transmitted by 
Dr. I. Ijima: Two petrels (51817); rep- 


tiles and batrachians from Japan) 


(32118). 


TOLLIN, OscaR, Planter, Florida: Skele- | 


ton of Blackfish (Globicephalus brachyp- 
terus) and 3 additional skulls of the 
same species. Purchase. 31438. 

Tomry, J. W. (See under Agriculture, 
Department of.) 


ToppinG, D.L., Washington, District of | 


Columbia: Nine specimens of Pespedeza 
(exchange) (31658); specimen of Bah- 
meria cylindrica scabra (31694). 
TOWER, G. W. 
partment, U. 8. Geological Survey.) 
TOWNSEND, C. H., U.S. Fish Commission : 


Three alcoholic specimens of Meno- | 
poma alleghaniensis from Westmoreland | 
skin | 


County, Pennsylvania (31267); 
of Phoca largha (31363); reptiles from 
Lower California (31819). 

TOWNSEND, C. H. TyLer. (See under 
Agriculture, Department of.) 

Tracy, 8. M., Agricultural College, Mis- 
sissippi: Seven herbarium specimens 
(30879); specimen of Solanum rostra- 
tum (31148). 


TRAPHAGEN, F. W., Montana College of | 


Agriculture, Bozeman, Montana: Two 
specimens of sapphire corundum in 
the matrix from 8 miles west of Galla- 
tin River, Montana. 31183. 
TRELEASE, Prof. WILLIAM, St. Louis, 
Missouri: Specimen of Jsetes nuda. 
31655. (See under Missouri Botanic 
Garden. ) 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, U.S.: 
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 
C.M. Johnson, Director: Portraits of 


(See under Interior De- | 


Franklin, Henry, Morse, and Ken- 
dall. 31357. 

Life-Saving Service, transmitted by 
Capt. C. J. Dunton, Keeper, Ocean 
City, Maryland: Partially decayed 
specimen of Angler, or Fishing- 
frog, Lophius piscatorius. 31399, 

TREAT, W. E., Silverlane, Connecticut: 
Mammal skins and skulls (31591); 
mammal skins and skulls and 4 skins 
of Sharp-tailed Sparrow, dmmodramus 
caudacutus (31700). Exchange. 
TRIBOLET, Mrs. M. A., Deruyter, New 
York: Twenty-two ethnological ob- 
jects from Burma and China. 32074. 
TRING, ENGLAND: Tring Museum Speci- 
men of Mixornis everetti, and a speci- 
men of Conurus xanthogenis. Exchange. 

31302. 

TRISTAN SenorJ.Fip. (See under Costa 

Rica, Museo Nacional, de.) 

TROSTLER, I.S., Omaha, Nebraska: Birds’ 

skins and eggs. Exchange. 31835. 


| True, F. W., U. S. National Museum: 


Basket cradle obtained from the Conox 
Indians, Vancouvers Island. 31951. 
Collected for the National Museum. 

TSCHUSI VON, VICTOR RITTER ZU SCHMID- 
HOFFEN, Hallein, Hungary. Seventeen 
birds’ skins from Europe. Exchange. 
31073. 

TuckER, Mrs. L. M., Ortonville, Michi- 
igan: Pieces of a human skull and frag- 
ments of pottery from a mound in 
Groveland, Michigan. 31666. 

TuRIN, ITALY: RoyaL ZOOLOGICAL Mu- 
SEUM, transmitted by Mr. Joseph No- 
bili: Crustaceans, representing 10 
species (31464); decapod crustaceans, 
representing 24 species (32224). Ex- 
change. 


TURNER, H. W., U.S. Geological Survey: 


Two specimens of pyrophillite from 
East Tres Cerritos, California. 31406. 


Twomey, GEORGE, Jeffersonville, Indi- 


ana: Human bones found in an Indian 
grave, and also on the Falls of the 
Ohio River. Presented to the Smith- 
sonian Institution and deposited in th 
National Museum. 31263. : 
ULkr, Henry, Washington, District of 
Columbia: Thirty-eight moths from 
Monterey, Maryland. 31259. 
UNDERWOOD, L. M., Auburn, Alabama: 
Six ferns from Alabama (30882) ; 5speci- 


LIST OF 


UNDERWOOD, L. M.—Continued. 
mens of drisema triphyllum (31074) ; 
specimen of Trillium underwoodii Small 
(32184). 

Van DENBURGH, JOHN, San Francisco, 
California: Specimen of Sceloporus licki 
from Lower California. 31856. 

Van DeEvusEN, Mrs. ALys Bates, Hart- 
ford, Connecticut: Collection of china 
plates, pitchers, and other objects illus- 
trative of American history (31465, 
31552); 3 pieces of pottery (31593) ; 
5 pieces of pottery (51594); collection 
of china plates (31611); 3 pieces of pot- 
tery (31670). Deposit. 

VAN GAASBEEK & ARKELL, New York 
City: A reclining Buddha, 2 bronze 
Buddhas, Buddha, a kishmu, bronze 
idol, and model of a mosque (pur- 
chase “‘N”’) (31914); oriental standing- 
lamp (purchase) (31952). 

Van Hise, C. R., Madison, Wisconsin: 
Jaspalite from Negaunee formation of 
Lower Marquette series. 32278. 

VAN HyninG, T., Des Moines, Iowa: One 
hundred and twenty-two specimens of 
land, fresh-water, and marine shells 
from various localities, and a cluster 
of barnacles from Portland, Oregon. | 
32067. 

Van Kirk, J. W., Potts Grove, Pennsyl- 
vania: Fossils and archeological ob- 
jects from Northumberland County. 
Exchange. 31297. 

VAN RENESSELAER, A. CORTLAND, Stock- 
bridge, Massachusetts: Mezzotint of 
the late Dr. Archibald Bruce, of New 
York City. Presented to the Smith- 
sonian Institution and deposited in 
National Museum. 32093, 

Vaniz, Dr. G. W. Smith, Weather Bureau, 
Canton, Mississippi: Isopod (Armadilli- | 
dium vulgare). 31740. 

VARSOVIE, Russia: BRANICKI MUSEUM, 
transmitted by Prof. Jean Stolzman: 
One hundred and fifty-two birds’ skins | 
from Peru and Transcaspia. Exchange. 
32231. 

VAUGHAN, T. WAYLAND, U. S. Geological 
Survey: Shells from the drift in Texan 
rivers. 31966. (See under Interior 
Department, U. 8. Geological Survey.) 

VERRILL, Prof. A. E. (See under Peabody 
Museum. ) 

Vicroria, BRITISH COLUMBIA: Provin- 
cial Museum, transmitted by John Fan- | 


ACCESSIONS. 


127 


VicToria, British CoLUMBIA—Cont’d. 
nin: Ninety-seven birds’ skins from 
British Cobumbia (31158); 6 Crows 
(31415). Exchange. 

VIENNA, AUSTRIA: ROYAL NATURAL HIs- 
TORY Society HOrMUSEUM: One hun- 
dred plants. Exchange. 31355. 

VINTON, H. A. & F. H., Bedford Village, 
New York: Spinet made by Joseph 
Mahoon, London, probably in the sev- 
enteenth century. Deposit. 32205, 

VON STREERUWITZ, W. H., Austin, Texas: 
Geological material. 31510. 

WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Two spe- 
cies of Arca, types of W. Wagner. 
31887. 

WaLtcortrt, Mr. C. D., Director U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey: Gold-bearing quartz 
and other material from Red Mountain 
and Silver Peak Districts, Nevada. 
32045. 

WALKER, BRYANT, Detroit, Michigan: 
Two specimens of Cychrus andrewsti 
from Roan Mountain, North Carolina; 
shells, representing 4 species (31024); 
Unionide, representing 3 species from 
the eastern section of the United States 
(31094); fresh-water shells from the 
Philippine Islands, representing 3 spe- 
cies (32087). 

WALKER, WyTHE, Victor, California: 
Specimen of Serphus dilatatus. 31990. 

Wak DEPARTMENT, U. S.: Signal Office, 
Gen. A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer: 
Beardslee Magneto-dial telegraph in- 
strument. Deposit. 31944. 

Warp, H. A., Rochester, New York: Geo- 
logical material. Purchase. 30953. 
Warb’s NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISH- 
MENT, Rochester, New York: Eleven 
trilobites (purchase) (31698); 7 parrots 
from various localities (purchase ‘‘N”’) 
(31704); cast of specimen of Asaphus 
gigas (purchase ‘“*N”) (31720); 3 par- 
rots (purchase ‘‘N”) (31741); mammal 
skins (purchase ‘‘N”) (31744); fossil 
crinoids (purchase ‘‘N”) (31756); 4 
specimens of Cambrian trilobites (pur- 
chase ‘‘N”) (81758) ; anatomical models 
and limbs (purchase ‘‘N’’) (31780); 13 
fossil fishes (purchase ‘‘N”’) (31793); 
skull of a crocodile (purchase ‘‘N”) 
(31872); itacolumite from Agra, India 
(exchange) (31895); gold and silver 
specimens (purchase ‘‘N”) (31896); 


128 


Warp’s NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISH- 
MENT—Continued. 

crustaceans (purchase) (31981) ; 5 Japa- 
nese sponges (purchase) (31982); skel- 
eton of Gangetic crocodile (purchase) 
(32005) ; cast of a head of asmall Right 
whale (purchase ‘‘N ”) (32006) ; miscel- 
laneous collection of land, fresh-water, 
and marine shells from various locali- 
ties (purchase “‘N”) (32054); skeleton 
of a native Australian (purchase ‘‘N”) 
(32155). 

Warp, Prof. LESTER F., U.S. Geological 
Survey : Seventy-seven herbarium spec- 
imens from Kansas and Oklahoma 
(31358); 18 plants from South Carolina 
(32037); specimen of Trifolium hybrid- 
um (32172); specimen of Lonicerajapon- 
ica from District of Columbia (32237). 

WARDEN, JACOB, Berryville, Virginia: 
Red Bat, Atalapha borealis. (30958. ) 

WaRMING, Dr. E., Director, Botanical 
Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark: Six 
hundred plants. Exchange. 31980. 

WASHINGTON, H.8., Locust, New Jersey: 
Forty-two volcanic rocks from Italy, a 
stone ax from Ben Hassan, on the Nile, 
Egypt, and a hammer stone of gabbro, 
from MHeraion, Argos, Greece. Ex- 
change. 30911. 

Watson, J. M., Rose Normal Academy, 
Martins Mills, Tennessee: Chipped flint 
hatchet found near Martins Mills. 30950. 

Waycuorr, A. J., Waynesburg College, 
Waynesburg, Pennsylvania: Portion 


of the skeleton of a child taken from a | 


grave. 31564. 

WayYnkE, ARTHUR T., Mount Pleasant, 
South Carolina: Four birds’ skins, rep- 
resenting 4 species from South Caro- 
lina and Mexico (exchange) (30852); 
3 birds’ skins (exchange) (30906); 12 
birds’ 


change) (31296); 9 specimens of Sharp- 
tailed Sparrow and a King Rail 
(exchange) (31344); specimen of Pine 
Siskin (Spinus pinus) and Leconte’s 
Sparrow (Ammodramus lecontei) from 
South Carolina (gift) 31920); 6 Seaside 
Finches (purchase) (31970); °2 birds’ 
skins (gift) (32202); 11 birds’ skins from 
South Carolina (exchange) (32203); 5 
specimens of Ammodramus (purchase) 
(32229); 2 specimens of Henslow’s 
Sparrow (exchange) (32243). 


skins from South Carolina | 
(exchange) (31273); 6 birds’ skins (ex- | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Wess, C. H., New York City: Two speci- 
mens of Dog Beetle, Galerucella xan- 
thomelena Schrank. 

Wess, Dr Wirt, St. Augustine, Florida: 
live negatives and 4 prints of a giant 
cephalopod (gift) (31572); sections of 
muscular envelope of Octopus gigan- 
teus Verrill (purchase) (31678); min- 
nows, and specimens of Cyprinodon 
variegatus (gift) (31850). 

Wess, W. F., Albion, New York: Great 
Blue Heron from Florida (gift) (380890) ; 
3 shells (exchange) (31459). 

WEBBER, H. J., Eustis, Florida: Speci- 
men of Juncus marginatus. 31216. 

WeBsTER, Prof. F. M., Wooster, Ohio: 
Type specimen of Apanteles orgyia 
Ashm. 932151. 

Weep, W.H. (See under Interior De- 
partment, U. 8. Geological Survey.) 

WENZEL, H. W., Philadelphia, Pennsyl- 
vania: Eight specimens of <Anthono- 
mus latiusculus and Anthonomus nigrinus 
(gift) (81223); 36 specimens of coleop- 
tera, representing 7 species (exchange) 
(31366). 

WESLEY, WILLIAM & Son, London, Eng- 
land: Bible, Genevan version, 1577, and 
a Latin Bible, printed in Nuremburg in 
1478. Purchase ‘‘N.” 32089. 

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, Middletown, 
Connecticut, transmitted by Prof. S. 
Ward Loper: Minerals, and 81 beetles, 
representing 40 species, principally ob- 
tained from the Cape of Good Hope. 
Exchange. 32213. 

WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY, 
New York City, transmitted by T.T. 
Eckert: Nineteen samples of various 
types of Atlantic cables laid since 1858, 
up to the present time (gift) (51262); 
the original receiving telegraph appa- 
ratus made by Prof. 8. F. B. Morse, lead 
type for Morse’s telegraph, patent to 
Morse, reissue No. 117, June 13, 1848, 
signed by James Buchanan, Secretary 
of State, and Edmund Burke, Commis- 
sioner of Patents (deposit) (31286); 18 
pieces of telegraph apparatus (deposit) 
(31652). 

Weruersy, A. G., Magnetic City, North 
Carolina: Unios from the United 
States, representing 3 species (31028) ; 
119 specimens of dried plants (31312). 

WHEELER, C. F., Agricultural College, 
Michigan: Specimen of Plantago L., 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 129 
WHEELER, C. F.— Continued. WILLETS MANUFACTURING COMPANY— 
Lampsana communis L., and Sisymbrium Continued. 


altissimum L. 30915. 
WHEELER, E.S. (See under G. H. Scott.) 
Wuirr te, W. B., Treasury Department: 
Hat worn by Jonathan Pettibone, who 
belonged to the Eighteenth Connecti- 
cut Militia in 1776. Deposit. 32076. 
Wuitr, Dr. C. A., U.S. Geological Sur- 


yey: Photegraph of Gameel Awad, a | 


dragoman of Jerusalem. 31091. 


WuirtE, Davin, U.S. Geological Survey: 


Two herbarium specimens from Penn- 
sylvania (30887); specimen of <Asple- 
nium ruta-muraria from Tennessee 
(31076); weathered conglomerate from 


Sharp Mountain, east side of Westward | 


Gap, Pottsville, Pennsylvania. (52120.) | 


Wurre, G. W., Washington, District of | 


Columbia: Photograph—‘“ Hills and 
Valleys, Dales and Fields.” 31004. 


WuHitE, J.J., Rockledge, Florida: Speci- 


mens of Cytherea varians (31253); land | 


and marine shells, representing 5 
species, from Florida (31349. ) 

Wuiret, Dr. J. T. (See under Young 
Naturalists’ Societ7.) 

WHITED, Kirk, Wenatchee, Washington: 
One hundred and eighty-four plants. 
31112. 

WHITEHEAD, JOHN, Urbana,Ohio: Pyrite 
nodule. 32174. 

WHITEHORN, WORTH, Rochester, 
braska: Fossil tooth of a bison. 30870. 

WHITMAN, V. H., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Skin of a Blue Jay with 
a deformed bill. 31248. 

WHITTEMORE, C. A. (See under Kent 
Scientific Institute.) 


Ne- | 


WipMaNn, Orro, Old Orchard, Missouri: | 


Nest and 3 eggs of Bachmann’s War- 
bler, Helminthophila bachmanni. 
to science and to the Museum collec- 
tion.) 32139. 

WILCOX, E. N., Brookings, South Dakota: 
Fourteen plants. 31453. 

WILDER, G. D., Pekin, China: Specimen 
of Sciurus and a specimen of Tamias ; 
also 53 birds’ skins from northern 
China. Exchange. 31739. 

WILKINSON, E. (See under Mansfield 
Memorial Museum. ) 

WILLETS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 


Trenton, New Jersey, transmitted by | 


the U.S. Geological Survey: Sample of 
NAT MUS 97 9 


(New | 


American pottery, Belleek ware, deco- 
rated under the glaze in Delft blue. 
32126. 

WILLIAMS COLLEGE, Williamstown, Mas- 
sachusetts, transmitted by T. Nelson 
Dale: Twenty-one specimens of min- 


erals from various localities. Ex- 
change. 32220. 


WILLIAMS, F. H., Greene, New York: Nest 


and egg of a bird (30920); transmitted 
from the U. 8. Geological Survey, 75 
specimens of Devonian fossils (31650). 

WILLIAMS, F. W., New Haven, Connecti- 
cut: Assyrian cylinder seal. Lent. 
31615. 

WILLIAMS, H.S. (See under Interior De- 
partment, U.S. Geological Survey.) 

WILLIAMS, T. A., care Department of 
Agriculture: Specimen of Suada de- 
pressa erecta from South Dakota. 31301. 

WILLIAMS, R. S., Columbia Falls, Mon- 
tana, transmitted by Major Bendire: 
Seven birds’ skins from Montana (gift) 
(31397) ; 870 botanical specimens (pur- 
chase) (31874); specimen of Ompha- 
lodes howardi (32069). 

WILLIARD, T. E., U. S. National Museum: 
Geological material from Frederick, 
Maryland. 31152. 

Witt.is, L. D., Church Creek, Maryland: 
Ants, representing 2 species. 31233. 
WILLOUGHBY, Lieut. H. L., U.S. A., New- 
port, Rhode Island: Egg of American 
crocodile from southern Florida. 31134. 

WILLs, Rev. JAMES, Antananarivo, Mad- 
agascar: One hundred and ten birds’ 
skins, mammal skins, native basket, 
silk-moths and cocoons, shells, skele- 
tons of birds and mammals, also bones 
and a. skull, specimens of /piornys, 
hippopotamus, birds’ eggs, and reptiles 
from Madagascar. Purchase. 31618. 

WILMER, Lieut. Col. L. WORTHINGTON, 
Baltimore, Maryland: Fossil and other 
shells from the British Islands. 51830. 

Witson, B. J., Huntington, West Vir- 
ginia: Drilled ceremonial object of 
banded slate. Purchase. 31489. 

WILSON, J. 8., Wilson, New York, trans- 
mitted by Dr. H. M. Smith: Specimeis 
of Brunnuich’s Murre, Uria lomvia, from 
Lake Ontario, in the flesh. 31469. 

WiLson, Tuomas, U. S. National Mu- 
seum: Iron image found on Rich Moun- 


130 


Witson, THomas——Continued. 
tain, North Carolina (31633); facsimile 
of the celebrated chart of Juan de la 
Cosa, pilot and captain in the expedi- 
tions of Columbus, the first map on 
which the American Continent appears, 


drawn in the year 1500 (31636); col- | 


lection of archeological objects from 
ploughed fields ‘‘ Noel Cemetery, Glen- 
dale Park,” Nashville, Tennessee 
(32169, 32200). Deposit. 

WINTON, G. B., San Luis Potosi, Mexico: 
Fishing-spear and throwing-stick 
(purchase) (31432); Mexican throwing- 
stick (31802). 

Wirt, Dr. W. W., U.S. Geological Sur- 
vey: Land shells and Echini from Isle 
of Pines, Cuba. 31772. 

Wotre, Miss Emma A., U. S. National 
Museum: Specimen of Adelonycterus 
fuscus. 31902. 


Wo ttz, GrorGE, U.S. National Museum: 


Square piano made by Joseph Hiskey, | 


Baltimore, Maryland, during the years 
1820-1845, known as the German double 
or Viennese action. 31877. 


Woop, N. R., U. S. National Museum: 
Four specimens of Blarina from Clyde, 
Wayne County, New York. 30868. 


Woops, E. L., San Francisco, California: 
Photograph ‘‘Marshland.” 31005. 

Woopwarpb, Dr. HENRY. (See under 
London, England: British Museum.) 

Woopwokrth, F. A., Alameda, California: 
Shells, dredged in Santa Barbara Chan- 
nel, California, representing 6 species. 
32091. 

Wooster, A. F., Norfolk, Connecticut: 
Large Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma 
punctatum). 31942. 

Worth, 8. G. (See under Fish Commis- 
sion, U.S.) 

WorTHEN, C. K., Warsaw, Illinois: Nine 
mammal skins. Purchase. 31869. 

Wray, L. (See under Larut, Perak, 
Straits Settlements: Perak Museum. ) 

Wricut, B. H., Penn Yan, New York: 
Unios from different sections of the 
United States. (31180) (exchange) 
(gift) (31219, 31536, 31360, 31386, 31478, 
31505, 31563, 31597, 31712, 31863, 32078, 
32146). 

Wriacut, J. T., Anson, Texas: Specimen 
of Hoffmanseggia stricta Booth. 30936. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


WriGcut, 8. R., Klamath Falls, Oregon: 
Long-tailed duck. 31444. 

WuRZLOwW, H., Industry, Texas: Three 
specimens of Tradescantia. 31891. 

YAanG Yt, Chinese Minister, Chinese Le- 
gation, Washington, District of Colum- 
bia: A large blue porcelain vase, 
bronze urn, and a string of beads. 
31964. 

YATES, JESSE, Atlantic City, New Jersey: 
Short File-fish, Monacanthus hispidus. 
30998. 

YounG, Curtis Ciay, Brooklyn, New 
York: Twenty-five heads of young 
Cormorants (P. dilophus), from Quebec. 
31159. 

Youne, J. A., Bellevue, Iowa: Photo- 
graph of a large spearhead found near 
Lake Pepin, on the head waters of the 
Mississippi River. 31635. 

YOUNGBLOOD, J. E., Union, Washington: 
Geometrid Moth, Triphosa dubutata. 
Presented to the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion and transferred to the. National 
Museum. 51496. : 

YOUNG NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY, Seattle, 
Washington, transmitted by Dr. James 
T. White: Plaster cast of a stone carv- 
ing, the original of which was found 
on the San Juan group of islands, be- 
tween Vancouver Island and the main- 
land. 31355. 

ZEHNTNER, Dr. L., Proefstattion Oost- 
Jaya, Pasoeroean, Java: Four speci- 
mens of Hntedon arcuata Zehntner, 4 
specimens of Hntedon albipes Zehutner, 
and 3 specimens of Hulophus femoralis 
Zehntner. 

ZELL, Lyp1a D., Lancaster, Pennsylva- 
nia, Three specimens of the Cleisto- 
gamous form of Viola obliqua. 31256. 

ZIRKEL, FERDINAND. (See under For- 
tieth Parallel Survey.) 

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM. 
Germany. ) 

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM. 
penhagen, Denmark.) 

ZscHoKkE, Prof. Dr. F., Basel, Switzer- 
land: Parasitic worms. Exchange. 
31458. 

ZURICH, SWITZERLAND: ZURICH BOTAN- 
ICAL GARDEN, transmitted by Prof. 
Hans Schinz: One hundred and forty- 
eight herbarium specimens. Exchange. 
31168. 


(See under Kiel, : 


(See under Co- 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 


131 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 


A.—BY LOCALITIES. 


AFRICA. 
Accession No. | Accession No. 
oe TUES DGS CS Ss Se eee eee ee 31117 | elinew Ore Mang’. j-- ve cee=o ees eee aaa 31181 
CO OR SRY St See 31612 | Morgan de, Monsieur J ..-.....--...-.--- 31407 
le 120 6009 SS 31014, 31086, 31093 | PAIS An Gi ete ae st face oes a te 31523 
“a, SN Sa ee ee ee ee 32298" | Smith OP eners-2a-'- seta eee eles ce 31462 
Grahamstown, Albany Museum... --. 31249332140 >| Snyders Dr. DW5-6=-<<2---.sssee sesaeeae 31155 
Hmdemann Ov. --. 225... 255. fee Eee ee DOA <1 SD atzen dee Wiis Elberta coos cote oe =. San. ae ee eee 31193 
AMERICA. 
NORTH AMERICA. 
British America. 
J VEO TE SOE gee eee ee a 30955, 31880 | MaCOuT sateen oc. se ees sees ceaee se wae eee 32051 
(LEPC DN G2 ne Bolan Macon de Mites asas cee ce knoe eneae ee 31916, 31938 
Gouheaux, Hurene ------.---.---2-2-.2-- - SLAG} Wabhhey.Or Ges occsassees sean ese 31424 
LEGIT Cy Ca (e 3 Dee 31068, 31097 | New Brunswick Red Granite Company.. 31849 
(Crain (01) GOA Ohne ae oe ae 30993, 31569 | Quebee, Canada: Crown lands, Depart- 
RENO GOON EO) 22 255 os see ee See 31240 MEM Ol 52.229 a — 2 S2ses sees esecee tect ee 31320 
amano ton: Wo. El . 22.-2o52cuoe SSSA ESI 31351 | Victoria, British Columbia: Provincial 
Motmaion Dr: Wiyabb s2sc.2---22-c.c5e0=e B165aia| seiMniseum eeeens secon cece f= es eee 31158, 31415 
DPS, Lue Ae 80 ena dean semana aos 3085631222 «| “Woungy i Ces. <2 208 ee ctens esse tanaes 31159 
(ESS RS Ses aaa eee 31191 | 
Mexico. 
Agriculture, department of .......--..... 31229>|, Nelson. BW. ss. --- = 30898, 30899, 31217, 31648 
31947; 32088; 32196) | Palmer Ma@ward. ----5.2-5+62-52-ss5--725- 31710 
ATL Ag WI CE aes oe Seen e een es ee SIG) | Dea EM 0h Ce sean son ccecessos Ssonee 31507, 31627 
BIZbOol262) slor4 aloeo, 1007 | ODINSON Ors B. Ui. 2 52.2 ae seiner ne a= 31211 
MMP MaRS Adela. 2 3s5-<.s-sca—ee- lac SISA SMiibhioce vce Cree sce as een a amis cos ae 31053 
“ote el fers rere Ld 25 (0 ald MB eee a 31042 | Smithsonian Institution .......-----.-... 31989 
MMOH SEEOL FAs no... 22m = => Acdeieeec 31368 | Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 
31369; 31673, 31697, 31907, 31991, 32131 | mnology)----.---...-....-2 252-2 --scc-onn- 31803 
Hallarn, (CSS) Sessa eee ie BUDO TTE AT I Lis ESET gay Oy aan ae ee I er 31905 
iia OMISSION, Wis! wai0 sc sp nce sce cn Sl1OUis townsend) G. His. -- sac o5- 5 sens cece ease 31819 
ISELIN hE. nee SNe te wIaccalsee cae 30969 | Van Denburgh, Johm.........-...-....... 31856 
JEU MIG: Ges OM LAR ey Ree Soatecoeemesscas AIS eats os Oo oe See oR aimee Ogee 30852 
CETTE ALS a ee 30949 Wonton Graben aie steer: ose eta Sa 31432, 31802 
Dinh § lp ee em Ae Se ee phe 31314 | Worthington, Lieut. Col. L......-......... 31830 
Manstield Memorial Museum~....--..--- 31624 
United States. 
ALABAMA: ALASKA: 
Agriculture, Department of....-.. 31531, 31695 Agriculture, Department of..--.-- 32181, 32196 
JUICE NS 3 (Gy sted DS Oe eae es pa 31569 ATNHGIM Ue ren. so s- os 2 casio geacle ees 32248 
IB TOUIG: SAMOS: 222 0:24 4 Socio a cc'scn'<s 32219 Barrett-Hamilton, G.E.H..........-. 31335 
MaripverOt, WAS sce ossesss saeco s-5-c85 32240 SOAR OI ses mae Saas ele csos- 4 30931 
HGOHOL, Wied tao 5> bosses sce sae ans 30835 CantwellfG.G.<--: <<... $55s22004s Soon pec fi! 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological iow ell nOMias ie uo oe elena 30913 
SUNN) IE Seen ges eau asec se oabd ene 31976 Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
125) 129) 2 CO a ee ee ee ee 81173 DUEV OW) eetiae want omelets seca. 31065 
ice NAMES oe ete oA Soe 31113 Wi Cag AAs ess ctooe oseces a conc: 31220, 31568 
MinOren Nl rs lis Diesen oe saa seceeaeoe 31846 MACOUNY SAMOSS.- ==) wee awodsac sae 31502 
Sannenert Oharles: wes. 2. oceces encase 31376 IPAIMOr VW IIANY = == oa avon a eaeeee nw aicies 31130 
31377, 31385, 31449, 31511, 31647 Laser nyits\o 3 Oye) V5 been ee eee 32270 
MMGerwONd Li. WE 2.25. dees sce 30882, 31074 Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of 
VTE Se es 31563, 31712 Ja Oo) Se Ronee eee oe 32250 


132 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ALASKA—Continued. Accession No. | CALIFORNIA—Continued. Accession No. 
Sylvester. Ot-22. - =< etome se 31851 Mead. iGr Bets ee see aoe ee 32178 
"BRAG; he Wie nc corneas eee e 31951 Moore, Hettie A.-...... pial cere cta oe 30963 

ARIZONA: Oldroyd) Nines Eases sons. Sones 31430, 31978 
ARDMUN eye dei osecnn. sae eee ee 30888 Paret,L: Disco. oc sees eee tee dace s 31662 
Fewkes, Dr. J. Walter -.--. 31274, 31785, 32079 Parish; Seb s+ sees 31033, 31536, 31745, 32070 
EO wie Ws Osea ects Shee ee oe 31766 Patterson, Rose Sts. 2i. 7.0-sotee cece 31537 
Hubbard, HiiGocc-s.-ecee- 31492, 31904, 32259 Peabody Museumse-os-s< seen eee 31885 
IeSSer, Diss eee toe renee oe ee 31107 Price: WiaWs > -cscee tos. eee eee 32011 
Meador Wea So 2a Soe aoe sae eee 31806 RANG Ol Ne Wika on oes anaes 32097 
Orburn, Bart -- = .-- <-.=-- 31539, 31742, 31967 Moenick;-A:, Be 2c acteee chee ee eee tetee = 31139 
OB TOON) Widnes cee cea eee hee mas 32034 ose; GO Gaaack Lo eee eee ee eeemas eee 31557 
TCI Chee sie ete, Se ees arias ob nave $2035 Retherford, W.O .....-...- 31561, 31768, 32052 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Rutter, Prof.;Cloud:< --*--2her<o- oe 31142 

Ethnology) ----.--------- 30857, 31151, 31599 Spyder, dO... Sie ae eee 31776 
Sorinwhwhieeessceccnen sa ea= teria a eee 30952 Steams Dr Rs C28 2a oncacen eee 32028 

ARKANSAS: Stephens hisses me. se eects noe 31919, 32053 
IBrOWdl, Ge Miecclacece es. ctatte saeco 31968 Tarner;, HW 22-522 oee eee eee eee 31406 

CALIFORNIA: Walker, Wiythero- sos. a-2--eeea- eae 31990 
Agriculture, Department of.-..-. 30848, 31853 W.00d8 (BAG... 2s. ee sean ee 31005 
Alen: Cy OSes acess sue see Heater 31058, 31879 Wood worth, FY Ai. 2222.2 ese yet eee 32091 
PASTOR Vas NV ere ei re alate tet 31535 | COLORADO: 

Arnheim, J. S...-..-. 31197, 31674, 31884, 32104 Aikens OE S222. 52 sgaeeccesce ease 31946 
SATIS tiny aMET Scheer oe iene 31994 Am thony AG We 225s eea snd eee eere 31676 
Baker) Dr. red 230.42 -2-s <2 sen clean 31644 Benson; HAW. -s2s x5. Soasecets ace oe 31551 
BARLOW. \CHeSGGRa et ames a hinaece ee 30858 Bethel 2. <2 sscee sw esesetae Sets 31106 
Bogle Reelin sor were sae oct see eeee 31476 Blige Ch... eee ee ee 31723 
IprTavermans Meso sess. eno ewe es 32212 Brunton D: W ..-22sosssntes este eee 31613 
Sedweyi there yoy 6] Me ec eet ySpSoEdoe 31463 Grandall;G:S. - 3. deseenesacseon ce eee 31501 
IBTOMwer Wiles see faa ca - nines oes 30877. Cross. Wiel Ssh s2 ond Ser ee ee 32096 
Brows. Wiki ak) eee ee ase 31854 Day ,DiD asses sees eee eae 31184 
SORE Ot HAV On lors em siete are alia sia la ote teiatets 31412 Donaldson, Di Vicssiesse eee ae 31186 
California Academy of Sciences -.... 31198 Wakes Ag Ss nears epee elas eee 31770 
31532, 32032 Holzitip ery. oe eee eee 31396 
CHip nian \Werkia-eeeee oe peee einer 31939, 32148 Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
Ghithend en wN we sesece sche ean eee eos 31782 SOLVOY) = aes oe ae e ee Sea 3 30872 
Clare Gass sean te cee iar oe =e 314dob 31684, 31732, 31733, 31734, 31735, 31965, 32096 
Cohen, Disc a2.3- tee meee cetcuseee 31247 Hacde sh. D- 2.5 2. ta-~e eaten ee cee 32044 
Cole MISS Eh tAVsescses cope em eatoa. 32042 Teg WW 2b oan coca. eee eee eunians 31022 
Crosby, GSi-2232 6c bee ese eee 31598 MeGrepor,. B.C. .3 sen abet nase 31303 
Daggett, Hon. John ....----. 31279, 31628, 32190 Osterhout,'GoE c= 5-- 2h 31960, 32071, 32121 
Dia aU ORME ess Rees Ss act Less 31305 Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of 
Daniel... Wiesqbosss: sects ese acaces 31079 Mihnolopy), -sso-cc-se sae ee ee 31683 
Davidson; WrieAtsee sees. eee a 31029 Smuggler Union Mining Company... 31590 
Dryden, Wn hr. Creceacts same sees e 31200 SEATON EL ote miel= emitter 30844 
Ericson Brothers... 220--~=-\--= == 31823 Pittany Ga C One een =v eememiee see eeeee 31797 
RIMELS OD: Wis Oban = sees ee ese ete 30839 | CONNECTICUT: 
Wellows: Gusseccescs-e see aeeaedacte 30999 Béeehor; Dri CH=. . .ct 31455, 31570, 31616 
BishCommission; Uc canecoes <eeccee 31760 Eames Drak. ELS. .2c2s-t ren eee 31764 
Hoss; Mulberry ---2-=-s--s-cesee—cens 31838 Hatin; howler eee eee Soe e soe ae 31423 
Prost, Lic Dit ns Se8 -saseseaes sce ene 31910 Gillespie,.W Bisa. 32sec 28 eke 30985 
Muchs) Charles: - sa cse-.+ cm swen esac 32258 Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
Gamer Md wards eo ache tei eee 32295 Sie Yeh Me cechegeae Seo aneSaneeaocc 31959 
Gaylord, Horace S225! eyane coe ee 31245 Merl iG Poste en orem seen eee eee 30972 
Grinnell, Joseph ..-...------ 31427, 31661, 32056 Treat; Wallardsbec2-sac:eosoeees 31591, 31700 
LOM OL ita aks oat ae a eee 30962, 31688 Van Deusen, Mrs. Alys Bates-.....-.. 31465 
Hopping; Ralphs. =. (5. sede ana eee 31668 31552, 31593, 31594, 31614, 31670 
nad son; Weide Wp amass am ent a 31082, 31131 Wesleyan University ........-..-...- 32213 
SON LCS rd al Wh g-daaioet et ioe ie Se 32063 WilliamaBiOW?...22scn200. see -cdoeel 31615 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological Wooster Al Bicester ss tee rec ceeee 31942 
SOLVE ice nae ace ane ee 31451, 31525 | Disrricr OF COLUMBIA: 
DOPHOH, Ws ask Sains wa natant roe 31508 Adler! Dre Cyne’... 2-aace eee ine eee 32077 
DOAKON NAb ete ees aceate POS ae ee ee 31284 Agriculiure, Department of ...-. 31417, 31460 
Kesslor ranks. - «sos sjascie tae eee 31927 31553, 31626, 31679, 31746, 31811, 30841, 32073 
Littlejohn Chasse" c2e-2sececeerc ears es 31651 Bartsch, Paul .. 31708, 31790, 31906, 32152, 32252 
OWS), Hi eae anne eee teers 31792, 31675 Beckwith, Paul... -.-+5<2t=. s-42 32195, 32261 
MeGrevor, RuC -.2s2002220< 31268, 31303, 31367 Benedict, Jcki.s:c-z< 8 seas eee 31147 


ed 
¥ 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 


District or CoLumB1a—Cont’d. Accession No. 
MELO: DUNO KS aso occas cen abies loekcue 31340 
LULS CEs 18 02 2S ee ee 30928 
PRI EOET Y Deore oer wens ets See 31646 
Bolton H.i\Carrington .-...-....50:--2 31631 
eRe POR) flee os ioie mob nic once Pace sccinue 31201 
PAT MV Vine. SoS) a8 Seoce case 31725, 31743 
Central High School ..-..-...--<<...- 31316 
PNGhMETOtOs eas eee. Se. 30981, 31118 
eT GET 0 el ees ee et 31052 
Manualletitels Wiss -s-- 525-4082 32084, 32098 | 
“Lita et 02 5 Sere meee 31308, 31993 | 
Cox Muss hazel Vio. =:42..-55-/-22 31154, 31182 
PBT AVEO Th Pe oe a a 31870 
BORER PAC aa +22) us ace ec beeen: 31472 | 
TOLD MV 8 Se ee ee a ee 31881, 32100 | 
MPMI GKG DOL N scene ot beso ce ones aes 31971 | 
Delafield, Miss Emma..............-. 31989 | 
Wewevgliskl so.cs-. 2. 31150, 31251, 32038, 32284 
Doubleday, Mrs. Abner..----..--.--- 31948 | 
RBI DIN OEE Gy) sas aiecicecee ee - deems 31844 
AL OOM KEM 5/528 a 22s cece tees 32113 
MIM ITA sd) saes eS ackcast Moet 2 L840), 
Hush Commission, Us) -2202-:-- 2-222 31115 | 

31878, 32002, 32201 
Fortieth Parallel Survey. -...--.----- 32107 
Harweod nr. Wi h.. ULSsA sac oce2 sek 31901 
TD UYe pr" OA Cee Ree epee are aeons tee ne 81454.) 
NTS Ail” Ra eer aaa $2167, 32204 | 
PIG Bt PRAT Oe. Or. ta Soctc cae cece eee 30853 
Goode, Master Philip Burwell..--.--.- 30946 | 
ParPou Bernard: >... <=s--2--25eS2eeee 30959 
"CHET ETT S91 2 ey 2) Oe Dp sapere ee eee nes 32157 | 
Sn Ti sh Da ee ee ee ee 31239 
PIPMETOUN NET soo ou fo 55- ses acncece ee 31272 
AMP Gon: SOUIME a. 2256: . 22 eS aSeeee 31278 
arrmson, Miss | Carrie’ .--- <2. .< 2-2. 31279 
Hasbrouck, Dr. EM. o2.:.2.-22.-- 31234, 31556 
EEE eae oo ace cio te asnee Se eer se 31063 
RMMERNRTE eS ose Tee AT aa) 31622 
enny Wigs: M.A os os pisses 32291 
32292, 32293, 32294 
pave Dr wR 35. scans Same Ses 30833, 32116 | 
LEICG TLE a0 ee ee ee 31775 
Lae Oe Oe ee 31691, 31706, 32165 | 
EN And eG: vs 22 aoe cc ep ee cc eee 31493 
Hunter, William----- 30855, 31820, 31860, 31892 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
NHEVOY)'so=-.<'55----- 30863, 30880, 31319, 32066 
TLDS Chel ES ee ee ee 31285 
DOT GY OS9 Oe eae ae 32119 
SLURP Gay 7 fe See ee ens = ny yee ate 31483 
GTO Td hfer el De 3 a ee ere 31125, 31161, 32253 
LATE TRS) TSC IR apie re er re 32228 
Heiter) Oseph-2-------25--<- 4 Sera. Be 31514 
owdermilk, W. H..& Co-....-...-=-- 30943 
Losi (EERS (SV. eae oo ec 31362 
Ere hte Vasc oee™ oc dewebess tee aoe 31788 | 
MIARLURS A Got cn. ceca cea seem 32111 | 
LTS GST Lege CO ed Be eae eae eee 31630 
“SCR DY oR Oh: a 0 Dic Fae. 32142 
2 LETTE NG CARE pete ee Se eee ee 31189 
Mirman yr. Coat scss st sce sss wees 31922 
ee OTT SEBS a eee eat eee ee 30944 | 
DURES Tie ee I en 31925 
Miner Ore cA 522 et 5-845 82975539285 


Morgan Or. Hedy. --2ccsce2-<22 eo 


Disrricr of CoLuMBIA—Cont’d. 


133 


Accession No. 
National Society, Daughters of the 


American Revolution. ............. 31371 
31488, 31611, 32014, 32039 
NelsonVhwiW secs ae ae asee ce emcee 31796 
IN OLGR REIN Seo ccon atanacee ocoxs 31450, 32251 
Olmstead, Mrs. S. H.............----- 31702 
Palmer Me ward ssssceccce este ee 31859 
Palmer, William -.-... 30968, 31043, 31513, 31752 
Base hal sdicnW ated soso s aee ee See eee 31949 
Pollard’ ly eces sacks eee eee eee 31416 
(PLOUOIGAGS IV) ssc coacose sees <aeseres 31774 
(RAMSEY. HOM AS= anos cena sae aes 31315 
RECOM dees oe ee ae ot ee ere 32249 
Ridgway, Robert .........- 31329, 31589, 31172 
Ridowaye Dr law seco eae 31521 
ROSGh dic Nicest a Seimeces 31036, 30918, 31354, 32198 
Rabinve VAs ee ee eee 30947, 30986, 31075 
SCHMid Whisper sks 31146, 31271, 32080 
SCNWAlILeZ 4 bette seen eee See eet a es 31493 
Smithsonian Institution ............. 31677 
Smithsonian Institution (Burean of 
HGHNOLO GY) no = sec = 2 vee tee sine 31737 
Smithsonian Institution (National Zo- 
OlomicalyPark)/-22 22 ete tees eeaee 30970 


31128, 31145, 31280, 31299, 31413, 31692 
31882, 31903, 31921, 32016, 52017, 32018 


SPUN dtl somscn seme meee Soe esac 31307 
Stanton wl Wess co sae eae eee 31162 
Steele HAS sane see eneseee 313338, 31503, 31685 
Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard...-.......-.- 32153 
Salliivan?.G. Nest oes csee see ee secee 31690 
LASS: Wath scotce eee ee eee 31318, 31888 
Telegraphic Historical Society of 
INorthyAmeriea---- seas. ee 31175, 31545 
Moppings ye esses eyes See ae 31658, 31694 
Townsend. @.be 2s ase e ace sso se eee 31363 
Treasury Department (Bureau of En- 
graving and Printing) ..--..--..--. 31357 
Wine han Wren ones ors aan 31966 
War Department (U.S. Signal Office). 31944 
Wisco robes, see seen eae 32037, 32172, 32237 
Wihip plow VWi0b i sareessce ase seen 32076 
Wihites David ==stceccasncios sae es 31076, 30887 
iWilhite: Ge Wirscn ower esac se soetos ease 31004 
Wittman sVitd sesso ces os fa os 31248 
Wilsons DMOMaAg) s+ oussce et oo cee ee 31636 
Wholfe- Mass: His As Sho. seey ohh ees 31902 
Lely Gig sesso seen tose eres 31256 
FLORIDA: 
ANAREWS 1d). Os ne masiconincsacessehecsee 31099 
BARNES cAs dl — 2 oc ccete es ee oceans ae ane 31974 
Brimley, H. H.& C.S ...-. 31546, 31728, 31924 
BuEiehe Werden secs ode ose eas eee 31242 
Bay ani Ore senne eae ese sac sen aaa nee 31911 
Carter Vg eieseccras tease eeeseees =< 31783 
Cony Cr Bien ak ogee ve censeeces- see 32004 
CurtissVAs Toso noe eeee .. 30977, 
31067, 31214, 31447, 31722 
EMA Hep Ae sees oe aoeeatae ea eee 32207 
Hvermann, Prof. B:W..-2.-<<---- 31359, 31867 
Featherstonaugh, T.............-.<<- 31781 
ETANCIA WORE PN nt es aaeitaces= eae oo 32232 
HempelyAdolphy ss <-- sss sense 31763 
imton Prof: iW: Bes 2a. ac so-5-n 552.2 31348 
PLOPEINS Seen epee = aon sess 30937, 31085 


STEAM GUL Unt CS ASebeeco cesar ase ssem 31019 


134 


FiLoripA—Continuea. Accession No. 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
DURVOY) ceicce corel sac erie amines 31527 
Litchfield, Archibald... ..----...-.--- 31470 
MeMullan, Py Ai: oo. c2s226osewemen eee 31477 
MS a RIAS oe ic dae tec oan te ae 30912, 31439 
Bearee, Gl Wid. caccce ees oe ne coke See ee 31192 
1G; GSOLED ses a eee eee 32137, 32059 
ROSY OE octece erase cena ae ae eet 31165 
Smithsonian Institution (National 
Foolocical Park)).2sc n-nonane 32015 
Stranahan: JW icsseo--ce= = 31383, 31509, 32064 
Rollin, Oseatlet-s-s caacee onet - aeee ae 31438 
Webb, Dr. De Witt..-.....-. 31572, 31678, 31850 
Wiebbt Wi. dls c.5-ceeenceetac- aes cosas 30890 
Webber Est, ssccscceeareeeee eee one 31216 
White, Jie alecetcn sae ao ee see eee ee 31349 
Wallone tips dnd sos cite mean epee cee 31134 
GEORGIA: ° 
Berekman; PW icsesscsscesesecasaeee es 31185 
Brix tAs Moos soc s ee ees caca cca eceecs 30990 
Gall Si Peewee seccos sa eee een ace ete 31748 
Howell wah s225+. sce ners eee eee 30992 | 
Kenesaw Marble Company-.--------- 31015 
rng Gu eeree oecheace cet e meccoe 31306 
Tay Goth, oi ward somone cee a ees sale 31784 
Moore; C; Botts -.-22 5 -seeces ens ee 31474 
Steiner, Dr. Roland .:..---<.2..<2- 30938, 30976 


31050, 31235, 31237, 31258, 31311, 31313 
31847, 31484, 31497, 31541, 31931, 32214 


IDAHO: 


ILLINOIs: 


WIP Nt, soc ocoseceee ey - 31360, 31505, 31597 
Courtney, Ca Wi -cp~ ace ee eee cee 32222 
Hrermann’ Prot. Bb. Wiese -<eeeeees- 31567 
Everman. eb 2c h ea eee baa ee ee 31866 
HellenAA Arent eines ct cece ease 31435 
Meek, Prof.|S; Has] 2 -oa- emcees 31610, 31619 | 
Merrill, Dr. J.C., U.S. A... 30889, 31080, 31218 
Packard | Rel easssen css ome es hes see oe 31047 
SpencesheS.-.ccscc tee a eee 31108 
Bartlett, wins: N G.\scceceteeseeseeaes 31006 
Chicago Academy of Sciences. --.---- 31657 
31956, 30929 
Carry oCccccs sae ac cob ecew ane as eee 30859 
Cookerton, WiL. 2.302 <= 31420, 81548, 31789 
Daniels. i; sce cewls eee eee 30860 
Davalli WeCssso he ccece se 31773, 31815, 31954 
rod Me de otis. sete cdoeeat oko e tee 31270 
OS HES Wie eaten ate ciara semte ia 31044, 32082 
Field Columbian Museum..-......-.- 32027 
Guthrie, Ossian --..-....--- 31391, 31909, 32247 
HMérshoy, Ol Hs ates cence see seem 31913 
Heser i], DB issae sea cude te saseee eae cee 31680 
Holmes; 8. Jissas ceo see 31402 
LOO) S7 Bian sok ses tro eaeee ee eae 31961 
UNObE, Ws WW yess sete as dae ceec bene 31912 
WLAPs Wes Ales: oak eee cp eseuee noe 31298 
Mina T SALE SESS ccsen. of aaten veces 32188 
INCWSAMy ETADIG - 2.2 ca cn asestecceses 30939 
PPT HE Dr SW Alcon ses sae cele ae 31837 
ohertdon, Clarles s.2s:.ssse.-e cane 30971 
OOM ANG Maeld; 5. cscs aw cncueneeeaeeek. 82150 
pheshan “ChHOMas,s onc. nae ce en ewe 31727 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of 
UUHOLOL VW) uc nike cna aso ween opin sete 31883 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ILLInoIs—Continned. ; Accession No. 
‘Thompson, He Di pessca sees eee eee 32264 
Worthen) ©.) 3- ccc oe cc seme enon 31869 


INDIAN TERRITORY: 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological 


SUEVEY) 2a oc ade tsa tiers molec eate 31852 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of 
Ethnology) =. 2- 2.0 -ctevsccpeseee oes 32272 
INDIANA: 
BlatchleysW. 8°: -22.-s<-52e se seeoee 31641 
OAMUIGIS LeBron aos ee coe ae eee 31592 
Hessler Robert =: 502. 5s305-2-sieeaee 31452 
Mirch: Piet sss a=aee cr eenee te 30894, 31021 
Smithsonian Institution .........-.-- 31263 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of 
WEBHOLO Sy) eee eras ee eee 30961 
Sprin7gBe tgowees elec ae ee 31202, 31606 
Ray lorsdc\G ssrese. sce otecae eee 30960 
Test Dr WiC Roe ns eect ee es 32223 
" Pwomey, George: ssc. erase aoe antes 31263 
Iowa: 
American Archeological and Asiatic 
A:sRoCiabion’s 225 265260. 22 s- eecaceante 31632 
fAnderson) (Ro Niet cen cone een seen 380869 
Goddard: Perberte=:5 seosseeeas sees 32260 
Lal DW bos ees eee nat ees ABLE 32170 
Iowa, State University of...........- 32029 
Le Grand Quarry Company..----.--- 31826 
Osborn; Proteti.<s- ec s2ee se pee eee 31519 
Pamimel, ls Hy t- see eee eeeoecee 31671, 32000 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of 
thn Olof y) mea. enemas ee eee ee 32138 
Strong, Miss Louise L.....--...--...-.. 32162 
Van ieyning Mies a. secen saecan so oe 32037 
Wioung ditAses eae eee see oe moe 31635 
KKANSAS: 
Acker Dr: HuS 226.2 eee wacve a eee 31660 
Agriculture, Department of....-.. 31389, 31738 
Baker Universitiy:-25--22<=-- stone Je 31515 
Chase; DrtA. Gun. seseest oasloeee eel 31549 
@larke, Prof. hyWi.ancowoa see tee eee 31188 
Cooley! Bartlett: sccce betes ee 31810 
Crevetdeun i) Tee ces eee 31418 
Gould. Coes os oee eee ee eee 32262 
BN aas Allen ecsee ennai ee eee 30900, 31190 
MeokeriGrace:<. <cstece-. tt ckcoseee 30881 
Osborn} -Driishes.... Js te eee ose 32271 
Peek Amos 22scit co. sic ose eer 30919 
Perkins lawieeean. ses... cceaooeeees 31203 
Pringle, GUN 22222 2ccebe ee ences 31027 
Smithsonian Institution.............. 31188 
Smithsonian Institution (National Zo- 
olomical) Park) ==: ss <-eesss-eeneee 32020 
Ward) Prot. icc csas neue cone ees 31358 
KENTUCKY: 
BUTRS isis es fee snee wae Reece 32031 
Call, Prof. R. Dllsworth 222-4 Se-2i ee 31943 
Dickhar the. Eyes est ee so A eee 31431 
MeGnire Hon. Js (Dac ese en ee ek ee 31958 
BOOT iar cces ae eis oaaee seiner - 30960 
Merrell). Asse sne ake nk sae 31122, 31317 
LOUISIANA: 
Beyer DreaGi We. sSseeneess 31608, 32101, 32282 
Brodie, Drie cee. een es ee 31149 
Mrierson: daSi- 25sec = en 31127, 31486, 31833 


MoAdo0; WG. jt 25... see cseeky eee 31575 


Lovistana—Continued. 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 


Accession No. 


MASsSACHUSETTS—Continued. 


AVE OTUD GNM yi, Hy At mee tao neon aot 31120 (rime) a) ide sens Aeneas eae ka 31078 
Rachanis. HlaAS ses se ewe ose eee sacs 31140 Gurley tresses cs oetes s cg enaer ee 30861 
Smithsonian Institution (National Zo- Herbarium of Harvard University... 31962 
yea re) 120 6 Pee Geese Aeee oso 30883 Heliotype Printing Company.....--. 31809 
Wir At BCs cso eneeesie~ = lnle seouoee 31180 Holman Ne: Hise secse res teenie meee 30989 
MAINE: Tal erat Ub O icone sncceor abot eae ears 31766 
Bosra man G.sA\.casss sce ce teccecstere 31261 Ken dallew iG cesees octree cooee. 31595, 31623 
Chamberlain, Drie Ts os. . 322 osicce 32227 Meret Geese eer aan aeee 31864 
TOG p EUG Tp [gd DR A SS a Sa ee Pe a ae 31487 Museum of Comparative Anatomy.. 30994 
TSU NLS TE ge ea PR 30984 RAGE; MOSS S ieee de eee oe ne eee 31228 
iyo Mr) eee tes RES ete 31109 Sargent, C:S.225 52%. soc cce eae 31721 
(a par g RT td a ge a 30924, 30972 Smithsonian Institution ......-...... 32093 
WEEN ERSEE: Seno cee Sects 2 ess cen 32189 eReni Hiv ck Muss iD) 2 cere nee aay ne ee 31321 
rine) EW Od 3 Case een ie ae mea 31718 Van Rensselaer, A. Cortlandt........ 32093 
Morrell, H.K............... 30916, 31103, 31276 WalliamaiCollereton acess ses ee aes 32220 
INTC] OSS ee ee 31894 | MICHIGAN: 
New Brunswick Red Granite Com- Dod cess Shera ses: 30979, 31506, 31747, 32193 
(UI S55 ee asa ee rte 31849 Crees ley aWiesisetece ce: seen aase eee 31473 
MOOI Rie ceo os DAs oo eee eae 31701 | Hetherin tony Wi Pie son eeeee es 31002 
SEVEN Git OND 0 age a Aa ee Spel oles 31221 | Hilbourn Printing Company ....._.. 30922 
Smithsonian Institution............-- 39997 Kirkland, Dr. R.J -.. 31479, 31566, 31600, 31601 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of eonard eMisg Gide osoe ese oe hes 31411 
innGlopy) mesc teteee ea o2e acs tee ee 31437 RCO Ge eee ersten eee ee 31095 
MARYLAND: Ateiis ION Io One So Soe gee e sens 32265 
TRISTE Sat Oa eee ep et 30846 Rocker vireo Meese oo eee 31666 
IRBMEDI CE eles |e 2 o-cese lease oe 2 ace 31676 Wialkersbryanti soon o.s saeco seme 31094 
BLOM iN COMGe sec ice. s soe Sene 30942 Whesler\ COM ses seat seen se enee 30915 
ned bolmeAl Aa. fe co Se occos aces 31087, 31196 | MINNESOTA: 
Gordon, Robert H....-..--- 31649, 31730, 31816 Hie wali) AS eee nes 30851, 31049 
Gringaller ©. Hen cctc tee ea eee 32163 181) oye fa De seen osc ee 32009 
FUGHISETR SR once tl ones 31828 ano Allberth 32 soe 55a 30494, 31689 
Tid RECITES SS he es coe Se ee 31483 MacMillan Csi som ese seceae sees 31032 
(ici d{ (CEs See posse esannocas ecses 30967 MearnseDr aA UsGuACsre 2 & ssa, 31986 
Wet noire. Home| Dien ccoce ok eoee 31609 Minnesota, University of -.....-..... 32225 
Marshall: (Georve:. 04-25-4520 .2- 425 32981 Minnesota, Herbarium of the Uni- 
Meirsiill SH Gnry <= 222 ss secre oa ss 32123 MOLSIL7 OP Je on secs cws~ Sess consoles Ss 31988 
Mearns; Drs M.:As; U.S. Avss-nss22022 31480 | vin fle HON @s cn cc see span 31008 
MOMerarE Gt Soe eno eine aoe 31062, 31096, 31152 NALVLEBOU Tete Wien cantecltee seis se eos 31726 
WOE Wis S20) tos hetis Sake see 30840, 31124 Smithy Mrs ASM ae ass ale cease ees 31918 
Sincii G aiepls Bl ee eee aa: ate eae 30978 Tilden; Josephine He--=-----2--2.2-.- 31620 
‘Spotsier hi 81 Oe) Nee eee ge oe eee 31375 | MISSISSIPPI: 
MHriver Ho wardsc=)--2-.25.0.-<- 30917, 32106 BIAS eA Age cee areata seie ee ee ers 30975 
‘SHECHT HaC AOA 3 Cees epee ape et a eet 30905 PNVENMANT ETO f= Bsa Wise some cree eames 31995 
SG Da see ete 31503 IM EGLOLG He Gea oo esto sae eh. aa eee 31822 
Seite PAMLATIE aes 62 Se oaceia. caees 30871, 30956 OW aT Gs Collie aaa eee me Seats ase 31238 
amloraMinguse Atom. 22 2222 so- se anos 31403 Schuchert, Charles -. 31230, 31241, 31378, 31647 
MOR GENO hosel om on cena esos oli sete 30914 EDEAC YOM Sac cnes anteaters ato e 30879, 31148 
Treasury Department (U. S. Life iVianez, Ore G., Waomithinnt-a-s55+5e 31740 
SAIN) SOMVvICG) m= o.0 6s oone Sele aisle 31399 | MISSOURI: 
le Memronnr yes 2 55. oS se eee at 31259 | iB ai heels eee nas see ahaa eee 31736 
VV UTES A Pcl BG 5 Ie se ie et ee Be 31152 | Britts, Dr. CIN 8 Gap Sa oe eee 31380, 31528 
VELA LD) ees assent Ai a ee ae 31233 Bush, B. a ee 31429, 31765, 31798, 31829, 31836 
DWoloz. Georgens nist oSaecee sects 31877 Carrico p ba leeercme ses = aaa 31761, 31987 
MASSACHUSETTS: GalifeltensDrs WeWiete.- 2 s-seetet cece 31843 
PMMA ian Wiss seasons Hoe 5ettee 31873 Grever,; Deke o-ccce 30884, 31174, 31550, 31729 
(CE bed ae ae ee See a ee ay 31565 | Miorter Wasser. oecee ete ee 31580 
GoOMINS JE. O ac--sciass st 255ok ese 31343, 31703 Keaney, Wisse 2 care ss oer aaron oe 31845 
OTT) AS BO i ee ee ae 31092, 31252 Missouri Botanic Garden ..--......-- 31041 
MUU ETO Obs teeta asec coe tees ee 32040 Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of 
C. H. Cowdrey Machine Works .----- 31687 2 Oy Oa) Seseeerccesssaeuosnaroe 31883 
ammines Missi Ci oo: 2 22 se cc. ns 31393 release: Prot. William’ 22.2.2. 422: 31655 
LD Iie, 1 ei 8 Cepia eee ee en ae Peis 31288 Wren aman OtbObeosnscce see scat opie 32139 
Ereeu 7 Get Bie of oe eothel eae ee cae cate 31322 | MONTANA: 
ray or bariaM..-. 5.5.1 ses<05s22 31699 Me munmids CO esnncees. geeteenee sees 31185 
(Rie SET PETS J) a) Nee ele ay as ee a 30874 Interior, Department of.:............ 31777 


135 


Accession No. 


136 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Monrana—Continued. Accession No. | New York—Continued. Accession No. 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological Brooks; A.W hic Gh sues twats aoe ono er: 32012 
SHPVOY)ismncasm acces Salts eto nen ees 31664 Burtch,; Vierdisjcs20.~saceaseneeee eee 31264 
31665, 31705, 31750, 31762, 32241 ‘ 31445, 31468, 31574, 31669 
‘Kmauth, Wy suecthesvcadseeensnecs toes 31070 Carpenter, Capt. W. L., U.S. A...-.-.- 32244 
MTnIMbpwUO; Dic. on cicise ainle deere ee 32047 Cashman Wns sgaccnencaseneae aoe 32194 
Rydberg, Ps Ay. sas sseeeen tease 31932, 32173 Clarke; Prof. Ml 222-2 She - ae aee eee oe 31757 
Smithsonian Institution (National Dale Ti Nelson -secasecccestee tee 31900 
Zoolocieal Park) Qc2- aeons ‘ 31023, 31577 Davis soa concoce sheers eee ees 31588 
Traphagen Eh. We tssasce case n te -esae 31183 Dayton; CoN) ss 54s.5-- Scans eee 31098 
Walliams: IRS. as.cisesea cece 31397, 31874, 32069 ean sib. 2 t-soe es ace se Cees 31855 
NEBRASKA: Diy sr eU re Gis meee ee 31166 
Ashmun, Rev..Hiby ves-2se-so seas 30888 Mniglishy Gli. (65) C Om re cerate emeeantaee 31898 
Bates; J). Mirae sete eae eee ene ates 31419 0s; Mrs HD sC se eee ete vee 32061 
Bettesworth; G:. W-....--.ss.-2.-2 31988, 32065 Branklins DiiWisseccceedansteonaneeee 30582 
BOnPRe Mersad «Giese cnet ee eae 31963 GAM DEVENS ase sen 2 ee eee ee cee 31057 
TAH EEE SAL oem ea ccien aeaie sate cee 30907 | Gilman, Collamore & Co..........---- 32050 
Nebraska, University of -..-.-..----- 31498 | Goode; Dr GaBrowni i222 22 ee nasees 30966 
DahineiGa W ceo. e ese e eee ee es 31400 | Hinselmat, dicdocassenc- stesso 30926 
NCOUh, GEOUEO serene ap casane eee means 31779 | Lan tssWaiWe 6c: Oo sia eeces eer eens 31759 
Skow slawrencel:.w-scne--e saan 31401 | Has wellC, Bicecs 5222.2 eee 31871 
Smpnt, Mes sPodia ets eececeeanceeeees 31848 Hawley; 30. Wo. 2222222 sean Soeceeeee 31821 
‘Trostler; Tsadors§..- 25. ssees Feces 31835 Pigeins and Seiterss-2.0-----eee ee 31576 
Whitehorn W Orthses-acees sea eee 30870 | HMoleomh;B. Gisw.c2 2229-5 secs eseeewane 31585 
NEVADA: Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
EAIVSGD) IW poh ta torana nase = aes a anon 31668 | DULVOW) he saci ee ene re emai 31065 
Wialeott, Elon; @.Di scent eee eee 32045 Judson, Mrs. Isabelle Field ..---- 32289, 32290 
NEw HAMPSHIRE: Kan KowBas sk. te sees aes eee 31935 
Maton, Av Aln Sass Saves ae wee este eee 31930 Kelelcian Ds Giro atsones te ceece eases 31915 
Iuteheock se rote.C, basa saeco aa Sass 31520 Wolly; JeaB ieee an suka cece ee aaa 31310 
Ay Oye AGEL yoramle ra ace aa ars tote ae 30854 Iessler;Hitamik) os econ sane anne 31928 
NEW JERSEY: Kny-Stheerer & Co: nese ese 31969 
Bockers: lowe 5.20 io eavadeo tease 32191 Run; Gah jaan aae ene 30901, 31365 
Beckett; Webi 2. getee where sk eee se 31992 TiO Wie, MDs a oe ees ee aan te 32130 
Cassady; Jo Me 22 thee Se eee ee eas 31176 McGieeNS Bi cosa Nesue sea emne ees 31526 
Ceramic Art Company -.-...-.--------- 31637 McKesson & Robbins.---......--.---- 31825 
WewkOs OL wWs Wosseadcase eee reese 31785 Mearns, Dr. E. A., U.S. A .. 31110, 31250, 31342 
EB VONS; his Gre Wieeeeaa aoe tester ee 31243 | Medien; Rend’: 5225 so 325 see ar ssenteces 31805 
Princeton University, Trustees of---. 32030 Morrill GaP pelea eee meee 31753 
Smithy Profid Bos. cceeeeemesee 30908, 32199 Moore; Mra: o: 4 susse. sass 5s ee eee 31638 
Smithsonian Institution ............. 32030 Niven and Hopping..-2-----.--..2--. 31012 
Wiashinoton HaSien--ac-so-cteeecot se 3091s} 2. Pinkerton; Mrs.iS, Wouesses seus eee eeee 32083 
Willetts Manufacturing Company... 32126 Ralph WL Wiles soccer eee Sees 32007 
Waites, Wess). s22 owes. cesses See ee Se 380998 Regua, Mrs. iM 22. ssc nc cee aeee = 32115 
NEw MExico: Rirdherg, Ph rAstr ate Scene sae 31882, 32110 
Agriculture, Department of .31144, 31244, 32181 Sanshodo<peacest ee ecu oseseee 31908, 31937 
A SHNTIN ESV oMs MEU ose eeecicescnae 30888, 31279 DAVaPO, Man >. cnsms-nseeenseae es eeee 31372 
Biederman; Ci Risssdascesesteceeeeeee 32149 Smal Dresher 31421, 32036 
Cockerell; Prof; Tir At ae es es aoe 30948 Smithsonian Institution ..........--- 32007 
31061, 31621, 32025, 32072 | Smithsonian Institution (National 
We Miler ath sess cers oo sarea mene See ae 32109 | Zoological Park) - 20 .5-5-ctst-2264 31414 
GOLD Oa ne mnie wot a ee ee 31446 NDyoervOr hs De ceseorenaacese eee 31495 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological Stariny Cols dnd stos.cee- Sar ona seas 31573 
DONV OY) iaace cones erapiiaca ee ose 31684 | StLOVENSON ELON did) conn S eur acces 32276 
Key; Clarence:2 5-3. s):-o8. ceaece eee se 31977 StBVENS SG: tse. esas nee neem 31195 
Motcalte, Jae eeie os. caaacer ees eaee 31861 Stranahany IawWass cco cess wee celle oes 32254 
Mindeleff, Cosmos .:....:...s2cse-ce- 30945 Waseing Wirt ..22 setae set eee ee 31300 
Smith ees se aes ene eee aoe 31441 Wellery, Sid sce COs stcics aan aces 30965 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Diffany, CL sh.ewsscotwecee caer 30951 
HMGhnology) | y= s-eesss sas oe 31983, 32102, 32288 Liffany a) Con sewseuseseces 31143, 31899, 31936. 
DiS ley i mice’ rset oun eee ces eee 31392 Underwood, Prof. L. M .=...-.-22....- 32184 
NEw York: Van Gaasbeak & Arkell .......-- 31914, 31952 
Agriculture, Department of -..-. 31370, 32192 | WieieG Joie AA Sata ttactalsatnce ase treme ete 30953 
(BlOVSTSUb Ws. takes oeee ee nes coe c ae 31090 Ward’s Natural Science Establish- 
Blandia cA eases tease ele see 31584 TONG ae ees 31698, 31704, 31720, 31741 
Briqton sO reNials Gaseeenwe leer ee 31709 31744, 31756, 31758, 31780, 31782, 31793 
Brown, Mrs. J. Crosby...--..-.--- 21791, 32008 31896, 31981, 31982, 32005, 32006, 32054 


New YorkK—Continued. 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 


Accession No. 
22 


VSN (C05 0 eee ee ence Se aaeae crs 32209 
UG an GDS ae oats See ee ae 31459 
Western Union Telegraph Company. 31262 
31286, 31652 
VSD E 98 Ol 6 eee ee 30920, 31650 | 
“UE ahd aS ee See eee ee aE 31469 
Miranda hugen soo a es seams ees omen 30868 
“7 ined tid ef oe) Sa) & ee ee a 31219 


31336, 31386, 31478, 31863, 32078, 32146 


NortH CAROLINA: 


Agriculture, Department of. --.-.---- 31533 
Biltmore Herbarium ...--..---.---- 31818, 32238 
eervetiit eA a oe oe clr ere ciacine es woes 31187 
mee Gro pSee ste cise sale wie einieni= =. 30964, 31000 
Torin to yreg) 3 18 (ORS ee ee ees 31924 
TOP ya G4 (0 Sea ee 31388 
LOGS a ee 32001 
Doe Bs 6a ee ee eee ae 31294 
Wish. @ommission, U..S'.2-----==----.- 31387 
ravine Mos emcee hak Jocact hace sme 31934 
LU ST SS (oy ee ee Pe ee 30973 
BIL TEC2 8 SR Se Se ee Serie 31886 
Savannah Mining Company.-.--------- 32117 
Shit) UES) eee ese Seeeeae se 32024 
Spemnour 2M 222.452 sana ee oe 32060 
SANNINCeW art 02-05 sets cece tee Sect es 31290 
Walker Dr bryant. ..--ce~scn=<= aims 31024 
Wrenkerby As Gr os -- 22s ees eee 31028, 31212 
MND. VnOMBS -Sacec ccase eas tess eee 31633 
NortH DAKOTA: . 
LOT ORS Se See enc eeaase 31069, 32103 
LCG Og 1 Oe es ee ea SoOn aoe 31841 
Pope, Capt. 3d. W., U.S. A --22-- 5... = 31215 
OHIO: 

PRUE LOn el oe moe n os eee eee 31007 | 
OED Ti] 3 (OD be es een ace eS 31374 
Cincinnati Society of Natural His- 

SOIR GaSe S Scene bee cbe boa Soo ae scsea5eS 32160 
Evia heel Dee Cee! o Lae se ee ee eee 31384 
SPECT IS 8 05) Daeg ee ee eg a Pee 31827 
LETS ee AGW as Bee eee ee see recOo ee 31955 
ORT ELLAI AE ene Soo es oe ee es 31084 
LUCE ahd Ba Ne Be ee ee ae meen = 32046 
Mansfield Memorial Museum .-....--. 31624 
WEARtorMan™ Hy; By.25 soos ces cae see 31445 
ete cAb Scan ce uiciane su cictetas ceed aoe 30991 
PR phan 8 Serene oe ot eee 32267, 32299 
EID yet Ae ets eet Sh We 31394 
Siete Dre eisook a5 elclscticc eae Seaweee 31323 
LOBE EDI. oo aot oe eee cee 31373, 31443 
Waebstervbrot BoM s..: 22s. sce soe. 32151 
WHTBNOAG: J OM, ose Sesec scones ce 32174 

OKLAHOMA TERRITORY: 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological 

STE CX) BS ea Se Reeee et ae er 31852 
MAO ETO: Ly, Hes 22s coc ee eee 31358 

OREGON: 

Agriculture, Department 6f...-....-... 30836 
31331, 31681 

PATONG: SHOWED 5 arssate atm iciaciate se 30930, 31328, 31596 

2 \pOTD Gh 1 0a OD a Se a eee ee eer 31345 
31654, 31972, 31997, 31999 

ng urimnan 7G. locas accross 32149 
JSON EN ase I ne Se ee a ee 31854 
“CSOD AIO S SE ee ae ee eo 31512 
QU 0). Ce ee 31247 


OREGON—Continued. 


137 


Accession No. 


[Dp eb nai!) nid Ni = ee a 31305 
Miner sWMiss Wave es. n5 on <omse ec 31255 
Gorman WirWiss seat a eee oe cies 31714 
Kunzie, Mrs. Helen Kane ..-...------- 31875 
1 By i eVerey heig s 3 0 Rae a Se ae OS DR ea 32147 
Merriam: Dr, G,Hart-s---:-.----2--=- 31232 
Merrth Protid OW saccmn sec s- sacs tac 51682 
Oregon Agricultural Gollepare= 32266 
RICKSCOC KCL Aa Me ace fee eee eae 30988 
Sanders sWelGoee = 2s eeesee eee Saseee 31808 
Smithsonian Institution (National 
ZOOLOGICA ARK) ey cs einem 32021, 32022 
Stanley Se ee ce sca sna ee tee e ee 32159 
Wanthty Shue c-csen=ae Sao oo mee since 31444 
PENNSYLVANIA: 
“Athol ae © saeeeoea saat eeee eect epee 30983 
31236, 31656, 31858, 31957, 32023, 32081 
PSMA EAS ee eos ee ees iS daas 32114 
Avondale Marble Company..---...--- 31587 
Banners Wh. s2-Ss-secseneccic- seer e-t 32161 
IBID NS ATOMS snes seee aaa s eee 31663 
Bryn Mawr College .--.-..---.-.----- 31713 
Ghapmians Sa Heels s se erase 31876 
Cormman:) Co). 22.56.2552. 02255204 31426, 32062 
CalinsStewant?-2--0) --4-- 2 s5- 2 eee ee 31517 
ManielsDri Ze css seesnc see = se 30932, 31330 
Dae Dre) SR sees See eee 31405 
Weisher eH jKos.ssoscs see onan =~ eos 31564 
mnitrikkens Os Wises seuss cacees sense =e =. 31865 
GANS pAS Bost: oss s see eae ce eee 31089 
HostesD reas bs -ensee tas eee esas 31897 
elie Ac Aas ese 30904, 30997, 31035, 31227 
Hotimans De Widl=S-o6. sect eee cca ee 31064 
Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
SN G\) lesoS- soosacrecsedeok= sa] 31527, 32168 
TODIMANG Wie vc ee eee cieseses 31379, 31499 
inoGuman: CANP coos. tere ee eee eee 31034 
Lorenz OhNss.cs>2s5=—-cor cee = S5- 32099 
Miller, Mannie== <2 2c.222----5--5-5=) = 31617 
National Society, Daughters of the 
American Revolution .......------- 31488 
Norastrom. Oo cen ss sao ate iaae 31807 
Wehany Pale - ao see tose she oe siseens 32075 
ePraater ald Bal Oy ee Ae ae ee eS eee 31422 
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.. 31724 
PolockoNisenes eae cece eee see see ae 30995 
Portenvi. |G - s02 2 eo -tee eee ees Seco ae 32229 
Prince Manufacturing Company.-.--- 31001 
aioe Wl mer ssce= se yee see 31834, 32183 
Rothrock, Thomas -.-...... 31031, 31923, 32217 
Schneier Lonis,-4-2..-s0s-<.ee ee aes 31138 
Slater, isso! lees ee oe ean aoe ne 32068 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of 
IOP Cys) We SS aoe eccsosce ndesraoeee 31123 
Stabile Rae see cet eta see oc ss 32136 
Stewart Drevlo Bacto. ccee ce coins eee a= 31046 
Taspin; Wilbis--<222sssc0 oeoeecsceccee 31304 
Mownsends Gs sore dae sess neasaeee an 31267 
Vane Keil sos saccomcc sins taj onascee 31297 
Wagner Free Institute of Science -.. 31887 
Disb yi CHOT PAC eh oeraeeete alate elm alain =r 31304 
WWONZEl IE AWisese ccace == — clas on: 31223. 31366 
Wihhe Wass ac dace es a eelccwcce ben cseee 32120 
RHODE ISLAND: 
American Electrical Works....-..---- 31548 
Collingrdiske maces cans aaaeenn a eee 31893 


138 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 

RwHovDE IsLAND—Continued. Accession No. | UTAH: Accession No. 
Dickins, Commander F. W.,U.S.N-.. 31696 Day; Dr: DilPiveck tee stare eee 31405 
WOTOWNG ats accesses thearemooe eae 30895 Eastwood, Miss Alice.....--ces- 2-2 -: 31037 
Oya Gs Alo ce eee atone eee 30947, 3204] Gilbert sG. Ko. -ke ee ee ee 31571 
Taylor, Miss Evelyn :..-2.2-.2-2-<.--- 31847 eikatV) Cs ce, Oe eae oe 31544 
FEHOMPSOUG IMs LY nec x shee me ecto ae 31814 Hillobraxd; Dr Wook. tense ee eee 31066 

SoutH CAROLINA: Howell, GSN Fos ae ho ea eee eee ane 30940 
Mutottinsons 1: Wan oes eee 31111 Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
JONTIBON aN tee sauce asada eae 30982 SURVCY) -- << ei wine wneeaee enon 31291 
Reiltonsded oe ee ee 32132 MIGTIOS Wer Hie eles ee 31615 
Wayne, A. T .. 30852, 30906, 31273, 31296, 31344 Merriam, Dr. C. Hart.---.--.--------- 32094 

31920, 31976, 32202, 32203, 32229, 32243 Stearns, Elmer ....--..--------------- 32236 
SoutH DAKOKA: - VERMONT: 
BOVIE, Dr. Carns ane eosin ae ees 31017 Dale PoNeison S52. 5 nae sare coe omtenette 31900 
Cones Or ihiliott 22 oe ecisnee sistem 31157 Miichcock erotsC. bs sears sae 31520 
Daniel DOr 2i Bes ss a. acne cece se pee eee 30987 How e;iMi AS 2 5 sect seen eae nietyaes 31102 
Bae DPA osc see bob eesti eee 31715, 32108 Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
Forwood, Dr Wi. EH. W-|S.:Al- 2-50. -- 30902 DUPVEY is. canal ose tee ee 31731 
RATIOS AWW is Gis Stare me eer ae 31116 ere 
xa oe ae PN RE aap athe 2 Ayers, GeOrre -A-tc'o se ee tomieine Stee . 31461 
Walco B.Nusessse cette. ceoesc este 31453 ; 
Tala aS oe ete aS 31301 Bartsch, Pauls = sc5 eee cee ee 32269, 32286 
: Boyd) Giiter cee ep o- ck aeeeeceaenee 31586 

TENNESSEE: Brewster Walliam ==: .<sse25)" soe sec 31603 
Benedict. J. s-est- 5. saa. eee ee 32158 Broderstas Cece: se Aa ee 31045 
LQ Ena en yl) PR pe Sogodeceermeseeo sac 31602 Brown Aled cake css ee ee a 31559 
Palmer, William .-.--. Ee nee ae eines 32105 Campbell, MGR < 22.234 20 cicleescee 49143 
Pilsbry, H. A ...--------------------- 31018 ‘Daniok JW. ir ot ee eee 31079 
Schuchert, Charles. .........--....-.- 32166 Wnrle Me On soo ees 31294 
WEIS CCIE? [30 Ce ene SQoncce e-em oe ee 30950 Miowins, Jr holo eee eee 31831 
Wilson, Thomas....---------+---- 32169, 32200 Fisher, Capt. Walter ............-..-- 31169 

TEXAS: ETi6TSOny Laws. sacs ckioseeheeesceseees 31640 . 
Agriculture, Department of.--.-. 32127, 32135 Goad: GoW caseeec- cece ee eee 31055 
ASD Walter Wels ete gk erte lk cinee 31077, 31114, 31890 Hitchims, Capt. G.D--<--2---s2seee oe 32257 
iBenners: Gb oe ee ees 31283 EPO WOlI MH ete wien miss wns ate oe eee oe 31672 
TBROSCOB, che aces h ence soe fee sense 31346 Hunter William: s2..e> 29.0.8 SoBe 30903 
BRONSING Pelee wa-ae ae eens poe. Stee 32129 Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
Drushell i ACs eee ees acs ee ees 31929 SULVEY) 2. -2 sees a bewe Seesenae sonnets 30980 
Fish Commission, U.S...-. 31009. 31167, 32043 ‘Tine; “Wallian 22222 sdensaet ee eee 3118 
Gregory;0ames:--- 6 vee aoe ne see 30927 IWeGullocky dis = pecan =e oe eener 3085 
Hildebrandt, Avi Me 22. <2. 22522. 32095, 32185 Mearns. Dr: Bi A.; U.S: Ac. .o o.ee 30892 
GME RAT Sect. see ce etteeeesceee 31309, 32156 309238, 30925, 31480, 32216 
HoOpEINS; MISS: SUC-.--tese-cs eer cate 31204 Mearns (0) Zi. ancecetneaweegaces 31538, 31578 
Howard. Or 2. econ es eecee eee 81038 MerrilliG. Poe cccan Seats sae eee 81275 
THe Wis aCe mewn hector acca cece 31104 MON Pan ON eel <0 ee cetee see ee emereer $2246 
oekex Ogio tessa sce see eee eee 81940 IMOTTISOD, dich aspect coc Cece moe eee 32013 
Marsh We sAy-~aces-soseeecn ec ecereees - 31410 National Society, Daughters of the 
Mitchell, Hon: J. DY. ao.2-2. -he. 22 31080) 31071 American Revolution .............. 31488 

31524, 31787, 31801, 32085, 32124, 32226 Newhall) Wi. i t4ss-cse pee seo ewine 31953 
NG@Smith GEM oe eee eee ee 32211 Palmer, William -.-.- 31020, 32182, 32256, 31556 
Neville; HAs .2.ctseces Se ceeteesscas 31579 Paul; Col ASO Ui GaAs ee pesence 31361 
Price} Rd oe eee eee eee eee 32210 Prentiss, D>! Wis, Jlsss=s-= demas oe 32263, 32274 
RGverchonsdpesesc cet ee eee eee 30867 Proudsit, AL Viet eee ts tenes sete eee 31774 
ROS; dic IN cor acess econ ce eee mon oee 32255 Rileye dh. te eec paa de ee ses #1178, 31246, 32026 
Sayers; Mra; d:.Di. 5. cnt shee eeees 31778 Robinette Sconce cca ae ce eee eee 32177 
Sohaupp) Pe Qe c eee cate cee eek 31996 Robinette; Gy Ww ---S-2- see eevee ee 31208 
Shufeldt,- Dro RoW vols seeeeacck co eee 32164 RODINOULC) Jin We micacer elec tse tee 31013, 31051 
SMM PROG Lia: owe oe hee ects Meee 32125 Robinsor , Lieut. Wirt, U.S: A ...---. 31153 
DETGMOH, es Wadacc st soesence oseaoee 31547 Robinson, W..e seek. ee tee nes 31059 
Smithsonian Institution (National Zo- Rorvebock. Ci G. soe ee ee cece 81295. 

olorical, Park) csic- set secs sues 30848 Smithsonian Institution (National 

BS PETC GE cols ela feria alae ais Seat ie = 32208 Zoologieal Park)! .c-sses+-22<- soe 32128 
Mor pe; Heseucs ee eee tak 30864, 31257 Ser Oris eine ees boone ase eee 30974 
Won) Steeruwilt2;, Ws Elo soe ).b ewes _ 31510 TASKIN« Wie cece tas ose eee cane 31292 
NVALUE Gree Narre ee lw ome a sale atone Sete eS 30936 Warden J ecobes.du-- cesses ses ce tee 30958 
Wrotzlowsibieseseceukdeeoucateeeeee nee 31891 Wright, Bi diroee Ota setemeces 31563 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 120 
WASHINGTON: Accession No. | West VirGinrA—Continued. Accession No. 
IGMUISON Ga) Win s= coe eek es bee ee oe 32144 SUT DORs eect eon cae eee 31287 
Drake, C. M.... 31265, 31408, 32122, 32279, 32283 | Aad (0) Pal 59 a - See ee tee Tere 31489 
PIMP APA RD) shut Se eran sae eee ee 31534 | WISCONSIN: 
Mmtler Miss May s=2<2.c-ecess---se5 31255 Agriculture, Department of.......--. 31485 
amon Gnd, Mons. Gen Weeaene eee ener 31625 | Jejufepasts evel Se Seek Sees Seek Beso 31039 
Mel, Miss Nelly 3 Shetectete SS 3h 2235 30862 31100, 31141, 31332 
OLED EN AD firs Bt A Sg a SS et 31629 Champion? We Re-s--e see =5 === 31984, 32273 
12sny 12 OS Ae ee 31194, 31326, 31433 Gong Mish. 2-ohecet- Senses esos ease 32245 
RT OL DH ie Ese ce a= 3s aac stefete acre ois 31786 | Porher Wiel cre ae Soe eee eian sina ere 31231 
Mathray, REV. BF .ocoscsescce54o2 == 31518 | Random Gilberticse -s=s--e oes - sae 31083 
RURROlLSE TOs Oosce ae cw ct oo ececeses 31530 | SGhumentevdee Nis so- eee eke bc ae hae 32186 
Smithsonian Institution..:--...-..--. 31496 Van Hise: ©. cscacctsasseeecosseace 2 32278 
PIR OLE OWarN vy. sneeeeemne cece es 30893, 31582 | WyomIna: 
SCR ee) fated ova yk Rinewale ce ew See sie 31442 Agriculture, Department of......---- 30837 
meade Weil Aso 5 172 | AO 31112 op {eh lcal Seaman, Reet ie Nee men te 31160 
Moun eblood, di Ws... == 2.25.2 52scecas 31496 Hunter: Charlese 22. 5----5-u5--.- aoe OLAS 
Young Naturalists Society........--- 31353 Interior Department .--.........-.--- 32206 
WEST VIRGINIA: Interior Department (U.S. Geological 
TEMA AE OO Se sais oss n ce ee cece ecee ee ae 31554 SUEVGW)ossee eso see ce eae 32218, 31281 
Haymond, Mrs. Dorcas ........------- 31352 Rent oh tenors Ose aon ceae asses a 31767 
enh Walter. c= 2 secseo sane me 31382 Welson} Aven 22-2: ss2.a06 <2n2 2222-2 31933 
TASES GI RT 8 Uk SS Rees Se res 31834 Schoenielivd sb steces nee eee row wane 31010 
ERAT CIN: asco 2 coh oe eee oe cee 30878 DORAN, CeAte eer Gate Nene cers 31686 
ISTIC gall VER See eases seem = | 82058 Smithsonian Institution (National 
BSN RC ING soe eos ee ee ee ow ee oe 31857 Zonlorical Park) =55—.3-552-ss55 a0 oe 31207 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Stanton, ge Wo sion ac toms eee toes 31475 
THO Sen] bY EN) jeeoceteec ee noeon ce oneees 31642 Walson? A‘venl) -cessscscmce aces scenes 31350 
West Indies. 
Matinee JT 1. A: %:) se oats 2b se eee Sulase| ermanu Woe ceoee tt eee eee ee ceeae s 31409 
namberlam Dr: Wy. Toss. 5 scssecce sas 2s 31839'7) ebb bard SH Ge seo eS ke se aoe eee os 31016, 31025 
RIAN ASE ce ete orn arn Se fe 31471 | Iowa, State University of ......-...----.. 32049 
TU TT y Hl DNS Es Se = ey A ag ae eae 31436) | RibkseGkKer Ae Nhe) soe ee ce ee 31500 
PemOMIH AT TINTS C11 Stovos.= > ajo oc echoes e 31501 | Sigsbee, Commander C.D.,U.S.N....--. 31562 
(SUSE ISS ed ee cis Sea BRUINS IZL Oy eWart, Drs Win Wesosasetecee os oeceenaas cae 31772 
CENTRAL AMERICA. 
Chamberlain, Dr. L. T.2-¢ <<. .<52225-5525 31839 | Moloney, Sir Alfred.-.--.------------ 30933, 31026 
Costa Rica, National Museum of_.... BOBO teee30))| team Oharles2-ssoe~. a5 sc-cecs cece See 31327 
Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Ml... 31084 | Rusby, Dr. H.H.........--...---..--.---- 31716 
Elan we We El OMI'y.2.2---3oss- feccesvenemns 32092 
Kent Scientific Institute, Grand Rapids, 
UNM eee ecient horace cues omiseauaeks 31056 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
Baialin: Alexander. 22.2. .2/sos<e0da—-c0 cas S126) Howell -Hcbisas- s<cccanenaceeciva sans sosone 31749 
Berlin,Germany: Botanical Museum.--. 31707 Ihering, von Dr. H...-.......-.-...--. 30935, 31917 
Brownlow, Hon: W.P......---.---=-- SUG Bal aE he 8 Gls le es ee See 30875, 31003 
RETIN PAC ce cae oa cies he dbase eee he ee SISO aus Drs Wis, Ur siiNesonscccwcaseo ces 32280 
TEPID CA IS iy Sat pa erg Sosa Me SohimidulnGese ss eee eece ae lee oe 31269 
Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science, SCOURGE TO Will nne> se senen nee sane ae 32297 
Sed HUTS OTs RAE Sepa eae ee emeryar 31334 | Smithsonian Institution. --..-.....-.----.- 31225 
LRG Chg Ss J Oe See ee a ee 30921 | Varsovie, Russia: Branicki Museum...-.. 32231 
SL aT) Lg Te BES Gee her ae em cee ed 30954 | 
ASIA. 
AMTAV SEY 1153 De 2 De ea a ee Bist d1041. PRED PISIGY A Gin ane mane ar cco a/sopiceic's = 30941 
Agriculture, Department of...-----.----- 31926 | Japan, Geological Survey of..-..---.----- 32300 
Amherst College Observatory, Amherst, | Biiyerg A Cod 2 Se eae ese anne 31824 
NEAR Ste SE oa Se aa a S198 bul Nay Oy Wie Serena few estas fotki se a 31490 
Caleutta, India: Botanic Gardens.... 31213, 31482 | Nozawa,S...--.----------------eeeeee- es 31755 
PM Inien t.~ Grr Us. Newos==250csce> Sl2SO LOCKE SON-LUWN. Wisscene stare sal ink oc 31129 
CE SET CEES TS Se eae eee a er 32086 | Scidmore, Miss BE. R:...:.----------- ---- 31224 
OOLUVIGT EG 83 00d SE kee ee Ee. ae 30909 | Shanghai, China: St. John’s College...-. 31156 


140 


, Accession No. 
SiLantord. Ay Wiasnteta ce sccde- ace ass aaeee 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Accession No. 


32235 Varsovie, Russia: Branicki Museum..... 32231 
Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard....-..-..-..----- 31577 Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 
Tokyo, Japan: Science College ot the Im- ROCHeStErsNs Wrowctuens Secet ce seseceee 31895 
perial University .----...........-. SI8L% S318). Walder Ga hye ehet ccs ceee ease e eee Wee 31739 
Tmbolet, Mears, Mi. A oar. scase erasers 32074 Yang Yii, Chinese minister .............. 31964 
Asia Minor. 
i el 0a Oe. ee ROE Cr eee et cine hone eet Paraben). batt Ponape Mentone oe sae 31091 
EUROPE. 
(INCLUDING GREAT BRITAIN.) 
Accession No. Accession No. 
Adler 2DrsWyrnsicses --2 251 ee 30910 | Lemke, Madame E....-.....: Sa eee ee, tt 31795 
Barcelona, Spain: Royal Academy of Lendenfeld, von, Prof. R.-.--. TIRED EM ase 32175 
Science and Arts; casgcuens--2¢ see ase 31226 | London, England: British Museum... 31482, 31583 
Berlin, Germany: Botanical Museum.-... 31751 | Lyons, France: Museum of Natural His- 
Berlin, Germany: Royal Zoological Mu- GOL Yc eerie eta aatetalate Be ate ert ee aie 31540 
BOMM Sean eae ee oe vee eS 31339, 31607 | Manchester, England: Manchester Mu- 
BoetteGher Else) seeste detonate seta 31105 SQUIMN Mas ancer ans ae ence ote ieee 32277 
BouCard wa snk on see eee cece sn eer ema ais S164 |S Meek!ProtaSabicccs secees acne eee 32197 
Brigk soni Osea orease tsar aah com aa aee S171:7 1 Moss: Walliams .sasesshes eee at cee 32180, 32275 
Brown iG. cstcss ces e cecaue oe seas eee 3089. |; Nab Dawid. eee a ee ak 2d ee ae 31132 
BST Velie, ete Goce ete creme aes meatier 31832, 32010 | Oxford, England: Oxford University Mu- 
Chernelhaiza, Stefen Chernel von.....--- 31164 RWB BOs aemaae qane, coc is Aponte 31121 
Gomes Prof: OM ose aeaas toen ee ete ee 30849 | Paris, France: Museum of Natural His- 
Gook: Mrs: OWE t2 Sot. fc sses essen 31092 WMS: -BebbRoecongee soso sce saasar as 32112 
Copinesun G2. e.uccas.-ee see ee soar 309575) seesmson. Wels eee od cece eee eee 31558 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y ...-.---- 31975 | Prentiss, D. W.,jr.-----.- ena Ree 31206, 31209 
Baelish: Gold Coss jas see eee ee eeee 31404. |: Ratlliet Prof: A s0322 2k eaten teen ae 31457 
Geneva, Switzerland: Musée d'Histoire Salford, Lancashire, England: Royal Mu 
INI PUTO Gites wie hee ete epee ee om ee ete 32268 RITES I ceSe Sorc a ae nceaesUur nic aaanaaha 30865 
Given: Jd sss. sone ee nee eee $2187. | Schumann Or ike. 2: set ee Poe esas oc acess 31862 
Glaisher, James's. 25256202 he ceees 31950! |? Seapon-Karr lis Wie a2 nccecinceecslecneee ene 31522 
Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Museum. 31338 | Smithsonian Institution ..............--- 31950 
EL eMsleyoWetl ae ccesetien os oo eens 31800] "Rassin sWirtasof.ccccmnescecse coe eee 31293, 31889 
Merman: We Wists <c--osscbececosenee BI409)Bt4S Te | haven: cAG Ewen. ee qari as nemeeeeeloses 32176 
Hinds Dre Wee ltone eee ae near 30896 | Thompson, D'Arcy... -- yas ez tien a neaee 31639 
MLO eA conte s stere cteceiea es Dnrae eisiee atc crete 32090 | Tring, England: Tring Museum......--.. 31302 
Molin; “LW: -cscccecse ss cone sees Sea come 31054 | Tschusi, von, Victor Ritter zu Schmid- 
ROU; WHLber ieee eas ie once eee oe 31440 HoMeny. oo eee woe eeee tose cs ayes 31072 
FLOW OH yeti Wipes eae sees senior aac 30934, 32242 | Turin, Italy: Royal Zoological Museum. 31464 
Karnten, Austria: Tiroler Botaniker, Die 32224 
Preie VW Gremioun Sys 2~ ee seein eee asec 30885 | Vienna, Austria: Royal Natural History 
Kiel, Germany: Zoological Institute-.... 31693 Society Hotmuseumes 2a. ce eee 31355 
NOUV E SI Wey Ue eeos sone ser aaboedeEasdeouce BLS2Z9) eV oe es ake womans miata = ieterete tere 31930 
Koehler) riot stesecc. doce Seem ac acete BLADE, | WORLOY Wis, Ge SOU ache scteein toe selene 32089 
Kowalewskt, Drei oct tesco cece ceca SL456 4 PASCO MKC ee Lote Yeh nte tees ele een ae 31458 
Langdale ds. Westeaccoeeseeseeesceeet wees 31794 | Zurich, Switzerland: Zurich Botanical 
Daasimonne oslo ss 22 ses ae eae ee eases 31428 Gardeneesc so acarsos eer cceuer = erases 31168 
Leche; Prot Wilhelun core ssccsneeceees. 31136 
OCEANICA. 
AUSTRALASIA. 
Australia. 
Agriculture, Department of............-- 31926 | Smithsonian Institution (National Zoo- 
PESO Toy Ee Le vorecetain Stsis' nine wfore'alcter stat 31101, 31163, 31212 logical: Park) i272 cece ote ae 31398 
PAE bya os teiyiatic. «siseicwwis siticcsiace cave es $1434 | Sutor, Henry-.sesessen aoe este a 31245, 31812 
GOGH Ai se tsar Seo Jo an saan aero ease 31555 | Sydney, New South Wales: Australian 
OEM IC) visio aysphde avec de a eestee onic ee mee $1117 Mupenin as Saco te eae eee 31081 
CIA AMOS.. sone ce san vatacasedees stats 30886 | Miiller, von, Baron Ferd... 31040, 31060, 31088, 31266 
EDT ULERY wt ELins Sccrn'm Gian sa din'ceierate Revs Rise eee tala 32179 | Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 
CRE eel LS Ue ane ea ee SES Aan arse aha 31542 IROCHGStereN Mts. seh aca eee ecieareccce 32155 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 141 
Malaysia. 
Accession No. Accession No. 
Hamline University, St. Paul, Minn.--.--.- 311234 || Savace; Mey css os sores floes sk eee 80845 
Larut, Perak, Straits Settlements: Perak Walker: Bryant. 225 725 eee: si es oe 32087 
DT nn OAS SES REE Se ene SLOLs |) ZORNGNEM ADL oe pae ees eect as Oe soeeee 32296 
Polynesia. 
Te TELUS pO Dae LOG CBee hie ees ae ea ener SOBGG" |; hens h aw bee Wires « aie memes fete 31491, 31754 
miOMmMiSsioN Us 9.% arse ecese sansa 5. 31011 Kngdsen. Waldemar .oo-s2s-see. see eee 31771 
LOGY OM De a See SABRE te oR Sea ee 31072 
Islands in the Southern Pacific Ocean. 
Teanga ls Jot aes oe pact ogdEcseGS5e5 BUSH [dhe jabs se pods keoonk Sede eee sass 30873 
Christchurch: Canterbury Museum, New MOON HONTy ssf 2snscc soe resas ee eeccccsee 30381 


Zealand 


B.—BY DEPARTMENTS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


DEPARTMENT I. 


MAMMALS. 
Accession No. : Accession No. 
PD DOUG. TS, Wok = ~~ = Sc eA Abe eae 31341, 31391 | Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard. .........--..--.- 31801 
AAG at C92 Ee ee et SLBT9.| etephens) Ey a 2-2 -ccce- ewes asses cce one 31919, 32053 
PACH OMOEA cI Vile inci Sele siaeecalo emia cle aha SIGE Jal] STGN OH pS) Cro oostencc se asooSC aR onSAeoSeS 31195 
SUNER NI CUch eu) seers we mes Sess seiew Tone BOS464| Sunbervs. os2/ 2c sseeracsecetasaneeceaene 31287 
Berlin, Germany: Royal Zoological Mu- Treat, Wallard’>222-a--22: ssss5s52i08 31591, 31700 
Sify Sea ee eee ae ee SLGOT «| VollinsOstar=oassos22-5 ease Sees ee eee 31438 
(COD 20) Oe er ee 31014 Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 
DDS EGU RNS See occa pe eeaneooeoupeeeece 31472 IROGHES tr Neeser neces amon sn tae 31744, 32006 
pnt) D TDi CS ae Saas eee ee ees 30897 | Wardbudiacobscis=sccssecoesee ce oes ec eee 30958 
WEE MIEBAG S552 Sh cbc ine S213.) -Wileer: (ie iB) Steet tet atest ce ey es Satis 31988 
ANAT OD Mid oatcasa ese cose heceaaee os 3LZ70" | Walls Revediames=ss2--.c2222-se sos cess 31618 
TET Lee, V5.) 83 aa ee eR 32298") Wolfe: MuassCBhrA® cone! ges0ss se cesc ce coc 31902 
JESS 71ST GS WO an er 30582.) WOOG Naik scene wes oee eo soeeres more che 2 30868 
MER BIS Onrciies Saccishins acted oaaawelsaeme odode |) Worthen. Reerece ss se acte sete sesesn ees 31869 
(EAT; S10 RG TS pee Recast: 32167 E Stcooy 
PramultOn BOUTNG .2~ “2. 5s2.20-cce ss mec. 31278 DIES 
Hark, William W., 6 Con.cc--ssscccn~c Ses 31759 Birps 
Interior, Department of - ---.:-.-....-..--- SUeel) CAD DOLE NV sikis fe sace ns saa ta See es 31341, 31941 
ETS NUL 8 0 8 Mee ee eee a Saloo. ih ATEN Cely 14: Ft eee as ae eee Secs 31946 
MPAs Dr. WAS. SicAe = cacce cs wen asieeie a0S23" | -Atnderson we iM 2s see aes se ccc bees eee 30869 
30925, 31110, 31250, 32142 Anthony, A. W ....------ 30676, 31324, 31325, 31667 
PEAT OL Zico Sc eos l- ese to ec eee SrIdS LOTS jh AbUW ALCL.) E stie= ene saeaes see ew. Se esos 31114 
L250 Oe ee SLOLIG| JAsyers; GOOLrPOL=ass.c-25 = 222 nase ee =e een 31461 
Test) ON Co 2 enn pe ee ei ee ae 30922 ||. Back Rollo, Hi 2eceseasc: cee =e ee sect eens 51476 
EEE ME Tei MS So SIS ee ete S1D05edee40r\| SOENCAICt. dO pba hanes ak eee oes tees 31147 
PimeTnes OP PIN ls 22. s2-cs-- sass ctee sce = SLOLZ ae benton, Mrank- <2 sas---2s sees se se esee 31340 
MUO WW TAM) 8 o-oo bass ot cbces aces BUS68:/) BOnCardAs 22 ees Si oseecies nse oe soo eee 31555 
31020, 31043, 31356, 31513, 32105 | Breninger, G. F ....-..---..-.------------ 31463 
AnIGLSOM MEL ONGcA seincseen secs ckaeecc as 2 31604 Brew sber! Wulliamirc.sss=-s62 s<,-54 == =e 31603 
ECO eI Sse Se cokes ca tos eee sone 31192: | “Brown yh.) co2s5seescce 22s sa<lsene ss =2- 222 31559 
erentiss, D: W'., jl------.-.----< 31206, 31209, 32274 | Brownlow, Hon. W. P...---.-.---- eee 31605 
HEMI ONA eos Soe okie niecone eat Aseet S0RSH d1020) | OBryant wba sess cceese.seaceeosossetcesee. 32103 
ETULG Ea DN ee ea 30978 California Academy of Sciences.....-..--. 31198 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- laiGam Gey elle Gs se Pee hdd 31711 
TDLNIS0)). (aes ae are See eee ee eae eae 31437 | Carpenter, Capt. W.L., U.S. A..-----..-. 32244 
Smithsonian Institution (National Zoo- Central High School, Washington, D.C.. 31316 
fomeseark) ie... --. 30848, 30970, 31128, 31207 | Chernelhaza, Stefan Chernel von --....-.-. 31164 
31280, 31398, 31413, 31414, 31692, 31903, 32128 | Costa Rica, National Museum of..-....-... 30850 
SH CE GIES [oO a Seen oe eee oligos) Coubeaux Hupene i222 -5---5252.-4562-526 31719 
‘STN, TEL ATS OSE ee ene er 319937 |§Coues Dr: BMliobtle2-2--- -ss-cassc case ee 31157 


142 


Accession No. 


Cox, Miss Hazel van Zandt .......... 31154, 31182 
Panhwwer POUN-S == Ae soo css oaers ten 31971 
DENNING. Wiss soasscc sete aden he etom cae 32144 
DEPETT) Siy fol GE EE Re ee eee oe eee Soe 31831, 31840 | 
HOMBTAN MS fate Saas oo ado beta ee eens 32298 
HSH er CADU. WiallOl = ores scl. esate ans . 31169 | 
POSE en pte) 93 Cae a ee SE ess 31068, 31097 
el gO0r OG ses 28a) ome fa eon ee oe ce 31072 
trance, vise plvawe ces! one sane esi a ee 32232 
Gaon ING Steere ae ene Roce 32204 | 
Grahamstown, South Africa: Albany Mu- 

RGU SC Ae Sicer Bones heedbeeaee 2ostc 31249, 32140 
Grinnell ds. eeecaeeoee eae 31427, 31661, 32056 
‘Hamilton Wl 220 casinos See 31272 
Hasbrouck. Dr. HAW ss 265. oe es 31234, 31556 
25 Ft t op Oe meets Me Svar ee ed 31680 
Hewitt A™ = st. cst sss ssescanssescteeus ss 30851 
HMeyde; Rev. Hy Bice sees= soeteee oe acRGES 31516 
Hinton; Prot..W «bo -s22s .aeeseeees eee 31348 
HAN UZO Ae ce eae ena eens 32090 | 
Ain ergoll gO sono sae teen onc eee oe 31019 
PUMSON Wes tance soe So tacd ees nears 31284 
Kent Scientific Institute,Grand Rapids, 

Mathis = 8 oie Sd . cdoseecse se saeas 31056 
Hato Wwison, We bles se see. ates aaa = eee 32253 
GAN OP Ase ee Hows Soles foie seis o wloaS ous 31494, 31689 
Wicinet.) OSGP Mares tas aes cedwee cece 31514 
Eerthlejoin; Chas6s2-2-. sss eecs 25 c- 2S 31651 
MICAS oN, Ast gk se oses faces bic oseoks oes 31220 
MeHihenmy (Bs AGS oo. ect toveicisiaisim satarataln 31120 
WicG remit ity ke te ese senate 31268, 31367 
Mie Mallanir ie? Ab c5 8 aie os oc cedar ee owes 31477 
Masterman, inihre cscs. ace seeeee oecesest 31448 
Mead, Gi Bi--s oi s<seces Stee ee eer ecees 32178 
Mearns, Dr. A UsSuAice.stneo teen 31110, 31250 
Méeks: ProftiSi Bi yoscce a5 5s enes Sosmaee ee 31610 
Merl }DrsgciO2 eo cAvaseee nee eee 30889, 31218 
Merritt, Wiles. 2.55205 2-5. eee eer ee 31925 
Mitehell Gio 2ss503s2 is Ses seleen eee 31769 
Morrell Os Hires coe cessotie see ase eee 31718 
Wiewhall WH Sotto see ate oemace tees 31953 
(Qe Misia Ao Se cee ose ade Seecccissas 32034 
Palmer Walltamiss.ceseee eases Serio 31752, 32105 
P6arcen Caw (soe > Soucnoe caee ea one ene ee 31192 
Prentiss “Diw sl scascc 2 s-este eraeee 32263, 32274 
PHiGe WieiW ce sseces ans qesseccance oe ae 32011 
Ralph Or: Wrens secsa ss ete eet ee eee mee 32007 
Richmond) CWiss assesses cocci eee 31769 
Rideway, Alberta. n= ssesaeee =e 31172, 31329, 31589 
Riley 3. oo ce ee ee 32026 
FRODINSttS) Hi ss35c..8 sot Sones eee eee 32177 
Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, U.S. A ........--- 31153 
Rove, O. G. =o-52s53 jor seeeas see ese 31557 
Sabine; GioWi waco ie cise bec asaee eee 31400 
Ho) GLU CHT bee? ih Ye eB wa A i 31146, 31269, 31271, 32080 
SCObt, ETO. WV bstse sean ees chee eee oeteee 32297 
Sheriil OAL sss os acess cee as ee eee 31375 
BEOW, AWPONCE. - cule sewer ak uoueneeee ee 31401 
Smithsonian Institution ................. 82007 
Smithsonian Institution (National Zoo- 

DOP YCAIME ATG) ol ctetce syiapte nie seen 31023 

31145, 31299, 31677, 31882, 31921 
Smydercor.. Dose eee eee eo dee 31495 
PV EOU) ONO), Sear wale tees seman aah Meme accra 31776 
SEAriny COND. Hi. oes eke es Soe 31573 
Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard...-.........--... 31801 


REPORT OF. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Accession No. 


Sullivan, Gav... sac. ose Sees cee 31690 
Sydney, New South Wales: Australian 

IMiUsenmM oo soo2 ee a ae 31081 

Woervel Ax js S55. 6e22527 cn ele te 31122, 31317 
Diner AS aso cee oto er Se ee 32176 
PROPIG Wed Saco ch ee oe Oe ae OSes ee 30914 
Tokio, Japan: Science College, Imperial 
University; - 2257 - ees 5- Sa eet ase 31817 
[<"“Eteat. Well oto eh ce ee eee eee 31700 
Tring, England: Tring Museum....-..-. 31302 
Trostiler, I.S .---.-- EOS Se Aer PP ee nie 31835 
Tschusi, von, Victor Ritter zu Sehmid- 

NOMEN. So 2ce cts Ads sans e ah ae ae 31073 
Varsovie, Russia: Branicki Museum...--. 32231 
Victoria, British Columbia: Provincial. 

IMB OUID 2-2 eascacan eee al ae eee 31158, 31415 
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 

Rochester Ny Vos cl eeos sa ceneseee 31704, 31741 
Wayne; Ay D--2- 5. 30852, 30906, 31273, 31296, 31344 

31920, 31970, 32202, 32203, 32229, 32243 
WV ebD A Wak tt Aes (oe eee Se A ee 30890 
Wadmann: Otto. 222 S55 eaten ee Se 32139 
Walder: G8D) =2: S25 sccsth Ss RSs 31739 
Walliams (RSC. a. au. cs otas cee ee ees Se 31397 
Wills; Revi James: 25-22. 325 ts soe sees 31618 
Wilson Asis tse ae See eee eee 31489 
DEPARTMENT III. 
Birps’ Eas. 
A DOGUL, EW s Liawsemaniee nance ee eee 31341 
Allen, (CA. + 2. on see cse cas eninemesca se ae 31058 
LeAnthonysAc\: cescse at Mesa 31260, 31282 
Att Waherkl Rs aed ete ete erie 31077 
Barlow Cneshen cea s-5 ==. ese ees 30858 
Benners, GiB 232-2 esos aeseee nescence 31283 
IRoardiman, Ga Alec. oe seeieee epee aes 31261 
BROW Midian a2 cas mace sees men cecat ee oes 31201 
|. Beownlow,, Hon: iW obo osas2)-soeseeeeeee 31605 
TSO ete ate Be soos ee sede Sesser Goons 31069 
Cohén; DAS 25 27 feecoceecee Areata wale 31247 
Daniel, Ji, WE asa - seo eecee aes eee eee 31079 
HMOTSONy Wis Ons v= aoe is es eee 30839 
Gaylord; Horace): os sacesecses se cere cee 31245 
RG rit tiation ie ie che ee cleteanseee oh 31049 
RODADHOS PLOW aseaca st oreeees osc oaene ate 31285 
OUASON,. Wie Dis -eenemcce sees cece comer ce 31284 
Merrill yr: d, Crean Aco ote se ese 31080 
Nevitlé Bi Ace 2202 ens 2 <ctnseen omc nese. 31579 
Riley, Ji s..25 52 o-Sacsece setae 31178, 31246 
Robinson; Ws Wissrcisa> oo ane ea ae 31059 
TTORUMOD, Le Os scala ote eso sare ee ee 31835 
Wolliaimg, Hn eo o6see= ase ee 30920 
Walls, "Rov. damdsi2 =o ao cea seme 31618 
DEPARTMENT IV. 
REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 
Ab ho ti sor: Wr das =o. eeeee os wo usec 31341, 31941 
Ben Oe A ee cone aes ae ee ee 31058 
AnthOnyAD Wh Hescistcat mse nianise eae S 31199 - 
Bartechs Pawel wh siweon cee vas fe cakeasies! 2152, 32252 
Benedict de wee esiees ot cette eae 32158 
Brimley, kt. ee eee em aoe as 31546, 31728, 31924 
Cook: ProtrOnh esses sone ee oe ates 31014 
COGIC. Baa aot eee es 5 Sa Nr 32004 
Daniel reece ite nese e eae eee 30932 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 


Accession No. 


MONIC psn ciecism cs = ccs nncelcetice tas 30895 
MBN COMMISSION, Ui. van =o ces cla teol ds 32002 
Ree WEE 5 fo 3 Sh ap niin fe ai apn cin 5 Ae SISA 31934 
TRIG 1 ONG Ko) | 0) ee 31763 
LEIG TIS OE goa 5 Ee a 31754 
peatrneshinis 0 Ait Gr. Dis so arce panel aia'ss als ets Beet 32257 
PARSON SB ere, Js osteo rad ou aieeing- oases 30833 
IGN NET Oe Se occ ave ae Sm nmeouce pee 30962 
PETROS el a ins oF datocis, scious Jere cae Oo sa lat 31886 
iS (Toe Srese turd DIC SPS) pea aa ae ge peeee e ae 31580 
Menmdsen; VWialQ@Omar 2: <i-2 2s -cecme casas 31771 
Mires Er: A, WU, Si Accec ccc 31110, 31250, 31480 
CLIT TINS TSN Sete ne gece 30912 
Magehell, Hon. J. Di Joss. 65. 31524, 31804, 32226 
TGS G13 G10 Coes le Sh ee ee ee eee a an 32251 | 
BLOT ESS ROS eee ene a 31755 
Oxford, England: Oxford University 

UTE GT Wa a es oe eA ey a 31121 
Mane Ny liam: << 52 =.<2002c%.050 32105, 32182, 32256 
LET SIPUETIT/E Na OSD is he age eee ye sens 32274 
LAtili Sra NE Ose Se aeseeccre cet eee ca 31581 
REMaTHIICG On Gr ot ce cecice hee meen et ee 31295 
SHOE ONG joa nwa eons oe aise ceisieicte 31462 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 

TAEDA) Vics eae hee ah ee ee Pe ne 31599 
Smithsonian Institution (National Zoolog- 

BOMB AN at critic kris cease u ee esee 30883, 32020 

32015, 32016, 32017, 32018, 32021, 32022 | 
MMA GID Oma towtsacitaewc sare ca aaeeioee 31776 
Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard........-..-.. 31801, 32153 
Sydney, New South Wales: Australian 

WISIN $=) eae Yarn, te ci ewisicaeeisincemedes 31081 
PRON GID eH Cc oe. tooo acca eee) eo een 32223 
BH IVET EA cpl ae ota cele ewioe cise ainebic eiseees on 30854 
“LV F202) 8 05d & ORE a eo 30864 
Tokio, Japan: Science College, Imperial 

MUM OLATG Yio c aaa o esis actos haces Seas 2 32118 
LES NEVeTT GLA OE) & Conese ete eee 31267, 31819 
ManeDenburch, John. 2: 222.2. see saese 31856 
Mierlortpcnbiya be My, Joes te aeteeies cot soc 31134 
IMS IOV. AMOS) =.2 52-25. ssn3 222 225ees 31618 
SMMIOSDOT AUN s nate! cisigsteeosSecsacts naeee ae 31942 

DEPARTMENT V. 
FISHES. 

Agriculture, Department of .............. 31947 
PAPE CAs Wise oria crs iw sac a eee sce oes 31199 
Janssiat), 1D i 0 WS 8 Ge ak a ee oe nee ee 30931 
koe Ot! Ho. sss tees joke as jecce oe 31014 
eritvmMombee ss 5 22.o cist aadcc saectece=ceene 30895 
Fish Commission, U.S...... -- 30978, 31011, 31760 
CRS RS ee ee eee ee ee ee 31934 
Penidenvh eat Col ctee.! sansa. 30853 
1b TEN ET hae en es ee ae 30984 
TLPESTETESEL Cie pa eee 30847, 32041 
Lyons, France: Museum of Natural His- 

JUS Ce cp SESS pA Ate CORE Seine a Careers 31540 
IHS Hero\SF] O23) ORB Weg] ORS ae: ee 31250 
22s SS le 32197 
TAINS) gee ere ee rae ee ee 31439 
NE Sates cee sae me cones Seon ee 31755 
EEE BTS 0 09 ee a 32274 
Quebee, Canada: Crown Lands, Depart- 

RIOR ier set: arte pci oso coe ate ee aoe 31320 
Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard............-..-- 31801 


143 


Accession No. 
Sydney, New South Wales: Australian 


WMrmaneunine. so. ssetene oc SAG Aer Saas 31081 
Maylor Missekivelyaie. = sccsaao- sees - 31847 
Metin R ne Olesen = s-ctaacet cs -toseccoe et 32265 
Treasury Department (U.S. Life Saving 

DOLVICO) Bs sacssaes wat ceeee ests ee eae aoe 313899 
WiebbwibDenWatteaeem acc cecscsee kee cee. 31850 
Wales WUCSSO) sn 5o2- se eose Jace aceeeees wee 30998 

DEPARTMENT VI. 
MOLLUSKs. 
ND both Dr awe lh cee Soe eee oe 31341, 31941 
Agriculture, Department of.......... 32088, 32181 
AM CPUS. Hemacanast cose sxee = 31328, 31596, 30930 
Am bhony; AL Ws estehicne ss snete seco ses eeee 31199 
Armheim ss) ysee2 sete se 31198, 31884, 32104, 32248 
Ashmun Rev bias sae eee eee 30888, 31279 
Bakers Dr ibretesce- a see oe ee oe eee 31644 


Barcelona, Spain: Royal Academy of Sci- 


enceandeArts scams sete see ome ae eee 31226 
IBSTN EN ACs ence steemiccrs ae ten cee oicet one 31974 
Bernard lr yhes Son eee nee iY 31337 

ED UnhGha WierOiaante na etc n= pe eee 31242 
31264, 31445, 31468, 31574, 31669 

BUSA eos eae coe Sane ee wee 31429 
Bryant y Oho sent yee emer e eee 31911 
California Academy of Sciences.......--. 32032 


Chicago Academy of Sciences.. 30929, 31657, 31956 


Chanrperlaie Dr: Messe 24 eee 31839 
elon ke sIMOess see: Moments conte eee 30886 
ColemanvA Pen ceniosae one meee eas 32145 
Cook Eroin OMh ssccen wea ese 31093 
Dab NVR mesa ee hee ee ip ey 32179 
Manielsws whan is vcs ee ce ene Sewer cece 31592 
aD Sh ea ON! EPA ne ee ee 32122, 31265, 31408 
Due Ss Dn Aletta etn Se 31368, 31698 
EMMONS Ss heeea ss cise Somes eee ee ee 32048 
Mish Commission: Wasie.see.s sees. eee 31878, 32043 
Briersons Io. Si. 2 =e 31071, 31127, 31486, 31640, 31833 
18 GUD MON Rs [aoe ea ie pa eee Ces ee 31057 
(GresentD SKees see cee ae yee eee 31174 
Hamline University, St. Paul, Minn...-.. 31128 
SET AVONS we)in Grit Winsor eae saat seas gee 31243 
PETIA VV Veena tos te eee at oe oe 31409, 31467 
(EVOL eMen BONG ae eee ee hess sm see 5 30962 
herp, vongOr nee ease one ee 30935, 31917 
Rearschs Dr eee eee ae en ae oe, 31021 
KorklandOnrriadieneee eee See 31479, 31566 
Roehler prs Ries eee ae ens ee 32234 
Larut, Perak, Straits Settlements: Perak 
METIS OUI onscreen ae el on eae 31643 
atchtord Wihrodoseen eae ass eee ee 31191 
itehheldArchiljalds--sce ses s- ease 31470 
Mangh- Wir Aisans aetna ce oneness 31298, 31410 
Mearns, Dr. E. A.,U.S. A. 31110, 31342, 31986, 31250 
Mitchell ton. jensen ace 31171, 31787 
MoloneyAsincAllired= =>. 242-2. ss se. 2o-oce 30933 
Moore Hl etitievAts= = - 2 sen 8.5 cet 42k 30963 
Moroni sisesse=se ome eemes Sana einen ae 31894 
MOSS eWWillliamnptarse ase ae nee a ee 32180, 32275 
Oldnoydy irs TS. sais tenet ose oe 31430 
OlrreysMirsMe Ne ree a5 si een. 2 so eet 31629 
RalaieraWalliam 2932205. cess. 20. tae 82105 
NIST Yule cat seinee een tee te ce TOTS 
IE Me WR COLO Geese ee tee oc 32059, 32137 
PGR tire som cee piss aeceaee = ots Aes 31165 


144 


Accession No. 


IPEGMUINS Wn Wea iceseh es Sa teense ae aces 32274 
Randalph 02D soe. cea ate ieee cme nee 31786 
Rathray, Rev. B. Bi. ....2. ie cseen cee e ee 31518 
aninentes G:, Wess s2c2o0 wens ow owas aweeecre 31208 
PODMetierd si cecas sc. es noe et aoe 31013, 31051 
PRUE bic Glen seis chsn eel Ptow oe coe 32267, 32259 
IRISH EA o Eagan tN ase ntaleer ne ener 32280 
Sehuchert, Charles...-.---.-.-....... 31230, 31241 
SHELVOr SE OWA nace arene eee 32106 
Slenteldt.y eset Wee aan ee eee ee eee eee 32164 
Stearns; Dr: Rk. E..C.2-.<. PRE A te tae Oe 32028 
Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard.....-...--..--.-- 31801 
tend Uri v2 scses ose eee ee eee ee 31323 
SULOL enh y seat aces nena sae 31254, 31381, 31812 
SwWas Ge sac csccat co ccicewwctomeae oc ooo 31442 
SWWOLG se Ol Sere s cece Aamo ene eee eee 30974 
Sydney, New South Wales: Australian 

WS GTIN: Soo case oe tes = 2 i Sia eet ol 31081 
Peneliy ks Mags esse seece met aee ener 31321 
AV ae yl paren aerate saan oe mets 32037 
VWaurhan. t. \Weay landless sncceste eae 31966 
Walker, Dr. Bryant .........--. 31024, 31094, 32087 
Ward's Natural Science Establishment, 

ROCHERTENAN. whit eosonwece- eae emacs oe: 32054 
WeobbsDe Witt 2-22 2522. ocas2-22222 31572, 31678 
Wiebb; WHE. 2226. soccse send scteaees some 31459 
WiStuerny pas Gcher eae ee oe ceo eee sae oe 31028 
WALLED. Moats <eecaccseerecoseases ee 31349 
WailsARev: Janes: Holo eacc cet as oe eee 31618 
Wilmer, Worthington, Lieut. Col. L...-.. 31830 
Wirt, (Des WAW cae ae oe Seewaaeeccbases soo 31772 
Wood worbhyh. Arwen tet (coset eee Ss 82091 
Wright, bakes => 31180, 31219, 31360, 31886, 31478 


31505, 31563, 31597, 31712, 31863, 32078, 32146 


DEPARTMENT VIL. 

INSECTS. 
Abbott, Dr. W..L....... a sitoeeion Sealers 31841, 31391 
Agriculture, Department of ..-.---..----- 31144 

31244, 31389, 31738, 31926, 32196 
Baker University, Baldwin, Kans...-.,.. 31515 
Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H---.--.....-...- 31335 
Bartsch}: Palitek ses i oocsceeeeeree eae 31906 
Berlin, Germany: Royal Zoological Mu- 

S(t) VERS eae pe Sea cd: Hae ron neler Ecos 31339 
IBPeNsing WUss> ses hoon eae ee 32129 
[Brum e@yai Cosas >. 3a eee eee eee ee 30964, 31000 
Call SRblisworthics 1-25 personne. coat 31943 
Chastrand:cA SD soe cease eee ee 31471 


Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A.. 30948, 31061, 32035, 32072 


Oole- Mass Th; Ave oss ee. sae ens cue 32942 
MOOK METOt Ob set eee tee eee 30981 
@Coquillett; DW: 222 pie see ase eee 32098 
Tatas Se oleic ass a ap ale eee ES eee 31881 
(Dywrdson, rs Acs. so. sacs Pa eee 31029 
DTG ME kas fo sites SANG Te ee aes 30895 


DmP Ss rca. aebien m2. 31673, 31907, 31991, 32131 


JD Ea D ho WA CORE ee eat mie heme ghee 31166 
ns MTS RO fos cesar teeta eee Reh ere 32061 
Everman, ErOt..5.0Wiseses secon aoe 31867 
On yet 00 ON le) ee ey ae ERS Fe 31866 
Hosbterler ds Guz -<cexes aw ode aeeoeeeeke 30921 
Pe, PAM atk. oe oe seat Leek eee ae 30990 
neha; Charles: --0 8 aso sse ec aes ous see 32258 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Accession No. 


Garner, Ho wand sc <22 wis acGeeicnamicins eae 32295 
Geneva, Switzerland: Museum of Nat- 

UTA VEUSLOLY i. cee eins speeches =.= 32268 
Goode, Master P. B.....--.-- Se shie ae eee a 30946 
Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Museum. 31338 
Hasrington, WE. .aee oacestan tas easetde os 31351 
Meidemanny Ors wot eee ee eee eee 32287 
lenishe wetkle. Wissets meen see ae eee 31491 
Hilbourn Printing Co., Hart, Mich-......- 30922 
Heoperrd sdiecaste sees tc ts oo eee es 30835 
Boppin gs... asescas 2 2-5 sense eee 31688 
Hubbard By Ges. 25 seec areas eee eee 31016 

31025, 31492, 31493, 31904, 32259 
Kayser, William s--.05-048>% aves shane. 31668 
Mean thes cassette ees 30856, 31222 
MAUS, Wale sso 5a cos caesar 30900, 31190 
Raper es Wier site sete ee eee 32046 
Lehan, Pauls. 22. sssests; iste se -eeeeee 32075 
Lincoln; He Di 22s. eeese atts a epeeecee 32147 
Lowe rid. Nise <2 Se eee 32130 
Marlatt, Dr. C..L ....<- Wcawsgedesneaene ees 31788 
Mead or ts ta5o525c6 7 oor ee acer etna 31806 
Mearns, Dri. Aj Wi S:38. 22224-— cases ase 31110 
2 oN Wee CER eerincc iapeser maori see. oe 30912 
Mitchell, Hon. J. D--.-.-.-- 31030, 32124, 32085, 32226 
DENGAN ne 31490 
Nordstrom, Onl es one as oe cuss eee ea 31807 
Osborn; Dr; Ey bs 9752 ee eo eee 32271 
Osborn, Protvk > oeee nena eae a te 31519 
Palm; @harless-.+-<25--<sseseecene saan se 31327 
Patterson; Rose:2-. Sao oe cose oe Sele eles 31537 
Poy eso ee a eee ee 31165 
IPRONDSSNDW Glbesasicecee char etacees Se 3) f Boe 
Pulliam) Ricks. se-csssys cee =e eee ee 30878 
RAM DO, Mi ace own eee ame eer see 20834, 32183 
Ransdally Je Wh. .cscadschaewe eee ens 32097 
Rector: d sone scee nee esoacianebee 32249 
ROLRerLOrgd Wisi Os ces sere el eee 31768, 32052 
Robertson; Charles. ss55- ss sseeee sees 30971 
Rothrock, Dri "Phomas ssa-s-2 soe ea 31923 
Gon Go BNO Ass sos a-aeeinee ae eee 32150 
Rubin, GC. Aj =. <is= cacscececssanisten coe somes 30947 
157) ie fog: Oe epic Be oes Se tert Be he 30991 
Saunders, WsG-ianes sees ee sae rate ab. 31808 
Schwarz, Wj Ac.< s-9 vans coms oe oso eee eae 31493 
Siton edies ce eee hones eee eee 32132 
Simpson, cee rete oceeee bs Fmc: 32125 
Smith Mag. Adie 8 sete oar oe Sec 31918 
Smith; Prof,.d.*Bywc-s-s-0e-2~ sav eeeee 30908, 32199 
Smtoh; ek oe eee te eae See eee 30905 
Smithsonian Institu‘ion ..-:..-..--....... 31496 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 

NOLO Y)) --= ono oe cee a eee 31151 
SHY der cre Wis asc ssc sans ae ine eee 31155 
Spel atte el @ Pa eRe eRe oR AAR eo, BRA fof 31776 
Spaimliour, J. Mh asa as ssc sens ses Sees 32060 
Spencer) All 222. ce Shasta ence aoeeee 32208. 
Stanton; ee Wi sadn sees ss cae oe 31475 
Stearns: Drs, Gassscties ear cee 32028 
Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard: - 22. ::22:: ge.<s-- 31801 
Strong, Miss leiQia 2. sssteascse raha aes 32162 
Thompson WMawEes 2-5 sos cs esheets tee ee 31814 
Thorpe; Dre Hh. ~e= 22 a 32- SS ee eh once 31257 
Me EMC yata orstctciatel= ie itn clas tale etree 31259 
Walker; DroBryant)scas22522 222: 2sc5 see 31024 
Walken, Wythe 22. ct7+ sn eeec eae oe eee 31990 


—_— + 


Xe 
INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 145 
Accession No. Accession No. 
UVLO ARM O28 5 De ee ee 32209 | Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard -...-.........--- 31801 
MWOEUStOn Prot: k..Mo. oo -sfo.cercest th 2: BY AGH TST tN a tl Bp \ et eee ee 31323 
MMOL VEE DVY ots once sce s Swans. Sleeo to LsOo | hompsony DiArey, Wiese. -ot-- ee eee 31639 
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. 32213 | Thompson, H.D..................--.----- 32264 
CT TLUISE | Dee DS ee ae ear 31233 Turin, Italy: Royal Zoological Museum... 31464 
RWIS REO AMOR a= cowiicos.o<cckeaial eects 31618 32294 
SeauaTp bloods My tc -/sccacee Soa he8sotse Ske BLA0G WoVanize:- DriGe Wis SiniGhsc. noes eee es 31740 
GET AS DO Cae eee eee 32296 | Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 
: GCHESTOI MIN GA voy saee ae ee or) ope 31982 
DEPARTMENT VIII. 
SECTION OF HELMINTHOLOGY. 
MARINE INVERTEBRATES. Johnston Ors Wivattossete aoe meee 31653 
BS OU PUN WV ice late ote mene 31341, 31941 | owalewski. Dr. M ..........--.---...... 31456 
PATI GINS ONS 1 US eS So oe eee cee = B21 338 sRaillion Protease a4. eek ont oes 31457 
Anthony, A. W ---..-..------------------ 31199 | Zschokke. Prof. Dr. F ........-.---.------ 31458 
PAD EUI Me npS ala nica alain sosen s ssc acceeeces 31674 | 
LEST Ute dE tS eee 32269, 32286 | DEPARTMENT IX. 
Berlin, Germany: Royal Zoological Mu- ae (as aey are eke. 
oe ince eee Be et RM no Cease ea a ar 31341, 31941 
Chiice, 2 eee eae 31783 | SAS OMI s VACA Wi scae Sart eens scence as eee 30676 
Cie. TSG. ee eee een aes 31565 (Beecher rs Miet wap eee faeces ence eee 31616 
Cockerell, Prof. 1. D. A .....--..------+-- a1621° | BlGHCh Ae eae neo 2-222 oeeteco == 31584 
Copenhagen, Denmark: Zoological Mu | Clark; G-A----_---- 22-22 ieee snes eeee ee 31425 

SCAT: 2 eee ea a ee Shiai |) Otwutenmenns (08 0 bose cee Se sencecas a6. 31426, 32062 
Conant, TE, Sk SSL ge Sk ee ee Ce ed 31436 Dugés, HOARE neat Be eae, fate oP eee ee ee 32131 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y-......--- 31975 | Fur-Seal Investigation Commission --.--- 31560 
Costa Rica, National Museum of..-...--- 32930 | Grindall, Dr.C.S.........--..------..-+-- 382163 
Soe i ee ee 32122, 32279 | Hanselman,J.J.....-...-...-.-----.-..-. 30926 
TD sranceregay 1D P ee ee a em 30895 | Kendall wWoaGs-sseeane neces ones 31595, 31623 
Siu mips ee ge eres 30873. | Kny-Scheerer Company........---..---- 31969 
Fish Commission, U.S ..-...-.--2---- BUTS 21807.) UUCRSs Bo AS naa eae ceniecoe 31362 
Geneva, Switzerland: Museum of Natural | Mearns, Dr. E. A., U.S. A .....-.----- 31110, 31250 

History a ns eR fee teh 322968 | Macoun, MR ae cectetee neem see ncaee 31916 
‘Saf, 2 ees a ee Bigoy | © OY, Wh n= oo 2 nemo mene ne beers 30165 
Beefeterorre. 2 eo. ooo aces ec aee SHY di), |} LAREMMIS IER ADE \WG5 iP sosoce bcbaesscaqnBeseece 32274 
“os. TS. TE Asa ae Sa 31622 NAVErS MTs TIP) eee ees oe tenes ce 51778 
Holmes, © Ue Sete: ae er ae ot eee 31402 SCOLEMEROL Wis biaeeet sete eer ie ete oe 32297 
Iowa, State University (ie eee Scaabe 32029, 32049 Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard...-...-----.-.--- 31801 
Kiel, Germany: Zoological Institute... . 31693 | Townsend, C. H 2 RRS SE CITA COR ORE RS De hSG 31363 
Loy oh. Sa ee eer 30g9q | Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 
Mankind v Dr Reds 2- osc. 222 88.46 nce 31601 Rochester Nev. -- ==. 31780, 31872, 32155, 32005 
Tegel etre, 10 0 2 ee pe 32934 Whitman, V. 15 Cp me, Rae ree aa Pe a 31248 
cite Cee eee ee 30909 | Wright, S.R ---....-.....----.----.-2...- 31444 
Meek werot Wilhelm «2225-22522 s5-2 22 31136 | Wills, tev. James .------+---------------- 31618 
Lendenfeld, von, Prof. R....-.-..--.----- 2175 | Young, C.C..------ 2-2-2. 2-2-2222 e eee ee ee 31159 
London, England: British Museum ------ 31482 DEPARTMENT Xx. 
lo yay 8 ks) ee 31675, 31792 
ER LEP a eke oon cio oSane on eeiAcae cee 31568 PALEONTOLOGY. 

Marshall, George ST I a) ores 32281 . Vertebrate Fossils. 

Mearns, Dr. E. A.,U.S.A...-.. BOH2s SUMO ASIIBON| rete ges PSs oo cleat ey Seale eo 31646 
MECH OU HON. i.Dic a. 6 a<5cee cs cseesse 31030, 31804 Somme Un Eiceheet te a ee NS aed 31307 
LUGE DS Ge Sa a a ee Se 31894 

Wirrinie ACW ses seve seek Stee: 32188 Invertebrate fossils. 

Museum of Comparative Anatomy, Cam- Barcelona, Spain: Royal Academy of Sci- 

Ibnige Mass’. ...c)2500 seduce nsdeeseccec 30994 @NIC PANU ACTS pce en See cee wk 31226 
Meorde Mrs TS. 2. kes epee. 31078" | Beecher WesG: Monae =... ts -. 31455, 31570 
Oregon Agricultural College...........-- 32266) 4| Benedict belles eens tee Sone eka os 31676 
Paris, France: Museum of Natural His- Biederman,’ C. R.--2---.----2- sossecssocce 32149 

POIRIER eee asics aise acy Ss ewin tice eee ees oy alps ih Se hos eS ae Ce ao aoe ee Oe ae ET aE Eee 31736 
Peabody Museum, New Haven, Conn .--. 31885 | Britts, Dr. J. H.....-.-.-......----- 21380, 31528 
Pree eee ote aida \eeicaicke Gere cee bate SULTS.) MSLONIS cham OS eco accam seenne cues ksscece 32219 
ASE REEDS ee ee Daan! SBTOOKR ALU ree sean ns ce sce oasc ce coe cwe 32012 
Sigsbee, Commander C.D., U.S. N -..--.- S15624) Burger iW iOma.-ctieeecas tact os sos se cnet 31412 
DUR Jo Se ere ee SLs eC aN: aoa ease naan aiceae ste ees cese a 30859 

CRRA Beer eres sesceens seeeccesneses see 3137 


Sisvilye, dis OES Aaa ae aa eecee a eee - A 31776 


NAT MUS 97 


146 


Accession No. 


@asteek td ONY. 62.550 5-3 eee eee anemones 31512 
Girase Dire 6. Gee el came a ae ee ree 31549 
CGlirke, Prof, J Mecs 2 t..s2soe seats ais 31757 
Goelkertonw htt -aoe> = cose oe 31420, 31543, 31789 
@raipy Rolin. scen-=-- 9c ae ae 31160 
1D ie yeh rep SO UR Ee pee a a5 Soe care 31431 
Mewhersh. Ko cacseeee ot ose eee eee eee ee 31564 
DD anIOle lie) eee e cae oe See eee aie te eter 30860 
Wavall El. Oios- oot wsss cee eee eee eee 31815 
Merve, He Wan Os s- See conse = eee rein 32233 
Gordon, WEescce eceee ke ctee ee 31649, 31730, 31816 
Gould, CoN cis aes foes tee natant a 32262 
Grant, Gol! CiCr.2 2. 522-22 - 30993, 31569 
(Goran te, ca ee eae eo erate nae 31542 
Greper,D) Ker cesmace=emn omens -ese- 31950, 31729 
(Conc Ci Aa hat ice ceo B ore nim Ono aarmariccs 31473 
Gurley, dvale ease eee ee eee 30861 
DSI PG) eye line ae eos ot aor ee OOS e 31955 
Tiers heya (elie mec ann ae eateries 31913 
Isbwi MOS Wl RRR moopodcooor cmos 30896 
Ore VW al Gee ete ee 31382 
TER yest Ud ed OMA ee soe Sone he $1706, 32165 
Interior Department (U. 8. Geological 
Survey) -------------------- --+-------- 30980 
31395, 31762, 31852, 31959, 31976, 32168 
GENO gM Ee a aoe Geiger Ss aScDOSes SaSsee 31529 
UG Pee Wil Oi noseemososcesseaesercse 31767 
UGG dG NIE ee Become SS pee ceeaenne or 31161 
WWACOC aD sence eee eae = sane manan een 32044 
Le Grand Quarry Company, Marshall- 

TWEE LOW he eet eens se et ii alien 31826 
LPEHIME ME ANAS WeeeecSsoscobacae sncscse 31379, 31499 
London, England: British Museum ...--- 31583 
Manchester, England: Manchester Mu- 

SOU = oo Se minle sle em taime alain a ee ae 32277 
Matthew, Dr Gail posse sem aeons eee 31424 
Morrison, 2rots dm Hise. tee oemesenee cee see 32013 
SNEOOTO) WETS ye arto ysl eta le ate os re ere 31638 
Mim Prue sei e aa nntie eo oe eae mrreetnn ie 32047 
Nebraska, University of ....-...-.--.-..- 31498 
Oxford, England: Oxford University Mu- 

SOUM.... 22-2 ----- ene eee eons 31121 
Poey, F ---------------- 22-22-22 ee eens eeee 31165 
Pringle; oN Seeereiee-eaate == eet 31027 
Sardéson; Dirih. Wisc. seats soe sss eence see 31726 
SPiN yey Ad Jill DS OAc Sori eae ce eho aibten 31778 
Schuchert; Charles: --32 2-2 seco aces oe 31376 

31377, 31378, 31449, 32166 
SHUI ALE Toe ae Sa Seas od Cb Goss 31779 
Sheshan, CUCM as cces ase eee ee eee 31727 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 

MOLOPY)) - ~~ = a= = ne enw w= ena ween ann 31151 
Po) MeL pats Je ce CACC cne SO eeecmp cao 5eocec 31108 
SLE ay tet GAO eee Oe i ese ee ese eio 31162 
Stowe WO. ees cannon eee 31373, 31443 
Wii eink: d'ectnv anc capiecmcleve ena ctaee ae roe 31297 
Ward's Natural Science Establishment, 

rochester Nese noses ee eee 31698 

31720, 31756, 31758, 31793 

Whitehorn, .W Ortho. = 2 oa5 «seen eee eee 30870 

Williams, oo uc See ee 5 Bees 31650 

Wills, Rev: James. <.2.¢ 250 cow scescaae 31618 
Fossil plants. 

iorenz, Jobin c2ssaceoescancscocuestrsscut 32099 

Wewsam; rani’: <2 se cacceccessseepecmas sey URES 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Accession No. 
Blears. Dr. ey Onc. 6 sae ee eae peeee ae 32028 
Stejneger; Dr. Leonhard.) .2./2-. 2.052 > 31801 


DEPARTMENT XI. 
BOTANY. 


Agriculture, Department of ... 30836, 30837, 30841 
30842, 30843, 30988, 31229, 31370, 31417, 31460 
31485, 31531, 31533, 31553, 31626, 31679, 31681 
81695, 31746, 31811, 31853, 32127, 32192, 32135 


IAN ATOWS) ci. Ox anak nie xccmencccee semewe et 31099 
AMUNONY CAI OW. ocean na cne este ee eee 31535 
Applegate; dt. bs j15.cosssscasce sas saben 31331 

31345, 31654, 31972, 31997, 31999 
JAchiyvater EE oP 5.2%. ocsetetsqe cae Sn oeeeee 31890 
ATISOIN, Wats hs Mie oe. 255 2-02 = Sas a teeters 31994 
Balker; Cie hs Asie os eneine bee aertece ne 31723 
Baker Rit 22a ees ee 31101, 31163, 31212 
BartsehwPaelis= 56. eee oe 31708, 31790 
Batalin; Alex .24. st sctae ewe. ae eee ee 31126 
Bats sdk WLS oo oe ter oa eee eee 31419 
iBerekmany Pi disso cle ose o. assem aces 31135 


Berlin, Germany: Botanical Museum. 31707, 31751 
Bethel, Woo ses ee se See oe ee eee 31106 
Biltmore Herbarium, North Carolina. . 31818, 32238 


Bilankinshop, Jc W.: s2cec sens eceraasoseens 31873 
Brewer; Wik... ~~ ee eet eee eee ee 30877 
Brick, Dri@ s252 22. Ctek fe aceon eee oe 31117 
IBNIP ES ASA. oo. cows aaaecbeaescieneiace = 30975 

31089, 31100, 31141, 31332 
Britton, DLN. Gs sae cs sees see se 31709 
‘Brodnaxy DoH 25 cosaas caeosemee eee ee wee 31149 
Brown; eo seece ee eee etedeeee ease. 31854 
Brow wh. Dyes acasasee eee = soon easel aes 30891 
BushyBs He sce-. cesses 31765, 31798, 31829, 31836 
BaZzard }SiSt 2x: w-syoean sen e sea ee eee 31554 
Calcutta, India: Botanic, Garden...-.-. 31213, 31842 
California Academy of Sciences........--. 31532 
Cassady J Wes s35 622 scenes seers aerate 31176 
Camby; NV si Miee oneness eee sae 31725, 31743 
Chipman Wi. Wa o22 secs ceacetdeaasoe 31939, 32148 
Goclkereall; Prof. ay 0A seme fea oeeeeee 31042 
Collings el aS iss. -seessee e ca em aaa 31343, 31703 
Gollings SE esc. te aacccemetscasmaameeeree 31893 
ComeswProf Oy ss c45 nee eee eee weet 30849 
Cocks Prof O. Piece eee 30981, 31086 
Gook Mars iOoWe2 te ose2e 31052, 31092, 31118, 31252 
Copineany Oy sae eee tae acre aoe eet 30957 
Comillo, Mrederick Vito -ss—a-seeeas 31308, 31993 
Crandall) C.Sic2-on sence teea see eee 31501 
Crevecoour; EW 52. ss22-- 22 ss.cemeene es 31418 
(Chasen Ets scsootcr sa ckesoumec-orta conse 31598 
Gummitgs, MIssiC. i oss es eeaee ces eee 31393 
Curtiss; A. HD. .-22. 30977, 31067, 31214, 31447, 31722 
DAL: Diecstetsek ket eee ee) ee ee 32001 
Deans W alten ese. occ ss sas cues eee 31799 
De. Mier) ).R:. occ es oes hee ets 32109 
Dewey pla. tic secietoeeeee 81150, 31251, 32038, 32284 
DYUSHeL ed s-Axcscmes easter neee eee tenes 31929 
IDUPES, PnOls Disses ase ese ease ee ee 31368 
Hames Drs Wb. eee cesk eee oe eee ce 31764 
Harle; Brokat, Syescciactecin.se---asente sews 32240 
Eastwood, Miss Alice............2-.-...- 31037 
Maton A. pAjoc 22 =e eee come eeoe ee eae ees 31930 
Baton, Gee cage cw saree decors sate 31423 


RYE ins: Soh cee ees oon 31715, 32108 


A eh 


ihre 


INDEX TO ACCESSION 


Accession No. 
CDSE hed DSN 0 pe oS a Saco nes 31534 
Evermann, Prot. B. W ..-.------ 31359, 31567, 31995 
Represent eases noe Saas ee ce ae a 31387 
Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Il... 31084 
UOT ie ie Dae) ee are 31196, 31087 
Horwood, Dr. W.H:., U.S.A-.---..--. 30901, 31902 
Lg likeiss 1 DE Ey Oe Soe ae ee ae 31255 
o> DELP ETE) Dag) Re) a ee ee 31843 
Berar Ever bert... = =< -.--.---c-2- =~ == 32260 
DENMEFE VV sa kon es so aoe. == oe 31714 
Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass -.-.-.. 31699 
ni 1D. Sota se secocsoseescecsescsne 30884 
iGrerory, James .-...-2-.-.--------_..---- 30927 
Live Sho) Ei 20 Od Cee ee 32157 
nd ee 30874, 31501 
(TE he TD ee Se ee ene ee ae 31239 
Oo OLA LL G5 8 GR ea ee eR 31078 
J Sa 6 8 0 ri 30969 
MPG OHO WTS, ©. W - 3 <s0<-c02ss'.ce5005 31625 
Marrison, Miss Carrie------.-...-.-.---.- 30876 
Vog. dt re 31119, 31210 
Harvard University, Herbarium of --.---- 31962 
MENGE) 22-2522 scs52-2 8s -sce eee SS- 31063 
Meller, A. A-...-.--- 30904, 30997, 31035, 31227, 31435 
STATE, WWI eS Re OR Senate 31800 
PRE DOL = = ec. ac wise seteccsecno se 31452 
immenrandh, Ac Mo <2 sco. 5 === 32095, 32185 
DOL UTRRE TE, TS i 8 Oe a ee ene 30989 
SEEPEIROMN eras oan ae wei ois sce css cine 31054 
Lee eee eeseoee eee 31396, 32009 
Hopkins, Miss Sue....--.-----. 30937, 31085, 31204 
SU Y\ CHITIN S ECS eee 31038 
Pen OPA Cetera anna cio si a ecw see onic 31102 
Pier ESN OMBS a2 on 505 sa =a 2 cee 30913 
PREMARIN) oe; -)- = Sacenc toe sacclcese: 31912 


Hunter, William. -. 
Interior Department (U. S. Geological 


RIMES) Se = => ss =< 30863, 30872, 30880, 31281 | 
JS] UTRy hed See Soe eeeaeseeeeer sort 31508 
Janus LUD 1D) SSS! Sposepeceesseseercosee ene 31615 
Karnten, Austria: Tiroler Botaniker, Die 

MPAIGNVGLOIMIPTN LS - -o6k oo ccns- 7 ma- son - 30885 
Cosi Wh 180579 sosceoS secs ssosessssoe6 31602 
“rniGie iip lt ees eee eee 31845 
MMIRVALONE EEL cna acc a ciaaee eee ns access 31125 
oi! b, 1D UB ie eS Spee ese seesoase soa sees 31314 
LP TEL GN hs 0 ee ee 31428 
Tag, TR a ee 31022 
Papo TANS <can nm o-oo - ne =-=o-= = ams 31181 
i CC GE eee ee 31104 
Ecnclancnh\ CUaS Baeaeeeeeace eee 31034 
out) en ON ee ee re ee Se 31940 
NPAC MUO TLANNY ooh es closes Goce ce eneme es Secs 31137 
1 EOE Oe a ee 31032 
to LTO 6 eek ee ee ee a eee 31502, 32051 
hy Lig Cie TT (Dp ee 31938 
MARCUS x oe os oa ac cwatcececisacteetes 32111 
Mearns, Dr. E. A., U.S. A...--- 30892, 31110, 32216 
IGRI TACG - onc ccs Sane s lence nce eee ese 30881 
Miele Mass Nelly =.5+2s-s---2-ssccecsec-=- 30862 
LA GUD 12508 Dis 31173 
Mormmm. Dri. Dart..c-2<:--.. 31232, 31922, 32095 
Thi GU Toe ID oe 31861 
les 101 (6 ee 32215 
Minnesota, Herbarium of the Universityof 31998 
Minnesota, University of..............--. 32225 | 


y 
if 


30855, 30903, 31820, 31860, 31892 | 


LIST. 147 
Accession No. 
Missouri Botanic Garden .....-....:.---- 31041 
MobriiDriCharles\-2<2ae-ccsssacee season 31113 
Morrell Ke 2s 22 saaen-ncacess 30916, 31103, 31276 
Miiller, Ferd. von ........ 31040, 31060, 31088, 31266 
Nelson Aven -cectecice secccecceaceecc 31350, 31933 
Nelson Ha W esses scess.c 30898, 30899, 31217, 31648 
Olds: HW ee nee lee. cee eee cece cer 30840, 31124 
@Osterhout; Gs 2 s2-. 220i cece 31960, 32071, 32121 
PalmervHdiward-coacce- cases eee ste sete 31710 
PalmerehaC ee eras eee oat ere 31422 
Pamme), Erth-to 22.52 seseeceas aco eee 31571, 32000 
Parish'S: Blseste-cs te: 31033, 31536, 31745, 32070 
IPORTSOH We Liter ce ceeee eee eee ane 31558 
Peek Am 08it:6 os ao cms toe eeen ss ccosen 30919 
Perkina liek sees one ne Sean e ecm ae 31203 
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.----.. 31724 
Piper Cae ae see eee eee 31194, 31326, 31433 
Pollard (Owl eee sa et ee ae eee 31238, 31416 
(Porters sO cso aoe s ene etic se eseree nse 32239 
Ieruneied te) Oni Gro ac soscccosceeasenuceaes 31507, 31627 
Aa gl Bee eee Seen see Seinaae se ee 32210 
RandonyGilberbsscse sess ose sass see ee 31083 
Reid) © 4H s253-5> Backes sblosscctesesscce 32035 
Reverchomieees sacs os ten ween ee aice ce 30867 
Rice; Miss Susan fs5-22-c2-22csseccescs-- 31228 
Rickseckert Ac Miya oeecm se eee eee ae sict= 31500 
Robinsons Dr luectce. castes ace ees ae 31211 
Rosen ee ese 30918, 31036, 31354, 32198, 32255 
ROPHTOCK) NOM AB seme eecise ease 31031, 3221T 
Ire iyg ish lst paseener <omacuncese 30875, 31003, 31716 
PUTHSE Vai C Bee te ea orale eraieiae se 32058 
Rutter;rot- Cloud. 2232-5 one-seaneoe~-s 81142 
Ryd hore Pelle ite ese ee 5 32173, 32110 
SOIREE OAS ogcone se sesesoceraacoeccosens 31721 
Selby 1 185 (GroocscospassooecesaStoceccone 31996 
Schucherts Charlespotss-c 2255 os-seeeeeeas 31647 
| Senet JIN paseer cscs esnseoesbesacon sce 32186 
SOs Um ie, Sone soseoscsescorecnss 31862 
Selby, A. D-.-------.---------------.--.-- 31394 
SHead aN (rath hies meme amen Semen ean 31221 
ShrivGreblow ard esses csc ese - seer oae eee 30917 
Skrehot..B: Bees sccescecic= cic ccscee ssse5- 31547 
Sintery Muss Se Ie search cee ack te delete 32068 
Sra ee Kae aeinoe ee ern See eL 31421, 32036 
SHUR OV. Wis @osaeemariaeroaisceicccis einer 31053 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 

TORO Ry wee ere ance tee ae tah 31151, 31599 
Sill ML INOS Se cbueesesenSoscodsessss5ec 32136 
SdmbGh is Vif casos sogenc sobeoceoca soe 32235 
SHB) WLS .- Sesooe son sacosccosebee= 32236 
Steele, Bo Smcse ssi saesinjte=si-- = Olddd; DLOUS, 3LOSo 
Seihita sale nets 3S Sees onen ceetnescrsce 30871, 30956 
Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard....-..-----.. 31577, 31801 
Sulkedort i iriNecwessaeseeemas clas aera 31582, 30893 
Sohne 0010) hears SedecseaceHbsoe nen d5e 31851 
Tegel iie MISE MG vs roc socoborssosss seccer 31403 
Tilden, Josephine E.-.-.---..-. J epocnosseed 31620 
Gin Cyd ie D ss Soh ee dhs Sonor QesreaaeoEEEes 31392 
Attys, IDE I Ee sap eesdoseecoccse ss 31658, 31694 
Sip Salle esnasacscace ee 30879, 31148 
Treleaseserot Walliams ccs. sees se ce eae 31655 
Underwood, L. M .---.-.-..-.----- 30882, 31074, 32184 
Vienna, Austria: Royal Natural History 

Society (Hofmuseum)........-..--.---- 31355 
TVA Oe esa mete lois alain = mimo 31960 
Vier ba ea) a bd es SRR 31358, 32037, 32172, 32237 


148 


Accession No. 


Wiebber, bids. ss vces cen ne tta steed en tons 31216 
IMNBENOLD arAe xeaca, (sen etelasas = mere ae 31312 
Wanee lens (Genny eee See 8 aoe eae 30915 
White David: oct dsccse- --sscoctaene 30887, 31076 
WRT bre 3 fae 28a Gre em a ett Se 31112 
WWViuLCOm RAHN Sateras catenin aes tec uauesewes 31453 
MUTE Hee oe GR SOR es mn rcp ne ens acioc 31301 
Walliams B: Sitsos 225545) - ose ee 31874, 32069 
WGIPhG dab Saas Sac neh dean te See ers 30936 
Wraurzlow,2t.<.:-2.--- Fhe Ra aren ace ace 31891 
Ze wo ydiatOW On) ae m= cee eee 31256 

Zurich, Switzerland: Zurich Botanical 
Gardenecen es are caesar sates eee eee 31168 

DEPARTMENT XII. 
MINERALS. 

Barcelona, Spain: Royal Academy of 
SRience and cATCS=.— see ee see aes te ee 31226 
Bibbing, Amthunis 2-2. see ewe = setae 31663 
Biederman: CR s.ct cee sos cence a eeeaee 32149 
BowmansDwA. 282502 cca. cheese eee ares 31187 
Pipa his Mees: ea aseecto ca erate ee eres 31586 
Brow, Cs hecsce terete ane eee 31968 
BiIOMLON loo Wie atacuceaesis sce ctemak cee 31613 
Ghamberlain) roo ee ees eae meee 82227 
(letra OAN is ne Soceemos set ebesspaoc 32273 
Clarke; Prot. HRW. 2st cese see aoe ee 31188 
GEO8S, WW cae oe Paats om ceien Jegaen tute secre cate 32096 
TOF eel BeBe oe Shes becnens 31184, 31305, 31405 
Mongsdson Wie see eee se Bctoeteele Sasa 31186 
Dann Ms ke CO seein tae se cane sere 31185 
1 DEW ES ES oaneine SaaS debe oben sognssse 31770 
Miele, MW fac coogtescnteds sosesnncoscecee 31294 
HM ISI Gratien Ore eat ete ete oat 31404, 31898 
Rellows; GiiS2-<2o-cnenceeass seca secs 30999 
RewkesDrid), Walters: ass cmee tases 31274 
HeTCR, Vs Cases ninine mee eaten tere ere 31544 
GR ee eats scion ia eee 31309, 32156 
Hale brand wT Wieth= owe ase eee eee 31066 
Lalyit Misty) eee oa echerense sce nseio~ Se seee 31961 
Howell bie esse rec em 30934, 30940, 31691, 31749 

Interior Department (U.S. Geological Sur- 
NMGY)) Seq ce aa= aa niapmin a eon mien 31065, 31291 
31319, 31664, 31665, 31750, 31965, 32096, 32241 
Japan, Geological Survey of ........----- 32300 
MOHMSOM, Wer eseaea tear te seo aneeteete 30982 
Kane, iWin sas-22s-cosessees eereeas 31116 
DSC Oe eG essa oer eae seseoonaasse 31070 
Knowlton: Wd 22.2560 ..s= cose es ciccescinass 30949 
Wenz) Gece woes oes sain aeiae eriaaens see 31306 
Langdale, J. W..------------------6---- == 31794 
DGS8Or ye) oon econ ace came cece cet 31107 
RCL EL ons i 8k a Ge ercidice one oSeecc semen 31526 
WEY aTTIG 2 oases erie ais ore aetna 31617 
PSreb pL) eco ooo erste ase ee eee eee 31662 
ARS EURUTAIES Sy cA Ss Mona ate ote tem tenet erect 31523 
RENO VAC Bis 2. a= cece saw ices ee eee ie 81139 
Smithy J. Shirley 22-22-0605 ses -c once om 32024 


Smithsonian Institution .....-. 31188, 31225, 32227 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 


i) Ofna) sano secre ua USER einer cee ci er 31133 
SUC Bhd s Der eee rt Beart Oar ese 30844 
Sydney, New South Wales: Australian 

NET EET, CanaseetscScnors Aomos er tec tS ase 31081 
Tassin, Wirt .-...... Side wincnctaoetere ce 31290 


31292, 31293, 31300, 31304, 31318, 31888, 31889 | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Accession No. 


Diffany Co 7226 sh - - eeac eae oe 31797 
Draphareny PW) sacee-: 2c. deecteeesees 31183 
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. 32213 
Whiteliead, Johny 22.22 sence tence oscee aoe 32174 
Williams College, Williamstown, Mass... 32220 
Dorner EW. scr ee dees coarse ane 31406 
DEPARTMENT XIII. 
GEOLOGY. 
Adams, NID. bo. itserion cases ec 30955, 31880 
Aldrich, Hons lssH 22.22 bac ctewtins nae 31569 
Avondale Marble Company ..-.------.--- 31587 . 
‘Benson Hew (2 <c20 Soh oe Dee aceeaeeae 31551 
Boyle Dri Bic--2-cseeey toe oeesece see 31017 
PLAVONM AI: Mic. o.Js naa sie occa sce eee! 32212 
Brow, Gienniates- 5250s tock oes ee eeeece 31388 
IBryants Hoon, cesces patsae non sae 31832 
BryneMlawr College = secu es oeitees eee 31713 
CampbellGMeRict 2555 sos meaee seeeeee 32143 
Carrico, B.D 3.3: 25\.-.sor< a: eo tecee eee eee 31987 
Chanipions Wikis sence = em cee teeta 32273 
Cooley, Bartlett. -eae sess sae 31810 
Courtney C. Wit caceaac. cetera aces 32222 
Dale SihiaN:s s2cce sce ote cere eee eae 31900 
Dayal: He Ca ois st ase eeacaeee oes 31954 
Field Columbian Museum, Chicago .----. 32027 
BOote; Dirt ash. oe cecise senile See eater 31897 
Fortieth Parallel Survey....-.--.--.----- 32107 
Gilbert.sProtiGt Ker sac secre aerate 31571 
Ginty, | G.diln ee o-eecewasc meets seen aa 31384 
Green“ Berard. os.ccssa. ae etn eee 30959 
Guthrie Ossiany=-425 sees ee 31391, 31909, 32247 
Hetherimcton, Wik aoe e aoe ee ase 31002 
Mitchood ke seroty Cree pee seater 31520 
12 (315) veh Sats bnceheneee a Scr. Se orie sce aoscad 30954 
Holmes, dicA wes osen.. aoe saan eaten eee ee 30973 
lowell, Heb. cance. es ee ase 30992, 31672, 32242 
Iuiichimsons Lee W gs. oseee eee anen aoe 31111 
Interior Department (U. S. Geological 
SOnUCV) ceaeee ee ese =e eeerae 31451, 31525, 31527 
31684, 31705, 31731, 31732, 31735, 32066, 32218 
Kenesaw Marble Company, Marietta,Ga. 31015 
Kessler; Wrank 2225 <6 +2 e ses eee 31927, 31928 
Key ClanenGe@ease> saci sae eee ee 31977 
Mangdalec de Wi sss soso cece on smsnitees ce 32228 
Le Grand Quarry Company, Marshall- 
bOWD) LOWa-2. 6 <i = See eee eee 31826 
Ibtiayes Ua Oo Soe sssoansanc saben Seep Son 30967 
MicCulloekadjsc caso sh eae nee eee eee 30838 
RVloscwell hls. sc sce ne eee eee ee 31834 
Merri GBs s sec eiaceoeeele = Sem eei eee 30972 
31062, 51096, 31152, 31275, 31753, 31864 
Moloney. Sin 7Alitne dias ste et se 31026 
Nesmith; JAR ote sec cece seb SS sree Pail 
New Brunswick Red Granite Company.. 31849 
Prince Manufacturing Company, New 
Works Cli yeen asap ase ernie eee 31001 
Pringle esi fee aasete eee eee 31008 
IPEGnbISS; aN all-s-centuee= so eee 32274 
Rideout Bo S Sac. cet case ees ease ee 31701 
Russell Prot le Ces sae cceaenic een el-oe 31530 
Savannah Mining Company..--.-...-..-... 32117 
Schoonteltyg 8 case nee--- => sees os sem oe 31010 
Schuchert, Charles. = <2 552-0 s0s0-2-- 2S 31385 
Smuggler Union Mining Company, Tellu- 
TIME, COLOL -ne oe ie 05:0 scp saan semcee 31590 


INDEX TO ACCESSION 


. Accession No. 


Suhre GN ie se eg See a 30952 
RIGMENS Drei. sassnesscssscolacce ses 32028 
MESROHSOR VETOL dit a-s=ss22060c sccaaeces 32276 
Sydney, New South Wales: Australian 

MMINSROIN cases oapos2c sess clnowascecesceas 31081 
DREN OCS O wea So ca ialosn cl oierelw oe mista 31899, 31905 
oct HLS CO ae Ae Reser Ere eSpeer $2278 
WIS LOCKU Witz, WEL «-22 Secs ccsscuee 31510 
Mente HON. ©. 1)'--.-.25cce cosau~tnce = ais 32045 
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 

i 1 CINGRPE LS SS ee ee 30953, 31895, 31896 
BDI ALON ES = 2----- seco osm a 30911 
ToS Dag i ee 32120 
“77a bea LI Re ee 31152 

DEPARTMENT XIV. 
PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
Jd Bl CS 30983 
31236, 31656, 31858, 31957, 32081, 32025 
20 233g De OR ee ee eee 31660 
American Archeological and Asiatic As- 

LUC LRD TERI oP sa Se ee 31632 
[EROS & Eee Sa ee ae ee 31992 
ipntbesworth, G. W -----=.-.-22222--5- 31988, 32065 
Loins G10 ooo Soom aes 31608, 32101, 32282 | 
MBEAN Ce ciscoocm = ose e scene ee 32149 
Co tly Vad ee ee 31047 
MAMEENEY! Wis (-icoccnns- ches cieaes estes 31641 
BEAM NSS #A dela <-.~ 2-22.25 2505 si0-200 31945 
ool LARS os a OS ee oy 31045 
PINTO RAMNICS 352 = Soccis cr cce so ncccsensSes~ 32219 
SAAD DG SS a 31761 
BEREENPIOUR WW LY 22-5 -isetiae cise cee sce a 31984 
SerMPONaen UN. EUs. s <2 ole cecccnsaacass ses 31782 
Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury 

WINER noo on incin soc cise sess csec cee 30996 


Cincinnati Society of Natural History... 32160 


MINEO (2 a 2 cai ca a sis doce Seaacceceste 32085 
Loa Fay AW Sa eee eas ees 31588 
Watnoeld: Miss’ Kmma.....-.-cocccsee sc 31989 
Dickens, Commander F. W., U.S. N..---.- 31696 
Mode: BB 5-2. 526.55<.5 30979, 31506, 31747, 32193 | 
LD US 0 Oa eee ee BLTT3" | 
PSOE PAL oo nae sacks jociasaeeetees 32181 | 
. 34) eee 31044 
Featherstonaugh, Thomas ..-...-.------- 31781 | 
Minncommission, U.S -2-2-..2s5..25% 31009, 31167 
MIN GIDY <cc cco omens = maisincjosiem = 31838 
J At 661 a a 31322 
Epes Sea afcic Soccernet cnsce unc ane 31910 
12 5 aera 31748 
EGE 31055 
CSO tat) 2 0A Cae eee 31585 
LED UDG a Eo ee eee 31048 
UUISTSTTE VG) oa SS ee oe ee ee 31440 
OOD Sn mn ctorara a unscis, se Snee Socio slenic 31841 
Spee DTS Wy. Creo 2 aloe oan asa = 31767 
Kunzie, Mrs. Helen Kane ........-..----- 31874 
Tht Sagi a BEE Cl Fe ae 31411 
Lf i 10's eee ee ee 32245 
ilo C201 8 (Gee Oe 31609, 31958 
LSE OC Sh 31682 
MIIPS GIA Berra ae occ cans aSoaSaces = 31474 
WEG Ole te fe poh hs cae aes.s 31407 
LUTE Te oe ere, 31450 


LIST, 149 
Accession No. 
Oppnrn Burt -ssssss2s0 ose e ee 31539, 31742, 31967 
TELAT DT yep Meee See Sen pcoapaoodsossase 31837 
Pope Captawis Wi; Wes.cAl casasce scence 31215 
PLOUGH TOV) asec se sees oee seen ssh aeoe 31774 
Richard, Wliase ss. ss cseenceee ese esses 31140 

Salford, Lancashire, England: Salford 
RoyalMmsenm: 5-22. <2 ssceteeet = aoe 30865 
Sayers, Mrsid. Dio 22: ..cssssce- 5st ese ane 31778 
Seaton-KarrishHs Wi <222--s555>2=025=2sec8 31522 
Nehuchert, Chaples:-:2s-ce-sasse5e-e.s cae 31511 
ScoteGs Mier :....tccnescssesesc ts see 31095 
SimmssGoNes-245-5-. ese s esc ss eee eee 31857 
Smithsonian Institution -.......-.--- 31263, 31989 

Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 
NOLOLY) sec ese sea ee ee eels eee eens 30857 
31133, 31642, 31683, 31803, 31883, 32092, 32102 
Stanley, Diets e252. s sso cess cate ec acess 32159 
Steimor; Dr Roland: ~.-so22..- case +602 30938, 30976 
31050, 31235, 31237, 31258, 31311, 31313 
31347, 31484, 31497, 31541, 31931, 32214 
SlOWanipore bi och ccaee eae eens ee 31046 
SLOT sl Dee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee 31373 
MaAVOMids Geccetccsscncetanerac se eneeseee 30960 
MuckersMirg eM eee ceteeee alec 31666 
Mwomey; GeOrges=..-s-anacs sere soceensa- 31263 
AV AD Sr kere nae er a ate eae ate 31297 
llaWiashinoton i Gcesssscecno: stsaes.ee~ ae 30911 
Watson,J.M....... dE ng Oo ee 30950 
IWiayGHOIPAC di so 5.2 esas nee eee eae eee 31364 
eWallsoneiseg peeere eee See eee =e 31489 
| Wilson, Thomas .........------ 31636, 32169, 32200 
Bhs vn rl De: ars See 9 Ee ee See 31635 
| Young Naturalists’ Society, Seattle, Wash. 31353 
Yang Yii, Chinese Minister.....-.......- 31964 

DEPARTMENT XV. 
ETHNOLOGY. 

“AUD Ot MOT: WWelitsso 2 ote cece acto aes eae 3134], 31941 
IBollesHMrsiCiC2e. oe tcceeeeeeece aeee ao.) B0866 
IBGoTKG yi Gclees atte wee = Hacc ee ac cmscee 30963 
Bryans hae =o) =e aes ans eae oe = 32010 
Calkins MnientnOaG.. WSN 2. ccece shee s 81289 

Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury 
MUISGMMe re o-sesere elec ascot eceees 30996 
i) GolininG Ai ecccseeeecce roc ss che eee ee 31979 
(Coss enw BOA 4 oc aos passa ddose a senneoe 32040 
CrattssWilbure-cs-s-.c.cccnsace. cece aes 31870 
Calm) Stewart 2e-222 2426 25-252 sete es 31517 
Daggett, Hon. John .....-.....- 31277, 31628, 32190 
Dall Weil oscees sos P eaten at cece ose 32100 
Mamie Orie ask wate eae ceeee cece ees 31330 
AV LONG CsA esters 3 acter lelaians te on erates 31098 
Mean. SBE asco ~ececctesecess Soe seceas 31855 
Wir GIDE Its O isc SA soo cceseseeoces 31200 
Dnitirikksen oudicess as eee eee eetent ae 31865 
MTICsOnIBrOshers: 2252545556 -see a see eae 31823 
TBS fey ee FAG eae eran Sesto cielo ea = Se 32207 

| Fairbanks Museumof Natural Science, St. 
AIO Nar Nata 75 Wisco sSacoe seas eee SasbS seas 31334 
Fewkes, Dr. J. Walter................ 31785, 32079 
WiGOld sD rere te secs sci cesace as oohs atte 31446 
Tei Gag 91 cen ee se Seeds, aan e Ree 30941 
PVORMAN OPV asd a2 acerca wsccac eee face elite! 
Hp G4 HEP SR re ceaeseesetaiere occ aet ces 31828 


ioriram Mini: on sencccseos aap aaaecwesse 31775 


150 


Accession No. 


Flowell Drag i. 2. sccesnaccac eels ste see 31109 
PAI RON EE We comms clans ce aie ce aiee 31082, 31131 
Hudson MTS. ds Wc ant ceacen se seeaeee 32063 
unter ChHaries=-- 2220. semcens co soe ee 31466 
DORNSON Cle shee sacs scans s Soe oes 32119 
Mung, Ge Wo. 26.2 decaad estas assesses 3 31365 
Ihemike; Mrs; ‘Hlizabeth..-.-../-- sa secuee 31795 
Mason: Prof O) Ts 2.2 cca ssecen esas 31630 
IMeniGhini! Wins = a7 -mee cee eee aoe 31189 
Merrill; ‘Dr G, Pio Ses ce- <2 aoe 30944, 31824 
Merrill Mii: ls i52 2. \eae aetna em eee 32189 
Mindeléi Cosmos. 2-. evel. es ences ee 30945 
Nelson, HOW csi sneec- <opcscseatactenscs 31796 
Palmer, Mdward 2 2a 20 «c= sees es ee 31859 
Palmer; William =. =-.52s-cos<-ss3e5 00cm 05 31130 
Pagchale Jew viet os cee seems acleeee eee 31949 
Porter; WD esse sancacnoe~ see eos eects 31231 
Prentiss: Wis jit asssscoucasseeeeaoreses 32270 
ROGKHUEOW Wie soe nese eee eee 31129 | 
Salford, Lancashire, England: Salford 
Reval Misco eeseas ate seeens saeeemas 30865 
Savare; Mab oo tecacaeseenesssne sees 30845, 31372 
Sebreider’ 91s). so-so esa ene see 31138 
Seidmore; Missi R222... seeseseneee se ee 31224 
Shoerman?’G, Altice tccctaet ces ameseu ee a 31686 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 
MGlOPY) ee eveseee eas os aekee Seek ee 31151 
31737, 31983, 32138, 32250, 32272, 32288 
Shy der Rew. (ewe aeeee nee eee eee ee 31155 
Stranahansd.W <2 22254.6 52355 31383, 31509, 32064 
Tribolet Ming? Ms At. S82- Sosa 32074 
"Erne: Dr hrederitkw . sc. sci ces-.. ssa 20 31951 
Van’ Gaasbeek & Arkell t..:522s2.. 2.223. 31952 
Wihite rss Avene. tecaset ieee ah eaeee 31091 
Willa) Rev. Janies:--<<ssc0-<.4-8 sees ees 31618 
Winton, G: Bu. cae it ses sees tate eee 31432, 31802 
DEPARTMENT XVI. 
ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES. 
Kelekaian, 1D: Gono 5. = sa7 seretceesa eet ae ane ee 3191 
emg Gi ose orien a citnecinisieis ae ese cee aae 31365 | 
PolockMia-ea ssc sateen ee eee set see 30995 | 
INGGG, Dave O See oe neetineee eo eee eee 31132 | 
Sanshodo, PhO scccencccescae eee esc e ene see 31908 
Shanghai, China: St. John’s College. .-.-- 31156 
Wan Gassbeek so Arkell z.....--eeccsece 31914 
Wesley, William, & Son...--..--.-<.sc=.: 32089 
Wialliamavh. Wi< Ssc2. oot aeceeoatee access 31615 
DEPARTMENT XVII. 
ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 
Abbott, Dr Widis-csenc2es2ss scenes anaes 31341 
Adler; DreCyrusis. <saveccsa sess see mee 30910, 32077 
Agriculture, Department of..-..-.-....-- 32073 
American Electrical Works, Providence, 
i SD ES oe eae ace ce eee hc eeeee ee ee 31548 
Amherst College Observatory, Amherst, . 
MBBS Brean os crore Bea Lae Selon ee eee 31985 
PANUNGIY AG Wien cee ace eRe soe cites 32114 
‘ADDIGUON Ws Misc sess cscte cose eae meen eas 31007 
BPONNOL, Webb enesas cake secs ceek eee ee eeee 32161 
Bartlett; MrssN Gray... --22 cet sesssee ee 31006 
Beckers, Alexo.t ne cic tee awk ot ane we cats 32191 
Beckwith? Paul -<c.c0s-.2ttetes oceeee 32195, 32261 
Bierstadt, Hi... ceases oscseeeesensectoees 31090 


| Olmstead, Mrs. S. H 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, “1897. 


Accession No. 


RIBCGD, Piola occa soees tee others eee 30928 
Bolton; He Ci-c Scene as cocsaes che se eenee 31631 
BOCA, A ed ee oe ee a 2 eee, 31634 
Brown, Mrs: J. Crosby .-------- 31612, 31791, 32008 
Burns) Witt as-cast ek cee eae ace 32031 
Calkins; hieut. C: GagU..S2N s.-2.-..--- 2 31289 
Cashman, (NE 33.02. ss2eereeeseee eee ee 32194 
Ceramic Art Co., Trenton, N.J-........-. 3162 
@Ghapman, Sie & Wiese sees soca ser 5 ee 31876 
Cowdry,C. H., Machine Works, Fitchburg, 
Masais2iskceat. net tease seslssehestate 31687 
Dag Ver ees eee ae! he eae 31288 
Dayton; CAN, S22. ress a8 5 os se gees 31098 
Doubleday, Mrs.-A bner =.= 22.<-<5.-22-5--- 31948 
A VBowe: Hs G32 Se ae eee 31844 
| Hastwood red 2c 52osces<eeeewe ees ees 32112 
vais; Ay Boe ss ee pases oeesaeeeeeeet 31089 
Way We Wi socc ste 2p acsh sansa terseeenrs 32982 
Hewkes, rods W alter-sas-n--<-ne sien ohvGo 
Gillespie, lB’... se 2st 2 So ee 30909, 30985 
Gilman;Collamore'&‘Co' 0... 355-2322 22- 32050 
Gaiveni hit Se ieee coe Rts ces eee eee 32187 
GisISher; James. 22220. S222 sSsneckossse ee 31950 
Goode; DriG. Brown pee-sccncccesoseee eee 30966 
Ball si iota esse ooo teat eee eee 32170 
Haswell; Cs Be: Sie ccsees seeaseese seen 31871 
Hawley, Ho Wicccnnasom ae aaa aaata sae 31821 
Haymond, Mrs. Doreas-.-..- 20.2: 2------- 31352 
Heliotype Printing Co., Boston, Mass.... 31809 
Henry, Miss M. A.......- 32291, 32292, 32293, 32294 
Higgins and Seiter:cs:--+.ssesens=2\=5s— 31576 
Mod ge Oro Hei cose ess cease =e eee 32116 
Interior, Department of.....-...-...----- 32206 
Judson, Mrs. Isabelle Field -.....-..-.. 32289, 32290 
Ean KON aie se oe ater ae ee eee 31935 
AGG Cd Bite e ste on sep aemmecr Eocene Sate 31310 
Kouna,; Guile so05 5022 esta ates ees 30901, 31365 
Towdermilk, Wi. Ey, dol s-ssccane ess see 30943 
Mnyce th, Hidiaward’= iss se se = once eancee en ae 31784 
WEG ALGO AW ie Grey) Deen a ae eine ee eee 31575 
| McKesson & Robbins..........-..--.---- 31825 
Wieder Herd) 2 soon. Hace essen sae 31805 


| National Society Daughters of the Ameri- 


can Revolution .. 31371, 31488, 31611, 32014, 32039 


Soo eee ian ete bode Tie 31702 
Pah, Cola C 2-222 secs ca waar hae eens 31361 
(Pinmerton, MCs ais. Mrees eetec manana 32083 
Princeton University, Trustees of.....--- 32050 
Ramsey, NOMAS = 2e—- epee ae eae ace + 31315 
ges yeq ot GAS Up WE ea iy es aosnaace 32115 
Veutslea gh yl Oy TUS Oe cee aconaeicteemongse 31521 
Sanshodo: Lhe. tin-s22-2-25eee eee cee ec Gee 31937 
SDL DOlnand seston = eee ee 31202, 31606 
Smithsonian Institution ...--- 31950, 32030, 32093 
Smithsonian Institution (Bureau of Eth- 
NOLOL) ee eea eens ces aces eee nears 30961 
SMONG irs diene cee Reames eee ene ee 31848 
Telegraphic Historical Society of North 
ARR OPI Cate Sepmnw acer = ae Bodncs 31175, 31545 
Mollary Seis do COssseeateee eee eee 30965 
Misheirh es CANO Sa gers Cain tndoncanoc see 30951 
Titan yee Cisonessecceceman ate - 31143, 31936 
Treasury Department (Bureauof Engrav- 
pines lexis htaisl tf) Rormesea a Sh SCORE 31357 
Van Deusen, Mrs. Alys Bates ...--.------ 31465 


31552, 31593, 31594, 31614, 31670 


r Department (U.S. Signal ae 


INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST. 


- A tie f= x T 7+ =} 
«a See 
pees 
ast 
Accession No. 
Rensselaer, A. Cortlandt --...------- 32093 
“sia eGR in! eee 32205 


151 


Accession No. 


yates MWA Spock ae ves coaeenonsoroSe sees 31004 
Willets Manufacturing Co., Trenton, 

SoH mcs odclssoooe scm onbd Senannasceane 32126 
VOI Seise Goss seosccocecessescescs-scee 31877 
Vien Glee lop Wiest osesosatse OSCE ON EaRAaSR Sana 31005 


APPENDIX III. 


List OF THE ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM LIBRARY BY GIFT AND 


EXCHANGE DURING THE FISCA 


L YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897.! 


I.—INSTITUTIONS. 


AFRICA. 
Cape Colony. 
Cape Town. 


SouTtTH AFRICAN PHILOSOPHICAL So- 
CIETY. | 
Transactions, Vu, pt. 2, 1896, [10, pt. | 


eve Du. 45) Vil pts.d—Jis; VIL, pu. al.) 


Egypt. 
Cairo. 
Institut EGypTien. 
Bulletin, (3) v, pts. 8-9, 1894; v1, 
1895. [(3) v, pts. 1-7.] 


Madagascar. 
Antananarivo. 
ANTANANARIVO ANNUAL AND MADA- 
GASCAR MAGAZINE, I, 1875-1878; 11, 
1881-1884. 


AMERICA. 
NORTH AMERICA. 


British America. 
Chicoutimi. 


Ottawa. é 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CEN- 
TRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM. 
3ulletin 25,1896. [21-23.] 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 

Annual report, n.s., VII, 1894. [1843- 
1871, 1874-1893. ] 

Contributions from the herbarium of 
the Geological Survey of Canada. 
James M. Marcoun. Pt. 8, 1895. 
p. 1-11; pt. 9, 1896. p. 39-50 < Can- 
adian Record of Science. 

List of plants known to occur on the 
coast and in the interior of the 
Labrador peninsula. James M. 
Marcoun. Ottawa, 1896. 8vo, p. 
353-366. < Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. 
Canada, 1896. 

Quebec. 
UNIVERSITE LAVAL. 

Annuaire, 1896-1897. 

St. John. 


[ 1892-1895. ] 


Lr NATURALISTE CANADIEN, XXIII, 


pts. 6-12, 1896; xxrv, pts. 1-5, 1897. | 


[XXI-XXII; Xx pts. 1-5] 
Halifax. 
NOVA SCOTIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL 
SCIENCE. 
Proceedings and transactions, (2) 11, 
pt. 2, 1895-1896. [1, pt.45 111; Iv, 
pts. 1-3; v, pts.3-4; vI-vul; (2) 1; 
II, pt. 1.] 
Montreal, 
NATURAL History Socrery. 
Canadian Record of Science, v1, pts. 
1-4, 1896-1897. [Complete. ] 


NATURAL History SocreTy or NEW 
BRUNSWICK. 
Bulletins, 6-10, 14. [Complete. ] 
St. Laurent. 
St. LAURENT COLLEGE. 
Bulletin, no. 12,1897. [10-11.] 
Toronto. 
CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
Proceedings, n.8., 1, pt. 1, 1897. 
Transactions, v, pt. 1, 1896. [Com- 
plete. | 
| Winnipeg. 
| DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND 
IMMIGRATION. 
| Bulletins, 49-50, 1894-1896. [44-48.] 


Report, 1895. 


1The numbers of volumes and parts given in brackets at the end of each entry indicate what the 


library already possesses of the various series. 


153 


154 


Winnipeg—Continued. 
HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 
Annual report, 1894-1895. [1886-1887, 
1890-1893. ] 
Transactions, no. 48, 1896. 


Mexico. 
Aguascalientes. 
Kl] Instructor, x11, pts. 3-12, 1896, xiv 
pts. 1-2,1897. [x11, pts. 3-4.] 
Mexico. 
INSTITUTO GEOLOGICO DE MEXICO. 
Boletin, 3-6, 1896-1897. [2.] 
INsTITUTO MripIco NACIONAL. 
Anales, 1, pts. 1-5,1896 ; 111, pt. 1,1897. 
[1, pt. 8.] 
SocrEDAD CIENTIFICA ‘‘ ANTONIO AL- 
ZATE.” 
Memorias y revista, Ix, pts.7-10, 1895- 
1896. x, pts. 1-4, 1896-1897. [1I- 
VII, Ix, pts. 1-6.] 


United States. 


Alabama, 
Montgomery. 
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, STATE AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COL- 
LEGE. 


Catalogue, 1894-1895. [1888-1893. ] 


California. 
Berkeley. 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 

Annual report, 1895-1896. [1872, 1875- 
1877, 1879-1893. ] 

Agricultural Experiment Station Bul- 
letins, 113-115, 1895-1896. [82-110.] 

Department of Geology. 

Bulletins, 0, pts. 1-3, 1896. 
plete. ] 

Report of the viticultural work dur- 
ing the seasons of 1887-1893, with 
data regarding the vintages of 
1894-1895. Sacramento, 1896. 8vo, 
466 pp. 

Resistant vines; their selection, 
adaptation .and grafting. Arthur 
P. Hayne. Sacramento, 1897. 8vo, 
53 pp. 


University studies, 11, pt. 1, 1897. 
[Complete. ] 


[Com- 


Mount Hamilton. 
Lick OBSERVATORY. 
Brief account of the Lick Observa- 
tory Ed. 2. E.S. Holden. Sacra- 
mento, 1895. 8vo, 29 pp. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Mount Hamilton—Continued. 
Lick OBSERVATORY—Continued. 
Cipher-code for astronomical mes- 
sages. E.S. Holden. n. p. 1896, 8vo, 
p. 109-138. <Pub. Astron. Soc. 
of the Pacific, vi, 1896. 
Contributions from Liek Obserya- 
tory. Nos. 1-2,4,1889-1893. [Com- 
plete. | 
Oakland. 
TOMPKINS SCHOOL. 
Monographs, nos. 1-2, 1895-1896. 
Sacramento. z 
CALIFORNIA SraTe MINING BUREAU. 
Bulletin, no. 11, 1897. [4-7.] 
Catalogue of California fossils. 
Cooper. 
San Diego. 
Out oF Doors FOR WOMEN, I, pts. 3, 
6-12, 1894 11, pts. 18-17, 19-20, 1895 
Ill, pts. 22-29, 1896. 


J.G. 


San Francisco. 
STATE MINING JOURNAL, I, pts. 10, 12, 
13-18, 21-31, 1896. 
Santa Barbara. 
SOcIETY OF NATURAL History. 
Bulletin, 1, 1887. [1, pt. 2, 1890.] 


Colorado. 


Colorado Springs. 
COLORADO COLLEGE. 
Studies, v1, 1896. 

Denver. 
COLORADO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 

Argon and helium in the periodic 
sequence. Chas.8. Palmer. Den- 
ver, 1897. 8vo, 10 pp. 

Automatic water recording gauge. 
Ernest Le Neve Foster. Denver, 
1896. 8vo, p. 1-4. <Proc. Colo. 
Sci. Soc., 1896. 

Magnetic concentration applied to 
sulphide ore. G. M. Gouyard. 
Denwer, 189T. .Syo, Sp. Sit. 
<Proe. Colo. Sci. Soe., 1897. 

Notes on the occurrence of a rich 
silver and gold mineral containing 
tellurium, in the Griffith Lode near 
Georgetown, Colo. Richard 
Pearce. Denver, 1896. 8vo, p. 2. . 
<Proce. Colo. Sci. Soc., 1896. 

Pearceite, a sulpharsenite of silver, 
and on the erystallization of poly- 
basite. S. L. Penfield. n. p., n.d. 
8vo, 15 pp. 


[Complete.] 


ACCESSIONS 


Denver—Continued, 
COLORADO SCIENTIFIC SocleTy—C’t’d. 
Proceedings. 11, pt. 3, 1887. 
1-2.] 
Recent assay balance. L. 8S. Austin. 
. Denver, 1897. 8vo, 6 pp. 
San Miguel formation. Igneous rocks 
of the Telluride district, Colo. 
n. p., n.d. 8vo, 18 pp. 
Technical determination of iron. L. 
J. W.Jones. Denver, 1896. 8&vo, 14 
pp. <Proe. Colo. Sei. Soe., 1896. 
Fort Collins. 
COLORADO STATE AGRICULTURAL COL- 
LEGE. 
Annual catalogue, Xvi, 1895. 
COLORADO STATE BOARD OF AGRICUL- 
TURE. 
Annual report, xv, 1895. 


Connecticut. 


Middletown. 
STORR’S AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
Annual report of trustees, 1896. 


WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 
Annual catalogue, 1896-1897. 


1896.] 


New Haven. 
YALE UNIVERSITY OBSERVATORY. 
Report, 1895-1896. 
Portland. 
THE OBSERVER, VII, pts. 7-10, 1896. 
[I-v; VI, pts. 6, 9-12; vu, pts. 2-6. ] 


District of Columbia. 


Washington. 
AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. 
Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Annual report, X11, X1II, 1895-1896. 
[X—X1. ] 

Bulletins, 5, 8, 9, 11, 18-17, 1893- 
1896. 

Circular, nos. 1-17, 1893-1897. 

Division of Ornithology and Mam- 
malogy. 

North American Fauna, nos. 11-12, 
1895-1896. [1-5, 7-8, 10.] 

Division of Publications. 

List of publications for five years 
1889-1893. Washington, 1894. 
8vo, 42 pp. 

Division of Statistics. 

Circular, no. 3, 1896. 

Report, miscellaneous ser. 2-8,1892- 
1894, 


[11, pts. | 


[1895- | 


TO LIBRARY. 


155 


Washington—Continued. 

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF—Con- 

tinued. 

Division of Vegetable Physiology 

and Pathology. 

Bulletin, 10-11, 1896. 

Farmers’ Bulletin, nos. 32, 42, 43, 49- 

51, 53, 1895-1897. 
Library Bulletin, nos. 12-19, 1896- 
1897. [1-4, 6-8, 10-11.] 

Office of Experiment Stations. 

Record, vit, pt. 10, 1896-1897. 
[Complete. ] 

Section of Foreign Markets. 
Cireular, 11, 1896. [8-9.] 

Report of Secretary, 1896. 

1891, 1893. ] 

Weather Bureau. 

Bulletin, no. 11, pt. 3, 1896; 13, 1896. 
[1, 4-8, 10. ] 

Monthly Weather Review, xxIv,, 
1896; xxv, pts. 1-5, 1897. [xx1- 
LSE] 

Year-book, 1895. 

AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL Soct- 
ETY PUBLICATIONS, V, 1897. [Com- 

plete. ] 

AMERICAN MONTHLY MICROSCOPICAL 
JOURNAL. XVII, pts. 11-12, 1896; 
XVII, pts. 1-10, 1896. [1, pt.11; 2, 
pt.4; v, pts. 1-11; vi, pts. 1-9, 11- 
12; vil, pts. 2-6, 9-11, vilI-xvI; 
XVU, pts. 1-10.] 

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASH- 
INGTON. 

American Anthropologist, 1x, pts. T- 
12, 1896; x, pts. 1-6,1897. [Com- 
plete. | 

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. 

Proceedings, X, pp. 115-125, 131-167, 

1897. [Complete. ] 

CENSUS BUREAU. 

Report on the insane, feeble-minded, 
deaf and dumb, and blind in the 
United States. Washington, 1895. 
4to, 755 pp. : 

Report on farms and homes: pro- 
prietorship and indebtedness in 
the United States, 1890. G. K. 
Holmes and J.S. Lord. Washing- 
ton, 1896. 4to, 646 pp. 

Report on vital and social statistics 
in the United States. 

Pt.2. Vital statistics. Cities of 


[1889, 


100,000 population and upward. 
Washington, 1881. 4to, 1181 pp. 


156 


Washingion—Continued. 
Crnsus BuREAU—Continued, 
Pt.4. Statistics of deaths. 
ington, 1895. 4to, 1033 pp. 
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. 
Annual report, x11, 1894-1895. 


Wash- 


COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 
Report, 1895. [1851-1866, 1868-1894. ] 
EDUCATION, BUREAU OF. 
Report of the Commissioner, 1893- 
1896. [1884-1890, 1892. ] 
Report on the introduction of domes- 
tic reindeer into Alaska. Sheldon 
Jackson. No.5, 1895. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
INGTON. 

Proceedings, 1, pt. 5, 1895; rv, pt. 1, 

1896. [Complete. ] 
ETHNOLOGY, BUREAU OF. 

Aboriginal remains in Verde Valley, 
Arizona. Cosmos Mindeleff. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 4to, p. 183-261. <13th 
Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol. 

Annual report, 1896. [Complete.] 
Haida grammar. C. Harrison. 
n. p., 1895. 8vo, p. 123-226. <Trans. 
Roy. Soc. Can., (2) v. 1. 

Pueblo Indian clans. F. W. Hodge. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 345-352. 
<Amer. Anthropologist, Oct., 1896. 

FisH COMMISSION. 

Annotated list of the fishes known 
from the state of Vermont. B. W. 
Evermann and W. C. Kendall. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p.579-604. 
<Rep. U.S. Fish. Com., 1894. 

Artificial propagation of the rainbow 
trout. George A. Seagle. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 4to, p. 237-256. pls. 
88-94. 
1896. 

Artificial propagation of salmon on 
the Pacific coast of the United 
States with notes on the natural 
history of the Quinnat salmon. 
Livingston Stone. Washington, 
1896. 4to, 15 pls. p. 205-235. 
<Bull. U.S. Fish Com., 1896. 

Check-list of the fishes and fish-like 
vertebrates of North and Middle 
America. David Starr Jordan and 
B. W. Evermann. Washington, 
1896. 8vo, p. 207-584. <Rep. 
U.S. Fish Com., 1895. 


oF WASI- 


<Bull. U. S. Fish Com., | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Washington—Continued. 

Fisa ComMisston—Continued. 
Description of a closing tow-net. 
C. H. Townsend. Washington, 
1896. 8vo, p. 279-282. pls. 9-10. 

<Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1894. 
Description of a new species of shad 
(Alosa aiabama) from Alabama. 


B. W. Evermann. Washington, 
1896. 8vo, p. 203-205. <Rep. U.S. 


Fish Com., 1895. 

Fish and fisheries of the coastal 
waters of Florida. J. J. Brice. 
Washington, 1897. 8vo, pp. 263- 
342. <Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1896. 

Ichthyological collections of the U.S. 
Fish Commission Steamer Albatross 
during the years 1890 and 1891. 
Chas. H. Gilbert. Washington, 
1896. 8 vo, p. 393-476. pls. 20-35. 
<Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1893. 

List of publications of the U.S. Fish 
Commission. Chas. W. Seudder. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 617-706. 
<Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1894. 

Notes on Biscayne bay, Florida, with 
reference to its adaptability as the 
site of a marine hatching and ex- 
periment station. Hugh M. Smith. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 169-191. 
<Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1895. 

Notes on the food of four species of 
the cod family. Wm. C. Kendail. 
Washington, 1897. 8vo, p. 177-186. 
<Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1896. 

Remarks on the movements and 
breeding grounds of the fur-seal. 
J.J. Brice. Washington, 1896. 8vo, 
p.. of3—57f. | <Rep, U. 9S. Fish 
Com., 1894. 

Report of the Commissoner, 1894, 
1895-and 1896. 

Report upon the fishes of southwest- 
ern Minnesota. Ulysses O. Cox. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 605-616. 
<Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1894. 

Report on the fisheries of the Indian 
river, Fla. J.J.Brice. Washing- 
ton, 1897. 8vo, pp. 223-262 pls. 
23-59. <Rep. U. 8S. Fish Com., 
1896. 

Report upon the fishes of the Mis- 
souri river basin. B. W. Ever- 
mann and U.O.Cox. Washington, 
1896. 8vo, p. 325-429. <Rep. U. 
S. Fish Com., 1894. 


ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 157 


Washington—Continued, 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


Washington—Continued. 
Fish COMMISSION—Continued. 


Report upon the investigations of the 
U.S. Fish Commission Steamer 4Al- 
batross tor the year ending June 30, 
1895. F. J. Drake. Washington, 
1896. 8vo, p. 125-168. <Rep. U.S. 
Fish Com., 1895. 

Report upon the observations of the 
U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Al- 
batross for the year ending June 30, 
1894. Z.L.Tanner and F. J. Drake. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 197-278. 
pls. 6-8. <Rep. U. 8. Fish Com., 
1894. 

Report of the representative of the 
U. S. Fish Commission at the 
World’s Columbian Exposition. 
Tarleton H. Bean. Washington, 
1896. 8vo, pls. 1-5. p. 177-196. 
<Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1894. 

Report upon salmon investigation in 
the headwaters of the Columbia 
river in the state of Idaho, in 1895; 
together with notes upon the fishes 
observed in that State in 1894 and 
1895. B.W.Evermann. Washing- 
ton, 1896. 4to, p. 149-202. pls. 67-72. 
< Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., 1896. 

Review of the foreign fishery trade 
of the United States. Chas. H. 
Stevenson. Washington, 1896. 8vo, 
Pp» 431-571. <Rep. U. 8S: Fish 
Com., 1894. 

Russian fur-seal islands. L. Stej- 
neger. Washington, 1896. 4to, 
1896. 148 pp. 66 pl. < Bull. U.S. 
Fish Com., 1896. 


Transplanting of eastern oysters to | 
Wallapa bay, Washington, with | 


notes on the native oyster industry. 
C. H. Townsend. Washington, 
1896. 8vo, p. 193-202. < Rep. U. S. 
Fish Com., 1895. 

Whitefishes of North America. 
B. W. Evermann and Hugh Smith. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 283-324. 

_ pl. 12-28. <Rep. U. S. Fish Com., 
1894. 

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. 


Presidential address by Saml. Frank- | 


lin Emmons, with constitution and | 


standing rules, abstracts of min- 
utes, and list of officers and mem- 
bers. Washington, 1897. 8vo, 
60 pp. 


Annual report XVI, 1895. [Complete.] 

Bulletins 123-134, 1895-1896. [1-86, 
90-122. 

Geological atlas of the United 
States, nos. 7, 13-25. 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

Second annual report of Superin- 
tendent of documents, 1896. 

Catalogue of United States public 
documents, pt. 20, 1896; pt. 26, 1897. 

INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF. 

Annual report of Secretary, 1895. 

LABOR, DEPARTMENT OF. 
Bulletin, 5-9, 1896. [Complete.] 
LIFE SAVING SERVICE. 

Annual report, 1896. 

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. 

National Geographic Magazine, vm, 
pt. 7, 10-12; vil, pts. 1-2, 1896. 
(1, pts. 1-4, 111, pp. 53-204; vil, pts. 
3-7, 10-12]. 

NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Birds of the Galapagos archipelago. 
Robt. Ridgway. Washington, 
1896.  8vo, p. 459-670. 2 pls. 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x, 1896. 

Bulletin, nos. 47-49, 1896. [Com- 
plete. | ; 

Catalogue of a collection of birds 
made by Dr. W. L. Abbott in East- 
ern Turkestan, Thian Shan moun- 
tains, and Tagdumbash Pamir, Cen- 
tral Asia, with notes on some of the 
species. Chas. W. Richmond. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 569-591. 
< Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., x vui1. 

Catalogue of a collection of birds 
made by Dr. W. L. Abbott in Mada- 
gascar, with descriptions of three 
new species. Chas. W. Richmond. 
Washington, 1897. 8vo, p. 677-694. 
< Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x. 

Contributions to the natural history 
of the Commander islands. x1.— 
The cranium of Pallas’s Cormorant. 
F, A. Lucas. Washington, 1896. 
8vo, p. 717-719. < Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus., XVIII. 


Description of a new blenny-like fish 
of the genus Opisthocentrus col- 
lected in Vuleano bay, Port Moru- 
san, Japan, by Nicolai Grebnitski. 


158 


Washington—Continued. 
NationaL Musrum—Continued. 
B. A. Bean and T. H. Bean. Wash- 
ington, 1897. 8vo, p. 381-392. 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xx. 

Description of a new crustacean of 
the genus Spharoma from a warm 
spring in New Mexico, Harriet 
Richardson. Washington, 1897, 
8vo, p. 115, < Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
BOG 

Descriptions of new cynipidous galls 
and gall-wasps in the United States 
National Museum. Wm. H. Ash- 
mead. Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 
113-136. < Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 
ERTERGs 

Description of a new genus and four 
new species of crabs from the West 
Indies. Mary J. Rathbun. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 8vo, p. 141-144. 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xrx. 

Description of a new species of bat 
of the genus Glossophaga. Harri- 
son Allen. Washington, 1896. 8vo, 
p. 779-781. < Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 
XVIII. 

Descriptions of tertiary fossils from 
the Antillean region. R.J. L. Gup- 
py and Wm. H. Dall. Washington, 
1896. 8vo, p. 303-331. 4 pls. < Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x. 

Description of two new species of 
fresh water crabs from Costa Rica. 
Mary J. Rathbun. Washiugton, 
1896. 8vo. p. 377-3879. < Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., x viir. 

Description of some new birds from 
Aldabra, Assumption, and Gloriosa 
islands, collected by Dr. W. L. Ab- 
bott. Robert Ridgway. Washing- 
ton, 1894. 8vo, p. 371-373. < Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi. 

Description of three species of sand 
fleas (Amphipods) collected at 
Newport, R.I. Sylvester D. Judd. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 593-603. 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvii. 

Description of twenty-two new spe- 
cies of birds from the Galapagos 
islands. Robt. Ridgway. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 357-370. 
< Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvir. 

Description of twenty-two new spe- 
cies of fishes collected by the 
steamer Albatross of the United 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Washington—Continued. 

NatTionaL Mus—EuM—Continued. 
States Fish Commission. Chas. H. 
Gilbert. Washington, 1897. 8vo, 
p: 437-457... <Proes U: Ss Nat. 
Mus., xix. 

Diagnosis of some undescribed wood 
rats (Genus Neotoma) in the Na- 
tional Museum. F. W. True. 
Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 353-355. 
< Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi. 

Fishes collected at Bering and Cop- 
per islands by Nikolai A. Grebnit- 
ski and Leonhard Stejneger. 
Tarleton Bean and Barton Bean. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 237- 
251. “<< -Proc. Ua Sa.Ne Mus crx 

Genus Lemondia Gabb, a group of 

Cretaceous bivalve mollusks: T.W. 


Stanton. Washington, 1896. 8vo, 
p. 299-301. <Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus., XIX. 

The golden patera of Rennes. Thos. 
Wilson. Washington, 1896. 8vo, 


p. 609-617. 
1894. 

Insects collected by Dr. Abbott on 
the Seychelles, Aldabra, Gloriosa, . 
and Providence islands, with de- 
scriptions of nine néw species of 
Coleoptera. Martin L. Linell. 
Washington, 1897. 8vo, p. 695-706. 
< Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x. 


Is the Florida Box Tortoise a distinct 
species? Kinar Loénnberg. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 8vo, p. 253-254. 
< Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x1x. 

List of Coleoptera collected on the 
Tana river and on the Jombéné 
range, East Africa, by Wm. Astor 
Chanler and Lieut. Ludwig von 
Hohnel, with descriptions of new 
genera and species. Martin L. 
Linell. Washington, 1896. < Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII. 


List of the Lepidoptera collected in 
Kast Africa, 1894, by Wim. Astor 
Chanler and Lieut. Ludwig von 


< Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 


Hoéhnel. W. J. Holland. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 8vo, p. 741-767. 


<Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi. 

Manceala, the national game of Africa. 
Stewart Culin. Washington, 1896. 
8vo, p. 595-607. < Rep. U. 8. Nat. 
Mus., 1894, 


ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 159 
Washington—Continued, 


NATIONAL MuskuM—Continued. 


Washington—Continued. 
NaTionaL MusEuM—Continued. 


fae eee 


Notes on the occurence of an Arma- 
dillo of the genus Xenurus in Hon- 
duras. F.W.True. Washington, 


1896. 8vo, p. 345-347. <Proc. U.S. | 


Nat. Mus., XVIII. 


Notes on the vampire bat (Diphylla— 


ecaudata) with special reference to 
its relationship with Desmodus 
rufus. Harrison Allen. Washing- 
ton, 1896. 8vo, p. 769-777. <Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., x vit. 

On the fossil Phyllopod 
Dipeltis and Protocaris of the 
family Apodidie. Chas. Schuchert. 
Washington, 1897. 8vo, p. 671-676. 
<Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x. 

Preliminary diagnoses of new mam- 
mals of the genera Lynx, Urocyon 
Spilogale, and Mephitis, from the 
Mexican boundary line. KE. A. 


genera. 


Mearns. Washington, 1897. 8vo, p. | 


1-4. < Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xx. 

Preliminary diagnoses of the mam- 
mals of the genera Mephitis, Dorce- 
laphus, and Dicotyles from the 
Mexican border of the United 
States. E. A. Mearns. Washing- 
ton, 1897. 8vo, p. 467-471. < Proce. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., xx. 

Preliminary diagnoses of new mam- 
mals from the Mexican border of 
the United States. E. A. Mearns. 
Washington, 1896. p. 137-140. 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xrx. 

Primitive travel and transportation. 
O. T. Mason. 
8vo, p. 239-593. 
Mus., 1894. 

Proceedings U.S. National Museum, 
Xvi, 1895. [Complete.] 

Relationship of the Lacertilian genus 
Anniella Gray. G. Baur. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 345-351. 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi. 

Remarks on the synonymy of some 


< Rep. U. S. Nat. 


Washington, 1896. | 


North American Scolytid beetles. | 


Wm. Eichhoff. 
8vo, p. 605-610. 
Mus., XVIII. 
Report on the fishes dredged in deep 
water near the Hawaiian islands, 
with descriptions and figures of 
twenty-three new species. Chas. 
H. Gilbert and Frank Cramer. 


Washington, 1896. | 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. | 


Washington, 1897. 8vo, p. 403-435. 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x. 

Report on the mollusks collected by 
the International Boundary Com- 
mission of the United States and 
Mexico, 1892-1894. Wm. H. Dall. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 333-379. 
< Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xrx. 

Revision of the adult tapeworm of 
hares and rabbits. C. -W. Stiles. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 145-235, 
< Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., xix. 


Revision of the American moles. 
F. W. True. Washington, 1896. 


8vo, p. 1-112. 
Mus., xix. 

Study of the primitive methods of 
drilling. J.D. MeGuire. Washing- 
ton, 1896. 8vo, p. 623-756. <Rep. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1894. 

Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan 
presented to the U. S. National 
Museum by Professor Mitsukuri. 
Philip R. Uhler. Washington, 1896. 
8vo, p. 255-297. <Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus., xix. 

The swastika. Thos.Wilson. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 8vo, p. 757-1011. 
<Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1894. 

The wooden statue of Baron Ti Ka- 
mon-no-Kami Naosuké, Pioneer 
diplomat of Japan. Translation 
by A. Satoh. Washington, 1896. 
8vo, p. 619-622. <Rep.U. S. Nat. 
Mus., 1894. 


< Proce. U. S. Nat. 


NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 


Magnetic observations. 
~ 1894. Washington, 
113 pp. 


Appendix 1. 
1895. Ato, 


PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHING- 


TON. 

Bulletin, xu, 1896. [Complete. ] 
Bulletin de la Société Geologique de 
France, (3) XVI-Xx U1, 1887-1895. 
Hamburgische Wissenschattliche 
Anstalt, jahrbuch, I-v1, vuI-xu, 

1885-1894. 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 


The age of electricity. M. Mascart. 
Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 153-172. 
<(‘Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Air and life. Henry de Varigny. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 1-69. 
<(Smithsonian Mise. Col., XXx1x. 


160 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Washington—Continued. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—Cont’d. 

Annual report of the board of re- 
gents, 1894-1895. [Complete. ] 

Antarctica: A vanished austral land. 
H. 0. Forbes. Washington, 1896. 
p. 297-316. < Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Ants’ nests. August Forel. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 479-505. 
<‘Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Argon,.a new constituent of the at- 
mosphere. Lord Rayleigh and Wm. 
Ramsay. Washington, 1896.  fol., 
43 pp. <(Smithsonian Contrib. 
Knowl., xx. 

Art of casting bronze in Japan. W. 
Gowland. Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p. 609-651. <Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Atmospheric actinometry and the 
actinic constitution of the atimos- 
phere. E.Duclaux. Washington, 
1896. fol., p.1-48. <Smithsonian 
Contrib. Knowl., xxx. 

Catalogue of scientific and technical 
periodicals, 1865-1895. 2nd ed., pts. 
1-2. H.C. Bolton. Washington, 
1897. 8vo, p.1-1015. Smithsonian 
Misc. Col., XXxIx. 

Constants of nature, Part v. A re- 
calculation of the atomic weights. 
Frank W. Clarke. Washington, 
1897. 8vo, 370 pp. <Smithsonian 
Misc. Col., XXX VIII. 

Development of the cartography of 
America up to the year 1570. 8. 
Ruge. p. 281-296. <Smithsonian 
Rep., 1894. 

Discovery of Greek horizontal curves 
in the Maison Carrée at Nimes. 
Wm. H. Goodyear. Washington, 
1894. 8vo, p. 573-588. <Smith- 
sonian Rep., 1894. 

Equipment and work of an aero- 
physical observatory. Alexander 
MeAdie. Washington, 1897. 8vo, 
p.1-30. <Smithsonian Misc. Col. 
XXXIX. 

Evolution of modern society, in its 
historical aspects. R. D. Melville. 
Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 507- 
521. <Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Founding of-the Berlin University, 
and the transition from the philo- 
sophic to the scientific age. R.-Vir- 


Washington—Continued. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—Cont’d. 


chow. Washington, 1894. &vo, 
p. 681-695. <Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Four days’ observation at the summit 
of Mont Blane. M. J. Janssen, 
Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 237-247. 
<Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

The Guanches: ancient inhabitants 
of Canary. J.W.Gambier. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 541-553. 
<(Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Thehenry. T.C. Mendenhall. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 141-152. 
<(‘Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Hermann von Helmholtz. W. Riick- 
er. Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 
709-718. <(Smithsonan Rep., 1894. 

Influence of certain agents in destroy- 
ing the vitality of the typhoid and 
of the colon bacillus. J. 8. Billings. 
Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 451-458. 
<‘Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

The Institute of France in 1894. M. 
Loewy. Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p. 697-708. <(Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Light and electricity, according- to 
Maxwell and Hertz. M. Poincaré. 
Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 129-139. 
<(Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Magnitude of the solar system. Wm. 
Harkness. Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p. 93-111. <Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

The methods of archeological re- 
search. Henry Howorth. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 589-608. 
<(Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Meteorological tables. Based on 
Guyot’s meteorological and physi- 
eal tables. Revised edition. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 8vo, 274 pp. <Smith- 
sonian Mise. Col., Xxxv. 

Method of organic evolution. Alfred 
R. Wallace. Washington, 1894. 
8vo, p. 418-435. <Smithsonian 
Rep., 1894. 

Methods for the determination of 
organic matter in air. D. H. Ber- - 
gey. Washington, 1896. 8vo, 28 
pp. <Smithsonian Misc. Col., 
XT. 

Migration and the food quest: a 
study of the peopling of America. 


| 
| 


ACCESSIONS 


Washington—Continued, 

SMITHSONIAN INsSTITUTION—Cont’d. 
O. T. Mason. Washington, 1891. 
8vo, p. 523-539. <Smithsonian 
Rep., 1894. 

Modern development of Harvey’s 
work in treatment of diseases of 
the heart and cireulation. T. L. 
Brunton. Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p. 459-478. <Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Mountain observatories in America 
and Europe. E.S. Holden. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 8vo,77 pp. <(Smith- 
sonian Mise. Col., Xxxvu. 

Origin of the oldest fossils and the 
discovery of the bottom of the 
ocean. W. K. Brooks. Washing- 
ton, 1894. 8vo, p. 359-376. <Smith- 
sonian Rep., 1894. 

Part played by electricity in - the 


phenomena of animal life. Ernest 
Solvay. Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p. 437-458. <Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Photographie photometry. M. J. 
Janssen. Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p- 191-196. <Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 


Physical condition of the ocean. W. 


J.L. Wharton. Washington, 1894. 
8vo., p. 343-358. <Smithsonian 
Rep., 1894. 


Promotion of further discovery of the | 


arctic and antarctic regions. C,R. 
Markham. Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p- 317-358. <Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Psychology of prestidigitation. 
Alfred Binet. Washington, 1894. 
8vo, p. 555-571. <Smithsonian 
Rep., 1894. 

Publications of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution. Wm.J.Rhees. Washing- 
ton, 1896. 8vo, 86 pp. 

Relations of physiology to chemistry 
and morphology. Giulio Fano. 
Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 377-389. 
<‘Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Report of S. P. Langley, 1895. 

Schiaparelli’s latest views concerning 
Mars. Wm.H. Pickering. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 113-128. 
<Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

NAT MUS 97 11 


TO LIBRARY. 161 
Washington—Continued. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—Cont’d. 

Scientific problems of the future. 
Elsdale. Washington, 1894. 
p. 667-679. 
1894. 

Sketch of Heinrich Hertz. Helene 
Bontort. Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p. 719-726. <(Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Smithsonian physical tables. Thos. 
Gray. Washington, 1896. 301 pp. 
<(Smithsonian Misc. Col., Xxxv. 

Splash of a drop and allied phenom- 
ena. <A. M. Worthington. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 197-211. 
<Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Study and research. Rudolph Vir- 
chow. ‘Washington, 1894. 8vo, 
p. 653-665. <(Smithsonian Rep., 
1894. 

Terrestrial magnetism. 
er. Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 173- 
189. <Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Variation of latitude. J. K. Rees. 
Washington, 1894. 8vo, p. 271-279. 
<‘Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

Virginia cartography. P.Lee Phil- 


H. 
8vo, 
<Smithsonian Rep., 


A. W. Riick- 


lips. Washington, 1896. 8vo, p. 
1-85. <(Smithsonian Misc. Col., 
XX XVII. 


Waste and conservation of plant food. 
Harvey W. Wiley. Washington, 
1894. 8vo, p. 213-235. <Smithso- 
nian Rep., 1894. 

Weather making, ancient and mod- 
ern. Mark W. Harrington. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, p. 249-270. 
<Smithsonian Rep., 1894. 

The work of the physiological station 
at Paris. E.J. Marey. Washing- 
ton, 1894. 8vo, p. 391-412. <(Smith- 
sonian Rep., 1894. 

SURGEON-GENERAL’S OFFICE. 
Index catalogue, (2) 1. [Complete.] 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

Observations on the fur seals of the 
Pribilof islands. David Starr Jor- 
dan. Washington, 1896. 8vo, 69 pp. 

Report of the Supervising Architect, 
1896. 

Florida. 
Jacksonville. 
FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
STATION. 
Bulletins, 29, 30, 34, 1894-1895. [1-24.] 


162 


Georgia. 
Atlanta. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
Administrative report of the state 
geologist, Oct. 24, 1894, to Oct. 15, 
1896. 


STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND 
MECHANIC ARTS. GEORGIA EX- 
PERIMENT STATION. 


Bulletins, 29-35, 1895-1897. 
plete. | 


[Com- 


Illinois. 
Chicago. 
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
Annual report, XX XVIII, 1895; XXXIx, 
1896. 
ART INSTITUTE. 
Annual report, XVII, 1895-1896. 
Catalogue of objects in the Museum, 
Part 1—sculpture and painting. 
Chicago, 1896,12mo. 144 pp. 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 

Annual exchange catalogue for the 
years 1896-1897. Chicago, 1896. 
12mo, 57 pp. 

Publications. 

Anthropological series, I, pt. 2, 1897. 
[Complete. ] 

Botanical series, 1, pt. 3, 1896. 
[Complete. ] 

Geological series, 1, pt. 2, 
[Complete. ] 

Ornithological series, 1, pt. 2, 1896. 
[Complete. ] 

Report series, 1, pts. 1-2, 1895. 

Zoological series, 1, pts. 4-7, 1895. 
[Complete. ] 

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 
Work in anthropology at the Univer- 
sity of Chicago. Davenport, 1897. 
12mo, 8 pp. 


1897. 


WORLD’s COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION (col- 

lected at). 

Columbian history of education in 
Kansas. Topeka, 1893. 8vo, 231 pp. 

Geology and mineral resources of 
Kansas. Robert Hay. Topeka, 1893. 
8vo, 66 pp. <8th biennial rep. 
Kan. St. Board Agric., 1891-1892. 

Maryland, its resources, industries, 
and institutions. Baltimore, 1893. 
8vo, 504 pp. 

Michigan State Horticultural Society. 
Annual report, X XI, 1891. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Chicago—Continued. 
WoORLD’s COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION (col- 
lected at)—Continued. 

Mountain state. A description of the 
natural resources of West Virginia. 
G.W.Summers. Charleston, 1893. 
8vo, 259 pp. 

Official catalogue of the British sec- 
tion of the Chicago Exhibition. 
London, 1893. 12mo, 544 pp. 

Ores of North Carolina. W.C. Kerr 
and Geo. B. Hanna. Raleigh, 1888. 
8vo, p. 121-359. < Geol. North Car- 
olina, U1. 

Siamese exhibits at the World’s Co- 
lumbian Exposition. F. Mayer. 

e n.p., n.d. 12mo, 16 pp. 

Statistical report on the beet sugar 
works. E. A. Balasehoff. Kieff, 
1892. 8vo, 27 pp. 

Evanston. 

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. 

Annual report, 1896-1897. 

Galesburg. 

THE OSPREY, I, pts. 1-9, 1896-1897. 
Springfield. ‘ 

ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF Nart- 

URAL HISTORY. 

Bulletin, tv, pts. 1-9, 1895. [1, pts. 

3-6, U1, pt. 3, 5-15.] : 
ILLINOIS STATE MusSxUM OF NATURAL 
HISTORY. 
Bulletins, 10-12, 1896-1897. 
Urbana. 
ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 

Bulletins 44-48, 1896-1897. 
plete. ] 

Biennial report of the biological ex- 
periment station, 1895-1896. 


[3-9.] 


[Com- 


Indiana. 
Brookville. 


INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
Proceedings, 1894-1895. [1891-1893.] 
Iowa. 
Ames. 
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Bulletin, nos. 31-33, 1895-1896. [Com- 
plete. ] 
Towa City. 
STaTE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
Documentary material relating to the 
history of Iowa, nos. 4-8, 1895-1896. 
[Complete. ] 
Record, xu, pt. 3-4; x11, pts. 1-2, 
1896. [X, XI, XU, pts. 1-2.] 


ACCESSIONS 


Kansas. 
Lawrence. 


KANSAS UNIVERSITY. 

Quarterly, 111, pts. 2-4, 1894-1895; Iv, 
pts. 1-4, 1895-1896, v, pt. 1, 1896. 
(Complete. ] 

Manhattan. 
KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COL- 
LEGE EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Annual report, rx, 1896. [Complete. ] 
Topeka. 
KANSAS ACADEMY SCIENCES. 

Transactions, XIV, 1893-1894. 

VIU-XIII. | 


[J-111, 


Kentucky. 
Lexington. 
STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EX- 
PERIMENT STATION. 
Annual report, Vv1u, 
plete. ] 
Bulletin, 56-57, 59-64, 1895-1896. [1-7, 
9, 11—55.] 


1896. [Com- 


Maine. 
Augusta. 
MAINE STATE COLLEGE. 
Catalogue, 1896-1897. 
Portland. 
Society OF NatTurRAL HIstTory. 
Proceedings, 11, pt. 4, 1897. [pts. 
1, 3, 10-11, 1881; 8, 10-11, 1882; 9, 
1889. | 
Vaterville. 
CoLBy UNIVERSITY. 
A summary of progress in petrog- 


raphy in 1896. W. S. Bayley. 
Waterville, 1897. 8vo,5 pp. 
Maryland. 


Baltimore. 

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. 

Circulars, Xvi, pts. 126-130, 1896- 
1897. [Complete. ] 

Studies from Biological Laboratory, 
v, pt. 4, 1893. [1. 1, pts. 2-4; 11; 
IV, pts. 1-3.] 

Studies in Historical and Political 
Science, XIv, Xv, pts. 1-5, 1897. 
[VUI-x111. | 

Register, 1896-1897. [1880-1881, 1884- 
1895. 

College Park. 

MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
Annual report, 1x, 1896. [Complete. ] 
Bulletin, nos. 41-46, 1896-1897. 

{[ Complete. ] 


TO LIBRARY. 163 


Massachusetts. 
Amherst. 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT 
STATION. 
Annual report, 
xexsanr,] 
Hatch Experiment Station. 
Annnal report, 1X, 1896. [v111.] 
Bulletins 40-47, 1896. [Complete.] 
Meteorological Observatory. 
Bulletins 90-92, 94-96, 98-101, 1896- 
1897. [1-4, 11-13, 15, 17, 21-89.] 
Andover. 
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
Catalogue, 1896-1897. [1894-1895.] 
Boston. 
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN CLUB. 
Appalachia, vil, pt.2, 1896. 
plete. ] 
Register, 1897. [1896.] 
MASSACHUSETTS BOARD OF AGRICUL- 
TURE. 
The gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar). 
C. H. Forbush and C. H. Fernald. 
Boston, 1896. 8vo, 495 pp. 
SocIrETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


EPer-suine a, Alte N oe 


[Com- 


Proceedings, XXVIII, pp. 149-230, 
1896; XXVIII, pp. 1-84, 1897. [Com- 
plete. | 


Cambridge. 
| HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 
Gray Herbarium. 

Aster tardiflorus and 
M. L. Fernald. 
p. 275-279. 
XXI, 1896. 

Contributions from the Gray Her- 
barium. n.s. no. 10, 1896. 
{[Complete. ] 

Fruit of Tropidocarpum. 


its forms. 
n. p. 1896. 8vo, 
< Botanical Gazette, 


Beale: 


Robinson. San Francisco, 1896. 
8vo, p. 109-119. <Erythea rv, 
pt. 8. 


New genus of Sterculiacex, and 
some other noteworthy plants. 
B. L. Robinson and J. M. Green- 
man. n.p. 1896. 8vo, p. 168- 
170. < Botanical Gaz., xxi. 

New Viburnum from Missouri. 
Deane and B. L. Robinson. 
1896. 8vo, p. 166-167 
Gaz., XXII. 

Notes upon the flora of Newfound- 
land. B.L. Robinson and H. von 
Schrenk. n.p.1896. 8vo, p.1-31 
<Canadian Ree. Sci., 1896. 


W. 
n. p. 
<Bot. 


164 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Minneapolis—Continued. 


Cambridge—Continued. 
HarvarpD UNIVERSITY—Continued. 
Gray Herbarium—Continued. 
Undescribed plants from western 
Mexico, collected principally by 
Frank H. Lamb in the winter of 


1894-1895. M.L. Fernald. n. p. 
1895. 8vo, p. 532-587. < Bot. 
Gaz., XX. 


Museum of Comparative Zoology. 
Annual report, 1895-1896. [1, 11-x, 
XI, XVI-XXVv.] 
Bulletin, xxx, 1897. [1-V, V1, pts. 
1-4, 8-12; vu, pts. 1-9, 11; vil, 
pts. 5, 7, 9-10, 12-13; 1x, pts. 1-8; 
xX, pts. 2, 4-6; x1, pts. 1-3, 5-7, 
9-11; xu, pts. 1-6; x10, pts. 1-9; 
XIV-XV; Xvi, pts. 1-4, 6-15; 
XVII-XXIX. | 
Memoirs, XIX, pt. 2, 1897; XxX-xXXxII, 
1897. 
1-2, vu, pts. 1-3; 1x, pts. 1-3; 
X, pts. 1-4; XIV—XVIII. 
PEABODY MvusEUM OF AMERICAN 
ARCHHOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 
Report of curator, x1, 1895-1896. 
[Complete. ] 
New Bedford. 
NATURAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, I, pts. 1-2, 
1897. 
Salem. 
EssEXx INSTITUTE. 
Bulletin, XIv—XX, XxI, pts. 1-6, 10-12; 
XXII-XXIx. 1882-1897. 
i] orcester. 
AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. 
Proceedings, 11, pt. 2, 1883. 
SocIETY OF ANTIQUITY. 
Proceedings, 1, 3, 5-13, 17-27, 31, 35, 
38-48, 49, 1877-1895. 
Michigan. 
Ann Arbor. 
STATE AGRICULTURAL 
STATION. 
Bulletin, nos.131-138, 1896. [113-130.] 
SraTE UNIVERSITY. 
Calendar, 1895-1897. 
Houghton. 
MICHIGAN MINING SCHOOL. 
Catalogue, 1894-1896. [1892-1893. ] 


EXPERIMENT 


[1891-1894.] 


Minnesota. 
Minneapolis. 
MINNESOTA ACADEMY 
SCIENCES. 
Bulletin, iv, pt.1. 1896 [1, pp. 43-49; 
Il, pts. 1-3,5; 11, pt. 4]. 


OF NATURAL 


[I-v;5 vi, pt. 2; vi, pts. | 


GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY 
SURVEY. 
Final report, 111, pt. 2, 1897. 
Zoological series, 3, Preliminary re- 
port on the fishes of Minnesota. 
St. Paul, 1897. 8vo, 93 pp. 


St. Paul. 


MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
Ninth biennial report, 1897. 
MINNESOTA UNIVERSITY, AGRICUL- 
TURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Bulletin, nos. 50-51, 1896 [87]. 
WESTERN FIELD AND STREAM, I, 1896- 
1897; 11, pts. 1-2, 1897. 


Mississippi. 
Agricultural College. 
AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL 
COLLEGE. 
Bulletin, nos. 39-41, 1896-1897. [Com- 
plete. ] 
Missouri. 


St. Louis. 
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 

Transactions, v, pts. 3-4, 1892; v1, 
pts. 3-8, 1893; vu, pts. 1, 3,5, 1895. 
(Complete. ] 

AGE OF STEEL, LXxx, 1896; LXXXI, 

. pts. 1-13, 15-24, 1897. [Lx, pts. 
15-26 ; LXV-LX VII; LX VIII, pts. 1-15, 
17-26; LXIX-LXXI; LXxII pts. 1-16, 
18-27; LXXIII-LXXVIIi; LXXIXx pts. 
1-14, 16-26.] 

Saint Louris LUMBERMAN, XVIII, pts. 
5-6, 1896; xrx, pts. 1-4, 1897. [1, 
pts. 2-6; 1-X vu, Xvi pts. 1-4. ] 

Montana. 
Bozeman. 

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 

Bulletin, nos. 7-10, 1896-1897. [2-4.] 

Nebraska. 
Lincoln. 

NEBRASKA UNIVERSITY, AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 

Bulletin, vu, pt. 45, 1896. __[1, pts. 
1-2, 11, pts. 3-11, v1, pts. 39-41. ] 

Nevada. 
Reno. 

STATE UNIVERSITY, AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 

Annual report, ViI-v11, 1894-1895. 

Bulletin, nos. 27-31, 1894-1895 

New Hampshire. 
Eanover. 

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 

Bulletin, nos. 34-42, 1896-1897. [Com- 
plete. } 


es a 


> 


ACCESSIONS 


New Jersey. 
Camden. 
THE FORESTERS, IL, pt. 5, 1897. 
pt. 2, 1896. ] 
New Brunswick. 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, EXPERIMENT 
STATION. 


Bulletin, nos. 105-116, 1894-1895. [25, | 


41, 98-104] 
Princeton. 
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. 
Bulletin, 111, pts. 2-4, 1x pt. 2, 1891- 
1897. [Complete.] 
New Mexico. 
Las Cruces. 
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ME- 
CHANIC ARTS. 


Bulletin, nos. 19-20, 1896. [Com- 
plete. ] 
New York. 
Albion. 


THE MUSEvUM, 11, pts. 11-12, 1896; 11, 
pts. 1-8, 1897. [Complete. ] 
Brooklyn. 
BROOKLYN LIBRARY 
Room. 
Annual report, XXXIXx. 
Bulletin, 35, 1896.  [33.] 
Ithaca. 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Bulletin, nos. 114-134, 1896-1897. 
74-113. ] 


AND READING 


Library Bulletin, ut, pt. 11, 1894. | 


[a11, pts. 1-10.] 
New York. ‘ 
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 


Annals, Ix, pts. 1-5, 1896-1897. [1; 


[ur, | 


19, 


Il, pts. 5-6, 9-11; 11; Iv, pts. 144, | 


8-12; v—-vut.] 

Transactions, Xv, 1895-1896. [1, pts. 
1-8; I-IV; v, pts. 1-8; vI-x; XI, 
pts. 3-5; XII-xIv. | 

AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, LVIII, pts. 
1-65 8-26; 11x, pts. 1-11, 1897. 


[IV-V; XI-XLIII; XLIx, pt. 4; L, pt. | 


2; Ly, pt. 2, 5-18; Lv; Lyi, pts. 
1-3, 5-26; LVII.] 
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HiIs- 

TORY. 

Annual report, XX VI1, 1896. [1, 11—x, 
XIU, XV-XXVII. ] 

Bulletin, vi, 1896. [Complete.] 

Table of geographical distribution 
of American Indian relics in the 
American Museum of Natural His- 


TO LIBRARY. 165 
New York—Continued. 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIs- 
TORY—Continued. 
tory. E.A. Douglass. 
1896. 8vo, 22 pp. 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL 
NEERS. 

Proceedings, Xx11, pt. 6, 9-10, 1896; 
XXII, pts. 2-3, 1897. (xx, pts. 
1-11; xxu, pts. 1-5.] 


New York, 


ENGI- 


APPLETON’S POPULAR SCIENCE 
MONTHLY, XLIX, pts. 4-6, 1896; 1, 
1896-18975 11, pts. 1-3, 1897. [ir, 
pts. 1-3; mI-vil; vill, pts. 43-45, 
47-48; Ix, pts. 49-53; x, pts. 56-60; 
XI-XII; XIII, pts. 73-75, 71-78; 
XIV-XXI; XXIII, pts. 4-5; xxiv; 
ROK PLS: eos O—Oj) XOXOVIs OXEXOKS 
XXXL, pts. 1, 3-6; xxxu1, pts. 1-5; 
XXXII, pts. 1-3,5-6; XXXIV-XXXV; 
SOOOPG OUR lly Bey ore ag ne 
XXXVI, pts. 1,3-6; XXXIX-XLVIII; 
XLIX, pts. 1-3.] 

DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR REVIEW, 
Fete 2,8 loool, il, pts. 95. iii. 
1896; m1, pt. 1, 1897. [1, pts. 4-8, 
10-11, 17, 19, 22. ] 

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEW 
YORK. 

Journal, Iv, pts. 3-4, 1896; v, pt. 1, 
1897. [Complete. ] 

EPHEMERIS OF MATERIA MEDICA, 
PHARMACY, THERAPEUTICS AND 
COLLATERAL INFORMATION, IV, pt. 
5, 1897. [Iv, pts. 2, 4.] 

FREE CIRCULATING LIBRARY. 

Monthly bulletin, 11, pt. 4, 1897. 

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART. 

Annual report, 1897. 

MINERAL COLLECTOR, UI, pts. 9-12, 
1896-1897 ; Iv, pts. i-4, 1897. [1; 1, 
pts. 8, 10,12; 111, pts. 1-2, 5-8.] 

NOTES ON BOOKS, VII, pts. 165-166, 1896. 
[149-151, 153-164. ] 

PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

Bulletin, 1, 1897. 

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. 

Bulletin, xxi, pts. 6-12, 1896; xxiv, 
pts. 1-5, 1897. [1-vi1, X1V-XXx11. ] 

STATE UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF THE 
Ciry OF NEW York. 

Annual register, XLVIII, 1895-1896. 
State Museum, report, XLv1il, 1894. 
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 

Annual report, 1, 1897. 


OF 


166 


Rochester. 
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
Proceedings, 111, pt. 1, 1896. 
plete. } 
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. 
Bulletin, vu, pp. 17-314, 1896-1897. 
[Complete. ] 
REYNOLD’s LIBRARY. 
Annual report, x1, 1896. 
Utica. 
ONEIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
Transactions, no. 5, 1889-1892. 


[Com- 


North Carolina. 
Biltmore. 
BILTMORE HERBARIUM. 
Announcement. n.p., n.d. 
pp. 
Chapel Hill. 
ELIsHa MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 
Journal, x11, pt.1, 1896. [11-x11.] 


8yvo, 29 


Raleigh. 
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Annual report, XVIII, 1895. [vmI-Ix, 
XI-XVII. | 
Bulletin, nos. 111-123, 1895. 
Special bulletin 33,1895. [31-32.] 


Meteorological Division, ninth an- 
nual report, 1895. 


North Dakota. 


Fargo. 
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Bulletin, nos. 23-27, 1896-1897. 
[15-22.] 
Ohio. 


Cincinnati. 
HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL So- 
CIETY: 
Annual report, 1895 and 1896. 
MusEuM ASSOCIATION OF CINCINNATI. 
Annual report, Xv, 1895. [Com- 
plete. ] 
Catalogue of the Spring Exhibition, 
1896. 
SocieTy OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
Journal x1Ix, pts. 1-2, 1896-1897. 
[Complete. ] 
SOCIETY OF WESTERN ARTISTS. 
Catalogue of first annual exhibition. 
Cincinnati, 1897. 8vo, 24 pp. 
Cleveland. 
WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY. 
The negro in Ohio, 1802-1870. C. 
Thos. Hickok. Cleveland, 1896. 
8vo, 182 pp. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Columbus. 
THE ANTIQUARIAN, I, pts. 1-5, 1897. 


Oberlin. 

OBERLIN COLLEGE. 

Botanical laboratory bulletin, nos. 
3-6, 1897. 

AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION, WILSON ORNI- 

THOLOGICAL CHAPTER. .- 

Bulletin, nos. 9-11, 1896; 12-14, 1897. 
[4-8.] 

Wilson Quarterly, Iv, pts. 1-2, 1892. 

Wooster. 

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Annual report, XIv, 1895. 
Bulletin, -nos. 62-79, 

[53-61.] 


1895-1897. 


Oregon. 
Corvallis. 


AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


Bulletin, nos. 43-44, 1897, [2-42.] 
Portland. 
OREGON NATURALIST, UI, pts. 6-12, 


1896 ; Iv, pts. 1-4, 1897. 
12; 11; 111, pts. 1-5.] 


Pennsylvania. 


[1, pts. 1-2, 


Meadville. 

THE CHAUTAUQUAN, XxIU, pt. 4, 1895; 
XXIV, 1896-1897. [X-XXII; XXIII, 
pts. 1-3. ] 

Philadelphia. 
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, Vu, pts. 7-10, 


1896; vil, pts. 1-9, 1896. [Com- 
plete. } 
INDIAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION. 
Annual report, XIV, 1896. [XIII.] 


THE SEARCHER, (n. 8.) I, pt. 20, 1896. 
[1, pts. 4, 138.] 
Pittsburg. 
CARNEGIE ART GALLERIES. 

Catalogue first annual exhibition, 
November 5, 1896, to January 1, 
1897. Pittsburg, 1897. 16mo. 

Scranton. 
LACKAWANNA INSTITUTE OF HISTORY 
AND SCIENCE. 
Historical series, nos. 2-4. 
State College. 
Department of Agriculture Experi- 
ment Station. 


Bulletins, 7, 16, 1896. [4.] 


Rhode Island. 
Newport. 
REDWOOD LIBRARY AND ATHENEUM. 
Annual report, 1896. 


ACCESSIONS 


Providence. 
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Annual report, vir, 1894; vii, 1895. 
[Complete. ] 
Bulletin, nos. 33-34, 38-42, 1895-1896. 
(1-28. ] 
BROWN UNIVERSITY. 


Catalogue, 1896-1897. [1889-1895. ] 


South Carolina. 
Charleston. 
CLEMSON AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT STATION. 


COLLEGE 


Bulletin, nos. 24-25, 1896. [12, 14-23.] | 


South Dakota. 
Brookings. 


AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT | 


STATION. 
Annual report, 1x, 1896. 


Bulletin, nos. 46-50, 1896-1897. [1-4, 
9-11, 14, 18, 20-24, 26, 32-45. ] 
Tennessee. 
Kno.wville. 
STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL 


EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Bulletin, 1x, pt. 2, 1896. [1, pts. 1-3; 
II, pts. 1-4; 111, pts. 1-6; Iv, pts. 3-5; 
V-VI.] 
Utah. 
Logan. 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT 

STATION. 


Bulletin, nos. 44-49, 1896-1897. [1-40, | 


43.] 


Vermont. 
Burlington. 


STATE UNIVERSITY, 
COLLEGE. 
Catalogue, 1895-1896, 
[ 1885-1895. ]. 
Rutland. 
STatE DEPARTMENT OF 
AND GAME. 
Biennial report, x11, 1896. 


AGRICULTURAL 


Virginia. 
Charlottesville. 
AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL 
COLLEGE. 


Bulletin, tv, pts. 3-12, 1896; v, pts. 
2-3, 1896. [2-1 ; m: 8: 1-115 rv, 
pts. 1-2. ] 

Wisconsin. 
Madison. 
STaTE Dairy AND Foop 
SIONER, 
Annual report, 1, 1890. 


COMMIS- 


1896-1897. 


FISHERIES | 


TO LIBRARY. 167 


| Madison—Continued. 
STATE UNIVERSITY. 
3ulletin, Engineering series, 1, pts. 3, 
6-10, 1895; u, pt. 1, 1896. [Com- 
plete. ] 
Bulletin, Science series, 1, pts. 3-5, 
1895. [Complete. ] 
WASHBURN UNIVERSITY. 
Publications, x, pt. 1, 1896. 
plete. ] 
Milwaukee. 
PUBLIC MUSEUM. 
Annual report, Xtv, 1896. 
XII-XI1II. | 


[Com- 


[1, II-x, 


Wyoming. 


| Laramie. 

| STATE UNIVERSITY. 

| Catalogue, 1896-1897. 

| School of Mines. 

| Bulletin, Petroleum, series no. 1, 
1896. 


[1892-1896. ] 


West Indies. 

| Kingston. 
INSTITUTE OF JAMAICA. 
Journal, 11, pt. 2, 1894. 
Port of Spain. 
TRINIDAD FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. 
Journal, m1, pts. 10-11, 1895. [Com- 

plete. ] 


SOUTH AMERICA. 
Argentine Republic. 


[Complete. ] 


La Plata. 
FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA Y VETERI- 
NARIA. 
Revista, 11, pts. 17-20, 1896. 
5-7, 9, 12, 11, pts. 13-16. ] 
Contribucion al estudio de la flora de 
Sierra de la Ventana. Carlos Spe- 
gazzini. La Plata, 1896. 4to, 87 pp. 
MUSEO DE La PuratTa. 
Anales, 1, 18915 1, 1893; 111, 1894. 
Memoria, 1894-1895. 
Revista, V—-vil, 1894-1896. 
plete. ] 
| Brazil. 
| Para. 
MUSEU PARAENSE. 
Boletim, 1, pts. 1-4, 1894-1896. 
INSTITUTO HISTORICO E GEOGRAPHICO. 
| Revista trimensal, Lvi, pts. 1-2, 
| 1895-1896. 
| 
| 


[1, pts. 


[Com- 


| Chili. 
Santiago. 
DEUTSCHE WISSENSCHAFTLICHE VE- 
REIN VERHANDLUNGEN, III, pts. 3-4, 
1896. 


168 


Santiago—Continned. 
INSTITUTO DE HIJTENE DE SANTIAGO. 
Revista Chilena de Hijiene, 1, pt. 
7-9, 1896. [Complete.] 


MusEo NACIONAL DE CHILI. 
Anales, nos. 1-13, 1892-1896. 


Sociith SCIENTIFIQUE DE CHILI 
ACTES, v, pts. 1-5, 1895; v1, pt. 1, 
1896. [Complete. ] 
Peru. 
Lima. 


SOCIEDAD GEOGRAFICA. 
Boletin, v, pts. 7-12, 1895; v1, pts. 1-3, 


1896. 
Uruguay. 
Montevideo. 
Musto NACIONAL DE MONTEVIDIO. 
Anales, v, 1896; vu, 1896. [Com- 
plete]. 
Venezuela. 
Caracas. 


CLINICA DE LOS NINAS POBRES, Ix pts. 
90-97, 1896-1897. [v, pts. 49-54, 58; 
VI, pts. 64-69; VI, VIII. ] 


ASTA. 


India. 
Calcutta. 
INDIAN MUSEUM. 
The Agricultural Ledger, nos. 1-41, 
1897. 

Catalogue of the coins of the 
Indian Museum. [Pt.3.] Ancient 
coins of India, medizeval coins of 
India, miscellaneous North-Indian 
coins, and miscellaneous South- 
Indian coins. J.C. Rogers. Cal- 
cutta, 1895. 8vo,152pp. [Pt.4.] 


Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Seythian, 
Greek Seleukid, Parthian, Roman, 
Sassanian, miscellaneous Mubam- 
madan, Ghaznih, Durréni and 
autonomous, modern Asiatic, 
European and American coins. C. 
J. Rodgers. Calcutta, 1896. 8vo, 
288 pp. 

Royal Botanic Garden. 

Annals, v, pt. 2, 1896; vi, pt. 1, 1895; 
Vil, 1896. 
Madras. 


GOVERNMENT MUSEUM. 
Bulletin, 1, pts. 3-4, 1895-1896; wu, pt. 
1,1897. [Complete.] 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Japan. 
Tokyo. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Journal, XI, pts. 121, 123-126, 1896; 
XU, pts. 127-134, 1896-1897. [1x, pt. 
102; x; XI, pts. 115-122.] 

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 

Annual report, Xx1I, 1896. 

IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE 
OF SCIENCE, x, pt. 1, 1896. 


- Korea. 


Seoul. 
KOREAN REPOSITORY, I, pts. 5-12, 
1896; Iv, pt.1,1897. [11, pts. 3-12; 
II, pts. 1-4.] 


EUROPE. 


Austria-Hungary. 
Budapest. 
MaGyar MEMZETI MUSEUM. 
Természetrajzi Fiizetek, x1Ix, pts. 
3-4, 1896. 
MacYAR ORNITHOLOGICAI KOZPONT. 
Aquila, 111, pts. 3-4, 1896. [Com- 
plete. ] 


Hatllein. 
ORNITHOLOGISCHES JAHRBUCH, I, pts. 
1-3, 5, 1890; v, pt. 3, 1894; vu, pt. 6, 
1896; vill, pts. 1-3, 1897. [Com- 
plete. ] 
Tinz. 
MusEUM FRANCISCO-CAROLINUM. 
Bericht 54,1896. [3-9, 11-16, 18-31, 
33-52, 1839-1894. ] 
Prag. 
K6NIGL. BOHMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT 
DER WISSENSCHAFTEN. 
Jahresbericht, 1895. [1894.] 
Sitzungsberichte, classe fiir Philo- 
sophie, Geschichte u. Philologie, 
1895. [1894.] 
VEREIN FUR GESCHICHTE 
DEUTSCHEN IN BOHMEN. 
Mittheilungen, xxxrv, pts. 1-4, 1895- 
1896. [xxx11I, 1894-5.] 
Vienna. 
KAIs.-KON, GEOLOGISCHE REICH- 
SANSTALT. 
Abhandlungen, xvuil, pt.1, 1895. 
Jahrbuch, xiv, pts. 2-4, 1896; XLVI, 
pt. 1-2, 1896. [XxXxXI-XxXXIX, XLI- 
XLLV, SV, phil] 
Verhandlungen, 6-18, 1896; 1-5, 1897. 
[10, 1878 ; 1881-1895 ; 1896, pts. 1-5.] 


DER 


ye a ee 


ACCESSIONS 


Vienna—Continued. 
Kk. K. NATURHISTORISCHE HOFMUSEUM. 
Annalen, x, pts. 2-4, 1895; x1, pts. 
1-2, 1896. [Complete. ] 
VIENNA UNIVERSITAT. 
Naturwissenschaftlichen 
mittheilungen, 1896. 


Vereines, 


Belgium. 
Anvers. 
SocisTh ROYALE DE GKOGRAPHIE. 
Bulletin, xxi, pt. 1, 1897. [Xx1x, pts. 
Os EXAKC. i] 
Bruxelles. 
BIBLIOGRAPHIE DE BELGIQUE, JOUR- 
NAL OFFICIEL DE LA LIBRAIRIE, 


XXI-XxH, 1895-1896. [xx, 1894.] 
COMMISSIONS ROYALES D’ART ET 
bp’ ARCHEOLOGIE. 


Bulletin, xxxIv, pts. 9-12, 1895. 
[XXVII-XXXI, XXXIV, pts. 1-4.] 
Mus&E ROYAL D’HIsTOIRE NATURELLE. 

Annales, XI, pts. 2-3, 1896. 


Denmark. 
Copenhagen. 
DANISH BIOLOGICAL STATION. 
Report, v1, 1895. [111-v.] 


France. 
Bordeaux. 
SocinTk SINNEENNE. 
Actes, XLVI, 1895. 
Caen. 
Socis1h LINNEENNE DE NORMANDIE. 
Bulletin (4) x, pts. 1-2, 1896. 
Chdteaudun. 
SociiTrh DUNOISE ARCHEOLOGIE, HIs- 
TOIRE, SCIENCES ET ARTs. 
Bulletin x1, pt. m1, 1897. (104, 1895.] 
Lyon. 
MuskuM bD’HISTOIRE NATURELLE. 
Archives, I-v, 1872-1892. 
Marseille. 
FACULTE DES SCIENCES. 
Annales, V1, 1896. 
Moulins. 
REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE DU BOURBON- 
NAIS ET DU CENTRE DE LA FRANCE, 
Ix, pts. 101-108, 1896; x, pts. 109- 
113, 1897. [vim, pt. 89, 1895; 1x, pt. 
98-100, 1896. ] 
Nantes. 
Socrithi DES SCIENCES NATURELLES 
DE L7OUEST DE LA FRANCE. 
Bulletin, v, 1895. 


TO LIBRARY. 169 


Paris. 
BULLETIN SCIENTIFIQUE DE LA FRANCE 
ET DE LA BELGIQUE. ._XXVI, 1894. 


CONGRES GHROLOGIQUE INTERNATION- 
AL. 

Catalogue des bibliographies géolo- 
giques. Rédigé avec le concours 
des membres de la commission bi- 
bliographique du Congres. Emm. 
de Margerie. Paris, 1896. 8vo, 
733 pp. 


CONGRES INTERNATIONAL DE ZOOLO- 
GIE. 
Program, 1898. [1896.] 4 pp. 
JOURNAL DES SAVANTS. 
March-—October, 1896. [May-—Dec., 
1894; 1895; Jan.—Feb., 1896. ] 
MINISTERE DE WL INSTRUCTION PuU- 
BLIQUE. 
Annuaire des Bibliothéques et des 
Archives, x1, 1896. [x, 1895.] 
Bulletin administratif au ministére 
de Vinstruction publiaue, LIx, pts. 
1185-1219, 1895-1896. [L111, pts. 
1041-1064; Liv, pts. 1065-1091; Lv, 
pts. 1104-1116; Lv1, LViI, LVIII. | 


MUSEE SOCIAL. 


Circular. Ser. A. 8-11,1896. [Com- 
plete. | 
Cireular. Ser. B. 8, 1896. 


Mustum bD’HistorrE NATURELLE. 
Bulletin, 4-8, 1896. [1-3, 6-8, 1895; 
1-3, 1896.] 
Nouvelles Archives, (3) v111, pts. 1-2, 
1896. [(2)1v; (3) u, pts. 2-6; (3) 
Vi, pts. 1-2; (3) vi1.] 
REVUE INTERNATIONALE DES ARCHIVES 
DES BIBLIOTHEQUES ET DES Mu- 
SEES, I, pts. 5-7, 1896. [Complete. ] 


SocittTk CENTRALE D’AGRICULTURE 
ET DE PECHE. 


Bulletin, vu, pts. 9-11, 1895. 
SociriTh ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE. 
Annales, LXIV, 1895. [LVII-LXIII1. ] 
SocisTh ZOOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE. . 

Bulletin, xx1, 1896. [Complete.] 
Mémoires, vit. [Complete.] 


Germany. 
Augsburg. 
SCHWABEN UND NEUBURG NATURWIS- 
SENSCHAFTLICHER VEREIN. 
Bericht, xxxu1, 1896. 


170 


Berlin. 
DEUTSCHER SEEFISCHERVEREIN. 
Mittheilungen, xu, pts. 10-11, 1896; 
xu pts. 1-9, 1896. [1-x1, x0, pts. 
1-6.] 
GESELLSCHAFT FUR ERDKUNDE. 
Verhandlungen, xxu, pts. 1-7, 1895; 
xxu1, pts. 4-10, 1896; xxiv, pts. 


1-3, 1897. [xxu, pts. 8-10; XIII, 
pts. 1-3.] 
Zeitschrift, xxx, pts. 1-5, 1895; xxx1, 


pts. 2-6, 1896-7. xxx1l, pt. 1, 1897. 
Exe. pi: 6s ext pe...) 
GESELLSCHAFT NATURFORSCHENDER 
FREUNDE. 
Sitzungsberichte, 1895. [1882-1894.] 
Kei. MustuM FUR VOLKERKUNDE, 
Japanisches aus Jaya. Albert Griim- 
vedel. [Berlin, 1894.] fol. 11 pp. 
Nature Novitates, pts. 5-24, 1896. [1, 
5-18, 1879, 1881-1886; 1-2, 4-17, 20- 
25, 1887; 1-6, 8-15, 18-20, 25, 1888; 
1889-1895; pts. 1-4, 1896.] - 
Bonn. ‘ 
DER BIBELFORSCHER, pts. 1-2, 1896. 
NATURHISTORISCHER VEREIN DER 
PREUSSISCHEN RHEINLANDE, WEST- 
FALENS UND DES REG.-BEZIRKS 
OSNABRUCK, LII, pt. 2, 1895; LUI, pt. 
1, 1896. 
NIEDERRHEINISCHE GESELLSCHAFT 
FUR NATUR- UND HEILKUNDE. 
Sitzungsberichte, 1895-1896. 
Braunschweig. 
MusEuUM HOMEYERIANUM. 
Verzeichniss der ornithologischen 
Sammlungen, E.F.von Homeyer. 
Braunschweig, 1893. 8 vo, 35 pp. 
Bremen. 
NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER VEREIN, 
XIV, pt. 2,1897. [XIL1, pt. 3, xIv pt. 


ik] 
Briinn. 
NATURFORSCHENDER VEREIN. 
Verhandlungen, XxXxXIv, 1895. 
[XXXII-XX x1. ] 
NATURFORSCHENDER VEREIN. METEO- 


ROLOGISCHE COMMISSION. 

Bericht, x1v, 1894. [XII—xII1. | 

Dresden. 
NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE GESELL- 

SCHAFT IsIs. 

Sitzungsberichte und Abhandlungen, 
1896. [1882-1884; 1886; Jan.—July, 
1887. July—Dec., 1892; 1893-1895. ] 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Dresden—Continued. 
SACHSISCHER FISCHEREI-VEREIN. 
Schriften, no. 22. 


SACHSISCHE GESCHICHTE UND ALTER- 


TUMSKUNDE. 
Neues Archiv, xvi, 1896. 
Erfurt. 


KGNIGLICHEN AKADEMIE GEMEINNUT- 
ZIGAR WISSENSCHAFTEN. 
Jahrbiicher (n. s.) pt. 22, 1896; pt. 23, 
1897. [(n.s.) pt. 19, pt. 21.] 
Frankfurt. 
NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER VEREIN. 
Helios, x1, pts. 7-12, 1895-1896. 
[1x-xiI; xu, pts. 1-6.] 
Societatum Litter, 1x, pts. 10-12, 
1895; x, pts. 1-6, 1896. [vil, Ix, 
pts. 1-9.] 
Freiburg. 
NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT, 
Berichte, 1, 1886; 11, pts. 14, 1886- 
1887; 111, pts. 1-2, 1888; Iv, pts. 1-5, 
1888-1889; v, pts. 1-2, 1890-1891; 
VI, pts. 1-4, 1891-1892; vil, pts. 1-2, 
1893; vii, 1894. 
Jena. 
JENAISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATUR- 
WISSENSCHAFT, (n. 8.) I, 1874; Ul, 
pts. 2-4, 1875; 11-xx11, 1876-1894. 
Kiel. 
KOMMISSION ZUR WISSENSCHAFT- 
LICHEN UNTERSUCHUNG DES 
DEUTSCHEN MEERS UND BIOLO- 


GISCHE ANSTALT AUF HELGO- 
LAND. 
Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersu- 


chungen, (n) U, pts. 1-2, 1896-1897. 
[Complete. | 
Leipsic. 
DEUTSCHE ZOOLOGISCHE GESELL- 
SCHAFT. 
1. Uberdassystem und die geographi- 
sche verbreitung der landplanarien. 
u. Uber die morphologie des ge- 
schlechtsapparates der handplana- 
rien. L.von Graff. Leipsic, 1896. 
8vo, p. 61-93. [Verhandl. Deut. 
Zool. Ges., 1896. ] 
VEREIN FUR ERDKUNDE. 
Mitteilungen, 1896. [1881-1885, 1891-— 
1894. ] 
Wissenschaftliche Veréffentlichun- 
gen des Vereins fiir Erdkunde, It, 
pt. 1, 1896. — [ir] 


ar 


ACCESSIONS 


Leipsic—Continued. 
NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER VEREIN 
FUR SACHSEN UND THURINGEN. 
Zeitschrift, LX1x, pts. 3-6, 1896-1897. 
[XLv1n, pts. 1-2; Lx1x, pts. 1-2.] 
Magdeburg. 
NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER VEREIN. 
Jahresbericht und Abhandlungen, U, 
1894. 


Regensburg. 
KGL. BOTANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. 
Katalogue der Bibliothek. Pt. 2. 
Regensburg, 1897. 8vo, 40 pp. 
Stettin. 
GESELLSCHAFT FUR POMMERSCHE GE- 
SCHICHTE UND ALTERTHUMSKUNDE. 
Baltische Studien, xiv, 1895; XLv1, 


, 1896. 
STETTINER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG, 
LVII, 1896. [LI-LIV.] 
Wiesbaden. 
NASSAUISCHER VEREIN FUR NATUR- 
KUNDE, 


Jahrbiicher, xix, 1896. [XLV—-XxLIx.] 
Great Britain and Ireland. 


MUSEUMS ASSOCIATION. 
Report of proceedings, 1890-1896. 


Cambridge. 
WoOoODWARDIAN MUSEUM. 
Annual report x11, i895. 


Cardiff. 

NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. 

Report and transaction, xXxvul, pt. 2, 
1895, xxvul, pts. 1-2, 1896-1897. 
[I-IV, VI-XXxVI. ] 

Edinburgh. 

ANNALS OF ScoTTisH NATURAL Hts- 
TORY, V, pts. 19-20, 1896. [Com- 
plete. | 

MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. 

List of additions to the art and in- 
dustrial divisions during the year 
1896. Edinburgh, 1897. 8vo, 65 pp. 

List of books, etc., relating to botany 
and forestry including the Cleghon 
Memorial Library in the library of 
the Museum. Edinburgh, 1897. 
8y, 199 pp. 

RoyYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY. 

Proceedings, X11, 1895-1896. 
XIt. | 

Falmouth. 

LOYAL POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY. 

Annual report, 1895. 


[1, Ix— 


TO LIBRARY. LT 
Glasgow. 
PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 
Proceedings, XX VII, 1895-1896. 
III, pts. 2-3, XX V—-XXVI. } 
Guernsey. 
SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCE. 
Report and transaction, 1890. [1882- 
1889, 1891-1895. ] 


[n. 8. 


Leeds. 
PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY SOCI- 
ETY. 

Annual report, 1895-1896.  [1874- 
1877, 1881-1882, 1885-1886, 1889- 
1893. ] 

London. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
Journal, xxvi, pts. 2-4, 1897. [x1, 

pt.4; XIV-XX; XXxI, pts. 2-4; xx-— 
FOOT FR TOQAG HII) 
List of fellows, 1897. 
BrIstToOL MUSEUM. 

Guide to the Bristol Museum. Ed- 
ward Wilson. Bristol, 1896. 12mo, 
30 pp. 

BrITISH ASSOCIATION. 

Circular on zoological bibliography 
and publications. London, 1896. 
8vo, 3 pp. 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

Catalogue of the birds in the British 
Museum, XXIvy. [I-XIX; XX—XXIII; 
OAL BO Ane 

Catalogue of the conchifera or bivalve 
shells in the collection of the Brit- 
ish Museum. M. Deshayes. Pt. 2. 
Petricoladsx (concluded) Corbicu- 
lade. London, 1854. 12mo, p. 217- 
292. 

Catalogue of fish collected and de- 
scribed by Lawrence Theodore 
Gronow, now in British Museum. 
London, 1854. 12mo, 196 pp. 

Catalogue of the fossil bryozoa in 
the department of geology. J. W. 
Gregory. London, 1896. 8vo, 239 pp. 

Catalogue of the madreporarian cor- 
als in the British Museum. 1, 
Genus Madrepora. 1893. G. Brook. 
11, Genera Turbinaria and Astrwo- 
pora. H. M. Bernard. London, 
1896, fol. 

Catalogue of the mollusca in the col- 
lection of the British Museum, Pt. 
4, Brachiopoda ancylopoda or lamp 
shells. London, 1853, 12mo, 128 pp. 


172 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


London—Continued. London—Continued. 
British MusrumM—Continued. British Mustum—Continued. 


Catalogue of ruminant mammalia. 
(Pecora, Linnzeus) in the British 
Museum. John Edward Gray. 
London, 1872. 8vo, 102 pp. 

Catalogue of shield reptiles in the 
collection of the British Museum. 
Pt. 2. Emydosaurians, Rhyncho- 
cephalio, and Amphisbienians. J. 
E. Gray. London, 1872. 4to, 41 
pp: 

Catalogue of snakes. v.3. G. Albert 
Boulenger. London, 1896. 8vo, 
727 pp. 

Catalogue of the specimens and 
drawings of mammals, birds, rep- 
tiles and fishes of Nepal and Tibet 
presented by Bb. H. Hodgson to the 
British Museum. London, 1863. 
12mo, 90 pp. 

General guide to the British Museum 
(Natural History) Cromwell Road, 
London, 8. W. London, 1896. 8vo, 
78 pp. 

Guide to the British Mycetozoa ex- 
hibited in the department of bot- 
any. London, 1895. 8vo, 42 pp. 

Guide to the fossil mammals and 
birds in the department of geology 
and paleortology in the British 
Museum (Natural History). Ed 
7. London, 1896. 8vo, 103 pp. 

Guide to the fossil reptiles and fishes 
in the department of geology and 
paleontology. London, 1896. 8vo, 
129 pp. 

Guide to the galleries of mammalia 
(mammalian, osteological, ceta- 
cean) in the department of zoology. 
London, 1894. 8vo, 126 pp. 

Guide to the galleries of reptiles and 
fishes in the department of zool- 
ogy. London, 1893. 8vo, 119 pp. 

Guide to the mineral gallery. Lon- 
don, 1896. 8vo, 31 pp. 

Guide to the Sowerby’s models of 
British fungi in the department of 
botany. London, 18938. 8vo, 80 


pp. 


Introduction to the study of meteor- | 


ites. London, 1896. 8vo, 97 pp. 


Introduction to the study of minerals. | 


London, 1895. 8vo, 123 pp. 
Introduction to the study of rocks. 
London, 1896. 8vo, 118 pp. 


List of casts of fossils reproduced 
chiefly from specimens in the de- 
partment of geology. Ed.4. Lon- 
don, 1892. 8vo, 39 pp. 

List of Hymenoptera, with descrip- 
tions of figures of the typical speci- 
mens in the British Museum. 1, 
Tenthredinide and Siricide. W. 
¥. Kirby. London, 1882. 8vo, 16 
pl. 450 pp. 

List of the shells of the Canaries in 
the collection of the British Mu- 
seum. Collected by Mm. Webb 
and Berthelot. Described and 
figured by Alcide d’Orbigny in the 
‘‘Histoire Naturelle des Iles Cana- 
ries.” London, 1854. 12mo, 32 pp. 

List of specimens of British animals 
in the collection of the British Mu- 
seum. Pt.5, Lepidoptera. James 
Francis Stephens. Pt. 12, Lepi- 
doptera. James Francis Stephens. 
Pt. 16, Lepidoptera [completed]. 
James Francis Stephens. 

Students’ index to the collection of 
minerals. London, 1895. 8vo, 33 
pp. 

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Geological literature added to the 
Geological Society’s library during 
the year 1896. London, 1897. 8vo, 
207 pp. 

Quarterly Journal], Lu, pt. 4, 1896; 
LI, pts. 1-2, 1897. General index 
to first fifty volumes. [1, pts. 1, 
3-4; U, pts. 6-8; 1, pts. 10-12; 
IV-LI; Lu, pts. 1-3.] 

HERTFORDSHIRE NatTuRAL HISTORY 
SOCIETY AND FIELD CLUB. 

Transactions, I-VIII; 1X, pts. 1-3, 
1881-1896. 

HOOKER’s ICONES PLANTARUM, XXVI, 
pts. 1-2, 1897. [1-11, V-Ix, xI- 
RXV; 

HORNIMAN MUSEUM. 

Annual report, V—V1, 1895-1896. 

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROS- 
COPY AND NATURAL SCIENCE, (3) 
vi, pts. 31-32, 1896; (3) vu, pts. 
33-34, 1897. [IV-V; n.8.; 1, pts. 1-5; 
1, pt. 12; Iv, pt. 1; (38) I-V;, VI, pt. 
29. ] 


Ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee 


_ OS ee ee, ee ee ee er ep cree iy ae 7 


ACCESSIONS 


London—Continued. 
LINNEAN SOCIETY. 

Journal. (Botany), xxx, pt. 211, 
1894; XXXxI, pts. 212-217, 1895-1896. 
[xin, pts. 68-72; xvii, pts. 106- 
109; XIX-xXXv; XXVI, pts. 173=177; 
XXVU, pts. 181-188; XXVITI-XXIXx; 
Xxx, pts. 205-210. ] 

Journal. (Zoology), xxv, pts. 161- 
162, 1895. [[v111, pts. 31-32; X1, pts. 
55-56; XIv, pt. 74; xv, pt. 84; xvi-— 
XXIV; XXV, pts. 158-161.] 

List [of fellows] 1895-1896. 
1883-1889, 1891-1892. ] 

Transactions. (Botany), (2) Iv, pts. 
3-4, 1895; v, pts. 1-4, 1895-1896. | 
[(2) 1, 111, rv, pts. 1-2.) 


[1881, 


Transactions. [Zoology], vi, pts. 
4-5, 1896. [(2) I-v; V1, pts. 1-3.] 


MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF | 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
Journal, rv, pts. 3-4, 1896. 
plete. ] 
RoyaL GARDENS OF KEW. 
Bulletin of miscellaneous informa- | 
tion, pts. 109-119, 1896. [1887-1891, | 
1892, pts. 61-64, 71; 1893-1895. ] 
Roya Sociery. 
Acta international, catalogue confer- 
ence. London, 1896. 8vo,9 pp. | 
SCIENCE GOSSIP, (n. 8S.) III, pts. 26-36, | 
1896-1897. [n.s. I, pts. 2-5, 8-12; U1, 
pts. 16, 19-20, 22-25.] 
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
List of the vertebrated animals in 


[Com- 


the gardens of the Zoological 
Society. 9th ed. London, 1896. | 


8vo, 724 pp. 
Proceedings, pts. 2-4, 1896. 
1887, 1892-1895, 1896, pt. 1.] 
Transactions, XIV, pts. 2-3,1897. [1; 
X, pt. 1-2, 4-13; x11, pts. 2, 5-10; 
XIV, pt. 1.) 


[1830- 


Manchester. 
GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 

Journal, x1, pts. 7-9, 1895; x11, pts. 
1-6, 1896. [1x, pts. 10-12; x, pts. 
4-6, 9-12; x1, pts. 1-6.] 

LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SoOctI- | 
ETY. | 

Complete list of members and officers | 
from 1781-1896. Manchester, 1896. | 
8vo, 15 pp. | 

Memoirs and proceedings. X11, pt. | 
3, 1896-1897. 


TO LIBRARY. 


173 


Manchester—Continued. 

OWENS COLLEGE. 

Report of Manchester Museum, 1895. 
1896. [1890-1894. ] 
Newcastle-on- Tyne. 

NATURAL H1isTORY SOCIETY OF NORTH- 
UMBERLAND, DURHAM, AND NEW- 
CASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

Transactions, x11, pt. 1, 1896. . 

TYNESIDE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 

Journal, 111, pts. 5-6. 1896. [Com- 
plete. ] 
Taunton. 

SOMERSETSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND 
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 

Proceedings. (3) 0, 1896. 
Tring. 
TRING Museum. 
Novitates Zoologice, 111, pts. 1-4, 
1896; Iv, pt.1,1897. [Complete.] 
Truro. 
ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. 
Journal, x11, pt. 2, 1896. x11, pt. 1, 


1896. 
Proceedings, Xx. 
Holland. 
Haarlem. 


AMSTERDAM KOLONIAAL MUSEUM. 
Bulletin, July, 1896; March, 1897. 
[1892, pts. 1-3; 1893, pts. 3; 1894— 
1895. ] 
Extra bulletin, no. 3, 1896. 
plete. | 
MUSEE TEYLER. 
Archives, I-l1L; Iv, pts. 1-3; v, pts. 
1-2; (2) I-v, 1867-1897. 
SocisTéh HOLLANDAISE DES SCIENCES. 
Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences 
Exactes et Naturelles, xxx, pts. 
2-5, 1896-1897. [xxvul, pt. 5; 
XOGERG || 
Leyden. 
RoyAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
Notes, Xvi, pt. 4, 1896; xvi, pts. 
14,1896. [X-xvI; xvu, pts. 1-3.] 
SocifiTéh NEERLANDAISE DE ZOOLOGIE. 
Compte-rendu des seances du troi- 
sieme Congress Internationale. 
Leyden, 1896. 8vo, 543 pp. 
Tijdschrift, (2) v, pt. 1, 1896. 


[Com- 


| Luremburg. 


INSTITUT GRAND-DUCAL DE LUXEM- 
BURG. 
Publications. (Section des sciences 
naturelles et mathématiques), 
XXIV, 1896. 


174 


Italy. 
Bologna. 
ACCADEMIA DELLE SCIENZE DELL’ ISTI- 
TUTO. ; 


Memorie, (5) Iv, 1894. 
Rendiconto, 1894-1895. 
Brescia. 
ATENEO. 
Commentari dell’Ateneo, 1893-1896. 


Catania. 
ACCADEMIA GIOENIA DI SCIENZE Na- 
TURALI. 
Atti, LXXII-LXXxIv, 1895-1896. 
Bullettino delle sedute, 36-45, 1894— 
1896. 
Florence. 
BIBLIOTECA NAZIONALE CENTRALE. 
Bollettino delle Publicazioni Itali- 


ane, 253-275, 1896-1897. [1, 3-51, 
538-70, 72-105, 107-169, 174-175, 
218, 217-218, 221-238, 240-242, 244— 
252. ] 

Genova. 


MUSEI DE ZOOLOGIA E ANATOMIA COM- 
PARATA DELLA R. UNIVERSITA. 

Bollettino, 34-53, 1895-1896. [22-33.] 

MUSEO CIVICO DI STORIA NATURALE. 

Annali, (2) xvi, 1896. [(2) I-xv.] 

SocteTA LIGUSTICA DI SCIENZE Na- 
TURALI E GEOGRAFICHE. 

. Atti, I-1v, 1890-1893; v, pt. 4, 1894; 
VI, pts. 3-4, 1895; vu, 1-4, 1896 and 
supplement. [Complete.] 

Milan. 

Musro ARCHEOLOGICO. 

Bollettino, (2) vII-Vi11, 1894-1895. 
[(2) 4-6.] 

RIvIsTaA DI STUDI PSICHICI, 1, pt. 12, 
1895; u, pt. 6-12, 1896; mI, pts. 
1-5, 1897. [Complete.] 

SociETA ITALIANA DI SCIENZE NATU- 
RALI. 

Atti, XxxvI, pts. 2-4, 1897. . [11, Iv- 
XXXII, XXXIII, pts. 1-2; XXXIV; 
ROK Pte det) 

Modena. 

REGIA ACCADEMIA DI 
TERE ED ARTE. 

Memorie, (2) x1, 1895. 


SCIENZE, LET- 


Naples. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDJ DI 
NaPout. 
Annuario scolastico, 1894-1895. 


Naple, 1894, 4to, 277 pp. | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Pavia. 
UNIVERSITA DI PAVIA. 
Bollettino scientifico, Xvur, 1896; 
XK pt. A, 1So7~ + [Reva, Sova pts: 


2-3.] 
Pisa. 
SocreTA TOSCANA DI SCIENZE NATU- 
RALI. 
Atti, processi verbali. x, pp. 121-200, 
1896. 
Rome. 


REALE ACCADEMIA DEI LINCEI. 
Atti, (5) v,2 sem., 1896. vi, 1 sem. 
pts. 1-10, 1897. [(4) vu; (5) I-1v, 
v, 1 sem. ] 
SOCIETA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA. 
Bollettino, (8) 1x, 1896-1897. 
vill. ] 
SoctmrA ROMANA PER GLI STupI Zoo- 
LOGICA. 
Bollettino, v, pts. 3-6, 1896. [1, pts. 
1-2, 6; 11, pts. 1-3; Iv, pts. 1-3, 5-6.] 
Torino. 
MUSEI DI ZOOLOGIA ED ANATOMIA 
DELLA R. UNIVERSITA. 
Bollettino, x1, pts. 243-267, 1896; x11, 
pts. 268-295, 1897. [1x—x, XI, pts. 
221-242.) 


[(3) 


Norway. 
Bergen. 
BERGENS MUSEUM. 

An account of the crustacea of Nor- 
way. G. A. Sars. 1, pts. 3-4. 
Christiania. 8vo. [1; 1, pts. 1-2.] 

Christiania. 
NORWEGIAN NorTH ATLANTIC EXPE- 
DITION. 
Pt. 23, Tunicata. 
Stavanger. 
STAVANGER MUSEUM. 


Aarsberetning, 1895. [1893-1894.] 


Trondhjem. 
KonGc. Norsk® VIDENSKABERS SEL- 
SKABS. 
Skrifter, 1894-1895. [1893.] 
Portugal. 
Coimbra. 
UNIVERSIDADE. 
Annuario, 1896-1897. [1894-1895, 
1895-1896. ] 
Lisboa. 


ACADEMIA REAL DAS SCIENCIAS. 
Journal des sciences mathematicas 
physicas e naturaes, pts. 1-3, 5-27, 
30-32, 34-48; (2) 1, pts. 1, 4-7, 9-13, 


ACCESSIONS 


Lisboa—Continued. 

SOCIEDAD DE GEOGRAPHIA. 

Actas das sessoes, XV, 1895. 
142, 1894. ] 

Boletin, xiv, pts. 11-12, 1895; xv, pts. 
1-6, 1896-1897. [1, pts. 1-4; 11, pts. 
7-12; 11, pts. 2, 4, 10; Iv; Vv, pts. 
1-2, 4-10, 12; vi, pt. 12; vu, pt. 1; 
VIII-XIV. | 

Porto. 

ANNAES DE SCIENCIAS NATURAES, III, 
pts. 3-4, 1896; Iv, pts. 1-2, 1897. 
[Complete. ] 

1, Le chalutage sur les cétes de Porto. 

11, Les zones littorales des cétes. de 
Porto. 

ul, Distribution géographique des 
huitres sur les cétes du Portugal. 
Augusto Nobre. Coimbra, 1897. 
8vo, 17 pp. <_Compt. Rend. des 
Sean., Cong. Int. des Péches Mar. 
Par., 1896. 


Russia. 


[11; pt. 


Kazan. 

OBSHTCHESTVO YESTESTVOISPYTATE- 
LEY Prr Imp. KaAZANSKOM 
UNIVERSITETYE. [Society of Natu- 
ralist at the Imperial Kazan Uni- 
versity. | 

Trudy, XxIx, 1895-1896; xXx x1, 3, 1896. 
Moscow. 


Soctit& IMPERIALE DES NATURAL- 
ISTES. 

Bulletin, 1-2,1896. [1887 pt.4; 1888- 
1895] 


St. Petersburg. 
ACADEMIE IMPERIALE DES SCIENCES. 
Bulletin, (5)101, pts. 2-5, 1895; 1v, pts. 
1-5, 1896. vi, pts. 1-2, 1897. [(4) 
BNSKONGV isu (O)) ply Rie emON pus Lea) 
MELANGES BIOLOGIQUES, I-XII, 1850- 
1891; x11, pts. 1-3, 1892. 
MustE ZOOLOGIQUE, ANNUAIRE, pts. 
1-4, 1896; pt. 1, 1897. 


Sociit&k IMPERIALE RUSSE DE Gko- 
GRAPHIE. 
Izvjestija, xxx, pts. 1-4, 1897. 
[XXXI-xxxI1] 
Otchet, 1895. [1892-1894] 
Zapiski, xx, pt. 1, 1896; xxix pts. 


1+4, 1895; xxvii pt.1,1895. [1—-x1.] 
Yekaterinburg. 
SocmTk OURALIENNE D’AMATEURS 


DES SCIENCES NATURELLES. 
Bulletin, 1v, pt. 5, 1878; v, pts. 1-4, 
1879-1886; vi, pts. 1-3, 1880-1882; 


TO LIBRARY. 175 


Yekaterinburg—Continued. 
SocrETE OURALIENNE D’AMATEURS DES 
ScrENCES NATURELLES—Cont’d. 
vil, pts. 1-4; 1881-1884. vir. pt. 1, 
1885. Ix, pt. 1, 1885; x, pts. 1-4; 
1887-1889 x1, pts. 1-2; 1887-88; xu, 
pts. 1-2, 1889-1891; x11, pts. 1-2, 


1891. 

Madrid. 

SocrEDAD ESPANOLA DE HISTORIA 
NATURAL. 


Anales, (2) 1v, pts. 1-3, 1895-1896. [(2) 
111, 1894-1895. | 


Sweden. 
Lund. 


UNIVERSITATES LUNDENSIS. 
Aar-Skrift Acta, Xxxu, 1896. 
2-45] 
Stockholm. 
ENTOMOLOGISKA FORENINGEN. 
Entomologisk Tidskrift,xvu. [Com- 
plete. ] 
KGONGL. SVENSKA VETENSKAP AKAD- 
EMIENS. 

Handlingar, xx 711, 1895-1896. [x1x, 
pt. 1; xx, pts. 1-2, xxI—xXVI.] 
KGNGL. VITTERHETS, HISTORIE OCH 

ANTIQUITETS AKADEMIEN. 

Antiquarisk tidskrift for sverige. 
XIU, pts. 2-3, 1897. 

Manadsblad, xx1, 1892. 

UpsaALa UNIVERSITES MINERALOGISK- 

GEOLOGISKA INSTITUTION. 

Meddelanden, nos. 16-21, 1895-1896. 
[nos. 1-13, 1891-1894. ] 


Switzerland. 


[XxvI- 


Basel. 
NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT. 
Verhandlungen, XJ, pt. 2, 1866. [vu, 
Duals xX, pus lis x, pb. Ll 
Lausanne. 
SociiTh GEOLOGIQUE SUISSE. 
Compte rendu de la quinziems réun- 
ion annuelle. Lausanne, 1897. 8vo, 
76 pp. 
St. Gallen. 
NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE 
SCHAFT. 
Bericht iiber die Thiitigkeit, 1894- 
1895. [1890-1893. ] 


OCEANICA. 
Australia. 


GESELL- 


AUSTRALASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE 
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 
Report, v1, 1895. [Complete. ] 


176 


Adelaide. 
ROYAL Socrery or SoutH AUSTRALIA. 
Journal of the Horn scientifie ex- 
ploring expedition, 1894, by C. 
Winnecke together with maps and 
plans; and report of the physical 
geography of Central Australia, 


by R. Tate and J. A. Watt. 
Adelaide, 1897. 8vo, 3 fold maps. 
86 pp. 


Transactions, XVI, pts. 1-3, 1892-1896. 
Brisbane. 
AUSTRALASIAN ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL 
Sociery. 
Journal, vi, pts. 1-4, 1896. 
Proceedings and transactions, 
Queensland Branch, x1, 1895-1896. 
[1x-x. ] 
Melbourne. 
Vicroria DEPARTMENT OF MINES. 
Special report, 1896. 
VICTORIAN NATURALIST, XII, pts. 10 


and 12,1897. [xi, pt. 2, 4.] 
Sydney. 
AUSTRALASIAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL So- 
CIETY. 


Journal, 1, pts. 1-5, 1896-1897. 
AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM. 
List of the insectivorous birds of 
New South Wales. Pt.2. Alfred 
J. North. Sydney, 1897. 8vo, 4 
pls., p. 19-31. < Agricultural Ga- 
zette, Jan., 1897. 


Memoir, 111, pt. 1, 1896. [i1.] 
Records, 111, pt. 1, 1897. [Complete.] 
Report of trustees, 1895. [1894.] 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Sydney—Continued. 
New SoutH WALES LINNEAN SOCIETY. 
Proceedings, Xx, 1895; xx1, pts. 1-3, 
1896. [Complete.] 
New SoutH WALES Royal SocIrery. 
Journal and proceedings, xxIx, 1895. 
[XIV-X V1. | 


Hawaii. 
Honolulu, 
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. 
The Hawaiian islands, their re- 


sources, agricultural, commercial, 
and financial. Honolulu, 1896. 
8yvo, 95 pp. 
HAWAUAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
Catalogue of books in Jibrary. Hono- 
lulu, 1897. 8vo, 29 pp. 


Java. 
Batavia. 
NATUURKUNDIGE TIJDSCHRIFT IN 
NEDERLANDSCH-INDIii. Lv, 1896. 
KONINK. NATUURKUNDIGE VEREENIG- 
ING IN NEDERLANDSCH®INDIE. 
Boekwerken, ter tafel gebracht in de 
vergaderingen van de directie der 
Koninklijke Natuurkundige ver- 
eeniging in Nederlandsch-Indié, 
1896. 
Supplement-catalogus (1883-1893) der 
bibliotheek. Batavia, 1895. 8vo, 
76 + 18 pp. 


New Zealand. 
Wellington. 
NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR BOOK, 
1896. [1894-1895.] 


AI.—INDIVIDUALS. 


ADLER, CYRUS. 

Arabic Bible-chrestomathy. With a 
glossary. George Jacob, editor. 
Berlin, 1888. 12mo, 54 pp. 

Beitrige zur entzifferung und erklii- 
rung der Kappadokischen Kiel- 
schrifttafeln. Friedrich Delitzsch. 
Leipzig, 1893. 8vo, 207-70 pp. 
<Abhindl. K. Siich. Ges. der Wiss., 
Philos.-Hist. classe, xiv, pt. 4. 

Description of a collection of Arabic, 
Coptic and Carshooni MSS. be- 
longing to Dr. Cyrus Adler. Henry 
Hyvernat. New Haven, 1894. 8vo, 
elxili-elxvi pp. 

Goode memorial meeting (Feb. 13, 
1897). Account by Cyrus Adler; 
sketch by 8. P. Langley. 8vo, 
8pp. <Science, (2) v, 1897. 


ADLER, Cyrus—Continued. 

Handbook of the American Library 
Association, Chicago, 1897. 32mo. 
79 pp. 

Izdubar-Nimrod eine altbabylonische 
Heldensage. Nach den Keilschrift- 
fragmenten Dargestellt. Alfred 
Jeremias. Leipzig, 1891. 8vo, 73 
pp. 

AMEGHINO, FLORENTINO. 

Notas sobre cuestiones de Geologia y 
Paleontologia Argentinas. Floren- 
tino Ameghino. Buenos Aires. 1896.. 
8vo, 35 pp. 

Sur levolution des dents des mam- 
miferes. Florentino Ameghino. 
Buenos Aires, 1896. 8vo, 139 pp. 
<Boletin Acad. Nac. de Cien. de 
Cordoba, v. 14. 


ACCESSIONS 


AMBROSETTI, JUAN B. 

Antigiiedades calchaquies. Juan Bb. 
Ambrosetti. Buenos Aires, 1896. 
8vo., p. 11-13. <Buenos Aires, 
Revista Semanal June, 1896. 

Per la storia dell’ Argentina. Juan B. 


Ambrosetti. [Illustrated clipping 
from ‘‘ L’Italiano.” Buenos Aires. 
July 1896 | 


APPLETON, D & Co. 
Handbook of summer resorts. 
. York, 1896. 8vo,191 pp. 
ARNOLD, JAMES N. 
Vital record of Rehoboth, 1642-1896. 
( Marriages, intentions, births 
deaths. James N. Arnold. Provi- 
dence, 1897. 4to, 926 pp. 
ARTHABER, GUSTAV VON. 

Die Cephalopodenfauna der reiflinger 
kalke. Geologischer theil. Gus- 
tav von Arthaber. Vienna and 
Leipzig, 1895. 4to, 8 pp. < Beitr 
z. Paliiont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ung., x, 
pt. 1. ; 

AURIVILLIUS, CARL W.S. 

Das Plankton der Baffins Bay und 
Davis’ Strait. 
lius. Upsala, 1896. fol. 
181-212 pp. <Festskrift for Lillje- 
bord. 

AZAMBUJA, GRACIANO A. 

Annuario do estado do Rio Grande do 
Sul. . . 1897. Porto Alegre, 1896. 
16mo, 432 pp. 

BANGS, OUTRAM. 
New white-footed mouse from British 


New 


1897. 8vo, pp. 74-75. 
Naturalist, 1897. 
Preliminary description of a new vole 
from Labrador. Outram Bangs. 
Phila. 1896. &vo, p.1051. <Ameri- 
can Naturalist, 1896. 

Preliminary description of the New- 
foundland Caribou. Outram Bangs. 

Boston, 1896. 8vo,2 pp. 

Bareoza pu BocaGe, J. V. 

Sur deux agames d’Angola a ecaillure 


<American 


30. <Jour. Sci. Math. Phys. 
Nat. (2) No. 15, 1896. 

BEECHER, CHARLES E. 

Outline of a natural classification of 
the Trilobites. Charles E. Beecher. 
New Haven, 1897. 8vo, pp. 89-105, 

NAT MUS 97-———12 


e 


Carl W. S. Aurivil- | 
tpl. '} 


Columbia. Outram Bangs. Phila., | 


heterogene. J. V.Bocage du Bar- | 
boza. Lisbon, 1896. 8vo, pp. 127- 


TO LIBRARY.. ing 


BEECHER, CHARLES E.— Continued. 
181-207. 1pl. <Amer. Jour. Sci., 
(4) 111, 1897. 

BENDIRE, CHARLES. 

Life histories of North American birds. 
Chas. Bendire. Washington, 1895. 
4to, 508 pp. Tpl. <U.S. Nat. Mus. 
Special bulletin [No.3]. 

BENJAMIN, MARCUS. 

Circular and daily programme of the 
45th meeting of the American Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of 
Science, held August 22-29, 1896, in 
Buffalo. Buffalo, 1896. Svo, 206 pp. 

Memorial of AlexisCaswell. Wm. Gam- 
mell. Boston, 1877. 8vo, 113 pp. 
<N. E. Hist. Geneal. Register, 
July, 1877. 

The story of a picture. Ottman Lith- 
ographing Co. New York, 1896. 
12mo, 44 pp. 

BoLton, HERBERT. 
Animal life of the Lancashire coal 


measure. Herbert Bolton. Man- 
chester, 1895. 8vo, 13 pp. 
Bouton, H. CARRINGTON, 
Bad features of periodicals. H. Car- 


rington Bolton. New York, 1896. 
24mo, 15 pp. 

Bibliographie des travaux scientifique. 
Paris. Gv. lL pb. t, 1895: 

Cod-liver oil and chemistry. I. Peckel 
Méller. London, 1896. 8vo, 508 pp. 

The language. used in talking to 
domestic animals. H. Carrington 
Bolton. Washington, 1896. 8vo, 
147 pp. <American Anthropo- 
logist, 1897. 

The metric system. 
New York, 1896. 

Bomeiccl, LUIGI. 

I] tirocinio sperimentale di compimento 
ai corsi universitari di scienze 
fisiche e naturali. Luigi Bombicci. 
Bologna, 1896. 8vo, 38 pp. 

Borrits, HERMANN. 

Bidrag til danske Gravenhvepses 
biologi. Hermann Borries. Copen- 
haven, 1897. 8vo, 163 pp. 

Naoletrieernes bladhvepse. Hermann 
Borries. [Copenhagen] 1896. 12 
mo, pp. 201-283. <Entom. Med- 
delelser, v, 1896. 

Bourke, Mrs. J.G. 
Abstracts of Omaha and Ponka myths. 


John K. Rees. Ed. 


Svo, 24 pp. 


Omaha songs. J. Owen Dorsey. 


178 


Bourke, Mrs. J. G.—Continued. 
8vo, pp. 204-213. <Journal of 
American Folk-Lore, v. 1, 1888. 

Annual report of the trustees of the 
Peabody Museum of American 
Archeology and Ethnology. X1, 
XVI-XVII. 

Apache prisoners in Fort Marion, St. 
Augustine, Fla. Herbert Welsh. 
Phila., 1887. 8vo, 62 pp. 

Central Eskimo. Franz Boas. Wash- 
ington, 1888. 4to, pp. 401-669. 
<Sixth annual rep. Bureau Eth- 
nology. 

Cherokee ball play. James Mooney. 
Washington, 1890. 8vo, pp. 105- 
132. 

Chinese games with dice and dominoes. 
Stewart Culin. Washington, 1895. 
8vo, pp. 491-537. <Rep. U.S. Nat. 
Mus., 1893. 

The course of biologic evolution. Les- 
ter I. Ward. Washington, 1890. 
8vo, 33 pp. : 


Funeral customs of Ireland. James 
Mooney. Phila., 1888. 8vo, 56 
pp- 


Further contributions to the study of 
consumption among the Indians. 


Washington Matthews.  Phila., 
1889. 8vo, 20 pp. 
Indian sign language. W. P. Clark. 


Phila., 1888. 8vo, 443 pp. 

Journal of American Folk-Lore. Bos- 
ton and New York. U1, pt. 4, 1889. 

Legend of the snake order of the 
Moquis as told by outsiders. A.M. 
Stephen. 1888. 8vo, pp. 109-14. 
<Journ, Amer. Folk-Lore, 1, 1888. 

Mythology of the Menomoni indians. 
W.J.Hoffman. Washington, 1890. 
8vo, pp. 243-58. <American An- 
thropologist, July, 1890. 

Myths of the Cherokees. James 
Mooney. Cambridge, 1888. 8vo, 
pp. 97-108. <Jour. Amer. Folk- 
Lore, no. 2. 1888. 

Names of the Gods in the Kiche myths 
Ceutral America. Daniel G. Brin- 
ton. Phila., 1881. 8vo,37 pp. 

Navajo gambling songs. Washington 
Matthews. Washington. 8vo, 19 
pp. <American Anthropologist, 
January 1889. 

Navajo silversmiths. Washington 
Matthews, Washington, 1883, 4to, 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Bourke, Mrs. J. G.—Continued. 


pp. 171-178. <Ann. Rep. Bureau 
Ethnol., 11. 

Notes ethnographiques sur les coman- 
ches. H. Ten Kate. Paris, 1885. 
8vo, 17 pp. 

Osage traditions. J. Owen Dorsey. 
Washington, 1888. 4to. 

Papers of the Archwological Institute of 
America. American series V. 1890. 

The prayer of a Navajoshaman. Wash- 
ington Matthews. Washington, 
1888. 8vo, 26 pp. <Amer. Anthro- 
pologist, v. 1, pt. 2, 1888. 

Report of operations against Apache 
Indians, May, 1885, to April, 1886. 
12mo, 82 pp. 

Report on the operations of a special 
party for making ethnological re- 
searches in the vicinity of Santa 
Barbara, Cal. H.C.Yarrow. Wash- 
ington, 1879. 4to, pp. 32-47. <Rep. 
U.S. Gorgraph. Sur. West 100 mer., 
vit.—Archeeol. 

Romantie school in American arche- 
ology. A.F.Bandelier. New York, 
1885. 8vo, 14 pp. 

Songs of the Hecucka Society. A Teton 
Dakota ghoststory. Ponkastories. 
Abstracts of Ponka and Omaha 
myths. J. Owen Dorsey. Boston 
and New York. 8vo, pp. 65-78. 
<Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore, v. 1, 
No.1. 

Topographic models. Cosmos Minde- 
leff. [Washington, D. C., 1888.] 
8vo,16pp. 2pl. <National Geo- 
graphic Mag., 1, No. 3. 

Two Mandan chiefs. Washington Mat- 
thews. 8vo,8 pp. <Amer. Anti- 
quarian, Sept., 1888. 


BRADFORD, C. B. 


Hauntsof wildgame. Isaac McLellan. 
Edited by C. B. Bradford. New 
York, 1896. 12mo, 207 pp. 


BRANNER, J. C. 


Bauxite deposits of Arkansas. J. C. 
Branner. 8vo, p. 263-89. <Journ. 
Geol., v, 1897. 


BROADHEAD, G. A. 


Devonian of North Missouri, with no- 
tice of anew fossil. 8vo, pp. 237-38. 
<Amer. Journ. Sci., 11, 1896. 


BROCCHI, PAUL. 


Rapport sur les observations faites en 
1895 a la Station Entomologique de 


ACCESSIONS 


Broccut, PAuL—Continued. 


Paris. Paul Brocchi. Paris, 1896. 
4to, 15 pp. <Bull. Ministere de 
lAgric. 


BROCKETT, PAUL. 

Annual catalogue Wesleyan University. 
Middletown, Conn. 1895-1896. 

Catt, R. ELLSworTu. 

Some notes on the flora and fauna of 
Mammoth cave. R. Ellsworth Call. 
Phila., 1897. 8vo, pp. 377-392. 
<Amer. Nat. May Ist, 1897. 

CALMETTE, A. 

Le venin des serpents. A. Calmette. 

Paris, 1896. 8vo, 72 pp. 
CaPITAN, L. 

L’alcoolisme dans la société. L. Ca- 
pitan. Paris, 1894. 8vo, pp. 241-72. 
<Revue Mensuelle de l’Ecole d’An- 
throp., Iv, 1894. 

Une famille de Microcéphales. L. 
Capitan. Paris, 1895. fol. pp. 24. 
<La Médecine Moderne, V1, pt. 1, 
1895. 

Importance des études pathologiques 
en anthropologie générale.  L. 
Capitan. Paris. 1896. 8vo, pp. 201- 
211. <Revue Mensuelle de l’Ecole 
d’Anthrop., v1, 1896. 

Le milieu extérieur. L. Capitan. Paris, 
1895. 8vo, pp. 293-308. <Revue 
Mensuelle l’Ecole d’Anthrop., v 
1895. 

Pierres, closes de Charras, commune de 
Saint-Laurent -de-la-Prée, arron- 
dissement de Rochefort. L. Ca- 
pitan. Paris, 1893. 8vo, pp. 220-26. 
<Revue Mensuelle de Ecole d’An- 
throp., 01, 1893. 

Le réle des microbes dans la société. 
L. Capitan. Paris, 1893. 8vo, pp. 
763-776. <Bull. Soe. d’Anthrop. 
1893. 

Le service anthropométrique de la pré- 
fecture de police. L. Capitan. 
Paris, 1895. 8vo, pp. 267-69. <La 
Médecine Moderne. v1, no. 34, 1895. 

CARLGREN, OSKAR. 

Studien iiber nordische Actinien. 1. 
Oskar Carlgren. Stockholm, 1894. 
fol. 148 pp. <K. Svenska Vet. 
Akad. Handl. xxy no. 10. 

CHADBOURNE, ARTHUR P. 

Evidence suggestive of the occurrence 
of “individual dichromatism” in 
Megascops asio. 


, 


TO LIBRARY. 179 


CHADBOURNE, ARTHUR P.—Continued. 
8vo, pp. 321-25+ 33-39 <Auk, 
XI and XIv, 1896-7. 

Spring plumage of the bobolink with 
remarks on “color change” and 
moulting. Arthur P. Chadbourne. 
New York, 1897. 8vo, pp. 137-49 
1pl. <Auk xtv, 1897. 

CHAILLE-LONG Bry. 

La Corée ou Tchésen. 

Bey. Paris, 1894. 
CHALUMEAU, M. L. 

Les races et la population suisse. 
Berne, 1896. 4to,19pp. <Jour.de 
Statist. Suisse, xxx no. 4. 

COFFEY, GEORGE. 

Prehistoric cenotaphs. George Coffey. 
Dublin, 1896. 8vo, 16-29 pp. <Proe. 
Roy. Irish Acad. (3) ry. 

COLLINGE, W. E. 

General report on the pelagic eggs, 
larval and young fishes procured 
by the ‘‘Garland” in 1892 and 
1893. Arthur T. Masterman. 8vo, 
pp. 250-264. <Annualrep. Fishery 
Board for Scotland, x1. 

Mesial fins of Ganoids and Teleosts. 
T. W. Bridge. London. 8vo, pp. 
530-602. pl. 21-23. <Journ. Linn. 
Soc., Zool., xxv. 

Morphology and physiology of the 


Chaillé-Long 
4to, 73 pp. 


suprarenal capsules in fishes. 
Swale Vincent. Jena, 1897. 8vo, 
p. 39-48. <Anatom. Anz., XIII, 
1897. 

Notes on Cyclostomatous polyzoa. S. 
¥. Harmer. 8vo, pp. 208-214. 
<Proe. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 1x, 
1896. 


Report on the scientific results of the 
Trawling Expeditions carried on 
by the Northumberland Sea Fish- 
eries Committee during the Sum- 
mer of 1896. Alexander Meek. 
Newecastle-upon-Tyne, 1896. 8vo, 
26 pp. I1pl. 

Some observations on certain species 
of Arion. Walter E. Collinge. 
London, 1897. 8vo, pp.7-10. 1 pl. 
<Journ. of Malacology, vt. 

The suprarenal bodies of fishes. Walter 
E. Collinge. London, 1897. 8vo, 
pp. 318-322. <Nat. Science, x, 1897. 

Cook, O. F. 
Brandtia. A series of occasional pa- 


New York, 1897. | 


pers on Diplopoda and other Arth- 


180 


Cook, O. F.—Continued. 
ropoda. O.F.Cook. Huntington, 
N.Y. 1896. 52 pp. 
Cox, HORACE. 
Migration of birds: an attempt to re- 
duce avine season-flightto law. ed. 
2 rev. Chas. Dixon. London, 1897. 
8vo, 426 pp. 
Cox, W. V. 
The battle field of the Maumee valley. 


W.YV.Cox. Washington, n.d. 46 
pp- 
George Brown Goode. A memorial 


sketch. W. V. Cox. n.p. 8vo, 
1lpp. <Amer. Monthly Mag., Jan. 
1897. 


CREDNER, H. 
Stegocephalen des Rothliegenden. 
Leipzig, 1887. 2 pl. 70x90 and 
Erliiut 8vo. 


DAHLGREN, ULRIC. 
A centrosome artifact in the spinal 
ganglion of the dog. 


tomischer Anzeiger, x11t pt. 4, 1897. 
The giant ganglion cells in the spinal 
cord of the order Heterosomata 
Cope. (Anacanthini pleuronec- 
toidei Guenther). Ulrie Dahlgren. 
n. p. 8vo, pp. 281-293. <Anatomis- 
cher Anzeiger x11 Nos. 10 and 11, 
1897. 
DAVIE, OLIVER. 
Methods in the art of taxidermy. Oli- 
ver Davie. Columbus and London. 
1894. 4to,90 pl. 150 pp. 
DIMMICK, FRED. F. 
Annual report of the Boston Fish Bu- 
reau, XXxI, 1895. 
DIXON, CHARLES. 


British sea birds. Chas. Dixon. Lon- 
don, 1896. 8vo, 295 pp. 
Nests and eggsof British birds. Chas. 


Dixon. London, 1893. 8vo, 371 pp. 


DREssER, H. E. 

Monograph of the Meropidie or family 
of the Bee-eaters. H. E. Dresser. 
London, 1884-1886. fol. 144 pp. 
34 pl. 

EDNIE-BROWN, J. 

Report on the forests of Western Aus- 
tralia. J. Ednie-Brown. Perth, 
1896. fol. 29 pls. and map. 57 
pp. 


Ulric Dahl- | 
gren. 1896. 8vo, p. 149-151. <Ana- | 


< 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ELFSTARND, MARTEN. 

Studier Ofver Alkaloidernas Lokalisa- 
tion féretriidesvis inom familjen 
Loganiaceae. Marten Elfstarnd. 
Upsala, 1895. 8vo,1 pl. 126 pp. 

Emery, C. 

Beitriige zur kenntniss der nord-amer- 
ikanischen Ameisenfauna. C, Em- 
ery. pt.2. 8vo, p. 633-682. < Zool. 
jahrb. Abth.f.System * * * vy. 
7. Zool. jahrb. Abth. f. System. 
Veter Ds 201s 

Notice sur quelques fourmis des iles 
Galapagos. C. Emery. Paris, 1893. 
8vo, pp. 89-92. <Ann. Soc. Ent. 
France, 1893. 

EVANS, WILLIAM. 

List of Phalangidea (Harvestmen) 
and Chernetidea (False-Scorpions) 
collected in the neighborhood of 
Edinburgh. Geo. H. Carpenter 
and Wm. Evans. §8vo, pp. 114-123. 
<Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 
SUH 

List of spiders (Araneidea) collected 
in the neighborhood of Edinburgh. 
Geo. H. Cerpenter and Wm. Evans. 
Edinburgh, 1894. 8vo, pp. 527-590. 
<Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 


xi, 1894. Additions pp. 308-315. 
<Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 
Sadi ASE 


List of spiders collected at Oban, Ar- 
gylishire. Geo. H. Carpenter and 
Wm. Evans. §8vo, pp. 109-113. 
<Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., 1895. 

Notes on Lepidoptera collected in the 
Edinburgh district. Wm. Evans. 
8vo, pp. 89-110. <Ann. Scottish 
Nat. Hist. Apr. 1897. 

Notes on Pallas’s Sand-grouse (Syr- 

thaptes paradoxus) in Scotland 

during the recent great westward 
movement of the species. Wm. 

Evans. 8vo, pp. 106-126. <Proce. 

Roy. Phys. Soc. x, 1889. 

the occurrence of Zostera nana, 

Roth, in the Firth of Forth. Wm. 

Evans. 8vo, 1 p. <Trans. and 

Proc. Bot. Soc. Lond.,1889. 

Ornithological notes made in the island 
of Bute in midwinter. Wm. Ev- 
ans. 8vo, pp. 137-148. <Ann. Scot- 
tish Nat. Hist., 1895. . 

Periods occupied by birds in the ineu- 
bation of their eggs. Wm. Evans. 


- 


i a 


ia 


ACCESSIONS 


Evans, WILLIAM—Continued. 
London, 1891. 8vo, pp. 52-93. 
<Ibis, Jan. 1891. Some further 
notes, p. 55-58. < Ibis, Jan., 1892. 

Reptiles and batrachians of the Edin- 
burgh district. Wm. Evans. Ed- 
inburgh, 1894. 8vo, pp. 490-526. 
<Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 
xi, 1894. 

The whiskered bat (Vesperlilio mysta- 
cinus, Leis]) in East Lothian. Wm. 
Evans. 8vo,1p. <Ann. Scottish 
Nat. Hist. July, 1893. 

FEWKES, J. WALTER. 


The miconinovi flute altars. J. Walter 


Fewkes. Boston, 1896. 8vo, 2 pls. 
pp. 241-256. <Journ. Amer. Folk 
Lore, Ix. 


Provisional list of animal ceremonies 
at Walpi. J. Walter Fewkes. 
Leiden, 1895. 24 pp. 

FIELD, HENRY M. 

Story of the Atlantic telegraph. Henry 
M. Field. New York, 1892. 8vo, 
415 pp. 

GARMAN, S. 

Report on the fishes collected by the 
Bahama expedition of the State 
University of Iowa under Prof. 
C. C. Nutting in 1893. 8S. Garman. 
n. p. 1896. 8vo, 4 pls. pp. 76-93. 
<Bull. Lab. Nat. Sci. Univ. Iowa. 

GATSCHET, ALBERT 8. 

Specimen of songs of the Modoc In- 
dians. Albert 8. Gatschet. Wash- 
ington, 1894. 8vo, pp. 26-31. 
<Amer. Anthrop., Jan,, 1894. 

Vatican manuscript. no. 3773. Albert 
S. Gatschet. 8vo, pp. 11-12. < Amer. 
Anthrop., x, 1897. 

The Whip-poor-will as named in Ameri- 
ean languages. Albert 8. Gatschet. 
Washington, 1896. 8vo, 4 pp. 
<Amer. Antiq., xvi, 1896. 

GILL, THEO. 

American Bloomary process for mak- 
ing iron direct from the ore. T. 
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<Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining 
Eng., Vill. 

Dissertatio di Sceleto Piscium. 
van der Hoeven. n. p. 1822. 
ply 10 pp: 

Early discoveries of the Hawaiian 
islands. Henry A. Pierce. San 
Francisco, 1880. 8vo, 8 pp. 


Jano 
8vo, 


TO LIBRARY. 181 


GILL, THEO.—Continued. 

Forest and Stream. New York. xXxxII, 
piss 3,. 9 amd 1s xxv, pt: 7; 
XXxv, pt. 19; xxxvil, pts. 2, and 
11; XuLv, pts. 14, 21-26; XLv1, 
XLVI, XLVIII, pts. 1-13, 15-24. 

Investigations on copper refining in 
the United States. T. Egleston. 
New York, 1881. 8vo, 53 pp. 

’ Investigations on the ore knob copper 
process. T.Egleston. New York, 
1881. 8vo, 33 pp. 

Mécanisme de la respiration dans les 
poissons. M. Duvernoy. Paris, 
1839. 8vo,27 pp. <Ann. des Sci. 
Nat., 1839. 

Nature—a weekly journal for the gen- 
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1889-1890. 

Northern Michigan lakes and summer 
resorts. Chicago, 1882. 8vo, 140 pp. 

Science Observer. Boston, 11, pt. 8; 11, 


pt. 7. 
Scientific and literary gossip. Boston, 
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Some fishes received chiefly from the 
Sitang river and its tributary 
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Blyth] ne p. Svo,45 pp. < Proc: 
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1860. 

Some questions of nomenclature. Theo. 
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<Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 
XLV, 1896. 

GOODE, G. BROWN. 

A visit to Stanley’s rear-guard at Major 
Barttelot’s camp on the Aruhwimi. 
J. R. Werner. New ‘York, 1890. 
12mo, 205 pp. 

Rules of nomenclature adopted by the 
International Zoological Congress 
held in Moscow, 1889, 1892. Mos- 
cow, 1889, 1892. 8vo. 

HALL, JAMES. 

Annual report of the New York State 

Geologist. Iv, 1884; v, 1885; vim, 
* 1888; 1x, 1889; x, 1890. 

Annual report of the New York State 
Museum of Natural History. 
XXXII and XXXIV. 

Bryozoa (Fenestellidae) of the Hamil- 
ton group. James Hall. Albany, 


1884. 8vo, p. 57-72. <Ann. Rep. 
New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 
FSOQAL 


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Hat, JAMES—Continued. 

Bryozoans of the Upper Heldberger 
and Hamilton groups. James Hall. 
Albany, 1881. 8vo, 197 pp. 

Catalogue of the published works of 
James Hall. 1836-1882. David 
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94. <Ann.-Rep. New York St. 
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Correspondence * * * on the Ta- 
conic system. J. Barrande, W. 
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209-26. <Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXI, 
1861. 

Contributions to the geological history 
of the American continent. James 
Hall. Salem, 1882. 8vo, pp. 29-71. 
<Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 
OSE 

Contributions to the palaeontology of 
New York. James Hall. Albany. 
8vo,41 pp. <Rep. Regents N. Y. 
State Univ., 1858. 

Corals and Bryozoans of the lower 
Helderberg group. James Hall. 
Albany, 1880. 8vo,38 pp. <Ann. 
Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 
XXXII. 

Descriptions of Bryozoa and corals of 
the lower Helderberg group. James 
Hall. Albany, 1874. 8vo, pp. 93-115. 

Descriptions of the fossil reticulate 
sponges constituting the family 
Dictyospongide. James Hall. 
Albany, 1884. 8vo, pp. 465-81. 
<Ann. Rep. N. Y.State Mus. Nat. 
Hist., XXXv. 

Descriptions of new species of fossils 
from the Cretaceous formations of 
Nebraska. James Hall. Cam- 
bridge, 1856. 4to, pp. 379-411. 
<_Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 
(2) v, 1854. 

Descriptions of the species of fossil 
reticulate sponges, constituting the 
family Dicyospongide. (Abstract. ) 
James Hall. Albany, 1884. 8vo, 
19 pp. 

Eurypteridae from the Devonian and 
Carboniferous formations of Penn- 
sylvania. James Hall. MHarris- 
burg, 1884. 8vo, pl. 3-8, pp. 23-39. 
<Rep. of Progress. PPP, 2nd. 
Geol, Sury. Penna. 

Geological position of Castoroides 
ohioensis. James Hall. Boston, | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


HALL, JAMES—Continued. 


1846. 4to, 2 pl. 19 pp. <Bost. 
Jour. Nat. Hist. 

Introduction to the study of the 
Brachiopoda, intended as a hand 
book for the use of students. 
Pts. 1-2. James Hall. Albany, 
1894. 4to, 53 pl. <Rep. N.Y. St. 
Geologist, 1891 and 1893. 

Note on the intimate relations of the 
Chemung group and Waverly sand- 
stone in northwestern Penna., and 
southwestern New York. (Ab- 
stract.) James Hall. 8vo, 7 pp. 
<Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 
XXXIII, 1884. 

Preliminary note on the microscopic 
schell-structure of the Paleozoic 
Brachipoda. (Abstract.) James 
Hall. n.p. 8vo, p. 266-268. <Proc. 
Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXXII. 

Preliminary notice of the Lamelli- 
branchiate shells of the Upper 
Helderberg, Hamilton and Che- 
mung groups. Pt.1. James Hall. 
Albany, 1884. 8vo, p. 217-406. <An. 
Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 
XV. | PtyZ,Sve;/97, pps sc Ne ve 
St. Cabinet Nat. Hist., 1869. 

Pteropodaand Annelida. James Hall. 
Albany, 1888. 4to, pl. 114-ll6a. 24 
pp. < Geol. Surv. N. Y., Paleon., 
v, pt. 2, supl. 

Remarks on the observations of S. S. 
Haldeman on the supposed identity 
of Atops trilineatus with Triar- 
thrus beckii. James Hall. n. p. 
1887. 8vo, 6 pp. <Amer. Journ. 
Sci., (2) v. 

Some suggestions regarding the sub- 
division and grouping of the species 
usually included under the generic 
term Orthis in accordance with 
external and internal characters. 
James Hall. n.p. 8vo, pp. 19-23. 
< Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. vi. 1889. 

Report on building stones. James 
Hall. Albany, 1886. 8vo, 44 pp. 
<Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. 
Hist, Sox. 

Structure of the shell in the genus 
Orthis. Description of a new spe- 
cies of Stylonurus from Catskill 
group. James Hall. Albany, 1884. 
8vo, pl. 3-5. pp. 73-77. <Ann. Rep. 
N.Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 36. 


i 


ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 


Haw ey, F. W. 
National Electric Light Association. 
19th convention. 
445 pp. 
HEIERLI, J. . : 
Nachtriige zur archiiologischen karte 
des kantons Ziirich. J. Heierli. 
np. 4to, 4 pp. <Anzeig. f. 
Schweiz. Alterthumsk., 1897 pt. 1. 
Die Wetyikonstabe. J. Heierli. Ber- 
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HERRERA, ALFONSO L. 
E studios de anthropologia Mexicana. 
Alfonso L. Herrera and Ricardo 
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Hicks, HENRY. 
Morte slates and associated beds in 


North Devon and West Somerset. | 


Henry Hicks. 
pp. 254-278. 
Soc., Li, 1896. 

Palaeozoic rocks of West Somerset and 
North Devon,.with special refer- 
ence to the districts to be visited 
during the long excursion of 1896. 
Henry Hicks. London, 1896. 8vo, 
pp. 357-370. <Proc. Geol. Assoc., 
XIV, pt. 9, 1896. 

Hitts, R. C. 

Oscuro Mountain meteorite. 
Hills. Denver, 1897. 
4 pp. <Proc. Colo. 
1897. 

HIND, WHEELTON. 

Presidential address N. Staffordshire 
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1894. Wheelton Hind. Stoke- 
upon-Trent, 1894. 8vo, 21 pp. 

' Report of an excursion of the Geolo- 
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day Apr. 18th., 1890. Wheelton 


London, 1896. 8vo, 
<Quart. Jour. Geol. 


Rk. C. 
8vo, 2 pls. 
Sci. Soc., 


Hind. Stoke-upon-Trent, 1890. 
8vo,20 pp. <Proc. Geol. Assoc., 
XI pt. 9. 


Zonal divisions of the Carboniferous 
system. Wheelton Hind. Stoke- 
upon-Trent, 1896. 8vo, pp. 255-261. 
<Geol. Mag., Decade 4, v. 1m, 
1896. 

HOFFMAN, WALTER J. 

Native indian pictography. Walter J. 
Hoffman. Washington, 1897. 8vo, 
pp. 161-170. <(Catholic University 
Bull. 1897. 


New York, 1896. | 


183 


| HouGH, WALTER. 


Catalogue des collections Musée de 
l’Artillerie. F.de Sauley. Paris, 
- 1855. 12mo, 312 pp. 


| JACKSON, ROBERT T. 


Catching fixed forms of animal life on 
transparent-media for study. Robt. 
T. Jackson. Cambridge, 1888. 8vo, 
3 pp. <Science, v. XI, 1888. 

JACOBS, J. WARREN. 

Eggs of native Pennsylvania birds. 
World’s Fair collection. J. Warren 
Jacobs. Waynesburg, Pa., 1895. 
8vo, 10 pp. 

JASTROW, MorRIs. 

Philadelphia Oriental Club. Oriental 
studies, 1888-1894. Boston, 1897. 
8vo, 278 pp. 

JORDAN, DAVID STARR. 

Story of the Alaskan seals. 
Starr Jordan. San Francisco, 1897. 
4to. <Western Journal of Edu- 
cation,n.s. IU, pt. 12. 

KNOWLTON, F. H. 

Anales Instituto Médico Nacional. 
No. 8, 1894. 

National department of science neces- 
sary for the coordination of the 
scientific work of the United States 
government. n.p. 1897. 4to. 13 
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Osprey, The. Galesburg, Ill. 1, pt. 1-2, 
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LANGLEY, S. P. 
Memoir of George Brown Goode, 1851- 
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LECHE, WILHELM. 

Anatomie der beckenregion bei insec- 
tivora, mit besonderer beriicksich- 
tigung ihrer morphologischen be- 
ziehungen zu derjenigen anderer 
siiugethiere. Wilhelm Leche. 
Stockholm, 1883. 4to, 113 pp. <K. 
Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. xx, 
pt. 4. 


Die entwicklung des zahnsystems der 
siiugethiere. Wilhelm Leche. Ley- 
den, 1896. 8vo, pp. 279-89. 
<Compte-Rendu, Séances du Troi- 
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den, 1895. 


Morphologie des zahnsystems des in- 
sectivorem. Wilhelm Leche. Pt. 


David 


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184 


LECcHE, WILHELM—Continued. 

1, 8vo, 11 pp. Pt. 2, 8vo, pp. 513- 
529. <Anat. Anz. Jena, xii, 1897. 

Ofversigt bfver de af Vega-Expedition 
insamlade arktiska hafsmollusker. 
I, Lamellibranchiata. Wilhelm 
Leche. Stockholm, 1883. 8vo, pl. 
32-34, pp. 435-452. < Vega Esped. 
Vetensk. Iakttag., 111, 1883. 

Uber diesiiugethiergattung Galeopithe- 
cus. WilhelmLeche. Stockholm, 
1886. 4to,5 pl.,92 pp. <K. Sven- 
ska. Vet. Akad. Handl., xXx1, pt. 11. 

Untersuchungen iieber das zahnsystem 
lebender und fossiler Halbaffen. 
Wilhelm Seche. Leipz., 1896. 4to, 
pp. 127-166. <(Festschrift f. Carl 
Gegenbaur. 

LEOn, NICOLAS. 

Biblioteca botanico-Mexicana. Nicolis 
Leén. Mexico, 1895. 8vo, 372 pp. 


LINTNER, J. A. 


Tenth report of the New York State 
Entomologist. J.A.Lintner. Al- 
bany, 1895. 8vo, 293 pp. 


LONGCHAMPS, E. de 8. 


Le progres dans la connaissance des 
Odonates. EK. de 8. Longchamps. 
Leyden, 1896. 8vo, 20 pp. 


MAITLAND, A. Grp. 


Geological structure of extra Australian 
artesian basins. A. Gibb Mait- 
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MARTIN, RUDOLF. 


Altpatagonische schadel. Rudolf Mar- 
tin. Zurich, 1896. Svo, pl. 9-10. 
pp. 498-537. <Vierteljahrssch. 
Naturf. Ges. Zur., XL, 1896 

Referate (anthropology) aus der Eng- 
lischen und amerikaniscben litera- 
tur. Jan.—Mar., 1893. Rudolf 
Martin. Zurich, 1893. 4to, pp. 141- 
153. < Arch. f. Anthrop., XxII. 

Weitere bemerkungen zur pithecan- 
thropus-frage. Rudolf Martin. 
Zurich, 1896. 8vo, 18 pp. 

Ziele und methoden einer rassenkunde 
der Schweiz. Rudolf Martin. Zu- 
rich, 1896. 8vo,15 pp. <Schwei- 
zer. Arch. f. Volsk., I, pt. 1. 


Mason, O. T. 


Affaiblissement de la natalité en 


France, ses causes et ses consé- | 


quences, ed.2. Albert de Nadail- 
lac. Paris, 1886. 12mo, 149 pp. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Mason, O. T.—Continued. 


American Antiquarian and Oriental 
Journal. Chicago. wl, pt, 3; IV, 
pts. 2-4; vu, pts. 1, 3,5, 6; vu, pts. 
2-4, . 

Animal locomotion. Edward Muy- 
bridge. Phila., 1887. 8vo, p. 32x18. 

Annexation of Hawaii. Address de- 
livered before the National Geo- 
graphical Society at Washington, 
D. C., Mar. 26,1897. J. W. Foster. 
Washington, 1897. 8vo,16 pp. 

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, report of 
trustees. XxXI, 1896. 

Boundary monuments of the District 
of Columbia. Marcus Baker. 
Washington, 1897. 8vo, pp. 215-224. 
<Records Columbia Historical 
SOG: sella 

Brazilian Biographical Annual. Joa- 
quim Manoel de Macedo. v. 1-111. 
Rio de Janeiro, 1876. 

Bureau of American Republics bulle- 
tins 3, 5, 6, 8, 10-21, 24-29, 35-42. 
Cherokee Messenger, The. 1, pt. 1, 1844. 
Chickamauga Park and the dedication 
ceremonies on Sept. 18,1895. Thos. 
Wilson. n.p. fol. 1 p. <(Pub- 

lic Spirit, May 9, 1896. 

Cincinnati Museum Association, An- 
nual reports I-V, V1, 1882-1887. 
Climate and Health. Washington, D. 

C. u, pts. 1-3, 1896. 

Collezione etnografica della penisola 
8.-E. della Nuova Guinea formata 
dal Dott. Lamberto Loria. G. A. 
Colini. Rome, 1891. 8vo, 13 pp. 

Collezione etnografica della nuova 
Caledonia nel Museo Prehistorico 
di Rome. G. A. Colini. Rome, 
1888. 4to, 10 pp. 

Controversen in der Ethnologie. Pt.2 
Sociale Unterlagen f. rechtliche 
Institut. Pt. 3. Ueber fetische und 
Zugehoriges. A. Bastian. Berlin, 
1894. 8vo. 

Cormorant rookeries of the Lofoton 
islands. R. W. Shufeldt. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 8vo, pp. 312-314. 
<The Auk, x11, pt. 4, 1896. 


Dawes commission and the five civil- - 


ized tribes. Chas. F. Meserve. 
Phila. 1896. 8vo, 45 pp. 3 
Dents de rhinocéros. Du _ Mesnil 
@VAult. Paris, 1896. 8vo, pp. 37-48. 
<Bull. Soc. Anthrop., (2) vu. 


ACCESSIONS 


Mason, O. T.—Continued. 

Development and functions of tke 
Graduate School. Chas. E. Mun- 
roe. Washington, 1895. 8vo, 18 pp. 

Development of smokeless powder. 
.Chas. E. Munroe. n. p. 1896. 8vo, 
p. 819-846. <Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 
XVIU, 1896. 

Dictionary of the language of the 
Micmac Indians. Silas T. Rand. 
Halifax, 1888. 4to, 286 pp. 

Documents sur l’anthropologie de la 
Corée. E.T. Hamy. n. p. 1896. 8vo, 
3 pp. < Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 
no. 4, 1896. 

Dwarf survivals and traditions as to 
pigmy races. R. G. Haliburton. 
Salem, 1895. 8vo, 12 pp. <Proc. 
Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., XLIv, 1895. 

Early Moravian Indian work. Herbert 
Welsh. Phila.1897. 8vo, 14 pp. 

Ethnography of Matty island. J. Edge 
Partington. London, 1896. 8vo, 
pls. 22-24, pp. 288-295. <Jour, An- 
thropol. Inst. Gt. Brit. and Ireland, 
XXvV, 1896. 

Etudes d’ethnographie préhistorique. 
Les plantes cultivées de la période 
de transition au Mas-d’Azil. 
Parisn.d. 8vo, pp.1-24. <L’An- 
thropologie, vu, pt. 1. 

Expéditions Polaires. Albert de Na- 
daillac. Paris, 1896. 8vo, 46 pp. 

Exposition Internationale de Bruxelles. 
Section des Sciences. Bruxelles, 
1896. 8vo, 20 pp. 

Folk-Lorist. Chicago. 1, pt. 2-3, 1893. 

Fortune telling in Anerica to-day. H. 
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<Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1896. 

Game of goose. H. Carrington Bolton, 
n.p. 8vo, pp. 145-150. <Jour. Am. 
Folk Lore, v111. 

Gaming among the Utah Indians. Ed- 
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353. <Am. Nat., June, 1877. 

Greek mythology systematized. S.A. 
Seull. Phila., 1880. 8vo, 397 pp. 

Growth of industrial art. Benj. But- 
terworth. Washington, 1888. fol. 
200 pp. of plates. 

Hawaiian Historical Society—Cata- 
logue of bound books inthe library. 
Honolulu, 1897. 8vo, 29 pp. 

History of American shipping, its pres- 
tige, decline, and prospect. Chas. 


TO LIBRARY. 185 


Mason, O. T.—Continued. 
S. Hill. New York, 1883. 8vo, 194 
pp. 

History of the study .of anthropology 
at Harvard University. Geo. A. 
Dorsey. Granville, Ohio. n.d. pp. 
77-97. <Denison Quarterly, Iv, 
pt. 2. 

India and Ceylon. Ernest Haeckel. 
New York. n.d. 12mo. 174 pp. 

Indian Rights Association, annual re- 
port, XIII, 1895. 

Influence of patent protection in the 
development of the industrial arts. 
Chas. N. Butler. Phila., 1896. 8vo., 
14 pp. 

Korean Repository. Seoul. ut, pt.8, 
1896. 

Lake habitations and pre-historic re- 
mains in the turbaries and marl- 
beds of Northern and Central Italy. 
Bartolomeo Gastaldi. Translated 
by C. H. Chambers. London, 1865. 
8vo, 128 pp. 

Magazine of American History. New 
York and Chicago. 1, pt. 9; 11, pt. 9; 
I, pt. 5-6; Iv, pt.6; v, pt.5-6; v1, 
pts. 1-5. 

Manchester Historical Association, Col- 
lections. 1, pt. 1, 1896. 

Monthly summary of finance and com- 
merce. Washington. No. 12, 1895- 
1896. 

Memoire of the National Academy of 
Sciences. vit, Washington, 1895. 
Ato, pp. 484. 

Monatsblatt der Gesellschaft fiir Hei- 
matkunde der Provinz Branden- 
burg. No. 11, 1896. 

Monthly Weather Review. Washing- 
ton, D.C. xxu, pts. 11 and 13; 
XXIV, pts. 1-3, 6. 

Mordecai Manual Noah. Simon Wolf. 
Phila. 1897. 8vo, 49 pp. 

Musée Social circular. Paris. Ser. A. 
nos.5-7. Ser. B. 1-4, 6. 

Mythologie und Psychologie der Ni- 
gritier in Guinea. Adolf Bastian. 
Berlin, 1894. 8vo, 162 pp. 

Nansen the Norseman and his life work. 


Agnes Crane. Brighton, 1897. 
24mo. 20 pp. <Brighton Herald, 
Mar., 1897. 
New York State Colonization Society 
~ annual report ILL, 1894. 


186 


Mason, O. T.—Continued. 

Nidologist, The. New York. 
1896. 

Note sur l’anthropologie de la Trans- 
baikalie du Sud. E. T. Hamy. 
Nps SG. over ea pp. cou: 
Mus. d’ Hist. Nat., 1896. 


Note sur une boite en laque japonaise 
portant le monogramme de Linné 
et donnée par M. H. Deyrolle au 
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. E. 
T. Hamy. n.p. 1896. 8vo, 2 p. 
<Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., 1896. 


Note sur de nouvelles observations 
archéologiques recueillies par M. 
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<Comp. Ren. Acad. des Inscript. 
ete. 1896. 


Notes on Alaska and the vicinity of 
Bering Strait, W. H. Dall. n. p. 
8vo, p. 104-111. <Amer. Jour. 
Science, xxI, Feb. 1881. 

Notes taken at random. Henry C. 
Mercer. n.p.[1896.] 8vo,4 pp. 
Ornamenti personali dei Melanise. G. 

A. Colini. Rome, 1888. 4to, 4 pp. 

Ornithological vocabulary of the Moki 
Indians. Edgar A. Mearns. Wash- 
ington, 1896. 8vo,1pl. pp. 391-403. 
< Amer. Anthropologist 1x, 1896. 


Osservazioni critiche sulla parte an- 
thropologico—preistorica del re- 
cente ‘‘Trattato di Paleontologia” 
di Carlo Zittel. Enrico Morseli. 
Florence, 1896. 8vo, 20pp. < Archiv 
per l Antrop e l’ Etnol., xxv1, 1896. 

Paris. Société d’Anthropologie, bul- 
letins. VI, pt. 6, 1895, vu, pts. 2-3, 
5, 1896. 

Phallus-cultusin Japan. Jos. Schedel. 
Yokohama, 1896. 3 pl. 4 pp. 

A primitive musical instrument. H. 
Balfour. London, 1896. 8vo,4 pp. 
<Reliquary and I]lustrated Arche- 
ologist, Oct., 1896, 

Publicaziont * * * R. Istituto di 
Studi Superiori Pratici e di Per- 
fezionamento. Florence. Nos. 1-4, 
1896. 

Recent investigation as to pigmy races. 
R.G. Haliburton. n.p.1896. 1pl. 
2 pp. 

Remains of later prehistoric man, ob- 
tained from caves in the Catherina 


IV, pt. I, 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Mason, O. T.—Continued. 


Archipelago, Alaska Territory and 
especially from the caves of the 
Aleutian Islands. W. H. Dall. 
n. p. 1878. 4to, 44. pp. <(Smith- 
sonion Cont. XXII. : 

Das Schwirrholz. J. D. E. Schmeltz. 

Hamburg, 1896. 8vo,1pl. 36 pp. 

<Verh. Vereins f. naturw., Ix. 

The Siwash, their life legends and tales. 
J.A. Costello. Seattle, 1895. 8vo, 
169 pp. 

Some weapons of war as improved by 
American inventors. W. A. Bart- 
lett. Washington, 1883. 12mo, 99 
pp. 

Sprache der zweiten Columne der drei- 
sprachigen Inschriften und das Al- 
taische. Heinrich Winkler. Bres- 
lau, n.d. 8vo, 65 pp. 

Symbolism in anicent American art 
(abstract). F.W. Putnam and C. 
C. Willoughby. Salem, 1896. 8vo, 
23 pp. <(Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. 
Sci., XLrv, 1896. 

The Thyrsos of Dionysos and the palm 
inflorescence of the winged figures 
of Assyrian monuments. Phila., 
1893. 8vo, 8 pp. <(Proc. Amer. 
Philos. Soe. Xxx1, 1893. 

United States Consular Reports. Wash- 
ington, D. C. December, 1884. 
January, 1887. 

United States Entomological Commis- 
sion. Annual rep. 1887. Wash- 
ington. 

United States Geological Survey of 
Territories, Annual rep. I-III, VI, 
Kl, KIT. 

United States Geological Survey of Wy- 
oming, preliminary report. 1871. 

United States Geodetic Survey. Re- 
port of Superintendent. 1894. 

United States Naval Institute. An- 
napolis. Proceedings. xX, pt. 1, 
1884. . 

Vorgeschichtliche Funde in Ostpreus- 
sen. E. Lemke. n. p. 1896. 8vo, 
p. 17-20. <Nachrichten ii. deutsche 
Alterthumsfunde, 1896. 

Vorgeschichtliche Schépfungslieder in 
ihren ethnischen Elementargedan- 
ken. Adolph Bastian. Berlin, 
1893. 8vo, 146 pp. 

Weather Bureau bulletin C, 1894 and 
19, 1896. Washington. 


\ 


ACCESSIONS TO LIBRARY. 187 


Mason, O. T.—Continued. 

Zukunft der ethnographischen Museen. 
Franz Heger. Berlin, 1896. 4to, 
llpp. <Bastain—Festschrift. 

MASTERS, MAXWELL T. 

Bud-variations or sports. What they 
are and what they are not. Max- 
well T. Masters. London, 1891. 
fol. 12 pp. <(Gardener’s Chroni- 
ele, 1891. 

Double-flowered Ceanothus. Maxwell 
T. Masters. London, 1889. 8vo, 1 


p. < Annals of Bot., 1v, pt. 13, 


1889. 


An erratic ivy. Maxwell T. Masters. | 


London, 1889. 8vo,4 pp. <Jour. 
of Bot., 1888. 


General view of the genus Cupressus. 


Maxwell T. Masters. London, 1895. 
8vo, pp. 312-363. <Linn. Soc. Jour. 
Bot., XXXI. 

New Passifloreae. Maxwell T. Masters. 
London, 1883. 8vo,4 pp. <Jour. 
of Bot., 1883. 

Notes on certain Passifloreae from west- 
ern tropical America. Maxwell T. 
Masters. London, 1885. 8vo,4 pp. 
<Jour. of Bot., 1885. 

Notes on the genera of Taxaceal and 
Coniferae. Maxwell T. Masters. 
London, 1892. 8vo,42pp. <Linn. 
Soc. Jour. Bot., xxx. 

Plante lJehmanniane in Guatemala, 
Costarica et Columbia collect. 
Passifloracere et aristolochiacex. 
Maxwell T. Masters. n. p. 8vo, pp. 
216-221. <Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., 
11 pt. 1, 1887. 

Remarks on morphology of Rosa ber- 


berifolia, pallas. Maxwell T. | 


Masters. n.p. 8vo,8 pp. <Bul. 
Soc. Roy., Bot. de Belg., xxvi 
pt. 1. 

Some cases of inversion. Maxwell T. 
Masters. London, 1893. 8vo, p.6. 
<Jour. of Bot., 1893. 

Synanthy in Bellis. Maxwell T. Mas- 
ters. London, 1893. 8vo,4 pp. 
Undescribed plants from Guatemala 

and other Central American Re- 
publics. John Donnell Smith. Bal- 
timore, 1895. 8vo, pp. 538-546. 
< Botanical Gaz., 1895. 

MEFHAN, W. E. 

Pennsylvania Fish Commission Report, 
1895. 


MEIDINGER, H. 

Ueber durchsichtigkeit der luft im 
hinblick auf fernsichten. H. Mei- 
dinger. Karlsr., 1895. 8vo,52 pp. 
<Verhandl. Naturw. Ver., Karlsr., 
XI, 1895. 

MENGER, RUDOLPH. 

New parasitic mite ‘‘Acarus incapsula- 
tor” or ‘* Sarcoptes trichogenetos” 
(Boeking). A microscopic study 
and reply. n.p.1896. 8vo, 20 pp. 


| Monaco, ALBERT DE. 


| 


Résultats des campagnes scientifiques 
accomplies sur son Yacht. Pts. 
10-11, 1886. Albert de Monaco. 

MORGAN, Epw. L. 

Did Jenner discover vaccination? Edw. 
L. Morgan. Richmond, 1896. 8vo, 
p. 144-148. <Vir. Med. Semi-Mo.,: 
I, pt. 5, 1896. 

MOoRICcE (Rev. Father). 

Three Carrier myths. Rev. Father 
Morice. Toronto, 1895. 4to, 36 pp. 
<Trans. Canadian Inst., v. 

MORSE, EDWARD S. 

On the so-called bow pullers of an- 
tiquity. EdwardS. Morse. Salem, 
1894. 8vo, pp. 141-166. <Bull. 
Essex Inst., xx v1, 1894. 

NADAILLAC, ALBERT DE. 

Colonies Frangaises et colonies An- 
glaises. Albert de Nadaillac. 
Paris, 1897. 8vo, 32 pp. 

NEWMAN, K. 

Kambio de Komposizion del agua de el 
salto. K. Newman. Santiago de 
Chile, 1896. 4to, 14 pp. 


OGILBY, J. DOUGLAS. 

Descriptions of two new genera and 
species of Australian fishes. J. 
Douglas Ogilby. Sydney. n.p. 
8vo, pp. 1386-142. <Proe. Linn. Soe. 
N.S. Wales, pt. 2, 1896. 

New family of Australian fishes. J. 
Douglas Ogilby. Sydney. 8vo, 
pp. 118-135. <Proe. Linn. Soc.New 
South Wales, pt. 2, 1896. 

On a galaxias from Mount Kosciusko. 
J. Douglas Ogilby. n.p. 8vo, pp. 
62-73. <Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. 
Wales, 1896. 

On a new genus and species of fishes 
from Maroubra bay. J. Douglas 
Ogilby. n.p. 8vo, pp. 23-25. 
<Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1896. 


188 


ORMEROD, ELEANOR A. 


Report of observations of injurious in- 
sects and common farm pests dur- 


ing the year 1896. Eleanor A. 
Ormerod. London, 1897. 8vo, 
160 pp. 


PRENTISS, D. W. 
Mescal buttons. 
Francis P. Morgan. 
1896. 12mo, 
Record, Aug. 22, 1896. 
QUEVEDO, SAMUEL A. LAFONE. 

Groupo Mataco—Mataguayo del Chaco. 
Saml. A. Lafone Quevedo. Bue- 
nos Aires, 1896. 8vo, 55 pp. 
<Boletin Inst. Geogr. Argent., v. 
XVII. 

Idioma Mbaya Illamado “Guaycururti” 
regtin hervas, gilii y castelnau. 
Saml. A. Lafone Quevedo. Buenos 
Aires, 1896. 8vo, 62 pp. 

Indios Matacos y su lengua por el P. 
Joaquin Remedi Ord. Seraf. con 
vocabularios ordenados. Saml. A. 
Lafone Quevedo. Buenos Aires, 
1896. 8vo, 34 pp. <Boletin Inst. 
Geograf. Argent., XVII. 

READ, CHARLES H. 

British Museum. Statement of vrog- 
ress and acquisitions made in the 
department of British medieval 
antiquities and ethnography in the 
year 1895. 


New York, 


[London,] 1896. 12mo, 14 pp. | 
<Parliamentary Paper No. 258, 
1896. 


REED; EDWYN C. : 

Catalogo de las Aves Chilenas. Edwyn 
C. Reed. Santiago, 1896. 8vo, 20 
pp. <Anales de la Univ., Chile, 
XCIII. 

ROCKHILL, W. W. 

Grammaire de Ja langue Tibétaine. Ph. 
Foucaux, Ed. Paris, 1858. 8vo, 
227 pp. 

SaTou, H. 

Agitated Japan. ‘The life of Baron 
Ili Kamon-no-Kami Naosuke. H. 
Satoh. Tokyo, 1896. 16mo, 144 pp. 

SAUSSURE, HENRI DE. 

Note sur la tribu des Embiens. Henri 
de Saussure. n.p. 8vo, pp. 339- 
355. < Bull. Soc. Entom. Suisse, 
Ix, pt. 8. 

Révision du genre Tridactylus. Henri 
de Saussure. Geneve. 1897. 8vo, 


D. W. Prentiss and 


31 pp. <Medical 


[A Wallaston Franks] | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


SAUSSURE, HENRI DE—Continned. 
pp. 407-419. <Revue Suisse de 
Zool., Iv. 

ScHINZ, Hans. 

Etudes sur la flore de état indépen- 
dant du Congo. Th. Durand and 
Hans. Schinz. Pt. 1. Bruxelles, 
1896. 8vo, 368 pp. 

SCUDDER, SAMUEL H. 

Genera of North American Melanopli. 
Saml. H. Seudder. Boston, 1897. 
8vo, pp. 195-206. <Proc. Amer. 
Acad. Arts and Scei., xxxu, 1897. 

Species of the genus Melanoplus. Saml. 
H. Scudder. n. p. 8vo, 35 pp. 
<Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XXXVI. 

| SERNANDER, RUTGER. 

Studier éfver den gotliindska vegeta- 
tionens utvecklingshistoria. Rut- 
ger Sernander. Upsala, 1894. 8vo, 
112 pp. 

SHUFELDT, R. W. 

Fossil bones of birds and mammals 
from Grotto Pietro Tamponi and 
Grive St. Alban. R. W. Shufeldt. 
Phila., 1896. 8vo, pp. 507-516. 
<Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1896. 

Photographing. cedar birds. R. W. 
Shufeldt. n.p. 8vo, pp. 120-123. 
<Amer. Nat., Feb., 1897. 

| Suumonps, F. W. 

Professor Ch. Fred. Hartt. A tribute. 
F.W.Simmonds. n.p. 8vo, pp. 
69-90. <Amer. Geol., x1x, 1897. 

| Smiru, Haran I. 

| Development of Michigan archeology. 
Harlan I. Smith. n. p. 8vo, pp. 1-4. 
<Inlander, v1, pt. 8. 

Notes on the data of Michigan arche- 
ology. Harlan I. Smith. n.p. 
8vo, pp. 1-9. <Amer. Antiquarian, 
May, 1896. 

| STEINDACHNER, FRANZ. 

Bericht iiber die wiihrend der Reise Sr. 
Maj. Schiff ‘‘Aurora” von Dr. C. 
Ritter v. Mieroszewski in den jah- 
ren 1895 und 1896 gesammelten 
Fische. Franz Steindachner. Vi- 
enna, 1896. 4to, pp. 198-230. <An- 
nalen d. K. K. Naturhistorischen 
Hofmus., x1 pt. 2. 

Ueber zwei neue Chirostoma-Arten aus 
Chile. Franz Steindachner, Vi- 
enna, 1896. 4to, pp. 231-232. <An- 
nalen K. K. Naturhist Hofmus. XI 
pt. 2. 


ACCESSIONS 


STEINDACHNER, FrRaNz—Continued. 

Vorliiutiger bericht iiber die zoolo- 
gischen arbeiten im nérdlichen 
Theile des rothen meeres wiihrend 
der Expedition Sr. Majestiit Schiff 
SE Olas res) * 1895-1896. F. 
Steindachner. Vienna, 1896. 8vo, 
15 pp. <Sitz K. Akad. d. Wiss in | 
Wien. Nathem.-naturu Cl. cv 
pt. 1, 1896. 

STRUTHERS, JOHN. 

Account of rudimentary finger muscles 
found in ‘the Greenland Right- | 
whale (Balaena mysticetus.) John 
Struthers. London, 1878. 8vo, 
pp. 1-8. <Journ. of Anat. and 
Phys., xu, 1878. 

Account of rudimentary finger muscles 
found in a toothed whale (Hype- 
rooden bidens.) John Struthers. 
London, 1873. 8vo, pp. 114-119. | 
<Journ. Anat. and Phys., vit, 
1873. | 

Articular processes of the vertebrae in 
the gorilla compared with those in 
man, and on casto-vertebral vari- 
ations in the gorilla. John Struth- 
ers. London, 1892. 8vo, pp. 131-138. 
<Jour. Anat. and Phys., xxvii, 
1892. 

Bones, articulations and muscles of 
the rudimentary hind-limb of the | 
Greenland Right-whale (Balaena 
mysticetus.) John Struthers. | 


London, 1881. 8vo, pp. 1-58. | 
<Journ. Anat. and Phys., xv, 
1881. 


Carpus of the Greenland Right-whale 
(Balaena mysticetus), and of fin 


whales. John Struthers. Edin- | 
burgh, 1895. 8vo, pp. 145-87. | 
<Jour. Anat. and Phys., Xxx, | 
1895. | 


Case of subdivision of the scaphoid 
carpal bone. John Struthers. 
n.p. 8vo, pp. 113-19. <Jour. Anat. | 
and Phys., vu, 1873. | 

Cervical vertebre and their articula- 
tions in fin-whales. John Struth- 
ers. London, 1872. 8vo, pp. 1-55. | 
<Jour. Anat. and Phys., 1872. 

Development of the bones of the foot | 
of the horse, and of digital bones 
generally, and on a case of poly- | 
dactyly in the horse. John Struth- 
ers. London, 1893. 8vo, pp. 51-62. 


TO LIBRARY. 


189 


STRUTHERS, JOHN—Continued. 
<Jour. Anat. and Phys., XXVIII, 
1895. 

External characters and some parts of - 
the anatomy of a Beluya (Delphi- 
napterus leucas.) John Struthers. 
Edinburgh, 1895. 8vo, pp. 124-156. 
<Jour. Anat. and Phys., xxx, 1895. 

Finger muscles in Megaptera longi- 
mana and in other whales. John 
Struthers. Phila., 1885. 8vo, pp. 
126-127. <Amer. Naturalist, 1885. 

Form of the sternum in the Right- 
whale (Balaena mysticetus) John 
Struthers. London, 1895. 8vo, pp. 
593-612. <Jour. Anat.and Phys., 
XXIX, 1895. 

Hereditary Supra-Condyloid process in 
man. John Struthers. London, 
1873. 8vo,pp.1-4. < Lancet, Feb. 
15, 1873. 

References to papers in anatomy, hu- 


man and comparative. John 
Struthers. Edinburgh, 1889. 8vo, 
39 pp. 


Rudimentary hind-limb of a great fin- 
whale (Balaenoptera musculus) in 
comparison with those of the hump- 
back whale and the Greenland 
right-whale. John Struthers. Ed- 
inburgh, 1893. 8vo, pp. 291-335. 
<Jour. Anat. and Phys., xxvu, 
1893. 


Rudimentary hind limb of Megaptera 


longimana. John Struthers. 
Phila., 1885. 8vo, pp. 124-25. 


< Amer. Nat., Feb., 1885. 


Some points in the anatomy of a great 
fin-whale (Balaenoptera muscu- 


lus). John Struthers. London, 
1871. 8vo, pp. 107-125. <Journ. 


Anat. and Phys., vi, 1871. 

Varieties of the appendix vermiformis 
cxcum and ileo-colic valves in man. 
John Struthers. Edinburgh, 1893. 
8vo, pp. 1-37. <Edinb. Med. Jour. 
Oct. Nov. and Dec., 1893. 


| THOMAS, CYRUS. 


Stone images from mounds and ancient 
graves. Cyrus Thomas. n. p. 
8vo, pp. 404-410. <Amer. Anthrop., 
Dec., 1896. 


TRUE, F. W. 


13th report of the California State 
Mining Bureau. 1896. 


190 


VILLOT, A. 


Gordiens de Sumatra. Description de 


deux espéces nouvelles. A. Vollot. 
Leiden, 1891. 4to, pp. 136-138. 
<Zoologische Ergebnisse einer 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


| WarpD, LESTER F.—Continued. 


reise in Niederliind. Ost- Indien, | 
Herausgegeb. von Max Weber, 1, | 
| 


1891. 
Le polymorphisme du ‘‘ Gordius viola- 
ceus.” A. Villot. Paris. 8vo, pp. 


650-657. <Assoc. Francaise pour 
PAvane. des Sci.Congrés de Bor- 
deaux, 1895. 


Revision des Gordiens. A.Villot. n.p. 


8vo, pp. 271-318. <Ann. Se. Nat. | 


Zool., 1886. 
VOLKOV, TH. 

Dolmens de Vile-d’Yeu. Th. Volkov. 
n. p. 8vo, pp. 24146. <Bull. de la 
Soc. d’Anthrop. de Par., Mar., 1896. 

Le traineau dans les rites funéraires 
de ’Ukraine. Th.Volkoyv. Paris, 
1896. 8vo, 24 pp. <Revue des 
Traditions Populaires. 


WAGGAMAN, THOMAS E., 
Catalogue of a collection of oriental 
art objects. New York, 1896. 8vo, 
492 pp. 
WALSINGHAM, [THOMAS DE GREY] and 
DURRANT, J. H. 
Rules for regulating nomenclature with 
a view to secure a strict applica- 
tion of the law of priority in ento- 
mological work. [Thos. de Grey] 
Walsingham and J. H. Durrant. 
London, 1896. 8vo, 18 pp. 


WARD, LESTER F. 

An autobiography and some reminis- 
cences of the late August Fendler. 
W. M. Canby Ed. n. p. 8vo, v. 
<Botan. Gaz., x, 1885. 

Bulletin No. 1, U.S. Department Agri- 
culture, Division Vegetable Pa- 
thology. 1891. 

Catalogue no. 22 Bibliotheca botanica. 
U. Hoepli. Milan, 1885. 12mo, 
142 pp. 


Catalogue of the forest trees of the | 


United States which usually attain 
a height of sixteen feet or more. 
Geo. Vasey. Washington, 1876. 
8vo, 36 pp. 

Catalogue of the forest trees of North 
America. C. S. Sargent. Wash- 
ington, 1880. 8vo, 93 pp. 


Classification des fruits. T. Carnel. 
Paris, 1886. 8vo,7 pp. 

Contributions to the flora of Iowa, 
No. 6. J. C.Arthur. Davenport, 
1885. 8vo, pp. 64-75. <Proc. Day- 
enp. Acad. Nat. Sci., Iv. 

Objects of sex and of odor flowers. 
Thos. Meehan. Phila., 1881. 8vo, 
3 pp. 

Preliminary experiments with fungi- 
cides for stinking smut of wheat. 
W.T.Swingle. Topeka, 1890. 8vo, 
pp. 27-50. <Exper. Sta., <Kan. 
State Agric. Col., Bulletin, 12. 

Proceedings of the American Forestry 
Congress. Washington, 1886. 8vo, 
106 pp. 

Sexual variation in Castenea ameri- 
cana, Michx. I. C. Martindale. 
n.p. 8vo, 4 pp. <Proc. Acad. 
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1880. 

Schedule of North American species of 
Paspalum. George Vasey. Craw- 
fordsville. n.d. 8vo, pp. 55-56. 
<Bot. Gaz., 1x, No. 4, 1884. 

Some algae «f Minnesota, supposed to 
be poisonous. J.C. Arthur. Min- 
neapolis, 1885. 8vo, pp. 97-103. 
<Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., 11. 

WEBER, E. F. 

Notes sur quelques rotateurs des envi- 
rons de Genéve. E. F. Weber. 
Liége, 1888. 8vo, pl. 26-36. pp. 
1-82. <Archives de Biologie. 

WESLEY, WILLIAM & Son. 

Nachrichten aus den Buchhandel. 
Leipsic. pts. 37-93, 100-149, 1896. 
<1-15, 28-43, 46-47, 50-75, 1894; 
1,5-13, 15-235, 237-294, 296-302, 
1895; 1-35, 1896> 

WHITE, CHARLES A. 

Biographical sketch of Fielding Brad- 
ford Meek. Chas. A. White. Min- 
neapolis, 1896. 8vo, pp. 339-50. 
<Amer. Geol., xvi, 1896. 


WIrTcoMB, C. P. 

San Francisco Midwinter Museum. 
Reopening of the Midwinter Mu- 
seum. San Francisco, 1896. fol. 2 | 
pp. <San Francisco Chronicle, 
Nov. 22, 1896. 

Woopworrth, J. B. 

Unconformities of Marthas Vineyard 

and of Block Island. J.B. Wood- 


ACCESSIONS 


Woopworth, J. B.—Continued. 


worth. Rochester, 1897. 8vo, pp. 


197-212. <Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., | 


Vl. 
YATES, LORENZO G. 
Channel islands. Lorenzo G. Yates. | 
n.p. 8vo, 20 pp. 


Charm stones, the so-called “ plum- 
mets” or ‘‘sinkers” of California. 
Lorenzo G. Yates. Santa Barbara, 
1890. 8vo, 28 pp. 


TO LIBRARY. 


19 


YATES, LORENZO G.—Continued. 

Mollusca of Santa Barbara County, 
Cal., and new shells from the Santa 
Barbara channel. Lorenzo G. 
Yates. Santa Barbara, 1890. 8vo, 
pp. 37-48. 2 pls. 

ZOPKE, HANs. 

Professor Franz Reuleaux, a biographi- 
cal sketch. Hans Zopke. 
York, 1896. 8vo, pp. 5-11. 
sier’s Magazine, 1896. 


New 
<Cas- 


mk = 

_. 
aly * are 
etn Ge, 


APPENDIX IV. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE FISCAL 
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897. 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM.! 


ANNUAL REPORT. 


Annual Report | of the | Board of Re- 


gents | of the | Smithsonian Institu- | 
tion, | Showing | the Operations, Ex- | 
penditures, and Condition | of the In- | 


stitution for the | year ending June 30, 


1894. | — | Report of the | U. S. Na- 

tional Museum. | — | Washington: | 
Government Printing Office. | 1896. 
8vo0, pp. I-XXVI, 1-1030, 57 pls., 851 figs. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


Smithsonian Institution | United States 
National Museum. | — | Proceedings | 
of the | United States National Mu- 
seum. |— | Volume XVIII. | 1895. | — 
| Published under the direction of the 


SPECIAL 

Smithsonian Institution. | United States 
National Museum. | — | Special Bulle- | 

tin. | — | Oceanic Ichthyology, | A 


Treatise on the Deep-sea and Pelagic | 
Fishes of the World, | Based chiefly 
upon | the collections made by the | 


steamers Blake, Albatross, | and Fish 
Hawk in the Northwestern Atlantic, | 
with | anatlas containing 417 figures, | 


By | George Brown Goode, Ph. D., LL. | 


D., | Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian 
Institution, in charge of U.S. National 
Museum, | and | Tarleton H. Bean, M. 
D., M.S., | Director of the New York 


t 


Smithsonian Institution. | — | Wash- 
ington: | Government Printing Office. | 
1896. 

8vo, pp. I-XIV, 1-819, pls. I-Xxxyv, 47 figs. 


BULLETIN. 


Smithsonian Institution. | United States 


National Museum, | Special Bulletin. | 
—| Life Histories | of | North Ameri- 
can Birds, | From the Parrots to the 
Grackles, | with special reference to | 
their breeding habits and eggs, | By | 
Charles Bendire, Captain and Brevet 
Major, U. 8S. A. (Retired). | Honorary 
Curator of the Department of Odlogy, 
U. S. National Museum, | Member of 
the American Ornithologists’ Union. | 
With seven lithographic plates. | —o— 
| Washington: | Government Printing 
Office. | 1895. 


Aquarium. | — | Washington: | Gov- | Special Bull. Mo. 3, 4to, pp. L-1x, 1-518, pls. 
ernment Printing Office. | 1895. VI. 
Special Bull. No. 2, 4to, pp. I-Xxxv, 1*-26*, 1- 
553; atlas, I-XXIU, 1*-26*, pls. I-cx x11. 
BULLETIN. 


Smithsonian Institution. | United States 


National Museum. | — | Bulletin | of 


the | United States National Museum. 


| No. 47. | — | The Fishes | of | North | 
and Middle America: | A Descriptive | 


Catalogue of the Species of Fish-like 


Vertebrates found in the | Waters of 
North America, North of the Isthmus 
of Panama. | By | David Starr Jordan, 
Ph. D., | President of the Leland Stan- 
ford Junior University, | and | Barton 
Warren Evermann, Ph. D., | Ichthyol- 


1The titles of the papers from the Report and Proceedings of the National Museum, 
which were published in separate form during the year, are given in Appendix V. 


NAT MUS 97 13 


193 


194 


ogist of the United States Fish Com- 
mission. | Part I. | Washington: | Goy- 
ernment Printing Office. | 1896. | 

8vo, pp. I-LX, 1-1240. 

Smithsonian Institution. | United States 
National Museum. | — | Bulletin | of 
the | United States National Museum. 
| No. 49. | Bibliography of the Pub- 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


lished Writings of Philip | Lutley 
Sclater, F. R. S., Secretary of the | 
Zoological Society of London. | — | 
Prepared under the direction of | G. 
Brown Goode. | — | Washington: | 
Government Printing Office. | 1896. 
8vo, pp. I-XIx, 1-135. 


PAPERS BY OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM AND OTHERS, BASED UPON 
MUSEUM MATERIAL. 


ADLER, Cyrus. The Cotton Grotto— 
an ancient quarry in Jerusalem, with 
notes on ancient methods of quarrying. 

Semitic Studies in memory of Reverend 
Doctor Alexander Kohut, Berlin, 1897, 
pp. 73-82. 

An accountof the quarry, in which reference 
is made to some objects discovered there by 
the writer in 1891. These objects are now in 
the National Museum. 


ALLEN, Harrison. Notes on the vam- 
pire bat (Diphylla ecaudata), with 
special reference to its relationships 
with Desmodus rufus. 


Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1099, Oct. 
26, 1896, pp. 769-777, figs. 1-6. 


— Description of a new species of bat 
of the genus Glossophaga. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvut, No. 1100, Oct. 
26, 1896, pp. 779-781. 


AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ 
UNION. Eighth supplement to the 
American Ornithologists’ Union check- 
list of North American birds. 

Auk, xiv, No.1, Jan., 1897, pp. 117-135. 
This supplement was prepared by the com- 
mittee on classification and nomenclature. 
Twenty-four additional species and sub- 
species are admitted to the check-list, and the 
nomenclature of forty-one species and genera 
is more or less altered. Six forms described 
during the two preceding years are not con- 
sidered worthy of recognition, and action on 
other cases is deferred from lack of material or 
information. 


ANTHONY, A.W. Eggs of the Black, 


Socorro and Least Petrels. 
Nidologist, tv, No. 2, Oct., 1896, pp. 16-17. 


New birds from the islands and pen- 
insula of Lower California. 
Auk, xiv, No. 2, Apr., 1897, pp. 164-168. 
The species and subspecies described as new 
are Oarpodacus megregori, Thryothorus cer- 
roenis, and Harporhynchus lecontei arenicola. 


ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H. 
sitic bee. 
Ent. News, vit, Sept., 1896, p. 218. 


A new para- 


Describes Stelis sewmaculatus, n. sp., from 


California. 


ASHMEAD, WiLi1am H.—Continued. 


—— On the genera of the Eupelmine. 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., tv, Oct. 30, 1896, pp. 
4-20. , 
The author gives a revised table of all known 
genera in this group, and describes nine new 
generaand sixteen new species. Inall, twenty- 
eight genera are tabulated. 


— Rhopalosomide, anew family of fos- 
sorial wasps. 

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., U1, Oct., 1896, pp. 
303-309. 

This family is based upon the rare Rhopa- 
losoma poeyi Cresson, originally described 
from Cuba, and placed by Cresson in the fam- 
ily Braconidw and by Westwood in the family 
Vespide. Mr. Ashmead reports it now for the 
first time from the United States, gives a full 
bibliography, quotations from various authors 
as to its aftinities, and his reasons for differing 
from other authorities and for considering it 
the type of a distinct family. 


Descriptions of new cynipidous galls. 
and gallwasps in the United States 
National Museun. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1102, Dec. 
30, 1896, pp. 113-136. 

One new genus and forty-three new species 
of North American Cynipid are described. 
A new Hemiteles. 

Ent. News, vu, Dec., 1896, p. 320. 
Describes Hemiteles davidsonii, n. sp. 


| ——The phylogeny of the Hymenoptera. 


Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., U1, 1896, pp. 323-336. 

In this paper Mr. Ashmead discu8ses quite 

extensively the origin and development of the 

Hymenoptera, gives diagrams showing the 

origin and aftinities of the different families, 

and proposes a new Classification of these 
insects. 


Nitelopterus, anew Larrid genus. 
Ent. News, vu, Jan., 1897, pp. 22-238. 
Describes Nitelopterus slossone (new genus 
and species). ; 


Descriptions of some new genera and 
species of Canadian Proctotrypide. 
Can. Ent., XX1xX, March, 1897, pp. 53-56. 

Describes two new genera, Scorpioteleia and 


Stylidolon, and seven new species of Proctotryp- 
ide. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


ASHMEAD, WiLi1am H.—Continned. 
—— A new water-bug from Canada. 
Can. Ent., XX1x, March, 1897, p. 56. 
Describes Halobatopsis beginii, n. sp. 
— Descriptions of some new genera in 
the Cynipidie. 
Psyche, vit, May, 1897, pp. 67-69. 
Describes seven new genera and three new 
species. 
This paper is based largely upon Museum 
material, and all types, except Acanthaegilips, 
are in the National Museum. 


Two new parasites from Lupoeya 
slossone. 
Can. Ent., XX1x, May, 1897, p. 113. 
Describes Pelecystoma eupoeyae and Cryp- 
turus dyari. 
California bees and their parasites. 
Proc. South. Cal. Acad. Sci.,1, No.3, 1897, 
pp. 3-7. 
Describes a new bee and two parasites. 
(See also under LELAND O. HOWARD.) 
BAKER, E.G. 
(See under JOSEPH NELSON ROSE.) 
BARTSCH, Paut. The wrens of Bur- 
lington, Iowa. 
Iowa Ornithologist, No. 2, April, 1897, pp. 
21-24. 
Notes on five species of wrens found about 
Burlington, Iowa. 
BEAN, Barron A. 
(See under TARLETON H. BEAN and 
BARTON W. EVERMANN.) 
BEAN, TARLETON H., and BEAN, Bar- 
TON A. Contributions to the natural 
history of the Commander Islands, 


No. xu1.—Fishes collected at Bering | 


and Copper Islands by N: A. Grebnitski 
and Leonhard Stejneger. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xtx, No. 1106, Dee- 
30, 1896, pp. 237-251. 
A list of 45 species of fishes collected during 
the years 1882-1885. 

—— Notes on fishes collected in Kamchat- 
ka and Japan by Leonhard Stejneger 
and N. A. Grebnitski, with a descrip- 
tion of a new Blenny. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xtx, No. 1112, Jan. 
27, 1897, pp. 381-392, pls. XXXIV, XXXV. 
This paper lists and describes a number of 
interesting fishes obtained in Kamchatka dur- 
ing the fall of 1883, and in Yesso, Japan, in 
1894, including a new genus of Blenny (Pholid- 
apus grebnitskii), from Yesso. 

— Description of a new Blenny-like 
fish of the genus Opisthocentrus, col- 
lected in Vuleano Bay, Port Mororan, 
Japan, by N. A. Grebnitski. 


Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Xx, No. 1127, Jan. 28, | 


1897. Advance edition p. [1]. 


195 


BEAN, TARLETON H. 
(See also under G. BROWN GOODE.) 


BECK, R. H. Western Evening Gros- 
beak. 

Nidologist, tv, No. 1, Sept., 1896, pp. 3-4, 
ipl: 

BENDIRE, CuHarR Les. Smithsonian In- 
stitution. | United States National Mu- 
seum. | Special Bulletin. | | Life 
Histories | of | North American Birds, 
| From the Parrots to the Grackles, | 
With special reference to | Their Breed- 
ing Habits and Eggs, | By | Charles 
Bendire, Captain and Brevet Major, 
U. S. A. (Retired). | Honorary Curator 
of the Department of Odlogy, U.S. Na- 
tional Museum, | Member of the Amer- 
ican Ornithologists’ Union. | With | 
seven lithographic plates. | — | Wash- 
ington: | Government Printing Office. 
| 1895. 

Special Bull. No. 3, 4to, pp. 1-1x, 1-518, pls. 
I-VI. 

BENEDICT, James E. Preliminary de- 
scriptions of a new genus and three 
new species of crustaceans from an 
artesian weil at San Marcos, Texas. 


Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1087, 1896, 
pp. 615-617. 

Describes 3 blind crustaceans, a shrimp, an 
isopod and an amphipod, taken by the U. S. 
Fish Commission from an artesian well, 188 
feet deep, at San Marcos, Texas. 

An advance edition of this paper was pub- 
lished Apr. 14, 1896. 


BERGH, Rupoupu. Beitriige zur Kennt- 
niss der Coniden. 
Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.-Carol. Deutsch 
Acad. der Naturforscher, Lxv, No. 2, 
1896, pp. 69-214, pls. 1-13. 

An anatomical study of the family Conide, 
in which it is shown that its characters are very 
uniform, and that, as far as there are differ- 
ences, they do not march with the superficial 
shell characters upon which it has been sought 
to divide the group. 


CASANOWICZ, I. M. Tell-et-Tin on 
Lake Homis, in the valley of the Oron- 
tes. 

Am. Anthropologist, 
13-16. 

A sketch of the geographical, anthropologi- 

cal and archeological features of that region. 


CHITTENDEN, Frank H. A new grain 
beetle. 
Can. Ent., XXVil, Aug., 1896, pp. 197-198. 
Gives notes on some grain beetles belonging 
to the genus Sylvanus, and a table for distin- 
guishing the species. 


X, Jan., 1897, pp. 


196 


COGNIAUX, ALFRED. Roseanthus,anew 
genus of Curcurbitacee from Acapulco, 
Mexico. 

Contrib.U. S. Nat. Herbarium, ut, No. 9, 
Aug. 5, 1896, pp. 577-578, pl. 28. 
A new genus named for Dr. J. N. Rose. 


COQUILLETT, DaniEL W. A newsub- 
family of Ephydride. 
Ent. News, vu, Sept., 1896, pp. 220-221. 
Describes Lipochaeta slossonae, new genus 
and species. 


A new Dipterous genus related to 
Gnoriste. 
Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash., 11, Oct., 1896, pp. 
321-322. 
Describes Eugnoriste occidentalis. 


—— A Dipterous parasite of spiders’ eggs. 
Ent. News, vu, Dec., 1896, p. 820. 
Describes Gaurax araneae, n. sp. 


COUES, EL.iorr. 
serculus) sanctorum. 
Auk, xiv, No. 1, Jan., 1897, pp. 92-93. 
Mentions the rediscovery of this species on 
San Benito Island—the type locality—by Mr. 
A.W. Anthony, and its validity as a species is 
affirmed. Someremarksareadded on the genus 
Passerculus, and the name Ammodramus (Pas- 
serculus) sandwichensis wilsonianus is pro- 

posed, to replace A. sandwichensis savanna. 


Ammodramus (Pas- 


— Uria lomvia in South Carolina. 
Auk, xiv, No. 2, Apr., 1897, pp. 202-203. 
Records the capture of a Briinnich’s Murre 
near Anderson, S. C. 


COULTER, Joun M., and ROSE, JOSEPH | 


Newson. Leibergia, a new genus of | 
Umbellifere from the Columbia River 
region. 


Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium, 10, No. 9, 
Aug. 5, 1896, pp. 575-576. 
This new genus is named in honor of J.B. 
Leiberg, Hope, Idaho. 


COVILLE, FREDERICK VERNON. 
occidentalis and its allies. 
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium, 1, No. 9, 
Aug. 5, 1896, pp. 559-565, pls. 22, 24, 25. 


Crepis 


—— Juncus confusus, a new rush from the | 


Rocky Mountain region. 
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., X, Nov. 14, 1896, pp. 
127-130. 


—— Ribes erythrocarpum, a new currant 
from the vicinity of Crater Lake, Ore- 
gon. 

Proce. Biol. Soe. Wash., X, Nov. 14, 1896, pp. 
131-132. 


— The National Herbarium and_ the 
Division of Botany. 
Botan. Gaz., XXu, Nov. 23, 1896, pp. 418-420. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


COVILLE, FREDERICK VERNON—Cont’d, 
— Collomia mazama, a new plant from 
the vicinity of Crater Lake, Oregon. 
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x1, Mar. 13, 1897, 

pp. 55-37, pl. 1. 

— The itinerary of John Jeffrey, an 
early botanical explorer of western 
North America. 

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, Mar. 23, 1897, 
pp. 57-60. 

— The technical name of the Camas 

plant. 


Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x1, Apr. 21, 1897, 
pp. 61-65. 


Two new plants from Mount Ma- 

zama, Oregon. 

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., X1, June 9, 1897, 
pp. 169-171. 


COX, ULyYssEs O. 

(See under BARTON W. EVERMANN.) 
CRAMER, FRANK. 

(See under CHARLES HENRY GILBERT.) 


CULIN, Stewart. Mancala: The na- 
tional game of Africa. 
Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U.S. Nat. Mus.) 
1894 (1897), pp. 595-607, pls. I-v, figs. 
1-15. 


DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY. Onthe Amer- 
ican species of Ervilia. 
Nautilus, x, No. 3, July, 1896, pp. 25-27. 
This summary enumerates the species and 
gives their distinctive characters. Hrvilia 
maculosa Dall, from off Cape Lookout, North 
Carolina, is described as new. 


The mollusks and brachiopods of 
the Bahama Expedition of the State 
University of Iowa. 
Nat. Hist. Bull. State Univ. Iowa, tv, No. 
1, Aug. 20, 1896, pp. 12-27, pl. 1. 

This paper enumerates the species collected, 
most of which are represented in the National 
Museum, and describes and figures as new Mu- 
rex nuttingi Dall, Sand Key, Fla.; Cerion (May- 
nardia) niteloides Dall, Water Cay, Bahamas; 
Liotia centrifuga Dall, Strait of Florida; and 
Carditella smithii Dall, Bermuda. The types 
are in the National Museum and the State 
University of Towa. : 


| —~ Insular Jand-shell faunas, especially 


as illustrated by the data obtained by 


Dr. C. Baur in the Galapagos Islands. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for Aug., 
1896, pp. 395-497, pls. XV-XVII. 

This memoir discusses the conditions under 
which land-shells exist in the Galapagos, St. 
Helena and other oceanic volcanic islands; 
summarizes the history of their exploration; 
tabulates the distribution of the Galapagos 
species among the several islands, and in the 
different life-zones on single islands, and offers 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY—Continued. 


data showing the direct influence of similar 
conditions upon individuals of diverse origin, 
and the similarity of effects produced by the 
same causes in widely different regions and 
upon forms of different genetic origin. The 
relations of the St. Helena Pachyotus are 
shown by anatomical data to be with the 
West African Achatinas, notwithstanding 
their wide testaceous divergence. The Nesiotes 
of the Galapagos on the other hand are related to 
North and Central American Bulimulus. The 
Galapagos land-shells are enumerated, their 
anatomical characters elucidated, and their 
synonymy worked out. The genitalia, denti- 
tion and jaws of numerous species, and the 
unfigured shells of previously described spe- 
cies are illustrated. Bulimulus nesioticus Dall 
is described as new. The paper concludes 
with a bibliography of the Galapagos land- 
shell literature. 


Cook’s Inlet and the region to the 


westward. 
Bull. U.S. Coast and Geod. Surv. No. 35, 
Aug., 1896, pp. 162-170. 
This article contains asummary of geograph- 
ical and other notes on the region, made dur- 
ing official explorations in the summer of 1895. 


On the American species of Cyre- 


noidea. 
Nautilus, x, No. 5, Sept., 1896, pp. 51-52. 
Three American species are known, besides 
the original type from Senegal, of which Cyre- 
noidea floridana Dall, and C. caloosaénsis Dall 
are described as new. The types are in the 
U.S. National Museum. 


—— Recent advances in malacology. 


Science (New series), 1v, No. 100, Nov. 27, 
1896, pp. 770-773. 

This article contains a summary of recent 
malacological work not yet incorporated in the 
textbooks. Itis based in part on work done 
in the U.S. National Museum. 


Pelecypoda. 

Textbook of Paleontology, by K. A. von 
Zittel, revised edition, 1, 1896, pp. 346-429. 

In this contribution to the revised Text- 
book the entire text has been rewritten, the 
classification has been changed, the bibliogra. 
phy brought up to date, and the modern view 
of most of the subjects included. The sub- 
genus of Lucina, Prolucina Dall, of the Silu- 
rian, is described as new. 


Report on the mollusks collected by 

the International Boundary Commis- 

sion of the United States and Mexico, 
1892-1894. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1111, Jan. 

27, 1897, pp. 333-349, pl. XXXI-XXXIII. 

This paper treats of the species chiefly col- 

lected by Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A.,in the re- 

gion referred to; summarizes the results of 

previous work in the same region; illustrates 


— Synopsis of the Pinnide 


197 


| DALL, Witt1am HeEALEY—Continued. 


unfigured species; describes as new, Polygyra 
ashmunt Dall, P. pseudodonta Dall, Bulimulus 
nigromontanus Dall and Streptostyla nebulosa 
Dall; discusses the subdivision of the genus 
Holospira, and catalogues the known species. 
Coelocentrum nelsoni Dall, C. pfefferi Dall, and 
Anisospira strebeli Dall are described as new 
from specimens obtained by E. W. Nelson. A 
list of the known pulmonate fauna of the re- 
gion is given, and also a list of marine mol- 
lusks collected at or near the western termina- 
tion of the boundary line. 
List of species of shells collected at 
Bahia, Brazil, by Dr. H. von Ihering. 
Nautilus, x, No. 11, March, 1897, pp. 121-123. 
This paper enumerates, from specimens sent 
tothe National Museum, the marine shells col- 
lected at Bahia, Brazil, showing that many of 
them are typically Antillean species. Mac- 
trella iheringi Dall, is described as new. 


Report on the coal and lignite of 
Alaska. 
17th Ann. Rep., U. S. Geol. Surv., 1896, 
(March, 1897), pp. 763-908, pls. xLVviIl- 
LVIII. 

This report summarizes what was previously 
known in regard to the deposits of coal and 
lignite in Alaska, also the results of explora- 
tions by the author and Dr. G. F. Becker in the 
summer of 1895. The Tertiary rocks of Alaska 
are discussed, and a table of the invertebrate 
fossils known from them, derived from ma- 
terialin the U. S. National Museum, is given. 
These are followed by appendices by F. H. 
Knowlton on the Paleobotany, Charles Schu- 
chert on the Paleozoic fossils, and Alpheus 
Hyatt on the Mesozoic fossils. A list of all 
Alaskan species of fossil plants and a table of 
their known distribution is given by Mr. 
Knowlton; Mr. Secbuchert catalogues the 
known Carboniferous and Devonian fossils of 
Alaska and describes as new, variety alasken- 
sis, of the Carboniferous Productuslongispinus; 
Professor Hyatt points out the generally J uras- 
sic character of the Mesozoic fossils, and the 
absence so far of well defined Cretaceous beds 
in Alaska. The material upon which the re- 
ports are based is in the National Museum. 


Distribution of marine mammals. 
Science (New series), v, No. 126, May 28, 
1897, p. 84. 
This note calls attention to the presence in 
Bering Sea, the North Pacific and the Galapa- 
gos Islands, of certain marine mammals omit- 
ted in some recent discussions of geographical 
distribution. 
of the 
United States. 
Nautilus, x1, No. 3, 1897, pp. 25-26. 
This paper revises the synonymy and enu- 
merates the species native to the Atlantic Coast 
of the United States and adjacent regions. 


(See alsounderR. J. LECHMEREGUPPY. ) 


198 


DEWEY, LystER H. The genus dvena 
on the Pacific coast. 
Erythea, v, Feb., 1897, p. 29. 
A note in regard to different species mis- 
taken for Avena fatua. 


The eastward migration of certain 
weeds in America. 


Asa Gray Bulletin, v, June 11, 1897, pp. 
31-34, 1 map. 


DWIGHT, JonaTHAN. Aspecies of Shear- 
water (Pufinus assimilis Gould) new to 
the North American fauna. 


Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., X1, April 21, 1897, 
pp. 69-70. 

A specimen of a shearwater obtained at 
Table Island, Nova Scotia, in the autumn of 
1896, is referred to this species, which has not 
before been recorded from North America. A 
description of the specimen and some com- 
ments on earlier descriptions are given. 


EICHHOFF, Witi1aAM. Remarks on the 
synonymy of some North American 
Scolytid Beetles. 


Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1085, 
Aug. 12, 1896, pp. 60-610. 


EVERMANN, Barton W. Description 
of a new species of shad (Alosa ala- 


bame) from Alabama. 
Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1895 (appendix 4, 
Dec. 28, 1896), pp. 203-205. 


EVERMANN, Barton W., and BEAN, 
Barton A. Indian River and its fishes. 


Senate Doc. No. 46, 54th Cong., 2nd sess., 
Jan., 1897, pp. 5-26, pls. 1-37. 

In this paper 106 species of fishes Known to 
occur in the Indian River, Florida, are listed. 
Based upon collections made by the writers in 
January, 1896, and upon those already in the 
National Museum. 


EVERMANN, BarRTon W., and COX, 
Utysses 0. Report upon the fishes of 
the Missouri River Basin. 


Rep. U. S. Fish Com., 1894 (extract, Nov. 
27, 1896), pp. 325-429. 
A descriptive list of the fishes of the Mis- 
souri River and its tributaries. 


EVERMANN, Barton W., and KEN- 
DALL, W.C. Anannotated list of the 
fishes known from the state of Vermont. 


Rep. U. S. Fish Com., 1894 (extract, 1896), 
pp. 579-604. 

This paper is based chiefly upon observa- 
tions and collections made in July, 1894, by the 
senior author and Mr. Barton A. Bean. Itis 
a report upon the species of fishes collected or 
known to occur in the waters of Vermont. 
Fifty-three species are recorded. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, -1897. 


EVERMANN, Barton W., and SMITH, 
HuGau M. The Whitefishes of North 
America. 

Rep. U. S. Fish Com., 1894 (extract, 1896), 
pp. 283-324, pls. 11-28. 
A critical review of the Whitefishes found 
in the waters of North America. 
(See also under DAVID STARR JORDAN.) 


FEWKES, J. WALTER. Two ruins re- 
cently discovered in the Red Rock 
Country, Arizona. 

Am. Anthropologist, 1x, Aug., 1896, pp. 
263-283. 
An article showing that cliff-house culture 
is not a stage in architectural development, 
but an adaptive condition. 


Pacific Coast shells from prehistoric 
Tusayan pueblos. 
Am. Anthropologist, Nov., 1896, pp. 359- 
267, pls. VIII, IX. 
This article discusses the occurrence of 
marine shells in ruins along the Little Colorado 
River, in Arizona. 


— The sacrificial element in Hopi 
worship. 
Journ. Am. Folk Lore, X, 1896, No. XX XVIII, 
pp. 187-201. 


— The Miconinovi flute altars. 
Journ. Am. Folk Lore, tX, 1896, No. Xxxv, 
pp. 241-255, pls. I, II. 
An illustrated description of two altars 
erected by the Flute Society in one of the 
Hopi pueblos. 


Tusayan totemic signatures. 
Am. Anthropologist, X, Jan., 1897, pp. 1-11, 
pls. U-Iv. 
A list of the ‘‘marks” or totems of the lead- 
ing men of the Hopi pueblos. 


Morphology of Tusayan altars. 
Am. Anthropologist, X, May, 1897, pp. 129- 
145, figs. 1-5. 
An article showing the similarity of altars 
of apparently different character, and that the 
dominating symbolism upon them refers to rain 
and the growth of corn. 


Preliminary account of an expedi- 
tion to the cliff villages of the Red 
Rock country, and the Tusayan ruins 
of Sikyatki and Awatobi, Arizona, in 
1895. 

Rep. Smithsonian Inst., 1895 (1897), pp. 
557-588, pls. XXXV-LXVII. 
This article describes new ruins discovered 
in 1895, and the objects found in them. 

— The Tusayan ritual: A study of the ~ 
influence of environment on aboriginal 
cults. 

Rep. Smithsonian Inst., 1895 (1897), pp. 
683-700, pls. LXX-LXXIII. 
It is shown that the arid climate of Arizona 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 199 


FEWKES, J. WALTER—Continued. 
has developed aritualamong pueblos in which 
ceremonies for rain and the growth of corn are 
dominant. 


—— Tusayan snake ceremonies. 
16th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethnol., i897, pp. 
266-311, pls. LXX-LXXXI. 

An account of the snake dances at Oraibi 
and the pueblos of the Middle Mesa of the 
Hopi. 

FIGGINS, J.D. Bachman’s sparrow in 
Maryland. 
Auk, XIV, No. 2, April, 1897, p. 219. 
Bachman’s sparrow is here, for the first time, 


reported from Maryland, based on a specimen 
shot near Kensington. 


GILBERT, CuarLes Henry. The ich- | 


thylogical collections of the U.S. Fish 
Commission steamer Albatross during 
the years 1890 and 1891. 


Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 1893 (extract Dec. 9, | 


1896), pp. 393-476, pls. 20-35. 


— Descriptions of twenty-two new spe 


cies of fishes collected by the steamer | 


Albatross of the United States Fish 
Commission. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1115, Feb. 5, 
1897, pp 437-457, pls. XLIX-Ly. 
Based upon collections of the Museum, made 
for the most part in the Pacific Ocean, south 


of Santa Barbara, Cal. Several of the species | 
are from the Galapagos Archipelago, one only | 


being from the Atlantic. 


GILBERT, CuHarLes HENRY, and CRA- 
MER, FRANK. Report on the tishes 
dredged in deep water near the Hawai- 
ian Islands, with descriptions and fig- 
ures of twenty-three new species. 


Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., xix, No. 1114, Feb. 5, 
1897, pp. 403-435, pls. XXXVI-XLVIII. 


GOODE, GEORGE Brown, and BEAN, 
TARLETON H. Smithsonian Institu- 
tion. | United States National Muse- 
um. | — | Special Bulletin | — | Oce- 
anic Ichthyology, | A Treatise on the | 
Deep-sea and Pelagic Fishes of the 
World, | Based chiefly upon | The col- 
lections made by the steamers Blake, 
Albatross, | and Fish Hawk in the North- 
western Atlantic, | with | an Atlas con- 
taining 417 figures, | By | George 
Brown Goode, Ph. D., LL. D., | Assist- 
ant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, 
in charge of U.S. National Museum, | 
and | Tarleton H. Bean, M.D.,M.S., | 
Director of the New York Aquarium. | 


| 


GOODE, GEORGE Brown, and BEAN, 


TARLETON H.—Continued. 
— | Washington: | Government Print- 
ing Office. | 1895 (1896). 
Special Bull. No. 2, 4to, pp. I-Xxxv, 1*-26*, 
1-553; Atlas, I-xxuI, 1*-26*, pls. I- 
CXXIIU. 


GOODE, GEORGE BRown. Smithsonian 


Institution. | United States National 
Museum. | — | Bulletin | of the | 
United States National Museum. | No. 
49. | Bibliography of the Published 
Writings of Philip | Lutley Sclater, 
F. R. 8., Secretary of the | Zoological 
Society of London. | — | Prepared un- 
der the direction of | G. Brown Goode. | 
— | Washington: | Government Print- 
ing Office. | 1896. 
8v0., pp. I-XIX, 1-135. 


— Philip Lutley Sclater. 


Science (New series), IV, 1896, No. 88, 
pp. 293-298. 


Report upon the condition and 

progress of the U.S. National Museum 

during the year ending June 30, 1894. 

Rep. Smithsonian Inst.(U. S. Nat. Mus.), 
1894 (1897), pp. 1-283. 


GUPPY, R. J. LECHMERE and DALL, 


WILLIAM HEALEY. Descriptions of Ter- 


tiary fossils from the Antillean region. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1110, Dec. 
30, 1896, pp. 303-331, pl. XXVU-XXxx. 

This paper opens with a summary of the An- 
tillean Tertiary horizons, from which material 
has been obtained, followed by descriptions of 
species, chiefly Oligocene, which are believed 
to be new. Of these Mr. Guppy describes 
forty-three and Mr. Dall eighteen new species. 
The genus Strongylocera (Morch) is elucidated, 


* the genus Strombinella Dall and the subgenus 


(of Aclis) Amblyspira Dall, are described as 
new, and the subgenus (of Crassatellites) Cras- 
sinella Guppy is reinstated. Fifty-nine spe- 
cies are figured. 


HASSALL, ALBERT. 


(See under CHARLES W ARDELL STILES. ) 


HEMSLEY, W. Borrine. Lryngium 


longipetiolatum. 
Hooker's Icon. Plant., v1, pt. 1, ser. 4, 
Feb., 1897, pl. 2504. 
An umbellifer, from near San Cristobal, 
Chiapas, Mexico. 


—— Eryngium paucisquamosum. 


Hooker's Icon. Plant., v1, pt. 1, ser. 4, 
Feb., 1897, pl. 2505. 
An umbellifer, from the mountains near 
Hapancingo and summit of Sierra Madre, 
Mexico. 


200 


HEMSLEY, W. Bottinc— Continued. 


— Eryngium spiculosum. 
Hooker's Icon. Plant., vi, pt. 1, ser. 4, 
Feb., 1897. pl. 2507. 
An umbellifer from Mexico. 


— Eryngium galeottii. 
Hooker's Icon. Plant., vi, pt. 1, ser. 4, 
Feb., 1897, pl. 2510. 
An umbellifer from Oaxaca, Mexico. 


(See also under JoSEPH NELSON ROSE. 


HITCHCOCK, A. 8. Flora of south- 
western Kansas. Report on a collec- 
tion of plants made by C. H. Thompson 


in 1883. 
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium, ut, No. 9, 
Aug. 5, 1886, pp. 537-557. 


HOLLAND, W. J. List of the Lepidop- 
tera collected in Kast Africa, 1894, by 
Mr. William Astor Chanler and Lieu- 
tenant Ludwig von Hoéhnel. 


Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvut, No. 1098, 
Oct. 7, 1896, pp. 741-767. 


HOUGH, Watrer. The Hopiin relation 
to their plant environment. 
Am. Anthropologist, x, Feb., 1897, pp. 
33-44. 

This paper presents the results of the study 
of ethno-botanical collections made by the au- 
thor while with the Fewkes expedition of 1896. 
The close relation of Hopi culture to the plant 
environment is revealed, and the native names 
and uses of more than 140 plants are given in 
a classified list. 


HOWARD, LELAND O. 
cyanea Motsch. 


Sulla Seutellista 


Revista di Patologia Vegetale, v, 1, July, 
1896, pp. 1-7. 

A consideration of the literature of this 
species, with re-descriptions, including first 
description of the male, and an account of its 
habits. 


Shade tree insect problem in the 
United States. 


Scientific American Supplement, XLU, 
No. 1075, Aug. 8, 1896, pp. 17178-17179; 
No. 1076, Aug. 15, 1896, pp. 17194-17195; 
No. 1077, Aug. 22, 1896, pp. 17220-17221, 

figs. 1-11. 
Reprint of an article in the Yearbook of the 
U.S. Department of Agriculture for 1895, pp. 
361-384, with reproductions of eleven figures. 


— The larger Corn-stalk borer (Diatrwa 
saccharalis Fab.). 
Cire. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric. (Series 
2), No. 16, Aug. 18, 1896, 3 pp., 3 figs. 
General appearance and methods of work; 
distribution; natural history and habits; 
amount of damage; remedies. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


HOWARD, Letanp O.—Continued. 
— A Coleopterous enemy of Corydalis 
cornulus. 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11, No. 5, Oct. 6, 
1896, pp. 310-313. 

Describes wholesale destruction of egg- 
masses of Corydalis cornutus by the larve and 
adults of Anthicus haldemani Casey, along the 
shores of the Potomac River during the year 
1895. The first insect enemy of the Corydalis 
to be noted. 


On some scale insects. 
Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc., Boston (Extract, 
Oct. 25, 1896), 15 pp., 8 figs. 
A general account of scale insects, with 
special reference to the species existing in 
Massachusetts or liable to be introduced; 
remedies; the nursery question; legislation. 


—— The largest insect egg. 
Ent. News, vu, No. 8, Oct., 1896, p. 244. 
Measuremerts of the egg of Sternocera orissa 
from the South African Republic, which show 
it to be the largest insect egg yet discovered. 


-—— Some temperature effects on house- 
hold insects. 
Proc. Sixth Ann. Meeting American Ware- 
housemen’s Association, Boston, Mass., 
1896. 
This paper was reprinted in Bull. Div. Ent. 
U.S. Dept. Agric., No. 6, Dec. 28, 1896, pp. 13-17. 
Records of the effects of low temperatures 
upon the different stages of Tinea biselliella, 
Attagenus piceus, Dermestes vulpinus, Tenebrio 
obseurus and Trogoderma tarsale. 


The insects which affect the cotton 


plant in the United States. 

Bull. Ofice Experiment Stations, U. 8. 
Dept. Agric., No. 33, Dec. 28, 1896, pp. 
317-380, figs. 10-29, 1 pl. 

This paper was reprinted, with changes, as 
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 47, U. S. Dept. Agric., 
Jan., 1897. 

A consideration of the principal insects 
which affect the cotton plant in the United 
States. 


Some insects affecting the hop plant. 

Bull. Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric. (New 

series) No. 7, Feb., 1897, pp. 40-51, 4 figs. 

A consideration of the life history and habits 

of Hydrecia immanis, Hypena humuli, Poly- 
gonia interrogationsis and Polygonia comma. 


—— A case of excessive parasitism. 
Bull. Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric. (New 

series) No.7, Feb., 1897, pp. 62-63. 
Record of breeding of seven species of Chal- 
cididze with numbers and names from Lecan- 


ium fletcheri from Ottawa, Canada, and a - 


description of one new species. 


General notes and notes from cor- 

respondence. 

Bull. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric. (New 
series) No. 7, Feb., 1897, pp. 76-87, 1 fig. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 201 


HOWARD, LELAND O.— Continued. 


— Astudy in insect parasitism: A con- | 


sideration of the parasites of the white- 
marked tussock moth, with an account 
of their habits and interrelations, and 

with descriptions of new species. 
Tech. Ser. Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agric., No. 

5, Apr. 1, 1897, p. 57, fig. 24. 

Contains a consideration of thirty-five species 
of parasitic Hymenoptera and nine species of 
Diptera, nine of the Hymenoptera being new. 


— On the Chalcidid of the Island of 


Grenada, British West Indies. 
Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., XXVI, 1897, pp. 129- 
178. 
Author’s extras of this paper were published 
June 1, 1897. 
One hundred and thirty-two species are con- 
sidered, including descriptions of seventy-two 
new species and six new genera. Material on 


which this paper is based was collected by | 
Herbert H. Smith under the auspices of British | 
West India Committee, British Association for | 
the Advancement of Science. A duplicate | 


series will be deposited in the U.S. National 
Museum. 


HOWARD, LELAND O., and ASHMEAD, 


WILLIAM H. On some reared Hymen- | 


opterous insects from Ceylon. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviu, No. 1092, Aug. 
12, 1896, pp. 633-648. 


Descriptions of thirty-two new species of | 


Hymenopterous insects reared from their hosts 
by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon. Three 
new genera and sixteen new species are de- 
scribed by Doctor Howard. One new genus 


and seven new species are described by Mr. 


Ashmead. 


HOWARD, LELAND O., and MARLATT, 
C.L. The principal household insects 


| JORDAN, Davin Srarr, and EVER- 
MANN, Barton WARREN—Continued. 
Part I. | Washington: | Government 
Printing Office. | 1896. | 

8vo, pp. I-LX, 1-1240. 

— A check-list of the fishes and fish- 
like vertebrates of North and Middle 
America. 

Rep. U. S. Fish Com., 1895 (appendix 5, 
Dec. 28, 1896), pp. 207-584. 

A list of all the species of fishes and fish- 

like vertebrates thus far recorded as occurring 

} in American waters north of the Isthmus of 

Panama. 


JUDD, SyLvester D. Descriptions of 
three species of Sand Fleas (Amphi- 
pods) collected at Newport, Rhode 
Island. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1084, July 
25, 1896, pp. 593-603, figs. 1-11. 

Based on studies made while at Mr. Agas- 
siz’s marine laboratory at Newport, in the 
summer of 1893. The species described are 
Calliopius rathket (Zaddach), Byblis serrata 
Smith and B. agassizi, sp. nov. 


JUDSON, W. B. The White-throated 
Swift. 
Nidologist, 1v, No.8, April, 1897, pp. 91-92. 
A paper read by Mr. Judson at thé meeting 
of the Cooper Ornithological Club (Southern 
| Division), Pasadena, California, Jan. 27, 1897. 
KENDALL, W.C. Description of a new 
Stickleback ( Gasterosteus gladiunculus) 
from the coast of Maine. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1089, Aug. 
| 12, 1896, p. 623. 
(See also under BARTON W. EVER- 
MANN. ) 


of the United States, with a chapter on | 


insects affecting dry vegetable foods, | 


by F. H. Chittenden. 


Bull. Div. Ent., U. 8S. Dept. Agric. (New | 


series) No. 4, 1896, pp. 1-130, fig. 62. 
JORDAN, Davin Srarr, and EVER- 


MANN, BARTON WARREN. Smithsonian | 


Institution. | United States National 
Museum. |—| Bulletin | of the | 
United States National Museum. | No. 
47. |— | The Fishes | of | North and 
Middle America: | A descriptive cata- 


logue of the species of fish-like verte- | 


brates found in the | waters of North 
America, north of the Isthmus of Pan- 
ama. | By | David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., 


| President of the Leland Stanford | 


Junior University, | and | Barton War 


ren Evermann, Ph. D., | Ichthyologist | 


of the United States Fish Commission. | 


| KNOWLTON, Frank HALL. -The genus 
Nestor. 
Osprey, 1, No. 3, Nov., 1896, pp. 31-33. 
A popular account of the parrots of the 
genus Nestor. Illustrations of the sheep-eating 
species and the rare Philip Island parrot are 


given. 


| —— Report on the fossil plants collected 

in Alaska in 1895, as well as an enu- 

meration of those previously known 

| from the same region, with a table 

showing their relative distribution. 
17th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1895-96 

(1897), pp. 876-897. 
(See also under TrmoTHy W. STANTON.) 


| LANO, AvBerT. Buteo borealis harlani 
in Minnesota. 
Awk, xt, No. 4, Oct., 1896, p. 342. 
Note on the occurrence of Harlan’s hawk 
in Minnesota. 


202 


LEIBERG, Joun B. Delphinium virides- 
cens and Sambucus leiosperma, two new 
plants from the northwest coast. 


Proc, Biol. Soc. Wash., X1, March 13, 1897, 
pp. 39-41. 


LINELL, Martin L. List of Coleoptera 
collected on the Tana River, and on 
the Jombéné Range, East Africa, by 
Mr. William Astor Chanler and Lieu- 
tenant Ludwig von Hohnel, 
descriptions of new genera and species. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Xviut, No. 1094, Aug. 
12, 1896, pp. 687-716. 


New species of North American 


Coleoptera of the family Scarabide. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xvitl, No. 1096, Oct. 
7, 1896, pp. 721-731. 
Describes one new genus and sixteen new 
species, and makes critical remarks on other 
species. 


— A short review of the Chrysomelas 
of North America. 
Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., tv, Dec., 1896, pp. 
195-200. 

Gives tables of the genera and species of 
North American Chrysomelas found in the 
United States, and indicates one new sub- 
species, Calligrapha californica. 


Descriptions of North American 
Coleoptera in the families Ceram- 
bycidz and Scarabeide. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1113, Feb. 5, 
1897, pp. 393-401. 
Describes one new genus and twelve new 
species, and makes critical observations on 
some described species. 


— On the insects collected by Dr. Ab- 
bott on the Seychelles, Aldabra, Glo- 
riosa and Providence Islands, with de- 
scriptions of nine new species of Cole- 
optera. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No.1119, May 
18, 1897, pp. 695-706. 

Gives a list of the insects takenin the differ- 
ent islands, makes remarks respeeting their 
distribution, and describes nine new species 
of Coleoptera. 


New genera and species of North 
American Cureulionide. 
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vv, June, 1897, pp. 
49-56. 
Describes two new genera and twelve new 
species. : 


—— A new, nearly blind genus of Tene- 
brionide. 
Ent. News, vit, June, 1897, pp. 154-156. 
Describes Typhlusechus singularis, new genus 
and species. 


with | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


LONNBERG, Ernar. Is the Florida 
Box Tortoise a distinct species? 


Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1107, Dec. 
30, 1896, pp. 253-254. 


LUCAS, FrEeprrRIc AUGUSTUS. Contri- 
butions to the natural history of the 
Commander Islands. .XI.—The cra- 


nium of Pallas’s Cormorant. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1095, Oct. 
7, 1896, pp. 717-719, pls. XXXIV, XXXV. 


—— A dog of the ancient pueblos. 
Science (New series), V, No. 118, April 2, 
1897, p. 544. 
Description of a skull of a dog of a well- 
marked breed, from the ancient pueblo of 
Homolobi. 


McGUIRE, Josrrn D. Classification 
and development of primitive imple- 
ments. 


Am. Anthropologist, 1x, July, 1896, pp. 
227-237. 


—— A study of the primitive methods of 
drilling. 
Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U.S. Nat. Mus.) 
1894 (1897), pp. 623-756, figs. 1-201. 


McNEILL, JEROME. Revision of the 
Truxalinz of North America. 
Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Set., V1, 1896- 
1897, pp. 179-274. 

Contains a revision of the genera and species 
of the North American subfamily Truxaline, 
gives a key to the subfamilies of the Acrididex, 
the important characters used in this classifi- 
cation, a full bibliography of North American 
writers, together with tables and full descrip- 
tions of allthe generaand species. Eleven new 
genera and nine new species are described. 


MARLATT, C. L. A_ house-infesting 
Springtail., 
Can. Ent., XXXVI, Sept., 1896, p. 219. 
Describes Lepidocyrtus americana, n. sp. 


(See also under LELAND O, HOWARD.) 


MASON, Otis T. Rochefort on the Car- 
ibbeans. 
Science (New series), Iv, J uly 10, 1896, p. 52. 
This paper calls attention to the mention 
of the Cushing pile dwellings in San Marco, 
Florida, as far back as 1666, 


—— Eskimo throwing-sticks. 
Nature, London, July 23, 1896, p. 271. 
A hitherto unknown ferm from Prince Will- 
iam Sound, Alaska is identified. 


— On lifting monoliths. 
Science (New series), Iv, Aug. 21, 1896, p. 
228. 
It is shown by the author that all the great 
stones in human art were cut and put in place 
in pre-mechanical times. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


MASON, Otis T.—Continued. 
— On the Siberian origin of Alaskan 
iron and copper daggers. 
Verhandl. Berliner Gessellschaft fiir An- 
throp, &c., Berlin, 1896, XX VI, p. 75. 

The copper and steel double-pointed and 
single-pointed daggers of the southeastern 
Alaskan Indians are compared with forms of 
the Bronze Age found in Siberia. 


— Matto Grosso, South America, as a 
mingling ground of stocks. 
Science (New series), V. Jan. 29, 1897, p. 
194. 

This paper reveals the work of Dr. Her- 
mann Meyer on the distribution of Eastern, 
Western, and South American bows and arrows 
and their commingling in the middle ground of 
the Matto Grosso. 


— The antiquity of certain curved 
knives. 
Nature, London, April 8, 1897, p. 534. 
The author describes the whittling knives 
introduced into America by whites, and seeks 


to find their distribution in the old world. 


— Tape and belt loom from Italy and 


its congeners in America. 
Inventive Age, Washington, April 17, 
1897. 
This paper compares Zuni and Chippewa 
looms with European forms. 


— The pointed canoe of the Kutenai 
River. 
Science (New series) V, June 11, 1897, p. 
927. 
This canoe is compared with those of the 
Amoor, in Asia. 


—— Primitive travel and transportation. 
Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U.S. Nat. Mus.), 
1894 (1897), pp. 257-593, pls. I-Xxv, 

figs. 1-260. 

This paper discusses going afoot, including 
the study of special costumes and appliances 
occasioned thereby; man as a carrier, and in 
drawing loads. 


— Influence of environment on human 


industries or arts. 
Rep. Smithsonian Inst., 1895 (1897,, pp. 
639-665, pl. LXIx, figs. 1, 2. 

This article forms one of aseries on environ- 
ments, and seeks to show how surrounding 
nature affects and conditions all human activi- 
ties. Environmental or culture areas, 18 in 
number, are worked out for the western world. 


MEARNS, EpGar A. Preliminary diag- 
noses of new mammals from the Mexi- 
can border of the United States. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1103, 1896, 
pp. 137-140. 


An advance edition of this paper was issued 
“May 25, 1896. 


203 


MEARNS, EpGar A.—Continued. 
Preliminary diagnoses of new maim- 
mals of the genera Lynx, Urocyon, Spi- 
logale and Mephitis, from the Mexican 
boundary line. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, No. 1126, Jan. 
12, 1897, pp. [1]-[4]. Advance edition. 


Preliminary diagnoses of new mam- 
mals of the genera Mephitis, Dorcela- 
phus, and Dicotyles, from the Mexican 
border of the United States. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, No. 1129, Feb. 
11, 1897, pp. [1]-|4].. Advance edition. 
Preliminary diagnoses of new mam- 
mals of the genera Sciurus, Castor, Neo- 
toma and Sigmodon, from the Mexican 
border of the United States. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, No. 1132, March 
5, 1897, pp. [1]-[4]._ Advance edition. 
—A new subgeneric name for the 
Water Hares (Hydrolagus Gray). 
Science (New series), V, No. 114, March 5, 
1897, p. 393. 
MERRILL, GeorGE PERKINS. On the 
composition and structure of the Ham- 
blen County, Tennessee, meteorite. 


Am. Journ. Sci., XI, Aug., 1896, pp. 149- 
153. 


— Principles of rock-weathering 
(Studies for students). 

Journ. Geol., IV, Nos. 6 & 7, Sept.—Noy., 
1896, pp. 704-724, 850-871. 

—— Weathering of micaceous gneiss in 
Albemarle County, Virginia. 

Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.. Vit, Feb. 22, 1897, pp. 
157-168. 

—— A Treatise | on | Rocks, Rock-weath- 
ering, and Soils. | By | George P. Mer- 
rill | Curator of Geology in the United 
States National Museum. | New 
York: |The Macmillan Co. | Lon- 
don: | Macmillan and Co., Ltd. | 
1897. | 

pp. I-XXx, 1-411, pls. 1-25, figs. 1-42. 


Stones | for | Building and Decora- 
tion. | Second Edition. | By | George P. 
Merrill, | Curator of Geology in the 
United States National Museum. | New 
York: | John Wiley & Sons, | 53 East 
Tenth Street. | 

pp- LIX, pp. 1-506, pls. I-x1x, figs. I-xvil. 

MURBACH, Louis. Observations on 
the development and migration of 
the urticating organs of sea nettles, 
Cnidaria. ; 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvut, No. 1097, Oct. 
7, 1896, pp. 733-740. 


204 


NELSON, E. W. Preliminary deserip- 
tions of new birds from Mexico and 
Guatemala in the collection of the 
United States Department of Agricul- 


ture. 
Auk, xtv, No. 1, Jan., 1897, pp. 42-76. 

Forty-two new species and subspecies and 
one new genus are described in the present 
paper, which is based mainly on collections 
made in Mexico and Guatemala by the author. 
The new forms are as follows: Dendrortya 
oaxace, D. macrourus griseipectus, D. ma- 
crourus striatus, Colinus salvini, C. godmani, OC. 
insignis, C. graysoni nigripectus, Cyrtonyx 
merriami, Megascops marmoratus, Momotus 
mexicanus saturatus, Dryobates sanctorum, 
Antrostomus ridgwayi, Delattria pringlei, 
Platypsaris aglaie sumichrasti, Empidonax 
bairdi occidentalis, Picolaptes compressus in- 
signis, Automolus pectoralis, Otocoris alpestris 
oaxace, Calocitta formosa azurea, Cissolopha 
pulchra, Agelaius phoniceus grandis, A. phoe- 
niceus richmondi, A. gubernator californicus, 
Ammodramus savannarum obscurus, Junco 
fulvescens, Peuceea ruficeps fusca, P. ruficeps 
australis, Cardinalis cardinalis littoralis, Chlo- 
rospingus atriceps, Phoenicothraupis rubicoides 
afinis, Dendroica goldmani, Basileuterus flavi- 
gaster, Heleodytes alticolus, H. occidentalis, H. 
humilis rufus, H. capistratus nigricaudatus, 
Salpinctes obsoletus neglectus, Hemiura pactf- 
ica, Henicorhina mexicana, H. leucophrys cap- 
italis, Catharus occidentalis fulvescens, Merula 
tamaulipensis. 

The new genus Hylorchilus is created to 
receive the species formerly called Catherpes 
sumichrasti. 

PILSBRY, Henry A. Manual of con- 
chology. Part 65.—Dentalium. 
Man. Conch. Struct. d& Syst., part 65, June, 
1897, pp. 1-80, pl. 1-9. 

Monograph of the family Dentaliide, based 
in part on collections of the U. 8. National 
Museum. 

POLLARD, Cuar.Es LOUIS. 
boscidea. 
Bull. Torrey Botan. Club, xxut, July 20, 
1896, pp. 281-282. 
Describes anew Cassia from Barbados Island. 


Cassia pro- 


—— Notesona trip tothe Dismal Swamp. 
Garden and Forest, 1x, Nov. 18, 1896, p. 
462. 
Comments upon the most interesting plants 
observed on a trip to the Dismal Swamp. 
The Acaulescent Violets. 
Botan. Gaz., XXi11, Jan. 20, 1897, p. 53. 
A reply to Prof. E. L. Greene’s observations 
on this group. 
Studies of the flora of the Central 
Gulf region. (I.) 
Bull. Torrey Botan. Club, xxiv, March, 
1897, pp. 148-158. 
Discusses various plants of the Gulf region, 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


POLLARD, Cuar.tes Lovuis—Cont’d. 
establishing several new combinations of ge- 
neric and specific names and describing Cassia 
aspera mohrii, n. var. 


[Review of] Chapman’s flora of the 
Southern United States. 
Bull. Torrey Botan. Olub, xxiv, April 24, 
1897, pp. 210-213. 
A review of the third edition of Chapman’s 
work. 


POWERS, WiLit1amM L. Two new birds 
for Maine. 
Auk, xtv, No. 2, April, 1897, p. 219. 
Acanthis linaria rostrata and A.linaria hol- 
beellii are recorded from Maine. 


PRICE, WiLtt1am W. Description of a 
new Pine Grosbeak from California. 
Auwk, xtv, No. 2, April, 1897, pp. 182-186. 

A new form of the Pine Grosbeak, Pinicola 

enucleator californica, is described from the 

higher Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. 


PURDY, James B. Henslow’s Bunting, 
Ammodramus henslowi, found breeding 
at Plymouth, Michigan. 

Auk, xiv, No. 2, April, 1897, pp. 220-221. 
Announcement of the nesting of Henslow’s 
sparrow at Plymouth, Michigan. 


OBERHOLSER, Harry C. Critical re- 
marks on the Mexican forms of the 
genus Certhia. 

Auk, xi, No. 4, Oct., 1896, pp. 314-318. 
Two Mexican creepers are recognized, Oer- 
thia familiaris albescens (Berlepsch) and C. 
familiaris alticola Miller. These are treated 
in detail with full descriptions and synony- 
mies. 


—— Description of a new subspecies of 
Dendroica. 
Auk, xiv, No. 1, Jan., 1897, pp. 76-79. 
The name Dendroica estiva rubiginosa (Pal- 
las) is used to distinguish a form of yellow 
warbler inhabiting British Columbia and 
Alaska. 


Critical remarks on Cistothorus palus- 
tris (Wils.) and its western allies. 
Auk, X1v, No. 2, April, 1897, pp. 186-196. 
Two western forms of Cistothorus palustris 
are recognized, of which O. palustris plesius is 
described as new. Full descriptions and syn- 
onymy of both forms are given. 


RATHBUN, Mary J. 
linectes. 
Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1070, 
July 8, 1896, pp. 349-375, pls. XU-XXVUI. 
A monograph of the genus, including a his- 
torical review, an analytical key, and descrip- 
tions and figures of the ten species, nine of 
which are in the National Museum. The 
name of the common edible species of eastern 
North America is changed from Callinectes 
hastatus to CO. sapidus. A new subspecies is 


The genus Cal- 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


RATHBUN, Mary J.—Continued. 
described, and also a fossil specimen. In an 
appendix are given notes on the habits of QO. 
sapidus, by the Hon. J. D. Mitchell, Judge 
Benjamin Harrison and Mr. Willard Nye, Jr. 


Descriptions of two new species of 
fresh-water crabs from Costa Rica. 


Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvut, No. 1071, 
July 8, 1896, pp. 377-379, pls. XXIX, XXX, 
figs. 1-3. 

Descriptions of two new species of Pseu- 
dothelphusa from Costa Rica, received from 
the National Museum at San José, through 
Mr. J. Fid. Tristan. 


— Description ef a new genus and four 
new species of crabs from the West 


Indies. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X1x, No. 1104, Dee. 21, 
1896, pp. 141-144. 

The crabs here described occur at the Florida 
Keys and Jamaica, and are represented in the 
collection of Mr. P. W. Jarvis of Kingston. 
The descriptions are preliminary to a ‘‘ List of 
the Decapod Crustacea of Jamaica.” 


— Descriptions de nouvelles especes de 
Crabes d’eau douce appartenant aux 
collections du Muséum d’histoire natu- 


relle de Paris. 
Bull. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. Paris, 11, No. 2, 
March, 1897, pp. 58-61. 

Comprises descriptions of 4 species of Pseu- 
dothelphusa from Central and South America, 
published through the courtesy of Prof. E. L. 
Bouvier. Specimens of each species have 
been presented to the U.S. National Museum. 


Synopsis of the American Sesarmie 
with description of a new species. 
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x1, April 26, 1897, 
pp. 89-92. 

In the synopsis, 4 subgenera and 18 species 
are recognized, and the synonymy is briefly 
given. Of the known species, 3 here receive 
new names, and one is described for the first 
time. 

Synopsis of the American species of 
Palicus Philippi (= Cymopolia Roux), 
with descriptions of six new species. 
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x1, April 26, 1897, 
pp. 93-99. 

Seventeen species of Palicus (of which six 
are new) have been dredged in American 
waters by the steamers Bache, Blake, and 
Albatross. A synopsis of all the species is 
given, together with descriptions of the new 
forms. 


Synopsis of the American species of 
Ethusa with description of a new 
species. 
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Xt, May 13, 1897, pp. 
109-110. 
A synopsis of the 5 American species of 
Ethusa, three of which occur on the Atlantic 


205 


RATHBUN, Mary J.—Continued. 
coast, and two on the Pacific. Thenew species 
described, EF. tenuipes, inhabits the Gulf of 
Mexico and the Florida Keys. 


Description of a new species of Can- 
cer from Lower California, and addi- 
tional note on Sesarma. 


Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x1, May 13, 1897, 
pp. 111-112. 

The new species of Cancer, C. anthonyi, was 
collected at Playa Maria Bay, west coast of 
Lower California, by Mr. A. W. Anthony. 

Attention is called to Sesarma cequatorialis 
Ortmann, a species which should be added to 
those enumerated in a list published April 26, 
1897. 


—— The African Swimming Crabs of the 
genus Callinectes. 


Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., xt, June 9, 1897, 
pp. 149-151. 

Four species of Callinectes are found on the 
coast of Africa. Of these, one species is new, 
one was formerly considered a subspecies, OC. 
tumidus gladiator, and another, hitherto known 
as C. larvatus Ordway, is found to be synony- 
mous with Nepiunus marginatus A. Milne- 
Edwards, of earlier date. Incidentally the 
species CO. tumidus Ordway, is changed to 0. 
exasperatus (Gerstecker). 

— A revision of the nomenclature of 
the Brachyura. 

Proc, Biol. Soc. Wash., x1, June 9, 1897, 
pp. 153-167. 

This revision is made in accordance with the 
code of the American Ornithologists’ Union. 
The changes which it is found necessary to 
make are discussed under the following head- 
ings: (1) Names diverted from their original 
meaning; (2) The name of a composite genus 
tenable for one or more of its species which do 
not belong in older genera; (3) The name of a 
composite genus, when made up wholly of older 
genera, tenable for a component part requiring 
aname; (4) Specification of type; (5) Earlier 
names neglected; (6) Names based on figures 
without description; (7) Post-Linnzean name 
given by a polynomialist invalid; (8) Preoc- 
cupied names ; (9) Names given simultaneously 
to different genera; (10) Original orthography 
to be preserved except in case of typographical 
error. 

Twenty-six new generic names are proposed 
for old names which have been used in viola- 
tion of accepted rules. 

RICHARDSON, Harriet. Description 
of anew crustacean of the genus Spha- 
roma from a warm spring in New 
Mexico. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xx, No. 1128, Feb. 
6, 1897, p. [1.]. Advance edition. 

This crustacean (Spheroma thermophilum) 
was taken from a warm spring near Socorro, 
New Mexico, by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. It is 


206 


RICHARDSON, Harrretr—Continued. 
contrasted with S. dugesi Dollfus, a Mexican 
species, and the only other Spheroma inhabit- 
ing fresh water. 


Description of a new species of 


Spheroma. 
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., X1, May 13, 1897, pp. 
105-107, figs. 3-5. 

The species here described (Spheroma 
destructor) is a wood-borer, and was taken in 
large numbers from piers on St. John’s River, 
Florida, at Palatka, where the water is fresh. 
One piece of wood was reduced by its ravages 
from 16 to 74 inches in diameter in 8 years. 


RICHMOND, CuarLes W. Catalogue 
of a collection of birds made by Doctor 
W. L. Abbott in Eastern Turkestan, the 
Thian-Shan Mountains, and Tagdum- 
bash Pamir, Central Asia, with notes on 
some of the species. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1083, July 
25, 1896, pp. 569-591. 

A list of ninety-eight species, to which are 
added dates and localities of the specimens 
collected, and in many cases notes by the col- 
lector. gialitis pamirensis, Passer montanus 
dilutus, and Merula merula intermedia are 
described as new. 

— Description of a new species of Ant 
Thrush from Nicaragua. 

Proce. U.S. Nat. Wus., xvi, No. 1090, Aug. 
12, 1896, pp. 625-626. 

Phlegopsis saturata is described as new, 
although closely related to P. macleannani. 
Partial list of birds collected at Alta 
Mira, Mexico, by Mr. Frank B. Arm- 

strong. 

Proc.-U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1091, 

Aug. 12, 1896, pp. 627-632. 
A list of sixty pieces obtained in Alta Mira, 
near Tampico, Mexico, of which several are of 
interest from the locality. : 


in the Kilima-njaro region of East 
Africa. 
Auk, xiv, No. 2, April, 1897, pp. 154-164. 
The following species collected by Doctor 
Abbott are described as new: Crithagra kili- 
mensis, Crithagra striolata afinis, Estrilda 
eyanocephala, Cinnyris nectarinioides, Amy- 
drus? dubius, Pholidauges femoralis, Laniarius 
abbotti, Prionops vinaceigularis, Chloropeta 
similis, Melanobucco abbotti. 


Catalogue of a collection of birds 
made by Doctor W. L. Abbott in Mada- 


gascar, with descriptions of three new | 


species. 


Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas., x1x, No. 1118, May | 


13, 1897, pp. 677-694. 
A list of eighty-three species, to which are 


Descriptions of ten new species of | 
birds discovered by Dr. W. L. Abbott | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


RICHMOND, Cuartes W.—Continued. 
added dates and localities, and in some cases 
critical notes. 

Thalassornis insularis, Agialitis thoracica, 
and Oopsychus inexspectatus are described as 
new, and Abbottornis is proposed as a new 
name for Leptopterus, preoccupied. 


RIDGWAY, Ropvert. Melopelia lewcop- 
tera in Osceola County, Florida. 
Auk, xtv, No.1, Jan., 1897, pp. 88-89. 
Records a specimen of this dove from Osceola 
County, Florida. 


— Note on Juncv annectens Baird and 
J. ridgwayi Mearns. 
Auk, xtv, No.1, Jan., 1897, p. 94. 

The name Junco annectens is found to apply 
to the bird hitherto called J. ridgwayi, leaving 
the species formerly called Junco annectens 
without a name. To the latter is given the 
new name Junco mearnsi. 


— Correct nomenclature of the Texan 
Cardinal. 
Auk, x1v, No.1, Jan., 1897, p. 95. 

A new name, Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texana, is 
applied to the ‘Texan Cardinal, the true P. sin- 
uata being ascertained to occur in Arizonaand 
western Mexico. The name P. sinuata beck- 
hami, erroneously bestowed on the latter, thus 
becomes a synonym. 


Dendroica cerulea vs. Dendroica rara. 
Auk, xv, No.1, Jan., 1897, p. 97. . 
Sylvia cerulea of Wilson is found to be an- 
tedated by Sylvic: cerulea of Latham, necessi- 
tating the adoption of the subsequent Sylvia 
rara Wilson for the Cerulean Warbler, whose 
name thus becomes Dendroica rara (Wilson). 


Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1116, March 
15, 1897, pp. 459-670, pls. LVI, LVU, figs. 
1-7. 

A comprehensive review of the birds of the 
Galapagos Archipelago, giving a description of 
each of the 105 species known to occur on the 
islands, together with brief synonymy, and in 
many cases tables of measurements. Maps in 
the text illustrate the distribution of the 
species of each genus. The derivation of the 
Galapagos avifauna is discussed at some 
length, and tables showing the distribution of 
peculiar genera and those falling in other cate- 

gories are added. 

Two plates illustrate the Variations in the 
form of the billin the genera Nesomimus, Oa- 
marhynchus and Geospiza. 

A bibliography of papers relating to Gala- 
pagoan ornithology completes the paper. 

Melanospiza is a new generic term (p. 466, 
footnote). 


ROBINSON, Wirr. An annotated list of 
birds observed on Margarita Island, and 
at Guanta and Laguayra, Venezuela. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Xviu, No, 1093, Aug. 
12, 1896, pp. 649-685, pl. XX XIU, fig. 1. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


ROBINSON, Wirt—Continued. 


This paper includes descriptions of new spe- 


cies and critical notes by Charles W. Rich- | 


mond. A listof seventy-three species observed 
on Margarita Island is given. Nine species 
are described as new, viz: Butorides robin- 
soni, Pupsychortyx pallidus, Leptotilainsularis, 
Scardafella ridgwayi, Speotyto brachyptera, 
Melanerpes subelegans neglectus, Dendroplex 
longirostris, 
philus griseipes. 

A list of eighteen species observed at Guanta, 
and thirty-five species at Laguayra are added. 


A good map of the island of Margaritaaccom- | 


panies the paper. 
ROSE, JOSEPH NELSON. Plants from the 
Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming. 
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarvum, 11, No. 9, 
Aug. 5, 1896, pp. 567-574. 
This is a catalogue of 96 species collected by 
Mr. Frank Tweedy in 1883. One new variety 


Quiscalus insularis, and Hylo- | 


of willow is described by the late M. S. Bebb. | 


Preliminary revision of the North 


American species of Chrysosplenium. 
Botan.Gaz., Xxut, No. 4, April, 1897, p. 275. 


(See also under JOHN M. COULTER.) 
ROSE, JosepH NELson, and BAKER, 


E.G. Robinsonella, anew genus of Tree | 


Mallows. 
Garden and Forest, x, No. 487, June 23, 
1897, pp. 244-245. 

The genus is named for Dr. B. L. Robinson, 
curator of the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, 
Mass. 

- ROSE, Josepu Netson, and HEMSLEY, 
W. Bortinc. Tradescantia orchido- 
phylla. 
Hooker's Icon. Plant., vi, pt. 1, ser. 4, 
Feb., 1897, pl. 2552. 


SATOH, H. The wooden statue of Baron 
Ti Kamon-no-Kami Naosuké, pioneer 
diplomat of Japan. (Translation of 
label accompanying the statue.) 

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U.S. Nat. Mus.) 
1894 (1897), pp. 619-622, pl. 1. 

SCHUCHERT, Cuarurs. What 
type in natural history? 

Science (New series), v, No. 121, April 
23, 1897, pp. 636-640. 


is a 


Defines the kinds of type specimens and | 


proposes the new terms, hypotype, holotype, 

plastotype, hypoplastotype and genotype. 
— On the fossil phyllopod genera, 
Dipeltis and Protocaris, of the family 

Apodidie. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1117, May 
13, 1897, pp. 671-676, pl. Lyi. 

Discusses the Paleozoic representatives 
Dipeltis and Protocaris of the family Apodide, 
and defines the species D. diplodiscus Packard, 


207 


SCHUCHERT, Cuartes—Continued. 
and D. carrin.sp. The family is subdivided 
into the Apodinw and Dipeltine, both new 
subfamilies. 


Report on Paleozoic fossils from 
Alaska. 
17th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 1895-96 
(1897), pp. 898-906. 
This paper gives a summary of the known 
Paleozoic fossils of Alaska, and describes a 
number of species new to that region. 


SCHWARZ, E. A. [New genus and 
species of Psyllid from Japan. ] 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xtx, No. 1108, Dee. 
30, 1896, pp. 295-297. 

These descriptions are included in a paper 
by Philip R. Uhler entitled ‘Summary of the 
Hemiptera of Japan presented to the United 
States National Museum by Professor Mitsu- 
kuri.”” Anomoneura mori is described as a 
new genus and species. 


SCUDDER, Samuret H. The species of 
the genus Melanoplus. 
Proc. Am. Philosoph. Soc., XXXvi, Jan., 
1897, pp. 5-35. 

This paper is based upon a memoir to be 
published shortly by the U. S. National 
Museum. It contains tables of the species 
and a considerable number of the latter are 
diagnosed, but are not indicated in the tables. 
The original memoir is based largely upon 
Museum material, and a majority of the types 
of the new species are in the Museum col- 
lection. 


SIMPSON, Cuartes TORREY. 
muscle scars of Unios. 
Nautilus, x, July, 1896, pp. 29-30. 
It is shown that the great variability of 
muscular scars in Unionide prevents their 
use as a character for classification. 


The 


— Notes on the Parvus of 


Unionide and allies. 


group 


Nautilus, X, Sept., 1896, pp. 57-59. 
Review of a paper by R. Ellsworth Call on 
this group, published in the Proceedings of 
the Indiana Academy of Science for 1895. 


[Review of the Unionidsw of the 


Mexican Boundary region, with a 
description of Unio mitchelli from 


Texas. | 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1111, Jan. 
27, 1897, pp. 870-374, pl. XX XU, figs. 1-5. 
This article is included in Mr. Dall’s report 
on the mollusks colleeted by the International 
Boundary Commission of the United States 
and Mexico, 1892-1894. 


— The Janthinas. 
Nautilus, v, April, 1897, pp. 133-134. 
Notes on an enormous shoal of Janthinas 
washed ashore on Key West Island, Florida. 


208 


SIMPSON, CHarLEes TorRREyY—Cont’d. 
—— Helicina dysoni. 
Nautilus, X1, June, 1897, pp. 13-14. 
An account of collecting this mollusk on the 
Brickley Thatch Palms of Utilla, Honduras. 


-— Notes on the classification of Unios. 
Nautilus, x1, June, 1897, pp. 18-23. 
Anatomical and conchological notes on the 
genus Unio and their bearing on the classifica- 
tion. In this paper it is proposed to divide the 
old genus Unio into other genera founded on 
characters of the shell and soft parts. 


SMITH, Hueu M. 
(See under BARTON W. EVERMANN.) 


STANTON, TimotHy W. On the genus 
Remondia Gabb, a group of Cretaceous 


bivalve mollusks. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1109, Dec. 
30, 1896, pp. 299-302, pl. XXVI. 
Discusses the genus Remondia and defines it. 


—— [Cretaceous section near the mouth 
of Judith River, Montana. ] 


Monogr. U.S. Geol. Surv., XXVU, 1896, pp. 
239-241. 
A descriptive note contained in the ‘‘Geology 
of the Denver Basin,’ by Messrs, Emmons, 
Cross and Eldridge. 


—— [Upper Cretaceous section of Price 
River Canyon, near Castle Gate, Utah. ] 


Monogr. U.S. Geol. Surv., XXVU, 1896, pp. 
241-242. 

This note forms a part of the work entitled 
“‘Geology of the Denver Basin,” by Messrs. 
Emmons, Cross and Eldridge, published in the 
volume mentioned. 


— The faunal relations of the Eocene 
and Upper Cretaceous on the Pacific 


Coast. 
17th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1895-96 
(1897) pp. 1005-1059, pls. LXUI-LXVII. 
Discusses the local development and stra- 
tigraphy of the Chico and Tejon formations. 
The Martinez group is shown to be not a sim- 
ple formation and a subdivision of the Chico, 
but to contain two distinct faunas, ‘‘one of 
which is Cretaceous and inseparable from the 
Chico, while the other is Eocene, and is here 
classed as Lower Tejon.’’ Sixteen species re- 
ported to oceur in both the Chico and Tejon for- 
mations are discussed. Twenty-three Lower 
Tejon species are described, of which ten are 
new. 


STANTON, Timotay W., and KNOWL- 
TON, Frank HALL. Stratigraphy and 
Paleontology of the Laramie and re- 
lated formations in Wyoming. 

Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., V1u, 1897, pp. 127-156. 
Partly based on material belenging to the 
National Museum. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


STEARNS, Ropert E.C. Purpura lapil- 
lus Linne; an imbricated variety col- 
lected at Boston, Mass. 

Nautilus, x, No. 8, Dec., 1896, p. 85. 


— Uvanilla regina, a new locality. 
Nautilus, x1, No. 1, May, 1897, p. 1. 
Originally described from Guadalupe Island, 
coast of Lower California; subsequently de- 
tected on San Clemente Island, California. 


Description of a new species of 
Actwon from the Quaternary bluffs of 
Spanish Bight, San Diego, California. 
Nautilus, xt, No. 2, 1897, pp. 14-15. 
Describes Acteon traskii Stearns as new. 
The types are in the U.S. National Museum. 
The shell is also recent at San Diego. 


STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. Description 
of a new genus and species of blind 
tailed batrachians from the subter- 
ranean waters of Texas. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,xvu, No. 1088, 1896, 
pp. 619-621. 


An advance edition of this paper was issued 
April 15, 1896. ; 


— Description of a new species of 
Guillemot from the Kuril Islands. 
Auk, Xtv, No. 2, April, 1897, pp. 200-201. 
Cepphus snowi is described as new. 


STILES, CHARLES WARDELL. Report 
upon the present knowledge of the 
tapeworms of poultry. 


Bull. Bureaw Animal Industry, U.S. Dept. 
Agric., No. 12, 1896, pp. 1-79, pls. I-XXI. 


— A revision of the adult tapeworms 
of hares and rabbits. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1105, Dec. 
30, 1896, pp. 145-235, pls. V-XXv. 


STILES, CHARLES WARDELL, and HAS- 
SALL, ALBERT. Notes on Parasites— 
47. On the priority of Ciltotenia Riehm, 
1881, over Ctenotenia Railliet, 1897. 

Veterinary Magazine, 111, No.7, July, 1896, 
p. 407. 


STONE, Witmer. The genus Sturnella. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, pp. 146- 
152. 

A revision of the forms of Sturnella, mainly 
directed to the birds inhabiting the United 
States. 

Sturnella magna hoopesi from Brownsville, 
Texas, is described as new. 


TANNER, Z. L. Deep-sea exploration: 
a general description of the steamer 
Albatross, her appliances and methods. 

Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1896, Art. 5, June, 
1897, pp. 257-428, pls. I-XL. 

The chapter on the preparation and preser- 

vation of specimens was compiled largely from 


71 


ae 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


TANNER, Z. L.—Continued. 
data furnished by Mr. James E. Benedict, 
assistant curator of the department of marine 
invertebrates, U.S. National Museum. 


TOWNSEND, Cuarues H. Description 
of anew eagle from Alaska and a new 
squirrel from Lower California. 

Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., X1, June 9, 1897, pp. 
145-146. 
A new subspecies of Bald Eagle, Halictus 
leucocephalus alascanus, is described from 
Unalaska, Alaska. 


TRUE, FREDERICK W. Note on the oc- 
currence of an armadillo of the genus 


NXenurus in Honduras. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvut, No. 1069, July 
8, 1896, pp. 345-347, pls. X, XI. 

Notes the occurrence of Xenurus hispidus 
Burm., in Honduras, and describes the skin 
and skull in detail; also points out the proba- 
ble identity with this species of X. latirostris 
and Ziphila lugubris. Figures of the mounted 
skin and skull accompany the article. 


A revision of the American moles. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1x, No. 1101, Dec. 
21, 1896, pp. 1-112, pls. I-IV, figs. 1-44. 
This monograph deals with the family Tal- 
pide, and the characters and geographical dis- 
tribution of the several American forms are 
discussed in detail. 
A new species, Scapanus orarius True, is 
described. 


UHLER, Puirtie R. Summary of the He- 


miptera of Japan, presented to the | 


United States National Museum by Pro- 
fessor Mitsukuri. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xtx, No. 1108, Dec. 
30, 1896, pp. 255-297. 

Reports on one hundred and thirty-two spe- 
cies of Hemiptera (Heteroptera and Homop- 
tera) from Japan, presented by Professor Mit- 
sukuri. Five new genera and forty-six new 
species are described. 


WALCOTT, CHarLEs DooriTtLe, Fossil 
Jelly fishes from the Middle Cambrian 
terrane. 

Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 1086, Aug. 
12, 1896, pp. 611-614, pls, XXXI, XXXII. 
The new genera Brooksella and Laotira are 
defined, in addition to the new species B. alter- 
nata, B. confusa and L. cambria. 


Note on the genus Lingulepis. 
Am. Journ, Sci., 11, 1897, pp. 404-405. 


NAT MUS 97 14 


209 


WHITE, Davin. Ageof the Lower coals 
of Henry County, Missouri. 
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., VIM, 1897, pp. 287-304. 
Concludes that the Lower Coals of Henry 
county, Missouri, in geological age are ‘ prob- 
ably not very far from the Lower Kittaning 
coal of the bituminous sections and very near 
to coal D of the Northern Anthracite region.”’ 


WILSOn, THomas. Piney Branch(D. C.) 
quarry workshop and its implements. 
Naturalist, xxx, No. 359, Nov., 1896, pp. 
873-885, pls. XIX, XX, figs. 1-5; No. 360. 

Dee., 1896, pp. 976-992, pls. XXIII-XXVII. 


—— Antiquity of the Red Man. 
Popular Science News, Xxx1, No. 2, Feb., ° 
1897, pp. 35-36; No.3, March, 1897, p. 60. 


— Classification of arrow and spear- 


heads or knives. 
Antiquarian, I, pt. 6, June, 1897, pp. 145- 
151, figs. 1-23. 

These weapons or implements are divided 
into the following classes: (1) Leaf-shaped im- 
plements, (11) Triangular implements, (111) 
Stemmed, shouldered and barbed implements, 
(Iv) Peculiar forms. 


— The Swastika, the earliest known 
symbol, and its migrations; with ob- 
servations on the migrations of certain 
industries in prehistoric times. 

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. 
Mus.), 1894 (1897), pp. 757-1011, pls. 1-25, 
figs. 1-374. 

The use, if not the origin, of the Swastika 
sign can be traced to prehistoric times, espe- 
cially in the Bronze Age in Asia and through- 
out Europe. It is not found in Babylon, As- 
syria, Chaldea or Egypt. It appeared in pre- 
historic times among North American savages 
and in Central and South America, and is con- 
tinued in the eastern regions of the Orient 
in modern times. It is used among the 
Buddhists as a holy sign, but is believed to 
have been generally a sign of good luck, hap- 
piness, long life. The question of its migra- 
tion is argued, and signs and industries of the 
different countries are compared. 


— Golden Patera of Rennes. 
Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U.S. Nat. Mus.), 
1894 (1897), pp. 609-617, plate and figure. 
Describes the find at Rennes of this Roman 


relic belonging to the fourth or fifth century, 
A.D. The paper is based upon a cast in the 
National Museum. 


210 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


LIST OF AUTHORS. 


ADLER, CYRUS, Smithsonian Institution. 

ALLEN, HARRISON. (Deceased.) 

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, New York City. 

ANTHONY, A. W., San Diego, Cal. 

ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H., U.S. National Museum. 

Baker, E. G., British Museum, London, England. 

BarTscuH, Pau, U.S. National Museum. 

Bran, Barton A., U.S. National Museum. 

BEAN, TARLETON H., New York Aquarium, Battery Park, New York City. 

Breck, R. H., Berryessa, Cal. 

BENDIRE, Maj. CHARLES. (Deceased.) 

BENEDICT, JAMES E., U.S. National Museum. 

BERGH, RUDOLPH, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

Casanowicz, I. M., U.S. National Museum. 

CHITTENDEN, FRANK H., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 

COGNIAUX, ALFRED, Verviers, Belgium. 

COQuUILLETT, DANIEL W., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

Cours, ELtiorr, Washington, D. C. 

COULTER, JOHN M., President, University of Indiana, Bloomington, Ind. 

COVILLE, FREDERICK V., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

Cox, UtysseEs O., State Normal School, Mankato, Minn. 

CRAMER, FRANK, Palo Alto, Cal. 

CULIN, STEWART, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 

DALL, WILLIAM H., U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 

DEWEY, LysTER H., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 

DWIGHT, JONATHAN, New York City. 

EICHOFF, WILLIAM, Strassburg, Germany. 

EVERMANN, BARTON W., U.S. Fish Commission, Washington, D.C. 

FEWKEs, J. WALTER, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D.C. 

Fieerns, J. D., Washington, D.C. 

GILBERT, CHARLES H., Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford University, Cal. 

GOODE, GEORGE BROWN. (Deceased.) 

Guppy, R. J. LECHMERE, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies. 

HASSALL, ALBERT, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 

HEmMsLery, W. BoTtrine, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. 

Hitcacock, A. 8., Manhattan, Kans. 

HoLuanp, W. J., Chancellor, Western University of Pennsylvania, Allegheny, Pa. 

HouGcu, WALTER, U.S. National Museum. 

Howarp, LELAND O., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 

JORDAN, Davip StraRR, President, Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford 
University, Cal. 

Jupp, SYLVESTER D., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 

Jupson, W. B., Highland Park, Cal. 

KENDALL, W.C., U.S. Fish Commission, Washington, D.C. 

KNOWLTON, FRANK H., U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 

LANO, ALBERT, Aitkin, Minn. 

LEIBERG, JOHN B., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 

LINELL, MARTIN L. (Deceased.) 

LONNBERG, ErnaRr, Upsala, Sweden. 

Lucas, Freperic A., U.S. National Museum. 

McGuire, J. D., Ellicott City, Md. 

MCNEILL, JEROME, Arkansas Industrial University, Fayetteville, Ark. 

MarxatTt, C. L., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. yaw 


Mason, Otts T., U.S. National Museum. 

Mearns, Epaar A., U.S. Army. 

MERRILL, GEORGE P., U.S. National Museum. 

Moursacu, Lovuts, Detroit, Mich. 

NELSON, E. W., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D, C. 
OBERHOLSER, Harry C., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 
Pitssry, HENRY A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 
POLLARD, CHARLES L., U.S. National Museum. 

Powers, WILLIAM L., Gardiner, Me. 

PrIcE, WILLIAM W., Stanford University, Cal. 

Purpy, JAMES B., Plymouth, Wayne County, Mich. 

Ratueun, Mary J., U.S. National Museum. 

RICHARDSON, HARRIET, U.S. National Museum. 

RICHMOND, CHARLES W., U.S. National Museum. 

RmG@way, ROBERT, U.S. National Museum. 

ROBINSON, Lieut. Wirt, U.S. Army. “s 
Rosb, JOSEPH N., U.S. National Museum. 

Satou, H., Tokyo, Japan. 

SCHUCHERT, CHARLES, U.S. National Museum. 

Scuwarkz, E. A., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 
ScuDDER, SAMUEL H., Cambridge, Mass. 

SIMPSON, CHARLES T., U.S. National Museum. 

Smirn, HuGu M., U.S. Fish Commission, Washington, D.C. 
SranTon, TrmotHy W., U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 
STEARNS, RoBERT E. C., Los Angeles, Cal. 

STEJNEGER, LEONHARD, U.S. National Museum. 

STiLes, C. W., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 
STONE, WITMER, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 
TANNER, Commander Z. L., U.S. Navy. 

TOWNSEND, CHARLES H., U.S. Fish Commission, Washington, D.C. 
TRUE, FREDERICK W., U.S. National Museum. 

Unser, Puivip k., Baltimore, Md. 

WaALcorTtT, CHARLES D., Director, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 
WuirE, Davin, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 

WILSON, THoMas, U.S, National Museum. 


APPENDIX V. 


PAPERS PUBLISHED IN SEPARATE FORM DURING THE YEAR ENDING 
JUNE 30, 1897. 


FROM THE REPORT FOR 1894. 


Report upon the condition and progress of the U.S. National Museum during the 
year ending June 30, 1894. By G. Brown Goode. pp. 1-233. 

Primitive travel and transportation. By Otis Tufton Mason. pp. 237-593, pls. 1-25, 
figs. 1-260. 

Mancala: The national game of Africa. By Stewart Culin. pp. 595-607, pls. 1-5, 
figs. 1-15. ~ 

The golden patera of Rennes. By Thomas Wilson. pp. 609-617, pl. 1, fig. 1. 

The wooden statue of Baron li Kamon-no-Kami Naosuké, pioneer diplomat of Japan. 
Translation, by H. Satoh, of the label accompanying the statue. pp. 
619-622, pl. 1. 

A study of the primitive methods of drilling. By J. D. McGuire. pp. 623-756, 
figs. 1-201. 

The Swastika. By Thomas Wilson. pp. 757-1011, pls. 1-25, figs. 1-374. 


FROM VOLUME 18, PROCEEDINGS OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


No. 1069. Note on the occurrence of an armadillo of the genus Xenurus in Honduras. 
By Frederick W. True. pp. 345-347, pls. x, XI. 

No. 1070. The genus Callinectes. By Mary J. Rathbun. pp. 349-375, pls. XII-XXVIII. 

No. 1071. Descriptions of two new species of fresh water crabs from Costa Rica. By 
Mary J. Rathbun. pp. 377-379, pls. XxIx, XxX, figs. 1-3. 

No. 1083. Catalogue of a collection of birds made by Dr. W. L. Abbott in Eastern 
Turkestan, the Thian-Shan Mountains, and Tagdumbash Pamir, Central 
Asia, with notes on some of the species. By Charles W. Richmond. 
pp. 569-591. 

No. 1084. Descriptions of three species of sand fleas (Amphipods) collected at New- 
port, Khode Island. By Sylvester D. Judd. pp. 593-603, figs. 1-11. 

No. 1085, Remarks on the synonymy of some North American Scolytid Beetles. By 
William Eichhoff. pp. 605-610. 

No. 1086. Fossil Jelly Fishes from the Middle Cambrian terrane. By Charles D. 
Walcott. pp.611-614, pls. XxxxI, XxxII. 

No. 1087. Preliminary descriptions of a new genus and three new species of crusta- 
ceans from an artesian well at San Marcos, Texas. By James E. Benedict. 
pp. 615-617. 

No. 1088. Description of a new genus and species of blind tailed batrachian from the 
subterranean waters of Texas. By Leonhard Stejneger. pp. 619-621. 

No. 1089. Description of a new Stickleback, Gasterosteus gladiunculus, from the coast 
of Maine. By W.C. Kendall. pp. 623-624. 

No. 1090. Description of a new species of Ant Thrush from Nicaragua. By Charles W. 
Richmond. pp. 625-626. 

No. 1091. Partial list of birds collected at Alta Mira, Mexico, by Mr. Frank B. Arm- 
strong. By Charles W. Richmond. pp. 627-632. 

218 


214 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


No. 1092. On some reared parasitic Hymenopterous insects from Ceylon. By L. O. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Howard and William H. Ashmead. pp. 633-648. 


1093. An annotated list of birds observed on the Island of Margarita and at 


1094, 


. 1096. 


. 1098 


Guanta and Laguayra, Venezuela. By Lieut. Wirt Robinson, U. 8. A. 
[With critical notes and descriptions of new species by Charles W. 
Richmond.] pp. 649-685, pl. XX XIII. 

List of Coleoptera collected on the Tana River, and on the Jombéné Range, 
East Africa, by Mr. William Astor Chanler and Lieutenant Ludwig von 
Hoéhnel, with descriptions of new genera and species. By Martin L. 
Linell. pp. 687-716. 


.1095. Contributions to the natural history of the Commander islands. XI.— 


The cranium of Pallas’s Cormorant. By Frederic A. Lucas. pp. 717- 
719, pls. XXXIV, XXXV. 

New species of North American Coleoptera of the family Scarabwide. By 
Martin L. Linell. pp. 721-731. 


. 1097. Observations on the development and migration of the urticating organs 


of Sea Nettles, Cnidaria. By Louis Murbach. pp. 733-740. 

. List of the Lepidoptera collected in East Africa, 1894, by Mr. William 
Astor Chanler and Lieutenant Ludwig von Hébnel. By W. J. Holland. 
pp. 741-767. 


1099. Notes on the Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata), with special reference to 


1100 


its relationships with Desmodus rufus. By Harrison Allen. pp.769-777, 
figs. 1-6. 

. Description of a new species of Bat of the genus Glossophaga. By Harrison 
Allen. .pp. 779-781. 


FROM VOLUME 19, PROCEEDINGS OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


No. 1101. A revision of the American moles. By Frederick W. True. pp. 1-112, pls. 


No. 


No. 


1102. 


1105. 


. 1104. 


. 1105. 


. 1106. 


LOT. 


. 1108. 


. 1109. 


. 1110. 


ab his 


; 1112 


I-1V, figs. 1-44. 

Descriptions of new cynipidous galls and gall-wasps in the United States 
National Museum. By William H. Ashmead. pp. 113-136. 

Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals from the Mexican border of the 
United States. By Edgar A. Mearns, U.S.A. pp. 137-140. 

Description of a new genus and four new species of crabs from the West 
Indies. By Mary J. Rathbun. pp. 141-144. 

A revision of the adult tapeworms of hares and rabbits. By Charles War- 
dell Stiles. pp. 145-235, pls. v-xxv. 

Contributions to the natural history of the Commander Islands.. XII— 
Fishes collected at Bering and Copper Islands by N. A. Grebnitski and 
Leonhard Stejneger. By Tarleton H. Bean and Barton A. Bean. pp. 
237-251. 

Is the Florida Box Tortoise a distinct species? By Einar Liénnberg. pp. 
253-254. 

Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan, presented to the United States 
National Museum by Professor Mitsukuri. By Philip R. Uhler. pp. 
255-297. 

On the genus Remondia Gabb, a group of Cretaceous bivalve mollusks. 
By Timothy W. Stanton. pp. 299-301, pl. Xxv1. 

Descriptions of Tertiary fossils from the Antillean Region. By R. J. Lech- 
mere Guppy, and William Healey Dall. pp. 303-331, pls. XXVU-XXX. 
Report on the mollusks collected by the International Boundary Commis- 
sion of the United States and Mexico, 1892-1894. By William Healey 

Dall. pp. 333-379, pls. XXXI-XXXUI. 
. Notes on fishes collected in Kamchatka and Japan by Leonhard Stejneger 
and N. A. Grebnitski, with a description of a new Blenny. By Tarleton 
H. Bean and Barton A. Bean. pp. 381-392, pls. XXXIV, XXXV. 


No. 


No. 


No 


No. 


No 


. 11138. 


. 1116. 
5 Bue 


Faulntes 


_ 1119. 


= BBE 


No. 1132. 


1114. 


1115. 


PAPERS PUBLISHED AS SEPARATES, 1897. 215 


Descriptions of new species of North American Coleoptera in the families 
Cerambycidex and Scarabeide. By Martin L. Linell. pp. 393-401. 

Report on the fishes dredged in deep water near the Hawaiian Islands, 
with descriptions and figures of twenty-three new species. By Charles 
Henry Gilbert, and Frank Cramer. pp. 403-435, pls. XXX VI-XLVIII. 

Descriptions of twenty-two new species of fishes collected by the steamer 
Albatross, of the United States Fish Commission. By Charles Henry 
Gilbert. pp. 437-457, pls. XLIX-LV, figs. 1-7. 

Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago. By Robert Ridgway. pp. 459-670, 
pls. LVI, LVI. 

On the fossil Phylloped genera, Dipeltis and Protocaris, of the family 
Apodidie. By Charles Schuchert. pp. 671-676, pl. Lv. 

Catalogue of a collection of birds made by Doctor W. L. Abbott in Mada- 
gascar, with descriptions of three new species. By Charles W. Rich- 
mond. pp. 677-694. 

On the insects collected by Doctor Abbott on’ the Seychelles, Aldabra, 
Gloriosa, and Providence Islands, with descriptions of nine new species 
of Coleoptera. By Martin L. Linell. pp. 695-706. 


VOLUME 20, PROCEEDINGS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


. Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals of the genera Lynx, Urocyon, 


Spilogale, and Mephitis, from the Mexican boundary line. By Dr. 
Edgar A. Mearns, U.S.A. pp. [1]-[4]. (Advance edition.) 


. Description of a new Blenny-like fish of the genus Opisthocentrus, collected 


in Vulcano Bay, Port Morusan, Japan, by N. A.Grebnitski. By Tarleton 
H. Bean and Barton A. Bean. p. [1]. (Advance edition. ) 


. Description of a new crustacean of the genus Spheroma from a warm 


spring in New Mexico. By Harriet Richardson. p. [1]. (Advance 
edition. ) 

Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals of the genera Mephitis, Dorcela- 
phus, and Dicotyles, from the Mexican border of the United States. By 
Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S. A. pp. [1]-[4]. (Advance edition.) 

Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals of the genera Sciurus, Castor, 
Neotoma, and Sigmodon, from the Mexican border of the United States. 
By Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S.A. pp. [1]-[4]. (Advance edition.) 


: 
iS 


x ya 


oA 


Fir 


y 3 
eZ 


APPENDIX VI. 


SPECIMENS SENT TO THE MUSEUM 


FOR EXAMINATION AND REPORT.! 


The following is a list of the specimens received for examination and 


report, arranged alphabetically by 
the year ending June 30, 1897: 


ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Phila- | 
delphia, Pennsylvania, through Wit- 
mer Stone: Two specimens of Horned 
Owl. (Returned.) » 4094 (11). 

AIKEN, C. E., Colorado Springs, Colo- 
rado: Bird-skin. 4352 (31946) (11). 

ALDRICH, CHARLES, Des Moines, Iowa: 
Archeological object, transmitted in | 
behalf of D. T. Stanley. 4243 (32157) | 
(XIV). 

ALDRICH, Hon. TRUMAN H., House of 
Representatives: Shells; Unios. (Re- 
turned.) 3952, 4192 (v1). 

ALLEN, Hon. C. E. (See under Rankin, | 
A.W.) 

ALLEN, Dr. J. A. (See under American | 
Museum of Natural History.) 

ALLEN, Ricnarp §S., Vinitaville, Vir- | 
ginia: Bird-skin. 3897 (11). 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NaTuRAL His- 
ToRY, New York City. Transmitted 
by Dr. J. A. Allen: Birds’ skins. (Re- 
turned.) 4320, 4383 (11). 

ANDERSON, R. M., Iowa City, Iowa: 
Four sparrows; four birds’ skins, con- 
sisting of Ammodramus lecontei; Den- | 
droica blackburniae, and Dendroica pen- 
sylvanica. (Returned.) 3799, 4082 (11). 

ANDALL, J. A., Marble Falls, Texas: Ore. 
(Returned.) 3994 (x11), 

ANTHONY, A. W., San Diego, California: 
Birds’ skins from Lower California. 
(Returned.) 4039, 4066 (11). 

APPLEGATE, ELMER I., Klamath Falls, 
Oregon: Eight dried plants. 3953 
(31331) (x1). 


| 


the names of the senders, during 


ARCHIBALD, J. F. J., San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia: Wax impressions of a scara- 
beus. 4437 (Xv1). 

ARNESEN, BERNT, Big Woods, Minnesota, 
transmitted by Hon. Knute Nelson: 
Mineral. 4324 (x11). 

ARNHEIM, J. S., San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia: Land-shells from the Central 
Pacific. 4270 (portion returned and 
remainder retained, 31884) (v1). 

ARNOLD, DELOS, Pasadena, California: 
Rock. (Returned.) 4397 (xm). 

ARNOLD, J. J., Pawling, New York: Sam- 
ple of supposed petroleum. (Re- 
turned.) 4058 (x1rr). 


AsHMUN, Rev. E. H., Albuquerque, New 
Mexico: Land, fresh-water, and marine 
shells. (Returned.) 3851, 3979, 4055, 
4454 (vi). 

ATTWATER, H. P., San Antonio, Texas: 
Eleven birds’ skins. 3911 (31114) (11). 

AURINGER, Rev. O. C., Troy, New York: 
Small leaf-shaped implement 4411; 
archeological objects (returned) , 4441 
(XIV). 

BAacHE, Epwarp, Fort Brown, Texas: 
Insect. (Returned.) 3963 (vit). 

Bacon, THomas H., Hannibal, Missouri: 
Clay head. (Returned.) 3895 (x1v). 

BAKER, F.C. (See under Chicago Acad- 
emy of Sciences.) 

BADGER CREEK MINES AND LAND Com- 
PANY, Cripple Creek, Colorado: Rock. 
(Returned.) 4333 (x11). 


'The first number accompanying the entries in the above list is that assigned to 


sendings ‘‘for examination” on the Museum records. 


parentheses, indicates the department in 
referred for examination and report. 


have been changed since the last report was published. 


The number in Roman, in 
the Museum to which the material was 


The numbers assigned to these departments 


When material is perma- 


nently retained, a number of another series, i. e., the permanent accession record- 
number, is placed in parentheses between the two sets of numbers referred to. 


217 


218 


BaiLry, G. W., Nevada, Iowa: Skull of 
an Apache Indian, and an Indian pot 
from a mound in Marshall County. 
4028 (XIV). 

SATURN etal. kres 
Rock; ore. 
(XII, XIII). 

BAKER, FRANK C., Chicago Academy of 
Sciences, Chicago, Illinois: Unios. 
(Returned.) 4103 (v1). (See under 
Chicago Academy of Sciences.) 

Baker University, Baldwin, Kansas, 
transmitted by C. 8. Parmenter: In- 
sects. 4002 (VII). 

Banner, W. H., York, Pennsylvania: 
Two historical war pictures. 4429 
(32161) (Xvi). 

Barpour, E. H., University of Nebraska, 
Lincoln, Nebraska: Fossil. (Returned. ) 
4142 (x-B). 

Barbu, N. J., Llano, Texas: Mineral. 
(Returned.) 3924 (x1r). 

BARLOW, CHESTER, Santa Clara, Califor- 
nia: Two birds’ skins. (Returned.) 
A424 (11). ; 

BARNES, F. P., Baldwinsville, New York: 
Piece of a bone supposed to have been 
used for drilling the so-called banner- 


Missouri: 
3781, 3815 


Springfield, 
(Returned. ) 


stone. (Returned.) 3857 (XIV). 
BasH, Mrs. C. B., Camp McKinney, 
British Columbia: Plants. 4443 (x1). 


BASINGER, JACOB W., Columbus Grove, 
Ohio: Ore. (Returned.) 4123 (x11). 
BatcHELDER, C. F., Boston, Massachu- 

setts: Three birds’ skins. (Returned.) 
4328 (11). 
BAxTER, R. T., Fishkill, New York: Fun- 


gus. 3879 (XI). 
BEACH, WILLIAM, Superior, Montana: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4250 (xi). 


BEARDEN, C. C., Jacksonville, Texas: 
Grass. (Returned.) 4376 (XI). 

Brew, che SE; California: 
Thirty-five birds’ skins. (Returned.) 
4449 (11). 

BECKNER, W. L., Blue River, Oregon: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 4218 (x11). 

Brrr, WILLIAM, New Orleans, Louisiana: 
Wooden carving representing a human 
head. (Returned.) 4077 (XIv). 

Bemis, Henry A., Cooperstown, North 
Dakota: Portion of a water-sack con- 
taining parasites. 4195 (VIII-A). 

BENDIRE, Maj. CHARLES. (See under 
Judson, W. B.) 


Berrvessa, 


| 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


BENSINGER, J. G., Wadsworth, Illinois: 
Ore. (Returned.) 3978 (XIII). 

BENSON, 8S. W., Kelseyville, California: 
Supposed meteoric stone. 4132 (31551) 
(XII). 

BETTS, WILLIAM C., Essex Fells, New 
Jersey: Stone club or pestle. (Re- 
turned.) 4476 (XIV). 

BEYER, G., New York City: Coleoptera. 
(Returned.) 4248 (vit). 

BIEDERMAN, C. R., Central Point, Ore- 
gon, and also MeMillan, New Mexico: 


Rock; sample of white metal. (Re- 
turned.) 3998, 4211 (xIII). 
BINNER, OscaR E., Chicago, [linois: 


Original water-color drawings of fruits 
of India. (Returned.) 3948 (x1). 
Bisuop, Dr. L. B., New Haven, Connecti- 
cut: Birds’ skins and birds’ eggs. (Re- 
turned.) 4366, 4445, 4446 (11). 
BLACKFORD, Dr. C. M., jr., Atlanta, Geor- 
gia: Clay. (Returned.) 4490 (x1). 
Buair, E. 8., Helena, Montana: Tooth of 
amamimal. (Returned.) 3844 (1). 
Buoomis, O. B., Harrisburg, Arizona: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4401 (xm). 
BoLEN, G. R., Madison, Indiana: Aero- 
lite. (Returned.) 4130 (x11). 
Boscog, J. F., Hembrie, Texas: Flower 
and leaf of a plant. 3811 (XI). 
BouLvin, PowHaTAN, Danville, Vir- 
ginia: Fairy-stones. (Returned.) 
4101 (xi). 
BowLEs, Rey. A. C., Gloucester, Massa- 
chusetts: Branch of a tree. 3855 (XI). 
Bowuina, R. T., Navajoe, Oklahoma. 
Ore. (Returned.) 4154 (xu). 
Boyp, C. R., Wytheville, Virginia: Sup- 
posed manganese crystal. 3847 (XIII). 
BrackEN, A. H., Hensley, North Caro- 
lina: Ores. (Returned.) 3876, 3918 
(X11). 
BRAENDLE, FRED. J., Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Plant. 3950 (x1). 
BRAITHWAITE, Eviza C., Jacksondale, 
Virginia: Insect. (Returned.) 3873 
(VII). 

BREATHWIT, J. L., Ogemaw, Arkansas: 
Clay. (Returned.) 4139 (xiIr). 

BRENINGER, G. F., Enterprise, California: 
Two birds’ skins; bird-skin. 4023 
(returned) ; 4102 (31463) (11). 

BREWSTER, WILLIAM, Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts: Birds’ skins. (Returned.) 
4180, 4294, 4322, 4408 (11). 


EXAMINATION 


BRIDWELL, ARTHUR, Baldwin, Kansas: 
Upper Carboniferous fossils.  (Re- 
turned.) 3909 (x-B). 

BripGcrEs, Dr. T. M., Fort Hall Indian 
Agency, Blackfoot, Idaho: Worm. 
3786 (VII-A). 

Briaes, A. A., Clear Lake, Wisconsin: 
Plants. 3904 (31141) ; 3967; 3973 (31332) 


(x1). 

BRIGHTMAN, S. A., Sullivan, Kentucky: 
Minerals. (Returned.) 4161, 4291 
(X11). 


Bum ey, H. H.and C.S., Raleigh, North 
Carolina: Birds’ skins; turtles and 
snake; snake; snakes; lizard. 3780, 
3791 (returned); 4138 (31546); 4351, 
4362, 4400 (returned). (II, Iv.) 

British Museum, London, England: 
Transmitted by Osbert Salvin. Six 
owls. 4374 (11). 

Britton, Dr. N. L., Columbia College, 
New York City: Herbarium specimens. 
(Returned.) 3848 (x1). 

BropNAXx, Dr. B. H., Brodnax, Louisiana: 


Fungi; wood covered with fungus. | 


3845; 3915 (31149); 3997 (x1)- 

BrRoMLEY, Mrs., Washington, District of 
Columbia: Ore. (Returned.) 4004 
(X11). 

BROOKE, Mrs. J. M., Fredericksburg, Vir- 
ginia: Unio. (Returned.) 4075 (v1). 

BROUILLETTE, BERNARD, Vincennes, In- 
diana: Stone. (Returned.) 4340 (x11). 

Brown, HERBERT, Tucson, Arizona: In- 
sect. (Returned.) 3833 (vit). 

Brown, M. J., Mineral Wells, Texas: 
Copper coin. (Returned.) 4197 (xvi). 

BROWN, W.F., Joseph, Utah: Ore. 3812 
(XIII). 

Brown, Dr. WALTER, Hamilton, Ohio: 
Worms. 4020 (vit-a). 

Bryant, W. H., Bryantsville, Indiana: 
Mineral; ore. (Returned.) 4062, 4164 
(xx, XT). 

BUCHWALD, P. R., Vienna, Virginia: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4411 (x11). 

Buck ey, J. A., Deckertown, New Jer- 
sey: Ore. (Returned.) 4220 (xu). 
Burrat, E. F., Knoxville, Tennessee: 

Ore. (Returned.) 4017 (x11). 

Burks, W. S., Pittsburg, Texas: Rock. 
(Returned.) 4179 (x11). 

BURLINGAME, G. W., Chepachet, Rhode 
Island: Mosses. (Returned.) 4143 
(Xt). 


219 


Burr, E. E., Northport, Washington : 
Ore. 4140 (x1). 

BURTCH, VERDI, Pern Yan, New York: 
Fresh-water shells; Unionidie. 4408 
(portion returned and remainder re- 
tained, 31242); 4078 (returned); 4163 
(portion returned and remainder re- 
tained, 31574); 4209 (portion returned 
and remainder retained, 31669). (vI.) 

Bush, B. F., Courtney, Missouri: Land 
and fresh-water shells. 4088 (portion 
returned and remainder retained, 
31429); 4177 (returned). (v1.) 

BUTLER, J. D., Trout, West Virginia: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 4215 (xm). 

BuTier, Hon. MARIAN. (See under Met- 
calf, W. W.) 

BUZZARD, 8S. S., Berkeley Springs, West 
Virginia: Specimen of maple wood. 
4118 (Xvi1). 

BuzzerD, A. C., Virginia City, Montana: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4462 (xr). 

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, San 
Francisco, California, transmitted by 
L. M. Loomis: Birds’ skins. Trans- 
mitted by Dr. J. G. Cooper, land, 
fresh-water, and marine shells. 3938 
(returned); 4087 (portion returned 
and remainder retained in exchange, 
31198); 4370 (portion returned and 
remainder retained, 32052). mare VI.) 


AND REPORT. 


CALKINS Raymon, Milford, Michigan: 
Piece of supposed petritied wood; stone 
relics. (Returned.) 3901 (X-B, XIV). 

CARBOLINEUM WOOD-PRESERVING COM- 
PANY, New York City: Piece of wood 
from Palatka, Florida, eaten by an 
insect. (Returned.) 3801 (VIII). 

Carey, N. H., Providence, Rhode Island: 
Land and marine shells. (Returned.) 
3984; 3988 (VI.) 

CarRMAN, A. J., Ocala, Florida: Plants. 
(Returned.) 3956 (XI). 

Carr, T. F., Ezel, Kentucky: Ores. 
(Returned.) 4257; 4331 (XIII, XII). 
CasrE, A. R., West Simsbury, Connecti- 
eut: Chrysalis of a butterfly. (Re- 

turned.) 3936 (VII). 

CaTon, G.T., Sutton, Tennessee: Rocks. 
(Returned.) 3881 (XII). 

CHAMPION, W. R., Hazel Green, Wis- 
consin: Galena from Wisconsin and 
Illinois; archeological object. 4451 
(32273); 4299 (returned). (XIII, XIV.) 


220 


CuAsE, Dr. A. G., Millwood, Kansas: 
Skin of supposed petrified shark; 
Indian arrow-head. 3880 (Vv, XIV). 

CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Chi- 
cago, Illinois, transmitted by Frank C. 
Baker: Shells. 3829 (portion returned 
and remainder retained, 30929); 4316 
(portion returned and remainder 
retained, 31956). (-VI.) 

CHRISTIAN, Isaac E., Oceana, West Vir- 
ginia: Iron nail found embedded in a 
piece of coal, and a piece of the coal. 
4337 (iron nail returned) (XIII). 

CHRISTOFFERSEN, MILLARD, Teardale, 
Utah: Stone. (Returned.) 3885 (x11). 

Curisty, THoMas, & Co., London, Eng- 
land: Bark and seeds from California 
and other sections of the United States. 
3993 (XVII). 

CLARK, F. H., Salt Lake City, Utah: Sup- 
posed coal. (Returned.) 4371 (x1Ir). 

CLEVELAND, W. H., Manomet, Massachu- 
setts: Egg casesof Fulgur. (Returned.) 
4187 (v1). 

Corr, J. L., Manomet, Massachusetts: 
Marine invertebrates. 4104 (v1). 

CoLEMAN, A. P., Toronto, Ontario, Can- 
ada: Interglacial fossil shells. 4432 
(32145) (v1). 

CoLtiry, J. W., Little Rock, Arkansas: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 3941 (x11). 

Cotson, J. M., Petersburg, Virginia: 
Shell; plant. 3804 (v1, x1). 

Comps, J., Hinton, West Virginia: Ores, 
mjnerals. (Returned.) 4005, 4234, 4255, 
4265 (XIII, XII). 

Comstock, Prof. J. H. 
nell University. ) 

CONNER, DANIEL, San Pedro, California: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4202 (x11). 

ConyYER, THoMAs, Cotton Town, Tennes- 
see: Ore. (Returned.) 4406 (xt). 

Cook, Prof. O. F., U.S. National Museum: 
Land shells from Liberia. 3906 (por- 
tion returned and remainder retained, 
31093). (VI.) 

Cooker, W. H., Fort Collins, Colorado: 
Bird skin. (Returned.) 4315 (11). 
Cooprr, C. A., Silverton, Colorado: 

Minerals. 4037 (x11). 

Coorrr, J. G. (See under California 
Academy of Sciences. ) 

CoopER, M. F., Awalt, Tennessee: 
(Returned.) 3869 (xIIZ). 

CopLrey, EUGENE, Denton, Texas: Two 
birds’ skins. (Returned.) 4267 (11). 


(See under Cor- 


Ore. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Corcoran, Mrs. Tuomas, Alexandria, 
Indiana: Mineral. (Returned.) 4455 
(x). 

CorDER, J. E., Pearce, Arizona: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4813 (xm). 

CorpDLEy, A.B. (See under Oregon State 
Agricultural College.) 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, New York, 
transmitted by Prof. J. H. Comstock: 
Mollusks; marine invertebrates. 4262 
(VI, VIII). 

CourciER, Louis, Nicely, Oklahoma: 
Human skull and pieces of rock re- 
sembling petrified bone. 4068 (Re- 
turned.) (XIV). 

CourER, E. F., Azalia, Michigan: In- 


sects. 3809 (VII). 

CourTNEY, C. W., Doniphan, Idaho: 
Substance resembling chalk. 4457 
(XII1). 


C. H. Cowprey MacHINE WORKS, 
Fitchburg, Massachusetts: Specimen 
of wood. 4169 (31687) (xvi1). 

CRANFORD, W. H. H., Navajoe, Okla- 
homa: Ore. (Returned.) 4025 (xmr). 

DauLER, C. L., Helena, Montana: Min- 
eral. 3854 (XII). 

DANIELS, L. E., Laporte, Indiana: Land 
and fresh-water shells. 4129 (portion 
returned and remainder retained, 
31592). (VI.) 

Davis, OLIVER, Columbus, Ohio: Bird 
skin. (Returned.) 4302 (11). 

Davis BrotHers, Diamond, Ohio: 
Broken valve of a fossil. (Returned.) 
4052 (v1). 

Davis, H. N., Providence, Rhode Island: 
Specimens of coleoptera. (Returned.) 
4042, 4207, 4232 (vir). 

Dayton, Hon. A. G., House of Repre- 
sentatives: Mineral. (Returned.) 4448 
Gay): 

DENNISON, G. W., Smith’s Island, Wash- 
ington: Bird’segg. (Returned.) 4438 


(11). 


| DexTER, GEORGE, Little Hocking, Ohio: 


Carved stone pipe from West Virginia. 
(Returned.) 3959 (xrv). 

DEYROLLE, E. (sons), Paris, France: 
Bird of paradise. (Returned.) 4387. 
Gn): 

Dickinson, T. A. (See under Worcester 
Society of Antiquity.) 

DILLARD, Dr. RicHarD, Edenton, North 
Carolina: Mushrooms. 3989 (X1). 


EXAMINATION 


Dirtz, J. M., Council Bluffs, lowa: Three 
specimens of minerals. (Returned.) 
4024 (XII). 

Dimmick, GEORGE, Yorkville, Michigan: 
Moth. (Returned.) 4453 (vit). 

Dirriz, G. F., Toronto, Ontario, Canada: 
Bird skin. (Returned.) 4040 (11). 

Donovan, S. O., Salt Lake City, Utah: 
Rock. (Returned.) 4160 (xm). 

Drake, C. F., Weiser, Idaho: Ore. 
turned.) 4071 (x11). 

DRAKE, C. M., Tacoma, Washington: Six 
starfishes. (Returned.) 4019 (vit). 
Drake, Mrs. C. M., Tacoma, Washing- 

ton: Shells. 4173 (32312) (v1). 

DROWNE, F. P., Providence, Rhode Is- 


(Re- 


land: Forty-four specimens of coleop- | 


tera. (Returned.) 3870 (vit). 

DUERDEN, J. E. (See under Jamaica, In- 
stitute of.) 

DUNBERGER, H., Stewartsville, Indiana: 
Supposed fossil tooth of a mammal. 
(Returned.) 3990 (1x.) 

DuNNING, E. H., Salt Lake City, Utah: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 3871 (x11). 

DUVALL, J. C., Bunker Hill, Kansas: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 4146 (x11). 

DwiaGut, Dr. JONATHAN, jr., New York 


City: Bird skin. (Returned.) 4125 
(ais) 
EaAGLe, SETH, Powersville, Missouri: 


Ore. (Returned.) 4148 (x1m1.) 

Eckart, Miss E., San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia: Substance resembling lime. 
(Returned.) 4100 (x1Ir). 

ELGIN, WALTER, Buffalo, Wyoming: 
Rocks. (Returned.) 4175 (x11). 

ENGELKE, H. N., Danville, Virginia: 
Caterpillars. (Returned.) 3900 (viz1.) 

ENGLISH, ERNEST, Rhinecliff, New York: 
Wax impression of an old coin. (Re- 
turned.) 4001 (xvit). 

Evans, 8S. B., Ottumwa, Iowa: Small 
brass nut,and a piece of bituminous 
coal in which it was embedded. 
turned,) 4395 (x1v). 


Everett, J. J., National Military Home, | 
4468 (32723 ) | 


Kansas: Clover seed. 
(XI). 
Evrarb, I. N., Greentield, Missouri: In- 
sect. (Returned.) 4472 (vit). 
FauHNSTOCK, A. L., Gladford, Illinois: Ar- 
chological objects. (Returned.) 4208 
(GG): 


FALuin, B. F., Myrtle Creek, Oregon: | 


Mineral. (Returned.) 4444 (x11). 


221 


FarMER, A. M., Clinton, Massachusetts: 


AND REPORT. 


Set of birds’ eggs and a hawk. (Re- 
turned.) 4083 (11). 

FAULKNER, Harry, Denver, Idaho: 
Rock. (Returned.) 4229 (xu). 


FEARNLEY, JOHN, Monroe, Louisiana. 
Insect. (Returned.) 4456 (vit). 

FELTER, P. S., Alberene, Virginia: Sup- 
posed meteorite. (Returned.) 4398 
(XII). 

FERGUSON, W.F., Walker, Arizona: Min- 
eral. (Returned.) 4149 (x11). 

FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM, Chicago, 
Illinois: Bird skin; plants. (Re- 
turned.) 4261, 4466 (11-x1). 

Fixer, W. B., New York City: Four mam- 
mal skins from Efulen, Cameroons 
Mountains, West Africa; 60 birds’ 
skins from the same locality. 4477 
(82298) (1, 11). 

FIsH COMMIssIOoN, U. S.: River shrimp 
from North Carolina; ovaries and stom- 
ach contents of fur-seal. 4056 (31387), 
4085 (VIII; IX). 

FIsHER, A. W., Brooklyn, Michigan: Bee- 
tle. (Returned.) 4845 (vit). 

Fisuer, W. H., Baltimore, Maryland: 
Stone implements. (Returned.) 4205 
(XIV). 

FLEMING, J. H., Toronto, Ontario, Can- 
ada: Birds’ skins. 3896 (portion re- 
turned and remainder retained, 31097) ; 
4181 (returned). (11.) 

FLETCHER, W. A., Rhodelia, Tennessee: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 3787 (x1). 

FLEWELLEN, E. A., The Rock, Georgia: 
Eggs of an insect.. 4288 (vir). 

Fousom, J. F., Rock Millis, Alabama: Ore. 
4128 (x1lI). 

Forp, ALFRED, Wallsburg, Utah: Hair 
ball. (Returned.) 4341 (rx). 
Forp, G. B., Lore City, Ohio: Ore. 

turned.) 4257 (xii). 


(Re- 


| Forrson, Dr. J. R., Kiowa, Indian Terri- 
(Re- | 


tory: Mineral. (Returned.) 4384(x11). 

FosTer., G. H., Baker City, Oregon: 
Geological material. (Returned.) 
3792 (XII1). 


FOWLER, ROBERT, Omro, Wisconsin: 
Copper implement. (Returned.) 4244 
(XIV). 


FRANCE, W. N., Ashland, Ohio: Rock. 
(Returned.) 4440 (xu). 


FRANK, J. S8., Chester, Ohio: Bone of a 
fish. (Returned.) 4072 (v). 


222 


FREDERICKSON, C. G., Rush Point, Min- 


nesota: Minerals. (Returned.) 3789 
(x11). | 
FREEMAN, D. N., Cardington, Ohio: | 


Larva of an insect. 
(Vil). 

FREEMAN, J. R., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Fungus. 3931 (x1). 

FreY & HILL, Sacramento, California: 
Rock. (Returned.) 3860 (XIII). 

FRIEL, JOSEPH, Victoria, Kentucky: 
Larva of an insect. (Returned.) 3884 
(v1). 

Friznp, E. N., Gloucester, Massachu- 
setts: Moth. (Returned.) 4447 (v1). 

FRIERSON, LORRAINE §., Frierson’s Mill, 
Louisiana: Unionidze from Louisiana 
and Virginia. 3842 (returned); 3933 
(portion returned and remainder re- 
tained, 31127); 4051 (returned); 4193 
(portion returned and remainder re- 
tained, 31640); 4280 (portion returned 
and remainder retained, 31833); 4452 
(returned). (VI.) 

FROHMAN, EDWARD, Columbus, Indiana: 
Fish bone. (Returned.) 4355 (v). 

Frost, Ray, Rockerville, South Dakota: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4154 (x11). 

GARLINGTON, 8. D., Laurens, South Car- 
olina: Minerals. (Returned.) 4213 
(XIr). : 


(Returned.) 3856 


Gay, Miss AGATHA, Staunton, Virginia: 
Plant. 3790 (XI). 

GrorGE, N. H., Rocky Comfort, Arkan- 
sas: Copper coin. (Returned.) 4412 
(XVII). 

GERRARD, E., London, England: Ten 


3irds of Paradise. (Returned.) 4011 

(11). é 
GETMAN, Dr. A. A., Chaumont, New 

York: Fragment of a bowlder. 4022 | 


(XI1I1). 


GILLETTE, Mrs. IRENE H., Buncombe, 


Wisconsin: Geological material; fos- 
sils; mineral. (Returned.) 4249; 4314 
(XII1; X-B; XII). 

Gitut1aM, W. H., Collbran, Colorado: 
Ore. (Returned.) 43889 (x1m1). 

GILLILAND, Rev. J. D., Salt Lake City, 
Utah: Coin. (Returned.) 4300 (xvi). 

GIVEN, J. F., Decatur, Illinois: Photo- 
graph showing both sides of a metal 
medallion, and a medal from the cata- 
combs at Rome. 4309, 4588 (XVII). 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


GOLDsMITH, I., Duncan, Arizona: Sup- 
posed slate or soapstone. (Returned.) 
4346 (XIIT). 

GOODFELLOW, W. B., Navajoe,Oklahoma: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4136 (xm). 

GOTTSCHALL, A. H., Harrisburg, Pennsyl- 
vania: Archeological objects. (Re- 
turned.) 4137 (xiv). 

GOULD, C.N., Winfield, Kansas: Fossils. 
(Returned.) 3965 (x-s). 


| GrawaM, G. A., Graham, Texas: Copper 


coin. (Returned.) 4122 (xvii). 

GRAHAM GRANITE AND MARBLE WORKS, 
Poughkeepsie, New York: Mica. (Re- 
turned.) 4014 (x11). 


GRAY, ROBERT, Silver Nails, New York: 


Mineral. (Returned.) 4421 (x11). 

GREGER, D. K., Fulton, Missouri: Plants. 
3785 (80884) (x1). 

GRINNELL, JOSEPH, Pasadena, California: 
Birds’ skins. (Returned.) 4091, 4145, 
4219, 4405 (11). 

GROGAN, J. J., Coal Creek, Colorado: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4131 (x11). 

GROSSE, HERMAN, Paraguay, Republic of 
Paraguay. Plants; insects. 4399 (x1, 
VII). 

GUGLE, JAMES, Dayville, Oregon: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4221 (x1r). 

GUILFORD, H. M., Minneapolis, Minne- 
sota: Five birds’ skins. (Returned.) 
4116 (11). 


| HAINES, E.I., New Rochelle, New York: 


Bird’s egg. (Returned.) 4420 (11). 
HA.L, Asa, Antreville, South Carolina: 


Rocks. (Returned.) 4392 (x11). 


HAMILTON, J. T., Seattle, Washington: 
Rock. (Returned.) 4141 (x11). 

HAMILINE UNIVERSITY, St. Paul, Minne- 
sota, transmitted by Prof. H. L.Osborn: 
Four hundred and fifty-three species 
of marine shells from the Philippine 
Islands. 3932 (portion returned, and 
56 specimens retained, 31123). (vI.) 

HamMMoNnNpD, L. F., Rensselaer Falls, New 
York: Insect. (Returned ) 3810 (vm). 

Harpy, MANLy, Brewer, Maine: Fish. 
3852 (30984) (Vv). 

HARMON, WILLIAM, Kane, 
Three specimens of ores. 
3802 (XII). 

Harris, G. E., Cassville, Missouri: Two 
specimens of ores, (Returned.) 3867 
(XI11). 


Wyoming: 


(Returned. ) - 


ee 


EXAMINATION 


Harris, JAMES, McCook, Nebraska: Rock 
and ore. (Returned.) 4155, 4185 
(XIIr). 

Hartz, W.T., Fort Bayard, New Mexico: 
Two duck’s heads. 4224 (11). 

Harvey, Ciara A., Hancock, Maryland: 
Geological material. (Returned.) 4501 
(X11). 

Harvey, Dr. G. W., Kanab, Utah: Coin. 
(Returned.) 4415 (xvit). 

Hatcu, W. A., South Columbia, New 
York: Fossil. (Returned.) 4018 (x-B). 

HAVANER, J. B., Jefferson, North Caro- 
lina: Ore. (Returned.) 4407 (x1Ir). 


Hays, A. P., Portland, Oregon: Brass or | 


copper buttons found in Indian graves 
on Vancouver Island. (Returned.) 
3975 (XIV). 

HrEpDGES, HENRY, Waterville, Washing- 
ton: Rocks, minerals. 
Rat X11). 

HEILEMAN, Howarp, Pheenix, Arizona: 


Black mineral. (Returned.) 4277 
(XIV). 

HEILMAN, G. W., Argenta, Arkansas: 
Plant. 4012 (x1). 

HEINZ, H. J., Pittsburg, Pennsylvania: | 
Marine invertebrates. (Returned.) | 


4378 (VIII). 

HENDERSON, J. B. Jr., Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia: Marine shells from 
the Bahamas. (Returned.) 4049 (v1). 

HERMAN, W. W., Boston, Massachusetts: 
Shells from Mauritius, Jamaica, and | 
other localities. 4064 (portion returned 
and remainder retained, 31409) (vr). 

HESSLER, ROBERT, Logansport, Indiana. 
Herbarium specimens. 4096 (31452) 
(Xm). 

JETHERINGTON, J. P., Belding, Michigan : 
White substance, for polishing gold 
and silver. (Returned.) 3828 (XIII). 

HEYDE, Rev. H. T., Vera Cruz, Mexico: 
Birds’ skins from Guatemala, Panama, 
and Ecuador. 3877 (portion returned, 
and remainder retained, 31516) (11). 

HIGHTOWER, J. C., Ruidoso, New Mexico: 
Root. 4413 (xvi). | 

Hii, A. 8. C., Vergennes, Vermont: Fos- 
sils, quartziteimplements, (Returned. ) 
4099 (X-B, XIV). 

Hix, H. R., Williamaspert, Pennsylvania: 
Insects. 4074 (vit). | 

Hin, R. T., U. S. Geological Survey: | 
Land shells from Jamaica, also fossil | 
shells. (Returned.) 4326 (v1). 


| Hommes, J. H., 
| 
3922, 4385, 4491 


AND REPORT. 223 

HI, Dr. W.S., Augusta, Maine: Crusta- 
ceans. (Returned.) 4076 (viit). 

HILxs, LESLIE W., Fort Wayne, Indiana: 
Carved stone pipe from Ross County, 
Ohio, and a hook-shaped implement 
from Unicoi County, Tennessee. (Re- 
turned.) 4311 (xIv). 

Himes, CHares, Tillamook, Oregon: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 4166 (x11). 

Hoare, H. P., National Military Home, 
Ohio: Vegetable. 4044 (x1). 

Hopar, C. W., Bryantsville, Indiana: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4241 (x11). 

Horcoms, E.G., Brasher Iron Works, New 
York: Stone implement. 4097 (xIv). 

HortMan, J., Normansville, New York: 
Toothofamammal. (Returned.) 4469 
(Qe 

Oaks, Florida: 

(Returned. ) 


Sev 2 
Land and marine shells. 
3843, 4210 (VI). 

Hormes, 8. B., Eagle Point, Oregon: 
Quartz. (Returned.) 4493 (x11). 


| Hort, W.D., Holt, Kentucky: Bone of a 


fish. (Returned.) 4465 (Vv). 

Hoop, 8S. B., Sparta, Illinois: Geological 
material. (Returned.) 4360 (x1r). 
Hooprs, J., West Chester, Pennsylvania: 

Birds’ skins. (Returned.) 3943, 4236, 
4375 (11). 
Hopkins, L. S., Lynchburg, Ohio: Stone 
implement. (Returned.) 3825 (XIv). 
Hopkins, Miss Sue, Melbourne, Florida: 
Plant. 3926 (Xr). 


“Horcukiss, Mrs. L. B., Courtland, Ala- 


bama: French and Greek Testaments. 
(Returned.) 4373 (Xvt1). 


HouRSTON, JOSEPH, Fort Alexander, 
Manitoba: Minerals. (Returned.) 4113 
(XII). 


Howarpb, M., Chicago, Illinois: Two 
frames containing photographs illus- 
trating Buddhism in Ceylon, three 
frames containing photographs of na- 
tives and scenery in Ceylon, and a frame 
containing photographs of scenery in 
Ceylon. (Returned.) 4034 (xv, XvI, 
XVII). 

Hupain, W. G., Hinton, West Virginia: 
Mineral, ore. (Returned.) 95928, 4069 
(@:addy))e 


| Huaues, EDWARD, Stockton, California: 


Five curiously-worked pieces of obsid- 
ian and a portion of a clay ball found 
in an ancient burial place. 4175 
(XIV). 


224 


HuGues,J.T.,Somerset, Kentucky: Milk- 
weed silk. 4027 (x1). 

HueaeEs, Ratpu, Leavenworth, Wash- 
ington: Plant; insect. (Returned.) 
4425 (XI, VIt). 

Hurp, E. O., Plainville, Ohio: Plant. 
3966 (x1). 

HvTcHINSON, I. W., Abbeville, South 
Carolina: Ore, and monazite after the 
reduction of ore. 3894 (XIII). 

HvutcHInson, Dr.W. F., Winchester, Vir- 


ginia: Mammal skin. (Returned. ) 
4290 (1). 

‘Hyper, G. L., Springville, Utah: Sup- 
posed fire-clay. (Returnued.) 4274 


(XIII). 

Istma,I. (See under Science College, 
Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan.) 
IMPERIAL NATIONAL MusEumM, Uneno 
Park, Tokyo, Japan: Birdskin. (Re- 

turned.) 4803 (11). 

IsBELL, A. M., Merle, Texas: Spider. 4203 
(Vit). 

JAMAICA, INSTITUTE OF, Kingston, Jamai- 
ca, transmitted by J. E. Duerden: Two 
species of crabs. (Returned.) 4127 
CVE): 

JARVIS, P.W., Kingston, Jamaica: Corals 
and crabs. 3808 (portion returned, 
and remainder retained, 32588). ( VIII.) 

JAy, R. G., Dexter, Kansas: Supposed 
meteorite. (Returned.) 3939 (x1r). 

JENCKS, Mrs. A. H., Buncombe, Wiscon- 
sin: Twenty-twospecimens of minerals. 
(Returned.) 4838 (x11). 

JESTER, S. D., Wiggs, Arkansas: Two 
beetles. (Returned.) 3778 (vit). 

Jounson, J. L., Duffield, Virginia: Fos- 
silshells; archeological objects. 4485 
(shells returned, remainder retained as 
an exchange, 32326). (X-B; XIV.) 

JOHNSON, T. K., Guthrie, Oklahoma: In- 
sect. (Returned.) 8824 (vm). 

JOHNSON, W.A., Galesburg, Illinois: Four 
birds’ eggs. (Returned.) 4479 (11). 

JOHNSTON, F. J., New: Carlisle, Ohio: 
Worm. 4882 (32353) (viI-A). 

Jonrs, J. B., Donald, West Virginia: 
Ores. (Returned.) 4144 (x1Ir). 

Jupson, W.B., Highland Park, Califor- 
nia, transmitted by Major Bendire: 
Humming birds. (Returned.) 
(11). 

KEANEY, W.M., DeSoto, Missouri: Herb. 
4298 (31845) (x1). 


3910 | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


KEARNEY, J. J., Helotes, Texas: Sup- 
posed meteorite. (Returned. ) 3957 (x11). 

Kerrer,C.A. (See under Maloney, Sir 
Alfred.) 

Keirn, E. H., Halleck, California: Min- 
eral. (Returned.) 4223 (xit). 

KENDALL, 8. Coy, Deckertown, New Jer- 
sey: Minerals. (Returned.) 4098 (x11). 

KENNER, J. L., Jr., Peoria, Illinois: In- 
sect. 3902 (vil). 

Kent SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE, Grand Rap- 
ids, Michigan, transmitted by C. A. 
Whittemore: 102 birds’ skins from 
Guatemala; mammal skin from Hon- 
duras. 3794 (returned); 4396 (11, I). + 

KeTcHaM, Mack, Victor, Indiana: 
Specimenresembling clay. (Returned.) 
4497 (xii). 

KEYES, CHARLES R., Mount Vernon, 
Towa: Three birds’ skins. (Returned.) 
3814 (11). 

KIMBALL, G. N., Waltham, Massachu- 
setts: Insects. (Returned.) 4253(vi1). 

KINDLE, E. M., New Haven, Connecti- 
cut: Fossil plants from Greenland. 
4092 (31529) (x-B). 

KIRKLAND, Dr. R. J., Grand Rapids, 
Michigan: Shells. 3827 (portion re- 
turned and remainder retained, 31600). 
(v1.) 

KIRKPATRICK, O., Hunt, Idaho: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4165 (xu). 

Kirkwoop, F. C., Baltimore, Maryland: 
Bird skin. 3890 (11). 

KLECKNER, M. E., Tiffin, Ohio: Crystals. 
(Returned.) 4342 (x11). 

KLEIN, ANTON, Flagstaff, Arizona: Rock 
and clay. . (Returned.) 4194 (xr). 
Knaus, WARREN, McPherson, Kansas: 
Twenty-two specimens of coleoptera. 

(Returned.) 4059 (vit). 

KNIGHT, ORA W., Bangor, Maine: Bird 
skin. (Returned.) 4158 (11). 

KoGALE, J. W., Halfway, Oregon: Insect. 
(Returned.) 3862 (vit). 

KOHLDE, GEORGE, Portland, Oregon: 
Geological material. (Returned.) 4417 
(XIII). 

KRUEGER, P. W., Cleveland, Ohio: In- 
sects (portion returned and remainder 
retained, 32046). (-VII.) 

Kurun, H. R., Giddings, Texas: Stones. 
(Returned.) 4482 (x1Ir). 

KunziE, Mrs. HELEN KANE, Umatilla, 
Oregon: Two archeological objects. 
4312 (31875) (XIV). 


EXAMINATION 


Kvn). 2, and WaLL, W. W., Phenix, 
Arizona: Piece of supposed meteoric 
stone found on Weaver Mountain; sup- 
posed meteoric (Returned. ) 
3822, 3863 (X11). 

LANCASTER, J. R., Arcadia, Florida: 
Vertebra of a whale and other verte- 
brate fossils. (xX—A.) 

LANO, ALBERT, Aitkin, Minnesota: Birds’ 
skins. (Returned.) 3800, 4117 (11). | 

LASSIMONNE, S. E., Moulins (Allier) 
France: Plants. 4079 (31428) (x1), 

LAWRENCE, FRANK, Centerville, South 
Dakota: Insect. (Returned.) 4481 
(vI1). 

Leak, H. A., St. Louis, Missouri: Spider, 
(Returned.) 383i (vil). 


stone, 


Lary, J. L., San Marcos, Texas: Min- | 
erals. (Returned.) 4467 (x1). 
LEE, JoserH, St. Augustine, Florida: 


Shell. (Returned.) 4281 (v1). 

LEE, Prof. W.T., University of Denver, | 
University Park, Colorado: Supposed 
fossil reptiles. (Returned.) 4305 (1x). | 

LEFFLER, P. W., Chicago, Illinois: Min- | 
eral. (Returned.) 4070 (x11). 

LEMON, Dr. J. H., New Albany, Indiana: 
Insect. (Specimen lost during trans- | 
portation.) 3821 (vit). 

LEWMAN, WILLIAM, Henrieville, Utah: 
Geological material; crystal. (Re- 
turned.) 3976, 4247 (XIII, XII). 

Link, E. 8., Jefferson City, Missouri: 
Plant. 4435 (x1). 

Lipscomn, J. L., Crockett, Texas: Ster- | 
num of a quadruped. (Returned.) 
3995 (1). 

Lisk, Dr. B. F., Connor, Florida: 
als. (Returned.) 3853 (x11). 

LITTLEJOHN, C., Redwood City, Califor- 
nia: Ten birds’ skins and a bird skull | 
from California. (Returned.) 3986 


| 
(11). 
| 


Miner- 


LItTLePaGE, G.C., Haubstadt, Indiana: | 
Mineral. (Returned.) 3877 (x11). 

Livinasron, L.O., New Brighton, Penn- 
Sylvania: Ore. (Returned.) 4015 
(XIII). 

Lockr, W.M., White Salmon, Washing- | 
ton: Ore. (Returned.) 4225 (xim). | 

Loomis, L, M. (see under California Acad- 
emy of Sciences). 

Lorton, H., St. Francisville, Louisiana: | 
Fossiltoral. (Returned.) 4251 (x-n), | 

LorBEER, E. A., Yallaha, Florida: Stone. 
4365 (XI1I1). 

NAT MUS 97-—15 


| MANNING, T. H., Boise, Idaho: Ore. 


AND REPORT. 225 

LORENSON, J. 
Plants. 4486 (x1). 

Lown, H. N., Pasadena, California: 
Crabs, star-fishes, andsea-urchins. 4206 
(51675) (vit). 

LYMAN, Don, Perry, Oregon. 
(Returned.) 85872 (v1). 

Lyon, D. B., Sherman, Texas: Caterpil- 
lar. 4480 (vit). 


P., Salt Lake City, Utah: 


Insect. 


| Lyons, J. S., Boyers Ferry, Virginia: 


Mineral. (Returned.) 4284 (x11). 
LyYtLy, F. W., Steeple Rock, New Mexico: 
Rock. (Returned.) 4414 (x11). 
McBripr, WILLiAM, Doverhill, Indiana: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4254 (x11). 
McCarry, J. A., Aldie, Virginia: Stone. 
(Returned.) 4120 (x11). 
McCaskiLL BroruEers, Wyoma, Florida: 


Clay and sand. (Returned.) 3813 
(XII1). 

| McCormick, D. b., Tylersburg, Pennsyl- 
vania. Fragments of rock. 4308 
(XIII). 


McILHENNY, E. A., Averys Island, Lou- 
isiana: Three birds’ skins. (Returned. ) 
3927 (11). 

McInnis, A. H., Meridian, Mississippi: 
Insect. (Returned.) 5964 (v1). 


| McKinney, C.S., Las Animas, Colorado: 


Mineral. (Returned.) 4279 (x11). 

McLucas, J. D., Marion, South Carolina: 
Insect. (Returned.) 4307 (wit). 

McNEILL, JEROME, Arkansas Industrial 
University, Fayetteville, Arkansas: 
Spider. (Returned.) 4067 (v11). 

McPuait, W. H., Moscow, South Caro- 
lina: Minerals. (Returned.) 4266 
(Gap): 

MaGoon, J. H., Lusk, Wyoming: Portion 
of a mastodon’s tooth.  (Returned.) 
4065 (1X). 

ManHonEY, J. D., Duluth, 
Supposed meteorite. (Returned.) 4259 
(xan) 


Minnesota: 


(Re- 
turned.) 43389 (X11). 

MANSFIELD MEMORIAL MustuM, Mans- 
field, Ohio, transmitted by E. Wilkin- 
son: Collection of insects. 4155 (por- 
tion returned and remainder retained, 
31624) (vil). 

Marquis, A. A. Boscoe, Missouri: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4484 (x11). 

Marsn, Prof. O.C., New Haven, Connec- 
ticut: Types of horn-cores of two fossil 
bison. .(Returned.) 4216 (x-a). 


226 


Marsu, W. A., Aledo, Illinois: Unios. | 


4031 (portion returned and remainder 
retained, 31298) ; 4084 (portion returned 
and remainder retained, 31410). (vI.) 

Martin, W. W., Salem, Oregon: Stone. 
(Returned.) 4334 (x11). 


| 
| 
| 


MaxweELt, C. W., Durham, North Caro- | 


lina: Insect. 


(Returned.) 4359 (vit). | 


Maxon, W.R., Oneida, New York: In- | 


sect. 3903 (VII). 
MAXWELL, Huan, St. George, West Vir- 


ginia: Sample of dust obtained by | 


melting snow. 4272 (31854) (XIII). 
Mayo, W. L., West Creek, Colorado: 
Sample of sand. (Returned.) 
(X11). 
Mrapor, J. F., Phoenix, Arizona: Insect. 
3907 (31806) (vir). 


from the Potomac, New York, and Min- 
nesota. 4035 (portion returned and re- 
mainder retained, 31342); 4296 (por- 
tion returned and remainder retained, 
31986); 4548 (portion returned and re- 
mainder retained, 31986). (v1.) 
MesnaGER, G. K., Los Angeles, Cali- 
fornia: Ore. (Returned.) 3949(x11). 
METCALP, W. W., Paint Gap, North Caro- 
lina, transmitted by Hon. Marian But- 
ler: Ore. (Returned.) 4191 (x111). 
MILLER, J. H., Lowville, New York: Six 
birds’ skins. (Returned.) 4258 (11). 


4167 | 


| 
| 


MILLER, M. M., Seattle, Washington: | 
Minerals. (Returned.) 3818 (x11). 


MircuE.t, D. L., Cassville, Missouri: In- | 


sect. 4431 (vil). 


Keffer: Fossils from British Honduras; 
two geological specimens; ore, 3820 
(30933) ; 3895 (one specimen returned) ; 
3925 (returned); 3955 (returned) (v1, 
XII). 

Morcom, G. FrREAN, Los Angeles, Cali- 
fornia: Fourteen birds’skins. 3985 (11). 

MorGAan, J. H., Aquone, North Carolina: 
Minerals. (Returned.) 4114 (x1). 


Moors, Tom, Genoa Junction, Wiscon- 
sin: Two stones. (Returned.) 4112 
(XIV). 

MooREHEAD, W. K., Columbus, Ohio: 
Aboriginal inscription on birch bark, 
4238 (XIV). 


| NELSON, Hon. KNUTE. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Morris, L., Hamburg, Illinois: White 
and blue substance resembling fuller’s 
earth. (Returned.) 4073 (x111). 

Morrison, J. H., Luray, Virginia: Speci- 
men of slate. (Returned.) 4364 (xr). 

Mosier, C. A., Des Moines, Iowa: Bird 
skin; iron-pyrite nodule. (Returned.) 
3779; 4487 (11, X-B). ; 

Myer, W.E., Carthage, Tennessee: Sup- 
posed fossil bone; supposed fossil tooth 
of amammal; piece of fossil wood ; sup- 
posed fossil tooth of a horse. 4450; 
4198; 4063; 4475. (1, 1X, X-B). 

Narurat History Socrety, Montreal, 
Canada, transmitted by J. B. Williams: 
Four birds’ skins from Malaysia. (Re- 
turned.) 4081 (11). 


| NEGLEY, J.S., New York City: Clay from 
Mearns, Dr. E.A.,U. 8. A., Fort Myer, | 
Virginia: Land and fresh-water shells | 


Pennsylvania. (Returned.) 3912 (x1). 

NELSON, E. E., Kettle Falls, Washington: 
Rock. (Returned.) 3969 (xmit). 

(See under 
Arnesen, Bernt. ) 

NEVILLE, E. A., Austin, Texas: Birds’ 
eggs. 4153 (31579); 4488 (returned) (11). 

NEWTON, Prof. ALFRED, Magdalene Col- 
lege, Cambridge, England: ''wo birds’ 
skins from the Seychelles Islands. 
(Returned.) 3917 (11). 

NIVEN and Horpinc, New York City: 
Mammal skin and skull. 3817 (31012). 
(I.) 

Nrxon, H. B., Marquette, Kansas: Min- 
eral. (Returned.) 4170 (x11). 

NOERENBERG, F., Cascade Springs, South 
Dakota: Two specimens of rock. (Re- 
turned.) 4361 (XIII). 


| Norpstr6M, G. H., Punxsutawney Penn- 
MOLONEY, Sir ALFRED, Belize, British 
Honduras, transmitted by Charles A. | 


| 


sylvania: 
(QO 
Noxon, ALFRED, Silver Cliff, Colorado: 


Two spiders. 3947 (31807) 


Samples of rock. (Returned.) 4152 
(XIII). 
| Nyz, G. L., Salt Lake City, Utah: Ore, 
(Returned.) 4381 (x11). 
O’NEIL, J. H., Roslyn, Washington: Ore. 
(Returned.) 3961 (x11). 
OGBURN, BurRT, Pheenix, Arizona: Geo- 


logical specimens and fragments of 
shell rings. 4009 (returned); 4222 
(31742) 5 (XIII, XIV). : 

OLNEY, Mrs. Mary P., Spokane, Wash- 
ington: Land, fresh-water and ma- 
rine shells from western North America, 
4188 (portion returned and remainder 
retained, 31629). (VI.) 


EXAMINATION AND REPORT. 


OREGON STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
Corvallis, Oregon, transmitted by A. B. 
Cordley: Marine invertebrates, 4293 


(returned with exception of one speci- | 


men, 32226) (vu1). 

OrtH, G. 8., Pittsburg, 
Bird skin. (Returned.) 48393 (11). 

Osborn, Prof. H. L., Hamline University, 
St. Paul, Minnesota: Unionide; shells 
from Philippine Islands. (Returned.) 
4026, 4172, 4269 (v1). (See under Ham- 
line University.) 

OSBORNE BroTUIERS, Frisco, Utah: Rock. 
(Returned.) 4368 (x11). 

OweEn, E, R., Wellsville, Utah: 
statuette. (Returned.) 5958 (Xv1). 

PaLM, CHARLES, New York City: Three 
species of insects. 
(VIL). 

PALMER, F. T., Department of the Inte- 
rior, Office of Indian Affairs: 
(Returned.) 4306 (x1m1). 

PALMER, J. W., Port Republic, Virginia: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4325 (xm). 

PARKER, J. GRAFTON, Chicago, Illinois: 
Six birds. (Returned.) 4693 (11). 


PARKINS, 8. B., Ferris, Wyoming: Rock. 
feared.) 4230 (Xiir). 
PARMELEE, H. P., Cripple Creek, Colo- 


rado: Ore. 


PARMENTER, C. S. 
University.) 


(Returned.) 4285 (x11). 


(See under Baker 


Parsons, E. 


Ore. (Returned.) 4233 (x111). 
Parsons, Dr. W. B., Missoula, Montana: 
Insects. (Returned.) 3914 (vit). 
PaYNE, H. R., Yellville, Arkansas: Ore. | 
(Returned.) 4260 (xm). 
PEAKE, J. J.. Wimer, Oregon: Minerals. | 
(Returned.) 4032 (x11). | 
PEARCE, C. W., Arcadia, Florida: Four 


mammals’ skins and 13 birds’ skins 

from Florida. 3960 (31192) (1,11). 
PERKINS, E. M., Rixville, Georgia: 

(Returned.) 3921 (vir). 
PETER, Brother, J., De la Salle Institute, 


Insect. 


New York City: Ten plants. 3850 
(Ext). 

Petter, A. J., Randsburg, California: 
Minerals. 4419 (x11). 

Pierce, W: M., Burlington, Vermont: 
Minerals. (Returned.) 4318 (x11). 


Pennsylvania: | 


Bronze | 


(Returned.) 3991 | 


Rocks. | 


S., Parsons, New Mexico: | 


227 


| Pruspry, H. A., Academy of Natural 
Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 
Six species of Unios; three species of 
fresh-water shells from South America. 
3874 (portion returned and remainder 


| retained, 31018) ; 5982 (returned). (v1.) 
PLANT City SuprpLy Company, Plant 
| City, Florida, transmitted by W. H. 
Young: Coin. (Returned.) 4403 
(XV). 
| Ponnporr, A. P., Butte, Montana: Ore. 
| (Returned. ) 4121 ( SI) 2 
| PoLanp, W. P., Marshall, Texas: Ore. 


(Returned. ) 4252 (XI). 
POLLARD, C. L., U. S. National Museum:. 
Two plants from Mississippi. 3849(x1). 
| Poot, M.B., Clinton, Iowa: Clay. . (Re- 
turned.) 4183 (xr). 
Prick, L. B., McMeekin, Florida: 
(Returned.) 3974 (x11). 
| Price, W. W., Stanford University, Cali- 


Stone. 


fornia: Six birds’ skins. (Returned.) 
4217 (11). 
PRIESTLEY, C. H., Elm, New Jersey: Lig- 


nite. (Returned.) 3832 (x11). 

PRINDLE, I. R., Washington, District 
of Columbia: Ore. ~ (Returned.) 4226 
(aD): 

PRINGLE, C. G., 
Mexican plants. 
(EXD); 

Quick, J.G., Coudersport, Pennsylvania: 
Copper coin. (Returned.) 4821 (xvit). 

Raatrz, Frederic, Jefferson, Wisconsin: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 4178 (x11). 

Rambo, M. E., Philadelphia, Pennsyl- 
vania: Clay. 3819 (x1It). 

Rankin, A. W., Salt Lake City, Utah, 
transmitted by Hon. C. E. Allen: Ore. 
(Returned.) 3866 (xr). 

RATHBUN, Richard, U. 8. Fish Commis- 
sion: Marine shells and mollusks from 
the southeastern coast of the United 
States. (Returned.) 8882 (v1). 

Ream, G. W., Whitehall, Montana: 
(Returned.) 4335 (x1mr). 

| Reppy, F.J., White Hills, Arizona: 
(Returned.) 4271 (xm1r). 
REpDMAN, D. M., Tarkio, Missouri: Paper 
money. (Returned.) 3938 (Xvit). 

| Reep & Ross, Cripple Creek, Colorado: 

| Mineral. (Returned.) 4050 (x11). 

| REEDER, T. P., Big Flats, New York: 

| Grass. 3864 ea 

| Remick, A. B., Taylorsville, 
Sand. 4010 (x11). 


Charlotte, Vermont: 
(Returned.) 4090 


Rock. 


Ore. 


California: 


228 


Ricr, Miss M. E., Neligh, Nebraska: 
Three insects. (Returned.) 3804 (vIL). 

Ricu, J. E., San Bernardino, California: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 4390 (x11). 

RicHarpson, J. E., Rowley, Massachu- 


setts: Bead from a shell mound. (Re- 
turned.) 4391 (XIV). 

Ricuarpson, Master WILLIE, Block- 
house, Washington: Insect. (Re- 


turned.) 4492 (v1). 
RicumMonp, Capt. E.T.C., U. 8. A., Fort 


Warren, Boston, Massachusetts: Flow- | 


3925 (XI). 
RicnutrerR, Epwarp F. 


ers. 
& Son, Cairo, 


Georgia: Clay. (Returned.) 4483 
(XII). 

RIEGGER, Miss Maruinpr, Champion 
Quarries, Pennsylvania: Plants. 3919 
(x1). 

Roberts, W. J., Harrisville, Pennsyl- 


vania: Inseet. (Returned.) 8859(vI1). 
Rosertrson, C. B., Indiana, 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Rusu, WeEstry, Tillamook, Oregon: 
Rock. (Returned.) 4336 (xr). 

RUSSELL, J. R., Boise City, Idaho: Ores. 
3826 (XIII). 

SALAMON, W. R., Pryor Creek, Indian 


Territory: Ore. (Returned.) 3889 
(XIIL). 
SALVIN, OsBERT, London, England: 


Thirty-three birds’ skins from tropical 
America. (Returned.) 4474 (11). (See 
under British Museum. ) : 

SANDERS, P. D., Haskell, Texas: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4380 (x11). 

Sanpers, R. F., Marianna, Florida: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4422 (x11). 

SANDISON, G. H., New York City: Impres- 
sions of four coins. (Returned.) 4264 
(XVII). 


SAUNDERS, W.G., New Bridge, Oregon: 


Pennsyl- | 


vania: Stone. (Returned.) 3807(X1n). 


RoBINETTE, G. W., Flagpond, Virginia: 
Five species of Unios; Unios from Vir- 
ginia, 3905 (returned); 3993 (31208) 
(YI). 

RosrinettE, J. B., Flagpond, Virginia: 
Unios from Virginia and North Caro- 
lina. 3887 (portion returned and re- 
mainder retained, 31051). (vI.) 

RopinettTe, J. M., Democrat, Virginia: 
Fresh-water shells. (Returned.) 4347 
(VI). 


Rosryson, HENRY, Geological material. | 


(Returned.) 4021 (xm). 

Ronan, Mike, Kane, Wyoming: Rock. 
(Returned.) 3929 (x1Ir). 

RoMEYN, Capt. HENRY, U.S. A., Fort Me- 
Pherson, Georgia: Insects. 
(VII). 

Roor & Frevp, Kilbourne, Illinois: In- 
sect. 4426 (32150). (viII.) 
birds’ skins. 
(iI). 

ROSENTHAL, ALBERT, Philadelphia, Penn- 

Collection of portraits. (Re- 

4184 (Xvi). 


(Returned.) 4106; 4151 


sylvania: 
turned.) 


Ross, Henry, Weimer, Arkansas: Copper | 


coins. (Returned.) 4124 (xvit). 
Rubanp, H., San Antonio, Texas: Ger- 

man coin. (Returned.) 38788 (Xvit). 
Rusu, R. C., Hudson, Ohio: Land and 

fresh-water shells. (Returned.) 4461 


(v1). 


Insect. 4057 (31808) (vil). 

SAVAGE, M. F., New York City: Death 
mask cast in metal resembling iron, 
found in 1879 in a mound in Milan, Mis- 


souri. (Returned.) 38920 (xrv). 

Scuaupr, T. G., Shovelmount, Texas: 
Plant. 4459 (x1). 

SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM, Jefferson City, 
Missouri: Insect. (Returned.) 3913 
(VII). 

ScurerBer, J. D., Allentown, Pennsyl- 
vania: Minerals. (Returned.) 3942 
(XII). 

ScHWEICH, GEORGE, Richmond, Mis- 
souri: Drilled tablet. (Returned.) 


4054 (XIV). 


| SCIENCE COLLEGE, IMPERIAL MUSEUM, 


3793; 3823 


Tokyo, Japan, transmitted by I. Ijima: 
Bird-skin; snake. 4304 (returned); 
4430 (11, 1V). 

Scott, G. H., Sault de St. Marie, Michi- 


gan, transmitted by E. 8. Wheeler: 
Copper spearhead. 3841 (31095) (xiv). 


| Scort, W. A., Rifle, Colorado: Supposed 
Ross, O. G., San Rafael, California: Six | 


meteorite. (Returned.) 4439 (x11). 
Scott, Prof. W. B., Princeton University, 
Princeton, New Jersey: One hundred 
and eleven birds’ skins; birds’ bones. 
4464 (portion of birds’ skins returned 
and remainder retained, 32297; also 
portion of birds’ bones returned, and 
skeleton of condor retained) (11, IX). 


| SEIFFERT BroTuERs, Spokane, Washing- 


ton: Mineral. (Returned.) 43849 (xm). 

SENTANCE, C. B., Bartley, Nebraska: 
Three supposed fossil teeth. (Re- 
turned.) 4435 (x-B). 


EXAMINATION 


Semmens, HENRY, Seattle, Washington: 
Ore. (Returned.) 3784 (X11). 

SrrrLteMyeER, C. T., Wilmore, Pennsyl- 
vania: Bees. (Returned.) 4053 (v11). 

Sneparp, H. C., Boulder Valley, Mon- 
tana: Ores, 4295 (x11). 

SHERMAN. C. A., Manville, Wyoming: 
Geological material. (Returned.) 4239 
(cnn). 

SHIPLEY, WILLIAM, Waynesville, Illinois: 
Archeological object. (Returned.) 
4245 (XIV). 

Surry, N. D., West Palmdale, California: 
Minerals. (Returned.) 4323 (x11). 
Snovup, C. E., Tidal, Pennsylvania: Ore. 

(Returned.) 4033 (x11). 

SHUFELDT, Dr. R. W. (See under J. G. 
Wells.) 

SHuGART, W. H., Newport, Tennessee: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 4256 (x11). 

SuHutLer, J. T., Bloomery, West Virginia: 
Minerals. (Returned.) 4147 (xm). 

SHRIVER, HowarpD, Cumberland, Mary- 
land: Fossils; blacksand; land shells. 
3846 (returned) ; 4060 (returned), 4310; 
4409 (portion returned and remainder 
retained 32106) (X-B, XIII, VI). 

Sruppy, Mrs.Cuar es, St. Louis, Missouri: 
Spider. (Returned.) 3830 (v1). 

Simpson, R. L., Eufaula, Indian Ter- 
ritory: Insect. (Returned.) 4473 (vi). 

SmirTH, D. B., Clarksfield, Ohio: Geolog- 
icalspecimen. (Returned.) 4470 (xin). 

SMITH, JOHN DONNELL, Baltimore, Mary- 
land: Plants from Costa Rica. (Re- 
turned.) 4061 (XI). 

Sir, L. K., Caledonia, New York: Nat- 
ural formation resembling a worked 
stone object. (Returned.) 4212(xtv). 

SmiTH, R. E., Hazel Green, Wisconsin: 
Mineral. (Returned.) 3888, 3935 (x11). 

SnyDER, Dr. F. D., Gaines, New York: 
Forty-six birds’ skins. (Returned.) 
4126 (11). 

SNYDER, J. S., Two Taverns, Pennsy]- 
vania: Two geological specimens. (Re- 
turned.) 3987 (x1). 

SoutTHwick, J. M., Providence, Rhode Is- 
land: Unionidie; shells. 
4329, 4356 (vt). 

Sperra, W. E., Randolph, Ohio: Rock. 
(Returned.) 4168 (xi). 

Sprecuer, N. D., Cearfoss, Maryland: 
Stone implement. (Returned.) 4046 
(XIV). 


(Returned.) | 


AND REPORT. 229 

SPRINKEL, J. W., Brightwood, Virginia: 
Larva of an insect. (Returned.) 3940 
Cyl): 

Squirers, W. H., Keeblers Crossroads, 


Tennessee: Ore. (Returned.) 4186 
(XIII). 

SquyrER, Homer, Wibaux, Montana: 
Shells. (Returned.) 4348 (v1). 


STarks, W. W., Hinton, West Virginia: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4139 (x11). 

STALLINGS, Hon. J. F., House of Repre- 
sentatives: Pistol. (Returned.) 4201 
(XVID). 

STANARD, R. C., Goshen Bridge, Virginia: 
Farewell address of Andrew Jackson 
printed on silk in the year 1837. (Re- 
turned.) 4263 (xvit). 


STANLEY, D. T. (See under Aldrich, 
Charles. ) 
STANLEY, Mrs. T., Ashland, Oregon: 


Supposed meteorite. (Returned.) 4275 
(XI). 

Starks, W.W., Hinton, West Virginia: 
Piece of metal. (Returned.) 4276 
(XIII). 

STARTIN, THOMAS, Mammoth, Utah: Ore. 
(Returned.) 3878 (XIII). 

Stewart, T. B., Lockhaven, Pennsylva- 
nia: Stone, supposed to be an Indian 
relic; pipe from Schoharie County, 
New York, and a crooked flint from 
Union County, Tennessee. (Returned.) 
4273, 4402 (XIV). 


STERNBERG, FRED., New York City: 
Samples of fibrous serpentine. (Re- 


turned.) 4109 (xmIr). 

STEINHAUER, E. F., Vandalia, Illinois: 
Two birds. (Returned.) 4200 (11). 
SreBins, E., Conconully, Washington: 

Ores. (Returned.) 4176 (x1m). 

StrLtes, Dr. C. W., Department of Agri- 
culture: Shells. (Returned.) 3946, 
397 (yr): 

Sr. MAky’s ACADEMY (Sister M. Cather- 
ine), Monroe, Michigan: Shells from 
Japan; small silver cross; stone from 
Japan and an egg-shaped stone from 
Michigan. (Returned.) 4047 (v1, xv1, 
XIII). 

STONE, WITMER, Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 
Birds’ skins. (Returned.) 3798, 3944, 
4367 (11). (See under Academy of Nat- 
ural Sciences, Philadelphia. ) 

SToNEHOUSE, R. A., Olathe, Colorado: 
Rock. (Returned.) 3834 (x111). 


230 


SrouGuTon, §., Windsor, Ohio: Clay. 
(Returned.) 5954 (x11). 
STRANAHAN, JuLius, Keesville, New 


York: Ore. (Returned.) 4379 (x1II). 

Street, D., Denver, Colorado: Ore. (Re- 
turned.) 4086 (xIm). 

Stuart, Rk. C., Alton, Illinois: Insect; 
medal. (Returned.) 4041, 4246 (vi, 
XVII). 

STUFFLEBEAM, J. G., Crosses, Arkansas: 
Ore, mineral. (Returned.) 3835, 3858 
(XIII, X11). 

SULLIVAN, A. E., Jamestown, Kentucky: 
Minerals. (Returned.) 4278 (x11). 
SULLIVAN, JAMES, East Helena, Montana: 

Mineral. (Returned.) 4156 (x11). 

TaGGER?T, WILLIAM, Sutton, Tennessee: 
Ores. (Returned.) 3868 (xmIr). 

TALMADGE, C, A.,Athens, Georgia: Terra- 
cotta pipe in form of an eagle’s head. 
(Returned.) 40138 (xiv). 

TAVERNIER, L., Hamburg, [linois: Geo- 
logical material. (Returned.) 3839, 
3883, 3891 (xIIT). 

Taytor, E. W., Salt Lake City, Utah: 
Black substance found in red sand. 
3892 (XIII). : 

TayLor, Miss K. A., Baltimore, Mary- 
land: Plant. 3837 (XI). 

TAYLOR, THOMAS, Emory, West Virginia: 
Ores. (Returned.) 38908 (xm). 

TErrt, Dr. F. O., Tecumseh, Washington: 
Two fishes. 4369 (32265) (Vv). 

TEGARDEN, W. &., Yellville, Arkansas: 
Mineral. 4000 (x1). 

TuayEr, A. H., Dublin, New Hampshire: 
Fifteen birds’ skins. 4418 (32176) (11). 

Tuomas, E. H., San Bernardino, Califor- 
nia: Geological material. (Returned. ) 
4358 (x11). 

Tuomas, J. B., Colville, Washington: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4228 (xm). 

THOMPSON, GEORGE, Grand Rapids, 
Michigan: Piece of sheet lead; piece 
of tank lining of lead, containing per- 
forations. (Returned.) 3796, 3856 
(XIII, Vi). 


THOMPSON, H. D., Moline, Illinois: Pot- 


tery whistle in shape of an animal’s 
head, and a small flint scraper. 
(Pottery whistle returned; scraper re- 
tained, 32264) (xIv). 

Tuompson, M. T., Providence, Rhode 
Island: Thirty-four species of hemip- 
tera and orthoptera; hemiptera. 4115 
(returned) ; 4286 (portion returned and 
remainder retained, 31814) (vi). 


4297 | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Tipton, M. A., Orenville, South Dakota: 
Sand; lime rock. 3795, 4235 (xu, 
ScELn): 

Topp, J. F., Mena, Arkansas: Quartz ore. 
(Returned. ) 4463 (xi). 

Toms, C. F., Hendersonville, North Caro- 
lina: Minerals. 4330 (x11). 

Toner, D. L., Chewelah, Washington: 
Ore. (Returned.) 3951 (x11). 

Topuitz, Mrs. R. L., San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia: Plant. 3970 (x1). 

Towns, H. E., Fond du Lac, Wisconsin: 
Archeologicai object. (Returned.) 
3782 (XIV). 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT, United States: 
Sample of so-called “‘ Latakia Tobacco” 
from New York. (Returned.) 4268 (x1). 


Trux, M. E., Hartford, Connecticut; 
Specimen of Owatonna meteoric stone. 
(Returned.) 8980 (x11). 

Tucker, A. 8., Helena, Montana: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4183 (x1). 

TuPprER, J. E., Chewelah, Washington: 
Ore. (Returned.) 4416 (XIII). 

TUTTLE, FRANK, Glen Arbor, Michigan: 
Ore. (Returned.) 3962 (xm). 

TSCHUSI ZU SCHMIDHOFFEN, VICTOR RirT- 
TER VON, Halle, Austria: Seventeen 
birds’ skins. 3816 (81073) (11). 

UNDERWOOD, L. M., Auburn, Alabama: 
Cryptogams. (Returned.) 5661 (XI). 

Van Hynine, T., Des Moines, Iowa: 
Shells. 4377 (portion returned and 
remainder retained, 32037) (v1). 

Van Roon, G., Rotterdam, Holland: 
European coleoptera. (Returned.) 
4006 (vit). 

Von ScumipT, JARO, Tustin City, Cali- 
fornia: Plant. 3840 (x1). 

WAGHORNE, Rey. 8. C., Bay of Islands, 
Newfoundland: Plants. 3972 (33012); 
3996 (33016) (X1). 

WALDEN, H. L., Albany, Oregon: Mate- 
rial resembling cannel coal. (Re- 
turned.) 4428 (xu1). 

WALDERS, K. O., Hamilton, Washington; 
Minerals, ores. (Returned.) 4819, 4410, 
4436 (XII, X11). 

WALKER, BRYANT, Detroit, Michigan: 
Unios. (Returned.) 4003, 4089 (v1). 
WALKER, JAMES, Carrollton, Illinois: 
Bone of amammal]. (Returned.) 3886 

(TKS) 

WALKER, Rear-Admiral J. G., U. S. N., 
Los Angeles, California: Eleven stones 
from quarries in. California. (Re- 
turned.) 4196 (XIII). 


| 
| 


EXAMINATION 


WALKER, W. C., Fairlie, Texas: Plant. 
(Returned.) 3987 (x1). 

WALTER, CLARENCE, Spruce Creek, Penn- 
sylvania: Insect. (Returned.) 3899 
(vit). 

Wann, W. W., and D. P. Kyxz, Phenix, 
Arizona: Piece of supposed meteoric 
stone. 3822 (XII). 

Wakp, F. A., Rochester, New York: 
Young bird. (Returned.) 3875 (11). 
Wann, H. M., Dallas, Texas: Plant. 3865 

GXD)'. 

WarpbD & GARDNER, Jerome, Arizona: 
Rocks. (Returned.) 3898 (XIII). 

WaARD’s NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISH- | 
MENT, Rochester, New York: Five | 
parrots. 4242 (two parrots returned 
and three retained, 31741); five mam- | 
mal skins 4292 (31744) ; sixteen mammal 
skins 4372 (portion returned and re- | 
remainder retained, 32381) (11, 1). | 

WARNER, C. C., Turrialba, Costa Rica: 
Stone. (Returned.) 4162 (x1II). 

WARREN, W.C., Atlanta, Georgia: Plant. 
(Returned.) 4231 (x1). 


WatTrus, P. B., Kiowa, Kansas: Sup- 
posed petrifaction. (Returned.) 4043 
(vir). 


Watson, Rey. W. Scort, Towerhill, Gut- 
tenberg, New Jersey: Insect. (Re- 
turned.) 4007 (vit). 

Wayne, A. T., Mount Pleasant, South 
Carolina: Birds’ skins. 3805 (portion 
returned and remainder retained, 
30906); 4030 (returned); 4045 (return- | 
ed); 4327 (portion returned and re- 
mainder retained, 31970); 4353 re- 
turned); 4886 (portion returned and 
remainder retained, 32229); 4425 (re- | 
turned); 4460 (returned) (11). 

Wess, W. F., Albion, New York: Heron 
from Florida; land shells; stone orna- 
ment from Canada. 3797 (30890); 4108 
(portion returned and remainder re- | 
tained, 31459), 4287 (returned) (11, VI, 
XIV). 

WEBER, G. W., Opelika, Alabama: Leaf | 
of aplant. 4471 (x1). 

WEIL, I., Sandpoint, Idaho: Ore. 
turned.) 4080 (x11). 

WELLINGTON, Mrs. L. M., Green, Colo- 
tado: Mineral. (Returned.) 4107 
(XII). 

WELLS, J. G., Carriacou, Grenada, West | 
Indies, transmitted by Dr. R. W. Shu- | 
feldt: Cuckoo. (Returned.) 4240 (11). | 


» 


(Re- 


AND REPORT. Zak 

WERNER, R. J., Columbia Falls, Mon- 
tana: Ore. (Returned.) 4182 (xu). 

WHEELER, E.S. (See under Scott, G. H.) 

Wuitrk, J.J., Rockledge, Florida: Land, 
fresh-water, and marine shells. 4016 
(portion returned and remainder re- 
tained, 31253); 4048 (portion returned 
and remainder retained, 31549) (v1). 

Whitt, Dr. J. P. (See under Young 
Naturalists’ Society. ) 

WHITEHORN, G.W., Rochester, Nebraska: 
Three specimens of grasses. 3783 


(XI). 


| WHITESIDE, J. W., Brookville, Maryland: 


Supposed fossil shark’s tooth. 4332 
@s): 

WHITMAN, J., & Sons, Forestville, Vir- 
ginia: Minerals. (Returned.) 4594 
(x11). 

WHITMER, T. W., Sacramento, Kentucky: 
Rock and stone. (Returned.) 4282; 
geological material, 4357 (XIII). 

WHITTEMORE, C. A. (See under Kent 
Scientific Institute. ) 

Witcox, G. A., Erie, Illinois: Larvee of 
insects. (Returned.) 3954 (vit). 

WILKINSON, E. (See under Mansfield Me- 
morial Museum. ) 

WiLuiAMs, C. M., Rochester, Indiana: 
Two geological specimens. (Returned. ) 
4354 (XIII). 

WILLIAMS, J. B., Montreal, Canada: 
Three humming birds. (Returned.) 
4442 (11). (See under Natural History 
Society, Montreal.) 

WILLIAMSON, G., Grand Cave, Louisiana: 
Archeological objects. 4404 (xtv). 
Wiis, L. D., Church Creek, Maryland: 

Ants. 3968 (31233) (v1). 

WILLSON, J. M., jr., Kissimmee, llorida: 
Fruitof avine. 4283 (x1). 

WILson, B. F., Huntington, West Vir- 
ginia: Archeological object. 4029 
(31489) (XIV). 

WING, C. L., Hematite, New Mexico: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4190 (x11). 

WinTHROP, G. J., Tallahassee, Florida: 
Three sets of birds’ eggs. (Returned.) 
4105 (111). 

WITTMER, J. J., Wawaka, Indiana: Frag- 
ment of a supposed meteorite. (Re- 
turned.) 4478 (XII). 

Woop, CLARENCE T’., Marion, New York: 
Insects. (Returned.) 4227 (vil). 

Woop, J. W., Batesville, Arkansas: Min- 
eral. (Returned.) 4036 (x11). 


232 


WooppE Lt, G. P., Seven Oaks, Florida: 
Echinoderms; shells. (Returned. ) 4458 
CviIT, Sy). 

Woopwarp, B. F., Sarcoxie, Missouri: 
Metal pipe. (Returned.) 4350 (xIv). 

WORCESTER SOCIETY OF ANTIQUITY, Wor- 
cester, Massachusetts: Transmitted by 
Thomas A. Dickinson. Stone marked 
with hieroglyphies. (Returned.) 3945 
(xy): 

WorsuHam, W.H., Station Camp, Tennes- 
see: Ore. (Returned.) 4317 (XtIt). 

Worth, J. G., Skinner, Colorado: Sup- 
posed asbestos. (Returned.) 4344 
(XIIL). 


WorTHEN, C.K., Warsaw, Illinois: Mam- | 


mal skins and skulls. 4214 (portion 
returned and remainder retained, 31869) 
(1). 

WriIGHT, BERLIN H., Penn Yan, New 
York: Unios and shells from Georgia, 
Alabama, Virginia, and other parts of 
the United States. 
turned and remainder retained, 31219) ; 
4038 (portion returned and remainder 
retained, 31330); 4110 (portion returned 
and remainder retained, 31478); 4119 
(portion returned and remainder re- 
tained, 31505); 4157 (portion returned 
and remainder retained, 31563); 4159 
(portion returned and remainder re- 


3992 (portion re- | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. : 


WriGcut, Bertin H.—Continued. 
tained, 31597); 4171 (returned); 4454 
(portion returned and remainder re- 
tained, 32146) (v1). 

Wrienut, H. L., Granbury, Texas: Ore. 
(Returned.) 4204 (xu). 

Wrigut, J. M., Wirmingham, Tennessee : 
Fossils; lower human jaw. 3916 (re- 
turned); 3999 (x-B, XIV). 

Wricut, Dr. W. 8., Brown, Colorado: 
Ore. (Returned.) 38806 (xIII). 

Wyant, J. H., Hinton, West Virginia: 
Piece of metal. (Returned.) 4289 
(Xml). 

YounG, J. P., Ithaca, New York: Two 
stone implements. (Returned.) 4095 
(XIv). 
Younc, W. H. 

| Supply Co.) 

YounG, Mrs., Washington, D. C.: Sup- 
posed meteorite. (Returned.) 4199 
(X11). 


(See under Plant City 


YOUNG NATURALISTS’ Society, Seattle, 
Washington, transmitted by Dr. J. B. 
White: Stone image from San Juan 
Island. (Returned.) -3930 (xiv). 

Yount, S. E., Sandy, Nevada: Stones. 

| (Returned.) 3981 (x11). 

| ZINN, J. H., Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: 

Mineral. (Returned.) 4489 (x11). 


Index to list of specimens sent for ecamination and report, arranged geographically. 


Source. | 


No. of lots. 


North America: 


BritishvAmerica:. o-tohe- sacs seco | 3896, 3972, 4040, 4113, 4125, 4181, 4287, 4432, 4442, 4443. 
Gentral America... s2seceke war aess | 3794, 3820, 3893, 3923, 3955, 3977, 4061, 4162, 4474. 
Marien’ 3 tere, pte | 4039, 4066, 4090, 4155, 4474. 

| / 


United States— | 


Allabanits 2 4e as sek sem eee | 


ATSSKS 5 Soo ce ae Nemes ee | 4085. 


ATIZONG 32 = 2 Sk TSE Ss eee ee 


3861, 3952, 4128, 4157, 4373, 4471. 


3822, 3833, 3863, 3898, 3907, 3910, 3985, 4009, 4149, 4194, 4222, 4271, 


4277, 4313, 4346, 4401. 


ATISNSAA Raa sae ont eee 
| 4463. 


California: 20 5cscr ase e ccenee ne 


4449, 
(WOLOTAGO) fans ee poeta aseae sees 
Connecticut 
District of Columbia 


3778, 3835, 3858, 3941, 4000, 4012, 4036, 4067, 4124, 4189, 426), 4412, 


3838, 3840, 3860, 3949, 3970, 3986, 3993, 4010, 4023, 4087, 4091, 4100, 
4102, 4106, 4132, 4145, 4151, 4174, 4193, 4202, 4206, 4217, 4219, 
4223, 4970, 4823, 4358, 4370, 4390, 4397, 4405, 4419, 4424, 4437, 


3806, 3834, 4037, 4050, 4086, 4107, 4131, 4152, 4167, 4278, 4279, 4285, 
4305, 4315, 4333, 4344, 4352, 4389, 4439. 

NPE rr SET Das oi bo | 3936, 3980, 4216, 4445, 4446. 

3882, 3931, 3946, 3950, 4004, 4021, 4049, 4192. 4199, 4201, 4226, 4296, 
4300, 4306, 4448, 


Index to list of specimens sen 


EXAMINATION AND REPORT. 220 


t for examination and report, ete.—Continued. 


Source. 


No. of lots. 


North America—Continued. 
United States-— 
DG CS a eas 


URNORS Seen cn See se ee 
HUIS = eee. en ee eo nes 


Tndian) TNermvoryi-=---.<-\-2------ 
LILO H DE) Baa ne oe eee ae mee 


NS MTOCKY) 1-1 ar che sa scice 2 ces 
MO nIStan dee erence ono See ea ee 


MaCM aM a. ae seein oes See 


INDINNESObA+ =. 222 cee ce aca o 
ITE Sg) 0 18 Een eran oe eee 
AVINGROUDN 3 22 io - SuSe een eee ek coe 


WI OTbAN Re Sete Ecce oe ase ce. 
ic) COP) fe eee eee pee a 
Ney ad mere. 2 oy. ~ cee oe Sieh ener 
ING Wid OLSOY:-2.2-< asec secae qoees ss 
BYGwrNMGZICOn=5 240 cc ace ieee 
ING WwaWOlices saci Sos on sess 


NoOrtn Carchina=s--2525 02 ses=e oe 


MOnGhWAKOLA aa -sea es) ose Se 
hI NO eeise ne sae Pe he Heb ee Lf: 


Gislahomatwsss2 255222 555-5... eer 
Oregonieenas oso en Sat eons, 


Pennsylvania; ss 2o-- sean 


Somth Dakotas sa. 2c eee. 
BREN CORES Shee te ete 


(EXCISED Ea eee eg eee ame esos 


| 3797, 3813, 3843, 3853, 3926, 3956, 3960, 3974, 3988, 4008, 4016, 4048, 
4105, 4138, 4150, 4210, 4281, 4283, 4365, 4366, 4400, 4403, 4422. 

3793, 3823, 3921, 4013, 4119, 4159, 4231, 4288, 4483, 4490. 

| 8786, 3826, 4071, 4080, 4165, 4229, 4339, 4457 

| 3829, 3939, 3883, 3886, 3891, 3902, 3934, 3948, 3978, 4031, 4034, 4041 

4070, 4073, 4093, 4108, 4200, 4208, 4214, 4245, 4246, 4261, 4297, 
4346, 4360, 4388, 4426, 4466, 4479. 

3889, 4384, 4473. 

3821, 3877, 3990, 4096, 4129, 4130, 4164, 4241, 4254, 4340, 4354, 4355 
4427, 4455, 4478. 

3779, 3799, 3814, 4024, 4028, 4082, 4183, 4299, 4377, 4395, 4487. 

3880, 3909, 3939, 3965, 4002, 4043, 4059, 4146, 4170, 4468. 

3884, 3997, 4027, 4161, 4237, 4282, 4291, 4331, 4357, 4465. 

3842, 3845, 3915, 3927, 3933, 4018, 4077, 4251, 4280, 4404, 4456 

3852, 4076, 4158. 

3837, 3846. 3890, 3968, 4046, 4060, 4062, 4185, 4205, 4301, 4310, 4332, 
4409. 

3855, 3925, 3945, 3962, 4083, 4104, 4105, 4169, 4180, 4187, 4253, 4294, 
4322, 4328, 4391, 4408, 4447 

3796, 3809, 3827, 3828, 3841, 3856, 3901, 3962, 4003, 4047, 4089, 4345, 
4369, 4396, 4453. 

3789, 3800, 4026, 4116, 4117, 4259, 4324, 4348. 

3849, 3964 

3781, 3815, 3830, 3831, 3875, 3887, 3895, 3913, 3920, 3938, 4054, 4088, 
4148, 4177, 4298, 4350, 4431, 4435, 4472, 4484. 

3844, 3854, 3914, 4121, 4133, 4156, 4182, 4250, 4295, 4335, 4343, 4462, 

3793, 3804, 4135, 4142, 4185, 4433. 

3981. 

| 8832, 4007, 4098, 4220, 4476. 

3851, 3979, 8998, 4055, 4190, 4224, 4233, 4413, 4414, 4454, 

| 3801, 3810, 3817, 3848, 3850, 3864, 3875, 3879, 3903, 3991, 4001, 4014 

| 4018, 4022, 4035, 4038, 4058, 4078, 4095, 4097, 4108, 4109, 4110 
4111, 4126, 4163, 4171, 4209, 4212, 4227, 4242, 4248, 4958, 4264 
4268, 4292, 4320, 4372, 4379, 4383, 4402, 4420, 4421, 4434. 44.41, 
4469. 

3780, 3791, 3876, 3887, 3918, 3989, 4056, 4114, 4191, 4330, 4351, 4359, 
4407. 

4195. 

3825, 3836, 3954, 3966, 4020, 4044, 4052, 4072, 4123, 4155, 4168, 4238 
4257, 4802, 4311, 4342, 4363, 4382, 4440, 4461, 4470 

| 3824, 4025, 4068, 4134, 4136. 

| 3792, 3862, 3872, 3952, 3975, 4032, 4057, 4166, 4211, 4218, 4221, 4243 
4275, 4294, 4312, 4334, 4336, 4417, 4428, 4444, 4493. 

3798, 3807, 3819, 3859, 3899, 3912, 3919, 3937, 3942, 3943, 3944, 3947, 
4015, 4033, 4053, 4074, 4094, 4137, 4184, 4273, 4308, 4321, 4367, 
4375, 4378, 4393, 4429, 4458, 4489, 

3870, 3984, 4042, 4115, 4143, 4207, 4232, 4286, 4329, 4356. 

3805, 3894, 4030, 4045, 4213, 4266, 4307, 4327, 4353, 4386, 4392, 4425, 
4459, 4460. 

3795, 4154, 4235, 4361, 4481. 

3787, 3999, 3868, 3869, 3874, 3881, 3916, 3999, 4017, 4063, 4198, 4256, 
4311, 4317, 4402, 4406, 4450, 4475. 


234 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Index to list of specimens sent for examination and report, etc.—Continued. 


Source. No. of lots. 


North America—Continued. 
United States— 


OXAB\S 5 cla Ss a ebcn o oe eee ere 3788, 3811, 3865, 3911, 3957, 3963, 3987, 3994, 3995, 4084, 4122, 4153, 
| 4179, 4197, 4203, 4204, 4252, 4267, 4376, 4380, 4467, 4480, 4482, 
| 4488, 
ital cooss. ca pnese wae recs oeeeeee’ 3812, 3866, 3871, 3878, 3885, 3892, 3958, 3976, 4160, 4247, 4274, 4341, 
4368, 4371, 4381, 4415, 4486. 
'WErmO Der snns eae oe ae eee 4099, 4318. 
Vanouniie = one soser cn ee eo se aera 3790, 2803, 3847, 3873, 3887, 3897, 3900, 3905, 3940, 3983, 4029, 4075, 


4398, 4411, 4452, 4485. 


4101, 4120, 4157, 4193, 4263, 4284, 4290, 4325, 4347, 4364, 4394, 


Washington: o22scsenccss-nsemee | 3784, 3818, 3930, 3951, 3961, 3922, 3969, 3971, 4019, 4140, 4141, 4173, 
4176, 4188, 4225, 4228, 4319, 4349, 4385, 4410, 4416, 4423, 4436, 
4436, 4491, 4492. 
West Virbinig-.---bo-so sc. ese 3908, 3959, 4005, 4029, 4069, 4118, 4139, 4144, 4147, 4215, 4234, 4255, 
4265, 4272, 4276 4289, 4337, 4418. 
WHECODRIN) somaa- scene dene 3782, 3888, 3904, 3935, 3967, 3973, 4112, 4178, 4244, 4249, 4299, 4314, 
| 4338, 4451. 
WOMAN OVS Sacco eee ee | 3802, 3929, 4065, 4175, 4230, 4239, 4276. 
Wiestiindies: <2 s.23-cn5252-s8eece0 sense 3808, 4064, 4127, 4240, 4326. 
Oni: AMCMCAEs c= ose kee eee ee oe | 3977, 3982, 4399, 4464. 
MOPS ~~ << eee ce oemee ete ceemeeoens | 3816, 4006, 4011, 4064, 4079, 4092, 4262, 43809, 4374, 4387, 4418. 
YC ee eee eS ees ee ees 4303, 4804, 4430. 
PASET CAIs oise aeoar ere ae ate tae tieee eae oe 3906, 4477. 
Qceumcas sie ccs aeons emer e 3917, 3932, 4081, 4172, 4269. 


Number of lots of specimens referred to the departments in the Museum for examination 


and report. 


Department. / Nees 
DW RTA os asia e wpe sais nies win mare Spee ate Sas aco ara wie ale noe ik eee kes Ne re eee rs ee nee eee 13 
SITS ole its oe orm ome pe ialet oe Se case tape ae ne cee ee ee ee ee 96 
BiNdS OS RB oo acres wera eee seed nme = = AC aE ake ares 2 aera a Sane eee IN ee eee 3 
Reptiles and batrachianss - 25-62. sce cee eaeecmaba ewes sone eee ee eee ee oe eee eee 7 
FISHES 0 cn najaaic anne uncisn esis caucic soon apece ene anGeee pg tauetes nents Smee ctee cee ence eee 8 
MOM OSKB 2. ee associa s alent ee ei se lca No ae ae oe a SI er ae eR 82 
TNS€CUS. 34 sce bos oe ote deeb oe ate ca ete wee teen oe nae Uses e ene BEOE Re Veet eS eee ee eee 70 
Marine invertebrates ..ios<-cc.cesccste soac toes Oe woes oe S24 oe wae ee hare aa ae ae ee 13 
Helminthology....--...---- oie ie ee a eee OER CRE Re Sane Se Oe a 4 
Comparativetanatomy. : 22 62 sas, nce Uajeastede se owe cake on aint sks ae Ses See eee ae eee eee 9 
Paleontology. 2<- 5 ..o-- ahs csindecwecep) eeu sont peee een nen cbse tes See Rees eee eee eee 22 
BQUANY. 225 ede ccna te «ce weae 2a ce ee ae ea a alee ee eee a eS 57 
Minerals oc.2ai220 2 po ns Sb ts ce pe bad ota oe dao tae toa ee eiee eee ne Seen See eee 96 
GOO Pine 3s ce nscaZocnde oe cen ccede ste mee Cee ne pece ram eciich as Stee eee ne sees ek ee a pareen ee aera 179 
Prehistoric anthropology 22 -\-- se5- aneestoes nae caoe sccm sable aaa ten aa Ronee ae a eee 51 
Hthnology < sccsgc ie sss Seid nee od «eee alee ponte e cee eek ee Ree eee eee 1 
Oriental antiquities: 0: San osece- nee cotton coe teen nee soe tees ona Be ote ee eee 5 
Arts and-indusiries..: 2.055 22 63.5% Uwe weaan ae Gee eee ae eee eee ee eee eee 25 


———— Ve 


ly ey 


ee’ A are A 


APPENDIX VII. 


LECTURES AND MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


PAPERS READ AT THE NINTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


Vil: 
XVII. 
XVIII. 
XIX. 
XxX. 


XXI. 
XXII. 


XXIII. 
2G.G INS 
XXV. 
XXVI. 
XXVII. 


XXVIII. 
XXIX. 


OF AMERICA. 


. The different kinds of earth-crust movements and their causes. Joseph 


Le Conte. 


. Crater lake. J.S. Diller. 
. The Leucite hills, Wyoming. J. F. Kemp. 
. Physiographic development of the District of Columbia region. N. H. 


Darton. 


. Dikes in Appalachian Virginia. N. H. Darton. 

. On the changes of drainage in the Ohio river basin. Frank Leverett. 

. The solution of quartz under atmospheric conditions. C. Willard Hayes. 
. Erosion at base-level. Marius R. Campbell. 

. The origin of certain topographic forms. Marius R. Campbell. 

. Homology of joints and artificial fractures. J.B. Woodworth. 

. Notes on the structure of the Cranberry district in North Carolina. 


Arthur Keith. 


. Notes on the stratigraphy of certain homogeneousrocks. C,H. Hitchcock. 
. Unconformities in Marthas Vineyard and Block Island. J.B. Woodworth. 
. Evidences of northeasterly differential rising of the land along Bell river. 


Robert Bell. 


’. Surface tension of water as a cause of geological phenomena. George E, 


Ladd. 

Cementing materials of the Tertiary sands and gravels of western Kan- 
sas. Erasmus Haworth. 

The work of the United States Geological Survey in the Sierra Nevada. 
Wi; Corner: 

Geomorphy of Jamaica as evidence of changes of level. J. W. Spencer. 

The Cornell glacier, Greenland. Ralph S. Tarr. 

Shore lines of Lake Warren and of a lower water level in western cen- 
tral New York. H. L. Fairchild. 

Old tracks of Erian drainage in western New York. G. K. Gilbert. 

The assumed glaciation of the Atlas mountains of Africa. Angelo Heil- 
prin. 

The relation of an abandoned river channel in eastern Iowa to the west- 

~ ern edge of the Ilinois ice-lobe. Frank Leverett. 

Glacial observations in the Umanak district, Greenland. George H. 
Barton. 

The Nipissing-Matawa river, the outlet of the Nipissing great lakes. F, 
B. Taylor. 

Moraines of recession and their significance in glacial theory, F. B. 
Taylor. 

Mechanics of glaciers-moraines and stratification. Harry Fielding Reid. 

Variations of glaciers. Harry Fielding Reid. 

Preliminary note on the Pleistocene history of Puget sound. Bailey 
Willis. 

235 


236 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


XXX. Modified drift in St. Paul, Minnesota. Upham Warren. 
XXXI. Note on plasticity of glacialice. I. C. Russell. 
XXXII. Physical basis for general geological correlation. Charles R. Keyes. 
XXXIII. Origin and relations of the Greenville-Hastings series in the Canadian 
Laurentian (with observations by R. W. Ellis). F. D. Adams and 
A. E. Barlow. 
XXXIV. The pre-Cambrian topography of the eastern Adirondacks. J: F. Kemp. 
XXXY. The age of the white limestone of Sussex county, New Jersey. J. E. 
Wolff and A. H. Brooks. 
XXXVI. Notes on the Potsdam and Lower Magnesian formations of Wisconsin and 
Minnesota. Joseph IF. James. 
XXXVIL. On the southern Devonian formations. Henry 8. Williams, 
XXXVIII. A complete oil-well record in the McDonald field between the Pittsburg 
coal and the Fifth Oil Sand. I.C. White. 
XXXIX. The age of the lower coals of Henry county, Missouri. David White. 
XL. Structure of the Newark formation of western New Jersey. Henry B. 
Kiimmel. 
XLI. The Upper Cretaceous formation of the northern Atlantic coastal plain. 
William B. Clark. 
XLII. Notes on the stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Laramie and related 
formations in Wyoming. T.W.Stanton and I. H. Knowlton. 
XLII. Geology of northwestern Washington. I. C. Russell. 
XLIV. A study of the nature, structure, and phylogeny of Demonelix. K. H. 
Barbour. 
- XLV. Notes on rock weathering. George P. Merrill. 
XLVI. New evidence on the origin of some trap sheets of New Jersey. 
B. Kiimmel. 
XLVII. The crystalline and metamorphic rocks of northwest Georgia. C. Wil- 
lard Hayes and Alfred H. Brooks. 
XLVIII. The grain of rocks. Alfred C. Lane. 
XLIX. The origin and age of the gypsum deposits of Kansas. G. Perry Grimsley. 


Henry 


PAPERS READ AT THE MEETING OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE CLUB, APRIL 6-9, 1897. 


Hydroids. Miss Minnie Stafford and Miss Buhannon. 

Plant variation. Mrs. Emilia C. Anthony. 

An object lesson in natural science. Miss W. A. Kellerman. 

A voluntary observer. Mrs. L. M. McCauley. 

Relation of woman to the science of being. Mrs. Elizabeth O. Sampson Hoyt. 

Fossils of Chicago and vicinity. Mrs. Ada D. Davidson. 

Winter buds. Miss Rebecca Wayne Knight. 

Flora of Buffalo, N. Y. Miss Edna Porter. 

The environment of plants. Mrs. M. M, Boyce. 

Sociology. Mrs. C. Bonnell. 

Study of child life. Mrs. Florence Floyd. 

Economic government. Mrs. Mary I. Barnes. 

Physical science. Mrs. Mary Newbury Adams. 

Birds. Mrs. M. A. Booth. 

Revision of Adeorbis and American marine molluseca erroneously referred to that 
genus. Katharine Jeannette Bush, 

Mushrooms. Mrs. E. C. Anthony. 

The way of climbing plants. Mrs. Mary E. Treat. 

The conservative role of bacteria in nature. Miss Mary Forster. 

The Morning Glory. (Morphology, histology, physiology.) Miss Mary E. Hart. 

Leaf variation. Mrs. W. A. Kellerman. 

Botanical collections of some American expeditions. Miss Ellen Weir Cathcart. 


ey 


LECTURES AND MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 237 


Mosses. Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton. 
Extracts from life of Linnzeus. Mrs. Lydia Diller Zell. 
Astronomy. Miss M. F. Borst. 


Structure of eye of Limax maximus. Miss Annie P. Henchman. 


Jumping spiders. Mrs. Elizabeth G. Peckham. 

The Myrmeleon. Mrs. Frances Rhees Burket. 

Marble quarry. Miss Kate Carter. 

Variation in leaves of Quercus nigra. Miss Jane Frances Winn. 

Moths and butterflies, with observations on Papilio asterias. Mrs. Annabel Cook 
Whitcomb. 

Entomology; 1» new Pyralid; autumn butterflies. Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt. 

An undescribed Psylla. Miss Mary FE. Hill. 

A bit of family history. (Membracis binotata.) Miss Elizabeth G. Hughes. 

The shells of New Jersey. Mrs. H. D. Mitchell. 

Marine Algie. Mrs. Cora H. Clarke. 

Meteorology. Mrs. L. H. Grenewald. 

Mount Blane and the ice fields. Mrs. Ada D. Davidson. 

Cupilifere ; the oak family. Mrs. Emma J. Curtis. 

Bird architecture. Miss Harriet Brown Bailey. 

Other worlds than ours. (Illustrated by lantern slides.) Miss Mary Proctor. 


PAPERS ENTERED TO BE READ AT THE MEETING OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY 
OF SCIENCES, APRIL 20-23, 1897. 


The influence of environment upon the biological processes of the various members 
of the Colon group of bacilli.—An experimental study. Adelaide Ward Peck- 
ham, M. D. 

On the energy involved in recent earthquakes. T. C. Mendenhall. 

On aring pendulum for absolute determinations of gravity. T.C. Mendenhall and 
A.S. Kimball. 

Biographical memoir of G. Brown Goode. $8. P. Langley. 

Biographical memoir of Thomas L. Casey. H. L. Abbott. 

Biographical memoir of Charles E. Brown-Séquard. H. P. Bowditch. 

Biographical memoir of Hubert A. Newton. J. W. Gibbs. 

Biographical memoir of George H. Cook. G. K. Gilbert. 

On the variation of latitude. S.C. Chandler. 

The position of the Tarsiids and relationship to the phylogeny of man. Theodore 
Gill. 

A new harmonic analyser. A. A. Michelson and 8S. W. Stratton. 

Variation of latitude and constant of aberration from obseryatious at Columbia 
University. J.K. Rees, H. Jacoby, and H.S. Davis. 

On recent borings in coral reefs. A. Agassiz. 

Notes of experiments upon the Réntgen rays. Arthur W. Wright. 


TITLES OF THE SATURDAY LECTURES FOR 1897. 
CoursE 1.—Hydrography. 
March 13.—Rivers of the United States. F. H. Newell. 
March 20.—Waterfalls of the United States. Marius R. Campbell. 
March 27.—Niagara. G. K. Gilbert. 
COURSE 2.—Current topics. 
April 5.—The Eastern question. Benjamin Ide Wheeler. 
April 10.—New light on alchemy. H. Carrington Bolton. 
April 17.—Food adulterations. Harvey W. Wiley. 
April 24.—Modern explosives. Charles E. Munroe. 
May 1.—X-rays and their applications. IE. A. de Schweinitz. 


APPENDIX VIII. 


FINANCE, PROPERTY, SUPPLIES, AND ACCOUNTS. 


Appropriations and expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897. 


Balance on 
Object Appropriation.) Expenditures. hand Jane 30, 
Préservation o£ collections)... ---<-- 2-2 ------s=------ $153, 225. 06 $149, 023. 07 $4, 201. 93 
Binrnihare ane Gixtares = Sec amet ae oe ae leer ttel te 15, 000. 00 13, 198. 93 1, 801. 07 
Heating, lighting, and electrical service .--.------.----- 3, 000. 00 12, 257. 89 | 742. 11 
Postage --.--------------- 25-2 +222 fee ne eee eee eee e eee 500. 00 SUDO Ee rece s on 
Building repairs -..-..------------------------------=<-- 4, 000. 00 38, 884. 75 115.25 
RentOrewOrkSHhOPSe ss. seer aeeese cesar ae He aeeainel 2, 000. 00 1, 999. 92 . 08 
For sty: paiva aE Pane sa tenant g Poe ALORS lh ea? 8, 000. 00 3, 975. 65 | 4, 024. 35 
PANGAN, oe ote = wien ee em a im iene an nee al 12, 000. 00 11, 991. 67 8.33 
—————— | - $$ | 
Mitt Ee aes eR er areca pec toon teem rec 207, 725. 00 196, 831. 88 10, 893, 12 


Disbursements from unexpended balances of appropriations for the fiscal year ending 
June 30, 1896. 


ARS Ai Balance, June | 7)— P Balance, June 

Object. 30, 1896. Iixpenditures. 30, 1897. 
Preservation of collechionss-%...2+-cqse=---seessea——eele $2, 846. 53 $2, 845. 21 | $1.32 
Burnie and tix pores. sone steele eee sna een a 1, 315. 09 I, 314. 89 | -20 
Heating and lighting... <2. .2--a6 «= se-cenc eee === 2 == 947. 33 946.91 | -42 
PES MECN VO A ope create mm ee eam eal 929. 51 928. 13 | 1.38 
Renton workshops: sccse tact e tree ee eee eae eee ees 75. 00 [De 00);| 25 -be tence 
01s eae ee OU ReneS orc aH Poe Saecenmoe Boe OS 6, 118. 46 6,110.14 | 3.32 


From the unexpended balance of the appropriation for the preserva- 


tion of collections for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, disburse- 
ments to the amount of $36.19 were made, leaving a balance of $6.12, 
which will revert into the Treasury, to be carried to the credit of the 
surplus fund, under the provisions of section 3090 of the Revised 
Statutes. 


238 


a 


STATEMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF 


APPENDIX IX. 


SPECIMENS DURING THE 


YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897, 


AFRICA. 


Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South 


Africa: Bird skins (137 specimens). 
Exchange. (D. 10363.) 


AMERICA. 


NORTH AMERICA, 


Canada. 


BRITISH COLUMBIA: Keen, J. H., Mas- 
sett, Queen Charlotte Island: Cole- 
optera (25 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10089.) 


Provincial Museum, Victoria: Bird 
skins (11 specimens). Exchange. 


(D. 10586. ) 


ONTARIO: Brooks, W. E.: Bird skins 
(2 specimens). Lent for study. 


(D. 10355. ) 
Fleming, J. H., Toronto: Bird skins (7 
specimens). Exchange. (D. 10226.) 


Fowler, James, Kingston: Botanical 

material (493 specimens). Exchange. 
: (D. 10647.) 

Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa: 
Corals (20 specimens). Lent for 
study. (D. 10270.) 

Macoun, J. M., Ottawa: 
sea otter. Exchange. 


Skeleton of 

(D. 10869. ) 

QUEBEC: Peter Redpath Museum, Mon- 
treal: Geological material (14 speci- 


mens). Exchange. (D.10898.) 

% Mexico. 
National Medical Institute of Mexico: 
ie Botanical material (220 specimens), 
. Exchange. (D. 10631.) 


United States. 


ALABAMA: Union Female Colleze, Eu- | 


faula: Minerals (57 specimens, set 
190). Gift. (D. 10294.) 


| ARIZONA: Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
| tion, Tucson: Botanical material (157 

specimens). Exchange. (D. 10640.) 
CALIFORNIA: Bowers, Stephen, Los An- 


geles: Minerals (12specimens). Ex- 
change. (D. 10928.) 
Brandegee, T. S., San Diego: Plants 


(4 specimens). 
(D. 10468. ) 
California Academy of Sciences, San 
Francisco: Bird skins (9 specimens). 

Lent for study. (D. 10152.) 

Daggett, John, San Francisco: Casts 
of parts of lay figure; cast of head 
and feet of California infant. Ex- 
change. (D. 10462, 10706.) 

Fenyea,. A., Pasadena: Coleoptera 
(1,150 specimens). HExchange. 
(D. 10853.) 

Gilbert, C. H., Stanford University: 
Fishes (7 specimens). Lent for 
study. Three specimens of fish, in 
exchange. (D. 10815, 10883.) 

Grinnell, Joseph, Pasadena: Bird skins 
(75 specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10909.) 

Hemphill, Henry, San Diego: Shells 
(6specimens). Exchange. (D. 10464.) 

Leland Stanford Junior University, 
Stanford University : Sharks (5 speci- 
mens). Lent for study. Botanical 
material (425 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10244, 10646.) 


Lent for study. 


Oldroyd, Mrs. T. S., Los Angeles: 
Specimen of VPentacrinus decorus. 
Exchange. (D.10927.) 


Parish, Samuel B., San Bernardino: 
Botanical material (109 specimens). 

Exchange. (D. 10636.) 

| COLORADO: Crandall, C.§., Fort Collins: 

| Botanical material (179 specimens). 
Exchange. (D.10645.) 

State Normal School, Greeley: Rocks 

and ores (99 specimens, set 70). Gift. 

(D. 10467.) 


239 


240 


CONNECTICUT: Eames, E. 
port: Plants (829 specimens). 


A., Bridge- 
Eix- 


change.. (D. 11012.) 

Richards, William C., Bristol: Pueblo 
objects (9 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10376. ) 

Van Deusen, R. T., Hartford:, Two 


china plates. Exchange. (D. 10529.) 
Wesleyan University, Middletown: 
Pueblo pottery (16 specimens). Ex- 
change. (D.11061.) 
Yale College, New Haven: Shells (6 


specimens). Lent for study. Casts 
of fossils (3 specimens). Exchange. 


(D. 10459, 10688. ) 

DELAWARE: Canby, William M., Wil- 
mington: Plants(15 specimens). Ex- 
change. (D. 10974.) 

Delaware College, Newark Marine in- 
vertebrates (460 specimens, set 45, 
Series v). Gift. (D. 10613.) 

Natural History Society of Wilning- 
ton, Wilmington: Unmounted plants 
(67 specimens). Exchange. (D. 10615.) 

District oF CoLuMBIA: Benedict, 


J. E., jr., Washington. Arrow- 
heads (15 specimens). HExchange. 


(D, 10735. ) 
Catholic University of America, Wash- 
ington: Rocks and ores (102 speci- 


mens, set 64). Exchange. Plants 
(16 specimens). Gift. (D. 10274, 


10992. ) 
Central High School, 
Bird skins (6. specimens). 
change. (D. 10436.) 
Holm, Theodor, Brookland: Plants (9 


Washington: 
Ex- 


specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 11060.) 
Howell, E. E., Washington: Rocks 


and ores; Indian vessel from New 
Mexico, Exchange. (D. 11016, 11038.) 


Knowlton, F. H., Washington: Bird 
skins (59 specimens). Exchange. 


(D. 11058. ) 

Lucy Webb Hayes National Training 
School, Washington: Rocks and ores 
(98 specimens, set 72). Gift. 
(D. 10591.) 

Nelson, E. W., Department of Agricul- 
ture: Skins and skulls of shrews (12 
specimens). Lent study. 
(D. 10352.) 

Sayers, Mrs. Joseph D., Washington: 
Basketry and pottery (13 specimens). 
Kxchange. (D..10854.) 


for 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


District or CoLUMBIA—Continued. 

Stevens, Mrs. Alice }I., Washington: 
Plants (80 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10986. ) 

Topping, D. LeRoy, Washington: Bo- 
tanical material (95specimens). Ex- 
change. (D. 10641.) 

U. 8. Botanical Garden, Washington: 
100 bulbs for planting. (D. 10240.) 

Washington Norma] School, Washing- 


ton: Mounted mammal. Gift. 
(D. 10793. ) 
FLoripa: Curtis, A. H., Jacksonville: 


Botanical material (540 specimens). 
Exchange. (D. 10637.) 


Hopkins, S., Melbourne Beach: 
Mounted plants (2 specimens). Lent 


for study. (D. 10154.) 

GroRGIA: Shaver, H., Augusta: Polished 
stone hatchet. Exchange. 
(D. 10403.) 

Spellman Seminary, Atlanta: Star- 
fishes and sea-urchins (30 specimens). 
Gift. (D. 10111.) 

ILLINOIS: Cockerton, Frank I’., Danville, 
Ammonites (2 specimens); fossils (29 
specimens); fossil fish. Exchange. 
(D. 10450, 10599, 10841. ) 

Field Columbian Museum, Chicago: 
Geological material (22 specimens) ; 
crustaceans (101 specimens and 2 
vials); botanical material (366 speci- 
mens.) Exchange. Plants (28 speci- 
mens). Lent for study. (D. 11026, 
10493, 10642, 10984. ) 

High School, Springfield: Marine in- 
vertebrates (336 specimens, set 95, 
Series v). Gift. (D.10750.) 

Holmes, 8. J., Chicago: Specimen of 
Hupagurus mertensi. Exchange. 
(D. 10361.) 

MeMurry, Mrs. Lida B., Normal: Wam- 
pum beads. Exchange. (D. 10539.) 


Moffatt, W. S., Wheaton: Botanical 
material (150 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10644.) P 

University of Chicago, Chicago: Plants 
(122 specimens). Gift. (D. 10971.) 

InpiANA: Arthur, J. C., Lafayette: 
Plants (4 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10768. ) 

High School, Evansville: Rocks and 
ores (103 specimens, set 55). Gift. 
(D. 10901. ) 


LIST OF SPECIMENS DISTRIBUTED. 


Inpiana—Continued. 

Indiana Institute for the Blind, Indi- 
anapolis: Marine invertebrates (102 
specimens). Gift. (D. 10668.) 

Wright, John S., Indianapolis: Herba- 
rium material (4 specimens). Lent 
for study. (D. 11052.) 


Iowa: Agricultural College, Ames: Bo- 
tanical material (200 specimens). 
Exchange. (D.10639.) 

American Archeological and Asiatic 
Association, Nevada: Casts of stone 
implements (2 specimens). Gift. 
(D. 10326. ) 

Atlantic Normal School, Atlantic: Bird 


skins (115 specimens). Gift. 
(D. 10763.) 
Crocker School, Des Moines: Rocks 


and ores (103 specimens, set 56). 
Gift. (D. 10890.) 

High School, Garner: Rocks and ores 
(103 specimens). Gift. (D. 10961.) 
High School, Inwood: Rocks and ores 
(103 specimens, set 52). Gift. 

CDT 11059). 

High School, Marion: Rocks and ores | 
(102 specimens, set 63). Gift. 
(D. 10183.) 

Sac City Institute, Sac City: Rocks | 
and ores (99 specimens, set 69). Gift. 
(D. 10446.) 


State University of Iowa, Iowa City: | 
Mounted slides of Plumularide. | 
Lent for study. (D.10601.) 

Storm Lake Public Schools, Storm | 
Lake: Rocks and ores (102 speci- | 
mens, set 65). Gift. (D. 10286.) 

Upper Iowa University, Fayette: | 
Mounted mammals (22 specimens) ; 
stutied fishes (2 specimens). Gift. 
(D. 10112.) 

Kentucky: Garman, H., Lexington: In- 
sects (138 specimens). Lent for | 
study. (D. 10749.) 

Louisiana: Louisiana Industrial Insti- | 
tute, Ruston: Marine invertebrates | 
(332 specimens, set 95, Series v). | 
Gift. (D.11102.) | 

MAINE: Morton, F.S., Portland: Foram- 
inifera (26 vials). Exchange. | 
(D. 10830.) 

MARYLAND: Peabody Institute, Balti- | 
more: Fossil cycads (2 specimens). 
Lent for study. (D. 10059.) | 

NAT MUS 97——16 


241 


MaryYLAND—Continued. 


Smith, J. Donnell, Baltimore: Plants 
(12 specimens); seven unmounted 
photographs. Exchange. Plants 


(3 specimens). Lent for study. 
Botanical material (591 specimens). 
Exchange. (D. 10596, 10642.) 

Woman’s College, Baltimore: Pueblo 
pottery (20 specimens). Exchange 
(D. 10650.) 

MASSACHUSETTS: Amherst College, Am- 
herst: Pterophoridw (127 specimens). 
Lent forstudy. (D.10315.) 

Botanic Gardens, Cambridge: Botan- 
ical material (899 specimens). Ex- 
change. (D. 1(682.) 

Brewster, William, Cambridge: Bird 
skins (8 specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10348, 103-44. ) 

City Library Association, Springfield: 
Stone implements, arrowheads, ete. 
(69 specimens). Gift. (D. 10067.) 

Cory, Charles B., Hyannis: Bird skins 
(18 specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 11050, 10335.) 

Davenport, George E., Medford: 
Mounted plant. Lent for study. 
(D. 10958.) 

Deane, Walter, Cambridge: Botanical 
specimen. Exchange. (D. 10751.) 

Eastman, C. R., Cambridge: Skull of 
fossil skate. Lent for study. 
(D. 10628.) 

Farlow, W. G., Cambridge: Fungi (10 
specimens). Exchange. (D. 10982.) 

Faxon, C. E., Jamaica Plains: Mexican 
plants (9specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10163.) 


Gray Herbarium, Cambridge: Four 
photographs of plants; unmounted 
plants (61 specimens). Exchange. 


(D. 10545, 10616. ) 
Greenman, J. M., Cambridge: Plants (5 
specimens). Lent for ‘study. 
(D. 10960. ) 
Gurley, R. R-, 
graptolites (5 specimens). 


Worcester: Niagara 
Lent for 


study. (D. 10594.) 

Harvard College, Cambridge: Speci- 
men of Commelina hirtella. Gift. 
(D. 10191. ) 

Hyatt, Alpheus, Cambridge: Fossils 


(51 specimens, 13 species); fossils (6 
specimens); Cretaceous ammonites 
(23 specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10167, 10714, 10895.) 


242 


MASSACHUSETTS—Continued. 

Lowell City Library, Lowell: Rocks 
and ores (103 specimens, set 61). 
Gift. (D. 10796.) 

Normal Training School, Holyoke: 
Rocks and ores (103 specimens, set 
58). Gift. (D.10813.) 

Robinson, B. L., Cambridge: Mounted 
herbarium material (25 specimens). 
Exchange. Mounted plants (5 speci- 
mens). For examination. (D. 10205, 
10397.) 

Wellesley College, Wellesley: Lichens 
(25 specimens). 
(D. 10309.) 


Woodworth, W. McM., Cambridge: 


Living worms; two vials of Plan- | 
Lent | 


arians; marine invertebrates. 
for study. (D.10775, 10776, 10804.) 

Woodworth, W. W., Cambridge: Ma- 
rine invertebrates. Lent for study. 
(D. 10712, 10713.) 

Micu1Gan: Alma College, Alma: Rocks 
and ores (102 specimens, set 67). Gift. 
(D. 10723.) 

Kent Scientific Institute, Grand Rap- 
ids: Bird skins (3 specimens). Ex- 
change. (D. 10209.) 

MINNESOTA: University of Minnesota, 
Minneapolis: Fossil plants (48 speci- 
mens). Exchange. (D. 10854.) 


MissourI: Glatfelter, N. M., St. Louis: 
Botanical material (7 specimens). 
Lent for study. (D.10702.) 

Greger, K., Fulton: Fossil brachio- 
pods (64 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10256.) 

Kane, W. G., Kansas City: Specimens 
of barite, fluorite, and other miner- 
als. Exchange. (D. 10252, 10325.) 

Latterman, George W., Allentown: Bo- 
tanical material (252 specimens). 
Exchange, (D.10635.) 

Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis: 
Specimen of Commelina hirtella. Gift. 
(D. 10192.) 

Pilot Grove Academy, Pilot Grove: 
Rocks and ores (99 specimens, set 71). 
Gift. (D. 10492.) 

School of Mines of the University of 
Missouri, Rolla: Collection of ooze 
and foraminifera. Gift. (D. 10375.) 

NEBRASKA: Fremont Normal School, 


Fremont: Rocks and ores (102 speci- 
mens, set 62). Gift. (D. 10782.) 


Exchange. | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


NEBRASKA—Continued, 


Normal School, Wayne: Rocks and oreg 
(103 specimens, set 57). Gift. 
(D. 10851.) 

York College, York: Rocks and ores 
(98 specimens, set 73); casts of stone 
implements (106 specimens, set 57). 
Gift. (D. 10120.) 

New JERSEY: Public Schools, Wee- 
hawken: Botanical material (397 
specimens). Exchange. (D.10638.) 

Smith, John B., New Brunswick: Acro- 
nycta (899 specimens); microscopic 
slides of Acronycta; noctuids (83 
specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10271, 10384, 10801.) 

Stevens Institute of Technology, Ho- 
boken: Model of the Stevens 
twin-screw steamboat. Gift. (D. 
10619. ) 

New York: Allen, J. A., New York: 
Small mammals (11 specimens) ; skins 
and skulls of mammals (17 speci- 
mens). Lent for study. (D. 10507, 
10549, 10689.) 

American Museum of Natural History. 
New York: Cast of brook trouv. 
Exchange. Bird skins (9 speci- 
mens). Lent for study. (D. 10419, 
10439.) 

Boys’ High School, Brooklyn: Speci- 
men of Crinoid. Gift. (D. 10538.) 

Chapman, Frank M., New York: Bird 
skins (19 specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 11027.) 

Brown, Mrs. J. Crosby, New York: One 
musical instrument. Exchange. 
(D. 10599.) 

Columbia University, New York: 
Herbarium material (8 specimens). 
Lent for study. Botanical material 
(960 specimens); alcoholic fishes (6 
specimens); plants (19 specimens). 
Exchange. Trilobites (4 specimens). 
Gift. (D. 10083, 10633, 10649, 10993, 
11013.) 

Cornell University, Ithaca: Herbarium 
material (3 specimens). Lent for 
study. (D.10105.) 

English, George L., & Co., New York: 
Minerals (2 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10338.) 

Glen Island Museum, Glen Island: 
Thirteen photographs. Lent for 
study. Cast of Mesoplodon bidens. 
Exchange. (D. 10502, 10588.) 


Ee —— — — ——————— 


LIST OF SPECIMENS DISTRIBUTED. 


New YorkK—Continued. 

Herbarium of Columbia College, New 
York: Herbarium material (98 speci- 
mens). Lent forstudy. (D. 10072.) 

Normal College, New York: Mounted 
plants (222 specimens). Lent for 
study. (D. 10254.) 


Ralph, William L., Utica: Birds’ eggs. | 


Exchange. (D. 10394.) 

Rusby, H., New York: Botanical ma- 
terial. Lent for study. (D. 10660.) 

Rydberg, P. A., Columbia University, 
New York: Herbarium material (10 
specimens); mounted plants (10 
specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10291, 10618. ) 

Small, John K., New York: Plants (2 
specimens). Exchange. (D. 10737.) 

- Snyder, F. D., Gaines: Star-fishes and 
ophiurans (9specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10505. ) 

University of the City of New York, 
New York: Rocks and ores (104 
specimens, set 10). Gift. (D. 10362.) 

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 
Rochester: Geological material (166 
pounds). Exchange. (D. 10425.) 


Wibbe, J. H., Schenectedy: Unmounted | 
plants (49 specimens); botanical ma- | 


terial (50 specimens); 
specimens). Exchange. 
10682, 10975.) 
Wright, Berlin H., Penn Yan: Unios (2 
specimens). Exchange. (D. 10299.) 
NorRTH CAROLINA: Wake Forest College, 


(D. 10617, 


Wake Forest: Rocks and ores (103 | 


specimens, set 60). Gift. (D. 10795.) 
Onto: Case, H. B., Loudonville: Fossils 
(5 specimens). Exchange. 


(D. 10411.) 


Central Ohio Scientific Association, | 


Urbana: Rocks and ores (103 speci- 
mens, set 54). Gift. (D.10926.) 

Ohio State University, Columbus: 
Dragon flies (82 specimens). Lent 
for study. (D.10351.) 

OREGON: Howell, Thomas, Clackamas: 
Plant. Exchange. (D.10546.) 
PENNSYLVANIA: Academy of Natural 
Sciences, Philadelphia: Plant. Ex- 

change. (D. 10738.) 

Allen, Harrison, Philadelphia: Mam- 
mals (2specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10518.) 


plants (70 | 


243 


PENNSYLVANIA—Continued. 


Atwater, W. O., Wilkesbarre: Charts 
illustrating foods. Lent for study. 
(D. 10629. ) 

Bryant, Henry G., Philadelphia: 
Alaskan ethnological material (19 
specimens). Exchange. (1D. 10935.) 

Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr: Geo- 


logical material (10 specimens). 
Exchange. (D.10891.) 
Bucks County Historical Society, 


Doylestown: Casts of prehistoric 
stone implements (105 specimens, 
set 57). Gift. (D. 10677.) 

Central Pennsylvania College, New 
Berlin: Marine invertebrates (464 


specimens, set 43, Series v). Gift. 
(D. 10435. ) 
Culin, Stewart, Philadelphia: Col- 


lection of games. Lent for study. 
(D. 10781.) 

Hart, Charles Henry, Rosemont: Photo- 
graph of portrait of General Jackson. 
Exchange. (D. 10732.) 

Johnson, J. R., Pittsburg: Two casts 


of stone implements. Exchange. 
(D. 10187.) 
Lehman, W. YV., Fremont: Recent 
shells (43 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 11011.) 


Moore, J. Percy, Philadelphia: 
lection of leeches. 
(D. 10598, 10894. ) 

Pilsbry, H. A., Philadelphia: Shells 
(94 specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10626. ) 

Pollock, Moses, Philadelphia: 
simile of the Jefferson Bible. 
change. (D. 10150.) 

Randall, F. A., Warren: Phyllopods (4 
specimens). Exchange. (D. 10691.) 

Rhoads, S. N., Philadelphia: Mammals 
(46 specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10058, 10907, 10991. ) 

Sheppard, Edwin, Philadelphia: Bird 
skins (1lspecimens). Lent forstudy. 
(D. 10630. ) 

Stone, Witmer, Philadelphia: Bird 
skins (70specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10354, 10705, 10627.) 

Thomson, Frank, Philadelphia: Cast 
of salmon. Exchange. (D. 10225.) 
University of Pennsylvania, Philadel- 
phia: Specimen of Commelina hirtella. 

Gift. (D. 10190.) 


Col- 
Lent for study. 


Fac- 
Ex- 


244 


SoutH CAROLINA: Wayne, Arthur T., 
Mount Pleasant: Bird skins (6 speci- 
mens). Exchange. (D. 10995.) 

Soutu Dakota: Yankton College, Yank- 
ton: Marine invertebrates (460 speci- 


mens, set 44, Series v). Gift. 
(D. 10466. ) 
TENNESSEE: Roane College, Wheat: 


Rocks and ores (103 specimens, set 
59). Gift. (D.10814.) 

UraH: All Hallows College, Salt Lake 
City: Minerals (26 specimens). Ex- 
change. (D.10731.) 

Deseret Museum, Salt Lake City: Geo- 
logical material (15 specimens) ; fos- 
sils (414 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10062, 10266.) 

Jones, Marcus E., Salt Lake City: Bo- 
tanical material (120 specimens). 
Exchange. (D. 10679.) 

VERMONT: Bridgewater College, Bridge- 
water: Rocks and ores (102 speci- 
mens). Gift. (D.10312.) 

Pringle, C. G., Charlotte: Plants (8 
specimens). Lent for study. 

- (D. 10994.) 

VIRGINIA: Fontaine, William M., Char- 
lottesville: Fossil plants. Lent for 
study. (D.10811.) 

Fredericksburg College, Fredericks- 
burg: Rocks and ores (101 speci- 
mens, set 68). Gift. (D. 10681.) 

Norfolk College, Norfolk: Inverte- 
brates (42 specimens). Gift. 
(D. 10581.) 

Wisconsin: High School, Janesville: 
Marine invertebrates (336 specimens, 
set 94, Series v). Gift. (D. 10424.) 

High School, Sparta: Marine inverte- 
brates (392 specimens, set 56, Series 
v). Gift. (D. 10548.) 

WyomineG: Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Laramie: Botanical mate- 
rial (743 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10634.) 

Sherman, C. A., 
handle. Exchange. 

University of Wyoming, 
Paleozoic fossils (175 
Exchange. (D. 10852.) 


CENTRAL AMERICA. 


Manville: Scraper 

(D. 10785.) 
Laramie: 

specimens), 


Costa Rica. 
Instituto Fisico-geografico Nacional, San 
Jose: Botanical material (77 speci- 
mens). Exchange. (D. 10655.) 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 
Brazil. 


Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo: Fresh-water 
and marine shells (25 specimens). 


Exchange. (D. 10053.) 
ASIA. 
China. 
Wilder, George D., Pekin: Birdskins (88 
specimens). Exchange. (D. 10825.) 
EUROPE. 
Austria. 
Friese, H., Innsbruck: Hymenoptera 
(352 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10931.) 


| Independent Association of Tyrolese 


Botanists, Karnten: Collection of 
lichens, mosses, and terns. Exchange. 
(D. 10138.) 

Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, Victor Ritter 
von, Halle: Bird skins (17 speci- 
mens). Exchange. (D. 10224.) 


Denmark. 


Zoological Museum, Copenhagen: Crus- 
taceans (72 specimens). Exchange. 
Six lots of crustaceans. Lent for 
study. (D. 10957.) 


France. 


Lassimonne, 8S. E., Moulins, Allier. Bo- 
tanical material (456 specimens). 
Exchange. (D. 10654.) 

Museum of Natural History, Paris: Crabs 
(139 specimens); fossils (71 speci- 
mens). Exchange. (D. 11062, 10267.) 

Newmann, G., Toulouse: Insects. Lent 
for study. (D.10791.) 


Germany. 


Zoological Museum, Berlin: Bat skin. 


Exchange. (D. 10126.) 
Botanical Gardens, Dresden: Plants (8 
specimens), Exchange. (D. 10724.) 
Botanical Museum, Berlin: Botanical 


material (697 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10652.) 

Koénigliche Museum fiir Naturkunde, 
Berlin: Crabs (103 specimens). Ex- 
change. (D. 10748.) 


on 


je eee 


LIST OF SPECIMENS DISTRIBUTED. 


Krauss, Alfred, Zittau, Saxony: Minerals 
(75 specimens) ; fossils (89specimens). 
Exchange. (D. 10422.) 

Paleontological Institute, Leipsic: Fos- 
sils (509 specimens). 
(D. 10282. ) 

Zoological Institute, Kiel: Fishes, holo- 
thurians and crabs (33 specimens). 
Exchange. (D.10648.) 


Great Britain. 


Baker, E. G., London: Plants (29 speci- 
mens). Lent for study. (D. 10930.) 

British Museum, London: Botanical ma- 
terial (798 specimens). 
(D. 10653. ) 


Hind, Wheelton, Stoke-upon-Trent: Fos- | 
| Royal Academy of Science and Arts, 


sil pelecypods (108 specimens.) Ex- 


change. (D. 10266.) 
Magdalene College, Cambridge: Bird | 
skins (2 specimens). Lent for study. 


(D. 10153. ) 

Newton, Alfred, Cambridge: Bird skin. 
Lent for study. (D. 10293.) 

Royal Botanical Garden, Kew: Herbar- 
ium material (43 specimens). 
for study. Herbarium material (853 
specimens; 8 photographs). Ex- 


change. (D. 10078, 10658, 10690, 
10771.) 

Salvin, Osbert, London: Bird skins 
(4 specimens). Lent for study. 
(D. 10816.) 


University Museum, Oxford: Casts of 
Heloderma and Teguixin. Exchange. 

—_(D. 10082.) 

Kelingrove Museum, Glasgow: Stone 
implements (19 specimens); shell 
beads; rattlesnake, and skull of bi- 
son. Exchange. (D.10151.) 


Italy. 


Colini, G. A., Rome: Throwing-stick and 
arrow point. Exchange. (D.10917.) 

Comes, O., Portici: Specimen of Nicoti- 
ana. Lent for study. (D.10073.) 


Exchange. | 


Exchange. | 


Lent | 


245 


Garbini, Adriano, Verona: Palemonetes 
antrorum (4 specimens). For study. 
(D. 10833. ) 

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa: 
Alcoholic fishes (26 specimens). Ex- 
change. (D.10506.) 

Royal Zoological Museum, Florence: An- 
thropological and ethnological mate- 
rial (56 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10207.) 


Russia. 


Royal Botanical Gardens, St. Petersburg: 
Botanical material (633 specimens). 
Exchange. (D. 10656.) 


Spain. 


Barcelona: Land and _ fresh-water 
shells (117 specimens); fossils (17 
specimens). Exchange. (D. 10460.) 


Switzerland. 


Botanie Gardens and Museum, Zurich: 
Botanical material (303 specimens). 
Exchange. (UD. 10657.) 

Candolle, M. Casimir de, Geneva: Botan- 
ical material (355 specimens). Ex- 
change. (D.10659.) 


Turkey. 


The Sultan of Turkey, Constantinople: 
Lay figure of a Sioux chief and a tro- 
phy covered with silk trappings. 
(D. 10483.) . 


OCEANICA. 
Australia, 


New SoutH WaALzEs: Australian Muse- 
um, Sydney: Gobioid and blennioid 
fishes (39 specimens). Exchange. 
(D. 10904. ) 


New Zealand. 


Farquhar, H., Wellington: Star-fish. Ex- 
change. (D. 10098.) 


ee 


Ati Se aba. 


PAPERS DESCRIBING AND ILLUSTRATING COLLECTIONS IN THE 


U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


HecentHonraminivetas s by wanes MA lintic sos. one S22h ge Seen setes oniniecs Seis 
Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Aborigines, based on Material in 
the Uses. National Museum. By Joseph: D: McGuire---.2.--.------....--- 
Catalogue of the Series [Illustrating the Properties of Minerals. By Wirt 
(NASSIMeee a aos atic De Senses Aa See Se see ae cine acl Aees sea e.cieile =e 


Te Pito Te Henua, known as Rapa Nui; commonly called Easter Island, South 
actinic Oceaneemls y George: Ha C OOKC ses sccs seeeatoe amal ter ae ete ln ehe = = 


The Man’s Knife among the North American Indians. By Otis Tufton Mason. 


Classification of the Mineral Collections in the U. 8. National Museum. By 


RV ALTu EDS nee eee, Spee ne tances acl NE Mie cle in nla maha ere ealare [SiS Htavela,d'ciarasttoic i= 
Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times. By Thomas 
Hafan pS 2 pag eee, SE Se eRe ea tS og ee ee, ee a ee ee ee 


RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 


A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF SPECIMENS DREDGED BY THE U. S. FISH 
COMMISSION STEAMER ALBATROSS. 


BY 


JAMES: Mo FLINT, M. D., U.S. N., 
Honorary Curator, Division of Medicine, U. S. National Museum. 


RECENT FORAMINIFERA. A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF 
SPECIMENS DREDGED BY THE U. S. FISH COM- 
MISSION STEAMER ALBATROSS. 


By JAMES M. FLINT, M.D., U.S. N., 
Honorary Curator, Division of Medicine, U. S. National Museum. 


PREFACE. 


The purpose of this catalogue is to record the results of an examina- 
tion of a portion of the bottom material obtained during the dredging 
operations of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, and at the 
same time to furnish a convenient book of reference for those who are, 
or may become, sufficiently interested to continue the study of this 
material. 

The examination, while very far from exhaustive, has been pursued 
with greater or less diligence, as time and opportunity offered, for sev- 
eral years. Material from about one hundred and twenty-five stations 
has been carefully studied, and specimens from more than a hundred 
localities have been preserved and identified. Of these localities, 
fifty-eight are in the North Atlantic Ocean, twenty-one in the Gulf of 
Mexico, seven in the Caribbean Sea, one in the South Pacific, and 
five in the North Pacific. The depths at these stations vary from 7 to 
2,512 fathoms. 

The figures in illustration are from photographs of mounted speci- 
mens on exhibition in the U. S. National Museum, Division of Marine 
Invertebrates. A uniform enlargement of about 15 diameters has 
been maintained in the figures, sometimes at a sacrifice of detail in 
the smaller specimens which would have been made clearer by the use 
of a higher magnifying power, but for the purpose of identification it 
is believed to be more useful to mark distinctly the relative size of the 
objects. The exhibition series has been mounted expressly for public 
display. The individuals of each species are attached in various atti- 
tudes to the bottom of the shallow cavity of a concave, blackened disk 
of brass. For security each disk is provided with a removable fenes- 
trated brass cap having atop of thin glass. These disks are arranged 
in concentric rows upon a large circular metal plate which occupies 
the place of the stage of an ordinary microscope. The circular plate 
1S given both a rotary and a to-and-fro movement by means of a fric- 


251 


252 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


tion roller and a rack and pinion, so that all the mounts may be sue- 
cessively brought under the microscope. The specimens thus arranged 
are inclosed in a box having a glass top, through which the objective 
of a microscope projects.! 

In the following catalogue the classification of Mr. H. B. Brady has 
been followed, as presented in ‘‘The report on the Foraminifera col- 
lected by H. M. 8. Challenger,” and his definitions of families and 
genera have been appropriated bodily. The analytical table is also 
compiled chiefly from the above-mentioned report. The descriptions 
of species have been prepared after study of the reserve series as well 
as of the typical specimens reproduced in the illustrations. 

The localities given are only those from which specimens have been 
taken in selecting the series exhibited and in reserve, and do not 
profess to represent the distribution of the species. 

A supplementary table gives the latitude, longitude, and depth of 
water of the stations referred to in the catalogue. 


THE FORAMINIFERA. 


The Foraminifera are minute aquatic, mostly marine, animals, having 
semifluid bodies, composed of granular protoplasm, inclosed in shells 
or “tests” either secreted by the animal or built up of available foreign 
material, such as mud, sand, sponge spicules, or dead shells. In zoologi- 
cal classification they belong to the Rhizopod group of the Protozoa, 
and are distinguished from other members of the group by the single 
character of the reticulated form assumed by their pseudopodia when 
extended. 

These minute animals are interesting objects of study, geologically 
and biologically as well as esthetically. As objects of beauty they 
arrest the attention of even the casual observer by the delicacy of 
their structure as well as the symmetry and variety of their forms. 
Geologically they are of interest because they are among the most 
aucient and abundant of fossils and also the most efficient of rock 
builders. Biologically they are instructive examples of the powers and 
possibilities of an individualized bit of protoplasm—“a little particle 
of apparently homogeneous jelly, changing itself into a greater variety 
of forms than the fabled Proteus, laying hold of its food without mem- 
bers. swallowing it without a mouth, digesting it without a stomach, 
appropriating its nutritious material without absorbent vessels or a 
circulating system, moving from place to place without muscles, feeling 
(if it has any power to do so) without nerves, propagating itself without 
genital apparatus, and not only this, but forming shelly coverings of a 


‘This apparatus was devised by the writer and put on exhibition in the year 1890. 
It has been subjected to the very severe test of years of use by the general public, 
children as well as adults, to the number of hundreds each day, and this with only 
the occasional presence of an attendant in the room. See Report U.S. Nat. Mus., 
1896, p. 96.) 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 253 


symmetry and complexity not surpassed by those of any testaceous 
animals.”! 

From the resemblance of some of the shells of the foraminifera to 
those of the nautilus, they were for a long time regarded as minute 
cephalopod mollusks; that is, among the highest of the invertebrates, 
and it was not until the year 1835 that their true nature was discovered 
and announced by M. Dujardin to the French Academy of Sciences. 
Since that time the study of this order of animals has been pursued by 
able naturalists, and the results of their investigations appear in a 
voluminous literature. Much yet remains to be learned of the life his- 
tory of the animal, but its zoological position is established and its 
importance in the economy of nature recognized. 

As fossils the foraminifera are common in all geological systems from 
the Devonian upward, but they are especially abundant in Mesozoic and 
Cenozoic time. The chalk and many of the most extensive limestone 
beds are forined principally of their remains. As to present habitat, 
their shells are found wherever dredgings are made, all over the ocean 
floor except in the polar regions. A few species are “ pelagic;” that is, 
they are found living at or near the surface of the water, but the weight 
of evidence is in favor of the conclusion that the vast majority of them 
pass all stages of life at the bottom, where they are found. In the 
experience of the naturalists of the Albatross it was rare to find any 
but the most minute and thin-shelled forms in the surface dredgings, 
and still more rare for any to be taken in the “wing nets” that were 
usually attached to the dredging apparatus. 

The living foraminifer is a minute bit of viscid, granular protoplasm, 
without organs or tissues, without differentiation of substance into outer 
membrane and inner contents, and in most instances without evident 
nucleus or contractile vesicle. A nucleus has been recognized in a few 
individuals, and hence this characteristic element of most living cells 
is inferred to be present in all the members of the order. Like other 
Rhizopods, it has the power to protrude any parts of its body as “pseu- 
dopodia,” for the purpose of locomotion or the prehension and absorption 
of food. It differs, however, from the other Rhizopods in that the 
pseudopodia do not necessarily remain distinct, but flow together when- 
ever they touch one another, forming sometimes an elaborate and 
extended network of protoplasmic threads, which, however, may be 
readily retracted and flow again into the body mass, leaving no indica- 
tion of their previous existence. 

How the function of nutrition is accomplished and the nature and 
condition of the organic material used as food by these minute animals 
is not yet determined. Without doubt the pseudopodia are capable of 
seizing and inclosing small organic particles with which they may come 
in contact, and any part of the protoplasmic body, of which the pseudo- 
podia are but temporary extensions, is able to digest and assimilate the 


ees aapeiiccon to the Study of the For aminifera, 


254 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


nutritive portion. To further account for the necessary food supply, it 
is believed that the Foraminifera absorb organic matter held in solu- 
tion by the sea water. ‘This theory is the more easily accepted since 
we know that they have the power to separate inorganic matter (car- 
bonate of lime in particular) from its solution, with which to construct, 
wholly or in part, their shells. 

Of the process of reproduction little is known beyond the fact of 
multiplication by gemmation and fission. Every part of this simple 
animal being sufficient unto itself for purposes of nutrition and growth, 
it follows that a fragment of the protoplasmic body cast off from the 
parent becomes at once a new individual and the possible founder of a 
fresh colony. But it is not in accord with what we know of the life 
histories of other living things that this process of subdivision or prop- 
agation by cuttings or shoots can go on indefinitely. It is more likely 
that some kind of sexual reproduction takes place, the manner of which 
is yet to be demonstrated. 

The most striking characteristic’of this simple, semifluid animal, of 
indefinite and changeable shape, is its ability to construct a shell or 
test of definite form in which to shelter itself. This shell or test may 
be irregular, simple, and rude in construction, or symmetrical and of 
great delicacy and beauty, in variety of forms rivaling the shells of the 
Mollusea, of which it was long thought to be a diminutive example. 

Structurally there are three quite definite and distinct types of tes- 
taceous covering. The first, to begin with the lowest and least common, 
is the ‘“chitinous” test—a thin, transparent, yellowish or brownish 
membranous investment secreted by the animal. It has one or more 
general apertures, but is not perforated with fine foramina, and there 
is no means of communication between the inside and outside of the 
test except by the general apertures. The foraminifera with this kind 
of shell have been grouped in the single family of Gromide. Asa rule 
they inhabit only fresh or brackish water. They have not been found 
in deep-water marine collections, and do not appear in the following 
catalogue. 

The second type is the so-called ‘“‘arenaceous” test. This is an 
investment constructed of grains of sand, or of the dead shells of other 
foraminifera, or of sponge spicules, or even of mud, cemented together 
more or less firmly by means of a calcareous cement secreted by the 
animal. Usually it has one or more general apertures of comparatively 
large size, and in addition there may be minute orifices between the 
sand grains, or other substances of which the test is constructed, 
through which the delicate threads of protoplasm can be projected. 
The surfaces may be rough and coarse or smooth and highly finished, 
according to the fineness of the material used and the amount of cement 
deposited in the crevices and angles between the grains. When con- 
structed of mud these tests are found, in some instances, to have a 
chitiuous base, which maintains the shape of the investment. 


ee 


eS me 


a ad 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 255 


The third type of structure is a true shell, composed almost entirely 
of carbonates of lime and magnesia separated by the animal from their 
solution in the sea water, and fixed in solid form. It is through the 
agency of the foraminifera principally that the limestone, which is con- 
stantly being dissolved by rains and carried by rivers to the sea, is 
restored to the solid crust of the earth. Of these ‘‘ealcareous” shells 
there are two kinds, quite distinct in appearance, known as ‘ poreel- 
lanous” and “hyaline.” The former are usually white, opaque, shining 
with the peculiar luster of porcelain, and “imperforate;” the latter are 
transparent, glassy, and ‘“‘perforate,” more or less densely, by minute, 
parallel, unbranched tubes for the passage of delicate pseudopodia. In 
both kinds there are usually one or more comparatively large, general 
apertures. Surface marking, or “ornamentation,” is common in both 
the porcellanous and hyaline shells. In the former they take the form 
of striations or pittings, more or less regular and conspicuous; in the 
latter, of ridges, tubercles, or spines, of clear nontubular shell-substance, 
varying constantly in number and prominence among individuals of the 
same species. 

Architecturally the first and most obvious division of these shells is 
into single-chambered (monothalamous, or unilocular) and many-cham- 
bered (polythalamous, or multilocular). While the primitive form of 
both the single and many chambered shells is evidently globular, yet 
the possibilities of ultimate conformation, depending chiefly upon direc- 
tion of growth, are very great. Thus a monothalamous shell, beginning 
as an incomplete spherical chamber, may become ovate, flask-shaped, 
spindle-shaped, star-shaped, or tubular, and the tubular form may be 
straight, curved, coiled, or quite irregular. And these forms pass from 
one into another by quite insensible degrees. The polythalamous shell 
is a consequence of the process of reproduction by ‘‘gemmation,” as 
the other is of reproduction by “fission.” In this case the growing 
sarcode pushes outside the initial chamber until at a certain stage it 
builds a new wall around itself, while still maintaining connection with 
the parent cell. This second segment may give origin to a third, and 
so on until a colony is established, each offspring occupying an apart- 
ment added to the parental home. It is easy to see that the style of 
architecture of these tenements may be almost infinitely varied by vary- 
ing the shape and position of these annexes. Each annex may have 
any of the forms of the monothalamous shells or any modification of 
them, and the arrangement may be in straight or curved lines, in con- 
centric circles or planospiral coils, in single or double series spirally 
coiled, in two or three alternating series not spiral, or even in an irreg- 
ular and disorderly mass. 

Usually in the development of the polythalamous shell each succes- 
Sive segment uses the party walls of the preceding segments, so far as 
they may be. available, in the construction of its own annex, but in 
some of the higher types of the hyaline series it will be found that 


256 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


each chamber has a complete wall of its own, thus making double par- 
titions between them. In some of these higher types there is devel- 
oped also what is called a ‘‘supplemental skeleton,” which consists of 
a deposit of shell-substance on the outside of the original wall, thereby 
adding to its thickness, filling in the hollows between the segments and 
at the umbilici, and sometimes growing out into protuberances of 
various shapes. This supplemental skeleton is generally traversed by 
a set of canals or sinuses—passages left during the deposit of the 
shell-substance, and probably occupied by threads of sarcode during 
the life of the animal. 

The separation into families, genera, and species of a group of ani- 
mals like the foraminifera, where variation is the rule and passage from 
one type to another is by a sliding scale and not even by a series of 
steps, is extremely difficult, and must always remain unsatisfactory in 
some particulars; but for convenience of reference, if for no other 
reason, a classification of some sort is demanded, and various schemes, 
which it is unnecessary here to enumerate, have been put forth to bridge 
the difficulty. In all these schemes the primary divisions are founded 
upon the structure of the. test as above described—that is, whether 
chitinous, arenaceous, or calcareous, and whether perforate or imperfo- 
rate. Beyond these distinctions, which seem to have a physiological 
foundation, there is nothing upon which to base a classification but the 
form of the test, which, as we have seen, is never determinate enough 
to permit of the establishment of fixed boundary lines. Generic and 
specific names of foraminifera, therefore, must not be considered as 
having much zoological value, but only as convenient titles applied to 
certain typical forms around which many varieties may be grouped. 
And it must be remembered that, however elastic the definitions of 
species, or even genera, there will often be a margin of doubt, and 
the determination of place in the classification must be left to the 
preference of the individual observer. 

A few words concerning the manipulation of material and specimens 
may be of assistance to those beginning the study of the foraminifera. 

Collection of recent shallow-water forms may be made from shore 
sands, from the anchor and chains, and especially from the ‘chain 
lockers ” of ships, from sponge sand, and by means of boat dredges from 
the shallow waters of the coast. Deep-water forms are only obtainable 
by special apparatus, such as is used in deep sea sounding or in purely 
scientific explorations of the ocean bed. The specimens may be freed 
from mud by the process of decantation—that is, repeatedly agitating 
in water, and, after a very brief period to allow subsidence of the shells, 
pouring off the turbid surface water. Or the material may be put in a 
bag made of fine bolting cloth and the bag shaken in a bucket of water. 
The remaining foraminifera, mixed with more or less sand, pteropod 
shells, sponge spicules, and débris of various sorts, should then be 
thoroughly dried, bottled, and labeled. 

Tor examination of the dried material a dissecting microscope stand, 


”- = 


ae 


: 
= 
, 
= 
& 
= 
7 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA, 257 


with a good acromatic lens magnifying about 10 diameters, is most 
eonvenient. A small quaiutity of the material in a shallow watch glass 
blackened on the ander side, being placed under the lens, is carefully 
inspected, aud when a specimen is found which it is desired to pre- 
serve it may be readily removed by means of a very fine camel’s- hair 
pencil slightly moistened between the lips. Transfer of specimens 
should be attempted with the moistened pencil only, as the use of forceps 
is certain to crush the delicate shells. 

For preservation of the identitied specimens in numbers for study 
nothing is better than wooden slides of regulation size—1 by 3 inches. 
These may have either a concavity drilled in one side nearly through 
the wood and painted black, or a hole bored entirely through the slide 
and one side covered with heavy blackened paper. A removable cover 
to this little cavity may be ‘cut from a thin sheet of mica and held in 
place either by a spring clamp or by slipping it under the thin paper 
front of the slide, which is left unglued about the center fer that 
purpose. 

‘To make a section the specimen should be attached in the desired 
attitude to the face and near the end of a glass slip by means of the. 
minutest drop of liquid glue. The attitude of the specimen must be 
carefully preserved until the glue has set. The shell is then covered 
with chloroform or xylol balsam, which may be made to penetrate the 
chambers of the shell and be rapidly hardened by the application of 
direct heat up to the boiling temperatnre. Supertluous balsam being 
cut away, the shell supported by the balsam is rubbed lightly upon a 
hone, kept thoroughly wet with water, until the desired section is 
exposed. The balsam is then dissolved away by chloroform, and the 
glue by water, and the specimen mounted. 

The manner in which specimens shall be mounted will depend upon 
the preferences or ingenuity of the preparator, and the arrangements he 
may ake for the storage of his collection. If a cover-glass is used it 
should not be sealed on, as the underside of the glass is almost certain 
to “sweat” sooner or later, and obscure the specimen. It may be worth 
while to say that for the attachment of the shells to any surface the 
author has not found anything better than microscopists’ gold size. 
The best instrument for transferring the minute drop of adhesive 
material of whatever kind to the point where the shell is to be attached 
is the finest obtainable sewing needle, the eye end inserted in aslender 
handle and the point broken off at the thickest part of the needle. 

The literature of the subject is very large, though most of it is to be 
found in journals of natural history and transactions of societies. With 
Carpeuter’s “Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera,” Brady’s 
“Report on the Foraminifera collected by H. M. 8. Challenger,” and 
Sherborn’s ‘‘ Index to the Genera and Species of the Foraminifera,” the 
student will be able to begin work in an intelligent manner and to find 
references to all that has been published on this subject up to the most 
recent «late. 

NAP MUS 97——17 


258 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ANALYTICAL KEY TO FAMILIES. 


Subkingdom Prorozoa.—Body consisting of a minute mass of protoplasm, or an 
aggregation of such masses, without differentiation of parts into organs or tissues, 
either with or without a testaceous envelope or skeletal framework. 

Class Ruizopopa.—Protoplasmic body capable of protruding any portion of its 
substance in the shape of lobes, bands, or threads, for the purpose of locomotion or 
the prehension of food; generally more or less completely inclosed in a testaceous 
envelope; nucleus and contractile vesicle present or absent. 

Order FORAMINIFERA.—Pseudopodia protruded as fine threads which flow together 
wherever they touch, forming a network of granular protoplasm; nucleus and 

vacuoles generally indistinguishable; tests either chitinous, calcareous, or of agglu- 
tinated sand or shells, never silicious. 
Test chitinous, sometimes encrusted with foreign bodies. 
Aperture at one or both extremities................-.---.-- Family I. Gromipzs. 
Test arenaceous (composed of mud, sand, shells, or sponge spicules). 
Relatively large, one-chambered, or sometimes unsymmetrically segmented by 
constriction or adhesion, never truly septate... .-. Family Il, ASTRORHIZID.2. 
Relatively small, usually regular in contour, one or many chambered; many- 
chambered forms sometimes imperfectly septate, often labyrinthic: 


Family II. Lirvoiipz. 
Test arenaceous or calcareous. 


Segments in two or more alternating series, or spiral or confused, often dimor- 


NOURI chee sean ete ser Ba ee ceveh sees ole ener late -Family IV. TEXTULARIDA. 
Test calcareous. 
Inipertorate, poreellanous: .2---- Jos-2- e+ a2se eee oe ietaee Family V. Min1oLipz. 


Perforate, hyaline. 
Chambers one, or many joined in a straight, curved, spiral, alternating, 
or branching series; aperture simple or radiate, terminal: 
Family VI. LAGENID. 
Chambers more or less embracing, following each other from the same end, 
or alternately at either end, or in cycles of three: 
Family VII. CHILOSTOMELLID&. 
Chambers comparatively few, inflated, spirally arranged; apertures single 
ormul tiple; couspleuous 4222. -2ee >) eee Family VIII. GLOBIGERINID®. 
Chambers typically spiral and rotaliform—all the segments visible on the 
upper side, those of the last convolution only on the lower (apertural) 
side. Aberrant forms evolute, outspread, acervuline, or irregular: 
Family IX. RoraLipz. 
Chambers spiral or concentric; shell symmetrical, usually lenticular or dis- 
COLTS): Ste Ae ae Sak eh cer a ere Family X. NUMMULINID&., 


ANALYTICAL KEY TO GENERA. . 


Family I. GROMID.2&. 
Aperture single. 
Test large, ovate. 
Mouth central, in a depression at the broad end; test closely adherent to 


the, body ofthe animals 2 stpees see See ee aoe ee --Genus Lieberkuhnia. 

Mouth terminal; test not adherent..---.....---..----.-.---- Genus Gromia. 
Test minute, ovate. 

Mouth‘ prominent, one-sided: 22.2 -2..22-9- > se. tee ee Genus Mikrogromia. 


Test composed largely of foreign bodies (diatoms, etc.)...Genus Diaphoropodon. 
Aperture at each end. 
Test hyaline, tubular, cylindrical, or flattened. ....-...-.- .Genus Shepheardella. 


a 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 259 


itseti nie 


Family II. ASTRORHIZID.4. 


' 


Walls thick, composed of sand or mud, slightly cemented..Subfamily ASTRORHIZIN.2. 
Fusiform, branching, or flattened with angular or radiate margin; aperture at 
Bo eRe Oso mOAch ray. OM branche). ss. s-25.oecne see eee Genus Astrorhiza. 
; More or less flask shaped or subeylindrical; aperture single, terminal: 
ty Genus Pelosina. 
Subglobular, very irregular externally; apertures numerous, in horn-like pro- 
SOPUI SESE EV CEN ee eof eta re aa asain pono Soca rate alc oie araiste ate Genus Storthosphera. 
Columnar, branching, or irregularly outspread; adherent; apertures terminal: 
Genus Dendrophrya. 
A rounded mass of radiating, branching tubes arranged in more or less distinct 
ERMINE etnies oleae Sela st ot ate e wieclewidia see nies cin Sera dees Genus Syringammina. 
Walls thick, composed of felted sponge spicules and fine sand, uncemented: 
Subfamily PiLuLININ«z. 
Bpuerical; aperture along, curved slit -..-.-........----. sc. Genus Pilulina. 
Subspherical, labyrinthic or cavernous, or having a central undivided cavity with 
subcavernous walls; no general aperture ......-...--...--- Genus Crithionina. 
Oval or Paferlinurroal: aperture typically a rounded orifice at one end: 
Genus Technitella. 
Cylindrical, long, slightly tapering, open at both ends. ...--. Genus Bathysiphon. 
Walls thin, composed of sand grains firmly cemented; test nearly spherical: 
Subfamily SAaCCAMMININ 4. 
A single erepelar chamber, without general aperture. ---- Genus Psammosphwra. 
A number of adherent globular chambers, without general aperture: 
Genus Sorosphera. 
One or several globular, pyriform or fusiform chambers, with or without tubular 
conmechoni: apertures Gistinet < .2.05. 6---2 5. n2eesss~ cs oe Genus Saccammina. 
Walls composed of firmly cemented sand grains, often mixed with sponge spicules; 
test tubular, sometimes imperfectly segmented.-Subfamily RHABDAMMININ®. 
Elongate, tapering, simple; aperture at the broad end -.--.-.--- Genus Jaculella. 
Elongate, cylindrical, simple or branched; aperture at one end, the other end 
Pounded, sometimes inflated: t+ 22/2 052.25 2.-2- 2.252522 Genus Hyperammina. 
Fusiform or cylindrical, largely composed of sponge spicules; aperture at each 
EN aie entity Se AEN ete SE Mees eine I oe pes Lec ea eee ae Genus Marsipella. 
Rectilinear, radiate or branching, with or without a central chamber; apertures 
Atuneopenends of the tubes: 2 2-22s2.225 2-2 sscnce seen Genus Rhabdammina. 
= Very variable, usually consisting of irregular inflated sacs, single or united; 
Mpeniuresmulpiple, tubwlated(s... vse. - es. oo. So o- tse 2 Genus Aschemonella. 
Tubular, slender, flexible, simple or branched, chitino-arenaceous, in nonadher- 
SMM ARSED ee yan 2 ea = Bae ele oe fetes aw ee ees oe ee os OeNUS Wuzamnminas 
Tubular, branching, reticulated, adherent to the surface of shells or stones; 
PRO EUUURES POLE a lenecest shes a a ie Sebo nha ie oleae iee aren ee Genus Sagenella. 
Subcylindrical, adherent at one end, rounded at the other, constructed of loose 
Hand erains': imperfectly septate ---..-.-2--2 22.5 +--s so ce ee Genus Botellina. 
= - Columnar, straight or crooked, adherent by an expanded base, enlarging or 
4 branching toward the apex; aperture terminal -.-....-.--. Genus Haliphysema. 


Family III. LirvoLipz. 


‘Lest composed of coarse sand grains, rough externally.--.-- Subfamily LiruoLin 2. 
y Not labyrinthic. 
Test free. 
Chambers one, or several united in a straight, curved, or irregular line, 
MOVOTIS PULAU Mee ae ese ans eed, Se aac arene erate ene ae Genus Leophar. 
Chambers numerous, partly or entirely spiral...Genus Haplophragmium. 


260 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Test composed of coarse sand grains, etc.—Continued. 
Not labyrinthic—Continued. 
Test adherent. 
Chambers numerous, planoconvex........--.------- -Genus Placopsilina. 
Labyrinthic. 
Test free. 
Chambers uniserial, straight or curved, never spiral..Genus Haplostiche. 
Chambers partly or entirely spiral..._....--..--..-..----Genus Lituola. 
Test adherent. 
Chambers linear, vermiform, closely approximated; apertures a row of 


pores on‘each ‘septal face2=-2 22-2 sesso eee Genus Ldelloidina. 

Test composed of fine sand, smooth externally......-.-. Subfamily TROCHAMMININ 2. 
Chambers one. 

Globular with several mammilate apertures ....-.-- .----Genus Thurammina. 

Elongate, conical, with a large curved or irregular aperture at the basal 

extremity: 5.22 2 Peeters Sot eee rans seme ees Genus Hippocrepina. 

A single tube coiled upon itself in various ways; sometimes constricted, 

Ne verctiuly septate 42> seo ase sone eee eee ..Genus Ammodiscus. 


Adherent, hemispherical, with or without a long slender tubular neck: 
Genus Webbina. 
Chambers several. 
United in a straight or curved line; rarely a single chamber: 
Genus Hormosina. 
Rotaliform, nautiloid, or trochoid; more or less distinctly septate: 
Genus 7rochammina. 
Rotaliform; test composed of fusiform calcareous spicules..Genus Carterina. 
Test relatively large, composed of fine sand; chambers arranged spirally or in con- 
centric layers; walls cancellated...............--.---- Subfamily Lorrusin2z. 
Lenticular or subglobular; chambers numerous, spiral, nautiloid: 
Genus Cyclammina. 


Fusiform or subglobular, elongated axially; chambers spiral....Genus Loftusia. 
Spheroidal, compressed; chambers in concentric layers. .----- -- Genus Parkeria. 


Test more or less calcareous; distinctly septate; exclusively fossil: 
Subfamily ENDOTHYRINE. 
Nodosariform ; chambers sometimes slightly labyrinthic; aperture simple: 
Genus Nodosinella. 
Cylindrical, attached by one end; chambers labyrinthic; aperture terminal 


OVI DTALS 2298 cota Soe Bee eee ae Seeger Eee Genus Polyphragma. 
Lenticular, consisting of a planospiral tube with a deposit of shell substance on 
hoth sides'a-=.52244+22 5265 ost Sec eeeee eo ee oe oe eee Genus Involutina. 
Nautiloid or rotaliform; aperture simple, at the inner margin of the final 
Chambers lan So sob te: Hak eee eae eines (soe hee Seer Genus Lndothyra. 


Nautiloid; aperture a number of pores on the face of the terminal chamber: 
Genus Bradyina. 

Adherent; consisting of numerous subdivided segments, or of a mass of cham- 
berlote::.-saosehazacee es 2 atk eee asec eaeeetes eee eres Genus Stacheia. 


Family IV. TEXTULARID. 


Test typically bi- or tri-serial; often dimorphous. -...-.-..Subfamily TEXTULARIN2. 
Monomorphous. 
Segments alternating, in two rows. 
Aperture an arched slit at or near the inner angle of the last segment: 
Genus Texrtularia. 
Test compressed at right angles to the normal plane...Genus Cuneolina, 


a ii ie i a 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 261 


Test typically bi- or tri-serial, etc.—Continued. 
Monomorphous—Continued. 
Segments alternating in three rows. 


AMELoULG ASN? LELIUlaTed. ae cus saat eee ees. Shee venus Verneuilina. 
Aperture simple, produced, central.....--..-.--.-------- Genus Trifaxia. 
VPETUUNG POTOUS: 72 atre cc = sponta teas Hoe cu eee tes ae Genus Chrysalidina. 
Segments arranged spirally, with three chambers in each convolution. 
Aperture partially covered by a valvular lip......-.--- Genus Valvulina. 
Dimorphous. 


Early chambers biserial, later ones uniserial and rectilinear: 
Genus Bigenerina. 
Early chambers small and biserial, later ones broadly arched and uniserial : 
Genus Pavonina. 
Early chambers planospiral, later ones biserial. .......-..Genus Spiroplecta. 
Early chambers triserial, later ones uniserial and rectilinear: 
Genus Clarulina, 
Early chambers triserial, later ones biserial. ..........---- Genus Gaudryina, 
Test typically spiral; sometimes bi- or tri-serial; aperture oblique, comma-shaped 
or some modification of that form...-....--.- : ate ee Subfamily BuLIMININE. 
Monomorphous. 
Spiral, elongate, more or less tapering, often triserial...-.-.. Genus Bulimina. 
Much elongated, with a tendency to become asymmetrically biserial: 
Genus Virgulina. 


Elasiimeuly biserial, Lextularian. 352 2: asso 222. soecee ce 2/222 Genus Bolivina. 

Biserial; aperture an arched or semicireular orifice with a vertical notch on 

the septal face of the last segment....--..--...----- Genus Pleurostomella. 
Dimorphous. 


Early segments bulimine or virguline, later ones uniserial-.Genus Bifarina. 

Test consisting of a double series of alternating segments, more or less coiled upon 

MESSI co Reptece Sia see eee ee ee ei Subfamily CASsIDULININ®. 
Folded on its long axis, and coiled more or less completely upon itself: 

Genus Cassidulina. 

Broad, arched on the dorsal side, slightly coiled. .----.-.- ---- Genus Lhrenbergia. 


Family V. MILIoLip#. 


Test irregular, asymmetrical: aperture variable_-....-- Subfamily NUBECULARIN®. 

Chamber cne, inflated, adherent; aperture on the convex surface: 
Genus Squamulina. 

Chambers more than one, in linear or very irregularly spiral series: 
Genus Nubecularia. 
Test coiled on an elongated axis, in a single plane or inequilaterally; chambers two 
in each convolution. --..-..-....-- praia S Misia ede. Subfamily MILIoLinin 2. 

, Chambers in a single plane, embracing, the last two only visible: 
4 Genus /Jiloculina. 
| Chambers biloculine but subdivided in the interior..--..-.-.--- Genus Fabularia. 


4 


Chambers in a single plane, all visible on both sides of the shell: 
Genus Spiroloculina. 
Chambers inequilateral, coiled round the long axis of the shell so that more than 
two (usually three or five) are visible. ......2-.....---...---- Genus Miliolina. 

Test dimorphous; partly milioline, partly spiral or rectilinear: 

Subfamily HAUERININ®. 
Early chambers milioline, subsequently in a straight series....Genus Articulina. 
Early chambers partly milioline and partly planospiral, subsequently in a straight 
RIE mere aetna OS the duitoha iin, hints aera Saco aaes Genus Vertebralina. 
Early chamber an undivided planospiral tube, subsequently with two or more 
sepmentsin each convoludone =. = 22. 2. SS522-2)-2so.- 5-58 Genus Ophthalmidium. 


262 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Test dimorphous, ete.—Continued. 
Early chambers milioline, subsequently planospiral with more hai two seg- 


ments im each convolution: -225 2 eee. ee pate eee Genus /Tauerina. 
Chambers equitant, arranged as in Hauerina, the last convolution covering the 
previous whorls..0:.:.. 3202.20. Sassen eee Genus Planispirina. 


Test planospiral or cyclical, sometimes crozier-shaped, bilaterally symmetrical: 
Snbfamily PENEROPLIDIN”. 


Chamber one, an undivided planospiral tube. -..-.----------- Genus Cornuspira, 
Chambers numerous, undivided, planospiral or spiral at first and rectilinear or 
cyclical afterwards 2-6-152- oeesee acter Seen ale oat Genus Peneroplis. 
Chambers subdivided transversely; early segments embracing; arrangement 
wholly planospiral or partly cyclical.....~.-..-.-.----+----- Genus Orbiculina. 
Chambers subdivided into chamberlets; test discoidal.-.... ---- Genus Orbitolites. 
Test spiral, elongated in the line of the axis of convolution..Subfamily ALVEOLININ &. 
Subslobulan elliptical, jor fusiform 2. S-fee -.- 5 - c= ss == Genus Alveolina. 
Test spherical; chambers in concentric layers. ..---- Subfamily KERAMOSPH HRIN A. 
Chambers very numerous, irregularly shaped. ......--.--- Genus [eramosphera. 


Family VI. LAGENID2. 


Mesh monothalamOusss.o2eee eee ce ea eee cer aerate Subfamily LAGENID®. 
A single undivided chamber..-.-.....--.-------+---+----------+-- Genus Lagena. 

Test polythalamous, straight, arcuate or planospiral....--. Subfamily NODOSARIN #. 
Monomorphous. 


Straight or curved, circular in transverse section; aperture central: _ 
Genus Nodosaria. 
Straight, compressed; aperture typically a narrow fissure..Genus Lingulina. 
Compressed or complanate; segments V-shaped, equitant: 
Genus Frondicularia. 
Straight or slightly curved, triangular or quadrangular in section: 
Genus habdogonium. 
Elongate, curved, circular in section; aperture marginal : 
‘Genus Marginulina. 
Elongate, compressed or complanate; septation oblique; aperture marginal: 
Genus Vaginulina. 
Vaginuline; septation very oblique; aperture a long slit down the ventral 


face Of Thetmnalsecment eee ee ay cee eee ae Genus Rimulina, 
Planospiral in part or entirely; complanate, lenticular, crozier-shaped or 
CNSIONM ase see see sa aprare tate Se ee cas oe aint ieee iota seat -Genus Cristellaria, 
Dimorphous. 
Early segments Cristellarian, later ones Nodosarian..-. -- Genus Amphycoryne. 
Early chambers Cristellarian, later ones Linguline..-.-. Genus Lingulinopsis. 
Early chambers Cristellarian, later ones Frondicularian . .--Genus [labellina. 


Early chambers Frondicularian, later ones Nodosarian : 
Genus Amphimorphina. 
Early chambers Rhabdogonian, later ones Nodosarian....Genus Dentalinopsis. 
Test polythalamous; segments arranged spirally around the long axis; rarely 
biserial tnd aliermatece. se mesiclec nee seats oe i= ie Subfamily POLYMORPHININE. 
Monomorphous. 

Segments bi- or tri-serial or irregularly spiral; aperture radiate: 
Genus Polymorphina. 
Seements arranged spirally around the long axis of the shell (rarely bise- 

rial); aperture simple, usually surrounded by a phialine lip: 

Genus Uvigerina. 


Dimorphous. 
Early segments Polymorphine, later ones Nodosarian - ---- Geuus Dimorphina. 
Karly segments Uvigerine, later ones Nodosarian. .----- .-----Genus Sagrina. 


—— ae 


ce le 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 263 


MeNiemrenilanly bran Chine. 5.50 4. cc-seeeces cece ester Subfamily RAMULININ. 
Composed of spherical or pyriform chambers, connected by long stoloniferous 
MIMO Nee chee ie 2 Re ijalt (sad) oe Sie cfcielega atscie= beigsise mee hae cieee Genus Ramulina. 


Family VII. CHILOsTOMELLID.©. 


Segments oval, each springing from the base of the previous one and entirely envel- 


PBYUNOM eee Scere icles mer neo ee ei Say aes ee eae oe Genus Lllipsoidina. 
Segments oval, put on alternately at either end of the test ..-..Genus Chilostomella. 
Segments alternating at three sides so as to leave exposed portions of two segments 

gndsthe whole of thefimall one ..2. -.---2+.-se= s-ca=--ss- =. Genus Allomorphina. 


Family VIII. GLORIGERINID 2. 


Test a single spherical chamber perforated with large and small foramina: 
Genus Orbucina. 
Test rotaliform, trochoid or planospiral; segments few, inflated, coarsely perforated : 
Genus Globigerina. 
Test regularly nautiloid and involute; walls thin, finely perforated, spinous: 
Genus Hastigerina. 
Test regularly or obliquely nautiloid and involute; walls thick, smooth, very finely 


[Ey SURLW OUTRUN ee ESS OO cl tens Ai ee ee Genus Pullenia. 
Test nearly globular, composed of a few coiled segments -..-.--- Genus Sphwroidina. 
Test trochoid, segments inflated, finely perforated; aperture consisting of rows of 
pores;atone the septaldepressions .-- 2-2 5.225. 2 c225-6-s «---<- Genus Candeina. 


Family IX. RoraLipz£. 


MeStIA peal MONS PlAve s2-. 5-22 saneSe-oesscse yesh soec esses Subfamily SPrRILLININ-”. 
A complanate, nonseptate tube, free or attached. ...--......-..- Genus Spirillina. 
Test spiral, septate, rotaliform; rarely evolute, very rarely irregular or acervuline: 
Subfamily ROTALIN-E. 

Conical; consisting of an external spiral or annular layer of chambers, the 
interior of the cone being filled with hyaline substance or by a mass of com- 
MINS L ATE N00 WY) SS ON a ae rs ee reer eae Genus Patellina. 
Trochoid or complanate, spiral at the apex, later segments often annular or 
irregular; apertures opening into a deep central vestibule, or sometimes con- 
sisting of sutural pores or bordered foramina. ......------ Genus Cymbalopora. 
Trochoid or planoconvex, rarely complanate; rather coarsely porous; aperture 
an arched slit at the umbilical margin of the last segment, often protected by 
Ano NTC alse ps cise rine Seek se comet ces es ote, Se beim sien Genus Discorbina. 
Complanate; early segments spiral, later ones cyclical; apertures peripheral: 
Genus Planorbulina. 

Upper side usually more convex than the lower; very finely porous; aperture a 
large slit at the umbilical end of the inferior sutural margin of the last seg- 
HAC tyss evistse artikel ae tea Seip eae, Sen ire ney War ieiars a Genus Pulvinulina. 
Lower side usually the more convex; very finely porous; aperture a neatly 
arched slit near the middle of the inferior sutural margin of the last segment: 
Genus Lotalia. 

Lower side usually the more convex; coarsely porous; aperture near the outer 
end of the final suture, sometimes with a phialine neck. ..Genus Truncatulina. 


Nearly alike on the two faces; coarsely porous ..----.---.---.Genus Anomalina. 
Lenticular, periphery furnished with radiating spines .-...---. Genus Calearina. 
Convex or monticulate, adherent; segments few, spreading radially or super- 

imposed; aperture at the end of the final segment ..-.----. Genus Carpenteria. 


Columnar, adherent by a slightly spreading base; segments numerous, spiral; 
aperture at the inner margin of the final segment -.-----.-... Genus Rupertia. 


264 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Test consisting of irregularly heaped chambers.-......---. Subfamily TrNopoRInz&. 
Lenticular or subspheroidal, with radiating marginal spines and tuberculated 
surface; chambers arranged in tiers on each side of a central planospiral disk: 
Genus Tinoporus. 

Sph:eroidal or spreading, without spines; free or adherent, structure acervuline, 
radiating or laminated; chambers rounded or polyhedral, coarsely perforated ; 


no .peneral aperbure . 20) 255 soccne eye ee cee ee ere oe Genus Gypsina. 
Planoconvex, spreading, adherent; chambers acervuline; wall finely perforated ; 
APETLULes MUMELOUS, MALOIMA s-- ose oe Bee ee ae Sees Genus Aphrosina. 


Columnar, branching, attached by the base; segments numerous. crowded 
around the long axis; coarsely perforated; no general aperture: 

Genus Thalamopora. 

Enerusting or branching, parasitic; surface areolated; color pink or sometimes 

WGC orci aha FE en SETS ald aye apace eet Sides 2 pe aes toe el Genus Polytrema. 


Family X. NUMMULINIDA., 


Bilaterally symmetrical; chambers extending from end to end and arranged in con- 
volutions perpendicular to the long axis of the shell..Subfamily FUSULININ”®. 


Fusiform or subglobular; chambers entire ....-...-.-..---.-..-Genus Fusulina. 
Subglobular; elongated or subeylindrical; chambers subdivided by secondary 

SO placa se sree seem eieves dence rae feet Sat se once eee ee Genus Schwagerina. 
Bilaterally symmetrical, nautiloid..-.......---.-.--.. Subfamily POLYSTOMELLIN®. 
Supplemental skeleton absent or rudimentary; no external septal pores or 
bridges; aperture'a curved slit.72: cs Gee eee ae ee Genus Nonionina. 


Supplementary skeleton, septal bridges and canal system present; aperture a 
V-shaped line of perforations at the base of the septal face..Genus Polystomella. 


Lenticular, oricomplanaiees jets 22s eee ee a eee ae Subfamily NUMMULITIN2, 
Lenticular, consisting of a coiled nonseptate tube embedded in a mass of shell 
substanee) <5. ita htes eae Sr asta eee bees Ae Genus Archediscus. 
Lenticular, spiral, inequilateral; chambers equitant, simple above, constricted 
into. wWo Portions tbelowaccee sa ase see Pees Sem te ae Genus Amphistegina. 


Complanate and planospiral, all the convolutions visible; chambers undivided: 
Genus Operculina. 

Complanate and planospiral; chambers divided into chamberlets: 
Genus Heterostegina. 
Lenticular, planospiral, equilateral; chambers equitant, each convolution nearly 


or quite enclosing all the previous ones.--.-:.----.---.--:- Genus Nummulites. 
Complanate, regular, equitant, but the alar prolongations thin and transparent, 
exposing the outlines of previous convolutions .----..-..----- Genus Assilina. 
Complanate with thickened center, or lenticular. ..---. Subfamily CyCLOCLYPEIN ©, 


Composed of a single layer of chambers arranged in concentric annuli, with 
superimposed laminze of finely tubulated shell substance thickest at the center: 
Genus Cycloclypeus. 

Composed of a single layer of concentric chambers, with superimposed layers of 
flattened chamberléts..<e-ee-25--ce-S42cdbss ona se ees Genus Orbitoides. 


CATALOGUE. 


Family II. ASTRORHIZIDA. 


Test invariably composite, usually of large size and monothalamous; 


often branched or radiate, sometimes segmented by constriction of the 
walls, but seldom or never truly septate; polythalamous forms never 
symmetrical. 


Vik ar a 


“are UN IN PP 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 265 


Subfamily ASTRORHIZIN 24. 


Walls thick, composed of loose sand or mud, very slightly cemented. 


Genus ASTRORHIZA. 


Test fusiform or depressed. Depressed forms either sublenticular 
with angular or irregularly radiate margin, or in branching masses. 
Apertures at the end of each ray or branch. 


ASTRORHIZA GRANULOSA Brady. 
(Plate 1.) 


Test fusiform, composed of fine gray sand rather loosely cemented ; 
cavity a tube of nearly uniform diameter, open at both ends; extremities 
of the test often tinged brown. Section shows thickness of shell and 
dimensions of cavity. Length, 4.5 mm. (,%; inch), more or less. 

Locality —North Atlantic (stations 2568, 2570, 2723), 1,685 to 1,781 
fathoms. . 

ASTRORHIZA CRASSATINA Brady. 
(Plate 2.) 


Test elongate, irregularly cylindrical. Differs from A. granulosa in 
that the cavity is more or less constricted at uncertain intervals. 
Length, 6 mm. (4 inch) or more. 

Localities.x—North Atlantic off Georges Bank, off Long Island, and 
off Chesapeake Bay (stations 2570, 2586, 2723), 328 to 1,813 fathoms. 


ASTRORHIZA ANGULOSA Brady. 
(Plate 3, fig. 1.) 


Test irregularly triangular, depressed, thick, fragile, composed of fine 
gray sand loosely coherent; cavity a central globular chamber with 
tubes radiating to the angles and terminating in simple apertures. 
Section to show the cavity. 

SJocality—Marthas Vineyard (station 2569), 1,782 fathoms. 


ASTRORHIZA ARENARIA Norman. 
(Plate 3, fig. 2.) 


Test compressed, radiate or branched, composed of fine gray sand 
loosely cemented; very fragile; cavity corresponds with the form of 
the test; aperture at the end of each ray or branch. 

Localities.—Ott Marthas Vineyard and Georges Bank (stations 2547, 
2570, 2586), 328 to 1,813 fathoms. 


Genus PELOSINA. 


Test free, typically monothalamous; rounded, cylindrical, tapering 
or irregularly fusiform; walls composed of mud with a chitinous lining; 
aperture single, terminal. 


266 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


PELOSINA VARIABILIS Brady. 
(Plate 4, fig. 1.) 


Specimens both cylindrical and flask-shaped, one of them consisting 
of two quite irregular chambers; walls composed of mud with an 
occasional adhering shell. Length, 3 to 6 mm. (/ to 4 inch). Mueb 
larger specimens are common. 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2395), 347 fathoms. 


Genus STORTHOSPHAjRA. 
Test subglobular, very irregular externally; interior smooth. 


STORTHOSPHERA ALBIDA Schultze. 
(Plate 4, fig. 2. 


Subglobular or ovoid; surface roughened by prominent, rather thin 
ridges and protuberances; wall of medium and variable thickness, 
composed of very fine sand loosely cemented; cavity rounded, smooth; 
no visible aperture; color very light gray. Diameter, about 1.5 mm. 
(;+s Inch). 

Locality.— Gulf of Mexico (station 2585), 730 fathoms. 


Subfamily PILULININ 24+. 


Test monothalamous; walls thick, composed chiefly of felted sponge 
spicules and fine sand, without calcareous or other cement. 


Genus PILULINA. 


Test nearly spherical; aperture a long and more or less curved slit. 


PILULINA JEFFREYSII Carpenter. 
(Plate 5.) 


Test spherical, thin, fragile, composed of sponge spicules and fine 
sand; cavity undivided, smooth; aperture a narrow curved slit with 
slightly protuberent lips. Section shows the large smooth cavity with 
thin walls. Diameter varies from 1.25 to 3 mm. (;\; to } inch). 

Locality.— North Atlantic; station not recorded. 


Genus CRITHIONINA. 


Labyrinthic or cavernous, or having a central undivided cavity with 
subcavernous walls. 
CRITHIONINA PISUM Goés. 
(Plate 6, fig. 1.) 


Usually globular, sometimes elongated or compressed; surface regu- 
lar; wall thick, soft, composed of fine sand and sponge spicules very 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 267 


loosely aggregated; color grayish white; cavity smooth, with or with- 
out more or less numerous pits or depressions in the walls; no traces 
of septa; no visible aperture. Average diameter, about 1.5 mm. (;); 
inch). 

Localities.—North Atlantic, off Marthas Vineyard and Block Island 


9 a3 Im 


(stations 2584, 2586, 2221, 2234), 328 to 1,525 fathoms. 


CRITHIONINA PISUM, variety HISPIDA, new. 
(Plate 6, fig. 2.) 


In form like C. pisum, but smaller; characterized by the bristly 
appearance of the surface, caused by the projection of great numbers 
of sponge spicules arranged for the most part nearly perpendicular to 
the surface of the test. The very hispid tests have thinner walls than 
those with fewer projecting spicules; texture of walls and shape of 
cavity same as C. pisum. No visible aperture. 

Localities.—Southeast of Georges Bank, Gulf of Mexico, and coast 
of Oregon (stations 2570, 2571, 2379, 2594, 5080), 93 to 1,813 fathoms. 


Genus BATHYSIPHON. 


Test long, cylindrical, slightly tapering; in the form of a straight or. 
curved tube open at both ends. 


BATHYSIPHON RUFUM de Folin. 
(Plate 7.) 


Test long, very slender, tapering gradually, smooth and polished 
externally, rather conspicuously constricted at very irregular intervals 
along its whole length; color a rich reddish brown; walls of medium 
thickness, composed of fine sand firmly and evenly cemented; cavity 
corresponds to the external form, the constrictions being equally marked 
within and without; apertures simple and terminal. Length, 3 to 
9mm. (f to 4 inch); diameter, 0.375 mm. (;4; inch) or less. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Brazil (stations 
238), 2760), 730 to 1,019 fathoms. 


Subfamily SACCAMININ 42&. 


Chambers nearly spherical; walls thin, composed of firmly cemented 
sand grains or shells of foraminifera. 


Genus PSAMMOSPHA:RA. 


Test a single globular chamber without any general aperture, the 
pseudopodia issuing from interstitial orifices. 


268 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


PSAMMOSPHAZRA FUSCA Shulze. 
(Plate 8, fig. 1.) 


Nearly spherical, free or adherent, rough, constructed of compara- 
tively large white grains of sand firmly cemented in a single layer; 
cavity as smooth as the nature of the material will admit, but not lined 
with cement substance, nor are the angles between the sand grains 
smoothly filled; no general aperture; color of the cement substance 
light grayish brown. Diameter, about 1.5 mm. (,/; inch). 

Locality. Off Havana (station 2343), 279 fathoms. <A variety of this 
species, taken off the coast of South Carolina, has a test constructed 
of coarse black sand; the cement is light brown, as in the other. 


PSAMMOSPHZERA FUSCA, variety TESTACEA, new. 
(Plate 8, fig. 2.) 


Differs from the type principally in the composition of the walls, 
which are constructed of a single layer of dead shells of foraminifera. 
It is generally larger and very rough, resembling an accidental agglom- 
eration of shells, but showing in section a smooth cavity, as in the 
strictly arenaceous forms. 

Localityx—Found only in the Gulf of Mexico (stations 2358, 2383, 
2399), 196 to 1,181 fathoms. 


PSAMMOSPHAZRA PARVA (P. FUSCA Brady). 
(Plate 9, fig. 1.) 


Test free or adherent; spherical when free; when adherent having a 
smooth facet, usually with an incomplete wall on the attached side. 
Diameter, about 0.625 mm. (5 inch); walls thin, composed of fine sand 
firmly united, the cement substance filling in smoothly the interstices 
and angles of the sand grains, both externally and internally; test 
often built around a long sponge spicule, which transfixes the test, 
both ends of the spicule protruding; color deep reddish brown. ‘This 
species is included with P. fusca by Brady, “Report on the Forami- 
nifera,” but the characters are quite distinct, and no intermediate 
forms have been found. 

Locality.—Coast of Brazil (station 2760), 1,019 fathoms. 


Genus SACCAMMINA. 


One or several globular, pyriform or fusiform chambers, with distinet 
apertures. Polythalamous forms, with or without stoloniferous connec- 
tions between the chambers. 


d 
. 
? 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 269 


SACCAMMINA SPHERICA M. Sars. 


(Plate 9, fig. 2. 


Test globular or slightly pear shaped, smoothly and strongly built of 
medium-sized grains of sand; aperture a simple tubular opening in the 
more or less protuberant end of the shell. Diameter, about 1 mm. (s'5 
inch). 

Locality —Off the Coast of Brazil (station 2760), 1,019 fathoms. 


SACCAMMINA CONSOCIATA, new species. 


(Plate 9, fig. 3.) 


Free or adherent, subglobular; surface coarse and rough; walls thin, 
composed of rather coarse sand mixed with sponge spicules; color a 
rich reddish brown; orifices one or several, at the end of long slender 
tubes. Generally united into colonies, either in straight series, or 
curved, or confused, connected by stoloniferous tubes. Diameter of 
individual tests, 0.4 to 0.8 min. (,45 to .4; inch). 

Locality —Otf Bahia, Brazil (station 2760), 1,019 fathoms. 


Subfamily RHABDAMMININ 4. 


Test composed of firmly cemented sand grains, often with sponge 
spicules intermixed; tubular; straight, radiate, branched, or irregular; 
free or adherent, with one, two, or more apertures; rarely segmented. 


Genust DAC Wie Liga 


Test elongate, tapering; aperture at the broad end. 


JACULELLA ACUTA Brady. 
(Plate 9, fig. 4.) 


Long, cylindrical, tapering, closed at the pointed end when perfect, 
open at the broad end; walls constructed of coarse sand; surface rough; 
color, light brown. Length, about 5 mm. ({ inch), 

Locality.—N ot recorded, 


Genus HYPERAMMINA. 


Test free or adherent; consisting of along, simple or branching, arena- 
ceous tube, the primordial end of which is closed and rounded; the 
opposite extremity, which is open and but little if at all constricted, 
forming the general aperture; interior smooth. 


HYPERAMMINA FRIABILIS Brady. 
(Plate 10, fig. 1.) 


Test free, consisting of a long straight tube, one end closed and 
slightly inflated, the other end slightly contracted, forming a simple 
rounded aperture; cavity corresponds to the external form of the test; 


270 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


walls thin, constructed of moderately fine sand, or sometimes almost 
entirely of sponge spicules. 

Localities—North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico (stations 2399, 
2400, 2234, 2570), 200 to 1,800 fathoms. 


HYPERAMMINA ELONGATA Brady. 
(Plate 10, fig. 2.) _ 


Long, straight, slender, cylindrical, the inferior extremity slightly 
inflated and closed, the oral end little if at all contracted; composed 
either of fine sand or of broken sponge spicules firmly cemented; color 
deep reddish brown. Differs from H. /friabilis in the much smaller 
diameter of the cylinder, the relatively greater length, and the firmer 
walls. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic 200 miles southeast 
of Marthas Vineyard, and the coast of Brazil (stations 2394, 2568, 2760, 
2352, 2355, 2399), 190 to 1,781 fathoms. 


HYPERAMMINA RAMOSA Brady. 
(Plate 11, fig. 1.) 


Test free, commencing as a globular, inflated chamber, continuing as 
a long, crooked, branching tube; walls composed of sand or of sand 
mixed with sponge spicules; color, light brown. 

Localities.—Off Cape Hatteras and in the Gulf of Mexico (stations 
2115, 2352, 2383), 463 to 1,181 fathoms. 


HYPERAMMINA VAGANS Brady. 
(Plate 11, fig. 2.) 


Test commences in a spherical chamber and continues as a slender 
unbranched tube of nearly even diameter and of indefinite length; some- 
times partly free, but for the most part wandering over the surface of 
fragments of shells of mollusks, or of foraminifera, in a confused, tor- 
tuous and aimless way, or coiled irregularly upon itself; walls thin, 
composed of fine sand; color brown. 

Locality.— Gulf of Mexico (station 2399), 196 fathoms. 


Genus MARSIPELLA. 


Test fusiform or cylindrical, with an aperture at each end; largely 
composed of sponge-spicules, especially near the extremities. 


MARSIPELLA ELONGATA Norman. 
(Plate 12, fig. 1.) 


Long, slender, fusiform, curved or crooked; walls thin, composed of 
sand or sponge-spicules, or both, the middle portion of the test usually 
having the larger proportion of sand; in some instances a layer of sand 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. Den 


overlies the fundamental structure of sponge-spicules. Length, 5 to 4 
mm. (4 to } inch). 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and off Cape Fear (sta- 
tions 2150, 2583, 2677), 382 to 1,151 fathoms. 


Genus RHABDAMMINA. 


Test rectilinear, radiate, or irregularly branching; with or without a 
central chamber; the open ends of the tubes forming the apertures. 


RHABDAMMINA ABYSSORUM MM. Sars. 
(Plate 12, fig. 2.) 


Test free, radiate, most commonly with three rays in the same plane, 
but occasionally with four or five or more rays sometimes projecting 
irregularly from the central body; walls thin; central chamber small; 
the tubular arms terminating in simple rounded apertures. The speci- 
mens exhibited are below the average in size, but were selected for con- 
venience of mounting. Section shows the form of the cavity, and 
thickness of the walls. 

Locality.x—Gulf of Mexico (station 2383), 1,181 fathoms. 


RHABDAMMINA DISCRETA Brady. 
(Plate 13.) 


Test in the form of a long, straight cylinder, slightly constricted at 
irregular intervals and open at both ends; cavity smooth; walls rather 
thin, constructed of coarse sand firmly cemented. Sometimes reaches 
a length of an inch or more. 

Locality Off Chesapeake Bay (station 2731), 781 fathoms. 


RHABDAMMINA LINEARIS Brady. 
(Plate 14, fig. 1.) 


Test free, long, straight or slightly bent, cylindrical, having an oval, 
inflated central chamber with two long arms projecting in opposite 
directions on the same line; tubular portion slightly tapering; walls 

vary in texture from very fine sand mixed with sponge-spicules to quite 

coarse angular sand-grains; cavity corresponds to the outward form of 
the test; apertures simple, one at each end. Length, 3 to 12 mm. (¢ to 
$ inch). 

Localities —Otff Georges Bank, and off the coast of Brazil (stations 
2570, 2760), 1,019 and 1,815 fathoms. 


RHABDAMMINA CORNUTA Brady. 
(Plate 14, fig. 2.) 


Test free, asymmetrical, consisting of an inflated chamber of irregu- 

lar contour, and numerous short arms radiating from the surface; walls 
y) > ’] 

thin, composed of a single layer of rather coarse grains of white sand, 


272 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


sometimes mixed with sponge spicules, firmly united by a brown cement 
substance; arms tubular, terminating in simple rounded apertures. 

Loculities.—North Atlantic, and the Caribbean Sea (stations 2115, 
2150, 2234, 2571), 380 to 1,350 fathoms. 


Genus RHIZAMMINA. 


Unattached masses of fine, flexible, simple or branching chitino- 
arenaceous tubes. 


RHIZAMMINA INDIVISA Brady. 
(Plate 15, fig. 2.) 


Slender, flexible, simple, chitinous tubes of a brownish color, thickly 
incrusted with small foraminifera (mostly Globigerina) and very fine 
sand. ‘Test more or less contorted in drying; generally tapering toward 
the extremities; apertures terminal, simple. Length, 3 to 6mm. (} to 4 
inch). 

Localities.—Southward of Long Island, the Straits of Yucatan, the 
Gulf of Mexico, and the coast of Brazil (stations 2234, 2355, 2380, 2760), 
400 to 1,400 fathoms. 


RHIZAMMINA ALGAFORMIS Brady. 
(Plate 15, fig. 1.) 


Slender, chitinous tubes, incrusted with fine sand or small forami- 
nifera; dichotomously branched; quite flexible while wet, very brittle 
when dry; found in tangled masses, from which it is extremely difficult 
to separate an unbroken specimen. Length, indefinite; may be an inch 
or more; diameter of tube, 0.12 to 0.5 mm. (=), to 4 inch). 

Locality. ff the west coast of Mexico (station 3415), 1879 fathoms. 


Family IJ. LITUOLID ZS. 


Test arenaceous, usually regular in contour and more or less definitely 
segmented; chambers frequently labyrinthic. 


Subfamily LIUCTUOLIN 4“. 


Test composed of coarse sand grains, rough externally; often laby- 
rinthic. 
Genus REOPHAX. 
Test free; composed of a single flask-shaped chamber, or of several 
united in a straight, curved, or irregular line; never spiral. 
REOPHAX DIFFLUGIFORMIS Brady. 
(Plate 16, fig. 2. 


Test free, small, oval, pyriform, or flask-shaped; walls thin, inclosing 
a single undivided chamber, and composed of rather coarse sand firnahy 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 273 


cemented; aperture a single, simple, round opening. Length, 0.35 to 
0.75 mm. (+5 to =; inch). 

_ Localities.—Cape Hatteras, in the Gulf of Mexico, and off New York 
(stations 2115, 2377, 2394, 2530, 2550, 2584), 400 to 1,000 fathoms. 


REOPHAX DIFFLUGIFORMIS Brady, variety TESTACEA, new. 
(Plate 16, fig. 1.) 


Identical with the preceding, except that the test is much larger and 
composed entirely of small empty shells of foraminifera. Section shows 
the undivided chamber and the walls constructed of a single layer of 
shells. 

Locality —Southward of Long Island (station 2234), 810 fathoms. 


REOPHAX SCORPIURUS Montfort. 
(Plates 16, fig. 3; 17, fig. 1.) 


Consists of a series of segments, few in number, irregular in shape, 
_ joined in a more or less curved or crooked line. The walls may be com- 
posed entirely of sand or of the shells of foraminifera, or in part of each. 
Localities.—Oft Marthas Vineyard, and southeast of Georges Bank 
(stations 2221, 2570), 1,525 and 1,813 fathoms. 


REOPHAX BILOCULARIS, new species. 
(Plate 17, fig. 2.) 


Composed of two segments united end to end in a straight or curved 
line; primary segment oval, ovate, or cylindrical, constricted at the junc- 
tion with the final segment, which is ovate, inflated, and terminates in 
a tubular neck with a round orifice; walls composed of a single layer 
of shells of dead foraminifera, both small and large,.mixed with fine 
sand; surface often very irregular when large shells are built into the 
walls. Length, about 1.5 mm. (); inch). 

This seems to be an intermediate form between R. difflugiformis and 
R. scorpiurus. Goés! figures a similar specimen under the name 
RK. nodulosus pygmeus, but another specimen under the same name is 
figured having five segments. No example having more than two seg- 
ments has been found among the hundreds taken from material dredged 
off Cape Fear (station 2679), 782 fathoms. 


REOPHAX PILULIFERA Brady. 
(Plate 18, fig. 1.) 


Segments three to five, inflated, rapidly increasing in size from the 
first, forming a conical curved test; walls composed of coarse sand, 
rough; color, brown; aperture simple, terminal. Length, about 1.5 mm. 
(3; inch). ; 

Locality.—Ott Bahia, Brazil (station 2760), 1,019 fathoms. 


1Aret. and Scand. Foram. 
NAT MUS 97——18 


274 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


REOPHAX DENTALINIFORMIS Brady. 
(Plate 18, fig. 2.) 


Test cylindrical, tapering, slightly curved, made up of four to six 
elongate, slightly inflated segments arranged in linear series. Walls 
composed of rather coarse sand, firmly cemented; aperture in the pro- 
longed end of the terminal segment. Length, 1.5 to 3 mm. (4; to 4 inch). 

Locality.—N ot recorded. 


REOPHAX BACILLARIS Brady. 
(Plate 18, fig. 3.) 


Long, slender, cylindrical, straight or slightly bent, tapering grad- 
ually, composed of numerous segments (fifteen to twenty); sutures 
between the earliest segments indistinguishable, the later segments 
inflated and the sutures well marked; aperture simple, in the terminal 
segment; color, light gray. Length, 1.5 to 3 mm. (7g to $ inch). 

Localities—Nantucket Shoals, a Trinidad, south of Cuba, south- 
east of Marthas Vineyard, off Chesapeake Bay (stations 2041, 2221, 
2228, 2568, 2723), 1,500 to 1,800 fathoms. 


REOPHAX NODULOSA Brady. 
(Plate 18, fig. 4.) 


A long, cylindrical, tapering, straight or slightly bent test, composed 
of several (commonly six to ten) oblong or pyriform segments, arranged 
in linear series, slightly embracing; walls thin, arenaceous, smooth 
within and without; color, a rich brown; aperture simple, terminal. 
Section shows the smooth chambers and the thin embracing walls. 

Locality —Gulf of Mexico (stations 2335, 2395), 730 and 347 fathoms. 


REOPHAX ADUNCA Brady. 
(Plate 18, fig. 5.) 


The distinguishing characteristics of this species are the inflated 
segments, their nearly equal diameter, and their irregular arrangement 
in a erodked line of succession. It is of smaller size and coarser 
structure than the other polythalamous species of Reophax. 

Localities.—Off coast of Maryland and in Gulf of Mexico (stations 
2228, 2338), 1,582 and 189 fathoms. 


REOPHAX CYLINDRICA Brady. 
(Plate 18, fig. 6.) 


Elongate, straight, cylindrical, of nearly even diameter, closed and 
rounded at the aboral end, constricted at the oral extremity; sutures 
marking the union of segments almost wholly obscured; aperture 
simple, central, terminal; chambers regular in form, separated by thick, 


vrei es ee O ds 


a 
< 
2 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 275 


flat septal plates. Length, about 2.5 mm. (4 inch); diameter, 0.4 mm. 
ay inch). 

Loecality—A single specimen obtained about 200 miles southeast of 
Marthas Vineyard (station 2568), 1,781 fathoms. 


Genus HAPLOPHRAGMIUM. 


Test free; partially or entirely spiral; nantiloid or crosier shaped; 
chambers numerous, not labyrinthie. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM AGGLUTINANS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 19, fig. 2.) 


Commences as a small, flat spiral of little more than a single con- 
volution; continues as a straight series of cylindrical segments, grad- 
ually increasing in size; walls constructed of more or less coarse sand; 
surface rough, sutural lines indistinct; aperture central at the end of 
the final segment. Section shows form and arrangement of chambers. 

Localities.—North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (stations 2041, 2115, 
2385, 2374, 2568, 2576, 2679), 18 to 1,700 fathoms. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM CALCAREUM Brady. 
(Plate 19, fig. 1.) 


A large, coarse, compressed, falciform shell, with a short spiral por- 
tion and a more or less extended straight part, composed of two to six 
well-defined, broad segments; walls constructed of rather coarse coral 
sand neatly joined and firmly cemented; aperture simple, terminal. 
Length, about 3 mm. ({ inch). 

Locality—Arrowsmith Bank, Straits of Yucatan (station 2355), 399 
fathoms. 

HAPLOPHRAGMIUM TENUIMARGO Brady. 
(Plate 19, fig. 3.) 


Test small, much compressed, the edges thin and jagged; segmenta- 
tion obscure, early arrangement spiral, later rectilinear; walls of coarse 
sand; surface rough; aperture simple, terminal. Length, 0.75 to 1.5 
mm. (51; to ;15 inch). 

Localities.—Off Cape Hatteras and off Block Island (stations 2115, 
2584), 843 and 541 fathoms. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM CASSIS Parker. 
(Plate 19, fig. 4.) 


Small, compressed, somewhat sigmoidal in outline, the edges rounded; 
segmentation obscure, early arrangement spiral, later arrangement 
linear, but the segments becoming broader and more and more diag- 
onally placed; walls of coarse sand, but the surface comparatively 


276 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


smooth; color light gray; aperture at the end of the final segment. 
Length, about 1.5 mm. (4; inch). 
Locality.x—Portland, Maine, 4 to 5 fathoms. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM FOLIACEUM Brady. 
(Plate 19, fig. 6.) 


Flat on both sides and extremely thin, the early spiral convolutions 
quite distinct, the rectilinear segments broad and with sutural lines 
evident; walls smooth and built of rather coarse sand; color reddish- 
brown; aperture a terminal slit. Length, about 1.25 mm. (3, inch). 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico and off Marthas Vineyard (stations 2377, 
2568), 210 and 1,781 fathoms. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM EMACIATUM Brady. 
(Plate 19, fig. 5.) 


Thin, flat, nearly circular in outline, consisting of about two convo- 
lutions made up of numerous segments; lines of union of the segments 
more or less indistinct; walls composed of sand, or of sand and sponge 
spicules mixed, or sometimes almost wholly of broken sponge spicules 
arranged in an orderly manner parallel to the spiral axis of growth; 
color brown; aperture a transverse arched slit at the base of the final 
segment. Diameter, about 1 mm. (34 inch). 

Localities.—W est coast of Cuba, and off coast of Brazil, (stations 2352, 
2760), 463 and 1,019 fathoms. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM LATIDORSATUM Bornemann. 
(Plate 20, fig. 1.) 


A simple planospiral shell of about three convolutions, the segments 
rapidly increasing in size, the final convolution completely inclosing 
the others. Contour subglobular, septal lines distinct; aperture a 
slightly irregular transverse slit at the base of the final segment, with 
thin, well-formed lips; color grayish-brown. Diameter, about 1.5 mm. 
(;'; inch). Section shows the arrangement of chambers, and the thick, 
rather coarsely arenaceous walls. 

Localities —Oft Nantucket Shoals and Gulf of Mexico (stations 2041, 
2352, 2385, 2586), 300 to 1,600 fathoms. . 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM SCITULUM Brady. 
(Plate 20, fig. 2.) 


A planospiral shell of about three convolutions, somewhat flattened 
on both sides, depressed at the center, the outer convolution more or 
less completely concealing the others; walls composed of rather fine 
sand, firmly and smoothly joined; color light brown; aperture as in 
H, latidorsatum. Diameter, about 0.625 mm. (7; inch). Section shows 
thin walls, and series of chambers in three convolutions, 


: 
: 


‘ 


re) le ee 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 277 


Localities.—W est coast of Cuba, south of Black Island, west coast of 
Patagonia, (stations 2352, 2584, 2784, 3080), 93 to 541 fathoms. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM CANARIENSE d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 20, fig. 3.) 


Planospiral, much compressed, especially the earlier convolutions, 
the segments of the final convolution more or less inflated; structure 
coarsely arenaceous; surface rough; color reddish to grayish-brown; 
aperture a short transverse slit, with thin projecting lips, situated near 
the inner margin of the last segment. Diameter, about 1.25 mm. (35 
inch). 

Localities.—Off Nantucket shoals, south of Black Island, and coast 
of Oregon (stations 2251, 2584, 3080), 43 to 540 fathoms. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM GLOBIGERINIFORME Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 21, fig. 1.) 


Has the same form as Globigerina bulloides, being composed of a series 
of gradually enlarging segments arranged spirally around a perpen- 
dicular axis, all the segments being visible on one face of the shell, and 
only the final convolution on the other. Walls composed of rather coarse 
sand, firmly and neatly cemented; color brown; aperture at the central 
margin of the final convolution. Size very variable. 

Localities—Off Nantucket Shoals, off Cape Hatteras, southeast of 
Marthas Vineyard, off coast of Brazil (stations 2041, 2115, 2568, 2760), 
840 to 1,780 fathoms. 


Genus) ELA P LOS TICE. 


Test free, uniserial, straight or arcuate; never spiral; chambers laby- 
rinthiec. 
HAPLOSTICHE SOLDANII Jones and Parker. 
(Plate 21, fig. 3.) 


Elongate, cylindrical or tapering, rounded at the extremities, con- 
sisting of several (five to ten) chambers arranged in linear series; 
segments slightly embracing, lines of union indistinct; texture coarsely 
arenaceous; color light-gray; chambers subdivided by secondary septa; 
aperture porous or branched. Length, about 3 mm. ({inch), Section 
shows the structure of the walls, the arrangement of the chambers and 
their labyrinthic character. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2399), 210 and 196 fathoms, 


Subfamily TROCHAMMININ 4&4. 


Test thin, composed of minute sand grains incorporated with calcare- 
ous or other inorganic cement, or embedded in a chitinous membrane; 
exterior smooth, often polished; interior smooth or (rarely) reticulated, 
never labyrinthic. 


278 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Genus THURAMMINA. 


Test typically consisting of a single Orbulina-like chamber with 
several mammillate apertures. 


THURAMMINA PAPILLATA Brady. 
- (Plate 22, fig. 1.) 


Test spherical, with very thin walls constructed of fine sand grains 
firmly and smoothly cemented, inclosing a single undivided chamber. 
The surface is studded with more or less numerous nipple-like proc- 
esses, each of which terminates in a simple aperture; color, various 
shades of brown. Diameter, 0.6 to 1.5 mm. (-,; to =; inch). 

Localities.—South of Long Island, Gulf of Mexico, southeast Georges 
Bank, coast of Brazil (stations 2225, 2383, 2385, 2570, 2760), 730 to 2,512 
fathoms. 


THURAMMINA FAVOSA new species. 
(Plate 21, fig. 2.) 


Test spherical; walls very thin, arenaceous, brown; surface orna- 
mented with a network of thin prominent ridges extending uniformly 
over the whole test, forming hexagonal pits; cavity smooth; apertures 
numerous, small, at the end of short tubular processes from some of the 
points of junction of the ridges. Diameter, about 0.8 mm. (3/5 inch). 

Locality.— Gulf of Mexico (stations 2374, 2394), 26 and 420 fathoms. 


THURAMMINA CARIOSA new species. 
(Plate 22, fig. 2.) 


Spherical; surface rough, as if eroded; walls rather thick, cavernous; 
cavity globular, smooth; apertures not tubular; color a dirty brown. 
Differs from T. favosa in the thicker walls and coarser structure, the 
eroded rather than reticulated surface, the cavernous walls, and the 
nontubular orifices. Diameter, about 1 mm. (3; inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2385, 2394), 420 and 730 fathoms. 


Genus AMMODISCUS. 


Test free, formed of a tube coiled upon itself in various ways; some- 
times constricted at intervals, never truly septate. 


AMMODISCUS INCERTUS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 23, fig. 2.) 


A thin disk, concave on both faces, composed of numerous conyvolu- 
tions of a narrow, nonseptate tube, whose diameter increases very 
gradually from beginning to end; walls arenaceous, smooth; color in 
various shades of brown; aperture the uncoustricted end of the tube. 


s “a 


PRE III IC EF C 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE .OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 279 


Section shows asimple tube, without initial globular cavity, coiled upon 
itself in about twenty convolutions. Diameter, 0.75 to 3 mm. (;/; to } 
inch). 

Localities.—Off coast of Maryland, south of Marthas Vineyard, Gulf 
of Mexico, coast of Brazil (stations 2171, 2243, 2383, 2385, 2586, 2760), 
63 to 1,180 fathoms. 


AMMODISCUS TENUIS Brady. 
(Plate 23, fig. 1.) 


A flattened disk, slightly, if at all, concave on the two faces, formed 
of a simple unconstricted tube of nearly uniform diameter coiled upon 
itself, each convolution slightly embracing the preceding. Differs from 
the last described species chiefly in the uniform size of the tube, and in 
the smaller number of convolutions. Diameter, about 2 mm. (,4; inch). 

Localities.—Off Cape Hatteras, off Nantucket Shoals, Gulf of Mexico, 
Panama Bay (stations 2115, 2352, 2385, 2395, 2805), 50 to 850 fathoms. 


AMMODISCUS GORDIALIS Jones and Parker. 
(Plate 24, fig. 1.) 


Smail, unsymmetrical in form, most often imperfectly lenticular; 
formed of a single tube of nearly uniform diameter coiled upon itself in 
varying directions. The degree of variation from the flat spiral differs 
with each specimen. Color light brown. Diameter, about 0.5 mm. 
(5 inch). 

Localities.—Off Nantucket Shoals, southeast of Marthas Vineyard, 
and off coast of Oregon (stations 2041, 2568, 3080), 100 to 1,800 fathoms. 


AMMODISCUS CHAROIDES Jones and Parker. 
(Plate 24, fig. 2.) . 


Small, subglobular, formed of a narrow tube of uniform diameter 
coiled regularly in a series of superimposed layers, often terminating in 
a partial or complete convolution wound around the globular coil in a 
rectangular or diagonal direction; color brown; surface smooth and 
polished; aperture the open end of the tube. Diameter, 0.4 mm. (4 
inch). 

Localities.—Off Nantucket Shoals and coast of Oregon (stations 2041, 
3080), 90 and 1,600 fathoms. 


Genus WEBBINA. 


Test adherent; consisting either of a single tent-like chamber, or of 
a number of such chambers connected by adherent stoloniferous tubes. 


WEBBINA CLAVATA Jones and Parker. 
(Plate 24, fig. 3.) 


Test consists of either (1) the half of an oval or pear-shaped chamber, 
adherent to a bit of shell or other object which closes the flat side of 
the chamber, with a tubular prolongation of indefinite length also 


280 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


adherent and incomplete; or of (2) a tube closed and inflated at one 
end, into the walls of which are built on all sides small foraminifera at 
rather close and irregular intervals. Texture finely arenaceous; color 
brown; aperture simple, terminal. 

Locality —Gulf of Mexico (stations 2352, 2385), 463 and 730 fathoms. 


Genus HORMOSINA. 


Test consisting of a single rounded chamber, or, more usually, of 
several chambers in a single straight or arcuate series. 


HORMOSINA GLOBULIFERA Brady. 
(Plate 24, fig. 4.) 


Consists of a single spherical chamber, or of several chambers (two 
to six), gradually increasing in size, and joined in a straight or slightly 
curved series; walls thin, of fine sand, neatly built, aperture simple at 
the end of a narrow tubular neck which terminates the final segment; 
color varies from white to reddish brown. Section shows the globular 
chambers, the thin walls, and the aperture leading to each successive 
chamber. 

Localities Southeast of Georges Bank, and off coast of Brazil (sta- 
tions 2530, 2570, 2760), 950 to 1,800 fathoms. 


HORMOSINA OVICULA Brady. 


(Plate 25, fig. 2.) 


Orbicular, oval, or pyriform segments, each having a more or less 
prolonged tubular neck, the segments arranged in a rectilinear series. 
Walls finely arenaceous, often rough externally with projecting sponge 
spicules incorporated with the sand. Length, 6 mm. (4 inch) or less. 

Localities —Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic off Cape Fear (stations 
2383, 2399, 2677), 200 to 1,200 fathoms. 


HORMOSINA CARPENTERI Brady. 
(Plate 25, fig. 1.) 


Pear-shaped segments, usually with a prolonged neck, nearly uniform 
in size, arranged in a curved or crooked series of indefinite length; 
walls finely arenaceous, firmly and smoothly cemented; aperture simple, 


terminal; color light brown. Section shows the thickness and structure 
of the walls, and the form of the chambers. 


Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2382, 2383, 2385, 2398, 2400), 169 
to 1,255 fathoms. 


Genus TROCHAMMINA. 


Test free or rarely adherent, rotaliform, nautiloid, or trochoid; more 
or less distinctly septate. 


4 
; 
j 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 281 


TROCHAMMINA PROTEUS Karrer. 
(Plate 25, fig. 3.) 


Test formed of a continuous tube, increasing slightly in diameter 
from the beginning, constricted at frequent and irregular intervals, 
coiled into the form of a disk, the convolutions being nearly in the 
same plane, or sometimes contorted into irregular forms. Diameter, 
1.25 mm. (3; inch). 

Localities.—Off west coast of Cuba, coast of Yucatan, Gulf of Mexico, 
Windward Islands, and coast of Brazil (stations 2352, 2355, 2394, 2750, 
2760), 400 to 1,000 fathoms. 


TROCHAMMINA LITUIFORMIS Brady. 
(Plate 26, fig. 1.) 


Consists of a simple tube, constricted at irregular intervals, coiled 
upon itself at the beginning either in planospiral convolutions or 
irregularly, subsequently becoming linear and more or less bent or con- 
torted; surface smooth, color light brown; aperture terminal. Length, 
5 mm. (3 inch) or less. 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico and coast of Brazil (stations 2352, 2394, 
2399, 2760), 350 to 1,000 fathoms. 


TROCHAMMINA CORONATA Brady. 
(Plate 26, fig. 3.) 


Test large, thick, biconcave, composed of numerous inflated segments 
arranged in a close spiral of three or more convolutions; walls dis- 
tinctly arenaceous, even, but not smooth; sutures depressed; color 
pale brown or buff; aperture simple, terminal. Diameter, about 2 mm. 
(js Inch). 

Locality —Gulf of Mexico (station 2395), 347 fathoms. 


TROCHAMMINA CONGLOBATA Brady. 
(Plate 26, fig. 2.) 


A tumid, subglobular shell, formed of a thin, irregularly segmented 
tube coiled upon itself in a constantly varying plane; segments much 
inflated, often transversely wrinkled; aperture the open, slightly con- 
Stricted end of the tube; color brownish white. Diameter, about 1 mm. 
(s5 Inch). 

Locality.x—Gulf of Mexico (station 2395), 347 fathoms. 


TROCHAMMINA RINGENS Brady. 
(Plate 27, fig. 1.) 


Test nautiloid, composed of a series of segments, rather rapidly 
increasing in size, arranged in planspiral convolutions, the final whorl 
completely inclosing the previous ones; contour ovoid, compressed, 


282 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


equally convex on both faces; outer edge rather sharp; septal lines 
quite distinct; aperture a transverse slit across the inner margin of the 
final segment; color brown; surface polished. Diameter, about 1.25 
mm. (35 inch.) 

Localities—Offt coast of Maryland, Gulf of Mexico, southeast of 
Marthas Vineyard, coast of California, (stations 2228, 2385, 2394, 2568, 
2923), 400 to 1,800 fathoms. 


TROCHAMMINA PAUCILOCULATA Brady. 
(Plate 27, fig. 2.) 


Very small, ovoid, slightly compressed, on the flattened sides usually 
exposing four segments, three of which belong to the final convolution ; 
sutures depressed; walls thin, constructed of very fine sand; surface 
polished, brown; aperture a short curved slit on the side and near the 
margin of the last segment. Length, about 0.5 mm. (3; inch). 

Localities.—Off coast of South Carolina and southeast of Marthas 
Vineyard (stations 2313, 2568), 99 and 1,781 fathoms. 


Subfamily LOFTUSIN AS. 

Test of relatively large size, lenticular, spherical, or fusiform; con- 
structed either on a spiral plan or in concentric layers, the chamber 
cavities occupied to a large extent by the excessive development of the 
finely arenaceous cancellated walls. 


Genus CYCLAMMINA. 


Test spiral, nautiloid; lenticular or subglobular; smooth externally; 
chambers numerous, involute. 


CYCLAMMINA CANCELLATA Brady. 
(Plates 27, fig. 3; 28, fig 1.) 


Large, nautiloid, composed of numerous segments arranged plano- 
spirally in about four convolutions, the last of which completely 
incloses the others; sutural lines well marked, generally wavy; sur- 
face smooth; aperture a crescent-shaped fissure at the junction of the 
final segment with the preceding convolution; face of the final segment 
porous. Section shows the arenaceous walls and their cancellated struc- 
ture, the cavities in the walls communicating freely with the chambers. 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico, south of Long Island, west coast of 
Patagonia, coast of British Columbia (stations 2385, 2394, 2584, 2784, 
2860), 420 to 876 fathoms. 


CYCLAMMINA PUSILLA Brady. 
(Plate 28, fig. 2.) 


Differs from the last described species chiefly in its smaller size and 
thinner and less conspicuously cancellated walls. Section shows both 
these characters. Diameter, about 1 mm. (3'5 inch). 

Locality,—Off coast of Oregon (station 3080), 93 fathoms, 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 283 


Family IV. TEXTULARID. 


Tests of the larger species arenaceous, either with or without a per- 
forate calcareous basis; smaller forms hyaline and conspicuously per- 
forated. Chambers arranged in two or more alternating series, or 
spiral, or confused; often dimorphous. 


Subfamily TEXTULARIN 4. 
Typically bi- or tri-serial; often bi-, rarely tri-morphous. 
Genus TEXTULARIA. 


Segments in two rows, alternating with each other; normal aperture 
an arched slit at the base of the inner wall of the final segment. 


| TEXTULARIA QUADRILATERA Schwager. 
(Plate 28, fig. 3.) 
‘ 


| Elongate, compressed, tapering, quadrilateral, the two broader faces 
concave, the angles prominent and sharp, both ends rounded; made 
| up of a double alternating series of segments to the number of seven, 
more or less, in each row; aperture simple, near the base of the last 
segment; structure hyaline and minutely perforate. Length, about 
1 mm. (3); inch). ' 
Locality.—Specimens taken near Aspinwall, Isthmus of Panama 
(station 2144), 896 fathoms. 


TEXTULARIA TRANSVERSARIA Brady. 
(Plate 28, fig. 4.) 


Elongate, compressed, tapering, the broad faces convex, the angles 
thin; composed of a double row of chambers placed transversely to the 
long axis of the shell, many of them open at the peripheral end, giving 
a serrated appearance to the edge of the test. Length, about 0.75 mm. 
(; inch). 
Locality.— Off Carysfort Light, Florida (station 2641), 60 fathoms. 


TEXTULARIA CONCAVA Karrer. 
(Plate 28, fig. 5.) 


Short, compressed, rapidly tapering, lateral faces flattened or concave, 
edges either square or rounded, angles full or rounded; texture rather 
roughly arenaceous; aperture a transverse arched slit with slightly 
protruding lips at the inner margin of the last segment. Length, about 
1 mm. (3: inch). Readily distinguished from 7. quadrilatera by the 
arenaceous texture of its walls. 

Localities —Oft the island of Old Providence and off Carysfort, 
Florida (stations 2150, 2641), 382 and 60 fathoms. 


| 
; 
: 


284 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


TEXTULARIA CARINATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 29, fig. 1.) 


Short, triangular, compressed, the broad faces divided by a prominent 
ridge extending from the base toward the apex, the sutures strongly 
ribbed, the marginal angles acute, with irregular, short, rounded teeth, 
base quadrilateral, apex thin and slightly rounded; aperture a broad 
slit at the inner margin of the final segment; texture coarsely arena- 
ceous. Length, 1.4 mm. (;4 inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2400), 169 fathoms. 


TEXTULARIA RUGOSA Reuss. 
(Plate 29, fig. 2.) 


Pyramidal, with nearly equal sides, the angles rugged; segments 
rather thin, quadrangular, curved upon the flat, projecting at the sides 
and angles; sutural lines deep and arched. Length, about 1 mm. (4: 
inch). 

Locality.—Specimen collected near the mouth of Exuma Sound, 
Bahamas (station 2629), 1,169 fathoms. 


TEXTULARIA AGGLUTINANS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 29, fig. 4.) 


ELlongated, tapering, slightly flattened, composed of twenty segments, 
more or less, alternating in two rows, the later segments slightly 
inflated; texture rather coarsely arenaceous; aperture a smooth curved 
fissure on the inner side of the last segment. Length, about 1 mm. 
(z's inch). 

Localities.—Near Aspinwall, Straits of Yucatan, Gulf of Mexico, coast 
of Brazil (stations 2144, 2358, 2385, 2760), 222 to 1,019 fathoms. 


TEXTULARIA LUCULENTA Brady. 
(Plate 29, fig. 3.) 


Elongate, tapering, flattened; edges rounded; segments numerous; 
texture finely arenaceous. Length, about 2 mm. (5 inch). 

Localities—Near Old Providence, off Key West, Arrowsmith Bank 
(Yucatan) (stations 2150, 2315, 2355), 37 to 400 fathoms. 


TEXTULARIA GRAMEN d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 29, fig. 5.) 


Subconical, compressed toward the tip, broadly oval at the base, 
angles of the compressed portion rounded; sutural lines indistinct; 
texture arenaceous, surface rough; aperture round or lengthened at 
the inner margin of the last segment. Length, about 1.5 mm. (;'5 inch). 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico (stations 2150, 2400), 
382 and 169 fathoms. 


—_— 


i 
| 


> 


; 
3 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 285 


TEXTULARIA CONICA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 29, fig. 6.) 


Small, short, conical, often a little compressed laterally, base quite 
flat; texture arenaceous; surface rough. Length, about 0.5 mm. (,/5 
inch). 

Locality.— Off Carysfort Light, Florida (station 2641), 60 fathoms. 


TEXTULARIA TROCHUS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 30, fig. 1.) 


Short, conical, with a flat base and a rounded tip, in section circular 
both at the tip and base; walls thick and cavernous; texture rather 
coarsely arenaceous; aperture a narrow slit with smooth lips at the 
inner margin of the last segment. Length, about 1 mm. (;}; inch). 

Localities —Off Cape Hatteras, west coast of Cuba, east coast of 
Florida (stations 2264, 2552, 2641), 60 to 460 fathoms. 


TEXTULARIA BARRETTII Jones and Parker. 
(Plate 30, fig. 2.) 


A large, symmetrical, elongated, conical shell, slightly compressed 
antero-posteriorly instead of laterally as in other species of this genus; 
texture arenaceous; surface smooth; sutures distinctly marked by 
narrow grooves; chamber cavities labyrinthic. Sections show the 
labyrinthie character of the chambers and the thick walls. Length, 4 
mm. (4 ch), more or less. 

Locality.— Off Little Bahama Bank (station 2655), 338 fathoms. 


Genus VERNEUILINA. 
Test triserial, with textularian aperture. 


VERNEUILINA PYGMAE®A Egger. 
(Plate 31, fig. 1.) 


A short, conical test, composed of three series of segments arranged 
symmetrically around the long axis of the shell; segments inflated; 
walls finely arenaceous, smooth; aperture a long slit, with a slightly 
raised lower lip, at the inner margin of the final segment; color white. 
Length, about 1.5 mm. (;}; inch). 

Locality.x—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2383, 2395), 1,181 and 347 fathoms. 


° VERNEUILINA PROPINQUA Brady. 
(Plate 31, fig. 2. 


Very similar in form to V. pygmea, but is larger, coarser, rougher, 
less symmetrical, and in color a reddish brown. The aperture is with- 
out the raised lip seen in the other species, 


286 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Localities.—Specimens from four stations in the North Atlantic, one 
in South Atlantic, and two in the Gulf of Mexico (stations 2040, 2228, 
2383, 2385, 2570, 2679, 2760), 730 to 2,226 fathoms. 


Genus VALVULINA. 


Test spiral, typically triserial, with three segments or rarely more 
in each convolution; free or adherent; aperture partially covered by 
a valvular lip. 


VALVULINA CONICA Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 31, fig. 3.) 


Free or attached, short, conical; base broad and excavated; color 
brown, generally darker toward the apex; texture arenaceous; surface 
smooth; aperture at the inner margin of the terminal segment. One 
specimen shown is parasitic upon a fragment of Rhabdammina; the 
base of the attached Valvulina is surrounded by a border of fine white 
sand. 

_Localities—Otf Cape Hatteras, and south of Block Island (stations 
2115, 2584), 843 and 541 fathoms. 


Genus BIGENERINA. 


Early chambers Textularian, later chambers uniserial and rectilinear. 


BIGENERINA NODOSARIA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 31, fig. 4.) 


The earlier segments, increasing rapidly in size, are arranged in two 
alternating series, forming the triangular flattened portion of the test, 
the remainder of the test is composed of three or four segments ina 
single straight series; aperture at the end of the final segment; tex- 
ture coarsely arenaceous; surface rough. Length, about 1mm. (5 inch). 

Locality.— Ott Carysfort Light, Florida (station 2641), 60 fathoms. 


BIGENERINA ROBUSTA Brady. 
(Plate 32, fig. 1.) 


Test large, coarse, elongate, cylindrical, tapering slightly toward the 
initial end; textularian segments numerous, forming the greater part of 
the test; nodosarian segments few, sometimes irregular; aperture cen 
tral in the final segment. Diameter, 2.5 mm. (;/5 inch) or more. 

Locality. —Old Providence Island (station 2150), 382 fathoms. 


BIGENERINA CAPREOLUS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 32, fig. 3.) 


A rather stout, coarse shell, the earlier portion resembling Tertularia 
carinata, upon which rests two or three broad compressed segments in 
single series. Length, 1.5 mm. (-7; inch). 

Locality Ott coast of Georgia (station 2416), 276 fathoms, 


Os 


: DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 287 


BIGENERINA PENNATULA Batsch. 
(Plate 32, fig. 2.) 


—a— 7. Te 


Oblong, rounded at both ends, differing from B. capreolus only in the 
more arching form of the textularian segments, and the greater num- 
ber (four or five) of segments in the linear series. 

Locality—Old Providence Island (station 2150), 382 fathoms. 


Genus GAUDRYINA. 


Early segments triserial (Verneuiline); aperture either textularian 
or situated in a short terminal neck. 


GAUDRYINA PUPOIDES d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 32, fig. 4.) 


A small, subconical, symmetrical shell, about one-fifth of its length 
at the apex being formed of segments arranged triserially, the remain- 
ing portion composed of slightly inflated segments in double, alter- 
nating series; structure calcareous; surface smooth; aperture at the 
inner margin of the final segment. Length, about 0.525 mm. (35 inch). 

Localities.—Oft Nantucket Shoals, and southeast of Marthas Vineyard 
(stations 2041, 2568), 1,608 and 1,781 fathoms. 


GAUDRYINA BACCATA Schwager. 
(Plate 32, fig. 5.) 


Differs from G. pupoides in that it is larger, less symmetrical, and the 
segments more inflated. It is especially characterized by the tendency 
to distortion produced by the oceasional unsymmetrical outgrowth of 

“one or more segments. Length, about 2 mm. (;); inch). 

Localities.—Otf Nantucket Shoals, south of Marthas Vineyard, off 

Block Island (stations 2040, 2221, 2570, 2584, 2586), 328 to 2,226 fathoms. 


GAUDRYINA SUBROTUNDATA Schwager. 
(Plate 33, fig. 1.) 


Subeylindrical, tapering at the initial end; sutures depressed; aper- 
ture central, near the inner margin of the final segment; texture vari- 
able, the smaller specimens being comparatively fine and smooth, the 
larger coarse and rough. Length, 1 to 5 mm. (.4- to + inch). 

Localities.—Specimens have been preserved from eight stations in the 
North and South Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico (stations 2150, 2385, 
2394, 2400, 2679, 2751, 2760, 2763), 169 to 1,019 fathoms. 


GAUDRYINA FILIFORMIS Berthelin. 
(Plate 33, fig. 2.) 


Lt So. Oy 


ie 
% 
ce 


Long, slender, tapering, smooth, the triserial portion very short, the 
biserial chambers numerous and symmetrically arranged; sutures well 
marked. Length, about 1.5 mm. (-); inch). 

Locality.—Off west coast of Cuba (station 2352), 463 fathoms. 


288 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


GAUDRYINA RUGOSA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 33, fig. 3.) 


Elongate, triangular in section, the angles acute, triserial portion very 
short, biserial chambers alternately triangular and broadly quadri- 
lateral in transverse section; structure coarsely arenaceous, compact. 
Length, 2 to 3 mm. (;4 to + inch). One specimen in the collection 
measures 4.5 mm. (,3; inch). 


Localities.—South of Marthas Vineyard and Gulf of Mexico (stations | 


2243, 2400), 63 and 169 fathoms. 


GAUDRYINA SCABRA Brady. 
(Plate 34, fig. 1.) 


Resembles G. pupoides in form, but is larger, brown in color, coarsely 
arenaceous in texture, the sand sometimes mixed with sponge spicules; 
aperture a depressed slit at the inner margin of the last segment. 
Length, about 1.5 mm. (,’¢ inch). 

Localities —Gulf of Mexico and west coast of Patagonia (stations 
2352, 2385, 2784), 194 to 730 fathoms. 


GAUDRYINA SIPHONELLA Reuss. 
(Plate 34, fig. 2.) 


Small, elongate, subcylindrical, occasionally distorted, the biserial 
segments numerous and somewhat inflated; aperture at the slightly 
projecting end of the final segment; color brown. Length, 0.5 to 0.8 
mm. (35 to =; inch). 


Locality —Southeast of Marthas Vineyard (station 2568), 1,781 . 


fathoms. 
Genus CLAVULINA. 


Early segments triserial, later ones uniserial and rectilinear; test 
generally either cylindrical or trifacial; aperture valvular. 


CLAVULINA COMMUNIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 34, fig. 3.) 


Much elongated, cylindrical; the earliest portion triserial, conical, 
pointed, the remaining portion uniserial, straight, slightly depressed at 
the sutures; color, grayish-white; surface smooth or rough according 
as the walls are composed of fine or coarse calcareous sand; aperture 
round, at the end of a tubular projection from the final segment. Sec- 
tions show the dimorphous character of the test, the thickness of walls, 
and the communication of the chambers. Length, from 2 to 5 mm. (;'5 
to + inch). 

Localities.—North Atlantic, Guif of Mexico, and Panama Bay (sta- 
tions 2212, 2355, 2805), 50 to 425 fathoms. 


a 


= am 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 289 


CLAVULINA EOCZENA Giimbel. 
(Plate 55, fig. 1.) 


Cylindrical or slightly tapering; triserial portion very short; nodo- 
Sarian segments usually three or four in number, clearly defined by 
depressed sutures; walls coarsely arenaceous, rough; chambers par- 
tially divided by a network of incomplete septa springing from the 
outer wall; aperture a simple rounded orifice in a central slight depres- 
sion at the end of the final segment. Section shows the apparent 
thickness of the walls due to the cancellar structure, and the form of 
the chambers. Length, about 1.5 mm. (;; inch). 

Locality—Gulf of Mexico (station 2377), 210 fathoms. 


CLAVULINA PARISIENSIS d’Orbigny. 


(Plate 35, fig. 2.) 


The distinguishing characteristic of this species is the triangular 
contour of the triserial portion of the test; otherwise it strongly resem- 
bles C. communis. It is somewhat coarser and rougher than the latter, 
and near the oral end the sutures are often much depressed. 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2515, 2377, 2385, 2400), 37 to 730 
fathoms. 

A variety collected near Key West, Florida, has a very rough test 
constructed of coral sand. (Plate 35, fig. 3.) 


CLAVULINA PARISIENSIS, variety HUMILIS Brady. 
(Plate 36, fig. 1.) 


The variation consists in its smaller size, rougher exterior, the deep 
depression of the sutures, often forming a distinct neck between the 
two last segments, and the aperture borne at the end of a long tubular 
prolongation of the final segment. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico, and off the coast of Brazil (stations 
2377, 2399, 2400, 2762), 59 to 210 fathoms. 


CLAVULINA ANGULARIS 4d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 36, fig. 2.) 


Arrangement of segments as in other species of Clavulina, triserial 
at first, then uniserial and rectilinear. Differs from the other species 
in the triangular contour of transverse section of the uniserial as well 
as the triserial portion of the test; aperture a central arched slit with 
a protruding lower lip. 

Locality.—Straits of Yucatan (station 2358), 222 tathoms, 


Subtamily BULIMININ4. 


Typically spiral; weaker forms more or less regularly biserial; aper- 
ture oblique, comma-shaped or some modification of that form, 
NAT MUS 97——19 


290 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Genus BULIMINA. 
Test spiral, elongate, more or less tapering; often triserial. 


BULIMINA ELEGANS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 36, fig. 3.) 


Very small, slender, elongate, tapering to a spinous point, more or 
less compressed on three sides; segments numerous, a little inflated, 
arranged in three longitudinal rows; aperture on the oblique face of 
the final segment; walls very thin and transparent and finely perforated. 
Length, about 0.75 mm. (35 inch). 

Locality. Off Block Island (station 2584), 541 fathoms. 


BULIMINA PYRULA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 36, figs. 4, 5.) 


Ovate, very slightly compressed, with exceedingly thin and trans- 
parent walls finely but distinctly perforated; segments erect and over- 
lapping, the last three sometimes inclosing all the others; aperture in 
general ovate, but varying much in form, with a prominent overlapping 
lip. Length, about 1 mm. (3; inch). 

Localities.—South of Marthas Vineyard, Straits of Yucatan, Gulf of 
Mexico, west coast of Patagonia (stations 2212, 2352, 2383, 2571, 2784), 
194 to 1,356 fathoms. 


BULIMINA PYRULA, variety SPINESCENS Brady. 
(Plate 37, fig. 1.) 


In form and general characters identical with B. pyrula, but varies 
from the latter in that the base or aboral end is beset with more or less 
numerous short spines. 

Locality —Offt the mouth of Chesapeake Bay (station 2263), 430 
fathoms. 


BULIMINA AFFINIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 37, tig. 2.) 


Test ovate; segments short and inflated, the later ones covering 
more of the end and less of the sides of the test than in B. pyrula. 
The specimens in hand have a brownish tinge, excepting the final seg- 
ment, which is white. 

Locality.—Collected in the channel between Patagonia and Welling- 
ton Island (station 2784), 194 fathoms. 


BULIMINA PUPOIDES d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 37, fig. 3.) 


Oval or ovate, with short segments but slightly inflated, the whole 
test rather conspicuously resembling the pupa of certain insects. 
Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2394), 420 fathoms. 


ee ee ee 


a 


— 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 291 


BULIMINA ACULEATA d’Orbigny. 


(Plate 37, fig. 4.) 


Short, conical, triserial, slightly compressed on three sides, segments 
somewhat inflated, the earlier ones bearing long slender spines, the 
later ones sometimes smooth, sometimes with short spines or slight 
protuberances. 

Localities—Near Aspinwall, Gulf of Mexico, southeast of Georges 
Bank, coast of Brazil (stations 2144, 2577, 2392, 2394, 2530, 2763), 210 
to 956 fathoms. 


BULIMINA INFLATA Seguenza. 
(Plate 37, fig. 5.) 


Ovate, acuminate, the segments erect, short, and overlapping, th¢ 
overlapping edges of the segments crimped and sharply serrate. 
Length, 0.4 mm. (;4 inch). 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico, southeast of Georges Bank, south of 
Block Island (stations 2377, 2598, 2530, 2584), 210 to 956 fathoms. 


Genus ViIRGU LINA. 


Test much elongated, with a tendency to become asymmetrically 
biserial. 


VIRGULINA SCHREIBERSIANA Czjzek. 
(Plate 37, fig. 6.) 


Elongate, subcylindrical, slightly compressed on two sides, tapering 
at both ends, extremities rounded, arrangement of segments irregularly 
biserial, giving a twisted appearance to the shell; aperture a verti- 
cal loop-shaped slit near the end of the last segment. Length, about 
0.4 mm. (;/5 inch.) 

Locality Collected off Chesapeake Bay (station 2263), 430 fathoms. 


VIRGULINA SUBSQUAMOSA Egger. 

(Plate 37, fig. 7.) 
Elongate-oval, compressed, margins rounded; segments overlapping, 
slightly inflated, arranged in two inequilateral, alternating series; 
walls thin, tranparent, and finely perforated; aperture a loop-shaped 


slit in the face of the last segment. Length, about 0.7 mm. (;/5 inch). 
Locality. —Gulf of Mexico (station 2377), 210 fathoms. 


Genus BOLIVINA. 


Test distinctly biserial, arrangement Textularian. 


292 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


BOLIVINA AZNARIENSIS Costa. 
(Plate 37, fig. 8.) 


Klongate, flattened, tapering, symmetrical; margins sharp and 
smooth; apex usually terminating in a spinous process; two or more 
delicate perpendicular ridges extending a variable distance from the 
apex toward the base; walls thin, transparent, minutely and profusely 
perforated; segments very regularly arranged in two alternating 
series; aperture loop-like at the inner margin of the last segment. 
Length, about 0.8 mm. (;4; inch). 

Locatities.—Off Cape Hatteras, Gulf of Mexico, southeast of Georges 
Bank, south of Block Island (stations 2289, 2400, 2530, 2584), 7 to 956 
fathoms. 

BOLIVINA PUNCTATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 38, fig. 1.) 


Slender, elongate, tapering, rounded, symmetrical, slightly curved; 
composed of a double, alternating series of segments, twelve or more 
in each row; surface smooth and even; sutures not depressed; walls 
thin and finely perforated; aperture ovate, oblique, on the terminal face 
of the last segment. Length, about 0.8 mm. (4; inch). 

Locality.—N ot recorded. 


BOLIVINA PORRECTA Brady. 
(Plate 38, fig. 2.) 


Straight, slightly tapering, nearly cylindrical in section; earlier seg- 
ments in opposite alternating rows, later segments triangular and 
superposed, the sutures extending obliquely the whole breadth of the 
test; walls very thin, transparent and finely perforated; aperture 
large, oval, across the terminal face of the last segment. Length, 
about 1 mm. (5; inch). 

Locality.—A. single specimen from the North Atlantic, southeast of 
Georges Bank (station 2530), 956 fathoms. 


Subfamily CASSIDULININ 45. 
Test consisting of a Textularia-like series of alternating segments, 


more or less coiled upon itself. 


Genus CASSIDULINA. 


Test biserial, folded on its long axis, and coiled more or less com- 
pletely on itself, 
CASSIDULINA CRASSA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 38, fig. 3.) 


Oval, compressed, with rounded outlines; sutural lines indistinct; 
surface smooth; texture calcareous. Section shows the coiled cham- 
bers of one series. Diameter, about 1 mm. (s'; inch). 


——— 


le a i 


ce 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 293 


Locality.—Off head of Akutan Island, Alaska (station 2842), 72 
fathoms. 
CASSIDULINA SUBGLOBOSA Brady. 
(Plate 38, fig. 4.) 


Subglobular, the final segment slightly protruding, inequilateral, the 
seements being irregularly arranged; surface smooth; walls calcareous, 
imperfectly transparent, finely perforated; aperture an oval slit at the 
end of the last segment. Diameter, 0.8 mm. (;') inch). 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico, off Windward Islands, and Trinidad 
(stations 2383, 2751, 2754), 880 to 1,181 fathoms. 


Family V. MILIOLID 2. 


Test imperforate; normally calcareous and porcellanous, sometimes 
inerusted with sand. 


Subfamily MILIOLININ A. 


Chambers two in each convolution, coiled on an elongated axis, 
either symmetrically in a single plane or inequilaterally. Aperture 
alternately at either end of the shell. 


Genus’ BILOGCULINA. 


Chambers in a single plane, embracing; the last two only visible. 


BILOCULINA BULLOIDES d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 38, fig. 5.) 


Oval, inflated, composed of a series of embracing segments applied 
alternately above and below the globular primordial chamber; walls 
thick, calcareous, soft; surface often incrusted with a thin layer of fine 
sand; aperture small, circular, on the more or less produced or tubular 
end of the last segment, usually bearing a small T-shaped valvular 
tooth. Length, about 1.25 mm. (5 inch). Transverse section shows 
the arrangement of the chambers. 

Locality. Off Havana, Cuba (station 2335), 204 fathoms. 


BILOCULINA TUBULOSA Costa. 
(Plate 39, fig. 1.) 


In general characters like 2. bulloides, except that the last two seg- 
ments are separated by a deep groove on both sides. This groove may 
be so deep as to show the edge of the antepenultimate segment, and is 
often wider on one side than the other, so that the species passes by 
regular gradation into Miliolina trigonula. Length, 0.75 to 1.5 mm. 
(=> to =); inch). 

Locality. Specimens collected off the coast of Oregon (station 3080), 
93 fathoms. 


294 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


BILOCULINA RINGENS Lamarck. 
(Plate 39, fig. 2.) 


A stout, inflated, smooth, and polished shell, slightly compressed 
from above downward, nearly circular in outline when seen from above, 
the final segment projecting well beyond the preceding one, to which it 
is smoothly and firmly joined; aperture usually a broad slit with a 
nearly equally broad valvular lower lip. Diameter, 1.5 mm. (;'; inch), 
more or less. Longitudinal section shows arrangement of chambers 
characteristic of the ate and the apertures alternately at opposite 
ends of the shell. 

Localities.—Off Cape Hatteras and in the Gulf of Mexico (stations 
2115, 2352, 2385), 460 to 840 fathoms. 


BILOCULINA COMATA Brady. 
(Plate 39, fig. 3.) 


Subgiobular in form, otherwise like B. ringens ; characterized specific- 
ally by surface ornamentation consisting of more or less conspicuous, 
fine, straight, parallel strive covering the whole shell; aperture an 
arched slit, with a broad, thick valvular lower lip. 

Locality.—West coast of Cuba (station 2352), 463 fathoms. 


BILOCULINA ELONGATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 39, fig. 4.) 


Like B. ringens except that it is long oval in contour. The typical 
specimens are small, but there is constant variation both in size and 
breadth of oval. 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic (stations 2383, 
2385, 2584), 500 to 1,200 fathoms. . 


BILOCULINA DEPRESSA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 40, fig. 1.) 


Smooth, compressed, round; margin thin and sharp; aperture usu- 
ally a long, narrow slit, with a valvular lower lip’ thinner and less 
prominent than in B&B. ringens ; rarely the aperture is contracted to a 
nearly circular orifice. Longitudinal section shows the conformation 
and arrangement of the chambers. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico and off Marthas Vineyard (stations 2374, 
2378, 2568, 2570), 26 to 1,830 fathoms. 


BILOCULINA DEPRESSA, var. SERRATA Brady. 
(Plate 40, tig. 2.) 


Identical in general characters with B. depressa, but having the edge 
dentate, with more or less closely set teeth. The penultimate segment 
often shows the serrations more conspicuously than the final oue. 


j 


DESCRIPTIVE, CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 295 


Localities.—North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Panama Bay (sta- 
tions 2530, 2383, 2399, 2805), 50 to 1,200 fathoms. 


BILOCULINA DEHISCENS, new species. 
(Plate 40, fig. 3.) 


This species has the same general characters as B. depressa and its 
variety serrata, but the last two chambers are more or less separated at 
the sides, giving the shell the appearance of rupture from internal 
growth and distension. In general the separation is sufficient to show 
the sharp edge of the third segment on each side, but series presenting 
all degrees of gradation from Biloculina to Spiroloculina have been 
selected from material dredged at a single station. 

Locality —Gulf of Mexico (station 2377), 210 fathoms. (See Spiro- 
loculina robusta, series.) 


BILOCULINA LAVIS Defrance. 
(Plate 41, fig. 1.) 


Less compressed than Bb. depressa, less inflated than B. ringens; 
characterized by the double border formed by the slight projection of 
the margin of the penultimate segment. 

Locality. —Gulf of Mexico (station 2394), 420 fathoms. 


BILOCULINA SPHAERA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 41, fig. 2.) 


Specific characters well marked. Contour nearly spherical; each 
chamber incloses the preceding one almost entirely, leaving exposed 
only a small circular segment of the penultimate chamber. Aperture 
an irregular, often branched or bordered, V-shaped slit. Section shows 
arrangement of chambers and degree of investment. 

Localities.—North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and coast of Brazil (sta- 
tions 2352, 2385, 2415, 2754, 2760), 440 to 1,000 fathoms. 


BILOCULINA IRREGULARIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 41, fig. 3.) : 


Differs from other species of this genus in that it is compressed at 
the sides instead of from above downward. Seen from above the con- 
tour is oval; from the side the outline is broader, approaching the 
circular when the compression is considerable. Aperture circular or 
broad, with a valvular lip in the somewhat protuberant oral end. 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico (stations 2754, 2144, 
2352, 2355, 2383, 2385, 2394), 400 to 1,200 fathoms. 


Genus SPIROLOCULINA. 


Chambers arranged in a single plane, the whole of them visible on 
both sides of the shell. 


296 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


SPIROLOCULINA ROBUSTA Brady. 
(Plate 42, fig. 1.) 


Much compressed laterally, broad-oval to nearly round, more or less 
concave on both sides; extremities angular or pointed; periphery 
rounded, with sharp, projecting marginal angles, which are often 
toothed. Four to six segments visible on both sides, outlined by the 
acute prominent marginal angles; aperture round, with a T-shaped val- 
vular tooth in the protruding end of the final segment. Longitudinal 
and transverse sections show the arrangement of chambers character- 
istic of the genus. 

Locality. —Gulf of Mexico (stations 2383, 2399), 200 to 1,200 fathoms. 


SPIROLOCULINA ROBUSTA, series. 


(Plate 42, fig. 2.) 


This is a series, selected from material dredged at a single station, to 
Show an apparent evolution of Spiroloculina robusta from Biloculina 
depressa. ‘The specimens are shown in pairs, the first of the pair being 
a whole shell resting upon its side, the other being a transverse section 
of a similar shell standing on end. The few specimens exhibited show 
a passage from one form to the other by well-defined steps, but with a 
large number of specimens the gradation is so easy that it becomes 
indefinable. The series illustrates the difficulties of classification in 
this order of animals. 

Locality.— Gulf of Mexico (station 2377), 210 fathoms. 


SPIROLOCULINA EXCAVATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 41, fig. 5.) 


Small, much compressed, long oval with projecting ends, very con- 
cave, Showing the minute early segments; margins broad and rounded. 
Locality.—Not recorded. 


SPIROLOCULINA NITIDA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 41, fig. 4.) 


‘More or less broadly oval, flat, thin, small; the segments inflated, 
without angles, the final one projecting at the oralend. Long diameter, 
about 0.75 mm. (345 inch). 

_ Locality.—Collected in the Gulf of Tokyo. 


SPIROLOCULINA LIMBATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 42, fig. 3.) 


Thin, flat, broad oval, with slightly projecting ends and square mar- 
gin; segments numerous; sutures marked by prominent, smooth ridges. 
Length, about 0.75 mm. (,'; inch). 


eee 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 297 


Localities.—Atlantie Coast of the Southern United States, and the 
Gulf of Mexico (stations 2312, 2313, 2358, 2420, 2614, 2641, 2400), 60 to 
220 fathoms. 

SPIROLOCULINA PLANULATA Lamarck. 
(Plate 42, fig. 4.) 


Compressed, broad oval to nearly circular; border rectangular or 
slightly rounded; segments not inflated, sutures rather indistinct; 
texture comparatively coarse. Diaineter, about 1.25 mm. (5\5 inch). 


SPIROLOCULINA ARENARIA Brady. 
(Plate 43, fig. 1.) 


Oval, much compressed, peripheral edge rounded, surface sandy and 
rough; sutural lines wholly obscured; aperture small, round, with a 
minute T-shaped tongue. Length, 0.75 mm. (,3; inch). 

Locality.—Oft Carysfort Light, Florida (station 2641), 60 fathoms. 


Genus MILIOLINA. 


Chambers inequilateral, coiled around the long axis of the shell in 
such a way that more than two (usually three or five) are visible 
externally. 

MILIOLINA SEMINULUM Linneus. 
(Plate 43, fig. 2.) 


Contour as seen from above oval, from the end or side triangular, 
with rounded angles; surface smooth, with the clear white luster of 
porcelain characteristic of the Miliolide. Segments somewhat inflated, 
usually four of them partially visible on one side and three on the 
other; aperture round or oval, with a conspicuous appendicular tooth. 
Length, about 1.25 mm. (5 inch). The species is common in every 
latitude and at all depths. 

Localities.—Specimens collected in the Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic, 
and off coast of Brazil (stations 2570, 2568, 2754, 2383, 2392, 2760), 725 
to 1,800 fathoms. 

MILIOLINA GRACILIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 43, fig. 5.) 


Very small, long oval; segments nearly cylindrical, three of them 
visible on one face, and two on the other; aperture large with slightly 
protuberant lips. Length, about 0.5 mm. (;; inch). 

Localities.—Cozumel Island, and off Carysfort Light, Florida (stations 
2358, 2641), 222 and 60 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA OBLONGA Montagu. 
(Plate 43, fig. 3.) 
Small, long oval in contour; otherwise like M. seminulum. Length, 
about 0.4 mm. (;'5 inch). 
Localities—From vicinity of the island of Trinidad and off coast of 
Brazil (stations 2754, 2760), 880 to 1,000 fathoms. 


298 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


MILIOLINA AUBERIANA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 43, tig. 6.) 


Larger than M. seminulum, and with the margins of the segments 
more sharply angular. Section shows the triangular contour of the 
shell and the characteristic milioline arrangement of the chambers. 

Localities —Atlantic coast of the United States, off the island of 
Trinidad, and off the coast of Brazil (stations 3150, 2570, 2584, 2754, 
2760), 400 to 1,800 fathoms, 


MILIOLINA CUVIERANA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 43, fig. 4.) 


A rather large, smooth-shelled variety, characterized by the acutely 
angular margins of the five visible’ segments. 
Localities.—Coast of Brazil (station 2762) and the Gulf of Tokyo, 59 
and 9 fathoms. 
MILIOLINA VENUSTA Karrer. 
(Plate 44, fig. 2.) 


Oval, angular, the margins of the three final segments extended so 
as to form well-marked keels; oval extremity of the last segment gen- 
erally protuberant. Length, about 0.625 mm. (35 inch). 

Localities.—W est coast of Patagonia (station 2784) and Gulf of Tokyo, 
194 and 9 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA CIRCULARIS Bornemann. 
(Plate 44, fig. 1.) 


Smooth, slightly compressed, nearly circular in broadest outline; 
chambers inflated; aperture a crescentic slit with arched upper and 
thin projecting lower lip. Length, about 0.75 mm. (3); inch). 

Localities.—Off Cape Hatteras, west coast of Cuba, and Trinidad 
(stations 2115, 2353, 2754), 167 to 850 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA TRIGONULA Lamarck. 
(Plate 44, fig. 3.) 


Oblong, broad, oval in end view, exposing two chambers on one side 
and three, rarely four, on the other; oral end of the final segment often 
tubular; aperture round, with T-shaped valvular tooth. Transverse 
section of a broad specimen shows arrangement of the chambers: 

Localities—Atlantic coast of the United States and the Gulf of 
Mexico (stations 2228, 2570, 2385), 700 to 1,800 fathoms, 


MILIOLINA TRICARINATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plute 44, fig. 4.) 


Distinetly triangular in end view, the three angles thickened and 
slightly produced or keeled. Two of the angles are formed by the last 


j 
\ 
. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 299 


segment, the third by the free margin of the preceding segment. 
Aperture triangular, toothed. Length, about 0.625 mm. (-/; inch). 
Locality. —_Off Windward Islands (station 2751), 687 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA SUBROTUNDA Montagu. 
(Plate 44, fig. 6.) 


A small, thick, rounded, suborbicular shell, with three visible seg- 
ments; surface slightly wrinkled transversely; terminal segment not 
projecting at the oral extremity: orifice large, with a prominent 
valvular tooth. Diameter, about 0.4 mm. (4; inch). 

Locality.—Straits of Yucatan, 222 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA VALVULARIS Reuss. 
(Plate 44, fig. 5.) 


A rather large, stout shell, having the same form and arrangement 
of segments as WM. circularis. The distinguishing feature of this species 
is the aperture, which is a very narrow, irregularly bent, sometimes - 
branching slit, with puckered lips. 

Locality.—Cape Hatteras (station 2115), 843 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA BUCCULENTA Brady. 
(Plate 45, fig. 1.) 


Large, subglobular, slightly and symmetrically compressed at the 
sides; especially characterized by the position of the three final and 
only visible segments in very nearly the same plane; aperture a long, 
arched slit across the face of the last segment. 

Locality.—North Atlantic. 


MILIOLINA LABIOSA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 45, fig. 3.) 


Small, thin-shelled; segments few, inflated, often somewhat distorted, 
irregularly arranged; aperture large, crescent-shaped. 
Locality.—Straits of Yucatan (station 2358), 222 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA INSIGNIS Brady. 
(Plate 45, fig. 2.) 


Has the form of M. trigonula, or more often of M. circularis. The 
peculiarity of the shell is the surface ornamentation with fine, more or 
less prominent, parallel ribs. 

Localities—West coast of Cuba and the Caribbean Sea (stations 
2352, 2150), 463 and 382 fathoms. 


300 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


MILIOLINA UNDOSA Karrer. 
(Plate 45, fig. 4.) 


In this species of Miliolina the exposed portions of the segments are 
angular instead of being rounded or having a single sharp margin. 
Moreover, the angles of the segments are wavy, giving a crumpled 
appearance to the shell. 

Locality.—Straits of Yucatan (station 2358), 222 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA ANGULARIS, new species. 
(Plate 46, fig. 1.) 


An angular variety of Miliolina resembling M. undosa, except that 
the visible angles of the segments are very Hea right angles, slightly 
ribbed at the edges, and not sinuate. 

Locality.—Straits of Yucatan (station 2358), 222 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA BICORNIS Walker and Jacob. 
(Plate 46, fig. 2.) 


Oval, compressed, the final segment projecting posteriorly well beyond 
the preceding segment, and generally produced into a tubular neck 
anteriorly. The whole surface is striate, with rather fine, parallel, 
raised lines. Aperture round and toothed. 

Loealities.—Straits of Yucatan and coast of Florida (stations 2358, 
2641), 60 to 222 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA LINNAZANA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 46, fig. 3.) 


Contour oval, compressed, much the same as MM. bicornis; the surface 
marked with a few thick, irregular cost in place of the striz charac- 
teristic of the latter species. 

Localities.—Straits of Yucatan, the Gulf of Mexico, coast of Florida 
(stations 2358, 2315, 2370, 2641, 2629), 13 to 222 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA SEPARANS Brady. 
(Plate 46, fig. 6.) 


A single specimen of this species has been found. It has much the 
appearance of two small Miliolina linnwana grown together at the side, 
but the smaller portion has no neck or external operture, and the form 
is undoubtedly due to the irregular growth of the later segments. 
Length, about 0.8 mm. (,4, inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico, off the west coast of Cuba (station 2352), 
463 fathoms. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 301 


MILIOLINA PULCHELLA 4d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 46, fig. 4.) 


Apparently a modified form of M. linnceana, in which the longitudinal 
cost are somewhat less prominent, and are supplemented by quite 
numerous short diagonal ridges. Length, about 1 mm. (., inch). 


Locality.—Oft Carysfort Light, Florida (station 2641), 60 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA RETICULATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 46, fig. 5.) 


The single feature which characterizes this species is the surface 
ornamentation formed by two sets of fine, parallel striw running 
diagonally to each other, producing a network of ridges. 

Locality.—Straits of Yucatan (station 2358), 222 fathoms. 


MILIOLINA AGGLUTINANS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 47, fig. 2.) 


Broad, oval, thick, rounded; sutures obscure; terminal segment not 
produced; aperture large, with conspicuous appendicular tooth. Differs 
from M. seminulum in that the whole surface is incrusted with fine 
white sand. Length, from 1.5 to 0.6 mm. (7, to 7, inch). 

Locality.x—Straits of Yucatan (station 2358), 222 tathoms. 


Subfamily HAUERININ 2. 


Test dimorphous; chambers partly milioline, partly spiral or recti- 
linear. 
Genus ARTICULINA. 


Chambers milioline at the commencement, subsequently in a straight 
series. 
ARTICULINA SAGRA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 47, fig. 1.) 


Irregularly long oval, or linear, compressed; the earlier segments 
milioline or confused, the later rectilinear; sutures constricted, each 
segment of the linear series overhanging the preceding; surface orna- 
mented with fine, parallel, longitudinal strize; aperture a long oval 
slit, with strongly everted lips, occupying the whole breadth of the 
oral extremity of the shell. 

Localities.—Straits of Yucatan and the mouth of Exuma Sound 
(stations 2358, 2629), 222 to 1,169 fathoms. 


Genus VERTEBRALINA. 


Early chambers partly milioline and partly planospiral; later seg- 
ments in straight series, 


302 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


VERTEBRALINA INSIGNIS Brady. 
(Plate 47, fig. 4.) 


Much compressed, nearly symmetrical bilaterally, margin angular, 
often keeled. Early segments may be planospiral (in one specimen this 
arrangement of the minute early chambers is quite evident), or milioline, 
or both; latest segments united at such an angle that the last three 
include all the others; no chambers of the straight series appear in the 
specimens shown. Surface rather coarsely striate; aperture a long 
oval mouth with everted lips. 

Localities. —Gulf of Mexico, coast of Florida, and off Chesapeake 
Bay (stations 2400, 2420, 2641), 60 to 169 fathoms. 


Genus OPHTHALMIDIUM. 


Cornuspira-like at the commencement, subsequently with two or more 
scgments in each convolution. 


OPHTHALMIDIUM INCONSTANS Brady. 
(Plate 47, fig. 3.) 


A thin, flat shell; begins with a small central globular chamber; con- 
tinues as a fine, coiled, non-septate tube, and ends by the tube becoming 
larger and divided into chambers by constriction at opposite points in 
each convolution. Segments with broad keels which separate the con- 
volutions. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico, Bahama Islands, coast of North Carolina 
(stations 2392, 2629, 2614), 168 to 1,169 fathoms. 


Genus PLANISPIRINA. 


Chambers milioline at the commencement, subsequently planospiral ; 
the lateral alar prolongations of the latest convolution inclosing the 
previous whorls. ; 


PLANISPIRINA SIGMOIDEA Brady. 
(Plate 47, fig. 6.) 


Compressed, nearly circular, projecting slightly at the ends, the two 
faces unequally convex, and the margin thin but rounded; segments 
two to each convolution, and set on at the margin of alternate sides, 
producing a milioline arrangement of the chambers; surface smooth 
and shining; aperture a gaping, transverse orifice in the oral promi- 
nence. Diameter, about 0.75 mm. (5'; inch). Transverse section shows 
arrangement of the chambers, and, indistinctly, the successive layers 
of which the sides of the shell are composed. 

Localities—West India Islands, Bahamas, Trinidad, and coast of 
Brazil (stations 2117, 2629, 2754, 2760), 680 to 1,170 fathoms. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 303 


PLANISPIRINA CELATA Costa. 
(Plate 47, fig. 5.) 


Contour long oval with projecting ends, somewhat compressed, the 
two sides unequally convex, the margins thick and rounded; surface 
rough, and texture sandy; aperture small and arched. Length, about 
1.25 mm. (;'5 inch). Transverse section shows the arrangement of 
chambers to be the same as in the last described species. 

Localities.—The vicinity of Aspinwall, west coast of Cuba, coast of 
Brazil, and coast of Oregon (stations 2144, 2352, 2760, 3080), 100 to 
1,000 fathoms. 

Subfamily PENEROPLIDIN 4. 


Test planospiral or cyclical, sometimes crozier-shaped, bilaterally 
symmetrical. 
Genus CORNUSPIRA. 


CORNUSPIRA FOLIACEA Philippi. 
(Plate 48, fig. 1.) 


A very thin, flat shell, consisting of a tube without partitions or con- 
strictions, minutely narrow at first, but gradually and rather rapidly 
becoming larger and more compressed, the tube evenly coiled upon 
itself in a perfectly flat spiral; surface wrinkled transversely; aperture 
a long narrow slit formed by the abrupt termination of the flattened 
tube. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico, and off Marthas Vineyard (stations 2352, 
2377, 2383, 2550), 210 to 1,180 fathoms. 


CORNUSPIRA INVOLVENS Reuss. 
(Plate 48, fig. 3.) 


A simple coiled tube, minute in the earlier convolutions, growing 
larger and stouter in the later turns without becoming flattened as in 
C. foliacea just described. Diameter, 0.625 to 1.5 mm. (5 to + inch). 

Localities—Caribbean Sea, Straits of Yucatan, and coast of Georgia 
(stations 2150, 2352, 2416), 276 to 463 fathoms. 


CORNUSPIRA CARINATA Costa, species. 
(Plate 48, fig. 2.) 


A simple planospiral coil, intermediate in form between C. foliacea 
and C. involvens. The tube increases gradually in size and its outer 
margin is marked by a narrow keel. Diameter, about 1.5 mm. (;'; inch.) 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2394), 420 fathoms. 


Genus PENEROPLIS. 


Chambers undivided; arrangement either planospiral throughout or 
spiral only at the commencement, subsequently becoming rectilinear 
or cyclical, 


304 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


PENEROPLIS PERTUSUS Forskal. 
(Plate 48, fig. 4.) 


This species includes a wide variety of forms presenting all the inter- 
mediate stages from thick, slightly compressed, nautiloid shells, to the 
long, cylindrical, crosier-shaped varieties, and from these to the thin, 
compressed, rapidly widening forms. In all varieties the chambers 
are without divisions or constrictions, the apertures are porous, and 
the surface, with few exceptions, is striate. 

Localities.—Straits of Yucatan and Exuma Sounds (stations 2352, 
2629), 463 and 1,169 fathoms. 


PENEROPLIS PERTUSUS, variety DISCOIDEUS, new. 
(Plate 49, fig. 1.) 


In this variety the final chambers completely surround the primary 
convolutions, forming a circular, thin disk resembling the discoidal 
forms of Orbulina, but distinguished by the entire absence of septa in 
the individual chambers. 

Locality—Key West Harbor; shallow water. 


Genus ORBICULINA. 


Chambers subdivided by transverse secondary septa; early segments 
embracing; arrangement either planospiral throughout or partly cycli- 
eal; contour nautiloid, auricular, crosier-shaped, or complanate. 


ORBICULINA ADUNCA Fichtel and Moll. 
(Plate 50, fig. 1.) 


The only species of the genus. A planospiral, porcellanous, imper- 
forate, polished shell, varying in contour from crosier-shaped to dis- 
coidal; surface usually pitted with minute depressions; the early 
convolutions embracing; chambers narrow and regularly subdivided ; 
apertures a series of pores in two or more rows on the outer edge of 
the final chamber. It is distinguished from Peneroplis by the divided 
chambers, and from Orbitolites by the embracing early convolutions. 

Localities—Key West and St. Thomas; shallow water. 


Genus ORBITOLITES. 


Test discoidal; either spiral (non-embracing) at the commencement, 
or with one or more inflated primordial chambers; subsequently cycli- 
cal; chambers more or less regularly divided into chamberlets. 


ORBITOLITES MARGINALIS Lamarck. 
(Plates 50, fig. 2; 51, fig. 1.) 


A very thin, complanate, discoidal shell; chambers commencing at 
the center with a small globular “nucleus,” followed by arched seg: 
ments arranged spirally in one plane, the segments increasing in 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 305 


length until they become concentric rings; segments divided by radial 

partitions into numerous chamberlets with free communication; asingle 

row of pores on the margin of the disk forms the only exterior aperture. 
Localities—Key West, Florida, and off Cape Fear (station 2623), 


ORBITOLITES DUPLEX Carpenter. 
(Plate 51, figs. 2, 3.) 


Shell thin, discoidal, slightly biconcave; primordial chamber con- 
spicuous, globular; second chamber nearly surrounds the first; succeed- 
ing segments rapidly lengthen and quickly become annular. Cham- 
bers divided by septa into chamberlets, arranged in a double tier, with 
free communication. Peripheral orifices in two rows, corresponding to 
the double tier of chamberlets. This latter feature together with the 
early annular segments, distinguish this species from others of the 
genus. Diameter, 1 to 2.5 mm. (.4 to ;4-inch). 

Locality.—_Key West, Florida. 


ORBITOLITES TENUISSIMA Carpenter. 
(Plate 52.) 


An extremely thin and delicate shell, having the form of a circular 
disk with flat surfaces. In the arrangement of the chambers it com- 
mences as a convoluted, planospiral, nonseptate tube; it continues with 
a short series of spiral chambers and ends with a broad series of annu- 
lar chambers. The spiral and annular chambers are partially divided, 
by partitions projecting from the inner walls, into numerous chamber- 
lets. The chamberlets of each annulus communicate not only with 
each other but also with those of the succeeding annulus. A single 
row of pores opens on the margin of the final chamber. Diameter, from 
1 to 20 mm. (.4, to 4 inch). The shaded portions in the figure are those 
parts of the specimen still occupied by the protoplasmic substance of 
the animal. 

Locality.— Atlantic, south of Marthas Vineyard (station 2716), 1631 
fathoms. 


Family VI. LAGENIDA. 


Test calcareous, very finely perforated; ether monothalamous, or con- 
sisting of a number of chambers joined in a straight, curved, spiral, 
alternating or (rarely) branching series. Aperture simple or radiate, 
terminal. No interseptal skeleton nor canal system. 


Subfamily LAGHNIN 4. 


Test consists of a single chamber, either with or without an internal 
tube. 
Genus LAGENA. 


Test monothalamous, with either an external or internal tubular 
neck. 
NAT MUS 97——20 


306 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


LAGENA GLOBOSA Montagu. 
(Plate 53, fig. 4.) 


Spherical, with a short conical protuberance ornamented with longi- 
tudinal costie, body smooth, walls transparent, finely perforated, aper- 
ture leading into a short internal neck (entosolenian). This description 
applies to a single specimen from the Caribbean Sea near Aspinwall 
(station 2144), 896 fathoms. 


LAGENA LONGISPINA Brady. 
(Plate 53, fig. 2.) 


Subglobular or pear-shaped; surface smooth; walls thin, glassy, more 
or less transparent, finely perforated, furnished with several (two to six 
or more) long, slender spines springing from the base of the shell; 
aperture round, central, at the apex, opening into a long neck or tube 
extending into the interior of the shell and terminating in a broadly 
expanded margin. Length of body, about 0.6 mm. (, inch). 

Localities.—Near Aspinwall, Gulf of Mexico, off Trinidad (stations 
2144, 2394, 2754), 420 to 898 fathoms. 


LAGENA GRACILLIMA Seguenza. 
(Plate 53, fig. 3.) 


A very delicate shell, with thin, transparent, and fragile walls and 
smooth surface; body either cylindrical or fusiform, drawn out at each 
end into a long thin neck; apertures simple, terminating the tubular 
neck at both ends of the shell, often surrounded at one end by an 
everted lip like the mouth of a phial. 

Localities.—V arious stations along the Atlantie and Gulf coast of the 
United States, at depths from 210 to 1,781 fathoms. 


LAGENA ELONGATA Ehrenberg. 
(Plate 53, fig. 1.) 


Like ZL. gracillima, except that the body is long and cylindrical, with 
a Short taper at both ends. Length, about 2 mm. (-{; inch). 


LAGENA DISTOMA Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 53, fig. 5.) 
Like L. Gracillima in its variety of forms, but characterized by more 
or less numerous, delicate, longitudinal striz marking its surface. 


LAGENA LAVIS Montagu. 
(Plate 53, fig. 6.) 


Minute, flask-shaped, straight or curved, with an oval, pyriform or 
globular chamber and a more or less prolonged tubular neck; walls 
generally very thin, smooth, and transparent, but sometimes the shell 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 307 


is opaque and with a roughened surface; aperture simple, at the end 
of the tubular neck. Diameter, about 0.6 mm. (#5 inch). 
Locality.x—Not recorded. 


LAGENA HISPIDA Reuss. 
(Plate 53, fig. 8.) 


Body globular or oval, with a long tubular neck projecting from one 
or both ends, the whole surface covered with fine, short, closely set 
spines. Length of body, about 0.4 mm. (;4; inch). 

Localities. —Gulf of Mexico, and off Windward Islands (stations 
2398, 2751), 227 and 687 fathoms. 


LAGENA SULCATA Walker and Jacob. 
(Plate 53, fig. 7.) 


Minute, flask-shaped; the neck long and slender, or short and stout, 
variously ornamented; the body decorated with numerous parallel, 
rather thin and sharp ridges or cost. Length, about 0.4 mm (;5 
inch). 

Localities.—Off Atlantic coast of the southern United States (sta- 
tions 2420, 2614, 2641), 60 to 168 fathoms. 


LAGENA STAPHYLLEARIA Schwager. 
(Plate 54, fig. 1.) 


Compressed pyriform, smooth, the apical margin rounded, the basal 
margin thin, broad and extended into four or five short stout spines; 
external aperture leading into an internal tube (entosolenian). Length, 
about 0.4 mm (75 inch). 

Locality.—Caribbean Sea, near Aspinwall (station 2144), 896 fathoms. 


LAGENA MARGINATA Walker and Boys. 
(Plate 54, fig. 2.) 


Contour round, lenticular, margin thin, sharp, and prolonged into a 
more or less broad wing projecting from the entire circumference; sur- 
face smooth; walls thin, generally transparent, and finely perforated; 
aperture a short horizontal slit at the margin, communicating with a 
tubular neck extending into the cavity of the shell. Diameter, about 
1 mm. (5 inch). 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and South Atlantic (sta- 
tions 2144, 2150, 2385, 2394, 2395, 2754), 347 to 896 fathoms. 


LAGENA CASTANEA, new species. 
(Plate 54, fig. 3.) 


Contour nearly circular, compressed, slightly protuberant at the oral 
end; margin rounded and smooth except at the aboral end, which is 
bicarinate; keels or wings thin, comparatively wide and well separated, 


308 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


extending about half the circumference of the test, joining each other 
at the extremities; mouth short, oval, with a contorted internal tubu- 
lar neck. Diameter, about 0.5 mm. (#5 inch). 

Locality. Near Aspinwall (station 2144), 896 fathoms. 


LAGENA ORBIGNYANA Seguenza. 
(Plate 54, fig. 4.) 


Oval, compressed, the oral end protuberant and tapering; body 
smooth, the circumference bordered by three parallel wings or keels, 
the middle one widest. The aperture is at the end of a prolongation of 
the middle keel only. Diameter, about 0.5 mm. (5 inch). 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico (stations 2117, 2144, 2355, 
2394), 399 to 896 fathoms. 


LAGENA CASTRENSIS Schwager. 
(Plate 54, fig. 5.) 


Form and general characters the same as L. orbignyana; distinguished 
by a surface ornamentation of regular rows of thickly set circular pits 
covering more or less completely the body and wings of the shell. 

The published descriptions of L. castrensis call for a surface orna- 
mentation of ‘exogenous beads,” but in the specimens here described 
the surface is unquestionably pitted. The test is tricarinate and has 
all the other general characters of L. castrensis. 

Locality —Off Nantucket Shoals (station 2252), 38 fathoms. 


Subfamily NODOSARIN 4“. 


Test polythalamous; straight, arcuate, or planospiral. 


Genus NODOSARIA. 


Test straight or curved, circular in transverse section; aperture 
typically central. 


NODOSARIA ROTUNDATA Reuss. 
(Plate 54, fig. 6.) 


Oval or ovate, smooth, consisting of a few overlapp ng segments; 
sutures not depressed, indistinct; walls thin and white; aperture com- 
posed of a large number of radiating fissures, central at the end of the 
slightly produced terminal segment. Length, about 1 mm. (3; inch). 

Localities recorded.—Five stations in the North Atlantic (stations 
2212, 2550, 2571, 2577, 2586), 32 to 1,356 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA LAVIGATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 55, fig. 3.) 


Oval, tapering at both ends, circular in section; surface smooth and 
polished; sutures indistinct; distinguished from NV. rotundata principally 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA 309 


by the spines (one or several) projecting from the inferior end of the 
shell. 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico and west coast of Patagonia (stations 
2352, 2377, 2395, 2784), 194 to 463 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA RADICULA Linnezus. 
(Plate 55, fig. 1.) 


Oval, elongated, smooth, composed of two or more segments in a 
straight series; sutures depressed; aperture central, consisting of radi- 
ating fissures in the protuberant end of the last segment. Length, 
about 1 mm. (3); inch). 

Localities —South of Long Island, southeast of Georges Bank (sta- 
tions 2234, 2570), 810 to 1,813 fathoms. 

In typical specimens the segments are more inflated and the sutures 
more depressed than those figured in the accompanying plate. 


NODOSARIA SIMPLEX Silvestri. 
(Plate 55, fig. 2.) 


Consists of two inflated, subglobular segments, the first terminating 
in a short spine, the second slightly elongated and tapering to the 
radiate aperture; sutures a little depressed; walls thin and trans- 
parent, finely perforated. Length, about 0.8 mm. (3/5 inch). 

Locality. Off Cape Hatteras (station 2115), 843 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA PYRULA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 55, fig. 4.) 


A long, slender, delicate shell, composed of a series of oval or ovate 
segments of nearly uniform size, joined together in a straight or slightly 
curved line by means of long tubular necks; surface smooth, without 
ornamentation. Length, indefinite. Owing to the fragility of the shell 
a whole one is rarely found. One specimen in the collection is over 8 
mm. (;?; inch) long. 

Locality. —Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2378, 2399), 68 to 210 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA FARCIMEN Soldani. 
(Plate 55, fig. 5.) 


An elongated, tapering, slightly curved shell, composed of from four 
to eight oval or inflated segments, rapidly increasing in size from the 
first; segments separated by deep depressions, sometimes lengthened into 
a short neck; surface generally smooth, occasionally roughened about 
the sutures. Length, about 2.5 mm. (;/5 inch). 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, east coast of Florida 
(stations 2150, 2352, 2377, 2679), 210 to 782 fathoms. 


310 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


NODOSARIA FILIFORMIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 55, fig. 6.) 


Long, slender, slightly curved, composed of numerous oval, smooth 
segments joined in linear series; sutures moderately depressed and 
transverse. Length, 3 to 4.5 mm. ( to ;; inch). 

Locality — Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2378, 2399, 2400), 68 to 210 
fathoms. 


NODOSARIA CONSOBRINA, variety EMACIATA Reuss. 
(Plate 56, fig. 1.) 


Long, slender, slightly curved and tapering, composed of numerous 
short, nearly cylindrical segments, arranged in linear series; sutures 
not depressed except near the oral end; surface smooth. Length, 3 to8 
mm. (4 to 4 inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2378, 2399), 68 and 196 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA SOLUTA Reuss. 
(Plate 56, fig. 3.) 


A rather stout shell, composed of globular or short-oval segments, 
comparatively few in number, arranged in a straight or slightly curved 
line; initial segment large and spherical; surface smooth, or some- 
times bristly rough about the sutures; aperture a round opening with 
short radiating fissures in the center of the protruding end of the 
terminal segment. 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Panama 
Bay (stations 2385, 2394, 2550, 2679, 2760, 2784, 2805), 51 to 1,081 
fathoms. 

NODOSARIA COMMUNIS 4d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 56, fig. 2.) 


Slender, tapering, curved; segments numerous, smooth; sutural lines 
oblique, obvious, little if at all depressed. Length, 2 to 3 mm. (+3; to $ 
inch). 

Localities.—Off Nantucket Shoals, Gulf of Mexico, off Cape Fear, 
west coast of Patagonia (stations 2041, 2377, 2679, 2784), 194 to 1,608 
fathoms. 


NODOSARIA RCEMERI Neugeboren. 
(Plate 56, fig. 5.) 


Elongate, cylindrical, or slightly tapering, rounded at the base; seg- 
ments few; walls thin and transparent; sutures full and more or less 
oblique, especially the earlier ones; aperture terminal, radiate. Length, 
1 to 4.5 mm. (3; to 38; inch). 

Localities.—Off Nantucket Shoals and at the mouth of Exuma Sound 
(stations 2041, 2629), 1,608 and 1,169 fathoms. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 311 


NODOSARIA HISPIDA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 57, fig. 1.) 


Composed of a linear series of globular segments, each with or with- 
out a more or less prolonged tubular neck, arranged usually in a 
straight line, the whole surface thickly beset with short, mostly tubular 
spines. Length, about 2.5 mm. (1; inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2398), 227 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA HISPIDA, variety SUBLINEATA Brady. 
(Plate 56, fig. 4.) 


Varies from JN. hispida in that delicate raised lines take the place of 
Spines over a portion of the surface of one or more of the segments. 
Locality.— Gulf of Mexico (station 2378), 68 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA MUCRONATA Neugeboren. 
(Plate 57, fig. 2.) 


Elongate, conical, more or less curved, tapering to a point at the 
aboral end, the final segment also frequently prolonged and conical; 
sutures oblique and full; surface smooth and even; aperture radiate. 
Length, about 1.5 mm. (-/; inch). 

Localities.—South of Marthas Vineyard and Gulf of Mexico (stations 
2550, 2568, 2383), 390, 1,181, and 1,781 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA COMATA Batsch. 
(Plate 57, fig. 3.) 


Ovate or long-oval, tapering and rounded at both ends, composed 
of a few segments arranged in a straight series; sutures slightly 
depressed; surface ornamented with numerous longitudinal ridges 
extending from the extreme point of the initial segment to about the 
middle of the final one. Length, about 0.75 mm. (;); inch). 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico, coast of Georgia, off Cape Romain 
(stations 2352, 2377, 2416, 2627), 210 to 463 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA OBLIQUA Linnezus. 
(Plate 57, fig. 4.) 


Long, slightly curved, tapering, slender, the initial end generally 
terminating in a spine; segments numerous, the later ones somewhat 
inflated; sutures more or less depressed; surface ornamented with 
numerous longitudinal, continuous ridges. Section shows the chambers, 
cavities, and the communicating passages. 

Localities—Off Atlantic coast of the United States, and the Gulf of 
Mexico (stations 2264, 2313, 2394, 2530, 2550), 99 to 1,081 fathoms. 


312 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


NODOSARIA VERTEBRALIS Batsch. 
(Plate 57, fig. 5.) 


Long, slender, tapering, costate, differing from NV. obliqua chiefly in 
that the sutures are not depressed, and the septa are thick and of 
transparent shell-substance, which contrasts with the white opacity of 
the body of the segments. Length, about 5 mm. (+ inch). 

Locality — Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2378, 2399, 2400), 68 to 198 
fathoms. 

NODOSARIA CATENULATA Brady. 
(Plate 58, fig. 2. 


Long, slender, straight or slightly curved, tapering, the initial seg- 
ment terminating in a short spine; segments numerous; sutures 
depressed; surface ornament of four equidistant longitudinal ribs, 
sometimes continuous, sometimes only bridging the sutures and disap- 
pearing on the body of the segment. Differs from N. vertebralis in its 
depressed sutures and the limited number of ribs. Length, about 
4.5 mm. (5°; inch): 

Locality — Gulf of Mexico (station 2400), 169 fathoms. 


NODOSARIA COSTULATA Reuss. 
(Plate 58, fig. 1.) 


In size and outline the same as NV. pyrula, but with thicker walls and 
having the surface ornamented with longitudinal ridges extending 
sometimes continuously over the whole length of the segments, at other 
times over only a part of its length. 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2398), 210 and 227 fathoms. 


Genus LINGULINA. 


Test straight, compressed; aperture typically a narrow fissure. 


LINGULINA CARINATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 58, fig. 3.) 


Broad oval or ovate, the margin thin and slightly carinate, smooth; 
segments four or five, embracing; sutures slightly if at all depressed; 
aperture a narrow transverse fissure at the end of the final segment. 
Length, about 1 mm. (5 inch). 

Locality.—Coast of Georgia (station 2416), 276 fathoms. 


LINGULINA CARINATA, variety SEMINUDA Hantken. 
(Plate 58, fig. 4.) 


Ovate, compressed, margins rounded, composed of a few (three to six) 
segments, rapidly increasing in size, arranged in straight series; 
sutures slightly depressed; surface smooth on the compressed sides, 
ornamented on the margins with several delicate longitudinal ribs; 


OEE LLL i 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 313 


aperture a transverse slit at the end of the last segment. Section 
shows the form and arrangement of the chambers. Length, about 1.5 
mm. (31; inch). 

Locality.— Gulf of Mexico (stations 2399, 2400), 169 to 170 fathoms, 


Genus FRONDICULARIA. 


Test compressed or complanate, segments V-shaped, equitant; pri- 
mordial chamber distinct. 


FRONDICULARIA ALATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 59, fig. 1.) 


Triangular or ovate, much compressed, smooth, transparent; com- 
mencing usually with a globular chamber, which often bears a project- 
ing spine, the succeeding segments are V-shaped, their arms becoming 
longer with each additional segment, so that the ends are approxi- 
mately in line with the initial chamber. Sometimes the earlier seg- 
ments are irregular, one arm only of the V being developed. Segments 


numerous; aperture terminal, round, with lateral fissures. Length, 
3 mm. ({ inch), more or less. 
Locality—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2399), 210 and 198 fathoms. 


FRONDICULARIA INAZQUALIS Costa. 
(Plate 59, fig. 2.) 


Oval or ovate, elongate, smooth; walls thin and fragile; early seg- 
ments somewhat irregular in form and sequence; the arms of the 
V-shaped segments short and tapering, seldom reaching the line of the 
initial chamber. Length, 1.5 mm. (.4; inch), more or less. 

Locality.—North Atlantic, off coast of New York (stations 2530, 2584), 
956 and 541 fathoms. 


Genus MARGINULINA. 


Test elongate, curved; segments nearly circular in section; aperture 
marginal. 


MARGINULINA GLABRA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 60, fig. 1.) 


Short, stout, smooth, irregularly ovate, slightly curved owing to the 
planospiral arrangement of the first three segments; the later segments 
inflated, especially on the inner side of the curve; sutures often indis- 
tinct, aperture more or lessradiate. Section shows the form and arrange- 
ment of the chambers. Length, 1.5 mm. (3/5 inch), more or less. 

Localities.—North Atlantic (six stations), Straits of Yucatan, Gulf of 
Mexico (stations 2041, 2234, 2358, 2392, 2570, 2586, 2641, 2677), 60 to 1813 
fathoms. 


314 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


MARGINULINA ENSIS Reuss. 
(Plate 59, fig. 3.) 


Elongate, subcylindrical, early segments moderately compressed, the 
first four or five curved so as to form about half a convolution; later 
segments inflated, arranged in a nearly straight line, with slightly 
oblique, depressed sutures; surface smooth; walls thin and rather 
fragile; aperture marginal, tubular, round, with radiating fissures. 
Length, 2.5 to 4 mm. (,45 to + inch). 

Locality.—N orth Atlantic (stations 2242, 2343, 2614), 58 to 168 fathoms. 


Genus VAGINULINA. 


Test elongate, compressed or complanate; septation oblique; aperture 
marginal. 
VAGINULINA SPINIGERA Brady. 
(Plate 60, fig. 3.) 


Elongate, compressed, tapering, smooth, bearing at the initial end 
two.or more long stout spines. The earliest two or three segments are 
spirally arranged; subsequently they are in linear series, with more or 
less oblique sutural lines. Length of body, 3 mm. ({ inch), more or less. 

Locality.—North Atlantic (stations 2263, 2586), 430 and 328 fathoms. 


VAGINULINA LEGUMEN Linneus. 
(Plate 60, fig. 2.) 


Elongate, slightly compressed, smooth, of nearly uniform diameter; 
initial end terminating in a stout marginal spine; oral extremity taper- 
ing toward the margin opposite the initial spine; sutures distinct, 
oblique, not depressed; no surface ornamentation. Length, about 
4 mm. (% inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2395), 347 fathoms. 


VAGINULINA LINEARIS Montagu. 
(Plate 61, fig. 1.) 


Elongate, slightly compressed, of nearly uniform diameter, straight 
or a little curved; segments numerous, the first three or four irregular, 
the remainder in linear series with the sutures more or less oblique; 
surface ornamented with many longitudinal or very slightly diagonal 
ribs. Length, about 2.5 mm. (;/5 inch). 

Localities.—Off coast of Georgia and Florida (stations 2315, 2416, 
2641), 37 to 276 fathoms. 


Genus CRISTELLARIA. 


Test planospiral in part or entirely; complanate, lenticular, crosier- 
shaped, or cusiform. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 315 


CRISTELLARIA TENUIS Bornemann. 
(Plate 61, fig. 2.) 


A small, elongate, slender, delicate shell, the initial portion com- 
pressed; segments numerous, the earliest ones spirally arranged, the 
others in linear series; walls thin and transparent; sutures near the 
oral end transverse and more or less depressed; aperture terminal, 
central. Length, 1.25 mm. (;4; inch), more or less. 

Locality.x—Atlantic Coast of the United States; station doubtful. 


CRISTELLARIA OBTUSATA, variety SUBALATA Brady. 
(Plate 61, fig. 3.) 


Elongate, slightly compressed and curved, rather broader at the 
initial than at the oral end; surface smooth; ventral margin rounded, 
dorsal margin acute and distinctly carinate at the aboral extremity ; 
early segments spiral, later ones linear-oblique; sutures distinct but 
not depressed. Length, 2.5 to 4 mm. (4; to 4 inch). 

Localities—Gult of Mexico, off Cape Fear, and off Santa Lucia, West 
Indies (stations 2395, 2679, 2754), 347, 782, 880 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA COMPRESSA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 62, fig. 1.) 


More or less elongated, much compressed, broad at the initial end, 
straight or curved, the early segments plano-spiral with the outer mar- 
gin more or less broadly carinate, the later segments rectilinear; 
sutures oblique. Length, 2.5 to 4.7 mm. (4 to 33; inch). 

Localities.—Off Nantucket Shoals, south of Long Island, Gulf of 
Mexico (stations 2041, 2234, 2385), 730 to 1,608 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA RENIFORMIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 62, fig. 2.) 


Short, compressed, the peripheral edge sharp and sometimes carinate; 
segments arranged plano-spirally, except the last two or three, which are 
applied obliquely, forming a projecting angle, in which the aperture is 
situated. Length, about 2.5 mm. (5 inch). 

Localities.—North Atlantic (four stations), Gulf of Mexico (stations 
2041, 2212, 2568, 2584, 2377, 2385), 210 to 1,780 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA SCHLOENBACHI Reuss. 
(Plate 63, fig. 4.) 


Small, elongate, nearly circular in sectton; spiral portion very short 
and inconspicuous, the remaining portion consisting of a few diagonal 
segments with slightly depressed sutures; surface smooth; walls thin 
and transparent. Length, 0.8 to 1 mm. (4 to =; inch). From the 


a 


Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2700), 210 and 169 fathoms. 


316 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


CRISTELLARIA VARIABILIS Reuss. 
(Plate 63, fig. 1.) 


Variable in form, according to stage of development, from circular to 
elongate, compressed; margins generally carinate; young specimens 
consist of the spiral segments only; older ones have two or three oblique 
segments added; walls thin and transparent. Length, about 0.4 mm. 
(¢¢ Inch). 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea, North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico (stations 
2144, 2263, 2584, 2378, 2394, 2398), 68 to 896 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA CREPIDULA Fichtel and Moll. 
(Plate 63, fig. 2.) 


Elongate or elongate-oval, compressed, smooth, the early spiral ar- 
rangement of segments soon changing into the linear-oblique; periph- 
eral margin rounded; sutures slightly depressed. Length, 0.8 to 3mm. 
(ss to $ inch). 

Localities.—Off coast of North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and west 
coast of Cuba (stations 2614, 2513, 2416, 2641, 2352), 60 to 463 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA ACUTAURICULARIS Fichtel and Moll. 
(Plate 63, fig. 5.) 


Small, ovoid, thick, smooth, with rounded margins; early segments 
small, closely spiral; later segments increasing rapidly in length and 
thickness, becoming oblique instead of radial, and somewhat inflated. 
Length, about 0.6 mm. (5 inch). 

Localities.—Off Carysfort Light, Florida, and off the coast of South 
Carolina (stations 2641, 2313), 60 to 99 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA LATIFRONS Brady. 
(Plate 63, fig. 3.) 


Elongate, triangular in transverse section, tapering toward each end; 
dorsal angle acute and carinate; ventral face broad, flat, or rounded, 
with acute or rounded marginal angles; early segments closely spiral, 
later ones growing rapidly longer and more obliquely set, the final one 
erect and extending nearly the whole length of the shell. Length, 
1 mm. or less (3; inch). 

Localities.—Off Carysfort Light, Florida, and Gulf of Mexico (stations 
2641, 2377), 60 to 210 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA ITALICA Defrance. 
(Plate 63, fig. 6.) 


Short and stout, contour in section very nearly an equilateral tri- 
angle, angles rather sharp, but not carinate; spiral segments rapidly 
increasing in size, more or less obliquely set; face of the final seg- 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 317 


ment comparatively flat and triangular; surface smooth; aperture at 
the dorsal angle. Length, about 2 mm. (-); inch). 
Localities.—Ott coast of Georgia and Gulf of Mexico (stations 2415, 
2399), 440 and 196 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA GIBBA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 64, fig. 1.) 


Sublenticular, equally biconvex, smooth, characterized by the some- 
what inflated and protuberant final segment, and its contracted septal 
face. Diameter, about 1 mm. (;); inch). 

Localities—North Atlantic (three stations), Gulf of Mexico, coast of 
Yucatan (stations 2243, 2312, 2415, 2379, 2400, 2354), 63 to 1,467 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA ARTICULATA Reuss. 
(Plate 64, fig. 2.) 


Test rotaliform, or sometimes with the last few segments more or less 
evolute; margin rounded or subcarinate; segments slightly inflated; 
aperture radiate, in the protuberant end of the last segment. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Georgia (stations 
2399, 2400, 2416), 169 to 276 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA ROTULATA Lamarck. 
(Plate 64, fig. 4.) 


Lenticular, biconvex, smooth; margin sharp, but not carinate; 
formed of about three convolutions, the last entirely inclosing the 
others; walls thick and strong. Section shows well the form and 
arrangement of the chambers and their apertures and the structure 
of the shell. Diameter, 1.5 to 2.5 mm. (;), to 34; inch). 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea, North Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico (sta- 
tions 2150, 2415, 2399), 196 to 440 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA VORTEX Fichtel and Moll. 
(Plate 65, fig. 1.) 


Lenticular, biconvex, smooth, with a sharp noncarinate margin; dis- 
tinguished by the long helicoid curve of the sutures marking the out- 
line of the chambers. Diameter, about 1 mm. (5; inch). 

Localities.—North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea (stations 2416, 2357), 
276 and 130 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA ORBICULARIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 64, fig. 3.) 


Form of the shell and the shape and arrangement of the chambers 
same as in C. vortex. Differs only in having the margin extended into 
a distinet wing or keel. 

Locality —Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2400), 210 and 169 fathoms. 


318 REPORT OF NATIONAL. MUSEUM, 1897. 


CRISTELLARIA CULTRATA Montfort. 
(Plate 65, fig. 2.) 


A lenticular, biconvex, smooth shell, in all general characters like 
C. rotulata except the peripheral margin, which in this species is 
extended into a thin, broad wing or keel. Diameter, 2 mm. (;; inch), 
more or less. 

Locality —Gulf of Mexico (stations 2399, 2400), 196 and 169 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA CALCAR Linnezus. 
(Plate 66, fig. 1.) 


Lenticular, biconvex, smooth, carinate, in some instances with a broad 
keel notched and spinous at the edge, in other cases with a narrow 
keel and long, slender, radiating spines. Size variable; the large 
specimens generally have the broad keel and the small ones the long 
spines. 

Localities —Off the coast of the Carolinas and in the Gulf of Mexico 
(stations 2312, 2313, 2679, 2377, 2400), 88 to 782 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA ECHINATA d’Orbigny. 
. (Plate 66, fig. 2.) 


Test lenticular; margin either rounded or keeled and projected into 
more or less numerous radiating processes; sutures limbate and beaded. 
Diameter, 1.25 to 2.50 mm. (5 to +5 inch). 

Locality—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2399, 2400), 169 to 210 
fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA ACULEATA 4d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 66, fig. 3.) 


Elongate, moderately compressed; early segments planospiral, later 
ones rectilinear or curved; sutures oblique and conspicuously marked 
by rounded tubercles or short, stout spines; general surface, especially 
of the earlier segments, often tuberculated or spinous, peripheral edge 
sometimes finished with several long, slender spines. 

Locality. —Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2399), 210 and 196 fathoms. 


CRISTELLARIA LIMBATA, new species. 
(Plate 67, fig. 1.) 


Elongate, evolute, slightly compressed, resembling C. aculeata in 
contour and arrangement of the segments; peripheral margin more or 
less spinous; sutures covered by thick, smooth, prominent bands of 
transparent shell substance, without tubercles or spines. Length, 
about 2 mm. (;/; inch). 

Locality— Gulf of Mexico (stations 2377, 2399), 210 and 196 fathoms. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 319 


Subfamily POLY MORPHININ 4£. 


Segments arranged spirally or irregularly around the long axis; 
rarely biserial and alternate. 


Genus POLYMORPHINA. 
Segments bi- or tri- serial or irregularly spiral; aperture radiate. 


POLYMORPHINA SORORIA Reuss, variety FISTULOSA. 
(Plate 67, fig. 2.) 


Body ovate, smooth, nearly symmetrical, composed of four or five 
elongated segments, arranged spirally. Upon the symmetrical body 
is set a final segment, irregularly globular, rough, bearing numerous 
slender, tubular, radiating projections with a round aperture at the end 
of each. 

Localities.—North Atlantic, off coast of Brazil, Gulf of Mexico (sta- 
tions 2221, 2568, 2763), 671 to 1,781 fathoms. 


POLYMORPHINA COMPRESSA @d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 67, fig. 3.) 


Irregularly oval, compressed, smooth, margins rounded; composed 
of four to eight segments arranged in two alternating series; aperture 
terminal, radiate; sutures more or less depressed. Length, 0.8 to 1.6 
mm. (;'5 to ,/; inch). 

Localities —Off Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States (sta- 
tions 2312, 2313, 2415, 2416, 2614), 88 to 440 fathoms. 


POLYMORPHINA ELEGANTISIMA Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 67, fig. 4.) 


Ovate or pyriform, compressed unequally on two sides; margins 
rounded, surface smooth, segments long and arched, arranged biseri- 
ally, but the alternation inequilateral; aperture terminal, radiate. 
Length, 1 mm. (3'; inch) or less. 


POLYMORPHINA OBLONGA @d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 67, fig. 5.) 


Oval, elongate, more or less compressed, composed of about six 
oblong, inflated segments, unsymmetrically arranged and united by 
depressed sutures. 

Localities—Off the coast of Georgia and North Carolina (stations 
2416, 2614), 276 and 168 fathoms. 


POLYMORPHINA COMMUNIS 4’Orbigny. 
(Plate 67, fig. 6.) 
Ovate, not compressed; visible segments three or four, oval, inflated, 
symmetrically arranged; sutures rather indistinct. not depressed. 
Length, 0.8 to 0.6 mm. (jy to 45 inch). 


320 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Localities.—Off coast of Georgia and off Unalaska (stations 2416, 
2842). 
Genus UVIGERINA. 
Segments arranged in a more or less regular spire around the long 
axis of the shell, rarely biserial. Aperture simple, usually surrounded 
by a phialine lip; often forming a prolonged terminal tube. 


UVIGERINA TENUISTRIATA Reuss. 
(Plate 68, fig. 1.) 


Oval, elongate; sutures not well marked; arrangement of segments 
obscure; surface ornamented with numerous very fine longitudinal 
strie; aperture tubular, with a phialine lip, the tube sometimes bear- 
ing two or three rings of shell substance. Length, about 0.6 mm. 
(25 inch). 

Locality.—Off Carysfort Light, Florida (station 2641), 60 fathoms. 


UVIGERINA PYGMEA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 68, fig. 2.) 


Oval, more or less elongated, symmetrical; surface rough with thin, 
prominent, interrupted cost; aperture tubular with a phialine lip. 
The principal feature distinguishing this species from U. tenuistriata is 
the prominence of the coste. 

Locality—Off Cape Fear (station 2679), 782 fathoms. 


UVIGERINA ANGULOSA Williamson. 
(Plate 68, fig. 3.) 


Small, elongate, compressed on three sides, the sides nearly equal, 
the angles sharp, surface roughened with more or less prominent cost. 
Length, about 0.4 mm. (;/5 inch). 

Localities.—Exuma Sound and Panama Bay (stations 2530, 2805), 956 


and 51 fathoms. 
UVIGERINA ASPERULA Czjzek. 


(Plate 68, fig. 4.) 


Oval or ovate, more or less elongated, rounded at the initial end, the 
surface roughened with short spines, sometimes set in rows and tending 
to run together into short cost, at other times, especially on the termi- 
nal segment, irregularly and closely distributed; aperture phialine on 
a tubular neck. Length, about 0.5 mm. (;5 inch). 

Locality.—Off the coast of Brazil (station 2760), 1,019 fathoms. 


UVIGERINA ASPERULA, variety AMPULLACEA Brady 
(Plate 68, fig. 5.) 


Elongate, irregularly flask-shaped, the base being formed by the early 
segments arranged spirally; the later segments tending to become rec- 
tilinear and inflated, the final one being surmounted by a long tubular 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 321 


neck with a phialine lip; surface, bristly-spiny. Length, about 0.6 
mm. (75 inch). 
Locality.—Otft the Brazil coast (station 2760), 1,019 fathoms. 


Subfamily RAMULININ 2. 


Test irregular, branching. 
Genus RAMULINA. 


Test branching, composed of pyriform chambers connected by long 
stoloniferous tubes. 


RAMULINA GLOBULIFERA Brady. 
(Plate 68, fig. 6.) 


Segments few, subglobular, united by long stoloniferous tubes, and 
each segment provided with numerous radiating tubulures; walls 
hyaline; surface bristly with sparsely set fine and short spines. 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2377,) 210 fathoms. 


RAMULINA PROTEIFORMIS, new species. 
(Plate 68, fig. 7.) 


Test calcareous, extremely thin and fragile, very finely perforated; 
surface smooth; in form very irregular and variable, sometimes branch- 
ing, sometimes with more or less numerous short digital processes, 
imperfectly segmented, the segments inflated into a great variety of 
shapes. The figures show only a few of the myriad forms assumed by 
this delicate foraminifer. 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2352 and 2377), 463 and 210 
fathoms. 

Family VII. GLOBIGERINID A. 


Test free, calcareous, perforafe; chambers few, inflated, arranged 
spirally; aperture single or multiple, conspicuous. 


Genus GLOBIGERINA. 


Test coarsely perforate; trochoid, rotaliform, or symmetrically plano- 
spiral. 
GLOBIGERINA BULLOIDES d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 69, fig. 2.) 


Subglobular, the adult shell composed of about seven nearly spherical 
segments, arranged spirally so that all are visible on the upper side, 
and three or four on the lower side; aperture of each chamber opens 
into a common umbilical vestibule; surface more or less rough; walls 
hyaline, finely and distinctly perforated. Diameter, 0.6 mm. (5 inch) 
or less. 

Locality—Coast of Yucatan (station 2358), 222 fathoms. Found in 
almost every part of the ocean. 

NAT MUS 97 21 


322 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


GLOBIGERINA INFLATA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 69, fig. 3.) 


Subglobular, flattened on the superior face; segments rather numer- 
ous, four in the final convolution; sutures depressed; aperture a large 
arched gaping orifice on the face of the final segment. Diameter, 
about 0.5 mm. (3; inch). Found in almost every sea. 

Localities.—North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico (stations 2204, 
2372), 728 and 27 fathoms. 


GLOBIGERINA DUBIA Egger. 
(Plate 69, fig. 4.) 


Subglobular, slightly compressed, segments relatively numerous, 
arranged spirally in about three convolutions, all the segments visible - 
on the upper face, five or six on the lower; umbilical vestibule central, 
with which all the chambers directly connect; surface rough; walls 
finely perforated. Diameter, about 0.6 mm. (3; inch). 

Locality—Panama Bay. Species widely distributed. 


GLOBIGERINA RUBRA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 69, fig. 5.) 


Shell composed of nearly globular segments, arranged in a spire of 
about three convolutions with three segments in each whorl]; apertures, 
a single, large, arched orifice in the face of the final segment and one 
or two rounded openings on the superior face of several of the chambers 
near the sutures; surface rough; walls finely perforated; color pink. 
Diameter, about 0.5 mm. (;5 inch). 

Localities.—W idely distributed. Specimens taken off the Windward 
Islands and the coast of Brazil (stations 2751, 2760), 687 and 1,019 
fathoms. 

GLOBIGERINA CONGLOBATA Brady. 
(Plate 69, fig. 6.) 


Subglobular, the early segments comparatively small and compact, 
the last three large and inflated, the final one resting like a cap upon 
one side of the shell; surface rough, originally bristly-spiny, as shown 
by the unbroken spines in the aperture; principal aperture broad and 
arched at the margin of the last segment, other small orifices in the 
sutural depressions on the upper side of the shell; walls thick and 
profasely perforated. Diameter, about 0.8 mm. (3) inch). 

Localities—Widely distributed. Specimens from Windward Islands 
and coast of Brazil (stations 2751, 2760), 687 and 1,019 fathoms. 


GLOBIGERINA SACCULIFERA Brady. 
(Plate 70, fig. 1.) 


Composed of seven to nine segments rather loosely aggregated 
spirally, the earlier ones globular, the last one or two elongated and 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 323 


inflated into various and irregular forms, the peripheral extremity often 
bearing several short digital outgrowths; apertures multiple, large, 
often five visible on the superior face; walls conspicuously perforated. 
Diameter, 1 mm. (3; inch), more or less. 


Localities.—Found in tropical and subtropical latitudes. Specimens 
from the same stations as the two preceding. 


GLOBIGERINA DIGITATA Brady. 
(Plate 70, fig. 2.) 


Early segments spiral, regular, same as G. bulloides; last three seg- 
ments of the final convolution elongated and rounded at the ends like 
the fingers of a glove, spreading radially. 

Locality —A single specimen from the Gulf of Mexico (station 2377), 
210 fathoms. 


GLOBIGERINA. ZQUILATERALIS Brady. 
(Plate 70, fig. 3.) 


Segments subglobular, increasing rather rapidly in size, arranged in 
a flat coil of about one convolution and half another, all the segments 
being equally visible on both sides; aperture a large arched opening 
on the inner face of each segment; walls conspicuously perforated; 
surface rough with the short stumps of broken spines. Diameter, about 
0.8 mm. (345 inch). 

Locality.—Specimens dredged off the Windward Islands (station 
2751), 687 fathoms. 


Genus ORBULINA. 


Test having the form of a single spherical chamber with two sorts of 
perforations, large and small. 


ORBULINA UNIVERSA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 69, fig. 1.) 


Typically in the form of a perfect sphere with thin walls inclosing a 
single chamber; occasionally two or three chambered shells are found; 
walls sometimes laminated, profusely perforated with both very fine 
and comparatively large orifices. No general aperture. Diameter, 
about 0.8 mm. (5 inch). 

Localities—The most common of all the species of foraminifera. 
Found in every sea. 


Genus HASTIGERINA. 


Test regularly nautiloid, involute; shell wall thin, finely perforated ; 
armed with long serrate spines. Aperture a large crescentiform opening 
at the base of the last chamber. 


324 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897, 


HASTIGERINA PELAGICA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 70, fig. 4.) 


Subglobular, compressed equally on both sides, umbilici depressed ; 
composed of inflated segments rapidly increasing in size, arranged in a 
planospiral series of about two convolutions, the last convolution 
entirely including the others; walls thin; sutures depressed; surface 
roughish with the stumps of broken spines; aperture a large arched 
opening at the inner margin of the last segment. Diameter, about 
0.8 mm. (35 inch). 

Lecality—Specimens exhibited are worn bottom shells collected in 
the Gulf of Mexico (station 2377), 210 fathoms. 


Genus PULLENIA. 


Test regularly or obliquely nautiloid and involute; segments only 
slightly ventricose; shell wall very finely perforated; aperture a long, 
curved slit close to the line of union of the last segment with the 
previous convolution. 


PULLENIA QUINQUELOBA Reuss. 
(Plate 70, fig. 5.) 


Biconvex, bilaterally symmetrical, round, peripheral edge thick and 
rounded, final convolution consisting of about five segments wholly 
concealing the previous convolutions; surface smooth; sutures some- 
times depressed, sometimes obscure; aperture a long, narrow, curved 
slit at the inner margin of the last segment. Diameter, about 0.6 mm. 
(zo inch). 

Localities.—Widely distributed; specimens from the North Atlantic 
(three stations) and the Gulf of Mexico (stations 2115, 2204, 2584, 2352), 
465 to 843 fathoms. 


PULLENIA OBLIQUILOBULATA Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 70, fig. 6.) 


Subglobular, slightly compressed, inequilateral, obliquely nautiloid ; 
surface smooth; walls thick and finely but conspicuously perforated ; 
aperture a crescentic opening on the inner margin of the last segment, 
generally somewhat obliquely placed. Diameter, about 0.8 mm. 
(35 inch). 

Locality.—Off the Windward Islands, West Indies (station 2751), 
687 fathoms. 


Genus SPHAROIDINA. 


Segments few, coiled so as to form a nearly globular shell; aperture 
arched; sometimes partially closed with a valvular tongue. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 325 


SPHZEROIDINA BULLOIDES d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 71, fig. 1.) 


Nearly spherical, smooth, composed of comparatively few segments 
arranged in an approximately symmetrical spire; sutures slightly 
depressed; walls minutely and indistinetly perforated; aperture semi- 
circular or crescentic, sometimes with a valvular lip, at the inner 
margin of the last segment. Diameter, about 1 mm. (., inch). 

Localities.—W idely distributed; specimens from North Atlantic, Gulf 
of Mexico, and South Atlantic (stations 2530, 2583, 2760), 956 to 1,181 
fathoms. 

SPHZZROIDINA DEHISCENS Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 71, fig. 2.) 


Subglobular; segments arranged as in S. bulloides; sutures at the 
bottom of wide and deep irregular fissures; walls thick and conspieu- 
ously perforated; aperture an arched opening into the deep fissure at 
the base of the last segment. Diameter, about 1 mm. (.4; inch). 

Localities.—Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and off Windward 
Islands (stations 2150, 2358, 2399, 2751), 196 to 687 fathoms. 


Genus CANDEINA. 


Test trochoid; segments inflated; shell-walls thin, finely perforated; 
aperture consisting of rows of pores along the septal depressions. 


CANDEINA NITIDA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 71, fig. 3.) 


Contour irregular, subconical; segments twelve to fifteen, subspher- 
ical, smooth, regularly increasing in size, arranged in an elongated 
spiral; sutures deeply depressed, walls thin and very minutely per- 
forated; aperture a series of pores rather closely set in the sutures 
uniting the segments. Diameter, about 0.5 mm. (55 inch). 

Locality—Specimens taken near the Windward Islands (station 
2751), 687 fathoms. 


Family IX. ROTALID2. 


Test calcareous, perforated; free or adherent. Typically spiral and 
‘“rotaliform;” that is to say, coiled in such a manner that all the 
segments are visible on the superior surface, those of the last convolu- 
tion only on the inferior or apertural side, sometimes one face being 
more convex, sometimes the other. 

Subfamily SPIRILLININ 4. 


Test spiral, nonseptate. 


Genus SPIRILLINA. 


Test a complanate, planospiral, nonseptate tube; free or attached. 


326 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


SPIRILLINA VIVIPARA Ehrenberg. 
(Plate 71, fig. 4.) 


A circular, double coneave disk, formed by a single tube closely 
coiled in one plane; tube undivided, conspicuously perforated by a 
single row of pores; sutures thick, but not raised; aperture, the open 
end of the unconstricted tube. Diameter, 0.75 mm. (;'; inch) or less. 

Localities.—Not recorded. 


SPIRILLINA LIMBATA Brady. 
(Plate 71, fig. 5.) 


Circular, ecneave on both sides, composed of numerous regular coils 
of a flattened tube; peripheral edge square; sutural line marked by a 
raised ridge of shell substance; general surface smooth; perforations 
very indistinct. Diameter, about 0.8 mm. (35 inch). 

Locality.—N ot recorded. 


SPIRILLINA OBCONICA Brady. 
(Plate 71, fig. 6.) 


Circular, deeply concave on one side, moderately convex on the other ; 
peripheral edge rounded; sutures deeply depressed on the concave face, 
flush on the other; convolutions eight or ten; perforations on the con- 
cave face only, at the summit of minute bead-like prominences arranged 
in a single row along the sutural side of the tube; tube slightly con- 
stricted at regular intervals alternating with the perforations. Diam- 
eter, 0.8-to 1.2 mm. (3/5 to 35 inch). 

Locality.—N ot recorded. 


Subfamily ROTALIN 4+. 


Test spiral, rotaliform, rarely evolute, very rarely irregular or acer- 
vuline. 
Genus CYMBALOPORA. 


Test more or less trochoid or complanate. Segments of the trochoid 
forms spiral at the apex, subsequently arranged concentrically around 
a deep umbilical vestibule with which each chamber communicates by 
aneck. Complanate forms with rows of pores along the septal depres- 
sions of the inferior surface. 


CYMBALOPORA POEYI d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 72, fig. 1.) 


Short conical, with rounded apex and flat base; composed of numer- 
ous segments, at first arranged in a regular spiral, later in circles or 
rings around a central vestibule, the segments of one annulus alternat- 
ing more or less regularly with the one above and below; segments 
separated toward the center by irregular fissures; surface conspicuously 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 327 


porous; aperture of each chamber opens into the central vestibule. 
Diameter, about 0.75 mm. (3's inch). 
Locality.—Off the west coast of Cuba (station 2352), 463 fathoms. 


Genus DISCORBINA. 


Test free or adherent, rotaliform; plano-convex or trochoid; rarely 
complanate; aperture an arched slit, often protected by an umbilical 
flap, the flaps sometimes forming a whorl of subsidary chambers. 


DISCORBINA GLOBULARIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 72, fig. 2.) 


Discoidal, thick, the superior face quite convex, the inferior only 
slightly so; segments somewhat inflated, finely perforated, hyaline, all 
visible superiorly, only the last convolution inferiorly; sutures a little 
depressed; aperture large and irregular at the umbilical margin of 
the last segment. Diameter, about 0.8 mm. (3'5 inch), 

Locality.—Off Carysfort Light, Florida (station 2641), 60 fathoms. 


DISCORBINA ROSACEA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 72, fig. 3.) 


Contour lenticular, plano-convex, peripheral margin rounded; com- 
posed of about three convolutions of six segments each; surface smooth 
and polished; sutures distinct but not depressed; color, pale brown; 
aperture a narrow arched slit at the umbilical margin of the final seg- 
ment. Diameter, about 0.4 mm. (;‘5 inch). 

Locality.—Coast of Alaska, station unknown. 


DISCORBINA BERTHELOTI d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 72, fig. 4.) 


Discoidal, thin, plano-convex; the superior convex face somewhat 
flattened at the center, peripheral margin sharp; outlines of the seg- 
ments very distinct; sutures a little depressed, and thickened with 
transparent shell-substance; later segments moderately inflated; walls 
finely but distinctly perforated. Diameter, about 0.4 mm. (,/5 inch). 

Localities.—North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (stations 2212, 2313, 
2352), 79 to 463 fathoms. 


DISCORBINA BICONCAVA Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 72, fig. 5.) 


Circular, flattened on both faces; peripheral margin square or slightly 
concave; coarsely perforated; sutures on the superior face between the 
earlier segments raised into prominent, thin, square-ed ged, wavy ridges; 
on the inferior face only slightly limbate. Diameter, about 0.4 mm. 
(g= Ineh). 

Locality-—Gulf of Mexico (station 2400), 169 fathoms. 


328 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Genus PLANORBULINA. 


Test normally adherent; compressed or complanate segments very 
numerous, commencing growth on a spiral plan, subsequently becom- 
ing more or less cyclical; lipped apertures of the individual segments 
opening externally at the periphery. 


PLANORBULINA ACERVALIS Brady. 
(Plate 72, fig. 7.) 


Discoidal, thin, the attached side flat and smooth, the inferior face 
roughened by the projection of numerous irregular inflated segments 
over the whole surface; walls coarsely porous; apertures peripheral. 
Diameter, 1.5 to 2.5 mm. (;'; to 35 ineh). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2399), 190 fathoms. 


PLANORBULINA MEDITERRANENSIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 72, fig. 6.) 


A thin, flat, nearly circular shell, when living usually attached to 
some foreign body, composed of numerous segments arranged in a sin- 
gle layer more or less distinctly spiral; attached surface nearly flat, 
opposite surface lobulated; periphery irregular; segments inflated, 
Slightly embracing, very conspicuously and profusely perforated; 
sutures depressed; apertures at the extremity of each segment, sim- 
ple, with a raised lip. Diameter, about 1 mm. (3; inch). 

Locality.—A. single specimen obtained in the Gulf of Mexico (station 
2377), 210 fathoms. 


Genus PULVINULINA. 


Test rotaliform, superior side usually thickest; shell finely porous; 
segments fewer than in other rotaline; aperture typically a large slit 
at the base of the umbilical margin of the last segment. 


PULVINULINA REPANDA Fichtel and Moll. 
(Plate 72, fig. 8.) 


Lenticular, about equally convex on both faces; peripheral margin 
subacute, limbate; sutures broad, conspicuous by reason of their glassy 
clearness, limbate on both faces; umbilicus filled smoothly with hyaline 
shell substance; aperture as usual. 

Locality— Arrowsmith Bank, coast of Yucatan (station 2354), 130 
fathoms. 


PULVINULINA PUNCTULATA 4d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 73, fig. 1.) 


Contour round or oval; superior face convex, inferior face depressed 
at the center; margin rounded; segments rather numerous, somewhat 
inflated,in about three convolutions; sutures slightly depressed ; umbili- 


— 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 329 


cus narrowed by promontories of exogenous deposit. Diameter, 1 to 
1.5 mm. (3; to ;'; inch). 
Locality.—Coast of Georgia (stations 2415, 2416), 440 and 276 fathoms. 


PULVINULINA AURICULA Fichtel and Moll. 


(Plate 73, fig. 2.) 


Long oval in contour, biconvex, the convexity of the two sides about 
equal, the earlier segments closely coiled, the later ones rapidly 
increasing in size, especially in length; walls thin, transparent, and 
finely perforated; sutures distinct, but not depressed or thickened; 
margin sharp, but not carinate. Length, 0.5 to 1 mm. (,/5 to s'5 inch). 

Locality.— Gulf of Mexico (stations 2400, 2641), 169 and 60 fathoms. 


PULVINULINA MENARDII d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 73, fig. 3.) 


Contour subcircular, much flattened, composed of about two convo- 
lutions of slightly inflated segments, all visible on the upper side, the 
six forming the final whorl visible on the lower side; margin thin, 
Slightly lobed, and with a narrow keel; sutures broad, but not raised, 
slightly depressed on the superior side; aperture a wide slit at the 
inner margin of the last segment, often with a protruding under lip. 
Diameter, about 1.25 mm. (3); inch). 

Localities —A very common and widely distributed species. Speci- 
mens collected off Windward Islands, West Indies (station 2751), 687 
fathoms. 


PULVINULINA MENARDII, variety FIMBRIATA Brady. 
(Plate 73, fig. 4.) 


Has the same general characters as the type, but is smaller, and is 
distinguished by the fringed peripheral border produced by the develop- 
ment of numerous short spinous processes upon the normal narrow 
keel. 

Locality.—Coast of Brazil (station 2760), 1,019 fathoms. 


PULVINULINA TUMIDA Brady. 
(Plate 73, fig. 5.) 
Like P. menardii, except that the segments are more inflated, making 
a thicker shell, highly convex on both faces; margin not carinate; 
sutures slightly, if at all, depressed below. 
Localities.—Off coast of Yucatan and coast of Georgia (stations 
2354, 2416), 130 and 276 fathoms. 


PULVINULINA CRASSA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 74, fig. 1.) 
Superior face flat, showing all the convolutions; inferior face highly 
conical, composed of the final convolution only; umbilicus depressed; 
segments somewhat inflated; walls hyaline, profusely and finely per- 


330 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


forated; exteriorly rough; aperture a long fissure with a raised lip at 
the inner margin of the final segment. Section shows chambers of the 
final convolution. Diameter, about 0.6 mm, (5 inch). 

Locality.—Not recorded. 


PULVINULINA MICHELIANA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 74, fig. 2.) 


Subcenical, the superior face forming the base of the cone, being flat 
with an angular margin; the inferior face being conical, deeply exca- 
vated at the top; segments, about ten, elongated, projecting in a ridge 
around the umbilicus; sutures not depressed; aperture a long narrow 
slit at the inner margin of the last segment. Transverse section close 
to the superior surface has opened all but one of the ten chambers. 
Diameter, about 0.8 mm. (;; inch). 

Localities.—Species widely distributed geographically. Specimens 
from the Gulf of Mexico (station 2377), 210 fathoms. 


PULVINULINA UMBONATA Reuss. 
(Plate 74, fig. 4.) 


Small, biconvex, with the greatest convexity on the lower face; 
umbilici not depressed; margin rounded; segments rather numerous, 
in about three narrow convolutions; sutures straight, radial, smooth. 
Diameter, about 0.75 mm. (5 inch). 

‘Locality.—Off coast of Oregon (station 3080). 


PULVINULINA PAUPERATA Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 74, fig. 3.) 


Thin, flat, and transparent, composed of fifteen to twenty or more 
slightly inflated segments, arranged in about two planospiral convolu- 
tions, all the segments being visible on both sides; margin extended 
into a broad, thin wing of clear shell-substance entirely surrounding the 
final convolution. Diameter, about 1.5 mm. (;/; inch), often much 
greater. 

Locality—Specimens from the Gulf of Mexico (stations 2385, 2395), 
730 and 347 fathoms. 


PULVINULINA KARSTENI Reuss. 
(Plate 74, fig. 5.) 


Lenticular, about equally convex on both faces, smooth and regular, 
with a blunt angular peripheral margin, composed of about three con- 
volutions, the last having five or six segments; sutures often indis- 
tinetly marked superiorly, well-defined, and a little depressed on the 
inferior face; aperture as usual, a narrow slit on the inner margin of 
the final segment. Diameter, about 0.6 mm. (75 inch). 

Locality.—North Atlantic (station 2212), 428 fathoms. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 331 


PULVINULINA ELEGANS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 75, fig. 1.) 


Lenticular, about equally convex on the two sides, smooth; periph- 
eral margin rounded; sutures well marked but not elevated or 
depressed; walls clear, transparent, and beautifully marked by opaque- 
white, broad, wavy lines and irregular dots; aperture at the inner 
margin of the final segment, a second apertare is found in most speci- 
mens as a linear slit just beneath the peripheral margin of the last 
segment. Diameter, about 1.5 mm. (;/; inch). 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic, and Panama Bay (sta- 
tions 2352, 2394, 2570, 2805), 51 to 1,313 fathoms. 


PULVINULINA PARTSCHIANA 4d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 75, fig. 3.) 

Differs from P. elegans in its smaller size, the tendency to limbation 
of the sutures, and especially in the absence of the variegated markings 
which give the specific name to the former species. Diameter, about 
0.75 mm. (345 inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2394), 420 fathoms. 


Genus ROTALIA. 


Test rotaliform, shell-wall very finely porous; exogenous deposit 
either in the form of embossed septal lines or of granulation of the 
sutures near the umbilicus. Aperture a neatly arched slit, nearly 
median. 

ROTALIA BECCARII Linnzus. 
(Plate 75, fig. 2. 

Double-convex, with convexity greatest on the inferior face; margin 
rounded and slightly lobulated; segments numerous, arranged in about 
four convolutions, only the last visible on the under side; upper sur- 
face smooth; septa on inferior face more or less raised and granular, in 
some cases double, with a deep fissure between the layers; umbilicus 
sometimes excavated, sometimes filled with clear shell-substance; walls 
thick and strong. Diameter, about 0.8 mm. (;5 inch). 

Locality.—N ot recorded. 


ROTALIA ORBICULARIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 75, fig. 5.) 


Superior face flat or slightly convex, inferior face moderately and 
regularly convex; umbilicus scarcely if at all depressed; peripheral 
margin rounded; walls finely porous; surface smooth, without orna- 
mentation; segments numerous, twelve or more in the final convolution; 
sutures conspicuous because of the thickening of the septal walls; 
orifice regular. Diameter, about 0.8 mm. (35 inch). 

Locality.—Coast of Orcgon (station 3080), 93 fathoms. 


332 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ROTALIA SOLDANII d’Orbigny,. 
(Plate 75, fig. 4.) 


Superior face flat and smooth; inferior face highly convex; umbilicus 
deeply excavated; peripheral margin thick and well rounded; walls 
very finely perforated, surface smooth except the granular umbilicus; 
face of the final segment broad and flat. Diameter, about 1 mm. 
(35 Inch). 

Localities—A deep-water species, widely distributed. Specimens 
from North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and North Pacific (stations 2115, 
2228, 2550, 2568, 2570, 2385, 2394, 3080). 


ROTALIA SCHROETERIANA Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 76, fig. 1.) 


A large, strong, symmetrical shell, slightly convex on the upper face, 
highly convex below; sutures broad and conspicuously marked on both 
aces by numerous prominent beads of clear shell-substance; umbili- 
cus filled with a dense irregular mass of shell. Section near the supe- 
rior face has opened all the chambers; cross section shows the umbili- 
cal mass of shell-substance. Diameter, about 1.5 mm. (;'; inch). 
Locality.—Not recorded. 


ROTALIA PAPILLOSA Brady. 
(Plate 76, fig. 2.) 


Test lenticular, nearly equally convex on the two faces; segments 
clearly defined on both faces by thick septa of transparent shell-sub- 
stance more or less regularly penetrated by round apertures sometimes 
running into short fissures. Diameter, about 1 mm. (35 inch). 

Locality.—Not recorded. 


ROTALIA PULCHELLA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 76, fig. 3.) 


Small, much compressed on both faces, composed of numerous some- 
what inflated segments arranged in three or four convolutions, only 
the last convolution visible on the underside; sutures raised in narrow, 
sometimes interrupted ridges. Projecting radially from the margin are 
three or four long slender spines, equaling or exceeding in length, when 
unbroken, the greatest diameter of the test. Diameter, about 0.4 mm. 
(5 inch). 

Locality.—Not recorded. 


Genus TRUNCATULINA. 


Test free or adherent, rotaliform, the inferior face generally more 
convex than the superior; shell-wall coarsely porous; aperture a curved 
slit at or near the superior margin of the inner edge of the final seg- 
ment, sometimes with a phialine neck and lip. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 333 


TRUNCATULINA LOBATULA Walker and Jacob. 
(Plate 76, fig. 4.) ; 


Plianoconvex, the convexity on the inferior face; peripheral margin 
rounded; segments rather numerous, only the final convolution visi- 
ble below; walls stout and coarsely porous; sutures thickened with 
clear shell-substance and more or less limbate near the umbilici; 
aperture a long fissure at the upper and inner margin of the last 
segments. Diameter, from 0.8 to 1.2 mm (2; to #5 inch). 

Locality.x—Bahia, Brazil (station 2760), 1,019 fathoms. 


TRUNCATULINA WUELLERSTORFI Schwager. 
(Plate 77, fig. 1.) 


Outline circular, much compressed, inferior face moderately convex, 
superior face flat or slightly concave, peripheral margin sharp; com- 
posed of numerous narrow curved segments arranged in about three 
convolutions; walls coarsely porous; aperture regular. Diameter, 
about 1.25 mm. (35 inch). 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic, and Panama Bay (sta- 
tions 2150, 2370, 2392, 2570, 2565, 2750, 2805), 25 to 2,069 fathoms. 


TRUNCATULINA UNGERIANA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 77, fig. 2.) 


Nearly equally convex on the two surfaces, peripheral margin thin. 
Differs from T. wuellerstorfi in that the superior face is convex, the 
segments shorter and less curved, and the walls less coarsely porous. 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico and coast of Brazil (stations 2078, 2393, 
2400, 2760), 169 to 1,019 fathoms. 


TRUNCATULINA AKNERIANA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 77, fig. 5.) 


Circular, compressed, superior surface flat, inferior convex at the 
margin, flat toward the center; margin rounded; a more or less deep 
and extended fissure on the superior face between the last convolution 
and the preceding one. Section shows the chambers of the last convo- 
lution and a portion of the next. Diameter, about 1.25 mm. (35 inch). 

Localities—Gulf of Mexico and coast of Brazil (stations 2377, 2394, 
2398, 2760), 210 to 1,019 fathoms. 


TRUNCATULINA ROBERTSONIANA Brady. 
(Plate 77, fig. 3.) 


Superior surface nearly flat, inferior convex, but flattened toward 
the center; margin thick and rounded; walls quite transparent, show- 
ing clearly the convolutions and the outlines of the numerous seg- 
ments; all the convolutions visible on the upper face, on the lower 


334 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


face the final convolution leaves exposed some of the earlier segments; 
walls coarsely porous; color often a more or less deep shade of brown. 
Diameter, about 0.7 mm. (3; inch). 

Localities.—North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, coast of 
Brazil (stations 2568, 2352, 2392, 2394, 2760), 463 to 1,781 fathoms. 


TRUNCATULINA TENERA Brady. 
(Plate 77, fig. 4.) 


Small, discoidal, inferior face the more convex; peripheral margin 
acute and slightly lobulated; visible segments on the inferior face six 
or seven; convolutions about three of nearly equal width; sutures 
slightly depressed, straight and radial; aperture a short curved fissure 
with thickened lip, at the inner margin of the final segment. Diame- 
ter, about 0.5 mm. (5 inch). 

Locality.—W est coast of Patagonia (station 2784), 194 fathoms. 


TRUNCATULINA PYGMA®A Hantken. 
(Plate 77, fig. 6.) 


Very small, slightly convex superiorily, quite convex inferiorily, and 
depressed at the center; rounded near the margin, but with a rather 
sharp edge; sutures sometimes thickened with clear shell substance. 
Diameter, about 0.36 mm. (5 inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2460), 169 fathoms. 


TRUNCATULINA ROSEA d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 78, fig. 2.) 


Superior face short conical, with rounded apex; inferior face flat or 
slightly convex; sutural lines very indistinct; color pink to bright rose 
color. Section shows chambers of the last convolution, and the thick 
deposit of pink shell substance about the center of the coil. Diameter, 
about 0.5 mm. (;5 inch). 

Locality.—Not recorded. 


TRUNCATULINA PRACINCTA Karrer. 
(Plate 78, fig. 1.) 


Comparatively large, thick, biconvex, convexity greatest on the 
inferior side; margin obtuse; sutures raised by a thick deposit of clear 
shell substance, especially on the lower side and near the umbilicus. 
Diameter, about 1.5 mm. (;/; inch). 

Localities.—Gulf of Mexico (stations 2399, 2400), 169 and 196 fathoms. 


TRUNCATULINA RETICULATA Czjzek. 
(Plate 78, fig. 3.) 


Biconvex, the convexity about equal on the two sides; margin thin 
and broadly carinate; walls thick, transparent, and rather coarsely 
perforated along the borders of the segments. The tubuli, in certain 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 335 


aspects, give a fringed appearance to the margins of the segments. 
Aperture at the end of a short, oval, tubular neck, with a broad, everted 
edge. Diameter, about 0.5 mm. (;'5 inch). 

Locality.—Gulf of Mexico (station 2352), 463 fathoms. 


Genus ANOMALINA. 


Characters similar to those of Truncatulina, except that the two faces 
are more nearly alike, the general contour being biconcave or sub- 
nautiloid, and the whole more or less evolute. 


ANOMALINA AMMONOIDES Reuss. 
(Plate 78, fig. 4.) 


Symmetrical, about equally convex on the two faces, a little depressed 
at the umbilici, margin rounded; segments numerous, in three or four 
convolutions; sutures thickened with clear shell substance, sometimes 
a little raised; walls rather coarsely perforate; aperture in the middle 
line at the end of the last segment. Section has laid open every cham- 
ber of all the convolutions. Diameter, about 0.8 mm. (34; inch). 

Locality.x—Collected in large numbers off the west coast of Cuba 
(station 2352), 463 fathoms. 


ANOMALINA GROSSERUGOSA Giimbel. 
(Plate 78, fig. 5.) 


Less symmetrical than A. ammonoides, superior face more compressed, 
segments fewer, and only those of the final convolution, about seven in 
number, visible on the inferior face. Diameter, about 1 mm. (4 inch). 

Loealities.—Gulf of Mexico and coast of Brazil (stations 2394, 2760), 
420 and 1,019 fathoms. 


ANOMALINA ARIMINENSIS d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 79, fig. 1.) 


Very much compressed, thin, margin square, with rounded angles; 
some of the earlier segments visible on the inferior face; sutures thick 
and sometimes prominent; walls transparent, distinctly showing out- 
lines of segments and convolutions. Diameter, about 0.6 mm. (5 inch). 

Locality.— Caribbean Sea (stations 2150, 2355), 382 and 399 fathoms. 


ANOMALINA CORONATA Parker and Jones. 
(Plate 79, fig. 2.) 


Irregularly biconvex, the under side less convex than the upper, de- 
pressed at the center on both sides, often more or less distorted, the 
segments of the last convolution rapidly increasing in breadth, forming 
an irregular ridge around the border of each face; walls very coarsely 
porous. Diameter, about 0.25 mm. (35 inch). 

Locality.—Otf coast of Georgia (station 2416), 276 fathoms. 


336 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


~ANOMALINA POLYMORPHA Costa. 
(Plate 79, fig. 3.) 


Strongly resembles A. coronata, but is characterized by the presence 
of one or several short,. stout spinous outgrowths, usually from the 
periphery of the shell. If but one spine is present, that is generally a 
prolongation of the final segment. 

Locality. —Collected at the same station as A. coronata, 


Genus RUPERTIA. 


Test columnar, growing attached by a slightly-spreading base; seg- 
ments numerous, spirally arranged; aperture at the inner margin of 
the final segment. 


RUPERTIA STABILIS Wallich. 
(Plate 79, fig. 4.) 


Irregularly flask-shaped, having a moderately-inflated body, a short, 
thick neck, and an expanded lip. The lip is formed by the spreading 
base by which the shell adheres to some other body. The neck is 
formed by about two superimposed convolutions; the body by the 
inflated segments of the succeeding convolutions; walls thick and 
coarsely perforated; aperture at the inner edge of the final segment. 
Length, 1.5 mm. (;4; inch), more or less. 

Localities—North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (stations 2530, 2383), 
956 and 1,181 fathoms. 


Subfamily TINOPORIN 4. 


Test consisting of irregularly-heaped chambers, with a more or less 
distinctly spiral primordial portion. 


Genus GYPSINA. 


Test free or attached, spheroidal or spreading; structure acervuline, 
radiating, or laminated; chambers rounded or polyhedral, coarsely 
perforated. 


GYPSINA INHZERENS Schultze. 
(Plate 79, fig. 6.) 


Adherent; contour discoidal, more or less distorted according to the 
form of the surface to which it was adherent; composed of numerous 
subglobular segments irregularly heaped together, except at the very 
beginning, where a brief spiral arrangement is perceptible on the under 
side; walls coarsely perforated; no general aperture. Diameter, about 
1.25 mm. (34; inch). 

Localities.—Oft Florida Keys, Straits of Yucatan, and Exuma Sound 
(stations 2641, 2358, 2629), 60 to 1,169 fathoms. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 9337 


Family X. NOMMULINID2. 


Test calcareous and finely tubulated; typically free, polythalamous 
and symmetrically spiral. The higher modifications all possessing a 
supplemental skeleton and a canal system of greater or less complexity. 


Subfamily POLYSTOMELLIN &. 


Test bilaterally symmetrical; nautiloid, lower forms without supple- 
mental skeleton or interseptal canals; higher types with canals open- 
ing at regular intervals along the external septal depressions. 


Genus NONIONINA. 


Supplemental skeleton absent or rudimentary; no external septal 
pores or bridges; aperture a simple curved slit. 


NONIONINA BOUEANA @d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 79, tig. 5.) 


Oval, compressed, bilaterally symmetrical; composed of numerous 
long, narrow, curved segments coiled in a close flat spiral, the last con- 
vyolution completely inclosing the others; outline smooth; sutures flush; 
surface granular about the umbilici, which are depressed; no intersep- 
tal pores. Diameter, about 0.6 mm. (5 inch), 

Locality.— Gulf of Tokyo, 9 fathoms. 


NONIONINA SCAPHA Fichtel and Moll. 
(Plate 80, fig. 1.) 


Oval, compressed, symmetrical, smooth, not granular about the 
umbilici; segments comparatively few, increasing rapidly in size; face 
of the terminal segment broad and round. Diameter, about 0.4 mm. 
(Ay Ineh). 

Localities—Panama Bay, coast of Yucatan, and Gulf of Tokyo 
(stations 2805, 2358), 9 to 222 fathoms. 


Genus POLYSTOMELLA. 


Supplemental skeleton, septal bridges, and canal system more or 
less fully developed; canals opening externally at the umbilicus and 
by a single or double row of pores along the sutures. Aperture ¢ 
V-shaped line of perforations at the base of the septal face. 


POLYSTOMELLA STRIATOPUNCTATA Fichtel and Moll. 
(Plate 80, fig. 2.) 


Discoidal, bilaterally symmetrical; final convolution ineloses all the 
others; margin rounded; walls finely perforated; septal bridges dis- 
tinct; a single row of pores along the sutures. Diameter, about 0.6 mm. 
(4) inch). 

NAT MUS 97——22 


338 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Localities.—Coast of Yucatan, North Atlantic (stations 2358, 2530, 
2614), 10 to 956 fathoms. 


POLYSTOMELLA CRISPA Linnezus. 
(Plate 80, fig. 3.) 


Lenticular, strongly biconvex, peripheral margin angular; septal 
pores in a single row, large, and closely set; umbilici filled with clear 
shell-substance more or less porous. Diameter, about 0.7 mm. (3; inch) 

Locality.—Not recorded. 


Subfamily NUMMULITIN 4%. 


Test lenticular or complanate; lower forms with thickened and finely 
tubulated shell-wall, but no intermediaig skeleton; higher forms with 
interseptal skeleton and complex canal system. 


Genus AMPHISTEGINA. 


Test spiral, lenticular, inequilateral; chambers equitant, the alar pro- 
longations on one side simple, on the other divided by deep coustric- 
tions so as to form supplementary lobes. Shell-wall thickened near the 
umbilicus and finely tubulated, but presenting no true canal system. 


AMPHISTEGINA LESSONII d’Orbigny. 
(Plate 80, fig. 4.) 


Lenticular, somewhat unequally convex on the two sides; margin 
angular; surface smooth; segments numerous, narrow, bent, simple on 
the upper side, but constricted on the inferior side, and sharply bent 
backward; aperture on the under side of the last segment. Diameter, 
about 1.5 mm. (5); inch). 

Localities.—North Atlantic, coast of Yucatan, Gulf of Mexico (sta- 
tions 2415, 2629, 2641, 2363, 2370), 9 to 1,169 fathoms. 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 


List of stations quoted, location, and depth of water. 


339 


Station. Latitude. Longitude. 


Depth. Locality. 
ag o ! | Fathoms. | 
2040 38 385 | 68 16 2,226 | Off Nantucket Shoals. 
2041 39 sal 68 25 1,608 | Do. 
2115 35 49 | 74 34 843 Off Cape Hatteras. 
2117 15 24.) 63 31 683 Near Aves Island. 
2144 9 49| 79 31 896 | Near Aspinwall. 
2150 13 34 81 21 382 | Near Old Providence Island. 
2171 37 59 | 73 48 444 Off Maryland. 
2204 39 30 71 44 728 South of Block Island. 
2212 39 59 70 30 428 | South of Marthas Vineyard. 
2221 39 05 70 44 1, 525 Do. - 
2225 36 05 69 51) 2,512 Off North Carolina. 
2298| 37. 25 73 06| 1,582 | Off Maryland. 
2234 | 39 09 72 03 810 | South of Long Island. 
2242 | 40 15 70 27 58 | South of Marthas Vineyard. 
2243 40 10 70 26 63 | Do. 
2251 | 40 22 69 51 43 Off Nantucket Shoals. 
2252; 40 28 69 51 38 Do. 
2963; 37 08| 74 33 430 Off Chesapeake Bay. 
2264 | 37 07 74 34 167 Do. 
2289 35 22 75 25 7 Off Cape Hatteras. 
2312| 32 54 77 53 88 Off South Carolina. 
2318 | 32 53 Ti 58 99 | Do. 
2315 24 26 81 48 37 Off Key West, Florida. 
2335 | 23) 0 82 20 204 Off Habana, Cuba. 
2338 23-10 82 20 | 189 Do. 
2343) 23 11 82 19 279 Do. 
2352 DISD 84 23 | 463 Off west coast of Cuba. 
2353 20 59 86 23 | 167 Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan 
2354 20 59 86 23 130 Do. 
2355 | 20 56 86 27 399 Do. 
2358 20 19 87 222 | Off Cozumel Island, Yucatan. 
2363 «22 07 87 06 21 | Off Cape Catoche, Yucatan. 
2370 | 29 18 85 32 25 Between Delta of Mississippi River and Cedar Keys, 
Florida. 
2372 29 15 | 85 29 27 Do. 
2374 299 11| 85 29 26| To. 
2377| 29 07| 88 08 210 |. Do: 
S378 20nd 4 88 09 | 68 Do. 
2379 28 00 87 42 1, 467 | Do. 
2380| 28 02 87 43| 1,430{ Do. 
2382| 28 19 88 01} 1,255| Do. 
2383 | 28 32 88 06| 1,181| Do. 
2385, 28 51 88 18 730 | Do. 
2392 28 47 87 27 724 | Do. 
2394 28 38 | 87 02 420 | Do. 
2395 28 36 | 86 50 | 347 | Do. 
2308 | 28 45 86 26 227 Do. 
2399 | 98 44 86 18 na Do. 
2400 28 41 86 07 169 | Do. 
2415; 30 44 79 26 


440 | Off Georgia. 


340 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


List of stations quoted, location, and depth of water—Continued. 


Station. | Latitude. | Longitude.| Depth. Locality. 
Cyr o 6! | Fathoms. 
2416 31 26 79 07 276 | Off Georgia. 
2420 37 03 74 31 104 | Off Chesapeake Bay. 
2530 40 53 66 24 956 | Southeast of Georges Bank. 
2547 89 54 70 20 390 | South of Marthas Vineyard. 
2550 39 44 70 30 1, 081 Do. : 
2565 38 19 69 02 2,069 | About 220 miles southeast of Marthas Vineyard. 
2568 89 15 68 08 1,781 | About 200 miles southeast of Marthas Vineyard. 
2569 39 26 68 03 1, 782 Do. 
2570 39 54 67 05 1,813 | Southeast of Georges Bank. 
2571 40 09 67 09 1, 356 Do. 
2576 41 15 68 15 18 | Georges Bank. 
2577 Al LY, 68 21 32 Do. 
2584 39 05 72 23 541 | South of Block Island. 
2586 39 02 72 40 328 Do. 
2614 34 09 76 02 168 | Off Cape Lookout. 
2616 33 42 17 31 17 | Off Cape Fear. 
2623 33 «38 77 36 15 Do. 
2627 32 21 7 -O7 437 | Off Cape Romain. 
2629 32 48 75 10 1,169 | Mouth of Exuma Sound. 
2641 25° Til 80 10 60 | Off Carysfort Light. 
2650 23 34 76 34 369 | Southeast of Andros Island (Bahamas). 
2651 24 02 77 12 97 Do. 
2654 27. 57 OPT 660 | Off Little Bahama Bank. 
2655 27 «22 78 07 338 Do. 
2660 28 40 78 46 504 | Off Cape Canaveral. 
2662 29 24 79 43 434 | Off St. Augustine. 
2663 29 39 79 49 421 Do. 
2677 32 39.) 76 50 478 | Off Cape Fear. 
2679 32 40 76 40 782 Do. 
2684 39 35 70 54 1,106 | South of Marthas Vineyard. 
2716 38 29 70 57 1, 631 Do. 
2723 36 47 73 09 1,685 | Off Chesapeake Bay. 
2731 36 45 74 28 781 Do. 
2750 18 30 63 31 496 | Off Windward Islands, West Indies. 
2751 16 54 63 12 687 Do. 
2754 11 40 58 33 880 | Off Santa Lucia, West Indies. 
2760 | S. 12 07 | Si ly 1,019 | Off Bahia, Brazil. 
2762 | S. 23 08 4. 34 59 | Off Cape Frio, Brazil. 
2763 | S. 24 17 42 48 671 Do. ; 
2784 |S. 48 41 74 24 194 | Between Wellington Island and Patagonia. 
2805; S. 7 56 79 41 51 | Panama Bay. 
2842 |N. 54 15 166 03 72 | Off Head of Akutan Island, Alaska. 
2860 51 23 130 34 876 | Off Cape St. James, Queen Charlotte Islands. 
2923 32 40 117 31 822 | Off San Diego, California. 
3080 43 58 124 36 93 | Off Heceta Bank, Oregon. 
3415 14 46 98 40 1,879 | West coast of Mexico. 


xn 


LN DEB Xe. 


341 


Plate Figure. Page. 
UMM POAT MN 55 SCE OHOoE OEE OSSS OOS RO OEHOC COS BARD OC CE OSS ac Sb Nees be tem epee aise 263 
PERS id TION ete eit cay aha a arate into cnn atn Ya n= nie elem oi eislare cei mide wes laser atalam onh| Mew ininic. isiatal| arlene nyoclow 262 
DANS IP PG soos acGa cea Epa ddadne 6 sae CepOGos DEE Boos OBESE eo asc bel pacts mera dsoesacjees 262 
EWU T HERING coon goeabotesocoss sascecous soso se scbases bes gseseeq000s0|lsosee seseqlassaeosece 260, 278 
PEEIROU GT o6 soho ogob doce Sans sdecocsIac kt sensasbbesoease 24 2 | 279 
EMO haas pessoa tess anscagasgosssga0¢ sosascccsoanese 24 1 279 
COTA osc ale tts eat sate + ee sie eaten eect meetelacee 2 2 278 
ROTIINIS ere clear a ciel os see aaa mialcloeeie iain nie = nisie saeieicinia mtetcre 23 1 279 
» Ary SEA pae) < co spc eSseer cosnosserSrncseescesd0ce ste senosesshessso6 i bocStocsad|oconmasend 262 
jpotb Danas NTS <AsosSe Soceaee Ss occccs So ce asad cosoee scpe cessor oeDaed Sobdeoo ons |seeecaceur 262 
JATIN R GASIT SEO c ein ecene Sag oe a aobas aSR ee CR EsdOoConSnc SOC Sac Eeseoce.| Reet aeesed Saascaceaod 264, 338 
HOS RO DULG ses see tora ame Shee ieee iain emai ce sere ators 80 4 | 338 
UP NNO. + oa cus pbaechosocepsosscouscsteeodgesee Soscanencoascotce sd bsesbs500 5) sooassanas 263, 3385 
APAMVONOIGESs - <.ciz siz ot-)sisie= crate, =\stajcirioinvateiote =e wicia\>'sraraieieisleiarsiaje.e 78 4 335 
i abestine i) By pcr aca nO nceGo sae IO eS OO ab BEOboeS ae aan aeenone 79 1 335 
COTOG PUG) GacsoogoosanSntessseade¢eoseee scococopesees qos nas 79 2 | 335 
RUSS EMTISOS Piso So Gece So see po bo Sa aosceoosneeeenones oe 78 | 5 | 335 
MGW HR eon toa stce ss codntobasece eons ou sacenses 79 | 3 336 
JQP ART INE 2+ oc sodcoesen senses see sdoc ceded eaces copdonesoecseoosponcs|jseaccsisess |Soosuedses 264 
PSOE NS TEMES AS DRS aan a ae each ita pu acl mice (ce cretcinja inte haya tainn 7s aharevatefela| micvel poe eicini| refocitemanee 264 
PRIN ESTO Eat ee cle se ee wieic eo =o wins etetoiw eine iar ete loieinle Sicislaie nial eicie sete is scrote mciewiele aie's| (wae reece 261, 301 
SEMIN coneeSec asco seo cag ceetecsssScoseagsecarecencap nseceree 47 1 | 301 
DPA NTUIE). noes Soogep eS OBE EOOS COOP ASEOB Cn EeE ne SOO GSES SCRE SOR Sead lbersoocne 4 Paaeee reas 259 
JAGISUTS Do. LCR CH Sar AEDES GOFR Sep S550 CHS OOtE ERE SES EE HEE HO SRO eerie OEE acca Ce mesaccr 264 
ENSUE Zee tae eee ale eins aia aia clan ro ainla) aioe latasejae aisisiais a ciaele wala ate erete/iclateie acci|t eis ces cen] Soa eas 259, 265 
DHL TIO SP actingnoe sonsonodeecegnbae sseeonecoaccosaonadenese 3 1 | 265 
RO TATA ee ay sce eset s, er tet ara tte etate ale ol ears ets to See Saws 2 3 2 | 265 
CEASNEMIT ise aera ae eats Sea Rie totale Tate lan otera eralerclasiciainerais cieiate 74) Coe a 265 
(SMES) So Saas ce oeestecoos sees paso eeopecsacus osc sebsce We loceoeenone 265 
JTRS DIL ED 6 5 Sasa pedsoosuser occa papbocnoosscedoc Sno qos tee seas Seessemces||essecspcae | 258, 259, 264 
AMGIiing hiya sane ne Ss sO esa Sas Oe AG ORES ECE REGS GOAS DOSER OES AC AOR So SSE Hae ees Eee et cee 265 
LE SUITE) Soc tahoe etnies seme noc Cone Sabo cece Toneoe cous 5p ne MeseEeacnse lacecanaoere 259, 267 
MUA EES Cte ahs aon wsslleral sa alorare hiwrelelalalaie(aninrete wieisjuiers se otsietoiererejeracie fg opecoortes 267 
OAS re rteeceee coe cc sie neicln me cisate ostareicee sews Soin alass areluiafera'aciereton| oaode otc bA| ecu ct ees 260 
RAL e EAM Ch etek iatsiagfe ie ixinns six ols a.sizicise sme vjoieeivis chicclebicins = ube soca ose lee|/aasacee stack iuacees 261 
Bigenerina=--..=--- . S2cssedaso soap oSoceoe eco eo ea snrodescesbosaanctsss |Ssbospoucaoadoosese 261, 286 
CADLEGIUN tistec seca pts hase me nears a -o ech ashe Sacieiecite eeeta Gr 32 3 286 
NO COSANTA Se oy2 ciate ono esl ayes sien wicisinta’s wine wetsis shin se emiceclas 31 4 286 
POTS Shh area cote reece e olorcie aes Sint Acree wi steele al stclaiciave aie 32 2 287 
LOUIS UA eee eee eta ate ea aaa cite Sooteeees secs 32 1 286 
SCN ier eens ts en aioe woe acca fsck ace aetes nace caeSeses ee atlllsecesceees 261 
palletes Se Se ee Seo eee See ee eee earns 38 5 293 
COMA Seer tea = som cee ona wa haacccwissas ecw ssecaetecasa oe 39 3 294 
MERISCENS pa aekns cee scat cece seem oe te sca csee cote Inst tawencs 40 3 295 
MEDIOSN eerie Me nee sears tae as Accs ioe olcte cian atiopiigeeeine? 40 1 294 
VAL ASOMTAUAS js eens ca cm wana se eae e se eeistaeren 40 2 294 
GION PALA sete ede sass =e taneas ces Ssedss es nacssasseesen es 39 4 294 
PROM MAN IS pest aides Aen a a\cisle'al-\oseae = sedoesaaseteeme teas 41 3 295 
RES NIR Re Seen eee as acini am iciarc al seiciale so atinls ca watbabicaMocesceuies 41 1 295 
RGN c53 SRB Cod OE ODOL SOURS SEE HCe EE bBUe LEP eS Eee er eober 39 2 294 
SES MEERST Bye tate eats = fay ol Stern cca ctoletclelarwlisiaslela ova ciated ec\diaciaeig cewe-¢ 41 2 295 
GUM LOS AM amma ce han se emac ce ace nanscieew osecdese severe 39 1 293 


342 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Plate. | Figure. | Page. 
BOM VIN « ons nc ncaa oc cscc deaw ecole oes cena ster aa cement a ae ate ate eee Peter ere cate tae 261, 291 
@NATIONSIS <5 2.555 sssds nae owe wishin sweats nei ae ee niece alate 37 8 292 
TOG NER AG SS aeino sac mes Scorsanart ash on See St hsb ssa oe 38 2 292 
PUUULL UREA see crm apt lea 38 1 292 
Botellinga, 2... ssesn seen eais sce pasa has a eo oe en ee ee lamers sapere eee eee eee 259 
Joh eh RASS SS sep sicene oc Jo> Senoton aneotas Se Sepa ac padogec or sesbestaccee danas noice [beac deesed | 26¢ 
171 bhb) Bae Re Smee ae Ieee me bee aa ee er Bienes mebeer Sacusachrine, sededisdacseccne poesaeocse || Cidls uy 
Sewleaba os: gate eae s ese ahs tes cero Meee oe nei eet 37 4 291 
OGNMNIS = carisst lace sence ct cot aac Smcins enowe se eeeees cateweekerns 37 2 | 290 
PIGI SI Se saShoes =o eS de eee tstone Soot igdsronosasstecdsdseae 36 3 290 
De EC Ree eee OSE ne ee eee ere Se eer ear Sonnceaa 37 5 291 
PUPOWM OS os 52 = sees se- hotel asc Sancaeseasaso sommes cee Sena 37 3 | 290 
Pr Ee ep orodeine se Sees oc GR GE ESS a ECR oo oe acre Mes Sos E Sear 36 4,5 290 
VALS PINOSCEMSjs2-'sn--Je ees sconce vee eae esse eee aoe 37 1 | 290 
Buliminine: << soe ec ose a= seca eS oes ace we pocewms sseeses sree oe oeee cs oaeeaal|aseeacas| Eoemceeert 261, 289 
(GPR rb Eee ee REIS Ce Scetee SBS EASE rate AE e ROS SC OTR SOe ar Aerts esr OD na Oonn Ss Hance eGn Redoasaems 263 
Candee oo. 23F Sak ha se eetaitoncatce sand odudesake se cecmes eee cecaeecemocie Desist eh teem nee 268, 325 
Mitid ass. sion. ccc c beens ese sea e eke boewee eens cases emce 71 3 325 
@arpenteria)c tes aae sis oa ee ee re cle eee ee aie seine eae ala aielelelnimin na =| se ae siete een 263 
Carterina.s se.ci.2st esac Maal, igtisisie Settee wie = ate eis See anit esere es = etre elm sreges ates ee aie tater eral eh eteicleen aie 260 
LEER Tic Git eA po eR Ae pean SO NE Ak te Et ea NPE, (elie eA 261, 292 
GYASAA so edect sawe cemesk socks cee sere rere asa eeellemete 4 ahs 38 3 292 
SUD 210 DOS eet ee ae let eee ee josuzssoress 38 4 293 
@assidmliminges << see cins ae ore aera eae min ats Sie alee alge rai yan eee mara re es | 261, 292 
Chilostomellaoo95) 2: a2 ee cinemas case mansice em sis oneness oboe cst Dee's oes see a eens ee par ae opeceng 263 
@hilostomellidgs. oo nenk soee ee ee esc eee cee ire Sees ers e eee en  ge | 258, 263 
@hrysalidinay 22 co sce ts ee a alate alas ie eyelash yale nies mies oy eae eee eal arene Saat al) eee | 261 
Olavulina-n-3ssestsabgoace cose te lnone eS oe mens cacme se ae a= seescee| seeeseciees eee 261, 288 
Bufo biats] Soa aed po seoeee J sasgoers souec es aaeaes Seo aoeCSOos=OSDe 36 2 259 
GOMMUMNIS & Roo esata eaters emcee ae an ee eae ieee 34 | 3 288 
Guyee sits sass on doprocme seder te oo seg oa cs casos eS ea sone ad se sace 35 | 1 289 
pasisiomaie. 8.0.36 Sok 5. een at car ee cr eee ee 35 | Pe Nye 
Gar UMS toe ce ot cee neers or hae pat ee 36 fal 289 
SIGRID UE AeA see monica aCe Sasa SoS oo aS Hincm es (oe Seep Os ScOnESTEE se Sse - neers em 262, 303 
NUE YOT US oA ern Re AGC eae pm BOS SIC OC CE BAe Hace doco Soe aee 48 | a 303 
INV. OIN ONS Hajaoia ane sss Se aapepein cil eer eines Sie eee eee oe Be eee ane 48 / a 303 
(Ora TG MEia Gh pee senenatandocSses ocr ac oust Step Seotit scenes om enee dese er Sees] bse opccatie |----------| 262, 314 
aeuledtasc ots. 23 ox ot eee tenet eee eee ete ane 66 3 318 
AeutaOriCUlaris ss << it ones Seis ain ceemiaslo eee ee eee es 63 | 5 316 
artiGulatal< csc sales: ce aw sdcece= secanen seers ciseet ot eee oe 64 | 2 317 
(OGRE See OBR Be ae CEE Cor IE GU MSU CBO de HecOn Gs eos Od BeGOOSS 66 | 1 | 318 
CNY Oa) 2] SE Waa Soa R ene SR OE OOUE Cea can ehenccdoon suesoktocdsas’ 62 | 1 | 215 
OG) OG ME ae he See rode cetisa S55 dso tegacos sede se bosses 63 | 2 | 316 
ultras 2 ler as apoic eres ee Oe ee et ot pm ae ee ea 65 | 2 | 318 
OMIM Ata woo Sees scien ein 5 ore viata cote alas alot iv a. ciate ciao esi al se tenets 66 | 2 318 
fee sopeencar assess co adsdcon Scene ssdssnsctesssooseneessiosods 64 1 : 317 
HS Eee ae ees eee Rot orot eciacmec Come ater sec ace nat 63 | 6 316 
latifrons2 S825 sae cece oho t ee eee ines eee meee eens 63 | 3 | 316 
limmbatiacs cs tos nc se neees Cosseet oe none ome eee 67 1 318 
Obtusatasvar, SUDDIADS cee a crete )ejosmicae sence seme eee 61 sit 315 
OTDICUIATIS 2 << cece esa es ena ae meine ee eaten ee eee ra 64 3) 317 
TOMUUOLMNIS 2282 5 sen ota eee eee ee me Ree eee eee 62 2} 315 
MO ULL UB ojecn te aieew ais c's oe iare mre loa eee, ere ee ene ee 64 4 | 317 
pGhiodn baolitys 4.254282: cose es ee 63 | 4} 815 
GARE IS 3 oo e-ROso cai sede eons ae te ae ee ee 61 2 = aN 
WALA Gi,- bes = Saciercts in eestor eee SE eee mee 63 ni 316 
yortex...... eRe Ree Seneeaae Wacdbien cheneranees este awatenoae 65 1 317 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 343 

Plate. | Figure. | Page. 
(COUP Tannin 8 ae See OB BOSE RB CASS SOO e rea G ae BASS ARGr SEs OniCn Aang pometao sor lbocoesonse 259, 266 
[apt Sa ees eae ep eee eit Bea A ay ae ea 6 | 2 | 267 
POMS sone see once nmoce sas tS hSeoes 236 Sasaed 7a aesegse oso 6 | 266 
MASEAIR CUS HERE s sisi ae looses sore mere SR oe mice eee cena eet as ciailen | Maree a Beate 260 
DA VE Thre 2 So See BO See Bee oS agecisoocee aAscn adascnd Ha Seeeaseeen||soceneesas|posooce aa 260, 282 
Rance llatance. + Sass sCoe eck seo ase Soencisae somtnertemes ses | 27 3 | 282 
BS Odie Ca ene ee DAS AS AS a COO O SESE Ie | 28 iP aSmacenccccs 
TRREHIET Cotpocrepese SAssecncnoUnscesdactdeospcenssosa0Rcns 28 2 282 
REC uO ING eer al a ance wie sone ani ale larate mi chatetwiwiwte into mjafataiminiatwial| = mie rerm= ===] ea =o) = aan oe 264 
CWO TIA SHR te co eQs5snasseces sbacaasscecScboeda0 55a ecades Saas Sraa naan demsce coon moo ope san|| 263, 326 
(CPE GT NRT a 6s sO aoe ea pen aE a cob ace bobonSee Saunt sas SSceoree cence bosaccosed loonbpsase 263, 326 
MEGA esonico tgs cr son POnO bee e aanbasencap ac SaseranaceSae 12 1 | 326 
TD Gy he ae Se See Saar BEC Ge AC BO SCRR ORC ea Sen See sebec Dob ecard codsoed Pegesse Snr Socecrdoee 259 
TDS a PGT) So See Sgeper oe SoS BOs ae ec Bee ab oe ese codgerSporoccece reo airemencoree bal 262 
Th DORE GUID eon dno peaseedab Ocde ceo aS B0OSa6eC 2 ocean ae cSorEoubo) 959SoD5ae aia e we 258 
REPAIR TY ENN SR tarsi ne oan 5 mie Som oate loans i dsloinine ition wininiele swine <p see mene =e | emmninswe oe 262 
SR RTESS USA UTI ee eee hee eet is ate oo tale ats alee ateiceint si seciecie ot atalo = oie aura’ s)al lerwial= w'a)etewern|| nln lejctetnse sate 263, 327 
OLUNOLOLI ane 5e ooo care SO ok aceon ines laste Be oem eee 72 4 327 
“DAC TE tS Coe eenisees SSeS els SPCR int Se: ie a ABS a ae 72 | 5 327 
HIM OMIGINS 4 Gade aetebsosenbeecemebencococwacocsconnSceLeEEo|| 72 | 2 327 
TN CHEE LaetaGoee ca BO SODOCe CE OD CO ROME Se CCOCSROe NAC SEM arnaa oa 12 | Bul 327 
TOL na 0 ae eels aoe eee Meee soseneacoeEae gcc ci rses teres esses cereeee ee (se endepet 261 
TOM DS 1G INN, <a) Rede Sade ROS a oe BERS pbSbebecse She coer S066 sSSEESnod Beseneases Epoconnine 263 
TSh Aas a etino Son spec es Sco SSse] SSE OSHS Se Sc COCR OE BESS SSCen Sesh nesoner Vag eee ee ae 260 
TOT IW) han) 2 Soap r eee ace Cae E bE Be SC OSES OSES Seep BES OOD DSSE SS sacObe seca peero eee | BOSD EEEOEC 260 
RRA er MELTS ec ee sea ree me rhe w Se ty sens otioealec aes ab tes eelac/caewe es sta 261 
Lian « cactecosec deh aeS eee ORS RBD OHS aes Bo ROS SSCS See ee tscna| PaeEocaoe seb scercosn 262 
Foraminifera ......- Br ee Rem sea ened sia se nese neta emse ease Wc Bice gles ssa 252, 258 
HMB CR NTA see faa oso soicio ats Seen tes one os tence socio mciees cin aaaead | eet ene Weare Sik oul 262, 313 
LLG a eee ee ae eee nce AS wena ae Eo | 59 1 313 
NNEC CULALISEe Soe eee eee ae seca a see sence Ser 59 2 | 313 
I age Ae ye eet ae eS AS viatie 264 
POPES TUTHA TITS ee Saxe Se iso BE a ele oe cnn eeiae seers ate sod Sine eiomaeale malaele pis au amas rae aS ore 264 
(Gib RUT D2 eee goo gS ben a Sane Ben Heer Se eRSToesensoene dacs ae ecre dea onc) oo cocected spire soe 261, 287 
HME Ie odpeaoones aan ces - oo nea SenebOns Coroeel saoe\e Segoe 32 | 5 287 
HOLM GP ace ee aae oe ee eos hema ae ae eset ese costae 33 | 2 287 
TID OMIIES) Seco ea proc ti been nareearsucec pach sorseoU sa esacsebEr 32 | 4 | 287 
TUYERE Sec aes Ssories Scan Seo tbenss Seats shen sceeheocananece | 33 3 288 
SPO] RSs Dep Soe ese ee ee atte 8 Sis eas ae eee A 34 | 1 288 
rye lata So 540 pos nehoseoos Sano Spee see ccodsdestseesesaob | 34 2 288 
She ae aoe Gooden mee Dune ee = EHEe SHO UO Sn Onn nDonsoSoes | 33 1 287 
Luo peneTinir nt CR ae a a i a a ee a a | 268, 321 
Cay OTE WG Goncae sonnpebnec cece pace sseSe cag opeserseceos | 70 3 323 
TTI Cas ooo Sea RnR OEE Con SRE ECOOCOE EAC Ase coonscs 69 2 | 321 
TUTE OID: oqo Sense s00nnagaDOb ese Sedacc= sue See aaeneaDoEr 69 6 322 
GINO 3 sec Sone Cp gnnoece Hob Seen OSES BEES SEREEnDaeasoeuaT iy 2 323 
La MU a eee a Blears Be SE mre Sas weet ewe cro leiclnrolarsr totale 69 4 | 322 
TTD 35a ooh a sosaoaeeeesooase es spa nDLeasceonasaaaenaacds 69) 3 | 322 
THA oe 3 be Case SU See see ae CeIsE Sa nDDODEP aa rEUSSaLeEeoesoo. 69 5 | 322 
SCOOUTA) Sane cobs Bo qeOaCHOs boo Sod Sen UCbondScUunebe aaoac 70 1 | 322 
Melo merI ae es oe tate aw arate ein alas awh etwinta ate mar = ome @/ alm win ole eivisce minim me nicina alin | o/s wisi oinim on 258, 263, 321 
RESSTES ER SNe Nt rts a= SE os clon cra anes orate cing are ees aia nalorattastiei sine wa cena lacie lore’ ate 258 
ReeTAETELT PCPeeI etn eee ok oc tee oe oils orateio we ccie ee se wiceinee eee! oem mia aek [cae wn's'ic’sis 258 
Cie Se Sees d eects o se0 Gee BED NEE AS Sen SBNSeB OOS ees6 ood e eee SCE Seo | ESroScnned| Porooonocs 264, 336 
TNE SIO) As hee Sten OOD Re LOS PISe Ole Sea OOS GAD OCOsCEOOAcE 79 6 336 
SReTieaI Ug) ES ETN tenes ie eae cts Simian asta, cteleralsta asieiaie mtn cters oleae si wreicey miee's ie aes |[scim ym em w= 259 
Pie lo pie oN yall ere wel ars) eee lam slo mio amiviniasicive cles cleorninierieeisinn seca s [eeeasee tre ch Secwecie wee 259, 275 


344 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Plate. | Figure. Page. 
Haplophragnitum agolutinans:.- 32. cceess scene reas ee eoeceninees eaemas 19 2 275 
CALOAT OUI 5 aisapice sa arene ele nian oe a eee 19 ] 275 
CANATIONSOs5o~ oscdca sateen wee esta Soe ae a Shee 20 3 277 
COSSISS ssn cdsn cece «Son pete eae kee eee ae eee 19 4 275 
OMAOIAUOM oe Seale Semele sane ae eee eee eles ae 19 5 276 
foliaceum:+..czcsoe tases cannes scene peee ee aru eees 19 6 276 
PlObIgAnMILORMG 222 aetee ne mee =n eee ee een ene 21 1 277 
latidorsgnbiihes. <2. aecetee one eee eee ee oe 20 1 276 
ScitwumMre ese. ses eet 5 oe wee see tee wae 20 it?) 276 
COMMS O ber ss seit ae ere oe eee Seer 19 3 275 
Haplostiche tcc. sic deanmans sen wan eed eecainns jo Sceaese eeepc mee eeee ae oneees aes aioe taer 260, 277 
Kolaniie wet Ssoankk Oe sec heals wah ee bates eet eee oe 21 3 217 
Hasti serine te oe eso oiaece soe ae use eek ees wee ee eee ee | Geeta ene seal | See c sane 263, 323 
MOLAR Ctra ae islehearacree sos eaale on ala wile aera see see nee 70 40 324 
PLAMOPING 2 «ec ant See ese ea seioneawe c ce omectunce sule ow San Aekee weee cee eaten sees | honeeennee * 261 
EPawerinine 3 -.5.: sdecetists ood sens wc Seteene tee otedes A tieieedeeeeeeane ERSesee ob) ssaces eae 262, 301 
PREGUGTOS GOP UM cy ree ap ras ets ene eee ana letersi cate ie eee ee ea | eee ere 264 
Bippocrepinai<-o- ose escee ec eee see Began cose Sone eo eonden seen sosecosal Maser senod cascuse see 260 
TL ORMOSIN A oe 2 aiace ie Soo aes as Wie cere ie ae & ates ee ele See ea oy he ate ye er eta 260, 280 
CAPPONI cas tac- oce ose epee nee Sonera eee ashe teenee 25 1 280 
Pel ANU aS eee po cassie Sogo esac aso saeSoaees Gsanse 24 4 280 
Osho CN ec pese coe daestc Hohecuboscugssnessanen ees, 25 2 280 
Ey POTaAnA MN G-eetenc a ajaeiait sa sen aloe tees aeeiee eine een ema ee ee ee eee eta aeeeree 259, 269 
SKC e eS Gs ecrcniceeaacbos sasua aches na eiAes ease ses Sons. 10 2 270 
tris bilgi, ss cho pep a oe = eee ae re ote eee 10 1 269 
BETTS SC CHE AR RCO C A a aS OF ASSO OSE IEA Oe SHSHO a a 11 1 270 
WUT e ee Che oe tolerate aie oie nice een ere a aye cher 11 2 270 
AM VON ccs omer Sostamied a= eee see meee moe Chem eine eee Samar nee ae [Pesto me ries (ase aces 260 
DA CULO Macs cet eis, =a ae Maan wala ats wleialain nm ae ote a we emote cutee Cee ants mane elem e ms stees 259, 269 
BOUL Son 6 see ene se aes weet bebe teem renee sme ccioe meer 9 4 269 
IROram OS PHRBiA \heseras et sie bo ome nia lace ate ecto fare ere mt rapes | ere Pe 262 
Keramospherin® -22 22 se1-2 oer ns seem seen ee ae oe a ee eee eel eee eee S| ce een 262 
a DE Te Paes e ons cioas paOcGnonsoe Sao aa aS SSasa5 9s es oso sal Secsoosu |Se=se socce 262, 305 
castanea...---. Spa IER OD MCN SAO OO ST SAS CONE OT COP ESE Eee Ue 54 3 307 
CHBTRONSIS Sccceceen ccs eee oe te hos seeear oes ome ee nat ae eaten 54 5 308 
GistbOM Beek so see etee wats aces -laa avers sis, g eee cies setae 53 5 306 
GO Dee Oo Bedeeour erica Choae sr noe sas dacapeetcbascde cole 53 1 306 
PIOBOSH Leek mom cir ee eens setae eee see eee ane eae aces 53 4 306 
foe tobe ac sepa S Sosa OCR OS HO nORa a ATE WURDE OES ao aGmconena soos 53 3 306 
ITY oP Coco ob bo bidssckoosue nqn enone eo eaes er ndunodS seman se 53 8 307 
USSVAStIs emsiaes saeaie EE Sin See eee cea ation tae etree 53 6 306 
Merten pit ee ce too rence aso gas mote muy as POET paTonosaGerosess5 53 2 306 
Hee Ce ona s0 Senna one aoco te et oo rac GtboGe Hao SoSt oR esac’ 54 2 307 
OLbIPN yams o-5-220= 22 -nanenees sae ere nee Sees eee emer 54 4 308 
staph yllearig: = esece ese San ele eee Cie Seles 54 1 307 
Suleata < Soce si sesh ase eh oe eee hes Dee ee eee eee 53 if 307 
a veonidia: -s2 bs. 52. cetde be ese at © axe alee eee ee eae ee < Renr eee eeenee ab see eee 258, 262, 305 
Thieberkewh nin 3. sc. <0o2 Saleem oe ain Soa oe eee es eS eee es aie le eaten el are ae ee 258 
DO 0 06 oe es CE nS ASO Ae SOSH ERS SHES IRIN SO IIS5 nore MR SoCs a Con Seo aoSHse soasessone, 262, 312 
CAPITALS iat wie aa le cecleem et eh ene sane eae = were eae 58 3 312 
VAL: MOM as eoa aes aero ee ee ees 58 4 312 
IU eM |S 3p Secssece asso ss soe sori seses 9 os aade esses sds a |eechodsd|seccetaase 262 
Uh) Oe COD CS Eien OE iE OSD OL Sar namaain ana toon sop Icon cosoad sssecaasnt) Sthossecce 260 
a yi) bh ee Poa ns ompo Ses ocene pias Seis = ooo Sena S SAAS Srione Jootirsenee|eceeceeeee 258, 259, 272 
Tigao... Sree eo. Saas Ue ese eeeen cee ae ot eae oon tee eee aca Sec etec als keer 259, 272 
Loftusia 12 ce Fevisc<sice nen du daceww pese SAem cele slaneisie = eo omnea enemies sWeies Meee ate | casita 260 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 345 


Plate. | Figure. Page. 
LGM) £65060 Bae See TOS er SRA e Son SES ese: Sp oOS eee sae Sonomeere | Som 355 pasaee dae 260, 282 
Biermann MMi sien en see a ee eae wees otis asa meen cin enol remem em wien = 262, 313 
PATS IR eee ona ofa eee a ae ae Se neat amen aeme sie sss 59 3 314 
BDV en Sc obit three sone eee ae Seas ee son setae a. 60 1 | 313 
TAPPER, TL Soot lye lll A eS le ee an Ree ee Se aoa Seee | eceeer see | 259, 270 
GUD TERI Bese Soencceonsase SEER Rae ae Atees ane eae 10 2 270 
Wai) SIRE. oa conc Jeg eSB ES ene oo Sec HO CC ae Sem pesurios Ocoee caso ses ad dear eee 258 
cull EY gs ee ee ey ee ere Rope eee bree | 258, 261, 293 
Ce cgee Lo Sah eR eee ce [eae aah nti ce By a | 261, 297 
Re eae eet tee eines ee lat emas econ esisaae aoe a sano a 47 | 2 301 
BUSUIATIS~ = <r mem a= = == 3 SOS EDSses sce Saee eae sc Soccer 46 1 300 
Di NerT EIN < COR Ase SA ter pete cce Doses Soe dr eso soma cao 43 6 | 298 
BICOL AIR era set s aeinm ess eas eae cab ae ase emer eee Ze oe 46 2 | 300 
bueculenta .....- SR eee tee sia att bE oe SE CeCe STC mEe 45 1 299 
RELCULATI Beene ooo sas ecient ase ieee eeeseee cen 44 1 | 298 
PIEVIGVANA saceice wed onls ae oelaSe Sabse ese ates ease ee ae sees 43 4 298 
GDA + 554 Sa5 sansa dsaboresed $5 co score Pease sie sees cere 43 s) 297 
TAS, TEES (ost posh cheinctetesctepies = creo soccer oeeerane 2 jade 45 2 299 
tabiesa)o-2—----—---1-—= Pospgaonero: -3s2 7 oSsba0 sees Sssseerseeos 45 3 299 
UNBAN cas alw ats = cl Seer eaemclor sen sae eee ce eee ee ee 46 3 300 
WHORE, oo 585s sohcobeeetioacude Sogn. Bes ccespencSpeosEe= Beane 43 3 | 297 
PONTIGUIND «ssp ceo ceseasaosnce clon sae te Oa pocncsoc Sader saan 46 4 301 
REIT belts oe ae aie asin sine clea ee Re eens ola io is aloo 46 3) | 301 
CETL Ae eos encc noon S oS corosdee aes soda nee 43 2 297 
EGIDRRE Mh ase onsen sto se cerconesoa sence Seaton Seta eenene 46 6 300 
SNE) DRI ENS Se gee, sa055 sc bae rp apo oae Aa sece ae aceon ees 44 6 299 
IA GUT PR UR coe Rea oe ae See ee alone ae em 3~ oe ne win oer aie ss 44 4 298 
ISG DIG) sao sncssosnc sesobs Sens) ety dose qoegseadoseasco: 44 3 298 
TEGO os Sate Ee Se Or AS Be aC RSE aie Seas ae aes 45 4 300 
So STIL AES: ori ee elas aes ne SO ate So ereisi ners ee eee 44 5 299 
RENE DAG cc ens s = an eae i ne onis wince a see eel weiele wohl 44 2 298 
HUNTS IYEREYIER een ee sae oe Foie ene Sia amelie nate ose ec mee coats ctallecsass ata.[behevececk 261, 293 
MI DUORAEI un oe sbi. =) Js eicicinisiccoate<- Ses See nek me mentee nace ee oer ee PEGE bed 262, 308 
COPE EY Oy Sa he ee he es eae en cee ee a ROS COS AME mer 58 2 312 
LOGIT s aoe secoasegonsaseoecheddsass Se eescsued=sdsascsoos 57 3 311 
communis....--. elas malswianiscisrisciee ais ans bee ee eee asesee | 56 2 310 
CONSODEMI Ay APLC AGATA sat ate ila ta in sl ale leases eta | 56 aul 310 
HIST EN eae Se a ae eS ee ae ee eee 58 1 312 
FARCIMGN ot cm. nais- Monee \aloer ae de Seee oo elec eee ccacece 55 al 309 
AUIMEQ EMIS 2)s 22 = aim alec nisin aanis spi= Scie Sniaisiafeietetosie seis wwslaccicc= ce 55 6 | 310 
I TEs Gate eh Se Ee eea ote mar onde ween MSC Er soon. MeEoemase | 57 ah 311 
VAS MILD LIN Gat Mate sedate el aetna ts a atelaled ais 56 4 | 311 
IES ATEBID Be 58 Bone ante noo Eee See aOR DC Oe See CRB BE AO CeRE eas | 55 3 308 
Ti CUTE NE cobesdoncenseqee se spu nbs Bou pNocae cee coe soceccS | 57 Pa 311 
GING ITE ce ORAS oes Saino he Be- o per Gan See ane ac ee O RAT EISS 57 4 | 311 
STULL ra eee gy as ree tate in wa cen selasseate ss 55 4 | 309 
np TG thI TRS Si Sees Bs SE ee eh eee N apes 56 | 1| 309 
MOSM GENS ee sjoicteis (nos eee mia a sists o Saisie oc ion'e weep an sel cioiin eis 56 | 5 310 
HUET Heed ceo Se ae ne Ce Ee EOE One a eran ee 54 | 6 308 
SHite}t) Gre oca: Sahoo ogo ogee corse bseneuS Soe SS SSD ORE AOS ae 55 | 2 309 
GIG sna sed eri ele SOROS ene oonebes So Soate Coe once eens 56 3 310 
MOLKGULAl es esek ceo. ante actions cidais Seed esate 57 | 5: 312 
LP TRNED) awe ee Be eS i eee ee eee RR cae cr eae Peers Fic Cee 262, 308 
IE RING sea ne een oso ele as Bec SS ems oe Seine Tee eas ee leSec Sones Beem aaess 260 
INDINOWIDS c= ..-3oSase22 5 ois p PoC aslse bast ees ee cncaeseete deteascesyeecnes ep Paste ok oe ee 264, 337 
WOMORITAR eckson ac anes eae se taseaceaee ces BS Sake dunner | 79 5 337 


346 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Plate. 


Figure. 


Monionina SOa pha) <..2 enc 5 = soe = eee a ane = aia win irae 
NMBOGUIATIOS a as cacocscenUecc cas se cies co atnese Oe ea aes sania on Seats ts 
ING HeOULATING. 2b 2s. 2c ce cee sees ae cae iy tees en eee oe ena oer areas 
Icicle Co Beene REP SA Re Soom cee Sache meceas soca seu seacmac 
MMINMUNLIVES: . o sate emcees cee mee ce eae mein eat ee ae stmer ei tu es 
Nammulitine =. .c--nmeence ee asnigs sees See eee nael tee tee niet a 
Operculing . 2 ose once anew newer eee sen ee an ee 
Ophthalmidium 22-2 scenes scene eae ae ee 

PhO ISP) oe eerie Ss oc po COMORES OC UCBSC OI KeedeS nneG 
Orbiculinn.-+ 6-2 teas See woe an eran ee me din ete ae ee ae aie tate ee 


Oxrhitoides--3. 3 .ccewec-ses-- = oe erase sees esos ees eae oar 
Orbitolitest: = +2 22s. sccsoeee tent cote teen serene oa eee oeeeee eas 


a 


TOMIULISBIMG eae eee ee ee ae aietie tas enia mm tetaeiato se peeiem aa 
Orbualina oo sere ooo mie seen ce creiec eee eae cst oe es coeae en em escent aetette 


Dd OE Ree ee eae eer SC BO See Foo DBRS SOC eC eR a- Mm Scocascondsscensso 
Pate llings:So5- 6 sen as = sees eeise tee Seen sats Sea sae a sea seeeee neee 
PAVONINA: 2. 5i- oe wa ut aes eee ae acwe oee ae esa canine eels sea een ene 
Sth ch ase esos SAR CecooocHber cnCB ane BeHoco oe sedeasdicesaspec=nooce 
VATIA DUIS a5 esas ieee nels ke cee Ieee Be See aeeermtce 

jo Giga) NET MES, eee Ary Aa Oe Sodhoc coe aed beeneSe pda sancrsntrios sHesesapase 
TSE Nn ap saS baer de op acd ope ane rat nO AnOme Brea ABB oon eons 
TERE a9 5S COpISS SAOSIN = SSeS SScsoSrsas se codmasece.aosace 


ToT IG AS aceoos Rosor cis 250 pp pnde Ss coone oS eeraeebore saccobsasareds 

ASTER 2 there PCTOOR CS POON SAO aESer sAcbon on boaecccpedanstot 
(Relining sacwentece cee cacen ears Reece cer ee ee eee ancien eee 
1E Fro) ID att 9 Soe gOS EO IE S005 Stn SoenIOa ca sSos snc sadgooussecSSn 
IPIQnIspITINg) = so. coms pean sme noes cea nerees ses ano sel e eee eer ee 


MEMIMGSLTANONSIS ye aiecicnee ee wees de eee eRe neces | 
Plenrostomella csc. .cavcss cost coccunte nee woes emcee ee ceeace na acae eee 
POlovMOrp Miata saeesicwacieen cae sie eaice eet ee eels eee ele arent: 


COMPTORSE s2ce cesses see ek see socees mise cece oe eh pees 
Ole GantissiMA.. 325 <2 aks awe l Ss pce eee eee 
OblONGA  sehosas ccs eece sec occ we ee oe eee eee 

SOTANIG Var sUStUlOsa ecw ee cee eeke ce pe ee ee aerate 
EOL Yan Ory DATES ea pa alam stelatelatn aia i lejem mlaeee ease eee eee ea ee oe 


oly parapiia-c.Sosccheesccceaccsececa Meee etn ieee meee manera a 
Polystomella 


PRAIINOS PNPOL Ao ocslalsCnmice cc ouowio Soe nines ae eater Mee ee ee ee 


fusca | 


i ee 


261 
258, 264, 337 
264 

264, 338 

264 

261, 302 

302 

262, 304 

304 

264 

262, 304 

305 


263, 323 
323 

260 

263 

261 
259, 265 
266 
262, 303 
262, 303 
304 

304 
259, 266 
266 
259, 266 
260 
262, 302 
303 

302 
263, 328 
328 

328 

. 261 
262, 319 
319 

319 
319 
319 
319 
262, 319 
260 
264, 337 
338 
337 
264, 337 
264 
258 
259, 267 
268 
268 


DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 347 

Plate. | Figure. Page. 
IA ECAR DAL Wc seme alanwe <nlo come oe t ia eta eels aelae cae 9 1 268 
UO Fn. 823355655556 SSCS SC en 5 5 AOE Her qo SSCS OSG Se Men Cen Aan Seen nS) MESH Eog Ameena ca 263, 324 
hn GET PT eS ee ee ee OY Pe 70 | 6 324 
APEUTEN CIOL Biles each cismceersi late cisi sss ee Se ee ee Siena 70 | 5 324 
LE LATTE 5. e068 BBO SCREENS CAS ee BESO SESE ea ee HOM SAS Shee Re eaensel Perms sii ae |e eae rents 263, 328 
Os (a [hs encase nch esc aesan se oe sane ae eoseoeb space ades | 73 2 329 
MOTRIN Seiten 2 fete ae eee road area ay Be misinie es See sai eels | 74 1 329 
GIG EE TN beige joo paSae Se Cop ecu eee na me Beeee tee aEe SaaS aE see 75 1 331 
MATS GOI feteiatniesewicls esa =laviiain aes ao olsi= ale tnavd ane eeeiciecea as 74 5 330 
TIGR joGoccop sos gD US GO DBE RS SOU CONS SE Sas DESEO ORASEBEE 73 3 329 
War fiMUPIAlA. 2 ss-sc scenes onc ccee se aceeoneee 73 4 329 
MICHOUANA seco sess 5 sees tisann a ceedns ssa owe ceceeeceaees| 74 2 330 
PALI CHIANG we ese see ete seems eas owe nae lee ae 75 3) 331 
EWN SRDID) sa ssnesessbe cesccse nse socsseccassese= cocooeass 74 3 | 330 
PUNCH ALB E wn ccssosscccac os = tse s.Se ce see seec ae Seewicoes 73) ] 328 
MITA Rate oabenee bacoseorenosseSneeeree SedSccnsechace sig) 72 | 8 328 
(ECT TE oe sc eae en ea ee 73 5 | 329 
AT DOU ae aetna eee Ee ee bee RC EEE 74 4 330 
LUE STHINITE. sch shod GA AGRE SORE SSE SSIES Bene ea etis canter a ra ee Een (eae SP bea Sa he 263, 321 
Palit ite renee oes oe eee ee ne eee ee ee ee tess | 68 | 6 321 
[EPO 36 c5gs te Gapacaneeanesccesre aoraapedsctocn ees 63 7 321 
UE PULTE Soc gn sanban SBS Genser aD OR ESE ESO: 6 OSS SSE rere Sdee Soden necesoccse [teet ee eee 263, 321 
Ie viQlhiSt cass sbotesto0sdss beosapbe sono deotecdndsde cose moana dat sed eacdase seec Usieinte satelite 259, 272 
GU NTHEGE  .oagcetog nee dos Mens abe coun EDO CHD eR Nn oscaeaGOs Ose | 18 | 5 | 274 
Rei eis mee eee aces sas te At an ee ek oe ek eae he | 18 | 3 274 
lOgMIAIISe stem eae ease ne es sae aca deicneecscienenees aly 4 2 | 273 
RMU ICA Se tae Seen ame mene eek eee tele Set Sacteiace uh | 18 6) 274 
Goentalinilormis! 5-2 -cco. ani s.0sq25ecseecsens~ cee aaiecelsc since 18 2 | 274 
LUNE RNR oops ogctccaacs nemesneSsaeqpEonoecousecceosoce 16 2 | 272 
WER USGI, Ae Gen oaneas ten acosuae eno secnercc 16 1 273 
MONE LON Siete = eee nine eens vas Sai se seer ne acl See ere 18 4 | 274 
IMM Or aseo. seem acue nase fe se ose pea secec eee saticces case 18 1 | 273 
SRR) 54 soph osagaseqsecnetere pacer nssnedouse saedeneee 16 3 273 
SHARIN A Sees sae oe No ce cise Sat oa Shani sclesieeciseo ceca = sco dos| cece elnino eicmnjiecicae | 259, 271 
DORIS on Squese ome eae Econoad sme coveescadecenesger 12 | z 271 
COT 5 ot Ape BEOARE OSS ARDEA DEOC Rott GOT ODt ea aceaar 14 | 2 271 
URGTO betes reel matinee Sees oe nse sorter eat as stale loots Ee te ee 271 
TEES JES ic Aa te en ee | 14 | 1 271 
aE Haan eee een eee oe ance ala eee Sate cec eae ciodocecees dice seiec'e oy nic slaleloleatere 259, 269 
LOL IG. a UIT. Soopagaae: 6 Stnc nes Se Odes een BE COC SEH S EEO oURED space am Ssecsdapacescosas5cc 262 
TM RURFENL TSMR Ene alee ma ae ais Se Ne eal lenin sa ate ins sue ene oe wan vee sloecoes It yale 259, 272 
Gla OLIN Meet ease eceeecis een ae ee Se 15 | i 272 
MTU V AS a see ain cl eran oe Se asta Se aiiei- sate elalels =a sia icicle ate 15 | 2 272 
SEATON pe ae tee a itera seo ines am me So ela sce aw ice weinisinie ein c oon ec mee aminisieisa.cicls Pee eee 258 
RRS NER EDL Und sales seats arate ayo ete ce aa ec eyaiciard = =e iclalelalgctercisiviaimaieisaiais else a.cacice\ac sees bua ae Sh sbinnie ecic 262 
TE LUPRID ccoct Sas sue eee CE SS Se Se ee a a ee nl Pe mit (ee cy 263, 331 
ISGECCTH ne ce Ge patie eaten Hose th Ieee Ee eee SRR Pe ie ieee 75 2 331 
DED IOWALIN ees 2s eeeerin se Sones sctea ee as oases cn eenenan aeons 75 5 331 
ADENONS ser sce Soak eee as sino cic ome cai comes wee ee eee 76 | 2 332 
Pulehelia esses see man) 2 Sees soe oe ase sonaaos areca sass | 716 | 3 332 
RCRNCOLG EAN are rea ha-ccce m2 = sone niet ane = clare einer lea oreo 76 | 1 332 
el eu oe ere ee nae eee anos Sa crocuses cian sn aaeeaas Daceee | 7h 4) 332 
ARO SS Ee eaten SoS ee oA a ala OSE meas oe slaecinee sions ors acaaceue | Benet lseeenesicce| 258, 263, 325 
hi peers seo eo as IL Lok Lobe eaeeaence ie oceee these cbogo| pesecee ce 263, 326 
LENT GIN EIS) 33 355 Re SS eee eee ee oe ee A Escssseese 263, 336 
ac i ee ei 3 ree Was hee See | 79 4 336 


348 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Plate. | Figure. 
Raccamminas S22... fen cape enamel die ee fewialeie's Sele oe eeiae eam eee ames erm Scr 
OONSOCI ata a22 eos eh eee oe we oeaemaes ae ae ee ie ane rae eae = 9 3 
SphOri0a< cee cleo = cece een seate ea caaadateele eee cea 9 2 
Sgocammining’s «222% 6 Sek Paws 2's oc eee ad nuh peice oo eee ae mee ae hem teeters beter pit ates [a ata tera eieieee 
Sagenellas 20% 52 oan enone one nd oman oe ene ecient same ee fete aioe alain beth a 2 
Gagrima -.-- 2.2... - cece nee ee ene ene nnn en een a asins sna cnn cece nsine|nancnniecnn|owecesvnes 
Schwagerina -.....-- - 00. e220 eee ne enna a neater enn ne nese e women ea feer esse ns|ennwce anne 
Shepheardella <<. «----- =o ae mem oieine > ah omen oe ene eee Pap acento nies) seems as 
Sorosphaera..- <= s-<-a6.c2 552. -e nese cnnemewcey cee a= ene aens eases er r= |S ans lm ea] pina ces a= 
Spheroidina ......... 2-02-2202 2 eee nee eee nee rence renee cerns | seen nee n ee len ene e nee 
DtWloides =o - Sa. & aoe e mene ale alain inate tela ate iee mimetic t 71 L 
QEHISCONB: 220 < <6 ws 9c ecmsat asen 1 lal-e oe eee eka eee vel 2 
Spirillina ...... 2-2-2 2.0222 e ee ee eee en ee nee ere eee nn ene [nen e ee ene lee ence en ee 
Min ata eae ae eee coe erate ete oe eer 71 5 
ODCONIGH: sci to caren e pees oie an fe ee ere 71 6 
VIVAPAT He =. 52 oon owen ena c owen sen ecemrasepe encee n-ne mean sees 71 4 
Spirillininge. so. oso - mon -mie eine ininioin mmm a= 6 aim selene nals ate | a alm i mycietmtarale a= 
Spirolocalin seen = ochre = minlaim ate elma en le ae a ee pace cee cpsanen eee 
Oya al heen eee = MOCO IO HOC ESne tte Geese occl mom ose 43 1 
OXCAVALD «222-8 we ence ces ce cen seewesecenecccrese =n ==-= 41 5 
Lie) Oey Ce ees SEN Ar Ae BS SAE OAc eos an eas Sais 42 3 
MitR S235 cacseses pooh sewer Somme eee ke nem eer meee 41 4 
Plan lata ewe ce mwiteinn enim eee io mn pasa aeaeeeosaseas 42 4 
>a) Oy 9 12) 1 Re em ee NRCan ee Ree ase Bor a iis 42 1 
HEries {LOM DOCH Ai es ae ecm ese = sole ae eateries a ote 42 2) 
Spiroplecta ......---..---------- ++ - sence ee eee tenn ne nee eee lene eee n en |ee ence eee 
Squamulina. .----. .- 222.2 oe eon een nn ee ee ene ns cent eens leew ene ca eleew ene e ane 
Stachela-. <4 oct 2 cas eeeek canbe c Soeeb ce eee me ene Spine Oe peisiein ie mte’aiE ie aan iand ataretalell ere een es 
Storthospheera. .. --- .- 5. - 0 ose ewe oo ee ence ee nese oer nlenween es ne[eereence== 
albidaiwn- Shs-soe ssa aw aees aa enaccoss =e area oe ee cee 4 2 
Syringammina.....-.-.---- 2-2-0 cn eee ne ee eee ee eee eee eee nef en nee en elennen en nne 
Moechwitella’.o-s---ccccre ne eo omeniteia sees heen ane ere ea twee baleee teres 
ext lari) <\a'ieccc-einea pes <iq em Sma ale eS aie eine wie = =e ae ee / BRA oe ci eS S aT 
ag elotiman gs. a0 once cee = eee meee een enna ce | 29 4 
barrettiies on 18 fot oe Sek alee eee cee clan eee ; 30 2 
CBTINATD inp eat si aoe asin qomte eens enicinataeh = bene eh ai 29 iL 
CONGAVA--2-4-—-=--- eel Ga ae eee ee eee 28 5 
COTA 84 on ra arate te ce la aw ret mem ee a 29 6 
QTamMen ...-..----------- enone eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 29 5 
lnaulenta 4s eccncstee te bee rn een eae eee eee 29 3 
quadrilateral << <<. 14-20 <0o cen soot cee = siinainnn === === pani in 28 | 3 
TUZOSA ---------- 22 ne ee ee ee cee ne eee ee ene n ee 29 2 
TTANSVOLSADIA ea oe oe cee cn meee aoe en eens Rieter a ieierete ater 28 4 
GrOCHUG 3.0 <5 a aeee ae see oe eee ee eee eae eee eee 30 1 
TOXtUIATICW: seen one ones sate enn eee = oles = ae alee inate oie eae wissen eee | Steere ara are re 
Mex pularine - osc oo-s52 <a s Sewer = seep imn 6 26 eee Sine ae seme eee re ee teaiae Ler $32 Oe F 
Thalamopora. .-. ~~ <s2- 65 2c ae cc ecln sw onelw ar cnn n enews neasensman omen talensvecnman|-cn-cuse=s 
HP AMINITE Sve cea wie Sa toes eas aan Sea ee a tee tee es een tee oreeets- 
CBTIOSAsas co Shoes coe ne bewa pane sea eeenee ae amen te 29 | 2 
PHM OSB eae saiere eines osieie’= x alniein'oo a stale oie tn a ete eerie 21 2 
PADMA eee 2 seman ep dnce ee eme see ee amen ee sate 22 1 
TINOPOTING ..---- ---- 0. . oon e ee ne ween ewe enews teen cence nears nas lenenneeens|enenwceces 
Tinoporus. ......-------- +e eee ee eee eee cece eee eee eee eee eee eee Pokies Se tice aes 
TPIGAXIA. 22225. oo en see ee ewe see nee ne ee cern nn owner centsnnencee | SE IE te Heese Sit 
Ti GHAOMNIN A. a, eee te eae ea enka sce cakes oomonc eee cane nea erie in AMAR ae ke ag 8 
CONPIOURLAR a5 sso cee sen anemones caeheneeeeae eee | 26 2 


Page. 


259, 268 
269 

269 
259, 267 
259 

262 

264 
258 
259 
263, 324 
325 
325 
263, 325 
326 

326 

326 
263, 325 
261, 295 
297 

296 

296 

296 

297 

296 

296 

261 

261 

260 

259, 266 
266 

259 

259 

260, 283 
284 

285 


285 
258, 260, 283 
260, 283 
264 

260, 278 
278 

278 

278 

264, 336 
264 

261 

260, 280 
281 


ious 


~DESCRIPTIVE 


CATALOGUE OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA. 


Plate. 


Trochammina coronata 
TEU TUR gh 012 = a as ep a Se et ar 
pauciloculata 


Trochamminine 


26 
26 
27 
25 


Truncatulina 


TOS Ste TOLe ya RE SS Re Reo SE eS ae ene eae ees 
TOMIGUISTAC esas esas ve ew ae ee Sc ce meee aieco dems | 
robertsoniana 


wuellerstorfi 


“1 0 =! 


“1 -1 © 


a7 9 1 4) =1 1 


1 


War AMMO ACES. <5 = dem eae saisfoewice siateme sa querses 


schreibersiana 


subsquamosa 


KePeneorrer NU WoO QD & oI 


mem We 
. 


nn 


Report of U. S, National Museum, 1897 —Flint. PLATE |. 


Sash? 


ie 


—. 


z 


ef 


"tie 


ASTRORHIZA GRANULOSA BRADY. See Pace 265 


a Longitudinal section, 


0 
4 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897,—Flint 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Flint. PLATE 3. 


ASTRORHIZA ANGULOSA BRADY. See Pace 265. 
a. Section 
ASTRORHIZA ARENARIA NORMAN. See Pace 265. 


a, Section. 


oa. rae 


AP ee et oe oe, 


a a 


S. National Museum, |897,—Flint PLATE 4. 


FiG. 1. PELOSINA VARIABILIS BRADY. See Pace 266. 


FiG. 2. STORTHOSPHAERA ALBIDA SCHULTZE. See Pace 266. 


t Section. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, !897.— Flint PLaTeE 5. 


PILULINA JEFFREYSII CARPENTER. See Pace 266. 


a. Section 


it 
Vy: 


ee aa A 


Ps 


Report of U. S. National Museum, {897.—Flint. PLATE 6. 


Fic. 1. CRITHIONINA PISUM GOES. See Pace 266. 


a, 6, Sections, 


Fic. 2. CRITHIONINA PISUM Goes, var. HISPIDUM, NEW. See Pace 267. 


a, 6. Sections 


i i ih el a ie i dees 
Wi we (de Rekin a i Roe 


ee 
Ts 


err 7 ou 


feat: igo Wa g? Bowe hewedele yd yt rh, eee paeg ee ek RN Hn” 


Pa A ety 
Si yee ut ; sia 


Report of U. S; National Museum, I1897.—Flint PLATE 8. 


Fig. 1. PSAMMOSPHAERA FUSCA BRADY. See Pace 268. 


a, 6. Sections. 


Fig. 2. PSAMMOSPHAERA FUSCA Brapy, var. TESTACEA, NEW. See Pace 268. 


a. Artificial Section, &. Accidental Section. 


Qa 
Report of U. S. National Museum, |897.—Flint. PLATE ¢ 


Fig. 1. PSAMMOSPHARA PARVA M. SARS. See Pace 268. 


a Adherent Specimen 
Fig. 2. SACCAMMINA SPHERICA M. SARS. See Pace 269. 
a. Section, 
Fig. 3. SACCAMMINA CONSOCIATA NEW SPECIES. See Pace 269. 


a. Adherent to a fragment of shell &. Detached Specimer 


Fig. 4. JACULELLA ACUTA BRADY. See Pace 269, 


_ 


a~ 
+ 


Report of U. S. National Museum, !897.—Flint PLATE |0 


Fig. 1. HYPERAMMINA FRIABILIS BRADY. See Pace 269. 
Fig. 2. HYPERAMMINA ELONGATA BRADY. See Pace 270. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, |897.—Flint 


Fic. 1. HYPERAMMINA RAMOSA Braby. 


FIG. 2. HYPERAMMINA VAGANS B 
ne to fra O 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint 


FiG. 1. MARSIPELLA ELONGATA NORMAN. See Pace 270. 
Fig. 2. RHABDAMMINA ABYSSORUM M. SARS. See Pace 271. 


a Section. 


Report of U. S National Museum, 1897.—Flint PLATE |3 


RHABDAMMINA DISCRETA BRADY. See Pace 27 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. 


FIG. 1. RHABDAMMINA 
Fic. 2. RHABDAMMINA 


LINEARIS BRApDy. 
CORNUTA BRADY. 


See Pace 2 


1. 


See Pace 271. 


PLATE |4 


a eT an is 
a 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897 —Flint. PLATE |5. 


RHIZAMMINA ALGAZFORMIS BRADY. See Pace 272. 
RHIZAMMINA INDIVISA BRADY. See Pace 272. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint PLATE |6 


Fig. 1. REOPHAX DIFFLUGIFORMIS Brapy, var. TESTACEA, NEW. See Pace 278. 
a. Longitudinal Section. 

Fig. 2. REOPHAX DIFFLUGIFORMIS BRADY. See Pace 272. 

FiG. 3. REOPHAX SCORPIURUS MONTFORT. See Pace 273. 


FIG. 1. 


= c 
riG,. 2, 


National Museum, 1897 —Flint 


REOPHAX SCORPIURUS MONTFORT. 


= 


SEE Pace 273. 


REOPHAX BILOCULARIS NEW SPECIES. See Pace 273 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE |8. 


REOPHAX PILULIFERA BRADY. See Pace 273. 
REOPHAX DENTALINIFORMIS BRADY. See Pace 274. 
REOPHAX BACILLARIS BRADY. See Pace 274. 
REOPHAX NODULOSA BRADY. See Pace 274. 

a. Longitudinal Section 
REOPHAX ADUNCA BRADY. See Pace 274. 
REOPHAX CYLINDRICA BRADY. See Pace 274. 


n 


PLATE 19, 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM CALCAREUM BRADY. See Pace 275. 


a. Longitudinal Section. 


HAPLOPHRAGMIUM AGGLUTINANS Braby. See Pace 275. 
- HAPLOPHRAGMIUM TENUIMARGO BRADY. See Pace 275. 
HAPLOPHRAGMIUM CASSIS PARKER. See Pace 275. 
HAPLOPHRAGMIUM EMACIATUM BRADY. See Pace 276. 
HAPLOPHRAGMIUM FOLIACEUM BRaby. See Pace 276. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 20, 


Fig. 1. HAPLOPHRAGRMIUM LATIDORSATUM BORNEMANN. See Pace 276. 
a. Section. 

Fig. 2. HAPLOPHRAGRMIUM SCITULUM BRapby. See Pace 276. 
a. Section. 


Fig. 3. HAPLOPHRAGRMIUM CANARIENSE D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 277. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, |897.—Flint PLATE 21. 


Fig. 1. HAPLOPHRAGMIUM GLOBIGERINIFORME PARKER & JONES. See Pace 277. 
Fig. 2. THURAMMINA FAVOSA NEW SPECIES. See Pace 278. 

a. Seciien. 
Fig. 3. HAPLOSTICHE SOLDANII JONES & PARKER. See Pace 277. 


a. Longitudinal Section. 


Report of U. S, National Museum, 1897,—Flint PLATE 22, 


FiG. 1. THURAMMINA PAPILLATA BRADY. See Pace 278. 


a. Accidental Section 
Fig. 2. THURAMMINA CARIOSA NEW SPECIES. See Pace 278. 


a. Section 


PLATE 23. 


Flint 


Report of U. S. National Museum, [897 


279. 


PAGE 


SEE 


NUIS BRapby. 


AMMODISCUS TE 


ic 


FIG. 


278 


SEE PAGE 


AMMODISCUS INCERTUS pD’ORBIGNY. 


ye 


FIG. 


cuor 


a. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, !897.—Flint. PLATE 24 


Fic. 1. AMMODISCUS GORDIALIS JONES & PARKER. See Pace 279. 
Fic. 2. AMMODISCUS CHAROIDES JONES & PARKER. See Pace 279 
Fic. 3. WEBBINA CLAVATA JONES & PARKER. See Pace 279. 


a. Detached Specimen showing adherent face 


FIG. 4. HORMOSINA GLOBULIFERA BRADY. See Pace 280. 


a. Longitudinal Section. 


e of atione se 897.—Flint. 95 
Report of U., S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint PLATE 25 


Fic. 1. HORMOSINA CARPENTERI BRADY. See Pace 280. 
a. Longitudinal Sec n. 

Fig. 2. HORMOSINA OVICULA BRADY. See Pace 280. 

Fic. 3. TROCHAMMINA PROTEUS KARRER. See Pace 281. 


Report of U.S. National Museum, 1897.— Flint PLATE 26. 


Fig. 1. TROCHAMMINA LITUIFORMIS BRADY. See Pace 281. 
Fig. 2. TROCHAMMINA CONGLOBATA BRADY. See Pace 281. 
FIG. 3. TROCHAMMINA CORONATA BRapbvy. See Pace 281. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint 


TROCHAMMINA RINGENS 
TROCHAMMINA PAUCILOCULA 
CYCLAMMINA C! 


Report of U.S, National Museum, 1897,—Flint 


FiG. 1. CYCLAMMINA CANCELLATA BRADY. SMALL AND SMGOTH VARIETY. See Pace 282. 


a. Seciion. 


Fig. 2. CYCLAMMINA PUSILLA BRADY. See Pace 282. 


Fic. 3. TEXTULARIA QUADRILATERA SCHWAGER. See Pace 283. 
FiG. 4. TEXTULARIA TRANSVERSARIA BRADY. See Pace 283. 


FiG. 5. TEXTULARIA CONCAVA KARRER. See Pace 283. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, |897.—Flint. PLATE 29, 


m 


eport of U.S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint PLATE 


Fig. 1. TEXTULARIA TROCHUS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 285. 


° Lone 4 we 
A BARRETTII JONES & PARKER. See Pace 285. 


Fic. 2. TEXTULARI 


rs L< 


Ww 
(oe | 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint PLATE 3l 


FiG. 1. VERNEUILINA PYGMAA EGGER. See Pace 285. 

Fig. 2. VERNEUILINA PROPINQUA BRADY. See Pace 285. 
Fic. 3. VALVULINA CONICA PARKER & JONES. See Pace 286. 
Fic. 4. BIGENERINA NODOSARIA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 286. 


a. Longitudinal Section 


x 


32 tea orig hs AO 


omnes 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLaTe 32. 


BIGENERINA ROBUSTA BRADY. See Pace 286. 
BIGENERINA PENNATULA BATSCH. See Pace 287. 
BIGENERINA CAPREOLUS bD’ORBIGNY. See Pace 286. 
GAUDRYINA PUPOIDES pD’ORBIGNY. See Pace 287. 
GAUDRYINA BACCATA SCHWAGER. See Pace 287. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, |897.—Flint PLATE 33. 


FIG. 1. 
FiG. 
Fic. 


GAUDRYINA SUBROTUNDATA ScHwacer. 
GAUDRYINA FILIFORMIS BeERTHELIN. 


GAUDRYINA RUGOSA bD’ORBIGNY. See Pace 288. 


See Pace 287. 


i) 


co 


m 


a. Longitudinal Sec 


Report of U. S, National Museum, 1897 —Flint 


PLATE 34 


S 


rq 


> 


Fig. 1. GAUDRYINA SCABRA BRADY. See Pace 288. 
Fig. 2. GAUDRYINA SIPHONELLA REuSS. See Pace 288. 
Fic. 3. CLAVULINA COMMUNIS pD’ORBIGNY. 


SEE PAGE 288. 
a, & Longitudinal Sections 


Re’ 


“eport of U. S. National Museum, |897.— Flint 


Fig. 1. CLAVULINA EOCANA GUMBEL. See Pace 289. 
z. Transverse Sectior 
Fig. 2. CLAVULINA PARISIENSIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 289. 
Fig. 3. CLAVULINA PARISIENSIS D’ORBIGNY. (Var. Coarse Cora Sano 


Longitudinal Sect 


SEE Pace 289 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint PLATE 36. 


FIG. 1 
Fic. 2. CLAVULINA ANGULARIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 289. 
3 


CLAVULINA PARISIENSIS bD’ORBIGNY, VAR. HUMILIS BRADY. See Pace 289. 


FIG. 


Fic. 4. BULIMINA PYRULA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 290. 
FiG. 5. BULIMINA PYRULA D’ORBIGNY. (BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT. 


BULIMINA ELEGANS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 290. 


wet mm) Ai 
Pept latt ee ee 


F 


Report of U. S. National Museum, !897 —Flint PLATE 37. 


BULIMINA PYRULA, var. SPINESCENS BRADY. See Pace 290. 
BULIMINA AFFINIS D*ORBIGNY. See Pace 290. 

BULIMINA PUPOIDES b’ORBIGNY. See Pace 290. 

BULIMINA ACULEATA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 291. 

BULIMINA INFLATA SEGUENZA. See Pace 291. 

VIRGULINA SCHREIBERSIANA CzJZEK. See Pace 291. 
VIRGULINA SUBSQUAMOSA EGGER. See Pace 291. 

BOLIVINA ANARIENSIS CosTA. See Pace 292. 


er ils 
» 2. 
ash 
- 4. 
ur De 
» Ga 
sare 
Poise 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Flint. 


FIG. 1. BOLIVINA PUNCTATA D’ORBIGNY. Ss 

Fig. 2. BOLIVINA PORRECTA BRADY. See Pace 292. 

Fig. 3. CASSIDULINA CRASSA p’OrBiGNy. 

Fic. 4. CASSIDUL!NA SUBGLOBOSA Brapvy. 

Fig. 5. BILOCULINA BULLOIDES p’ORBIGNY. See Pace 293 


a. Transverse Section, 


EE PAGE 292. 


SEE Pace 292. 


) 


SEE Pace 293. 


2 


PLATE 38. 


Report of U. S. National Museum 1897.—Flint PLATE 39 


FiG. 1. BILOCULINA TUBULOSA CosTA. See Pace 293. 
Fig. 2. BILOCULINA RINGENS LAMARCK. See Pace 294 


a Transverse Section 


Fic. 3. BILOCULINA COMATA BRADY. See Pace 294. 
Fig. 4. BILOCULINA ELONGATA EHRENBERG. See Pace 294. 


PLATE 40. 


Fic. 1. BILOCULINA DEPRESSA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 294. 
a. Transverse Sectior = 

Fic. 2, BILOCULINA DEPRESSA, var. SERRATA BRADY. See Pace 294. 
@. Transverse Sect 


Fic. 3. BILOCULINA DEHISCENS NEW SPECIES. See Pace 295. 


Report of U.S. National Museum, 1897.—F lint. ; PLATE 4. 


BILOCULINA LAVIS DEFRANCE. See Pace 295. 
BILOCULINA SPHAERA D’OBRIGNY. See Pace 295. 


a. Section. 


- BILOCULINA IRREGULARIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 295. 
4. SPIROLOCULINA NITIDA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 296. 
5. SPIROLOCULINA EXCAVATA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 296. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint 


FIG. 


FIG. 


FiG. 
FIG. 


Nm 


PLATE 42. 


SPIROLOCULINA ROBUSTA BRADY. See Pace 296. 
a, Horizontal Section. é. Transverse Section. 
SPIROLOCULINA ROBUSTA BRADY. (TRANSITION STAGES FROM BILOCULINA COMPRESSA.) 
See Pace 296. 
SPIROLOCULINA LIMBATA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 296. 


SPIROLOCULINA PLANULATA LAMARCK. See Pace 297. 


Report of U. S. Nationa 


MILIOLINA 


MILIOLINA 
MILIOLINA 
MILIOLINA AUBERIANA D 


a ransverse Sect 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint PLATE 44. 


MILIOLINA CIRCULARIS BORNEMANN. See Pace 298. 
MILIOLINA VENUSTA KARRER. See Pace 298. 
MILIOLINA TRIGONULA LAMARCK. See Pace 298. 
a. Transverse Section. 
. MILIOLINA TRICARINATA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 298. 
MILIOLINA VALVULARIS REUuSS. See Pace 299. 
MILIOLINA SUBROTUNDA MONTAGU. See Pace 299. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Flint. PLATE 45. 


Fic. 1. MILIOLINA BUCCULENTA BRADY. See Pace 299. 

Fic. 2. MILIOLINA INSIGNIS BRADY. 
a. Transverse Section. 

Fic. 3. MILIOLINA LABIOSA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 299. 

Fic. 4. MILIOLINA UNDOSA KARRER. 


See Pace 299. 


See Pace 300. 


Report of U.S. National Museum, |897.—Flint PLATE 46, 


MILIOLINA ANGULARIS NEW SPECIES. 
MILIOLINA BICORNIS WALKER & JACOB. 
MILIOLINA LINNAEANA D’ORBIGNY. See Pac 
MILIOLINA PULCHELLA pb’OrBieny. 
MILIOLINA RETICULATA b’OrRBIGNY. 
MILIOLINA SEPARANS Brapy. 


SEE Pace 8 


See Pace 300. 


Report of U, S, National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 47, 


Fic. 1. ARTICULINA SAGRA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 301. 

Fic. 2. MILIOLINA AGGLUTINANS bD’ORBIGNY. See Pace 301. 
Fic. 3. OPHTHALMIDIUM INCONSTANS BRADY. See Pace 8C2. 
Fic. 4. VERTEBRALINA INSIGNIS BRADY. See Pace 302. 

Fic. 5. PLANISPIRINA CELATA COSTA. See Pace 303. 


a. Transverse Section. 
Fic. 6. PLANISPIRINA SIGMOIDEA BRADY. See Pace 302. 


a. Transverse Section 


PLATE 48, 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Flint Plate 49. 


Fig. 1. PENEROPLIS PERTUSUS ForskAL, var. DISCOIDEUS, NEW. See Pace 304. 


a. Incomplete Section 


Fic. 2. PENEROPLIS PERTUSUS ForSKAL. (BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT.) See Pace 304. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 50. 


Fig. 1. ORBICULINA ADUNCA FICHTEL & MOLL. See Pace 304. 
Fig. 2. ORBITOLITES MARGINALIS LAMARCK. See Pace 304. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 5] 


FiG. 1. ORBITOLITES MARGINALIS LAMARCK. (BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT.) See Pace 304. 
a. Section. 

Fig. 2. ORBITOLITES DUPLEX CARPENTER. See Pace 305. 
a, 6 Sections. 


Fic. 3. ORBITOLITES DUPLEX CARPENTER. (BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT. 


PLATE 52. 


7 # 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint 


Rn sup ty 


Wrap cecal 
WSS Tia, 

AA Wie renee 
SQ OK et ean ANID ee 
SSSA lie 
SCSSLRS Rng 


yy cupaeil (Til ie 
> 


ig Ae 


Wihtitenss 


* pa er Be 


? 


wT tr ANN . 
IF £ itis TFA BREA Raye 
linsie uy Hg Ny 
TTT \\\ 
aN 


lis, ‘ 
rT TTTIPTerTTTITT v 


ORBITOLITES TENUISSIMA CARPENTER. (BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT.) 
See Pace 3805. 
le specimen by tne protoplasmic boc y of the animal 


The shaded portion of the figure is occupied in 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897,—Flint PLaTeE 53. 


LAGENA ELONGATA EHRENBERG. See Pace 306. 
LAGENA LONGISPINA BRADY. See Pace 306. 
LAGENA GRACILLIMA SEGUENZA. See Pace 306. 
LAGENA GLOBOSA MONTAGU. See Pace 306. 
LAGENA DISTOMA PARKER & JONES. See Pace 
LAGENA LAEVIS MONTAGU. See Pace 306. 

LAGENA SULCATA WALKER & JACOB. See Pace 307. 
LAGENA HISPIDA Reuss. See Pace 307. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint PLATE 54. 


LAGENA STAPHYLLEARIA SCHWAGER. See Pace 307. 
LAGENA MARGINATA WALKER & BOYS. See Pace 207. 
LAGENA CASTANEA NEW SPECIES. See Pace 307. 
LAGENA ORBIGNYANA SEGUENZA. See Pace 208. 
LAGENA CASTRENSIS SCHWAGER. See Pace 308. 
NODOSARIA ROTUNDATA REusSS. See Pace S08. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, |897.— Flint PLATE 55. 


NODOSARIA RADICULA LINNAUS. See Pace 309. 
NODOSARIA SIMPLEX SYLVESTRI. See Pace 309. 
NODOSARIA LA-VIGATA NILSSON. See Pace 308. 
NODOSARIA PYRULA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 309. 
NODOSARIA FARCIMEN SOLDANI. See Pace 309. 
NODOSARIA FILIFORMIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 310. 


, 
4 > &S 


hea 
*. 


Report of U. S National Museum, 1897 —Flint. PLATE 56. 


NODOSARIA CONSOBRINA D’ORBIGNY, VAR. EMACIATA REUSS. See Pace 310. 
NODOSARIA COMMUNIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pa ) 

NODOSARIA SOLUTA BORNEMANN. See Pace 310. 

NODOSARIA HISPIDA b’OrRBIGNY, vAR. SUBLINEATA BRADY. See Pace 311. 
NODOSARIA ROEMERI NEUGEBOREN. See Pace 310. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint 


Bios de 
FIG. 
FIG. 
FIG. 


Fig. 


essgag 
Saans 


NODOSARIA HISPIDA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 311. 
NODOSARIA MUCRONATA NEUGEBOREN. See Pace 311. 


- NODOSARIA COMATA BATSCH. See Pace 311. 
- NODOSARIA OBLIQUA LINN4US. See Pace 311. 


a. Longitudinal Section, 


NODOSARIA VERTEBRALIS BATSCH. See Pace 312. 


PLATE 57. 


mz 


Report of U.S. National Museum, !897.—Flint PLATE 58. 


NODOSARIA COSTULATA REUSS. See Pace 312. 
NODOSARIA CATENULATA BRADY. See Pace 312. 
LINGULINA CARINATA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 312. 
LINGULINA CARINATA pD’OrRBiaNny, vaR. SEMINUDA HANTKEN. See Pace 312. 


a. Longitudinal Section 


FRONDICULARIA ALATA D’ORBIGNY. 
FRONDICULARIA INEZ QUALIS COSTA. See Pace 313. 
MARGINULINA ENSIS REUSS. See Pace 314. 


See Pace 3138. 


PLATE 59, 


R t of U. S, Nation 


Report of U, S. National Museum, 1897.—Fiint. PLATE 6. 


FiG. 1. VAGINULINA LINEARIS MONTAGU. See Pace 314. 
Fig. 2. CRISTELLARIA TENUIS BoRNEMANN. See Pace 315, 
Fic. 3. CRISTELLARIA OBTUSATA Reuss, var. SUBALATA BRADY. See Pace 315. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Flint PLATE 62, 


Fig. 1. CRISTELLARIA COMPRESSA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 315. 
Fig. 2. CRISTELLARIA RENIFORMIS bD’ORBIGNY. See Pace 315. 


Report of U, S. National Museum, 1897,—Fiint. PLATE 63. 


- CRISTELLARIA VARIABILIS REUuUSS. See Pace 316. 

. CRISTELLARIA CREPIDULA FICHTEL & MOLL. See Pace 316. 

- CRISTELLARIA LATIFRONS BRADY. See Pace 316. 

- CRISTELLARIA SCHLOENBACHI REuss. See Pace 315. 

- CRISTELLARIA ACUTAURICULARIS FIicHTEL & MOLL. See Pace 816 
- CRISTELLARIA ITALICA DEFRANCE. See Pace 316. 


Report of U. S. National Museum 1897.—Flint PLATE 64 


Fig. 1. CRISTELLARIA GIBBA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 317. 
Fic. 2. CRISTELLARIA ARTICULATA REuss. See Pace 317. 
FIG. 3. CRISTELLARIA ORBICULARIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pac 
FiG. 4. CRISTELLARIA ROTULATA LAMARCK. See Pa 


a Horiz 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897,—F lint. 


FIG. 1. 
Fic. 2. 


CRISTELLARIA VORTEX FICHTEL & MOLL. 


CRISTELLARIA CULTRATA MONTFORT Se 


a. Horizontal Sect 


e 


SEE Pace 


Pace 318. 


2 
3 


a7 


PLATE 6 


Oo 


Fig. 
Fic. 
Fic. 


ied 


ce 


1G) 
= 0) so Fe 0, 


NNW 


= 


mmm 


(- 


45 


CALCAR LINNAus. 
ECHINATA D’ORBIG 
ACULEATA bD’ORBIG 


NY. 


AT 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897,—Flint. PLATE 67. 


- CRISTELLARIA LIMBATA NEW SPECIES. See Pace 318. 
- POLYMORPHINA SORARIA REUSS. See Pace 319. 
8. POLYMORPHINA COMPRESSA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 319. 


a. Section. 


POLYMORPHINA ELEGANTISSIMA PARKER & JONES. See Pace 319. 
- POLYMORPHINA OBLONGA D/ORBIGNY. See Pace 319. 
- POLYMORPHINA COMMUNIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 319. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 68. 


UVIGERINA TENUISTRIATA REUSS. See Pace 320. 

UVIGERINA PYGMAA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 320. 

UVIGERINA ANGULOSA WILLIAMSON. See Pace 320. 

UVIGERINA ASPERULA CZ2JZEK. See Pace 320. 

UVIGERINA ASPERULA CzuzeEk, var. AMPUILACEA BRADY. See Pace 320. 
RAMULINA GLOBULIFERA BRADY. See Pace 321. 

RAMULINA PROTEIFORMIS NEW SPECIES. See Pace 321. 


ditle 
nee 
aes 
- 4. 
wD 
- 6. 
PATE 


port of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint 


Fic. 


FIG. 
Fig. 
Fic. 
FIG. 
FIG. 


ao pp oN 


a 


ORBULINA UNIVERSA bD’ORBIGNY. See 


A 


Ac identa pect n 


GLOBIGERINA BULLOIDES pb’Orsieny. 


Pace 323. 


See Pace 821. 


GLOBIGERINA INFLATA p:ORBIGNY. See Pace 322. 


GLOBIGERINA DUBIA EGGER. See Pace 
GLOBIGERINA RUBRA pORBIGNY. See 
GLOBIGERINA CONGLOBATA Brapy. 


322 
Pace 322. 


SEE Pace 322. 


Report of U, S, National Museum, 1897,—Flint, PLATE 70, 


GLOBIGERINA SACCULIFERA BRADY. See Pace 322. 
GLOBIGERINA DIGITATA BRADY. See Pace 323. 

GLOBIGERINA AQUILATERALIS BRADY. See Pace 323. 
HASTIGERINA PELAGICA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 324. 

PULLENIA QUINQUELOBA Reuss. See Pace 324. 

PULLENIA OBLIQUILOCULATA PARKER & JONES. See Pace 324. 


owe 


L aie BOT rt he owe... 6 


” 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint 


FiG. 1. SPHAAROIDINA BULLOIDES D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 325. 

Fig. 2. SPHAROIDINA DEHISCENS PARKER & JONES. See Pace 325. 
FiG. 3. CANDEINA NITIDA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 325. 

Fig. 4. SPIRILLINA VIVIPARA EHRENBERG. See Pace 326. 

Fig. 5. SPIR!LLINA LIMBATA BRADY. See Pace 326. 

Fic. 6. SPIRILLINA OBCONICA BRADY. See Pace 326. 


Report of U. S; National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 72 


CYMBALOPORA POEYI D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 326. 
DISCORBINA GLOBULARIS KARRER. See Pace 327. 
DISCORBINA ROSACEA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 327. 
DISCORBINA BERTHELOTI D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 327. 
DISCORBINA BICONCAVA JONES & PARKER. See Pace 327. 
PLANORBULINA MEDITERRANENSIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 328. 
PLANORBULINA ACERVALIS BRADY. See Pace 328. 
PULVINULINA REPANDA FICHTEL & MOLL. See Pace 328. 


ele 
pes 
Seca 
as 
ae Die 
= 65 
ear 


ie) 


= 
nny at 
Br 


Report of U.S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 73. 


Fig. 1. PULVINULINA PUNCTULATA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 328. 

Fig. 2, PULVINULINA AURICULA FICHTEL & MOLL. See Pace 329. 

Fig. 3. PULVINULINA MENARDII D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 329. 

Fic. 4. PULVINULINA MENARDII p’OrBiany, vaR. FIMBRIATA BRADY. See Pace 329. 
Fig. 5. PULVINULINA TUMIDA BRADy. See Pace 329. 


PULVINULINA CRASSA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace S29. 


PULVINULINA MICHELIANA D’ORBIGNY. 

a. Partial Sectic 
PULVINULINA PAUPERATA PARKER & JONES. 
PULVINULINA UMBONATA REuSS. See Pace 330. 
PULVINULINA KARSTENI REuSS. See Pace 330. 


Report of U.S. National Museum, 1897,—Flint. 


PLATE 75. 


FIG. 
FiG. 
FIG. 
FIG. 
FIG. 


PULVINULINA ELEGANS D’ORBIGNY. See 
ROTALIA BECCARI| LINNAUS. See Pace 33 
PULVINULINA PARTSCHIANA D’ORBIGNY. 
ROTALIA SOLDANII D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 382. 


ROTALIA ORBICULARIS D’ORBIGNY. See Ps 


Pace 331. 


—_y Te  . Ase Tes] 6 Th 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 76, 


FiG. 1. ROTALIA SCHROETERIANA PARKER & JONES. See Pace 332. 
@, Horizontal Section 

FiG. 2. ROTALIA PAPILLOSA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 332. 

Fic. 3. ROTALIA PULCHELLA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 332. 

Fic. 4. TRUNCATULINA LOBATULA WALKER & JACOB. See Pace 333. 


PLATE 77, 


Report of U. S, National Museum, 1897.—Flint. 


. TRUNCATULINA WUELLERSTORFI| SCHWAGER. See Pace 333. 
. TRUNCATULINA UNGERIANA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 333. 

. TRUNCATULINA ROBERTSONIANA BRADY. See Pace 333. 

. TRUNCATULINA TENERA BRADY. See Pace 334. 

. TRUNCATULINA AKNERIANA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 338. 


a. Horizontal Section 


. TRUNCATULINA PYGMAEA HANTKEN. See Pace 334. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Flint 


ic 1 = 


TRUNCATULINA PRACINCTA KARRER. See Pace 334. 
TRUNCATULINA ROSEA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 334. 

TRUNCATULINA RETICULATA CZJZEK. See Pace 334 
ANOMALINA AMMONOIDES REUSS. See Pace 335. 


peters 


a. Horize 1 
ANOMALINA GROSSERUGOSA GUMBEL. See Pace 32 


ntal Sectior 


5 


PLATE 78. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, !897.—Flint. PLATE 79. 


. ANOMALINA ARIMINENSIS D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 335. 

. ANOMALINA CORONATA PARKER & JONES. See Pace 335. 

. ANOMALINA POLYMORPHA COSTA. See Pace 336. 
RUPERTIA STABILIS WALLICH. See Pace 336. 
NONIONINA BOUEANA D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 337. 

. GYPSINA INHAERENS SCHULTZE. See Pace 336. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Flint. PLATE 80. 


Fic. 1. NONIONINA SCAPHA FICHTEL & MOLL. See Pace 337. 

Fic. 2. POLYSTOMELLA STRIATOPUNCTATA FICHTEL & MOLL. See Pace 337. 
Fic. 3. POLYSTOMELLA CRISPA LINNAUS. See Pace 338. 

Fic. 4. AMPHISTEGINA LESSONII D’ORBIGNY. See Pace 338. 


a. Horizontal Section, &, Perpendicular Section. 


PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS OF THE AMERICAN 
ABORIGINES, BASED ON MATERIAL IN 
THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


JOSEPH D. MCGUIRE, 
Ellicott City, Maryland, 


hie - Or TEL USPRA TIONS. 


HRONTISPIECE. 
Facing page. 

_. SUG SI PTE SSS BaP S56 Sean A Seenen Sno e Eos Ses cec Ss Gnos aeecesocar 361 

TEXT FIGURES. 

. Page. 
“. ok. WARD FOS ss Ssaccdecs caso cages Gano de SeSeEed Hosaesassacsussoes asses 365 
Pe ESUULITE RTD O aoe eee ee oo ci etenat on ote coe eas Saieloa eh scale Sees ate 365 
2. AVIGESICOY TNT) Lait eee | SEO ee og Scan Segoe aaa esac oce nee 372 
a MIGRIGDISIOONCHYO S2A265 6554s Sed5c55 soca season ce scdoeqo nag casuSsas6 Gear 374 
SeNexclc-mehOldinm pipes oo emi sales eee ee eee ee See eo nee eee <== 374 
Seieeanicreny Pueblo pottery PipeSs--2---—---------—5----—— eee oe @ oe 378 
SeAnciony ornamental Pueblo pottery pipe..---. ---- ----=-------=- <------- 379 
SB seb 1O PObiery: PLPCS).= - 1 soa ae eis sosy ante ie oo) oe ole ewisleele = == 379 

ieee DLO POULETY: DUPE aa oi o)=1s1= oo am ie ate tein wre nimi = nig ee oan 380 

Lo :\INGREMUCIR SUEY o6neS555a0 Saea ce anne Seas soce peed be sees So SSoseesnescnae 381 

favo ular implement, probably: pipe: ---- =--~ -=-- ----=-1------- --2--->> == 382 

iL]. COMTDIRT ORs gas Bente A Oo Se ibe ee Se ieee See oe eee ee Se ea ei 383 

Li. IBCi@ (DUR ese sane sBtoe 6eGs a Dos se Sena SBOE e Cee E SSE Seon joe ee EeS see 384 

16. Comanche bone pipe..--.- ---- OE re oo eee Se SA oe eee eoe 384 

17. Ancient stone tubular pipe. .--.--- peer asia aie eee Bo, gee avaaelntoja'satavem se 385 

POO IDS wiki DONE MOU bI ple Ce sees ter 8a OSE r= =) ieierela em cie reie ae 386 

foelemanished tubular stone pipe -s-2---— --—- 2-=- 22= --e= -=-- =~ - ean == - 387 

Fla iubular pipe. of soft, indurated clay -.=...--222. <2 -.¢---0-<+ ---- --*----- 388 

PEEETCHOSLONGSUGUOM oo aan e emcee ao es a Soe ea toners. Raacise micimoremisis 388 

> UMCULRETEY OUT ESS 0 Ye eens BAS eee ene See Doe ee rey eee 389 

Pn be ang cup-shaped implement... = -2-< 2 = seo =- 2 ce wn ~ woe eae eee eee 390 

Pemicdapoutery cube,and bowl pipe. os2ce. osc cceane «secu ose esses eens 390 

Pura eurWOUCED IPG loa ci-c carcass skiee jae rae aoe eras a areiiceneioce ean) > e=is sie 392 

BRE UCO DIN Gce ese coe ea Soe olor seo crse Sein aiaeeeiecss wenleen weds geleese 392 

Pew OO CSOD G sii. fas stern ea rae a a ae oe tars tere niece ewe cei= Speeders es = 392 

DMMMIEANE (MDWIAT IPOs@ 3-2 s250 5. ac oe Soe eck Naw ewe cee cece=shase, | BOO 

SEne HVC CINO atl POle,c seers oe. wae Slals es occa) eis cues see -oee ee sere 393 

SMMETTED ATE WOO UID Coane ae eae Seto aoe Sate nen St atl Sc cet nes wea 393 

PEsUE acd GObACCO Dag m2... 5064 cee See Loli we ke ceed eee 394 

PPNnGG ANG SLORG PIPOS . 2.220250 <,-< seis nce ewe eet cee sce eee ee stele 394 

ST RCT TIS) (reas 0 0 <': ee ee 395 

SSO Har CUS LONENEDO™ 5 ce oars ooh s Sot are ce Sa eet Se ceistelere aise tae <c 396 

SPER IEW SINANE foro. oe oes hes see eee we ae ene eee eee eae eee 396 

39. Stone hourglass tube --..-.-.- -- UA a eee RE ROR ES See Roe ome Sen 397 

EER MENTATION oe Soo oe oe ee eee eta ew ene on ae 399 

NASP 29 0 rh er ee se ae Ss ee re 400 

Pea Mexican pottery pipe... ...~-=--.--.2.---- Feo SPE a Ae ee Se Al a Ae 407 

Loa Sa PST: il ne 408 

See teriied POGlETy PGs ae oe Ss cccoas soos -=Secic weue Secs ee ses c ee eee 409 


356) = REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


45. -Ploridian'smolomo* .. 22.22 sc wat <5 8-2 ase ei eee eee eee 
46.°Pipe bow!l.of volcanic.tult.ts- =. 5-~.2 eee ee ee es 
47. Stone bowl pipes. . «2.255: Seer soe eee Ce eee ae eee 
43. Ovyoid stone Dow! ... 22.2 Ake af ce ase ne eae eee eee ae ee eee 
49: Stone. urn-shaped bowl <oa soe sae Soe eee ee eee = 
50; Stone bowl: with thong bole. 22-c. se a ee ee ee ee 
51; Unfinished ‘pipe 2009 22 a.8 ses gee eee ee eee By Se sae 
52.. Vase-shaped, pipe! <2. <a 22 < se sania ay aes So ee ee ee 
53. Rectanpular stone pipe: 2. =< 2. 5.<—.02<6 See = ete a ee ee 
54, Animalipip6s<.ca5.22 9555 sass Sealeees Heese tesee espe eae e eee ae eee es 
55. 56,| Animal hoad: pipes. <)25:-)ec2u see a ee Sa eee 
bic Human headpipe*.4.' ss. 2 eto on eee eee eee ae 
Sh Bird yp upe soi tes Sys este nis ce ee pecan pale ete ie en Te ee 
59,60! Bird pipes = 22s.oh eater dee ass wee vans ne eo arias Say oe ere ee ea ee 
61. Swan pipe 2-26 sock 5-2 sa2c eee eee meee eel neta ee oe eee 
GUAR EOUDET yal) Ciara eee ae ee re ee ect te ee ee 
63; Antler pipe cae. ose esc ae ase eee s Saas a eevee ws ee al ne nO 
GTS BOSSI UP Ge ase cern a ae ee eee eee a ene ae nee 
Gow Stone DiITd PIN Ose: x seat eae ae INS wel ee chattels a err eee 
66. Stone pigeon pipe ...-.--------... siiate Gals set Saree ACR, See was Qala ey eee 
6%, Stone wood, duck pipes s: 222 6222-2 Ae Je) Sate aciere © tec el= oe 
63 Animal head stoneipipe -las- sss of 5a eee eye = ee 
69° Eroman hand andarm) 225 2a. < ence anit eee aceite = ee ae 
Mo bird: with human deads< 2 sce.\-- seen = Bae Aenea cee ae ee ee 
ii—t3., ron, -bronve,.and: clay, pipes... 5= s< 22-2 2b sass eee a eee eee 
(4. Dutch form of.clay trade pipeiass-= 2-= =e ose sees SR Moet Aes Bs. 
(oevEMolishstormecOt trad Gsplupeiec scp c sae jo aeiclses ccs = oe etch eat ve eee 
9G. Deeb Gy BO.OF Clay IBUpO 22) Se coins een = eee = ae nr oe 
dia Potbery trade Pipe\s-c- 4. -e=-—5 ---- 2 Pao eeen se sobs Aone SSBod s5 a asce 
18s Steatite trade:pipe.-..-2 - 2-42 < ses sce see 2 a ee ees ees 
CEL TSUNEO) 222s Sees oe Sees Ss cece Sy SS Sees Sess Sask eos Sine dese ecSce: 
SOs Aye OL cStOMO TUT ACC) py Chern aera eee ee 
Bie vitalian ty pero feel ay Wipe tee cee ae ate yee ee ee 
82: Modern: clay: pipe s..22..25.2 202 = eet pee sone aes tine os eme see aie eee eee 
Gay senile) Mh eieseoe coe onee sae Soe sot sooo lose Sosa see eS tee - 


87, French type of. tomahawk pipe. =o. sens. ons he eee eee eee 
£8; Spanish typerol tomahawic pipes se se. ania aaah are eee ere 
895 "Monitor pipes ne sos s5 setts ae) se eee deems Wa oe elon tee ee ni taken eae 
90:91. Monitor: pipes SS. 2o.)-Sniae eee seins © < oo Sane iets earn ore ete oer 
92. Mlat=base:Monbor Pipe tra. =o a errsa eae oe ele te er ee ee eer 
932) Monitor pipes. -<52. soca sees ee ee ee PR ny Crete RES Beal rere 
O47 Broad-basedsmonitol pipe ins sss. s=5 te eee see ores See oe ee 
95,96. ‘Cunved-base Monitor pipes 2% o- ess - 4) ee yea eet 
O7. Pottery, MOnItor PIPE. <2 Sete ase eee ee ee eae er ee ene 
0S: Dy pe. of Monitor pipe ss.ssecs-e eee oe Fe ge tte SS eo Sela 
OO) Ty pe ot monitor Pipe. se se ee Sl ae ee ate re et ee Useaes 
LOO; AOL, Rectangular pipes esses. sree a= tere ace aaa rere eee eee 
102. Micmide pipe'.--s..52c6.<ssc ees tye cae Sate eens aaa ee eae ee 
103; Miemae PIPGls 2.2525 S55. 6 Goce scslee soe ose eee ee eee renee 
104, Ornamented Micmac pipe: = 3. -2...- 2 2s ee ee ee ee eee 
105;, Bird’s head Macmac pipe": 2-2-2 saa e tea ee eee 
106. Totemic Micmacpipe) -.o72 ek il ee eee eee hors 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 357 


Page. 
REPEAL LINCO DINO. nla s sooo oa ccc ane easels aoe ocing ooeloee eects eedn sete cee 486 
DAIL RANKIG: Co cet lac son ance ae aa os ooo aie = gem npe ES se oeest 486 
ees ckapipe.ot limestonel. 2-2 == oe soe ace emer e ae ea gee arle es = Sale es 487 
Mine isk pipe OF. Oolitic lImeStONG. <= 222. 2-2-3 se- hes acer ens sn se ccens teens 488 
MEMEBGUUGRVR DUD Ors scams ace oc loce vse cs Se Sot ieeets = See Sat Ee ean Se ania ae 493 
PEPILETRO ts PUPCr sos aoe a elon = ee eae eens See eee ae eee 493 
113. PrOgMOLAMU POLO PIPC Ss s-<- = ose oe Secret leas oie ee eee ees 494 
PMC OnMOLI POLLEY: PISCON PlpPe\.o-- .- 5-1-2. 2ce see ees ce ewe wancis acne eee 495 
PROG HOLA POCLELY CLOW Pip. -)5- = =52< osc s- np eects aeciclnwcicne me seer 495 
Bie lcoqueis escuucheon poOulery, Plpe o5----- 2----~ <o- ce eae <p seese esis ee = 497 
117. Iroquois pipe of stalagmite -.....-...--...-.-.--- FSS i encntes suis cette gelocin 498 
Be EO MOIS POULCE): PIPO<-.cescace toe eee eas 2S 7Re aes a laser ees aes 499 
PP MITOIS spOLLELY: PLO. oa sone = eesti ss eae coe oe ta sete 500 
PPEEFOOUGIS POLLELY PlpC <2. 2s. -5. oSec- sss jane scainws co ses see ccems ssn Sees 501 
BMPESTOMCMDITG PUPS 5,-2.5: cena Sates. Sscielng seb tee secs see oe cos BSW see niee 502 
SE SODGEDITO GLO: soo as. S ae eee fe ee ne ee ote nee nee eae ee ees eo 503 
“2. COIMTRGIS SASS ee ae Aeon ee Bade Aree BAe Sate Sistas bo ea Stn eth sie 505 
Wid DH Unine Mee Ses 6 25 Sate Se en Ss secas cee oes euoecroreass eee tens See 506 
LES, \\ Ger OUT OG) DS eee soe ae Seoe eecoissed SOee Sosa ees tee eo oes omer ere sccse 507 
Pamir MOUNG. PLPOS— es. c sa taseieee ate eacia sess see Aso eceleiswe seis e cee 514 
PameNloundrenake PIP. 22.0 oss <ite seccee sass acs ece tes see ee chet sels eee 518 
NET GMELO OPUS eyes cee = seer ep ears oe ee eats ee ieee Hoste nee 518 
PP PeMeIdetUTtleypipes-< nee) + Seen oe Searles Se ese ss shee Sete Sess ees 519 
fai Mound Indian|head pipe --.-...--.=-=--.-.:- Sa aes aaa aae ee ps eases 519 
Pei odMder a CCOOnyplpOrn qc cect c= .oece 62 ae ot See ee ee eee ee ose artes eee 520 
>. homing oO ss 56 SS4Secs6 shes sab seca sser cosa cases se Sce dee ae6 oSscas boss 520 
BENG UNOGDITO PI pO 2S 2-2. c.222 sac ces es aale saan Sos cesiaice'ssos Beet oe se eeeae 521 
eM UME CLERN LPO = 2-2 sais Scie ee See eee ies Scie lne sige Anne Hoe see sete 521 
PrmevMoundrelophant pipe: c.2+ se22 s-22 oe wocee eens eace cose aces se eUR eee 523 
fae silat nt-base MOUNd pipe =..:..-<2-s--c2.2 oSsc See cese Sse Sas e aces se See 527 
MEIC CONG AN PPD 5 - =22csc Soe ee oem Mew one exces = ett Boe NEG 528 
EDC OKC ON OLA Lj PLp C= <act eect nie ner ety se se ee saa eee ee ae eee ee 529 
ile Ouble: conical pipes £- == secs 2+ 22 le ae saee aes es oe SAsc\sclee oes seee 530 
eet se Ouble conical Pipes:..- =... eet nese ~.ja2-2ee t= 22 Cee ae as cliec ome 531 
144,145. Double conical pipes -.----. .--- ES Sy ee teal Shay ley oey eae 532 
PPR OU ERD ICONICAl PINGS coe =. orks A ,= Aesloin iste s ie ale a aaisls stele ein eaters 533 
Bean ocn yp OuLeLy.MOUNG: pipe! = .02-05 40h >, seins <a eee eee ee 534 
Lan. LRICniIGH OU ae Se See Ao ee tna m ee am Sears 534 
150. Biconical pottery pipe -.--....--- PB stoaia ais'sys) seers ae asi cise ease wie ete eee 535 
BEDI OULELY: PLPC: == (822 = osceeee na s2e cee Bone ssce ce sje s ods ie eslee msec cele Jae 535 
febicomcalirog pipe Of SANdSstone>.-- 672-2 =e. ba ere ae sees 536 
Te COMICAL LOO PUNO jee orale a sici.> os /ests Samos) a aisioeis tislseies caiesitc Boeeee Seeker 536 
Ee PEICOMICA EOC UDO se ecco cps oso os. anny + Uotre eeme et Soe ee eee 537 
Piermebleconical pOulely 1LOl Pipe. o<.--.= Socc sac/sioeun'sin ee ace eo ase eee eee esee 537 
PtP ICOMICAL ANTM Al PIPES. ~~ <\-.- es soe em sacln ce, ase a tee emees Boe peees cee 538 
PPC OUUCMEAN INAS PLO) ooo c-22-)- carom Se oath eae ie! ee as oe 539 
PPD ICOMIC al StONG MOUNTS PIO. - «scm cin me aa nneieeniaee ee eee eels ea al 539 
Me ICOM Al ShONG TLD O)-o oe.) taisiafa cast) coe on coho Meee: slates eee eels ser 540 
Ee bIeOnICAlL Stone DUNtAL PIPO- = on, 55 Sols can wee ede lacie ce sleioes tae eerie 540 
lGeemsICOmedl POLED YPipG= 2-2 54-25-25 o= sain ase soe lee colo ce ee cee ele = 540 
Mee Osea kG OU DUDES fee m te soe fais ak. wale noe vara maim ae in testes aa aie nls forcla =o 541 
165. Idol pipe. --.. Bee ote ate ie sce hanes Sin oe ata eee eee chee eines a 542 
MELEE Operas eee Ss atin erwin toe cine ee ett aL LS ies oe 543 
iG sGreab pipe representing man and bird’: 225222 esos. 2.22 22 s-s esses 543 
RMR MAC LUV SPIN Os eer accrimsiot ce cca sce Scicemiceee realest su cictine ssc 544 


358 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


169: Banded ereen: sate pipe aie ose eae eg ae a eee ete 
IC iets een pays ol eRe Seeaeeeb edie s Gace eeb eae eo Sed Ue Le ee Sateen Sede See 
171. Bridegroom pipe --.----- Salata) oictorn ic ain yatta <r er eR ae one oe et eae eee ee ene ee 
172... Bridegroom pipe: s 252-545 So a —s ote ite ee oes nea ee Or Oe ee 
7s. Calumet: dances. $2. =22 220 sae ne a4 <2 ates eo ani oe a re 
174. Stouan catlinite pipe):. 3.222 52% seas te ae a ews Sa ae ee 
175, ‘Catlinite pipe. -.St2.542 sob Sea Se 2 a a alee ree 
176. Double-bowled catlinite pipe. -.----.-- --- Spe Man Jo eRe ae ee eee 
TE, IDOE DIO or oa an ep ae ee ae ae om So bine is pe Bed Ce eee © hepa CO ene ee 
178. Catlinite pipe s:~-2.32--2_ 26s eene-oa a ee ee eee Jb. ee 
179: Sioux pipe 2s Sass so sais eo oa we eee Se Ss oe Se Oe eee 
180. ead and ‘stone Siouan pipe..2 22... cae aos accents ae oe eee ee 
461," Motel pipe. ooo Vinca cada so tee ea as eee oo ee ee Ae ee eee 
182;- Inlaid. Sioux pipesi.c.is4te.0.. os eae ae te eee cee ee Oe ee 
183. Sioux catlinite pipes=-: -2sos22s5. 4. Soha et ones te te eee eee eee 
SSeS IOUS LPO se ee eek eerie ee eee ee Sehsse Sees sso pose beens Cele 
185. Steatitetpipe: <- 2-52. 5b ss ewe eee ees See eee Cee ge Bree neo eae 
186.-Northwest:coast pipe of steatibe: = 22-52-28. sole ee ee eee 
1372 Puget SOUNG: PiIpe= 22. cp este cece. -ee Sens Be see oa ane eee ee 
1383 Wskimo: pipers. tecch th esses. Soe wee Ses wee = aoe eee eee 
129; Russian ty pe.of- Mskimo' pipe... 22-2 ss... ssse eco =e eee eee 
190; Bskimo“pipess®.-b22 oe. Se sate cect esa oe eee cece See e ene eee 
Gt? Eskimolpipess 22 steen.c ae sate osc octet on ee ac eee oe 
192. Alaskan’ Pipesccs cas <-cssus aes eo eons aa Sane Cec eee eee teenie ere ee 
193. Eskimo pipe of willow 
194. Modern Pueblo pipe 
195. Wolpi Pueblo pipe 
196. Moki Pueblo pipe 
197. ‘Greenstone: pipes. 233.250.5500 ec. oe ah eee fe ere a 
198. Delaware pipe <--s2-%. 52 0-. ieee cages tee ce ae oleae ee eee eee 
199; Cherokee ‘pipe {ca 222 = << ot Se cee © tdi aca we ee Stee ete eee 
200:"Cherokee'stone: pipe: 25s 5-c 2520. shat oe cet sea ee eee eee 
201; 202:. Rectangular, pipes: 22522-2222 55- See tee eee eee Ronee er ae reeraree 
203, 204) ANG ULALpPLPOS - ae chs nue apts ee terra te eae ate et ee eee 
205. “Natural forms (222.552 52  SScen ci see ek cee aie eS Sere eeee a see 
206. Cherokee type of sawed stone pipe 
207. ‘Cherokee-stone: pipe... <csees-. sees ee ce ees ee ee ae ee ee 
208. Cherokee pottery pipe 
209;, SONG. PIP: sc = eres ees scenes = Sans soe Sees Seen eee eee se ae eee 
2105, Wood:and ‘lead. pipet. sao. 2-oae. kek weasel oe eee ai ee ee 
211. Portrait pipennces cote torsce eset eos oe ee BT ee ee 
212. Rectangular stone pipe 
213. ‘Atlante: coast plpescq- sec ees come ss cee eee ce = ooo oe See eee ere 
214-216) Atlantic: coast ipesi:< ss.n.Sesic Sa ok eee ee eee oe 
217,218. Atlantic coastiplpes -- 6-5-2225.) fo noce een tee ee oe eee 
219) Atlantic: coast. Pipes cassie coos eel ese eee Cee ees Se eee 
220-222. Southern mound pipes 
223, 224. Southern mound pipes 
225, 226. Southern mound pipes 
227-229. Southern mound pipes 
230-233. Southern mound pipes 
234, 235. Southern mound pipes 
236, 237., Southern: mound: pipes... 23-25..-5ceecccace et eda ee eee eee 
238. Mound type of molded. pottery, pipecc- 0 23= <cee eee ee eee 
239, Combination clay, copper, and wood pipe 


stew eee te wee eee ee ee ee eee Ce et ree ee eee tee - 


ee ee ee | 


NOTE. 


The first studies for the following paper on ‘*“‘ Pipes and Smoking Cus- 
toms of the American Aborigines” were made from the rich collections 
in the U.S. National Museum, but as the material grew it was sug- 
gested by Dr. G. Brown Goode, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution, that it would be well to carefully consider the pipes con- 
tained in other public museums and in private collections. Acting on 
this suggestion, an extensive correspondence ensued with many persons 
interested in the subject, and, as will be observed, the work has been 
greatly facilitated by their courteous assistance. The writer now desires 
_to express his grateful acknowledgments and thanks for the aid 
afforded him by the loan of specimens, and when this was not possible, 
of tracings and photographs; also for the list of references suggested, 
and for the freedom allowed in examination of pipes on all occasions, 
and in data concerning localities and circumstances under which cer- 
tain objects were found. 

Among those persous whom the writer desires particularly to mention 
are Drs. William H. Holmes, Otis T. Mason, Thomas Wilson, and Walter 
Hough, of the U. S. National Museum; Maj. J. W. Powell, Mr. W J 
McGee, Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Mr. F. W. Hodge, and Mr. James Mooney, 
o* the Bureau of American Ethnology; Dr. E. A. Barber and Mr. Clar- 
ence B. Moore, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Mr. Stewart Culin and 
Dr. Max Uhle, of the museum of the University of Pennsylvania; Mr. 
Andrew E. Douglass, of New York; Mr. David Boyle, of Toronto, 
Canada; Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, New York; Col. 
Bennett H.‘ Young, of Louisville, Kentucky; Gen. A. L. Pridemore, of 
Lee County, Virginia; Prof. John Robinson, of Salem, Massachusetts; 
Mr. Warren K. Moorehead, of the Ohio State University; Capt. H. L. 
Scott, of the U. S. Army, and Miss Alice Fletcher, of the Peabody 
Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts. Also my sincere thanks are due to Prof. P. H. Uhler and 
Col. William H. Love, of Baltimore, Maryland, and Dr. Frank H. 
Knowlton and Mr. Charles Schucherf, of Washington, D. C., though it 
should not be supposed that these kind friends are in anywise respon- 
sible for any expressions employed in the body of the monograph unless 
so quoted. 

JOSEPH D. MCGUIRE. 

ELLicorr Crry, MARYLAND, November 24, 1898, 

359 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—McGuire. 


FRONTISPIECE. 


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allie 


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a OT perp paramere TT i) 


A SMOKING FUNCTION. 
A bas-relief of part of an altar at Palenque. 


After Edward S. Holden in First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 234, fig. 59. 


; 


y 


PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES, 
BASED ON MATERIAL IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


By Joserpn D. McGuire, 


Ellicott City, Maryland. 


MEXICAN AND PUEBLO TUBULAR PIPES. 


The use of the tobacco plant for smoking purposes is undoubtedly of 
American origin, and has been common throughout North America 
among the Indians from a period long prior to the arrival of the whites 
on the continent. Using the plant for snufiing, however, appears to 
have been a peculiarity of the Southern Continent, while of the habit 
of chewing there seems to be but meager reference by early writers, 
consequently little is known of the extent to which the practice pre- 


‘vailed. The accounts of all early American voyagers, with scarcely an 


exception, who have come in first contact with the Indians have referred 
to the common employment of tobacco in all treaties, councils, and, in 
fact, functions of every kind, including social intercourse, in divination, 
and in the cure of disease. Other plants, however, have been used quite 
commonly for the same purpose from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctie 
Ocean, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. There is no doubt that 
tobacco smoking in pipes such as we are now familiar with, as a habit 
or pastime, is an invention of the European. Smoke in some form has 
been employed in the treatment of disease from a time long prior to the 
Christian era; and the early Spanish, French, and English references to 
smoking all bear evidence that tobacco was considered a plant of won- 
derful properties. Herodotus says the Messagetae, a people of Asia 
Minor, supposed to be Scythians, in battle with whom Cyrus was killed 
about 529 B. C., are reported ‘‘to have discovered trees that produce 
fruit of a peculiar kind, which the inhabitants, when they meet together 
in companies and have lit a fire, throw on a fire, as they sit in a circle; 
and that by inhaling the fumes of the burning fruit that has been 
thrown on, they become intoxicated by the odor just as the Greeks do 
by wine; and that the more fruit that is thrown on, the more intoxi- 
cated they become, until they rise up to dance and betake themselves 
to singing.”! 


‘ Herodotus, Book I, p. 88, translated by Henry Cary, New York, £855. 
361 


362 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Many of the early American peoples, including the Aztecs, are de- 
scribed as inhaling smoke for the purpose of intoxicating themselves—a 
practice yet indulged in at various places. Herodotus also says “ that 
when a man attains great age all his kinsmen meet and sacrifice him,” 
and ‘‘that they worship the sun of all the gods.” ! 

These rites of the Messagetae are similar to the practices of certain 
American Indians. That similar conditions naturally engender like 
practices among races in a primitive stage of development has been 
observed all over the world. This is noticeable in the primitive tools of 
all ancient races, there being scarcely an exception to the rule. Accord- 
ing to Strabo, the Mysians were eaters of smoke— Krapnobates.” ” 

This reference, however, 1s rather a suggestion found in a note of the 
French translation of Strabo than of Strabo himself, who really says 
‘ Posidonius relates that the Mysians religiously abstain from eating 
anything that had life, and consequently from cattle, wherefore they 
are considered a religious people and called Capnobatae.”* Plutarch 
says in De Fluvius, ‘‘in Thrace near the Hebrus there grows a plant 
which resembles the origanum [wild marjoram]; the inhabitants of 
that country throw the leaves on a brazier and inhale the smoke, which 
intoxicates them.” 

Pliny says, ‘‘ Sandarach, taken in the form of a fumigation, also with 
cedar, has a remedial etfect.”* This plant is a medium-sized tree (Cal- 
litris quadrivalvis or Thuya articulata) of the pine family from North 
Africa, and yields a resinous gum, which, when heated or sprinkled on 
burning coals, emits an agreeable balsamic odor and calls to mind the 
liquid amber used as a mixture with tobacco by the Aztecs. The 
Aztecs were described as burning incense and liquid amber and mix- 
ing sweet-smelling substances with burning herbs quite often when 
reference to what we now denominate “smoking” was intended. Refer- 
ence to the cedar being used in fumigation calls to mind that its bark 
is smoked at the present time by certain American tribes. 

Pliny further says that Appolodorus (a naturalist of the first century) 
mentions as a remarkable fact that the barbarians, ‘‘ by inhaling the 
fumes of chameleuce [colts foot] at the mouth thereby diminish the 
volume of the spleen.”® The term “inhalation” suggests something 
more than a “ fumigation,” especially when the further recommenda- 
tion is made of employing the smoke of ‘‘ dried cow dung” as being 
remarkably good for phthisis when inhaled through a reed,° and ‘that 
chameleuce, having its root burnt upon cypress charcoal, the smoke of 
which is good when inhaled by the aid of a funnel or reed.” * 


! Herodotus, Book I, p. 93, translated by Henry Cary, New York, 1853. 
2 Strabo, Book VII, p. 3. . 
’The Geography of Strabo, Book VII, Chap. 3, p. 454, Bohn edition, London, 1854. 
4The Natural History of Pliny, Book VI, p. 220, Bohn edition, London, 1866. 
5Tdem, Book IV, p. 362. 

‘Idem, Book VY, p. 356. 

7Idem, Book V, pp. 55, 164. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 363 


There is little room to doubt that the tube or funnel is an implement 
of great antiquity in smoking elsewhere than on the American conti- 
nent. Implements figured as Roman pipes, so far as they have come 
under the writer’s observation, appear to be modern and of the Eng- 
lish or French ‘‘trade” type. Other plants are so commonly used in 
the pipe by the Indians of the whole continent and have been so 
employed, according to early writers, for so long a period as to indicate 
a very ancient usage. Although there are several native varieties of 
the family Nicotiana in America, it appears highly probable that the 
use of tobacco first became general through its cultivation by the 
Spanish and their trade in it with the natives. The Spanish early cul- 
tivated it, for next to food they would naturally grow those plants for 
which there was the greatest demand and the best market among the 
natives. It is a well-known fact that the English settlers in Virginia 
during the first half of the seventeenth century more than once brought 
themselves to the verge of starvation because of their having culti- 
vated tobacco to the exclusion of necessary vegetables. 

Throughout the seventeenth century, if not later, smoking was 
indulged in by Europeans mainly because of the wonderful proper- 
ties attributed to tobacco. It was supposed not only to cure disease, 
but was considered a detergent as well. It was said to prevent the 
pangs of hunger and fatigue, and was long prescribed as a medicine by 
the physicians of Spam, France, and England. The visitation of the 
plague in Europe encouraged the use of tobacco enormously, as it was 
supposed that it would keep off the disease; and was so sought after and 
so generally prescribed that its use quickly became a confirmed habit 
among many persons, and the use of that which had been looked upon 
as a valued medicine became perverted into a vice difficult to eradicate. 
And as late as the time of Charles II, tobacco was supposed to be a 
mighty antidote to the plague, and it has been said that at a certain 
time during his reign the worst floggings the boys ever received at 
Eaton were because they refused to smoke. 

The employment of the words ‘‘funnel” and ‘‘reed” by Pliny may 
appear to be indefinite references to the pipe, but they are equally as 
distinct as are many of the early Spanish, French, and English expres- 
sions used in regard to it, even as late as the first half of the seven- 
teenth century, at which date the word “tobacco” had not yet come 
into general use. 

The most ancient, and at the same time the most reliable evidence of 
the early employment of the pipe on the American continent is the bas- 
relief of the Alta Casa or Adoratio, at the entrance of the temple of 
the Cross, one of the so-called palaces of Palenque, to which attention 
was called by John L. Stevens, it being deservedly considered one of 
the most remarkable as well as one of the best known of American 
antiquities.' It is shown as the frontispiece. 


! Travels in Central America and Yucatan, II, p. 354, New York, 1848, 


364 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


This slab, or altar, as it has been called, is of artistic concept, design, 
and finish; it has been referred to as representing a ‘Maya rain god, 
Tlaloc, blowing the winds from his mouth.” He is figured “with the 
eagle in his headdress; the jaw with grinders; the peculiar eye; the 
snake between his legs, and a leopard skin over his back.” This glyph 
represents the official, whether priest or other functionary, standing in 
an upright position, his arms extended, with the palms of the hands 
held together, forming a trough at a level with the mouth; lying in this 
trough of the hands is a tubular object, through which he appears to 
be blowing a visible something, as indicated by the ascending -and 
descending part of the glyph. The posture is such as may be seen 
to-day when the Moki priest thus holds the pipe at a ceremonial dance 
and blows the smoke to the four winds, as well as to the upper and the 
lower world. The implement upon the slab has the exact shape of the 
ceremonial pipe of the Moki, as represented by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes. 
This, moreover, appears to be the type of the most primitive pipe found 
in America, and the one which is distributed over a greater geograph- 
ical area than any other found on the continent, and is, in fact, the only 
type which appears common to the whole country. This opinion is 
sustained by the pipes found by archologic excavations in many 
States, which suggest the tube similar in shape to that pictured on the 
Palenque tablet as the most primitive pipe of which we have knowl- 
edge. ‘The leopard skin on the back, the beak and eyes of the bird 
on the headdress of Tlaloc,” says Stevens, ‘was all a mystery, silent, 
defying the most scrutinizing gaze and reach of the intellect.” 

The snake so prominent on this slab appears as a garment of snakes 
on the statue of the bloody Huitzilopotchli, the war god of the Mexi- 
cans, who is represented as holding in each of his claw-like hands a 
human heart. To find a snake carved upon the pipe is by no means an 
unusual feature, it being one of the most common totems of the North 
American Indian tribes. The bird, either a hawk or an eagle, on the 
Palenque tablet represents, very likely, one of the totems. Palenque 
is in the State of Chiapas, Mexico, in latitude 17° 30’ north, longitude 
92° 26’ west, and is supposed to have been in ruins before the invasion 
of Mexico by Cortez. The smoker, if such he be, on the slab, invests 
it with unusual interest, for in addition to its being of pre-Columbian 
origin, its location appears to be that of the extreme southern limit of 
the pipe in America, so far as we know from records or reliable antiqui- 
ties. 

While the writer is convinced that the tube is the primitive form of 
the pipe both in Palenque and in the City of Mexico, pipes have been 
found having their bowl at right angles to the stem.’ The latter, how- 
ever, are made from a glazed, red or gray pottery which there is reason 
to suspect are of Spanish origin and manufacture. While early Span- 
ish writers refer but casually to the habit of smoking among the natives, 
they constantly speak of the use of incense, and there is reason to 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 365 


believe that the use of the pipe was often indicated by this expression. 
It must be remembered that smoking, by its general adoption among 
the people, struck all early voyagers to America with astonishment, 
though Spanish, French, English, and Dutch each in turn found won- 


dertul properties in the use of this ‘‘ sacred herb,” 
or, as Everard calls it, “‘ Embassadors’ herb.” ! 
Fig. 1 is an enlargement, after Oviedo, of 
what is commonly referred to as the first illus- 
tration of the American tobacco pipe, though 
the first two editions of the work did not con- 
tain it. The figure was evidently drawn from 
a description of an instrument which is said to 
have been used as a snuffing tube employed in 
inhaling a preparation of the powder, parica. 
This article, Oviedo says, was called a ‘“tobago” 
and it was evidently that which gave its name 
“tobacco” to the plant. The only object of this 


Fig. 2. 
SNUFFING TUBE. 


Tiahuanaco. 
After Dr. Max Uhle, University 
of Pennsylvania, Original in 
University of Pennsylvania. 


character which has come 
under the observation of the 
writer is a very perfect spec- 
imen in the museum of the 
University of Pennsylvania, a 

A TOBACCO PIPE. 
which is made from the Beaten whe Ohaae: 
femur of a llama, and is 5 
inches long, with a width of 15 inches at the extrem- 
ity of the bifurcation, the widest part of the bone. 
This tube (fig. 2) is carefully polished, and decorated 
on each side with geometric figures, the significance 
of which are indecipherable, though the circles upon 
the bifurcated end look as though intended to repre- 
senteyes. The figures are incised and most skillfully 
executed with some sharp implement. It was found 
at Tiahuanaco, Bolivia. 

The remarkable similarity of certain smoking cus- 
toms in the most widely separated parts of the con- 
tinent 1s the strongest argument in favor of the 
antiquity of the habit, and there is little doubt that 
the smoking of some plant in pipes or tubes has pre- 
vailed very generally from a time long prior to the 
coming of the Europeans on the continent of North 
America. The most primitive pipe of all was a 
straight tube, many of which have been found in abo- 


Wigs is 


riginal burial places, from Mexico to the Great Lakes, and from the At- 
lantic to the Pacific oceans. The tube varies, it is true, in both length 
and diameter, as well as in the material from which it is made; governed, 


‘Everard, Panacea, or the Universal Medicine, p. 4, London, 1659. 


366 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


doubtiess, by the available supply. The first materials employed would 
be reeds, hollow bones, or wood, which, through a process of evolu- 
tion, came in time eventually to be stone or earthenware. There is 
undoubted evidence that pipes throughout the continent were made in 
many shapes, though it is probable that the most elaborate are the 
most modern. An endless variety of leaves, twigs, bark, and even the 
roots of plants have been smoked by American Indians, though sumac 
and willow have been used by them to nearly as great an extent as 
tobacco. At times other plants are smoked in preference to tobacco, or 
as a prerequisite of some ceremonial dance or function. 

Excepting the tubular form, the shapes of early American pipes 
differ greatly with the locality where they occur; those in contiguous 
territory usually being similar. The geographical limits of a particular 
pipe, with scarcely an exception, follow the lines of natural trade routes 
and water courses, which are also, it is true, the lines of least resistance 
in the distribution of population, because of the greater facility of 
transportation. 

Notwithstanding the ancient foreign references to a habit apparently 
quite analogous to the use of the tobacco pipe by the American savages, 
Europeans do not appear to have smoked the pipe until tobacco was 
carried abroad from America, for all early travelers to this continent 
appear to have been astonished at the, to them, singular custom of 
smoking, and they were convinced that the tobacco plant was possessed 
of wonderful properties, and but few of them failed to refer to it with 
surprise when they first came in contact with the natives of the 
Northern Continent. 

Columbus on his first voyage mentions the people of Hispaniola as 
smoking, though the reference appears to relate to something in the 
nature of a cigar or cigarette rather than a tobacco pipe. Beginning 
with the dawn of man’s employment of tools, throughout all primitive 
periods of history, and from the most distant parts of the earth’s sur- 
face, similar customs and implements are encountered which are impos- 
sible of reconciliation one with another unless it be that similar 
conditions produce like results. Among these the inhalation of smoke 
is only one of many which might be enumerated. 

Tobacco was indigenous to the new continent, and the first reference 
to its use, though not by name, was that reported to Columbus on his 
first voyage by Rodrigo de Jerez of Agramonte and Luis de Torres, a 
learned Jew, who were sent out in Hispaniola on November 2, 1492, 
with letters to the Kahn of Cathay. De Torres could speak Chaldee, 
Hebrew, and some Arabic, and was thought to be a valuable inter- 
preter for those subjects of the Grand Kahn whom Columbus should 
encounter.! 

These messengers, as referred to by the Marquis of Nadaillac, 
quoting Columbus, “found a great number of Indians, men and women, 


! Arthur Helps, The Spanish Conquest in America, I, p. 124, New York, 1856. 


2a =a 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 367 


holding 1m their hands little hghted brands made of herbs, of which 
they inhaled according to their custom.”! According to other writers 
they were said to have indulged in “a fumigation of a peculiar kind.” 

The smoke in question was absorbed into the mouth through a 
charred stick, and was caused by burning certain herbs wrapped in 
a dry leaf, which outer covering was called ‘tabaco.”? 

These messengers, says John Harris, “lighting of an Indian town of 
fifty houses, they were well treated there, the Spanish being honored 
as if they had been deities.”* Quite as indefinite is the expression 
“incensing,” later employed on the mainland upon numerous occasions 
in the various accounts of Cortez’s march to the City of Mexico, or as 
“perfuming themselves.” Las Casas, who was a contemporary of 
Columbus, and the first bishop of Chiapas, is quoted as saying that the 
‘two messengers met great numbers of people of both sexes, the men 
always with a firebrand in their hands and certain herbs for smoking. 
These were dry, and placed in a dry leaf, after the manner of those 
paper tubes which the boys in Spain use at Whitsuntide. Lighting 
one end, they drew the smoke by sucking at the other. This causes 
drowsiness and a kind of intoxication, and, according to the statement 
of natives, relieves them from the feeling of fatigue. These tubes they 
eali by the name of Tobacos.”* 

In the early references to smoking a notable pecularity is that the 
term employed very commonly is “herbs,” which may be because of 


ignorance of the plant smoked, though it is certainly suggestive also 


of there being more than one, for it is known that certain of our 
Indians consider it an essential to their ceremonial smokes or dances 
to have a mixture of different plants to put in the pipe; though when 
smoking for the purpose of becoming stupefied or intoxicated tobacco 
is used. The “firebrand” mentioned by Las Casas was ‘a kind of 
musquetoon packed of a dry leaf, which the Indians lit at one end 
while they sucked it or inhaled it from the other.. These musquetoons 
were called Tabacos.”? 

Nadaillace says it is here easy to recognize the cigar of the present 
day, ‘‘of which the shape has had but slight modifications.” The same 
could with equal accuracy be said of the cigarette. Cigars and ciga- 
rettes appear so common in all Spanish America as to cause a strong 
presumption that one or other was intended, though the early references 
are invariably indefinite. 

Las Casas, according to Helps, states that the Indians when ques- 
tioned about imbibing tobacco smoke said that it took away fatigue, 


‘Marquis de Nadaillac, Les Pipes et le Tabac; Matériaux pour |’Histoire Primi- 
tive et Naturelle de ! Homme, 1885, p. 498. 

2Arthur Helps, The Spanish Conquest in America, I, p. 125. 

$John Harris, Columbus’s First Voyage, Voyages and Travels, I, p. 5, London, 1705. 

‘Arthur James Weise, Discoveries of America to the year 1525, p. 120, New York 
and London, 1884. 

®Les Pipes et le Tabac; Materiaux, etc., 1885, p. 498. 


368 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


and that he has known Spaniards in the island of Hispaniola who 
adopted the same habit, and who, being reproved for it as a vice, replied 
that it was not in their power to leave it off. ‘I do not know,” he adds, 
“what savor or profit they found in them (tobacos).”! 

Millions of people throughout the world still sympathize with this 
sentiment. The habit has increased until it has encircled the earth, 
and to-day there is scarcely a race which has not adopted the pipe in 
some form, though not always confining themselves to tobacco. Opium 
is arival to it in some parts of the East, and hasheesh (Cannabis sativa), 
an East Indian hemp, is smoked in India for its intoxicating properties. 
Some idea may be gained of the consumption of tobacco from the pro- 
duction of the manufactured article in the United States in 1897, which 
for smoking tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes amounted to the enormous 
sum of 371,705,148 pounds. How many of those who consume this 
tobacco ever consider ‘‘ what profit they found init?” There are many, 
who agree with Benzoni, of Milan, who, about 1541, said, ‘See what a 
pestiferous and wicked poison from the devil this must be. It has 
happened several times to me that going through the provinces of 
Guatemala and Nicaragua I have entered the house of an Indian who 
had taken this herb, which in the Mexican language is called tobacco, 
and, immediately perceiving this sharp, fetid smell, I was obliged to go 
away in haste and seek some other place. In La Espana and other 
islands when their doctors wanted to cure a sick man they went to the 
place where they were to administer the smoke, and when the patient 
was thoroughly intoxicated by it the cure was mostly effected.” 

To many smoking is only a habit admittedly without profit; to others 
it is a ‘‘pestiferous weed;” to others again smoking is a solace and 
unfailing comforter in solitude or sickness; to its votaries it is often a 
nerve tonic of priceless value in times of great mental excitement, and 
a sedative in favor of which too much can scarcely be said. 

Speaking of the messengers of Columbus who first witnessed smok- 
ing, it is interesting to note the opinion of Washington Irving, who 
speaks of tobacco as a weed which “the ingenious caprice of man has 
converted into a luxury in defiance of the opposition of the senses.’ 

Bernal Diaz, who was first with Juan de Grijalva, in 1518, on the 
coast of the mainland of the continent, and who appears also to have 
been, in 1517, with Francisco Hernandez de Cordova in his expedition, 
accompanied Cortez throughout his wonderful march to the City of 
Mexico. Of his early history little appears known, though it is sup- 
posed he was a foot soldier. The historian of the conquest, and thor- 
oughly familiar with the daily events of the period, he wrote about 


1The Spanish Conquest in America, New York, 1856, I, p. 125, referring to Historia 
de las Indias, MS., Book I, Chap. 40. 

2Gerolamo Benzoni, History of the New World, 1541-1556, pp. 80, 81, 82 (Hakluyt 
Society). 

3The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, p. 129, referring to Navarette, 
Primer Viage de Colon, p. 51. 


3 


é 


yy &* 


+ 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cUSTOMS. 369 


1568, and in the light of contemporary accounts there is little doubt 
that many of his references to the natives using “perfumes” and 
“incense” related to the practice of smoking tobacco or other plants. 
It is not intended to deny that incense or perfume was used in the 
temples of Mexico or among the natives upon occasion, but it is con- 
tended that these terms, where used by the Spanish historians, referred 
generally to what we now describe as smoking, rather than to what is 
understood by the term perfuming or incensing. Upon several occasions 
where these words are employed contemporaneous writers are so clear 
in their references to tobacco smoking as to leave little room for doubt. 
Spanish descriptions can be better appreciated when it is remembered 
that the practices referred to were novel to the writers, and the only 
thing to which they could liken it was the incense of the church, with 
which they were all familiar. The Spanish references to the smoking 
of tobacco are apparently confined to its employment by the great 
‘“Jords” after their dinners, though many of them point to the use 
of tobacco in conjunction with other things, such as liquid amber, etc. 

It must not be forgotten that ceremony and the ceremonial observ- 
ance of all serious events in life occupied a great part of the Mexicans’ 
time, and the same was the case with the aborigines to the north of 
Mexico. It will be shown that tobacco was later the plant almost 
invariably smoked at solemn and ceremonial councils with the whites 
throughout the continent. In Mexico and to the northward for an 
indefinite distance there appears always to have been a mixture of 
herbs used in local ceremonies, as is yet the case in some of the Pueblo 
dances, especially those of Moki. Juan de Grijalva, the discoverer of 
Mexico, who died in 1527, according to Diaz, embraced the natives “in 
token of peace, gave them strings of beads, and as it is customary to 
make amicable presents in amicable treaties, they [the natives] came 
with fish, fowl, and vessels with lighted coals to fumigate us with 
incense;” and at what is now St. Juan de Ulloa, he says, ‘‘upon our 
entering [the temple] they came to us with their pots of incense, but 
we could not endure it, being disgusted and grieved at the sight and 
the horrid cruelty of their sacrifices.” ! 

The ingredients of this “incense,” if Clavigero be correct, were not 
such as to recommend it to the favor of Europeans, and fortunately do 
not appear to have survived to our time. He says: “The priests took 
large quantities of poisonous insects, such as scorpions, spiders, and 
worms, and sometimes even small serpents, burned them over the 
stove of the temple, and beat their ashes into a mortar together with 
the soot of the ocotl [a species of very aromatic pine}, tobacco, the 
herb ololimbqui, and some live insects.”? 

That this offering was identical with that of the pipe, so common on 
the northern continent at the end of the last century, is shown by the 


‘Diaz, True History of the Conquest of Mexico, pp. 17, 20, London, 1800. 
*Clavigero, History of Mexico, II, p. 44, Philadelphia, 1817. 
NAT MUS 97 24 


370 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897 


same writer, who says: “These offerings of incense were made also by 
the women to the idols, which was not confined to an act of religion 
to their gods, but also a piece of civil courtesy to lords and ambassa- 
dors.” ! 

Diaz says that upon a certain occasion in the island of Cozumel 
(1519), the Spaniards having been attracted to a certain temple, “the 
Indians were found burning odoriferous resins like an incense,”? and 
later he states that the Mexicans sent their ‘‘ ambassadors with vessels 
of incense which they offered us and with which they fumigated Cor- 
tez.”*® This function is repeatedly referred to during the march, as 
oceurring with the Tlascalans, the Cholulans, and at the city of 
Quivistlan, nor was it confined to offerings to Cortez, but to whoever 
was the leader at the particular tine. We encounter the same cere- 
mony offered at Villa Rica to Escalante, who was there “fumigated.” 
The most casual consideration of this practice shows so great an anal- 
ogy between these “incense burnings” and ‘ fumigations” (especially 
as tobacco is mentioned among the ingredients composing it), and the 
calumet dances and offerings to leaders, not only of the French on the 
Mississippi and the Great Lakes, but also to the English along the 
Eastern seaboard, as to amount to conviction that the offerings in many 
cases was of the pipe.* 

Four days after the arrival of the army in the City of Mexico Cortez 
and Montezuma visited the temple and witnessed the offering of 
incense to the war gods,° and it is yet observable at Moki in the dances, 
where they invariably offer smoke to their idols, the ceremonies of the 
pipe being observed by all present with great solemnity and decorum. 
The head chief is attended by an assistant of nearly like rank, who 
ceremoniously lights the pipe, and with a certain form and set words 
hands it to the chief, who blows the smoke of the pipe to the world 
quarters and over the altar. 

At times offerings were made by “those who happened to be in dan- 
ger from stumbling or slipping or on a journey.” Incense offerings, 
Clavigero says, ‘‘were made four times a day—at daybreak, midday, 
sunset, and midnight. They used copal | bursera| or some other aro- 
matic gum, and on certain festivals employed chapopotli or bitumen 
of Judea," which was also used by the women to clean their teeth with.” 
Similar practices are noted later on the Mississippi among the 
Natchez, whose offerings were made to the sun, and the Indians of 
Virginia, a century afterwards, were said to make offerings of tobacco 
in setting out on a journey. 

The censers of the Mexicans were commonly made of clay, but they 


1Clavigero, History of Mexico, II, pp. 46, 58, Philadelphia, 181% 
2Diaz, True History of the Conquest of Mexico, p. 36, London, 1800. 
3Tdem, pp. 49, 57. 

4Tdem, pp. 69, 86, 105, 109, 118. 

5Tdem, p. 143. 

6 Clavigero, History of Mexico, II, pp. 27, 43,44, Philadelphia, 1817. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 371 


also had them of gold, aud no house was without them nor wanted 
idols.! 

These censers or pipes and idols or fetiches appear to the writer the 
same things under different names, the variance being due to differ- 
ence in time and to the nationality of those describing the one and the 
other. Clavigero on one occasion refers to ambassadors making their 
offerings “by touching the earth with their hands,”? which Antonio de 
Solis describes minutely in his reference to the ambassadors from Tlas- 
eala, ‘who every now and then stopped and made signs of respect with 
humility toward the quarters, bowing their bodies till they touched the 
ground with their hands; then, raising themselves and putting them 
to their lips, paid greater respect with the smoke of their censers.”* 

This is a similar exhibition to that spoken of when Cortez made 
peace with the Cacique of Tabasco, after first repulsing an embassy of 
an inferior quality of persons who returned in numbers with their orna- 
ments, and, having approached with great submission, they perfumed 
him “with their fire pans, in which they burned gum anime (a white 
resin), gum copal, and other sweet scents.” 4 

These savages “in their festival given in honor of their war god, 
Huitzilopochtli, were, by permission of Alvarado, allowed to come 
unarmed, and having done so, were set upon by his orders and not an 
Aztec was left alive.” ° 

These natives were idolatrous and low among the races of men, 
according to the belief of the period, and the punishment of death was 
considered light for their inherited wickedness; yet some of the Spanish 
practices are as barbarous as anything noted of the Aztec, especially 
that of dressing their wounds with the fat of dead Indians, to which 
Diaz quaintly refers, a practice apparently common at that period, for, 
according to Biedma, De Soto’s soldiers, about 1540, who were wounded 
“had their wounds dressed with the fat of the slain, because our medi- 
cine was burnt with the baggage.” ® 

In fig. 3 is again seen a conical object, similar to that on the Palenque 
tablet, which Prof. Cyrus Thomas takes to be a cigar. Its similarity 
to the primitive conical pipe is, however, so striking as to impress one 
with the idea that this figure, wherever encountered, is intended for a 
pipe. The illustration is taken from The Manuscript Troano, Plate 
X XI,‘ and is doubly interesting because antedating European contact. 


‘Diaz, True History of the Conquest of Mexico, I, pp. 44, 261. 

? History of Mexico, p. 281. 

% Antonio de Solis, History of the Conquest of Mexico, p. 158, London, 1724. 

4Idem, I, p. 64. 

'William H. Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, II, p. 282, Philadel- 
phia, 1860. 

°B. I. French, Expedition of Hernando de Soto, Historical Collections of Louisi- 
ana, p. 103. 

* Cyrus Thomas, Contribution to North American Ethnology, V, p. 134, fig. 46, U.S. 
Geographical and Geological Survey. 


372 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


All early references to smoking are exceedingly indefinite, due to the 
writers trying to convey to their readers their impressions of something 
entirely novel, and consequently most difficult to describe for want of 
something with which to compare it. 

It must be admitted that the early references to smoking in America, 
while showing it to be a common practice among the Mexicans, so far 
as known to the writer do not suggest the rectangular pipe. All Spanish 
American people smoke the cigarette or cigar. As early as 1752 it was 
said of the natives of Carthagena: ‘“‘ Every one smokes, men and women 
alike, without distinction of age or rank. They petun everywhere and 
on all occasions. The women hold in their mouths a piece of lighted 
tobacco, from which they draw the smoke for quite a length of time 
without letting it go out and without the fire inconveniencing them, 
and one of the greatest acts of 
eee EE atu, friendship which they can evi- 

rape s':6 dence to a person is to light the 

tobaceo for them.” ! 
This refers apparently to cigar 
or cigarette smoking, which was 

4 probably the survival of a native 

a custom. 

U (4 Edward B. Tylor says “the 
Mexicans were cultivating 
tobacco when the Spaniards in- 
vaded the country, and had done 
so for ages; it had gotten its 
name from the language of Haiti, 
meaning not the tobacco itself 
but the cigars made of it.”? 

There is no doubt that tobacco 
was cultivated ; but only toa lim- 
ited extent, prior to the Spanish invasion. As soon as the conquest was 
accomplished the Spaniards put the natives to work in mining the 
precious metals and in growing tobacco, for which there was a con- 
stant and increasing demand. 

De Solis says of Montezuma: “ He used to smoke tobacco perfumed 
with liquid amber | Liquidambar styraciflua, or sweet gum}, and this 
vicious habit passed for a medicine with the Indians, which withal had 
somewhat in it of superstition, for the juice of this herb was one of the 
ingredients with which the priests were worked up into madness and 
fury as often as they were obliged to prepare themselves by losing their 
understanding to receive the devil’s oracles.” ® 


Fig. 3. 
MEXICAN SMOKING. 


From The Manuscript Troano, 


1 Antonio de Ulloa, Voyage Historique de l’Amerique Meridionale, Book I, p. 35, 
Amsterdam and Leipsiec, 1752. 

2 Anahuace, p. 228, London, 1861. 

5 History of the Conquest of Mexico, Book III, p. 84, London, 1724, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS 373 


Clavigero, an unusually well-informed writer, who lived among the 
natives of Mexico for thirty-odd years, about the middle of the last cen- 
tury, referring to the early Mexican practice of smoking, says: ‘After 
dining the lords used to compose themselves to sleep with the smoke of 
tobacco. This plant was greatly in use among the Mexicans. They 
make various plasters with it, and took it not only in smoke at the 
mouth, but also in snuff at the nose. In order to smoke it they put the 
leaves, with the gum of liquid amber and other hot, warm, and odorifer- 
ous herbs, into a little pipe of wood or reed, or some other more valuable 
substance. They receive the smoke by sucking the pipe and shutting 
the nostrils with the fingers, so that it might pass by the breath more 
easily toward thelungs. * * * But what ought to excite still greater 
wonder is that, although the use of tobacco is now so common among 
those natives who formerly despised it, it is now so rare among its 
inventors that there are extremely few of the Indians of New Spain 
who take it in smoke, and none at all who use it in snuff.”! 

The more closely the manners and customs of the Aztecs and other 
natives of Mexico are studied the greater is found to be the similarity 
between them and the northern Indians, the real difference being that 
the Mexican has been described in glowing terms as possessing a well- 
organized government, whereas the prosaic Indian has been represented 
and treated very much as a savage, having no good qualities. Dr. J. 
Walter Fewkes has found among the Moki Indians of New Mexico a 
cigarette, which answers completely that described as being used by 
the Mexicans. It is a small reed, not over 24 inches long, iato which 
they pack tobacco; a band of some fabric is bound around it and sewed 
into the reed, leaving a flap hanging down by which to hold it. These 
cigarettes are found in large numbers in the sacrificial caves in the 
vicinity, and appear to be a survival of one of the most primitive of 
smoking arrangements. The natives of Mexico are fond of a weed 
called Mariguana (?), for mixing with the tobacco in their cigarettes, 
which when it is smoked and inhaled by them is said to produce a 
hilarious spirit in the smoker.’ 

A curious custom is related of the people of Yucatan. The children 
at a particular period made offerings to certain animals, which in a 
measure were considered as their sponsors through life. This offering 
was “made of a certain gum of pleasant smell, called copal, which they 
burn as an incense upon an altar. These animals were wild beasts, 
which were supposed to have assumed responsibility for the children 
who had been exposed in certain localities in their earliest infancy, 
and were known by the tracks found near them in the morning after a 
night of exposure.” * 


'Clavigero, History of Mexico, II, p. 263, translated from Italian by Charles 
Cullen, Philadelphia, 1817. 

2 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 18, 1897. 

‘John Harris, History of the Buccaneers of America, Voyages and Travels, II, p. 
823, London, 1705. 


374 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Prescott says the pipes used by the Mexican were ‘made of var- 
nished and richly gilt wood, from which he inhaled sometimes through 
the nose, at others through the mouth, the fumes of an intoxicating 
weed called tobacco, mingled 
with liquid amber.”! 

Diaz, however, identifies 
them “as three little canes 
highly ornamented, containing 
liquid amber mixed with an 
herb called tobacco, which 
when brought” to Montezuma 
‘‘he took a little of the smoke 
of one of these canes and then 
laid himself down to sleep.”? 

Kingsborough illustrates, in 
his great work on the “Antiq- 


mee uities of Mexico,” two figures 
MEXICAN SMOKING. f if t be 
After Kingsborough, Vol. II, p. 84. i: persons who appear 0 


smoking pipes, though in the 
text he does not refer to them as such. Fig. 4 appears to be a warrior 
who is dressed in netting with large mesh. He wears a necklace of 
claws, and in his mouth appears to be a pipe; only the head of the figure 
is here reproduced. The sec- 
ond person (fig. 5) holds in his 
hand a pipe, and has in the 
left hand, apparently, a bou- 
quet; the object in the right 
hand Kingsborough refers to 
as acane. He says these fig- 
ures are scantily clothed to 
show their confidence in the 
field, as they are certain to 
return with sufficient booty 
to weigh them down.’ 
Clavigero speaks of the 
Mexicans using “pipes or 
reeds” containing tobacco 
and liquid amber and “ which 
were beautifully varnished.” ! 
According to Bernal Diaz, 
as quoted by Bancroft, these 
pipes were painted and gilt.° 


1 William H. Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, II, p. 126, Philadelphia, 1860, - 

2 True History of the Conquest of Mexico, p. 140, London, 1800. 

3 Antiquities of Mexico, II, p. 84. 

4 History of Mexico, I, p. 283. 

> Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States, II, p. 178, San 
Francisco, 1874. 


Fig. 5. ; 
MEXICAN HOLDING PIPE. 


After Kingsborough, Vol. I, p. 84. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 375 


Diaz also says that sweet canes filled with tobacco and mixed with 
liquid amber were sold in the city. 

Montezuma’s sleep differed but little from that of the Indian who 
slept stupefied from the inhalation of the fumes of tobacco, a practice 
quite commonly adopted among many of the American Indians, notably 
those along the Pacifie coasts, and whose habits, from geographie loca- 
tion, we would naturally expeet to find similar to those of their neigh- 
bors, and from whom there is reason to suppose they copied the habit, 
even if they did not receive it from the Spaniards. Clavigero distinetly 
implies the similarity of the Mexican habit to what is known to exist 
north of Mexico. He says ‘they receive the smoke by sucking the 
pipe and shutting the nostrils with their fingers, so that it might pass 
by the breath more easily toward the lungs.” 

Even as early as 1541-1556 Benzoni, of. Milan, tells how slaves brought 
by the Spaniards “from Ethiopia preserved the leaves of a plant which 
grows in these new countries which was picked in its season, tied up in 
bundles, and suspended by them near their fireplaces until very dry; to 
use them they take a leaf of their grain (maize), and, one of the other 
plant being put in it, they roll them tight together.” He then describes 
the inhalation of this, which is neither cigar nor cigarette, though hay- 
ing properties of both, and says: “So much do they fill themselves with 
this cruel smoke, that they loose their reason and fall down as though 
they were dead, and remain the greater part of the day or night stupe- 
fied, though others are content with imbibing this smoke to make them 
giddy and no more.”* 

Nicolas Monardes, of Seville, was the first, apparently, who spoke of 
the tobacco plant by its present name. In De Simplicibus Medica- 
mentes, Antwerp, 1574, which is translated into French in Historie des 
Drogues, Lyons, 1602, by A. Colin, he, as all others have done, dis- 
cussed its properties along with those of other medicinal plants. He 
refers to copal and anime, both of which were gums which gave off 
strong odors when burned, and were also used in the sacrifices in the 
temples and were held to the noses of the Spaniards when they came 
to the country, as an incense,‘ and were at times used in connection 
with tobacco, as were other gums, such as storax, tacamahaca, and 
liquidamber,’ the latter of which was obtained by making incisions 
through the bark of the tree, by which means a resin exuded, and by 
mixing it with the powdered bark it gave a stronger odor.° 

The tobacco plant undoubtedly owes its great popularity to the won- 
derful properties which were early ascribed to it, chief of which Mo- 


'Hubert Howe Bancroft,The Native Races of the Pacific States, II, p. 144, San 
Francisco, 1874. 

* History of Mexico, II, p. 262. 

$Girolamo Benzoni, History of the New World, p. 80 (Hakluyt Society). 

‘Nicolas Monardes, Histoire des Medicines Simples, p. 104, Lyons, 1602. 

»Tdem, p. 506. 

® Idem, p. 520. 


376 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


nardes says, was its curative qualities with wounds. He further says 
it was first carried to Spain as much for its beauty and ornament in 
gardens as for its virtues. 

“The name tobacco was given to it by the Spanish from the island of 
the same name, and while only the use of the leaves of the plant is 
advised, seed was at times utilized when the leaves were not avail- 
able. These leaves were strung together, hung in the shade and dried, 
and used whole or powdered, and were considered good for headache, 
lockjaw, toothache, coughs, asthma, stomach ache, obstructions, kidney 
troubles, disease of the heart, rheumatism, the poisoning from arrews, 
carbuncles, polypus, consumption,” ete.! 

The methods of using the plant were almost as numerous as the dis- 
eases for which it was considered a cure, a few of which are enumerated 
as follows: To heat the leaves and apply them to the parts affected; to 
rub the teeth with a rag dipped in the juice; wrapping a leaf into a pill 
and inserting it in the tooth; boiling the leaves; decoctions of its 
leaves; made into a sirup; smoking it by the mouth; reducing the 
leaves to ashes; pounding the green leaves and mixing them with oil 
or steeping them in vinegar; if leaves are not to be had, the powder may 
be used as a poultice; in fomentations; by smoking through the nose; 
rubbing the leaves on the afflicted parts; inserting the juice into the 
wound or applying bruised leaves to the wound. 

Monardes says: “Tobacco smoke was received by the nose, and in 
smoking the priests received the smoke through little tubes or canes, 
and after they tumbled as if in ecstacy. Upon recovering, they related 
what they had conversed about with the evil spirits, and gave ambigu- 
ous replies to their followers. In addition to this, the people take the 
smoke both by the mouth and by the nose for pleasure when they 
desire to see the future in their dreams. For just as the devil is an 
imposter and knows the virtue of herbs, he has posted them on the 
power of this plant, for by the illusions of their dreams he deceives 
the people miserably.”?” ‘ 

“The Indians, tired from carrying their burdens or from other work, 
inhaled tobacco smoke and fell suddenly as though deprived of reason, 
and when they recovered found themselves refreshed by their sleep and 
their strength restored. The Ethiopians, carried to these parts as slaves, 
wishing to lighten their condition, inhale too much, which causes their 
masters to chastise them severely, and they burn their tobacco to keep 
them from using so much, which leaves as a sole alternative to use it in 
secret. The Indians use tobacco to keep away thirst and hunger, and 
do it in the following way: They burn certain river shells, then powder- 
ing them as fine as chalk, they mix them with an equal quantity of 
powdered tobacco and chew it until it forms a solid mass; then they 
make it into pills slightly larger than a pea; then, drying it again, 

! Girolamo Benzoni, History of the New World, p. 529 (Hakluyt Society). 
2Nicolas Monardes, Histoire des Drogues, p. 535, Lyons, 1602. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 377 


they use it when needed. In making a journey through a desert 
country, where food and drink are scarce, they put these pills between 
their lips and teeth and suck the juice, and when one is gone they 
replace it with another through a journey extending over three or 
four days, during which time they say they have not been hungry 
or thirsty.”! 

The inhabitants of Brazil were the first to carry the seed of this plant 
to Portugal, and called it petum. The French called it herbe la reine, 
because Jean Nicot, formerly Portuguese ambassador, gave the seed to 
the Queen Mother and explained to her its virtues and properties. 
Others called it herbe sainte, because of its great power, and “it appears 
to me,” Monardes says, ‘to answer very well the description of black 
henbane.” ? 

Monardes evidently refers to cigars and pipes in speaking of tubes 
proper to be used by asthmatics. He says: ‘‘There are brought from 
New Spain certain tubes of cane, greased inside and outside with a 
certain gum, which, in my opinion, is nothing else than juice of the 
tobacco, for it goes to the head. On the side called bitumen they burn 
the tube, while on the other side they put it in the mouth and smoke by 
inhaling.”? . 

Wafer describes a curious smoking custom among the people of 
Darien in 1681. ‘The tobacco leaves,” he says, “are rolled up sideways 
until they make a roll as big as one’s wrist and two or three feet in 
length. A boy lights one end, wetting the part next to it to keep it 
from wasting too fast. He puts the lighted end in his mouth and blows 
into the faces of the company, even if there should be two or three 
hundred, and they hold their breath as long as possible.”* Though 
among the Maya people the pipe is not now smoked, and it is doubtful 
if it ever was. 

These authorities are sufficient to establish the fact that the island- 
ers and Mexicans were acquainted, not only with the cigarette but also 
with the cigar, though the ‘‘reed” of the Mexicans approaches more 
nearly the pipe or tube than either. This reed pipe is noted in 1540 on 
the lower Colorado by Alarcon, the natives being described as carry- 
_ing “small reed tubes for making perfumes, as do the Indian tabagos 
of New Spain,”* and if cigarettes are referred to, custom has changed 
but little, and is still in daily use by the Zuni and Moki of New Mexico. 
“The doctors cured their patients by blowing on them with thin tubes 


‘Nicolas Monardes, Histoire des Drogues, pp. 537, 538, Lyons, 1602. 

2 Idem, p. 541. 

3Idem, p. 698. 

‘Lionel Wafer, A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America, p. 102, 
London, 1699. 

®'Hernando Alarcon, Relation de la Navigation et de la Decouverte, translated by 
H Ternaux Compans, p. 322, Paris, 1838. Also in Hakluyt’s Voyages, III, p. 514, 
London, 1810, reprint of edition of 1600. ‘ 


378 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of reed, which were worn on one arm, while little pieces of deer bone 
used for scraping off the sweat were worn upon the other.! 

Prescott refers to “pipes of tortoise shell and silver, containing 
tobacco mixed with aromatic substances, which were offered to the 
company by the Mexicans, whom, he says, compressed the nostrils while 
they inhaled the smoke,”? showing that its purpose was to stupify the 
smoker. Dr. Fewkes, excavating during the summer of 1895 at the 
ruins of Sikyatki, in northeastern Arizona, found several tubes or pipes 
much resembling cigarette hold- 
ers, and as the excavations here 
showed that only a primitive 
condition existed at the time of 
the abandonment of the town or 
pueblo, the presumption is in 


Fig. 6. - ; : 
ANCIENT PUEBLO POTTERY PIPE, fay or of its antiquity, and may 
Stieyatud: Arineaa. reasonably be considered pre- 
Cat. No. 156154, U.S.N.M, Collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes. Columbian. These tubes, which 


were straight, though the bowl 
was much larger than the stem, were made both of stone and of pottery. 

Fig. 6 is a pottery specimen, which might well answer the description 
of one of Montezuma’s varnished pipes, referred to by Prescott. It is 
24 inches long and about three-fourths of an inch wide across the 
mouthpiece. The clay from which this pipe was made was finely pul 
verized, and so far aS can be seen contains no ground shell or sand, 
such as is usually found in aboriginal pottery, and which was supposed 
to be intended as a tempering, to 
prevent cracking in drying or 
heating. On each of the ends of 
this specimen, for a distance of 
one-half an inch, there is a per- 
fectly smooth and dark brown, 
almost black, glazed surface. The 
raised portion of this tube gives crise eee 
the effect of a jacket shrunken Gat, no. 156130, U.S.N.M. Collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes. 
on, which is covered by a series . 
of closely incised lines, forming a band, as though made by wrapping 
a thread on the clay while it was in the plastic condition. This pipe 
might well be taken for varnished wood by anyone not familiar with 
the material. 

Fig. 7 is also a pottery tube from Sikyatki, of pinkish red color, quite 
symmetrical in shape, the type of which is not dissimilar to like objects 
found as far north as the State of Ohio. The type is common throughout 
the whole pueblo region. The specimen figured has a dull glazed surface, 
without polish, and similar thread marks to those referred to on fig. 6. 


Fig. 7. 
ANCIENT PUEBLO POTTERY PIPE. 


| Hernando Alarcon, Relation de la Navigation et de la Deconverte, p. 307, Paris, 1838. 
2 History of the Conquest of Mexico, I, p. 153, Philadelphia, 1860. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 379 


These thread marks look as though the thread wrapped around the 
plastic clay had been left on while the pottery was going through 
the cooking process, being burned off in 
the baking. 

Fig. 8, from Sikyatki, and also made of 
pottery like the others, is a pipe of a dull 
gray color. It is elliptical in cross section, 
and though a part of the bowl upon one 
side has been broken away, sufficient re- 
mains to show its original form. On the 
broader sides of this pipe upon the, band | gxcrear “orNamentat PUERLO. FOr: 
there is a slightly raised surface, upon TERY PIPE 
which are intersecting lines, evidently cut Bg ee aise ont 
into the earthenware subsequently to its ~— Waiter Fewkes. 
baking. This specimen looks as though 
the incised marks were intended to represent conventional birds’ wings, 
though it may well be that some other significance attaches to it. 

Fig. 9 1s from the pueblo of Taos, in New Mexico. Dr. Fewkes 
obtained it by purchase, and therefore it is impossible to speak posi- 
tively concerning its age, 
though it belongs to the 
Same type as the preced- 
ot ik Ing specimens, and if of a 

Fig. 9. eT different period the char- 

SLO EOREERS ELE: acteristics remain con- 

Cat. No pete ee estas irik stant. It is of glazed 

black pottery, containing 

a shght admixture of finely pounded Shell, its lines of ornamenta- 

tion being cut through the surface Subsequent to the firing of the 

clay. It is 6 inches long, having a greatest diameter of 1 inch, and 
a circular cross section. 

Fig. 10, a light gray earth- OTT OE. 
enware from Nambe, New Mex- 
ico, was also obtained by Dr. 
Fewkes by purchase. It is 3 
inches long and for two-thirds 
of its length is 2 inches wide, 
due to the wing-like projections 77 
attached to the elongated Nd Pac 
conoidal tube. These wings, Serene ae 
while apparently intended for A Xs ae eer 
ormament,wouldanswerperfectly cat. no. 176395. U.S.N.M. Collected by Or, J. Walte, Fewkes, 
for holding the pipe when heated. 

The type is primitive and common to the territory of the cliff dwellers. 

Fig. 11, a hard-burned red pottery tube from Jemez Springs, New 
Mexico, collected by Mr. J. M. Shields, belongs to the form common 


WWII 


Y, 


380 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


throughout the southwestern United States. The pipe on its outer sur- 
face is covered by peculiar protuberances, not unlike large coffee grains 
set on edge, as though the clay in its plastic condition had been pinched 
up by the thumb and forefinger. A pipe having similar coffee-like 
grains upon its surface is in the collection of Mr. Andrew E. Douglass, 
of New York, and is said to have been found 6 feet below the surface of 
a bird shaped mound in Eastman, Crawford County, Wisconsin. The 
latter specimen, however, is of the rectangular type, with an unusually 
large bowl, the pottery of which is a mixture of clay and shell. 

There are a number of pipes of the Pueblo type in the collection of 
the University of Pennsylvania, which were found in the ruins of the 
cliff dwellers of the Mancos Canyon in Colorado, one of which, 34 inches 
long, has a wooden bowl with a separate stem, made apparently of 
catlinite; yet another, with slightly shorter tube, has a catlinite bowl 
with a bone stem. The stems of each are held in place by the gum 
of the grease wood (Sarcobatus). There is also in the same collection a 
short, hard-burned pottery tube of this type, 
said to be from ancient Mexico, upon the sur- 
face of which there is a rudely modeled head 
of a duck, the eye being pierced through. 
The stem of this latter pipe has been formed 
by leaving a stalk of grass running through 
the clay into the bowl, so that in burning, 


Fig. 11. 


inetd Sora ee: the woody fiber disappears, leaving a clear 
Northern New Mexico. channel for the smoke to pass through, which 
Cate Now 98088) WSN Collected by ig a feature common to pipes of the Southwest. 


During the summer of 1897, Dr. Fewkes, at 
Four Mile Ruin, near Fort Apache, in Arizona, found a number of 
pipes of the cigarette type, one of which is made from a stalagmite. 
The specimens from this ruin do not appear, however, to be so ancient 
as those from Sikyatki. The writer has seen a photograph of a stone 
pipe excavated from an ancient grave on the “N. H.” ranch, in New 
Mexico, collected by the Rey. Dr. Niess, of an elongated conical shape, 
very similar to the pipes from the coast of California, upon which are 
four longitudinal color stripes corresponding to the cardinal quarters. 
This pipe is about 8- inches long and similar to that represented on 
the Palenque tablet, and in the Manuscript Troano. The only other 
pipe having artificial color which has come under the writer’s notice is 
a hard-burned pottery specimen from the cliff ruin of Mancos, Colorado, 
in the collection of the University of Pennsylvania, the bowl of which 
has been broken, the interior being smeared with some white color, 
probably connected with ancient burial customs. The University of 
Pennsylvania also possesses a number of bowls of tubular pipes, some 
made of shale and others of slate, the stems of which were evidently 
held by means of some foreign substance, as was the case with the 
pipes from California; and there are indications that in the middle 
Atlantic Coast States the same method of attaching the stem was 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 381 


employed. At Tusayan, New Mexico, as noted by Dr. Fewkes—and 
his remarks would apply equally to North America generally—* Indian 
customsare handed down through long periods with but slight variations. 
At Tusayan, native tobacco (Nicotvana attenuata) was used in the cer- 
emonies. The Indians there smoke, however, the leaves of various 
plants, as they use various mixtures in their religious rites. The one 
who controls the pipe must light it and hand it immediately to the 
chief, friendly words being exchanged between the two. The chief 
blows the smoke toward the four cardinal points, upward and down- 
ward over the altar. They believe that the sinoke is the cloud symbol- 
ized by it. They use the utmost care in making the mixture of tobacco 
which is to serve for this sacred purpose, and the pipe must be lit with 
fire produced in the manner 
» prescribed by the rite. All 
AUNT, «=«9eeremonies commence with 

#7: this brotherly smoking.”! 

Dr. Fewkes informed the 
writer that the plants of which 
the mixture used in the pipe 
was composed were valued 
largely according to the dis- 
tance from which they came, 
and .a plant from Colorado, which he gave a Pueblo Indian in New 
Mexico, was said to be good pipe medicine to smoke for that reason. 


ANCIENT CLAY PIPE. 


San Juan River, New Mexico. 
Cat. No. 19791, U.S.N.M. Collected by Charles Aldrich. 


In ceremonial smoking, or, in fact, in any of the more serious functions, 


the white man’s manufactured tobacco was not considered valuable. 
“The xochiocotzotl, commonly called liquidambar, is the liquid storax 
of the Mexicans. It is a great tree, its leaves being similar to those of 
the maple, white in one part and dark in the other, disposed in threes. 
By an incision in the trunk they extract that precious resin called by 
the Spaniards liquidambar, and the oil of the same name is still more 
odorous and estimable. They alsoobtain liquidambar from a decoction of 
the branches, but it is inferior to that which 1s distilled from the trunk.”? 

The Sia Indians are said to smoke a thin agarette, lighted from a 
long stick; the boys of the Sia were, however, never seen smoking. 

In the sixteen-song snake dance of the Moki Indians, both before the 
dance begins and after it is over, Dr. Fewkes found that the shape of 
the pipe smoked had no significance; but the pipe which was employed 
at the end of the eighth song was invariably one of the old-fashioned 
tubular conical pipes of the same character as those used by the ancient 
inhabitants, as evidenced at Sikyatki. 

Fig. 12, a pueblo pipe from the San Juan River, New Mexico, collected 


‘Catalogue of the Hemenway Collection in the Historico American Exposition of 
Madrid, p. 283, Report of the Columbian Historical Exposition, Madrid, 1892. 
2Clavigero, History of Mexico, I, p. 44, Philadelphia, 1817, translated by Charles 
Cullen. 
‘Matilda C. Stevenson, The Sia, 11th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 
p. 105. 


382 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


by Charles Aldrich, is made of black pottery, the elay having been 
mixed with a large proportion of sand. It is burned extremely hard 
and molded by hand, the stem hole being made by burning out a stalk 
of grass left in the plastic clay. 


TUBULAR PIPES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS GENERALLY. 


There is in the U.S. National Museum collection a black pottery 
specimen of the tube, about the shape of acigar and the size of one (Cat. 
No. 47759) from San Juan, New Mexico, which is in the Abbott Collee- 
tion. It is of a dull black color, resembling stone; the upper rim of 
the bowl, having been cracked, is neatly repaired or reinforced by bind- 
ing it around with fine sinew thread wrapped until it has formed quite 
a band. This mode of repair is primitive and interesting as being a 
probable survival of ancient methods. 

Another and unique pipe is a tube in the U.S. National Museum 
having a square exterior, and is made of black glazed pottery. It was 
collected by Col. 
James Stevenson at 
Santa Clara, New 
Mexico, and has a 
rude arrow incised 
on opposite sides of 

Fig. 13. the tube, the other 
TUBULAR IMPLEMENT, PROBADLY PIPE. si des having the 
rude ornamentation 
of a bow (Cat. No. 
47492), 

Fig. 13 is a tubular implement, of a compact variety of slate, collected 
by Mr. W. C. Norris from a mound in Boone County, West Virginia. 
This tube is 83 inches long, with a uniform diameter of 1 inch, the per- 
foration, except at the flattened end, being of a diameter of three-fourths 
of an inch. This tube unfortunately has been broken, the flattened 
mouthpiece of which at its widest part measures 2? inches across, has a 
thickness of scarcely one-fourth of an inch; through this a perforation 
about three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter has been drilled into the 
larger part of the tube. The walls are about one-eighth of an inch 
thick, the opening having been drilled by means of a hollow metal drill 
point. 

This tube is similar to one figured by Squier and Davis from the 
neighborhood of Chillicothe, Ohio, which they considered superior to 
anything of which the present Indian was capable.’ 

There is one of these tubes made of pottery in the Museum of the 
University of Pennsylvania, 44 inches long, found in Portage County, 
Ohio. 


\Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 225, Smithsonian Contributions 
to Knowledge, I. 


Compact slate. 
Boone County, West Virginia. 
Cat. No. 90713, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. C. Norris, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 383 


The writer is inclined to class this tube among the pipes, though he 
does so with some doubt. It should not, however, be confounded with 
those carefully polished implements having thin walls bored by means 
of tubular drills to within one-half or one-fourth of an inch of the end, 
which are flat, and have one-eighth-inch holes bored through them, and 
which were probably intended to be used as horns, as they certainly 
answer that purpose perfectly, giving as they doa strong, clear note. 
The surfaces of these tubes are finished to a high polish and appear to 
the writer to be due to the use of tools of civilized men. There is a 
striking similarity in the mouthpiece of this tube and the specimen 
figured from the ancient ruin of Sikyatki. 

Fig. 14 is ‘a tube of copper collected by Prof. E. B. Andrews on Mr. 
George Connett’s land, on Wolf Plain, Ohio, which was found with 
human remains. Professor Putnam describes it as being made of sheet 
copper hammered 
over wood, a little 
hole one-eighth of an 
inch in diameter be- 
ing cut or punched 
to one side of the 
center of the mouth- | _ 
piece. The tube,he —=—— Fig. 14, 
says, is 5b inches een 
ong and three- Cat. No. 8993, Peabody Museum. Collected by E. B. Andrews. 
fourths of an inch é 
in diameter in the circular part and 2 inches at the flattened end.” 
Professor Putnam calls attention to the possibility of this class of 
implements being intended for pipes. Tubes found in the collection 
of the U.S. National Museum intended as horns or pipes vary all the 
way from 2 inches to 10 inches in length, with a diameter of from 
one-half an inch to 2 inches. Usually they are made of stone, though 
tubes of pottery are not unknown. The Indian was as arule skillful 
in selecting material for pipes, the larger proportion of which were 
made from chlorite or steatite, though sandstone, quartzite, and other 
minerals equally unsuited for pipe making are encountered at times. 
The cross section of the tubular pipe varies between a flattened ellip- 
soid and a circle. They are conoidal in their longer diameter, having 
usually a large bowl gradually decreasing in size to the mouthpiece. 
While it may reasonably be inferred that the original pipe was a reed, 
or hollow bone, or a piece of wood split and scooped out, or possibly a 
horn, there is no doubt that everything capable of holding tobacco has 
at one time or another been used by American Indians for smoking, 
instances being known where birch bark, lobster claws, and, most 
inappropriate of all, stone coal has served for pipe making. 

Fig. 15 is a pipe made from the metatarsal bone of a deer, than which 
it were difficult to imagine a more primitive production. It has a length 
of 7inches. One end of the bone has been hammered off, while the 


384 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


opposite end has been cut down toa size which could readily be placed 
in the mouth, leaving the natural cavity to hold the smoking material. 

Fig. 16 shows that the Indian has been taught the frailty of the sim- 
ple bone when exposed to the heat of the burning leaves. This bone is 
of the same character as that of the preceeding pipe, and has been reen- 
forced with strips of rawhide wrapped on wet and allowed to shrink. 
Except the cutting off and wear on the ends of these bones there 
appears to have 
been nothing done 
with either, other 
than the reenforce- 
ment of the hide. 

The writer is in- 
formed by Capt. H. 
L. Scott, of the 
U.S. Army, that the pipe used in the medicine dance by the Kiowas, 
which is held in the summer, is in the custody of the medicine keeper 
and descended to this tribe from the Arapahoes, who in turn received 
it from the Crows in the far north. It is straight and made of a black 
stone. The sacred pipe of the Arapahoes, which has an antiquity, 
according to their tradition, as great as that of the tribe itself and 
which is valued beyond price by them, is a straight tube made of a 
black stone and is at present in possession of the northern division of 
the tribe, which is in Wyoming. White Beaver, in a letter to Dr. E. A. 
Barber, of Philadelphia, says, “‘ From ‘Medicine Smoke’—big fire, or 
He-mon-e-gah—a son of the head chief of the Winnebagoes, I yesterday 
heard a legend of the use 
of sha-sha or red willow” 
| Salix purpurea}, ‘not to- 
bacco.” He refers to the 
unwrapping of “a pipe 
made from the shin bone Aawadewn ON ee 
of an elk which was em- Cat. No. 6901, U.S.N.M. Collected by Edward Palmer. 
ployed ata treaty of peace 
made between the Winnebagoes and the Sioux, which was only broken 
when the pipe was polluted by the chah-de—tobacco of a nation or 
place where the sun rises.” 

Prince Maximilian says of the pipe of the Assinniboines that it was 
generally made of blackish stone or dark clay,in which they smoked 
the herb kinnikinick, or the leaves of the bearberry (Arctostaphylos 
wva-ursi), mixed with tobacco. He refers also to a pipe used by the 
Indians of the upper Missouri, who employ it on warlike excursions, the 
bowl and stem of which are in the same line, as a tube.! 

The Blackfeet use in their pipes the bearberry, which they call 
“sakakomi,” and which in company each person passes to the left. 

There appear to be but few exceptions to the rule that the sate 


! Travels in the Interior of North America, p. 196, Tontow, 1343. 


BONE PIPE. 


Kiowa.Indians. 
Cat. No, 152940, U.S.N.M. Collected by James Mooney. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 385 


tube was the sacred pipe of the Indian, and that this has been a gen- 
eral and ancient practice may be inferred from finding such tubes 
throughout the whole country where the pipe was smoked. 

Captain Marcy refers to the Comanches being extravagantly fond 
of smoking tobacco, which they called pah-mo, mixed with the leaves of 
sumac! (hus trilobata). 

Fig. 17 is a serpentine tube from Wilkes County, Georgia, collected 
by Miss Fannie Andrews. It is 7 inches long, with a diameter of 13 
inches at the widest part. This pipe is very similar in exterior as well 
as in interior finish to those so often found in the graves on the islands 
off the coast of California, and in shape differs in no essential from the 
bone pipe of the Kiowa and Comanche Indians. The tube of this pipe 
has been drilled its entire length by means of a solid drill point, the 
bowl and smaller end being subsequently enlarged by means of scrap- 
ing or gouging with a narrow tool, apparently made of stone, the 
Strie of the drill point and gouge each being distinctly discernible. 
Similar specimens 
are quite common 
on the coast of Cal- 
ifornia, a few being 
known to have rude \f Ws 
ornamentation of “ss =— 
incised lines or de- 
signs in low relief. 
A remarkable pecul- ’ Wilkes County, Georgia. 
iavity of this Georgia Cat. No, 34721, U.S.N.M. Collected by Miss Fannie Andrews. 
pipe is shown in the 
three tracks, apparently of a bird, on the surface, traveling in a spiral 
direction from the bowl toward the mouthpiece. These three tracks 
are etched lightly into the stone and probably have some especial 
significance. Such tracks would indicate those of the turkey at Moki 
and the direction in which the smoke traveled to the mouth. Two 
similar tracks are figured in the cavity of a chunkee stone found in a 
mound at Belmont, near Camden, South Carolina, and represent one 
track on each side of the hole through the center of the stone.’ 

The enlargement of the smaller end of this tube is evidently for the 
purpose of inserting a mouthpiece of wood, or bone, or possibly even of 
stone. The California pipes had mouthpieces of bird bones held firmly 
in place with bitumen, similar to those of the cliff dwellers which were 
held with gum of the greasewood. These mouthpieces served the pur- 
pose of preventing in a measure the tobacco or plant consumed from 
escaping into the smoker’s mouth. 

Fig. 18, a California serpentine pipe of most unusual shape, is 64 


WW 
WN 


SSS 


Fig. 17. 
ANCIENT STONE TUBULAR PIPE. 


Totemic turkey tracks cut on surface. 


‘Randolph B. Marey and George B. McClellan, Exploration of the Red River of 
Louisiana, p. 102, Washington, 1854. 
2 Bulletin No. 2, University of Pennsylvania, December, 1897, p. 79, plate 5, fig. 2. 
NAT MUS 97 25 


386 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


inches long, with a diameter of 14 inches at the mouth of the bowl, 
which is circular in cross section, though elliptical at the middle, where 
the greatest diameter is 1? inches. The bowl and stem are, however, 
not in the same plane, owing to having been drilled from opposite ends, 
the perforations being intended to intersect about the middle, at which 
point, as indicated in the figure, the wall has been perforated. Both 
bowl and stem openings have been enlarged subsequent to drilling by 
gouging. Into the stem a hollow bird bone, 14 inches long, fastened by 
means of bitumen, served as a mouthpiece. The perforation of the wall 
would indicate that this was an unfinished article were it not for the 
mouthpiece, which indicates that this hole in some way was artificially 
closed, probably with the same bitumen with which the mouthpieces 
were held in place. The lower hole is perforated from side to side, and 
one would be inclined to suppose it was intended for the attachment of 
a string so commonly observed in certain types were it not that this 
appears to be a unique specimen among pipes of the type which belongs 
to those having a 
straight hole from 
end to end. This 
lateral holeis a 
natural cavity in 
the stone, the edges 
of which have been 
cee smoothed in grind- 
Fig. 18. ing the surface. Its 
STONE TUBE WITH BONE MOUTHPIECE. d iscovery in th e 
blocking out of the 
pipe, which was al- 
ways done before boring the holes, has led to the curve in the specimen 
being made in order to preserve the cavity, which was evidently 
retained because of some superstition in connection with it, probably 
attaching unusual properties to the pipe itself. The California pipes are 
almost invariably elongated cones similar to the pipe from Georgia (fig. 
17) and range in length from 3 to 10 inches. They were ordinarily made 
of serpentine, though specimens of talcose-slate and steatite were found 
at La Patera and at Dos Pueblos.' The tobacco pipes of the natives 
of San Gabriel Mission, California, are said to have been made of reeds,’ 
from which their conical stone pipes would be a natural development. 
Venegas (about 1758), referring to stone tubes being employed by the 
medicine men of California, says: ‘One mode was very remarkable, 
and the good effect it sometimes produced heightened the reputation of 
the physician. They applied to the suffering part of the patient’s body 
the chacuaco” (presumably the conventional tube) “or a tube formed out 
of a very hard black stone. Through this they sometimes sucked and 


Santa Barbara, California. 
Cat. No. 20218, U.S.N.M. Collected by S. Bowers. 


! Report upon the U.S. Geographical Surveys west of 100th Meridian, VII, Arche- 
ology, p. 126. 
2? Edward T. Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 525, quoting California Farmer, May 11, 1860, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 387 


at other times blew, but both as hard as they were able. Sometimes 
the tube was filled with cimarron, or wild tobacco, lighted”! [ Nicotiana 
attenuata). 

The same practice is referred to about 1766, while these same people 
were still living under primitive conditions. It was said ‘“ the priests 
never abandon the Californian, but on the contrary they redouble 
their cries, and they are heard on the whole rancheria when the sick- 
ness gets to the point where herbs, sweets, chichuaco and cimarron or 
wild tobacco no longer produce effect.”” 

Professor Putnam’s description of smoking by the Klamath Indians 
would probably apply equally to the smoking of the California or 
other tubular pipes. He says “it amused me to see an Indian bending 
back his head to bring the 
pipe in a vertical position, 
so as not to lose any to- 
bacco while taking a long 
draught, which he inhales 
the longer to enjoy the 
opportunity, as the pipe 
must be passed on.”® 

Dr. George M. Dawson 
refers also to straight 
pipes of steatite, shaped very much like a cigar holder, which are 
marked with incised lines,found among the Shushwap people at the 
confluence of the Fraser and Thompson rivers in British Columbia.4 

Fig. 19, it will be observed, was intended for a tubular pipe, and 
was found at Newport, Cook County, Tennessee, by Mr. J. W. Emmert. 
It is of a grayish serpentine, 4? inches long, with an exterior diameter 
of 1S inches at its thickest part. It is, however, an elongated, flattened 
elipsoidal cone, the raised rim of which is quite unusual and some- 
what ornamental. This specimen is in an unfinished condition and 
therefore doubly interesting, as it shows much of the process by which 
such pipes were made. The bowl has been excavated to a depth of 
barely 14 inches, and the stem hole is bored not over three-eighths of 
an inch, apparently by means of a stone drill, as the striae are quite 
irregular, though the cavity of the bowl has been enlarged subsequent 
to drilling by a sharp-pointed tool, which left longitudinal marks 
similar to those so commonly noticed in specimens found in the States 
along the Middle Atlantic as far west certainly as the Mississippi 
River, along the Missouri, and in the Rocky Mountains. The common 
drill point of the California coast appears to differ from those used in 
the East, the former being made of a Says stone of ovoid ig 


UNFINISHED TUBULAR STONE PIPE. 


Cook County, Tennessee. 
* Cat. No. 91681, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Emmert. 


1Charles C. ie Regie of the Southern Indians, p. 363, New York, 1873, 
quoting Natural and Civil History of California. 

? Histoire de la Californie, I, p. 133, translated from English, Paris, 1766. 

*’ Reports of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology, II, p. 268. 

‘Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, IX, 1891, p. 12. 


388 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


several fine specimens of which, some still showing the asphaltum by 
which they were attached to the drill shaft, are preserved in the Ameri- 
can Museum of Natural History in New York City. The surface of 
this specimen shows distinctly both the circular and the longitudinal 
striae of the stone or shell scraper with which the form has been given. 
Pipes of this type with few exceptions, so far as the writer has observed, 
have been drilled’ by means of solid drills, though, as showing that 
there are exceptions at times, Thruston!' illustrates one partially exca- 
vated which was bored by means of a 
hollow drill. 

Fig. 20, though a tubular pipe, dif- 
fers materially in shape from the usual 
California type. This one is from Santa 
re ee | Barbara, and was collected by Paul 
ee ee aes pen Schumacher, its length being 3 inches, 

Suiite Barbara. California. with a diameter varying from three- 
Cat. No. 20432, U.S.N.M. Collected by Paul Schumacher. fourths of an inch to 14 inches. This 
tube is made from a clayey substance 
quite as soft as chalk; in color it is a light pink, and the specimen 
might well be taken for pottery by a casual observer, or even for catli- 
nite. Mr. Stephen Powers states that the Nishinam Indians of Bear 
River, California, smoke a wild tobacco called by Prof. Asa Gray 
Nicotiana quadrivalvis, and by Professor Bolander NV. plumbaginifolia, 
which they use alone or mixed with the leaves of manzanita (Arcto- 
staphylos glauca). Mr, A. W. Chase says the Klamaths cultivate it, 
which is the only instance of California cultivation. He says the pipe 
pan-em-ku-lah is generally made of 
serpentine (of wood nowadays), shaped 
like a cigar.’ 

Prof. J. T. Rothrock obtained from 
the shell mounds in California a to- 
bacco, probably the Nicotiana cleve- 
landi, and says the N. rustica (now ee 
rare) was formerly cultivated there. peda 13 
In Arizona they cultivated the J. ta- 
bacum, known as Yaqui tobacco, and 
refers to Gray’s saying that N. quadrivalvis was cultivated from Oregon 
to Missouri. He also calls attention to the Hudson’s Bay men using 
the dried leaves of the bear berry to eke out the supply of tobacco.’ 

Fig. 21 is a sandstone pipe 3 inches long, having a greatest diameter 
of slightly more than an inch. It is from Frankfort, Kentucky, and 
was collected by Dr. Robert Peter. This tube has been bored through 
by a one-half inch drill; for approximately 2 inches of its length the 


Frankfort, Kentucky. 
Cat. No. 11572, U.S.N.M. Collected by Robert Peter. 


! Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 192, fig. 90. 
2 Contributions to North American Ethnology, ITI, fig. 43: 
3 Letter to Dr, E. A. Barber of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 389 


perforation has been enlarged to form a bowl by the usual gouging 
process the length of the interior. The smaller end of this tube is 
too large to be comfortably held in the mouth unless it had a mouth- 
piece of bone, such as was inserted in the California tubes. It is, 
however, very noticeable in primitive pipes, even such as were appar- 
ently held in the smoker’s mouth, that it is rare to observe any evi- 
dence of wear such as would be caused by the smoker’s teeth coming 
in contact with the surface of the stem. The action of fire upon the 
inner surface of this tube is quite distinct. 

Fig. 22, from Dan River, Virginia, collected by Dr. A. Coleman, is a 
conical tube of primitive pottery 3 inches long, the larger end being 
approximately 2 inches across and the smaller end slightly more than 
1} inches in diameter. The clay from which this tube was made has 
been mixed with coarse quartz sand, a tempering material not uncom- 
mon in aboriginal pottery in the eastern central parts of the United 
States. The walls of this tube are un- 
usually heavy in comparison with those 
of similar ones of stone, they being about 
three-eighths of an inch thick, and show 
the cord marks in the pottery quite dis- 
tinctly. A tube very similar to the one 
here figured, but slightly curved in its 
longitudinal section, was found near ese 
Bennings Bridge, in the District of nie scar ies 2 aurea gha 
Columbia, and Mr. Clarence B. Moore 
found, at a depth of 6 feet, in a shell 
heap on the upper St. Johns River, Florida, an earthenware pipe over 
7 inches long in the form of a bent, flattened tube.! The character- 
istics of this latter tube are very much like those of the Bennings 
Bridge specimens, and there can be little doubt that all of them are 
tobacco pipes, the pottery having every indication of age. Tubular 
pipes have also been noted in Rhode Island, and Perkins refers to 
them in Champlain Valley, Vermont.’ 

Abbott also refers to a tubular smoking pipe from Lawrence, Massa- 
chusetts, which he says differs in no particular from those found in 
California.’ 

The almost endless variety of material from which pipes were made 
is Shown in the case of the Micmac Indians of Nova Scotia, who ‘“‘some- 
times used tobacco pipes made of birch bark, rolled in the form of a 
cone, and which, of course, are perishable.”* A tube of this character 
from a mound in Henderson County, Illinois, made from a brown 
indurated clay, is in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. 


Dan River, Virginia. 
Cat. No. 16777, U.S.N.M. Collected by Dr. A. Coleman. 


1American Naturalist, July, 1894. 

2G. H. Perkins, The Calumet in the Champlain Valley, Popular Science Monthly, 
December, 1893, p. 245. 

°C. C. Abbott, Primitive Industry, p. 330, fig. 322, Salem, 1881. 

4J. W. Dawson, Fossil Men, p. 97, Montreal, 1880. 


390 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 25 belongs to another and distinct type of stone tubes and was 
found in the Etowah Mound, Bartow County, Georgia, and is in the 
Steiner collection now on deposit in the U. S. National Museum. This 
object is as symmetrical in outline as it is perfect in finish; stem and 
bowl, both outside and inside, are equally well and carefully ground; 
the walls are, approximately, one-eighth of an inch in thickness through- 
out. The specimen is 24 inches long, the bowl being 14 inches in outer 
diameter and the stem five-eighths of an inch. It appears probable 
that we have here the form of the medi- 
cine pipe referred to by so many of the 
early writers, or is it but a freak of the na- 
tive tobacco pipe? Coreal says they do 
not resort to bleeding when they are sick, 
as is done elsewhere, but call in their jaou- 
ans, who are priests and doctors. These 
suck that part of the body which is most 

ae Made Gs painful, at times with the mouth, also 
artow County, Georgia. ; 2 p 
U.S.National Museum. Collected by Roland Steiner. with the chalumeau, after making a slight 
incision near a vein.! 

Coreal, relating his experiences between 1666 and 1697, is one of the 
earliest writers who employed the word chalumeau, a reed, in referring 
to the pipe. It is said to bea word of Norman origin and the one from 
which ‘“‘calumet” is derived. A similar specimen to that in the Steiner 
collection is in the U.S. National Museum, and was soues by Capt. C. E. 
Bendire on the John Day River, California. 

Fig. 24 isa comparatively modern California pottery pipe 34 inches 
long, with a diameter of five-eighths of aninch at the mouth of the bowl. 
Except that both bowl and stem are longer, there are retained in this 
specimen all of the character- 
istics of the Pueblo pipe of a 
very primitive period, for 
there can be little doubt: that 
the California pipe and that 
of the Indians south of Cal- RED POTTERY TUBE AND BOWL PIPE. 
ifornia are nearly related, the ere LeTs Ty 
former probably adopting the 
custom from their southern contemporaries, as the general distribution 
appears to have gradually traveled northward. This pipe has elegance 
of form, and the clay from which it is made is of very smooth texture, 
the walls of the bowl not being more than one-sixteenth of an inch 
thick. A Mojave pottery pipe of this character is in the Davenport 
Academy. The writer is informed by Dr. Franz Boas that there is a 
pipe of this type made of green serpentine in the American Museum of 
Natural History, New York, obtained from the Fraser River Indians. 


Fig. 23. 
TUBE AND CUP SHAPED IMPLEMENT. 


U.S. National Museum, Collected by Edward Palmer. 


'Voyages de Francois Coreal aux Indes Occidentales, Amsterdam, 1722, I, p. 39, 
translated from Spanish. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 391 


Lewis and Clarke in 1804 describe a pipe which was possibly of this 
type, found ampng the Shoshonees, which was ‘‘made of a dense trans- 
parent green stone, very highly polished, about 24 inches long and of 
an oval figure, the bowl being in the same situation with the stem. A 
small piece of burnt clay is placed in the bottom of the bowl to separate 
the tobacco trom the end of the stem, and is of an irregular round fig- 
ure, not fitting the tube perfectly close, in order that the smoke may 
pass with facility.” ! 

The Indians of northern California, according to Prof. Otis T. Mason, 
formerly smoked a wild tobacco, Nicotiana quadrivalvis (Pursh) NV. plum- 
baginifolia, which they smoked alone or mixed with the dry manzanita 
leaves, Arctostaphylos glauca, said to have a pungent, peppery taste 
which is not disagreeable. The pipes of the Hupa are, as Professor 
Mason says, conoidal in shape, and are of wood alone, stone alone, or 
latterly of stone and wood combined.’ 

While it is impossible to speak with certainty of the antiquity of the 
tobacco pipe in California, it may be said that the large collection in 
the U. S. National Museum from that State appears to be contempora- 
neous with the early arrivals of Europeans, probably Spanish, if. we 
may form an estimate from those things found in the graves in asso- 
ciation with them, such as glass beads, bird-bone whistles and flutes. 
The tubular pipes, it has been attempted to demonstrate, are found 
scattered over a large part of the continent, and they were quite com- 
monly smoked by means of stems fastened into an enlargement in the 
smaller end, though there are evidences that at times these tubes were 
smoked without stems. Their shapes vary greatly, from tubes made 
of reeds, having, of course, parallel walls, to conical specimens more or 
less elongated; we may say from a foot or more to 3 inches or less in 
length. Schumacher found in the collection of the U. S. National 
Museum a tubular conical pipe from Oregon (Cat. No. 20339, U.S.N.M.), 
which is in an unfinished condition, having been drilled several inches 
from one end with a five-eighths inch hole, while from the opposite end 
a hole slightly less in diameter has been made. A tube of the hour- 
glass form (Cat. No. 170477, U.S.N.M.) from South Carolina has been 
bored, so far as one can see, in exactly the same manner. The perfo- 
rated articles of primitive peoples will almost always be found drilled 
from opposite sides, due to there being less friction in this method and 
consequent greater ease in drilling than when the work is all done from 
one end. 

Fig. 25 is simply a cone cut apparently from manzanita wood. It is 
13 inches long with a greatest diameter of 2 inches, tapering gradually 
to 14 inches at the smaller end. If this pipe were sawed in two one- 


‘Lewis and Clarke’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, I, p. 366, Philadelphia, 
1814. | 

*The Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation, Smithsonian Report, 1886, Pt. L 
p. 219. . 


392 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


third of the way from the smaller end it could not be distinguished in 
form from the elongated conical stone pipes usually found in graves 
and burial places of the islands along the California coast. This pipe 


appears to have been perforated by burning. The walls vary from one- . 


sixteenth of an inch in thickness at the smaller end to nearly one-half 


TUBULAR WOOD PIPE, 


Hupa Reservation. 
U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray. 


an inch at the larger. The outer sides appear to have been smoothed 
by means of sandpaper, though the same appearance could be imparted 
to the specimen with any gritty sandstone or with sand alone, These 
pipes are made from any available wood, those which best resist fire 
being preferred, one of the best and most usual being the laurel. 

Fig. 26 is an all-wood pipe of Hupa manufacture, 134 inches long, 


WOOD PIPE, 


Hupa Reservation. 
U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray. 


that is of peculiar form. The bowl is 25 inches in greatest diameter, 
that of the stem being scarcely three-fourths of an inch thick. The 
bowl cavity consists of quite a shallow cup, the specimen having been 
rudely chopped out by means of an extremely dull tool, which gives 
one the impression that it would be a difficult pipe to smoke unless the 
smoker laid flat on his back. 


ALL-WOOD PIPE. 


Hupa Reservation. 
U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. II. Ray. 


Fig. 27 belongs to the same type of all-wood Hupa pipes, and is 
more carefully finished than the last specimen, its surface being 
brought almost to a polish. It is 15 inches long, though the bowl is 
less than 1 inch in depth, with a diameter of 1? inches. Had the pre- 
ceding specimen been ground to a uniform surface, as these pipes 


Joe ee ee ee a ree 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 393 


usually are, they would have had bowls alike, though among the Hupa, 
to a greater degree than has been detected among other natives, pipes 
have been made of a greater variety in shape than has been observed 
4 to be the case with almost any other type with which we are acquainted. 
_ hey appear to be comparatively modern, and it is strongly to be 
- suspected that the 
- multiform shape of 

the Hupa pipe has 

been largely influ- 

enced by the outside 

demand for speci- Hupa Reservation. 

mens as curiosities. U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray. 

There is in no imple- 

ment found in America a greater observance of conventionalism of 

form than is the case among the pipes, and in those localities where the 

greatest variety exists investigation demonstrates that the smoking 

habit itself has been adopted within the last century. These varie- 
ties are most marked along the Pacific 
coast among the Hupa and Babeens. 

Fig. 28 is a fine-grained tubular sand- 

stone, showing unusual mechanical skill 
in its manufacture, being 7 inches long, 


Fig. 28. 
SANDSTONE TUBULAR PIPE. 


Fig. 29. 
STEATITE TUBULAR PIPE. : 
Hupa Reservation. with a diameter at the larger end of three- 


U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P.H. fourths of an inch; the walls of the tube 


aoe do not exceed one-sixteenth of an ineh at 


the mouth of the bowl, increasing gradually to one-eighth inch at the 
smaller end. The outer surface is ground to a dull polish, and the inte- 
rior shows striae running the length of the implement, made apparently 
by means of a file or similar tool. 

Fig. 29 differs in no material re- 
spect from the simplest form of 
conical tubes found throughout the 
continent, except in the slightly eee 
raised rim around the smaller end. cic eann oe fF a a en 
It is made of steatite, and has a 
length of 23 inches. This rim is 

similar to one on the bowl of the unfinished pipe from Cook County, 
Tennessee (fig. 19), and would indicate that it was intended simply for 
ornament and not for the attachment of a string. 

Fig. 30 is of wood, being the pipe used by the Hupas at the present 
time, and is 3 inches long, with a greatest diameter of three-fourths of 
an inch, the bow] being about seven-eighths of an inch deep, from which 
there runs a narrow stem hole to the smaller end. 

Fig. 31 shows the shape of the tobacco bag of these people, and is 
made from strips of the roots of the spruce, split into strings and woven 
together; six buckskin loops are attached to its rim in such a manner 


Hupa Reservation. 


U.S. National Museum, Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray.» 


394 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


that their apices meet in the center of the opening. A long string is 
attached to one loop and is serially passed through all the others, by 
means of which the bag may be opened and closed at will by drawing 


ROOT-PLAITED TOBACCO BAG. 
Hupa Reservation. 


U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. H. 


Ray. 


the loops apart or by drawing the string. 
This bag would be found to differ little, 
except in material, throughout the conti- 
nent. Some would make it of skin, while 
others would weave it from suitable 
fibers, and others again would probably 
fashion it from birch bark. 

Fig. 32 is a wooden pipe, 11 inches 
long, the bowl of which is made in the 
hourglass form, similar in outline to cer- 
tain tubes found in the Middle Atlantic 
States. The bowl has been cut with a 
dull tool, but upon the stem are a number 
of crossed lines, intended to add to its 
ornamental appearance. Fig. 33 is made 


of hard wood, the bowl of which is carved in a series of octagons, cham- 
fers, and holes, which give to this specimen quite an ornamental effect. 
The tube is 124 inches long, the bowl being seven-eighths of an inch in 
its greatest exterior diameter, and has a cavity 2inehes deep. Figs. 34 


WOOD AND STONE PIPE. 


Hupa Reservation. 


U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray. 


to 37, inclusive, show the most modern form of the Hupa pipe, which 
is made from different kinds of wood and serpentine. These pipes 
are most carefully polished, and are evidently made with modern tools. 
The remarkable feature of these pipes is shown in the serpentine bowl. 


WOOD AND STONE PIPE. 


Hupa Reservation. 


U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray. 


Fig. 35 is set in a tapering wood socket, held in place by some kind of 
glue, the whole surface being subsequently ground and polished. Fig. 
37 shows the pipe in its original skin case, with its strap for suspen- 
sion. The American Indian pipes have always been most carefully 


os 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 395 


guarded by their owners, in cases or coverings of skin, basketry work, 
bark, or woven rags. 

The Northwestern California pipe has been referred to by Mr. Henry 
R. Schoolcraft, quoting Col. Roderick McKee, as “a straight stick, the 
bowl being a continua- 
tion of the stem en- 
larged into a knob and 
held perpendicularly 
when smoking.” ” 

There is in the Bi S. WOOD AND STONE PIPE. 

National Museum col- eee eae 

lection a small serpen- 

tine tube, collected by Rev. Stephen Bowers at Santa Cruz Island, Cali- 
fornia, 3 inches long, with a greatest diameter of five-eighths of an 
inch; around the middle and on each end of which are three or four 
parallel incised lines, and on one end of which there yet remains 


U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut, P. H. Ray. 


WOOD AND STONE PIPE. 
Hupa Reservation. 
U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray. 


attached, by means of asphaltum, part of a circular row of flat shell 
beads. A similar specimen from Santa Barbara is in the Douglass 
collection. While these latter tubes have perforations too small to 
allow of their being smoked as pipes, they are interesting as showing 
a peculiar beadwork on 
stone, which would likely 
be found also as an orna- 
mentation of the tubular 
pipe, such having in fact 
been recorded in several 


WOOD AND STONE PIPE, 
Hupa Reservation. instances, 


U.S. National Museum, Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray. Fig. 38 shows a concre- 
tion found near Morgan- 
town, West Virginia, which was supposed to have been of artificial 


‘Otis T. Mason, The Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation, Smithsonian Report, 
1886, plates xv, xvi, pp. 219, 220. 
*North American Indian Tribes, Pt. 3, pp. 107, 141, Philadelphia, 1847. 


396 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


manufacture. A close inspection developed the fact, however, that 
the cavity was a natural formation, which had contained a cephalopod, 
a species of cystoceras. The circular cavity shows a succession of 
_ wavy parallel striae, which have every appearance of being made with 
a drill, which, however it would be impossible to give with any primi- 
tive implement, and it may well be doubted whether it could be done 


Fig. 37. 
WOOD AND STONE PIPE. 


Hupa Reservation. 
U.S. National Museum. Collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray. 


with the most improved modern tools. While the bowl has the conoidal 
shape common to tubular pipes, one side is flat, while the other is 
rounded. It has a length of 24 inches with a width of 13 inches, and 
is much harder than stone from which pipes are usually made. Around 
the flat side of this tube, where it apparently is attached to a base, a 
slight groove has been evidently artificially made to enhance the 
appearance; a most excellent illustration of the Indian’s attraction to 
unusual shapes in natural objects. | 

The native American, however, does not appear to be alone in smok- 
ing straight tubular pipes, for Flinders, in the early part of the century, 
is quoted as referring to a tribe of Papuans 
puffing smoke through tubes.! 

The natives of Sankum River, Africa, in 
about 5° south latitude, are said to use bone 
pipes, made from the metatarsal bones of 
deer,” similar to those referred to in this 
paper of Kiowa and Comanche origin. __ 

It has been commonly supposed that to 
make a stone pipe required weeks if not 
months of patient labor. The writer has, 
however, demonstrated that with primitive 
tools, picking, grinding, and drilling, almost 
any pipe, such as those which have been used by American Indians, 
could be completed in less than three days’ work and the more ordinary 
ones in a few hours. Instances of the discovery of conical tubes in 
different States and Territories could be multiplied were it necessary, 
but it is believed a sufficient number of illustrations have been given 
to impart a fair idea of the type. There appears no room to doubt 


CONCRETION STONE. 


Morgantown, West Virginia. 
Collected by Dr. Walter Hough. 


| J. W. Dawson, Fossil Men, p. 196, Montreal, 1880. 
2 Robert T. Pritchett, Ye Smokiana, 1890. 


hs. 


: 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 397 


that the tubular and conoidal pipe is comparatively common through- 


out the continent and that it is the most primitive of all forms, as it is 
the one found over the largest area of the continent, it being also the 
type upon which there are the least evidences of file marks. Among 


all tubular pipes which have come under the writer’s observation the 


mark of the file appears only once, and in that instance it is upon a 
small surface of a glossy specimen which may wel! be modern. 

The surfaces of tubular pipes, with scarcely an exception, have every 
appearance of being made with stone tools, excepting, of course, the 
Hupa pipe. The drill marks in tubular pipes have also every indica- 
tion of being made with primitive tools, and it is the only type found 
in the country upon which steel tool marks do not appear with such 
frequency as to indicate the contemporaneity of the white man; not 
of necessity that he made them, but that they were made with tools 
supplied by him. The shape itself of many of the American Indian 
tubes is such, and their ornamentation is of a character to lead to the 
conclusion that they are due to European influences. The aboriginal 
mechanic made at one bound a wonderful stride when he first became 
possessed of a blade of 
iron, even though it were 
but the hoop of a barrel; 
and how much greater 
was his advance when he 
became possessed of im. 
plementsof steel! Every 
forward step in the art of PRONE HOUBGLASS TUBE: 
sculpture or of carving Nashville, Tennessee. 
throughout the known 
world has been chiefly due to the discovery of improved tools, which 
have limited possibilities. With the stone-pecking tool carving was 
possible, but slow, while sculpture in free action was an impossibility, 
because of the jar of the working tool. An attempt at the representa- 
tion of free action is first found to be successful when the bronze blade 
supplanted the stone hammer, and statues were made from the softest 
stones, instead of from the granites and diorites which had preceded 
them. The steel blade and the rasp made the sculpture of marble in the 
round with free action first possible. Is it probable that the American 
Indian, alone of all the races of the earth, formed so startling an excep- 
tion as to have carved perfectly in the round and to have had no period 
of rude art? The Indian was quick to appreciate and to employ tools 
which so materially lightened the labors of life as did those made of iron. 

Fig. 39 is a tube of the hourglass pattern, collected by Mr. J. Var- 
den, from Nashville, Tennessee. With few exceptions, these tubes 
are made from steatite, and are more smoothly ground than is usually 
the case with conoidal pipes, and show a higher appreciation of art. 
They vary in length from 5 to 14 inches, with an exterior diameter of 


Cat. No. 5355, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. Varden. 


398 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


from 14 to 2 inches, the interior of the tube being one-third of an inch, 
or even less, across. 

The tube figured is 6 inches long with a greatest diameter of 2 
inches, gradually diminishing to 14 inches. The contractions of these 
tubes often have bands encircling them, made at times in imitation of 
a rope or cord. Sometimes there are two or even three bands of dif- 
ferent widths, intended apparently as ornamentation. The perfora- 
tions are comparatively straight in these hourglass tubes, though 
there is a cast of a specimen in the U.S. National Museum which, upon 
the exterior, shows a decided curve. The curve once given to a tubular 
pipe, whether accidentally or by design, would be quickly recognized 
as an improvement upon the straight tube, thereby enabling one to 
smoke it with less discomfort than would necessarily result from the 
use of a straight pipe. It is difficult to believe that the white man, 
who has traded in stone implements from the time of John Smith’s first 
voyage to the present day, did not also trade in pipes, especially as 
they, of all his possessions, appear to have been the objects for which 
the Indian had the greatest veneration and to which he attached the 
greatest value, and consequently for which he would pay the most 
liberal prices. The numbers of trade pipes found in Indian burial 
places strongly attest the extent to which the trade between the 
whites and the Indians eventually extended. There is scarcely an 
account of a treaty between whites and Indians in which the pipe and 
tobacco tongs do not appear.among the presents exchanged, and there 
are records of “ great pipes” being presented, by both French and Eng- 
lish governors, to their red allies as symbols of amity and pledges of 
good will. As noted in reference to other tubes, those of the hourglass 
form appear to have been originally drilled by means of solid points, 
the perforation being subsequently enlarged by gouging out each 
end, and leaving a narrow hole or channel connecting the two bowls 
or ends. These tubes have been supposed to have served among other 
purposes as astronomical instruments, a suggestion hardly deserving 
serious consideration. This type, the writer thinks, were employed as 
pipes, a belief in which many now concur. It appears that tubular 
pipes were not invariably smoked by placing the smaller end in the 
mouth, for Dr. Fewkes found the Moki Indians lighting conical pipes 
and placing the larger end to the mouth, blowing smoke through the 
smaller end until the lighted material was consumed. When it is 
remembered how persistently customs are handed down among the 
Indians, and particularly pipe customs, or quasi-religious invocations, 
which are conducted by societies of men whose function is to act in 
conformity with traditional rituals, we can well believe that similar 
implements, even in remote antiquity, were put to like uses. The 
resemblance of pipe customs from the most widely separate parts of 
the continent appear to attest the antiquity of the practices. 

The interiors of the hourglass type of tubes and of many of the 


++ \ee Oy YO 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 399 


conoidal pipes are so alike in their narrow neck or point of contraction 
about their centers as to suggest the likelihood of the plant smoked 
causing the fire to fall into the smoker’s mouth, especially when it is 
considered that the tube almost of necessity had to be held perpendicu- 
larly in smoking. 

Fig. 40, said to come from a mound near Ashland, Kentucky, belongs 
to the typical tubular hourglass type. It is now in the collection of Mr. 
A. E. Douglass, of New York City. It is 9 inches long, the bow] outside 
being 13 inches wide. It must be admitted that this pipe, from an artis- 
tic point of view, evidences a step in advance in ornamentation beyond 
anything heretofore 
observed in connec- 
tion with American 
stone tubes of any 
kind. Upon this 
tube we see a wood 
duck facing thestem, 
which is well mod- 
eled and shows dis- 
tinctly the bird’s 


crestand two depres- ; 
z Fig. 40. 
s1ons for the eyes, HOURGLASS TUBULAR PIPE. 
which there can be Ashland (Kentucky) Mound. 
little doubt were in- American Museum of Natural History, New York. A. E. Douglass collection. 


tended for the inser- 
tion of artificial eyeballs. The wings of the bird are crossed over the 
back, and its tail is so modeled as to represent a frog facing the bowl, 
the bird’s legs answering for those of the frog. This singular composite 
figure, it must be admitted, is a most remarkable occurrence if it belongs 
to pure savage art, which the writer believes to be an impossibility. 
From the base of the tube to the top of the duck’s head the measure- 
ment is 4 inches, the band being three-fourths of an inch in width. The 
bowl of this tube, which is behind the duck, has an opening 14 inches 
across and a depth of 13 inches, at which point it contracts to a tube 
one-half an inch in diameter, which for a distance of 4 inches is of uni- 
form size; then it begins to expand gradually until it reaches a diameter 
of Linch at theoppositeend. Another tube of this type is referred to by 
Squier and Davis as being found in a mound near the Catawba River, 
Chester district, South Carolina, upon which a well-carved ow] is attached 
by the back, showing a bold and spirited piece of sculpture practically 
in the round.! 

Thruston also figures a tube with a wood duck upon it, sitting quite 
at one end, and without an encircling band.’ 

The wood duck and owl are found constantly represented upon rec- 
tangular pipes in the territory of the tubes of hourglass form. 


' Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 226, fig. 123, 
2 Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 193, fig. 93. 


400 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 41 presents yet another peculiar divergence from the usual tubu- 
lar pipe. This specimen is 9 inches long, the greatest diameter being 
23 inches, and is from Williams Island, Tennessee, and was collected 
by Mr. J. B. Nicklin. The interior of the tube contracts and expands 
as does that of fig. 40. The bowl and stem are both enlarged by the 
usual longitudinal gouging. The opening at the smaller.end of this 
tube is similar in character to that noticed in the stems of the California 
pipes, and appears to have been intended for the insertion of a stem of 
wood. Upon this tube lies stretched out the head and neck of a dog or 
wolf, fairly well modeled. On the sides of the bow] are rudely scratched 
into the serpentine, of which it is made, two totemic figures, one to the 
right and the other to the left of the animal’s nose, so rudely executed 
that it is impossible 
to say for what they 
are intended, though 
one appears to repre- 
sent the skin of some 
bird or animal. Be- 
tween the ears of the 
animal are observ- 
able a series of par- 

Williams Island, Tennessee. allel scratches, ap- 
Cat. No. 1017, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. B. Nicklin. parently made with 
a file, though the rest 
of the implement presents no surface which could not be duplicated 
with stone tools. The design of this pipe is more artistic than most of 
the hand work of savages, though the totems lightly scratched into the 
surface appear to be the work of another school from that which carved 
the remainder, the one and the other differing radically in technique. 
The writer has detected upon the surface of a number of the stone pipes 
in the collections of the U. S. National Museum totemic characters etched 
into the stone with some sharp-pointed tool, and they are invariably 
extremely rude efforts to represent some animal or object; so rude are 
these etchings that they arouse a grave doubt in the writer’s mind as 
to whether they could have been made by a people who were capable of 
delineating animal form with the skill shown in the sculpture of many 
of the American pipes. Even though it be admitted that there were 
skilled artisans who made the pipes, and that the slight surface etch- 
ings were individual totems or marks, the suspicion remains that the 
sharp parallel, equidistant, straight lines so common on all sculptured 
or carved pipes are evidences of the use of the file of the white man. 

If aboriginal trade in stone implements made by the whites was of 
such value as to justify John Smith in asking permission of Powhatan 
to go through his country to obtain material from which to make axes, 
how much more valuable would be the trade in ornamented pipes; and 
can one doubt that the whites indulged in it extensively, unless it be 


Fig. 41. 
TUBULAR STONE PIPE. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cusToms. 401 


argued that the natives possessed superior capacity in manufacturing 
them? The characteristics of the etched totemic figures are not in 
accord with the pipe carvings. The one shows gross ignorance of out- 
line, the other the skill of an artist. Bartram refers to “the skin of a 
wild-cat or young tiger laid at the king’s feet with the great or royal 
pipe, beautifully adorned. The skin,” he says, ‘‘is usually of the animals 
of the king’s family or tribe, as the wild-cat, otter, or bear, rattlesnake, 
ete” 

The last pipe referred to is related to a well-defined type of rectanga- 
lar pipes, which, except that they are found too far to the south, would 
well answer to a description of the pipes to which John Smith referred 
as being “three-quarters of a yard long, prettily carved with a bird, a 
bear, a deer, or some such device at the great end,” and “sufficient 
to beat out the brains of a man.”” Strachey refers to them as being 
sufficient to beat out the “braynes of a horse.”* Bagnall, Powell, and 
Todkill increase the length of this pipe to 3 feet.4 


EARLY REFERENCES TO THE USE OF TOBACCO. 


Prescott says, ‘Tobacco was among the products of Peru, yet the 
Peruvians differed from every other nation to whom it was known, by 
using it only for medicinal purposes in the form of snuff.”° 

The Inca Garcillasco de la Vega does not appear to refer to smoking, 
but only to the using of snuff.® 

**Tabaco,” according to Oviedo, “‘ was a certain instrument of wood 
or cane made in the manner of the Greek y,of which the Indians accom- 
modate the two upper canes to the openings of the nose tor the inhal- 
ing of the smoke of a plant which they call Cohiba or Cojiba,” which is 
also called to-day by the name of that instrument.? 

He, like others, says their “fumigation” was for the purpose of get- 
ting intoxicated. : 

Dr. A. Ernst concludes, after a most careful consideration of the 
text, that Oviedo never saw an Indian using the little implement he 
describes, and shows that “taboca” is the correct name for an imple- 
ment which is still used by several tribes in South America. It is 
made of one of the long bones of the tapir, through which the Muras 
and Maunhés of the Amazon reciprocally blow into each other’s nos- 
trils the parica. Another explanation agrees with Las Casas; that 


' William Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and 
West Florida, Dublin, 1793. 

2?Captain John Smith in Virginia, p. 54, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works. 

’William Strachey, Historie of Travaille into Virginia, 1612, p. 40 (Hakluyt 
Society). 

*W. Simmonds, The Discoveries and Accidents with the First Supply in Virginia, 
1612-1624, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works. 

*History of Conquest of Peru, I, p. 140, Philadelphia, 1860. 

®The Royal Commentaries of Peru, p. 120, London, 1618. 

7Oviedo, Historie General e Natural de las Indias, I, plate 1, fig. 7, Madrid, 1855, 
from Salamanea edtion of 1535-1547. 

NAT MUS 97 26 


402 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


‘“‘cahoba” was the name, not only of the powder; bus also of the cere- 
mony of taking the powder.’ 

According to Fairholt, this figure ef the pipe does not occur in the 
earlier editions of Oviedo, the cut being copied from the Salamanca 
edition of 1547.’ . 

Purchas, about 1626, quaintly describes this tube referred to by 
Oviedo; alluding to the natives of Hispaniola, who, he says, ‘had 
tobacco in religious estimation, not only for a sanity, but for sanctity 
also, as Oviedo writeth, the smoke whereof they took into the nose 
with a forked pipe fitted to both nostrils, holding the single end in the 
smoke of that herb burning in the fire until they became senseless. 
Their priests most used this, who, coming to themselves after this 
sleepy fume, delivered the oracles of their zemes or devils, which some- 
times spake by them.” ? 

Dr. Max Uhle, of the Museum of Science and Art of the University 
of Pennsylvania, has written a most interesting paper on snuffing 
tubes,‘ and to him my thanks are due for the illustration shown in fig. 2. 

Lafitau, speaking of this habit, says that ‘‘after they tumble down, 
deprived of all feeling, they are carried away in their hammocks by 
their wives.” ° 

Southey refers to certain tribes of the Rio Negro “who have an 
extraordinary and tremendous ceremony, for which a large house is set 
apart in all their villages. It begins by a general flogging of one 
another with a thong and stone at the end. This continues eight days, 
during which the old women, who among the American savages officiate 
at most works of abomination, roast the fruit of the parica tree and 
reduce it to a fine powder. The parties who had been paired in the 
previous discipline are partners also in the following part, each in turn 
blowing this powder with great force through a hollow cane into the 
nostrils.of his friend. They then commence drinking and the effect of 
the drink and the deleterious powder is such that most of them lose 
their senses for a time and many lose their lives. The ceremony lasts 
sixteen days, and is called the feast of the parica.” ® 

Condamine, according to McCulloh, says the Gmaguas, on the upper 
waters of the Amazon, snuff up a powder, which they call there “ car- 
rupa,” by means of a forked hollow stick, the forked end being inserted 
in the nostrils. He says that the intoxication which follows this prac- 
tice lasts ee -four hours.’ 


1A. Eman of Caracas, Meeaaete a, Bigmcleee of the word tobacco, American 
Anthropologist, II, p. 134. 

2F. W. Fairholt, Tobacco and Its Associations, p. 14, London, 1859. 

’Purchas, His Pilgrimage, V, p. 957, London, 1626. 

4Bulletin No, 4, University of Pennsylvania, I. 

5Pere Lafitau, Moeurs des Sauvages Amériquains, comparées aux Moeurs des 
premiers Temps, II, p. 138, Paris, 1724, quoting Oviedo. 

’Robert Southey, History of Brazil, Pt. 3, p. 723, London, 1819. 

7J. H. MeCulloh, Researches, p. 93, Baltimore, 1829, quoting Pinkerton’s Voyages, 
IV, p. 226. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 403 


Humboldt refers to the same habit among the Otomacs, whom, he 
says, ‘gather the long pods of a mimosacea, cut them in pieces, moisten 
them, and cause them to ferment, mixed with the flour of cassava and 
lime, procured from the shell of a helix. The whole mass is exposed to 
a brisk fire. When it is to be used, it is reduced to a very fine powder 
and placed in a dish; he holds the dish in his right hand and inhales 
the niopo by the nose, through a forked bone of a bird, the two extrem- 
itiesof which are applied to the nostrils. This bone, without which the 
Otomae believes he could not take this kind of snuff, is 7 inches long. 
It appeared to me to be the leg bone of a large sortofa plover. Father 
Gumilla says ‘this diabolical powder of the Otomacs, furnished by an 
arborescent tobacco plant (Orinoco illus.), intoxicates them by the nos- 
trils; deprives them of reason, and renders them furious in battle.’ ”? 

Nadaillac says, ‘Another Spanish historian tells us that the natives 
of Hispaniola, to the great astonishment of the Spanish, placed a tube 
with two openings in their nose, in order to lose none of the aroma of 
the precious plant.”” He further informs us, quoting Clavigero, who 
lived in Mexico in 1775, “that the Aztecs gave to tobacco the name 
‘pycietl,’ which they were not satisfied to smoke in the shape of eigar- 
ettes wrapped in corn leaves, but also inserted it in fine powder in their 
noses. The powder thus employed served to clear the head, and its 
virtue was so highly appreciated in Spain that it was called the ‘sacred 
herb.’” ? 

Herrera says of the Venezuelans, ‘They also use much tobacco for 
rheumatism, humors, and pains in the head. They take it through the 

nose mashed into powder; they drink the juice, and it makes a purge; 
and itis also used by the Spaniards.” * 

These references make it conclusive that the Y- ike implement 
referred to by Oviedo is identical with the bifurcated bird bone 
referred to by Baron Humboldt, or the bone of a tapir as suggested 
by Dr. Ernst, the only one known to the writer.is in the Museum of 
the University of Pennsylvania, made from the leg bone of a llama. 
The evidence, however, appears plain that Oviedo made no mistake 
in attributing to the tube the properties of a pipe, a view fully sus- 
tained by Monardes. 

The habit of using snuff appears to have been one of the pecul- 
iarities of the people of South America, who, so far as available writ- 
ings indicate, did not smoke the pipe; and it is extremely doubtful if 
they smoked at all until the practice was introduced about the time of 
the Conquest of Mexico by the Spanish; nor does the smoking habit 


Relics andes Habel and eee Bonpland, Personal Narrative, 1799 to 1804, V, 
Pt. 2, p. 662. 

?Nadaillac, Les Pipes et le Tabac; Matériaux pour |’ Histoire Primitive et Naturelle 
de ’ homme, November, 1885, p. 498, quoting Istoria antica del Mexico Césene, 1780 
to 1781, VII. 

5Idem, p. 498. 

‘Herrera, Historia General, p. 139, Madrid, 1726. 


404 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


appear to have prevailed in the northwestern part of North America 
from any very early period, but seems to have been introduced from 
Japan by way of Siberia, if we may judge from the form of the pipes. 
How and where the smokiug habit originated must remain largely a 
matter of conjecture. The effect on the system of tobacco smoking is 
sedative as well as stimulating, and the belief in its supposed medicinal 
properties is yet by no meaus obsolete either among the Indians or 
the whites. As McCulloh tersely remarks, ‘‘smoking among the rude 
Indians of North America became the pledge of their hospitality, like 
the salt of the Arab.”' The use of tobacco and other plants, smoked 
in tubes or pipes, on the northern continent is most intimately asso- 
ciated with the life history of the Indian, not only as a sovereign 
remedy for most human ailments, but as a necessary function in all 
ceremonies, whether of the individual, of the clan, the tribe, or the 
confederacy. The hunter smoked to bring him game, the traveler to 
bring him a successful end to his journey, those on the water offered 
tobacco to the water to quiet the waves, or, if on land, to propitiate 
the winds which were the living evidences of good or evil creatures, 
and the smoking of the pipe throughout the whole of what is now 
the territory of the United States became something more than a flag 
of truce, for it was an evidence of friendship and its smoke the symbol 
of the spirit world. The practice of chewing tobacco was first noticed 
on the coast of South America by the Spaniards in 1502,’ but does not 
appear to have been indulged in to any general extent elsewhere among 
the natives. 

There appears to be no positive evidence of the extent to which the 
early Spanish settlers cultivated the tobacco plant, but that their first 
plantations were largely devoted to its growth there is no doubt. 

Cigarettes and cigars among the Spanish-American peoples are 
employed almost to the exclusion of the pipe, and it may well be that 
such was the custom of those countries occupied by them from a time 
antedating the Spanish invasion. 

As late as 1731 John Cockburn says that throughout New Spain 
there was “no such thing as a tobacco pipe, but poor awkward tools 
used by negroes and Indians.” * 

Wherever we find the tobacco plant mentioned in early chronicles it 
is invariably spoken of as possessed of remarkable medicinal properties, 
and this view of it was indorsed as late as the first half of the seven- 
teenth century by the medical fraternity of the whole of Europe. 

The Inca Garcillasso de la Vega (1688) says: “The herb or plant 
which the Spaniards call tobacco and the Indians sayri is of admirable 
use in many diseases amongst them; particularly. being taken at the 


1J. H. MeCulloh, Researches, p. 92, Baltimore, 1829. 

2Encyclopiedia Britannica. 

34 Journey Overland from the Gulf of Honduras to the South Sea, performed by 
John Cockburn aud five other Enylish Gentlemen, p. 189, London, 1735. 


EE 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 405 


nostrils in snuff serves to purge the head, and the other virtues of it 
are well known and esteemed in Spain, so that they give it the name of 
Yerba Sancta,”' or Herbe Sainte, according to Labat.? 

Herrera refers to tobacco in Peru as a medicinal herb called piccietl, 
“which stops pains brought on by colds, and taken in the form of a 
smoke is a cure for rheumatism, asthma, and colds, and the Indians 
and negroes carry it in their mouths, which makes them sleep, and so 
that they will not feel fatigued.” * 

Ulloa says that 1n the early part of the last century Lima’s commerce 
consisted largely of snuff. ‘The merchants dealing in it sell only per- 
fumes, such as amber, musk,” ete.* 

Dr. von Ihering doubts that the Chileans knew of tobacco and smoked 
the same out of pipes before the arrival of the Spanish; though we are 
told that in each temple there are two figures in relief, or two statues 
with black beaks, before which they continually burn the wood of certain 
trees of the country which have a very sweet odor.° 

It is undoubted that, although the smell of burning tobacco is objec- 
tionable to: many people, there are others who find it most agreeable, 
the matter being to a great extent one of education. 

Thomas Man, an Englishman, in 1602, called the plant tobacco, 
though Dr. Monardes, a Spanish writer, employed the term as early as 
1571. The French, as early as their first voyage to Montreal (about 
1650), called tobacco petun, a term by which they referred to it for a long 
period. The word is sometimes spelled petum. Petun was, according 
to Fairholt, the word used by De Bry and “ Herbe La Reine” was 
employed by Jean Neander, of Leyden, as also by Herba Legati.® 
Romano Pane, a Spanish priest, sent back by Columbus during his 
second voyage to Hispaniola, in De Insularum Ritibus (1497), speaks of 
a medicinal and religious plant, an herba inebrians, cohoba, cohobba, 
or giva. By whatever terms tobacco has been called, the words 
“tobacco” and “ petun” are the two from which all other languages 
appear to have selected the name for this plant. 

Knevet, about 1593, speaks of the natives of the West Indies as 
“mighty takers of tobacco,” and think it not only the best thing their 
country produces, but one of the greatest necessaries of life; for besides 
its use in smoking and chewing they practice all their chirurgery with 
it and apply that alone in ease of any hurt whatever.’ 


'Gareillasso dv la Vega, The Royal Commentaries of Peru, p.47, London, 1688. 

2?Labat, Nouvean Voyage aux Isles de ) Amérique, IV, p. 478, Hague, 1724. 

> Historia General, p. 212, Madrid. 

4+Antonio de Ulloa, Voyage Historique de ’ Amérique Méridionale, Book I, Chap. X, 
p- 490; and Don George Juan, A Voyage to South America, London, 1772, Book II, 
Chap. X, p. 109. 

* Histoire de la Decouverte et de la Conquéte de Péron, p. 15, Paris, 1830. 

®William Bragge, Bibliotheca Nicotiana. See also De Herba Panacea, Birmingham, 
1880; Neander, Tobacologia, Hoogenhayan, 1644, pp. 1X, 103, 122, 137. 

7John Harris, Knevet’s descriptions of the natives of the West Indies, Voyages 
and Travels, I, p. 706, London, 1705. 


406 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


All available evidence tends to contradict the supposition that the 
peoples of the West Indies or of South and Central America possessed 
pipes, and the excavations among the graves and ruins of these peoples, 
which have been quite extensive, have not disclosed a single specimen 
so far as the writer has been able to discover. In the U.S. National 
Museum there are wonderfully rich collections of pottery and stone 
implements from Porto Rico, the Bahama Islands, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, 
and Chiriqui, yet none of them contain a single article which resembles 
a pipe of any form. 

Conventional forms appear to govern the shapes of pipes in contigu- 
ous territory through the whole northern continent, the tubular shape, 
as before observed, being the only exception to the rule. The geograph- 
ical distribution of the best-known types of pipes is so pronounced that 
a specimen of any one of them may be assigned to its proper area with 
little risk of mistake. 

The curing of tobacco appears seldom to have been referred to by 
early writers, though Benzoni, according to H. Ling Roth, says: *‘ When 
the leaves are in season they pick them, tie them up in bundles and sus- 
pend them near the fireplace until they are very dry, and when they wish 
to use them they take a leaf of their grain (maize) and putting one of 
the others into it they roll them round tight together; then they set fire 
to one end and putting the other into the mouth they draw their breath 
up through it and they retain it as long as they can, * * * andso 
much do they fill themselves with this cruel smoke that they lose their 
reason; and some there are who take so much of it that they fall down 
as if they were dead and remain the greater part of the day or night 
stupefied.”! The curing here described is not dissimilar to the present 
approved method among tobacco cultivators. 

The Mexicans, in sending ambassadors, according to all of the Span- 
ish writers of the sixteenth century, exhibit a custom strikingly like 
those of the northern Indians in similar ceremonies. De Solis says: 
“In the right hand they bore a large arrow with the feathers up on 
high, and on the left arm a target made of shell. The intent of the 
embassy was known by the feathers of the arrow, for the red denoted 
war and the white denoted peace.”? 

Prescott says that ‘‘ tobacco (in Mexican yetl), is derived from a Hay- 
tien word, ‘tabaco.’”* Thereis too little known of how far the Mexicans 
used tobacco for the assertion to be made that it ‘‘did not possess the 
peculiar character attached to it by the North American Indians as an 
indispensable accessory to treaties, the cementing of friendships, etc., 
but was indulged in chiefly by the sick as a pastime and for its stimu- 
lating effect, and after dinner in the form of paper, reed, or maize-leaf 


1H. Ling Roth, The hee igines sof Hapmihe Sournal of the Anthropological Insti- 
tute of Great Britain and Ireland, XVI, p. 259. 
2Thomas Townsend, History of the Conquest of Mexico, quoting Antonio de Solis 
(1610-1686), p. 183, London, 1724. 
3Conquest of Mexico, I, p. 154, note. 


3 
: 
' 
| 
| 
a | 
7 
| 
| 
a 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 407 


cigarettes called pocyetl, smoking tobacco, or acayetl, tobacco reed, the 
leaf being well mixed in a paste, ete.”! ‘ 

The habit of smoking was not sufficiently well known to Europeans 
to be described by any uniform formula, tobacco itself being called by 
many names and the pipe having as many more. The practice was, how- 
ever, apparently a common one, employed by the medicine man to draw 
out or drive in pain. It may be said that for a century after its intro- 
duction into Europe physicians prescribed it in a manner as foolishly 
as did the Indians, for it was considered a specific for every known dis- 
ease. The eflect produced on the individual by smcking was to stupefy 
or intoxicate to the point of insensibility, which was astonishing to the 
Spanish; yet the Indian of the northwest still employs the pipe and 
tobacco in much the same way as did the natives 
who were first encountered by the Spanish invaders. 

In those parts of America where tobacco was not 
used unless as snuff, or where the pipe did not occur, 
the natives were in the habit of chewing maize or some 
other starchy substance 
and making of it an in- 
toxicating drink; and in 
certain portions of South 

eae America they use cocoa or 
ie daa oe other means to produce in- 
toxication or stupefaction. 
Diaz says: “The city of 
Cholula had an excellent manufacture of earthenware of three colors, 
red, black, and white, painted in different patterns, with which Mexico 
and all the neighboring countries were supplied, as Castile is by those 
of Talavera and Plascencia.”” If pipes were made of pottery at that 
time specimens should be numerous, but the museum of the city of 
Mexico is said to contain not over half a dozen pipes having bowls to 
them; and it may be added regarding these that little can be said 
with certainty concerning their age or those who made them. 

Fig. 42 belongs to a type which, though in some of its features 
resembles the modern pipe, is in others peculiar to Mexico. It isa 
glossy light-red pottery from the valley of Mexico, collected by the 
Museo Nacional, Mexico, and contains a tempering of fine sand. Itis 
6 inches long and 24 inches high, being perfectly flat on the base, which 
is suffiviently broad to support it in an upright position upon any smooth 
surface, the bowl standing at an angle of about 15 degrees from the 
perpendicular. The interior diameter of the bowl] at the top is three- 
fourths of an inch, which enlarges to seven-eighths of an inch at a point 
corresponding to the greatest exterior diameter; the base of the bowl 


Valley of Mexico. 
Cat, No. 27889, U.S.N.M. Collected by Museo Nacional, Mexico. 


1Cyrus morn, Mon nd E Pic Twelfth nea Report of ie Bare of 
Ethnology, p. 687, quoting Bancroft’s Native Races, II, p. 287. 
? Diaz, True History of the Conquest of Mexico, p. 124, London, 1800, 


408 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


contracts inside to half an inch, the stem-hole being of one-fourth inch 
uniform diameter. The gloss of these pipes is superior to any which 
the writer has seen on pottery of any character from primitive Mexican 
ruins or elsewhere. The surface, while smoothed as though with a 
burnishing tool, gives the writer the impression that prior to finishing 
the pipe its surface had been gone over with a scraping or cutting tool, 
as it is covered with innumerable narrow facets under the glaze, indi- 
eating rather a higher state of art than that evidenced in pre-Cortesian 
Mexican ruins. 

There is in the Dorglass collection one of these pipes, the bowl of 
which is white, the stem being pink, the colors gradually blending. It 
was found at Palenque, and is similar in shape to the pipe here figured, 
even to the glaze. A pipe of pottery in the same collection, which is 
said to have been found at Chatahoochee, Georgia, has a very similar 
form to the Mexican, though the base is not quite so flat. 

Fig. 43 is another clay pipe from the valley of Mexico, collected by 
W. Batchelor, and of the same length and type as that 
shown in the preceding figure. It is of a raw-sienna 
color,. having a bluish tinge; the walls of the bowl, 
fig. 42, are, however, thicker, and the stem, also flat 
on the bottom, broadens toward the end to a width of 
1ginches. The surface of this 
pipe is also glazed, and upon 
its upper side a rude ornamen- 

Ssonseasnns tation has been incised, subse- 
Fig. 43. quent to the firing. The pipe 
aise 2 i pee ae looks as though it was in- 
Mesice. tended to represent a duck’s 
head and bill. The eyes con- 
sist each of a central dot, surrounded by two concentric circles, the 
outside one being 14 inches in diameter, while upon the stem. on each 
side, are two parallel lines following the contour of its outline to a point 
where they join, an incision beginning on each side of the stem hole, 
and running parallel to each other for an inch or more, when they 
curve inward and meet. The circles, measured by means of dividers, 
appear to be equidistant from the central dot of the eye, though in a 
similar specimen in the Douglass collection the rings appear slightly 
elliptical. A 

Professor Holmes refers to a pipe preserved in the Mexican National 
Museum, the bowl of which is in the shape of the head! of a creature, 
whether quadruped or reptile it is impossible to say. The opening in 
the bow! corresponding to the jaws has both below and above a circle 
which appears to represent an eye, which, if they be intended for eyes, 
the head is doubtless that of a snake, a common figure upon American 
pipes. While the writer is inclined to see in the finish of these pipes 


aa, 


Cat. No. 133, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. Batchelor. 


‘Transactions of the Anthropological Society of Washington, D. C., 1883 to 1885, 
p. 80, fig. 13. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS 409 


foreign influences, it must be admitted that his knowledge of Mexican 
pottery is not sufficient for him to be at all positive. The enlargement 
of the outside of the bowl is peculiar among American pipes to the 
Mexican ware, though alinost identically the same shape, but of a 
smaller size, is common among the early English trade pipes. 

A pipe apparently intended to represent the head and ears of some 
quadruped (fig. 44), made of hard burned pottery, was collected by 
Dr. J. W. Fewkes at the Pueblo of Santa Clara, New Mexico. In 
height and length it is 24 inches by 2 inches. The outside of the bowl 
has a slightly raised rim, in which there are several notches cut through 
the surface, whether for ornament or as a tally it is impossible to say. 
This specimen in some of its features is similar to pipes found else- 
where, though the writer is inclined to attribute it to no distant period. 
Pipes of the type of fig.45 are referred to as 
being found at Palenque, one of which has 
been figured in the great work of Kings- 
borough. 

There is in the Douglass collection a unique 
pendant of serpentine of a green color found 
in a mound on Indian River, Florida, very 
similar in its outline to the Mexican pipe- 
stems which are shaped like a duck’s head. Gj 
It has been suggested to the writer that the 4 ; ee an 
facets upon the Mexican pipes with glossy —— : 
surfaces are indicia of the use of the burnish- 
ing tool rather than of scraping or cutting Fig. 44. 
implements. While this view may be cor- HARD-BURNED POTTERY PIPE. 
rect the question would be solved were it Santa Clara, New Mexico. 
known whether the facets were made before tN ee na eek 
or after the polishing. 

In discussing references to the use of tobacco among the natives of 
Mexico and the West Indies it will probably be best to include those 
countries which first fell under early Spanish influences, comprising 
the coast of California, and, in a measure, that of Florida, before inves- 
tigating conditions to the northward. 

Friar Marco de Nica, in his journey to Cibola the year preceding the 
expedition of Vasquez de Coronado (1539), does not refer to the natives 
being addicted to smoking or using the pipe, though they were famil- 
lar, probably, both with the cigarette and the tubular pipe. This, how- 
ever, it must be remembered, was considered not only by the Spanish 
but later by certain of the French as an idolatrous practice. 

Alarcon in 1540 speaks of the natives having “physicians who cure 
them with charms and blowings which they make.”! This there is 
little doubt was a reference to the tubular fire cure elsewhere more 
minutely described. 


NN 


RANA 
AQ 


» 


‘Hernando Alareon, Hakluyt’s Voyages, III, p. 514, London, 1810, from edition of 
1600. 


410 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


As late as 1766 the natives of California were said to be “entirely 
ignorant of the effects of strong drink, and even if they do become 
drunk during the feast it is only done with the smoke of wild tobacco,” 
which the author calls “‘Cimmaron,”! which plant, under the name of 
“Oimeron” (Nicotiana attenuata), De Paw asserts was used not only 
by the Californians, but by all the Western Indians.’ 

Venegas observes that they “use no intoxicating liquors among 
them, and it is only on their festivals that they intoxicate themselves 
with the smoke of wild tobacco.”* 

The Californians are also said never to have thought of making use 
of potters’ clay for making cups, pots, bowls, ete., by hardening in the 
sun or by fire uutil taught by the whites.* 

In this respect they would appear to differ from the natives of the 
greater part of the continent, but that it is a fact appears to be demon- 
strated by the excavations of Yarrow and Schumacher made in 1874; 
though it should be remembered that the Californians possessed a good 
supply of steatite from which they made “ollas” (bowls) and dishes. 
The veins of steatite or soapstone appear to have been worked in many 
parts of the continent, where suitable material was available for mak- 
ing bowls and dishes from a very ancient period; and in those sections 
of the country abounding in soapstone pottery is less abundant, 
though its scarcity, especially in the Atlantic States, extends but few 
miles from the quarries. 

The Californians are also said to have burned the abalone shell for 
the lime to mix with tobacco to make them drunk.’ 

The writer is informed by Maj. J. W. Powell that the Piemas, Mari- 
copas, Mojave, and Southern Utes smoke the leaves of the manzanita 
(Arctostaphylos glauca) and the Jamestown weed (Datura stramonium), 
the latter for the purpose of inducing a form of intoxication; at times 
they also chewed it for the same purpose. The Assiniboines smoke 
the leaves of the bear berry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) mixed with tobacco. 
In Alaska “the economical Indian usually cuts up a little birch wood 
or the inner bark of the poplar and mixes it with his tobacco.” ° 

Alvar Nunez Cabeca de Vaca, who was, as he informs us, treasarer 
and alguazil major of the expedition of Pamphilo Narvaez in 1627, 
whose expedition was to conquer and govern the provinces toward the 
river of palms, was, with Castillo, Dorantes, and a negro, Estavanico, 
the only survivors who returned to civilization. These four men were 
for years gees among the natives, but finally ees and after 


(Hiskonie a la Caliente, = p. 90, 1766, translated hom Packer 

2Cornelius De Paw, Recherches Philosophique sur les Americains, I, p. 205, Paris, 
1771. 

3A Natural and Civil History of California, I, p. 68, translated from Spanish, 1758. 

4History of California, I, p.78, London, 1759. 

5T'ylor, California Farmer, April 27, 1860; H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of Pacific 

States of North America. 

6 W.H. Dall, Alaska and its Resources, p. 81, Boston, 1870. 


a 


ee ee es 


es 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cusToms. 411 


years of wandering through the wilderness rejoined the Spanish in 
New Mexico, where the relation of their really wonderful adventures 
caused great astonishment. Cabeca de Vaca, among the Indians 
“became a pedlar,” and was sent by his savage masters from ‘“ place to 
place looking for what they wanted.” ‘ My principal articles of com- 
merce were,” he says, ‘sea shells, with which they cut a kind of fruit 
like a bean which they use as a medicine, and little sea shells which are 


used as money. I brought back in exchange skins, and a kind of red 


earth used in coloring the skin and hair; stones for arrow points, very 
hard reeds for making them, glue, and scarlet-colored hoops made of 
hair.”' What he says of smoking is quite unsatisfactory, as his only ref- 
erence appears to be that ‘‘in this country they stupefy themselves with 
a smoke which they buy at any price.”? 

Ferdinand de Soto, in 1539, entered Florida on the west coast, and, 
crossing the Alabama, Tombigbee, and Black Warrior rivers, reached 
the Mississippi north of tlie Arkansas,* though he does not appear to 
refer to the smoking habit. The inference drawn is negative, it is true, 
but had the natives smoked to the extent which they did a hundred 
years later all over the contiment it can hardly be supposed that there 
would not have been reference to it. 

Discoveries are constantly being made in Indian burial places of 
articles of European manufacture lying beside objects of the pure stone 
age, consequently there is great uncertainty in establishing the date of 
a burial. Many of the Florida mounds evidence apparent great age, 
and on the other hand many appear to be quite modern and to have 
been erected since the end of the first half of the seventeenth century. 
Professor Putnam instances the case of a burial mound in a group of 
mounds in Orange County, Florida, where ‘“‘a number of ornaments 
made of silver, copper, and brass were found, also glass beads and 
iron implements which were associated with pottery and stone imple- 
ments of native make.” 4 

The Floridians in 1564 were said by Sir John Hawkins to have used 
in traveling a dried herb, which, with a cane and an earthen cup in the 
end, they ‘‘ with fire and the dry herbs put together do suck through the 
cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger and there- 
with they live four or five days without meat or drink, and these all the 
Frenchmen used for this purpose.’ 

This reference precedes by twenty years the voyage of Ralph Lane, 
who is said first to have carried tobacco to England, and is the earliest 
reference which the writer has found in which the bowl is spoken of as 
distinct from the pipestem. Jean Ribault, m 1565, says “the natives 


‘Voyages relations, memoirs originaux, etc., de l’Amerique, p. 122, Paris, 1837, 
from Valadolid edition of 1555. 

2Tdem, p. 197. 

5B. F. French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, quoting Biedma. 

‘Fourteenth Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, p. 17. 

5 Hakluyt’s Voyages, p. 541, folio edition. 


412 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


consider nothing more valuable than birds’ feathers of different colors.”! 
Yet neither he nor Laudoniere in 1564, in his second voyage, nor De 
xourgues in 1567-68 appear to have referred to the pipe and tobacco 
being used in Florida. These travels have all been described with con- 
siderable minuteness, and had smoking been at that date a general 
habit there would surely have been reference to it. Professor Jeffries 
Wyman found no pipes in the shell heaps of the St. Johns River, 
Florida, and thinks “that had they been used by the builders of these 
heaps it is hardly possible, in the many excavations that have been 
made and the larze facilities offered by the undermining action of the 
river, that some evidence of them should not have been detected.” ” 

Mr, Frank Cushing, in the recent Florida excavations, where he made 
a remarkably rich find of aboriginal remains in stone, shell, wood, and 
pottery, speaks of its being noticeable that there was an absence of 
pipes.’ On the other hand, Mr. Clarence B. Moore, who has made exten- 
Sive investigations of the shell heaps of Florida, records that “at a depth 
of 6 feet from the surface of Mulberry Mound was discovered a pipe of 
earthenware complete in every part.” He regards this as positive evi- 
dence that the people who built the shell heaps were familiar with the 
smoking habit. Mr. Moore considered this mound among the later of 
the shell heaps. 

A summary of evidence, therefore, appears to indicate that prior to 
the date of Alvarez and De Soto the smoking habit, if indulged in, 
was employed as a religious rite and not as a pastime, but subsequent 
to the Spanish settlements along the coast smoking became general. 
De Vaca refers to the shell heaps of the Gulf of Mexico, and says that 
the natives “subsist for three months on these shellfish and drink very 
bad water.”° 

Among the vast deposits of shells on the Chesapeake Bay shores in 
Maryland and Virginia, where thousands and tens of thousands of acres 
in the aggregate are covered with shell village sites, the pipe is almost 
the rarest object found. The shells of these heaps vary in depth up to 
5 feet, yet the writer only knows of two primitive pipes ever being 
found, while the English trade pipe is not uncommon. These shell 
heaps would be occupied during the warmer months when conditions 
were such as to conceal a pipe dropped in the grass or underbrush, and 
one would suppose that they would be found as other objects are. The 
burial customs, however, of these Indians are little understood, and it 
is yet possible that an investigation of their graves when found may 
clear up our understanding of the subject. The writer inclines, there- 


‘Historical Collections of Louisiana, Pt. 38, p. 207, Memoir Historique des derniers 
Voyages aux Indes, Lieus Appelé La Florida (Nouvelle France). 

2 Jeffries Wyman, Fresh Water Shell Mounds of St. Johns River, Florida, p. 59, 
Salem, 1875. 

3 Letter from Tampa in Washington Post, February, 1896. 

4Shell Heaps of the St. Johns River, Florida, American Naturalist, July, 1894, p. 623. 

*Charles Rau, Prehistoric Fishing, p. 216, referring to De Vaca. 


Ee 


ee a ee ee a 


-~ 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 413 


fore, to the belief that while smoking was probably indulged in, it was 
but to a limited extent until the whites, by the cultivation of tobacco, 
popularized its use. 

That the natives of the shores of the great bays of the Atlantic coast 
were reasonably fair boatmen one would expect, but Bartrai’s asser- 
tion is almost incredible that they ‘“‘have large handsome canoes, some 
of them commodious enough to hold twenty or thirty warriors. In 
these large canoes they descend the river on trading and hunting expe- 
ditions to the seacoast, neighboring islands, and keys, quite to the 
point of Florida, and sometimes across the Gulf. extending their navi- 
gations to the Bahama Islands and even to Cuba. <A crew of these 
adventurers had just arrived, having returned from Cuba a few days 
before our arrival, with a cargo of liquors, coffee, sugar, and tobacco.”! 

The natives were great hunters and thoroughly acquainted with the 
natural food supply, in search of which they wandered great distances 
as it became seasonable in different places. As we are informed by 
Cabeca de Vaca, they have been known to travel hundreds of miles in 
a direct line from home for the purpose of hunting or of attacking some 
enemy. In their wanderings in search of food, upon their hunting 
expeditions, and upon the no less important search for suitable mate- 
rial for the manufacture of their implements they became thoroughly 
familiar with the minerals of the country, and with the artificial frac- 
ture of those minerals, which was often of greater importance to them 
than was the mineral itself, for to the Indian stone was valuable or the 
reverse according to the ease with which 1t could be chipped, pecked, 
cut, or ground. Pickett says: ‘‘Upon the creeks and rivers in Ala- 
bama, where they meander through the mountainous regions, are occa- 
sionally seen cuttings upon rocks, which have also been improperly 
attributed to European discoverers. In the country of Tallapoosa, not 
far below the mouth of the Sougohatchee and a few miles east of the 
Tallapoosa River, are cliffs of a singular kind of a gray rock, rather soft 
and having the appearance of containing silver ore. The face of these 
cliffs is very much disfigured by having round pieces taken out of them. 
The ancient Indians used to resort to this place to obtain materials for 
manufacturing pipes of large and sinall sizes and other household 
vessels. They cut out the pieces with flint rocks fixed in wooden 
handles. After working around as deep as they desired the piece was 
prized out of the rock. The author is also sustained in this position by 
unquestionable Indian testimony which has been procured by him.’? 
He refers without doubt to a steatite or soapstone outcrop, a stone 
which has always been a favorite mineral from which to make pipes 
and bowls for cooking. In addition to its ability to resist heat, it was 
the most easily cut of all the minerals. What is said of Alabama would 


' William Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, p. 225, Dublin, 1793. 
2Albert James Pickett, A History of Alabama, and incidentally of Georgia and 
Mississippi, from the earliest period, I, p. 177, Charleston, 1851. 


ya. 


414 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


apply equally to every State certainly as far north as Connecticut. 
The steatite has been eyerywhere worked by natives to furnish culinary 
vessels, and we see that in this, as in all other stones, the native 
thoroughly appreciated the varying texture of minerals and selected 
only those best suited to his requirements. The advent of the white 
man caused an immediate revolution in aboriginal art. Wherever his 
yares were distributed, skins were traded for-blankets, and, as School- 
craft well says, ‘‘Kuropeans gave them iron and brass for the rude clay 
pots; steel for wooden traps; gunpowder, the rifle, and guns for bows 
and arrows; fire steels and flints for the painful process of percussion; 
the White Chapel for the bone needle; the steel awl for the aishkun or 
tip of the deer’s horn, and, in fine, a style of arts so superior to all the 
aboriginal modes of meeting the common wants of life that the latter 
fell into disuse as soon as the European fabrics could be obtained.” ! 

Think of the immeasurable superiority of a tool of iron or steel over 
the best and sharpest of those of stone. The one implement cut wood 
or soapstone where the other may be said only to have bruised it. The 
metal point, as a perforater or drill, and the rasp must have been very 
attractive tools to people who had theretofore known only the stone or 
wood drill-point used with sand, or the grinding stone. If we examine 
any collection of ancient American pipes the extreme care with which 
they have been finished is noticeable, though it is seldom that a polish 
of any kind is met with in any implements of aboriginal art north of 
Mexico. Compare, however, a general collection of stone implements 
aud the difference of surface wear is noticeable, and we see that not 
only have rubbing stones varied according to the work required of 
them, but a strong suspicion is aroused that the sands and smoothing 
material were more highly appreciated than would be suspected by a 
casual observer. If one will use sand to smooth a stone surface he 
will quickly appreciate that sands vary enormously in their cutting 
properties. Pliny shows that this was appreciated in his day, for he 
discusses the relative merits of ‘the sand of Ethiopia” and “of India,” 
while for polishing marble he discusses the properties of “Indian sand 
calcined,” “the sand of Naxos,” and that of Coptos, generally known 
as ¢ Egyptian sand;” ‘and more recently,” he says, ‘‘a stone has been 
discovered in a cr ye of the Adriatic Sea that is equally efficacious for 
this purpose. Thebaic stone is considered well adapted, as also porous 
stone, or pumice powdered fine.” ? 

Fig. 45 is one of the earliest representations of the American pipe, 
showing a separate stem, drawn after an illustration of De Bry, in 
Brevis Narratio.®? The woman is pepe nee e as furnishing the man 


North cere ican Indian Ailend, Pt. 4, p. 142. 
2The Natural History of Pliny, p. 326, translated by John Bostock and H. rains 


London, 1866, Bohn edition. 
3revis Narratio, Book II, plate xx, Frankfort, 1591, published by Secon Le 


Moyne. 


Se Di gy Spates Bist Ban ag pes ag 


ee 


eT ee ee ee ee a oe 


eee pee Oe ee 


me Me wig 


Co 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cuSsToMS. 415 


with leaves from a bowl or basket of the period of Laudoniere’s visit to 
that part of the territory then called Florida, which covered an indef- 
inite geographical area. The author of Recherches Philosophiques 
des Americains refers to the custom of the Northern American Indians 
making the women and slaves that are to be sacrificed on the death of 
a chief take drugs. They use, he says, the leaves of tobacco broken 
and made into paste, of which they form large balls, that those who are 
to die are required to swallow. They make them drink a glass of 
water, which in dissolving throws them into a complete delerium.! 
Bartram, setting out from Mobile in 1777 and arriving at Talusa, 
speaks of the houses of the people being ‘“‘ decorated with various paint- 
ings and sculptures, which I suppose to be hieroglyphic, and as an 
historical and legendary of political and sacerdotal affairs; but they are 
éxtremely picturesque, or caricature; as men in a variety of attitudes, 
some ludicrous enough, others having 
some kind of animal, as those of a duck, 
turkey, bear, fox, wolf, ete., and again, 


those kind of creatures as having the Sh ea 
human head. These designs are not ill 4 la 
executed, the outlines bold, free, and well ee Wf _ 


proportioned.”?” 

It must be remembered that Bartram 
is speaking of a time two hundred and 
thirty years subsequent to the period 
when these Indians first had opportunity 
to become tolerably familiar with iron 
tools, though there yet remained even at 
that date much of primitive culture. The 
savage, made familiar with sharp cutting 
tools, quickly takes to carving as soon as some one suggests the idea of 
design. With these natives iron was quite a common possession at the 
period of Bartram’s visit, and the churches of the French and Spanish 
had both familiarized the natives with the principles of carving. The 
French and Spanish of the period were well skilled carvers and ear- 
penters, whom the Indians would not be slow to imitate. Though it is 
not intended to question the fact that rude carving may have been 
executed by some of the Atlantic coast Indians at an early period, it 
is suggested that there is little evidence that any of them carved in a 
manner to justify more being said of their work than that it was ‘‘ not 
illexecuted,” the known antiquities of the Mexicans being superior 
examples of their date. 

Verazzano, in his voyage along the coast of America in 1524, from 
the thirty-fourth degree of latitude to Newfoundland, probably refers 
to the use of the tobacco pipe in some form in his allusion to the natives 
who “live long and are seldom sick; and if they chance to fall sick at 


Fig 45. 


FLORIDIAN SMOKING. 


After De Bry. Brevis Narratio. 


‘Recherches Philosophiques sur les Americains, II, p. 224, Paris, 1771. 
2? William Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, p. 454, Dublin, 1793. 


416 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


any time they heal themselves with fire, without any physician. They 
say that they die for very age.”' He nowhere speaks of tobacco or the 
pipe, unless it be in the above sentence, though stopping in many places. 

Powell’s map of the areas occupied by the different linguistic stocks 
of Indians at the time of the first advent of the whites shows that 
members of a given stock were often separated from each other by 
natives speaking dissimilar languages. The Sioux are found in North 
and South Carolina, the Algonquin along the Atlantic coast, while 
a tribe of the Iroquoian stock were located in Tennessee, each cut oft 
by long distances from the main body speaking the language of their 
particular stock; and many other instances are noted on the same map. 
To carry history back only a few decades would doubtless materially 
change the geographical distribution of the tribes, due largely to the 
success or failure of their interminable internecine wars in which they 
were commonly engaged. 

From the earliest period of white occupancy of Maryland and Vir- 
ginia, tobacco constituted the great bulk of the exports of those 
colonies. The wonderful spread of its consumption during the first 
half of the seventeenth century created an enormous demand for the 
product, and the consequent inflation of its price was an inducement 
to the colonists to devote their greatest energies to its cultivation, to 
the exclusion of necessary vegetables and cereals, whereby on more 
than one occasion the population suffered from a scarcity of food. 
This plant consists of several species of Nicotiana (of the natural order 
of Solanacee), but those of which the leaves are used as a narcotic are 
few in comparison to the whole number. 

The pipe of the Indians of New Sweden, otherwise Pennsylvania, 
described by Holm, appears to have had a stem equal in length to any 
on the continent. He says they ‘make tobacco pipes out of reeds 
about a man’s length; the bowl is made of horn and to contain a great 
quantity of tobacco; they generally present these pipes to their good 
friends when they come to visit them at their houses and wish them to 
stay some time longer; then the friend can not go away without having 
a smoke out of the pipe. They make them of red, yellow, and blue 
clay, of which there is great quantity in the country; also of white, 
gray, green, brown, and black and blue stone, which are so soft that 
they can be cut with a knife; of these they make their pipes, a yard and 
a half long or longer.”? 

He further speaks of the natives having in their hands a tobacco 
pipe a fathom long. Holm’s grandfather was a minister of the gospel, 
who accompanied Governor Printz as his chaplain in 1642; his father 


1 John de Verazzano, Hakluyt’s Voyages, III, p. 362, London, 1810, reprint of 1600. 

2Thomas Campanius Holm, A short Description of the Province of New Sweden, 
now called by the English Pennsylvania, in America, compiled from relations, etc., 
of persons of credit, p. 130, translated from Swedish by 8. Du Ponceau, Philadelphia, 
1834. : 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 417 


was in America about the same time. The length of this pipe and stem 
appears great in comparison with pipes with which we are familiar, 
though George Catlin represents a Chippewa Indian standing erect, 
leaning on a pipestem. It should be remembered, however, that some 
of Holm’s assertions have been questioned, and are to be taken with 
erains of allowance, notably that reference to “a large and horrible 
serpent which is called a rattlesnake. It has a head like that of a dog 
and can bite off a man’s leg as clear as it had been hewn down with 
an ax.”! Though such snake stories are of course the exaggerations of 
ignorant people, it is the wonderful and mysterious which has greatest 
attraction for the multitude, and consequently such material will stray 
into print when histories are written by persons not themselves ac- 
quainted intimately with the country of which they write. The snake 
was a totem of many Indian tribes, if not of most of them, and is often 
represented coiled around the pipe bowls in graceful curves or lying 
along the stems, usually facing the smoker. Certain of the Pueblo 
Indians, the writer is informed, never kill snakes, even the deadly rat- 
tlers, because of their sacred character. When one is found in too 
close proximity to a camp, it is caught between the forks of a stick and 
carried to some secluded spot, where itis released. A similar veneration 
is said by the elder Pliny to have prevailed. ‘In Syria also,” he says, 
“and especially along the banks of the Euphrates, the serpents never 
attack the Syrians when they are asleep; on this account they never 
kill them.”? 

Kalm, who was in New Sweden in 1749 at a place called Raccoon, on 
the Delaware River below Philadelphia, says “the natives had tobacco 
pipes of clay, manufactured by themselves, at the time the Swedes 
arrived here. * * * They did not always smoke true tobacco, but 
made use of another plant instead of it, which was unknown to the old 
Swedes, one of whom assured me it was not the common mullein, which 
is generally called Indian tobaceo.”* 

Roger Williams says of the Narragansetts: ‘They generally ail take 
tobacco; and it is commonly the only plant which men labor in, the 
women managing all the rest; they say they take tobacco for two 
causes; first, against the rheume, which causeth toothache, which they 
are impatient of; secondly, to revive and refresh them, they drinking 
nothing but water.” * 

This tobacco he calls ‘““Wuttammanog;” “that is a weak tobacco, 
which the men plant themselves very frequently; yet I never see any 
take so excessively as I have seen men in Hurope; yet excess were more 


'Thomas Campanius Holm, A short Description of the Province of New Sweden, 
p. 53. 

*The Natural History of Pliny, II, p. 354, translated by John Bostock and H. S. 
Riley, London, 1866, Bohn edition. 

‘Peter Kalm, Travels into America, II, p. 117, London, 1771. 

4Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p. 43, London, 1643, in 
Narragansett Club publications, I, edited by J. Hammond Trumbull, 


od 


RACES.) ———$=. 4 


418 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


tolerable in them, because they want the refreshing of beer with which 
God hath vouchsafed Europe.' The men throughout the country have 
a tobacco bag, with a pipe in it, hanging at their back. Sometimes they 
make such great pipes, both of wood and stone, that are 2 foot long, 
with men or beasts carved so big or massive that a man may be hurt mor- 
tally by one of them; but these commonly come from the Mauquauwogs 
(Mohawks), or the man-eaters, 300 or 400 miles from us. They have an 
excellent art to cast our pewter and brass into very neat and artificial 
pipes.”” “Narragansett,” says Wood, ‘was the storehouse of all such 
kinds of merchandise as is amongst the Indians of those parts. From 
hence other tribes have their great stone pipes, which will hold a 
quarter of an ounce of tobacco, which they make with steel drills and 
other instruments. Such is their ingenuity and dexterity that they 
can imitate the mold so accurately that were it not for matter and 
color it were hard to distinguish them. They make them of green and 
sometimes of black stone.”* 

In 1674 the Narragansetts are spoken of as having been a great peo- 
ple, whose sachem was about Cannonicut Island, and who “are now 
but few comparatively; all that people can not make above 1,000 men.” 4 
This tribe was probably one of those which suffered so severely during 
the first half of the seventeenth century from the ravages of an epidemic 
that is said to have carried off the inhabitants of whole villages. 
Williams gives the name of a pipe as “ Wuttammagon—literally, a drink 
instrument,” or “ Hupuonck.” In 1620 we are told that ‘ Massassoyt,” 
chief of the Wampanoags, was “a lusty man of middle age, of a grave, 
demure countenance and sparing of speech. He hada long knife hang- 
ing in a string at his bosom, and behind at his back a little pouch of 
tobacco. This was furniture he never was without. His men also had 
their bags of tobacco at their backs.” 

Samuel G. Drake says of Massassoit that he “differed from the rest 
of his followers only in a great chain of white bone beads. About his 
neck hangs a little bag of tobacco, which he drank and gave us to 
drink.”’® 

James Thatcher refers also in 1621 to Samoset having a wild-cat skin 
on one arm, coming with some of his companions to the town of Plym- 
outh, and bringing with them some parched corn reduced to a fine 
powder called ‘“‘nokehike,” or “‘nocake,” which they eat mixed with water, 
and “had a little tobacco in a bag, of which they drank frequently.”' 


1Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America, p. 73. 

2Tdem, p. 73. 

3 William Wood, New England’s Prospect, Pt. 2, Chap. 3, 1639, quoted in Narra- 
gansett Club publications, I, p. 73, note. 

4Massachusetts Historical Society, I, p. 148, referring to Gookin, 1674. 

5John Harris, A Relation of the Plantation at Plymouth, Voyages and Travels, I, 
p. 853, London, 1705. 
‘Samuel G. Drake, History and Biography of the Indians, p. 86, Boston, 1851. 
7 James Thatcher, History of the Town of Plymouth, p. 34, Boston, 1835. 


| 
: 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 419 


“The Literary Gazette, September 11, 1819, page 588, says the Turks 
use the phrase ‘drinking tobacco.’ 

‘In Webster’s Dictionary one definition of ‘to drink,’ is ‘to inhale, to 
smoke, as tobacco.’ 

“In Miseries of Enforced Marriage, V, page 6, by George Wilkins, 
1607, appears the line ‘ Feed well, drink tobacco.’ 

“In the Roaring Girl, Middleton & Decker, 1611, one of the person- 
ages says of some tobacco, ‘This will serve to drmk in my chamber,’ 

“ A reference in one of Donne’s satires, I, page 87 (Donne flourished 
1610-1620), is as follows: 


Till one which did excel 
Th’ Indians in drinking his tobacco well. 


“That actual swallowing of the smoke was the mode in England at 
the time mentioned is shown by several contemporary illustrations of 
customs where the pipe is in the mouth or hand and the smoke is issu- 
ing from the nostrils.” ! 

The excesses to which Williams refers as existing in Europe in the 
use of tobacco must have prevailed to an inordinate degree in the 
plantations, for a statute was enacted in 1633 1n that of Massachusetts 
which provided that there must be no idleness “under penalty,” and 
especial reference was made to “*common coasters, unpiitable fowlers, 
and tobacco takers.” ? 

In the account of Frobisher’s second voyage, about 1577, to the coast 
in the vicinity of Hudson Bay, there does not appear to be reference to 
pipes and tobacco, although the implements and clothes of the natives 
are referred to with some particularity. ° 

If at that period the natives of Hudson Bay had no tobaceo, which, 
however, is at present uncertain, the first English traders would iiave 
lost no opportunity to popularize its use in their journeys to the far 
north, where they went in search of food-fishes, as they did into the 
interior in search of peltries. The earliest reference which the writer 
has found to smoking among the Hudson Bay people is that of Henry 
Ellis, who went in search of the Northwest passage in 1746-47, by 
which time the habit had become general. He says: ‘‘These people have 
a very extraordinary custom. It is that when the tathers and mothers 
can no longer support themselves with their own labor they require 
their children to strangle them; and according to them it is an act of 
obedience on the part of the children, who perform the act as follows: 
First they make a pit, which the old person enters; for some time they 
converse with their children, at times they smoke a pipe, take a drink, ete. 


‘Garrick Mallery, American Anthropologist, IT, p.141 

?William B. Weedon, Economic and Social History of New England, 1620 to 1789, 
I, p. 83, Boston, 1891. 

*Master Dionese Settle, Second Voyage of Martin Frobisher, Hakluyt’s Voyages, 
II, London, 1810; reprint of 1600 edition, 


420 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


They then say they are ready; then two of the children put a leather 
strap around the parent’s neck, and standing opposite each other they 
pull with all their strength until the parent is dead. Those who have 
no children often beg their friends to do it for them, but often they do 
not accomplish their wish in this respect.”! 

Cartier, in his first voyage to the St. Lawrence in 1534, when he went 
as far as Saguenay, does not mention smoking, though he does the fol. 
lowing year, when he reached Hochelega.. With the exceptions noted 


the people of North America generally appear to have been familiar _ 


with the practice of smoking prior to the arrival of French, English, 
Dutch, or Swedes. How far their intercourse had extended with the 
Spanish there is a lack of testimony, though that there was an early 
knowledge of Spanish and English existence is possible, for the first 
travelers on the Mississippi heard from the natives of men who rode 
horses in the southwest, and of people who traded them guns along 
the eastern coast. The Indian wandered over immense distances, and 
Carver records, about 1768, that ‘‘the Winnebagos, from their invet- 
erate hatred of the Spanish, informed me that they made many excur- 
sions to the southwest which took up several moons. An elderly chief 
told me that about forty-six winters ago (1722) he marched at the 
head of fifty warriors to the southwest for three moons and attacked 
the Spanish.” 

The Gros Ventres of Minnesota ‘used to raise small quantities of 
tobacco, the leaf of which as obtained from them was considered of 
great value, and for which their fellow Indians paid large prices. Peace 
parties of the Knistenos and Ojibways often proceeded hundreds of 
miles chiefly for procuring their much-coveted tobacco leaf.”* 

The Senecas “used to smoke tobacco and the bark of the Wahoo” 
(euonomous), “called by them cannakanick. They often mixed it with 
tobacco; they also smoked the bark of a species of dogwood. We used 
to call it in Pennsylvania the arrowwood, from the shape of the 
sprouts.” 4 

The word “kil’ likinick” is extensively employed among the Western 
tribes to designate tobacco. It is from the Dakota tongue, meaning 
literally redwood, the substance generally employed by the Menomoni 
being the red osier (Cornus stolonifera Michaux.) 

‘“‘Tobacco is frequently used by the Menomoni as an offering. It is 
placed upon grave boxes; sprinkled on stones or rocks of abnormal 
shapes, their form being attributed to the great deity.”° 

Among the Kickapoos, Kansas, and Osages sumac (Rhus trilobata) 

! Henry Ellis, Voyage A la Baye de Hudson, p. 245, Leyden, 1750. 

2Travels of Jonathan Carver, p. 22, Philadelphia, i796. 

3William W. Warren, Minnesota Historical Collections, V, p. 179. 

4Baldwin, Western Reserve Historical Society, No. 50, p. 107. 


'Walter J. Hoffman, Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Eth- 


nology, pp. 250, 252. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 421 


next to tobacco was considered ‘one of their most fashionable treats 
when mixed in about equal proportions.”! 

Hunter, who was thoroughly acquainted with the Indians, having 
been a prisoner among them for many years, shows, however, that the 
treatment of disease by fire was not always in conjunction with tobacco. 
“They sometimes,” he says, ‘relieve inward pain by setting a piece of 
touchwood on fire and permitting it to produce a blister over the pained 
part, saying that such treatment draws the enemy from his lurking 
place and exposes him to direct attack.” 

In 1823 the Omaha were said to “frequently eject the smoke through 
the nostrils and often inhale it into the lungs, from which it is gradu- 
ally ejected again as they converse, or in expiration.” * 

Long says “the kinnicanick, or, as the Omahaw call it, ninnegahe, 
which they use for smoking in their pipes is composed partly of tobacco 
and partly of the leaves of the sumae (Rhus giabra), but many prefer 
to the latter ingredient the inner bark of the red willow (Cornus 
cericea), and when neither of the two latter can be obtained the bark 
of the arrowwood (Viburnum) is substituted for them. These two 
ingredients are well dried over a fire and comminuted together by friec- 
tion between the hands.” + 

The writer is informed that the kinnikinik of the Indians of the 
southwestern portion of the United States, notably of the Cheyennes, 
Comanches, Arapahoes, Kiowas, and Sioux, consists of the inner bark 
of the sweet willow (Salix nigra), which being first dried and pulver- 
ized by rubbing between the hands is used with sumac (Rhus trilobata) 
leaves; at other times they use the sumac alone. The Rev. M. Eells 
refers to killikinick as the dried leaves of a small bush which grows a 
foot or two high, and of dried laurel (Aalmia latifolia); also the dried 
bark of ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana) is used when they are short 
of tobacco to mix with it, but it is seldom if ever used alone. Tobacco 
is obtained from the Americans.’ In 1843, near Walla Walla, the 
Nez Percés called tobacco “smoke,” and remarked “we are better 
than the white men, for they eat smoke; we do not eat smoke. Such 
is their attachment for this stupefying vegetable that to obtain it 
they will part with their last article of food or clothing, or even take 
down the poles which uphold their dwellings.”® Marey and McClellan 


‘John D. Hunter, Manners and Customs of Tribes West of the Mississippi, p. 390, 
Philadelphia, 1823. 

2Idem, p. 398. 

3Stephen H. Long, Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, I, p. 332, 
Philadelphia, 1823. See also Randolph B. Marcy and George B. McClellan, Explora- 
tion of the Red River of Louisiana in the year 1852, Washington, 1853. 

‘Idem, p. 331. See also Maximilian, Travels in the Interior of North America, 
p. 154, London, 1843. 

*The Twana Indians, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., 1877, III, p. 64. 

®Samuel D. Parker, Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains, 
p. 291, Ithaca, New York, 1844. 


422 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


say also that the Comanches were extravagantly fond of tobacco in 
1852.! 

The Rey. Pere Morice says of the “Tsilkohtines des Rochers,” the 
Dénés of the western Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, that their 
‘pipe is of serpentine or other stone and is common to both sexes, for 
it must be remembered that among the savages the women are invet- 
erate smokers.” 

The Abanaqui of Maine, who are of Algonquin stock, still smoke 
the outer bark of the red osier (Salix purpurea), the bark of the 
pine tree, and both leaf and bark of the squaw bush ( Vaccinium stram- 
enium), and mix the musk of the muskrat with the tobacco to give it a 
flavor. 

Du Pratz refers to “a bank in which there were veins of white 
earth. The clay was unctuous and fine, from which I have seen very 
pretty pottery made. In the same banks ocher is found, which the 
Natchez come to get to smear their pottery with. This pottery was 
very pretty. When so smeared with ocher it became red after being 
cooked.”* 

Some of the purest clay pipes found are from the Lower Mississippi. 
In the far North, Alexander Mackenzie, in 1789, made the Slave or Dog 
Rib Indians smoke, ‘‘though it was evident they did not know the use 
of tobacco.” 

The natives of the lower part of the Mackenzie River saw the first 
whites in 1788. These were probably from the ships commanded by 
Captain Cook. 

Franklin calls attention to the fact that as late as 1827 the natives 
of Herschell Island, at the mouth of the Mackenzie, ‘used tobacco, 
and some of our visitors had smoked it, but thought the flavor very 
disagreeable.”” He thought they had obtained it of the Russian 
traders. 

The shape of the Eskimo pipe, as well as the diminutive size of its 
bow], forcibly suggests that it is au importation into America from the 
continent of Asia, brought there likely by the Japanese whom the 
Russians appear to have brought to the continent. 

Near Icy Cape, in latitude 70° 43’, longitude 159° 46’ west, in 1826, 
Beechy says he found tobacco the most merchantable article, though 
‘one of the natives who came alongside in a caiak, having obtained 


‘Randolph B. Marey and George B. McClellan, Exploration of the Red River of 
Louisiana, p. 102, Washington, 1853. 

2>Chez Les Sauvages aux Pays de |’Ours noir de la Colombe Britannique, p. 37, 
Paris, 1897. 

3Le Page Du Pratz, Histoire De La Lonisianne, I, p. 124, Paris, 1758. 

4Alexander Mackenzie, Voyage from Montreal Through the Continent of North 
America, p. 31. 

*Idem, p. 320. 

6 John Franklin, Narrative of the Second Expedition to the Polar Sea, p. 118, Phila- 
delphia, 1828. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 423 


some tobacco that was offered for a lance, was resolute in not deliver- 
ing up either.”! 

In latitude 48° as early as 1578, at a point approximately where the 
Aht and Chinook Indians are now located, on the Pacific Coast, the 
natives gave to Sir Francis Drake a little basket made of rushes and 
filled with an herb which they called * Tabah.”? 

At another point Drake refers to “tobah” being offered his people 
‘for sacrifice upon their persuasion that we were gods.” 

About latitude 38° to 40° on the Pacific Coast, as early as 1600, 
“divers pieces of earthenware pots, as finely made as those in Spain,” 
are referred to by Francis Ulloa.‘ 

The writer has endeavored to cite as far as possible all early refer- 
ences to smoking material and pipes from Spanish, French, English, 
Dutch, and Swedish sources, which relate to the Atlantic or Pacific 
coast as well as to the interior of the continent. While some writers 
are silent on the subject, those who do refer to the custom do so invari- 
ably in a manner to make it conclusive that the pipe and tobacco, or 
the plant smoked, was regarded as important in all serious functions 
as well as in many cases requiring medical treatment. To make the 
fire with which the pipe was lighted throughout the whole continent, 
the straight shaft revolved between the extended palms appears to 
have been commonly employed in the same manner as the natives of 
Australia are known to have used it from an early period. The Papa- 
gos of New Mexico as early as 1848 made fire by plowing, as the writer 
is informed by Gen. D. H. Rucker, who was well acquainted with these 
Indians. This process is performed by rubbing the point of one stick 
rapidly back and forth in the groove of another piece of wood. 

Clavigero tells us the Mexicans made fire, as did the ancient shep- 
herds of Europe, ‘‘ by the friction of two pieces of wood.”° As early as 
1586 John Davis describes the making of fire in the extreme north of 
the continent by means of the strap drill,° though the knowledge of this 
drill had been obtained almost certainly from Europeans, the American 
Indian having before their acquaintance with the whites had no knowl- 
edge of the principle of such an implement. 

The Virginia Indians in 1602 were said by Captain Gosnoll to nake 
fire “ with a flat piece of emery stone and sort of mineral which they 
can not tell us the name of, but they have a piece of dry touchwood 
ready which receives the spark they knock out between the other two.” 


'F W. Beechy, Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Bering Strait, p. 308, Lon- 
don, 1831. 

2A Voyage About the World, p. 119 (Hakluyt Society). 

Idem, p. 122. 

*Haklnuyt’s Voyages, III, p.476, London, 1810; reprint of 1600 edition. 

5 History of Mexico, II, p. 262, Philadelphia, 1817. 

®*John Harris, Second voyage of John Davis for the discovery of the Northwest 
passage, Voyages and Travels, I, p. 581, London, 1705. 

7 John Harris, Voyages to the Northern Part of Virginia by Captain Gosnoll, 
Voyages and Travels, I, p. 816, London, 1705. 


424 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The subject of primitive fire making has been exhaustively treated 
by Dr. Walter Hough, of Washington City.' 

The size and shape of some pipes are more indicative of their owners’ 
occupation than one at first glance would be inclined to suppose. 
Nomads or hunters, for example, without fixed dwelling places, would 
not employ the ponderous pipes often found along the shores of the 
Mississippi River and in the Southern States, weighing at times many 
pounds, and often carved in the form of some bird or animal. Unless 
carried by canoe they would constitute a serious problem in the move- 
ments of a family. There may also be a serious doubt whether the 
delicately made pottery pipes of the Southern States and the equally 
carefully shaped specimens from northern New York, showing at times 
a thin bird’s bill 2 or 3 inches above the bowl, were not necessarily the 
property of people living in permanent habitations. 


PIPE BOWLS WITHOUT STEMS. 


There are many ways of accounting for the evolution of the tubular 
pipe into one of a rectangular shape. The smoking of the tube would 
undoubtedly be extremely awkward, and notwithstanding the pebble 
or pellet of pottery dropped into the bow], the material smoked would 
escape into the smokers mouth while being held perpendicularly as 
though drinking, while an accidental or 
intentional curve would suggest a valuable 
improvement in shape. 

Mr. Clarence B. Moore found on the 
St. Johns River, Florida, a tubular pipe 
slightly curved and made of pottery with 
the elliptical cross section, which shape 
may well have been caused in drying the 
clay before burning. There is a tubular 
pipe of steatite in the collection of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania curved slightly in 
its longitudinal section, as is the California 
specimen herein illustrated. 

Having considered the tubular pipe, 
which consisted of a stem and bowl in the 
same plane, we shall next discuss those 
pipes consisting of a bowl alone, its walls being perforated for the 
insertion of a separate stem. Whether this pipe should come next in 
order is open to question. In this type ordinarily the stem hole is 
approximately one-third the greatest diameter of the bowl, though 
there are as a matter of course rare exceptions to the rule where 
these diameters differ. 

Fig. 46 is of this type, yet it would readily pass for one of recent pro- 
duction. It was found in Oregon, collected by Mr. T. Carver; it is drilled 
from a cube of volcanic tuff, which to a casual observer might well pass 


1 Smithsonian Report, 1888, p. 531. 


PIPE BOWL OF VOLCANIC TUFF. 


Oregon. 
Cat. No. 1282, U.S.N.M. Collected by T. Carver. 


a ee a 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 425 


for an ordinary piece of building brick. In length it is 14 inches, in 
height 1£ inches, and 1} inches wide. In this specimen, as is usual in 
pipes of this type, it is observed that both bowl and stem have been 
bored by means of a drill with a solid and not a tubular point, though 
it is often found that the bowl has been subse- 
quently enlarged by scraping or gouging. These 
pipes were smoked with stems of wood, reed, or 
bone, governed by the supply of the locality. 

Of identical type is a pipe from Berks County, 
Pennsylvania, collected by Hon. George M. Keim, 
which is of a light brown tale. The block from 
which it (fig. 47) is made is rectangular at the base, 
about 24 inches in height, becoming cylindrical at 
the top of the bowl. This pipe is evidently in an 
unfinished condition, and therefore doubly inter- 
esting, aS showing much of the process of work 
upon it. The whole surface is covered with nar- 
row facets, showing the mark of the blade with Rasen anda ee 
which it was cut; the uniformity in their width pers Gates bonne 
aud their unusual length demonstrates conclu- vania. 
sively that the tool was of metal. a rt ne an 

Above the stem hole a ridge has been left almost 
entirely encircling the bowl, sufficiently pronounced to show that it 
was intended as an ornament. At one point on this specimen are 
noticeable a number of equidistant straight lines, which appear to have 
been made with a metal file, and which are com- 
mon on so many American pipes. 

A gray sandstone ovoid bowl (fig. 48) from 
Brownsville, Ohio, collected by Mr. W. Anderson, 
is slightly broken around the top; the rest of the 
exterior surface, however, is perfectly smooth 
and without ornamentation. This bowl] has been 
ground into shape, the cavities being made by 
means of solid drill points. It is of symmetrical 
ovoid form, the base being flattened, and the thick- 
ness of the walls is scarcely one-eighth of an inch. 

The bowl of fig. 49 is ground similar to that of 


Fig. 47. 


Fig. 48. the preceding specimen and is about the same 
OVOID STONE BOWL. height, 1? inches. It is made from an indurated 
Brownsville, Ohio. clay of a grayish color. The stem hole has been 


Cat. No. 12494, U.S.N.M. Collected 


by W. Anderson. 


bored by means of a large drill, and 1s half an inch 
in diameter at the surface, decreasing to three- 
eighths of an inch where the hole enters the bow], which makes it evi- 
dent that a stem could not be used with such a pipe unless it were 
bound to the bow] with a lashing of some kind, probably of hide. The 
wall of this bowl at its upper rim is ground until it is scarcely thicker 
than the cutting edge of a knife blade, the specimen being similar in 


426 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


shape to many of the earthenware pots of the natives. Pipes of this 
type vary both in size and exterior form, probably as much as do those 
of any type found on the continent. Some appear 
to have been made from natural water-washed peb- 
bles from the streams, and are without any evidence 
of artificial finish other than that of bowl and stem 
holes at right angles to each other; others are elab- 
orate imitations of nearly the shape of Greek vases, 
having at times elaborate figures carved upon their 
surfaces. The stem holes are usually simple per- 
forations made to intersect the wall of the bowl at 
its base, though at times upon the surface of the 
bowl the stem hole is in a slight shoulder project- 
ing from the bowl as though for ornament, but it 
may well be intended to furnish a better socket for 
Gunporiawa County <2 stem, these being probably much more recent pro- 
‘Tennessee. ductions than those of simpler form. 
Cat, No, 20129, U.S.N.M. Col- Fig. 50, from Bloomfield, New York, collected by 
rected by Fowenzg SS Col. E. Jewett, is made from serpentine, and is 23 
inches long; in outline it is similar to the elongated tubular pipes so 
widely distributed throughout the United States. In this instance, 
however, the stem is at right angles to the bowl, the exterior surface 
is smoothed almost to a polish, though the interior 
shows the process of enlargement by gouging, so com- 
monly noticed in tubular pipes. At the base of this 
bowl there is a diagonally bored hole, which perfo- 
rated the specimen, coming out at the end of the cone. 
This hole is intended evidently for the attachment of 
a string, as is the case with so many of the pipes found 
in countries where deep snows lie. The edges of the 
bowl and also of the base of this conoidal specimen 
are notched, the bowl with twenty, and the base with 
eight incisions. A knife blade, however, fits exactly 
from one notch across to another, both at top and bot- 
tom, which would indicate that they were intended 
rather as ornamentation than as scores, such as were 
at times kept upon the handles of tomahawks and 
pipe stems. There are upon the surface of this pipe 
some finely scratched lines, which, owing to erosion 
or weathering, are so nearly obliterated as to prevent sronn sown wirH 
tracing them with exactness, though they appear orig- THONG HOLE. 
inally to have been pictographic. There is a pipe of Ploomfield, New York. 
this type in the Smithsonian collection upon which sage REN EAs: et 
the only visible work of human hands consists of a 
small hole bored through the shell of a hollow concretion. It has, how- 
ever, in all probability been employed as a pipe, as it is badly cracked 
from heat. 


Fig. 49. 
STONE URN-SHAPED BOWL. 


yr 


extends on the far side from the stem, facing the 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 427 


A similar concretion (Cat. No. 136978, U.S.N.M.) was found in a 
mound in Mason County, West Virginia, by Mr. R. W. Mercer, which 
is 4 inches high with a width of 24 inches, yellow in color, the stem 
being a hole one-eighth of an inch in diameter, broken through the 
shell midway of the natural bowl cavity. 

As demonstrating that this type of pipe was used quite recently, 
reference may be made to a specimen which was found in Haldeman’s 
shell heap, near Bainbridge, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in Con 
roy Township, on the Susquehanna River, close to 
two trade pipes of English make. 

Rey. W. M. Beauchamp refers to a bowl pipe from 
Madison County, New York, having two stem holes, 
and Prof. G. H. Perkins illustrates another from near 
Swanton, Vermont.! 

Schoolcraft illustrates one of these bowl pipes, 
which is said to come from an ancient aboriginal 
grave in Michigan at Sault Ste. Marie, upon which a 
lizard has been carved in relief, with legs spread out 
to assist in climbing the bowl, above which the head 


smoker, the tail being continued under the bowl. 
The whole is skillfully executed.’ 

A pipe in every way answering the description of  jyanin Comat eine 
the one referred to by Schooleraft, and probably diana. 
identical with it, is in the collection of Mr. A. BH, No 10%, US.Nu. Cot 
Douglass, of New York. 

A large specimen of what appears to be intended for a pipe of this 
type (fig. 51) is composed of quite a hard, imperfectly crystallized 
quartzite. It was found in Franklin County, Indiana, and was col- 
lected by Dr. R. Haymond. It is 44 inches long, with a greatest 
diameter of 245 inches. There is upon the lower part of this barrel- 
shaped object an incipient stem. The exterior surface is completed and 
ground evenly, though not finely, except at the top and bottom of the 
bow], which yet remains rough, as left by the hammer marks. On top 
of the bowl there is a slight depression begun by pecking, as though 
intended for the reception of the drill point. Though unfinished, this 
specimen is of more than passing interest, showing as it does the 
process of manufacture of objects of hard stone. 

Fig. 52 is a light green serpentine bowl from Accotink, Virginia, col- 
lected by Mr. J. D. Lucas. It is 54 inches high, with a greatest diam- 
eter of 1? inches, of cylindrical cross section. The bowl is 2 inches 
deep and five-eighths of an inch in diameter at the surface, having 
been drilled with a solid point and not subsequently enlarged, as is the 


Fig. 51. 
UNFINISHED PIPE. 


1The Calumet in the Champlain Valley, The Popular Science Monthly, December, 
1893, p. 240. 
?North American Indian Tribes, Pt. 4, p. 141. 


428 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


case with almost all American pipes. A peculiarity of this bowl is 
the unusually large size of the stem hole, which is quite as large as 
is the opening of the bowl itself, the walls varying from one-fourth to 
one-half of an inch in thickness. Around the outer edge of the rim are 
twelve notches cut at equal distances; while a totemic figure has been 
scratched on the smooth surface opposite the stem, the significance of 
which it is impossible to determine. It consists of eight diverging 
straight lines, arranged in fan shape, from which one other straight 
line extends toward the top; from this latter line yet another one 
projects at an angle of 45 degrees, to the right and down; and two 
other lines diverge at a like angle on the left. The surface of this urn- 
shaped bowl was originally smoothed with unusual care, and its out- 
line is quite graceful, though the notches and at- 
tempt at totemic ornamentation are extremely crude. 

The form of this bow] is graceful, but the scratch- 
ing is not so rude as to suggest that in such pipes the 
art of the whites and the Indians is combined, the 
savage owner having added his barbaric decoration 
to the object received from the Europeans. Were 
this the case in a single instance it would be insignifi- 
cant, but as it is observable in dozens of cases it is 
tolerably conclusive evidence. 

Among bow] pipes of vase-like form they are found 
to vary from those which are as broad as they are 
long to specimens having a height four times as great 
as their diameter. This type is usually made from 
steatite, or kindred stones, capable of resisting heat, 

Meneuae Wisminie though, as with almost all American pipes, there 
Cat, No. 49681, US.N.M. Co. are numerous exceptions to the rule. One, in the 

ans eta yas be Smithsonian collection, of gray sandstone was found 
in a cave on Tar River, Yancy County, North Carolina, and another, 
found in a kitchen heap in Kanawha County, West Virginia, which was 
made from a brown stone. Other specimens are known of this type 
made from partially decomposed limestone, feldspar, and even fossil 
coral. The writer is informed by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp that this 
type is frequently encountered in Onondaga County, New York. 

Pipes of this urn-shaped type are found also along the headwaters of 
the St. Lawrence, on the south shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, 
and along the upper waters of the Ohio and its affluents, a typical 
specimen being from Accotink, Virginia, while yet other specimens in 
the U. S. National Museum collection are from New York, Pennsy]l- 
vania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, and North 
Carolina. 

If the area of distribution of the urn-shaped pipe is compared with 
the tribal distribution first known to the whites, as it appears on 
Powell’s linguistic map, it will be seen that this especial form of the 


Fig. 52. 
VASE-SHAPED PIPE. 


a 


sia a saan es 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 429 


bow! pipe is found in Troquoian territory on the north, through the 
Algonquin on the south, into the southern Iroquoians. It should be 
remembered that this area corresponds, reasonably, with the territory 
influenced by French trade before the advent of the English. The 
territory also is in the line of travel from the 
St. Lawrence to the Ohio. The writer is un- 
able to determine how far the urn type of pipe 
has been governed by European influences. 
Its contour is similar to that of pottery bowls 
from Tennessee, specimens of which are in the 
U.S. National Museum collection. 

Fig. 53 is a rectangular steatite bowl from 
Sterling, Connecticut, collected by Mr. J. H. 
Clark. It is 24 inches high, 14 inches long 
from front to back, though only five-eighths of 
an inch from side to side. The incised three- 
sided groove shown in the figure is on both 
sides, and there can be no doubt was intended 
for the purpose of inlaying with metal or shell, 
probably the former. The markings radiating 


Fig. 53. 
RECTANGULAR STONE PIPE. 
from the groove only appear on one side of the Sterling, Connecticut. 


bowl. There is a hole bored through the base = “st. No. 17949, U.S.N.M. Collected by 


J. H. Clark. 


of this specimen from side to side, evidently 

intended to receive a string which would be attached to the stem. It 
appears to the writer that pipes with holes for attaching bowl and 
stem, or for whatever purpose the hole was intended, are much more 
common in the North than in the South, which may be because of the 
greater liability to loss in the snow than in the 
grass or among leaves. A pipe, however, some- 
what similar in general characteristics to this, 
in the collection of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, is said to have come from North Carolina, 
though in place of the hole for the string there 
is a small knob on its base, as though intended 
for a similar purpose. 

Fig. 54, from Middleboro, Massachusetts: col- 
lected by Mr. 8. H. Sylvester, is made of a steel- 
gray serpentine, and is apparently not alone 

eee intended to show the lizard crawling over the 
Middleboro, Massachusetts. Convex side of the bowl, but an incision on each 
Cat. No. 6552,U.S.N.M. Collectedby Side of the lower point would indicate an inten- 

Sees: tion to convey the idea of some animal’s head 
and mouth as well. The sharp edges of the lizard’s body, legs, and 
head indicate the use of a metal tool in cutting the stone. Though the 
design is apparently of that character which is common among Indian 
pipes, the shape of the bowl cavity is quite unusual, being square, an 
uncommon circumstance, though elliptical openings are not rare. 


Fig. 54. 


43() REPORT, OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


It may be said with some degree of certainty that fig. 55 represents 
a dog, wolf, or fox. The ears of the animal are carved in relief and 
the lines representing the mouth are incised. This pipe is made of 
a steel-gray serpentine, collected by Dr. T. H. Bean from Lancaster 

County, Pennsylvania. The lines of ornamen- 
tation on this pipe are of the most primitive 
character and strictly in accordance with sav- 
age conventionalism, crossing each other in a 
manner common in Indian etchings, whereas 
the shape of the pipe itself is not without merit, 
being graceful and sufficiently accurate to give 
a fair idea of the animal intended. 

There is a cut under the neck of the creature 
which looks as though it were made with a 
metal blade, though it appears much more 

- fresh than the rest of the work. There is 
no other work upon this pipe which may not 
Lancaster County, Pennsyl ave been done with the most primitive imple. 

vania. ments. 

cot Feit eee See A difficulty constantly confronting archeol- 

ogists is that discoverers of aboriginal speci- 
mens frequently scrape incisions with metal tools, making it extremely 
difficult to distinguish between old lines and new. 

This pipe has the bow] and stem hole of like size, each being approx- 
imately three-fourths of an inch in diameter at the surface, and there- 
fore resembles the cavities in the biconical pipes, 
though the latter are seldom, if ever, so small. 

Fig. 56, from Piqua, Miami County, Ohio, collected 
by Mr. C. T. Wiltheiss, is a curious pipe made of a 
light gray sandstone, in imitation of the head of 
some animal, though in this case, as in many others, 
it would be difficult to identify it. The mouth, ears, 
eyes, and nostrils are each distinctly shown, though 
the tool marks with which the work was done have 
been obliterated. In the collection of the University 
of Pennsylvania Museum there is the head of an 
animal, carved from a gray sandstone found in West 
Virginia, not dissimilar to the head here figured, the 
mouth of which is partly open, showing the tongue. Piqua, Miami County, 

Fig. 57 is a cast of a curious banded-slate bowl Ohio. 
pipe from West Virginia, collected by Mr. B. H. Picea A 
Harrison. Upon the surface facing away from the 
smoker there is a rudely executed human face. The mouth is an 
incised straight line, as is the lower end of the nose, the eyes being 
indicated by slight depressions, evidently made with the point of a 
drill. Upon the cheeks of this face are a number of irregular figures 


Fig. 55. 
ANIMAL HEAD PIPE. 


ANIMAL HEAD PIPE. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cuUSsTOMS. 431 


cut in parallel straight lines, intended to represent tattoo marks or 
streaks of paint. 

This pipe is 2 inches high, though from front to back it is less than 
half an inch thick, the bowl being so small that it would searcely hold 
a thimblefull of tobacco, the stem hole being so shallow as to prevent 
a stem being attached without great difficulty. This pipe must be con- 
sidered rather in the nature of a freak than as belonging to any partic- 
ular type, and is more in accordance with savage art 
than are the many specialized objects. 

Fig. 58 represents a cast of a bowl found in San- 
dusky, Ohio, collected by Mr. Lewis Leppleman, and 
appears unique among pipes of this type. The fig- 
ure appears highly conventionalized, though it is suffi- 
ciently well shaped to determine that a bird, possibly 
an owl, was intended. So far as may be determined 
from the cast, there is no work on this specimen which 
may not have been accomplished by means of the 
most primitive implements, even of stone or shell, and 
could be quite easily executed with the aid of copper. 

Fig. 59 is yet another specimen of bowl pipe repre- 
sented in the U. S. National Mu- 
seum collection by a cast. It was — guman neap Pre. 
collected near Valley River, Mur- West Virginia. 
phy, North Carolina, by Gen. G. T, enh oes 
Wilder. Itis difficult to determine 
what the head attached to the bowl was meant to rep- 
resent, though from the crescent-shaped lines on the 
sides of the bowl it is probably a bird. The head on 
this bowl] is not unlike those on the projections of some 
of those ponderous pipes found often in North Caro- 
lina and Tennessee, and coming from North Carolina 
is probably merely an evidence of a desire to-pro- 
duce a unique specimen, the bowl and stem cavities 
being’ respectively seven-eighths and five-eighths of 

wig. be. an inch in diameter. 
eee Fig. 60 is a finely ground dark green serpentine 
Sandusky, Ohio. bowl, which is quite similar to the preceding, though 
"See ae ens having more graceful lines and being more highly 
' finished. It is shaped to represent a bird’s head, the 
eyes being indicated by circular incisions rudely cut and the beak 
being of a shape to suggest that an eagle or hawk was intended, though 
whatever the bird, it is rather of conventional than natural shape, 
the mouth being represented by symmetrical curves corresponding on 
each side of the beak. The surface of this pipe is smoothed with such 
skill that all tool marks have been entirely obliterated, and while the 
surface is perfectly smooth, there has been no effort made to polish it. 


432 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The strix left by the drill in boring it out are so sharply cut as to 
leave no room to doubt that the work was done with a tool of metal, 
quite likely of steel. 

The perfection of finish and artistic pose of the bird represented in 
fig. 61 should be good reason for consid- 
ering itone of the most perfect of Ameri- 
can pipes. Itis madeofa black serpen- 
tine collected in Mineral County, West 
Virginia, by Mr. J. A. Davis, and repre- 
sents some water bird, probably a swan 
or goose. The graceful pose of the head 


yy i and neck of the bird is nearly perfect. 
} IZ Uf It is represented in the act of dressing 

I Wf its feathers. Well down on the neck are 

Z q, nine sharply incised lines, each three- 
r 7 fourths of an inch long, all of them 
Ki 8 straight and parallel. The wings ex- 
\ 4 tend well down on the body and are 
2. =F slightly raised above the surrounding 

Fig. 59. surface. The breast has been brought 

een eee: to a high polish. Into the surface of it 

Murphy, North Carolina. have been drilled about 150 small cir- 


Sern ranean Gee Te ¢7. cular depressions. These shallow holes 
are scattered withoutorder, though they 
are nearly equidistant. While many aboriginal stone relics of the 
Indians are well ground and brought to a smooth surface, polish is of 
such rare occurrence that one is inclined to suspect white influences 
wherever it is encountered. Among Ameri- 
can implements it is probably more notice- 
able in the gray tubular serpentine horns 
from Ohio and West Virginia than in any 
other objects. It must be admitted there is 
no work upon this pipe, if we except its pol- 
ish, which could not be done with primitive 
tools, though there is doubt if it is purely 
aboriginal. 
There is in the collection of casts of the 
U.S. National Museum (Cat. No. 22176) one 
from Scioto County, Ohio, much on the order 


; ; ; ‘ Fig. 60. 
of the swan pipe, which was intended possi- canoe 
sly LO represent a loon. Williamson County, Tennessee. 


Pipes, generally of local types, appear to — “at. Ne. te Dees ce 
be found throughout the continent under 
similar conditions of surroundings to that of other aboriginal objects, 
on the surface, in shell heaps, in graves of all kinds, among the Pueblo 
ruins, in the mounds, and in the caves. Even the English trade pipe 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 433 


has been found 6 or more feet below the surface of the earth associated 
with implements of the age of stone. 

The Rey. W. M. Beauchamp, thoroughly competent to express an opin- 
ion on the subject, and especially familiar with the aboriginal remains 
and implements of New York, considers that the pipes of stone, of which 
the larger part of New York speci- 
mens are composed, are compara- 
tively recent. Until the coming of 
the whites most New York pipes were 
of clay, the Narragansetts making 
those of stone, but with the use of steel 
tools stone pipes became common. 
Catlinite pipes, other certainly than 
the plain rectangular Siouan ones, are 
probably quite modern, for that mate- 
rial seems to have been almost un- teal 
known far from the Siouan sphere of ara catas a 
influence until near the close of the 
seventeenth century. 

Fig. 62 belongs apparently to the bow] pipes, and is made of a brown 
pottery well mixed with a tempering of pounded shell; it is 245 inches 
high, and from the outer edge of the short stem to the far side of the 
pipe is the same length; the interior of the bowl has a diameter of 12 
inches, with a depth of only 1 inch; the 
stem hole, one-half the diameter of the 
bowl, is 14-inches deep. The dimensions 
here given would suggest that possibly 
this pipe should be classed rather with 
the biconical or monumental pipe than 
with those of the bowl type. This ob- 
ject is from Mount Vernon Barracks, 
Alabama, collected by Dr. Joseph K. 
Corson. The clay and tempering mate- 
rial are well mixed together, while the 
ornamentation as well as the manner of 
producing it are unique; the base is flat 
and smooth; the design on the bowl is 

enna arta: in relief about one-eighth of an inch and 

Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama. covers the whole surface, there being 
ee ee number of notches cut around the 
top of the bowl and the rim of the stem. 

_ Asa pipe the design is pleasing, the stem socket being the most pro- 
nounced of any of this type; the ornamented surfaces are compara- 
_ tively smooth, while between the lines in relief, the depressed sur- 
face appears to have been made by means of a seraping or cutting 
tool, the striz of which are quite distinct and appear to have been pro- 
duced by having the bowl, when originally burned, of a uniform surface, 


NAT MUS 97 28 


Mineral County, West Virginia. 
Cat. No. 11527, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. A. Davis. 


434 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


upon which the design has been traced, and all the rest of the surface 
scraped or gouged away, leaving the original surface in low relief. 
A quaint pipe, made of the base of a deer’s antler sawed off where it 


Fig. 63. 
ANTLER PIPE. 
Fort Wrangel, Alaska. 


U.S. National Museum. Collected 
by F. M. Ring. 


joins the skull, is shown in fig. 63, from Fort Wran- 
gel, Alaska, collected by Lieut. F. M. Ring, United 
States Navy. The person who made this pipe has 
taken advantage of natural form to the fullest ex- 
tent in leaving the original horn to represent a 
head covering, or the individual’s hair. This gro- 
tesque carving is reversible and not devoid of 
humor, something frequentiy observed in the carv- 


ings and etchings of the Northwest coast. The 


specimen is evidently modern and made with 
modern iron tools, though the characteristics are 
peculiar to the Northwest coast. 

Fig. 64 presents a combination of savagery and 
civilization, natuze and art, and the present blended 
with hoary antiquity in a manner than which it 
were difficult to imagine a more remarkable and 
striking example. It is from Pottawatomie, 
Kansas, collected by the National Institute, and 
is about 4 inches high and made of the outer whorl 


of an ammonite (probably Schlenbachia peruviana, or acuticarinata), 
the shape of which attracted the curiosity of the Indians. Broken 
in three pieces, it has been carefully repaired 


by means of plates of iron on each side, 
which are held in position by rivets running 
from plate to plate through the fossil. The 
face, while rude, is reasonably well modeled 
and carefully smoothed, and presents the 
Indian type. Indeed, the work has been so 
carefully executed as to leave some doubt 
whether a part of this object, that comprising 
the head, has not been artificially built up and 
molded rather than carved from the ammonite. 
There is no reason to suppose this specimen to 
be of any considerable age, though it is typi- 


eally Indian. 


Pipes of similar shape to those here figured — ——sFvg. 6. 
of the bowl type have been found in. many of FOSSIL PIPE. 
the States of the Union, though with few excep- Pottawatomie, Kansas. 
tions they are noted east of the Mississippi “* *” {8.0 Coleco by the 


tiver, and there is no pipe so difficult to place 
in its proper area as this form; for while certain of them are undoubt- 
edly quite old, others of the same type are certainly of modern work- 


manship. 


Te ESS ae a A icy 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 435 


Schoolcraft refers to one of these pipes on which a head is carved 
on the bowl, while on another a lizard is represented crawling up the 
outside. ! 

Lapham refers also to a bowl pipe found in a mound in Wisconsin, 
made of argillite, which presents the unusual feature of having a hori- 
zontal opening on both sides.” 

Dr. E. A. Barber refers also to a large stone council pipe belonging 

to Mr. W. 8S. Vaux, of Philadelphia, found in a grave in West Phila- 
delphia, which was discovered with a necklace of stone beads, the pipe 
being 6 inches high, cylindrical, and tapering in form. About 2 inches 
from the base, which is 8? inches in circumference, extends a horizontal 
groove in which have been pierced four equidistant stem holes which 
extend obliquely downward to the base of the bowl.’ 
P Prof. W. H. Holmes called the writer’s attention to a bowl pipe made 
of earthenware, found by Mr. Henry P. Hamilton, at Two Rivers, Wis- 
cousin, apparently intended to represent the bloom of the tobacco 
plant or possibly an orchid, of beautiful shape, symmetrical in every 
way, suggesting modern influences though found associated with 
undoubted aboriginal implements. 

Prof. G. H. Perkins also has figured a dark steatite pipe, found on 
Grand Isle, in Lake Champlain, which he considers one of the most 
interesting of all the pipes of Vermont, having faces carved upon it in 
bold relief, with two lines running one from either side of the nose of 
these faces, and Professor Perkins says there is only one other pipe 
having a face carved upon it in the Champlain Valley, and “ singu- 
larly this face also has lines under the nose, which may indicate the 
mustache of a European.” * 

A pipe of somewhat similar character, made from alabaster, having 
two faces upon the upper edge of the bowl, is in the Douglass collec- 
< tion, New York City, and was found in Wyandot County, Ohio. Still 
another stone pipe of this character from Texas, collected by Hon. 
George M. Keim (Cat. No. 6672, U.S.N.M.), has four faces carved on the 
i upper edges of the bowl, which is somewhat broken. Around the sides 
of the jaws of this pipe, however, are striae which have every appear- 
ance of being made with a file, and the hole for the stem is dispropor- 
tionately large compared with the opening of the bowl. 

While such may exist in museums or private collections, the writer 
has not encountered any reference to this type of bowl form made 
from pottery. It is difficult to see how the majority of pipes of this 
type were attached to their stems because of the thinness of the wall 
of the bowl and the wide opening of the stem hole, which, because of 
_ being drilled with a solid point, is so shallow at its entrance into the 


! North American Indian Tribes, Pt. 2, plate 44, p. 89. 

2 Antiquities of Wisconsin, p. 28, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, VII. 

‘American Antiquarian, I, p. 113. 

*The Calumet in the Champlain Valley, The Popular Science Monthly, December, 
1893, p. 242. 


436 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


bowl that it leaves no purchase or room to attach a stem by merely 
forcing it in tight. This suggests that stems were attached by means 
of rawhide strips wrapped around bow] and stem while wet and allowed 
to dry, whereby the stem and bowl would be held together in a manner 
as perfect as possible. 

There appears scarcely a limit to the variations of this type, which 
was shaped chiefly to suit individual tastes, and was of a form handy 
to carry. One coming under the writer’s notice was made from a pistol 
cartridge, having a bird-bone stem, held in position by rawhide tight- 
ened in the manner above suggested. 

It would require a book to itself to attempt thoroughly to treat the 
subject of pipestems—their decoration, and the material from which 
they are made, which would include stone, bone, horn, ivory, wood, 
and quills. Some of the pipes were apparently smoked without stems 
separate from the pipes, notably the curved base pipes of the mounds, 
though even they may possibly have had quill stems attached. 

Tubular pipes were generally smoked by means of bone, wood, or even 
stone stems, inserted in the smaller end of the tube, as is indicated by 
its interior enlargement. In California, and among the Pueblos and 
cliff dwellers, these mouthpieces were held in position by means of 
bitumen or gum, though there is little direct evidence as to the method 
employed in the eastern portion of the United States to hold the tubu- 
lar pipestems in place; similarity in shape of tube would suggest like 
methods. Pipestems of wood—round, flat, curved, bent, and carved, 
long and short—are common from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlautie 
Ocean, the Indian being governed in the character of stem largely by 
the supply of material in the territory to which he had access either 
personally or through trade. Reeds and jointed roots would naturally 
be employed where available; before the arrival of the whites with 
their metal, the proposed stem would have to be split through longi- 
tudinally; the joints on the inside being removed, the split pieces could 
be glued together again or bound with bark or hide. The stems, if of 
wood, would be split in the same manner and each of the split pieces, 
after having a narrow channel cut along its entire length, could be 
rejoined, when the channels would form a tubular opening from end to 
end of the stem, allowing free passage to the smoke. These split pieces, 
when not refitting satisfactorily, often had strips of hide or bark glued 
to the crack, when they would be bound in the usual manner. 

Judging from such descriptions of pipestems as have been preserved 
to us through various publications, it will be observed that from the 
time of the earliest French and English contact with the natives, pipe- 
stems have been highly ornamented and often decorated with bright 
colors, feathers, fur, and dyed hair, and more recently with bright 
flannel of various shades and large-headed brass or silver nails driven 
into smooth surfaces in rows or scrolls. The ornamentation of the stems 
of ceremonial pipes appears to have had great significance, for not only 


at eet 


ee ee 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 437 


could one thereby determine to what tribe they belonged, but could even 
decide at a glance whether the one bearing it came on a friendly or hos- 
tile mission. The very early pipes, especially those referred to by the 
French, we know were red, white, or black, and we rarely find allusions 
to ornamentation of their bowls, but when we do it refers to color; 
whereas particulars are usually gone into in reference to the stem, the 
color of feathers composing the decoration, the birds composing them, 
or how a hoop of hair was attached to the stem and arranged. 

The pipe among many of the tribes appears to have protected its 
bearer so long as he was on his errand, even among bitter enemies. 
That the pipe had the sanctity commonly attributed to it by early 
writers is demonstrably inaccurate, for there are numerous records of 
the pipe bearers not being received, and even of receiving them and 
subsequently of escorting them a certain distance from camp and then 
knocking them in the head with scant ceremony. 

All wooden pipe stems are not round; some are flattened parallelo- 
grams, others are triangular, ellipsoidal, or even square; some are soft, 
being made of the quills of birds; others are of stone and of a size offer- 
ing difficulties in inserting them in the smokers’ mouth. 

The angle of bowl to stem varies from those in which both are in a 
common plane to those in which bowl and stem are parallel to each 
other. 

Mr. W. H. Dall relates that “the Hudsons Bay men make passable 
pipe stems by taking a straight-grained piece of willow or spruce 
without knots and cutting through the outer layers of bark and wood. 
This stick is heated in the ashes, and by twisting the ends in contrary 
directions the heart wood may be gradually drawn out, leaving a 
wooden tube.”! 

Hind describes a unique pipe used ona certain occasion by a Cree 
Indian. ‘I asked,” he says, ‘‘ what he would do for a smoke until he 
had finished the new pipe. He arose and walking to the edge of the 
swamp cut four reeds and joined some pieces together. After he had 
made a hole through the joints, he gently pushed one extremity in a 
slanting direction into the earth, which he had previously made firm by 
pressure with his foot. He then cut out a small hole in the clay, above 
the extremity of the reed, and molding it with his fingers, laughingly 
said, ‘Now give me tobacco, and I will show you how to smoke it.’ He 
then filled the hole with a mixture of tobacco and the bearberry, placed 
a live coal on the top, and stretching himself at full length on the 
ground, with his chin supported by both hands, he took the reed 
between his lips and enjoyed a long smoke.” ” 

While this pipe was certainly most primitive, we have an account of 
one yet more simple, the description of which is taken from a recent 
newspaper clipping given the writer, in which a glimpse is shown of a 


‘William H. Dall, Alaska and its Resources, p. 81, Boston, 1890. 
2?Hind, The Canadian Red River, II, p. 188, London, 1860. 


438 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Kaffir pipe, and a native smoking it to produce stupefaction, as many 
American tribes have done, and yet do. “He, the Kaffir, first pours 
a little water on the ground and makes a sort of mud pie; he then 
takes a limber twig and bends it into the shape of the bow; this he 
buries in the mud in such a way that both ends protrude a little at the 
surface. He then waits a little for the mud to harden. When he con- 
siders the pie is done to a turn, he pulls out the twig, which of course 
leaves a curved hole through the clay. At one end he scoops out a 
sort of bowl, in which he places his tobacco; at the other end he 
fashions a little mound to serve as a mouthpiece. He drops a live coal 
on the tobacco in the bow], lies flat on the ground, applies his thick 
lips to the orifice and sucks away. He mixes with it a liberal quantity 
of dagha, a kind of hemp with intoxicating qualities, similar to those 
of hasheesh. By the time the pipe is finished the smoker falls over in 
a fit.” 

The Igorottes, or mountaineers of Formosa, who are head hunters, 
have a curious custom relating to the pipe. They watch the coast 
dwellers coming in search of wood, who are attacked and decapitated ; 
when heads to a certain number have been taken by one of them, “he 
obtains by way of honor the right to sell pipes,”! which are little bits 
of wood representing human heads. 


EE —— aS ee Se oe 


HEAVY ANIMAL AND BIRD PIPES. 


We have in fig. 65 a type specimen of the heaviest of any of the 
Americar Indian pipes with which the writer is acquainted, and in 
fact the only one so far discovered which would fully serve, from its 
size and weight, to 
“brain a man or a 
horse,” and which was 
“three-quarters of a 
yard long.” The one 
here illustrated is 
from Blount County, 
Tennessee, collected 
by Dr. Blankinship. 
WW WSS The bird represented 

Fig. 65. may be either owl or 
STONE BIRD PIPE, parrot, probably the 
former, and differs 
from pipes of this 
type in having the stem hole in the breast of the bird. It is a light 
bottle-green chlorite, 10 inches long, 44 inches high, with a width of 23 
inches. The opening of the bowl is about 14 inches in diameter, that 
of the stem being about three-fourths of an inch. The surface of this 
pipe is smoothly worked down except on the back, where the wings are 


: 
| 


Blount County, Tennessee. 
Cat. No. 23300, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. M. Blankinship. 


! Littell’s Living Age, October 19, 1895, quoting La Journal des Voyages. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 439 


represented; there the tool marks remain quite distinct. The wings 
are folded, and the feet are represented as drawn up under the body. 
Gen. A. L. Pridemore, of Lee County, Virginia, has a specimen of 
this character which weighs 3 pounds 2 ounces, which was found under 
15 feet of soil in a railroad cut in 1889, and which he thinks represents 
an osprey. Another specimen belonging to him represents a duck, and 


Fig. 66. 
STONE PIGEON PIPE. 
Decatur County. Tennessee. 
Cat. No. 58853, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. M. Clark. 


was found twenty years ago in an Indian grave. Quite a number of 
pipes of this type are figured by Thruston among the antiquities of 
Tennessee, and others by Joseph Jones, in his work on Tennessee.' 
Jones describes a specimen of “dense, chocolate-colored steatite, repre- 
senting a bird of prey, probably a bald eagle.”” 

The stem holes in pipes of this type are so placed in a majority of 


STONE WOOD DUCK PIPE. 


Cumberland County, Tennessee. 
Cat. No. 20125, U.S.N.M. Collected by Lorenzo A. Stratton. 


instances that the bird or beast—for both are represented—faces from 
the smoker, and the specimens as a rule are well finished, the tool marks 
on the exterior being usually entirely obliterated, though the drill 
marks and evidences of enlargements of the bowls and stems are quite 
distinct. 


1Explorations of the Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, Smithsonian Contributions 
to Knowledge, No. 259. 
2Idem, p. 103, fig. 58. 


440 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


There can be but little doubt that fig. 66 is a representation of a wild 
pigeon, a bird which but a few years ago migrated south in the fall and 
north in the spring to their breeding grounds. They were in such vast 
numbers as to break the limbs of the trees where they stopped to roost 
or to feed on acorns, and in their flight 
would obscure the face of the sun for 
hours at atime. This pipe was found 
in Decatur County, Tennessee, collected 
by Mr. W. M. Clark; it is 11 inches long, 
4 inches high, and the bowl is 2 inches 
in exterior diameter, the diameter of the 
interior of the bowl being 12 inches, 
and the opening of the stem, which is 
\ located under the tail of the bird, is 
about one-half the diameter of the bowl; 
and as a rule this proportion of the bowl 
and stem holes will hold good in the 
type. The head and body of this bird 
are tolerably well formed, though the 
wings, it may be seen, are treated in a 
purely conventional manner, crossing 
on the back near their points, the bird 
being carved from a black chlorite. 
The eyes of these birds are depressed, 
though it would be difficult to say 
whether it was intended in any case to 
insert artificial ones. The pigeon, like 
the buffalo, has disappeared so com- 
pletely from its former haunts, that one 
would hardly know which way to turn 
to obtain a specimen were it desired 
for a collection. 

Unfortunately the specimen is broken, 
yet what remains of fig. 67 is an un- 
usually spirited example of the wood 
duck—of all American birds the one 
with the most beautiful plumage. It 
is of steatite, from Cumberland County, 
Tennessee, is 9 inches long, 4 inches 
high, and 45 inches wide; and was col- 
lected by Mr. Lorenzo A. Stratton. The 
break of this pipe is through its plane of cleavage, and as the speci- . 
men has been completed the break has occurred since it was finished. 
The crest and legs of the bird, the latter poorly executed, leave no 
doubt that the wood duck was intended. The feathers are rudely 
designated on the wings in wavy lines with the point of some rude 
tool, possibly of stone. 


[ps 


Fig. 68, 
ANIMAL HEAD, STONE PIPE. 


if, 
BL, Yyyyyyeyy 7 WHY 


Jackson County, North Carolina. 
Cat. No, 98029, U.S.N.M. Collected by G,. A. Jacobs. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTroMs. 441 


It is remarkable that the stems of certain of these pipes are so worn 
on their outside as to indicate that they have come in direct contact 
with the teeth of the smoker, though the ordinary interior stem enlarge- 
ment is similar to that of the elongated conical pipes of California. 
Lanman probably referred to a pipe of this character, found in 1848 or 
earlier, 15 feet below the surface, in Macon County, North Carolina, 
made in imitation of a duck.' A broken specimen from Ohio above 
Cincinnati is in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. 

Fig. 68, from Jackson County, North Carolina, collected by Mr. G. A. 
Jacobs, is an unusually large specimen of an unfinished pipe, made of 
steatite, which is 19 inches long, 4 inches high, and 3 inches wide, and 
weighs 93 pounds, and used as a weapon would really be terrible. 

There are few surface indications showing the striae of the tools with 
which these implements were originally made, and it is impossible to 
say from an examination of many specimens whether stone or metal 
tools were used, as the surfaces have been smoothed off. As the shape 
of this pipe is perfect, it would 
indicate that it was intended 
for use in its present condition. 
If, however, it was intended 
that the bow] and stem were to 
be bored out, which was prob- 
ably the case, it would indi- 
cate that this was one of those 


“oreat pipes” to which refer- <y Fig. 69. 
ence is so often made in works HUMAN HAND AND ARM. 
of early North American travel, Nios toeE cunenees: 


c 4 = 2 . Cat. No. 97433, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. M. Clark. 
the size of which distinguishes 


them from pipes intended for individual use. Pipes of this type vary 
from 6 to 19 inches in length, and are appareutly totemic. Onespecimen 
mm the U.S. National Museum (Cat. No. 34383), from Anderson County, 


_ Tennessee, collected by Mr. W. H. Taylor, has a head on it, but it is 


impossible to determine whether it represents a turtle or a bird, though 
the head in the last illustration was probably that of a dog or wolf. 
Another specimen, representing an animal, has the legs cut out in low 
reliet, so that they look as if they were made of separate pieces subse- 
quently glued to the surface. 

Though differing in several respects from the preceding specimens, 
fig. 69 appears in bowl and stem characteristics to belong to the type 
here described, though it is made of a dark, almost black, chlorite. Itis 
from western Tennessee, collected by Mr. W. M. Clark, and is 6 inches 
long, 3 inches high, and 24 inches wide, and represents a bowl being 
held in six fingers of a left hand. The knuckles and nails are all well 
represented. <A similar specimen, though of pottery, from Arkansas, 
will be found among the biconical pipes (fig. 162), where this would 


‘Charles Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 24, New York, 1849. 


442 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


have been placed were it not that the size of the stem opening and of 
the opening of the bow] were so typical of these heavy pipes. Another 
hand, holding some object, is in the Steiner collection, from the Etowah 
mound, Georgia. Thruston in his Antiquities of Tennessee represents 
a pipe of this general type, the figure being a bird with outstretched 
wings,! and another in which the bird is on its back, the bow] protrud- 
ing from its breast.2 One specimen represents the human foot and a 
part of the leg, the bowl coming out on the shin bone near the instep.* 
In this specimen the toes are well carved. 

The occurrence of the hand, arm, foot, and leg in pipes of this type 
would suggest that they were exceptions to the general rule and have 
no totemic significance. 

In many of its characteristics fig. 70 would appear to belong to this 
type, yet in some respects there are features which would possibly 
entitle it to be classed in an 
indeterminate group. This 
pipe is from Chillicothe, 
Ohio, collected by Dr. E. H. 
Davis, and has the body and 
wings of a bird, with the 
head of a man facing to the 
right of the smoker; and an 
enlargement along the back 
of the man’s head and neck 


—/ 


So) MY 2 
vii 


Fig. 70. i : . 
BIRD WITH HUMAN HEAD. aS suggestive of the old- 
Chillicothe, Ohio. fashioned cue of the whites. 
Cast, Cat. No. 7211, U.S.N.M. Collected by E. H. Davis. The stem of the pipe enters 


the bowl, intersecting it at 
right angles, and is perforated through the wing instead of under the 
tail, as is commonly the case. A clay pipe, representing a panther 
facing to the right, is among the Iroquoian pipes and other specimens 
of men and birds or beasts are from New York and Ontario, and a bird 
on a mound pipe from Illinois faces also to the right. : 

Old Chillicothe, on the Little Miami River in Ohio, is the place to 
which Daniel Boone, in 1780, says he was carried a prisoner by the French 
and Indians, by whom he was captured, though while a prisoner he 
appears to have been treated with unusual consideration, the king of 
the Shawnees, he says, having adopted him.'* 

Squier and Davis illustrate a pipe of this general character, though 
of the tubular type, bowl and stem being in the same plane, upon which 
a bird is carved with its back attached to the tube, found in a mound 
on the Catawba River, Chester District, South Carolina, the specimen 


1 Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 203, fig. 105. 

2Tdem, p. 205, fig. 108. 

3Tdem, p. 190, fig. 87. 

4 John Filson, Histoire de Kentucke, pp. 74, 79, Paris, 1785, translated from English 
by John Parrand. 


= 
y 
; 
j 
B 
4 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 443 


being 10 inches long and 2 inches wide, weighing a little less than 4 
pounds.! 

While steatite appears to be the most common mineral employed in 
making these pipes, chlorite and serpentine were also used at times. 
An examination of the dimensions of bowls and pipes of the Americau 
Indians demonstrates almost conclusively that the size of bowl] and 
stem are in relative proportion through contiguous territory, with 
scarcely an exception in any given type, though material and exterior 
finish vary considerably. Gen. A. L. Pridemore has a pipe of this type, 
having upon it the head of an eagle, and another a duck, from Lee 
County, Virginia, which he considers of Cherokee origin. Mr. A. F. 
Berlin, of Allentown, Pennsylvania, has a white stone pipe, a surface 
find, from Franklin County, North Carolina, in the shape of a duck, the 
bowl of which is rectangular. The University of Pennsylvania has a 
bird pipe catalogued from Georgia, and a specimen of this type in the 
Douglass collection from Cumberland County, Kentucky, has engraved 
upon its side the figures 1714. The wings, tails, and topknots of birds 
in this type are usually highly conventionalized, and in only one instance 
does the writer recall an effort having been made to represent individual 
feathers, and even in that case the work was quite rudely done. 

Pipes of this kind are of the most ponderous character of any Amer- 
ican type known, and Strachey’s description of the pipe would really 
answer for this, and he does not exaggerate when he says the pipe of a 
“Susquehannock Indian” was “three-quarters of a yard long, prettily 
carved with a bird, a deare, or with some such device at the great end 
sufficient to beat out the braynes of a horse,”” though he has evidently 
copied John Smith’s earlier description, who asserted that these pipes 
were sufficient to beat out a man’s brains.’ 

This pipe appears also to be the only one which satisfactorily answers 
John Smith’s description of having carvings at their great ends. 


USE OF PIPES AND TOBACCO BY THE WHITES. 


English and American authors usually give to Sir Walter Raleigh 
the credit of introducing tobacco into Europe about the year 1586, 
though it is highly probable the French had used it at an earlier date; 
the Spanish certainly used it even earlier than the French. 

In 1585 Sir Richard Grenville had command of the expedition of Sir 
Walter Raleigh, consisting of seven sail, an account of which we have 
from the pen of Ralph Lane, one of the captains of the fleet. In 1586 
Sir Francis Drake also visited the colony of Virginia, from which time 
the coast of the continent became familiar to European sailors. 


! Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 226. 

2 William Strachey, Historie of Travaille into Virginia, p. 40, 1612 (Hakluyt 
Society). 

William Stith, History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia, p. 68, 
1747, Sabin reprint, New York, 1865. 


444 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Among discoverers of the coast prior to 1610, as mentioned by Henry 
Ellis, were Capt. John White in 1587, B. Gosnell in 1602, George Wey- 
mouth in 1602, Hendrick Hudson in 1607,' and John Smith in 1606 
and 1608. All of whom were of course preceded by the Spanish and 
Ribault made the coast of Florida in 1562 with a French expedition, 
who, after discovering the St. Johns River, went up the coast to Port 
Royal, located a fort, and returned to Europe. The garrison quar- 
reled, and Laudoniere in 1564 again reached the coast with Ribault. 
The third French expedition carried a thousand men or more, all of 
whom, it is asserted, were massacred the same year by the Spaniards, 
who a few years later were themselves massacred by Gorgues, a French- 
man. These people were followed by a host of minor adventurers whose 
names have not survived, and all we know of them is from some casual 
remark of a certain number of sail being in port, or it may be some 
writer referring to objects of European manufacture being in the Indians’ 
possession which could only have come from a wreck. From about 1610 
the American continent became the storehouse which supplied material 
for European adventurers. They fished the waters and roamed the 
woods in search of peltries, especially those of the-mink, the beaver, 
and the otter, which they trapped or bought with trinkets of white 
man’s manufacture always made for aboriginal trade or exchange. 
Almost annually, beginning with Raleigh’s expedition, voyages doubled 
in number, and after the year 1600 Spanish, French, English, and Dutch, 
regular traders and pirates, fought and schemed against each other, 
often publishing erroneous reports, and it is even asserted going to the 
extent of issuing false maps for the purpose of misleading their rivals. 
The Spanish and French on the coast of Florida and the Carolinas 
cut each other’s throats until they both abandoned their possessions. 
Subsequently the English occupied the Carolinas, and on the north- 
ern coast French, Dutch, and English were repeatedly guilty of the 
rankest acts of piracy upon each other. The French settled in Can- 
ada, and the Dutch held tenaciously to the trade of New York, and 
tobacco became a most important article of merchandise over the greater 
part of the continent. Gaffarel claims that Thevet, a Frenchman, 
is entitled to the credit of introducing tobacco into France as early 
as 1554.” 

On the other hand, it is asserted that tobacco was first brought into 
Europe in 1558 by Francisco Fernandez, a physician who had been 
sent by Philip II of Spain to investigate the products of Mexico.’ 

Jean Nicot, ambassador of Francis II to Don Sebastian, King of 
Portugal, about 1559, sent seeds of the tobacco plant to Queen Cath- 
erine De Medici, and his services were commemorated by the scien- 


| Henri Ellis, Voyage A la Baye de Hudson, Leyden, 1750. 
2 Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, IV, p. 31. 
3 Encyclopedia Britannica. 


te ol Bee ee ee 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 445 


tific name Nicotiana. According to Nadaillac the Spaniards and Pcrtu- 
guese introduced tobacco into Europe in 1518. Cortez sent seeds of 
the plant tc Charles V. Raleigh offered tobacco as a present to Queen 
Elizabeth in 1586, whence the use of it spread to Holland, then to the 
numerous colonies of these two countries, and thence with a strange 
rapidity to Asia, Africa, and the limits of the habitable world.' 

William Bragge calls attention to a matter which could not fail to 
impress any one at all familiar with the subject that “ the early bibliog- 
raphy of tobacco develops the fact that its introduction was greatly 
facilitated by the supposed benefits which its use would afford the 
individual from a medicinal standpoint.” ? 

Bragge’s collection of pipes, now in the british Museum, made from 
all parts of the world, and his books relating to tobacco, the former 
consisting of 15,000 specimens and the latter of 500 volumes was as 
rich as it was curious, and has probably never been equaled. The 
medicinal and imaginary properties attaching to tobacco have been 
marked among the American Indians to no greater extent than in 
Europe. Rembert Dodoens in 1578 said ‘‘ the perfume of dryed leaves, 
he sayd he layde upon quick coles taken in the mouth through the 
pipe of a funnel or tunnel, helpeth such as are troubled with short- 
ness of winde and fetch their breath thicke and often.” ° 

Thomas Hariot, who accompanied Raleigh’s expedition to Virginia in 
1584, says: “there is an herbe which is sowed apart by itself and is 
called by the Indians uppowoe; in the West Indies it hath divers 
names, according to the several places and countries where it groweth 
and is used. The Spaniards generally call it tobacco. The leaves 
thereof dried and brought into powder they use to take the fume 
thereof by sucking it through pipes made of clay into their stomach 
and head; from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame and other gross 
humors, and openeth all the pores and passages of the body, by which 
means the use thereof not only preserveth the body from obstructions 
but also (if any be, so that they have not been of too long continu- 
ance) in short time breaketh them whereby their bodies are notably 
preserved in health and know not many grievous diseases wherewith 
we in England are oftentimes afflicted.” * 

This is probably the first reference to the use of tobacco by an 
Englishman, and even at the present time such an indorsement of the 
virtues of a newly discovered plant by a distinguished authority could 
not fail to be an invaluable advertisement for its use, for Hariot, who 
carried the tobacco plant to his patron, Raleigh, a favorite at the court 


'Nadaillac, Les Pipes et le Tabac; Matériaux pour |’ Histoire Primitive et Naturelle 
de Homme, November, 1885, pp. 498, 499. 

*Wilham Bragge, Bibliothica Nicotiana, Birmingham, 1880. 

5. A. Barber, The Antiquity of the Tobacco Pipe in Europe, quoting Rembert 
Dodoens on the virtues of colefoot in the historie of plantes, American Antiquarian, 
Eup. 6; 

4Thomas Hariot, Hakluyt’s Voyages, III, p. 330, London, 1810, from edition of 1600. 


446 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of Queen Elizabeth, appears to have been a botanist of some repute. 
That Hariot’s views concerning the wonderful properties of tobacco 
were not concurred in by all there can be no doubt, for ““it was feared,” 
says Camden, “that by the practice of smoking tobacco Anglorum 
corpora in barborum degenerasse videantur.”! 

‘¢ Lane and his associates” [of Raleigh’s expedition], says Robertson, 
“by their constant intercourse with the Indians, had acquired a relish 
for their favorite enjoyment of smoking tobacco. They brought with 
them a specimen of this new commodity to England and taught their 
countrymen the method of using it.” ” 

This is reiterated by Stith, who adds that Raleigh is said to have 

taken a pipe of tobacco a little before he went to the scaffold, and quotes 
Camden as thinking that Lane and his associates carried the first 
tobacco to England, and says: “Sir Walter Raleigh, a man of gaiety and 
fashion, readily gave in to it, and by his interest and example soon 
brought it into such vogue at court that many great ladies, as well as 
noblemen, made no scruple sometimes to take a pipe. It is certain the 
Queen gave great countenance and encouragement to it as a vegetable 
of singular strength and power, which might therefore prove of benefit 
to mankind and advantage to the nation.”° — 
. There are many anecdotes connected with Kaleigh and his use of 
tobacco, none of which has been oftener repeated than the following: 
“Sir Walter was smoking in his study, and, being thirsty, called for his 
servant to bring him a tankard of beer. Jack hastily obeyed, and Sir 
Walter, forgetting to cease smoking, was in the act of spouting a volume 
of smoke from his mouth when his servant entered. Jack, seeing his 
master smoking prodigiously at his mouth, thought no other but he 
was all on fire inside, having never seen such a phenomenon in all 
England before, dashed a quart of liquor at once in his face, and ran 
out screaming, ‘Massa’s afire! Massa’s afire!’”4 

On another oceasion “ Sir Walter wagered with the Queen that he 
would determine exactly the weight of smoke which went off in a pipe 
of tobacco. This he did by first weighing the tobacco and then care- 
fully preserving and weighing the ashes; and the Queen readily granted 
that what was wanted in the prime weight must be evaporated in smoke. 
And when she paid the wager she said pleasantly that she had heard 
of many laborers in the fire that turned their gold into smoke, but 
Raleigh was the first who turned his smoke into gold.”* 

ppenaes who was a friend of Raleigh, shows in the Faerie Supene 


1 Sir Bohenr H. Schouuaree Raleigh’ 8 dees of Guiana: Introduction p. 
xxx1v (Hakluyt Society). 
2 William Robertson, America, p. lix. 
3 William Stith, The History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia, 
p. 21, New York, 1865, Sabine reprint. 
4Samuel G. Drake, History and Biography of the Indians, p. 118, note, Boston, 1857. 
‘Stith, The History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia, p. 21. 


alee * eg 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 447 


1590, that the supposed medicinal properties of tobacco had much to 
do in promoting its use. 


Into the woods thenceforth in haste she went, . 
To seeke for hearbes that mote him remedy ; 

There whether divine tobacco were, 

Or panachaea, or Polygony, 

She found and brought it to her patient deare; 

The soveraine weede betwixt two marbles plaine 

She pownded small and did in peeces bruze; 

Then atween her lilly handes twaine 

Into his wound the juice thereof did seruze.'! 


Paul Hetzner, who visited England in 1598, says, as quoted by Fair- 
holt: ““At these spectacles and everywhere else the English are con- 
stantly smoking tobacco, and in this manner: They have pipes on 
purpose made of clay, into the further end of which they put the herbe 
so dry that it may be rubbed into powder, and putting fire to it they 
draw the smoke into their mouths, which they puff out again.through 
their nostrils like funnels.”” 

Aubrey, in 1600, speaking of Raleigh being the first one to popularize 
tobacco in England, says: ‘‘In our part of North Wilts, e. g., Malmsbury 
Hundred, it came first into fashion by Sir Walter Long. They had first 
silver pipes; the ordinary sort made use of a walnut shell and a straw. 
I have heard my grandfather Lyte say that one pipe was handed from 
man to man round the table.” 

Of all pipes referred to none appears more primitive than this straw 
and shell, though it is an additional evidence that to obtain the smoke 
its votaries will employ anything available to hold the tobacco. 

“Tn 1601 Mr. Secretary Cecil, in a speech, alludes to the then existing 
monopoly enjoyed by the tobacco pipe makers’ guild, which, however, 
was not regularly incorporated until 1619.”+* 

At Elizabeth Island, in 1602, Gosnoll says ‘‘no place yields finer 
tobacco than this island.” 

The English were looking to the cultivation of tobacco as a source of 
revenue, for it must be evident the whites were eager to trade with the 
natives for their peltries, than which nothing brought greater profit 
and naturally few things had more solid value than a supply of their 
favorite plant. 

The English clay pipe of commerce, or the “trade pipe,” as it is more 
commonly called, which is often found on Indian village sites, both in and 
on the aboriginal shell heaps of the Atlantic coast, as well as in Indian 
graves throughout a large part of the territory near the middle Atlantic 


1Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, III, stanzas xxxii and xxxiil. 

2h. W. Fairholt, Tobacco; its History and Associations, p. 58, London, 1859. 

8Tdem, p. 57. 

4Llewellynn Jewitt, Ceramic Art in Great Britain, I, p. 295, New York, 1878. 

5 John Harris, Voyage to the Northern Part of Virginia by Captain Gosnoll, Voyages 
and Travels, I, p. 816, London, 1705, ; 


448 REPORT OF NATIONAL. MUSEUM, 1897. 


seaboard, was, immediately upon its introduction, eagerly bought by 
the Indians and was also imitated in primitive pottery, the clay of 
which was mixed with shells. This was certainly the case along the 
shores of the Chesapeake Bay during the first half of the seventeenth 
century. There was, however, in 1605 an insufficient supply of molded 
pipes among the natives, judging from a remark of Weymouth, who, 
referring to those of primitive form in latitude 414° on the Atlantic 
seaboard, says they were “‘sometimes made of earth, sometimes of the 
claw of a lobster; but t?was always something that would hold ten or 
twelve of ours.”! 

This remark, however, evidences that the English had a particular 
pipe; that it was of diminutive size, and held scarcely more than a 
thimbleful of tobacco. 

To such an extent was the use of tobacco earried that every effort 
was made to suppress it, not alone because its odor was to some objec- 
tionable, but because of the vast sum which in the aggregate went into 
its purchase and was dissipated in smoke. The opposition became one 
of statesmen and of the church; and rigorous laws were passed to sup- 
press its importation into Europe, and severe penalties were imposed 
on those found smoking in public. There is a certain uniformity in the 
character of the English trade pipe, the type varying only in the angle 
of the bow] with the stem, the bowl eventually increasing from quite 
a diminutive size to its present dimensious. The exterior of these 
trade pipes are interesting in that they were stamped to suit the maker’s 
fancy, all being molded from a clay which turned white on burning, 
and on the flat heels of which the owner’s name or initial was often 
impressed. in the clay mold. Sometimes, however, it was more elabo- 
rate, as for example a man on horseback, a lily, or other device. Later 
these designs were transferred to the sides of the bowl, one coming 
under the writer’s observation having upon one side of the bowl a 
figure evidently representing St. George and the dragon, and upon the 
opposite side Britannia and the lion. This pipe was found in the shell 
heap under the old French fort at Castine, Maine. Again the represen- 
tation would be a rose or other flower, and yet more recently the name 
is found impressed on the stem. All these stamps were intended evi- 
dently as advertisements of the particular ware or output of a given 
factory. The smaller pipes are supposed to be the more ancient by 
those who have given this feature great attention. The writer is 
inclined to concur in this opinion from the fact that the most diminutive 
pipes of the trade type are those which have bowl and stem nearest 
approaching the straight tube, for during the last two hundred and fifty 
years the shape has gradually changed until the bowl is at present at 
right angles to the stem. ‘The small size of the bowl was due to the 
Beaten, and value of the dried plant, its enormous cost being a result 


ane Rosier, Nonace ia Virwinia: i Henry, Earl of Sonenanm ae and the 
Lord Thomas Arundel, performed by Captain Weymouth, John Harris, Voyages and 
Travels, I, p. 817. Daten 1705. 


tin 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 449 


of the many restrictions on its use. The importation of tobaeco into 
England was discouraged by enormous taxation, and there appears to 
have been a fear felt lest its use would not only impoverish the citizen, 
but that it was in addition liable to cripple the finances of the nation. 
There does not appear to be any positive knowledge as to the form of 
the earliest English pipes, consequently we are forced to a comparison 
of known English forms with those of the supposed primitive pipe 
from which the English clay pipe is copied. The heel of the pipe became 
in time a sharp spur, that decreased until it is now scarcely discernible. 

Dr. E. A. Barber refers to a trade pipe with the initials R. T. on its 
heel, which was found in an Indian grave in Chester County, Pennsyl- 
vania, probably the manufacture of one Richard Taylor, of Bath, Eng- 
land; and another was found in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.! 

The writer possessed a heeled clay pipe which was found, while dig- 
ging a well, 6 feet under the surface in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. 
A similar one was found in an Indian grave in Montgomery County, 
New York. They have also been found by Mr. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, 
New York, in Indian graves.’ 

The first tobacco-pipe maker in America of which there is record was 
Robert Cotton, whose name appears among those arriving in 1608 at 
Jamestown, Virginia, in the Phenix, the first supply vessel.’ 

Tobacco soon became the crop of Virginia and Maryland, to the exclu- 
sion of those crops essential to sustain life, owing to its high price and 
scarcity. 

As has been remarked, the Indians at times used other plants than 
tobacco for smoking, just as in Scotland it was formerly said to be ‘‘com- 
mon for the old wives of Annandale to smoke a dried white moss,” gath- 
ered on the neighboring moors, which they declared to be much sweeter 
than tobacco, and to have been in use before the American weed was 
heard of. 

Percy, in 1607, speaks of the Indian of Virginia “ with his arrow ready 
in his bow in one hand and taking a pipe of tobacco in the other, with 
a bold uttering of his speech, demanded of us our being there, willing 
us to begone.” ° 

Gabriel Archer, in 1607, speaks of the habitation of the “Great King 
Pawahtah,” whose people gave us tobacco, which plant is referred to 
as among those grown by Powhatan.® 


‘American Naturalist, XIII, p. 296. 
_ *Antiquity of the Tobacco Pipe in Europe, American Antiquarian, II, p. 6. 

’T. Studly and A. Todkell, Proceedings and Accidents with the First Supply in 
Virginia, p. 108, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works. 

4Daniel Wilson, Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, IV, p. 504, London and Cam- 
bridge, 1863. 

°G. Percy, A Discourse of the Plantation of the Southern Colony of Virginia, 
plate Lxv1, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works. 

°Gabriel Archer, A Relation of the Discovery of our River, p. xliii, in Arber’s edi- 
tion of Smith’s Works. 


NAT MUS 97——29 


450 ‘ REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Percy refers to an Indian pipe in 1607, which, he says, “was artificially 
made of earth, as ours are, but far bigger, with the bowl fashioned 
together with a piece of fine copper.”! 

An offering of tobacco was made to the English i in 1607 at Dominico, 
within 14 degrees of the line, north latitude.’ 

It is difficult to understand what was intended by the expression 
‘fashioned together with a piece of fine copper.” Was it that the pipe 
bad a bowl lined with copper, as is not uncommon with pipes of wood 
in the Northwest, or is the copper here referred to the tool with which 
the pipe was made? 

An extremely interesting stone pipe is in the collection of the museum _ 
of the University of Pennsylvania, which was found at Chelsea, Massa- 
chusetts. About half an inch of the stone stem has been broken off. 
The piece has been replaced and is firmly held in position by a thin 
copper band about an inch wide, which is neatly fitted around the stem, 
reaching above and below the fracture and holding it in place. 

Strachey refers to an offering of tobacco made to the expedition on 
the coast of Maine by “sixteen savages in three canoes;”* and an 
offering of a similar character was made in 1608 to John Smith by the 
Susquehannock Indians, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, of “ bows and 
arrows and tobacco pipes.” One of these Indians, Smith says, had 
“the head of a wolf hanging in a chain for a jewel, his tobacco pipe, 
three-quarters of a yard long, prettily carved with a bird, a deare, or 
some such devise at the great end, and sufficient to beat out one’s 
braines, with bows, arrows, and clubs suitable to their greatness.” ‘ 

Near the same place Smith encountered the Massowomekes, whose 
“targets, baskets, swords, tobacco pipes, platters, bows and arrows 
shewed they much excelled those of our parts, and their dexterity in» 
their small boats, made of the barks of trees, sowed with bark and 
well luted with gum, argueth that they are seated upon some great 
water.” ° 

These Massowomekes, the writer is informed by Mr. James Mooney, 
belonged to the Five Nations, people who commonly used birch bark, 
and whom we know were at that period living within touch of the 
French located on the St. Lawrence, or River of Canada, as it was then 
called, and who received their articles of metal directly from the French. 
Had the colonists followed the example of Smith and avoided the dis- 
putes and disagreements with which they were constantly burdened, 
they would have attained, as he has said, great happiness “had they 


Gi Por. A ee ourse of ihe Plantation of the Southern Colony of Virginia by the 
English, Introduction, p. lxiv, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works. 

eideiss p. lxiv. 

3 William Strachey, Historie of Rravaills into Virginia, p. 176 (Hakluyt Society). 

4The Voyages and Discoveries of Capt. John Smith in Virginia, p. 350, in Arber’s 
edition of Smith’s Works. 

5Tdem, p. 367, 


ee .P 


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f 
; 


» 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 451 


not so much doated on their tobacco, on whose fumish foundation there 
is small stability, there being so many good commodities besides.”! 

H. Spellman refers as early as 1609 to the pipe being used in the 
dance in Virginia. ‘They use,” he says, ‘sports much like ours here in 
England, as their dancing, which is much like our Darbyshire horn- 
pipe, a man first and then a woman, and so through them all, hanging 
allin a-round. There is one which stands in the midst with a pipe and 
a rattle, which, when he begins to make a noise, all the rest giggetts 
about, wrying their necks and stamping on the ground.”? 

This deseription of the dance of the Potomacs would apply to the 
dance of the Natchez on the Mississippi ten years earlier or to that of 
the Sioux of to-day. 

Strachey describes “‘a clay the Indians call assequeth, whereof they 
make their tobacco pipes, which is more smooth and fyne than I have 
elsewhere seen any.”* A note identifies this assequeth with catlinite, 
though the assertion does not appear warranted by the facts. 

The natives of Maryland and those of the coast countries north and 
south of Maryland possessed a fine clay, from which pipes were made 
of a bright red color, examples of which coming under the writer’s 
observation would justify Strachey’s remarks. He considered the 
tobacco of Virginia in 1612 inferior to that of ‘*Trinidado” or of * Ori- 
noque,” growing 2 or 3 yards from the ground, which the natives smoked, 
“stalk, leaves, and all, taking the same in pipes of earth, which very 
ingeniously they can make.”* He also informs us that the unmarried 
Indian did not use tobacco. 

Smith calls the tobacco pipe “pawpecones,” while Strachey says it 
was “apokan.”° 

William Parker, in 1615, shows that the pipe was extended in hospi- 
tality by the Indian to his visitor, for ‘the first thing Powhatan did he 
offered ne a pipe of tobacco, then asked how his brother, Sir Thomas 
Dall, did.” ® 

The guild of tobacco-pipe makers was, according to Fairholt, incor- 
porated October 5, 1619.7 

By this time the cultivation of tobacco had become an extensive 
industry and the manufacture of pipes a regular trade. The arms of 
the tobacco-pipe makers’ craft, which was displayed on all publie ocea- 
sions, was a growing tobacco plant, the private mark being on the heel 


'John Smith, Advertisements for the Inexperienced, or the Pathway to Erect 
a Plantation, p. 95, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works. 

*H. Spellman, Relation of Virginia, p. cxiv, 1609, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s 
Works. 

3William Strachey, Historie of Travaille into Virginia, p. 32 (Hakluyt Society). 

4Idem, pp. 121, 122. 

*Tdem, p. 44. 

William Parker’s Recoverie from Among the Savages, R. Hamor, edited by 
Capt. John Smith, p. 518, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works. 

* Tobacco and Its Associations, p. 166, 


452 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of the pipe in most cases. Sometimes a lily or a chicken was the con- 
ventional mark by which the ware or maker could be known in trade. 
For nearly three centuries Broseley, in England, has been one of the 
principal seats of the manufacture of pipes.! 

Pritchett, in Ye Smokiana, illustrates a sturdy German smoking a 
pipe, taken from an illustration at Frankfort-on-the-Main, dated 1616, 


Fig. 73. 


Figs. 71-73. 
IRON, BRONZE, AND CLAY PIPES. 


showing the smoker to be holding up the rectangular trade pipe, with 
his head thrown back as though he was smoking a tubular pipe, which 
would indicate that the practice at that period was novel. 

Guda, near Rotterdam, Sevres, in France, and Dresden, in Germany, 
have been the sources of supply in their respective countries. ‘In the 
neighborhood of Bath (England) pipes were apparently made in the- 


‘KE. A. Barber, Antiquity of the Tobacco Pipe in Europe, American Antiquarian, 
LD ps. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cUSTOoMS. 453 


beginning of the seventeenth century, and some of the examples bear 
a Shield with a branch of the tobacco plant.”! 

Numbers of early English pipes are found in and near London, at 
times as much as 12 feet below the present surface of the ground, which 
were smoked with tobacco, and very likely other plants, in the plague 
of 1664 and 1665, which carried off so large a portion of the population 
of the city. 2% 

Opinions have differed as to the antiquity of the tobacco pipe in 
Europe, though at present the weight of authority would appear 
opposed to the belief of any pre-Columbian 
tobacco pipes. In figs. 71, 72, and 73 are 
presented three very primitive pipes, which, 
judging from the angle of the bow! with the 
stem, are as old as any form of English clay 


pipe which has come under the writer’s ob- - ‘Fig. 74. 
servation. They are drawn after sketches DUTCH FORM OF CLAY TRADE PIPE. 
furnished Dr. E. A. Barber by M. N. Cour- SA eee ee eee ¥ 
nault, of Malréville, near Nancy, France. 'E. Lovett. 


Fig. 71, which is of clay, is in the National Li- 
brary of Paris, and approaches closely the tubular form. The lily upon 
the stem would indicate a French origin. Of fig. 72 less can be said; its 
age would appear considerable, and it resembles a pipe figured by Baron 
Bonstetten, as from Roman ruins in Switzerland. It is made of bronze. 
Fig. 73 is an iron pipe from Meurthe et Moselle, in the collection of M. 
Hutton, who has a similar specimen from Camp de Chalons, Marne. 
Notwithstanding the finding of these bronze and iron pipes asso- 
ciated with remains of the Roman period,’ the writer is inclined to 
doubt that they are of an antiquity as great as supposed, 
though many persons are of different opinion. These 
metal pipes differ too slightly to justify their being 
considered distinet from trade pipe forms. 
Fig. 74, here presented, was dug 
ae ./) up in the environs of London, and 
Pig. 75. is of a hard-burned white clay upon 
ee eet which the mold mark is quite dis- 
tinct. Upon the upper outside rim 
of the bowl are seen a number of 
small dots in a row encircling the bowl, forming the mill mark. This 
circle of dots is found on the English molded pipes of the seven- 
teenth century as well as on those of Dutch make. This bow] is quite 
small, holding less than one-half as much as fig. 75, also a pipe from 
ancient London. The cause of the reduction in the size of the bowl 
was probably owing to the restrictive legislation of the period of James 
I and the consequent enormously enhanced value of tobacco on account 
of its supposed wonderful medicinal virtues. 


London, England. 
Cat. No. 129692, U.S.N.M. Collected by E. Lovett. 


'Liewllynn Jewitt, Ceramic Art in Great Britain, I, p. 296, New York, 1878. 
*Barou de Bonstetten, Recuiel d’Antiquités Suisses, Pt. 3, p. 13, Berne and Paris, 1855. 


454 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 76 is a molded pipe from Guda, Holland, collected by Mr. A. 8. 
Gatschett, and has the same general style of bowl as the preceding 
English pipes, though in the latter the flat heel is observed instead of 


Fig. 76. 
ENGLISH TYPE OF CLAY PIPE. 


Guda, Holland. 


Cat. No, 45959, U.S.N.M. Collected by 
A. S. Gatschett. 


the spur. Upon the heel of this pipe are 
stamped five dots in a ring around a central 
dot. This variety iscommonly described as 
one of the earliest English forms. Some 
attribute them even to the Elizabethan 
period. 

This stamp has been called by some 
writers a lily; by others it is described as - 
arose. So far, however, as the writer has 
been able to determine, it is extremely diffi- 
cult to ascribe to these pipes any certain 
date, and there is doubt even whether the 
shape is not common alike to France, 
England, and Holland. 


The trade marks and symbols on trade-pipe heels and bowls are too 
numerous to mention, though doubtless a study made of them would 
settle many vexed points in 


American archeology. 


There is in the Douglass col- 
lection a pipe presented by Dr. 
ferdinand Kellar, of Switzer- 
land, and by him attributed to 
the sixteenth century, upon the 
side of the bow] of which are the 
same five dots in a cirele re- 


POTTERY TRADE PIPE, 


Warren, Rhode Island. : 


ferred to as being on the heel of Cat. No. 17974, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. H. Clark. 

the English pipe, and called a 

rose and also a lily, though the form of the pipe is more like those 
which in this paper are described as Iroquoian, the shape of which was 


mainly due to French 
influences. . Upon one 
of the English pipes in 
the U. S. National Mu- 
seum collection there 


eee appears the monogram 


ON eee BO HB on the heel. 


Fig. 77 is quite an 


gine lain as ache = ancient English trade 


Norfolk, Virginia. 
Cat. No. 175595, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. D. McGuire. 


pipe, found in an Indian 
grave at Burs Hill, War- 


ren, Rhode Island, and collected by Mr. J. H. Clark, upon which there 
is neither heel nor spur, though the mill mark around the outer side of 


the bow] is quite distinct. 


The texture of the pottery from which it is 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 455 


made is much less hard than is usually the case with trade pipes, and 
it having no heel or spur may indicate that it was of a more primitive 
form than those having such. 

Fig. 78 is a pipe in every way similar to the Rhode Island specimen, 
made, however, from dark green chlorite and well polished. It was 
given the writer some years since, and was said to be a surface find 
from near Norfolk, Virginia. The 
bowl and stem are as thin as are usu- 
ally those of the molded trade type 
of burned clay, and it is a fine exam- 
ple of skill in stone work as well as 
an evidence of contemporaneous use 
of stone and clay pipes of similar form. 
Even though it were demonstrated 
that this pipe was made with steel 


tools, as it probably was, it would rep- Fig. 79. 
resent a piece of exceptionally good prin eta 4 


Nacoochee, Georgia. 
workmanship for a modern mechanic. Se ee 


A cast of a stone pipe (fig. 79) 
found at Nacoochee, Georgia, collected by Mr. J. H. Nichols, is clearly 
of the type of the trade pipe. Its short stem and slightly enlarged 
mouthpiece, as well as the thinness of the bowl, would, however, ap- 
pear to indicate a metal prototype and probable European origin. 

Fig. 80 represents a cast of an extremely 
peculiar and unique specimen of the primi- 
tive trade pipe form, surrounded by a disk 
of stone evidently so carved and worked out 
of the stone as to resemble sewed leather. 
It is from Tioga County, New York, col- 
lected by Mr. J. Allen. While the dots en- 
circling the pipe, representing the stitches 
of the needle, are upon the one side in two 
rows, there is but a single row on the oppo- 
site side; all are, however, connected by 
lines running from dot to dot, as though 


Cast, Cat. No. 31567, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. H. Nichols. 


a 


5 TM 


Fig. 80. intended to indicate the thread. The pipe 
TYPE OF STONE TRADE PIPE. form and disk appear to suggest that it is 
Tioga, New York. made in imitation of a pipe in its leather 
Cast, Cat. No. 58532, U.S.N.M. Collected by 2 
J. Allen. oS 


The next pipe (fig. 81), which also evi- 
dently belongs to the European type, is made from blue clay, and 
is said to be of the primitive Italian form. The bowl, at right 
angles to the stem, is very much larger than are any of the Euro- 
pean pipes with which the writer is acquainted. It was found at 
Redbank, New Jersey, and collected by Mr. W. 8S. Vaux. The 
bowl] rests upon three coils as a base, rudely ornamental, parallel 


A56 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


lines running closely up and down the same, beginning at the top of the 
coil and ending just below the upper edge of the rim. Pritchett, in Ye 
Smokiana, represents such a pipe as of Roman make of the date of 1669. 
Judging from the large size of this bowl, the type would probably be of 
a period when the price of tobacco was cheap, as was the case during 
the reign of Charles II. Pritchett 
appears to have copied his illastra- 
tion from one of Benedetto Stella, 
which was published in Rome in 1669, 
and is by the latter referred to as of 
English make. 

As early as 1670 the Colony of 
Virginia shipped 12,000 hogsheads 
of tobacco, which was equal to 
Sassge 12,000,000 pounds. 

Fig. 81. Fig. 82 is a modern Dutch pipe 
Spare CRS Beeps oe made of the usual white clay, such as 
Pcie ashy ai ee the ordinary clay pipe is commonly 

Cat. No. 10032, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. S. Vaux, 
made from. It is figured solely for 
the purpose of illustrating the survival of primitive forms. The orna- 
mentation is indicative of a close relationship to a class of pipes from 
Georgia herein referred to, and from this and other known specimens 
the deduction is quite naturai that Europern traders in pipes usually 
catered in type and ornamentation to prevailing Indian forms, the orna- 
mentation, with few exceptions, being due to European ideas. Pipes of 
this type were evidently intended to be smoked with hollow stems, 
probably made of reed. If the leaves sur- 
rounding the stem and radiating from the 
bird’s beak and the beak itself are com- 
pared with those upon the pipes from the 
Etowah mound, and the mound pipes from 
Georgia, it will be admitted that they have 
a common origin, whether that be Dutch or 
Indian, and the mold mark on the Etowah 
specimen (fig. 238) suggests that it is Euro- 
pean. Ornamentation very similar to the 


MHXW6uwwA, 


- ESS 
\\ 


bird’s beak appears to be employed in cer- ~“ Fig. 82. 
tain prettily modeled clay pipes found in MODERN CLAY PIPE, 
Onondagaand Cayugacounties, New York, Holland. 


Cat. No, 76856, U.S.N.M. Collected by U.S. State 
Department. 


specimens of which are in the collection of 
the Peabody Academy of Sciences in 
Salem, Massachusetts; and an exceedingly fine specimen is also in the 
Douglass collection, the latter being about 7 inches long, and was 
found in Onondaga County, the beak arising 24 inches above the bowl. 
It represents the head of araven. The bird’s mouth and nostrils are— 
executed with unusual spirit, and appear to be due rather to French 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 457 


than Dutch or English influences. It may be argued that this resem- 
blance between the pipes of the South and the North is due to acci- 
dent rather than design, though the writer is convinced that in this 
case, as in most others of American pipes where artistic figures in the 
round are observed, the idea is European and due to European 
influences entirely. 

The ‘trade pipe” goes by many names in different parts of the British 
possessions in Europe, “Danes pipes,” ‘Cromwell pipes,” ‘ Elfin 
pipes,” and ‘Celtic pipes” being among the most common. Wilson 
says that the pipes known by tke last two names have been found in 
considerable numbers in North Berwick and elsewhere in Seotland.! 

This pipe is quite common in many parts of Scotland. Some 


archeologists still contend that pipes of this type antedate the reign 


of Elizabeth, if not the discovery of America itself, a view in support 
of which there appears but little evidence. 

One of the best known trade pipes was a London pipe which got its 
name from the **Old Cock Tavern.” <A rooster stamped on the heel 
identifies it. 

The writer possesses a pipe of this type found in a shell heap on the 
shore of Chesapeake Bay, which has been so scraped over its entire 
surface so as to obliterate the mold mark. The attempt has been sue- 
cessful, except at one point on the heel, where a trace of it may still be 
seen. The stem of this specimen is only about 2 inches long and near 
the end is worn through on top by the smoker’s teeth, which, if done by 
an Indian, must have been late in the seventeenth or early in the 
eighteenth century, for among primitive pipes there is seldom any evi- 
dence of the stem coming in contact with the teeth, and so marked is 
this that one is impressed with the belief that it must be due to some 
especial custom in connection with the pipe. A noticeable feature of 
this pipe is that the stem has been broken off close to the bowl and 
repaired with glue. This pipe was purchased of a lad who was smok- 
ing it at the time, and stated that he had found it Jess than half an 
hour before. As it was of undoubted trade form and the boy attached 
no value to it, there appears no reason to doubt the correctness of the 
story. That the pipe may, however, be that of a white man, as the wear 
of the stem would appear to indicate, must be admitted as a possibility, 
for Jewitt refers to ‘“‘the bowls of many of the older pipes” which ‘are 
scraped into form after being molded.”? 

We can only surmise what the glue is with which this pipe has been 
repaired, as the only reference the writer recalls of aboriginal glue 
occurs in Smith’s account of Virginia, in which he remarks that ‘ with 
Sinews and the tops of deers’ horns boiled to a jelly they make a glue 
that will not dissolve in cold water.” * 


‘Daniel Wilson, Archeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, p. 679, Edin- 
burgh, 1851. 
?Llewellynn Jewitt, Ceramic Art in Great Britain, I, p. 295, New York, 1878. 
‘Capt. John Smith in Virginia, p. 68, in Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works. 


458 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Whether the original trade pipe is a copy of an earlier stone pipe or 
not may be open to question, the writer being of the impression that it 
is a modification of the primitive tube. Mr. Newton D. Sprecher, how- 
ever, found on the Upper Potomac River, near Shepherdstown, in Vir- 
ginia, a very perfect specimen of a stone pipe of the “trade type,” the 
stem of which is somewhat large in proportion to the size of the bowl. 
It appears to be made of banded slate. 

. While the Indian, we are told, would give anything in his possession 
for tobacco, and made many and sometimes singular uses of it, it 
remained for the whites to adopt it as currency. The first evidence of 
which that has come under the writer’s notice is an enactment at James 
City, Virginia, in 1619, declaring tobacco a currency, the treasurer of 
the colony being directed to receive it at a valuation of 3 shillings a 
pound for the best and 18 pence a pound for the second quality.! 

Governor Yeardley directed general attention to the culture of 
tobacco, the profits of which became so alluring that all other oceupa- 
tions were forsaken for it. In the colony of Virginia, with a population 
of 4,000 in 1620, 40 hogsheads of tobacco were shipped to England; in 
1638, 500,000 pounds, and in 1670 it had increased to 12,000,000 pounds. 

During the reign of Elizabeth there was no especial reason for a 
small bowl to the pipe, except the natural scarcity of the tobacco sup- 
ply, the duty on it being only 2 pence a pound. James I, however, 
raised it to the enormous sum of 64 shillings a pound.? 

From this time on for a long period the strongest efforts were made to 
suppress the use of tobacco. The same year (1620) that the colony of Vir- 
ginia exported 40 hogsheads of tobacco King James I issued a procla- 
mation for restraint of disorderly trading of tobacco. ‘*Whereas,” says 
the statute, ‘““‘We, etc., out of the dislike we had to the use of tobacco, 
tending to a general and new corruption, both of men’s bodies and man- 
ners, and yet, nevertheless, holding it of the two more tolerable that 
the same should be imported, amongst many other vanities and super- 
fluities which came from beyond the seas, then permitted to be planted 
here within this realm, thereby to abuse and misemploy the soil of this 
fruitful Kingdom” * * * did prohibit, after the 2d day of Febru- 
ary, (then) next “the sowing, setting, or planting of tobacco; and 
whereas we have taken into consideration the great waste and consump- 
tion of the wealth of our Kingdoms by the inordinate liberty and abuse 
of tobacco, being a weed of no necessary use, and but of late years 
brought into our dominions,” * it prohibits others than such as shall be 
authorized and appointed thereto by letters patent from having it in 
possession, ete. 


1 Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, III, p. 143. 

2TIdem, pp. 140, 146, 147. 

3. W. Fairholt, Tobacco and its Associations, p. 83. 

4Robert Sanderson, Rymeri Federa, p. 233, London, 1726, quoting Eighteenth, 
James I. 


: 


i iit i i i a i Nh i i) 


ew. cy 


eee 


hed A 


; 
. 
t 
: 
$ 
7 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cuSsToMS. 459 


Charles I, in 1625, issued a proclamation “* De herba nicotiana,” in 
which the following appears: ‘“‘ Whereas our most dear father did, 29th 
September last and the 2d of March last, publish two proclamations 
prohibiting the importation of tobacco not the growth of Virginia or 
the Sommer Islands,” gives until the “fowerth daye” of May next to 
export any such as may be in the country.! 

So drastic a measure as to require the exportation from England of 
tobacco not grown in the British possessions appears to have been the 
cause, in some way, of a proclamation issued the following year (1626) 
allowing the importation into England of 50,000 pounds of Spanish or 
foreign tobacco. ” 

When the demand for tobacco exceeded the supply, the natural law 
of trade immediately became in force, and the price increased in pro- 
portion. At one period it was related that the newest and least worl 
shillings were laid aside with which to -pur- 
chase an equal weight of the Herba nicotiana. 

In 1626, it is said, “Sir Henry Oglander, in 
the Isle of Wight, records for eight ounces of 
tobacco 5 shillings,” and in the Journal of 
Rey. Giles Moore, in 1656, be notes “for two 
ounces of tobacco1 shilling.”*? Thisenormous 
cost of tobacco would naturally have a ten- 
dency to reduce the pipe bowl to ‘“elfin” 
dimensions. 


| Fig. 83. 
To what extent the colonists smoked in the BRAZED IRON PIPE. 


earlier years we appear to have no record, Cherokee County, North Carolina. 
but from certain remarks encountered in © No 128 USN IM. Goleded by Gene 
some colonial writings we can but infer that 
they indulged in smoking to aless extent than Englishmen did at home. 
The restrictive legislation of the mother country.against smoking was 
also enacted in some of the colonies, and the writer is of the impression 
that the law against smoking in the public streets yet prevails upon 
the statute books, applying to Boston, Massachusetts, and survives 
from the laws of the seventeenth century. The tobacco pipe of the 
famous Miles Standish, who came over in the Mayflower, and which was 
smoked by him on the day of his death, is referred to as a little iron 
affair about the size and shape of a common clay pipe,’ probably just 
such an iron pipe as is often found in European countries and com- 
monly, but erroneously, the writer thinks, attributed to the Roman 
period. 

A very primitive yet a substantial metal pipe (fig. 83) from Cherokee 


1 Robert Sanderson, Rymeri Feedera, p. 19, quoting First Charles I. 

2Idem, p. 849. 

3F. W. Fairholt, Tobacco and its Associations, p. 104, London, 1859. 

4 Antiquity of the Tobacco Pipe in Europe, referring to the Albany Journal, Amer- 
ican Antiquarian, II, p. 6. 


460 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


County, North Carolina, collected by Gen. Thomas A. Dunean, is said 
to have been found in an old shaft supposed to have been one of the 
workings of De Soto in that State. The cone-shaped bow] is at right 
angles to its tubular stem, both bowl and stem being made of sheet 
wrought iron cut to the desired size, the edges of which when brought 
together have been neatly brazed, the brass line being well shown in 
the illustration. The writer would suspect a much more recent period 
than that of De Soto as the date of this pipe, and either French or 
English as its origin, probably the latter. 

This view is greatly strenghtened by fig. 84, a steatite pipe from 
Westerly, Rhode Island, collected by Mr. J. H. Clark. The bowls of 
these two pipes, except in material, are identical, and the stone speci- 
men leaves little doubt of its being a copy of a metal original. The 
walls of bowl and stem are approximately three-sixteenths of an ineh 
thick, a glance at which suggests a metal rather than clay prototype. 

A still more primitive metal pipe than any we 
have encountered is a specimen catalogued as from 
“Virginia,” in the museum of the University of 
Pennsylvania, which is about 8 inches long, made 
from a thin sheet of copper, in shape somewhat like 
that of the trade pipe. The copper had first been 
cut to suit the purpose for which it was intended; 
the stem has been formed by hammering the edges 
into tubular shape and then made to overlap; the 
bowl, at right angles to the stem, has been ham- 

Aneta See mered in the same way, the sheet forming it also 
Westerly, Rhode Island. Overlapping, as did the stem. The only sign of orna- 
Ce Noe Ot USA 2/2 aeeriL ON this very primitive pipe is a narrow beading 

projecting around the upper edge of the bowl, ham- 
mered from the inside. The metal from which this pipe is made is 
neither welded, brazed, nor riveted, yet the overlapping metal forms a 
most satisfactory stem and bowl. 

Still another metal pipe made of sheet copper was plowed up in a 
field at Mount Eaton, Stark County, Ohio, and is in the Douglass col- 
lection. It is of thin sheet, the bowl and stem both being brazed. 

From the period of the first use of tobacco in HKurope, so far as the 
writer has observed, the shape of the trade pipe has remained practi- 
cally constant, the European having apparently adopted a pipe of a 
shape selected by the early traders with the Indians. 

Among the American Indians there are known to have been many 
different plants smoked in pipes; and while the European appears to 
have been generally consistent in his employment of tobacco there 
were exceptions to the rule, a most peculiar one of which was that 
recorded of William Bredon, who in 1633 was the parson or vicar of 
Thornton, ‘‘ who was so given to tobacco and drink that when he had 
no tobacco he would cut the bell ropes and smoke them.”! 


IF, W. Fairholt, Tobacco and its Associations, ». 107, quoting Lilly the astrologer. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 461 


The English were trading in axes, blue cloth and peake, jew’s-harps, 
pipes, etc., according to the records of proceedings in the Council of 
Maryland in 1637, and had, presumably, done so in Virginia from an 
earlier period. Among articles seized under a sheriff’s levy on the 
goods of Captain Cleyborne, June 20, 1638, are enumerated, ‘two 
trading pipes.” Josselyn asserts that tobacco derives its name from 
Tabago, one of the “‘Caribbe Islands,” and refers to its proper name as 
‘“picielte, as others will Petum; nicotian from Nicot, a Portugal,” and 
quaintly refers to its being ‘‘made the complement of our entertain- 
ments and hath made more slaves than Mahomet.”! 

After the middle of the seventeenth century the English constantly 
refer to the pipe in trade with the Indians and in the presents given 
in treaties and councils. At first they are enumerated in small quan- 
tities, but soon are treated of by the gross. The colonists cultivated 
the tobacco plant, and early turned out by machinery pipes in which 
to smoke it, all which added to their trade and its consequent profits. 

Among the articles enumerated which were given in exchange for 
land lying between Rankokas Creek and Timber Creek in New Jersey, 
on September 10, 1677, are 120 pipes and 100 jew’s-harps.? 

Five years later William Penn landed and received the lighted calu- 
met or pipe, “ which was smoked out of by all, the great sachem first 
taking a whiff, then William Penn, and subsequently the sachems and 
warriors and squaws of every tribe.”*> A second smoke closed the bar- 
gain for the purchase of the land; and 300 tobacco pipes, 100 hands of 
tobacco, 20 tobacco boxes, and 100 jew’s-harps were a portion of the 
articles given in the exchange. 

Garcillasso de la Vega, in his Royal Commentaries of Peru, 1688, 
gives so little information concerning tobacco beyond mentioning its 
name, ‘‘sayri,” as to leave one under the impression that it was not 
smoked by the natives; it was, however, used as snuff. 

In the “Counterblaste” of King James I, tobacco is spoken of as 
“loathsome to the eye, hurtful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dan- 
gerous to the lungs, and in the black stinking fume thereof nearest 
resembling the horrible stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless.” 4 

English pipes presented to the Indians in 1692 were of wood and 
tin, others were referred to as ““wampum pipes,” and others as of 
“white clay.”® 

In the negotiations in 1702 by Lord. Combary, captain-general and 
governor in chief “to ye farr Indians called ‘ Twightwighs’ (Miamis) 


‘Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3d ser., p. 261, Josselyn’s 
account of Two Voyages to New England. 

*Samuel Smith, History of the Colony of Nova Caesaria, or New Jersey, Burling- 
ton, New Jersey, 1765. 

°M. L. Weems, The Life of William Penn, Philadelphia, 1836. 

*R. A. Brock, The position tobacco has ever held as the chief source of wealth 
to Virginia, p. 11, Richmond, Virginia. 

°W.M, Beauchamp, Indian Pipes, American Antiquarian, IV, p. 329, 


462 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


and ‘Dionondades’” (Wyandots and Nation de Petun), among the 
presents to the Indians ‘‘one hundred and ten wampum pipes”! are 
mentioned, referring probably to the hard-burned trade pipes. 

Labat, in 1724, says tobacco was like an apple of discord which 
lighted up a lively war among the learned, in the discussions concern- 
ing which the ignorant took an equal part; even the women were not 
backward in arraying themselves for or against a thing they under- 
stood no more than they did the serious problems of their times. Doc- 
tors, he says, took advantage of the occasion, though they had never 
before seen or heard of tobacco, and did not hesitate to discuss its vir- 
tues as though they had known it since the time of Galen, Hippocrates, 
and Eseulapius. Reasoning without knowledge, they seldom agreed; 
some tempered it with cooling drugs, others mixed it with aromatic 
herbs, but all concurred in prescribing it with directions how to pre- 
pare and take it according to age, strength, and temperament. They 
prescribed the exact quantity to be taken, and at what time; one was to 
take it fasting and another only after a meal; one in the evening and 
the other in the morning, ete.’ 

The natives of the Hudson Bay country received from the English 
traders ‘‘medicines” analogous to the tobacco of America, according to 
Ellis, in 1750, who says: ‘‘There are many, especially those living on 
the cliffs of the Great Lakes in the interior of the country, who act the 
role of charlatans, with drugs they buy of the English—sugar, ginger, 
barley, pepper, the seeds of kitchen plants, Spanish liquorice, pow- 
dered tobacco, etc. The Indians take all these drugs in small quan- 
tities, either as remedies, or that they may excel in hunting, fishing, 
or in fighting; qualities attributed to these trifles by the Hudson Bay 
English. It is by these means that a third of the trade is made with 
these charlatans who exchange them for furs which the common people 
give them or which they trap.”* De Paw says: “Sarmiento in going 
for reenforcements for his settlements was made prisoner by this cele- 
brated Raleigh, who on his part had sought El Dorado, and who was 
afterwards beheaded at London for having taught the English to 
smoke, at least the judges alleged this pretext to immolate a great 
man whom they disliked. If it is true that England gains annually 
twenty millions from this American pul it is surprising that Raleigh 
has not yet a statue.” 

At Damariscotta River, Moscougas Sound, Maine, Mr. Phelps has 
repeatedly found iren implements and clay pipes of European make in 

the upper layers of the great shell heap, but in no case have these things 
been found below 1 foot from the surface.’ 


' Documents relating to the Colonial History of ‘New. York, IV, p. 981. 
2 Labat, Voyages aux isles de l Amerique, IV, p. 479, Hague, 1724. 
* Henry Ellis, Voyage & La Baye de Hudson, p. 246, Leyden, 1750. 
‘Cornelius De Paw, Recherches Philosophiques sur les Américains, I, p. 364, Lon- 
don, 1771. 
oF. W. Putnam, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Annual Report of the Peabody 
Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, pp. 161, 353. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 463 


There is in the collection of the U. S. National Museum (Cat. No. 6182) 
a fragment of a pipe made of blue clay which was found at Bloomfield, 
Onondaga County, New York, collected by Col. EK. Jewett. It is poorly 
burned, yet quite artistic in design, the attempt having apparently 
been made to imitate an ear of corn on the panels surrounding the 
bowl. That its origin is due to the white people is further shown by a 
stamp of a notched arrow fitted into the string of a bow, which is 
drawn back to its head, this is placed inside a diamond-shaped figure. 
The specimen apparently belonged to a pipe of the type of the Roman 
specimen found at Red Bank, New Jersey. The Rev. W. M. Beau- 
champ refers in a private letter to a pewter pipe found in Oneida 
County, New York, of the “‘trade pipe” form, and speaks of others of 
brass and iron. Dr. E. A. Barber also refers to a pipe of the “trade 
pipe” pattern which was found in the Jura Mountains, Canton of Berne, 
Switzerland, made of iron, having upon its bowl the face of a man 
facing the smoker, and a second face on the far side facing in the 
opposite direction, and a second specimen, on the bow] of which there 
is represented the leaf of some plant, probably a tobacco leaf. 

In a communication to the Daily Post of Birmingham, England, by 
Mr. Este, he refers to “pipes of Sevres, of Saxe, and Berlin; Capo di 
Monte and Furstenburg, Copenhagen; English pottery, Worcester 
glazed pipes of Brompton ware and Wedgewood; Italian pipes of deli- 
cate ivory and choicest Venetian glass; German pipes of agate and 
meerschaum; Swedish pipes of iron from Danemora, and Roman pipes 
from the Campagna,” as among the celebrated pipes of the world.! 

These and those of many other countries were among the pipes in 
the wonderful Bragge collection now in the British Museum. On the 
Indian town sites of the Colonial period fragments of many of these 
pipes at times occur, especially those of the Spanish, French, Dutch, 
English, and Italian types. Among the French pipes of the beginning 
of this century Fairholt figures one, part of the stem of which consists 
of a cannon having upon the barrel two bowls, one behind the other, in 
shape of bombshells. The idea is identical with the double-bowled 
Siouan callinite pipe herein figured ° (fig. 176). 

A similar specimen has been found in a mound in Michigan. There 
are doubtless those who will consider the latter type purely aboriginal, 
though the writer can not help thinking that the form is due to the 
influence of European art. The same may be said of the death’s-head 
pipe, not uncommon on the continent of Europe, which has characteris- 
tics similar to those of certain pipes of the Iroquoian type found along 
the St. Lawrence, in northern New York. An inquiry among distin- 
guished archeologists of France, Italy, and Holland as to the primitive 
forms of: pipes of those countries has had only negative results. An- 
cient stone pipes appear scarcely ever in Europe, the only one coming 
under the writer’s notice being referred to by Wilson as coming from 


2F. W. Fairholt, Tobacco and its Associations, p. 188, London, 1859. 


A464 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the village of Morningside, at the base of the Pentland Hills, in Scot- 
land, where numerous traces of primitive population have been brought 
to light.! 

Dr. E. A. Barber refers to a pipe of Etruscan origin, having a beau- 
tiful patina, in the Campagna collection, which presents some charac- 
teristics of originality, yet Rev. W. M. Beauchamp refers to a specimen 
of quite similar type in his collection at Tompkinsville, New York 
which was found on the shore of the Susquehanna River. 

It is to be regretted that the history of the tomahawk pipe is so 
incomplete in early American writings, for it certainly has occupied as 
important a place, both in war and peace, over a great part of the con- 
tinent as any pipe known, and is peculiarly a war pipe and one of the 
most familiar and terrible weapons of the allies of the whites in the 
endless colonial wars of America. According to Strachey the native 
term for “hatchet” was “taccahacan,” or “‘tamahaac,” as distinguished 
from an Indian hatchet, which was “cunsenagwas.”?” 

This word eventually came to designate the “war hatchet” of the 
Indian, supplied by the military commanders of the whole continent in 
equipping the warriors on the many expeditions in which French and 
English were constantly engaged, and was furnished the Indian allies 
of the English in our war of Independence. This weapon was either in 
the form of a spear or hatchet blade on one side, while upon the oppo- 
site side there was a cup-like cavity with a small hole extending into 
the eye of the weapon into which a tough handle of wood was fitted, 
18-inches or 2 feet in length. The handle was perforated almost its 
entire length, and below the hollow of the bowl it was bored at right 
angles to this perforation, a suitable stem hole for the passage of the 
tobacco smoke when the implement was in use as a pipe. The toma- 
hawk pipe was not only attractive and popular in trade, but, like the 
earlier trade pipe, was given as a present at councils and ratifications 
of treaties; it was a pipe, a hatchet, and a mace or hammer all in one, 
and ‘answered an important military requirement in lessening the 
weight and incumbrances of the warrior, who otherwise would have 
tenaciously held to the stone pipe, which, in itself, was heavier than the 
tomahawk. French, English, and Spanish all appear to have made 
and distributed the metal tomahawk. Usually it was of iron, but 
examples are known of copper, of brass, and of pewter. Some were 
made of a combination of brass and iron, intended for ornamenta- 
tion rather than to add to its effectiveness. At times the blades were 
inlaid with silver in ornamental designs. The outline of the bladed 
tomahawk of metal is so similar to the stone hammer-ax or Thor- 
hanmer of antiquity as to suggest that the one was copied from the 
other. The handles of these tomahawks were from an inch to 13 
inches in diameter, the stems of them when not bored were split open, 


1 Daniel Wilson, Archeology and Annals of Scotland, p. 681, Edinburgh, 1851. 
2 William Strachey, Historie of Travaille into Virginia, 1612 (Hakluyt Society). 


; 
: 
4 
; 
Z 
: 
: 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 465 


and, having a groove gouged in each piece, they would be again placed 
together and held in place with glue, or bound with wire or hide. The 
ornamentation of pipe stems depended largely upon the owner’s taste, 
they being decorated in the most attractive manner; sometimes the 
ornamentation would be of feathers, of strips of skins of various 
animals, or they would be studded with brass or 
silver nails, and scores or tallies were often kept 
by notches, representing the enemies killed or 
struck with the weapon. The writer recalls a Creek 
tomahawk hatchet pipe upon the handle of which 
were several groups of score marks said to repre- 
sent the victims of its owner’s prowess, the differ- 
ent scores indicating distinet tribes with which 
the owner had fought. 

Fig. 85 is one of the most grace- 
ful and at the same time most sym- 
metrical of the familiar forms of 
the English tomahawk pipes. Its 
long graceful hatchet blade is made 
of iron, into the blade of which is 
inlaid an ornamented silver plate in 
the form of the now familiar Bowie 
knife, upon the blade of which is 
neatly engraved “H. Knox,” as 
though a play upon words were in- 
tended. The handle of this pipe- Fig. 85. 
hatchet has wound around it a _— =NeLisH TYPE oF Toma- 
band of silver, and a number of sil- Ry oterrate 
ver nails driven into the wood. 

This tomahawk is 8 inches from edge of the blade to 
the top of its bowl. There is in the U.S. National Mu- 
seum collection a similarly shaped specimen from Cat- 
taraugus County, New York, with a blade of brass into 
which is brazed a steel cutting-edge. On these toma- 
hawks the bowls are similar, shaped like an inverted 
acorn, having the general characteristics of the Micmae 


Fig. 86. 
TroMAHAWK pire. Stone pipe. There is in the collection of the U.S. Na- 


Devils Lake, Dakota. tional Museum another tomahawk-shaped pipe of wood, 
oat Noss OS NM Of Cherokee make, the bowl and eye of which are, how- 


Collected by Paul Beckwith. i ae i a i 
ever, reenforced by a lining of sheet iron. The earliest 


description the writer has found to tomahawks is that of Robert Rogers, 

who, in 1765, says: “This weapon,” the tomahawk, “is formed much like 

an hatchet, having a long stem or handle; the head is a round ball of 

solid wood, well enough calculated to knock men’s brains out, which on 

the other side of the stem terminates in a point where the edge would be 

if made an hatchet, which point is set a little hooking or coming towards 
NAT MUS 97-—30 


466 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the stem; and near the center where the stem or handle pierces the 
head another point projects forward a considerable length, which serves ~ 
to thrust with, like a spear or pike pole. The tomahawk is likewise 
ornamented with feathers and paintings disposed and variegated in 
many forms, according to the occasion and end for which it is used, and 
on it they keep journals of their marches and most important and noted 
occurrences in a kind of hieroglyphs.” ! 

The description of Rogers would therefore indicate that the toma- 
hawk pipe was not in general use ten years prior to the Revolution but 
about contemporaneous with the war of the Revo- 
lution. 

Fig. 86, from Minniwaukan or Devils Lake, Dakota, 
collected by Maj. Paul Beckwith, United States Indian 
Agent, presents the tomahawk pipe with the spear- 
shaped blade. The ornamentation of this blade is quite 
gracefully arranged by incisions in the metal in conven- 
tional star and crescent-like figures and notches on the 
upper angles of the spear and around the edges of the 
eye. The bowl, while longer, is less ornamental than 
that of the preceding figure. This type is commonly 
attributed to the French, but with little apparent au- 
thority, though the presumption may well be correct, 
for we know that pipes, from their shape and ornamen- 
tation, were attributable to their proper tribe, and it is 
most natural that English and French should have 
armed their allies in such a manner as to render them 
easily distinguishable from their enemies. Had the 
tomahawk pipe been employed in Rogers’s time he 
rence rypeorroy. WOuld scarcely have failed to notice-it, one would think, 

AHAWK PIPE. though, Col. A. Lane Fox, quoted by Stevens, says, that 

Kiowa Indians. ‘during the American war the English were compelled 

Cullectal ty JenesMtanee, to make iron tomahawks after the native pattern with 

a pipe bowl opposite the blade of the weapon, before 
the Indians could be efficiently armed as allies.”? This would probably 
identify sufficiently the time when these weapons came into general use 
as about the beginning of the Revolution. They have been referred 
to as instruments ‘resembling a little axe with which the Indians crush 
the heads of their enemies, which they smoke, and on the handle of which 
they keep a register of their victories.” ® 

Closely allied to the last specimen is one (fig. 87) collected among the 
Kiowa by Mr. James Mooney. Though the head is only 6? inches long, 


Fig. 87. 


‘Robert Rogers, A Concise Account of North America, p. 226, London, 1722. 
?Edward T. Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 526, London, 1870, quoting Col. A. Lane Fox. 
Primitive Warfare, Journal of the Royal United Service Institute, XI, p. 617. 
’ John Filson, Histoire de Kentucke, nouvelle Colonie & l’Ouest de la Virginie, p. 97, 
note, Paris, 1785, translated from English by M. Parrand. i 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 467 


the handle of itis 20 incheslong. Mr. Mooney, who has passed much time 
among the natives of the Southwestern portion of the United States, 
attributes this specimen to the Mexican or Spanish type; a somewhat 
similar specimen (Cat. No.8363, U.S.N.M.), collected among the Apaches, 
would appear to sustain this opinion, the pipe figured retaining very 
greatly the pike or halberd shape which was in use in the eighteenth 
century. 

The form of the old metal battle axe is preserved in fig. 88, which is 
an iron tomahawk, found in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, by Mr. 
W. R. Stewart. The axe is 7 inches long, its blade being perforated 
with three holes for the purpose of allowing the attachment of cloth 
or feather ornaments; brass disks, 
slightly convex, are brazed to the blade 
to heighten the effect from an esthetic 
point of view. This curved blade may 
be seen in many weapons in the collec- 
tion of the U.S. National Museum re- 
cently brought from the Kongo, as 
well as in the battle-axe of the time of 
the Crusades. 

There is in the collection of the Mu- 
seum of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania an excellent bronze tomahawk 
pipe from Pasadena, California, the ex- 
terior of which, blade, bowl, and eye, 
are all covered with series of short 
straight and curved lines arranged in 
tasteful designs. 

In the Siouan area, near the waters 
of the Upper Missouri, tomahawks in 
imitation of those made of metal are 
found made of catlinite. Fig. 88. 

Pipes of this character, owing to the SPANISH TYPE OF TOMAHAWK PIPE. 
Indians’ being moved on to reserva- 
tions from their original homes, are 
liable to be found far from their original point of distribution, and while 
the same argument would apply to pipes of other shapes it would be to 
a far less extent for many reasons, chief of which would be that the 
earlier Indians were confined within more restricted limits. 

There was, there can be little doubt, a more intimate acquaintance of 
the whites with the interior of the continent, through the wanderings of 
hunters and traders, than is generally believed. That the goods of the 
whites were traded from tribe to tribe before the whites themselves 
penetrated the country is recorded. James McBride, according to 
Filson, was the first white man who had knowledge of Kentucky, 
and, in 1754, “accompanied by some friends, descended the Ohio in 


Greenbrier County, West Virginia. 
Cat. No. 13515, U.S.NM. Collected by W. R. Stewart. 


468 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


canoes, disembarked at the mouth of the Kentucky, and marked three 
trees with the first letters of his name.” ! 

Du Pratz, however, it should be remembered, in 1758, nie four years 
subsequent to this supposed visit, published a map of parts of the 
interior of the continent, upon which the Miami and the Maumee, the 
latter under the name of the Riviere du Portage, are both laid down.” 

It is known that not only did the individual trader or trapper try to 
keep his rivals in ignorance of the territories which he visited, but the 
matter was an international one as well, for Spanish, French, English, 
and Dutch each tried to deceive those of other nationalities concerning 
the interior or back country, the struggle then, as in some countries 
even now, being to obtain or retain exclusive trade privileges. We see 
the same struggle to-day in Africa between the French and English 
which two hundred years ago was carried on in America. 

In 1778 Daniel Boone was taken prisoner by 200 Indians and two 
Frenchmen, who carried him to the salt mines, where he found 27 more 
of his party, whom he regularly surrendered. ‘The advantageous con- 
ditions of his surrender,” he says, ‘they observed strictly.”* 


MONITOR PIPES. 


There is no pipe more striking or better marked in its characteristics 
than the ‘ Monitor,” which is widely distributed in the eastern United 
States, it being often found in mounds and other primitive burial 
places. This pipe is constantly encountered and has upon its surface 
the distinct strie of the steel tools with which it was made, leaving 
little doubt that it was a common form after the advent of the whites. 
The delicacy of its finish as well as of its outline is surpassed by no 
American pipe, though this type does not appear to be found having 
upon it representations of animal life in any form, rarely ornamenta- 
tion of any sort. The material from which they were usually, though 
not invariably, made is a chlorite or steatite and sometimes serpentine, 
though rarely the latter, and specimens having certain of the charac- 
teristics of this type are known which are made of pottery. They vary 
in color from nearly white to jet black, being usually highly polished 
and have remarkably thin bowls. 

Adair, in 1775, refers possibly to a pipe of this character. He says: 
“The Indians make beautiful stone pipes, and the-Cherokees the best 
of any of the Indians, for their mountainous country contains many 
sorts and colors of soil proper for such uses. They easily form them 
with their tomahawks, and afterwards finish them in any desired form 
with their knives; the pipes being of a very soft quality until they are 
smoked with and used to the fire when they become quite hard. They 


1 John Pilsons alist: oire a Kentucke, nouvelle Colonie 4 Ouest de int cae: 
I, translated from English by M. Parr: Sn Paris, 1785. 

*Le Page Du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisianne, map opposite p. 138, Paris, 1758, 

’ Histoire de Kentucke, pp. 75, 76, Paris, 1785, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMs. 469 


are often fully a span long, and the bowls are about half as large again 
as our English pipes. -The fore part of each commonly runs out with 
a peak two or three fingers broad and a quarter of an inch thick on 
both sides of the bowl; lengthwise they cut several pictures with a 
great deal of skill and labor, such as a buffalo and a panther on oppo- 
site sides of the bowl, a rabbit and a fox. The savages work so slow 
that one of their artists is two months at a pipe with his knife before 
he finishes it; indeed, as before observed, they are great enemies of 
profuse sweating and are never in a hurry about a good thing. The 
stems are commonly mace of soft wood, about 2 feet long and an inch 
thick, cut into four squares each, scooped till they join very near the 
hollow of the stem; the beaux always hollow the squares except a little 
at each corner to hold them together, to which they fasten a parcel of 
bell buttons, different sorts of fine feathers, and several small battered 
pieces of copper kettles, hammered, round deerskin thongs, and a red 
painted svalp. They so accurately paint hieroglyphic characters on the 
stem that all the war actions and the 
tribe of the owner and a great many 
circumstances of things are fully de- 
lineated.” ! 

The monitor pipe is one upon which 
more care has been expended in bor- 
ing its bowl and stem and in grinding 
and polishing the surface than any 
other type of pipe on the continent, MONITOR PIPE. 
not excepting the famous mound ee a 
pipes. They vary in length from 3 
to 18 inches with bases from 1 to 4 inches wide, the bowls varying from 
1 to 8 inches in depth with a diameter of from three-fourths of an inch 
to 1? inches, usually cylindrical, though at times distinctly elliptical; 
they appear to have been smoked without separate stem. The stem 
holes seldom exceed one-eighth of an inch in diameter and are bored with 
remarkable accuracy, the variation of the size of the stem hole from 
end to end being scarcely appreciable. This remarkable accuracy of 
boring in stone where the walls of the tubes and bowls are commonly 
not in excess of one-eighth of an inch thick is almost proof positive that 
the drilling was done with steel tools. 

The most primitive specimen of the monitor type (fig. 89) is from Mil- 
ford, Massachusetts, collected by Mr. J. H. Clark. It has a bowl of 
oblong cross section, at the base of which is a slight heel, suggestive of 
the primitive European pipe; the cross section of the stem is a flattened 
ellipsoid, but slightly out of the plane of the bowl. This bowl is rudely 
scratched, as is the stem, the strive crossing aud recrossing over the 


Cat. No. 17946, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. H. Clark. 


‘History of the North American Indians, particularly those natives adjoining the- 
Mississippi, east and west Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Virginia, 
p. 423, London, 1775. 


A470 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


whole surface. Stems of this type usually project beyond the bowl and 
broaden out on each side of it to a greater or less distance. The out- 
line of these pipes is at times strikingly similar to the form of the moni- 
tor vessel of the civil war. On the upper side of the stem of a pipe of 
this character in the collection of the U.S. National Museum from Ches- 
ter County, South Carolina, occurs three straight lines cut through the 


Fig. 90. 
MONITOR PIPE. 


Sullivan County, Tennessee. 
Cat. No. 82390, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Powell. 
surface in the form of a parallelogram open on the side next the mouth- 
piece. A pipe of this type was also found on York River, Virginia, 
and is in the collection of Col. William H. Love, of Baltimore, Mary- 
land. 

A very similar specimen about 7 inches long, but without the heel, is 
here given, after Mr. Gerard Fowke (fig. 90), collected by Maj. J. W. 
Powell in Sullivan County, Tennessee. It was found in a burial 
mound and is of black chlorite. It has an alate stem, 
so common in pipes of this character. The largest 
specimen of this type so far encountered is probably 
a “Great pipe,” having a bowl 8 inches long, being 
upward of 17 inches in total length, which was found 
in a mound in Marion County, Kentucky, collected 
by Mr. William T. Knott. This pipe is finished so 
delicately and carefully 
that over its whole sur- 

' face there does not re- 
main a single mark from 

Fig. 91. the tools with which it 
Oe eae was made. The smooth- 
eagerly county, North Carolina. nest ofiie suricaneenee 
Cat. No. 83037, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. P. Rogan. 

and the bowland stem are 
so thin that it would require unusual care to duplicate it with any tools 
with which it may have been made. In pipes of this type there is 
almost invariably a pronounced ridge running the length of the center 
of the stem, and so marked is this as to suggest a ductile prototype, 

either of pottery or metal. 

Fig. 91 is a pipe from Caldwell County, North Carolina, collected by 


Bi 


-berland County, Tennessee, col- 


though its height is little over 23 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 471 


Mr. J. P. Rogan. It is of chlorite. and has an extreme length of 5 
inches, with a width of stem of 14 inches. The flaring top, and the 
bowl, which approaches the rectangular, indicate no other than most 
primitive tools in working the surface, though even here there can be 
little doubt that metal was employed in boring both the bowl and the 
stem. The flaring top commonly noticeable in pipes of this type does 
not appear to have reached its limit except in those specimens where 
bowland stem are at right angles 
to each other. 

A very dark, almost black, 
“monitor” (fig. 92) is from Cum- 


lected by Mr. S. D. Hoskins. It 
has a flat base 3 inches wide, 


inches. The stein at its thickest 
is slightly more than one-fourth 
of an inch, while the barrel- FLAT-BASE MONITOR PIPE. 

Shaped bowl, with its wide and ee ees 

thin flaring top, have all been 

highly polished. The bowl cavity has been enlarged by gouging. 

Professor Haldeman possesses a somewhat similar specimen, though 
without the enlargement of the rim of the bowl, from York County, 
Pennsylvania, which is well polished and made from a green stone. 

A brownish steatite from Michigan, collected by Mr. D. 8. Carvin, 
in shape almost identical with the last specimen (fig. 93), was found 
in a mound in Kanawha County, West Virginia, with a number of 
copper bracelets and objects of stone. 
Under the flaring top of this speci- 
men are the file marks, too distinet 
to leave any doubt that it was with 
such a tool that they were made. 
They radiate from the inner to the 
outer rim, in series of parallel 
straight lines, and are equally dis- 

Fig. 93. tinct at the base of the bowl. 
oe ane nae The most pronounced and typical 
‘monitor ” pipe is fig. 94, from Knox 
County, Tennessee, collected by Mr. 
J. W.Emmert. The projection of the base is as pronounced in front of 
the bow] as it is at the stem end. The barrel shape of this bowl has 
great similarity to certain of the urn-shaped bowl pipes. In this, as in 
the last specimen, the file marks are observed at the exterior base of the 
bowl where it joins the stem. They also appear under the flaring top of 
the bow] with great distinctness. This pipe is made of a light gray chlo- 
rite, and is, as a mechanical production, quite a marvelous piece of work. 


Cat. No, 20130, U.S.N.M. Collected by S. D. Hoskins. 


Kanawha County, West Virginia. 
J 5S 


U.S. National Museum, Collected by D. S. Carvin. 


472 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 95 is a brownish gray specimen made of oolitic limestone, and 
was found in a mound near the ancient city of Kanahwa, West Virginia. 

It was collected by 
Mr. J. W. Norris, and 
is 5 inches long, with 
a greatest width of 
base of 14 inches, and 
on this pipe again are 
seen the file marks at 
one point, under the 
flaring top of the bowl, 
though they are not so. 
pronounced as they 


Fig. 94, are on many other 
BROAD-BASED MONITOR PIPE. specimens 


Knox County, Tennessee. 
Cat. No. 135089, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Emmert. 


A pipe having a stem ° 
peculiarly of this type, 
as well as a bowl of the monitor shape, is fig. 96, from Loudon County, 
Tennessee. It has no flat prow extending in front of the bowl, but 
there is at its base, on the 
side toward the smoker, a 
triangular depression, cut in 
intaglio and polished, that 
is convincing that the spec- 
imen was made by a person 
familiar with a metal pipe 
of similar shape, and if any- 
thing were necessary to 
strengthen this’ belief it is Kanawha County, West Virginia. 
presented in the gracefully Cat. No. 90840, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Norris. 
curved upper rim of the 

bowl. The file marks on this specimen again leave 
no doubt of European contact with the persons who 
usedthem. There is yet another pipe in the U.S. Na- 
tional Museum collection (Cat. No. 135081) from Knox 
County, Kentucky, of similar type to the last figure, 
but upon which the 
depression is absent, 
as are the file marks, 
though the material of 


CURVED-BASE MONITOR PIPE. 


Fig. 96. both pipes is the same. 
CURVED-BASE MONITOR PIPE. WY pottery pipe of 
Loudon County, Tennessee. clay mixed with mica. 


Cat. No. 116048, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Emmert. 


Belonging apparently 
to this type is fig. 97, collected by Dr. J. D. Irwin, United States Army, 
at Fort Wayne, Wayne County, Michigan. It is scarcely 24 inches long, 
has many of the characteristics of the ‘‘monitor,” especially in its stem 


i 


. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 473 


with flat base and in the projection in front of the bowl. Just below 
-the rim is a depression encircling the bowl as though caused by a cord 
tied around it while in a plastic condition prior to burning. 

A light gray serpentine pipe (fig. 98), collected from Ross County, 
Ohio, by Mr. H. L. Reynolds, 
is somewhat of the same type 
as the preceding, though there 
is a notable difference in the 
size of the stem hole, which is 
here five-eighths of an inch in 
diameter in place of one-eighth 
of an inch, as is usual in pipes 
of the monitor type. It should 
be stated that in referring to 
the material from which pipes 
are made the writer has in most 
cases been obliged to form his 
opinion from surface indica- HALEAW Rae SELGHICR. 
tions, as specimens would be Cat. No. 10050, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. D. Irwin, U.S. A. 
injured bya chemical or micro- 
scopic examination, the results of which at best could make little dif- 
ference. While the majority of pipes are made of materials well calcu- 
lated to resist heat, many are composed of stones easily decomposed 
and very unsuited to last any length of 

time if used in smoking. 

A broken-stemmed pipe (fig. 99), of 
oolitic limestone, with its flaring rim, the 
shape of its stem and slight prow and 
sides extending beyond the base of the 
bowl, appears to connect the two last 
figures with pipes of the ‘“‘ monitor” type. 
There are no marks of metal tools on this 
pipe, which is a well-worn specimen, the 
bowl at one point, just below the rim, be- 
ing worn through. A pottery pipe similar 
to this specimen was found in a stone grave 


Fig. 97. 
POTTERY MONITOR PIPE. 


Ss 


SSS 
S 


“tiny, 


oa Edt) pldeaios,. 


Fig. 98 
TYPE OF MONITOR PIPE. in Kentucky. It should be observed that 
Ross County, Ohio. the three pipes last figured are from geo- 
ee aise at Collect By eraphical areas outside of the territory 


H. L. Reynolds, i‘ i J 
where the monitor pipes are usually found, 


and their resemblance to the latter form may be due to accident. 
The country adjoining the lakes was more influenced by French than 
by English arts, and it may also be said that trade routes differed 
as well. 

One of the most striking things concerning the monitor pipes, with 
their alate wings and projecting prow, is the high state of polish to 


A474 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


which their surfaces have been brought. There are a sufficient num- 
ber of pipes of this class in the museums of the country to demon- 
strate the kinship of those in which the bowl and stem are in the same 
plane with those in which the bowl is at right angles to the stem. 

These pipes are represented in the U. S. National Museum in speci- 
mens from Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and, 
as noted, possibly from Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Their charac- 
teristics are usually as pronounced as are those of the English trade 

pipe type. As the angleof the stem and bowl of this 

—_____—_— pipe, in its evolution or variation, departs from the 

straight line or tubular form and approaches a right 

angle to the stem it is noted that the prow increases 

in length until it becomes as long as its stem, and the 

sides of the bowl’s base broaden to a corresponding 

degree. They are so often found in mound burials 

as to entitle them to be classed 

among the mound types; and, in- 

deed, the typical mound pipe has 

SEMA SSS SSS much in its form to suggest a kin- 

Vig. 99. ship with the monitor pipe. 

ee eae yiaroh ian There is a pronounced monitor 

Cat. No. cope acon peas Bs OE Norris. pipe in the P eabody Academy of 

Sciences in Salem, Massachusetts, 

catalogued as from Maryland—a State that is distinctly within the area 

of the monitor form—a more particular history of which could not be 
obtained. 

Prof. F. W. Putnam refers to a pipe of this type found in a grave in 
Massachusetts, and says the flat portion of the specimen is bored with 
a number of holes for the attachment of ornaments.' 

The same type, according to Mr. Harry Piers, has been found in 
Halifax County, Nova Scotia.’ 

Prof. G. H. Perkins refers to it in the Champlain Valley, Vermont.* 

The Peabody Academy of Sciences owns several found in Beverly, 
Massachusetts, and they have been found in New York, in Oneida, 
Onondaga, and Cayuga counties.* 


RECTANGULAR PIPES. 


There is a pipe of a distinct type, examples of which are found from 
Pennsylvania to Nova Scotia and as far west as Ohio, which by many 
are supposed to be specimens of aboriginal work, though to the writer 
they appear to be made with white men’s implements. Those which 


} Bulletin of the Essex Institute, III, p. 123. 

2 Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, VII, p. 286. 
3 Popular Science Monthly, December, 1893, p. 243. 

4Rev, W. M. Beauchamp and Mr. John Robinson, in private letters. 


a ae a er ee ee ee a 


aN 
: 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cuUsToMS. 475 


have come under observation are made from a dark green steatite or 
chlorite, a stone quite common along the Atlantic coast north of the 
Chesapeake. These pipes have bowls and stems at right angles to 
each other, and have invariably a beast or bird the head of which pro- 
jects above the bowl on the side away from but facing the smoker. 
Gen. A. L. Pridemore has a specimen found in Lee County, Virginia. 
Quite a large pipe in an unfinished condition is from Bradford County, 
Pennsylvania, col- 
lected by Messrs.O. 
H. P. Kinney and J. i 
B. Wiggins. It ap- ;° 
pears to have been 
sawed out with metal 
tools. Itis 10 inches 
long, 44 inches high, 
with a diameter of 


bowl of 14 inches. ah 
As seen in fig. 100, th 
it is completely Fig. 100. 

blocked out and is in RECTANGULAR PIPE. 


a condition to indi- 3radford County, Pennsylvania. 


eate that it was in- 
tended to be completed, representing some creature grasping the bowl 
with all four legs, the head projecting 14 inches above the adjacent rim 
of the bowl. On the sides depressions have been gouged out with a tool 
with a round back, single strokes measuring over 1 inch in length, the 
smoothness of which indicates that it was a metal gouge. The bowl 
and stem holes, bored by means of metal drill points, are respectively 
five-eighths and 
five-sixteenths of 
an inch in diame- 
ter. The stem is 
broken at a depth 
of 14 inches where 
the drill has en- 
countered a flaw, 
which accounts for 
its having been 
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. cast aside. We see 
Cat. No. 27037, U.S.N.M. Collected by T. H. Bean. here much of the 
process of manu- 
facture of the elaborate stone pipe, the specimen first being rudely out- 
lined; next the bowl and stem were bored, then the elaboration of cary- 
ing was completed, leaving the polishing to the last. 
In fig. 101, found in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, by Dr. T. H. 
Bean, like fig. 100, is a pipe of steatite 85 inches long and 3 inches 


Cat. No. 58851, U.S.N.M. Collected by O. H. P, Kinney and J. B. Wiggins. 


RECTANGULAR PIPE. 


A476 ‘ REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


high. The bowl of this pipe is 14 inches in exterior diameter. Though 
the stem is 7 inches long to its point of junction with the bowl, it 
does not exceed three-eighths of an inch in its greatest diameter. The 
creature on the bowl appears to be intended to represent a bird, 
though, whatever it be, it is inclined to the left and has incised lines 
on the back as though intended to represent wings. On the breast 
there are marks in one place, apparently made by a file, and on the 
bowl similar marks are seen. The individual making the pipe has 
failed to obliterate the tool marks in smoothing the surface, which in 
this instance has an unusually good polish. Without the figure the 
pipe is in outline similar to the briarwood pipes of the present day. 
The material is steatite such as has been worked by the natives along 
the whole Atlantic coast. This pipe was found near Bainbridge dur- 
ing the excavation of the Pennsylvania Canal. A similar pipe, but 
an inch shorter, belonging to the Hon. W. J. Almon, of Halifax, is 
spoken of by Mr. Harry Piers as being the most remarkable one found 
in the Provinces. It was discovered in 1870 under an upturned copper 
kettle within 10 rods of an old French trail in Hants County, Ontario. 
It is said to have a well-carved lizard grasping the bowl, while “across 
the back of the neck appears a row of five elliptical cavities, their 
greatest length being in the direction of the body.”! 

The material of which these pipes in the north are made is described 


as a fine-grained stone, probably a steatite, the elliptical depressions on . 


which call to mind cavities noticeable among the stone and clay pipes 
of the St. Lawrence River and northwestern New York, such as are 
supposed to have been employed by the Iroquoian tribes. 

There is a cast in the U. S. National Museum collection of a pipe of 
this type (Cat. No. 13804), having the same long stem, which is said to 
have been found in a mound in Warren County, Ohio, collected by 
Mr. J. H. Jenkins, and upon which an animal faces the smoker from the 
far side of the bowl, as in those pipes of similar type herein figured. 

The Rey. William M. Beauchamp calls the writer’s attention to a clay 
pipe of this general type, though much smaller, which was found in Jef- 
ferson County, New York, upon the bowl of which there was repre- 
sented a crayfish with one claw broken off, though such a pipe would 


appear to belong rather to the Iroquoian type. Mr. Beauchamp also 


states that turtles are often represented in the same way, as are many 
animals and birds on pipes of the Iroquoian type. 

Mr. David Boyle illustrates a pipe of white stone, which was found 
on Baptiste Lake, Hastings County, Ontario, upon the outer side of 
which the animal holds the bowl in the grasp of its four legs, while its 
tail reaches down the bowl and under it and along the stem?” in the 
direction of its longest axis. 


' Relics of the stone age in Nova Scotia, Transactions of the Nova Scotian Insti- 
tute of Natural Science, IX, p. 54. 
2 Notes on Primitive Man in Ontario, p. 52, fig. 121, Toronto, 1895. 


— 


T=, a re 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 477 


The stone from which the French Canadians early made pipes is, 
according to Peter Kalm, the Swedish traveler and botanist, a lime- 
stone found in strata between the lime slate of the country, and which 
he calls pierre 4 calumet. These rectangular pipes, having birds or 
other creatures in relief on their bowls, were made, in all probability, 
either with tools obtained from the whites, or by the whites themselves. 
The gouge marks in the bowl, the sharp striw of the drill, the high 
polish, and file marks, all go to confirm this belief, while the finding of 
one of them under a copper kettle identifies pipe and kettle as con- 
temporaneous. These, together with the artistic treatment of the sub- 
ject, seems to indicate a stage of development above and beyond 
primitive conditions. This suggestion will probably be combated, 
though a careful comparison of American Indian pipes carved in imi- 
tation of different members of the animal kingdom, are so little like 
those fetiches which are known to be of purely Indian origin, the tool 
marks of knife or file are so distinct, and the treatment of the subject 
so clearly European, as to leave but little doubt of their modern origin. 

There is evidence of the existence at an early colonial period of metal 
pipes, both of copper and of iron, but few have survived owing to the 
corrosive effects and the dampness of our soil. Those of iron were of 
European origin, while copper pipes were possibly of pre-European 
date. Judging from allusions by early writers, the Indians in places 
also made pipes of wood and of bone, though none appear to have 
been discovered, excepting those tubes of cane which were buried in 
certain places in New Mexico. 

Atwater says: “ Pipe bowls made of copper, hammered out and not 
welded together but lapped over, have been found in many tumuli. 
General Tupper described such an one to me, found by him on the ele- 
vated square at Marietta, or rather a few feet below that work, and 
similar ones have been discovered in other places.”! 

Haywood reiterates a similar remark in reference to the finding of 
hammered copper unwelded pipe bowls in the mounds of Tennessee,” 
and calls attention to the finding of objects of gold, silver, and copper 
and of coins in the mounds. 

Hendrick Hudson, in 1609, speaks of the people of New York on the 
east sand bank in the Narrows who “came aboard us and brought 
tobacco. They have great pipes of yellow copper, and pots of earth to 
dress their meats in.” * 

The memory of such pipes had survived to the end of the last cen- 
tury, for Kalm, speaking of the same locality, says, ‘‘ However, they 
[the Indians] knew in some measure how to make use of copper. 


1Caleb Atwater, Description of the Antiquities of Ohio, Archologia Americana, 
I, p. 224. 

2John Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, p. 343, Nashville, 
1823. 

5 Robert Jouet, Third Voyage of Master Henry Hudson, p. 81 (Hakluyt Society), 


478 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Some Dutchmen who lived here still preserved the old account among 
them that their ancestors on their first settling in New York had met 
with many Indians who had tobacco pipes of copper, and who made 
them understand by signs that they got them in the neighborhood. 
Afterwards the fine copper mine was found upon the second river 
between Elizabethtown and New York.”! 

In a monograph of the archeology of Ohio, Mr. M. C. Read speaks of 
hammered copper pipes as being very uncommon, he having seen only 
one specimen.” Squier and Davis express their belief that the North 
American Indians possessed the knowledge of some secret or forgotten 
process by which copper was hardened.’ This is an assertion which 
has often been advanced by archeologists, referring to metal used both 
in South America and in Egypt, but for which assertion there appears 
no foundation other than that, as these peoples carved hard stone, and 
had no iron, therefore they must have known how to harden copper. 
Since, however, it has been demonstrated that the stone hammer, com- 
mon to all parts of the earth, could cut the most obdurate stones with 
ease and dispatch, such assertions must be received with great caution. 

Dr. E. A. Barber refers to a copper pipe found in Montour County, 
Pennsylvania, concerning which he expresses doubt as to whether it be 
aboriginal, and suggests that it may have been traded to the Indians 
by Europeans,‘ though if the natives hammered copper there is no 
reason why they should not have formed it into tubes. Another 
tobacco pipe, made of lead, was found in an Indian grave at Revere, 
Massachusetts.’ 

The writer has seen a tomahawk pipe made of tin or lead, now in the 
museum of the University of Peunsylvania, which was probably of the 
date of the American Revolution, if not later. 

A large number of stone pipes in the U.S. National Museum col- 
lection, which were found in North and South Carolina and Georgia, 
are made of a dark green chlorite, which is of a color suggestive of 
copper. These pipes have usually embossed disks upon their bowls, 
and tongues reaching from stem to bowl, carved in a manner to leave 
little doubt that they had metal prototypes. 

Metal pipes are recorded of so many various types and have been 
found in so many different localities as to suggest their common use at 
a very early period. Most of these pipes, however, are either cast or 
brazed, or are of a form which is quite modern, though one specimen 
made of lapped sheet metal is probably of aboriginal workmanship, 
though possibly of a post-European date. Although the writer is of 
opinion that metal pipes do not antedate European occupation of the 


'Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, I, p. 384, Warrington, 1771. 

2 Archeology of Ohio, p. 51, Cleveland. 

’Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 196. 

1 Antiquity of the Tobacco Pipe in Europe, American Antiquarian, IT, p.5, 
®’Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, II, p. 483, 


Pea eS ae 


4 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 479 


country, it must be admitted that the evidence relating to their age is 
of so fragmentary a character as not to warrant the positive expression 
of an opinion on the subject. 

De Soto as early as 1539 with a large body of men crossed an exten- 
sive section of the southern portion of what is now the United States. 
His people were familiar with the working and fusing of metals, and sev- 
eral of his soldiers wandered off and were never heard from again, and 
he is supposed to have penetrated far toward the borders of Ken- 
tucky.! Fifty years later the English landed in Virginia, and from that 
period for one hundred and fifty years Spanish, French, English, Dutch, 
and Swedes traded along the coast and far into the interior with the 
natives for their peltries, and their intercourse was of a character to 
familiarize them with the white man’s implements and his use of metal. 

Mr. Clarence B. Moore found at Fairview, Camden County, Georgia, 
a foot below the surface in a mound, a deposit of calcined human bones 
beneath a local layer of oyster shells, and associated with the bones 
was a Sheet-copper ornament with repoussé decorations.” He refers 
also to four rings found on the finger of a skeleton at Madisonville, 
Ohio, by Professor Putnam, which were made from bands of sheet 
copper. Besides finding a copper finger ring in a mound near Wood- 
bine, Georgia, and also a portion of a disk of copper in a mound in 
McIntosh County, Georgia, which was carbonated through, Mr. Moore 
also found an 8-inch copper celt in a mound north of Creighton Island, 
Georgia.* 

Such objects are said to be usually found near the surface, and poly- 
chrome and other glass beads were found in the mounds at a depth of 
2 feet with human remains or near the surface.* 

Glass beads, pieces of china, copper coins, gold ornaments, and silver 
crosses have been found on so many occasions in the graves and mounds 
of the interior associated with human remains as to suggest that the 
trade with the whites was considerable at a period when mounds were 
still being constructed and while the Indian was yet living under 
primitive conditions. 

MICMAC PIPES. 


As far south as the borders of Kentucky and extending as far as the 
Blackfeet wander, in Labrador and across the continent almost if not 
quite to the Pacific Ocean, there is found a type of pipe which appears 
quite primitive in form, yet which is still in use in the northern part of 
the continent. It has a bowl, in shape not unlike an inverted acorn, 
which sits upon a keel-like base, broadest where it touches the bowl, 
and extending beyond the bow] at times an inch or more on each side. 


‘Bennett H. Young, The News, Louisville, Kentucky, April 2, 1896. 

2Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Georgia Coast, Journal of the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, XI, p. 10, 1897. 

3Tdem, pp. 13, 14, 25, 41, Philadelphia, 1897. 

‘Idem, pp. 14, 23, 66, Philadelphia, 1897, 


480) REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Through the top of this base or keel there is drilled a stem hole one-half 
its length until it intersects at right angles the base of the bowl. The 
tops of these terraced bases are seldom more than half an inch wide, 
though from front to back they are often 3 inches or more long, and 
from top to bottom they are as deep as long. The sides of the bases are 
parallel to each other, and are in two or three terraces, decreasing often 
until the lower part of the base is scarcely more than one-eighth of an 
inch thick. Through this base there are almost invari- 
ably one or more perforations. 

That the northern tribes have long been familiar 
with carving must be admitted, for Lescarbot says of 
the Micmaes ! they “have the industry both of paint- 
ing and carving, and do make pictures of birds, beasts, 
and of men, as well in stone as in wood, as prettily as 
is done by good workmen in these parts; and notwith- 
standing they serve not themselves with them in adora- 
tion, but only to please the sight, they use some private 
tools, as in making tobacco pipes.” ? 

Prof. Daniel Wilson refers to Pabamesad, or the 
Flier, still living on the Great Manitoulin Island, 


WM renerally known as Pwahguneka, the pipe maker 

g af g ’ pl ’ 

Fig. 102. literally, ‘“‘he makes pipes.” ‘His saw, with which 
acum: cat the stone is first roughly blocked out, is made of a bit 


Newark, Ohio. ; 
ca ca teey, Of hoop iron, and his other tools are correspondingly 
at. O. Lic » UON. MM, 


Collected by W. Anderson. YTude; nevertheless the work of Pabamesad shows 
him to be a master of his art.” * 

Professor Wilson refers to the black pipestone of Lake Huron, the 
white pipestone from St. Josephs Islaud, Lake Huron, and the red 
pipestone of Coteau des Prairies, all obtained from the different tribes 
using these stones. 

Gilpin says the Micmacs used “shallow stone pans with quills and 
reeds stuck in them, but did not cultivate tobacco.” 4 

The only shallow stone pan apparently answering such description 
would be the disk or jew’s-harp pipe usually found to the southward, 
though examples have been encountered on the northern side of Lake 
Huron. 

Fig. 102 is a fine-grained, brown, argillaceous stone pipe, about 2 
inches high, with a greatest diameter of three-fourths of an inch, from 
Newark, Ohio, collected by Mr. W. Anderson. It is ground over its 
whole surface; the bowl has an interior uniform diameter of five-eighths 


'Souriquois, who were the Micmacs of New Brunswick, not of Nova Scotia, and 
Amorichiquois, literally the people of small dogs, an Algonquin people of New 
England south of the Alemaki. 

* Relics of the Stone Age in Nova Scotia, quoting Lescarbot, Transactions of the 
Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, 1894 and 1895, IX, p. 57, note. 

* Prehistoric Man, I, p. 392, London, 1876. 

‘Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, IIT, p. 222, 


PA Aer ES 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 481 


of an inch, carried to a depth of seven-eighths of an inch, and in this 
respect resembles the mound pipes. At the base of the bow] a one- 
eighth inch hole perforates the stem opening, which enters through the 
longer axis of the base. The keel-like bases of these pipes are almost 
invariably bored from side to side with holes from one-sixteenth to 
one-eighth of an inch in diameter, for the purpose of attaching strings 
to prevent loss in the snow, leaves, or grass, it being noticeable that 
the pipes of those places where deep snows commonly lie are more apt 
to be of a shape indicating a string attachment for the stem than 
are those found in warmer latitudes. A specimen similar to this pipe 
(Cat. No. 115452, U.S. N. M.), from a mound at Prairie du Chien, Wis- 
consin, collected by Mr. J. W. Emmert, is composed of an almost white 
limestone, possibly the white pipestone of Lake Huron. It has a bowl 
in the shape of an elongated cone, gradually lessen- 
ing toward its base, the whole pipe being 3 inches 
high, and has the lateral perforation so commonly 
observed. 

The Rev. W. M. Beauchamp refers to another pipe 
of this type which he attributes to Seneca ownership 
and thinks the type recent. A similar pipe was 
found near Waterloo, Dekalb County, Indiana. 

Fig. 105 is a modern pipe, having a stem of spruce 
wood, from Ungava, Labrador, collected by Mr. 
Lucien M. Turner, and is of a blood-red banded slate, 
with yellow veins running through it. It is 34 inches 
high, the bowl decreasing in diameter to half an inch i 
at the point where it joins the keel-like base, the stem Fig. 103. 
being attached to the pipe by a fine sinew yarn. There MICMAC PIPE. 
are three lines, two at the bottom and one near the — Ungava, Labrador. 
rim, and incised on the bowl; on the base file marks (ee eer 
are distinct. Mr. Turner says of these pipes: ‘¢‘They 
vary but little in shape and are liable to crack if used in cold weather, 
and there is considerable difference in size. The largest ones are made 
of green stones. The rough stone for the pipe is selected and chipped 
into form. The successive operations of wearing it down are accom- 
plished by means of a coarse file or harder stone.” ! 

It is surprising to find evidences of the use of the file on the surfaces 
of so many pipes of stone which are considered to belong to the most 
primitive periods. The pipe of the Déné who live between 50° and 
52° 30’ north latitude and between the Fraser River and the Cascade 
range of mountains, is identical in type with these pipes. Father 
Morice remarks: ‘“‘A faet which will perhaps elicit incredulous com- 
ment is that not only our aborigines’ earliest acquaintance with tobacco, 


native or nicotian, dates only from 1792 for the Tsé Kehné, and 1793 


_ +The Hudson Bay Eskimo, Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 
) p. 304. 


NAT MUS 97 3) 


482 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


for the Carriers, but even the very act of smoking was unknown to them 
prior to those dates. As a consequence, pipes of any material or form 
are an adventitious item amongst them. Bowl and stem are connected 
by a chain of dentalium shells alternating with colored glass beads. A 
pipe similar in form, but without the string of beads and shells, was 
also in use among the Shushwap Indians, the southern neighbors of 
the western Dénés, as appears from a sketch in Dawson’s notes on the 
Shushwap Indians proper of British Columbia.” ! 

This author asserts that “both the Tsé Kehné and the Carriers are 
positive tobacco was unknown to their ancestors previous to ther 
encounter with Sir Alexander McKenzie.”? 

A pipe of this character from the Shushwap people of British Colum- 
bia, between the Fraser River and Thompson River, 
is described by Dr. George M. Dawson.? 

An ornamented pipe (fig. 104) of this type from Fort 
Niagara, New York, collected by Col. E. Jewett, is 3 
inches high, the bow] having an exterior greatest diam- 
eter of 13 inches. The base is wedge shaped, between 
which and the bow] there is a narrow neck or shoulder 
cut in octagon. The stone is a black slate, probably 
the black pipestone of Lake Huron, to which Professor 
Wilson referred. The bowl is ornamented with per- 
pendicular and circular parallel lines in panels, the 
base having small depressions around three of its sides 
ue and two straight lines crossing each other which have 

Fig. 104. been incised with a steel tool apparently. A pipe 

or eee micmAC through the base of which are two holes, one above 

Fort Niagara,New the other, is referred to by Piers, “the bowl and keel of 

York. which are most tastefully ornamented with single and 

a Ped ARES etre double straight lines, dots, very short diagonal dashes, 

and conventional branches of foliage, all arranged in 

neat design, which entitle the carver to much credit for his excellent 
work.” 4 

The same author refers to another specimen of the Micmac pipe, 
“the base of which is cut into three lobes, each of which has a small 
perforation through it, probably for the purpose of attaching some orna- 
ment.” This pipe was found near the river Dennis, Cape Breton. Yet 
another, though more finely finished, was found at Dartmouth in 1870, 
with only one hole through the keel, and a similar one made of red 


1Father A. G. Morice, Notes on Western Dénés, Transactions of the Canadian 
Institute, session 1892-93, p. 36. 
2Idem, p. 36. 


’George M. Dawson, Notes on the Shushwap People of British Columbia, Trans-_ 


actions Royal Society of Canada, 1891, p. 12. 
4Harry Piers, Relics of the Stone Age in Nova Scotia, Transactions Nova Scotian 
Institute of Natural Science, 1894-95, IX, p. 57. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 483 


clay was found at Halifax which was considered to be of European 
manufacture, on one side of the base of which is seratched 1560, to 
which, Mr. Piers thinks, no importance can be attached.! 

Prof. John Robinson, of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, 
Massachusetts, refers the writer to yet another specimen of this class, 
from Mickelfield, Pictou County, Nova Scotia, having an ornamented 
keel-like base, perforated with five holes. The pipe is made of talcose 
slate, nearly black in color, and was found 5 feet below the surface in 
digging a well. The locality where this pipe was found has been settled 
for one hundred and fifty years. Professor Robinson thinks the pipe 
was certainly made with a knife and other steel tools, and as it is fresh, 
elean cut, he supposes it either to have been made by a white man and 
given to the Indians, or, if made by the Indians, that it was done with 
a white man’s tools. 

Another pipe of this type, from Grosse Pointe, Lake St. Clair, Michi- 
gan, is referred to in the Smithsonian Report of 1873 as ‘‘an object worthy 
of some admiration, though wanting in symmetry in its details. In its 
general appearance it is almost elegant, and even graceful. It is formed 
of greenstone and is beautifully polished, the workmanship, as a whole, 
displaying much skill. This singular relic is in perfect preservation, 
with the exception of part of the base of the bowl, which in shape 
resembles a half-closed tulip, a small portion is also wanting. The 
date 1697, inscribed on one side of the base, is of interest. The an- 
tiquity of the pipe is, in my estimation, much greater than this would 
imply. The date of the settlement of Detroit is 1701, but the Jesuits 
and other white men had already penetrated to this region many years 
before.” ” 

Hind refers to a pipe of this type which Mis tick oos, a Cree, when re- 
lating his adventures, raised the pipe he held in his hand and exclaimed: 
“This is what my Blackfoot friend gave me one day; the next he killed 
my young men; he is now my enemy again.” * 

Holm’s remark, referring to New Sweden, “that the Indians leaned 
upon their pipes.” would be received with incredulity were it not that 
Hind represents “the Fox,” a Plains Cree Indian, holding in his hand 
a pipe upon which he leans as one would upon a staff. 

The office of custodian of the great pipe is an important one among 
the Blackfeet, according to Warren, who asserts that a person ‘is 
appointed every four years by the elders and chiefs to take charge of 
the sacred pipe, pipestem, mat, and other emblems of their religious 
beliefs. A lodge is allotted for his especial use to contain these emblems 


/Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, 1886-1890, p. 286. 

?Henry Gillman, The Mound-Builders and Platyecnemism in Michigan, Smithsonian 
Report, 1878, p. 370. 

*Henry Youle Hind, A Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition 
of 1857, p. 126, London, 1860. 

4Idem, II, pp. 126-127, plate v, 


484 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


and articles pertaining to his office.”! The Blackfoot pipes “are often 
ball or pear shape, a foot in length. The stem is of wood, broad, flat, 
or round—at times like a snake. The handsomest are the great medi- 
cine pipes. The tobacco they smoke consists of the little round dry 
leaves of the bearberry (arctostaphylos uva-ursi), called by them Kock- 
sinn.”” Hind illustrates several of these pipes, selected from his own 
collection, that are from the Cree, Blackfeet, and Chipewayan tribes.° 
Schoolcraft also illustrates the same pipe as Chipewayan.! 

There is in the collection of the U.S. National Museum a east of a 
pipe of this type said to be from Putnam County, Ohio (Cat. No. 58169), 
which represents in its bowl the head of an individual, apparently a 
European, which is probably of quite a recent period. 

A pipe from Oriskany, New York, collected 
by Col. E. Jewett, 22 inches high, made from a 
gray steatite, appears to be rather a crude effort 
to represent the head and beak of a bird, and is 
shown in fig. 105. The bowl and stem are with- 
out ornament, excepting five small dots in a row, 
one above the other, extending along a facet be- 
tween the bird’s beak and the top of the stem. 
A hole in the base for the string is scarcely more 
than one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, the 
cavity of the bowl being seven-eighths of an inch 
in diameter, the sides of the interior of the bowl 
being parallel, a common but not invariable fea- 


SEE 


Fig. 105. ture in pipes of this type. 
BIRD'S HEAD MICMAC PIPE, By far the most ornate specimen of a pipe of 
Oriskany Nor Sore this type yet described is one (fig. 106) in the col- 
feos ee at,” lection of Mr. E. A. Douglass, which is 35 inches 


high and 14 inches wide and made from a close- 
grained dark brown stone. Onits baseare circles and lines in ornamental 
order which would answer the description of the Micmac pipe described 
by Mr. Piers; but there is a further ornamentation which adds greatly to 
its interest. Surrounding the bowl are four animals, carved practically 
in the round, which are apparently intended to have a totemie siguifi- 
cance. Standing on the narrow keel base, with his back to the stem, is 
a bear, his two hind feet on the stem, while with his fore paws he 
appears to be reaching up as though endeavoring to get into the bowl; 
the end of his muzzle is even with the upper edge. Facing the bear, 
on the other end of the bowl, with its tail touching the stem, also erect 
and clasping the bow] with all four legs, is another animal, apparently 


1 William W. Warren, Minnesota Historical Collections, V, p. 68. 

2 Maximilian von Weid, Reise in das innere Nord Amerika I, p. 570, plate XLVI, 
Coblenz, 1839. : 

3A Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857, II, p. 140. 

‘North American Indian Tribes, Pt. 2, plate 70, fig. 7. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 485 


an otter. On the beavr’s right, also climbing the bowl, is a beaver at 
full length, while opposite the beaver is a terrapin, or turtle, also 
clasping the bowl and trying to climb to the top. The beaver’s head 
is even with that of the bear, as were presumably the heads of the otter 
and terrapin, which, unfortunately, have been broken oft at the neck. 
The shell of the turtle, the scales of his legs, and his claws, and the - 
hair and limbs of the other animals are carved with the minutest regard 
to detail. The etching of semicir- 
cles, circles, conventional branches 
of plants, dots, straight and curved 
lines, ‘all bear evidence of foreign 
influences and metal tools, every de- 
tail being executed with such skill 
and taste as to leave no doubt of its 
being the work of an artist. Such 
care in the manufacture of a stone 
pipe is proof of its being intended 
for a person of importance, or a pres- 
ent on some occasion of unusual 
significance between the French or 
English and the Indians. The ani- 
mals here represented are all totems 
of the Iroquois, and are said also to 
be those of all the tribes from Lou- 
isiana to Montreal.' 

This pipe is said to have been 
found on the bank of the St. John 
River, in northeastern Maine. 
There are in the Bragge collection 
pipes apparently of this type from 
the area where these are referred to 
as being found: One, from Canada, 


AA A 


~~ 


ASS 


wl EFS 


t 


. = = ee eS 
having upon it two beavers and ““@SSSRES SSeS 
two smaller animals; one, from be- Fig. 106. 
low Quebec, with two dogs and two PS ocr Aer Te ea 


St. John River, Maine. 


Collection of Andrew E. Douglass, New York City. 


bears upon it; one, from an island 
below Quebec, having on it an eagle, 
monkey, bear, cat, and a dog; another, two bears, a fox, and a bird, 
all apparently of this Micmac type. 

A graceful little pipe of catlinite (fig. 107) collected by Mr. J. Peters, 
from Kentucky, 13 inches high, upon the stem of which the figures 
1717 are rudely incised, is quite an artistic affair. Whether these 
figures indicate an actual date, however, is a matter impossible to 
determine. The bowl is badly broken, though the base is whole and 
consists of a crouching animal, and has a single hole for the string. 


1Lewis H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, p. 79, Rochester, 1851. 


486 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The specimen being highly polished would indicate a probable modern 
origin. The bowl and stem both have thin walls and the unusually 
large aperture of the stem is the only departure observable from type 
characteristics. 

This type, it will be observed, extends practically from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific, through the territories of Athabascan, Iroquoian, and 
Algonquin linguistic stocks, and so commonly 
shows file marks and high polish as to suggest 
the white man’s presence, for it is scarcely neces- 
sary to say the file could not be acquired from 
native sources, and high polish of implements is 
almost unknown through the center of the Amer- 
ican continent among tools of purely aboriginal 
make until the Indians possessed a supply of the 
white man’s implements. This type is undoubt- 
edly an old one, and some of the specimens bear 
evidence of being made with primitive tools, 
though the territory through which they are dis- 
tributed is that of the Hudson Bay Fur Trading 
Company, aud very likely is of a type sold by them 


Fig. 107. J ‘ : 
Gant nieeeie tothe Indians. The dates on these pipes add inter- 
Kentucky. est tothem beyond a mere record of their possession 


Cat. No. 16690, U.S.N.M. Collected by the whites ata given 
by J. Peters, as 
period. The file mark 
may be the only evidence of its having sup- 
planted the gritty stone in the Indian’s hand, 
and the polish only indicative of a natural 
advance over the primitive ground surface. 
Mr. Beauchamp has called the writer’s at- 
tention to a peculiar pipe, made from black 
steatite, found in Onondaga County, New 
York, the bowl of which is shaped like a 
man’s head, the eyes “inlaid with hollow 
bone,” the type of face being European. The 
stem hole is at right angles to the bowl, but 
is smaller than 1s the case with the Micmac See 8) oF 
pipe; a projection below the bowl may be in- Loudon County, Tennessee. 
tended as a handle to hold it by when hot, — cat. No. 10057, U.S.N.M. Collected by 
A somewhat similar outline is noted in a pipe ee 
made of steatite, and found in 1844,! illustrated by Schooleraft, said to 
be from the Grave Creek Mound in Virginia. 
A fair specimen of these pipes is one (fig. 108) from a mound in — 
Loudon County, Tennessee, collected by Mr. J. W. Emmert, which has — 
this projecting base extending below the bowl, the stone being a : 
greenish serpentine or steatite, on the surface of which the file marks — 


Fig. 108. 


‘ 


1 North American Indian Tribes, Pt. 1, p. 75, plate 8, fig. 4. 


7 


sz 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 487 


are quite distinct. The specimen is 24 inches high and 2 inches long, 
the shape of the bowl opening being of a distinctly elliptical form, 
similar to certain of the typical mound pipes. Another pipe of this 
character was found at Newark, Ohio, on the bowl of which there was 
an animal head. 

A specimen of the same type in the collection of the Davenport 
Academy of Natural Sciences was found in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, 
and is made of pipestone of slightly greenish tinge. 


DISK PIPES. 


There is a pipe of most peculiar shape, known commonly as the 
“disk pipe,” so called from the discoidal stem, which at first glance 
one would be apt to take for its bowl. The larger cavity being in a 
line parallel to the face of the disk would suggest 
that the stem was intended to be inserted through 
the disk, around which a thong would be tied to 
hold it more firmly in position, the depth of the disk 
being insufficient to hold a stem unless it were 
bound in some way. 

A longitudinal section of such pipes shows simi- 
larity in bowl and stem hole to pipes found in the 
State of Missouri, though the exteriors are very 
unlike. This similarity is pronounced in a pipe of 
oolitic limestone from Chattanooga, which is illus- 
trated by Thruston.! 

A badly weathered white limestone specimen (fig. 
109) of this type is from a mound in Union County, 
Kentucky, collected by Mr. 8S. S. Lyon. It is 34 Ki 
inches long, and only 14 inches from the face of the = 
disk to the opposite side of the pipe, the disk being Fig. 109. 
14 inches in diameter, with a bowl cavity of five- pisx pre or tiestone. 
eighths of an inch diameter, by one-half an inch for Union County, Kentucky. 
size of the stem opening. Thruston illustrates two Freres 
specimens of this type made of catlinite, one com- 
ing from the Noel stone grave cemetery, near Nashville, Tennessee.? 
In the Douglass collection there are six catlinite pipes of this character 
from Boone, Saline, and Chariton counties, Missouri. 

Mr. David Boyle, of Toronto, also describes two of these pipes, one 
from Middlesex County, and the other from Huron County, Ontario, 
one of which was made from catlinite. The bowls and stems are 
usually carefully drilled, and their exteriors are remarkably well 
polished. Dr. E. A. Barber describes pipes of this type from mounds 
in Missouri. 


1Gates P. Thruston, Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 201, 1890. 
2Idem, p. 199. 
3American Naturalist, X VII, p. 75, figs. 3, 4. 


488 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


A specimen (fig. 110) of this type, part of the stem of which is miss- 
ing, from Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Illinois, collected by Mr. J. 
Schenck, is made of light brown oolitic limestone. In its perfect state 
it was about 5 inches long, and is so carefully smoothed as to leave 
no visible marks of the tools by means of which it was made. Finding 
them of catlinite so far from the quarries would indicate that they are 
of no great age. Again, the shape is so suggestive of the jew’s-harp, an 
instrument used extensively in trade with the Indians, as to indicate 
that the pipe itself is modeled after the form of this primitive musical 
instrument, even though the file marks, so common on many of the pipes, 
are absent from those coming under the writer’s observa- 
tion. A highly polished specimen was also found in a 
mound near Greenville, Bond County, Llinois. 


IROQUOIAN PIPES. 


Throughout an extensive territory surrounding the 
Great Lakes is found a type of pipe distinct from those 
of other portions of the continent, which is so peculiarly 
distributed throughout the geographical area inhabited 
by the Northern Iroquoian groups as to justify calling 
the type “ Iroquoian.” 

Powell’s linguistic map shows that at the time of the 
first contact with the whites Iroquoian was the language 
spoken by the Indians on both sides of the upper St. 
Lawrence River, as well as by the tribes living around the 
shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, covering the territory 


'DISKPIPEOFoouIT- ern and eastern Pennsylvania as well. These pipes are 
pccene common throughout the greater portion of this area, but 
Illinois. || are not found in the territory of the Southern Iroquois, 
pres ne in West Virginia, North and South Carolina, eastern 
“Tennessee, part of northern Alabama, and Georgia. The 
constancy of type in pipes through a given area is uniform, with but little 
variation, and as a consequence there should be found a similarity in the 
pipes of the Northern and Southern Iroquoian areas if they dated from 
a period prior to the separation of the race. Pipes of the Iroquoian 
type are made both of stone and pottery, the stone being usually a 
stalagma and the pottery commonly a hard-burned clay without shell 
tempering. These pipes are trumpet shaped quite often, though rec- 
tangular bowls are common. At times they have human heads molded 
on them, at others the figures are of birds or reptiles, all of which usu- 
ally face the smoker, though there are numerous exceptions to this rule. 
The rims of the bowls are often of uniform height, but the edges of some 
of them are undulating owing to birds or beasts being molded on to 
the tops of the bowls. The stems of pottery pipes of this type are com- 
paratively short, and their openings quite small, are equaled only by the 


Vig. 110. of a greater part of the State of New York and of north- . 


te — 


whe *; 


A ee Be es 7 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 489 


modern Zuni or Pueblo pipes. The stems of Iroquoian stone pipes are 
nearly at right angles to the bowls, whereas the curves in the pottery 
specimens are similar to those of the metal hunting horn of the Kuro- 
pean. Another peculiar characteristic of Iroquoian pipes is the form 
of the bowl, copied apparently from the hats of the soldiers of colonial 
days, with their high curved front, often affording space for the repre- 
sentation of standing or seated figures, which look as though copied 
from the sacred pictures or figures of the French churches. Another 
characteristic of the pipe of almost the whole of the Iroquoian area is 
observed in a series of ellipsoidal depressions upon the pipe bowl, the 
significance of which it is difficult to explain, though it is common on 
both stone and pottery examples. There is still another type of pipe 
that belongs to this region which has no stem, the form being that of a 
bird or animal always facing from the smoker. 

The writer is inclined to attribute no great age to any of these orna- 
mented Iroquoian pipes, at least none which would antedate French 
influences, though it is of course admitted that the smoking habit was 
noted upon the first arrival of the Europeans. So far as a knowledge 
of the artificial fracture of stones is concerned, or the haunts and habits 
of wild animals, or ability to follow the tracks of game, or, in fact, all 
outdoor knowledge incident to the forest or the prairie, the Indian was 
a past master; but the white man’s arrival must have been as remark- 
able to the Indian as would be to-day a visit to earth from citizens of 
another planet, and the implements brought from Europe must have 
appeared marvelous. 

It is related that during Cartier’s second voyage to the St. Lawrence, 
in 1535, the captain commanded the trumpets and other musical instru- 
ments to sound for the purpose of surprising the natives, and there can 
be little doubt that the monotony of many a long voyage during the six- 
teenth and the seventeenth century was relieved by the sounds of music, 
of which all vesseis carried a good supply. Inthe account of Sir Hum- 
phrey Gilbert’s voyage in 1583 to the northern part of Newfoundland it 
is related “that for solace of our people and allurement of the savages 
we were provided of music in good variety, not omitting the least 
toys, as Morris dancers, hobbyhorse, and many like conceits to de- 
light the savage people whom we intended to win by all fair means 
possible.” ! 

Champlain, in 1603, relates that he “saw on an island 10 miles from 
Quinibequy [Quebec] petun |[tobacco}, which they also cultivated;” 
and he further says ‘they gave us quantities of petun, which they dry 
and then reduce to powder.” ? 

The French appear to have adopted to a great extent the word petun 


for tobacco, a word, judging by early writers, derived from Brazil. 


Dawson says “the pipes of old Hochelega were mostly of clay, and of 


‘Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Hakluyt’s Voyages, III, p. 189, London, 1810, reprint of 1600, 
* Voyages de Champlain, pp. 95, 113, Paris, 1830. 


A490 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


many and sometimes elegant patterns; some were very plain and small, 
others of elegant cornucopia or trumpet form, and some ornamented 
with rude attempts to imitate the human face.”! One somewhat elabo- 
rate example appears to have been found of the celebrated red pipestone 
or catlinite. 

Had primitive pipes been of such a character, it is scarcely credible 
that Cartier would not have made some reference to so great a peculiar- 
ity. Lafitau, however, does refer to the pipe as a “cornet,” owing 
clearly to its trumpet form, which was very pronounced among certain 
of these Iroquoian objects. 

Prof. G. H. Perkins describes the pipes of the Champlain Valley 
region as ‘not so elaborate as those in Ohio, only two specimens having 
been found with faces on them. The stone used was steatite, gypsum, 
limestone, and slate; platform, bell shaped, trumpet shaped, and tubu- 
lar pieces occur; the last named in common form, varying from 2 to 15 
inches in length.”? 

Hochelega was on the site now occupied by Montreal, and Dawson 
informs us that the Iroquois, Hurons, and Crees had pipes of the same 
types with those of Hochelega.' 

Lafitau (1724) tells us: ‘Every savage has always with him his petun 
sack, in which he carries his calumet, or pipe, tobacco, and the means 
of lighting a fire,” but he also says, “they never march without carry-~ 
ing with them a long tube, through which they draw smoke almost to 
drunkenness; with it they shake up all the fibers of their brain, and 
become intoxicated, asif they had drunk wine to excess.”* 

He could certainly not have referred to any pipe of the Canadian 
- country adjoining the lakes, for none had long stems, so far as we 
know, except the Micmac pipe. The Abbé Gallinée, in 1669, referring 
to the Falls of Niagara, speaks of the Outinaonatona (big-pipe people, 
Hewitt), Senecas.* 

Dawson refers to tobacco being found in full force by Cartier, in 
1535, and says it was probably cultivated at Stadacona and Hochelega. 
He says that he has seen tobacco growing on the Laurentian Hills, 
behind Murray Bay, on the lower St. Lawrence, in latitude 47° 40”, 
and that the Indians also used wild plants designated as petun and 
killikinik.* It should, however, be born in mind that little was known 
concerning tobacco as early as the first half of the sixteenth century, 
and the reference may well have pointed to sumac, red willow, bear 
berry, or even the squaw bush. 

The Kionontatehronon, a people living a two days’ journey from the 
Hurons, and speaking that language, are referred to as the Nation de 


1 J. W. Dawson, Fossil Men, p. 92, Montreal, 1880. 

2 International Congress of Anthropology, Chicago, 1889. 

3 Pere Lafitan, Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, II, p, 130, Paris, 1724, quoting 
Pere du Creux Histoire de Canada, I, 76. 

‘Pierre Margry, Decouvertes et Etablisements des Francais, Relation delAbbé de 
Gallinée, Paris, 1875. 


. , 
a ee 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 491 


Petun as late as 1635.' These people, spoken of as Tionontates and 
Dionondades *‘ were found in 1616, south of Lake Huron and just west 
of the Hurons. After the Hurons’ defeat they were nearly destroyed 
in continuation of the same war.”? 

Kalm, in 1749, says of the Hurons, ‘before them hangs their tobacco 
bag, made of the skin of an animal, the hairy side turned outwards, and 
each of the Indians,” he says, “has a tobacco pipe of gray limestone, 
which is blackened afterwards, and has a long tube of wood.” 

These pipes do not appear to correspond in description to those now 
found in the Huron area of influence, though the tobacco bag was made 
much according to its owner’s taste, and Kalm says that in Canada 
“every farmer plants a quantity of tobacco near his house in proportion 
to the size of his family. It is likewise very necessary that they should 
plant tobacco, because it is so universally smoked by the common peo- 
ple. Boys of 10 or 12 years of age run about with the pipe in their 
mouth as well as the old people. Persons above the vulgar do not 
refuse to smoke a pipe now and then. In the northern part of Canada 
they smoke tobacco by itself; but farther upward and about Montreal 
they take the inner bark of the red Cornelian cherry { Cornus stolonifera|, 
crush it, and mix it with tobacco to make it weaker.” * 

In 1642 Fathers Raymbault and Jogues left the mission of St. Mary, 
and after seventeen days’ navigation arrived at the Falls, where they 
met about 10,000 persons, and “learned of many other sedentary people 
who never knew European nations, among others the Nadouessis (Sioux), 
located northwest or west of the Falls. The first nine days they were 
traveling through another great lake, which begins above the Falls 
(Erie). The last nine days they travel through a river which runs into 
the land. These people cultivate corn and petun.”? 

The people referred to in 1667 as the Nadouessouek, “‘ near the great 
river called the Messipi, are said to have lived in a prairie country 
abounding in all sorts of game. They have fields where they do not 
grow corn but only petun.”® 

Of the “‘ Mohawks, Oneydoes, Onondagos, Cayugas, and Senekas,” in 
1724, according to Cadwallader Colden, it is said “that each of these 
nations is again divided into three tribes or families, who distinguish 
themselves by three different arms or ensigns, the Tortoise, the Bear, 
the Wolf.” 

Robert Rogers adds to this list, in 1765, of distinguishing ensigns or 
coats of arms, the otter and the eagle.’ 


) Relation des Jésuites en Canada, 1635, III, p. 33; 1636, p. 105; 1637, p. 163. 

2American Antiquarian, I, p. 228; Historical Magazine, V, p. 267; New York 
Colonial Documents, IX, p. 1886. 

’Travels into North America, III, p. 180, London, 1771. 

4Peter Kalm, Idem, III, p. 254, London, 1771. 

°*Laudoniere, Relation de la Nouvelle France, p. 97, 1642. 

*Relation des Jésuites en Canada, III, p. 23, 1667. 

7Cadwallader Colden, The Five Nations of Canada, p. 1, London, 1724. 

*Robert Rogers, A Concise Account of North America, p. 226, London, 1765. 


492 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Lewis H. Morgan specifies, in 1851, eight tribes in each nation, 
arranged in two divisions, and names them as follows: Wolf, bear, 
beaver, turtle, deer, snipe, heron, hawk. These clan names, he says, 
are common to all latitudes between Montreal and Louisiana.! 

This arrangement leaves out the classes of the otter and the eagle, 
referred to by Rogers. The more thorough our knowledge becomes of 
the Indian the more numerous appear his clans, and for each clan there 
is its appropriate totem. These totems are constantly represented on 
the Indian’s pipe, scratched into the stone or carved in relief, or at 
times even carved in the round. 

One of the quaintest of references to tobacco, or plants used in the 
manner of tobacco, is that of Cartier, in 1635. He says: 

“There groweth also a certain kind of herbe, whereof in summer 
they make great provision for all the yeere, making great account of 
it, and only men use of it, and first they cause it to be dried in the 
sunne, then weare it about their neckes wrapped in a little beasts 
skinne made like a little bagge, with a hollow peece of stone or wood 
like a pipe, then when they please they make pouder of it, and then 
put it in one of the ends of said Cornet or pipe, and laying a cole of 
fire upon it, at the other end sucke so long, that they fill their bodies 
full of smoke, till that it cometh out of their mouth and nostrils even 
as out of the Tonnel of a chimney.”? 

This reference to the cornet would indicate that the pipe had the 
shape of the musical instrument or trumpet, which form is very ancient, 
and is found among the oldest hammered bronze implements of Norway,’ 
and probably the rest of Europe. The hunting horn is familiar to all 
and comes probably from a civilization antedating that of Europe. 
Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, New York, one of the best 
authorities in the country on the Iroquoian pipe, says they rarely made 
stone pipes until they had metallic tools. Many nations, he says, made 
pipes to sell, as the Petuus of Canada, and the Narragansetts. They 
were offered to water spirits on Lake Champlain and elsewhere. The 
more recent Iroquoian pipes, he thinks, have the face usually turned 
from the smoker. The Iroquoian tomahawk pipes, according to Morgan, 
were “made of steel, brass, oriron. The choicer articles are surmounted 
by a pipe bow], and have a perforated handle that they may answer the 
double purpose of ornament and use. In such the handle and often 
the blade itself are richly inlaid with silver. They use it in close com- 
bat with terrible effect, and also throw it with unerring certainty at 
distant objects, making it revolve in the air in its flight. With the 
Indian the tomahawk is the emblem of war itself. To bury it is peace, 
to raise it is the most deadly warfare.” * 


1 Lewis H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, pp. 79, 80, Rochester, 1851. 

2 Jacques Cartier, Second Voyage, Hakluyt’s Voyages, III, p. 276, London, 1810, 
reprint of edition of 1600. : 

3J. J. Worsae, Nordiske Oldsage, Copenhagen, 1859, p. 39. 

4 Lewis H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, p. 364, Rochester, 1851. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 493 


The Iroquoian pipes present many unusual characteristics and evi- 
dence strong local influences exceeded by none on the continent unless 
it be the curved base mound pipes of Ohio. Fig. 111 is a homely form 
of pipe of the Iroquoian area, made of an extremely hard-burned dark 
pottery, containing no visible mixture of tempering material such as is 
commonly found in aboriginal earthenware 
vessels. This pipe was found in Chautau- 
qua County, New York, collected by Mr. 
L. M. Dwight, and is very similar to mod- 
ern Pueblo specimens, both in its bowl and 
stem cavities. It is but 24 inches long and 
an inch wide, the walls of the bowl being 
so thick as to leave the opening only half 


an inch wide, the stem being brought to a POTTERY PIPE. 
point with an opening scarcely an eighth Chautauqua, New York. 

‘ ] 1 i< > rae Cat. No. 22165, U.S.N.M. Collected by 
of an inch in diameter, made apparently as Souci 


are the Pueblo pipes by inserting a stem 

of grass in the fresh clay and burning it out in the process of roasting 
the pipe. This specimen is entirely without ornament, and the writer 
would be inclined to believe that it belonged rather to the Indians of 
New Mexico than to New York, were it not that the material of Iro- 
quoian pipes is quite often of this hard- 
burned earthenware. The Iroquoian pipe 
has a smaller stem opening than those of the 
Atlantic coast people generally. 

Iroquoian pipes are not uncommonly 
found with flaring-topped bowls, such as 
that in fig. 112, which is a pottery specimen 
collected by Dr. F. B. Hough at Ellisburg, 
New York. It hasa typical bronze hunting- 
horn shape, such as could be found among 
the primitive implements of Scandinavia or 
the rest of Europe. It may, be argued that 
either of these two pipes would answer 
Cartier’s description of a ‘‘Cornet.” A some- 
what similar pipe is herein illustrated (fig. 


Fig. 112. j 229) from Tennessee. In either of these the 

TRUMPET PIPE. form of the musical instrument is copied. 
Ellisburg, New York. In almost every pipe of the Lroquoian area 
pe eM eliedet by may be traced forms distinetly copied from 


Dr. F. B. Hough. 
European sources. 


Rey. W. M. Beauchamp refers the writer to a pipe of this type from 
Onondaga County, New York, made from a brownish-yellow stone, on 
the bowl of which there is a human face facing toward the smoker, and 
to another clay pipe from Cayuga County, in which the bowl and stem 
are almost in the same plane, the curve being graceful from one end of 


i 


A494 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the pipe to the other. Mr. G. H. Perkins illustrates, from the Cham- 
plain Valley in Vermont, a pipe of this character made of earthenware, 
upon the surface of which and partially encircling the center of the 
pipe, are a number of depressions similar to such as are observed upon 
the Iroquoian limestone rectangular pipes. The more archaic speci- 
mens of this type will be found to approach quite closely the straight 
tube form. Several with but slight curves to them have been found in 
Cayuga, Onondaga, and Montgomery counties, New York, with mark- 
ings and other characteristics peculiar to the Iroquoian pipe, some 
having no ornamentation, others, only ornamentation of the simplest 
character, until finally we see the human face in great elaboration. 

A gracefully curved pottery pipe, with an ornamentally shaped bowl 
(fig. 113), is from Fremont, Sandusky County, Ohio, and was collected by 
L. Lappman. This place is near the head of steamboat navigation on the 
Sandusky River. This type is referred to by Squier as being found on 
the site of an old Seneca town in Livy- 
ingston County, New York.' The 
enlarged bowlis encircled with six in- 
cised lines made as if in imitation of 
cord marks, and at the point where the 
slight shoulderand smaller part of the 
bowl join are ten nearly equidistant 
notches cut into the pottery. They 
are apparently for ornamentation. 

Morgan refers to the art of making 

Fig. 113. this pottery being lost and says that 
aS ee ARTs it was of so fine a texture as to admit 
of a tolerable polish, the black spec- 
imens being so firm as to have the 
appearance of stone. In some specimens, he remarks, they have in 
front a human face or the head of a wolf or that of a dog. Of late, 
he says, the Iroquois cut pipes out of soapstone.’ 

Many of the specimens of Iroquoian clay pipes in the U. S. National 
Museum are broken. Those which come under the general designation 
of “trumpet shaped,” vary greatly in the curve of the outlines of their 
howls, the exteriors of some being round, others square, at other times 
the sides flare or curl over until they resemble a trumpet. The exterior 
ornamentation varies as greatly as does the shape of the bowl itself, 
parallel lines running horizontally, perpendicularly, and diagonally, 
are constantly encountered and it is not uncommon to find the lines of 
ornamentation consisting of graceful combinations running in parallel 
lines or blocks, which, however, seldom or never cross each other, due 
to some superstition, possibly, in connection therewith. This type is 


Sandusky County, Ohio. 
Cat. No. 45653, U.S.N.M. Collected by L. Lappman. 


‘E.G, Squier, Aboriginal Monuments of New York, p. 76, Smithsonian Contribu- 


tions to Knowledge, IT. 
*Lewis H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, p. 355, Rochester, 1851. 


at 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 495 


found in the Mohawk Valley. Serpent bowls are said by Rev. W. M. 
Beauchamp to be frequent, and he says the Oneidas were fond of owl’s 
heads, and that sometimes an animal’s head was placed above a man’s. 
Mr. E. H. Squier illustrates a clay pipe from 
Jefferson County, New York, apparently be- 
longing to this class, around the bowl of which 
two snakes are wrapped in graceful folds, 
though they do not cross each other. At 
times there is noted in their bowls a graceful 
barrel-shaped enlargement, similar in general 
characteristics to some of the early English 


trade pipes. The 
same enlarge- Lae, 
mentofthebowl RSE uae 


met TCs! 


is also noted 
commonly inthe av 
vase-shaped 


bowls of pipes Fig. 114. 
intended to be TROQUOIAN POTTERY PIGEON PIPE. 
smoked without Cayuga County, New York. 


Collection of W. M. Beauchamp. 


stems. The flar- 
ing bowls are frequently found at Montreal. Mr. Beatichamp calls 
attention to quite a remarkable clay pipe found in Onondaga County, 
New York, upon the bowl and stem of which there 
yet remain fourteen human faces; the stem of this 
is partly broken off. There are indications that the 
faces originally extended to the end of the stem. 
Mr. Beauchamp has furnished the writer sketches 
of pipes that are in his possession from 
both Cayuga and Onondaga counties, 
New York, which are strikingly graceful 


Wee as works of art, especially those repre- 
NZ ZZ senting birds’ heads, one of which appears 
\ CAG to be a wild pigeon (fig. 114). Another 


es 
eS 
SAY Weng) 


vor ifht lyst spf) 4 
SSSI LLL ip) 
LZ Z Ly, 
Yyy- LLZL_LD 
Fig. 115. 


IROQUOIAN POTTERY CROW PIPE. 
Onondaga County, New York. 
Collection of A. E. Douglass. 
(fig. 115) represents the bowl of the pipe as a pouch of a bird whose 
double beak reaches quite as far above the bowl as the bowl itself 
is deep. This pipe differs materially from those found in the Etowah 


496 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


mound in Georgia, and the Lenoir burial place in North Carolina; yet 
there is a characteristic similarity in treatment of both types that indi- 
cates similar art environments and concepts, which are only reconciled 
by attributing them to French or English origin. The character of these 
pipes differs between North and South sufficiently to entitle each to 
be classed by itself. There are others of these pipes having upon their 
bowls the heads of animals, differently treated but all of a highly artistic 
character. These heads commonly face the smoker, but one, represent- 
ing a panther, faces to the right side. What adds greatly to the artistic 
effect of this class of pipes is that in addition to the head represented 
there is a grouping of incised lines, dots, or ellipsoidal depressions, 
one or other, or a combination of the three, which have a most pleasing 
effect. Mr. David Boyle, in his Notes on Primitive Man in Ontario, for 
1895, has given a number of illustrations of these Iroquoian pipes of 
clay, and calls attention to the square-topped class, which he attributes 
to the Hurons “on account of its prevalence in the district occupied by 
those people.” ! 

Many of the pipes illustrated by Mr. Boyle represent the human faces 
with anything but Indian characteristics ; one, apparently that of a 
woman, is facing the smoker. A second, very similar one, faces from 
the smoker. A curious specimen illustrated by Mr. Boyle looks like 
some animal with a bit in its mouth. Two of his illustrations of the 
pipes of Ontario represent the snake, one being open-mouthed, and in 
the second, two twined snakes form the bowl. Mr. Boyle considers that 
there is no evidence that totemism played any part in this department 
of aboriginal handicraft, and thinks the great variety of human repre- 
sentations would seem to indicate the mere play of fancy in pipe mod- 
eling. In some instances he thinks there may have been a secondary 
reference to totems’ referring, of course, to Iroquoian types. 

Mr. Boyle’s recent illustrations of the Iroquoian pipe suggest that 
the variety of animal forms and human heads and faces was almost 
endless, though the variety itself is one of the strongest arguments in 
favor of the European origin and treatment of the pipe. He speaks of 
great pits of bones containing at times as many as a thousand indi- 
viduals, being “without an arrowhead, without a pipe, without a pot, 
or without a scrap of anything to cheer the forlorn ghosts.”* He also 
says, in a communication to the writer, that in the oldest graves he had 
ever opened no pipes appeared, and it is believed that the more care- 
fully the subject is studied the more proof will be found that this type 
of pipe with elaborate forms modeled upon it dated from late in the 
seventeenth if not the eighteenth century. 

In the etomology of the word “Iroquois” Mr. Hale finds what he 
believes to be at least a possible origin in the indeterminate form of the 


1 David Boyle, Notes on Primitive Man in Ontario, p. 32, being an appendix to the 
Report of the Minister of Education for Ontario, Toronto, 1895. 

2TIdem, p.32. Also, see Reports of 1896 and 1897. 

3’ Annual Report of the Archeology of Ontario, 1896-97, Rice Lake, Ontario. 


ee 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 497 


word garokica (pipe or string of tobacco) “ierokwa,” * they who smoke,” 
briefly, “‘tobacco people,” the ‘Iroquois being well known to have 
cultivated tobacco,” ! 

An extremely hard-burned pottery pipe from Massachusetts, collected 
by Mr. J. H. Devereux, is shown in fig. 116, which evidences a certain 
relationship to the last illustration, not only in the material from which 
it is made, but in the partially encircling lines and a row of notches 
around the shoulder of the bowl where the lines stop, and also in the 
character of the bowl, stem, and the curve of the pipe. This specimen 
is about 24 inches in height and would if whole be about 4 inches long, 
the diameter of bowl being generally about an inch. A remarkabie 
feature of this pipe is the human figure on the escutcheon or niche facing 
the smoker, which is a part of the bowl, this being an occurrence not 
unusual in pipes found throughout an 
extensive territory bordering on the St. 
Lawrence. The figure, which is seated, 
appears to have been stamped in the 
clay prior to burning, though a number 
of notches seem to have been cut around 
the outer frame encircling the figure after 
the clay was baked. One can scarcely 
ignore in this pipe the strong resem- 
blance it bears to the pictures and wood 
carvings of the whites in their churches 
and elsewhere, the elevation of the rim 
being strongly indicative of the front of 
the hat of the grenadier. 

Rey. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwins- La 
ville, New York, has several examples Big. 116. 
of this PHatation 1Oumi sinarenersOny sige si. se 
County, New York. The lines commonly 
encircling the escutcheon are two or 
three. Mr. David Boyle, of Ontario, finds that the figures usually have 
the left hand raised to the mouth, the figures themselves being of half 
or full length, seated or standing. 

There are, however, other pottery pipes of the Iroquoian type in 
which the bowls and stems are almost at right angles to each other 
and made of stone, that Pierre a Calumet to which Kalm refers in 


\ 
Z 
> JZ 
-~ r a 
= eee, 


mee ee 
f 


Sy 


Massachusetts. 
Cat. No. 6833, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. H. Devereux. 


. 1749, saying: 


< 
3 
— 
» 
5 
ib 


‘This is the French name of a stone disposed in strata between the 
lime slate, and of which they make almost all of the tobacco pipe heads 
in the country. When the stone is long exposed to the open air or 
heat of the sun it gets a yellow color, but in the inside it is gray. It 
is a limestone of such compactness that its particles are not dis- 
tinguishable to the naked eye. It is pretty soft and will bear cut- 


1J. N. B. Hewitt, American Anthropologist, I, p. 188. 
NAT MUS 97 32 


498 _ REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ting with a knife. All the tobacco pipe heads which the common 
people in Canada make use of are made of this stone, and are orna- 
mented in different ways. A great part of the gentry likewise make 
use of them, especially when they are on a journey. The Indians have 
employed this stone for the same purposes for several ages past and 
have taught it the Europeans. The heads of the tobacco pipes are 
naturally of ‘a pale gray color, but they are blackened while they are 
quite new to make them look better. They cover the head all over 
with grease and hold it over a burning candle or any other fire, by 
which means it gets a good black color, which is increased by frequent 
use. The tubes of the pipes are always made of wood.” ! 

This stone is found near the Falls of Montmorency, 9 miles below 
Quebec. In other ways than in the use of the pipe stone “the French 
in Canada in many respects follow the customs of the Indians. They 
make use of the tobacco pipes; they mix the same things with tobacco; 
most of them wear red woolen caps at home and some- 
times on their journeys.” ” 

Fig. 117 represents a white stalagmite or limestone pipe 
from Oswego County, New York, collected by Mr. C. 
Rogers, and appears to be made of the stone referred to 
by Kalm, it is about 4 inches long ) 
and has a well-polished surface. 
Many of the characteristics of the 
preceding illustration are encoun- Se 
tered here, especially the eleva- Fig. 117. 
tion of bowl, as well as the figure peat eer! Uae Aas 4 
facing the smoker, which in this 
instance is at full length, and in- 
stead of being in relief, as in the pottery specimen, is in intaglio, though 
it is inclosed in a somewhat similar framework, which has two equi- 
distant lines ranning up each side of the bow] and continuing from one 
side of the face to the other across the top above the standing figure. 
Around the upper part of the bowl are a number of ellipsoidal counter- 
sunk depressions of irregular Sizes, some of which are square or in shape 
of a parallelogram with rounded corners, the interior of the depressions 
not being smoothed, but showing the tool marks left by the implement 
with which the material was removed. These depressions are among 
the most striking characteristics of Iroquoian pipes of all shapes, and 
one of the marks most often encountered in pipes of the area influenced 
by the Iroquoian Confederacy. 

The Rey. W. M. Beauchamp has in his collection “a dark marble 
pipe” of this character from Onondaga County, New York, with the 
same frontal elevation observed in the illustration, though the orna- 
mentation on the side of the bowl away from the smoker differs. Prof. 
G. H. Perkins illustrates a similar pipe from the Champlain Valley, 


Oswego County, New York. 
Cat. No. 26963, U.S.N.M. Collected by C, Rogers. 


! Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, III, p. 231, London, 1771. 
? Idem, III, p. 255. 


: 
: AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 499 


which is made from clouded gypsum. The depressions upon the sur- 
face, he believes, were intended to be inlaid with pieces of other stone, 
and considers that there can be no doubt of this because of the unfinished 
state in which these cavities are left, whereas the rest of the pipe is 
moderately well finished. Several similar pipes are said to have been 
found on both sides of the lake.' An excellent specimen of this type 
from Cortland County, New York, is in the Douglass collection. 

A cast of a pipe of this class from Montreal shows the human face 
so grotesquely as to represent the front of the skull with its eye- 
less sockets and cavities, intended for nose and mouth rather than a 
living face, not only on that part of the bowl facing the smoker, but on 
its sides as well. Professor Perkins also illustrates a pipe bowl with 
several of these elliptical or quadrangular depressions excavated, as he 
thinks, for the purpose of being filled in with ornamental bits of shell 
or stone. The bowl of the latter has no stem 
attached and was apparently intended for smok- 
ing with a stem.’ 

Bowls of other shapes have been found in New 
York with these peculiar dépressions cut into 
their surfaces, and Professor Perkins illus- 
trates a pipe of the rectangular type made of 
pewter, which probably represented, as he 
suggests, the transition stage of stone from 
pottery. 

The pipes do not fully answer Kalm’s descrip- 
tion in their stems, and of the known speci- 


= Fig. 118. 
mens most have been found on the eastern side  —_—stroquors porrery PIPE. 
of the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario Bloomfield, New York. 


Cat. No. 6184, U.S.N.M. Collected by 
E. Jewett. 


and Erie. Professor Perkins illustrates a stem- 
less pipe bowl from Vermont made of ‘the 
usual steatite,” which in form probably more nearly resembles the pipe 
Kalm describes than does any other. 

An extremely hard burned black pottery pipe (fig. 118) from Bloom- 
field, New York, collected by Col. E. Jewett, upon the bowl of which is 
molded a human face, exhibits apparently European rather than Indian 
characteristics, and preserves in the shape of the bowl the peculiarities 
of the “grenadier hat” form, the usual elevation of the bowl being 
modified in order the more effectually to allow the modeling of the 
forehead. In the ornamentation of the bowl of this pipe, especially that 
part of it behind the indiyidual’s ear, a number of broad and narrow lines 
alternating with each other with rows of dots between them are artis- 
tically grouped. The ears are distinetly formed and fairly well modeled, 


*Idem, p. 241. 


¢ 


z 


500 ' REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


burning, as though intended to hold artificial pupils of some different 
material—a not unkuown art in American pipes, especially those of the 
curved base mound type. The mouth is sawed into the pottery, and not 
modeled in its plastic condition, as are the other features. This type 
has also been found in Cayuga and Munroe counties, New York. 

A well-burned pottery pipe of Iroquoian type (fig. 119) from Water- 
town, New York, collected by Col. E. Jewett, shows a rude character 
of unusual ornamentation, not only in its scalloped bowl, but in the 
enlarged part of the same, decorated by lines cut into the pottery, 
though type characteristics are preserved. Pipes of this character are 
found in a variety of forms, having at times molded on the bowl or 
around it, or on top of it, the figures of men or animals, including both 
the grave and grotesque, yet often they are executcd with a degree of 
skill more nearly akin to the 
higher European art than to 
that of savages, who, unless 
they did so in their pipes, 
do not appear to have pro- 
dteced a single figure carved 
in the round, except of the 
rudest character. 

Pipes of this type, having 
square tops to the bowls, be- 
AWD long to the Hurons, accord- 
Fig. 119. ing to Mr. David Boyle, 

ae re ee ee of Toronto, one of which, 

Cat. No. ie cone ee by s Jewett. from Fox River of the Ili- 

. nois, found in a mound in 

“Wisconsin, is figured by him. These, Lapham says, were so small as 
to suggest that they were articles of fancy rather than of use.' 

One of these square-topped pipes showing Iroquoian ornamentation 
was shown to Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft by a chief of Riviere Au Sable, at 
Thunder Bay, Michigan, on the mainland, as an antique pipe, which 
the chief averred was smoked by his ancestors.?- Dawson illustrates 
a Similar specimen from Montreal. 

Schooleraft is probably right in his assertion that though they were 
attributed to the skill of the American Indians they were not in any 
instance due to these tribes, but were made for the Indian trade.’ 

This will probably apply with equal force to all these hard-burned 
clay pipes of Iroquoian type having upon them such varied ornamen- 
tation as the representations of men, birds, and animals. 

Fig. 120 is a fragment of a small pipe of pottery, from Honeoye 


1T, A, Lapham, Antiquities of Wisconsin, p. 82, Smithsonian Contributions to 
Knowledge, VII. 

2North American Indian Tribes, Pt. 1, p. 75, plate vi, fig. 1. 

%’Tdem, Pt. 4, p. 140. 


ee a a Po 


_ opposite the mouth of the Hocking River, where 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 501 


Falls, Monroe County, New York, collected by Mr. William M. Locke. 
It is quite small, and shows in what a variety of ornamentation the peo- 
ple making these pipes indulged. Though the animal is not sufficiently 
well modeled to distinguish whether a mouse or a fox, the eyes, ears, 
and legs are attached to a rude modeling, indicating a type of art dif- 
ferent from what would be expected of a people living in the purest 
savage state, as the Indians of this region did 
at the time of first contact with Europeans, 
Squier and Davis illustrate an Lroquoian pot- 
tery pipe plowed up in West Virginia, nearly 


there are abundant traces of an ancient people 
in the form of mounds, embankments, ete.;' on 
the bowl there is an animal’s head which faces 
from the smoker, and which, judging from the 
illustration, belongs to the Iroquoian type, not 
only in shape, but in ornamentation of the bowl 
as well. While this latter pipe is from a local- 


ity quite distant from where similar ones are Fig. 120. 
commonly found, it is within the area influenced IROQUOIS POTTERY PIPE. 
to a certain extent by French trade. Honeoye Falls, New York. 


Cat. No, 31497, U.S.N.M. Collected by 
William M. Locke. 


On the bow] of one of these pottery pipes was 
modeled a panther’s head facing to the right. 
Others have been found with heads facing from the smoker, and a 
singular specimen was discovered representing the caricature of a hu- 
man head and face, the mouth of which is drawn to one side, the eyes 
closed, and the side of one jaw badly swollen as if from toothache. 


BIRD PIPES. 


A curious pipe of pronounced type (fig. 121) was found in a mound 
on the banks of the Ohio River in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 
and collected by Mr. P. Painter, which has an outline that would indicate 
a bird sitting upon a perch or limb. It is 54 inches high and appears 
to be made of a compact black slate, which has been badly cracked 
by other heat than that generated in smoking it. The eyes are repre- 
sented by two depressions, the feet by a knob, and, except that the 
head has been shaped, the rest of the body is perfectly smooth, and in 
cross section a parallelogram. The only tool marks visible are appar- 
ently those of a file across the top of the bowl. Pipes of this type 
had, as a matter of course, to be smoked with a wooden or other 
stem. The feet of the bird in ‘these pipes are at times perforated 
for the attachment of a cord, or the knob is sufficiently shouldered to 
answer the same purpose, the bowl and stem openings being of like 
size, and drilled each one-half inch in diameter. One of these pipes 
(Cat. No. 32297, U.S.N.M.) was found in Onondaga County, New York. 


1 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 194. 


502 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The feathers of the bird are rudely indicated, and around the neck 
there is a necklace of beads carved into the stone. Mr. Boyle refers 
the writer to another pipe of this type in form of a dog or monkey, 
which was found in Ontario, having a hole for the string bored through 
the base of the figure. A pipe of similar type in possession of Rey. 
W. M. Beauchamp, from Oneida River, New York, represents a bird 
with topknot or comb, the wings being indicated by incised lines, the 
material of the pipe being black slate. A specimen in the collection 
of Mr. O. M. Bigelow, made also of slate, has what appears to be 

wings cut in regular conventional lines, though the 


feet of the last two pipes referred to are bored from 
side to side; upon the first there is on the back of the 
neck a heart-shaped ornament. Still another of these 
bird pipes from Onondaga County, New York, has 
upon its sides the ellipsoidal depressions so often 
noticed in Iroquoian pottery and stone pipes. Mr. 
Beauchamp suggests that these pipes were made with 
metallic tools. There is also in the U.S. National 
Museum collection (Cat. No. 32342) a cast of a most 
curious pipe of this type, the original of which is said 
to be of magnesian limestone, in shape of a dog, and is 
from New York, though the figure is so carved that it 
is possible the intention was to represent the skeleton 
Papp nk SRI of some animal. A beautifully executed pipe of this 
Allegheny County, Character, having all the characteristics of the north- 


Fig. 121. 


Pennsylvania. ern specimens, made from a light brown, highly-pol- 
Cat, No. 19081, US.N-M. ished stone, and upon which the wing and tail feathers 


Collected by P. Painter. 


are conventionally represented, is in the collection of 
the University of Pennsylvania, and is said to be from the coast of 
Florida, which is, however, so far from the known locality where these 


pipes are usually found as to suggest its having been lost by some white | 


person who had obtained it in the north. 

Yet another pipe, apparently of this type, was found at North Carver, 
Plymouth County, Massachusetts, and is illustrated by Dr. Charles C. 
Abbott.! 

This pipe has been attributed to the people of the Pacific coast, and 
is supposed to have been brought across the continent. Its character- 
istics and style of workmanship are strikingly like those of certain of 
the Pacific coast tribes, though if the specimen be compared with 
others of the type, there is scarcely room to question its eastern 
northern origin. 

Mr. David Boyle illustrates a slate specimen from Victoria County, 
Ontario, with a well-carved beak and mouth; though by far the most 
curious pine: of this type are two illustrated by Mr. Boyigy from Victo- 


1 Primitive induciey, p. 324, fig. 318, S: slain, 1381, 


head may as well be called a turtle as a bird. The 


ee 


ae 


—_— 


T 
nd 
” 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 503 


ria County, Ontario, which represent some creature climbing a pole, 
and are strikingly similar to the familiar toy known as a “jumping 
jack.” 

Fig. 122, from Erie County, Pennsylvania, collected by Mr. J. H. Dev- 
ereux, is 5 inches in height and is clearly of this type, being made of a 
very imperfectly crystallized quartzite, the surface of which is so rough 
that it would be impossible to represent eyes or feathers, no matter 
what tools were employed, the bowl and stem holes being of the same 
size, namely, one-half inch, which is a striking feature of pipes of this 
type. The lecalities where they are found, with the one exception 
noted, are all contiguous to the St. Lawrence, the line of the Great 
Lakes, and their tributaries—all well within that of Iroquoian ethnic 
relationship—yet with all this in favor of their aboriginal origin, there 
is a very general belief in their being of European 
manufacture, or at least made with the implements 
of the European. 

In an examination of the English trade pipe, both 
in Europe and America, there is found such similarity 
to American forms as to leave little room to doubt 
that there is sufficient likeness between the two to 
establish a common origin. The writer is, however, 
inclined to credit the origin of the type to the Eng- 
lish rather than to the native American, though the 
Dutch and French appear early to have manufac- 
tured this pipe, and as some of the early French spec- 
imens are extremely archaic, it is possible that the 
Spanish may have employed it earlier than either. 
The readiness and cheapness with which Europeans 
were enabled to mold, burn, and sell the trade pipe — yyi¢ county, Pennsy!- 
caused it to be produced in great quantities, and the vania. 
trader could afford to sell it ata price which brought (sXe 0AM 
it within the reach of all. When, in consequence of 
English cultivation, the colonists furnished an abundant supply of 
tobacco there was no longer difficulty in the Indian obtaining all that 
he wanted, for, notwithstanding the references to primitive cultivation 
by the natives, their fields appear to have been at best but insignificant 
in comparison to their actual requirements. ; 

The pipe of the French region of influence along the banks of the 
St. Lawrence River differed from that of the territory dominated by 
the English to the east and south of them, the French pipe, as a rule, 
being more elaborate than that of their rivals in trade. They are more 
graceful in form and more artistic in design. The pipes of the French 
area of influence appear often to be trumpet shaped, though there are 
other types which have quite as distinct individuality and are scattered 
over a wide area. The calumet, now everywhere known also as the 
“peace pipe,” apparently derives its name from the chalwmeau, a musical 


STONE BIRD PIPE. 


504 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


instrument on the order of the flageolet, called by the English “chalmy.” 
This instrument in turn obtains its name from the same Norman word, 
signifying a reed. 

The long voyages from Europe to America during the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries must have been monotonous in the extreme until 
the navigators fell in with the land, and even as early as the time of 
Cicero he informs us there was not a vessel where music was not 
employed on shipboard to relieve the monotony of the voyage.! 

Instrumental music was as astonishing to the natives as was the noise 
of the guns, and must have afforded to these children of the forest 
remarkable entertainment as well as great astonishment. Nothing is 
more natural than that the original tubular pipe should have been 
given the flaring mouth of the metal horn of the French, which, as a 
pipe, would be further improved by imitating the curve of the horn. 

A sort of flageolet referred to by Sir John Hawkins was a musical 
instrument of which, in an account of Queen Elizabeth’s annual 
expense published by Peck in his Disiderata Curiosa, he speaks of as 
being ‘“ filled with air blown into them by the mouth.” He alludes to 
several of them by name, especially the chalmy, i. e., the Chalumeau.? 

The illustration given by Hawkins is that of a straight instrument, 
similar to a flageolet and having a flaring mouth like fig. 112. 

According to McCulloh, the calumet “‘ which is a Norman word signify- 
ing a reed, is a tobacco pipe whose stem is about 4 feet in length, some- 
times round and at other times flat. It is painted and adorned with 
hair, porcupine quills, dyed of various colors, and the most beautiful 
feathers that can be procured. The bowl of the pipe is most fre- 
quently red marble, though some tribes only admit of white stone, 
and if it be presented to them either of black or red color will have it 
whitened before they smoke it. It is considered a sacred or consecrated 
object, and on this account is never suffered to touch the ground, 
being laid upon two forked sticks, stuck upright in the earth for that 
purpose.” * ; 

CALUMET AND WAMPUM. 

The illustration here given (fig. 123) shows the calumet with all of 
its ornamentation as used by the Omahas. To dance the calumet ‘is 
to make a sacred kinship, which is done after serious consultation in 
which the party selected is sometimes advised against doing so, because 
the party to be danced for is either not worthy of it or he may himselt 
refuse to be adopted in the dance. If all is agreeable, all parties repair 
to a particular place, where the pipes are placed on a forked support. 
Instead of the pipe bowl there is the head of a green-necked duck; 
on the upper side of the stem are yellowish feathers of the great owl; 


‘J. B. De La Bord and P. J. Roussieu, Essai sur La Musique, II, p. 211, Paris, 
1780. 

*Sir John Hawkins, A General History of Music, II, p. 450, London, 1776. 

5 J.H.MeCulloh, Researches, p. 144, Baltimore, 1829. 


a a 


—— ee 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 505 


next long wing feathers of the great war eagle, split and stuck on lon- 
gitudinally in three places, as on an arrow shaft. At the end of these is 
some horsehair which has been reddened. 
Itis wrapped on the stem and tied on with 
‘sinew and over that is fastened some of 
the fur of the white rabbit; near one end 
is the head of a woodcock * * * the nose 
turned toward the mouthpiece. On the 
pipe the eagle feathers are white, being 
those of a male eagle, and the pipe stém 
is dark blue.” ! 

As seen in fig. 124, ‘““ When the pipes are 
rested against the forked stick the head 
of the duck is placed next the ground. 
The sticks are colored with Indian red. 
The next morning before sunrise some of ay 
the visitors sing for the people to arise and i 


; 
; 
‘ 
; 


we 
—= = 


ey A } 
assemble. When they begin to sing, the : R gs 
pipes are taken from their support and are da / 
not returned until the singing is concluded. y| N 
They sing again after breakfast, a third \ 
time in the afternoon, and once more at (2 
night. This generally continues for two eek A 
days, during which time the visitors are AA! 
feasted. Sometimes they continue the feast i 
for three days. The day after the feast ) 
they give and receive presents. The next | 
day a servant of one of the principal visi- =~ eh { 
tors is selected to dance, one who is skillful AN 
in imitating the movements of the war a || 


eagle. The person danced for is thereafter W 
adopted as a member of the family of the 
other. The Ponkas are not fully acquaint- 
ed with the calumet dance. They use but 
one pipe; but the Omahas always have two 
pipes.”” This description of the dance and 
of the pipe and the decorations of the pipe CALUMET. 

are similar to the earliest accounts we = AtterJ. Owen Dorsey, Third Annual Report of 
have. The stem of a pipe brought from the Pi Wats eee ee 
Lower Niger, Africa, by Captain Burton, which is in the collection of 
the British Museum, with its carefully attached tufts, resembles stems 
employed by American Indians.” 


1 J. Owen Dorsey, Omaha Sociology, Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol- 
ogy, p. 277, fig. 20. 

2Tdem, pp. 276-282. 

3R. T. Pritchett, Ye Smokiana, p. 33, 1890. 


o> & 
‘ 


506 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The friendly offering of the pipe is evidently an ancient custom, and 
one referred to by many of the earliest visitors to the Atlantic Coast, 
though in council the pipe does not appear to have been so prominent 
an adjunct in the East as it was in the Valley of the Mississippi, wherein 
all functions between the French and the natives the calumet occupied 
an important position. 


Fig. 124. 
CALUMET DANCE. 


After J. Owen Dorsey, Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 276. 


Except by means of the rudest pictography the North American 
native had no means of recording events. Some method became neces- 
sary in their dealings, particularly with the whites, to evidence engage- 
ments on the one part and the other, whether affecting the tribe, as in 
treaties, or between individuals, as in simple contracts, memory alone 
being too unreliable without extraneous symbols. Among the English, 
in their early dealings, the “wampum belt” or necklace, consisting 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 507 


originally of beads of wood or shell, and later of bands of shell, and 
still later of china or glass beads worked into bands, or belts, as they 
were commonly called, arranged in rude order, were employed, a sim- 
ple example of which, represented in fig. 125, after Rev. W. M. 
Beauchamp, is formed of “white beads on a dark background.” The 
long house represents the Five Nations, and the cross the French.! 
The design of this belt, which appears to have succeeded the string 
of wampum, varied according to the occasion, and was intended to 
remind those presenting it, as well as those who received it, of what was 
agreed upon at the time of its presentation or exchange. Instead of 
the belt the French, from the earliest period of their intercourse with 
the natives, adopted the pipe ceremony in council, as well as in their 
trading, in which invariably the pipe had to be smoked before any 
serious business could be undertaken. In the early French records there 
is abundant evidence that the pipe was considered as similar to the flag 
of truce, and protected its bearer under ail circumstances. Later the 
pipe and belt of wampum, especially with the great lroquoian Confeder- 
acy of the Five and later the Six Nations, appear to have been employed 
in conjunction with each other. When the English were holding a 


Fig. 125. 
WAMPUM BELT. 
After W. M. Beauchamp. 


council with the natives the belt was most important, whereas if the 
deliberations were with the Irench it was the pipe that was most sig- 
nificant. Still later the Americans appear to have supplanted the pipe 
of the French with the American flag, or more often with medals stamped 
with the head of the President of the United States. Prior to the 
advent of the whites some interchange of commodities in the way of 
trade appears to have existed between the natives. Even during times 
of hostility the trader has been allowed to travel back and forth with 
his articles of exchange with little danger. The religious sentiment 
was of the crudest character among the Indians, and was little, if at all, 
superior to the fetish worship of the African. Hunger, climate, and 
variation of seasons necessitated constant movement in search of game, 

fish, and peltries, for the Indian had learned but the rudiments of the 
cultivation of soil. Expert as a hunter, able to track his prey, whether 
man or beast, with an accuracy surprising to the whites, he was not a 
herdsman. He migrated with the buffalo. Agriculture was almost an 
unknown art to him. His boundaries were only limited by the presence 
in a given area of a more powerful neighbor who was ever ready and 
anxious to resent a trespass on his territory or the slaughter of his eae 


= — = oe = — 


lw, M, Beauchamp, aonthegnian oat 1879, p. 390, fig. 


508 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


“The name ‘calumet’ pipes has been given,” according to Dr. Rau, 
“to large stone pipes, which were smoked with a stem, and are usually 
fashioned in imitation of a bird, mammal, or amphibian, and sometimes 
of the human figure. They were thus called on account of their bulk, 
which seemed to indicate their character as pipes of ceremony to be 
used on solemn occasions. It was further thought that these pipes had 
not been the property of individuals, but of communities, a view which 
does not seem altogether correct, since some have been discovered in 
burial mounds accompanying a single individual.” ! 

This word has been so extensively used, first by the French and sub- 
sequently by the English, that, whatever its original meaning, it may 
be said that at present it signifies merely a pipe. There were calumets 
of war, of peace, of the dance, of confederacy, of the clan, of the cult, 
and of the individual. To-day a red Siouan catlinite rectangular pipe 
would more correctly represent a calumet than any other single type. 
Pipes were of many different sizes and of different shapes with each 
affiliated tribe, the larger ones usually being employed when the inter- 
ests of tribe or confederacy were involved, whereas the straight tube 
appears to be the pipe of the dance and solemn sacred functions. 

The calumet of peace, according to the French missionaries, was 
accepted as a flag of truce by the Indians from Lake Michigan far down 
the Mississippi River from 1673 for many decades. According to Morgan, 
“the Iroquois believed that tobacco was given to them as the means 
of communication with the spiritual world. By burning it they could 
send up their petitions with its ascending incense to the Great Spirit, 
and render their acknowledgments acceptably for His blessings.” ” 

At the sacrifice of the white dog among the Sioux the speaker “ threw 
leaves of tobacco into the fire from time to time, that its incense might 
constantly ascend during the whole of the address.” * 

The pipe among the Indians of Canada, as elsewhere, was used also 
upon ordinary social occasions, though there is reason to believe that 
the pipe ceremony always had some special significance other than that 
of a mere social acknowledgment or sedative. It brought luck or kept 
away evil spirits. It was smoked to bring game, or keep off disease, 
and to attract or repel the mysterious powers of their mythology. 
Among the Mandans, ‘if a woman passes between several men of the 
tribe who are smoking together, it is a bad omen. Should a woman 
recline on the ground between men who are smoking, a piece of wood 
is laid across her to serve as a communication between the men. When 
any person had a painful or diseased place, a man put his pipe upon it 
and smoked. On such occasion he did not swallow the smoke, as is 
the Indian custom, but he affirmed he could extract the disease by his 


' Charles Rau, The Archeological Collections of the United States National Museum, 
p. 48. 

* Lewis H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, p. 164, Rochester, 1851. 

5Idem, p. 219. 


ae) 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 509 


smoking, and he pretended to seize itin his hand and throw it into the 
are.” | 

Wherever there are accounts of early Spanish or French travels 
among the American Indians we find the cross played an important 
part. The Spanish upon entering a town or village invariably erected 
a cross the first thing they did. The Irench missionaries, besides car- 
rying prominently the cross as a part of their visible equipment, did 
their best to impress upon the natives its great importance. Conse- 
quently we find it prominent among aboriginal decorations; it is seen 
on the wampum belt, upon inscribed shells, on pipes, ete. Cabeca de 
Vaca, in his wonderful adventures among the people of the territory 
then called Florida, cured the natives by making the sign of the cross. 
In a mound within the limits of Chillicothe was found, “in a small 
inclosure near by, a silver cross of French origin.”” 

Upon another occasion ‘“‘two silver crosses were taken in November, 
1839, from a grave mound at Coosawattee, old town in Murray County, 
Georgia, associated with Indian implements,”* and other occurrences 
could be enumerated showing the contemporaneity of the crosses with 
pure savage conditions. 

“Tn a conference to make peace a single person is never sent; there 
must be two; but depending upon the strength of those conferring 
there may be fifteen or twenty. There is, however, one who delivers 
the strings and belts of wampum; the others listen to his words and 
remind him when he forgets something. One of the ambassadors ear- 
ries the peace pipe in advance to the Indians—the same as a flag of 
truce is to the Europeans. The respect in which the embassy is held 
is so great that a person disregarding it would not fail to be punished 
by the Great Spirit. Itis only used in negotiating treaties. This pipe, 
called calumet by the French, usually had a head of red marble, the 
red color being the sign of blood. It is never sent as a peace offering 
without being covered with white clay or chalk. Such a pipe head is 
6 to 8 inches wide and 3 inches high. The stem is of hard wood and 4 
feet long, covered with beautiful bandages interwoven with white coral, 
in which work the Indian women endeavor to show their skill. These 
stems are eften ornamented with porcupine quills, or green, yellow, or 
white feathers. Near the village of the party opposed to them the 
envoys commence to sing and dance, and are carried to the dwelling of 
the head chief, where every attention is shown them so long as the 
negotiations last. The opening of the proceedings is performed by the 
head chief of the envoys taking a whiff from the peace pipe and blowing 


1J. Owen Dorsey, A Study of Siouan Cults, Eleventh Annual Report of the 
Bureau of Ethnology, p. 511. 

2Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 166, Smith- 
sonian Contributions to Knowledge, I. 

3 Charles C. Jones, Silver Crosses from an Indian Grave-mound at Coosawattee Old 
Town, Murray County, Georgia, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 619. 


510 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


to the skies and to the earth. It is then smoked in succession by the 
whole assembly, each person holding it with great care.” ! 

Among the Indian tribes generally only the more important chiefs 
are considered worthy of carrying the pipe of ceremony. ‘ Among the 
Crees the calumet is borne by a man who is solemnly elected to the 
office and who has to pay rather dearly for the honor, from 15 to 20 
horses being the usual fee which each pipe bearer presents to his 
predecessor on receiving the insignia of office; these, however, are of 
considerable intrinsic value. They include a bearskin, on which the 
pipestem rests when uncovered; a beautiful painted skin tent, in which 
he is expected to reside; a medicine rattle of singular value; a food 
bowl, and other articles so numerous that two horses are needed to 
carry them.” ? é 

Among the Ojibways ‘“‘next in importance to the war chief was the 
pipe bearer, who officiated in all public councils.” * 

On April 7, 1536, within one mile of Tadousac, below the mouth of the 
Saguenay, Lescarbot says: ‘“‘ Having landed, we went to the cabin of 
their sagamo, called Anedabijou, where we found him with eighty or one 
hundred of his companions ‘ qui fasait tabagio,’ which means feasting.”* 
He says this savage commenced to take petun (tobacco) “and gave it 
to the Sieur Du Pont and to me and to some other sagamos near him, 
and having taken a good smoke began his speech (id). From this time 
on the French advanced up the St. Lawrence, or River of France, as 
they called it, until they reached Lake Ontario, and from thence to Erie, 
and each year went further as they became acquainted with the Indians 
of the more distant parts until Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, reached 
the Mississippi near Lake Michigan. De Soto landed in Florida in 
May, 1539, and reached the banks of the Lower Mississippiin 1541. La 
Salle came into the mouth of the Mississippi in 1682 and took posses 
sion in the name of the King of France. The Chevalier de Tonti had 
gone down the Mississippi River as far as Balize in 1685 to meet La 
Salle, whom he missed. Iberville and Bienville, in 1699, entered the 
Mississippi and went up it as far as the mouth of the Red River and 
the next year met Tonti 50 miles from the mouth. He had come from 
Canada down the river, being the second trip which he had made.”® 


_. MOUND PIPES. 


Throughout a large portion of the United States earthworks are 
found of various kinds, attributed to different periods of antiquity. 
The mounds and embankments are especially numerous in the State of 


!Loskiel, Geschichte der Mission der Evangelischer Briidern, p. 201, Barby, 1789. 
2J.G. Wood, The Natural History of Man, p. 682, London, 1870. 

3 William W. Warren, Minnesota Historical Collections, V, p. 318. 

4 Mare Lescarbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, Book ITI, p. 288, Paris, 1608. 
®Charles Gayare, Louisiana, its Colonial History and Romance, New York, 1851. 


oo 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. )5ll 


Ohio, where there have been discovered aboriginal remains of the most 
interesting character. The controversy as to the origin of these mounds 
and of the people who built them and of their age is one most difficult 
of satisfactory solution. They are by no means confined to the United 
States, and as to whether the people who constructed them continued 
to do so up to a comparatively modern date or whether they are all of 
great antiquity is and has long been a matter of disputeamong arche- 
ologists. The remains found iu the mounds consequently have been 
by many attributed to a people of great antiquity, antedating the present 
Indian race, and many scientific papers have been written in support 
of this theory. Yet there are those living who have witnessed the 
building of mounds, and the extensive studies of Prof. Cyrus Thomas, 
of the Bureau of American Ethnology, induce him to believe that the 
Cherokees were mound-builders up to and since the arrival of the 
whites on the continent. Many articles of modern make, undoubtedly 
the handiwork of the white people, have been found buried in the 
mounds. Such things are declared by some to be intrusive or second- 
ary burials. They are alleged by others to have been deposited therein 


at the time of the construction of the tumuli. With hardly an excep- 


tion all earthworks of every description found in the interior of the 
country are attributed to this wonderful ancient race of aboriginees. 
Though the very country where mounds are most abundant was the 
battleground of French, English, and Indians for many decades in the 
struggles waged between the English and Frenen for the possession of 
the Indian trade, some of these supposed aboriginal earthworks may 
well have been the fortified camps of one or other of the white invaders. 
The mounds are found almost invariably along the lines of the great 
rivers of the interior, due, presumably, to the fact that these rivers 
were the lines of least resistance to the free communication from one 
point to the other, and consequently were the trade routes of the inte- 
rior, whether of white man or Indian. It has been said of the mound- 
builders that they were very numerous throughout the Mississippi 
Valley. ‘They were a people entirely distinct from the North Ameri- 
can Indian. The pipes are often elaborately and beautifully carved of 
a great variety of stones, generally of rather a soft character, and were 
apparently held in very high estimation, perhaps almost sacred. In 
the Upper Mississippi Valley they are of the same general type, having 
the flat curved base, which is perforated to serve as a stem. They 
represent a variety of forms, among them two said to distinctly repre- 
sent the elephant.” ! 

The best kuown work on the mound-builders’ pipes is that of Messrs. 
KE. G. Squier and E. H. Davis in the Ancient Monuments of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley, contained in the first volume of the Smithsonian Con- 
tributions to Knowledge, which described explorations of these remains 


'Extract from President Pratt’s Report, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, 
American Naturalist, XII, p. 684. 


512 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


through a period of years. In this publication there are illustrations 
of the objects discovered, and nothing is more striking than the pipes. 
These are quite numerous, and represent not only man, but many of 
the mammals, birds, and even reptiles, and, indeed, many of them are 
executed with skill and striking artistic effect, though there may be 
room for doubt whether the figures represent as many different species 


as some have believed. In intricacy of design, in artistic concept. in - 


skill of execution, in truthfulness to nature, it must be admitted that 
the work of the modern Indian on his pipe, when compared with that 
of the mound-builder, would demonstrate that the historic Indian was 
the equal of the supposed earlier race. There is no doubt whatever 
that pipe-carving constitutes the best example of aboriginal art, though 
how far it was influenced by the whites is a question subject to differ- 
ence of opinion. In view of the fact, which is sustained by all writers, 
colonial and modern, that to the whole Indian race the pipe was an 
object used in religious functions, for medicinal purposes, in tribal 
treaties, as well as upon all social occasions, it is natural to see artistic 
influences developed in the pipe; this is more especially to be expected 
when we know that the totem of clan or tribe ranked as high as any- 
thing could in the Indian imagination. Yet it is quite another and 
more doubtful proposition to attribute to the Indian the amount of 
artistic skill evidenced in the forms of the mound pipes. These pipes 
are composed of stones, the stem holes being extremely small and per- 
fectly straight, and leave but little doubt that the pipes were smoked 
without a stem other than that comprised in the stone itself. It will 
be appreciated how numerous the totems of a tribe were when we com- 
pare the known clans among pueblo tribes with the figures represented 
upon the mound pipes, which were probably totemic. The animal 
kingdom represented among the totems of these people includes the 
ant, antelope, badger, bear, bluebird, buffalo, chaparal-cock, coyote, 
crane, crow, deer, dove, duck, eagle, frog, goose, gopher, hawk, hum- 
ming bird, lizard, martin, mole, mountain lion, parrot, snake, swallow, 
turkey, and wolf, not to mention the many totems representing inani- 
mate objects, such as arrows, axes, calabash, coral, corn, cottonwood, 
earth, feather, flower, grass, ivy oak, pifon, shell, stone, tobacco, and 
water willow.! 

The largest number of mound pipes ever discovered were found in a 
mound near Chillicothe, Ohio, by Squier and Davis, designated by them 
as Mound No. 8, where about two hundred were brought to light. This 
mound is small in size, and exhibits in its structure nothing remarkable. 

‘The bowls of most of the pipes are carved in miniature figures of 
animals, birds, reptiles, etc. All of them are executed with strict fidel- 
ity to nature and with exquisite skill. The otter is shown in charac- 
teristic attitude, holding a fish in his mouth; the heron also holds a 
fish, the hawk grasps a small bird in its talons, which it tears with its 


1F, W. Hodge, Pueblo Clan Names, American Anthropologist, October, 1896, p. 345. 


pyr a 


on ol 


— = 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 513 


beak. The panther, the bear, the wolf, the beaver, the otter, the 
squirrel, the raccoon, the hawk, the heron, crow, swallow, buzzard, 
paroquet, toucan, and other indigenous and southern birds, the turtle, 
the frog, toad, rattlesnake, ete., are recognized at first glance. But 
the most interesting and valuable in the list are a number of sculptured 
heads, no doubt faithfully representing the predominant physical fea- 
tures of the ancient people by whom they were made.” ! 

These views have been generally accepted since the publication of 
this great monograph, which represented the most extensive excavation 
undertaken by any archeologist up to its date, though other and more 
extensive investigations have since been made in these and in other 
mounds. The accepted theory has for a long period been that the 
American Indian lavished his utmost skill upon the construction and 
decoration of his pipe—those of stone as well as those of pottery. Of 
the latter, Sir John Lubbock has remarked that, “Among the most 
characteristic specimens of ancient American pottery are the pipes. 
Many are spirited representations of animals, such as the beaver, 
otter, etc.”” 

It does not appear to have been considered remarkable that the carv- 
ing of pipes with such great skill should be practically the only exam- 
ple of American Indian art; and it may be questioned if the small size 
of the pipes, thereby enabling them to be carried by their owners, suffi- 
ciently explains why pipes alone show this skill, fine carving being 
almost, if not entirely, unknown in other aboriginal stone objects from 
the area where these pipes are most often found. 

It may with pertinence be asked why do we not find in the mounds 


_ other images of stone finished with the skill of the mound pipe if 


they are of Indian origin? The religious or superstitious feeling of the 
seventeenth century would draw the line at idol making, whereas pipe 
manufacture would be a legitimate occupation. That the people of the 
mound-pipe region possessed idols is a historic fact, for Dablon, the 
Jesuit missionary (about 1670-1672) at Fox River, found an Indian idol 
on the bank similar to that which Dollier and Gallinée found at Detroit, 
being merely a rock bearing some resemblance to a man and hideously 
painted*® which they threw into the river; the rude possession of those 
people of whom Le Jeune said, in 1633, “ Unhappy infidels, who spend 
their life in smoke and their eternity in flames.”* 

Mound pipes vary greatly in their finish, yet they are of a distinct type” 
from all other pipes, many of their bowl cavities being small in propor- 
tion to their exterior diameter; yet there are exceptions to the rule. 
The specimens in the Sminithsonian collection vary in length from 2 to 5 
inches, in height from 1 to 2 inches, and in width from 14 to 14 inches. 


‘Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 152, 1848. 
2Sir John Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 258, New York, 1872. 
®*Francis Parkman, The Jesuits in America, p. 35, Boston, 1895. 
‘Idem, p. 36, Boston, 1895. 
NAT MUS 97 Jd 


514 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The bases of them all appear to curve longitudinally; the upper side of 
the platform composing the base usually presents a convex surface from — 
side to side, though at times it is perfectly flat, or, rarely, it may be © 
found showing a slightly concave surface. The simplest form of this 
pipe resembles in outline that of the lip ornament of the Eskimo, 
the bowl hing urn-shaped, with a more or iess pronounced flaring top, 
which would indicate a probable — 
acquaintance with pottery. The 
tops of the bowls and their exte- 
rior rims are at times decorated 
with a row of dots, or it may be 
an encircling straight line or lines. 
The interiors of bowls are, with 
rare exceptions, of great uniform- 
Fig. 126. ity, their exteriors varying from 
Bo ee specimens with perfectly smooth 
Gi Rema ay surfaces to those in imitation of 

Cat. No. 42667, U.S.N.M. Collected by G. L. Febiger. 5 
numerous embers .f the animal 
kingdom, including man and the elephant. 
The most simple specimen of the typical mound pipe is seen in fig. 126, © 
found in a mound in Clark County, Ohio, collected by G. L. Febiger, © 
United States Army, and is composed of a soft white stone—possibly 
limestone. It is 4 inches long, with a height of 2 inches, the base being 
1Z inches broad. The interior «f the bowl has a uniform diameter of 
seven-eighths of an inch its | 
whole depth, and appears to be 
Lored by means of a tubular 
drill, though the stem seems to 
have been bored by means of a 
solid drill, the hole being one- 
eighth of an inch in diameter. 
These proportions are practi- 
cally constant in the mound 
pipes. Though this pipe has 
been badly broken, its several 
pieces have been preserved and 
carefully glued in place. The 
specimen is typical and simple, 
entirely without ornament, its 
surface having been brought to 
a uniform smoothness, though the marks of a file on the bowl and stem 
are in places almost too distinct to be mistaken. These marks consist 
of a series of lines of equal length on apparently flat surfaces, all equi- 
distant, which the writer has been unable to imitate in any way except 
by means of the metal file, various kinds of sandstone and quartzite 

being tried with unsatisfactory results. 

A dark green steatite (fig. 127) from Marietta, Ohio, collected b 


MOUND PIPE. 
Marietta, Ohio. 
Cat. No. 5481, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. Varden. 


F AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 515 
’ 
| 


Mr. J. Varden, is 24 inches long, with part of the base broken off. It 
is 14 inches high and has a width of three-fourths of an inch. Though 
the base of this pipe is slightly more convex than the preceding figure 
and the bowl more urn-shaped, the type remains the same, the bowl 
cavity being of uniform size its whole depth, though the stem hole is 
slightly in excess of that of the preceding figure. The walls of the 
bowl of this pipe are extremely thin, the bowl cavity being ellipsoidal, 
rather than cylindrical. The file marks on this pipe are also quite as 
distinct as they are on the preceding specimen. McLean illustrates a 
similar pipe as of the genuine mound-builder type.! 

There was also found in a mound in Laporte County, Indiana, one of 
the curved-base urn-bowled pipes, and in the same mound with a single 
skeleton were two copper needles, a copper chisel, four flints, and some 
pottery. A very similar specimen is in the Davenport Academy of 
Sciences, which was found in Calhoun County, Lllinois, and quite 
recently a very perfect specimen, made apparently of a mottled gray 
and white stone, was taken from a mound near Evart, Michigan, and 
is the property of Miss Helen A. Hepburn. : 

Mr. John G. Henderson found a similar pipe in a mound at Naples, 
Illinois, near the Illinois River, made of a white stone, and from the 
same mound were taken two copper celts, one of which weighed 7} 
pounds,” and another is reported from Davenport, Scott County, Lowa.’ 

Mr. Warren K. Morehead excavated an unfinished catlinite pipe of 
this'type with the curved base characteristics at Fort Ancient, Ohio, 
which shows distinctly the process of manufacturing indurated clay 
pipes, which was by pecking or battering the stone with a stone 
hammer, as was demonstrably the process of working those stones not 
readily shaped by chipping.*| One was taken from a mound at Tools- 
boro, Louisa County, lowa, made of “a soft whitish stone,” and yet 
another unfinished specimen is in the U. S. National Museum (Cat. No. 
58650) from Sauk County, Wisconsin, which adds materially to our 
knowledge of the process of manufacturing these pipes, the surface 
being apparently ground with sand, or a sandstone, as is evidenced by 
the strice left by the tool, which are yet discernible. The bowl of this 
pipe has, however, been excavated by a solid drill used with sand. 
The base is broken in process of manufacture, owing to which the bowl 
has been finished less than the necessary depth, which accounts for its 
being discarded. The base also is flat, though such specimens are not 
unusual, Mr. Gerard Fowke having found one in a mound in Page 
County, Virginia. Moorehead records one from the Hopewell group 
of mounds in Ohio.’ 


1J. P. McLean, The Mound-Builders, p. 165, fig. 38, Cincinnati, 1879. 
2Smithsonian Report, 1882, p. 697, fig. 140. 

3W. H. Pratt, Proceedings, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, I, p. 117. 
‘Fort Ancient, p. 110, plate xxx, Cincinnati. 

5W.H. Pratt, Proceedings, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, I, p. 111. 
® Archeological Investigations of the James and Potomac Valleys, fig. 16, p. 56. 
7Fort Ancient, p. 207. 


516 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Squier and Davis instance a unique curved-base pipe, upon the 
upper surface of the base of which are a number of small holes, Among 
mound pipes many are found the bowls of which are spool-shaped on 
a curved base.! 

Fowke figures one from Williamsville, Virginia.” Squier and Davis 
also record a specimen from a mound on the east bank of the Scioto 
River, found in association with a thin copper plate.’ 

One of pipestone is recorded from Buffalo Township, lowa, by Mr. 8, 
Tiffany.! 

The fact of these pipes being buried with human bodies has been 
thought to prove that they were invested with religious significance, 
though the same argument would equally apply to the many other 
objects found in aboriginal graves, which were the usual receptacles of 
the possessions of the dead—a custom by no means confined to 
America and applies to most countries with equal force. In mound 
No. 8 Squier and Davis found nearly 200 pipes, many of which “were 
much broken up, some of them calcined by the heat, which had been 
sufficiently strong to melt copper.”° 

The figures of some of chese pipes of animal form appear to have had 
artificial eyes, most of which were destroyed by fire; a pearl, however, 
which formed the eye of one, yet remains.° 

A similar occurrence is noted of a bird pipe made of pipe stone found 
in a mound at Toolsboro, Iowa, with pearl eyes.’ 

Pearls are found in some of the unios of the Mississippi. These 
pipes were originally supposed to be very hard and of a porphyritic 
character, but upon investigation were discovered to be either a sili- 
ceous clay slate, an argillaceous ironstone, a pearly brown ferruginous 
chlorite, calcareous marl, or marly limestone.’ 

In the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in New 
York City there are twelve or thirteen specimens and fragments of the 
Squier and Davis pipes from Mound City, Ohio. Mr. A. i. Douglass also 
has two very perfect ones of the Squier and Davis find. There is in these 
collections enough material to demonstrate that the technical work on 
these curved base pipes, which have caused so much wonder for the 
last forty years, is of a very superior order. The artistic skill of those 
making them is evidenced in every line of the pipes and of their 
ornamentation. The bowls have been perforated by means of hollow 
metal drill points and the small stem holes by solid points; the scales 
on the frogs and the feathers of the birds are cut with an accuracy and 


1 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 30. 

2 Archeological Investigations of the James and Potomac Valleys, p. 30, fig. 5. 

3 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 179, fig. 68. : 
IW.H. Pratt, Proceedings, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, I,p.113, plate 

> Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 152. 

§ Edward T. Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 425, fig. 48, London, 1870. 

7W.H. Pratt, Proceedings, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, I, p. 108. 

8 Edward T. Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 414, London, 1870. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 517 


delicacy of detail in thin, sharp lines which appears to indicate the use 
of sharp-pointed tools. The head of an Indian, the bowl of which is 
drilled from the top of the head down by means of a thin tubular drill, 
the platform being broken off on both sides, is a well executed likeness 
of an American Indian, while certain incised lines upon his face are prob- 
ably intended to represent the lines of paint or tattooing. These lines 
are cut in sharply and deeply, and it is an artistic production. A few 
of the surface lines of this pipe have first been incised and subsequently 
partially obliterated by grinding or polishing, but yet remains suffi- 
ciently clear to suggest the use of the steel file. The whole effect of 
this head is calculated to impress one who carefully examines it with 
the idea that it is the work of a skillful European carver. 

One of these specimens in the Museum of Natural History is a 
curved base pipe having upon the convexity of the base an animal in 
a sitting or squatting position, but whether bear, wolf, dog, or mouse 
it would be impossible to say. The perforation for the eyes goes from 
side to side, and there can be little doubt it was intended to insert 
artificial eyes of some sort. A peculiarity of this specimen is that 
below the eyes there are two small holes bored, one on each side of the 
upper part of the face, that are so small, indeed, and sharply cut as to 
indicate the employment of a steel point as fine as a fine needle. A 
splinter of stone could not have made the hole, a point of native copper 
wire could scarcely do it, the small size and clear cutting being prob- 
ably owing to an implement of European manufacture. There are four 
or five of what have been and are supposed to be file marks upon the 
7 top of the head of this animal directly between the ears, two of which 
| lines, however, could not be made with the flat part of the file. There 
are two frog pipes of the mound type in the Douglass collection, one 
of which has eyes which protrude; the other has eyes bored through 
from side to side for the insertion of artificial objects. The scales of 
the frogs it would be possible to cut with a sharp stone point, but the 
fine lines look as though cut by sharp metal tools. 

One of the pipes having an urn-shaped bowl and another repre- 
senting an animal, possibly an otter or beaver, arising from the water, 
has a number of sharp file marks of regular length and equidistant, 
which it would be difficult if not impossible to imitate without steel 
tools. 
- The Douglass collection contains two of the original Squier and Davis 
1 find from Mound City, near Chillicothe, Ohic, one made apparently of 
an oolitic limestone, the other of a brownish stone of medium hardness, 
both representing birds. The bowls of these specimens have been 
bored, as the others appear to have been, by means of tubular drills, 
and the irregularity of shape of one of the bowls, the cross section 
of which somewhat resembles an irregular circle, was probably made 
with a loose drill point, which would not inconvenience one working 
with strap or pump drill, but would be extremely awkward to make 
With a shaft revolved on the thigh or between the palms of the hands. 


) 
. 
. 
. 
| 
| 
| 
| 


518 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


“our miles north of Chillicothe, Ohio, there lies, close to the Ohio 
River, an embankment of earth somewhat in the shape of a square 
with strongly rounded angles, and inclosing an area of 13 acres, over 
which twenty-three mounds are scattered without much regularity. 
This work has been called Mound City.”! 

Squier and Davis say that the pipes 
found at Mound City “were inter- 
mixed with much ashes, pearl and 
shell beads, disks, tubes, ete., and a 
number of other ornaments of copper 
covered with silver.”? 

It were, indeed, difficult to con- 

be aes Seen, ceive a more graceful design than 

Mound City, Ohio. fig. 128 represents. It is one of the 

Cast, Cat. No. 7231, U.S.N.M. Collected by Squier and Davis. CaSts of a pipe collected by Squier 
and Davis in Mound No. 8, at Mound 

City, Ohio. The cast is 3 inches long, the bowl] having an interior 
diameter of three-fourths of an inch, the pipe standing 12 inches in 
height. The snake is curled around the bowl with his tail extending 
along the base, the markings of the snake being represented by incised 
lines forming diamonds. 

The Marquis de Nadaillac illustrates a pipe from a mound in Mercer 
County, Illinois, made from an indurated clay, on which the snake is 
wound three times around the 
bowl.’ 

Another of the mound type 
of pipes is shown in fig. 129, 
collected by Squier and Davis 
in Mound No. 8, which in size 
varies little from thé preced- 
ing specimen. The frog sits 
in typical position as though 
ready to jump, the legs being 
well shown, as are the toes of 
the feet, those in front being 
well turned in and three toes 
on each foot. The eyes were depressed; the scales, scarcely one-six- 
teenth of an inch in diameter, are formed by incised lines all over the 
body, having apparently been cut with a sharp-pointed tool. A some- 
what similar frog pipe found in a mound with one which was plain is 
illustrated by Mr. R. J. Farquharson.‘ 


Fig. 128. 


MOUND FROG PIPE. 
Mound City, Ohio. 


Cast, Cat. No. 7230, U.S.N.M. Collected by Squier and Davis, 


1Charles Rau, Archeological Collections of the Smithsonian Institution, p. 46. 

2Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, pp. 151, 152. 

3Les Pipes et le Tabac, Matériaux pour l’ Histoire Primitire et Naturelle de ’ Homme, 
p. 498, November, 1885. : 

‘Proceedings, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, I, p. 119, plate rv, fig. 5. 


j 
° 
3 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cusToMsS. 519 
° 

Two frog pipes are referred to in the Great Bragge collection, one 
from Kentucky and the other from the Ohio River, of steatite and gray 
limestone, respectively,’ either of which localities is well within the 
mound pipe area. 

Tig. 130 is a cast of a catlinite mound pipe found on the banks of 
the Illinois River, near Naples, [linois, described by Mr. J. G. Hen- 
derson. It represents the com- 
mon hard-shelled turtle of the 
American rivers. The turtle is 
upon a short, round pedestal 
which rises from the curved 
base. In one of the eye holes 
there yet remains a copper bead 
representing the eyeball, the 
other being lost. The head is 
slightly extended from theshell; UE RULES PIER: 
the tailislying against the body, patios, mola: 
the feet being folded close to the 
body in front; the stem hole being one eighth of an inch, and that of the 
bowl one-half inch in diameter. This specimen is 3} inches, with a stem 
width of 12 inches. 

Fig. 131, also one of the Squier and Davis Mound No. 8 pipes, is 
probably the best known of all this type. It is of about the same 
dimension as are the other pipes of this type and represents a typical 
Indian head. The eyes, nose, and mouth are well modeled and the 
ears are distinct. There is a knob on the top of the head and two 
back of the ears, the signifi- 
cance of which it is difficult to 
explain, unless it be to desig- 
nate the hair tied up. This 
head sits well down on the base 
and faces the smoker, as is 
almost invariably the case in 
pipes of this type unless the 
stem has been broken, in which 
event use is made of the oppo- 
site end. In some few in- 
stances an exception to the 
rule is observed in figures of 
birds facing the side of the stem and in one instance an animal is rep- 
resented as looking back over its shoulder. From top to bottom of the 
bases or platforms of these pipes is often less than one-fourth of an inch. 
To bore a one-eighth inch hole through this requires great care. This 
Indian-head pipe was found in the altar of the mound. 


1 Bibliotheca Nicotiana, p. 155, Birmingham, 1880. 
*Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, fig. 145. 


Cast, Cat. No, 11609, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. G. Henderson. 


SVQ 


MOUND INDIAN HEAD PIPE. 
Mound City, Ohio. 


Cast, Cat. No, 7212, U.S.N.M. Collected by Squier and Davis. 


520 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Two other pipes were also found by Squier and Davis representing 
human heads. Whether the cowl-like appearance of this head is 
intended to represent some head covering or the hair is difficult to 
determine. 

The Indian is not usually represented with head covering, though 
subsequent to the arrival of 
the whites they did at times 
wear caps purchased from 
the Kuropeans, especially 
those Indians who came in 
contact with the French. 

Thomas Campanius Holm, 
referring to experiences in 
New Sweden about 1645, says: 

Fig. 132. “While my father and grand- 
pay tae ee ea ris father lived among them some 
hy pares a Swedish women had under- 
Cast, Cat. No. 11610, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. G. Henderson. 

taken to make some small 
caps out of all kinds of old clothes, at the top of which they fixed a tas- 
sel of various colors, which they made of different colored rags, which 
they unraveled and mixed together. Those caps pleased the Indians 

extremely and they gave good prices for them in their money.” ! 

Mr. J. G. Henderson has also figured a pipe from a mound near 
Naples, Illinois (fig. 1382), which he believes represents a raccoon, the 
fore and hind legs of which are well carved. ‘The nose is quite sharp, 
the tail lies flat and straight out along the 
base, the eyes are close together, and the 
beast appears to resemble in the cast a 
mouse quite as much as it does a raccoon, 
the position being more typical of that 
usually assumed by the mouse than it is of 
that of the raccoon, though it may be that 
Mr. Henderson is correct, for he says that 
in the original every feature of the animal 
is perfect, including the bars on the tail and 


face.” There is little doubt that animals Fig. 133. 
and birds represented on these pipes are MOUND PIPE. 
often impossible of identification. This Mound City, Ohio. 


pipe is said to be polished as smooth ag > Ot No 116, USAM, Collected by Sauict 
glass and to be made of a very hard stone. 

There are many other animal forms which have been found in these 
mound types, including the beaver, bear, panther, and lizard. Others, 
however, it can not be denied, are most difficult to determine. In one 


1A short Description of the Province of New Sweden, now ‘called by the English, 
Pennsylvania in America, p. 131, Philadelphia, 1834. 
2Smithsonian Report, 1882, p. 689, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 521 


_instance what is thought to resemble a groundhog may, with equal 


reason, be said to be a ground squirrel. A fox can not be distinguished 
from a wolf; and many animals represented upon pipes of this type 
have been declared by naturalists 
to resemble no well-defined genus 
with which they were acquainted. 

The original of a light gray cast in 
the U.S. National Museum (fig. 153) 
is of the mound type, and was also 
found in Mound No. 8. It is 34 
inches long and 22 inches high, with 
eyes carved in relief, the nostrils 
quite distinct, and the mouth repre- 
sented by a long incised line. The 
curves back of the head may be in- 
tended to represent either ears or 
horns. This figure has been referred to as ‘“‘a spirited head of the elk, 
though not minutely accurate.”'! Justice requires that we should say 
that this head resembles as much a sheep or horse as it does that of an 
elk or any of the deer family. 

Dr. E. A. Barber has illustrated a somewhat simi- 
lar pipe from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, which 
he suggests may possibly represent the mountain 
sheep or goat. In this case the animal faces from 
the smoker. This pipe is now in the Douglass col- 
lection,” and has had the front part of the stem 
broken. An inspection of the original suggests that 
the supposed horns are more likely intended for 
ears. Hon. Horace Beach, who collected the pipe, 
termed it ‘‘the dog pipe.” 

Fig. 134 is another of the Mound No. 8 specimens 
from Mound City, Ohio, and is 44 inches long with 
height of 2 inches. The bird is evidently feeding, 
though it is impossible to say whether it is an eagle 
or crow. The feathers are carefully carved on the 
tail, wings, and body, and while it can not be said 


Fig. 134. 
MOUND BIRD PIPE, 
Mound City, Ohio. 
Cast, Cat. No. 7232, U.S.N.M. Collected by Squier and Davis. 


Fig. 135. that the work could not be done with a stone point, 
mounp Eacir pre.  1t looks as though the tool used was a metal one. 
Naples, Hlinois. The cast of an unusual pipe from a mound near 


Cast, Cat. No, 31478, U.S.N.M. Pee Oras a SALE OG : ae Ars me 

icetne ae, handeics Naples, Illinois, in Scott County, is shown in fig. 

135, collected by Judge John G. Henderson, of 

Winchester, Iinois. According to Dr. Charles Rau, “it is the finest 


2? American Naturalist, XVI, p. 279, fig. 19. 


522 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


eagle; its great peculiarity being that the bird faces to the side rather 
than toward the smoker. It is said not to have been exposed to the 
heat of the fire, as so many mound pipes have. ‘A pipe shaped 
like an eagle, one of the real mound builder’s bird-shaped pipes, was 
taken from the stone inclosure midway between Savannah and Fulton, 
Illinois. Its workmanship was perfect and its shape artistic to a high 
degree.” ! 

The eagle and the hawk are both prominent among the totems of 
American Indians, and are frequently found on mound pipes, though 
it must be admitted that birds are more difficult to identify than ani- 
mals. There were found in the mound near Naples, Illinois, along 
with the raccoon pipe and turtle pipe, objects of copper, “and a remark- 
able specimen which may be designated a sun symbol—a white stone, 
perfectly round, 12% inches in diameter, about half an inch thick in the 
middle and 1 inch upon the edges, slightly concave upon one side and 
having upon the other a figure of a human hand.”? 

The mound pipe is usually found associated with copper implements. 
The file marks observable so often upon those parts of the surface 
which are most difficult to polish indicate the use of steel implements, 
and the presence of silver makes one suspect the influence of the white 
man. Judge Henderson’s “ perfectly round” disk is one of the strong- 
est arguments in favor of European manufacture, for perfectly round 
disks do not appear to belong to aboriginal art of the northern conti- 
nent, and when the delicate finish and artistic merit of the mound pipe 
is considered there is left the conviction that the European is the author 
of the type. 

In many museums are found objects of bone made by the Eastern 
Eskimo, many of them carved and etched with great skill; but, as has 
been noted by Prof. Otis T. Mason, all fine etching on bone or ivory, 
such as the work of these Eskimo, is in proportion to their contact with 
Europeans. From the older graves there has been revealed no etching, 
and the carvings he finds are rude in proportion to their removal from 
the white man’s influence. 

The Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences has two pipes said to 
have been found in a mound in Muscatine County, Iowa, by some Ger- 
mans, one of which represents a bear and the other an elephant. Both 
are said to be out of proportion,’ as one is too tall and the other too 
slender. There is a second elephant pipe possessed by the Davenport 
Academy, from Louisa County,which was found in a mound in 1888.4 

An illustration of one of the pipes is given after a photograph (fig. 
136). In both pipes the tail is said to be well developed. There wasa 
criticism of the animal carvings from the mounds of the Mississippi 


1 James Shaw, The Mound Builders in the Rock River Valley (Illinois), Smithsonian 
Report, 1877, p. 256. 

2Smithsonian Report, 1882, p. 694. 

3 Proceedings, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, II, p. 348, figs. 22, 23. 

4Tdem, IV, p. 271, fig. 2. 


sll le gl i Me it a Mt 


abs 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 523 


Valley, by Mr. Henry W. Henshaw, from the standpoint of the natural- 
ist, based chiefly on the famous Squier and Davis collection, in which 
he sums up his conclusions under four different heads as follows: 

First. That among the carvings from the mounds which can be iden- 
tified, there are no representations of birds or animals not indigenous 
to the Mississippi Valley, and consequently that the theories of origin 
for the mound builders suggested by the presence in the mounds of 
carvings of supposed foreign animals are without basis. 

Second. That a large majority of the carvings, instead of being, as 
assumed, exact likenesses from nature, possess in reality only the most 
general resemblance to the 
birds and animals of the re- 
gion which they were doubt- 
less intended to represent. 

Third. That there is no 
reason for believing that the 
masks and sculptures of 
human faces are more correct 
likenesses than are the ani- 
mal carvings. 

Fourth. That the state of 
art culture reached by the 
mound builders, as illustrated 
by their carvings, has been 
greatly overestimated.! 


es 


S SN SS 


SS 


These views can hardly be Fig. 136. 
successfully combated by any- Te TR eee 


After a photograph. Original in collection of the Davenport Academy of 


one at all familiar with the Nafural Sciences, 
illustrations of the mound 
pipes unless it be contended that the illustrations themselves are defect- 
ive. The casts of these famous pipes, a complete set of which is in the 
U.S. National Museum, suggest that the illustrations have done full 
justice to the objects represented. Mr. Henshaw in his criticism ques- 
tioning the genuineness of the elephant pipes appears to have fallen into 
error in saying that the tails are absent in each of these pipes, and his 
reference from a naturalist’s standpoint naturally ignores the technolog- 
ical consideration of the subject, as well as the contemporaneity of 
metal in the mounds, especially copper, and also the many asserted dis- 
coveries of objects of undeniably European manufacture, such as an 
implement of copper being found in the same mound with one of these 
elephant pipes. All of which are of course important bits of evidence 
in any summary going to make up a verdict as to the artistic ability of 
those who made the pipes. 

While concurring entirely with Henshaw’s summary, under the four 
heads, and while considering the same conclusively proven in favor of 


1Animal Carvings from the Mounds of the Mississippi Valley, Second Annual 
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, v. 166. 


524 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


his contention, the writer, with due deference to the opinions ot the 
many who may disagree with his conclusions, would add: That the age 
of copper implements and their use by the American Indians does not 
appear to have been sufficiently studied to demonstrate to what extent 
they had been employed prior to the advent of the whites, nor for how 
long. The tool marks on objects and technology generally of the mound 
builders appears to have been little considered; the finding of worked 
silver in mound No. 8, and a silver cross either in this mound or in one 
near it, as recorded by Squier and Davis, and the finding so commonly 
in remains of the mound period objects of European manufacture, all 
raise the suspicion, almost amounting to conviction, that the pipes were 
contemporaneous with the early whites, probably the French. The two 
elephants suggest, of course, an acquaintance with the animal, and 
unless the Indian can be shown to have known the beast before the 
European invasion, which with our present evidence seems improbable, 
the natural inference would be that this knowledge came from the 
whites, who we do know were well acquainted with the elephant, and 
as a consequence that the pipes were made after the European invasion 
of the country. The criticism of Henshaw caused quite a discussion in 
the archieologic world, though the fact remains that “the artistic merits 
of the mound builder’s pipes have in some cases been overrated.” ! 

Dr. Wilson, although suggesting this view, contends “that the objects 
wrought by their artistic skill reveal no less certainly their familiarity 
with animals of southern and even tropical latitudes, and the materials 
employed in their manufacture include mica of the Alleghenies, obsidian 
of Mexico, and jade and porphyry, derived probably from the same 
region or from others still farther south.” ? 

These views will, however, meet with little agreement in America, for 
there appears absolutely no proot of any southern influences affecting 
the work on the American mound-builders’ pipes. 

While in many instances it appears impossible to say exactly what 
was intended to be designed other than man, bird, or beast, it can not 
be denied that among the mound pipes there are many forms of life 
skillfully delineated and with true artistic merit. 

Some of these pipes are so carefully ground and their surfaces are so 
skillfully polished as to preclude the possibility of demonstrating the 
exact mechanical process employed in working them into shape, though 
parts of the work of finishing can at times be determined in a measure. 
The bowls of mound pipes have been bored usually with tubular metal 
drills, though there are examples bored with solid point. The uniform 
size of the bowls suggest that if bored by Indian tools, it was done with 
the solid shaft revolved between the hands. There are exceptions 
known in which the bowl has an irregular shape, owing to a loose point 
on the drill shaft, which would suggest its being caused by the employ- 


! Daniel Wilson, Prehistoric Man, I, p. 366, London, 1876. 
2Idem, I, p. 363. 


= wae eS 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 525 


ment of a strap or pump drill, tools apparently unknown until the 
whites came into the country. 

The pipes in shape of the human head are remarkably well executed; 
the snake is not to be mistaken, nor the frog, nor the beaver; members 
of the cat tribe appear to be represented, and the turtle; though of 
these the species is often indeterminate. Birds are usually distinguish- 
able only as birds; scarcely a single one can be positively recognized as 
to species. Elephant pipes are as good representations of the animal as 
are those of any other creature of which examples have been found. 
The artistic ability to imitate in stone animal form and action is no 
more developed in pipes of the mound-builder type than it is in stone 
carvings made by Indians in contact with the white man of the present 
day, the latter producing work equal, if not superior, to any from the 
mounds. An argument in favor of the contemporaneity of these pipes 
with the whites is that were they of purely aboriginal origin we would 
find also numerous examples of their idols or fetishes, executed with 
similar artistic ability. If these objects were of local white origin, we 
may safely infer that while the whites would supply pipes in effigy of 
man or beast, the religious prejudices both of early French and English 
during the seventeenth century would have caused either to recoil with 
horror from any attempt to further idolatry or idolatrous worship for 
fear of their own future punishment did they do so. Mr. William 
Wallace Tooker, says: ‘The discovery of the monitor pipe among the 
efligies of Wisconsin, with curved base, a round bowl, and the same 
finish as those found in the mounds of Ohio, I regard as an additional 
link in the chain of evidence that they are of Algonquin manufacture 
wherever found. Here I regret to differ with Prof. Cyrus Thomas, who 
attributes this form of pipe to the Cherokees.” ! 

An examination of the geographical distribution of mound pipes 
apparently sustains Mr. Tooker’s assertion that they are not of Cherokee 
origin, though he appears to consider the monitor and mound pipe as 
identical, which to the writer they do not appear to be. The hollow of 
both bowl and stem in the platform or monitor pipe is usually larger 
than in the mound pipe. The former always has a flat base, while the 
latter is curved. The monitor seldom, if ever, has any ornamentation 
upon it in the way of figures of animals; the latter commonly has. 
The monitor does not appear often west of Ohio. The mound pipe is 
as often found in [linois, lowa, and Michigan, as in Ohio. The monitor 
is found in Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and in the 
northern United States. The mound pipe is not found in the States 
bordering on the Atlantic. The monitor is made from a soft stone and 
the mound pipe from a much harder one. General Gates P. Thruston 
considers, after careful examination of some of the originals and of 
casts of the Squier and Davis collection, that as types of the mound- 


1The Bocootawanankes, or the Fire Nation, The Archeologist, August, 1895, p. 255. 


526 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


builders’ art the fine Tennessee and southern pipes are not inferior to 
the Ohio mound pipes.! 

The geographical distribution of mound pipes indicates two centers, 
one near Chillicothe, Ohio; the other near Davenport, Iowa, with some 
in Illinois and few in Indiana, about Laporte, near the lower edge of 
Lake Michigan. 

Colden’s Five Nations (1747) indicates the existence of certain great 
carries, then well known, between the headwaters of the Hudson 
and Lake Champlain; Lake Erie and the headwaters of the Allegheny; 
another from Lake Erie, by way of the Maumee, to the Wabash; 
another from the Maumee to the headwaters of the St. Joseph and then 
into Lake Michigan. The absence of mound pipes, or their scarcity, even 
in Illinois and Indiana is merely negative testimony, but taking the 
extremes of Chillicothe and Davenport, what would be the easiest route 
from the former to the latter? To float down the Scioto to the Ohio 
and down the Ohio to and up the Mississippi to Davenport, Iowa, would 
take one through a country where this pipe is not found, or so rarely 
found as to negative the likelihood of this being the direction of travel. 
This route would also be through a country where one would, during 
the seventeenth century, more probably have encountered antagonistic 
linguistic stocks than would have been the case had the route up the 
Scioto, across to the head of the Maumee, from the Maumee across to 
the St. Joseph been followed down to Lake Michigan, and from the 


lake either by way of Green Bay to the Wisconsin, and down it or by 


crossing the carry in the neighborhood of Chicago, and down the Fox 
River into the Illinois, or to strike the Rock River and down it to the 
Mississippi. This northern route and then westward, followed by any 
of the waters indicated, would carry one through affiliated tribes at 
the early period of our history, and throughout this indicated territory 
the mound pipe appears common. Again, if the mound pipes owe their 
origin in anyway to white influences, the territory through which they 
are found is within the area first reached by the French, who spread 
over the interior waters, by way of the lakes, as a base from which the 
St. Lawrence could be most easily reached. Admitting French influ- 
ences as affecting the style of the mound pipe, their not being found 
along the shores of Erie and Ontario or on the St. Lawrence would 
indicate strongly that the foreign influence was one indigenous to the 
interior, which is easily explainable upon the theory that it was a sup- 
ply made to meet a local demand. Were the mound pipes of great age 
it is not likely that specimens would be found of catlinite, from which 
some were made, if we may rely upon the records. The vast distance 
from which it had to be brought, from the country of a people of dis- 
tinct linguistic stock, would also indicate no great antiquity to its use, 
but the material, we know, after the advent of the whites, became an 
article of barter, chiefly, the writer believes, due to the spread of gen- 
eral trade with the natives. 


! Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 177 note, Cincinnati, 1890. 


on ae ees 


ie. 


- 
1 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 527 


The specimens of pipes in the collection of the U.S. National Museum 
of the mound type have usually plain bowls, and there is absolutely no 
reason to suppose them to be other than they are represented. They 
have been examined closely for surface indications of tool marks, which 
were found in most instances, and suggest the presence of the metal file 
of the whites. Their geographical distribution would also suggest 
Lake Michigan or Erie as being the point of origin of the type rather 
than either of the extremes of Chillicothe or Davenport. The similar- 
ity of the type is undoubtedly due to a common origin for the Iowa 
and Ohio pipes, though the curved base of Ohio appears to have a 
tendency to flatten along the Mississippi bank of the State of Lowa, 
though it would be natural to suppose the flat base more ancient and 
more readily made than the curved. The localities where these pipes 
are usually found corresponds with the route which Marquette and other 
French travelers appear to have followed down to the Mississippi and 
into Ohio from Lake Erie, which is presumably the route well known 
to the fur traders who preceded the discoverers. The style of the carv- 
ing on these pipes is certainly more of 
a civilized than of a savage character, 
and undoubtedly belongs to a much 
higher art than other primitive and 
ancient objects found on the North 
American continent, and does not cor- 
respond with what is known of the Ss ep UTE, « 
product of the Indians’ primitive tools. By Wilgeo 
The writer is informed by Mr. David 


Fig. 137. 
Boyle, an authority on the archeology STRAIGHT-BASE MOUND PIPE. 
of Ontario, in answer to a question as Clifton, Kanawha County, West Virginia. 


Cat. No. 3217, U.S.N.M. Collected by P. W. Norris. 


to whether the mound type of pipe had 
been found in Ontario or on the St. Lawrence, that, “indeed it would 
not surprise me to find a few stray pipes of this kind in Ontario, but 
nothing of the sort has come to my notice. If French influence was in 
any way connected with the curved base, nothing is more reasonable 
than that numerous examples of it should be met with in this country, 
but, while I am not in a position to state positively, I have never even 
heard of one. I think that the fact of curved base pipes being found 
always on the line of French travel is merely a coincidence and a very 
natural one. Those who affected this style of pipe along the valleys of 
the Scioto, the Wabash, the Illinois, and the Wisconsin were the people 
among whom the voyageur and the coureaur du bois met with most sue- 
cess in their trading operations, and the following of the river routes 
was as natural to the Frenchman as to the Indian. That many pipes 
are the product of European skill is, I think, undoubted, but I some- 
times think also there is a tendency to attribute too much to this source, 
It is undoubted that there is a tendency to modernize the Indian and 
his manufactures, though, on the other hand, those favoring his great 


528 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


antiquity have for so long held the field that to raise the question will 
only open the door to impartial examination and final successful deter- 
mination after a thorough investigation of all the proofs.” 
Fig. 137 is a straight-based white limestone pipe of the mound type, 
collected by Mr. P..W. Norris. Though the bowl is very plain and the 
base extends only on one side of it, the stem opening of this pipe is 
three-eighths of an inch and that of the bowl about 1 inch, which 
marks this specimen as quite unusual for this type in its stem, from 
the large opening. It was found at Clifton, Kanawha County, West 
Virginia, and is very much weathered and as soft, almost, as chalk. 
Another specimen of this type, having an unusually large stem, is in 
the Douglass collection, which was found in Highland County, Ohio, 
being made of a light gray stone. Yet another, apparently related to 
these two, having a stem opening of three-eighths of an inch, is in the ~ 
same coilection and is from Putnam County, West Virginia. 


DOUBLE CONOIDAL PIPES. 


There is yet another and markedly distinct type of pipe which is 
found distributed over a wide, though contiguous, area, which invites 
most careful scrutiny, whether from a technological, archeological, 
or ethnological standpoint. The characteristics entitling it to be 
classed as of like type are, that the 
bowl and stem holes consist of conoi- 
dal excavations made at right angles 
to each other, meeting at their apices 
where the two cavities intersect. This 
type, in its exterior form, varies 
greatly, in fact more than probably 
any other American type known, yet 
the stem and bowl are so true to type 
as to stamp a kinship which is diffi- 
cult toignore. Did we alone consider 
merely the biconical perforations, in 
the majority of instances it would be 

Fig. 138. impossible to say which was intended 

DOUBLE, CONOIDAL FIFE: to hold the stem and which the tobacco, 

eee ae PERE ere and it must further be admitted that 
at. No, 97430, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. M. Clark. ini the whole number of pipes of this 
type in the collection of the U. S. National Museum there is not a 
single specimen which has upon it, so far as the writer could observe, a 
mark indicative of the use of other than the stone tool of the primitive 
Indian, though many of this type are of quite elaborate design. Certain 
similar art concepts are observable in this type within restricted areas 
and it will be interesting to determine whether they are due to tribal, 
totemic, or trade influences. The materials of which these pipes are 
made are as varied as the pipes themselves. They are found of pottery, 
indurated clay, steatite, and even sandstone. The pottery of some is 


—s 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 529 


pure clay; of others the clay is mixed with a shell or sand tempering. 
Some of the material is most suitable, other is most unsuitable, to resist 
heat. Some of these pipes are found made of the most primitive form 
and others of the most ornate, showing an artistic conception and excel- 
lence of treatment quite remarkable. 

Fig. 138, collected by Mr. W. M. Clark, from McNairy County, Tennes- 
see, is an almost perfectly square block of reddish sandstone, about 3 
inches in exterior diameter, which has been hammered or picked into 
shape without the slightest effort to smooth its surfaces, its stem and 
bowl cavities each being cone-shaped and about half an inch in diameter 
at the surface with a like depth, and are at right angles to each other, in- 
tersecting at the apices of the inverted cones where the opening between 
the bowl and stem is scarcely one-fourth of an inch in diameter. There 
is no evidence in this specimen of any tool being used, even in exca- 
vating the bowl and stem, except a picking implement. The chief 
distinction between this pipe and 
the ordinary bowl pipe is that in 
the latter the stem opening is sel- 
dom in excess of one-half the diame- 
ter of the opening of the bowl and 
is generally much less, though it 
must be admitted that this differ- 
ence could be reconciled were it 
owing to difference in supply of 
stem material. 

Another pipe, belonging appar- 
ently to this type (fig. 139), is from Snes 
Ohio, collected by Mr. J. H. Dever- His 12- 


- DOUBLE CONOIDAL PIPE. 
eux. It stands about 4 inches ores 
. e 110. 
high, and 1sm ade ofa water-washed Cat. No, 6708, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. H. Devereux. 


pebble of gray sandstone, upon 

which almost the only artificial work has been performed in excavating 
the bowi and stem openings and in making shallow depressions on each 
side, as though to indicate the eyes of some creature. In outline this 
stone is unattractive, and were it not for the eyes would be scarcely 
more remarkable than the first figure of this type. A striking and 
somewhat typical characteristic of this pipe appears on its base, which 
has been flat, but is worn in its longer diameter into quite a broad, deep 
groove, evidently caused by being used as a grindstone for sharpening 
tools. Upon the back of this pipe the stone has been slightly ground 
above and below the stem hole. There is in the collection of the museum 
of the University of Pennsylvania a similar specimen from West Vir- 
ginia, made of brown stone, having a bowl 13 inches in exterior diame- 
ter. The diameter of the stem is large, but its dimensions can not be 
given because of the scaling of the stone. Around one part of the side 
of the stem opening where it is not scaled two rings are cut in intaglio, 

NAT MUS 97 J4 


530 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


one larger than the other; eyes are also incised. Across the front of 
this stone are incised a number of straight lines, one above the other, 
the significance of which it is difficult to guess. Except as noted, the 
stone presents only a water-washed appearance, saving that on the bot- 
tom appears again the long, deeply worn groove made by sharpen- 
ing tools, which is cut deep into the stone. This peculiarity in the 
natural shape of the pebble appears to have been suggestive to the 
Indian mind of the form of an animal, 
which he has endeavored to perfect by 
cutting a few lines across the stone. 
A specimen of this type (fig. 140), 
found by Mr. Warren K. Moorehead 
in Ohio, though badly broken, shows 
how the Indian has taken advantage 
of the peculiar shape of a water- 
washed pebble to make a pipe. The 
i hacen aan material is a sandstone, which one 
Se Cees would suppose was poorly suited to 
After specimen in possession of Warren K, Moorehead. 

resist the heat generated in smoking 
it. Yet here was a shape suggestive of animal form which would cause 
a child or even a grown person to preserve it, which, with the slightest 
addition, would give the most primitive representation of animal form 
which we have met with. There are few archxologists who have not at 
some time been astonished to find water-washed pebbles or concretions 
of unusual shapes on the sites of Indian villages which had evidently 
been collected and preserved by the Indian because of their resem- 
blance to some creature or ob- 
ject. All experience has a ten- 
dency to impress the archeolo- 
gist with the fact that man ina 
savage state had quite a lively 
appreciation of grace of out- 
line in stones or shells, as weli 
as that he would be impressed 
with brilliance of color,whether 
it were in the plumage of birds, 

the tint of shells, or the bril- eee ire ct shia 

= siee Louisiana. 
liance of foliage. 
An unattractive and unorna- 

mental pipe of rectangular shape (fig. 141), collected by Brig. Gen. 
D. Swift, of the United States Army, from Louisiana, having the upper 
part of its bowl broken, but with peculiarities entitling it to be classed 
in this type, is of sandstone and has the groove for tool sharpening on 
its base, in addition to the similarity in diameter of bowl and stem open- 
ing. Upon one corner of the base there is a drill hole, which has been 
begun and is an eighth of an inch wide with a depth of about three- 


: Fig. 141. 


Cat. No. 8641, U.S.N.M. Collected by D. Swift. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 531 


sixteenths of an inch, two similar depressions being on the front of 
the pipe. 

Another rectangular, double conical pipe (fig. 142), found in a mound 
in Louisiana, collected by Brig. Gen. D. Swift, United States Army, is of 
soft white sandstone, about 3 inches long, with an equal height, and a 
width of 2 inches. It is, however, 
badly broken and worn, and though 


upon one side there is a scroll-work Nb 
design which extends around the $ a ~ 
front, upon the other side the erosion Wee 
of time has eaten away all signs of or- Kay ie <5 \ 
Capit NY” 


namentation. The sigmoidal curves aA \ 
are gracefully executed, and though 
the stem is slightly deeper than is 
the bowl, each has been bored by : 
means of broad-pointed drills, pre- Fig. 142. 
serving the biconical characteristic ae kee o 
of the type. There are two bands 
around this bowl—one plain and the 
other gracefully curved, with semicurved lines from the interior edge 
of the bowl to the plain band, which gives the appearance of a rope 
encircling the upper edge of the bowl. 

This type is apparently, the same, in fig. 143, from southeastern Mis- 
souri, collected by Mr. F. S. Earle, which is slightly larger than the 
last figure and is made of a compact, fine-grained sandstone. The 
decoration of this pipe, the shape 
of bowl and stem—in fact, the 
entire pipe—are suggestive of a 
knowledge of pottery. The base 
is massive in proportion to the size 
of the rest of the pipe, and is sug- 
gestive of similar characteristics 
in pipes of this class. The stem 
shows a somewhat greater elonga- 
tion than does the bowl, though 
the biconical bowl and stem are 
little changed. Six crosses sur- 

Fig. 143. round the bowl, -which are of so 
er epee pronounced a Greek type as to 
Southeastern Missouri. : - 

Cat. No. 72134, U.S.N.M. Collected by F. S. Earle. suggest the white man’s presence ; 
and althongh many archeologists 

instance supposed pre-Columbian occurrences of the cross, it must be 
suggested that the occurrence of several crosses together raise more 
strongly the suspicion of the presence of the European than would a 
Single cross, especially throughout the territory where Spanish and 
French influences were first felt. The pioneers of these regions were 
often members of religious orders, whom all early accounts record were 


Louisiana. 
Cat. No. 8642, U.S.N.M. Collected by D. Swift. 


532 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the first to raise the cross upon entering every Indian village. The 
French constantly refer to this practice, as do the Spanish, notably 
Castaneda, chronicler of the expedition of Alarcon, as well as the early 
missionaries of the Mississippi River.’ 

Fig. 144 is distinctly of the same type and differs from the three 
preceding specimens only in that it 
is made of a gray serpentine. The 
specimen is 4 inches long, 3 inches 
high, and 12 inches wide, the biconi- 
cal characteristics of bow] and stem 
being of proper corresponding dimen- 
sions. It was found in Mobile Bay, 
being collected by Mr. C. Caderte. 
The elongated stemmed specimens 
of this type appear to have been 
scraped into shape and _ finally 


Fig. 144. 


ground to a uniform surface. There 
DOUBLE CONICAL PIPE. = ters s 
Midblle Bay Alabarhe: is in the U. S. National Museum a 
Cat. No. 32524, U.S.N.M. Collected by C. Caderte, specimen (Cat. No. 59279) of chloritic 


slate which has been shaped by first 
sawing out the form, which subsequently was scraped and ground to a 
uniform surface. Similar work is evidenced in modern unfinished stone 
pipes from California and Oregon in the U.S. National Museum. This 
process by which they were finished corresponds with stonework noticed 
on implements found in Swiss 
lake dwellings of the stone 
period. The work upon any 
given implement would natu- 
rally depend upon the hard- 
ness of the particular material. 
On certain of the biconical pipes 
the bowl and stem cavities ap- 
pear to have been first started 
by pecking a depression into 
the surface. This would be en- 


larged by a solid drill or at times Fig. 145. 
even finished with the drill, DOUBLE CONICAL PIPE. 
though there are specimens irik < 


. ERs Cat. No. 131980, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. McGlashan. 
which have had the cavities 


enlarged by gouging, a very common practice with all pipes of soft stone. 

A careful study of American stone implements, or those, in fact, of 
the stone age elsewhere, demonstrates, with scarcely an exception, that 
primitive man shaped stone tools with the least possible labor. Few 
implements of the stone period required so long as a week to make 


1Castaneda, 1540, Relation du Voyage de Cibola, translated by H. Ternaux Com- 
pans, pp. 272, 292, 310, Paris, 1835. 


Ss wre 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 533 


them, and in the majority of instances scarcely more work was put 
upon them than could with stone tools be done between the rising and 
setting of aday’s sun. Arrow and spear heads require but compara- 


tively few minutes from the beginning 
of work upon the spall to their comple- 
tion with the chipper. 

Fig. 145, from Georgia, collected by 
Mr. J. McGlashan, is made of a soft 
steatite, which has a stem of ellipsoidal 
shape, though its bowl is similar in 
shape to that of the pipe figured from 
southeastern Missouri (fig. 143), and 
retains the biconical characteristics in 
bowland stem openings, both of which 
have been gouged out with a chisel, 


Fig. 146. 


the pipe being 34 inches long. 


A fine-grained, compact brownstone 


BICONICAL PIPE. 


Wood County, Virginia. 
Cat. No. 2366, U.S.N.M. Collected by D. N. Neal. 


pipe (fig. 146) from Wood County, Vir- 
ginia, collected by Mr. D. N. Neal, 3? inches high and of similar length, 
with round bowl, and stem has a simple ornamentation, though the 
shape of the pipe indicates that similar ones were made of pottery. 
The stem hole of this pipe is slightly smaller than that of the bowl, 
both being drilled, however, with a solid point. 

Fig. 147 is a light- eoigred pottery pipe from Osceola, Arkansas, col- 


rm 


SY 


Fig. 147. 
BICONICAL PIPE. 


Osceola, Arkansas. 
Cat. No. 31134, U.S.N.M. Collected by Frank L. James, 


lected by Dr. Frank L. Tentes 
It is but slightly burned, and 
appears to contain no tempering 
material. The characteristics of 
bowl and stem appear to belong 
to the biconical type, though the 
point or prow beyond the bowl 
is a marked characteristic of the 
Siouan pipe, as well as those of 
some of the other Western In- 
dians. 

Mr. Clarence B. Moore, in his 
monograph, figures a number of 
pipes which appear to belong to 
the type under discussion, and 
are in the geographical area 
where similar pipes are found,! 


though Florida produces apparently also the large-bowl pipe, which 


has a small stem. 


Two hard-burned, nearly black, double-coned oes with flat bases, 


‘Certain Sand Mounds of the St. ronan Hives lari: Pt. : 2, pp. 154, 185, figs. 24, 


60, Philadelphia, 1894. 


534 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


from a stone grave in southeastern Missouri, are in the museum of the 
University of Pennsylvania, which also possesses a light clay pipe of 
this type, upon the surface of which are a number of circular stamped 
impressions in the clay. There is also in the same museum a partly 
decorated pipe of this type from Kershaw, South Carolina, made of a 
light-yellow pottery, and yet another made of 
steatite pee on the site of an Indian town in 
a grave 2 feet below the surface near Camden, 
South Carolina; which has a double row of orna- 
mental figures running around stem and bowl. 
These last two pipes have been illustrated by 
Schooleraft.! ‘ 

A unique specimen of a pottery pipe (fig. 148) 

is from St. Johns River, Florida, and was col- 

ig. 148. lected by Col. G. 8S. Taylor. It is only an inch 

Fae has ee eeca,. Bigh, with a like length, and was found in a 

sae fae ee de »y mound, though there can be no doubt of its 

set cl modern origin, as it yet retains the mold mark 

and stamp of a tobacco plant and the coat of 

arms of the pipe makers’ guild of London, though the type does not 

appear to be that of any of the many early known ones turned out by 

English pipe makers, being the only specimen which has come to the 
writer’s notice. 

In fig. 149 is again encountered the pr ojection common in the ter ritory 
contiguous to the Sioux. It is a potter’ y 
pipe, the clay from which it is made having 
a mixture of shells. It is from Indian Bay, 
Lonoke County, Arkansas. It is about 3 
inches long and of like height, the band 
around the bowl being decidedly ornamen- 
tal. The size of bowl and stem retain 
the characteristically large dimensions of 
the biconical pipe cavities. There is in the 
U.S. National Museum collection a light- 
colored clay pipe of this type from Pecan 
Point, Mississippi County, Arkansas, the 
bowl of which has been badly broken, Indian Bay, Londke Ghent 
though enough remains to show that a Arkansas. 
snake was twined around it, the head being —*- NX» 5128, U-S.N.M. Collected by E. 
yet intact. The stem of this pipe is ellip- 
tical and the point less pronounced in front of the bow] than in any of 
the pipes figured. 

While retaining bowl and stem characteristics, fig. 150 is a hard- 
burned pottery specimen from Carroll County, Tennessee, collected by 
Rev. E. H. Randall. It presents quite a ae feature in the band or 


Fig. 149. 
BICONICAL PIPE. 


‘North Amenioun Indian Tribes, Pt. 2, pint 43. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 535 


handle reaching from the end of the stem to the top of the bowl, a 
somewhat similar characteristic appearing on the pipe from Tennessee 
(fig. 207), in which ¢the hair or cue forms a somewhat similar orna- 
mentation. This band is possibly intended for the double purpose of 
attaching the cord to the stem and as an ornament. It is decidedly 
shorter, however, than others of 
these pipes upon which the Siouan 
prow appears. A Somewhat simi- 
lar pipe, though of stone, from 
Hickman County, Kentucky, is 
figured by Dr. Joseph Jones, the 
handle of which he thinks is in imi- 
tation of the armadillo.’ 

A pottery pipe (fig. 151) from 
Loudon County, Tennessee, col- 
lected by Mr. J. W. Emmert, has a 
bowl apparently formed in shape of 
those of the biconical type, though 
its stem belongs rather toa class UR eRe Gee ee 
of pipes found commonly in North Cat. No. 34522, U.S.N.M. Collected by E. H. Randall. 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
and Tennessee, many of which are of metal, while others are of stone 
made in imitation of metal or pottery forms. The pottery of which this 
specimen is made has a large percentage of shell mixed with the clay. 
Are these pipes of Cherokee type, concerning which it has been said 
. “they (the Cherokees) smoked sumac leaves 

in wooden pipes, the tube of which was made 
of cane. I have seen such pipes belonging to 
them which were in the shape of a bear—the 
opening for the tobacco on the back and the 
tube fixed near the tail,”? or does the author 
refer to those heavy pipes of biconical form in 
-imitation of animals? Thruston has called 
attention to this typessaying: ‘ Large funnel- 
shaped stem holes, sometimes even larger 


Ee a ee eee, eT ee eee 


Fig. 150. 
BICONICAL POTTERY PIPE. 


Fig. 151. - than the pipe bowls, appear to the author to 

POTTERY PIPE. have been one of the distinguishing charac- 

Loudon County, Tennessee. teristics of the southern clay and stone 
Cat. No. 116026, U.S.N.M. Collected by * = G 

ean nin * pipes, and we suggest to antiquarians the 


importance of this feature in the proper clas- 

sification of these objects.” * 
This feature of bowl and stem is a peculiarity extending over an 
extensive and continuous geographical area from Florida, South Caro- 


' Explorations of the Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, p. 138, fig. 74. 
2 Maximilian’s Travels in the Interior of North America, p. 81, London, 1843. 
3Gates P, Thruston, Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 178, Cincinnati, 1890. 


536 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


lina, Georgia, and Alabama, over to and down the Mississippi River, 
and up the same as far as Michigan, generally upon the eastern side of 
the great river, through a territory familiar to the French from 1680 
onward for nearly a century. Animal forms are quite common in this 
type, those of the human 
being probably predomi- 
nating; some appear to be 
totemic, while the artistic 
merits of many are of a 
character difficult to ree- 
oncile with savage art. 
These pipes are at times so 
massive as almost to jus- 
tify the term monumental 
in referring to them, a re- 

Fig. 152. markable peculiarity being 
BICONICAL FROG PIPE OF SANDSTONE. that, with scarcely an ex- 
ception, the creature faces 
from instead of toward the 
smoker, as is common with the mound pipes and the older catlinite 
-rectangular specimens. They vary from 3 to 8 inches in length or 
height, and from 2 to 4 inches in width. Among the animal forms 
none is more common than the frog. 

A pipe of the biconical type from Algansee, Branch County, Michi- 
gan, collected by H. T. Woodman (fig. 152) is about 4 inches long and 
almost as wide, and is 25 inches high. 
The legs and eyes are represented in low 
relief, the bowl and stem holes are both 
pecked in, and each has a surface diam- 
eter of lj inches. The pipe is made from 
@ compact and hard, close-grained sand- 
stone, shaped by means of a stone ham- 
mer, and though the surface has been 
subsequently smoothed the hammer 
marks in places are quite distinct. 

In fig. 153 is shown a pipe from the CLF ES a 
Cherokee Nation, collected by Mr. J. A. \Z © . Sea) y 
Paxton. The frog has been carved some- a ri 
what more in the round, the texture of 
the stone appearing so like the last fig- pias ieee ms 
ure as to raise a suspicion that both Cat. wa tesh tarp Udeiiats ey, Paxton. 
came from the same locality. The stem 
hole of this pipe is scarcely half an inch in depth, and that of the bowl 
hardly over seven-eighths of an inch deep, the stem being smaller than — 
the bowl opening, the shallowness of the same making it extremely 
difficult to attach a pipestem. The base of this pipe has the same 


Branch County, Michigan. 
Cat. No, 42931, U.S.N.M. Collected by H. T. Woodman. 


| 
| 
7 
| 
| 
| 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 537 


worn groove noted in some of the ruder pipes of the type, caused by 
rubbing some object back and forth as though to give it a point, the 
cavity being worn in quite half an inch at its greatest depth. 

Similar to the two preceding specimens is fig. 154, a cast from Miami 
County, Ohio, collected by Dr. E. H. Davis, the original being of brown 
stone. It is carved with greater 
skill than either of the other speci- 
mens, is 5 inches long, with a corre- 
sponding height, and has a width 
of 34 inches. The hind legs are 
more in relief than in the other spec- 
imens, the fore legs being carved 
entirely in the round. The eyes of 
this frog are represented by depres- 
sions, but in other respects there is 
great similarity of treatment of all 
three figures. ; 

The characteristics of the bicom Bei 
cal type are preserved in fig. 155, a be otc Rr ala 
pottery pipe from Nelson County, 
Virginia, collected by Mr. J. Ralls 
Abell. The specimen is 4 inches long, 35 inches wide, and 24 inches 
high, made from a clay mixed with shells, though it is quite indiffer- 
ently burned. The hind legs are molded in high relief, the fore legs 
being brought together under the chin. The eyes are quite prominently 
raised above the surface. Into the pottery a number of rings have 
been cut after the pipe was 
baked. 

A light-colored pottery 
pipe (fig. 156) from a mound 
in Coahama County, Mis- 
sissippi, collected by Hon. 
J. L. Alcorn, represents 
some quadruped, though it 
would require a vivid imag- 
ination to be more specific 
and say for what it was in- 

Fig. 155. tended. The pipeis 5 inches 

ae ae ise tierce eae long, 3 inches wide, and 34 

Cat. No. 11596, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. Ralls Abell. inches high, and represents 

, the creature as about to 
hop or jump away. Into the face the eyes have been cut, and both 
above and below them are three straight cross lines parallel to each 
other. From the side of the head or jaw there are wing-like extensions 
upon which eight or nine parallel lines are cut into the pottery ware. 
On the top of the head are two knobs on each side, as though intended 
to indicate horns and ears. The fore legs are rudely modeled in the 


Miami County, Ohio. 
Cast, Cat. No. 7206, U.S.N.M. Collected by E. H. Davis. 


538 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


round. The upper edge of the bowl, which is‘14 inches in diameter, is 
slightly raised above the surrounding surface, and instead of one there 
are two stem holes connecting with the bowl, each of which is about 
the same diameter as is the bowl. The double stem or double bowl is 
a feature, though not a common 
one, in American pipes. The clay 
from which this pipe was made does 
not appear to have either shells or 
sand tempering. 

Fig. 157 is a soft, coarse, gray 
sandstone pipe from a mound in 
Louisiana, collected by Brig. Gen. 
D. Swift, United States Army, and 
stands 3 inches high and repre- 
sents some four-footed creature; this 
pipe, however, has not been com- 

ropes tea pad rae a pleted, for neither eyes, nose, nor 
Cat. No. 11649, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. L. Alcorn. mouth are indicated. The legs are 
represented in the manner at times 
observed in toys, or as they appear upon certain of the statues found 
by Layard at Koyounjik. The slightly raised bowl has the same treat- 
ment observed in the preceding pottery specimen; the stem hole has 
been enlarged by gouging, while upon the base is found an ovoidal 
depression, a grinding surface com- 
monly encountered in the biconical 
pipes. A somewhat similar speci- 
men, though made from clay, found 
in the Yazoo River, Mississippi, is 
figured in Squier and Davis’s An- 
cient Monuments. 

The crouching animal (fig. 158) 
from Hot Springs, Arkansas, col- 
lected by Mr. L. H. Thing, made 
from a soft cretaceous liméstone, is 
54 inches long and 4 inches high, 
with a width of 3inches. The bowl ry 
at its top is slightly raised above Fig. 157. 
the creature’s back, and running BIGONIGAL/ ANUMAL PEPE: 
from its raised rim there is a nar- eee ae ee Pema 
row band to the head, and a slightly We. eee Cae ae 
broader one extends back until it joins the stem hole. The eyes are* 
depressions carefully cut into the stone, while the mouth is designated 
by three drill holes barely started. There are lines cut into the face 
giving to the head a ferocious expression. The nose is represented by 
two ridges, one of which has been broken away, and over the eye a 


Fig. 156, 
BICONICAL ANIMAL PIPE, 


1 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 193. 


| 


eS, ee ee 


—2 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 539 


circle is cut into the stone, probably intended as an ornament. Unfor- 
tunately, weathering has destroyed a part of the face. The general 
treatment of this figure gives it a resemblance to certain carvings 
found in Mexico. 

A quartzite figure having a human head (fig. 159), from a flat-top 
mound near Clarendon, Mouroe 
County, Arkansas, collected by 
Mr. C. W. Norris, though much 
larger than the preceding speci- 
mens, being 7 inches long, with 
bowl and stem opening each of a 
diameter of 12 inches, retains 
characteristically the biconical 
type. The material from which 
this is made is most unusual, for 
perforated quartzite objects are 
extremely rare among aboriginal 
implements, though examples are Hoe Sanne een. 
not unknown. In boring this Cat. No. 88173, U.S.N.M. Collected by L. H. Thing. 
bowl it is most singular that sev- 
eral small perforations have first been made and subsequently broken 
into one—a common practice in working stone among European stone- 
cutters, but, it is imagined, unique among Indian implements. On the 
left side of the back are a number 
of incised wavy parallel lines, while 
over the left ear is a disk-like orna- 
mental object. Eyes, nose, mouth, 
and fingers have been first pecked 
into shape and subsequently 
ground. The face is broad and 
scarcely superior to the work ob- 
served upon sculptures from the 
Easter Islands, though it is by no 
means the face of an Indian. 

In fig. 160 is seen very similar 
treatment to the preceding figure. 
This pipe was found in a mound at 
Kingston, Tennessee, and was col- 


BICONICAL ANIMAL PIPE. 


sale A lected by Mr. J. W. Dunning. It 

BICONICAL STONE FIGURE PIPE, atvat (i TaGhoe In eee Raiohe 
Monroe County, Arkansas. ne be © Be) a e ae : 

Cat. No. 71643, U.S.N.M. Collected by C. W. Norris. of 6 inches. The face is typically 


Indian. The man is represented as 
crouching on his knees, his left hand lying on the left knee. There 
is on the head a hat or other covering, while from under it falls on 
either side a pendant representing the hair. This hat or head gear 
looks suspiciously like the capote or bonnet of the French voyageur. 


540 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 161 is the cast of a soft white sandstone pipe found in Stoddard 
County, Missouri, and collected by Mr. T. L. Whitehead. It is 6 
inches long and 7 inches high, apparently intended to represent a man 
creeping upon game. The left knee touches the ground, the right one 


y : 
 firin ~Newchaessill 
tt 


We 


Fig. 160. Fig. 161. 


BICONICAL STONE PIPE. BICONICAL STONE HUNTER PIPE, 
Kingston, Tennessee. Stoddard County, Missouri. 
Cat. No. 23559, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Dunning. Cast, Cat. No. 99348, U.S.N.M. Collected by T. L. Whitehead. 


being raised, while in the left hand the hunter holds his bow. There 
is no right hand or arm, the head and neck of a deer or fawn taking its 
place. On the back, between the bowl and stem openings, are four or 
five incised lines somewhat of the character of the Arkansas specimen 
(fig. 159). The face of the hunter, looking 
fixedly forward, is of European type. The 
treatment is highly artistic and could no 
more be attributed to savage art than 
could a music box should one chance to 
be found in a mound. 

Fig. 162 is an almost black pottery 
pipe 3 inches long, the paste of which it 
A was made being largely mixed with shells, 
Fig. 162. and is strikingly similar in treatment to 


BICONICAL POTTERY PIPE. the stone specimen (fig. 69) from Tennes- 

Mississippi County, Arkansas. see. Though this pipe appears to belong 
Cat. No. 140884, U.S.N.M. Collected by B. F. « . 

aabithir > Arua ; to the biconical type, they are so clearly 


alike as to force the conviction of kinship 
between them. While the stone pipe has six fingers, both specimens 
represent the left hand, each holds the pipe bowl, and each has a similar 
base. Professor Putnam probably refers to pipes of this type upon the. 
opposite side of the river from Madisonville, Ohio, when he says: ‘ For 


CE  —— e 


eas = 


a — ee 


yas | 


——— a 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND 


SMOKING cusToms. 541 


the first time the large pipes cut in stone in the form of human figures 


have been found associated with skeletons. 


This is an important dis- 


covery, as heretofore such pipes have only been known from surface 


finds, although they have been attributed 
to the people who made the mounds.” ! 


IDOL PIPES. 


Fig. 163, made of soapstone, is quite com- 
plex, and is one of the most interesting of 
American types found. Itis from a mound 
in Richmond County, Georgia, collected by 
Prof. Cyrus Thomas. It was found close to 
the fire bed of Hollywood Mound and not 
many inches from a copper ax. In about 
the same layer were also found bits of 
china and iron nails, sufficiently strong evi- 
dence, one would suppose, to prove the con- 
temporaneous presence of whites and In- 
dians. This pipe belongs to what Mr. 
Charles C. Jones designates as ‘the idol 
pipes, which are attributed to the men who 
threw up those large mounds which tower 
along the banks of the Etowah River, al- 


Fig. 163. 
IDOL PIPE. 


Hollywood Mound, Georgia. 


Cat. No, 135216, U.S.N.M. Collected by 


Cyrus Thomas. 


ways associated, as far as we know, with large pentagonal and quad- 


rangular mounds.” ? 


It should be observed that two of the three pipes here figured of 
persons holding bowls have their stems much smaller than are those 


IDOL PIPE. 


Monroe County, Arkansas. 


Cat. No. 71649, U.S.N.M. 


Collected by C. W. Norris. 


of the biconical pipes, and the one 
from the Etowah Mound made of 
pottery has a stem of the same type 
as the rectangular pottery pipes from 
Georgia. 

Fig. 164 was found in association 
in the mound in Monroe County with 
fig. 159, and is 445 inches long and 4 
inches high, with a width of 23 
inches, and is made from an imper- 
fectly crystallized quartz, the arms 
and hands clasping the vessel consti- 
tuting the bowl of the pipe. The 
head is an extremely rude carving, 
treated in a most primitive manner, 


the eyes being mere circular incisions cut on a flattened disk by means 
of a pointed tool; the nose is represented by two spots drilled slightly 


'F. W. Putnam, Peabody Museum Report, III, p. 500. 


* Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 402, New York, 1873. 


542 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


into the material, a straight incised line answering for the mouth. Up 
and down the bowl are a number of equidistant parallel lines intended 
for ornament, though the work appears to be done with stone tools. 
Though the size of the stem in proportion to that of the bowl decreases 
in this class, the biconical features are largely retained. Schoolcraft 
figures an “idol pipe” similar to those here shown from near Browns- 
ville, on the Ohio River. 

Fig. 165, while rude in execution, exhibits similar artistic ability to 
that evidenced in the two preceding pipes. It is made of pottery and 
represents a person clasping a bowl somewhat in the manner repre- 
sented in the other figures, though leaving no doubt that each repre- 
sents contemporaneous art. This pipe 
is from the Etowah Mound, in Bartow 
County, Georgia, collected by Dr. Roland 
Steiner, and has unfortunately had the 
head broken from the body. Herein the 
inclosure also appear to have been found 
objects of European manufacture. The 
clay of which this pipe is made does not 
appear to contain tempering material, 
and another noticeable feature and devia- 


Fig.16. Yi tion from the type is the decreased size 
IDOL PIPE. of the stem and its similarity to certain 
Hemet Momus, Gere. other pipes found in this mound which 


U.S. National Museum. Steiner collection. 


the writer will show to be probably quite 
modern and similar in characteristics to pipes found in the Hollywood 
Mound, Richmond County, Georgia, where also objects of European 
origin were discovered. ! 

_ A similar pipe is evidently referred to in the description of one found 
in the stone graves of Tennessee, from which Professor Putnam says 
‘“‘only eight pipes had been found in the opening of several thousand 
graves, among which was a clay pipe with an ornamented bowl, two 
others were of pottery, and all the rest of stone; one of the latter elab- 
orately carved, representing a man holding a cooking pot, which formed 
the bowl of the pipe.”? 

GREAT PIPES. 


Fig. 166 is the cast of a pipe said to be from Kentucky, collected by 
Mr. H. A. Ward, and appears to be an unfinished “ great pipe” of the 
Indians, which had been hammered into shape but never finished. It 
is 10 inches long, 84 inches wide, and 6 inches high, representing a bird 
with extended wings, as though in the act of flying. <A striking pecul- 
iarity of this pipe is that the depression in the breast is the only evi- 
dence in the cast of a stem hole, and is unfinished. If this be the case 
in the original, it is the only specimen of this type of pipe where the 


1Cyrus Thomas, Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 323, plate. 
2 Peabody Museum Report, III, p. 165. 


—— ee ee |. oe ee 


A 4. ae 


_ 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 543 


stem does not enter at the back of the object. There is in the U.S. 
National Museum a cast of a somewhat similar pipe from Mississippi, 
and yet another in the Douglass collection. 

One of the most elaborately ornate pipes known (fig. 167) is from 
Lexington, Kentucky, 
Eailected by Mr. J. a 
Peter, which is 10 ts : 
inches in its greatest ‘. 
length, 9 inches high, 
and 24 inches wide, the 
bowl being 12 inches in 
diameter, while that of 
the stem, which is un- 
der the bird’s tail, has 
a diameter of only 
three-fourths of an* SSS 
inch. The bowl and Fig. 166. 
stem are at right GHEAT PIPE: 
angles to each other, nee 
having been bored by Cast, Cat. No. 21291, U.S.N.M. Collected by H. A. Ward. 
means of solid drill points. This pipe represents a bird sitting in an 
erect position, with its eyes, wings, and tail feathers conventionally 


carved into the green steatite of which the pipe is made. Reverse 


this, however, with the 
bowl upon a flat sur- 
face and the bird on its 
back, and the specimen 
becomes a rude but 
very distinct carving 
of a human head and 
neck, and, though the 
ornamentation of this 
specimen is rudely con- 
ventional, it so dis- 
tinctly represents a 
white man’s conception 
of the treatment as to 
almost preclude other 


Fig. 167. hypothesis. This be- 
GREAT PIPE REPRESENTING MAN AND BIRD. lief is strengthened by 
Texineion, Kentneley. a coin or medal of silver 


Cat. No. 16687, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. Peter. 


struck off during the 
Commonwealth, which, when held erect, represented the head of Crom- 
well, and being turned upside down, showed a caricature of someone 
else of the period. While the Commonwealth would suggest a date 
about 1649-1659, the pipe might be of any period thereafter. Not- 


544 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


withstanding the fact of this pipe being influenced by modern art, 
the work upon it is primitive in its character, though the lines have 
been incised with sharp-edged tools. There isin the U.S. National 
Museum collection another biconical pipe made of a soft yellow 
sandstone in imitation of a bird sitting on a perch, which was found 
in Maury County. Tennessee, the outlines of which are distinct 
though the specimen itself is quite rude. Squier 
and Davis also represent several pipes in 
human form, the persons figured being in a 
crouching position, one other being that of an 
animal showing its teeth in a formidable man- 
ner.' Schoolcraft also figures a pipe of this 
type.’ 

A carefully ground though unfinished pipe 
from a mound in Knox 
County, Tennessee, collected 
by Mr. Norman Spang (fig. 
168), is made of brown stone, 
its greatest length being 
24 inches. It was evidently 
intended to be smoked by 
inserting the stem in the 
shouldered opening and hold- 
ing the pipe by its elongated 

edie Chane” wane base, as appears to have been 
Cat. No, 146353, U.S.N.M. Collected by done with the disk pipes. 

See one The striz of the drill yet re- 

main distinct both in bowl 

&nd stem opening. Both above and below the stem 

extension from the bowl the tool marks are quite 

distinet, the shoulders having been formed by a 
sawing process. 

Fig. 169 is a graceful pipe of the preceding form = 
and is also a mound specimen from near Dubuque, Fig. 169. 
Iowa, collected by Mr. H.T. Woodman. Itis made BANDED Pas 3 
of a banded green slate, the whole surface of which ‘Daina we 
has been ground with extreme care. The incision Cat. No, 42645, U.S.N.M. 
on the side of the prolongation of the bowl has been "#4 by P+ Woodman. 
sawed in on each side and across the end as though intended to 
represent the mouth of some animal. This belief is strengthened by 
two depressions on the point, drilled with a rough-pointed tool, proba- 
bly a stone, or, if of metal, one which was quite dull, as evidenced 
by the striw, these depressions apparently being intended to repre- 
sent the nostrils. 


INDURATED CLAY PIPE. 


' Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, figs. 75, 146, 148, 149. 
*Henry R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of North America, Pt. 1, plate 13, fig. 2. 


| 
: 
; 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 545 


Somewhat similar in outline, though with the position of the bowl 
reversed, is fig. 170, a pipe of steatite from Boone County, Missouri, 
collected by Mr. Charles J. Turner. It appears to be made in imitation 
of a duck’s head; the eyes are represented by shallow depressions on 
each side, the mouth being incised and following in a graceful curve 
the contour of the outline of the specimen. The slight exterior enlarge- 
ment of the end of 
what appears to be 
intended as the stem 
would indicate that 
those who made this 
pipe were familiar 
with pipes of some 
plastic material. 

In addition to the 
clay pipe with a dou- 
ble stem from Mis- 
Sissippi herein re- 
ferred to, there are in the U.S. National Museum two pipes made of 
stone which have both stem and bowl duplicated. Fig. 171 is a pipe of 
this character. It is made of a gray chlorite and was found in Rhea 
County, Tennessee, by Mr. A. M. Rickley. In its greatest length it 
measures 45 inches, with a thickness of 14 inches. Through this stone 
a hole has been drilled from side to side. There are separate bowls and 
separate stems on the opposite sides of this discoidal implement. The 
bowls appear to have first been 
pecked into shape and subsequently 
reamed out about one-fourth of 
their depth, whereas the stem 
holes yet show distinctly the strize 
of the solid drill with which they 
were made. 

Another of these double pipes 
(fig. 172) is from Columbia, South 
Carolina, collected by Mr. A. R. Crit- 
tenden. It is made of a compact 
Pig. 171. black slate, which has a much more 
“So ia modern appearance than the pre- 
ceding pipe; besides this, the bowls 
are one above the other, and to 
smoke both at the same time could only be done by turning them on 
the side, and even in that position it would be difficult of accomplish- 
ment. The two heads of what appears to be a duck both point in the 
same direction and each have mouths and eyes represented, though, as 
So often observed in such cases, the creature is somewhat difticult to 
recognize. On the opposite side of this pipe to that shown there is in 

NAT MUS 97 35 


STEATITE PIPE. 


Boone County, Missouri. 
Cat. No, 62031, U.S.N.M. Collected by Charles J. Turner. 


Rhea County, Tennessee. 
Cat. No. 172316, U.S.N.M. Collected by A. M. Rickley. 


546 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


one corner a cross in form of the swastika, and near the center the let- . 


ters I N. The work on this pipe has evidently been done with sharp- 
edged cutting tools, and in one place the marks of a rasp or file are 
quite distinctly shown by equidistant lines of similar length. 

Prof. G. H. Perkins has illustrated a steatite pipe with two bowls 
and a Single stem opening, from Swanton, in the northern part of Ver- 
mont, which is well polished, and is said to have been cut out instead 
of being bored, as is usual in Champlain Valley pipes.! 

Mr. David Boyle has also described a pipe very similar to the last 
one, found in Harvey Township, Peterboro County, Ontario, made of 
pottery, the bowls of both of which open into each other immediately 
below the point of junction of the double bowl.’ 

The great difference in form of the double-stemmed or double-bowled 
pipe or in double pipes of any kind 
found in America would indicate that 
they were not made according to any 
fixed rule, but rather to suit indi- 
vidual fancy; though the specimens 
described are too few to allow of posi- 
tive expression of opinion concerning 
them other than that such pipes have 
bowls and stems usually of modern 
form, though even this rule has its ex- 
ceptions. There is said to have been 
an old Dutch custom of smoking a 
double pipe on one’s wedding day, 
which was never again used except 
upon the wedding anniversary. Two 

Fig. 172. such pipes, known as Dutch bride- 
Spear: groom pipes, were in the celebrated 
Bragge collection, now in the British 
Museum, and are referred to as ‘still 
decorated with the ribbons placed upon them upon a certain festal day 
that faded into nothingness two centuries ago. The bridegroom pipe 
was one of the household gods of Holland. Smoked in augury of a 
happy future upon the wedding day, it was held too sacred to be 
touched again save on the recurrence of the anniversary of the mo- 
mentous event.” * 


SSS 


Columbia, South Carolina. 
Cat. No. 34329, U.S.N.M. Collected by A. R. Crittenden. 


THE CALUMET DANCE. 


The derivation of the word “‘calumet” has been discussed, yet this 
word to one at all familiar with the colonial history of the French in 
America has an especial significance and means more than a mere pipe. 
T+ constituted a peace offering combined with a flag. of truce. It was sup- 
_~osed to secure the safety of its bearers during the function of its presen- 


1The Calumet in the Champlain Valley, Popular Science Monthly, December, 
1893, p. 241. 

2David Boyle, Archeological Report of the Minister of Education of Ontario, 
1894-95, p. 58, fig. 28. 

*The Bragge Collection, p. 3, referred to in Cope’s Tobacco Plant, December, 1880. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 547 


tation, smoking, and the attendant deliberations, and it was further said 
to protect those who carried it as far as the borders of the country of 
the people visited, though there are several references to exceptions to 
this rule. 

If the pipe tendered was accepted peace was acknowledged, while if 
the pipe was rejected it was war literally “to the knife.” Warlike mes- 
sages were accompanied by red pipes; peaceful messages were accom- 
panied by pipes which were white or so colored for the occasion; even 
the feathers decorating the pipestem had their special and separate 
significance, and strangers could tell from the shape of the pipe and 
its decorations who the people were from whence it came, and the gen- 
eral character of the mission before the messengers spoke. The age 
of the custom can not be stated with any degree of certainty, though 


dances of the natives, and it may be doubted whether even now ‘he 
Indian does not connect the burning of herbs with the more mysterious 
: of the affairs of life. Eventually in all transactions between the whites 
and natives a pipe was smoked; even in social visits the Indian offered 
his pipe as a welcome, as the Russian or the Arab does salt. Some 
early references to smoking and other pipe customs are of more than 
passing value in the study of American pipes. Those quoted are given 
: chronologically, beginning with Raleigh’s expedition in 1586, when, 
according to Stith, “Sir Walter sent upon this voyage a domestic of 
his, one Mr. Thomas Hariot, and highly in his patron’s intimacy. He 
likewise tells of the great esteem and veneration in which the natives 
held a plant, which grew spontaneously in the country, and was by 
them called wppowoc, but it is now well known by the name of tobacco; 
derived, it is said, from the island of Tobago, one of the Caribbees in 
the West Indies, where it grew in vast quantities. The leaves of this 
they cured and dried, and then being rubbed into a sort of bean and 
dust they put it into earthen tubes and drew the smoke through the 
mouth. They thought this plant of so great worth and value that even 
) the gods themselves were delighted with it. And therefore they some- 
times made sacred fires and instead of a sacrifice threw in this dust, and 
when they were caught in a tempest they would sprinkle it into the air 
and water; upon all their new fishing nets they would cast some of it; 
and when they had escaped any remarkable danger they would throw 
some of this dust into the air, with strange distorted gestures, some- 
times striking the earth with their feet in a kind of time and measure; 


: the pipe was apparently used in feasting and on solemn occasions from 
; an early period. The French adopted it as an emblem of peace about 
; 1673, as we learn from Marquette, and later it was also employed by the 
4 English, until eventually it became a prevalent custom throughout the 
; larger part of the continent, though the early English emblem in inter- 
3 course with the natives appears to have been the collar of wampum, 
which later became the wampum belt. There is reason to suppose that 
the native offering of incense to Cortez and his followers was often a 
: tobacco offering of propitiation to creatures from another world, such 
_ «as was burned to propitiate their fetiches, for tobacco and other plants, 
___ from a pre-Columbian era, have played an important part in the sacred 


_ 


548 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


sometimes clapping their hands and throwing them up on high, looking 
up to the heavens and uttering barbarous and dissonant words.” ! 

This is the first account north of Mexico of the dance of the calumet, of 
which the French travelers so often speak, and which the Omaha and 
other tribes yetindulgein. According to Hakluyt, Hariot remarks that— 
The uppowoc is of so precious estimation among them that they think 
their Gods are marvelously delighted therewith, whereupon they some- 
times make hallowed fires and cast some of the powder therein for a 
sacrifice; being in a storm upon the waters, to pacify their Gods, they 
cast some up into the air and into the water; so a weare for fish being 
newly set up they cast some therein and into the air; also after an 
escape of danger they cast some into the air likewise, but all done with 
strange gestures, stamping, sometimes dancing, clapping of hands, 
sometimes holding up of hands and staring up into the heavens utter- 
ing therewithall and chattering strange words and noises. We our- 
selves during the time we were there used to suck it after their manner, 
and also since our return, and have found many rare and wonderful 
experiments of the virtues thereof, of which the relation would require 
a volume by itself, the use of by so many of late, men and women of 
great calling and some learned Physicians, also is sufficient witness.” 

Capt. John Smith, a few years later (1607), speaking of the ‘ Wero- 
wance” of “*Rappahanah,” says ‘‘he caused his mat to be spread on the 
ground, where he sat down with a great majesty, taking a pipe of 
tobacco, the rest of his company standing about him,” and he further 
says ‘there was a garden of tobacco there. * * * These people 
have a great reverence for the sun above all things, at the rising and 
the setting of the same they making a round circle on the ground with 
dried tobacco, then they began to pray.”* 

Somewhat after the same manner Smith, in 1608, says: **‘ When the 
waters begin to run high they haste away to the seaside or the banks 
of the rivers, and after several invocations and outcries made, they 
throw tobacco, copper, and other trash into the water, this is in order 
to appease that power which they believe to be very angry upon such 
occasions, and must have some such offerings made him before he will 
be quiet again.” 

William Strachey, in 1612, evidently referring to this paragraph, 
quaintly says: ‘‘They have also another kind of sorcery which they 
use in Storms—a kind of botonomantia with herbes; when the waters 
are rough in the rivers and seacoasts their conjurers run to the waters’ 
sides. After many hellish outecries they cast tobacco, copper, or such 
trash into the water to pacify that god whom they think to be very 
angry in those storms.”® 

‘William Stith, History of the first Discovery and Settlement of Virginia, pp. 17, 
19, Sabin reprint, New York, 1865. 

? Thomas Hariot, Hakluyt’s Voyages, III, p. 330, London, 1810; reprint of London 
edition of 1600. 

* A Discourse of the Plantation of the Southern Colony of Virginia in Introduc- 
tion to Arber’s edition of Smith’s Works, pp. lxviii-lxxi, Plate xv, quoting G. Percy. 

' John Harris, Voyages and Travels, I, p. 846, London, 1705. 

® Historie of Travaille into Virginia, p. 93, (Hakluyt Society). 


il 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 549 


Father White, in 1633, also refers to a function akin to this then 
prevailing in Maryland. ‘‘On an appointed day,” he says, “ there 
assembled around a great fire all the men and women from many parts 
of the country. A space being cleaned some one produces a large bag; 
in the bag is a pipe and some powder which they call ‘‘potu.” The 
pipe is such as our countrymen use for smoking, but much larger. 
Then the bag is carried around the fire, the boys and girls following 
and singing in an agreeable voice alternately, ‘‘Taho,” ‘*Taho.” The 
circle being ended the pipe is taken from the pouch with the powder. 
The powder is distributed to each of those standing around and lighted 
in the pipe, and each one smoking it breathes over the several members 
of his body and consecrates them.” ! 

There is in these descriptions striking similarity to the calumet 
dance later witnessed on the Mississippi by Marquette and other 
French pioneers. 

This dancing and clapping of hands appears analogous to the prac- 
tices of the Natchez, who were said to ‘‘venerate the sun, which was 
evidenced by offerings made to it at its rising and setting;” the offici- 
ating functionary was probably a pipe chief or medicine man, such as 
have been referred to as officers of many of the tribes as far north as 
the Great Lakes. The pipe bag, pipe, and ‘* potu” reminds one of 
customs yet kept up among the Pueblos of the Southwest. Holm, in 
his description of New Sweden, says “almost all the Indians in the 
northern part of America make use of a token of peace and friendship 
with which they confirm all that their councils have determined upon, 
whether it be war or peace, or any other important business.” ?” 

The Nadousses, according to Raymbault and Jogues, in 1642, were 
said to “ cultivate the land after the manner of the Hurons and reaped 
corm and petun.”® 

These people were Siouan and appear to have lived in the vicinity of 
Sault Ste. Marie, in Chippewa County, northern Michigan, and a knowl- 
edge of them at this early period would suggest an acquaintance with 
the country between Lake Erie and the southern part of Lake Michigan, 
and a propable acquaintance with the waters of the Mississippi itself 
years prior to Marquette’s trip down the river in 1675, 

In 1553 the French made peace with the Iroquois at Isle Orleans, in 
the country of the Hurons, near Quebec, and in the account given of 
the proceedings by Lescarbot the Indians appear to have followed a 
practice recorded on many other occasions between the natives and 
whites of dividing their speeches into parts, each part being accom- 
panied by separate presents, as evidenced with the French by the pipe; 
if with the English, the speeches were evidenced usually by the 
Wampum belt; which practice continued with slight variation to the 
period of the Revolution of the colonies. 


1Father Andrew D. White, A Relation of the Colony of the Lord Baron of Balti- 
more, in Maryland, near Virginia, Forces Tracts, IV, No. 12, p. 24. 

2Thomas Campanius Holm, A Short Description of the Province of New Sweden, 
now called by the English, Pensylvania, p. 134, Philadelphia, 1834. 

3Pierre Margery, Découvertes et Etablissements des Frangais, Les P. P. Charles 
Raymbault et Isaac Jogues, p. 47, Paris, 1875. 


550 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Their captain installed his presents, which pass with all the savages 
as writings do with us, or as contracts do. Everyone being seated, he 
raised himself and invoked the sun as a witness of his thoughts, as a 
torch which banished the night and darkness of his heart and gave 
day to his words. The presents consisted of beaver skins and porce- 
lain (wampum beads), and each had its name and made evident the 
desire of him who spoke and those who sent him. 

The first, to dry the tears shed for braves killed. 

Second. A talisman to prevent vindictiveness of the French for the 
loss of their people. 

Third. A covering for the dead to prevent the recurrence of old 
quarrels. 

Fourth. To keep the dead buried and to prevent them from leaving 
their graves and showing animosities. 

Fifth. To pack up their arms that they might not again be touched. 

Sixth. To purify the stream soiled with blood. 

And last, to exhort the Hurons to agree to what Onontio decided 
about the peace. 

In reply the governor made speech for speech and present for present.! 

According to I. A. Lapham “the first white persons who penetrated 
into the regions of the upper lakes were two young fur traders who left 
Montreal for that purpose in 1654 and remained two years among the 
Indian tribes on their shores. It appears that they returned with infor- 
mation-relative to Lake Superior and perhaps Lake Michigan and Green 
Bay, for in 1659 fur traders are known to have extended their traffic to 
that bay.”? 

“The Sonontonans” (Senecas, Hewitt) “to the number of fifty or 
sixty assembled in our cabins. Their custom is, on entering, to take 
the first vacant place, without regard to rank, and at once take fire for 
lighting their pipes, which are not taken from their mouths during the 
whole time of the council. They say that good thoughts come with 
smoking.”*> And among the presents enumerated on the occasion were 
capots, cooking pots, beads, ete. 

At a council in the year 1670 on the shores of Lake Ontario, which 
Comite de Frontenac held with the Onondagas, Mohawks, Oneidas, 


Cayugas, and Senecas, he said: ‘I have lighted a fire to see you smoke | 


(petuner) and to talk to you.”* Among other things presented at this 
council were 25 capots.° 

The French, after their settlement on the Ohio, sent out their fur 
traders and presumably their fur hunters, who eagerly sought for new 
fields where the game had not been thinned out and which afforded the 
most abundant supply. These traders and hunters were the first per- 


' Mare Lescarbot, Relation de la Nouvelle France, p. 19. 

2T, A. Lapham, Wisconsin; its Geography aud Topography, p. 18, Milwaukee, 1846. 

’Pierre Margry, Découvertes et Etablissements des Frangais, Relation de l’Abbe de 
Gallinee, p. 128, Paris, 1875. 

4Pierre Margry, Découvertes et Etablissements des Francais, Voyage de M. le 
Comte de Frontenac au lac Ontario, p. 212, Paris, 1875. 

5Tdem, p. 223. 


al li tt al 


r 
- 
: 
c. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING customs. 551 


sons who trod the soil of those States bordering the Great Lakes. It 
was probably from such persons that the Susquehannocks obtained the 
articles of European manufacture found in their possession at the head 
of Chesapeake Bay in 1608, probably by way of Lake Ontario and 
across from some of its affluents down the Susquehanna. Missionaries, 
according to Caleb Atwater, “ were sent to Onondaga in 1654. From 
this time forward the French are known to have traversed that part of 
Ohio which borders on Lake Erie and the Ohio River.”! 

The missionaries were early in the field, but it appears natural to 
suppose that they would select those territories which offered the most 
promising fields of work. This information would naturally beimparted 
by trappers and traders. Lafitau says: “Father Marquette, a Jesuit 
missionary to Canada, embarked with Sieur Joliet, a French Canadian, 
to discover the western sea and to attempt to find a way from Canada 
to China, and was the first of the French to penetrate to the Mississippi 
River. This was the 17th of June, 1673—that is to say, six or seven 
years before La Salle went to take possession of the country in the 
King’s name. They followed the Wisconsin River until it fell into a 
larger river about 425° of north latitude. They dropped with the cur- 
rent to within two or three days of the Gulf of Mexico, but noticing 
they were going from their course and fearing the Spanish, returned by 
way of the Illinois to Missilimackinack” (crossing to the lake at the 
portage about Chicago). It is in the relation of the voyage of Father 
Marquette down the Mississippi that he mentions first the calumet of 
peace, and as he is the first who speaks of it, he is also the one who 
speaks best. He says: 

It was the 25th of June the Indians, having recognized them as Europeans, sent 
four old men to speak with them. Two of them carried pipes to smoke tobacco in; 
they were highly ornamented and adorned with feathers of different sorts. They 
walked solemnly and raised their pipes toward the sun; they appeared to present it 
to him to smoke without, however, saying a word. They were quite slow in passing 
over the short distance from the village to them. Having reached them they stopped 
and looked at them with attention. The Father, reassured by this ceremony, spoke 
first to them and asked who they were; to which they answered they were Illinois, 
and to guarantee peace they presented their pipes to smoke; then they invited them 
to enter their village. One should not refuse the pipe unless he would be taken for 
an enemy, but it is enough to make out he is smoking. It is sufficient if one carries 
the calumet with him to show it, by which means he may walk in safety among 
enemies who, in the midst of fighting, will lower their arms to one who shows it. 
It was for this reason the Illinois gave this pipe as a safeguard among the nations 
through which they had to journey. There is a calumet for peace and one for war. 
They use them to end their differences, for strengthening alliances, and to communi- 
cate with strangers. 5 

It is made of a red stone polished like marble, and pierced so that one end serves 
to receive the tobacco, and the other has a socket fora handle, which is astick 2 feet 
long, as large as an ordinary cane, and pierced through the middle. It is ornamented 
with the head and neck of different birds of the most beautiful plumage, to which 


'Caleb Atwater, Description of the Antiquities of the State of Ohio, Archwologia 
Americana, I, p. 116. 


552 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


they add also large red, green, and other colored feathers. They regard it as coming 
from the sun, to whom it is offered to smoke when they want calm or rain or sun- 
shine. They fear to bathe in summer or to eat new fruits without having danced to 
it as follows: This calumet dance, which is very celebrated among these people, is 
not performed except on serious occasions ; sometimes for making peace, or to reunite 
them for a great war, or for public rejoicing; sometimes for a nation’s assistance; at 
times they use it at the reception of a person of considerable importance, as though 
to offer a ball or comedy. In winter the ceremony is held ina cabin; in summer out 
in the air. The place being selected they surround it with trees, in order to shade 
the whole assembly. There is spread out a large mat of reeds, painted different 
colors, in the middle of the place, which serves as a carpet for the god of him who 
makes the dance; for each one has his own, which is called his Manitou. It is aser- 
pent, or a bird, or a stone, or some similar thing of which they have dreamed and in 
which they put every confidence for success in the war or chase. Sitting near this 
Manitou and on his right is placed the calumet in honor of the one who has given 
the feast; the arms, such as clubs, hatchets, bows and quivers, such as they use, are 
laid around it. Things being thus arranged, those having the best voices, who are to 
sing, take the most honorable place under the trees. All the world then comes and 
take their places around them, and as each one arrives he salutes the Manitou, 
which he does in smoking and blowing the smoke upon him, as though offering 
incense. Then the one who is to commence the dance appears and goes respectfully 
and takes the pipe and holding it in both hands he dances it in rythm with the song. 
He makes it describe different figures; at times he presents it to the company and 
turns it from side to side, then he offers it to the sun as though he wished him to 
smoke it; at others he inclines it toward the earth; sometimes he spreads the wings 
as though he wished it to fly; at other times he places it in the mouths of the assist- 
ants that they make smoke it, all in rythm, and it is like the first scene of the ballet. 
The second scene they imitate a combat and go through an imaginary fight, one 
with arms and another with the calumet. The third scene is a discourse, in which 
the one who holds the calumet tells of his victories and it is passed from hand to 
hand until all have had a chance to smoke. ! 


These Illinois belonged to the great Algonquin linguistic stock, as 
Marquette informs us, which reached from approximately the thirty- 
fifth to the fifty-fifth degree of Jatitude on the east side of the Missis- 
sippi The Sioux being their neighbors on the west bank of the river, 
from about latitude 33° to latitude 53°. Marquette states that these 
Illinois had never before seen Frenchmen,’ though they must have 
been quite familiar with them, as he refers to their skill in the use 
of the rifle with which they are supplied by the Indians who trade 
with the French, and which he says makes them formidable to their 
enemies.‘ 

This pipe Marquette describes as being larger than the common 
tobacco pipe of the French.’ It should be observed here that the Illi- 
nois pipe referred to answers fully the description of the red Siouan 
catlinite; and it is hardly possible, when we consider the minuteness of 
description of the stem and its ornamentation, that had the primitive 


1Mceurs des Sauvages Amériqains, II, p. 314, Paris, 1724. See also Marquette and 
Joliet, An Account of the Discovery of some new Countries and Nations in North 
America, 1673, Historical Collections of Louisiana, Pt. 2, p. 287, New York, 1852. 

2See map accompanying Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. 

3 Marquette and Joliet, Historical Collections of Louisiana, Pt. 2, p. 287. 

4Idem, Pt. 2, p. 288. 

5Idem, Pt. 2, p. 289. 


3 es ease 2s aes 


| 
| 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 553 


Illinois pipe been carved with animals upon its stem that so important 
a feature would have been passed over by Marquette without allusion 
to it, and as a further evidence of the curved-base mound pipe owing 
its elegance of form to European influence the locality where Marquette 
received the pipe was in the area of the mound type. 

The calumet in the dance is used to defend the bearer from the attack 
of the warrior who has taken the bow and arrow from the mat! men- 
tioned. Marquette refers to the Ouabouskigon River, which runs into 
the Mississippi from the east about latitude 36° north,’ referred to in 
the text as the Ohio. Marquette was told, by the natives, of Europeans 
on the lower part of the river who lived to the east and who had images 
and chaplets and played upon musical instruments and from whom 
they bought their goods.’ The pipe given to Marquette by the Illinois, 
and its value as a safeguard is referred to in a letter of November 11, 
1674, from Frontenac to Colbert.‘ 

In 1676 Father Allouez refers to the Illinois offering to him the 
calumet. “The chief,” he says, ‘‘ advanced about thirty steps to 
meet me, holding in one hand a firebrand and in the other a feathered 
calumet. As he drew near he raised it to my mouth, and himself lit 
the tobacco, which obliged me to pretend to smoke.”° 

Father Louis Hennepin refers to the calumet of peace in 1679 among 
the ‘* Iroquese,” in the vicinity of Niagara, somewhat differently from 
Marquette’s allusions. The latter refers in his travels to more than 
one place where his pipe was not received. Hennepin says: “It is a 
large tobacco pipe of red, black, or white marble, with a finely polished 
head. The quill, which is commonly two foot and a half long, is made 
of a pretty strong reed or cane adorned with feathers of all colours 
interlaced with locks of women’s hair. Every nation adorns it as they 
think fit and according to the birds they have in their country. Such 
@ pipe is a safe conduct amongst ail the allies of the nation which has 
given it, and in all embassies the calumet is carried as a symbol of 
peace, the savages being generally persuaded that some great misfor- 
tune would befall them if they should violate the public faith of the 
calumet.” ° 

Fathers Hennepin and Gabriel in 1679 visited Niagara Falls, “the 
like whereof,” Hennepin says, ‘“‘is not in the whole world.”* The pipe 
is there illustrated, and if the illustration is correct, as it presumably 
is, would by its form indicate the Siouan type. 

It should be remembered that Lafitau says the Iroquois and Indians 
near Quebec and on the St. Lawrence did not use the calumet of peace.® 

McCulloh is probably correct in his assertion in reference to Hen- 


'Marquette and Joliet, Historical Collections of Louisiana, Pt. 2, p. 290. 

2Idem, Pt. 2, p. 292. 

3Idem, Pt. 2, p. 293. 

4Pierre Margry, Découvertes et Etablissements des Frangais, Retour de Louis 
Joliet, p. 260, Paris, 1875. 

5 Narrative of Father Claude Allouez, Historical Collections of Louisiana, p. 73. 

6Louis Hennepin, A Voyage to North America, Archologica Americana, I, p. 70. 

7 John Harris, Voyages and Travels, IL, p. 907, London, 1705. 

®’Mceurs des Sauvages Amériqains, II, p. 314, Paris, 1724. 


554A REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


nepin’s remark that in 1679 the calumet was in universal use among 
the Indians east of the Mississippi. He says: “It is not improbable, 
however, that at that time the French traders had both greatly extended 
its use and confirmed its character of conferring personal inviolability, 
as such a practice favored their traffic into the interior parts of the 
country.”! 

Membre in 1681, in referring to La Salle’s voyage to the mouth of the 
Mississippi, refers to the ““Arkansa” and ‘Taensa” as being half civi- 
lized. The Quinipissa, however, when La Salle sent messengers, let fly 
arrows at them. These people, he said, had never seen guns. With the 
Mohegans also the calumet was not received. The Indians on the 
lower river told them of people to the west who rode upon animals, and 
showed them two hoofs, which were those of horses.’ 

When they upon their return reached the Miami they learned of the 
Sieur de Tonty, who since leaving them had made several military expe- 
ditions.” 

Baron Lahontan refers to the use of the calumet in Canada in a 
manner very similar to Marquette and La Salle, and gives some data 
which yet more strongly indicate that the calumet was of the Siouan 
type. The stem, he says, was 4 or 5 feet long, and the mouth or head 
in which the tobacco is held is 3 inches long, its figure approaching that 
of a hammer, the body being 8 inches long, and that the effect of the 
pipe was Gulee to that of a flag of truce with the French,‘ which 
strengthens the suggestion of McCulloh that this was a belief which 
the French would do everything to confirm. 

La Salle, in deseribing the calumet dance of the ees: gives a 
very similar account to that given by Marquette as prevailing in the 
Illinois tribe, which is quite similar to a like custom described in Vir- 
ginia, and would indicate an ancient practice. He says: ‘¢The Indians 
before dancing put poles around, as when linen is dried, and arrange 
on them all they are going to give. Then they bring two calumets 
made of red stones and filled with tobacco, being adorned with feathers 
of all colors. The chiefs and warriors have gourds full of pebbles, and 
also two drums. These are pots of earth covered with skin over the 

-top. Those who have done great deeds strike a post, which is planted 

in the middle of the council place, with a club. Having told of their 
powers, they gave M. de La Salle their presents. If anyone lies the 
one who knows it wipes the post with a skin to remove the lie. The 
French, with the exception of M. de La Salle, also struck the post and 
related their achievements.” * 

The first reference to there being any special difference in the pipes 
used at a council and those used by the individual is probably that 


‘James H. McCulloh, Researches, p. 146, Baltimore, 1829. 

2Father Zenobius Membre, Narrative of La Salle’s Voyage Down the Mississippi, 
Discovery und Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, p. 174. Redfield, 1852. 

°Tdem, p. 178. 

4 Baron Lahontan, Some New Voyages into North America, p. 36, London, 1703. 

> Pierre Margry, Découvertes et Etablissements des Frangais, Recit de Nicolas de 
La Salle, 1684, p. 553, Paris, 1875. 


le ee Ok, OD a le eb ed ee 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cUuUSsTOMS. 555 


regarding Garangula, an Onondaga chief, who in 1654 sat at council 
‘with his pipe in his mouth and the great calumet of peace before him.”! 

““M. de La Barre, in conference with Garangula at Kaihoga, asks him 
to smoke the calumet and to promise, in the name of the Senecas, Cayu- 
gas, Onondagas, Mohawks, and Oneydoes, to leave the French King’s 
subjects unmolested. If they do not so agree, he says, he will declare 
war with them, and says this belt will confirm my words.” Garangula, 
the spirited sachem who was a leader among the Onondagas and one of 
the head-men of the Confederacy of the Five Nations, does not take 
kindly to the terms, which he refuses in a spirited speech. He refers 
to the calumet which the Five Nations had given the governor’s prede- 
cessor, and closes by the remark: ‘This belt preserves my words.” ” 

The council here referred to grew out of trade jealousies more than 
anything else, for the French were anxious to cause the Iroquois to trade 
with them rather than the English, and the language employed upon 
one side and the other was unmistakable in its significance. La Barre 
informed the Indians that the Five Nations had robbed and abused 
all the traders that were passing to the [Illinois and to the other 
nations—children of his king. Garangula was not to be outdone in 
the force of language employed, and informed La Barre that he 
thanked him in the name of the confederated tribes for bringing back 
into their country the calumet which the predecessor of La Barre had 
received from their hands. And referring to the protection of the cal- 
umet, he informed the governor that it was happy for him ‘‘that you 
left underground that murdering hatchet.” * 

Lahontan, in 1693, referring to the Indians making peace, says: ‘It 
is never until after a long war that the savages try to enter into a 
treaty, but after they see it is to their interest to make peace they send 
five, ten, or twenty warriors to nake peace proposals to their enemies. 
Sometimes these envoys go by land, at other times by water, carrying 
always the great calumet of peace in the hand, after the manner of a 
cornet carrying his standard.” + 

In all treaties and councils between the whites and Indians, the pipe 
and wampum belt appear to go hand in hand. The pipe was a pre- 
requisite to all functions with the Indians, whether among themselves 
or with strangers, whereas, as has been observed, the belt was often 
the witness of the specific contract. Its bands, beads, and color, the 
very arrangement of its design, each conveyed a specific message; not 
as a hieroglyph, for symbolism in this shape does not appear to have 
prevailed among the Indians using the belt, although they did at times 
resort to a rude ideography or pictography on rocks, bark, and skins; 
nor was it used as the quipu was said to be employed by the Peruvi- 
ans and which could be read by certain persons learned in the art of 
deciphering the knotted cords—an art by the way apparently not con- 


‘Baron Lahontan, Some New Voyages into North America, I, p. 35, London, 1703. 
*Cadwallader Colden, History of the Five Nations of Canada, p. 65, London, 1724. 
3Tdem, I, p. 68. 

4Baron Lahontan, Mémoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale, p. 187, Hague, 1703. 


556 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


fined to America. The belt was used to remind the orator for the time 
of his speech or lesson prepared before leaving the tribe on a mission, 
which, if forgotten, would be instantly corrected by his companions 
present, and when this belt had served its specific purpose, upon occa- 
sion it would be used as a witness to another and possibly entirely 
different contract. Lahontan has referred to these belts or “ coliers,” 
as the French usually designate them, as being ‘“‘ certain swathes of 2 
or 3 feet in length by a breadth of 6 inches, decked with little beads 
made of certain shells that are found upon the seashore between New 
York and Virginia. These beads are round and as thick as a green 
pea, but are twice as long as a grain of corn. Their color is blue 
or white, and they are bored through like the pearl being run after 
the same manner upon strings which lie sideways to one another. 
Without the intervention of these coliers there is no business to be 
negotiated with the savages; for being altogether unacquainted with 
writing, they make use of them for contracts and obligations. Some- 
times they keep a belt for a generation which has been received from 
their neighbors, and, in this respect, every belt has its own peculiar 
mark. They learn from the old persons the circumstances of the time 
and place where they were delivered, but after that is over they are 
made use of for new treaties.” ! 

Maj. Richard Ingoldsby, commander in chief of the province of New 
York, on the 6th of June, 1692, presented to the ‘“‘sachims of the Five 
Nations or cantons westward—namely, Maquaes, Oneydes, Onnondages, 
Cayouges, and Sinnekes—in the city hall of Albany, 6 gross of pipes 
and 100 pounds of tobacco.” ? 

Sanvole, in Louisiana, in 1699, speaks of giving the Indians small 
presents of glass beads, knives, and hatchets, for conducting M. De 
Bienville to the Equinipichas (Choctaws living northeast of the mouth 
of the Mississippi) to whom he also sent a present of a capot, a calumet, 
beads, and other things proper to give such persons.* 

This present, the capot, is not an uncommon occurrence apparently, 
and the same author refers to a present of a ‘‘habit rouge ” and the 
calumet of peace. 4 

Father Gravier, who, in 1701, went over the same ground that Father 
Marquette had traversed in 1673, refers to the calumet and there being 
one for peace and another for war, the red signifying war. He goes so 
far as to say that upon presentation of the calumet even enemies will lay 
down their arms in the heat of combat. He describes the hollow wooden 
stem of the pipe as being the origin of the name calumet from a cor- 
ruption of the word chalumeau, because it resembles a pipe or rather a 
long flute.’ 

That there were exceptions, however, to the sanctity of the calumet 


‘Baron Lahontan, Some New Voyages into North America, I, p. 36, London, 1703. 

2? Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, III, p. 842. 

’ Journal de M. Sanvole, Historical Coliections of Louisiana, Pt. 3, p. 225. 

4Idem, pp. 228, 232. 

°John Gilmary Shea, Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi, Journal of a } 
Voyage of Father Gravier, of the Society of Jesus, from the country of the [linois 
to the mouth of the Mississippi, p. 180, Albany, 1861. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cUSsTOMS. 557 


of peace is evidenced by Bernard de la Harpe, who records the break- 
ing of the arm of Charles, the Canadian, in January, 1703, by a party 
of Indians who had presented the calumet, and the same night assassi- 
nated his companions.! The singing of the song of the calumet was 
not confined to the natives by any means, for in this they were imi- 
tated by the French’ on more than one occasion. 

Du Pratz, in his history of Louisiana, illustrates the manner of dan- 
cing the calumet on the Lower Mississippi in 1719 by the Tchitima- 
chas (fig. 173). 

He says: “I had an opportunity during this trip to satisfy my curi- 
osity on the subject of the calumet 
of peace, of which I had heard so 
much from the old French inhabit- 
ants. There having been war with 
the Tchitimachas (a distinct linguis- 
tic stock located west of the mouth 
of the Mississippi), they asked for 
peace. A delegation arrived sing- 
ing the calumet song, and with the 
calumet moving in rhythm they ad- 
vanced, keeping time to the sound 
of the rattle.”* 

‘“‘The calumet,” he says, ‘‘is the 
tube of a pipe at least 14 feet long, 
covered with a skin composed of 
the head and neck of a wood duck, 
of which the many-colored plu- 
mage is exceedingly attractive, and 
at the end of the tube there is a 
pipe. At the same end there is 
fixed a kind of wing of the white 
eagle, in shape of a quarter circle, 
and at the end of each feather it is 
encircled by a hoop dyed a bright 


Fig. 173. 
red color, while the other end has CALUMET DANCE. 


After Du Pratz. 
Histoire de la Louisiane, p. 105. 


none.”* After a brief description 
of the preliminaries, he says: 
“The speaker stood up while the assistant filled the pipe, and after 
smoking it, he dried it, and handed it to Mr. Bienville to do the same; 
then we all smoked it, after which the old man took the calumet and 

gave it to Mr. Bienville to keep.”* On these occasions, he says, “they 
are dressed in their best, and never fail to hold in their hand a chichi- 
cois” (rattle), ‘‘which they also move in rhythm.”! ‘The war calumet,” 
he says, “is a pipe of the same material and shape excepting the color 
of the feathers, which are those of an aquatic bird, the flamingo. The 


1B. F. French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, Dp: 30, New York, 1 1851. 

2 John Ginna Shea, Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi, Sainte Cosme’s 
Voyage on the Mississippi, p. 72, Albany, 1861. 

$Le Page Du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane, I, p. 108, Paris, 1758. 

‘Idem, p. 105. 


558 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


head of the bird is skinned, the feathers being of a whitish gray, which 
being dyed, only makes a light red, the hoop and tufts being black. 
The stem of the pipe is covered with the skin of a carancro” (carrion 
crow ?), “Sas black as a blackbird and as big as a turkey.!” 

There is difficulty in defining the word ‘‘carancro,” unless it be a 
corruption of the English ‘‘carrion crow,” though probably either the 
turkey, vulture, or black vulture is intended, as both are common in 
Louisiana; both are black and both are about the size of a turkey. 

Charlevoix, in 1721, among the Onondagas, says there is perhaps no 
example of an agreement entered into after smoking the calumet ever 
being violated, but asserts that if it be presented in the midst of a 
battle by an enemy it may be refused. He describes the war calumet 
as being all red, or red on one side, and says that from the manner in 
which the feathers are arranged they know at sight the nation to 
which it belongs.’ 

Of wampum Charlevoix says that these shells were of two colors, 
from which the belts were made, and that the red ones were frequently 
sent when war was intended; and in reference to the red and white 
colors signifying war or peace, suggests that they have taken the hint 
from the colors of the English and the French. “It is even said,” he 
remarks, ‘‘that we ourselves first introduced it amongst them.”? 

This author’s explanation of the calumet differs somewhat from that 
generally suggested. He says: “The calumet is no less sacred among 
the Indians than the collar of wampum; it is even, if we believe them, 
of divine origin, for they maintain it was a present made them by the 
sun. It is more in use among the southern and western nations than 
among the eastern and northern, and is more frequently employed for 
peace than for war. Calumet is a Norman word, being a corruption of 
chaliorveau, and the calumet of the Indian is properly the stalk of the 
pipe, but under that name is understood the whole pipe as well as the 
stalk. The stalk is very long in calumets of ceremony, and the pipe 
has the shape of our old hammers for arms. It is commonly made of 
a sort of reddish marble, very easy to work, and found in the country 
of the Aiouez {Iowas, Sioux], beyond the Mississippi. The stalk is of 
a light wood, painted with different colors, and adorned with the heads, 
tails, and feathers of the most beautiful birds, which in all probability 
is only intended for ornament.” * 

That calumet customs were similar throughout a great part of the 
north and west there is abundant evidence, and the practice prevailed 
even as far south as Virginia. Robert Beverly, in 1722, enumerates 
five things which were always observed in receiving strangers, in 
order to determine whether they came on a peaceful or on a warlike 
mission. 


1Le Page Du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane, I, p. 118, Paris, 1758. 
2Peter Francis Xavier de Charlevoix, Journal of a Voyage to North America, I, p. - 
321, London, 1761. 
5’ Idem, p. 320. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 559 


‘‘ First. They take a pipe much larger and bigger than the common 
tobacco pipe, expressly made for the purpose, with which all towns are 
provided. 

Second. This pipe they always fill before the face of the strangers, 
and light it. 

Third. The chief man of the Indians takes two or three whiffs and 
hands it to the chief of the strangers. 

Fourth. If the strangers refuse it, it is a sign of war. 

Fifth. It it be peace, the stranger takes a whiff or two and hands it to 
the next great man of the town they come to visit; he after taking two or 
three whiffs gives it back to the next of the strangers, and so on alter- 
nately until they have passed it to all persons of note on each side, and 
then the ceremony is ended.” ! 

In New York the calumet was used at a council in Albany, May 30, 
1723.” 

Cadwalader Colden, in 1724, speaks of the calumet being used by the 
Five Nations, and says it was used by the Indians before they knew any- 
thing of the Christians, and is at a loss to know how they were pierced 
and shaped before they had the use of iron.* 

Father J. I’. Lafitau, whose great work on the American Indians was 
published in 1724, refers to the Sioux having endeavored to fool a 
French officer by presenting him a dozen calumets. One of his Indians 
to whom he showed them called his attention to the fact that one of 
them was not twisted with hair, as the others were, and had besides 
engraved on its handle a snake, and assured him it was a sign of 
treason. But, he says, ‘“‘ they tell me it is a greater sign of war when 
they paint the handle red between the hairs.” The Europeans, he says, 
“up to the present time, who have traded with the Illinois and the 
other people of Louisiana have used the calumet and have participated 
in all its ceremonies in order to obtain liberty to pass in peace in their 
commercial transactions.” He ‘sees in the custom remains of paganism 
and a marked idolatry,” and thinks “it should be abolished entirely 
among the Europeans and nations who have embraced or who may want 
to embrace Christianity.” 4 

That the sanctity of the calumet was not always respected there can 
be no doubt, even along the Mississippi, where instances have been cited 
of refusaleven to communicate with those carrying acalumet. Latfitau 
says that if in council between ambassadors and the Indians concern- 
ing the making of peace the council decides upon war it is a great mis- 
fortune for the ambassadors, for the law in that case only protects them 
as long as the matter is in abeyance, but being negatived they knock 
them in the head where they are, though they often take honorable 
leave of them and then send and have them assassinated a few days 


- | History of Virginia, I, p. 157, Petersburg and Richmond, 1722. 
2? Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York, V, p. 695. 
’The History of the Five Nations, p. 55, note, London, 1724. 

‘J. F. Lafitau, Meurs des Sanvages Amériqains, II, p. 335, Paris, 1724. 


560 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


march from the village. He remarks that it is not customary to burn 

or make slaves of ambassadors, though the Iroquois burned some of 

those accompanying the Chevalier @O, whom the Comte de Frontenac 

had sent to them, and would have burned him if he had not taken 

refuge among the English. The law of nations, he says, is more 

respected among the nations living in Louisiana along the borders of 

the Mississippi, who observe the custom of the calumet, which the Iro- 

quois have not, nor have the natives near Quebec and on the lower St. — 
Lawrence.! 

Lafitau lived many years among these people, from 1712-on. He 
studied their character and was thoroughly acquainted with them, 
though his reference is probably to the dance as a Siouan function 
rather than that of other tribes, the pipe offering became common 
eventually between the whites and natives throughout the country 
and acted as a truce. Lafitau refers to the details of a religious dance 
witnessed by Le Sieur de Leri among the Caribs about this period, 
which appears to have been similar to the calumet dance of the Sioux. 
“These Caribs,” he says, ‘“‘in advancing and jumping forward and 
retreating, took a stick about 4 or 5 feet long, at the end of which they 
had the dry herb petun, and lighted it, turning around and blowing 
the smoke on all the other savages.” ” 

Lionel Wafer describes a most peculiar and unique method of smoking 
in 1680 that was indulged in by the natives of the Isthmus. The dried 
tobacco leaves were ‘stripped from the stalk, and laying two or three 
leaves upon one another they roll all up sideways in a long roll, yet 
leaving a little hollow; round this they roll other leaves one after 
another in the same manner, but close and hard, till the roll is as big 
as one’s wrist and 2 or 3 feet in length. Their way of smoking when 
they are in company together is thus: A boy lights one end of a roll 
and burns it to a coal, wetting the part next to it to keep it from wast- 
ing too fast; the end so lighted he puts into his mouth, and blows the 
smoke through the whole length of the roll into the face of every one 
of the company or council, though there be two or three hundred of 
them. Then they, sitting in their usual posture upon forms, make 
with their hands held together a kind of funnel around their mouths 
and noses; into this they receive the smoke as it is blown upon them, 
snuffing it up greedily and strongly, as long as ever they are able to 
hold their breath, and seeming to bless themselves as it were with the 
refreshment it gives them.”? 

To return however to the calumet. One of the early accounts of the 
locality from whence the red pipestone was derived is recorded by Du 
Pratz and vouched for by officers of the expedition made by Le 
Bourgmont to the Padoucas, yet will likely be read with incredulity. 
‘That there was,” he says, ‘‘a high bluff in which was a mass of red stone 
flecked with white, like porphyry, with this difference, that this of which 


‘J. F, Lafitau, Meeurs des Sauvages Amériqains, II, p. 314. 

2Tdem, II, p. 186, quoting Leri’s Histoire de l’ Amérique. 

S’Lionel Wafer, A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America, p. 80, 
London, 1704, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cUSsTOMS. 561 


we speak is almost as soft as tufa. It is covered with another stone 
which has noamerit. The natives who knew its worth endeavored to 
cut it with blows from their arrows, and when pieces dropped into the 
water, they found it by diving. When they got a piece large enough 
from which to make a calumet, they made it by means of a knife and 
awl. The stone works easily and resists a hot fire.” ! 

This description answers correctly the characteristics of catlinite and 
its bed, which lies between layers of quartzite at Couteau des Prairies. 
This red stone, often spoken of by early writers as a red marble, has a 
brilliant color and is susceptible of a high polish, and there is evidence 
in the primitive burials of a large area that from an early period there 
was an extensive trade init. Though there does not appear ever to 
have been such distribution of other pipes as there was of those made of 
clay such as were used by the English who, on July 6, 1742, in the meet- 
inghouse in Philadelphia at a council held by Lieut. Governor George 
Thomas and certain gentlemen with Onontogoes, Caiyoquos, Oneidas, 
Senecas, Tuscaroros, Shawanoes, Canestogas, etc., gave away 1,000 to- 
bacco pipes, 200 pounds of tobacco, and 100 tobacco tongs, this gift being 
duplicated for the land on the east side of the Susquehanna River.’ 

The ceremony of intertribal smoking in the manner related is said 
to have occurred during the governorship of the Hon. George Clinton 
on July 8, 1751, between the Catawbas and the Six Nations in Albany, 
New York. “The Catawbas came down from their quarters singing, 
with their colors pointed to the ground, and having lit their pipes, the 
king and one more put them in the mouths of the chief sachems of the 
Six Nations who smoked out of them. The chief sachem of the Senecas 
lit a pipe and put it in the mouths of each of the Catawbas, who smoked 
out of it and then he returned it among the Six Nations.’ 

Woodrow Wilson gives a good description of the conditions existing 
between the French and the English in 1751-1753: ‘*The strength of 
the French lay in their command of the water courses which flanked 
the English colonies both north and west, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
to the mouths of the Mississippi. There were French posts at Niagara 
and Crown Point on Lake Champlain, and English posts were at 
Oswego and on the Hudson. The English were pressing toward the 
western mountains and down into Virginia to the Shenandoah Valley; 
quite three hundred traders went into Ohio every year. Du Quesne 
established Presque Isle in 1753. Washington, sent by Governor 
Dinwiddie, met the French at Fort Le Boeuf, warning them to leave 
the country, and returned January, 1754, The French established 
Fort Du Quesne in 1754, Washington being defeated at Great Meadows. 
Braddock made his campaign in 1/55 against Du Quesne and was 
badly defeated.” * 

Sir William Johnson at a meeting with the Six Nations on February 
23, 1756, gave them the largest pipe in America, made on purpose, and 


! Histoire de la Louisiane, I, p. 326. 

2Cadwallader Colden, History of the Five Nations, Pt. 2, p.57, London, 1747. 

3Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, VI, p. 724. 

4Woodrow Wilson, Colonel Washington, Harper’s Magazine, March, 1896. 
NAT MUS 97 36 


562 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


said to them: “Take this pipe to your great council chamber at Onon- 
daga; let it hang there in view, and should you be wavering in your 
minds at any time, take and smoke out of it, and think of my advice 
given with it, and you will recover and think properly,”! and on July 
23, 1756, in the proceedings of a council with “ Pondiac” and chiefs of 
the Ottawas, Pontawattamies, Hurons, and Chippewas, the chiefs 
being all seated, Sir William Johnson caused Pondiac’s pipe to be 
lighted, which, after being handed around by the interpreter to all 
present, he addressed them.’ 

‘On September 19, of the same year, at Fort Johnson, New York, 
the Mohawks of both Castles, the Oneidas, the Cayougas, and two 
Seneca sachems with the River Indians met in council, and sent to 
acquaint Sir William that they proposed to deliver the message agreed 
upon on the 18th to the Cherokee deputies. When Sir William came 
in and all were seated, the four Cherokees were introduced to the coun- 
cil by Captain Montour, and taking seats in four chairs placed pur- 
posely for them, Sir William lighted the calumet, or pipe of peace and 
friendship, and after smoking a whiff presented it to the four Cherokee 
deputies, holding it to them while each drew a whiff, then the gentle- 
men present took it and Mr. Montour handed it round to every Indian 
present. The tobacco from whence it was filled was then put into a 
bag to be carried home with the calumet by the Cherokees,”* as show- 
ing the then existing international jealousies. A desire was expressed 
at this meeting to keep a knowledge of it from the French. 

Jonathan Carver, who in 1763 endeavored to cross the continent and 
to acquaint the world with the geography of the interior of the country 
and the lands acquired after the peace of 1763, says: “I knew that 
many obstructions would arise in my scheme from the want of good 
maps and charts; for the French while they retained their power in 
North America had taken every artful method to keep all other 
nations, particularly the English, in ignorance of the concerns of the 
‘interior parts of it, and to accomplish this design with greater certainty 
they had published inaccurate maps and false accounts.” * 

robert Rogers says: ‘ When they use collars or belts of wampum, it 
must be a matter of national importance.” 

He refers also to the customs of the natives, and also to the calumet 
of peace as being of no less importance in many transactions—“rela- 
tive to war and peace. The bowl of this pipe is made of a soft red 
stone, which is easily wrought and hollowed out; the stem is of cane, 
elder, or some light wood, painted with different colors, and decerated 
with the heads, tails, and feathers of the most beautiful birds. The 
use of the calumet is to smoke either tobacco or some bark, leaf, or 


‘Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, VII, p. 64. 

2Tdem, II, p. 854. 

3Idem, VII, p. 327. 

‘Jonathan Carver, Travels through the Interior Parts of North America, p. xxiv, 
introduction, London, 1781; reprint edition, New York, 1838. 


£ 
=% 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 563 


herb, which they often use instead of it, when they enter into an alli- 
ance. When they treat of war the whole pipe and ornaments are red. 
Sometimes it is red only on one side, and by the disposition of the 
feathers, etc., one acquainted with their customs will know after first 
sight what the native who presents it intends or desires. Smoking the 
calumet is also a religious: ceremony upon some occasions, and in all 
treaties is considered as a witness between the parties.”! 

“On July 1, 1765, a Frenchman arrived” in the colony of New York 
“from the Illinois with a pipe and speech from thence to the Kick- 
apoos and Mosquattamis. * * * Then they spoke on several pipes 
and belts. Pondiac (Algonquin) gave a large pipe with a belt of 
wampum tied to it.”” 

In 1766 “the Onondaga speaker lighted a calumet of peace which 
Sir William (Johnson) left in their hands many years ago for that use, 
and handed it to the western Indians, after which the speaker, with a 
buneh of wampum, addressed himself to the western nations.”? This 
pipe was probably the same one referred to as presented to the Indians 
on February 25, 1756. 

Carver also describes the calumet and its decorations, but adds 
nothing to the description of its appearance beyond what has already 
been set forth. He refers to the different methods employed in deco- 
rating the calumet and the fact of the Indians’ ability to tell at first sight 
to what tribe it belongs. He is more explicit, however, in describing the 
ceremony of the smoke. “The assistant or aid-de-camp of the great 
warrior, when the chiefs are assembled and seated, fills the pipe with 
tobacco mixed with herbs, taking care at the same time that no part of 
it touches the ground. When it is filled he takes a coal that is thor- 
oughly kindled from a fire which is generally kept burning in the midst 
of the assembly and places it on the tobacco.” Having done so, ‘he 
presents it to the hereditary chief, who, having taken two or three 
whiffs, blows the smoke from his mouth, first toward heaven and then 
around him upon the ground.”* It is then presented to the others of 
the council by the bearer, and they only touch it with their lips. 

Referring to the Southern tribes, the Talapouches and Alibamons, 
Bossu, in 1768, speaking of their meeting persons, says when you land 
they give you the hand in presenting the calumet, and when you have 
smoked they ask the subject of your travels.’ 

The head priest, he says, “with a dignified step, daily went forward 
before the sun rose with the calumet in his hand and blew the first 
mouthful of smoke toward it.”* The equipment of these Indians for war 
was of the simplest character—“a bearskin for a bed, a beef| buffalo? | skin 


‘Robert Rogers, A Concise Account of North America, pp. 225, 224, London, 1765. 

?Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, VII, pp. 780, 782, 783. 

Idem, VII, p. 863. 

‘Jonathan Carver, Travels through the Interior Parts of North America, p. 224, 
New York, 1838, from the third London edition. 

®°M. Bossu, Nouveau Voyages aux Indes Occidentales, II, p. 17, Paris, 1768. 

®Idem, I, p. 48. 


564 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


for covering, a wild-cat skin to hold the calumet, and a club or small 
ax for making their cabins.” ! 

The ‘“‘Akancas” received Bossu with the calumet dance, first having 
tattooed him; he thereafter smoked the calumet? as though tattooing 
was a prerequisite or initiation to the pipeceremony. Inreferring to the 
drowning of several soldiers he says he also would have met the same 
fate had it not have been for a generous “A kancas,” who, without fear- 
ing the rigor of the weather, jumped into the water and pulled him out 
by his capot, ‘a linen garment of travelers resembling a capuchon.”* 

One can with difficulty refrain from laughing at Bossu’s description 
of the function of the calumet dance given by the Missouri Indians 
after their return from a raid to the southwest, where they had literally 
cleaned out a Spanish mission and probably killed all those guarding it. 
He says: ‘They brought here the ornaments of the chapel, in which they 
were dressed. The chief wore over his skin the best chasuble, having 
the patin hanging from his neck pierced by a nail and answering the 
purpose of a gorget; he marched at the head of the procession, having 
on his head a feather bonnet and pair of horns; he was followed by others 
wearing stoles and maniples around their necks. Following these 
were three or four savages clothed in surplices. The acolytes, contrary 
to usage, marched at the tail of the procession, and not finding them- 
selves sufficiently decorated, danced forward in step, holding either a 
cross or a chandelier in their hands. Not appreciating the value of 
sacred vessels, they had hung a chalice at a horse’s neck, on the 
principle of a bell. Imagine the ridiculous spectacle witnessed by the 
order of this queer procession arriving at the house of M. Boisbriant, 
lieutenant of the King, marching in step, with the great calumet of 
peace solemnly carried in front.” + 

Albert James Pickett informs us that ‘“‘the grand chief of the 
Natchez bore the name of the sun. Every morning as soon as that lumi- 
nary appeared he stood at the door of his cabin, turned his face 
toward the east and bowed three times, at the same time prostrating 
himself to the ground. A pipe, which was never used but upon this 
occasion, was then handed to him, from which he puffed smoke, first 
toward the sun and then toward the other three quarters of the world.” 

Ulloa says that among the natives of Peru the use of tobacco was 
very moderate, and that the people of the more elevated regions do 
not smoke. In some of the lower parts of the country, where the 
natives do use it, he says, “It is astonishing that tobacco, a product of 
these countries, has not a more extended use among the Indians, con- 
sidering it has become so necessary in Europe.”® 

He thinks that the offering of the pipe to visitors was similar to that 
indulged in among Orientals, accompanying it with coffee and other 
drinks, which were similar to the Indian customs of hospitality with 


1M. Bossu, Nouveau Voyages aux Indes Occidentales, I, p. 118, Paris, 1768. 

2Tdem, I, pp. 110, 122. 3 Idem, I, p. 180. 4Tdem, I, p. 176. 

5A History of Alabama, and incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, I, p. 130, 
Charleston, 1851, quoting Charlevoix. 

* Memoirs Philosophiques, p. 59, Paris, 1787. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 565 


the pipe, and indicates a common origin, no matter how far back from 
our time. The shape of pipe bowls and of stems also differ from the 
shape of the European pipe. He thinks the use of tobacco was not 
introduced into Europe by the discovery of America.! 

Among the Southern Indians Pickett speaks of the ‘“ council house 
where the inhabitants were accustomed to take the black drink. When 
the drinking began tobacco contained in pouches made from the skins 
of the wild-cat, otter, bear, or rattlesnake was distributed among the 
assembly, together with pipes, and a general smoking began. The 
king began first with a few whiffs from the great pipe, blowing it cere- 
moniously first toward the sun, next toward the four cardinal points, 
and then toward the white audience; then the attendants passed the 
pipe to others of distinction.”? 

We see here a reference to the general aboriginal belief in the six 
quarters of the universe, the above and the below, in addition to the 
four cardinal points, or the four winds, all being equally important, 
according to primitive ideas. William Bartram refers to smoking with 
a chief a pipe, the “stem of which was about 4 feet long and was 
sheathed in a beautiful speckled snake’s skin, adorned with feathers 
and strings of wampum,”® : 

An early reference to the calumet custom is the quaint description 
given by John Filson in his History of Kentucky, as translated by 
Parrand, of a meeting held at Fort St. Vincent, April 15, 1784, between 
Thomas J. Dalton, who said to the Piankashaws, ‘* The white men— 
Americans, French, Spanish, Dutch, and English—smoke the pipe of 
peace; the tomahawk is buried, and we are now all friends, In eighteen 
days I quit the Wabash to see my big chief at the falls of the Ohio. 
Here is tobacco that I give you; smoke it, and consider what you will 
do.” Then he gave a collar of wampum, blue and white, and said, 
“ Piankashaw, talk; talk to the Americans.” The chief of the Piank- 
ashaws said: “‘ Weaccept your wampum belt. Weaccepted the toma- 
hawk of the English. Wesmoke, as brothers, the peace pipe which we 
give you. See, O father, the pipe which gives us joy. Smoke it your- 
self. Our warriors are pleased that we give it to you. We smoke 
your pipe.” He closes his oration in a somewhat startling manner, 
however, saying, ‘‘ We ask of you a little taste of your milk, that our 
warriors may see it comes from your breast. We are born and raised in 
the woods and can never learn to makerum. God made the white man 
master of the world. They make everything; and all of us love rum.” 

In 1789 Georg Heinrich Loskiel speaks of the peace pipe, or calumet, 
as it was called by the French, as having a head of red marble, the red 
of which is a sign of blood, which they would not send as a peace 


9 


*A History of Alabama, I, p. 102, quoting Bartram. 
’ William Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, p. 349, Dublin, 1793. 
‘Histoire de Kentucke, p. 101, translated from English of John Filson, by M. 
Parrand, Paris, 1785. 


566 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


8 inches long and 3 inches high, its stem being 4 feet long, with a pretty 
band wound around it, with poreupine quills and white corals worked 
into the band, in which latter work the women endeavor to show 
their skill! The people of whom he spoke were the Delawares and 
Iroquois. 

In the extreme northwest of the continent, Mackenzie, in 1792, gave 
the natives of the Peace River a pipe as a token of peace, just as all his 
predecessors had done throughout the continent for one hundred and 
fifty or more years. He also informs us that among the Crees even the. 
funeral rights begin with smoking, as do all other solemn ceremonies, 
and conclude with a feast.’ 

Mackenzie says a contract which is solemnized by the ceremony of 
smoking never fails of being faithfully fulfilled, and if a person previous 
to going on a journey leaves the sacred stem as a pledge of his return, 
no consideration whatever will prevent him executing his engagement.‘ 

One of the most careful and particular accounts of Indian smok- 
ing which has come down to us is that of Mackenzie describing its 
practice among the Kinsteneaux. He says: “The owner of the dwell- 
ing opens his medicine bag, which contains a piece of Brazil tobacco, 
several roots and simples, which are in great estimation, and a pipe. 
These articles being exposed and the stem resting upon two forks, as 
it must not touch the ground, the master of the lodge sends for the 
person he most esteems, who sits down opposite to him. The pipe is 
then filled and fixed to the stem. <A pair of wooden pincers are provided 
to put the fire in the pipe, and a double-pointed pin to empty it of the 
remains of tobacco which is not consumed. This arrangement being 
made, the men assemble and sometimes the women are allowed to be 
humble spectators, while the most religious awe and solemnity per- 
vades the whole. The assistant takes up the pipe and presents it to 
the officiating person, who receives it standing, and holds it between 
both his hands. He then turns himself to the east and draws a few 
whiffs, which he blows to that point; the same ceremony he observes 
to the other three quarters, with his eyes directed upward through the 
whole of it; he holds the stem about the middle, between the three 
first fingers of both hands, and raising them upon a line with his fore- 
head he swings it three times around with the sun, when, after pointing 
it and balancing it in various directions, he reposes it on the forks. 
The assistant then takes up the pipe and holds it to the north of the 
officiating person, who, after smoking three whiffs out of it, utters 
a Short prayer, and then goes around with it, taking his course from 
the east to west, to every person present, who individually says some- 
thing to him on the occasion, and thus the pipe is generally smoked 
out. After turning it three or four times around his head he drops it 
downward and replaces it in its original situation.” 


1Georg Heinrich Loskiel, Geschichte der Mission der Evangelischen Briider, 
p. 202, Barby, 1789. 

?Alexander Mackenzie, Voyage from Montreal through the Continent of North 
America, p. 124. 

3Tdem, p. xciv. ‘Idem, p. xeviii. 5Tdeim, p. xevii. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 567 


Lewis and Clarke, in 1804, in their expedition up the Missouri after 
the acquisition of Louisiana, record a peculiar custom among the Sho- 
shones, who take off their moccasins before smoking with strangers.' 
These officers were the first ones who presented the flag as an emblem 
of peace to this tribe.? The leaders of this expedition in their journey 
up the Missouri smoked the pipe of peace with the Tetons (Sioux), and 
in describing the pipe raised on forked sticks, say: ‘*The down of 
swan was scattered under it. They first pointed the pipe toward 
heaven and then to the four quarters of the globe, then to the earth, 
made a short speech, lighted the pipe, and presented it to us.”* They 
feasted with the Indians and describe their meals, which were scant at 
times, though dog appears to have been a popular and common dish 
during a great part of the journey. 

Sir John Franklin, on a journey to the Polar Sea in 1820, refers to 
the Cree customs being similar to those recounted of them by Lewis 
and Clarke, though he says the bearberry was mixed with tobacco; 
the one smoking passing the pipe to his left-hand neighbor, and when it 
reached Franklin and his interpreter who were seated at the door, they 
were requested to keep the head of the calumet within the threshold.* 

John D. Hunter, who lived many years as a prisoner among the 
Kickapco who had captured him, and who subsequently lived with the 
Kansas and the Osages, refers to the men often amusing themselves 
by ‘“‘making bowls and pipes of clay for their individual use, which are 
burned.”? ‘The eldest person always enters a council lodge first, and 
is followed by the other counselors much according to seniority in the 
most perfect order. They then seat themselves cross-legged on mats, 
which are arranged circularly around the lodge for the purpose. The 
chief then lights the national pipe, takes three whiffs, passes it after 
smoking to the next greatest person present, and then it is passed 
around in the midst of the most perfect silence.”® If embassies 
arrive they are given the most honorable position in the ledge, and 
after the ceremony of smoking they unfold their mission.’ 

The Rey. J. Owen Dorsey records an act of worship among the Sioux 
which, he says, is of daily occurrence when one is about to smoke his 
pipe. ‘‘He looks to the sky and says ‘Wakanta, here is tobacco.’ 
Then he puffs a mouthful of smoke up to the sky, after which he smokes 
as he pleases.” They also make offerings of tobacco by throwing a 
small quantity in the fire.* Mr. Dorsey refers to the Shoshoni chief 
with whom Captain Lewis smoked, lighting his pipe of transparent 


' Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, I, p. 364, Philadelphia, 1814. 

2Idem, p. 365. 3 Tdem, p. 84. 

‘John Franklin, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the 
years 1820, 1821, 1822, p. 68, Philadelphia, 1824. 

°Manners and Customs of Several Indian Tribes located west of the Mississippi, 
p. 98, Philadelphia, 1823. 

®Idem, p. 320. 7Idem, p. 326. 

SA Study of Siouan Cults, Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 
1894, p. 425. 


568 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


green stone.! They smoked towards the invoked object and placed gifts 
of killickinnick upon it.2. They presented the pipe with the mouthpiece 
toward the power invoked. The Omaha and Ponka used to hold the 
pipe in six directions while smoking toward the four winds, the ground, 
and the upper world.! 

Certain persons have care of each the peace and the war pipe among 
the Omaha, and there are others who are designated to light the pipe. 
Certain words must at times be used in taking out the pipes; if not 
followed, misfortune overtakes the delinquent. If the proper parties 
are not present ceremonies must often be delayed. To learn the laws 
of the pipe takes four days.® 

The importance of che presentation of the pipe with all due ceremony 
extends among the Omaha to the buffalo or other game, according to 
Stephen H. Long, who says: “The party having approached as near 
the herd as they suppose the animals will permit without taking alarm, 
they halt to give the pipe bearer an opportunity to perform the cere- 
mony of smoking, which is considered necessary to their success. He 
lights his pipe and remains a short time with his head inclined. The 
stem of the pipe extends toward the herd. He then smokes and puffs 
the smoke toward the bisons, toward the heavens, the earth, and finally 
to the cardinal points successively. These last are designated by the 
terms sunrise, sunset, cold country, and warm country, or they desig- 
nate them collectively by the phrase of the four winds, Ta-da-sa-ga- 
to-ba.”* 

The pipes are cut, he says, from the red, indurated clay which 
they procure from the pipestone branch of the Sioux River, the mass 
being readily cut with a common knife.’ 

One of the most minute descriptions of the calumet dance which the 
writer is conversant with, is that of Major Stephen H. Long, referring 
to the Omaha who belong to the great Siouan family. He says: 

The calumet dance, Nin-ne-na-ba-wong, is a favorite dance. It is usually per- 
formed by two individuals, in honor and in the presence of one of their own or of a 
neighboring nation in the expectation of receiving presents in return. A person who 
intends to perform this dance sends a messenger, bearing a small skin containing 
tobacco to fill a pipe, to the individual whom he intends to honor. If the proposed 
compliment should not be acceptable, it is refused in the most courteous manner, 
with excuses based upon poverty and with many thanks for the honor intended. If, 
on the contrary, the tobacco should be accepted and smoked, the act shows that the 
visit also will be acceptable, and a time is fixed for the performance of the ceremony. 
At the appointed time the dancers, with two selected companions, repair to the place 


of their destination and are invited into the lodge of the person addressed. After a 
short time a calumet is placed upon a forked support, which is driven into the soil 


1Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 375. 

2Idem, p. 373. 

3J. Owen Dorsey, Omaha Sociology, Third Annual Report of the Bureau of 
Ethnology, p. 221. 

4§tephen H. Long, Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, I, p. 208, 
Philadelphia, 1823. ; 

5Tdem, I, p. 332. 


: 


——— ee 


er, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 569 


in the back part of the lodge. Notice is then given to the bearer of the calumet 
respecting the time when it will be convenient for the dance to take place. The 
bearer of the calumet is now considered as the father, and addresses the individual 
whom he is about to honor by the title of son, presenting him with some yaluable 
articles, such as a gun, kettle, blankets, clothing, and ornaments for his youngest 
child, who is destined to represent the father, or the adopted son, at the ensuing 
ceremony. 

At sunset the calumet is taken from the forked stick, or support, enveloped like 
an infant in swaddling clothes, and placed carefully in a bed prepared for its recep- 
tion; a lullaby is then sung, accompanied by the music of the rattle, for its quiet 
repose. On the following morning it is awakened hy a song, with the same music, 
and again consigned to its forked support. The appointed day having arrived, a 
space of sufficient diameter is inclosed by a screen of skins for the dance; a post is 
fixed in the earth, near the entrance to the area. Around this area the principal 
men of the nation seat themselves; the adopted son leads in his youthful represent- 
ative, and the two dancers, decorated with paint and entirely destitute of clothing, 
with the exception of the breech-cloth, commence the dance. They are each provided 
with a decorated calumet stem and a rattle of dried skin or a gourd, containing 
pebbles, with which to keep time with the music of the gong and to the vocal chant- 
ing of the musicians of the village. They dance in the ordinary manner of the 
Indians and pass backward and forward between the entrance and back part of 
the area, endeavoring to exhibit as much agility as possible in their movements, 
throwing themselves into a great variety of attitudes, imitative of the actions 
of the war eagle, preserving at the same time a constant waving motion, with 
the calumet in the left hand and agitating the gourd in the right, more or less 
vehemently, agreeably to the music. Warriors and braves will now bring forth 
presents of horses, guns, etc. The bridle of the horse is attached to the post by 
the donor, who receives the thanks of an old crier stationed there to perform that 
duty. The music now ceases while the donor strikes the post and recounts his 
martial deeds, and boasts of the presents which he has made at different times 
on similar occasions. Sometimes during a ceremony a warrior will take the gong 
from the performer and strike upon it as many times as he has achieved brave and 
generous actions; he then sits down, and no one must dare touch it but such as can 
strike it more frequently than the first; if this is done the gong is returned to the 
performer. The calumet dance sometimes continues two or three days, but each 
night the calumet is consigned to its repose in the bed with the same ceremonies 
as the first night. When all the presents have been made which the dancers have 
reason to expect, they depart immediately with them to their own nation or lodge. 
Instead of striking the post the donors sometimes strike lightly upon the persons of 
the dancers. The presents made at these dances are sometimes quite considerable. 
Ong patunga once danced the calumet to Tarrarecawaho, the grand Pawnee chief, 
and received from him between eighty and ninety horses. The Pawnees are, indeed, 
distinguished for their liberality and dexterity at this ceremony. They gave one 
hundred and forty last autumn to the Otoes who performed this dance at their vil- 
lage, and gave so much satisfaction to many individuals of this nation as to receive 
extraordinary presents from them. On this occasion one person, in the warmth of 
his feelings, brought forth his child and presented it to them as the most precious 


gift in his power to bestow. The Pawnees accepted this gift, but on their departure 


they returned the child to its parents, accompanied by the present of a fine horse, 
upon which it was mounted. ! 


Maj. J. W. Powell informs the writer that the Shoshonian family, 
many of the Pueblos, } avalps oe and Sioux, in ae pass 


1Stephen H. Long oa So Pittsbur = to the Rocky Meee. i Dp. 339, 
Philadelphia, 1823. 


570 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the pipe to the left of the one smoking; at times it is passed from the 
smoker back to the officiating chief, when he passes it to his right, but 
to the left of the smoker. The significance is that it must go with 
the sun. 

Maximilian von Wied, in referring to the Blackfeet, says: “If you 
visit an Indian in his tent, the pipe is immediately taken, which in com- 
pany is generally circulated to the left. The owner of the house often 
blows the smoke to the sun, then to the earth. One takes a few whiffs 
and passes it on. The smoke is drawn right into the lungs. The last 
smoker never passes it back, but gives it to the one sitting in the row 
opposite to him and it goes again to the left.”! 

Father P. J. De Smet refers to the calumet customs as they existed 
in 1841 among the “‘ Pottawatomies or Northern Nations (Algonquins), 
its sacredness, its colors, feathers, and always being part of all religious 
ceremonies.” ” 

Catlin, in one of his descriptions, says the pipe is ornamented with 
the quills of the war eagle and wrapped in many bandages, and is 
only used in making treaties. He says, concerning the smoking of the 
Sioux: ‘In their native state they are excessive smokers and would 
seem to be smoking one-half of their lives. There are many weeds 
and leaves and barks of trees which the Indians dry and pulverize 
and carry in pouches and smoke to great excess, and in several of 
the languages when thus prepared is called k’nick k’neck.”* 

Miss Alice Fletcher informs the writer that among the Dakotas and 
Sioux the pipe is an implement of ceremony, and so employed; and that 
for all ceremony the pipe is prominent. The Moki, Dr. J. W. Fewkes 
informs the writer, use different herbs in their ceremonies, at times as 
many as six. Having given a chief some spruce from near Santa Fe, 
New Mexico, the latter said it was good for the pipe, because it was the 
most eastern place he knew, and they desired herbs from as great dis- 
tances as possible from each of the four world quarters, as it made the 
best medicine. Ordinarily they smoke Nicotiana attenuata, but in for- 
mal smoking they use no manufactured American tobacco. The pipe 
bearer lights the pipe with a corncob and carries it in both hands with 
the bowl down and away from him; he hands it to the chief, who smokes 
six whiffs to the north, west, south, and east, then up and down on 
the altar. The ¢hief then hands the pipe to the one on the left. The 
last man in the row hands it back to the pipe bearer. If there is a 
second line of persons on the opposite side of the altar, the pipe bearer 
smokes and passes it to his right; but it must be another pipe. The 
above refers to a ceremonial smoke. There is one head chief; the pipe 


1 Maximilian von Wied, Reise in das Innere Nord Amerika, I, p.570, Coblenz, 1839. 

2A Narrative of a Year’s Residence Among the Indian Tribes of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, p. 157, Philadelphia, 1843. 

3George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners and Customs of the North 
American Indians, I, p. 235, New York, 1844. 

+Idem, I, p. 234. 


a 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 571 


bearer is the next to this chief in dignity. The pipe used in the first 
eight songs of the sixteen-song dance is of the rectangular character, 
and appears to be of no special significance, but in the middle of the 
ceremony, after the eighth song has been sung, the pipe bearer hands 
a lighted coal to the chief in response to his call, who then puts the coal 
in a long, straight, conical pipe holding six herbs; placing the big end 
in his mouth, blows six pufis between the ears of a stone fetish of a 
mountain lion. No one else smokes this pipe, which is sacred. 

The same sacred character, apparently, is attributed to the pipe of 
ceremony by all the pueblo people as is given to it by the Moki, who 
again, at the great dance of the winter solstice, which lasts from four 
to nine days and nights, used the tubular pipe, as they probably do in 
all ceremonious dances; and in this veneration of the implement their 
views appear to accord with those of all other Indians. 

The conclusion is warranted that the general ceremony of smoking 
was similar at points far distant from each other; as, for example, from 
southern Virginia to the country of the Iroquois, from the mouths of 
the Mississippi to the Wisconsin River, and through a large part of 
New Mexico, which would indicate a great antiquity when we consider 
the constant state of war in which the American Indian appears to 
have been engaged. 


CATLINITE AND SIOUAN TYPES. 


Beginning with the earliest records of the North American Indians, 
continuously to recent times, references are made to pipes of red mar- 
ble, red stone, and red indurated clay, which there is every reason to 
infer related to the stone now universally known as ‘“catlinite,” named 
after Mr. George Catlin, who lived many years among the Indians, 
painting their portraits in various costumes of peace and war, as they 
appeared on their hunting excursions and in their games, as well as in 
following their ordinary everyday vocations. These catlinite pipes 
have been found over a wide area, in Indian graves and of several 
forms, though the typical pipe of this material is the well-known rec- 
tangular pipe of the Sioux, those of other forms probably being com- 
paratively modern. Though the material has been so long known and 
under so many different names, and such wonderful stories have been 
told of it, the exact locality of the quarries from whence it is derived 
has been known scarcely fifty years. It is near the town of Pipestone, 
in southwestern Minnesota. These quarries have quite recently been 
visited and most carefully surveyed and inspected by Prof. W. H. 
Holmes, who brought to the U.S. National Museum a section of the 
material, showing its location and structure in the bed. It is an indu- 
rated clay, forming a stratum about 12 inches thick, lying between beds 
of quartzite. It is of markedly laminated character, scarcely 2 inches 
of which is of sufficient thickness and suitable for carving pipes. The 


5T2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ancient pits from which this pipestone has been taken extend for a 
distance of three-quarters of a mile, the older pits varying from £0-to 
40 feet in width and from 4 to 10 feet deep, almost all of them now 
being partly filled with water. The more recent pits are somewhat 
deeper, owing to their not having had time to fill in from the effects of 
seasonal changes. The dumps all over the edges of this ledge where 
refuse material has been thrown are from 18 inches to 4 feet high. The 
pits may be numbered by the hundreds. Upon removing the soil in 
many of them Professor Holmes found notched stone sledges of quartz- 
ite pebble and numberless spheroidal hand-chipping hammers used in 
the quarrying and dressing process through whicb the material went 
to make it suitable for final dressing. The quarries are still visited by 
the Sioux, who annually travel 200 miles or more from their reserva- 
tion to obtain the material to make into pipes. In one of the ancient 
pits Professor Holmes found indications of the burial of horses and 
cattle, and near the quarries are several low burial mounds from 20 to 
40 or more feet in diameter, and scattered near the pits are numerous 
lodge sites, indicated by circular or oblong depressions.! 

While little appears to be positively known concerning the length of 
time during which the quarries have been worked, there can be little 
doubt that they have been in use from a period prior to the advent of 
the French on the Mississippi. The locality of these quarries is in the 
territory dominated by the Sioux, and they alone appear from the earli- 
est times to have had control of the “pipestone” of which the typical 
Sioux pipe is yet made, and little reliance can be placed in the state- 
ment of its ever having been a neutral site. Large blocks of the quartz 
have been sledged off and thrown upon the various dumps along the 
outcrop, leaving the catlinite, where it is of sufficient density, to be 
worked into any necessary objects of ornament. There are some large 
bowlders in the immediate vicinity of the quarries, and upon many of 
them are visible aboriginal paintings and drawings of both animate 
and inanimate figures. 

Catlinite has by some writers been said to be soft when taken from 
the quarries and to become harder on exposure to the atmosphere; but 
the writer’s experience in working this stone would indicate that the 
difference in working fresh or dry stone is insignificant, as pieces 
which have dried for years are yet nearly as soft as commercial soap- 
stone. Catlinite is quite a soft indurated clay, slightly harder than 
soapstone; easily cut with a steel knife, or scraped by means of sharp- 
edged tools of stone or shell, or ground by stone or sand into any 
desired shape; and by pecking with a stone hammer this material may 
be formed with perfect ease into any shape, provided care be taken not 
to strike the blow in the plane of its lamination, along which the cleav- 
age is decidedly pronounced, and its thin lamellar structure becomes 
distinct and apt to fracture in thin sheets. At any angle to this cleav- 
age plane, however, the stone resists quite severe blows of the hammer 


‘W.H. Holmes, Proceedings, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
1892, XLI, p. 277. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 9573 


without injury to the block upon which the blow is given other than 
to cause spalls or pits to fly from each blow. Catlinite may, of course, 
be sawed, a blade of stone answering the purpose satisfactorily; but 
the work was, naturally, made much easier with iron tools. The thick- 
est layer of the stone is about the middle of the vein, from which, while 
only 2 inches thick at most, plates of this thickness may be obtained 
of almost any size. In boring this stone a jasper or quartzite drill 
point answers quite well. A wood shaft used with dry sand is 
equally serviceable. If the sand used in drilling is moistened it pre- 
vents the fresh sand falling to the bottom of the drill hole to replace 
those crystals which have been ground into powder, while if the sand 
be covered with water the powdered material floats to the top until 


thoroughly saturated; but the binding by which the drill point is 


held in position would be loosened if once wet, for the wooden point of 
the shaft would swell from the same cause, and the worn-off material 
would pack and retard work by forming a crust. If the sand or even 
the shaft be damp the swelling of the wood and packing of the dust 
is equally objectionable. Any stone which may be fractured so as to 
have a sharp edge answers as a tool with which to scrape the pipe- 
stone into shape; the harder the stone, of course, the longer its edge 
would hold without resharpening. The easiest primitive process of 
sawing would be to use a stone blade and dry sand until iron tools 
came into use, though a blade of copper would answer almost equally 
as well. To grind a smooth surface a gritty sandstone would be used— 
a coarse one first and finer one later. Any water-washed stone with 
sand would give a surface as smooth as that of any of the ancient 
pipes, polishing appearing to be quite a modern treatment, and seldom 
seen in catlinite pipes, unless made within the last fifty years. A 
pebble smooths the surface according to the fineness of its texture. 
Wood ashes gives a good surface and a hard bone is also excellent, 
acting as a burnisher, for this pipe stone is susceptible of taking a 
high polish, though those pipes of this material of purely Indian origin 
are seldom if ever polished more than could be done with any ordinary 
water-washed pebble. The difference in time requisite to make a pipe 
from stone fresh from the quarry or from dry stone would, in the writer’s 
opinion, be too insignificant to be appreciable, and the most elaborate 
pipe of the Siouan type, stone tools being used in working it, could 
scarcely have required a day to complete. 

Primitive catlinite pipes, as stated, have been entirely without 
ornamentation, though the more recent examples are often most elab- 
orately carved or have their surfaces inlaid with neat figures cut into 
the stone and filled in with sheet lead, the whole surface being subse- 
quently rubbed to a uniform smoothness, the contrast of the gray of 
the lead and the Indian red of the stone producing a most pleasing 
effect. The color of catlinite varies from dark red to light pink, and 
specimens are in the U. S. National Museum collection of mottled pink 
and white. Where the glazed surface is encountered, as it not unfre- 
quently is, there is usually evidence of modern manipulation. Much 


~ 


574 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of the romance of the Indian is connected with this pipe stone, sup- 
posed to have been presented to him by the Manito, and to have also 
sacred, valuable, and mysterious properties, its significance of peace 
or war all being themes fruitful of praise of this handsome stone, which 
certainly answers admirably for pipe material; though it is highly 
probable that this peculiar significance of the red and white color 
standing for peace or war was a modern attribute attached to the pipe 
because of the colors of the French and English flags. Longfellow, 
in the song of Hiawatha, draws a pretty picture of the quarry, of the 
pipe, its stem, and the material smoked: 


On the Mountains of the Prairie, 
On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, 
Gitche Manito, the mighty, 


From the red stone of the quarry 
With his hand he broke a fragment, 
Moulded it into a pipe-head, 

Shaped and fashioned it with figures: 
From the margin of the river 

Took a long reed for a pipe-stem, 
With its dark green leaves upon it; 
Filled the pipe with bark of willow, 
With the bark of the red willow; 


* * * * * 


Break the red stone from this quarry, 
Mould and make it into Peace-Pipes, 
Take the reeds that grow beside you, 
Deck them with your brightest feathers, 
Smoke the Calumet together, 

And as brothers live henceforward! 


The process of making pipes by the Sioux is thus described by Mr. 
Charles H. Bennett, of Pipestone City, Minnesota, as quoted by Dr. EB. 
A. Barber: “A piece of the rock is selected from the best portion of 
the vein, and the Indian sculptor, with an old piece of hoop iron, or a 
broken knife blade which he has picked up, fashions the block roughly 
into the desired form. Then slowly and tediously, with the same tools, 
he bores out the bowl and the hole in the stem before carving the 
exterior, so that if in the process of boring the stem should be split no 
labor would be lost. After this is accomplished he shapes the surface 
into any design which he may have in view. This work often occu- 
pies weeks before it is completed, after which the carving is polished 
by rubbing it with grease or oils in the palms of the hands.”! 

Dr. Barber refers to catlinite being found at several places in Dakota, 
Minnesota, and Wisconsin.’ 

Catlin supposed the red steatite or pipe stone to be all traceable to 


'K. A. Barber, Catlinite, American Naturalist, July, 1883, p. 750. 
2Idem, p. 763. 


eet 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 575 


one source, and that near the mouth of the Teton River on the upper 
Missouri, at that date yet unvisited except by the Indians, “given them 
by the Great Spirit for pipes, and forbidden to be used for anything else.” 

Catlin also describes the manufacture of pipes, saying: ‘‘The Indians 
shape out the bowls of these pipes from solid stone, which is not quite 
as hard as marble, with nothing but a knife. The stone, which is of a 
cherry-red, admits of a beautiful polish, and the Indian makes the hole 
in the bowl of the pipe by drilling into it a hard stick, shaped to the 
desired size, with a quantity of sharp sand and water kept constantly 
in the hole, subjecting him, therefore, to a very great labour and the 
necessity of much patience.” ! 

He says: ‘The shafts or stems of these pipes are from 2 to 4 feet long, 
sometimes round, but most generally flat, of an inch or two in breadth, 
and wound half their length or more with braids of porcupine quills, 
and often ornamented with the beak and tufts from the woodpecker’s 
head, with ermine skins and long red hair, dyed from white horse hair 
or the white buffalo’s tail. The stems of these pipes are carved in 
many ingenious forms and in all cases they are perforated through the 
center, quite staggering the enlightened world to guess how the holes 
have been bored through them, until it is simply and briefly explained 
that the stems are uniformly made of the stalk of the young ash, which 
usually grows straight and has a small pith through the center, which 
is usually burned out with a hot wire, or a piece of hard wood by a 
much slower process.” ” 

Catlin also refers to the tradition that quarries were on neutral ter- 
ritory, where even enemies would lay aside their arms and seek the 
material and smoke in peace, until finally the Sioux broke the truce. 

Henry R. Schoolcraft says this stone is ‘fissile and easily cut or 
ground, by trituration with harder substances, to any figure. It bears 
a dull polish, which was produced by rubbing the surface with the 
equisitum, or rush, which has a silicious, gritty surface.” ? 

Peter Kalm, early in the eighteenth century, referring to this sub- 
ject, says: **The old tobacco pipes of the Indians are likewise made of 
clay, or pot stone, or serpentine stone. The first sort are shaped like 
our tobacco pipes, though much coarser and not so well made. The tube 
is thick and short, hardly an inch long, but sometimes as long as a 
finger. Their color comes nearest to that of our tobacco pipes which 
have been long used. Their tobacco pipes of pot stones are made of 
the same stone as their kettles. Some of them are pretty well made, 
though they had neither iron nor steel. But besides these kinds of 
tobacco pipes, we find another sort of pipe, which are made with great 


‘George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners and Customs of the North 
American Indians, I, p. 234, New York, 1844. 

Idem, I, p. 235. 

’Henry R. Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois, p. 237, Albany, 1847. 


576 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ingenuity, of a very fine, red pot stone or a kind of serpentine marble. 
They are very scarce and seldom made use of by any other than the 
Indian sachems or elders. The fine red stone of which these pipes are 
made is likewise very scarce, and is found only in the country of those 
Indians who are called Ingouez, and who, according to Father Charle- 
voix, live on the other side of the river Mississippi. The Indians them- 
selves commonly value a pipe of this kind as much as a piece of silver 
of the same size, and sometimes they make it still dearer. Of the same 
kind of stone commonly consists their pipe of peace, which the French 
call Calumet de Paix, and which they make use of in their treaties of 
peace and their alliances.”! 

There is little doubt that the red stone here referred to was catlinite. 

Hunter, referring to the Kickapoo, Kansas, and Osage tribes, says: 
‘They also make bowls and pipes of a kind of indurated bole and of 
compact sand and limestone, which are excavated and reduced to form 
by means of friction with harder substances, and the intervention of 
sand and water. They generally ornament them with some figure 
characteristic of the owner’s name, as, for instance, with that of a buf- 
falo, elk, bear, tortoise, serpent, etc., according to the circumstance or 
caprice that has given rise to its assumption.” 

Barber refers to catlinite being found in Indian graves in New York, 
and in Georgia from a village site, points 1,200 miles from the quarry, 
and revealing the vast distances over which some intercommunication 
extended. ® 

Specimens of this stone have been supposed to be found in an Indian 
burial place in Santa Barbara County, California, in the shape of tubes 
about 5 inches long by a diameter of 1 inch,* though this supposition 
is evidently a mistaken one. 

Specimens coming under the writer’s notice from California of the 
character referred to are made from a light pink indurated clay, which 
is, however, mixed with sand and much softer than the catlinite, though 
there is similarity in the color of the two stones. The California speci- 
mens have certainly been made from a local source of supply. 

William McAdams refers to a curved base “ mound pipe” of catlinite 
found in a mound on the Illinois River bottom 15 miles from its mouth, 
where at a depth of 16 feet from the surface they found a basin of clay 
filled with clean white sand and a beautiful pipe of mottled catlinite.’ 
This implement was found associated with sea shells and objects of 
copper. A present is referred to as early as 1693, made by the western 
nations to the Iroquois, of ‘‘a calumet of red stone of extraordinary 
beauty and size.” © 

The Indian is by no means the only one who worked the catlinite 


'Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, II, p. 45, London, 1771. 

2 John D. Hunter, Manners and Customs of Several Indian Tribes located West of 
the Mississippi, p. 298, Philadelphia, 1825. 

3, A. Barber, Catlinite, American Naturalist, July, 1883, p. 763. 

4Stephen Bowers, American Naturalist, XVII, p. 990. 

5 William McAdams, Mounds of the Mississippi Bottom, Illinois, sraithsonian 
Report, 1882, p. 684. 

6 Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, X, p. 644. 


eee eae ee 


a a a ee 


Tae = aa 


= 


_ 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 577 


into pipes, for Dr. F. V. Hayden referred to the Northwest Fur Com- 
pany having manufactured nearly two thousand pipes during two years 
between 1865 and 1868 and traded them to the Indians on the Upper 
Missouri, which fact will, 
he thinks, throw a sus- 
picion on Indian pipes 
in the future.! 

From the time John 
Smith’s people asked 
permission of Powhat- 
tan to pass through his 
country to obtain stones 
from which to make \| : 
axes tothe present time ‘SSeS 
the trade with the na- 
tives has consisted 
largely in those things 
made in imitation of aboriginal implements by the whites for Indian 
trade. This trade was most valuable and returned enormous profits 
on small eapital invested, and its particulars would not be made pub- 
lic for fear of having the field too crowded. Notwithstanding a known 
large production of “‘wampum” and of ‘“roanoke” by the whites, refer- 
ences to its manufacture are unusual in the early records though it 
was not only an article of trade but of currency as well. 

When pipes are found with figures of men or beasts carved on them 
it is observed that those of a given type have the figures on them all 
facing in a particular direction, either to or from the smoker. 

Fig. 174 is one of the catlinite pipes brought from the country west 
of the Mississippi by Mr. George 
Catlin, which is 5 inches long 
with a height of 34 inches, being 
made from an unusually heavy 
piece of stone 24 inches thick, 
the bowl and stem holes being 
each three-eighths of an inch in 
diameter, the whole surface of 
the stone being highly polished. 

Na a The stems of these pipes are 

= ga round or square, while the pro- 

jections in front of the bowls are 

usually square or octagonal, decreasing usually toward the end; the 
bowls vary in form, some being square, others cylindrical or even sphe- 
roidal, and at times are carved with some excellence and have figures 
upon the stems, which usually face the smoker, and where this practice 
is departed from there is likelihood of its being done for the benefit, if 


SIOUAN CATLINITE PIPE, 
Cat. No. 12268, U.S.N.M. Collected by George Catlin. 


Cat. No. 175916, U.S.N.M. Collected by William Porter. 


! Proceedings American Philosophical Society, 1865-1868, X, p. 274. 
NAT MUS 97 37 


578 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


notin ridicule, of travelers. With scarcely a single exception among the 
Siouan pipes the bowl and stem are at right angles to each other. 

Fig. 175 is a red “pipe stone” 8 inches long and scarcely an inch in 
width, the bowl being 5 inches high. It was purchased of a dealer at 
Evanston, Illinois, by Mr. William Porter, and is probably of no consid- 
erable age, and not so well polished as the preceding example, as it was 
finished probably by 
means of ordinary sand- 
paper, a material which 
the modern Sioux had 
learned the use of. The 
base of this pipe is flat, 
the point or prow run- 
———= = ning out flat top and bot- 
ha tom, while the sides are 

DOUBLE-BOWLED CATLINITE PIPE. convex beyond the base 
of the bowl, stem and 
bowl being cylindrical. The prolongation of the stem has been frac- 
tured and subsequently repaired in a most ingenious manner with 
sheet lead, to do which required a groove to be cut on each side of the 
fracture encircling the stem. From these grooves others were cut along 
the stem on both sides, into all of which lead was run or fitted and sub- 
sequently hammered down, after the broken pieces had been joined. 
Subsequently the lead was smoothed 
off level with the surface of the pipe, 
and the splice was complete. This re- 
paired stem demonstrates that the mod- 
ern Indian is not devoid of resources 
of amechanicalnature. A similar piece 
of work is illustrated by Mr. I. A. Lap- 
ham, from Wisconsin, of a fine-grained 
sandstone calumet on which plates of 
lead had been employed in repairing a 
fracture.! 

This pipe (fig. 176) is drawn after an 
illustration of Catlin, and shows how : 
varied were these Siouan forms, while Nee Serta e eee. 
invariably remaining true to ty pe, NOt- cat. no. 8496, U.S.N.M. uted by James P. Kimball. 
withstanding its double bowl rising 
from a single stem.? A similar specimen is in the Douglass collection, 
which was obtained in 1820 by Maj. D. B. Douglass, father of the present 
owner, in Minnesota, while accompanying Gen. Lewis Cass as astrono- 
mer of the expedition sent to make treaties with the Indians, the double 
bow] possibly being ancient. Onthe stem of another pipe of catlinite in 


After Catlin. Smithsonian Report, 1885, Pt. 2, plate 114. 


Fig. 177. 


1 Antiquities of Wisconsin, p. 83, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, No. 70. 
2Smithsonian Report, 1885, Pt. 2, plate 114. 


— ee 


— 


_ high, stem and bowl openings 
each being five eighths of an 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 579 


the Douglass collection there stands a bear facing the smoker, a pecul- 
iarity of which is that the bear’s eyes are made of two white beads let 
into the stone, and evidences apparently the survival on the specimen 
of a practice noticed among pipes of the mound types. 

Fig. 177 is a dull red stone pipe from Fort Buford, North Dakota, 
collected by Mr. James P. Kimball. It is 34 inches long and 3 inches 


inch in diameter, the pipe hav- 
ing been cut out by means of a 
sharp blade, the facets left by 
the tool remaining distinct. 
The base is flat, the rest of the 
stem being cylindrical. The 
prolongation of the stem is flat- 
tened beyond the base of the 
bowl, its end having been 
broken off. This pipe is evi- 
dently quite modern, as evi- 
denced by the crust of tobacco * 

yet remaining in the bowl, the walls of which are about half an inch 
thick. The type is distinctly Siouan, though the stem is shorter than 
are usually those of Sioux pipes. The material is an indurated clay, 
possibly catlinite, though of a darker color, which may be owing to the 
stone being saturated with oil or grease. 

A highly polished catlinite pipe (fig. 178) from Dakota, collected by 
Gen. G. L. Febiger, United 
States Army, represents a 
man facing the smoker, the 
bow! being bored through the 
head and body. It is about 
41 inches long with a height 
of 25 inches. Though the 
position of the figure is not an 
easy one it is carved entirely 
in the round with unusual 
artistic feeling, the legs being 

pie iniseonse tives drawn up slightly on the stem 

Cat. No, 2594, U.S.N.M. Collected by U. S. War Department. with the hands and arms ex- 

tended along the legs and 

knees. It is of quite modern form, and there is yet wrapped around the 

neck a coil of fine brass wire, which in contrast to the cherry red of the 

stone gives a very pleasing effect. The lobes of the ears are bored 
evidently for the purpose of decorating them with pendants. 

Fig. 179, deposited by the U. S. War Department, is a pipe of black 
serpentine, captured by the army in conflict with the Indians of the 


CATLINITE PIPE. 
Dakota. 
Cat. No. 42669, U.S.N.M. Collected by G. L. Febiger. 


SIOUX PIPE. 


; 
w 
3 


580 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Upper Missouri drainage, and though differing both in material and 
certain of the characteristics from the preceding specimen retains 
much of the Siouan form, though the ridges near the end of the stem 
are in imitation of metal forms. It is finished with unusual skill. 
From one end to the other it is 43 inches long and is about 14 inches 
wide. The bowl represents the head of a person, scarcely of Indian 
type, the sharp chin being markedly noticeable. The ears are bored 
with perforations an eighth of an inch in diameter, extending into the 
ear drums. The wing or elevation on the stem is scarcely an eighth 
of an inch thick and has been perforated by a row of five holes. The 
opening of the stem is but one-fourth of an inch in diameter, whereas 
that of the bowl is five-eighths of an inch, which is quite unusual in 
pipes of the Siouan type. There has been broken from the back of the 
head a knob intended apparently to represent a knot of hair somewhat 
on the order of the famous Indian head found by Squire and Davis. 
It is noticeable how markedly pronounced are the stone pipes having 
holes laterally bored in their stems, characteristic of those areas where 
snow lies longest, it being especially 
a feature of pipes found from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific north of the 
Great Lakes. 

Another of the War Department 
specimens (fig. 180) captured from 
the Indians of the drainage of the 
upper waters of the Missouri retains 
the type form of the Sioux, the pro- 
longation of the stem being iess pro- 
nounced than usual. It is made 
from a black stone of medium hard- 
ness, possibly a chlorite, and is about the same dimensions as the last 
pipe except that the stem opening is much larger in proportion than in 
the last one, being half an inch, while the bowl is three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter. An alate, perforated wing extends along the base as 
in the last specimen; this wing is perforated from side to side for the 
purpose of attaching a cord; from the perforation along one side of 
this wing there extends a wavy line incised with such care as to impress 
the observer that it has some special significance. About one-half inch 
of the top of the bowl is composed of lead, which is held in position by 
three plates having discoidal ends which are inlaid on the stone at 
equal distances around the bowl. 

Fig. 181 is a pipe of this type from the Upper Missouri, collected by 
the U.S. War Department. It is 44 inches long and made of metal, 
apparently lead. In order to protect the lead from the heat of the burn- 
ing tobacco a lining of sheet copper has been inserted in the bowl, and 
laps over the top, the bowl in its exterior shape being round, whereas 
the stem is square. Though there are upon this pipe no discernible 


Fig. 180. 
LEAD AND STONE SIOUAN PIPE. 
Cat. No. 2349, U.S.N.M. Collected by U.S. War Department. 


4 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 581 


mold marks, the lead part has probably been made for the Indian 

trade by the whites. 

Pipes of the Siouan form appear to be distributed over a wider area 
than almost any other type, owing in a measure to the attractiveness of 

the usual red color of the ecatlinite, which must have been used by the 
natives for pipes from their earliest acquaintance with it, though others 
of the Siouan stock appear to 
have also used stones of their 
country, such as chlorite and 
green and gray steatites, as well 
as black chlorite, and later the 
white traders have introduced 
pipes of the same character 
made of metal, which the In- 
dians have eventually used by ih be oie 

inlaying in combination with Fig. 181. 

the various pipe minerals. EL otal 

The wide distribution of the 
Siouan rectangular pipe is prob- 
ably owing to Indians using this type having adopted the smoking 
habit from the Sioux, who have long traded in catlinite. 

The long prow of the typical Siouan pipe appears to give way on the 
northern and western borders of their territory to a rectangnlar- 
stemmed pipe, often having a ring around its stem in relief, and a 
shortened prow, as is observed among the Ojibways, who are of Algon- 

quin stock. This form, however, 
appears more modern, and sug- 
gests ownership by another peo- 
ple. Hind refers to different 
tribes affecting different pipe 
shapes.! 

To the southwest of the Sioux 
the prow of the pipe is again 
SSN SH<css encountered, though the stem is 

Fig. 182. shorter. With few other pipes 


Upper Missouri. 
Cat. No. 2340, U.S.N.M. Collected by U.S. War Department. 


owe is there so strict regard had to 
Dakota. 


characteristics of type and, at 
the same time, greater latitude 
allowed for ornamentation of the exterior. In this type the bowl is 
approximately as deep as the stem is long; the stem or prow may 
yary in length, and at times an alate projection rises almost like 
an inverted keel from the top of the stem and extending one-half or 
two thirds the way from the mouthpiece to the bowl. This wing is 
usually devoid of ornamentation; at other times, however, its upper 
edge may be notched, or a greater or less number of holes may be bored 


Cat. No. 73072, U.S.N.M. Collected by D. B. Wilson. 


'Henry Youle Hind, A Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition 
of 1857, II, p. 139, London, 1860. 


- 
Ts 


582 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


through the keel, or the ornamentation may be of the character of fig. 
182, which is a black chlorite, with an inlaying of lead in bands around 
the upper part of the bowl, made by the Wahpeton Sioux, Dakota, col- 
lected by Lieut. D. B. Wilson, United States Army. There is a crude 
effort at ornamentation 
by means of a lead plate 
inlaying of a figure ap- 
parently intended to rep- 
resent a horse. On the 
stem base there is an in- 
laid plate of lead of about 
an inch in diameter let 
into the stone, into which 
in turn 1s inserted a red 
stone cross, both polished 
smoothly with the surrounding surface. This pipe was the property 
of a medicine man of the Wahpeton Sioux, and retains all of the Siouan 
characteristics, though it is evidently of recent origin. 

Fig. 183 is a typical Siouan catlinite pipe drawn after Catlin’s illus- 
trations. It is to be doubted, however, whether the animal standing 
on the stem is intended to represent a pig ora 
bear. From our acquaintance with totemic cus- 
toms, however, it may be suspected that the bear 
was intended. This pipe was the property of a 
Missouri chief, Haw-che-ke-sug-ga, and, if cor- 
rectly drawn, is an unusual occurrence, for the 
animal faces from the smoker, a posture rarely 
allowed in Sioux pipe figures, and as the animal 
facing from the smoker is unique, it may be ques- 
tioned whether Catlin may not have reversed the 
animal without due consideration. 

Prof. G. H. Perkins refers to a red pipe-stone 
Specimen presenting some peculiarities from the 
Champlain Valley, near Burlington, Vermont, 
which was plowed up onthe surface. The bottom 


Fig. 183. 
SIOUX CATLINITE PIPE. 
After George Catlin. Smithsonian Report, 1885, Pt. 2, plate 34. 


is furnished with a regular keel and ornamented Fig. 184. 
with a number of holes made from side to side.! SIOUX PIPE. 
The keel-like ornamentation appears to be in pion, Dako 


; Cat. No. 43278, U.S.N.M. 
some way derived from that so commonly found pentane: 


on the bases of Micmae pipes. 
A similar keel has been noted on a metal tomahawk pipe found as 
far south and east as Chester County, in Pennsylvania, which was 
made from German silver, evidently copied from Siouan characteristics. 
A Catlinite pipe, 64 inches long, from Sioux, Dakota, collected by 


Collected by James E. Sebring. 


1The Calumet in the Champlain Valley, Popular Science Monthly, December, 1893, 
p. 344, fig. 10. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 583 


Mr. James K. Sebring (fig. 184), is, from an artistic point of view, 
one of the most ornate pipes of Indian origin which the writer has 
ever seen. The art concept here evidenced is one of the most ancient 
known, though the shape of this pipe, as the pipe itself, is known to be 
quite modern. The bowl, in the form of an acorn, is held in the dis- 
tended jaws of the panther, the eyes, teeth, and ears of which are well 
sarved, the projection extending from the back of the head being 
intended evidently to afford something to hold the pipe by when 
smoking it, being akin to the spear on tomahawk pipes, or possibly 
to projections common to pipes in New Mexico. The opening of the 
bowl of this pipe is seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, while 
that of the stem at its end is scarcely one-eighth of an inch. It is 
singular that a Sioux Indian should have selected so elegant, and at 
the same time so antique, a style, for in the sculptures of Phoenicia the ~ 
human head is held in the lion’s mouth, the last vestiges of which may 
yet be encountered in the lion skin over the shoulders of the Greek 
figures of Hercules; in Babylonia the human face is held in the dis- 
torted jaws of a fish, while coming nearer home, to Central and South 
America, the same principle is em- 
bodied in sculptured figures repre- 
sented as covered with human or beasts’ 
skins or held in their distended jaws, 
as the panther here holds the acorn. 
The stem being curved and the Indian 
finding it impossible to bore a curved 
hole in stone of uniform hardness has : : Teer 
Mineral County, West Virginia. 
first excavated the bow], into which he ex. xo. usa, us.NeM. Collected by J. A. Davis. 
has bored a hole from the base of the 
stem; from the same hole he has bored in the opposite direction toward 
the mouthpiece; then from the mouthpiece a hole has been drilled inter- 
secting the latter hole. All that was then necessary to make a con- 
tinuous tube to the bowl was to plug the hole in the base of the stem, 
and this was accomplished by neatly inserting a plate over this hole, 
the lead being rubbed to an even surface with the rest of the stone. 

Fig. 185, from West Virginia, collected by Rev. J. A. Davis, repre- 
sents a much-worn, broken-bowled, small, well-polished, green pipe of 
the Siouan type, only 2 inches long, with a width scarcely more than 
half an inch. The wing on the stem would stamp its type, though the 
locality where found would indicate that it was far from where it was 
originally made. 

Prof. F. W. Putnam, referring to certain burials in cairns in Kansas, 
considers them more recent than mounds, and instances a number of 
diminutive catlinite pipes found in these stone piles associated with a 
glass bead.! 

From a careful examination of available data the writer can but con- 


STEATITE PIPE. 


'F, W. Putnam, Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology, II, p. 718. 


584 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


clude that the typical catlinite pipe was rectangular at the time of the 
first contact of the French with the Sioux, and that all pipes of this 
material differing in form are comparatively modern, and, as a matter 
of course, articles of European manufacture found in burials are of the 
historic period, as are those catlinites upon which animals are carved. 


PIPES OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 


All along the western and northwestern coast of America a most 
curious style of pipe is found, commonly of very grotesque form and 
made of a great variety of material, such as wood, stone, antler, and of 
these materials in combination with metal, bone, and mother-of-pearl. 
North of California almost all the pipes found not only indicate quite 
modern origin but, in a measure, are suggestive of being made for sale 
to the whites, though it can not be questioned that the Haida are 
remarkable as carvers of great originality and have been known as 
such from a very early period, 
their art being of a grotesque 
originality, rude, it is true, 
but unique. 

Fig. 186 isadark gray pipe 
of steatite, 44 inches long, 2% 
inches high, and 145 inches 
wide, from American River, 
California, collected by Col. 
E. Jewett, and does not ap- 
pear to have been much 
smoked, for had it been it 

Ge vertieiees would have been greased to 
Cat. No. 6201, U.S.N.M. Collected by E. Jewett. give it a black color. In this 
pipe the bowl opening is five- 
eighths of an inch, while that of the stem is three-eighths of an inch in 
diameter, though there is less constancy in the size of the California 
pipes than in most others. This specimen is a curious combination of 
man and beast, quite typical of California Indian art. The main figure 
is that of some crouching four-footed animal, resembling none with which 
we are acquainted, though probably readily recognizable by persons 
familiar with their system of symbolism. Its four feet are curled under 
the body; a long tail, forming a loop over the back, would suggest that 
a mountain lion were intended. Carved into the back of this beast, 
face up, is the diminutive figure of a human being, who lies upon his 
back. The large eyes and prominent muzzle of the creature represent 
a grotesque character of work, akin, apparently, to certain rude South 
American carvings, and in some respects having characteristics encoun- 
tered at times in ivory carvings from Japan or China, though there is 
sufficient individuality to entitle it to a place of its own. This pipe is 
quite massive and has been carved by means of sharp tools of iron, 
though the work could be done with a sharp-bladed shell or stone. 


BS 
i rt, 


Mo 
ey | 


~ 


‘ 
. a 
\a 
a 


> 


Fig. 186. 
NORTHWEST COAST PIPE OF STEATITE. 


si ig 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 585 


Fig. 187 from Puget Sound, collected by Lieut. Charles Wilkes, United 
States Navy, is a combination pipe of wood, bone, and tin, and shows 
what variety there is at times in modern Indian art. It is a pipe appar- 
ently originating on the Pacific coast, intended chietly to attract travel- 
ers. Itis 18 inches long and 4 inches high, representing, one might 
almost say, a farm, houses, and garden. The chimney of the house is 
composed of a tin cylinder, and at times a brass or copper cartridge is 
made to answer the same purpose by perforating the side of the shell to 
allow the smoke to escape into the stem. The sides of the house and 
part of the balance of the ornamentation consist of bone in thin piates 
fastened to the wood of which the bulk of this pipe is made. The cary- 
ing is decidedly characteristic of the locality from which it comes, though 
the houses, gate, and trees indicate clearly how modern they are. In 
the prow of a boat-shaped pipe in the U. 8S. National Museum collec- 
tion from Puget Sound a disk-like depression has been cut, into which 
a plate of mica is neatly fitted, and on another a crowing rooster is 
figured. The inlaying of many of these pipes has been made more 


= = 


Fig. 187. 
PUGET SOUND PIPE. 


Puget Sound. 
Cat. No. 2604, U.S.N.M. Collected by Charles Wilkes. 


effective by using the nacre of the abalone shell, which, with its bril- 
liant green coloring, is most pleasing, especially when used for the eyes 
of the monsters they adorn. These people carve at times most pic- 
turesque and ludicrous figures from deer horns, sawed off at the point 
where the horn enters the skull, taking every advantage of the shape 
of the horn to add to the artistic effect of the pipes, and though the 
totem posts have been so long known, with their quaint, rude figures, 
one can but wonder to what extent the carving of these people has been 
influenced by the Japanese, who have long been on the upper coast. 

Pipes made by the natives of Queen Charlotte Island and the shores 
of British Columbia and the Tshimpshian tribes north of Vancouver 
Island are usually composed of a black slate, representing various 
animals, man included, and figures in singular postures are most attract- 
ive, though modern, and carved with steel tools, with a fidelity suffi- 
ciently accurate to enable one to recognize the animals intended, though 
these pipes of slate appear to represent a manufacture which chiefly 
aims to attract the tourist and curiosity seeker. 

Pipe bowls of the Chinook Indians, according to Bancroft, were made 


586 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of wood fitted to elder stems, but the best ones, of stone, elegantly carved, 
were of Haida manufacture and are obtained from the north. ! 

While there is good reason to doubt if the American Indian on any 
part of the continent ever knew of the use of the bow or pump drill be- 
fore the advent of Europeans there is much evidence that throughout 
the continent fire to light the pipe was made by twirling one stick upon 
another, and in the Southwest there is evidence that fire was made by 
plowing or rubbing one stick back and forth in the groove of another. 

Hind says of the pipes of the Babeen Indians, ‘‘ While they exhibit a 
much higher degree of art than we should expect to find among sucha 
Savage race, they are illustrations of their imitative power and ingen. 
ious workmanship. The grotesque devices with which their pipes are 
ornamented can generally be traced to objects which they have seen 
since they became familiar with the white traders belonging to the 
Hudson Bay Company on the Northwest Coast.” ” 

Gilbert Malcolm Sproat says: ‘The Aht Indians are fond of tobacco, 
but they have no medicine pipe, nor do I think they have among them 
the marked superstitious pipe usuages by which most of the North 
American Indian tribes are distinguished. They formly had plain 
cedar pipes (rosh-kuts) devoid of ornament, but there were also to be 
found in all the tribes the ornamental bluestone (Tshimpean) pipe which 
had been obtained iu traffic with the Northern Indians. The present 
Aht name for tobacco (Quish-shah) is their word for smoke. | ‘l'obacco 
has been so long known to the natives that they can hardly explain 
what material they smoked before they had it, but they probably in 
former times made use solely of the leaves of the small shrub which is 
to this day mixed with tobacco in their pipes for the purpose of dimin- 
ishing the intoxicating effect. It is customary after meals to pass the 
pipe around among the guests.” * 

That smoking tobacco is a modern practice with certain tribes 
there can be little doubt, and is indicated in the account of Lewis 
and Clarke, who said of the natives on one part of the Columbia 
River: ‘‘During these preparations he smoked with those about him 
who would accept tobacco, but very few were desirous of smoking, a 
custom which is not general among them, and chiefly used as a matter 
of form in great ceremonies.” * 

These people probably smoked other plants than tobacco, though to 
what extent it is difficult to say. According to George Gibbs, the 
Tinneh or Chippewayan Indians of British and Russian America 
between the Mackenzie and Peel rivers and the Yukon and banks of 
the Porcupine, about the sixty-eighth degree of latitude, make ‘no 
intoxicating drinks whatever, but are passionately fond of tobacco. 
This taste they of course learned of the whites. Most of the Kutchins 


'H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, I, p. 237, San Francisco, 1874. 
?Henry Youle Hind, A Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition 
of 1857, II, p. 140, London, 1860. 
3 Scenes and Studie es of Savage Life, p. 269, London, 1868. 
4Lewis and Clarke’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, II, p. 15, Philadelphia, 
1814. See also J. H. McCulloh, Researches, p. 91, Balamore, 1829. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 587 


smoke in the same manner that we do, but some of the tribes use the 
same pipes as the Eskimo and swallow the smoke. This kind of a 
pipe has a wooden stem 12 inches long slightly curved upward; the 
bowl is well represented by half of a reel for winding sewing cotton 
upon, and the hole in the pipe is about the same as that in the spool.” 


Fig. 188. 
ESKIMO PIPE. 


After George Gibbs. Smithsonian Report, 1866, p. 324. 


The pipe is of the shape shown in fig. 188. “‘The bow] is made of metal. 
They do not smoke pure tobacco in it, but mix it with the scrapings of 
willow.” ! 

The curves of pipes of this type vary greatly, depending in a great 
measure upon the locality where found, the bowls at times being of 
stone and the sizes of the stems increase as the Siberian coast is ap- 
proached. Examples in the U. 8S. National Museum may be seen with 
less curve than has the one here illustrated, or with even more curve 
than fig. 189, which is an Eskimo pipe collected at Nome Island, 
Alaska, by Prof. I. C. Russell. It is of wood, its length being 74 inches, 
or sitting up, about 7 inches, and, as with all pipes of extreme North- 
western America, the 
stems are so con- 
structed as best to 
allow the owner to col- 
lect the nicotine or 
juices of the plant 
smoked. This pipe, 
while not so heavy and 
thick in the stem as 
many fromthe Russian 
possessions, resembles Fig. 189. 
the latter greatly and RUSSIAN TYPE OF ESKIMO PIPE. 
is presumably copied Cat. No. Rs eneae eae C. Russell. 
from the Russian type. 

The bottom o& the stem has a small opening like a trapdoor, which can 
be closed at pleasure while in general use. The stem is loosely packed 
with some absorbent. This in turn is taken out by opening the plate 
or trapdoor and either smoked or eaten, a practice customary with the 
Eskimo. These stems are made of wood scraped to a thickness of from 


1 Smithsonian Report, 1866, p. 324. 


588 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


one-sixteenth to one eighth of an inch, the mouthpiece usually con- 
sisting of a hollow bone plug, the opposite end being often stopped with 
a copper pistol cartridge. ‘The bowl consists of a compact green serpen- 
tine, its opening being scarcely more than one-fourth of an inch in 
diameter, its base being so shaped as to fit the stem closely and is 
held in position by a strap of sealskin; at other times they are fitted 
into shoulders. This arrangement enables the smoker to take his pipe 
apart and lose none of the contents of bowl or stem, which is considered 
of great value. 

This type of pipe appears closely allied to the Japanese pipes, the 
most ancient of which, according to the Marquis of Nadaillac, date of 
the seventeenth century.' They appear to have been introduced either 
by way of Siberia or the Kurile and Aleutian islands, which would 
indicate that the use of tobacco had practically circumnavigated a 
large part of the globe, and been returned to America from Asia. 
Whether the first knowledge of tobacco which the Europeans had came 
from Spanish, French, or English sources, there is no doubt that its use 
quickly spread from the eastern side of the American continent, and 
the plant was thence distributed as a plant possessing valuable medic- 
inal properties to the most distant parts of Europe, then to Asia, and 
thus again to the American continent, entering by the west. The 
shapes of pipes would be governed, presumably, largely by local sur- 
roundings and supply, and also to some extent by individual taste. 
Tobacco after its introduction into Europe rapidly came into general 
use. In 1774 P. Le Roy describes the experiences of four Russian sail- 
ors who were left on shore on the island of East Spitzbergen, who 
‘‘carried a tinder box and tinder, a bladder filled with tobacco, and every 
man his wooden pipe.” All Russian sailors at this time were said to 
be expert carpenters. 

Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in their expedition to the Pacifie in 
1776 to 1780 on the North American Coast, refer to the natives being 
in possession of iron between latitude 61° 30” north and 53° 35” north. 
At Unalaska, in 53° 35” north, on the Alaskan peninsula, Cook refers 
to the natives trading some fishing implements for tobacco,’ and says 
there are few that do not both smoke and chew tobacco and take snuff.4 

The natives about latitude 59° 37’ 30” and longitude 197° 45/ 48”, 
Cook says, “seemed perfectly unacquainted with any civilized nation; 
they were ignorant of the use of tobacco; nor did we observe in their 
possession any foreign articles, unless a knife may be considered as 


Homme, November, 1882, p. 499, note. 

2P. Le Roy, A Narrative of the singular Adventures of four Russian Sailors, from 
the German, p. 52, London, 1774. 

3 Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, p. 357, note 2, London, 1784. 

4Tdem, p. 109. 

®Tdem, III, p. 16. 


# 
= 


a 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 589 


Cook speaks of the natives of the Alaskan Coast being acute traders, 
even requiring pay for grass and endeavoring to get pay for water. He 
speaks also of the carvings of their canoes. 

G. H. Von Lingsdorf refers to the Aleutian Islanders in the first 
decade of this century as not being ‘‘addicted to smoking, but are pas- 
sionately fond of snuff. They will work a whole day at the hardest 
labor to get a single leaf of tobacco as their wages, and when obtained 
they prepare it for use by grinding it to powder in a mortar made of 
the bones of whales, mixing it with ashes and water.” ! 

The Kutchin and eastern Tinneh, we are infcrmed by Mr. W. H. Dall, 
use a pipe modeled after the clay pipes of the Hudson Bay Company, 
but he says ‘“‘they also carve very pretty ones out of birch knots and 
the roots of the wild rosebush.” ” 

The writer is informed by Capt. E. P. Herendeen, who has spent 
many years in northern Alaska, that the natives use willow twigs, 
which have been cut crosswise, for smoking purposes. The Siberian 
natives use the willow root for dyeing, but the remainder of the root is 
used for smoking. 

At Point Barrow, in 1837, we are told “the grand article in demand 
here was tobacco, which, as in Dease Inlet, they call tawac or tawacah, 
a name acquired, of course, from the Russian traders. Not content with 
chewing and smoking it, they swallowed the smoke until they became 
sick, and seemed to revel in a momentary intoxication. Beads, rings, 
buttons, fire steels, everything we had, were regarded as inferior to 
tobacco, a single inch of which was an acceptable equivalent for the 
most valuable article they possessed.” ° 

Sir Edward Belcher says of the Point Barrow Eskimo in 1825-1829: 
“They had long had the habit of smoking, but used the stem and down 
of a peculiar grass steeped in some aromatic gum, probably derived 
from a fir. They did not use tobacco until we introduced it.” * 

John Murdoch, who was a member of the International Polar Expe- 
dition to Point Barrow, Alaska, 1881-1883, has very fully discussed 
the smoking habit of these natives. Among other things relating 
thereto, he says: “The only narcotic in use among these people is 
tobacco, which they obtain directly or indirectly from the whites, and 
which has been in use among them from the earliest time when we 
have any knowledge of them. When Mr. Elson, in the Blossom’s barge, 
visited Point Barrow in 1826, he found tobacco in general use and the 
most marketable article. This undoubtedly came from the Russians 
by way of Siberia and Bering Strait, as Kotzebue found the natives of 


' Voyages and Travels, Pt. 2, p. 48, London, 1813. 
2? Alaska and its Resources, p. 81, Boston, 1870. 
’Thomas Simpson, Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 

effected by the officers of the Hudson Bay during the years 1836-1839, p. 156, Lon- 

don, 1843. 

‘Works of Art by the Esquimaux, p. 133, Icey Cape and to the North, 1825-1829, 

Transactions Ethnological Society, London. 


590 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the sound which bears his name, who were in communication with the 
Asiatic coast by way of the Diomedes, already addicted to the use of 
tobacco in 1816. It is not probable that tobacco was introduced on the 
Aretic coast by way of the Russian settlements in Alaska. There were 
no Russian posts north of Bristol Bay until 1833, when St. Michael’s 
redoubt was built. When Captain Cook visited Bristol Bay, in 1778, 
he found that tobacco was not used there, while in Norton Sound the 
Same year ‘the natives had no dislike to tobacco.’ ” 

Neither was it introduced from the English posts in the east, as 
Franklin found the Kiimidlin not in the habit of using it. ‘The 
western Esquimaux use tobacco, and some of our visitors had smoked 
it, but thought the flavor very disagreeable.” Nor had they adopted 
the habit in 1837. When the Plover wintered at Point Barrow, 
according to Dr. Simpson’s account, all the tobacco, except a little 
obtained from the English discovery ships, came from Asia, and was 
brought by the Nunatanmiun. At present the latter bring very little, 
if any, tobacco, and the supply is obtained directly from the ships, 
though a little occasionally finds its way up the coast from the south- 
west. They use all kinds of tobacco, but readily distinguish and desire 


Fig. 190. 
ESKIMO PIPE 
After John Murdoch. Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 67. 


the sorts considered best by the whites. For instance, they were eager 
to get the excellent quality of “navy” tobacco furnished by the com- 
missary department, while one of our party who had a large quantity of 
exceedingly bad fine-cut tobacco could hardly giveitaway. * * * 
The habit of chewing tobacco is almost universal. Men, women, and 
even children, though the latter be but 2 or 3 years old and unweaned, 
when tobacco is to be obtained, keep a “‘ chew,” often of enormous size, 
constantly in the mouth. The juice is not spit out, but swallowed with 
the saliva, without producing any signs of nausea. The tobacco is 
chewed by itself and not sweetened with sugar, as was observed by 
Hooper and Nordenskiold among the Chuckches.! 

Fig. 190, from Utkiawin, Alaska, collected by Mr. John Murdoch, has 
an iron bowl, noticeable for the ornamentation of the shank, This has 
evidently been heated and shrunk on. The wooden stems of these pipes 
appear to be willow or birch and are in two longitudinal sections, held 


1The Point Barrow Expedition, Ninth Annual Rept. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 65. 


fas Hel ld ee 


Sh SE LAOREET GAME 8 


- 


_ 


aa 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING cusToms. 591 


together by the lashing of seal-skin thong which serves to attach the 
bowl to the stem. This lashing was evidently put on wet and allowed 
to shrink, and the ends are secured by tucking under the turns. The 
whipping at the mouthpiece is of fine sinew thread. <A picker of steel 
for cleaning out the bowl is attached to the stem by a piece of seal 
thong, the end of which is turned under the lashing. 

Fig. 191, from Utkiawin, Alaska, also collected by Mr. John Maton: 
has a Anal of rather soft greenish-gray slate. The stones are always 
of the same material and put together in the same way, but are some- 


Fig. 191. 


ESKIMO PIPE. 


After John Murdoch. Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 67. 


times lozenge shaped instead of elliptical in section. 
sometimes of three-ply sinew braid. 
variation both in form and material. 
Fig. 192 is a bowl of walrus ivory lined with copper from Utkiawin, 
Alaska, collected by Mr. John Murdoch. ‘Antler and stone pipes of 
this pattern and rather small are usually carried by the men out of doors, 
while the more elaborate metal pipes, which are often very large and 
handsome (I have seen some with a saucer 3 inches in diameter) are 


The lashing is 
The bowl shows the greatest 


Fig. 192. 
ALASKAN PIPE. 
Utklawin, Alaska. 
Cat. No. 89285, U.S.N.M. Collected by John Murdoch. 


more frequently used in the house and by the women. The stem is 
usually a foot to 13 inches long, though pipes at least 18 inches long 
were seen. To most pipes are attached pickers, as in the type speci- 
men. The picker is in all cases of metal, usually iron or steel, but 
Sometimes of copper. When not in use the point is tucked under 


the lashing under the stem. The pipes are readily taken apart for 
cleaning.” 


592 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 193, collected by Mr. John Murdoch, at Utkiawin, Alaska, is a 
unique specimen and of the most primitive character. 


It is simply a rough willow stick, slightly whittled into shape, split and hollowed 
out like a pipe stem. It is held together by a whipping of sinew thread, and a 
lashing of deerskin fastened by a slipknot at one end, the other being tucked in, as 
usual. A small funnel-shaped hole*at one end serves for a bowl, and shows by its 
charred surface that it has actually been used. This pipe was bought from one of 
the Nunataimiun, who were in camp at Pernyt in 1885, and shows its inland origin 
in the use of the deerskin thong. A coast native would have used seal thong. The 
pipe is carried at the girdle either with the stem thrust inside the breeches or in a 
bag attached to the belt. It is a long, narrow cylindric bag, made of four white 
ermine skins, with two hind legs and two tails forming a fringe round the bottom 
which is of dressed deerskin, in one piece, flesh side out. Tobacco is carried in a 
small pouch attached to the girdle, and tucked inside the breeches, or sometimes 
worn under the jacket, slung round the neck by a string or the necklace. * * * 
Tobacco as prepared for smoking by the Eskimo consists of common black cavendish 
or ‘‘Navy” tobacco, cut up very fine and mixed with finely chopped wood in the 
proportion of about two parts of tobacco to one of wood. We were informed that 
willow twigs were used for this purpose. The method of smoking is as follows: 
After cleaning out the bowl with the picker a little wad of deer hair, plucked from 
the clothes in some inconspicuous place, generally the front skirt of the inner jacket 
isrammed down to the bottom of the bowl. This is to prevent the fine tobacco 


Fig. 193. 


ESKIMO PIPE OF WILLOW. 
After John Murdoch. Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 68, fig. 7. 


getting into the stem ana clogging it. The bowl] is then filled with tobacco, of 
which it holds only a small quantity. The mouthpiece is placed between the lips, 
the tobacco ignited and all smoked out in two or three long inhalations. The smoke 
is very deeply inhaled and allowed to pass out slowly from the mouth and nostrils, 
bringing tears to the eyes, often producing giddiness, and almost always a violent 
fit of coughing. I have seen a man almost prostrated from a single pipe full. This 
method of smoking has been in vogue from the time of our first acquaintance with 
these people. Though they smoke little at a time they smoke frequently when 
tobacco is plentiful. The use of the Kui’nye, which name appears to be applied to 
the native pipes, seems to be confined to the adults. We knew of no children 
owning them, though their parents made no objection to their chewing tobacco or 
owning or using clay or wooden pipes, which they obtained from us. They carry 


their fondness for tobacco so far that they will even eat the oily refuse from the © 


bottom of the bowl, the smallest portion of which would produce nausea in a white 
man. This habit has been observed at Plover Bay, Siberia. Tobacco ashes are 
also eaten, probably for the sake of the potash they contain, as one of the men at 
Utkiawin was fond of carbonate of soda, which he told the doctor was just like what 
he got from his pipe. Pipes of this type differing in details, but all agree in having 
very small bowls, frequently of metal, and some contrivance for opening the stem, 
are used by the Eskimos from at least as far south as the Yukon Delta (as shown by 
the collections in the National Museum) to the Anderson River and Cape Bathurst, 
and have even been adopted by the Indians of the Yukon, who learned the use of 
tobacco from the Eskimos. They are undoubtedly of Siberian origin, as will be seen 
by comparing the figure of a Chukch pipe in Nordenskidlds Vega, and the figure of 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 593 


- a Tunguse pipe in Seebohm’s Siberia in Asia, with the pipes figured from oar collec- 
tion. Moreover, the method of smoking is precisely that practiced in Siberia, even 
to the proportion of wood mixed with tobacco. The consideration of the question 
whence the Siberians acquired this peculiar method of smoking wonld lead me 
beyond the bounds of the present work, but I can not leave the subject of pipes 
without calling attention to the fact that Nordenskiéld has alluded to the resem- 
blance of these to the Japanese pipes. A gentleman who has spent many years in 
China also informs me that the Chinese pipes are of a very similar type and smoked 
in much the same way. 


At Kolymsk in 1820, according to Ferdinand Wrangell, the tobacco 
was mixed by the Russians with finely powdered larch wood to make it 
go farther.! 

Sir William Edward Parry, while in the Fury and Hecla, 1821-1823, 
collected upward of five hundred words, but the list contains no word 
either for pipe or tobacco.’ 

This would indicate beyond doubt that the language contained none 
such and that the smoking habit was comparatively new to them, which 
certainly appears the accepted belief. 

Murdoch says: *‘ We have indeed positive proof that the people of 
the Mackenzie region acquired the habit of smoking from their western 
neighbors.” * 

Of their present habit, however, he says: “All the Eskimo, with the 
exception of the so-called Arctic Highlanders, of Smith Sound, and per- 
haps some of the more remote tribes of the central region, are passion- 
ately addicted to the use of tobacco. East of Cape Bathurst it is 
perfectly well known that the taste was acquired directly from the 
Europeans, Danes and English, who have made more or less permanent 
settlement in these regions. On the other hand, the first explorers 
who visited the Eskimo on the northwest coast of America found 
tobacco already in use among them.”* | 

Capt. F. W. Beechy says of the natives of Kotzebue Sound in 1825- 
1828: ‘“‘We were joined by three Caiacs from some tents near us and 
four from the river who were very troublesome, pestering us for tawack, 
and receiving the littie we had to give in the most ungracious manner 
without offering any return.”° 

Mr. James G. Swan says of the natives of Cape Flattery: “After eat- 
ing they sometimes, but not always, indulge in a whilt of tobacco, but 
smoking is not a universal practice among them. * * * Smoking 
is practiced even less than among some of the tribes east of the Rocky 
Mountains, and there are no ceremonials connected with its use. Ocea- 
sionally an Indian will swallow a quantity of smoke, which, being 


‘Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea, 1820-1823, London, 1840. 
2? Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage, 1821-1823, 
London, 1824. 
3John Murdoch, On the Siberian Origin of Some Customs of the Western Eskimo, 
American Anthropologist, I, p. 330. 
4Idem, p. 330. 
5Narrative of a Voyage to Pacific and Bering Strait, p. 322, London, 183i. 

NAT MUS 97 338 


594 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


retained a few seconds in the lungs or stomach, produces a species of 
stupefaction lasting from five to ten minutes and then passing off. The - 
calumet or pipe of peace is qui e unknown among these Indians.”! 

Mr. W. H. Dall refers to the Kutchin Indians of Alaska, who “make 
pretty pipe stems out of goose quills, wound about with colored porecu- 
pine quills.” 

In the territory contiguous to the Yukon, Dall says ‘‘ we would stop 
every few minutes to let the Indians smoke. The operation takes less 
than a minute. Their pipes are so constructed as to hold but a very 
small pinch of tobacco. A pinch of tobacco cut as fine as snuff is 
inserted and two or three whiffs are afforded by it. The smoke is 
inhaled into the lungs, producing a momentary stupefaction, and the 
operation is over.”* The bowls of the Yukon pipes are generally cast 
from lead. Sometimes they are made of soft bone or even hard wood. 
In smoking a few reindeer hairs pulled from his parka are rolled into a 
little ball and placed in the bottom of the bow] to prevent the contents 
being drawn into the stem. 

The Indian pipe Dall considers a copy of the Eskimo pipe, as the 
latter were the first to obtain and use tobacco. Many of the tribes call 
it by the Eskimo name. A fungus which grows on decayed birch trees, 
or tinder manufactured from the down of the poplar rubbed up with 
charcoal, is used with flint and steel for obtaining a light. The 
Chuckchees, Mr. Dall says, “‘use a pipe similar to those of the Eskimo, 
but with a much larger and shorter stem. This stem is hollow and 
filled with fine birch shavings. After smoking for some months these 
shavings, impregnated with the oil of tobacco, are taken out through 
an opening in the lower part of the stem and smoked over.” Mr, Dall 
also informs the writer that this large pipe with the movable plate in 
the stem is native to the Asiatic side of Bering Strait. In this stem 
they also use willow and alder, which, when sufficiently saturated, are 
smoked. Both willow and sumac are mixed with the tobacco to make 
it go farther. 

Nordenskjéld refers to the Chuckchee pine, whieh is similar to that 
from Point Barrow, which resemble those of the Tunguse. The tobacco, 
he says, is often first chewed, then dried behind the ear, and kept in a 
separate pouch suspended from the neck, to be afterwards smoked. 
The pipes are so small, he remarks, like those of the Japanese, that 
they may be smoked out with a few strong whiffs. The smoke is 
swallowed. Even the women and children smoke and chew, and they 
begin to do so at so tender an age that we have seen a child that could 
indeed walk, but still sucked his mother, both chew tobacco and smoke.* 

Mr. W. H. Hooper refers to the Tuski “‘ pipes of wood and ivory, either 
divided ee the middle into two parts for convenience of cleaning, or 


'The indinas of Cape Flattery, p. ). 27, Wacken gion, 1870. 
2 Alaska and its Resources, p. 82, Boston, 1890. 

3Tdem, p. 81. 

4The Voyage of the Vega, p. 116, London, 1881. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CusTOMsS. 595 


with a large trapdoor in the under part which allows a few pieces of 
dry grass to be laid inside to absorb the moisture, which when closed 
is covered with a strip of leather which effectually keeps it air-tight. 
When about to smoke, a pinch of hair plucked from the deerskin frock 
is pushed with the pricker down the very small hole in the bowl of the 
pipe. This is to prevent the tobacco from drawing through.” ! 

Mr. Henry Seebohm illustrates a pipe of the Tungoosk, which so 
closely resembles certain of the pipes of the Alaskans, both in bowl 
and manner of lashing the same to the stem, as well as the shape 
and lashing of the stem itself, as to leave little doubt of their common 
origin.” 

The same author illustrates a pipe of the Samoyede which sheuld be 
classed as of the same type as those pipes here described, yet present- 
ing other characteristics than such as are embodied in the Alaskan 
specimens. 

Arising probably from similar conditions is an Afridi pipe from the 
Khyber Pass, in India, illustrated by Pritchett, which has a small 
brass bowl and a stem composed of two pieces of wood which have 
first been scooped out and subsequently lashed together with thongs, 
and so closely resembles the Alaskan type that one would be per- 
fectly excusable in mistaking it for the latter.s It appears diffi- 
cult to determine the period when the pipe appeared first on the 
extreme northwestern coast of America, and equally so to deter- 
mine whence it came, its form in many respects resembling more 
nearly the Chinese than the Japanese type, though there are accounts 
of the Russians having in the last century attacked Japanese islands 
and brought away prisoners to Kamtschatka, pipes being referred 
to among articles enumerated as taken at the same time. The extent 
of communication between Kamtschatka and the Japanese is little 
known, though Japanese was taught at Irkutsk about 1807, aceord- 
ing to G. R. Von Lingsdorf, who says: “It is worthy of remark that 
by command of Her imperial Majesty, the late Empress Catherine, the 
Japanese language was taught, and the teacher of it was a native of 
Japan.” 4 

Cook informs us that, in 1778, of the islanders near Kamtschatka, 
there were few who did not both chew, smoke, and take snuff, a luxury 
which he truthfully says bids fair to always keep them poor.? 

It is known that about 1764 the Kamtschatdales “sometimes smoked 
tobacco” which they received from Europe.° 

“Tt is said that the Kamtschatdales knew the use of iron even before 


'Tents of the Tuski, p. 176, London, 1853. 

2Siberia in Asia, p. 149, London, 1882. 

*R. T. Pritchett, Ye Smokiana, p. 66. 

‘Voyages and Travels, 1803-1807, Pt. 2, pp. 297, 381, London, 1813. 

° Voyages to the Pacific Ocean, p.513, London, 1784. 

°The History of Kamtschatka and the Kurilski Islands, p. 276, translated by 
James Grieve, M. D., Gloucester, 1764. 


596 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the arrival of the Russians; that they received it from the Japanese 
who came from the Kurilski Islands, and once to the mouth of the river 
Kamtschatka, and that the name which the Kamtschadales give the 
Japanese of Shisman comes from ‘shish,’ a needle. The Japanese cer- 
tainly used to come and trade to the Kurilski Islands, for I found there 
a Japanese saber, a Japanese waiter, and silver earrings, which could 
be brought from no other place.” ! 

The Techuckchi pipe has apparently traveled across Bering Strait 
quite recently, judging from the similarity in the pipes on the Asiatic 
and American sides. The most natural supposition appears to the 
writer to be that the Tchuckchi in their turn received the pipe from the 
Japanese by way of the Kurile Islands, they possibly in turn receiving 
it from the Chinese. 


MISCELLANEOUS PUEBLO PIPES. 


In the southwestern part of the United States are found a class of 
pipes usually made of pottery, certain of which resemble the Siouan 
pipe in a rape though there is a distinctiveness about them enti- 
tling them to be classed 
by themselves. Those in 
the collection of the U.S. 
National Museum are all 
made from a rude, hard 
burned, and unglazed 
black pottery. Some 
have projections similar 
to the Sioux pipe, the 
prow being approxi- 
mately the same size as 
the stem, as seen in fig. 
194. This specimen, except that it is made of this hard pottery, is not 
very unlike in outline from the Siouan pipes of the Upper Missouri 
River drainage. The stem, however, of these southwestern pipes is 
heavy and thick, as are the walls of the bowls, the stem opening being 
formed by inserting a stem of grass through the plastic clay and burning 
it out in firing the pipe. 

Fig. 195, from the Wolpi pueblo in Arizona, collected by Col. James 
Stevenson, is made of this typical hard unglazed pottery, similar to 
specimens found at times among the Iroquois graves of Canada or the 
United States, near Lakes Erie, Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River, 
which have similar stem openings. The inverted terrace-like projection 
below the bowl indicates how varied it was, and that it was probably 
intended to hold the pipe by when it was smoked. The outline of the 
exterior of bowl and stem of this pipe may be duplicated in soapstone 
in the Carolinas, The pottery from which these pipes are made, though 
of recent manufacture, does not compare with that of the ancient 


Fig. 194. 
MODERN PUEBLO PIPE. 
Cat. No. 22968, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Powell. 


u The actors aa Kamtschatka and che Waris Talands; p. 186. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 597 


pueblo tubular pipes, which in its turn is less firm in texture than the 
rectangular Mexican pipe with glazed surface, which the writer attrib- 
utes to Spanish origin. 

Fig. 196 is a hard- 
burned and unglazed 
thick bowl and thick- 
stemmed pottery spec- 
imen of dark brown 
color from New Mex- 
ico, collected by Maj. 
J. W. Powell. It is 2 
inches long and 13 
inches wide. The pro- 


: ; WOLPI PUEBLO PIPE. 
jection is square, and Wolpi Pueblo, Arizona. 


the stem hole is evi- Cat. No. 128460, U.S.N.M. Collected by James Stevenson. 


dently intended for a 

separate stem. The difference in position of these projections, with- 
out other evidence, would be almost convincing that the form of this 
pipe was in a transition stage. 

Fig. 197 represents a cast of a greenstone 
pipe found near Santa Fe, New Mexico, col- 
lected by Maj. W. S. Beebe. It is of unusual 
size, being 12 inches long and 74 inches high, 
having a bow] the greatest exterior diameter 
of which is 24 inches. This pipe is of typical 
Mexican shape, and is finished with such ar- 
tistic skill as to leave little doubt of its being 
@ of ceremonial importance to the tribe possess- 

Fig. 196. ' ing it. The stem curves gracefully into the 
a geetaae bowl, the top of which is carved 
Moki Pueblo, New Mexico. - 
ee in the form of an eagle or hawk 
Collected by J. W. Powell. facing the smoker. Crawling 
along the sides of the stem and 
its base, reaching two-thirds of the way up the bowl, are 
three rattlesnakes; the fourth snake reaches along the 
upper part of the stem 
nearly to the end, its 
tail being on the bowl. 
Therattles ofthesnakes 
are well defined. Above 
each of the snakes, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 
crawling up the bowl, Cat. No. 99978, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. S. Beebe. 
are the figures of three 
separate human beings, as though each snake were crawling toward 
a separate person. The original of this pipe, which appears to be 
highly polished, in the writer’s opinion is one of those presented to 


Fig. 197. 
GREEN STONE PIPE. 


598 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the Indiaus upon certain solemn occasions in commemoration of some 
treaty, and which were intended as reminders of some notable event 
or agreement undertaken. To one such in New York a reference has 
been preserved. 

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes found the natives of Tusayan, New Mexico, 
smoking upon all ceremonial occasions the Nicotiana attenuata (Piba; 
from napi, leaf; paku moisture), which forms also part of nearly all 
prayer offerings.' 

Feniculum officinale, (kwanwa-piba; from kwanwa, sweet; piba, to- 
bacco)” is used as a substitute for piba, but is never smoked ceremoni- 
ally. The same term applies to tobacco obtained from the whites, 
which is not used ceremonially. 


DELAWARE TYPES. 


Holm, as quoted by Dr. C. C. Abbott, says of the Delaware Indians: 
‘“‘They make tobacco pipes out of reeds about a man’s length. The 
bowl is made of horn, and to contain a great quantity of tobacco. 
They generally present these pipes to their friends. They made them 
otherwise of red, yellow, and blue clay, of which there is a great quan- 
tity in the country, also of white, gray, green, brown, black, and blue 
stones, which are so soft that they can be cut with a knife. Of these 
they make their pipes a yard and a 
half long.”® 

Fig. 198, collected by Prof. 8. S. 
Haldeman, of Delaware, differs in 
certain respects from pipes found 
elsewhere and points to a type dis- 
tinct from any yet described. This 
pipe is about 3 inches long and is 
made from a compact black stone, 
probably a slate. The round bowl 

TUNES of this type often has a slight lip in 

Cat. No. $1997, U.S.N.M. Collected by 8.8.Haldeman, front, and the stem is usually ex- 
ternally square, with some animal 

carved upon it facing the smoker. The diameter of the bowl opening is 
five-eighths of an inch, while that of the stem is but one-fourth of an inch; 
this proportion usually being constant in all typical specimens. The 
turtle crawls toward the smoker, its head, neck, eyes, and both shells 
being distinguishable, though the feet and legs are not. The work on 
this pipe appears to be done by means of steel tools, file marks being 
distinct. Dr. Abbott refers to pipes of this type—one from Delaware, 
the other from Pennsylvania, made of a greenish compact serpentine.‘ 

Another specimen of the Cherokee pipe (fig. 199) found in Cherokee 


Fig. 198. 


DELAWARE PIPE. 


‘American Anthropologist, January, 1896, p. 19. 
2Idem, p. 20. 

‘Primitive Industry, p. 316, Salem, 1881. 
4Idem, pp. 321, 322. 


ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 599 


County, North Carolina, and collected by Gen. J. T. Wilder, is 34 
inches long and made from a dark-green chlorite. The characteristic 
lip of the bowl is pronounced, the bear facing the smoker supplants 
the turtle of the preceding specimen. The bear stands on all four feet, 
and is carved in the round, his front and hind claws being represented, 
though the mouth and eyes are not. Pipes of this type are usually 
ground to quite a smooth surface, and 
are decidedly symmetrical, being among 
the most modern of distinctively Ameri- 
ean Indian pipes. 

Another pipe of this type (fig. 200) from 
North Carolina and collected by Mr. 
James Mooney, differs from the preced- 
ing figures only in the character of the Fig. 199. 
stem, which is round. The animal as amar ae 
figured is probably a gray squirrel, with ar eee ets 
its bushy tail, in the act of eating, or rub- Collected by J. T. Wilder. 
bing its face. The specimens of these 
pipes will in all probability, when hereafter found, demonstrate that 
while bowl and stem cavities remained constant the animals upon their 
stems will differ because of their having a totemic significance, as appears 
highly probable of animal figures wherever found, especially as those 
which are recognizable are known totems of American tribes. 

Mr. D. B. Brunner figures a pipe of this type from the collection of 
Gen. George M. Keim, of Berks County, Pennsylvania, which has a 
square stem and is without ornamentation and made of a dark serpen- 
tine, the pipe being finely polished.!' 

In the museum of the University of Pennsylvania are two pipes of 
this type from North Carolina, one plain, 
the other having a bear on the stem. 


Cherokee County, North Carolina. 


INDETERMINATE TYPES. 


Fig. 201, from Hanover, Jefferson 
County, Indiana, collected by Mr. George 
Spangler, is a type specimen of a distinct 
class of pipes of rectangular shape, which 

i SS ie eg ace tee are found in several States and are usu- 
eee ally finished with some skill. The one 
here figured is 3 inches long, 14 inches 

high, and is 14 inches wide, with a bowl opening three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter, while that of the stem is only three-sixteenths of 
an inch. They are apparently intended for smoking without a separate 
stem, and in dimensions of bowl and stem cavities approached those of 
the curved-base mound pipes. This one is made of a light gray ophio- 
lite and is finished with unusual skill, the surface having a glass-like 


'The Indians of Berks County, Pennsylvania, p. 96, fig. 97, Reading, 1881. 


600 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


polish. Every exterior tool mark is obliterated. The bowl has what 
appears to be quite an unnecessary thickness on the side from the 
smoker, though it is evidently not the result of accident. 

Fig. 202, from Pike County, Missouri, collected by Mr. J.C. Watkins, 
is. made of a light-gray indurated clay, and is about the same size as 
the preceding specimen. Facing from the smoker there is carved the 
head of a bird or beast, it is 
impossible to say which; 
the surface, however, is 


= ao 
=a Wy yD . 
EE WU merely smoothed, without 
= YY); Aree 
g j y a effort at polishing, the crea- 
Z “p ture’s eyes are cut in intag- 


ty VUEt i pie 


\ 


LL lio, the mouth being indi- 
———— cated by a straight line cut 
into the stone. The head is 
slightly broader than the 
Jefferson County, Indiana. bowl, on the upper right- 
Cat, No, 39073, US.N.M. Collected by George Spangler. hand rim of which are eight 
incised lines, whether for 
ornament or as a record of some event it would be impossible to say. 
These bowls are evidently bored by means of tubular metal drills, as in- 
dicated by the uniform size of their perforations, though there is in the 
U. S. National Museum collection a specimen made of catlinite which 
was found in Baraboo, Sauk County, Wisconsin, which has been bored 
with a solid drill. The surfaces of this latter are merely smoothed, with- 
out effort at polish, the speci- 
men having evidently been 
blocked out by sawing. The 
pipes of this type in the col- 
lection of the U. S. National aul? 
Museum are almost too few in 
number for one to draw defi. 
nite conclusions from, and 
while so different in exterior 
from the curved-base mound 
pipes, there appears a kin- ~yYy 
ship between the two in size Fig. 202. 
of bowl and stem. Another sr LL a beach 
pipe of this character was 
referred to by Mr. John P. 
Jones, in a letter to Dr. E. A. Barber, as coming from Keytesville, 
Missouri. 

Fig. 203, from Arizona, collected by Maj. J. W. Powell, is in form not 
unlike the familiar Powhatan pipe of commerce. It is made of a fine- 
grained red stone, ground into shape with great delicacy, the walls of 
the bowl being scarcely more than one-sixteenth ofan inch thick, though 


Fig. 201. 
RECTANGULAR PIPE. 


SSS WV “sg 


Pike County, Missouri. 
Cat. No. 34383, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. C. Watkins. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 601 


the walls of the stem may be one-eighth of an inch, the dimensions of 
the pipe being approximately 1 inch in height, length, and breadth. 
Its characteristics would appear to indicate a recent period, Major 
Powell having obtained it from natives still using it. 

Fig. 204 is of similar type to the preceding figure and is from south- 
ern Utah. It was collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 
Though larger than the last, being about 3 inches 
high and made from a translucent green stone, 
the walls of the bowl are as delicate and as thin 
as fine china, the pipes being evidently intended 
to be smoked with wood, reed, or bone stems. 
Though these pipes are evidently of Indian origin 
and finished with unusual skill their form appears 
to the writer to be due to white influences, as the 


pipes themselves are quite modern, though there Fig. 203. 
has been no effort to polish them. ANGULAR PIPE. 
Among the many pipes of the U. S. National Arizona. 


Cat. No. 17231, U.S.N.M. 
Collected by J. W. Powell. 


Museum and in other great collections there are 
occasionally encountered specimens which it is 
difficult to classify, owing to some peculiarity of material or of treat- 
ment, though the occurrence is so rare as to argue in favor of the cor- 
rectness of the unity of given types, especially when they are found 
to occur with scarcely an exception in contiguous geographical areas. 
It may be due in a measure to the fact of other pipes of a distinctive char- 
acter not having yet been discovered in sufficient quantities to enable 
the type to be well recognized, or it may well be and 
probably is to a great extent due to the fancy of their 
makers desiring to vary a prevailing type, or they 
were made by white people for sale to the Indians. 
That pipes of a given area should on occasion be 
found far from their natural home should not be sur- 
prising, when it is considered how great were the 
distances traveled at times by the Indians on hunting 
or war parties. Smith, in 1608, found articles of 
European manufacture in possession of the Susque- 
hannocks, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, which had 


Fig. 204. probably been obtained from the French on the St. 
ANGULAR PIPE. Lawrence; and the French, in descending the Mis- 
peer ish. sissippi, found the natives in possession of objects 

Cat. No. 14335, U.S.N.M. . * - Z 
Collected by J. W. Powell. which had found their way over the mountains from 


the English along the seaboard, and heard from the 

natives also of the Spanish in the Southwest. The resemblance of 

natural objects of stone or wood to animal forms may possibly account 
for certain pipes having unusual shapes. 

Fig. 205, from Chautauqua County, New York, collected by Mr. O. 

Edson, is quite a remarkable example of concretion of serpentine some- 


602 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


what weatherworn, which greatly resembles a bird upon a perch, yet 
it has on it four shallow depressions made by a solid drill point and 
along the side of the base a slight groove ground into the stone, slightly 
smoothed, which constitutes every particle of artificial work on the 
whole specimen, all of which could not have required one hour’s time. 
The object is 5 inches long and 34 inches high, with a width of 13 
inches. The body appears like that of a bird, is well formed, and of so 
distinct a character as to have suggested to many persons that a 
parrot was here represented, and the drill marks and grinding tool 
have been brought into play to heighten the resemblance. The pipes 
herein referred to as not properly belonging to any type described 
may upon further investigation be assigned to some one or other of 
the dozen or more figured, or may be found to belong to types of 
which there are examples in collections with which the writer is 
not familiar. They may be very ancient or possibly quite modern. 
It should be remembered, however, 
that among the American pipes arch- 
ceologists as arule are prone to attach 
to them too great an antiquity, and 
consequently few pipes are described 
as belonging to the historic Indian. 
Mr. M. C. Read says that “near Wil- 
loughby, in Lake County, Ohio, is a 
site of an Indian village which has 
furnished a great variety of relics. A 
very interesting and instructive collec- 
tion of pipes finished and unfinished 
was made from this locality and is 
now in the Metropolitan Museum in 
Central Park, New York. These show that water-worn pebbles were 
selected, exhibiting slightly an animal form, which the pipe maker 
picked into a more perfect animal shape, without much apparent design 
of imitating any particular species. These were the work of modern 
Indians and were greatly inferior to the specimens obtained from the 
mounds.” ! 

Prof. Daniel Wilson sees matter worthy of note in the supposed corre- 
spondence between the ancient Peruvian tobacco mortars and the stone 
pipe of the mound builders, with their imitations of birds of the southern 
continent.” 

Like resemblances may be observed between many objects from the 
southern and northern continents, though that there was relationship 
between them, especially in the pipes, will not be conceded at the pres- 
ent day, for there is no single instance in which a southern bird or 
ga has been recognized upon a mound pipe, nor, so far as the writer 


NATURAL FORM. 


Chautauqua County, New York. 
Cat. No, 22167, U.S.N.M. Collected by O, Edson. 


: ay ai Eoteae of Ohio. p. 51, Clevel: ne 
? Prehistoric Man, I, p. 381, London, 1876. 


EE ————=— 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 605 


ean learn, did the Peruvians or other South Americans ever use the 
pipe prior to the coming of the Europeans. 

Squier and Davis illustrate, however, a pipe apparently of the char- 
acter of that illustrated by De Bry, which was found in a mound in 
South Carolina.'! 

A somewhat similar specimen is figured by Thruston as coming from 
the stone graves of Tennessee.’ 


SOUTHERN TYPES. 


These pipes, however, differ greatly from those found by Mr. Clarence 

B. Moore in his extensive and very careful explorations made in Florida, 
in its mounds, which were commonly of the type having large bowls 
and stems, such as have been herein referred to. One of these, found 
in Grant mound, had a small ornament of sheet copper fastened by an 
encircling cord beneath the margin of the bowl facing the smoker which 
crumbled into dust upon exposure to the air,’ and it is believed that the 
true Florida pipe will be found to 
belong to the large bowl and stem 
type, of which Mr. Moore has found 
a number, both of stone and of 
earthenware. In the Steiner collec- 
tion, in the U.S. National Museum, 
there is an interesting pipe of stone << 
from the Etowah mound in Bartow Fig. 206. 
County, Georgia, the stem of which cae eme at Oascgesc iris an oro raed 
is broken off and upon which there 
is carved a grotesque figure facing 
the bowl, of which it is difficult to say whether the workman designing 
it intended it to represent a man or a monkey. 

Prof. Cyrus Thomas illustrates a pipe from Hollywood mound, in 
Richmond County, Georgia, representing, he claims, the head of an 
owl, though he found in the same mound, 6 feet below the surface, a 
fragment of blue porcelain, upon the surface of which there is the well- 
recognized head of a milch cow.* 

This pipe, however, has the band upon it so commonly noticed 
among the pipes of North Carolina and Georgia. One of the most 
remarkable pipes which has come under the writer’s notice is that 
referred to in a private letter of Col. Bennett H. Young, of Louisville, 
Kentucky, the stem of which was covered with mica. “Very thin 
flakes were used in this ancient electroplating and by some kind of 
glue known to these people, the mica being rolled around the stem of 
the pipe and put on very artistically and in such manner that the chem- 


Howard County, Missouri. 
Cat. No. 62080, U.S.N.M. Collected by C. T. Turner. 


‘Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 195, fig. 80. 

“Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 180, fig. 78, Cincinnati, 1890. 

’Certain River Mounds of Duval County, Florida, p. 36, fig. 28. 

‘Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 326, fig. 205. 


604 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ical changes in the soil of at least five hundred years had not disturbed 
it in the least.” $4 

Colonel Young thinks that, in Kentucky, pipes of stone antedate 
and are more numerous than clay pipes, the typical shapes of which 
are of animals, now and then birds, paroquettes being more numerous 
than other birds. Among the minerals employed in pipe manufac- 
ture he mentions oolitic limestone, 
gray limestone, bastard granite, slate, 
and frequently catlinite. Figures,he 
says, not always, but generally, face 
the smoker. The stems were of clay 
and also ofreed. One pipe from Rich- 
mond, Madison County, Kentucky, 
hllislstiltebed dig Wee was made from coral. In western 

Fig. 207. Kentucky, on the Kentucky and 
x angeeiia ys peace tec) Cumberland rivers, clay was always 
used, but pottery pipes are rare after 
passing Barren River, going east. 
Mr. Gates P. Thruston illustrates a type pipe from the stone graves 
of Tennessee, which is closely allied to these pipes, the bowls of which 
are clasped in a person’s arms; the peculiarity of one is that the 
head of the figure is attached to the pipe bowl and in front of it, 
the arms being represented with the open hands pressing against 
the breast; the legs are drawn up the bowl, projecting from the back.! 

A fine-grained, small, calcareous brownstone pipe from Howard 
County, Missouri (fig. 206), collected 
by Mr. C. T. Turner, is only 2 inches 
long, has a square stem, and is a 
well-finished little specimen. On 
the side of the bowl away from the ° 
smoker a quaint human face has 
been cut by incisions to represent 
face, eyes, and nose, and from the 
top of the incision forming the face 
a number of gracefully curved lines 
arise, as though intended to repre- Fig. 208. 
sent plumes. While the bowl appears CHEROKEE POTTERY PIPE. 
unique, its stem would indicate that A%" Crene ® Miva ee eee mounne a a 
it belonged to the Cherokee type. 

One of the most artistically symmetrical stone pipes of the U. 8S. 
National Museum collection (fig. 207) is from Bradley County, Tennessee, 
collected by Mr. J. P. Rogan, and is 3 inches long. The man’s face is 
well executed, facing from the smoker, and appears to represent an 
Indian, upon whose face there are five gashes on the left cheek, as though 
intended to represent paint marks. The ear stands well out, and at the 


Bradley County, Tennessee. 
Cat. No. 131619, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. P. Rogan. 


!Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 180, fig. 80. 


aubrey 


eral 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 605 


back of the head the hair is plaited ina queue and attached to the stem 
so as to form a space between the queue and the head, by which a string 
could be attached, if desired. The mouth and teeth are both prominent. 
The treatment of the head is unique, though the band on the stem 
appears to connect the pipe with those found in North Carolina, Georgia, 
and Tennessee, and shows in what varieties these pipes are at times 
found. The material from which it is made is a compact stalagmite. 

Fig. 208, from a Georgia mound, shows in pottery identical treatment 
with the preceding figure from Tennessee, though the treatment of the 
head is certainly very highly conventionalized and the queue and rim 
of the bowl, as well as the face marks, whether paint or tattoo, and the 
teeth would hardly be recognized were it not for the Tennessee stone 
specimens furnishing a guide with which the Georgia pipe may be 
compared. Infact the analogy in pipes from 
Georgia and Tennessee is often observed. 

Squier and Davis figure a clay pipe found 
opposite the mouth of the Hocking River, in 
Virginia, ‘‘ where there are abundant traces 
of an ancient people in the form of embank- 
ments, mounds, ete.,”' which represents a 
head of a person whose hair appears to be 
done up more in the manner of the whites 
than that of the natives, and Jones also fig- 
ures one form which has the band upon the 
stem.” 


SOME UNIQUE TYPES. 


Fig. 209. 
Fig. 209 is a dark-green speckled serpen- STONE PIPE. 
tine pipe 24 inches in greatest diameter, with Jackson County, Missouri. 


Cat. No, 174014, U.S.N.M. 
Collected by James Rodman. 


a width of 14 inches, being a surface find from 
Jackson County, Missouri, and collected by 
Dr. James Rodman, of Kentucky. It is of an attractive green and 
white color, having been smoothed with unusual care, the outer surface 
having all tool marks obliterated. The bowl and stem openings, each 
of five-eighths of an inch in uniform diameter to their point of intersec- 
tion in the center of the specimen, have been bored by means of a metal 
tubular drill. In shape, material, and character of finish this pipe is 
unique. 

A very remarkable instance of the distance which Indians will 
carry material is noted by Dr. Daniel Wilson. ‘‘Dr. Kane,” he says, 
“informed me that in coming down the Athabasca River, when near 
its source in the Rocky Mountains, he observed his Assinaboine 
guides select the favorite bluish jasper from among the water-worn 
stones in the bed of the river to carry home for the purpose of pipe 
manufacture, although they were then fully 500 miles from their 


' Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, p. 194, fig. 77. 
* Antiquities of the Southern Indians, plate xx1v, fig. 3. 


606 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


lodges,”! the reference to jasper being used for pipe making is probably 
erroneous. The stone referred to was more likely a serpentine. The 
difficulty of boring jasper would be very great without corundum or 
sand of similar hardness, and when drilled its hardness would probably 
cause it to break from heating,on being smoked. In the several 
thousand pipes in the U.S. National Museum 
collections the writer does not recall having en- 
countered a single one of jasper, nor does he 
recall such a one being elsewhere described. 
This pipe of wood from Rhode Island (fig. 
210), collected by Mr. George Gibbs, is artisti- 
cally finished, being artistically carved in the 
round with more than ordinary skill. It is 3 
inches long, 4 inches high, with a width of 13 
inches. ‘To prevent the bowl, which appears to 
be made of laurel or briar root, from burning 
etic eaths eigenen out, it has been lined with lead, which has 
Rhode Island. been built up to prevent the bowl from burning 
Cat. No. 10080, US.N.M, Collected by through. This lead has been subsequently 
eee rubbed down so as to make a uniform surface. 
The figure is nude, represented as though sitting with one leg on 
each side of the stem, the elbows on the knees, and the head resting 
in the hands, as though the individual were in a brown study. While 
anatomically this figure may be open to criticism, the pose is decidedly 
graceful and the manipulation or tool work far from that of a novice. 
Mr. David Boyle has figured two 
most interesting stone pipes found 
in Ontario, which are nearly 5 and 
3 inches long, respectively, one 
made of a limestone and the other 
of a soapstone, the one from On- 
tario County and the other from 
Durham County, each of which is 
made in the shape of a turtle, exe- 
cuted with skill to the minutest 
detail of carving.’ 
Mr. Andrew E, Douglass has in San Salvador, Central America. 
his collection (fig. 211) a most inter- sitar ukbtogr eal ok: Aadeagae eaten 
esting and highly ornate portrait 
pipe, which is said to have been found deep in a mine in San Salvador, 
Central America, which is of the most unique character in the writer’s 
experience, it being made from a dark-blue or gray slate, similar to that 
worked on Queen Charlottes Island, in the Pacific. There are upon the 


Fig. 210. 


Fig. 211. 
PORTRAIT PIPE. 


' Prehistoric Man, I, p. 391, London, 1876. 
2 Appendix to the Annual Report of the Minister of Education of Ontario, 1896-97, 
pp. 52, 53. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 607 


bowl three human faces, none of which face the smoker, those on the 
sides strongly resembling masks. The pipe is 45 inches long, with a 
height of 2 inches. On the underside of the stem there is a scroll-like 
handle, carved from the stone, slightly curved and rolling at each 
end, where it is attached to the stem, while around the end of 
the stem itself there is a band such as is often encountered on the 
Southern Atlantic coast of the United States, but unknown on the 
Pacific in the writer’s experience. This seroll-like handle is carved by 
one familiar with heavy metal and was said to be found 14 feet from the 
surface of a mine worked at the time of the conquest.' The face of this 
pipe on the far side of the bowl has a mustache. The pipe has been 
bored by means of a pointed steel tool. The writer was also shown by 
Mr. Douglass a photograph of a somewhat similar pipe which is in the 
Christie collection of the British Museum, which is said to have come 
from British Columbia. Another of this character, having only one 
head upon it, has a beard on the 
face, and is said to come from 
Pembina Red River of the North. 
These several specimens come 
from widely separate areas, 
though it appears to the writer 
that all of them originally 
started from the blue slate quar- 
ries out of which the Indians of 
Queen Charlottes Islands work 
so many really beautiful ob- 
jects. Just as the natives 
of the northwestern coast of Leet 

America at the present day Cat. No. 45587, U.S.N.M. Collected by H. T., Woodman, 
work pipes into many grotesque 

forms for the purpose of attracting the white man’s faney and conse- 
quently his money, so the writer imagines that the early European on 
the continent, along the Atlantic coast and the interior rivers and lakes, 
carved of the steatites and chlorites and indurated clays pipes of a 
character for which the Indian would pay the largest price in furs, and 
eventually traded to the Indian tools of hard metal fit to saw and 
scrape the softer stones suitable for tobacco pipes, a practice which the 
Indian himself would follow, and we know from more than one source 
that he did imitate the white man’s design. 

Fig. 212 is a rectangular pipe made of a dark-green serpentine. It is 
34 inches long by 2} inches in height, found in Indiana, collected by 
Mr. H.T. Woodman. It is smoothed over its whole surface and orna- 
mented by a double row of small holes bored into the bowl near the top 
and has a slight incision around the exterior of the rim encircling 
the bowl. This specimen is sufficiently distinct from other specimens 
to entitle it to a place by itself, though its age is probably recent. 


aL 
< 
HS 


» 
SS 


Fig. 212. 
RECTANGULAR STONE PIPE. 


) American Antiquarian, November, 1889, p. 349. 


608 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ATLANTIC COAST PIPES. 


A most interesting type of pipe is found in the shell heaps south of 
the Hudson, certainly as far as Maryland, and perhaps yet farther, 
which appear related to certain types found in North Carolina, Georgia, 
and Tennessee, through a territory which at the first advent of the 
whites appears to have been inhabited by Algonquin, Siouan, and 
Iroquoian tribes, a more critical study of which will possibly connect 
them with pipes of the St. Lawrence River regions, especially those 
pipes with flaring bowls resembling brass hunting horns. There is an 
almost insurmountable difficulty in the study of any primitive handi- 
work of the American Indians, owing to the meager records preserved 
by those who came in first contact with them. From historical data 
there is room to suspect that many expeditions had reached the shores 
of what is now the United States and Canada between the years 1535 
and 1630 of which we have no records. The extent of their trade may 
possibly not have been far from the sight of the ocean, though from 
the first arrival of the colonists, Spanish, French, English, Dutch, or 
Swede, the trapper and trader sought the wilderness for skins. Of 
these expeditions little is known, for none of them, if successful, would 
inform his acquaintance of the rich fields of sport or trade, but saved 
his knowledge for future profit to himself. Throughout the early 
period the most bloodthirsty feuds were engendered between the tribes 
by French, Spanish, and English in their efforts to retain the trade of 
a tribe, or confederacy, or to divert it from their rivals. The proximity 
of the Atlantic coast to the tribes west of the Alleghenies was offset by 
the water transportation and short carries of the French from the St. 
Lawrence, who did not hesitate, it has been said, to publish false maps 
of the interior for the purpose of misleading the English. Lawson 
Says in 1700, and with full knowledge of the conditions then existing, 
‘? Tis a great misfortune that most of our travelers, who go to this vast 
continent in America, are persons of the meaner sort, and generally, of 
a very slender education; who being hired by the merchants to trade 
amongst the Indians, in which voyages they often spend several years, 
are yet, at their return incapable of giving any reasonable account 
of what they met withal in those remote parts; though the country 
abounds with curiosities worthy of a nice observation.”! 

Notwithstanding many interesting papers of those who imagine they 
observe evidences in implements made by the American Indian indi- 
cating left-handedness, Lawson observes of them, “ When they cut with 
a knife the edge is toward them, whereas, we always cut and whittle 
from us. Nor did I ever see one of them left-handed.” ” 


‘John Lawson, The History of Carolina, Preface, p. v, London, 1714, reprint, 
Raleigh, 160. 
2Tdem, p. 330. 


PO 0 hed eA Aare ee ee eee ee de Sc 


PY RN Tee SEP er ar 


re Pa 


J. W. Emmert, has a uniformly smooth 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 609 


We may imagine the process of drilling these long stemmed pipes, if 
made by the natives, by what this writer says of their using the straight 
shaft as a boring foal in perforating shells. Thus,” he says, ‘‘ they roll 
continually on their thighs with their right hand, holding the bit of 
shell with their left, so in time they drill a hole quite through it, 
which is very tedious work; but especially in making their Ronoak, four 
of which will scarce make one length of ee the work was per- 


formed with a nail stuck in a cane or reed. 


He further says of their work: ‘“*At spare hours the women make bas- 
kets and mats to lie upon, and those that are not extraordinary hunters 
make bowls, dishes, and spoons of gum wood and the tulip tree; others, 
when they find a vein of white clay fit for their purpose, make tobacco 
pipes, all which are often transported to other Indians that perhaps 
have greater plenty of deer and game; so they buy with these manu- 
factures the raw skins, which they dress 
afterwards.” ” 

An almost black chlorite pipe (fig. 
213), 34 inches long, from Monroe 
County, Tennessee, collected by Mr. 


surface. The walls of both bowl and SAN 
stem are each extremely thin, scarcely Fig. 218. 
more than one-sixteenth of an inch; the BoP iiste eee 
stem hole has a conoidal opening de- 
creasing in the 2 inches of its length 
from one-half to one-fourth of an inch in diameter. There are several 
pipes in the U. S. National Museum collection of this character from 
the Lenoir burial place in North Carolina, the perforations in the bowls 
and stems of which appear to indicate the use of metal tools. A pipe 
of this character was found in a mound on New River, southwestern 
Virginia, by Mr. H. H. Flanagan. It is made of pottery, which has 
upon its surface those small indentations, or mill marks, noticeable on 
the English molded trade pipe. These indentations show, however, 
that they have been incised since the baking of the pipe and conse- 
quent hardening of the clay. 

A stone pipe, having all the characteristics-of the English pipes of 
commerce, made from a material of light-brown color, was recently 
found on the Potomac River, near Shepherdstown, by Mr. Newton D. 
Sprecher. Thesame type is also found in the Lenoir burial place, made 
of a hard-burned black pottery. 

Fig. 214, collected by Mr. John P. Rogan, is a pottery pipe, 4 inches 
long, decreasing in size from the bow] to the end of the stem. There 
is no indication of any wear caused by the teeth. The openings of the 
stems of wns of this character are of a size indicating that they were 


Monroe County, Tennessee. 
Cat. No. 115546, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Emmert. 


1 John Lawson, The History of Carolina, p. 316, London, 1714, a Raleigh, 1860. 
2Tdem, p. 338, 1860. 
NAT MUS 97——39 


610 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


smoked with a stem of different material, the stem opening decreasing 
from the orifice, as is noted in the tubular pipes from California, which 
had short bird-bone stems held in with asphaltum. Were these pipes 
smoked without other stems it is probable there would be indications 
of the wear of the teeth, as is at 
times noticed in the old English 
pipes, the stems of which are often 
worn through by the smoker’s 
teeth, though Indian pipes seldom 
ee ANS oe show such wear. This form is 

Fig. 214. said by Dr. Abbott to be also 
ATLANTIC COAST PIPE. found in New Jersey.! 

A pipe of pottery from Fort 
Defiance, the Lenoir burial place, 
North Carolina, collected by Mr. J. P. Rogan (fig. 215), has no tempering 
material mixed with the clay from which it is made, a very noticeable 
occurrence in this type of pipes, aud it is a matter deserving of partic- 
ular attention to see if other objects 
were made of such earthenware. 
The bowl of this pipe, which flares 
out more than any of the preceding 
specimens, has walls at least one- 
fourth of an inch thick. This pipe 
is quite rude in its finish, the marks 
of the tools with which it was made Caldwell Cotmty ayuein Caroline 
being still perfectly distinct, the Cat. No, 83043, U.S.NM. Collected by J. P, Rogan. 
specimen being in outline not dis- 
tantly related either to the tubular pipe or to the pipes used by the 
English in trade. 

Fig. 216, of steatite, was found in a mound in Caldwell County, North 
Carolina, and was collected by Mr. J. P. Rogan. Its color isa light pink, 
the specimen being smoothed 
over its wholesurface. The stone 
of which this pipe is made is ex- 
tremely soft, and had it been held 
between the teeth of the smoker 

canal it is scarcely possibie that there 

cae aa would not be marks on its stem, 

BO Sia s: which, however, is perfectly 

Caldwell County, North Carolina. ie a . 

Casiec hela BMS’ Gollaede ae Gaaee smooth. The characteristics of 

this specimen are similar to those 

of pottery pipes, even in the thinness of the walls of both bowl and 

stem, which are scarcely if at all in excess of a sixteenth of an inch 
thick. 

A soft gray steatite pipe (fig. 217) from a mound in Monroe County, 


Lenoir, Caldwell County, North Carolina. 
Cat. No, 82839, U.S.N.M. Collected by John P. Rogan. 


Ree 
Fig. 215. 


ATLANTIC COAST PIPE. 


10. C. Abbott, Stone Age in New Jersey, p. 342, Smithsonian Report, 1875. 


ee wr) eer 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 611 


North Carolina, collected by Prof. W. C. Kerr, of Raleigh. Itis 64 inches 
long, worked out with unusual skill, there being embossed on the bowl 
three circular decorations or eyes, the interiors of which are covered by 
a network of straight lines crossing each other at different angles, a 
fourth eye being in the form of a parallelogram with a number of cir- 
cles, one inside the other. Running up the bowl from the stem there 
is a tongue shaped decoration which connects this specimen with pipes 
of theother forms from 
the same area. The 
stem at its juncture 
with the bowl is not 
more than five-eighths 
of an inch in diame- 
ter, and is covered its 
entire length with en- 
circling lines about 
half inch apart, be- 
tween which are incised ornamental lines running from one circling 
line to the other in graceful manner. 

This type is at times found in the shell heaps of Maryland, made 
from a bright red or pink pottery of homogeneous texture, which 
is ornamented in a somewhat similar manner, one of which, resem- 
bling the trade pipe, was found on the surface in Wicomico County 
and is now in the collection of the Maryland Academy of Sciences in 
Baltimore. 

There is in the collection of the University of Pennsylvania a most 
ornate bright red clay pipe having four groups of crossed lines in sepa- 
rate panels; along the outside of each panel, running up and down the 
bowl, are a series of dots, all of which at first glance would pass for 
imitations of the 
cord marks so com- 
monly secn on In- 
dian pottery. The 
exact regularity of 
these dots, two at 
the side of each line 
of the panel, cause 
Mr. Stewart Culin 
to suggest that these panels are intended to be employed after the man- 
ner of the wampum belt, which appears to the writer to be possible. 

A dark red, almost purple, specimen (fig. 218) of chlorite was found 
in a mound in Caldwell County, North Carolina, collected by Mr. J. P. 
Rogan. This delicately finished pipe is 11 inches long and from the 
base of the stem to the top of the bowl is scarcely 1? inches in height, 
with a diameter across the exterior of the bowl of 13 inches; the stem 
is 94 inches and has a diameter at its juneture with the bowl very 


ATLANTIC COAST PIPE. 


Monroe County, North Carolina. 
Cat. No, 19664, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. C, Kerr. 


ATLANTIC COAST PIPE. 


Caldwell County, North Carolina. 
Cat. No. 82835, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. P. Rogan. 


612 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


slightly in excess of half an inch, which gradually decreases to one- 
fourth of an inch at the point, the whole stem being bored by means of 
a solid drill. The bowl has a flaring rim, and at the base of the stem a 
tongue is worked out of the stone in low relief on the bowl, reaching 
two-thirds of the way to the top as though made in imitation of a 
similar specimen of metal. 

Though the tool marks are carefully obliterated from the stem, there 
is visible on the bow! a number of fine, straight, parallel lines, which 
suggest the probable use of a metal file. When the length of this pipe 
is considered it will readily be perceived how delicate was the manipu- 
lation of the tool not to break the stem in boring it. The length and 
delicacy of the stem would suggest that such an implement would be 
owned by individuals having sedentary habits, for otherwise its length 
of stem would make it hable to break in being carried from point to 
point. On this pipe, as has so often been observed of others, the mark 
of the teeth is not noticeable. 

The writer’s attention has been called to two pipes in the Essex 


ATLANTIC COAST PIPE. 


Essex County, Massachusetts. 
Peabody Academy of Sciences. 


County collection of the Peabody Academy of Science, in Salem, 
Massachusetts, very much of the character of the last figure, except, 
possibly, that the edge of the bow] does not flare out in so pronounced 
amanner. These pipes are about 6 inches long, are made of soapstone, 
and were found in Indian graves, which, from their great similarity to 
the southern specimens of the same type (fig. 219), the writer would 
be inclined to consider of a date subsequent to English settlement in 
the country. 
SOUTHERN MOUND PIPES. 


Fig. 220 is a dark green serpentine pipe, from Monroe County, Ten- 
nessee, collected by Mr. J. W. Emmert, which, because of the difference 
in the size of its stem opening and the enlarged band on the end of the 
stem, necessitates its being placed in a separate class, though the tongue- 
like appearance on the bow! shows it to be related to the pipes which 
we have described with similar decoration. Such pipes are evidently 
intended to be smoked by means of separate stems, and while the tongue 
would indicate a metal prototype. the band or enlargement of the stem 
would suggest it was copied from a plastic model. Pipes of this type 


bE A BR ts Ree aR 


1 as See Ree en 


ae 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 613 


are substantially made, and their surfaces are carefully ground, this 
specimen being 3 inches long. 

Fig. 221 is a dark green chlorite pipe collected by Mr. J. W. Emmert 
in Loudon County, Tennessee. It retains the type characteristics of 
tongue and band, and in addition there is a disk 
carved in relief on the base of the bowl, which is 
almost convincing that it is in imitation of a copper 
or other metal original, as the embossed disks on many 
of these pipes are identical with hammered metal, 
which is not unlike very similar fig- 
ures observed on sheet copper found 
in mounds by Mr. Clarence B. Moore 
on the St. Johns River, Florida. 


Fig. 220. In the Douglass collection there are 


SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. a number of pipes of 

Monrve County, Tennessee. this type, oneof which 

“ey ego beta has an eye-like figure 

cut into the bowl. They are made of steatite, one of 
which, 14 inches long, was found in Sevier County, 
Tennessee. This type is also found 
in the Etowah Mound, Bartow 
County, Georgia, and other speci- 
mens in the U.S. National Museum 


‘ 

Ny 
Ss Jy) 
Pi }y 


have been found in other parts of Fig. 221. 
these States and in South Caro- SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 
lina. On the last pipe figured the London County, Tennessee. 


ola sh Sa lac Lh a eNO ial Ak a al ttl 


Cat. No. 116009, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Emmert. 


file mark appears again in evidence. 
The embossed circles vary in number from two to ten or more, and 
the specimens of this type from the Lenoir burial place in North Caro- 
lina and those from Loudon County, Tennessee, leave little room to 
doubt that both come from 
the same quarry. 

Fig. 222 is a chlorite pipe 
from Toco Mound, Monroe 
County, Tennessee, col- 
lected by Mr. J. W. Em- 
mert. It is 5 inches long 
and 12 inches high, and 

Sue gor ace at has six of the embossed 

ee aly digits upon tha bowl... The 

usual band on the stem, 

however, is absent; nor are there on this specimen any file marks dis- 
tinguishable. 

Fig. 223 is a heavy, large-bowled, dark green pipe of steatite from 

Ashe County, North Carolina, which was collected by Mr. W. C. 


‘Clarence B. Moore, Certain Sand Mounds on St. Johns River, Florida, pp. 140, 141, 


614 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Jirdonston, and, though the type characteristics are accurate in a 
measure, the specimen has an extremely modern appearance, file marks 
being quite distinguishable over the entire surface. The bowl is care- 
fully bored to a depth of 1,8; inches, with an opening 14 inches and of 
uniform diameter. Even the band on 
the stem has here become percepti- 


Yo bly modified. 

Yj Fig. 224 is a diminutive chlorite pipe 

from Caldwell County, North Carolina, 

UY collected by Mr. J.P. Rogan in the R.'T. 
Ga Lenoir burial place. It has a length 


of 13 inches, with a height of an inch, 
and is in every way a symmetrical, 
though diminutive, specimen. The em- 
bossed eyes, while as distinct and in as 
ccna ee ie high relief from the general surface as 
are the others, are so ground as to 
WaNOCRRES He ene leave them in separate groups of three 
Cat. No. 98608, U.S.N.M, Collected by W. C. Jirdonstm, ON a Side, They are so rounded down 
to the surrounding surface by friction 
on the side of the disks as graduaily to lose their identity on their edges. 
In general characteristics fig. 225 is true to the type—though it is 
made of pottery—and was found in the Lenoir burial place, Caldwell 
County, North Carolina, by Mr. J. P. Rogan. It is 2 inches long. 
The clay appears to be mixed with a large proportion of mica for tem- 
pering. There are three disks in this instance on a side, while over the 
stem where it joins the bowl there is an enlargement, but neither band 
nor tongue. The similarities in the embossed circles on this pipe and 
those made of stone are most striking and unmistakable. The rim of 
the bowl is more pronounced than in any 
of the stone specimens, and into its outer 
edge eight notches are cut at intervals. 
There is in the Douglass collection a pot- 
tery pipe of this type from Mazeppa, Geor- 
gia, upon the stem of which appears the 
band, which, as observed in the figures 
illustrated, is not a constant occurrence, 


Oy 


—— 
SSS 


SS 
<= 
Ss. 

= ee 


Fig. 223. 


SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 


SSS 


SSS 
SSS 


SS 
S = 


though quite common in this type. Fig. 224. 
Mr. Clarence B. Moore, in his recent ex- SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 


ploration on the Georgia coast, illustrates Caldwell County, North Carolina. 
an earthenware pipe (fig. 226) with the stem =“ *°"") UAytay Somers 
band, upon the bowl of which are a number 

of these disks with flattened peripheries in high relief, and from a point 
just below the rim of the bow] to the stem there is a loop of pottery, as 


in the Tennessee specimen figured, which appears to connect the two.’ 


| Certain Aboriginal Mounds on the Georgia Coast, fig. 21, Philadelphia, 1897. 


oe 


a) ae 


Salesian 


aT ee 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 615 


A plain bowl pipe from Tennessee, with quite a short stem, in the 
Douglass collection, has a similar loop. 

Fig. 227, also a pottery specimen, from the Etowah Mound, Bartow 
County, Georgia, collected by Dr. Roland Steiner, is made from a brick- 
red pottery, apparently containing no tempering. The type is the 
same always, though in this specimen 
the disks are very pronounced and the 
edge of the bowlis flared; encircling the 
bowl are a row of six of these knobs with 
rounded surfaces, below which are four 
others. The stem is partly broken, 
though enough remains to show that it 
flared, as does the bowl. 

Fig. 228 is also of pottery, found by 
Mr. J. P. Rogan in Bradley County, Ten- 
nessee. There is a difference between 
this pipe and the others, though bowl 
and stem hold relative proportions in 
conformity to the type; the pottery is red 
and the bowl flares somewhat, though 
the stem is shorter than is usually the 
case, the bottom of the bowl resembling the curve of the human knee. 

Fig. 229 is in many respects similar in its characteristics to this type. 
This pipe is from Loudon County, Tennessee, and is made from a light- 
red clay, with very little admixture of tempering material. The bowl 
has a pronounced flare, and the specimen is 3 inches long, the top of 
the bow] being 2 inches wide. <A peculiarity of the bowl of this pipe 
is that if is rectangular in its opening, as though a square plug had 
been driven into the clay while 
it was yet in its plastic con- 
dition. It was found by Mr. 
J. W. Emmert. 

Fig. 230 is made of an un- 
usually hard-burned pottery, 
which was found in the Eto- 
wah Mound, Bartow County, 
Georgia, being about 3 inches 
long. The resemblance to the 


iS 


SS 5 


<= 


2S 
SSS 


SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 


Caldwell County, North Carolina. 


Cat. No. 83048, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. P. Rogan. 


Fig.296. human leg in this figure is 
SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. striking, the knee bein gf 


After Clarence !’. Moore. a a Mounds on the Georgia slightly bent, the thigh form- 
ing the bowl, as the lower 

part of the leg does the stem, and above and below the supposed knee 
are a number of incised lines. As in the tubular pipe from the ruin of 
Sikyatki, New Mexico, bowl and stem each flare gradually. A pipe of 
similar form was found in the Lenoir burial place, though without the 
incised lines, and is now in the collection of the U.S. National Museum. 


616 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


A very similar pipe to this one made of light clay found in Georgia 
is in the collection of the University of Pennsylvania. 

An elaborate artistic pottery pipe belonging to the Steiner collection 
is on deposit in the U.S. National Museum. Fig. 251 from the Etowah 
Mound in Bartow County, Georgia, is in quite a fragmentary condition, 
as both bowl and stem are badly broken, 
yet sufficient remains to leave no doubt of 
its belonging to the type under discus- 
sion. The bowl is formed at the neck of 
a long-billed bird and is of the ordinary 
Indian pot form, excepting the prolonga- 
tion of the upper rim when it reenforces 
the bird’s beak; there are encircling the 
bow] two rows of square pyramidal facets, 
one above the other; the bird’s eye is 
neatly incised, the 

Hidwak Sound Bareeecomise curve of the head be- 
Georgia. ing distinct and the 

Steiner collection. Sere in U. S. National opening of the beak 
being represented by 

a straight line cut into the pottery, the whole hav- 
ing a pleasing individuality and representing an 
originality contrasting strongly with ordinary In- 
dian art, though somewhat similar to pipes found ec 
in Cayuga County, New York. Fig. 228. | 
| 


SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 


Another specimen from = SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 

the Etowah. Mound inthe, - re“ey Connty, Zenmcsse= 
“Steiner collection (fig. ee etd Pan | a . 
232) shows a different | 
treatment of both the bowl and the bird’s — 
beak, the specimen being made of a light yel- — 
low pottery. The flaring sides of the rim of 
the bowl, as well as the whole 
form of the same, is strikingly 
similar to the vessels held 
clasped in the arms of human 
figures, a pottery specimen of 
Fig. 229. which was found in this mound, — 
Le Se care and another in Tennessee. | 
raeh ame ache reas We The beak here is opened, in — 


SLA IPSSISSIIP PIAL yy te, hy Z. 
LL sided es pos iets 


Cat. No. 6762, U.S.N.M. Collected by J, W. E:mmert. ‘ i 
which the bowl is modeled, 


the eye being smaller, though ineised in a similar manner to that of 
the last figure; the band of the stem has more of a bead-like exterior 
than with any of the other pipes of this type. | 


A typieal pipe of this kind made also of pottery from Loud6n County, 
- Tennessee, collected by Mr. J. W. Emmert (fig. 233), shows the bird’s 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 617 


beak holding a plain bowl of the Indian form, the eye being repre- 
sented by a rounded depression cut into the earthenware on either side 
of the head. Were it not for the other specimens figured, one might 
claim that the bird was not distinguishable as a definite ornamenta- 
tion. A noticeable departure from the beak characteristics of this 


2 

2 fl 

- Wy) 
Hn 


= UT 
YL VEDA 


WEE 


Fig. 230. Fig. 231. 
SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 
Etowah Mound, Bartow County, Georgia. Etowah Mound, Bartow County, Georgia. 
Steiner collection. Deposited in U.S. National Museum. Steiner collection. Deposited in U.S. National Museum 


type appears in an oblong depression at the base of the bow! under its 
stem where the pottery is cut out one-half the thickness of the same, 
and would be inexplicable were it not for a specimen from Camden 
County, Georgia. The only other treatment of the figures of clay pipes 
in any way approaching or resembling these birds with distended jaws, 
or with the closed beak, is in the pipe from Cayuga County, New York, 


A 


Kiss ~ 
Fig. 232. 
SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE, 
Etowah Mound, Bartow County, Georgia. Loudon County, Tennessee. 
Steiner collection. Deposited in U.S. National Museum, Cat. No. 6822, U.S.N.M. Collected by J. W. Emmert. 


of the Iroquoian type, where the bird’s beak extends far above the rim 
of the bowl, the bowl itself apparently being the pouch of the bird. 
While the treatment of the northern and the southern pipes is so dis- 
similar, there appears to the writer to be sufficient analogy to attribute 
a like artistic development to the persons making the one and the other. 


618 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 234 represents a pipe from Camden County, Georgia, collected 
by Mr. G. R. Floyd. It belongs also to the type we have been dis- 
cussing, though it presents an entirely new art concept. The specimen 
is of pottery; the bowl with its flaring rim is severe in its simplicity, 
the band on the stem remaining constant through most of the speci- 
mens of the type, though even this rule 
has its exceptions, and the bird’s beak 
has disappeared from the bowl, though 
it reappears in the depression in the base 
of the stem under the bowl, in which a 
pottery ball yet remains adhering as 
when first modeled, apparently establish- 
ing quite an interesting conventional 
treatment of the beak of abird. There is 
another specimen of this type from Har- 
din’s farm in Blount County, Tennessee, 
slightly larger than the pipe figured from 

settee wed iota) the U. S. National Museum collection. 

inden County Genes An extremely interesting specimen of 

Cat. No. 10008, US.N.M. Collected by G.R. Floyd. this type of pipe is that represented in 
fig. 235, which was collected by Mr. 

Clarence B. Moore during the winter of 1897-98, in a mound on the 
Savannah River. It, like most pipes of this type, is made of clay. 
Opinions will probably differ as to the creature intended to be rep- 
resented; looking at the side view, one could argue that a bird or 
frog was imitated, while 
regarding the face view, 
it looks like some inde- 
finible monster. The 
type, however, is dis- 
tinet, and the locality 
in which it was discov- 
ered is well within the 
geographical area of 
which pipes of this 
class are found. This 
specimen is the most 
elaborate and in many 


respects one of the most SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 
interesting pipes with Side and front view. 
After Clarence B. Moore. Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Savannah River, 


which the writer is 
acquainted. 

Fig. 236, from Loudon County, Tennessee, collected by Mr. J. W. 
Emmert, is made of a red pottery, without apparent tempering, and 
shows a somewhat different character of ornamentation in two serrated 
ridges, one running up in front of the bowl and the other from the 
stem up to the rim, while two serrated rows of ornamentation encircle 


Georgia, p. 170. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES 


the curved bowl, making 


AND SMOKING cuUsToms. 619 


a graceful whole. The bowls of pipes of this 


type vary from three-fourths of an inch to an inch in interior diameter, 
’ while the stem hole is ordinarily about three-eighths of an inch. 


A pottery pipe from Nacooche, Georgia, collected by wr. J. H. 


Nich- 
ols (fig. 257), is ornamented with cross fur- 
rows, leaving the whole surface of the bowl 
covered with low, rectangular pyramids, the 
short stem being left perfectly plain, whereas 
the band on the stem is higher than is com- 
monly the case, being shouldered on the inner 
side and rounded off to the stem opening, 
its periphery being serrated. This serrated 
stem band and the pyramidal ornaments 
all appear to have been cut out of the pot- 


Fig. 236. tery subsequent 
to its baking. 
Upon the rim of 
the bowl, with 
its back to the 
smoker, there is perched, gracefully, a 
dwarf-like bird form, the beak, eyes, ears, 
and tail of which are striking in their 
prominence; and while the resemblance 
in anatomical detail is but a caricature, 
one is forced almost to see an effort to 
shape a likeness to the little screech owl 
of our woods. As a whole, this pipe must 
be considered as highly specialized and 
exhibiting artistic merit. 

Fig. 238 is a pipe 
found in the inclosure 
adjoining the Etowah 
Mound, and is made 
of a well-burned dark 


SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 
Loudon County, Tennessee. 


Cat. No. 115958, U.S.N.M. 
J. W. Emmert. 


Collected by 


Fig. 238. 
MOUND TYPE OF MOLDED POTTERY PIPE. 


Etowah Mound, Georgia. 


Steiner collection. Deposited in U. S. National Museum. 


pottery. 
decorated with six leaves, three on 
either side of the bowl, connected at 
their base to a stem, and evidently 
representing the tobacco plant, the 
stem of the plant forming the mold 
mark, showing undoubted Europear 
manufacture. 


ne aes 
Na Coe r\ 
A 4 WW. WZ 
BSS } 


SOUTHERN MOUND PIPE. 
Nacooche, Georgia. 


Cat. No. 31569, U.S.N.M. 
J. H. Nichols. 


Collected by 


It is a most graceful pipe, 


The general principle 


involved in the technique of this 

pipe may yet be distinctly traced in pipes still made in Marseilles, 

France, and in Guda, Holland, upon the bases of which the tobacco 
) ) » up 


leaves and bird’s beak are grouped. 


These pipes show such artistic 


620 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. ~ 


merit, and those of stone and pottery are so similar, the stone speci- 
mens often showing the file mark, as to impress one with the belief 
that the art concept of the whole series is that of the whites, even 
though it should be contended that the manipulation were that of 
Indians. The resemblance surviving among French and Dutch pipes 
of the present day would appear to indicate French origin rather than 
Dutch, especially when the treatment of the Cayuga clay pipes having 
bird feeee are compared with the Southern specimens. If this sur- 
mise be correct, then these pipes would appear to be contemporaneous 
with the early French settlements in the Carolinas. 

The French family names of the Carolinas attest the nationality of 
its settlers in the colonial period. Twenty years prior to the advent of 
Raleigh, Laudonierre, in 1562, was sent by Admira] Coligny, under a 
patent of Charles LX, to make a settlement in America, Ribault having 
planted a colony of French at Port Royal Bay. These people were all 
massacred by the Spanish in 1565, though a few years later, in 1579, we 
find the French Huguenots and Walloons settling in the Dutch Repub- 
lic.' Many of them settled in Acadia, and because of the edict of 
Nantes others settled in Carolina, and still others, after a short resi- 
dence in Canada and New York, went south because of the climate 
being more like that of France.’ 

When Nova Scotia surrendered to the British after the treaty of 
Utrecht in 1763, many Acadians refused to take the oath of allegiance, 
and 1500 were at one time transported to Charleston, South Carolina. 

In the French colonies young women recruits were enrolled in France 
and came to people America,‘ just as the ‘‘redemptorists” were brought 
to America, and whose time was sold to reimburse the companies of 
shippers who imported them under contract to be paid back by their 
labor. 

The earliest colonists ‘‘exported furs and peltries, much of which was 
procured from the Indians, which gave rise to a brisk trade between 
them and the settlers in the way of barter.”? 

Anthony Park, one of the first settlers of the back country, who 
then lived in the Newberry district (1758), traveled a few hundred miles 
among the Indians west of the Allegheny Mountains. He found sev- 
eral white men, chiefly Irish or Scotch, who said they had lived as much 
as twenty years among the Indians, a few from forty to fifty, and one 
sixty years, who must have taken up his residence 400 miles west of 
Charleston before the close of the seventeenth century,® and these are 
the people who would naturally introduce ornamental pipes among the 
natives as articles of trade, having no source of ue other than the 
country afforded. 


‘Charles W. vient rie of Huguenot Emigration to America, I, p. 151, New York. 
*Tdeny, 15 pp. 1,10. 

3 David Ramsay, History of South Carolina, I, p. 15, Charleston, 1809. 

4M. Bossu, Nouveaux Voyages aux Indes Occidentales, I, p. 23, Paris, 1768. 

°’ David Ramsay, History of South Carolina, II, p. 2338. 

‘Idem, I, p. 208, note. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 621. 


Tobacco had a superstitious value, according to Dr. Everard, who in 
1659 said: “The devil was much afraid of it, as | was informed by one 
born in England of Spanish parentage.” ! 

Lawson, in his history of Carolina, says: ‘‘The women smoke tobacco; 
they have pipes whose heads are cut out of stone and will hold an 
ounce of tobacco and some much less.” ” 

The writer has seen a clay pipe from Georgia, the bowl of which 
would readily hold an ounce of tobacco. That the Steiner pipes, which 
were found in and near the Etowah Mound, Georgia, and those found 
in the Lenoir burial place, North Carolina, as well as certain specimens 
found elsewhere in Georgia and Tennessee, whether made of stone or 
pottery, were made by the same people there does not appear reason to 
doubt. From their striking résemblance to each other they must have a 
common origin. 

Gen. Gates P. Thruston, speaking of pipestems, says they are of 
uniform diameter, ‘‘for a closely-fitting reed or cane stem probably 
belongs to a type comparatively modern, as this appears to be the 
usual stem hole drilled by the historic Indians.” * 

Bartram, about 1773, who was well acquainted with the natives of 
the region we have men discussing, says: ‘“‘As to mechanic arts or 
manufactures, they have scarcely anything worth observation. The 
men perform nothing except erecting their mean habitations, forming 
their canoes, stone pipes, ete.” 4 

In 1737 Betceli said of the North Carolina Indians: “In gener al, they 
are great smokers of tobacco (in their language ‘uppowoc’), which 
they tell us they had before the Europeans made any discoveries in 
that country, and although they are great smokers, yet they are never 
known to chew or make it into snuff, but will very freely take a pinch 
of snuff out of a European’s box.” ° 

The color of the chlorite of which many of these pipes are made indi- 
cates their form to be derived from copper originals. The embossed 
eyes are identical with what would be produced by hammering thin 
Sheet copper, though there may have been and probably were wooden 
pipes of the different kinds which have been used in different parts of 
the continent. 

Bartram describes the Cherokee smoking custom of a century ago in 
the Southern States. He says: ‘After partaking of this simple but 
healthy and liberal collation and the dishes cleared off, tobacco and 
pipes were brought and the chief, filling one of them, whose stem, 
about 4 feet long, was sheathed in a beautiful speckled snake’s skin 
and adorned with feathers and strings of wampum, lights it and 
smokes a few whiffs, puffing the smoke first toward the sun, then to 


1Dr. E Se ie or the Universal Medicine, Dedicatory, enone 1659. 

2 History of North Carolina, p. 56. 

* Antiquities of Tennessee, p. 179, Cincinnati, 1890. 

‘Wilham Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, Kast and 
West Florida, p. 511, Dublin, 1793. 

*John Brickell, The Natural History of North Carolina, p. 287, Dublin, 1737. 


622 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the four cardinal points, and lastly over my breast, hands it toward me, 
which I cheerfully received from him, and we fell into conversation.” ! 

Brickell speaks of the heads of these pipes in 1737, which are gener- 
ally cut out of stone, as being very large, ‘‘the shanks whereof are 
inade of hollow cane.” ? 

Fig. 239 is an extremely interesting pipe, 34 inches long and 14 inches 
high, found among a number of bones in digging a well on the bluff at 
Baden, a northern suburb of St. Louis. With it, about 6 feet below 
the surface, were found a few arrowheads, indicating that it was an 
Indian grave. There is evidence in its make-up that shows a curious 
combination of savage and civilized ingenuity, resembling greatly the 
combination pipes of ‘he northwest coast. The body of the specimen 
is composed of a close-grained 
hard wood, shaped to resemble 
a bird; the mouth is indicated 
by an incision on each side of the 
bill; to represent the eyes a stiff 
copper wire has been inserted 
—— through the head and smoothed 

Fig. 209, even with the surface of the 
COMBINATION CLAY, COPPER, AND WOOD PIPE, wood; on each side, probably in- 
dicating the bird’s wings, there 
is a copper plate, held in position 
by rivets of the same metal; on the breast of the bird there is let into the 
wood a plate of copper, eed by three rivets; the bowl of a typical 
English trade pipe has been sawed off at the base and inserted tightly 
into the bird’s back and is connected with a stem drilled from the bird’s 
tail, and had to be smoked with a separate stem. This pipe is now in 
the Douglass collection and has been illustrated by Dr. E. A. Barber.’ 

In a somewhat careful search for illustrations of early pipes the 
results have not been encouraging, one of the earliest writers to figure 
them being Neander, who, in 1626, illustrates five Persian pipes of 
forms different from those with which we in America are familiar.‘ . 


St. Louis, Missouri. 
A. E. Douglass collection, New York City. 


Though this is significant of the wonderful spread in a few years of 


the use of tobacco. 

The Jndian in his savage life may be considered peculiar in his offer- 
ings of tobacco to allay storms on the water, but was he different in 
his superstitions to nations of the Old World, where we find that the 
Roman, according to Gibbon, ‘‘deprecated the wrath of the Tiber,” 
nor could he deride the Egyptian who presented his offering to the 
beneficent genius of the Nile?? 


‘William Barirncn Travels Pita North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and 
West Florida, p. 349, Dublin, 1793. 

2 John Brickell, The Natural History of North Carolina, p. 287, Dublin, 1737. 

3 American Antiquarian, IV, p. 199. 

4Johannum Neandrum, Tobacologia, Leyden, 1626. 

5Edward Gibbon, History of Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, I, p. 33, 
Philadelphia, 1804. 


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=" ae eee ee ee es eS 


i“ 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 623 


SUMMARY. 


The rich collections in the U.S. National Museum of pipes of Ameri- 
can aborigines, both ancient and modern, suggested this paper. These 
collections were made from the graves of the Indians, by contributions 
from public-spirited citizens anxious to preserve records of the natives 
and of their manners and customs, in addition to which modern specimens 
have been obtained by purchase from the natives themselves. As a 
consequence, the genuineness of these pipes may, it is believed, be relied 
upon. That data necessary to as perfect an understanding as possible 
should be obtained, specimensin other public museums and in private col- 
lections were, so far as possible, separately examined ; and when this was 
not convenient, the desired information was obtained by correspondence. 
Few if any works have been written on the subject, yet many papers 
relating to it have been published in magazines and periodicals, and 
most works referring to early American travels have valuable references 
to the smoking customs or pipes of the natives. These have all, so far 
as possible, been consulted and referred to in the progress of the work, 
which has extended over a period of three years. The writer trusts that 
but few important references have been overlooked in the mass of liter- 
ature consulted. It is hoped that the paper includes sufficient material 
for intelligent criticism of the correctness of opinions expressed, which 
at times are in conflict with accepted theories. 

The subject was begun with no other view than to describe American 
pipes and smoking customs; the study of the subject has apparently 
developed information regarding manufacture of pipes, and consequently 
of other stone, bone, wood, metal, and pottery objects, that it is thought 
may be of interest in the general investigation of American archeology. 

There has been undoubtedly a tendency to attribute great age to all 
American Indian grave finds, a view apparently contradictory to the 
results of careful inspection of many of the objects unearthed. 

Smoke in some form, even that inhaled and exhaled through tubes, 
is shown to have been employed in Europe and in Asia from an antiq- 
uity long preceding the Christian era. In North America the smok- 
ing customs of the natives antedate the arrival of the whites on the 
continent, and from the similarity both of smoking customs and of the 
tubes employed in smoking in widely separated parts of the country, 
there is every indication that they must have prevailed for centuries. 

In Europe, Asia, and America, up to a period probably as recent as 
the first half of the seventeenth century, the employment of smoke 
appears to have been chiefly, if not entirely, due to its supposed medic- 
inal properties, added to which the Indians used it in their functions 
of every kind, attaching at times mysterious properties to the plants 
from which the smoke was produced. ‘The offerings of incense by the 
Aztecs to the Spanish invaders under Cortez were in many instances 
similar to the familiar pipe customs of the Indian, and pipes of like 


624 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


shape are traced from southern Mexico to the British possessions in — 
the north. 

From the first advent of the Spanish they appear to have adopted 
the habit of smoking from the natives, the reasons therefor being that 
it allayed hunger or fatigue in addition to many medicinal properties 
which it was said to possess. The French in turn, and for like reason, 
appear to have adopted its use, and finally the English took to smoking, 
the example being set by Sir Walter Raleigh, a favorite of the Court 
of Queen Elizabeth, who herself does not appear to have been averse 
to use of the weed upon certain occasions. The ravages of the plague 
during the first three-fourths of the seventeenth century appears to 
have been one of the chief causes of the rapid spread of the use of 
tobacco throughout the world, for in an incredibly short space of time 
the custom had traveled around the earth, again entering America by 
way of Asia on the west. 

So far as appears to be now known, the North American natives at 
the time of the advent of the whites do not seem to have confined 
their smoking to the tobacco plant, nor do they do so even at the pres- 
ent day, but employed for that purpose sumac and willow, as well as 
many other plants, and at times insects and other ingredients, which 
were supposed to impart desirable odors, as, for example, gums in Mex- 
ico and the musk of the muskrat in Maine. There appears to be no 
evidence that native cultivation could have supplied any great quantity 
of herbs used in smoking prior to the advent of the whites. After the 
coming of Spanish, French, and English, cultivation of the tobacco 
plant probably had much to do with the spread of its use. 

To the whites, who for a century or more used tobacco as a panacea 
for every ailment of the body, must be given the credit, if it be a credit, 
which many will doubt, of adopting the habit of smoking as a pastime. 
Owing to the tales of early travelers to America, the smoke of the 
tobacco plant was considered a specific for all diseases. In a short 
time the use of the plant came to be viewed as a vice. At first the 
medical faculty throughout Europe prescribed tobacco to be used in 
every imaginable way, at various times, from early morning to late 
night, on empty and on full stomachs, according to the fancy of the one 
prescribing it. It has been known as the “sacred herb,” the ‘“ intoxi- 
cating plant,” the ‘devil’s oracle.” Le Jeune in 1633 spoke of the 
natives using it as “unhappy infidels, who spend their life in smoke 
and their eternity in flames;” though Dr. Everard, about 1659, the 
author of a work on the subject entitled, ‘‘The panacea, or universal 
medicine,” says: ‘The devil was much afraid of it, as I was informed 
by one born in England of Spanish parentage.” 

The derivation of the word tobacco does not appear to be certain. 
One of the earliest references to the word, that by Oviedo, referred 
rather to the pipe than to the plant. The illustration was not con- 
tained in the earliest edition of the work, and when it did appear, it 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 625 


was a bifurcated implement through which smoke was taken by the 
nostrils, an implement probably used oftener in the nature of a snuf- 
fing tube. One of the chief objects of smoking by the natives through- 
out the Continent was to produce an intoxication, ecstasy, or delirium 
to the smoker. The names by which tobacco is known in all modern 
languages appears to be derived either from the American name, 
“tobacco,” or from what appears to be a French or Brazilian name of 
the plant, ‘“ petun.” i 

The profits in Maryland and Virginia on the growth of tobacco were 
so great during the early period of the English settlements in those 
colonies as to cause it to be grown to the exclusion of necessary vege- 
tables, the natural result of which on more than one occasion brought 
about famine and consequent suffering. 

The Spanish were the first to use tobacco, then the French, though 
up to the time of Raleigh’s expedition it does not seem to have become 
a popular weed. After the return to England of the latter expedition, 
Thomas Hariot, who was a noted botanist and had been sent to America 
by Raleigh in 1585, reported tobacco as being a plant which preserved 
the bodies of the natives in health, and that they were not acquainted 
with many diseases with which the English were afflicted; certainly a 
powerful argument in favor of the use of a drug at a period when 
Europe was constantly being visited with Asiatic cholera, a pestilence 
ereatly and deservedly dreaded owing to its ravages. 

The use and abuse of tobacco became of such enormous proportions 
that both church and state felt called upon to curtail its use and culti- 
vation by every means in their power from fear, apparently, that the 
injurious effects of the use of the plant might effect not only the bodies 
of the citizens but the revenues of the state as well. To the fathers 
of the church the use of tobacco appeared to savor of idolatry and its 
suppression was suggested. King James | wrote his famous ‘‘coun- 
terblaste to tobacco ;” restrictive laws were passed concerning its use; 
enormous taxes were imposed upon itsimportation. Popes Urban VIII 
and Innocent IX issued decrees against its use and Sultan Amuret IV 
declared smoking a crime punishable with death. Beyond enhancing 
its value, no effect appears to have been had beyond increasing its 
use. 

In time the value of tobacco was equal, weight for weight, with silver, 
and the size of the pipe diminished accordingly in Europe, and its effect 
was apparently felt in America as well. 

The mixtures of other plants by the Indians with tobacco has been 
designated kinnikineck, though this term does not appear to be con- 
fined to any specific mixture; the word, however, is commonly employed 
by the Indians of a large portion of the Continent, and by whites as 
well. 

Pipes, in which tobacco and other herbs have been smoked, are found 
scattered practically over the whole continent of North America, the 

NAT MUS 97——40 


626 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


indications being that the custom of smoking prevailed as far north as 
the British pcssessions in the east and California in the west. 

Pipes are made of an endless variety of substances, such as wood, 
bone, stone, antler, and metals, and combinations of such materials, 
though the majority of pipes are made of chlorite or steatite, minerals 
most suitable in every way for pipe manufacture. Specimens are 
quite commonly found made from most unsuitable materials, such, for 
example, as quartzite and bone. A single specimen made from stone 
coal occurs. 

The different types of Indian pipes would appear to be as various as 
the material from which they were made, though practically all pipes 
may be classified as belonging to one or other of about a dozen forms, 
recognizable by the interior dimensions of the bowls and stems and 
their proportions one to the other. In given cases these proportions 
would naturally be governed by the supply of smoking materials or of 
suitable stuff from which to make proper stems. There are some 
exceptions to the rule, but they occur chiefly among the pipes of the 
northwest coast of the Continent, where style seems to be governed 
largely by the taste of the traveling public—the chief purchasers of 
these pipes. The same cause may be responsible for material, as is 
notably the case in walrus ivory pipes made and decorated by the 
Eskimo. The correctness of the classification is proven by the fact 
that pipes of similar type are found in contiguous areas with remarka- 
ble regularity. 

One type of pipe alone is found to be common practically to the 
whole Continent, and this type, a straight tube, is in form the most 
primitive of any. Where perforated through stone they have been 
drilled by means of the most primitive drill known, namely, a straight 
shaft revolved between the palms of the hands or between the hand 
and the workman’s thigh. So far as known to the writer there is 
scarcely an exception to this rule, the boring of these tubes being 
started from each end. Both stem and bowl are subsequently enlarged 
by gouging. On the Pacific coast stems of bone were inserted and held 
in place by means of bitumen. As the Atlantic coast pipes show many 
of identical shape, the presumption is that they also had similar stems 
held in place in like manner or with gum. Again, these tubular pipes 
are seldom decorated or finished with anything approaching a glass 
polish until there is found on them carvings in the round, due to 
modern ideas and methods of work and often the use of metal tools. 

There are evidences in the earliest illustrations of the pipe that it 
was of tubular shape and smoked as one would smoke a straight tube; 
that is, by throwing back the head and holding the pipe perpendicu- 
larly. Again, the use of the tubular pipe in certain aboriginal cere- 
monies at the most solemn junctures would suggest its greater antiq- 
uity over other forms, especially when we find great veneration paid 
to the tube which is not given to other types of pipe. Certain tra- 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 627 


ditions also point to the tube as being the most ancient pipe of certain 
tribes. There is found in the State of Ohio, however, a tube which 
must not be confounded with the pipes. It is of stone and carries a 
glass polish, having been bored by means of a tubular metal drill to 
within an eighth of an inch of a flat end, through the center of which 
a small hole had been bored into the tube. These tubes have great 
resonance, and are probably horns and quite modern in make. 

On the surfaces of tubular pipes there are observed at times incisions 
rudely representing animal forms. They appear to be totemic, and the 
technique of these figures is from an artistic standpoint very inferior 
to the carvings in the round of later pipes of the tube type, so difter- 
ent, indeed, as to suggest an entirely distinct conception of art—the 
one purely aboriginal, the other apparently owing its existence not 
only to the tools, but also to the manipulation of the whites. The more 
elaborate tubular pipes are usually composed of such stones as chlorite 
and steatite, both admirably suited to resist the heat engendered in 
smoking. The great variety observable in the tubular pipes of wood 
from the Hupa Reservation suggests their being modern, and intended 
rather to supply tourists’ demands than to comply with tribal conven- 
tionalisms. There are evidences that the tubular pipe was smoked 
with the aid of pellets of pottery, or of stone, intended to prevent 
the escape of tobacco into the smoker’s mouth. These pipes, for the 
reasons given, are presumed to be the most archaic of any in shape, 
probably continuing with little change until after the whites had 
become established in the country. ; 

A rectangular pottery pipe made of a glossy ware has been discov- 
ered among Mexican ruins, and might raise a question of age were it 
not that the ware itself is apparently modern, and some of the decora- 
tions on pipes of this character almost certainly are. While the pipe 
appears to belong to the northern part of the continent, records point 
to the cigarette and the cigar being of pre-Columbian origin in the West 
India Islands; the pipe being rarely if ever found below Yucatan. 

The pipe next to that of tubular form most widely distributed is the 
bow] pipe, which consists merely of a bowl with a stem hole entering 
through the wall of the bowl, necessitating that whatever stem was 
used should be held in position by lashings of leather bound around 
stem and bowl while wet, which when dried by its contraction would 
hold stem and bowl together as though made of a single piece. This 
form, however, is also a modern one, and specimens are consequently 
often difficult of determination as to age. This type, however, like the 
tubular pipe, consists usually of stone specimens bored both bowl and 
stem by means of the solid drill point either of stone, or wood used with 
dry sand. The size of the stem hole is usually about one-third the 
diameter of that of the bowl. The exterior shapes of pipes of this type 
vary from the simplest cube to the most complex animal form, the 
exteriors at times being inlaid with metal or shell. It is in pipes of this 


628 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


type that we first encounter basal perforations made for the purpose of 
attaching bowl to stem by thongs, thus making their loss in the snow 
less likely. This is an occurrence commonly noticeable in pipes of coun- 
tries where the winter snows remain long on the ground. Pipes of this 
type ave commonly found throughout the territory adjoining Lakes 
Ontario and Erie down through Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, and into 
Tennessee and North Carolina, and along the coast up to the British 
possessions. The territory through which they are found and their 
often graceful shape would suggest possible French influences. 

Among the more elaborate specimens are many carved in imitation 
of animate figures, though the varied ornamentation encountered in 
pipes of this type leaves much to be desired in reference to their origin. 
It is almost certain that some of these pipes have been made with tools 


of metal, though if so it of course would not be evidence that other: 


specimens were not made with the most primitive tools, which in a 
majority of instances appears to have been the case. The stems of the 
pipes were more elaborate if possible than were the bowls, and the 
significance of pipe-stem decoration was to a great extent decipherable 


by those familiar with their workmanship. Such decorations often. 


were distinctly ideographic, the color and ornament of the pipe stems 
being at times significant of peace or war, though often it is known 
that the ornamentation was simply an evidence of woman’s skill in 
beadwork, plaiting, or embroidery, or of the warrior’s excellence in 
wood carving or combinations of color. The minuteness of description 
of stem ornamentation encountered in colonial writings, which usually 
‘only refer to the color of the pipe as being red, white, or black, is an 
argument in favor of the plainness of the primitive pipe bowl. 

John Smith as early as 1608 speaks of pipes of a size sufficient to 
beat out the brains of a man, which subsequent authors increased to a 
size sufficient to beat out the brains of a horse. There is but one pipe 
of ponderous size which would answer the most extravagant of the 
above requirements. It is usually carved in imitation of birds or beasts 
and is the heaviest of all the American pipes. The skill exhibited in 
making these pipes is astonishing if they are to be attributed to abo- 
riginal art, as many do who are most familiar with the type. Speci- 
mens of this variety have been excavated from 15 to 18 feet under the 
surface, though too much weight should not be given to this fact, as it 
is well known that the familiar English molded clay pipe of little over 
two hundred years ago has been repeatedly excavated in London at a 
depth of 12 or more feet below the surface, and from depths of from 6 
to 10 feet in America. A close scrutiny of a number of these pipes 
fails to develop indications on their surfaces of the employment of the 
implements of the whites in their manufacture, though they are carved 
perfectly in the round, and are at times quite highly polished, both 
accomplishments suggesting white influences. The stone pipes of 
Indian origin of whatever type rarely show wear of the smokers’ teeth 


t 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 629 


on the stem, even on those having wood stems the marks of teeth are 
not observable, though in these bird pipes the wear of teeth has been 
noted. Pipes of this type usually have the bird or beast facing from 
the smoker. Some of the features of these pipes suggest a close rela- 
tionship with pipes of the tubular shape. The localities .where this 
pipe is found are in the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, and the extreme 
western parts of West Virginia, North and South Carolina, and northern 
Georgia. 

The English, French, and Dutch all molded clay pipes which were 
used in the Indian trade until they came to be known as ‘“ trading” or 
‘trade pipes.” It does not appear certain where these pipes were first 
made, whether in England, France, or Holland, archaic specimens hav- 
ing been found in each country. The typical Dutch type being repre- 
sented in the U.S. National Museum in a specimen found in London 
and the no less typical English form in a specimen from Holland. 
French specimens of primitive English type are found having upon 
their stems stamps showing the lilies of France. An early so-called 
Roman type of clay pipe was found on the Susquehanna River. Speci- 
mens of these pipes have been found in Indian graves along the 
Atlantie seaboard. Early in the colonial period trade pipes were used 
as gifts to the Indians from the whites. At first they are mentioned 
in small numbers, but later they are referred to in treaties by the gross. 

Another typical American pipe, though of foreign, probably English, 
origin, was the metal tomahawk pipe, with a pipe bowl upon one side 
and a hatchet blade upon the other. The date of this pipe is not cer- 
tainly known, but it was probably before the time of the American 
Revolution. Specimens with a spear point have been attributed to the 
French and those with the rounded battle-ax blade probably belonged 
to the Spanish. The tribes confederated in the different wars with 
French and English, and Spanish have moved so far from their original 
homes as to make it a matter of considerable difficulty to properly locate 
the origin of the different forms of this pipe. Before leaving the sub- 
ject of foreign-made pipes it is well to mention the fact that pipes of 
the trade type made of clay and of metal have been found in various 
parts of Europe, and they have been alleged to be of great antiquity, 
though the weight of authority appears to be against attributing to 
them an age prior to English settlements in America. 

The monitor pipe, so called from its resemblance to the war vessel 
of that name, is found throughout the Atlantic seaboard from South 
Carolina to the British possessions and from the Atlantic coast, as far 
west as Kentucky and Tennessee, with rare specimens farther west, as 
in Michigan and Missouri. As many of these pipes show upon their 
surfaces file marks and a practical glass polish and from the drilling of 
their bowls by means of metal drills, one is inclined to attribute to them 
a post-EKuropean date, notwithstanding the fact that they clearly belong 
to a typical mound type. ‘The bowls of these pipes often show evi- 


630 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


dences of being enlarged after drilling by gouging with some implement. 
In contour many of these pipes are as graceful as any found on this 
Continent, their surface finish being almost perfect while the walls of 
stem and bow] are finished with a delicacy difficult to improve with any 
modern tools. These pipes are rarely ornamented with incised lines, 
and so far as the writer recalls, never have upon their surfaces carved 
figures. 

A rectangular stone pipe, having a bowl at right angles to a long 
stem and having some creature crawling over the front of the bow], 
was made of steatite by means of sawing the stone into shape and 
gouging the surface and finally completing the object with metal 
tools has been found along the seaboard, from Pennsylvania to Nova 
Scotia; and though attributed by many to a period antedating the 
whites, seems quite modern, and has upon its surface distinct file marks 
which could apparently only be made with the white man’s file. 

One of the most pronounced types of aboriginal American pipes 
would by many be said to be the familiar Micmac pipe, found as far 
south as Ohio and Kentucky and from the Atlantie north of the Great 
Lakes to the Pacific Ocean. This pipe is commonly so profusely orna- 
mented and so often has its bowl bored by means of a tubular metal 
drill and is so uniformly finished with a file as to leave little doubt 
of its being made with modern metal tools. These pipes with their 
keel-like bases bored with from one to six holes for the purposes of 
attaching tassels and strings to prevent loss in the snow, are usually 
of most symmetrical shape. This pipe is still made in Labrador, and 
specimens are known that are finished with totemic figures upou their 
bowls, carved with a skill and with characters that could scarcely be 
claimed to be Indian. 

The disk pipe, usually found in the States of Illinois, Missouri, and 
Kentucky, with specimens from Ontario, are of mound type, though 
their outline is so similar to the jews’-harp as to raise suspicion that 
such an instrument furnished the model for the type. The jew’s-harp 
was a common article of barter with the natives, and on many occa- 
sions is mentioned among presents given at some treaty made at a 
council meeting between the whites and Indians. Specimens of this 
type made of catlinite would also suggest a modern period for the origin 
of the type, for there is doubt whether catlinite was ever traded so far 
from the quarries until subsequent to the advent of the French. 

The Iroquoian pipes fond along the river St. Lawrence and in the 
neighborhood of the Great Lakes may be said to vary one from the 
other more than pipes found in the eastern United States. First they 
were curved clay pipes having bowl and stem in one; then pipes 
made of a stalagma, the straight stems of which are at right angles 
almost with the bowls, and finally stone pipes of the bowl type for sep- 
arate stems of wood. All three of these pipes are found in the area 
of influence of the [roquoian confederacy and with scarcely an excep- 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 631 


tion presenting peculiarities of workmanship which render them 
readily distinguishable. These pipes with but slight doubt show that 
their period is subsequent to the arrival of the Trench. The curved 
clay pipes are usually of a hard burned pottery with fine tempering 
material, molded in artistic forms, and at times the pottery itself 
appears to be cut subsequent to burning. The shapes of these pipes 
suggest the hunting horn, the grenadier’s hat, sacred pictures, ete. 
The grenadier type is retained in the pipes of stalagma. In the bowl 
type there appears to be a suggestion in several specimens of the jump- 
ing jack. In all three are peculiar depressions upon the surfaces 
of specimens suggesting the possibility of their being intended for 
inlaying. There are so many European characteristics in pipes of the 
Iroquoian type as to leave scarcely a doubt of their deriving their 
forms entirely from the French. The art concepts present both the 
serious and grotesque in a manner more suggestive of the French than 
of native American ideas. 

The word ‘calumet,” a synonym for the peace pipe, is said to be 
derived from the Norman word *“chalumeau,” a reed. The same word 
is corrupted as “chalmy,” a musical instrument of the time of Queen ° 
Elizabeth. Calumet originally was employed to designate that pipe, 
of whatsoever type, used between the whites and the Indians in their 
negotiations of treaties and of commerce of every kind. The word 
calumet, at present, however, nay be said to indicate that pipe which 
was probably the one given to the Jesuit Father Marquette in his first 
trip down the Mississippi, namely, the red Siouan catlinite pipe, the 
stone being a vermilion-colored indurated clay, quarried in the State of 
Minnesota. The Siouan pipe has a high bowl, always rising at right 
angles to the stem, and has a long projection or prow on the opposite 
side of the bowl from the stem. In the older specimens bowl and stem 
holes are approximately of the same size, about one-third of an inch in 
diameter. The earlier specimens are smoothed and unornamented, 
while the later ones are highly polished, and often inlaid with plates of 
lead, and at times even have duplicate bowls. This type was originally 
used by the French as a flag of truce, because accepted in Marquette’s 
trip down the Mississippi by affiliated tribes, who by its decorations 
and type probably recognized it as coming from friends; but it appears 
even on that occasion to have been ignored by Indians visited on the 
lower part of the river. 

The English were probably the first to use as a flag of truce the col- 
lar or belt of wampum, just as the French did the pipe. Later, because 
of the want of a written language, both pipe and wampum belt seem to 
have been commonly employed as a reminder of agreements entered 
into between the whites and natives, a species of temporary ideograph, 
which after having answered the full purpose of one treaty or contract 
could later be used for another. The decorations of pipe and belt 
appear to havé been considered in sections or chapters, as it were, 


632 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


between each of which presents were usually exchanged when a treaty 
was in progress of negotiation. This ideograph was used when treaties 
were made with the Indians, who were accompanied by a regular dele- 
gation, whose duty it seems to have been to see that the chapters or 
stations of the belt or pipe were properly repeated by its bearer and to 
interrupt his speech whenever not correctly repeated as agreed upon 
by the tribe. The individual pipe was often employed as a pledge, 
which when deposited must always be redeemed according to the strict 
letter of the agreement. The commonly accepted theory of the great 
sanctity of the pipe of peace as a protection to those accompanying it 
does not historically appear to have been well founded. 

The calumet dance of the Indians seems to have been widespread 
through the continent, so far as may be judged by the meager references 
we have to it. It was a function of some religious or mystic character, 
extensive presents being given.upon the occasion, the individual danced ~ 
to or for being considered thereafter to be an adopted child of the 
dancer. The flag of the United States, after the cession of Louisiana, 
was used in place of the French pipe in the acquired territory. Such 
agreements were later evidenced further on the part of the United 
States by the presentation of medals bearing the head of the then 
President or ‘Great Father,” as he was called by the Indians. The 
red color, designating war, and the white, peace, was possibly sug- 
gested by the colors respectively of french and English flags. 

The typical, elaborate, and artistic curved-base mound pipes, found 
to be contemporaneous with copper implements, are drilled by means 
of tubular and solid drills, almost necessarily made of metal. In cer- 
tain instances the shapes of bowl cavities are of an irregular form, 
indicative of the use of a loose drill head; which supposition, if correct, 
would suggest the use of either a pump or strap drill, probably the 
former, either of which implements appears to have been unknown to 
the natives prior to the advent of the whites. The polishing of this 
type of pipe is so perfect as to raise a suspicion of white influences. 
The common observance on pipes of this type of marks which seem 
to be those of the file suggests white man’s tools in fashioning them. 
The fine lines cut on many of these pipes would indicate the possible 
use of steel tools; inlaid eyes suggest modern methods. Carving in 
the round as perfectly as is done in pipes of this type also implies 
modern influences and the presence of the white man, as do objects of 
copper covered with silver found in contact with these pipes. Besides 
this, the knowledge of the existence of the elephant and the finding in 
the mounds articles of undoubted European origin are all suggestive 
of the comparative modern date of pipes of the curved-base mound 
type. It does not of necessity follow that these pipes were of foreign 
manufacture, but probably they were the handiwork of fur traders and 
hunters catering to native trade demands. The figures on these pipes 
are doubtless of totemic significance, and, with few exceptions, face the 


—~ 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 635 


smoker; and where an exception is noted, it is commonly observed that 
the stems on the front end have been broken. The figures beyond, being 
of men, beasts, birds, and reptiles, are seldom of determinable species. 
The finding of pipes of this type made of catlinite is indicative of 
modern influences, though by no means proof of it. The area of dis- 
tribution of this type conforms to the route of the early French 
voyageur and of the missionary. 

The double conoidal pipes commonly found along the Lower Missis- 
sippi and in the southern United States generally have large bowls 
and stems bored at right angles one to the other, the openings of 
which are an inch or more in diameter. They are almost always of 
stone, and are bored by means of a solid drill, though pottery specimens 
are known. These pipes vary enormously in exterior shape, all the way 
from the unornamented cube to the most elaborate animal form. Upon 
the bases of pipes of this type, which invariably face from the smoker 
and are often made of a gritty sandstone, are commonly noticed deep 
erooves, apparently made for the purpose of sharpening some tool, 
though what, it is impossible to say. The frog is a form commonly en- 
countered in pipes of this type, though animal figures are often found; 
where in imitation of men, they are usually in crouching positions. 

A most elaborate type of pipe, which has been designated as the 
‘idol pipe,” and found in the mounds and stone graves of Georgia, 
Tennessee, and Arkansas, has some features suggesting a kinship with 
pipes from the Etowah Mound, Georgia; but while these pipes appear 
to belong to a distinet type, too few of them are known to justify any 
definite opinion concerning them. 

During the colonial period there are often encountered references to 
“oreat pipes,” which appear to have been pipes of large proportions 
compared with those of the usual type, and were the property of the 
tribe rather than of the clan or of the individual. Some few specimens 
of these pipes are known, which seem to have been made by the 
whites, of whose manufacture of pipes of this type one or more records 
are preserved. The Northwest Fur Company are said to have traded 
stone pipes with the Indians in exchange for furs; and John Smith, in 
Virginia, is known about 1608 to have asked permission of Powhatan 
to go through his territory to obtain stone for making axes, and the 
presumption forces itself upon one that the trade and manufacture of 
stone implements has been greater than is generally supposed. 

The natives certainly of a part of the far Northwest appear to have 
seen the first white people during the present century and to have first 
learned from them the smoking habit. Pipes of the Northwest coast 
are for the most part comparatively modern and made for sale, and 
consequently their shapes are as varied as the materials from which 
they are manufactured. The natives of Queen Charlottes Islands carve 
with metal tools most elaborate pipes from a blue slate, with most 
artistic and typical figures, though the pipes of this material are so 


634 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


diverse that little study has been given them, nor has reference been 
made particularly to the walrus-ivory etched pipes made for sale to the 
tourist and not for practical use. 

The Eskimo pipe in type appears to have derived its form from the 
Japanese pipe and to have been introduced from Japan, from whose 
people the Eskimo seem to have adopted the smoking habit, or else 
this pipe may have been introduced from Kamchatka, whose people 
may have adopted smoking from the Japanese. 

The modern Pueblo pipe is of a distinct type, resembling both in the 
character of its pottery and in the size of its stem opening the Lroquoian 
pipe. 

The form called the Delaware pipe appears to be of totemie char- 
acter, is carved with considerable skill, and impresses one as being 
of recent origin and made with modern metal tools. 

Along a great part of the Atlantic coast a class of pipes is found 
usually made of chlorite and worked with exquisite skill. Their long 
stems, bored with holes often 8 or even more inches in length, indi- 
eate that those using them were rather of sedentary than of: nomadic 
character. This perfection of boring would also suggest rather a metal 
than a more primitive drill. A pipe of this character is at times 
encountered in the shell heaps of the Middle Atlantic coast, upon which 
characteristic linear Indian etching is observed. 

There are found in graves and mounds in the Carolinas, in Georgia, 
and in Tennessee pipes of somewhat like character made of a green 
chlorite with embossed disks upon their bowls, and tongues both in 
relief and in intaglio, that show as great conventionality as any 
pipes found in America, and which would indicate in color and design 
hammered-metal prototypes. Specimens presenting similar character- 
istics are found made of pottery. These last, again, grade into elabo- 
rate and highly conventionalized pottery man and bird forms, which 
present certain art characteristics observed in pipes found in part of 
the [roquoian area of the North, though there is sufficient distinctness 
between the two to enable one to be distinguished from the other. A 
single molded pottery pipe found in or near the Etowah mound has 
the tobacco leaf artistically arranged on bowl and stem, and a modern 
Dutch pipe from Guda, Holland, has the same tobacco leaves, with the 
addition of a bird’s beak, identical in concept with pipes from the 
Etowah mound, evidencing a relationship which appears traceable 
through the Huguenots who went to Holland, migrated to French 
Acadia, and who, after the acquisition of the territory by the English, 
refused to take the oath of allegiance and were in great numbers 
transported to the South. 

Specimens of catlinite made in tubular shape do not appear to have 
been found, and where specimens of other types than the Siouan, in 
whose territory the quarry is located, are found made of ecatlinite, it 
tends to raise the question whether they are not comparatively mod- 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 635 


ern., While the indurated clays and metamorphic stones generally 
work well by pecking with the stone hammer or point, catlinite, which 
there are indications was in the primitive period worked by pecking, 
is at the present time worked by sawing, which is readily done with 
metal and sand. The drilling of this stone is comparatively simple 
with a stick and dry sand, which, however, if wet, would pack in the 
perforation besides swelling the wood point if one were used. Drilling 
in curves like the supposed evidences of hardening of copper by the 
ancients is a myth, and no evidence is known of its ever having been 
done by primitive people through any mass of uniform hardness. 

While, as a matter of course, it is possible to make pipes and pass 
them off as genuine and thus to deceive even experts, it is believed 
that sucha thing could not be suecessfully accomplished except in rare 
instances, and the writer has been surprised that in the mass of pipes 
that have been examined by him so few show any evidence of being 
frauds. On the other hand, the evidences of the use of the white man’s 
tools as well as art ideas are on so many types of pipes as to convey the 
distinct impression of early colonial legitimate trade in stone objects. 
That totemic figures better enhance values is self-evident. Is it to be 
assumed, then, that the voyageur, trapper, or hunter would not with his 
knife or file make pipes to supply such demand. It must also be 
remembered that carving during the early colonial period was a much 
more prevalent accomplishment than at present. 

It has been observed that quite a number of pipes have been referred 
to upon which dates are scratched or cut, and while such specimens 
will always be scrutinized with suspicion, the dates in the majority of 
instances, it is contended, should be accepted as accurate, not neces- 
sarily of the period of their manufacture, but rather of their first pos- 
session by the wihte man. 

As the data upon which the foregoing conclusions are based are 
embodied almost completely in the foregoing pages, students of the 
subject will, it is hoped, be enabled to judge of their correctness. 


ADDITIONAL NOTES. 


During the preparation of this paper some notes were mislaid, others 
were laid aside and not found until the paper was in the printer’s hands, 
and still others have come more recently to the writer’s notice, making 
together quite a number of references, some of which throw additional 
light on the question under discussion, and it has consequently been con- 
sidered desirable to embody them as succinctly as possible in a brief 
series of additional notes. 

McCulloh, in the account of his captivity by the Indians, in Loudon’s 
exceedingly rare work, refers to a peculiar method of burial employed 
by the natives about 1756, which would appear very similar to the 
burial method of the people of the stone graves in Kentucky and 
Tennessee. He says: ‘‘They dig the grave about 4 or 5 feet deep, 


636 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


directly east and west; they make slabs which they place in the bottom 
and at each side, then lay the corpse with the head to the east and put 
a broad slab over the top; then fill the grave nearly full of stones, 
heaping the earth which they dug out of it on the top.” ! 

The Indians encountered by the French were probably all nomads 
or wanderers, seldom remaining more than a few weeks in one place. 
It was said in Le Jeune’s Relation, as late as 1634, “that we shall work a 
great deal and advance very little if we don’t make these barbarians 
stationary. As for persuading them to till the soil of their own accord 
without being helped, | very much doubt whether we shall be able to 
attain this for a very long time, for they know nothing whatever about 
it.” 2 

A reference of 1636 in Le Jeune’s Relation to the head covering is of 
some interest as possibly throwing light on the period of certain pipes 
representing natives’ hats or hoods, as follows: ‘‘These people go bare- 
headed except in the most severe cold, and even then some of them go 
uneovered, which makes me think that very few of them used hats 
before their intercourse with our Europeans. Nor do they know how 
to make them, buying them already made, or at least cut, from our 
French people.” * 

Mr. David Boyle, of Toronto, has referred to a brass tomahawk pipe 
in the George E, Laidlaw collection, on deposit in the Ontario Archeo- 
logical Museum, which is “elaborately chased and otherwise decorated.” 
The bit is of steel neatly dovetailed into the brass, but not soldered.* 

The illustration of this specimen is of the type of fig. 85, the chasing 
being of the character of that on the specimen in the museum of the 
University of Pennsylvania from California, and its symmetry is as 
perfect as any of the pipe axes of the English. It was found near 
Balsam Lake. 

McCulloh refers to an Indian of western Pennsylvania about 1756, 
named Ket-tooh’ha-lend, who ‘sunk his pipe-tomahawk ” into the head 
of another.° This would probably be the metal tomahawk, which 
would make it somewhat an older instrument than the writer had here- 
tofore found references to support. 

Mr. Boyle has recently described a number of pipes, both of pottery 
and of stone, that are now in the Ontario Archeological Museum, 
belonging to the Iroquoian type. Some of the pottery specimens 


tArchibald Loudon, A Selection of the Most Interesting Narratives of Outrages 
Committed by the Indians in their Wars with the White People, I, p. 350, Carlisle, 
1808. 

2Le Jeune’s Relation, Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, edited by Reuben 
Gold Thwaite, VI, p. 149. 

3Idem, VII, p. 11. 

4Tenth Annual Report of the Ontario Archeological Museum, 1897-1898, p. 31, 
fig. 40, Toronto, 1898. 

6 Archibald Loudon, Narratives of Outrages, ete., I, p. 329. 


™ 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 637 


illustrated have double faces on their bowls, cne facing toward and 
and the other facing from the smoker, from Bexley. Township, Ontario.! 
Other of these illustrations would indicate masks. Mr. Boyle in his 
publications demonstrates the great diversity of exterior form of the 
Ontario pipe. The bowls and stem openings of the pottery specimens 
remain of type character, though a single one appears to have been 
enlarged for the reception of an artificial stem. 

Parkman’s says that the Jesuits were reported to have carried on 
trade through the savages for furs,’ this primitive intercourse of a com- 
mercial character would have been a most effective method for opening 
the road to the missionaries through the territory of the savages, 
which once opened would afford opportunity for the spread of the 
doctrines of the church. 

The term “ tabagie ” or ‘‘ tabagio,” at times occurring in early French 
publications, is evidently derived from the word ** tobacco” and has its 
origin in the smoking habit. Mare Lescarbot, in referring to a victory 
of the French and their Algonquin allies on July 29, 1609, over their 
Troquoian enemies, speaks of it as a triumph which they celebrated 
with great festivities, consisting of continual tabagie, dances and 
chants, according to their custom.” 

A reference by Biard about 1632, that ‘‘ the savage made tabagie for 
them all with moose meat,” + would indicate that the term at this period 
had come to signify a feast, as it appears later to have become corrupted 
into “ tapage”, a row or noise. 

Father Pierre Biard, referring to demands of the Indians for tobacco 
in 1611, says the king should present him 4 or 5 pounds of bread, 3 of 
peas or beans, 1 of tobacco, 4 or 5 cloaks worth 100 sous each, bows, 
arrows, harpoons, and other similar articles.” 

As akin to customs existing in other parts of the country, reference 
is made in 1616, in Acadia, to the fact that, if the dying man has some 
supplies on hand, he must make tabagie of them for all his relations 
and friends.°® 

Biard, m 1616, further says: ‘‘ They also use tobacco and inhale the 
smoke, as is done in France. This is without doubt a help to them, 
and upon the whole rather necessary, considering the extremes of cold 
and bad weather, and of hunger and of overeating and satiety which 


1 Tenth Annual Report of the Ontario Archeological Museum, 1897-1898, p. 17, 
fig. 7, Toronto, 1898. 

2 Francis Parkman’s Works, p. 38, Boston, 1895. 

3Mare Lescarbot, The Conversion of the Savages, Jesuit Relations and Allied 
Documents, I, p. 107, Cleveland, 1896. 

1Father Pierre Biard, Relation de la Nouvelle France, Jesuit Relations and Allied 
Documents, V, p. 27. 

5 Letter to the General of the Society of Jesus, Jesuit Relations and Allied Docu- 
ments, I, p. 177, Cleveland, 1896. 

®Father Pierre Biard, Relation de la Nouvelle France, Jesuit Relations and Allied 
Documents, III, p. 127, Cleveland, 1896. 


638 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


they endure. But many ills also arise from it on account of its exces- 
sive use. It is the sole delight of these people when they have some 
of it, and certain Frenchmen are also so bewitched with it that to 
inhale its fumes they would sell their shirts. Ali their talks, treaties, 
welcomes, and endearments are made under the fumes of tobacco. 
They gather around the fire, chatting and passing the pipe from hand 
to hand, enjoying themselves in this way for several hours, such is their 
inclination and custom.” ! 

The area of French influence was continually widening as those wan- 
derers, the coureurs du bois, went farther and farther into the wilder- 
ness in search of skins, until La Salle, in 1670, appears to have arrived 
at the fails of the Ohio, where he was deserted by his people and was 
forced to return. 

Tobacco, according to Peter Heylyn, about 1682, was called the “ Hen- 
bane of Peru,” quoting ‘Gerard and some other of our modern herba- 
lists,” but he says, “Tobacco is by few now taken as a medicine, and it 
is of late times grown a good fellow, and fallen from a physician to a 
complaint. The taking of tobacco was first brought into England 
by the mariners of Sir Francis Drake in 1585, and it happened not 
unfittingly in the way of an antidote to that immoderate use of drink- 
ing which our low country soldiers had brought out of the Netherlands 
much about that time.”” 

If we can believe Jouvency, the moose would appear to have taken 
the place of tobacco as a universal medicine and remedy, for he says of 
it, about 1710, “The savages eat its flesh, are clothed with its skin, and 
are cured by the hoof of its left hind leg.” He also says, “It avails 
against epilepsy, nor does it have less power with the cure of pleurisy 

(andi in tgudred orendicee eee 

As a suggestion probably throwing some light on the shape of those 
pipes resembling the human arm, that of Le Jeune referring to the 
Indians of Canada is of interest. He says: “Nearly all the savages 
have a little castipitagan, or tobacco pouch, made of the skin of the 
muskrat. Some of them carry a part of an arm ora hand of a hiroquois 
whom they have slain, which is so skillfully prepared that the nails 
remain entire. You would really think it was a solid hand when they 
fillit with tobacco or something else. I have not seen any of these, but 
am assured that it is so.” 4 

According to Baron de Bonstetten, ‘In China, in India, in Persia 
they have smoked from time immemorial the grain of hemp, like the 
Ryans of Herodotus. In Ceylon, Java, Siam, Japan, Cochin China, 


1 Father Pierre Reve Relation PD i pre tie France, peat elainars ath ‘Aled 
Documents, III, p. 117, Cleveland, 1896. 

2 Cosmogri sing Chiography, and History of the Whole World, p. 125, London, 1682. 

’ Joseph Jouvency, Country and Manners of the Canadians, Test Relations and 
Allied Documents, I, p. 249. 

‘Le Jeune’s Relation, Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, V, p. 131, edited by 
Reuben Gold Thwaite. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 639 


and China it is opium which is especially in favor and proves the 
antiquity of the habit. 

The Portuguese, Odoardo Barbosa, in the account of his voyages, 1519, 
says that at that time the Chinese bought opium in India. 

Nanah, the prophet of the Sikhs, born in 1419, defends in his decrees 
the use of the pipe among the Sikhs, but found the practice so noted 
among the Hindoos that he made an exception in their favor. 

In the beginning of the seventeenth century a series of edicts were 
published in Turkey against smokers, and in Constantinople everyone 
found by the police smoking a pipe in the streets was handed over to 
the executioner. 

Marco Paulo makes no reference in the middle of the thirteenth cen- 
tury to the pipe and to the smoking habit.” ! 

Bonstetten also says: 

“The Buriats; inhabitants of the banks of the Baikal, mix the bark 
of pine with tobacco. 

“The Karaks of ’assceva offer pinches of tobacco to the rivers and 
mountains; like them the Ostiaks bury a pipe with the dead.”?’ 

Navarette, referring to Columbus’s messengers who were sent ashore, 
says: “The two Christians found on their journey many people return- 
ing to their villages, and both men and women carried in their hands a 
lighted coal and herbs for perfuming themselves, as is their habit.”” 

Yet it will be remembered that another author has referred to this 
same occurrence in a somewhat different manner. 

Columbus describes the religious ceremony of placing a platter con- 
taining cohabba on the head of the idol, the worshippers then snufling 
up the powder through a cane with two branches.’ 

I). R. Billings says Oviedo describes the bifurcated implement ‘as 
about a span long’? This implement as a snuffing tube has been fully 
discussed by Dr. Max Uhle in his paper, referred to earlier in this 
work, in which he shows that somewhat similar implements have been 
employed in various parts of Central and South America. 

A tube, though employed for an entirely different purpose, is 
described by Hivind Astrup as in use by the natives of Cape York. 
He says: “At the side of the lump of meat stood also a huge block of 
ice as clear as crystal, whence the community obtained water, as in 
the center of it a cavity had been cut, at the bottom of which a stone 
was placed of the size of a man’s fist, on which there burned with a 
good flame a piece of moss intersected with blubber; and as the ice 
melted at the sides of the cavity, the water collected at the bottom in 


'Baron de Bonstetten, Recueil @Antiquitées Suisses, Pt. 3, p. 14, Berne and 
Paris, 1855. 

2Tdem, p. 14. 

3M. I. De Navarette, Relation des Quatres Voyages de Christophe Colomb, II, p. 
167, Paris, 1828. 

*Condamine’s Travels in Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels, XIV, p. 226. 

» Tobacco, its History, etc., p. 33, Hartford, 1875. 


640 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


a small clear pool, whence it was consumed by the many parched 
mouths by sucking it up through hollow reindeer marrowbones, in 
exactly the same manner in which we enjoy a sherry cobbler through a 
straw.” } 

Dr. Barber says: “The Pah Utes, according to Mr. Edward Palmer, 
use the leaves of Arctostaphylos tomentosa, the Manzanita of the Spanish, 
for tobacco and also as a medicine.” 

Mr. A. E. Douglass has in his collection a very remarkable brown 
stone pipe, belonging to the biconical type in the form of a human 
head. It was found it is said about 100 feet from a small rock mound 
near Coolville, Athens County, Ohio. The mouth, apparently the 
bowl, shows that it has been bored out by means of a tubular drill as 
there is a protuberance at the bottom. The ears are carved to give 
the impression of having in them the familiar copper discoidal spools 
at times found in Ohio. The specimen presents every appearance of 
genuineness and some of its features are unique. It has been badly 
battered by children who have played with it. 

Prince Maximilian, of Wied, refers to some of the Indians of Indiana 
who smoked sumac leaves in wooden pipes. ‘The Cherokees also of 
the Southern States used wooden pipes carved in the form of bears, 
the bowl being in the back and the tube orifice near the tail.”” 

The pipe here described might be the biconoidal pipes referred to, or 
possibly it might refer to a pipe illustrated by Schooleraft and now in 
the museum of the University of Pennsylvania. This pipe is cut 
through a block of chiorite, which exteriorly is of a rude animal shape, 
the legs being represented in low relief, as seen in fig. 157. The eye is 
cut into the stone. The stem opening of this pipe and the bowl, which 
were from Camden, South Carolina, are almost in the same plane and 
would entitle it to be classed rather with the tubular pipes than with 
another form. The surface of this pipe is black and glossy, and it 
would appear entitled to be classed among unique specimens, the form 
being apparently given by means of the hammer stone by pecking. 

Holm quotes P. Lindstrom, about 1650, who he says writes as fol- 
lows: “Their money is of shells, white, black, and red, and worked 
into beads and neatly turned and smoothed. One person, however, 
can not make more in a day than the value of six or eight stivers. 
When those beads are worn out so that they can not be strung neatly 
and evenly on the thread, they no longer consider them as good. 
Their way of trying them is to rub the whole thread full on their noses, 
and if they find it slides smooth and even, like glass beads, then they 
are considered good. Otherwise, they break and throw them away. 
Their manner of measuring the length of their strings is by their 


1 Biv = monies In the Land * the npiiiernaese Reno, ou ‘Far tnightly 
Review, Littell’s Living Age, No. 2701, p. 112. 

Paras in the Interior of North eno London, 1845, translated, from German 
by Lloyd. 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 641 


thumbs. From the end of the nail to the first joint makes six beads, 
of which the white ones are worth a stiver or piece of copper money, 
but the black or blue ones are worth two stivers or a piece of silver.” ! 
He says these beads are cut of brown or white cockle, muscle, or oyster 
shells.’ 

According to Georg Heinrich Loskiel the belts of wampum were reg- 
ulated in size according to the importance of the subject intended to be 
discussed on the part of whites or Indians, and before they used the 
string or belt of wampum the wing of a large bird was used in its place. 
The belts and strings, he says, are employed to speak from and to 
remind one of business transactions. This is still used, he says, by 
those living west.’ 

The Swedes settled on the banks of the Delaware under Capt. 
David Pietersen De Vries in 1631, where he arrived with two ships. 
“He returned again in 1632 and found the fields of his new colony 
strewed with the bones of his countrymen. The arms of Holland, 
emblazoned upon a piece of glittering tin, had been elevated upon a 
pillar. An Indian stole it to make a tobacco box. The commandant 
took offense; they quarreled; and the colonists were all butchered 
while at work in the field.” * 

A broken specimen of a pipe of the heavy animal and bird type (fig. 
65), which is 44 inches high and made of steatite, collected by Dr. J. H. 
Elder about 3 miles from Watkinsville, Georgia, the bow] of which is 24 
inches above the back of a bird, is an interesting specimen of the type, 
in that incised lines are cut into the stone to represent conventional 
wings of some bird, as we may distinguish by later specimens in 
which the wings are represented by being carved in a low relief. The 
head of the bird is represented also by incisions and, were it not for the 
conventionalized wings, might as well be taken for that of a turtle. 
Upon the side of the bowl a word or name, apparently Canonie or 
Ganounic, is incised, and under it the date 1541. The lines of the name 
appear as old as the incised lines, though the date is evidently recent. 
This pipe is apparently an old specimen of the type. 

A finely ground specimen of serpentine, belonging to tue type of 
which fig. 108 is an example, collected by Mrs. Reeves of Sun Prairie, 
Wisconsin, has been called to the writer’s attention by Prof. W. H. 
Holmes. The prong at the base has the unusual length of 4 inches 
from the point to the bottom of the bowl. The stem and bowl appear 
similar to the illustration, the hole of the stem being about one-eighth 
of an inch in diameter. There is scarcely sufficient bowl remaining to 
determine more than that its cavity has been made by means of a 


'Thomas Campanius Holm, A Short Description of the Province of New Sweden, 
now called by the English Pennsylvania, p. 132, translation, Philadelphia, 1834. 

2 Idem, p. 135. 

Geschichte der Evangelischen Briider in Nordamerika, Barby,1789. 

4 Sherman Day, Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania, p. 9. 

NAT MUS 97 41 


642 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


solid drill point. Pipes of this character appear to belong to a dis- 
tinct type when it is considered over how extensive a territory speci- 
mens have been found, reaching from Tennessee to Wisconsin. The 
type has every indication of being modern. 

A photograph in the U.S. National Museum of a bird pipe of the 
type of fig. 121, collected by Maj. W. B. Camp, from Sacketts Harbor, 
New York, has a hole bored from side to side of the knob represent- 
ing the feet. The pipe is smoothly ground and apparently made of 
indurated clay. 

The natives of western Pennsylvania about 1760 are said according 
to Loudon to have made ‘burnt offerings to their deceased relatives, 
such as tobacco, bread,” ete. ! 

As did the natives of Virginia at the advent of the whites, and in 
this exceedingly rare work, it is related that Tecaughretanego, after 
building himself a sweat house and purifying himself therein, came 
out and began to pray and cast the last of his cherished tobacco into 
the fire; he then is said to have handed his white companion his pipe 
to smoke, though at that time he had nothing to smoke but red willow 
bark. ? 

The mixture of other plants with tobacco is here also noted and the 
friendly smoking referred to. ‘They are,” it is said, ‘‘ very fond of 
tobaeco and the men almost all smoke it mixed with sumac leaves or 
red willow bark pulverized,” and these Indians are said seldom to use 
it any other way.’ 

The conjurer’s or medicine man’s practices appear identical with those 
in other parts of the continent, as related in McCulloh’s Narrative, 
contained in this work, in which the scene is described of a woman who 
places her hands one over the other upon a boil and sucking the hand 
and pretending to hand something from the mouth to the medicine 
man, who stepped out of the hut. <A few days later he returns and 
smokes “qush-a-tik ok kil-lick ken-eek can;” that is, tobacco and 
mixture such as sumac leaves, red sally bark.” ‘ 

Kalm refers to the wampum about 1749. He says: ‘‘Many people 
at Albany make the wampum of the Indians, which is their ornament _ 
and their money, by grinding some kind of shells and muscles. ‘This is 
a considerable profit to the inhabitants.”? . 

Soon after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, in December, 
1620, namely, March 16, 1621, “*Samoset came boldly among them and 
spoke to them in broken English, which yet they could understand, at 
which they marveled, but at length they understood that he belonged 
to the eastern parts of the guee and had site easatn ts ah with sundry 


uhiball Tronsnes A Soler tian of. the Mout ROSS awe itives of Outrages 
Committed by the Indians in their Wars with the White People, I, p. 341, Carlisle, — 
1808. 
2 Idem, I, p. 237. é 
3Tdem, I, p. 276. i 
4 Idem, I, p. 354. 
5 Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, II, p. 261, London, 1771. j 


! 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 643 


of the English fishermen, and could name certain of them from whom 
he learned his language.”! This occurrence is only an additional 
instance of almost every account of the traveler’s first contact with the 
natives—that some one else of the same color or nationality was there, 
or had been there before them. 

It is noteworthy that all references to the personal property of our 
American Indians indicate that it was inconsiderable. Peter Heylyn, 
about 1682, referring to the natives of Virginia, especially that portion 
known as * Novem Belgium or Nieu Nederlandt,” says: ‘Their house- 
hold stuff, a tobacco pipe, a wooden dish, and an hatchet made of a 
broad flint; their weapons, bows and arrows, their arrows headed with 
the bones of fishes.”? 

According to Everard, Clusius says, referring to Windaconoa, in 
1585, with whose natives numbers of the Raleigh expedition came in 
contact, *‘The English returning from thence brought the like pipes 
with them to drink the smoak of tobacco.” * 

The native American arts and handiwork are beginning to be some- 
what studied, and as a consequence a better understanding is had of 
limits to implements of native manufacture than was possible a decade 
since. Among other writers on the subject Dr. Brinton has claimed to 
find evidences of left-handedness in North American aboriginal art, 
having noticed an appreciable percentage among arrowheads. If 
these views are correct, they differ from the experience of one authority 
herein quoted, who passed a considerable time among American say- 
ages living under primitive conditions, nor does it appear to the writer 
that the mere scrutiny of an arrow would be reliable as to how it 
would be held in process of manufacture, especially as blades in process 
of chipping are of necessity constantly reversed as the formation of 
the blade progresses. 

The Choctaws, according to Dr. E. A. Barber, as well as the Mexi- 
cans, mixed their tobacco with the leaves of liquid amber. 

As showing the wide areas over which specimens of catlinite have 
been found, Mr. Charles C. Jones, in a letter to Dr. Barber, refers to a 
pipe of this material found in an ancient relic bed about 25 miles from 
Augusta, on the Savannah River, in Georgia. 

There is in the Douglass collection, in New York City, a pottery pipe 
from Franklin, North Carolina, which resembles a snake holding a vase 
in its distended jaws. This pipe is of interest as related to the bird 
pipes of Georgia (fig. 231), and possibly to those of northern New York 
(fig. 115) as well. 

The Florida Indians during the first half of the sixteenth century, 
according to Cabeca de Vaca, built their cabins of mats on oyster-shell 
piles, on which they slept perfectly naked. They never, he says, build 


‘Nathaniel Morton, New England’s Memorial, p. 30, Boston, 1855. 

*Cosmography, Chirography, and History of the Whole World, LV, p. 96, London, 
1682. 

3 Dr. Everard, Panacea, or the Universal Medicine, p. 63, London, 1659. 

4D.G, Brinton, American Anthropologist, X, p. 179. 


— 


644 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


a cabin unless near wood and water.' De Vaca’s narrative can not 
fail to be of interest, as being probably the first of a white man’s expe- 
rience within the confines of the territory north of Mexico. 

Jean Ribault, in February, 1562, commanded for Coligny, who had 
secured a patent from Charles IX to colonize French Protestants in 
America, an expedition which sailed from Havre, France. At the end 
of April they reached the coast, and on May 1 discovered the river of 
May, now the St. Johns. Returning to their ships they sailed up the 
coast to Port Royal and located a fort not far off. They left there a 
small garrison and then returned to Europe. ‘Two years later Laudon- 
niere reached the coast, and in 1565 there was not far from one thou- | 
sand persons in the third expedition of Ribault, who were all massacred | 
by the Spanish.’ 

The Pehuenches of Parana smoke by passing one pipe around. Each 
one fills himself until he can inhale no longer, holds his breath as long 
as he can, and exhales through the nose. The Eskimo and the Japa- 
nese retain the smoke of a single whiff until they can endure it no 
longer.° 

The natives of Patagonia are said to make wood or stone pipe bowls — 
fitted with a silver or metal tube.t ‘The smoker,” he says, “lights his 
pipe, then lies prone on the ground, and after puffing a portion of smoke 
to each cardinal point and muttering a prayer he swallows several 
mouthfuls of tobacco smoke, which produces intoxication and partial 
insensibility, lasting perhaps for the space of two minutes. The — 
tobacco used for smoking (for they never chew) is generally obtained — 
from the settlements, but failing in this a herb substitute is procured from 
the Araucanians. This is never smoked pure, being invariably mixed 
with either wood chopped up small or ‘ Yerba’ | Paraguay tea| stalks if 
obtainable. The mixture with dung mentioned by } MW. Guinnard is 
unknown among the Tuelches.”° 

Certain of the natives of Terra del Fuego in 1822 were said to strike 
fire with iron pyrites against quartz. ° 

An early reference to incensing refers to Magellan’s voyage where it 
is said, ‘Not far from Zubut lies the isle of Mathan. When aman of © 
figure dies all the chief women go to his house, the room being incensed — 
with myrrh and storax all the while.” 

Mr. M. Eels, in a letter to Dr. E. A. Barber in 1878, says that among 
the sa hela a pany of whom talk the Skwaksin dialect of the Nisqually 


! Voyages de C nee de Vaca, pp. 1, 147, transl: ited from Valadolid ene of 
1555. ; 

2Charles W. Baird, History of the Huguenot Emigration to America, I, New York, 
no date. 

3 Hutchinson, Parana, p. 31, London, 1886. 

‘George Charworth Musters, At Home with the Patagonians, p. 169, London, 1871. 

*Tdem, p. 174. 

* A, Morlot, General Views on Archeology, Smithsonian Report, 1860, p. 286, refer- 
ring to Weddell’s *‘ A Voyage towards the South Pole in 1822 and 1824,” London, 1827, 

‘ Jobn Harris, Voyages and Travels, I, p. 16, London, 1705, referring to the voyage ~ 
of Ferdinandus Majelianes in 1521, 


AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 645 


language, and the Clallams, at present, smoking is common, but he 
could not learn that there was ever any smoking previous to the com- 
ing of the English and Americans sixty or eighty years ago. When the 
Hudson’s Bay Company came, it became more common. ! 

The Haidasta, Dr. Barber says, use the bark of Cornus stolonifera, 
also Cornus sericea, dried and prepared for smoking. 

The Tunguses are said never to ‘‘travel without having a sort of 
censor hung on their arm (or little chafing dish). In throwing on this 
portable fire wood and half-dried herbs they stir up a great deal of odor 
to their fire which all the insects dislike.” 7 The same author says the 
Lapps make this odor with sponge. 

Mr. Raphael Pumpelly writes Dr. Barber from Oswego, New York, in 
1878, that “in Ladak and Thibet the natives in traveling make a small, 
smooth hole in the ground, which they fill with tobacco, and then make 
a connecting hole through which they draw the smoke directly into the 
mouth, thus making the ground perform the parts of a bowl.” 

Mr. Clarence B. Moore has illustrated from mounds on the Georgia 
coast two or three other pipes, both of pottery and of stone, which pre- 
sent unique features impossible to classify with any type.° 

There are in the U.S. National Museum a number of walrus-ivory 
pipes which are commonly bored lengthwise of the tusk, one-half from 
each end. The opening in the larger end is subsequently plugged with 
a piece of ivory and colored black to conceal where the plug is inserted. 
At times the smaller end is shaped to form a mouthpiece; at other 
times an opening is left for the insertion of a mouthpiece composed of 
wood, bone, ivory, or even of metal, instances occurring of copper car- 
tridges being so employed. The bowls of the character of those of figs. 
188 to 192, inclusive, which appear to be of Japanese type, are held in 
position by gluing, mortising, with dowels, or, as is often the case, 
bound on with green seal skin thongs and allowed to dry. The bowls 
are variously of stone, bone, ivory, or metal. The etching on these 
pipes is often quite elaborate, representing scenes from Arctic daily 
life, both ludicrous and serious. There is a specimen of this type 
which has been bored by a succession of holes along the back all being 
subsequently cut into a single opening, which was subsequently closed 
with a tight plate as in fig. 189, though much longer. There is, how- 
ever, strong reason to suppose such pipes to be modern and intended 
rather for sale than for smoking. ; 

There is in the U.S. National Museum (No. 1210, loans catalogue) the 
castofasteatite pipein the form ofa flying squirrel, collected by Mai. W. B. 
Camp, Sacket Harbor, New York, which is of unique character in that it 
isastraight tube, the exterior representing the squirrel with its extended 
wings in the act of sailing through theair. This pipe is described in the 
Proceedings of the Jefferson County Historical Society for 1895. 


1 Mr. Eels to Dr. E. A. Barber, September, 1878. 
2 Cornelius De Paw, Recherches Philosophiques sur les Américains, I, p. 247. 
Clarence B. Moore, Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Georgia Coast, Philadel- 
phia, 1897. 


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CATALOGUE OF THE SERIES ILLUSTRATING THE 
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 


WIRT TASSIN, 
Assistant Curator, Division of Mineralogy. 


4 


_--- 


CATALOGUE OF THE SERIES ILLUSTRATING THE PROPERTIES - 
OF MINERALS. 


By WirvT TASSIN, 
Assistant Curator, Division of Mineralogy. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The wall cases on the west side of the Mineral Hall contain a series 
of specimens, models, and labels illustrating and defining the several 
characters or properties of minerals. Accepting the definition of a 
mineral to be a definite chemical compound occurring in nature, which 
is usually capable of assuming a crystalline form when in the solid state, 
the subject-matter, consisting entirely of the labels used throughout 
the series, may from this definition be made to fall under two heads: 

I. Chemical mineralogy, which treats of those properties relating to 
chemical composition or atomic structure of a mineral, and the chemi- 
cal relations of the several kinds of minerals. 

II. Physical mineralogy, which treats of those properties relating to 
form or molecular structure of a mineral, and the action of the various 
physical forces upon the several kinds of minerals. 


SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT. 


TI. CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. 


The elements; combination; types of minerals; variations in composi- 
tion: relation of water to composition; relation of water to physical 
; ; y 

properties; relation of composition to physical properties. 


Il PHYSICAL MINERALOGY. 


A. Properties relating to form or molecular structure: The crystal; 
crystallographic axes; crystal form; erystal systems—isometric, tetrag- 
onal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic; symmetry and 
the thirty-two types; compound crystals; imperfections of crystals; 
pleomorphism, isomorphism; pseudomorphs; crystalline aggregates. 

3. Characters relating to cohesion and elasticity: Cleavage; gliding, 
pressure, and separation planes; fracture; hardness; tenacity. 

©. Characters depending upon mass or volume: Specific gravity. 

D. Characters relating to heat, magnetism, and electricity: Heat, 


magnetism, electricity. 
649 


650 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


K. Characters depending upon the action of light: Light; transmis- 
sion of light—diaphaneity; absorption of light—color, essential color, 
nonessential color, and varieties of color; emission of light—phosphor- 
_escence; reflection of light—luster; refraction of light, uniaxial and 
biaxial crystals; diffraction of light; polarization of light, by reflection 
and simple refraction, double refraction, and absorption; interference 
figures, isotropic class, anisotropic class; dispersion .of the optic axes, 
orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic. 

F. Characters depending upon the action of the senses: Touch, 
taste, and odor. 

G. Characters depending upon the resistance to chemical action: 
Corrosion figures; solution planes. 

The visitor is advised to study the series in the order indicated by 
the case lettering, regarding each panel as a unit, and reading from 
left to right, beginning with the upper left-hand corner as in a book. 


I. CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. 


THE ELEMENTS. 


The chemist has made known the existence of a number of kinds of 
matter which can not be resolved into more simple forms. These kinds 
of matter, of which there are about seventy at present known, are by 
agreement called elements. The elements unite with and often replace 
one another in certain constant proportions by weight. These weights 
are expressed by numbers variously designated as equivalent, propor- 
tional, reacting, and combining weights and as atomic weights. The 
elements with their symbols and atomic weights are: 


Table of Atomic Weights. 


Name. Symbol. STKE Name. S onan ey 
| | 

AlUMINVMN. cles epee aeee | Aer ibe WL SEE PY GIN ae cide atts Som tettere ie malar= Er....| 166.3 
PAM IPINON Y= ae cenit ae ener | Slee! 120,43) 1) Pluorinie 255-224 eas coos cer ene a eS oe 19. 03 
oO Tega ano cceatpadoatoaSs: CAN Coes (2) Gallium is. 2 occ. oet ee ee eee Gast 69.0 
WAVSONIC cose se ey accesses ceeeee Agno tp.09' || \Gerntamium). ..-\s) 22.2 csin es Gero: 72.3 
Baritim (2.52 5.csiee-cteacesstcse ee Bass: 137.43")) (Glacinum S..se<-he=-= aes se ont Gli... 9.08 
Bigmitith82-- case eee eee eee Sim, Sc} 4208.11 | Coldtase as. ne ee ate eee ee eseee Ams2 4) elo Ted 
BoLOn ses scscee cs ater eee roe Be cece 10,'95 |) elit. 22 s-/cconce cases: asec Hess: (2) 
IBrOMING. Sones ones te eeee meena Bupa! 719)05y)\ Peyadropenicee. uae 13 ese 1.08 
Osdmiginy s-senonsccis-caetepeaes Cae scl pla O8n Indinmipacceck ae matecest caer Tn oes 113.7 
Caleinti: ans sais sce se teens Cale 40.08 || Todine.............---+-22+00-- Tre | 126. 85 
Oarben. o-scsescaacee cere aes Pl Oe aie 42,00 || ridiamy\see Sees see eee ee Tp ake 193. 12 
Carium= 2... csssne ae een oes | Ce | 140.2 / Tron sss 7 sere w oes ce aoe aeeee ee | Peuss .| 56. 02 
CasiiMie ds. woes see cc sees eee Cs....| 132.89 | Lanthanum, sce bee esse gee as | La..- J 138. 06 
Chiloringtecsest—-saser-ee ean ones Cl 36,45) Tueadia 2 Soe cre eee ee | does 206. 92 
(COMTI aeons aes ele sic | Cree: Soa bithinmsescsceess seeks hae cree | iene 7.03 
Copal teseeeemenst ees eee (Oo narr bec 98 || Mapnesitum sap asenes ces ase e | Moet 24, 29 
Colum Piniiteeseseecneaes see ae | Chie. 94. 0 Manmainese2)s.ceae-uejeeccmee iver 54. 99 
COpPpPOL: <<saere si aeewess sess se ae | Cuze.2 63. 60"|| Mercury; ssa.-25 seers eee | Hg *2.' 200. 
SS Did yimitim "|. fone desde ws'n cine - Di:...; 142700 || Molybdenum... Sscccsa-e nce [eo Se 95, 98 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 651 


Table of Atomic Weights—Continued. 


symbot, Atomic Nase Symbol, Atomic 
a = o> Se = = = 
Weodymium -.---....<--.------ | Ndi...) 140.5 Slt Npea ss scoe sosc mame cenecc Nae - 23.05 
IPO RTS See ee Nise: 58. 69 || SUT Roe seed 5cagoc Snccs Sree 87. 61 
ISTE) 02 55 Seep oes eee Nese 142047) |( Sulphur =... --ceses== ==. o=> =i Ste: 32. 07 
STIMU ocean. cu. - oes ~ = Os.--.| 190.99 |) Tantalum ......... joe aeeenetec AW as - 182. 6 
UR oe ee eee Oee re 16,008 |/eCelloniam = ---ensess eee oe Teeee| 2780 
IPRUBUIMWN soon 222: Socom na VEC ba oe 166596; ||)eerbitiIM! = --2ss-s--25---s 52 =r Tb-<-. 160.0 
IPHOSPNOLES-~----=-----5----5 == ps 31. 02 | Aalst soos es oe ee Poe AT Tip Beas 204. 15 
PIS ANUIN eee con ass osee sets: Pi ase 194. 89 i {UVa nao cess S soon sse ses Thess. 232. 63 
LE OS eee a i ne Rene 39.11 | f Wits PR ee ee ee Snes 119. 05 
IPISReOO VINIUM e222 =e = rds) 249! ||) Pitanton, <8: .08 sac ene AM = no. 48.15 
co haghee-|" 108-08 Ill Tumpsten +c... noses sees Wei re G4 
phim eet 3123.8 Ae soy cae teen eee mR gees 239. 59 
epic 2 eae ee eee Roles s). 00 68s) Wanadium-s--s02----s- =< 5 Vice ac. 51.38 
SHOT tt eee a ee ee Se =a- 44.0 PL OC PLU oe = oe ee ee eee = Wt... 173.0 
SLT eS eee Se ..-. 79.0 Vttriam -..-- se eee one ene Nitcsoe 88.95 
SULNDG S528 See SS Ae eee ie Sica BEC UN ADO 5 eae acer nee seer 7A eee 65. 41 
SHG ce Gen eee Seema Agee LOTASZ NE AATCOMIUM easter es esse sees ee Wariee ce 90.6 


Berzelius, in his electro-chemical hypothesis, distinguished certain 
relations between the different elements by the terms electro-negative 
and electro-positive. Later, the terms acidic and basic came into use. 
As synonymous with these, the terms negative and positive are now 
used, although they, like the others, are not free from objections. 

From the combinations of the elements, the more negative uniting 
with the more positive in varying proportions and in groups of two, 
three, or more, all known compounds are produced. These unions take 
place in accordance with certain general chemical laws, the observation 
of which has given rise to the hypothesis that the elementary bodies 
are made up of indivisible particles, called atoms, and that chemical 
combination takes place through the union of these atoms. A group 
of atoms thus united is called a molecule. 

All minerals are composed of either an element alone or two or more 
elements in combination. Elements are said to combine when, on 
bringing them together, a new substance is produced, differing from 
and possessing properties which, as a rule, are not the mean of those 
of its constituents. For example, the gases hydrogen and oxygen 
under the proper conditions combine to form water, a liquid. These 
combinations are represented symbolically by the juxtaposition of the 
symbols of the component elements. ‘Thus, a molecule of water, com- 
posed of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen, is represented by 
the symbol H,O. The multiplication of a group of atoms is denoted by 
placing the proper numeral to the left of a group of symbols, or by 
inclosing them in parentheses and placing a small numeral to the right. 
Thus, 3H,O or (H,O); denotes three molecules of water. The combina- 
tion of groups is expressed by placing their symbols in juxtaposition 
with a period between them. Thus, Fe,O,;.H,O denotes a compound of 


652 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


oxygen and iron containing water. Sometimes the commaor the sign + 
is used in place of the period. Further, the letter R is used to denote 
a varying group of equivalent elements. Thus, R Cb,O, is a compound 
in which there is a varying amount of the equivalent elements of the 
rare earths. KR is also used as a general symbol for any element. These 
general principles are illustrated by the following series of labels and 
specimens showing the combinations of some typical elements: 

Zine and its combinations.—Zine combines with sulphur to form the 
compounds sphalerite. and wurtzite. Combined with oxygen it forms 
the compound zincite; with oxygen and other elements it forms a num- 
ber of combinations. These oxygen compounds may be either oxida- 
tion products of zinc compounds alone, such as goslarite, ZnSO,.7H,0; 
adamite, Zn.(OH)AsO,; and smithsonite, ZnCO;; or of zine compounds 
in which there is some other base, as in k6éttigite (Zn,Co);As,O,.8H,O, 
and aurichalecite (Zn,Cu);(OH);(CO3).. Zine combines with silicon and 
oxygen to form two well-defined compounds, willemite, Zn.SiO,, and 
calamine, H,Zn,SiO,. 

Examples. 


Sphalerite—ZnS—Wheatley mine, Phcenixville, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 81829, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Wurtzite—ZnS—Przibram, Bohemia. (Cat. No. 51476, U.S.N.M.) 

Zincite—ZnO—Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 83614, U.S.N.M.) 

Smithsonite—ZnCO;—Altenberg, Belgium. (Cat. No. 51530, U.S.N.M.) 

Aurichalcite—(Zn,Cu);(OH);(CO;),—Empire mine, Joplin, Missouri. (Cat. No. 
82198, U.S.N.M.) 

Willemite—Zn.SiO,—Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 83615, 


U.S.N.M.) 
Calamine—H,Zn,Si0O,—Sterling, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 81954, 
U.S.N.M.) 


Descloizite—(Zn,Pb).(0H)VO;—Commercial mine, Georgetown, New Mexico. 
(Cat. No. 48460, U.S.N.M.) 

Adamite—Zn2(OH)AsO,—Laurium, Greece. (Cat. No. 48520, U.S.N.M.) 

Tin and its combinations.—Tin occurs in combination with sulphur 
along with copper and iron in stannite, and with oxygen in cassiterite. 
These compounds, together with a few minerals in which the stannic 
compounds have been occluded and are present only as an impurity, 
are the only known occurrences of this element. 


Examples. 


Stannite—Cu,FeSn8,—St. Just, Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 47028, U.S.N.M.) 

Cassiterite—SnO.—Grautfen, Bohemia. (Cat. No. 45607, U.S.N.M.) 

Lead and its combinations.—Lead unites with sulphur alone to form 
galena, and with sulphur and arsenic or antimony to form a number of 
compounds, of which dufrenoysite, Pb.As.8;, and zinkenite, PbSb.S,, 
are examples. Combined with selenium or tellurium it is found in 
clausthalite, PbSe, and altaite, PbTe. It forms a number of combina- 
tions with oxygen. These oxygen compounds may be simple oxidation 
products of lead alone, such as massicot, PbO; plattnerite, PbO,, and . 


ee 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 653 


minium, Pb;O,; or of lead compounds, such as anglesite, PbSO,; 
melanotekite, Pb,FeSi,O,, and cerussite, PbCO;. With chlorine it 
forms cotunnite, PbCl.; with chlorine and oxygen or oxygen salts it 
forms oxychlorides and other salts of a mixed composition, such as 
chlorocarbonates and chloroarsenates. 


Examples. 


Galena—PbS—Mine La Motte, Missouri. (Cat. No, 45140, U.S.N.M.) 

Altaite—PbTe—Cold Spring mine, Gold Hill, Colorado. (Cat. No. 13509, U.S.N.M.) 

Jamesonite—Pb.Sb.S;—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 12501, U.S.N.M.) 

Freieslebenite—(Pb,Ag:);SbsS,;—Garfield mine, Gunnison County, Colorado. (Cat. 
No. 82622, U.S.N.M.) 

Cotunnite—PbCl.—Vesuvius, Italy. (Cat. No. 13616, U.S.N.M.) 

Plattnoerite—PbO,—‘“‘ You Like” mine, Mullan, Idaho. (Cat. No. 48604, U.S.N.M.) 

Cerussite—PbCO;—County Yancowinna, New South Wales. (Cat. No. 82480, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Melanotekite—Pb,FeSiz0.—Paisberg, Sweden. (Cat. No. 83544, U.S.N.M.) 

Barysilite—Pb;8i.0;—Harstig mine, Paisberg, Sweden. (Cat. No. 48970, U.S.N.M.) 

Vanadinite—(PbC1)Pb,( VO,);—Yuma County, Arizona. (Cat. No. 48793, U.S.N.M.) 

Endlichite—(PbCl)Pb;( (As, V)O;);—Lake Valley, New Mexico. (Cat. No. 47082, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Descloizite—(Pb,Zn)2(0H)VO;—Commercial mine, Georgetown, New Mexico. 
(Cat. No. 48691, U.S.N.M.) 

Pyromorphite — (PbC1)Pb,(PO,;), Ems, Nassau, Germany. (Cat. No. 46998, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Mimetite—(PbC1)Pb,(AsO,);—Cumberland, England. (Cat. No. 12571, U.S.N.M.) 

Anglesite—PbSO,—Monte Poni, Sardinia. (Cat. No.51976, U.S.N.M.) 

Crocoite—PbCrO,—Berezoy, Siberia. (Cat. No. 49581, U.S.N.M.) 

Wulfenite—PbMoO,;—Red Cloud mine, Yuma County, Arizona. (Cat. No. 47978, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Sulphur and its combinations.—Sulphur combines with the several 
metallic elements, forming a class of compounds of which realgar, 
AsS; stibnite, Sb.S;; molybdenite, MoS,; sphalerite, ZnS, and chalco- 
pyrite, CuFeS,., are examples. Combined with the more positive 
metallic elements, and with arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, it forms a 
series of compounds such as cobaltite, CoAsS; arsenopyrite, Fe(As,S)>; 
proustite, Ag,AsS;, and tetrahedrite, Cu,Sb.8;. Finally, its combina- 
tions with the several elements unite more or less readily with oxygen, 
forming a number of oxidized species, such as barite, BaSO,; selenite, 
CaSO,.2H.O, and brochantite, Cu,(OH)sSOx. 


Examples. 


Orpiment—As,.S;—Hernize, Bosnia, Turkey. (Cat. No. 18367, U.S.N.M.) 
Stibnite—Sb.S.—Mine de Verde da Prota, Portugal. (Cat. No. 18292, U.S.N.M.) 
Molybdenite—MoS,—Altenberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 8128, U.S.N.M.) 
Sphalerite—ZnS—Cumberland, England. (Cat. No. 49585, U.S.N.M.) 
Galena—PbS—Joplin, Missouri. (Cat. No. 51546, U.S.N.M.) 
Cinnabar—HgS—Pheenix mine, Napa County, California. (Cat. No. 15985, U.S.N.M.) 
Pyrrhotite—Fe,,;S;.—Gap mine, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 81841, 
U.S.N.M.) 
Pyrite—FeS.,—Elba. (Cat. No. 49543, U.S.N.M.) 


654 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Chalcopyrite—CuFeS,—Gordon mine, Yeoval, New South Wales. (Cat. No. 47996, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Berthierite—FeSb.S,;—Braunsdorf, Saxony. (Cat. No. 12997, U.S.N.M.) 

Bournonite—Pb;Cu,Sb28.,—Kapnik, Hungary. (Cat. No. 45670, U.S.N.M.) 

Tetrahedrite—CuySb.8;—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 14054, U.S.N.M.) 

Tennantite—Cu,As,8;—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 14081, U.S.N.M.) 

Barite—RaSO,—Westmoreland, England. (Cat. No. 49798, U.S.N.M.) 

Celestite—SrSO,—Girgenti, Sicily. (Cat. No. 49798, U.S.N.M.) 

Anglesite—PbSO,—Monte Poni, Sardinia. (Cat. No. 51976, U.S.N.M.) 

Gypsum —CaSO,.2H,0O—Hillsboro, New Brunswick. (Cat. No. 45705, U.S.N.M.) 

Alunite—K(A10);(SO,)2.8H20—Resita Hills, Custer County, Colorado. (Cat. No. 
51710, U.S.N.M.) 

Brochantite—Cu,(OH),SO,—Horn silver mine, Frisco County, Utah. (Cat. No. 
81120, U.S.N.M.) 


Iron and its combinations.—The compounds of iron occur widely dis- 
seminated and in great numbers. Combined with sulphur, arsenie, 
and other elements it forms a number of compounds, such as pyrite, 
FeS,; pyrrhotite, Fe,S,.; chalcopyrite, FeCuS,, and arsenopyrite, 
Fe(As,S),... With oxygen it forms anhydrous and hydrous compounds, 
such as hematite, Fe,O;, and limonite, Fe,O,(OH);. Alone or with 
other elements it enters into the composition of numerous oxidized 
species, as in siderite, FeCO;: griinerite, FeSiO;; tantalite, FeTa,0,; 
strengite, FePO,.2H,0; coquimibite, (Fe, Al).(SO,);.9H.O, and wolfram- 
ite, (Fe,Mn)WO,;. Combined with chlorine it is found in lawrencite, 
FeCl, and molysite, FeCl. 


Examples. 


Pyrite—FeS.—Mexico. (Cat. No. 8216, U.S.N.M.) 

Marcasite --FeS,—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 44258, U.S.N.M.) 

Pyrrhotite—Fe,,S;.—Gap mine, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 80841, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Leucopyrite —Fe;As;—Ellenville, New York. (Cat. No. 81827, U.S.N.M.) 

Arsenopyrite—Fe(As,8).—Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 82347, U.S.N.M.) 

Hematite—Fe,0;—Elba. (Cat. No. 48469, U.S.N.M.) 

Limonite—Fe,0;(OH,)—Saxony. (Cat. No. 2521, U.S.N.M.) 

Magnetite—Fe;0,—Mineville, Essex County, New York. (Cat. No. 50469, U.S.N.M.) 

Chromite—FeCr,0,—Sonoma County, California. (Cat. No. 15972, U.S.N.M.) 

Franklinite—ZnuFe,0;,—Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 47676, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Siderite—FeCO;—Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 49843, U.S.N.M.) 

Chalcodite—H;(FeOH),;A1(Si;0s)s—Antwerp, New York. (Cat. No. 47377, U.S.N.M.) 

Columbite—FeCb,0,—Stoneham, Maine. (Cat. No. 15824, U.S.N.M.) 

Tantalite—FeTa,0,—Etta mine, Pennington County, South Dakota. (Cat. No. 
48355, U.S.N.M.) 

Dufrenite—Fe;(OH),(PO,);—Rockbridge County, Virginia. (Cat. No. 82405, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Strengite—FePO,.2H,O—Waldgirmes, Giessen, Germany. (Cat.No.51621,U.S.N.M.) 

Vivianite—Fe;P203.8H,0—Mullica Hill, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 45217, U.S.N.M.) 

Eleonorite—Fe;(OH)3(PO,)2.2H,0—Waldgirmes, Giessen, Germany. (Cat. No. 
47006, U.S.N.M.) 

Cacoxenite—Fe:(OH);PO0,.44H,0O—Nobles mine, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 
(Cat. No. 4822, U.S.N.M.) 

Scorodite—FeAsO,.2H,O—Red Mountain, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81190, U.S.N.M.) 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 655 


Arseniosiderite—FeCa;(OH) gAsO,—Romanéche, France. (Cat. No. 46376, U.S.N.M.) 

Pharmacosiderite—Fe,(OH)3(AsO;);.6H2,0—Mammoth mine, Tintic, Utah. (Cat. 
No. 51846, U.S.N.M.) 

Coquimbite—(Fe, Al).(SO,)3.9H,0—Tierra Amarillo, Chile. (Cat. No. 12548, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Utahite—Fe,0;H;(FeOH);(SO,);—Eureka mine, Tintic, Utah. (Cat. No. 48241, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Wolframite—(Fe, Mn)W0O,—Zinnwald, Bohemia. (Cat. No. 12262, U,S.N.M.) 


Copper and its combinations. —Copper is rather abundantly distributed 
in a variety of forms. Combined with sulphur, either alone or with 
the sulphur compounds of other elements, it forms a variety of combi- 
nations, of which chaleocite, Cu,8, and chalcopyrite, CuFeS:, are exam- 
ples. With arsenic and antimony, alone or with other elements, it 
forms compounds such as domeykite, Cu;As, horsfordite, CugSb, and 
tetrahedrite, Cu,Sb.S;. It forms a number of compounds with oxy- 
gen. These oxygen compounds may be simple oxidation products of 
copper, like cuprite, Cu,O; or of copper compounds, such as atacamite, 
Cu,0;H;Cl; malachite, Cu,(QH),CO;; chrysocolla, H,CuSiO,.H,0; libe- 
thenite, Cu.(OH)PO,, and chalcanthite, CuSO,;.5H,0. 


Examples. 


Chalcocite—Cu,S—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 16980, U.S.N.M.) 

Covellite—CuS—Moonta, South Australia. (Cat. No. 83607, U.S.N.M.) 

Chalcopyrite—CuFeS,—French Creek, Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 
47973, U.S.N.M.) 

Bornite—Cu;FeS;—Gilliss mine, Guilford County, North Carolina. (Cat. No. 51603, 
U.S.N.M.) . 

Domeykite—Cus3As—Houghton, Portage Lake, Michigan. (Cat. No. 13377, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Whitneyite—Cu,As—Hancock, Portage Lake, Michigan. (Cat. No. 18375,U.S.N.M.) 

Tetrahedrite—Cu,Sb.8;—Moineberg, Germany. (Cat. No. 49549, U.S.N.M.) 

Tennantite—CuzAs,8;—Idaho Springs, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81818, U.S.N.M.) 

Enargite—Cu;AsS,—Red Mountain, Colorado. (Cat. No.81127,U.S.N.M.) - 

Atacamite—Cu,03;H;Cl—Atacama, Chile. (Cat. No. 6510, U.S.N.M.) 

Melaconite—CuO—Leavenworth mine, Central, Colorado. (Cat. No. 13599, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Cuprite—Cu,0—Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Arizona. (Cat. No. 48780, U.S.N.M.) 

Malachite—Cu.(OH).CO;—Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Arizona. (Cat. No. 48773, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Azurite—Cu;(OH)2(CO;),—Detroit mine, Morenci, Arizona. (Cat. No. 83557, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Dioptase—H,CuSiO,—Siberia. (Cat. No. 49373, U.S.N.M.) 

Chrysocolla—H2CusiO,;,.H,0O—French Creek, Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. 
No. 46495, U.S.N.M.) 

Libethenite—Cu,(OH)PO,—Libethen, Hungary. (Cat. No. 50966, U.S.N.M.) 

Torbernite—CuP,0.(UO2)2.8H,0—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 16811, U.S.N.M.) 

Clinoclasite—Cu;(OH);AsO,—Mammoth mine, Tintic, Utah. (Cat. No. 48096, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Olivenite—Cu2(OH);AsO,—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 45332, U.S.N.M.) 
_ Conichaleite—(Cu,Ca).(OH)AsO,.4H,O—American Eagle mine, Tintic, Utah. (Cat. 
No. 48245, U.S.N.M.) 

Isrinite—Cu;(OH),As.0;—Mammoth mine, ‘Tintic, Utah. (Cat. No. 48114, 
U.S.N.M.) 


656 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Tyrolite—Cu;(OH),As,0,.7H,0—Mammoth mine, Tintic, Utah. (Cat. No. 4812, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Chalcanthite—CuSO,.5H,O0O—Copiapo, Chile. (Cat. No. 12621, U.S.N.M.) 

Brochantite—Cu,(OH),SO,—Mammoth mine, Tintic, Utah. (Cat. No. 48111, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Silver and its combinations.—Silver, alone or with other elements, 
combines with sulphur, selenium, tellurium, arsenic, and antimony to 
form compounds, of which the following are examples: Argentite, AgS, 
naumannite, Ag»Se; hessite, Ag.Te; huntilite, Ag,As; dyscrasite,A g,Sb; 
proustite, Ag;AsS;, and pyrargyrite, Ag,;SbS;. United with chlorine, 
bromine, or iodine it forms the minerals cerargyrite, AgCl; bromyrite, 
AgBr, and iodyrite, AgI. It does not unite with oxygen, and hence 
forms no oxygen compounds. 

Examples. 

Argentite—Ag.S5—Himmelsfiirst mine, Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 49505, U.S. 
N.M.) 

Stromeyerite—(Ag,Cu).S—Altai, Siberia. (Cat. No. 49426, U.S.N.M.) 

Dyscrasite—Ag;Sbh—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 16952, U.S.N.M.) 

Huntilite—Ag;As—Isle Royale, Lake Superior. (Cat. No. 49354, U.S.N.M.) 

Miargyrite—AgSbS.—Saxony. (Cat. No. 42425, U.S.N.M.) 

Stephanite—Ag,.Sb28;—Reese River, Nevada. (Cat. No. 15133, U.S.N.M.) 

Proustite—A g3As8;—Batopelas, Chihuahua, Mexico. (Cat. No. 81291, U.S.N.M.) 

Pyrargyrite—Ag;SbS;—Bolivia. (Cat. No. 49887, U.S.N.M.) 

Cerargyrite—AgCl—Lake Valley, New Mexico. (Cat. No. 47086, U.S.N.M.) 

Bromyrite—AgBr—Broken Hill mine, New South Wales. (Cat. No. 51263, U.S.N.M.) 

Iodyrite—AgI—Chanarciilo, Chile. (Cat. No. 13017, U.S.N.M.) 


_ Gold and its combinations.—Gold is, with a few exceptions, found only 
in the native state, sometimes pure, but more often alloyed with silver 
or intimately mixed with other metallic elements or their compounds. 
In nature it combines with but oue negative element, tellurium, forming 
the compounds sylvanite, (Au,Ag)Te,; nagyagite, Au,Pb,,Sb;(8,Te)2,, 
and petzite, (Au,Ag)Te. 
Examples. 
Sylvanite—(Au,Ag)Te,—Boulder County, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81145, U.S.N.M.) 


Petzite—(Au,Ag)2Te—Sunshine district, Boulder County, Colorado. (Cat. No. 
9723, U.S.N.M.) 


TYPES OF MINERALS. 


The combinations of the several elements, together with such elements 
as may occur free, fall naturally in two classes—elements and compounds. 

By a compound is meant that body produced by the combination of 
two or more elements, and which is different in its nature from, and 
whose properties as a rule are not the mean of, those of its constituents. 
A compound is to be distinguished from a mixture, or simple mechan- 
ical aggregation, in that it always implies a chemical union of its com- 
ponents, and therefore possesses a definite chemical composition. 

Among minerals these two classes may be further divided in accord- 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 657 


ance with chemical laws and grouped under certain prominent types as 
follows: 

Native elements.—Of the seventy or more elements at present known 
to chemistry, but eighteen, excluding those occurring only in the 
gaseous state, are found native; carbon, sulphur, the metals of the 
platmum group, mercury, copper, silver, and gold are among these. 
With the native elements are included the native alloys or compounds 
and mixtures of elements belonging to the same groups in the periodic 
system. 

The type is represented by the following specimens: 


Graphite—Ceylon. (Cat. No. 81365, U.S.N.M.) 

Sulphur—Cianciana, Sicily. (Cat. No.51951, U.S.N.M.) 

Selensulphur—White Islands, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. (Cat. No. 48056, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Tellurium—Keystone Lode, Boulder County, Colorado. (Cat. No. 9463, U.S.N.M.) 

Arsenic—near Leadville, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81824, U.S.N.M.) 

Allemontite—Allemont, France. (Cat. No. 46395, U.S.N.M.) 

Antimony—Prince William, New Brunswick. (Cat. No. 45704, U.S.N.M.) 

Bismuth—Schneeberg, Saxony. (Cat. No, 45415, U.S.N.M.) 

Iron—Ovifak, Disco Island, Greenland. (Cat. No. 47480, U.S.N.M.) 

Copper—Ontonagon County, Michigan. (Cat. No, 18227, U.S.N.M.) 

Silver—Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 49478, U.S.N.M.) 

Gold—California. (Cat. No. 81429, U.S.N.M.) 


Fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides.—The halogens, fluorine, 
chlorine, bromine, and iodine, form simple and complex compounds 
with other elements. The halides, as these compounds are called, are 
divided chemically into four classes—fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and 
iodides—according to the nature of the negative constituent. Two 
of the halogens—fluorine and chlorine—enter into the composition 
of several oxidized species, called, respectively, oxyfluorides and oxy- 
chlorides—compounds in which there is a metallic fluoride or chloride 
with a basic oxide of the saine metal. 

The following specimens are representatives of these types: 


Fluorite—England. (Cat. No. 49603, U.S.N.M.) 

Cryolite—Evigtok, Arksut-fiord, Greenland. (Cat. No. 46271, U.S.N.M.) 
Pachnolite—Evigtok, Arksut-fiord, Greenland. (Cat. No. 17895, U.S.N.M.) 
Thomsenolite—Evigtok, Arksut-fiord, Greenland. (Cat. No. 81696, U.S.N.M.) 
Gearksutite—St. Peters Dome, Pikes Peak, Colorado. (Cat. No. 48222, U.S.N.M.) 
Halite—Lincoln County, Nevada. (Cat. No. 15475, U.S.N.M.) 
Cerargyrite—Chanarcillo, Chile. (Cat. No. 13018, U.S.N.M.) 
Carnallite—Stassfurt, Germany. (Cat. No. 83908, U.S.N.M.) 
Tachhydrite—Stasstfurt, Germany. (Cat. No. 83912, U.S.N.M.) 
Bromyrite—Broken Hill mine, New South Wales. (Cat. No. 51262, U.S.N.M.) 
Atacamite—Huasco, Chile. (Cat. No. 16956, U.S.N.M.) 


Sulphides, selenides, and tellurides.—The elements sulphur, selenium, 
and tellurium bear a marked resemblance to each other, and present 
close analogies in their properties, occurrence, and mode of combining 
with other elements. The terms sulphide, selenide, and telluride 
include all those compounds in which sulphur, selenium, or tellurium 

NAT MUS 97 42 


658 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


forms the negative part. These three elements combine in this manner 
with most of the metals. Further, the three negative elements are 
essentially isomorphous, and may replace each other in varying amounts. 

These types are illustrated by the following specimens: 

Orpiment—Sunshine mine, Sunshine, Utah. (Cat, No. 84027, U.S.N.M.) 

Molybdenite—Hallein, Austria. (Cat. No. 49904, U.S.N.M.) 

Sphalerite—Cumberland, England. (Cat. No. 49585, U.S.N.M.) 

Millerite—Gap mine, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 48214, U.S.N.M.) 

Galena—Joplin, Missouri. (Cat. No. 51346, U.S.N.M.) 

Covellite—Gray Rock mine, Butte, Montana. (Cat. No. 84071, U.S.N.M.) 

Cinnabar—lIdria, Spain. (Cat. No. 81728, U.S.N.M.) 

Argentite—Guanajuato, Mexico. (Cat. No. 84057, U.S.N.M.) 

Chalcocite—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 16981, U.S.N.M.) 

Pyrrhotite—Ashe County, North Carolina. (Cat. No. 46236, U.S.N.M.) 

Linnwite—Mine La Motte, Missouri. (Cat. No. 45143, U.S.N.M.) 

Pyrite—Central, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81844, U.S.N.M.) 

Chalcopyrite—Gap mine, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 48216, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Bornite—Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 49473, U.S.N.M.) 

Tiemannite—Marysvale, Utah. (Cat. No. 81821, U.S.N.M.) 

Henryite—Red Cloud mine, Gold Hill, Colorado. (Cat. No. 9705, U.S.N.M.) 

Sylvanite—Offenbanya, Hungary. (Cat. No. 9719, U.S.N.M.) 

Arsenides antimonides, and bismuthides.—Arsenic, antimony, and bis- 
muth are analogous in their properties, and unite with other elements to 
form arsenides, antimonides, and bismuthides. Arsenic and antimony, 
and, to a certain extent, bismuth, are essentially isomorphous, and may 
replace one another in varying amounts. With the arsenides, antimo- 
nides, and bismuthides are included the sulpharsenides, sulphantimo- 
nides, and sulphbismuthides—compounds in which the negative part is 
taken by arsenic, antimony, or bismuth with sulphur. 

The following specimens are illustrative of these types: 

Niccolite—Gem mine, Silver Cliff, Colorado. (Cat. No. 51465, U.S.N.M.) 

Loéllingite—Horace Porter mine, Gunnison County, Colorado. (Cat. No. 51566, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Cobaltite—Coquimbo, Chile. (Cat. No. 18372, U.S.N.M.) 

Arsenopyrite—Rockbridge County, Virginia. (Cat. No. 13982, U.S.N.M.) 

Sulphosalts.—This class includes the various native salts of the sul- 
phoacids of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, tin, and germanium. The ele- 
ments present as bases are chiefly lead, copper, and silver; less often 
iron, mercury, zine, etc. The several compounds are arranged with 
reference to their negative parts as follows: Sulpharsenites, sulphan- 
timonites, and sulphbismuthites; sulpharsenates, sulphantimonates, 
sulphstannates, and sulphgermanates. 

Examples of these are shown in the specimens of— 

Chalcostibite—St. Gertraad, Carinthia, Austria. (Cat. No. 84088, U.S.N.M.) 

Freieslebenite—Garfield mine, Gunnison County, Colorado. (Cat. No. 82622, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Pyrargyrite—Yankee Boy mine, Ouray, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81122, U.S.N.M.) 

Tetrahedrite—Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 45656, U.S.N.M.) 

Tennantite—Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 49486, U.S.N.M.) 


ae 2 


8 ee ee 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 659 


Stephanite—Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 49486, U.S.N.M.) 

Richmondite—Richmond Hill, Collingwood, New Zealand. (Cat. No. 48039, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Polybasite—Della 8. mine, Aspen, Colorado. (Cat. No. 84037, U.S.N.M.) 

Enargite—Missouri mine, Park County, Colorado. (Cat. No, 51488, U.S.N.M.) 

Stannite—Cornwall, England. (Cat. No. 43623, U.S.N.M.) 

Kylindrite—Poopo, Bolivia. (Cat. No. 84059, U.S.N.M.) 

Argyrodite—Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 52131, U.S.N.M.) 

Oxysulphides.—The minerals here included are those sulphides in 
which the sulphur is in part replaced by oxygen—that is, compounds 
of sulphides and oxides. 

The type is illustrated by— 

Kermesite—South Ham, Quebec, Canada. (Cat. No. 46870, U.S.N.M.) 

Oxides and oxygen salts —From the abundance of oxygen and its 
nearly universal affinities, its combinations form by far the largest num- 


ber of the compounds of the elements. The minerals of this class fall 


into two general groups—the oxides of the elements and their combina- 
tions. To the first group the general name oxides is given; to the 
second, oxygen salts. The oxygen salts include a number of types of 
minerals, such as carbonate, silicate, and phosphate. 

The type oxide is represented by the following specimens: 

Cervantite—Fords Creek, near Gulzora, New South Wales. (Cat. No. 82476, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Zincite—Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 50230, U.S.N.M.) 

Hematite—Elba. (Cat. No. 16474, U.S.N.M.) 

Quartz—Buncombe County, North Carolina. (Cat. No. 45841, U.S.N.M.) 

Rutile—Magnet Cove, Arkansas. (Cat. No. 50530, U.S.N.M.) 

Limonite—Saxony. (Cat. No. 2029, U.S.N.M.) 

Brucite—Texas, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 49643, U.S.N.M.) 

Hydrotalecite—Snarum, Norway. (Cat. No. 49026, U.S.N.M.) 

Oxygen salts, borates, aluminates, chromites, ferrites, and manganites.— 
Borontrioxide, B,O,, under the proper conditions, will combine with 
other oxides to form borates. Alumina, Al,O., acts with oxides of 
stronger bases as an acid-forming oxide, and unites with them to form 
aluminates. Chromic oxide, Cr.O,, and ferric oxide, Fe,O., unite with 
oxides of stronger bases to form chromites and ferrites. Oxide of man- 
ganese, Mn,O;, acts as an acid-forming oxide toward stronger bases, 
and forms with them manganates. 

The following specimens are illustrative of these types: 

Ulexite—Columbus, Nevada. (Cat. No. 14379, U.S.N.M.) 

Sussexite—Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 47543, U.S.N.M.) 

Colemanite—Near Calico, San Bernardino County, California. (Cat. No. 47571, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Chrysoberyl—Haddam, Connecticut. (Cat. No. 13370, U.S.N.M.) 

Spinel—Southfield, Orange County, New York. (Cat. No. 46546, U.S.N.M.) 

Chromite—Zanina, Turkey. (Cat. No. 18370, U.S.N.M.) 

Magnetite—Orange County, New York. (Cat. No. 46546, U.S.N.M.) 

Franklinite—Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 16529, U.S.N.M.) 

Braunite—Jakobsberg, Sweden. (Cat. No. 47444, U.S.N.M.) 


Psilomelane—Romanéche, France. (Cat. No. 46375, U.S.N.M.) 


660 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Oxygen salts, carbonates.—The carbonates—compounds of carbon diox- 
ide with other oxides—form a numerous and important class of minerals. 
They may be conveniently arranged as follows: Normal carbonates, 
compounds in which the ratio of oxygen in the carbon dioxide to the 
oxygen in the combined oxide is as 2:1; basic carbonates, compounds 
in which the ratio of the number of the oxygen atoms to that of the 
combined oxide is less than 2:1; fluo and chloro carbonates, compounds 
in which there is a fluoride or chloride with a carbonate of the same 
element. 

The following specimens are of this type: 

Calcite—Waldshut, Germany. (Cat. No. 2016, U.S.N.M.) 

Smithsonite—Joplin, Missouri. (Cat. No. 48638, U.S.N.M.) 

Malachite—Nizne-Tagilsk, Siberia. (Cat. No. 49401, U.S.N.M.) 

Azurite—Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Arizona. (Cat. No. 48769, U.S.N.M.) 
Phosgenite—Monte Poni, Sardinia. (Cat. No. 51948, U.S.N.M.) 

Oxygen salts, silicates.—The silicates—compounds of silicon oxides 
with other oxides—constitute about nine-tenths of the known crust of 
the earth and more than one-fourth of the known kinds of minerals, 
Isomorphie combinations are the rule, and as a class they exhibit 
great diversity of composition. For example, the ratio of oxygenin silica 
to that in combined oxide may vary for monad and dyad elements, such 
as potassium orcalcium, between 2:4 and 4:1; and for silicates of triad 
elements, such as aluminum or iron, between 2:6 and 12:3. Again, it 
is not unusual to find a silicate containing both potassium and calcium 
as oxides combined with silica, or the oxides of iron and aluminum, 
or of caleium and aluminum, and that not necessarily in atomic pro- 
portion. But, although certain oxides are capable of mutual replace- 
ment in any and all proportions, such as the sesquioxides of iron, 
aluminum, etc., or the monoxides of calcium, magnesium, iron, man- 
ganese, sodium, lithium, etc., and though a silicate may contain at 
once a mixture of sesquioxides and monoxides in combination with 
silica, the place of a monoxide is not taken by a sesquioxide nor that 
of a sesquioxide by a monoxide. 

Examples of this type are shown in the following specimens: 

Pyroxene—Grasse Lake, St. Lawrence County, New York. (Cat. No. 48292, 
U.S.N.M.) 
Hornblende—Wolfsberg, Bohemia, (Cat. No. 50604, U.S.N.M.) 

Beryl—Portland, Connecticut. (Cat. No. 81987, U.S.N.M.) 

Feldspar—Diana, Lewis County, New York. (Cat. No. 50876, U.S.N.M.) 

Garnet—Upland, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 51982, U.S.N.M.) 

Topaz—Stoneham, Maine. (Cat. No. 28915, U.S.N.M.) 

Calamine—Sterling Hill, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 14416, U.S.N.M.) 

Tourmaline—Macomb, St. Lawrence County, New York. (Cat. No. 48280, U.S.N.M.) 

Stilbite—Cape D’Or, Minas Basin, Nova Scotia. (Cat. No. 83415, U.S.N.M.) 

Muscovite—Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 83478, U.S.N.M.) 

Serpentine—Montville, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 47544, U.S.N.M.) 

Kaolin—Rio Francisco, Arizona. (Cat. No. 8879, U.S.N.M.) 

Genthite—Webster, Jackson County, North Carolina. (Cat. No. 44475, U.S.N.M.) 


ey 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 661 


Oxygen salts, titanates.—The titanates—compounds of oxides with 
oxides whose negative portion is made up solely or chiefly of titanium 
oxide—may be arranged under the following groups: Titanates, com- 
pounds whose negative portion is titanium oxide; titanosilicates, 
compounds whose negative portion is compounded of titanic and silicic 
oxides; columbotitanates, including those compounds intermediate 
between the titanates and the succeeding columbates, and whose nega- 
tive parts may consist of the oxide of titanium with the oxides of 
columbium or silicon, with zirconium, ete. 


Examples. 


Ilmenite—Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 49959, U.S.N.M.) 
Titanite—Renfrew County, Canada. (Cat. No. 46566, U.S.N.M.) 
Hydrotitanite—Magnet Cove, Arkansas. (Cat. No. 45259, U.S.N.M.) 

Oxygen salts, columbates and tantalates.—The columbates and tanta- 
lates include those compounds of oxides with oxides whose negative 
parts are taken by the oxides of columbium or tantalum. The intimate 
relations existing between these compounds require them to be grouped 
together, there being, in fact, but few native tantalates that do not 
contain more or less columbium. 


Examples. 


Columbite—Peru, Maine. (Cat. No. 46854, U.S.N.M.) 

Samarskite—Wiseman mine, Mitchell County, North Carolina. (Cat. No. 51222, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Tantalite—Coosa County, Alabama. (Cat. No. 45846, U.S.N.M.) 


Oxygen salts, nitates.—The nitrates—compounds of oxides with oxides 
whose negative portion is nitrogen pentoxide—are few and are chiefly 
salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. There is a single 
hydrous basic cuprous species and a few double salts. 


Examples. 
Sodaniter—Chile. (Cat. No. 83227, U.S.N.M.) 


Oxygen salts, vanadates.—Under this head are included those min- 
erals in which vanadium pentoxide constitutes the negative portion. 
The principal vanadates are vanadinite, a combination of a lead vana- 
date with a chloride of the same metal, and descloizite, a basic lead 
vanadate carrying zine. 

Examples. 


Vanadinite—Aqua Fria mine, Yavapai County, Arizona. (Cat. No. 48711 
U.S.N.M.) 
Descloizite—Commercial mine, Georgetown, New Mexico. (Cat. No. 48458, 
U.S.N.M.) 


? 


Oxygen salts, phosphates.—Under this head are included the native 
oxydized compounds of phosphorus, which are without exception com- 
pounds of oxides with phosphorus pentoxide. The majority of these 
compounds are either isomorphous modifications or basic salts, both 


662 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


anhydrous and hydrous. The phosphates may crystallize with a fluor- 
ide as in apatite, with a chloride as in pyromorphite, or with a hydroxyl 
as in triploidite. 

The following are examples of this type: 

Monazite—-Burke County, North Carolina. (Cat. No. 49463, U.S.N.M.) 

Apatite—Hammond, St. Lawrence County, New York. (Cat. No. 49780, U.S.N.M.) 

Pyromorphite—Wheatley mine, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 12572, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Triploidite—Branchville, Connecticut. (Cat, No. 49576, U.S.N.M.) 

Variscite—Montgomery County, Arkansas. (Cat. No. 45194, U.S.N.M.) 

Cacoxenite—Nobles mine, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 49075, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Autunite—Stoneham, Maine. (Cat. No. 45795, U.S.N.M.) 

Oxygen salts, arsenates.—The arsenates include all those compounds of 
oxides with oxides whose negative parts are taken by arsenic pentox- 
ide. The arsenates are similar to the phosphates in molecular structure, 
and, like them, the majority are either isomorphic modifications or basic 
salts, both with and without water of crystallization. Further, they may 
consist of a combination of a chloride, fluoride, or hydroxyl with an 
arsenate. As a class they present many analogies to the phosphates, 
and like salts, as a rule, are isomorphous. The few rare native antimo- 
nates, together with chloriferous antimonites and arsenites, are here 
included with the arsenates. 

Examples of this type are shown in the following specimens: 

Mimetite—Leadville, Colorado. (Cat. No. 51362, U.S.N.M.) 
Tyrolite—Mammoth mine, Tintic, Utah. (Cat. No. 48121, U.S.N.M.) 
Conichalcite—American Eagle mine, 'Tintic, Utah. (Cat. No. 48244, U.S.N.M.) 
Scorodite—Red Mountain, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81190, U.S.N.M.) 


Oxygen salts, sulphates.—The sulphates—compounds of oxides with 
oxides in which the sole or principal negative constituent is sulphur 
trioxide—may be simple or isomorphic combinations or basic salts, 
either anhydrous or hydrous. They may also crystallize with chlorides 
or carbonates. The few native tellurates and selenates, compounds 
analogous to the sulphates, whose negative parts are respectively taken 
by telluric or selenic oxide, together with those compounds in which 
the more negative part is taken by either tellurous or selenous oxide, 
are here grouped with the sulphates. 

The following specimens are examples of this type: 

Barite—Dufton, England. (Cat. No. 49799, U.S.N.M.) 

Selenite—Fort Ellsworth, Kansas. (Cat. No. 82376, U.S.N.M.) 

Brochantite—United Verde mine, Yavapai County, Arizona. (Cat. No. 48784, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Alunite—Rosita Hills, Custer County, Colorado. (Cat. No.51710, U.S.N.M.) 

Alunogen—Esmeralda County, Nevada. (Cat. No. 17643, U.S.N.M.) 

Hanksite—San Bernardino County, California. (Cat. No. 81217, U.S.N.M.) 


Oxygen salts, chromates.—The chromates—compounds of chromium 
trioxide with other oxides—are isomorphous with the corresponding 
sulphates. The class has but few representatives among minerals. 


ie. Ne ie SE SEY Ne Me 


= Aad ees 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 663 


Examples. 


Crocoite—Berezoy, Siberia. (Cat. No. 49581, U.S.N.M.) 

Vauquelinite—Berezov, Siberia. (Cat. No. 45289, U.S.N.M.) 

Oxygen salts, molybdates and tungstates—The molybdates and tung- 
states—compounds of oxides with oxides whose negative parts are 
taken by molybdenum or tungsten trioxide—are few, there being, in 
fact, about a@ dozen kinds only of minerals of this class. 


Examples. 


Wulfenite—North Star mine, Lucien district, Elko County, Nevada. (Cat. No. 
15981, U.S.N.M.) 

Wolframite—Zinnwald, Saxony. (Cat. No. 8135, U.S.N.M.) 

Hiibnerite—North Star mine, Silverton, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81150, U.S.N.M.) 

Scheelite—near Santiago, Chile. (Cat. No. 6992, U.S.N.M.) 

Oxygen salts, wranates.—The uranates—compounds of the oxides of 
uranium with other oxides—are very complex in composition. They 
contain, in addition to the oxides of uranium, the oxides of thorium, 
zirconium, yttrium, and the cerium metals. Certain of the uranates 
also contain nitrogen, argon, and helium in an unknown state of com- 
bination. 

The type is represented by: 


Uraninite—Wood mine, Central, Colorado. (Cat. No. 83759, U.S.N.M.) 

Compounds of organic origin.—This class includes the native salts of 
organic acids such as the oxalates and mellates, the oxygenated 
hydrocarbons, as the ambers and various fossil resins, together with 
the numerous carbon compounds like the petroleums, asphaltums, and 
mineral coals, which are, in general, simply mixtures. 


Examples. 


Whewellite—Zwickan, Saxony. (Cat. No. 1920, U.S.N.M.) 
Mellite—Russia. (Cat. No. 1219, U.S.N.M.) 

Amber—Baltic Sea. (Cat. No. 15009, U.S.N.M.) 
Petroleam—Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 50409, U.S.N.M.) 
Asphaltum—Trinidad. (Cat. No. 50410, U.S.N.M.) 
Uintahite—Uinta Valley, Utah. (Cat. No. 50411, U.S.N.M.) 
Coal—Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 50509, U.S.N.M.) 


VARIATIONS IN COMPOSITION. 


A mineral is primarily a body having a certain and definite chemi- 
cal composition. This ideal condition is not always present, and the 
composition of any one species may vary within wide limits. This 
variation in composition may be due to: Original mixtures—that is, 
when two or more minerals are so intimately mixed that the mass 
appears uniform; metasomatosis, in which a mineral originally 
homogeneous may be partially altered by a process of “indefinite sub- 
stitution and replacement;” chemical substitution, in which there has 
been a complete or partial substitution of one or more elements for 


664 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


another. The specimen of emery (Cat. No. 18117, U.S.N.M.) is a mix- 
ture in variable proportions of corundum, oxide of aluminum, with 
magnetite, oxideofiron. The next specimen (Cat. No. 35943, U.S.N.M.), 
known as red felsite, is a feldspar mixed with quartz and other miner- 
als and is the result of a melting together of the original minerals. 
The uext (Cat. No. 49085, U.S.N.M.) is an intimate mixture of zircon, 
thorite, and limonite. 

The specimens of pyrite altering to limonite (Cat. No. 13577, U.S.N.M.), 
of corundum to damourite (Cat. No. 49611, U.S.N.M.), of almandite to 
chlorite (Cat. No. 81216, U.S.N.M.), of iolite to chlorophyllite (Cat. No. - 
82456, U.S.N.M.), and of pyroxene to serpentine (Cat. No. 39327, 
U.S.N.M.) show some of the variations resulting from metasomatosis. 
The important instances of variable composition due to chemical sub- 
stitution are illustrated by several series of minerals, among which 
may be noted the amphiboles, tremolite, CaMg;(SiO;),; actinolite, 
Ca(Mg,Fe)3(SiO;),; cummingtonite (Fe,Mg)SiO;, and griinerite, FeSiOs, 
in which the calcium and magnesium are gradually replaced by iron. 


RELATION OF WATER TO COMPOSITION. 


Water is an important constituent of many minerals, and is contained 
in them in a variety of forms. It may exist as water of crystallization, 
that is, simply as water; or as water of constitution, that is, as hydro- 
gen and oxygen in the relative proportions to form water, though prob- 
ably not actually existing as such. In the first instance the water is 
readily expelled from the mineral on heating; and the proportion of 
water so occurring is fixed, each molecule of the anhydrous substance 
being combined with some definite number of melecules of water. In 
the second case the mineral usually yields water only at a high tem- 
perature or on continued heating, and the water so occurring probably 
does not exist as such, but rather as its elements; the compound is 
broken up by heat with the liberation of basic hydrogen which com- 
bines with oxygen to form water. Finally water may combine with the 
same anhydrous substance in several different proportions to form as 
many different compounds. These relations are illustrated by the next 
series of twenty-four specimens. 


RELATION OF WATER TO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 


Water, when combined as such in definite equivalent proportions, 
may vary in amount according to the physical conditions under which 
the compound separates from solution. The water thus contained 
often has a great influence on the physical properties of the substance. 
Thus borax at ordinary temperatures separates from solution with 
four and a half parts of water and crystallizes in oblique rhombie 
prisms; at 80° it separates with two parts of water and crystallizes in 
octahedrons. In some cases the water is so feebly combined that it — 
gradually separates when the compound is exposed to dry air, the sub- ~ 


a 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 665 


stance at the same time losing its crystalline form and falling to 
powder; in other cases the compound may absorb water from moist 
air to such an extent as to form a solution. These conditions are 
respectively known as efflorescence and deliquescence. I*urther, the 
presence of water combined with a salt often influences its color; and 
finally, those minerals containing water are, as a rule, lighter and 
softer than anhydrous minerals of an otherwise similar composition. 

These effects are illustrated by a series of pairs of minerals and 
laboratory compounds, each pair consisting of analagous hydrous and 
anhydrous compounds, the differences in each case being stated on the 
accompanying label. 


RELATION OF COMPOSITION TO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 


The comparison of almost any mineral with the elements of which it 
is composed shows that its more fundamental properties, such as specific 
gravity, luster, etc., are, to a limited extent, the average of those of its 
constituent elements. Three series of specimens illustrative of this are 
shown. 

I. Density series: This series illustrates the relations between the 
specific gravity of minerals and their composition. Those minerals in 
which the heavy elements predominate are themselves heavy; and those 
composed chiefly of the lighter elements have a correspondingly low 
specific gravity. 

I]. Magnetism series: Those minerals which are magnetic are rich 
in the magnetic elements, and their magnetic properties increase with 
the increase of their magnetic constituents. 

III. Luster series: Those minerals in which elements having a metal- 
lic luster predominate usually possess a metallic luster; and those com- 
posed chiefly of the nonmetallic elements have a nonmetallic luster. 

These relations are illustrated by the following series of minerals: 


I. DENSITY SERIES. 


Galena, density 7.6, composed chiefly of the heavy element lead. Utah. (Cat. 
No. 18213, U.S.N.M.) 

Cinnabar, density 8.2, composed chiefly of the heavy element mereury. Mercur 
mine, Mercur, Utah. (Cat. No. 81321, U.S.N.M.) 

Chalecopyrite, density 4.3, composed chiefly of the heavy elements copper and 
iron. Copiapo, Chile. (Cat. No. 12989, U.S.N.M.) 

Wulfenite, density 7, contains the heavy element lead. Eureka County, Nevada. 
(Cat. No. 15923, U.S.N.M.) 

Bauxite, density 2.5, composed chiefly of the light element aluminum. Bartow 
County, Georgia. (Cat. No. 83239, U.S.N.M.) 

Kaolin, density 2.5, contains the light element aluminum. Aiken, Aiken County, 
South Carolina. (Cat. No. 10694, U.S.N.M.) 

Quartz, density 2.6, composed chiefly of the light element silicon. Crystal Moun- 
tain, Arkansas. (Cat. No. 45885, U.S.N.M.) 

Magnesite, density 3.4, composed chiefly of the light element magnesium. Napa 
County, California. (Cat. No. 18710, U.S.N.M.) 


666 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


II. MAGNETISM SERIES. 


Magnetite, contains the magnetic element iron. Magnet Cove, Arkansas. (Cat. 
No. 27291, U.S.N.M.) 

Pyrrhotite, contains the magnetic element iron. Gap mine, Lancaster County, 
Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 39391, U.S.N.M.) 

Hematite, contains the magnetic element iron. Marquette, Michigan. (Cat. No. 
18142, U.S.N.M.) 

Galena, nonmagnetic, contains the nonmagnetic clement lead. Joplin, Missouri. 
(Cat. No. 18165, U.S.N.M.) 

Corundum, nonmagnetic, contains the nonmagnetic element aluminum. Powder 
Springs, Cobb County, Georgia. (Cat. No. 46256, U.S.N.M.) 

Azurite, nonmagnetic, contains the nonmagnetic element copper. Copper Queen 
mine, Bisbee, Arizona. (Cat. No. 83753, U.S.N.M.) 


Ill. LUSTER SERIES. 


Galena, metallic, composed chiefly of metallic elements. Utah. (Cat. No. 18213, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Pyrite, metallic, composed chiefly of metallic elements. Central, Colorado. (Cat. 
No. 51364, U.S.N.M.) 

Stibnite, metallic, composed chiefly of metallic elements. Hill Grove, New South 
Wales. (Cat. No. 82475, U.S.N.M.) 

Pyrrhotite, metallic, composed chiefly of metallic elements. Gap mine, Lancaster 
County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 39391, U.S.N.M.) 

Albite, nonmetallic, composed chiefly of nonmetallic elements. Amelia Court- 
house, Virginia. (Cat. No. 48723, U.S.N.M.) 

Muscovite, nonmetallic, composed chiefly of nonmetallic elements. Chester County, 
Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 83478, U.S.N.M., the Lea collection. ) 

Magnesite, nonmetallic, composed chiefly of nonmetallic elements. Gilroy, Cali- 
fornia, (Cat. No. 16070, U.S.N.M.) 


II. PHYSICAL MINERALOGY. 


A—PROPERTIES RELATING TO FORM OR MOLECULAR STRUCTURE. 


THE CRYSTAL. 


Substances which are chemically homogeneous, when they solidify 
from a state of vapor, solution, or fusion, tend to assume certain regu- 
lar forms as a result of mathematical symmetry in the action of cohe- 
sive attraction. The forms produced are regularly bounded solids, 
called crystals. Crystals are bounded by plane surfaces, called planes 
or faces, symmetrically arranged with reference to and whose position 
in a given crystal is related in some simple ratio to the relative lengths 
of one or more diametral lines called axes. The angles of a crystal 
are of two kinds, interfacial and solid. The interfacial angle is that 
formed by the intersection of two crystal planes, and the line of such 
an intersection is called an edge. The solid angle is that formed by 
the intersection of three or more crystal faces. The angles or edges of 
a crystal are often replaced by one or more planes. When an edge is 
replaced by a single plane it is said to be truncated; a replacement by 
two similar planes is a bevelment. Further, the corresponding angles 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 667 


between the faces of different crystals of the same substance are 
essentially constant. These features of a crystal are illustrated by a 
series of specimens and models. 


CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AXES. 


The crystallographic axes are imaginary straight lines passing 
through the center of a crystal. They are assumed as axes in order to 
describe by reference to them the relative positions of the different 
planes. One of the axes is called the vertical, the other two or three 
the lateral. They may be of equal or unequal lengths, and may inter- 
sect at either right or oblique angles. The relative positions and ineli- 
nations of the planes of crystals are expressed by referring them to sys- 
tems of axes. They are: 

Isometric.—Three equal and interchangeable axes (a) which intersect 
at angles of 90 degrees. ; 

Tetragonal.—_Two equal and interchangeable lateral axes (a) at 90 
degrees to each other, and one unequal and dissimilar vertical axis (c) 
at right angles to them. 

Hexagonal.—Three equal and interchangeable lateral axes (a) inter- 
secting each other at angles of 60 degrees. One unequal and dissimilar 
axis, a vertical (c), at 90 degrees to the others. 

Orthorhombic.—Three unequal and not interchangeable axes at 90 
degrees to each other. Any one of the three directions may be made 
the vertical axis (c). Conventionally the longer lateral axis (b) is 
placed horizontally from right to left and is called the macrodiagonal; 
while the shorter lateral axis (a), which runs from back to front, is 
called the brachydiagonal. 

Monoclinic.—Three unequal and not interchangeable axes, two of 
which (a and ¢) lie at an angle / to each other. The third axis (b) is 
at 90 degrees to both a and ce. Conventionally, ¢is placed vertically, b 
horizontally from right to left, and is called the orthodiagonal, while a, 
the oblique axis, is called the clinodiagonal. 

Triclinie.—Three unequal and not interchangeable axes at oblique 
angles, a, /, vy, to each other. Anyone of the three directions may be 
taken as the vertical (c). The longer of the two remaining axes, the 
macrodiagonal (b), inclines downward toward the right, and the 


shorter, the brachydiagonal (a), downward toward the front. 


CRYSTAL FORM. 


The term “crystal form” is defined as: The sum of all possible planes 
bounding a erystal which are geometrically and physically equal. 
Crystal forms are of three types: Pinacoids, composed of planes par- 
allel to two axes. Prisms and domes, forms whose planes intersect 
two axes and are parallel to a third. Pyramids, forms whose planes 
cut all three axes. 

Crystal forms may be simple or in combination. Simple forms are 


668 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


those which contain similar planes only. Combinations are those in 
which dissimilar planes occur, and are made up of those simple forms 
which would result from the extension of one set of similar planes till 
the others disappear. In certain compounds only complete forms occur ; 
in others crystal faces occur which correspond in position to planes of 
complete forms, but there has been a regular suppression of one-half to 
three-quarters of the required number of planes. These conditions are 
known respectively as holohedral, hemihedral, and tetartohedral accord- 
ing as there is the full, one-half, or one-quarter of the required number 
of planes present. 


The number of possible combinations of crystal forms 1s large; but 
they may all be grouped under six systems. 


CRYSTAL SYSTEMS. 


** A system is the sum of all the possible crystal forms whose planes 
can be referred to the same kinds of axes.” The systems of erystalliza- 
tion are: (1) Isometric; (2) tetragonal; (3) hexagonal; (4) ortho- 
rhombic; (5) monoclinic; (6) triclinic. The first system includes 
all forms referable to three axes of equal length which intersect at 
angles of 90 degrees. The second and third systems include all forms 
referable to one principal or vertical axis which is perpendicular to 
and different in length from the lateral axes. The fourth, fifth, and 
sixth include those forms having no principal axis. 

Isometric system.—Includes all forms referable to three axes of equal 
length, and which intersect at angles of 9v degrees. 


Examples: 


The octahedron: Fluorite, Jefferson County, New York (Cat. No. 49947, U.S.N.M.); 
magnetite, Lake Itkul, Russia (Cat. No. 49366, U.S.N.M.). 

The cube: Pyrite, Fishkill, New York (Cat. No. 14136, U.S.N.M.); fluorite, Wear- 
dale, England (Cat. No. 49597, U.S.N.M.); galena, Mineral Point, Wisconsin (Cat. 
No. 49110, U.S.N.M.). 

The dodecahedron: Garnet, Salida, Chaffee County, Colorado (Cat. No. 81216, 
U.S.N.M.); almandite, Tyrol (Cat. No. 82462, U.S.N.M.); grossularite, Xaloostoe, 
Morelos, Mexico (Cat. No. 50116, U.S.N.M.). 

The ikositetrahedron: Garnet, Burke County, North Carolina (Cat. No. 81402, U.S. 
N.M.); leucite, Vesuvius, Italy (Cat. No. 16692, U.S.N.M.); analcite, Pinnacle 
Island, Minas Basin, Nova Scotia (Cat. No. 49457, U.S.N.M.). 

Combination of the octahedron and cube: Pyrite, Burgess, Ontario, Canada (Cat. 
No. 84098, U.S.N.M.); hauerite, Mimeo, Catania, Sicily (Cat. No. 51128, U.S.N.M.). 

Combination of the cube and octahedron: Galena, Alston Moor, Cumberland, England 
(Cat. No. 49592, U.S.N.M.). 

Combination of the dodecahedron and cube: Cuprite, Chessy, France (Cat. No. 
47395, U.S.N.M.); magnetite, Mineville, Essex County, New York (Cat. No. 478380, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Combination of the cube, pentagonal dodecahedron, and octahedron: Pyrite, Texas, 
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Cat No. 81580, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the dodecahedron and ikositetrahedron: Garnet, Stickeen River, ~ 
Alaska. (Cat. No.21209, U.S.N.M.) 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 669 


Combination of the octahedron, cube, and dodecahedron: Cuprite, Cornwall, England. 
(Cat. No. 50132, U.S.N.M.) 

The tetrahedron: Tetrahedrite, Kapnik, Hungary. (Cat. No. 48653, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the plus and minus tetrahedrons: Tetrahedrite, Kapnik, Hungary. 
(Cat. No. 48653, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the cube, dodecahedron, and the plus and minus tetrahedrons: Boracite, 
Lunenberg, Germany. (Cat. No. 45679, U.S.N.M.) 

The pentagonal dodecahedron: Cobaltite, Tunaberg, Sweden (Cat. No. 49003, 
U.S.N.M.); pyrite, Saratoga mine, Central, Colorado (Cat. No. 48557, U.S.N.M.). 

Combination of the pentagonal dodecahedron, diploid, and octahedron: Pyrite, Kongs- 
berg, Norway. (Cat. No. 13116, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the diploid, cube, and pentagonal dodecahedron: Pyrite, Brosso, Pied- 
mont, Italy. (Cat. No. 51881, U.S.N.M.) 


Tetragonal system.—Lateral axes equal, the vertical a varying axis. 
Includes all forms referable to one principal, or vertical, axis which is 
perpendicular to, and different in length from, the lateral axes. The 
two lateral axes intersect each other and the vertical axis at angles 
of 90 degrees. 


Examples. 

The pyramid: Scheelite, Schlackenwald, Bohemia (Cat. No. 84122, U.S.N.M.); 
octahedrite, Pardatsch, Tavetschthal, Switzerland (Cat. No. 81464, U.S.N.M.). 

The prism: Apophyllite, Cape D’Or, Minas Basin, Nova Scotia, (Cat. No. 83416, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the pyramid, prism, and basal plane: Vesuvianite, Italian Peak, 
Gunnison County, Colorado. (Cat. No. 82124, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the pyramid and prism: Thorite, Arendal, Norway (Cat. No. 84130, 
U.S.N.M.); rutile, Graves Mountain, Lincoln County, Georgia (Cat. No. 84099, 
UES sN).Nf.)). 

Combination of the prism and pyramid: Zircon, Natural Bridge, Lewis County, 
New York. (Cat. No. 81654, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the pyramid and two prisms: Wernerite, Pierrepont, St. Lawrence 
County, New York. (Cat. No. 14314, U.S.N.M.) 


Hexagonal system.—Axes four. The three lateral axes equal, inter- 
secting the principal, or vertical axis, at angles of 90 degrees, and each 
other at angles of 60 degrees. The vertical axis of a variable length. 


Examples. 


The pyramid: Quartz, Amelia Courthouse, Virginia (Cat. No. 47958, U.S.N.M.); 
corundum, Ceylon (Cat. No. 83030, U.S.N.M.). 

The prism: Pyromorphite, Little Giant mine, Shoshone County, Idaho (Cat. No. 
48590, U.S.N.M.); beryl, Leiper’s quarry, Chester, Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 50642, 
ie S.IN IM): 

Combination of the pyramid and prism: Quartz, Warstein, Germany. (Cat. No. 
81409, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the prism and pyramid: Beryl, Stony Point, Alexander County, 
North Carolina. (Cat. No. 82837, U.S.N.M.). 

Combination of the prism, pyramid, and base: Apatite, Renfrew County, Canada. 
(Cat. No. 82365, U.S.N.M.) 

The rhombohedron: Chabazite, Wassons Bluff, Minas Basin, Nova Scotia (Cat. 
No. 81347, U.S.N.M.); rhodochrosite, John Reed mine, Alicante, Lake County, 
Colorado (Cat. No. 84128, U.S.N.M.); calcite, England (Cat. No. 83376, U.S.N.M.). 

The scalenohedron: Calcite, Oswego Land, Joplin,.Missouri. (Cat. No. 81778, 
U.S.N.M.) 


670 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Combination of a rhombohedron and a scalenohedron: Hematite, Elba (Cat. No. 
82419, U.S.N.M.); calcite, England. (Cat. No. 83376, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of a scalenohedron and a rhombohedron: Calcite, Joplin, Missouri. 
(Cat. No. 84100, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of a prism, rhombohedron, and a scalenohedron: Calcite, Bigrigg mine, 
Egremont, England. (Cat. No. 51228, U.S.N.M.) 


Orthorhombic system.—Axes unequal. All forms referable to three 
axes of unequal length intersecting at angles of 90 degrees. 


Hxamples. 


The pyramid: Cerussite, Mies, Bohemia (Cat. No. 84117, U.S.N.M.); sulphur, Trus- 
kaniec, Galicia, Hungary (Cat. No, 47270, U.S.N.M.); brookite, Magnet Cove, Arkansas 
(Cat. No. 81462, U.S.N.M.). 

The prism: Andalusite, Swarthmore, Delaware County, Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 
81962, U.S.N.M.); staurolite, Lisbon, New Hampshire. (Cat. No. 81901, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of a prism, two domes, and the base: Celestite, Girgenti, Sicily. (Cat. 
No. 84120, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of a prism, pyramid, and the base: Chalcocite, Redruth, Cornwall, 
England. (Cat. No. 84119, U.S.N.M.) 


Monoclinic system.—Axes unequal. All forms referable to three axes 
of unequal length. One axial intersection oblique, the other two at 
angles of 90 degrees. 

EHxamples. 

The pyramid: Lazulite, Graves Mountain, Georgia (Cat. No. 45720, U.S.N.M.); tin- 
kal, Fish Lake, Nevada (Cat. No. 7058, U.S.N.M.). 

The prism: Adularia, St. Gothard, Switzerland (Cat. No. 81932, U.S.N.M.); titanite, 
New York (Cat. No. 83201, U.S.N.M.). 

Combination of a dome and two prisms: Wolframite, Zinnwald, Saxony. (Cat. No. 
84121, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the base, pinacoid, prism, and dome: Orthoclase, Breckenridge, Colo- 
tado. (Cat. No. 18878, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the prism, pyramid, and two pinacoids: Pyroxene, Diana, Lewis 
County, New York. (Cat. No. 82496, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of a pinacoid, pyramid, and prism: Gypsum, Ellsworth, Mahoning 
County, Ohio. (Cat. No. 82561, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of two pinacoids, two pyramids, a prism, and the base: Diopside, Dekalb, 
New York. (Cat. No. 48296, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of a prism, dome, pinacoid, and base: Heulandite, Beru-fiord, Iceland. 
(Cat. No. 84157, U.S.N.M.) 


Triclinic system.—Axes unequal. All forms referable to three axes 
of unequal length, and whose axial intersections are all oblique. 


Examples. 


The prism: Kyanite, Yancey County, North Carolina. (Cat. No, 83520, U.S.N.M.) 

Combination of the base, pinacoid, prism, and dome: Albite, Macomb, St. Lawrence 
County, New York (Cat. No. 81981, U.S.N.M.); oligoclase, Fine, St. Lawrence County, 
New York. (Cat. No. 48307, U.S.N.M.) 


SYMMETRY. 


A crystal shows symmetry when it can be revolved about an axis an 
even multiple of 360 degrees without its position as a whole in space 
being changed, or can be cut in halves which are to each other as their 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 671 


mirror reflections. All faces of a crystal are symmetrical about a 
point, and in some crystals are grouped in accordance with certain 
definite pianes of symmetry; that is, a plane whichis capable of dividing 
the crystal in halves, whose internal and external forms are to each 
other as a reflection, and also with axes of symmetry. Axes of sym- 
metry may be defined as lines passing through the center of a crystal 
about which it can be revolved through an angle of 60 degrees (hex- 
agonal axis), 90 degrees (tetragonal axis), 120 degrees (trigonal axis), 
or 180 degrees (digonal axis), without its position as a whole in space 
being changed. All crystals may be grouped under seven systems in 
thirty-two types in accordance with their symmetry, as follows: 

Isometric system.— Types: Holohedral, tetrahedral-hemihedral, 
pentagonal-hemihedral, plagiohedral-hemihedral, and tetartohedral. 
The most general form possesses nine planes of symmetry, of which 
three (S planes) are at right angles to one another, and six (= planes) 
which bisect the angles formed by the S planes. There are thirteen 
axes of symmetry, of which three are tetragonal (CQ) and are per- 
pendicular to the S planes and parallel to the intersection of two 
S and two = planes; four are trigonal (4) and are parallel to 
the intersections of three = planes; six are digonal (©) and are 
perpendicular to the 2 planes and parallel to the intersection of an 
S and + plane. 

The types are illustrated by models which may be described as 
follows: 

Holohedral type.—The hexoctahedron. Form having four trigonal (4), three 
tetragonal (C1), and six digonal (O) axes, and nine planes of symmetry, three S and 
six > planes. 

Tetrahedral-hemihedral type.—The tetrahedron. Form having four trigonal (A) 
and three digonal (©) axes, with six = planes of symmetry. 

Pentagonal-hemihedral type—The pentagonal dodecahedron. Form having four 
trigonal (A) and three digonal (©) axes, with three S planes of symmetry. 

Plagiohedral-hemihedral type—The pentagonal ikositetrahedron. Form having 
four trigonal (A), three tetragonal (1), and six digonal (©) axes, with no plane of 
symmetry. 

Tetartohedral type.—The tetrahedron. Form having four trigonal (A) and three 
digonal (O)axes, with no plane of symmetry. 

Hexagonal system.—Types: Holohedral, hemimorphic, pyramidal- 
hemihedral, trapezohedral-hemihedral, and hemimorphic-hemihedral. 
The most general form possesses seven planes of symmetry, of which 
six (S planes) intersect each other at angles of 60 degrees, and one 
(C plane) which is at right angles to these. 

There are seven axes of symmetry, of which one, the hexagonal (0) 
is perpendicular to the C plane and parallel to the intersections of the 
S planes; six are digonal (O) and lie in the C plane at right angles to 
the S planes. 

The types are illustrated by models which are described as follows: 


Holohedral type.—The dihexagonal bipyramid. Form having one hexagonal (QO) 
and six digonal (O) axes, with one C and six S planes of symmetry. 


672 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Hemimorphic type.—The dihexagonal pyramid. Form having the hexagonal (0) 
axis only, with six S planes of symmetry. 

Pyramidal-hemihedral type—The hexagonal bipyramid. Form having the hexagonal 
(©) axis only, with one plane, C, of symmetry. 

Trapezohedral-hemihedral type.—The hexagonal trapezohedron. Form having one 
hexagonal (©) axis and six digonal (O) axes, with no plane of symmetry. 

Hemimorphic-hemihedral type.—The hexagonal pyramid. Form having the hex- 
agonal (©) axis only, with no plane of symmetry. 

Trigonal system.—Types: Trigonal-hemihedral, rhombohedral-hemi- 
hedral, hemimorphic-hemihedral, trigonal-tetartohedral, trapezohedral- 
tetartohedral, rhombohedral-tetartohedral, and hemimorphic-tetarto- 
hedral. The most complete form possesses four planes of symmetry, 
of which three (S planes) intersect each other at angles of 120 degrees, 
and the fourth (C) is at right angles to these. 

There are four axes of symmetry, of which one, the trigonal (4) is 
parallel to the intersections of the S planes and at right angles to the 
C plane; the other three, the digonal (O) axes, lie in the C plane at 
right angles to the intersections of the S planes. 

The models illustrating the types are described as follows: 

Trigonal-hemihedral type.-—The ditrigonal bipyramid. Form having the trigonal 
(A) and three digonal (©) axes, with four planes of symmetry, one C and three S. 

Rhombohedral-hemihedral type.—The scalenohedron. Form having the trigonal (A) 
and three digonal (O) axes, with three S planes of symmetry. 

Hemimor phic-hemihedral type.—The ditrigonal pyramid. Form having the trigonal 
(A) axis, with three S planes of symmetry. 

Trigonal-tetartohedral type.—T he trigonal bipyramid. Form having the trigonal 
(A) axis and the plane, S, of symmetry. : 

Trapezohedral-tetartohedral type.—The trigonal trapezohedron. Form having the 
trigonal (A) and three digonal (O) axes, with no plane of symmetry. 

Rhombohedral-tetartohedral type.—The rhombohedron. Form centro-symmetrical 
and having the trigonal (A) axis. 

Hemimorphic-tetartohedral type.—The trigonal pyramid. Form having the trigonal 
(A) axis only, and no plane of symmetry. 


Tetragonal system.—Types: Holohedral, hemimorphic-hemihedral, 
pyramidal-hemihedral, trapezohedral-hemihedral, sphenoidal-hemihe- 
dral, hemimorphic-tetartohedral, and sphenoidal-tetartohedral. The 
most general form possesses five planes of symmetry, of which two 
(S planes) are at right angles to one another, and two (2 planes) which 
bisect the angles formed by the S planes; and another plane (C) which 
is perpendicular to the S and & planes. 

There are five axes of symmetry, one of which is tetragonal (0) and 
is perpendicular to the C plane and parallel to the intersections of two 
S and two = planes, and four digonal (O) which lie in the C plane 
and at right angles to the S and & planes. 

Examples of the types are described as follows: 

Holohedral type.—The ditetragonal bipyramid. Form having one tetragonal (0) 
axis and four digonal (©) axes, with two S, two , and the C planes of symmetry. 


Hemimorphic-hemihedral type.—The ditetragonal pyramid. Form having the tetra-. 
gonal (OQ) axis, with two S and two & planes of symmetry. 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 673 


Pyramidal-hemihedral type.—The tetragonal bipyramid. Form having the tetrago- 
nal (1) axis only and the C plane of symmetry. 

Trapezohedral-hemihedral type.—The tetragonal trapezohedron. Form having the 
tetragonal (CO) and four digonal (©) axes with no plane of symmetry. 

Sphenoidal-hemihedral type——The tetragonal scalenohedron. Form having three 
digonal (©) axes and two S planes of symmetry. 

Hemimorphic-tetartohedral type—The tetragonal pyramid. Form having but one 
axis, the tetragonal (4), and no plane of symmetry. 

Sphenoidal-tetartohedral type.—The tetragonal bisphenoid. Form having but one 
axis, a digonal (OQ), and no plane of symmetry. 

Orthorhombic system.—Types: Holohedral, hemihedral, and hemimor- 
phic. The most general form possesses three planes of symmetry, of 
which two (S planes) intersect each other at right angles, and a third 
(C) is normal to these. 

There are three axes of symmetry, all digonal (O), which are per- 
pendicular to the planes of symmetry. 

Examples of the types are described as follows: 

Holohedral type.—The orthorhombic bipyramid. Form having three digonal (O) 
axes with one C and two S planes of symmetry. 

Hemihedral type.—The orthorhombic bisphenoid. Form having three digonal (O) 
axes and no plane of symmetry. 

Hemimorphic type.—The orthorhombic pyramid. Form having one digonal (©) 
axis and no plane of symmetry. 

Monoclinic system.—Types: Holohedral, hemimorphic, and hemihe- 
dral. The most general form possesses one plane (S) of symmetry and 
one digonal (oO) axis, which is perpendicular to the plane of symmetry. 

Examples of the types are described as follows: ; 

Holohedral type.—The monoclinic pyramid. Form having one digonal (©) axis 
and one S plane of symmetry. 

Hemimorphic type.—The monoclinic sphenoid. Form having the digonal (©) axis 
but no plane of symmetry. 

Hemihedral type-—The monoclinic dome. Form having an S plane of symmetry, 
but no axis of symmetry. 

Triclinic system. Types: Holohedral and hemihedral. The most 
general form possesses centrosymmetry only, and has no plane or axis 
of symmetry. 

Examples of the types are described as follows: 

Holohedral type.—The triclinic pyramid. Form centrosymmetrical, but without 
either plane or axis of symmetry. 

Hemihedral type.—The pedion. The form is completely unsymmetrical. 


COMPOUND CRYSTALS. 


Compound crystals are divided into two classes, according as the 
several individuals are in reversed or parallel positions with reference 
to each other; that is, into twin crystals and parallel growths. 

Twin crystals are those in which one or more parts, regularly ar- 
ranged, are in a reversed relation to the other part or parts. A twin 
crystal may be conceived of as two individuals, or parts of the same 
individual placed in a parallel position, and then a half revolution to 

NAT MUS 97 43 


q ss 


674 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


take place about a certain axis which will bring them into a reversed 
or twinning position. 

Twin crystals are classed as contact twins and penetration twins. 

Parallel growths are those in which the molecular arrangement is 
completely parallel in the component individuals; that is, the corre- 
sponding planes are parallel throughout all the individuals, and they 
are only separated from each other by their external planes. 

The following are illustrations of the methods of twinning and of 
parallel growths: 


Penetration twin: Fluorite, Cumberland, England. (Cat. No. 49946, U.S.N.M.) 

Contact twin: Calcite, Woodcock mine, Granby, Missouri. (Cat. No. 81254, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Carlsbad twin: Orthoclase, near Leadville, Colorado. (Cat. No. 45179, U.S.N.M.) 

Baveno twin: Orthoclase, Baveno, Lombardy, Italy. (Cat. No. 82410, U.S.N.M.) 

Mannebacher twin: Orthoclase, Tanagama-Yama, Japan. (Cat. No.51147,U.S.N.M.) 

Metagenic twin: Rutile, Magnet Cove, Arkansas. (Cat. No. 51723, U.S.N.M.) 

Paragenic twin: Fluorite, Cumberland, England. (Cat. No. 49946, U.S.N.M.) 

Geniculated twin: Rutile, Christiana, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. 
No. 81905, U.S.N.M.) 

Trilling: Staurolite, Morganton, Fannin County, Georgia (Cat. 48029, U.S.N.M.). 

Fourling : Staurolite, Morganton, Fannin County, Georgia (Cat. No.48030,U.S.N.M.) 

Contact twins: Cassiterite, Schlagenwald, Bohemia (Cat. No. 82083, U.S.N.M.); 
Calcite, Guanajuato, Mexico (Cat. No.50077, U.S.N.M.); Aragonite, Herrengrund, 
Hungary (Cat. No. 82241, U.S.N.M.); Gypsum, Racamnlto, Sicily (Cat. No.51743, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Penetration twins: Pyrite, Tavistock, Devonshire, England (Cat. No, 82054, 
U.S.N.M.); Quartz, Warstein, Germany (Cat. No. 82044, U.S.N.M.); Staurolite, Fannin 
County, Georgia (Cat. No. 82573, U.S.N.M.); Harmotome, Strontian, Argylshire, 
Scotland (Cat. No. 48730, U.S.N.M.); Microcline, Pikes Peak, Colorado (Cat. No. 
48564, U.S.N.M.). 

Parallel growths: Quartz, Rauris, Salsburg, Austria (Cat. No. 51831, U.S.N.M.); 
Hematite, Elba (Cat. No. 3315, U.S.N.M.); Adularia coated with chlorite, Viesch, 
Switzerland (Cat. No. 51295, U.S.N.M.); Albite, Topsham, Maine (Cat. No. 83488, 
U.S.N.M.); Witherite, Cumberland, England (Cat. No. 84116, U.S.N.M.); Calcite, 
Guanajuato, Mexico (Cat. No. 50087, U.S.N.M.); Pyrite, French Creek, Chester 
County, Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 83608, U.S.N.M.). 


IMPERFECTIONS OF CRYSTALS. 


A crystal is theoretically a symmetrical polyhedron having its 
homologous faces, angles, and dimensions in the direction of like axes 
equal, This ideai condition is rarely attained by the crystal; the form 
may be distorted, the planes may be irregular, or the crystal may . 
contain internal impurities. 

The crystal, then, may fall short of perfection by distortion of form, 
imperfection of crystal planes, internal impurities. 

Examples: 

Distortion of form, due to a curvature of dynamic origin: Galena, Joplin, Missouri 
(Cat. No. 81766, U.S.N.M.); Gypsum, Friedrichrode, Thuringia (Cat. No. 82413, 
U.S.N.M.); Quartz, Crystal Mountain, Hot Springs, Arkansas (Cat. No. 45208, 
U.S.N.M.); Zircon in Wollastonite, Natural Bridge, Lewis County, New York (Cat. 


, 
4 
» 
~ 
4 
. 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 675 


No. 49698, U.S.N.M.); Pyrite, Sherwood, Jasper County, Missouri (Cat. No. 51341, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Trreqularity of planes, due to unequal rapidity of growth: Beryl, Oxford County, 
Maine. (Cat. No. 46125, U.S.N.M.) 

Imperfection of planes, due to striation: Rutile, Parkesburg, Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 
49649, U.S.N.M.); Beryl, Adun-Chalon, Nertschinsk, Siberia (Cat. No. 16246, 
U.S.N.M.). 

TIrregularity of planes, due to polysynthetic twinning: Rutile, Parkesburg, Penn- 
sylvania. (Cat. No. 49649, U.S.N.M.) 

Trregularity of planes, curvature due to irregularity of growth: Dolomite, Oswego 
land, Joplin, Missouri. (Cat. No. 82120,U.S.N.M.) 

Trreqularity of planes, curvature due to oscillatory combination: Calcite, Joplin, 
Missouri (Cat. No. 82160, U.S.N.M.); Smoky Quartz, St. Gothard, Switzerland 
(Cat. No. 82358, U.S.N.M.). 

Trregularity of planes, the result of corrosion: Galena, Joplin, Missouri (Cat. No. 
51225, U.S.N.M.); Franklinite, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey (Cat. No. 
83941, U.S.N.M.). 

Internal impurity: Andalusite inclosing carbonaceous matter, Lancaster, Massa- 
chusetts (Cat. No. 82667, U.S.N.M.); tourmaline inclosing orthoclase, Crown Point, 
New York (Cat. No. 18380, U.S.N.M.); quartz inclosing sand, Edwards, St. Lawrence 
County, New York (Cat. No. 48286, U.S.N.M.); quartz inclosing mud, Burke County, 
North Carolina (Cat. No. 82916, U.S.N.M.): calcite inclosing sand (Fontainebleau 
limestone), Fontainebleau, France (Cat. No. 49286, U.S.N.M.). 


PLEOMORPHISM. 


Pleomorphism is that tendency of some chemical compounds to 
crystallize in two or more distinct forms. Specimens of the following 
compounds illustrate this tendency: 

Calcium carbonate, CaCOs;, erystallizes in the rhombohedral system as calcite, in 
the orthorhombic system as aragonite. 

Titanium dioxide, TiO,, crystallizes in the tetragonal system as rutile and octahe- 
drite, in the orthorhombic system as brookite. 

Tron bisulphide, FeS:, crystallizes in the isometric system as pyrite, in the ortho- 
rhombic system as marcasite. 

ISOMORPHISM. 


Isomorphism has been defined by Mitscherlich, its discoverer, as 
“substances which are analogous chemical compounds have the same, 
or nearly the same crystailine form.” That is, two more distinct chemi- 
cal compounds may crystallize in like forms. Examples of this ten- 
deney are shown in— 

Spinel, MgAl.O,, Magnetite, FeFe.0,, franklinite, (FeZnMn) (FeMn).04. Crystals 
isometric, commonly octahedral. 

Rutile, TiO., Cassiterite, SnO,.. Crystals tetragonal, commonly prismatic. 

Apatite, (CaF)Ca,(PO,)3, pyromorphite, (PbCl)Pb,(PO,)., mimetite, (PbC1)P), 
(PO,)s, vanadinite, (PbC)Pb,(VO,);. Crystals hexagonal with pyramidal hemi- 
hedrism. 

Barite, BaSO,. Celestite SrSO,;, anglesite, PbSO,. Crystals orthorhombic, com- 
monly tabular, 

PSEUDOMORPHS, 


Pseudomorph is that term applied to certain crystals or forms which 
have the angles and general habits of a certain mineral with the com- 
position and, in some instances, the structure of another; that is, the 


676 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


original substance has been changed to a new compound, or has disap- 
peared and been replaced by another to which the habit of crystalliza- 
tion or structure presented does not belong. Pseudomorphs are of 
three kinds: Substitution, deposition, and alteration. 

Pseudomorphs by substitution comprise those cases in which there 
has been a more or less gradual replacement of the original material 
by another without chemical action taking place, and the form and 
structure of the original substance is preserved. 


Examples. 


Quartz, SiO., after fluorite, CaF,, Cornwall, England (Cat. No. 82106, U.S.N.M.); 
cassiterite, SnO:, after orthoclase, KAISi;0,;, Cornwall, England (Cat. No. 13431, 
U.S.N.M.); Copper, Cu, after aragonite, CaCO;, Corocoro, Bolivia (Cat. No. 10579, 
Uss:NeM.): 


Pseudomorphs by deposition fall under two heads: Incrustation, in 
which a layer or crust of « mineral deposited upon the surface of another 
substance assumes the form of that substance in a more or less perfect 
manner; infiltration, in which case a cavity or mold made by the 
removal of a substance has been filled by the deposition of a mineral. 


Examples. 


By incrustation: Quartz, SiO,, a*ter calcite, CaCO;, Schneeberg, Saxony (Cat. No. 
45640, U.S.N.M.); calcareous-tufa, CaCOs;, after leaves, organic, Bear Spring, Beaver - 
Head Canyon, Montana (Cat. No. 18648, U.S.N.M.). 

By infiltration: Flint, SiO., after echinus, organic, Gravesend, England (Cat. No. 
82465, U.S.N.M.); silica, SiOz, after wood, organic, Greenwich, New Jersey (Cat. No. 
81879, U.S.N.M.). 


Pseudomorphs by alteration include those cases in which there has 
been a partial change of composition or structure and the secondary 
mineral retains some of the constituents of the first. This alteration 
may take place. First, through paramorphism, or molecular rearrange- 
ment. Second, by the loss or assumption, or both, of an ingredient. 
Third, by a partial exchange of constituents. 


Examples. 


Paramorphs: Aragonite, CaCOs, after calcite, CaCO;, Girgenti, Sicily (Cat. No. 
46527, U.S.N.M.); rutile, TiOy, after brookite, TiO., Magnet Cove, Arkansas. (Cat. 
No. 50048, U.S.N.M.) 

Loss: Copper, Cu, after azurite, Cu3(OH).(CO;)2, Copper Glance and Potosi mines, 
Grant County, New Mexico. (Cat. No. 48678, U.S.N.M.) Azurite, Cu;(OH)2(COs)s, 
altering to malachite, Cu,(OH).,CO;, Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Arizona. (Cat. 
No. 48127, U.S.N.M.) 

Assumption: Malachite, Cu,(OH).CO,, after cuprite, Cu,0, Chessy, France. (Cat. 
No. 82086, U.S.N.M.) 

Loss and assumption: Galena, PbS, after pyromorphite (PbC1l)Pb4(PO,);, Bern- 
kastle, Prussia. (Cat. No. 46173, U.S.N.M.) 

Exchange of constituents: Chlorite (Fe,Mg); (Al,Fe)2 SiyOi. 3H,O after garnet, 
(Fe,Ca,Mg,Mn)3AlSi;01, Salida, Chaffee County, Colorado. (Cat. No. 81216, 
U.S.N.M.) 


RE a 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS, 677 


CRYSTALLINE AGGREGATES. 


Many specimens of minerals occur in aggregates of imperfect crys- 
tals; accordingly the remaining kinds of structure may be brought to- 
gether under the head of crystalline aggregates. 

The individuals composing imperfectly crystalline masses may be: 
In columns or fibers, in which case the structure is columnar; in thin 
lamin, plates, or leaves, giving rise to a lamellar structure; in grains, 
producing a granular structure. Further, there are numerous irregular 
and accidental groupings of the individuals composing the mass, giving 
to it certain shapes, such as globular, botryoidal, reniform, dendritic, 
etc., which are too numerous to allow of a specification here. These 
indeterminate forms are grouped under the head of ‘imitative shapes.” 
Finally, the mass may be entirely destitute of crystalline structure or 
imitative shape. Such a mass is called amorphous. 


Examples of Structure. 


Columnar.—Kylindrite, Poopo, Bolivia. (Cat. No. 84156, U.S.N.M.) 

Fibrous.—Asbestus. Corsica. (Cat. No. 82259, U.S.N.M.) 

Stellate.—Stilbite, Wassons Blutf, Nova Scotia. (Cat. No. 83407, U.S.N.M.) 

Radiated.—Tourmaline in lepidolite, San Diego, California. (Cat. No. 83434, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Lamellar.—Glaucophane, Camp de Praz, Aosta, Piedmont. (Cat. No. 84124, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Straight lamellar.—W ollastonite, Natural Bridge, Lewis County, New York. (Cat. 
No. 49698, U.S.N.M.) 

Lamellar foliated.—Tale, St. Lawrence County, New York. (Cat. No. 44867, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Lamellar micaceous.—Margarite on emery, Chester, Massachusetts. (Cat. No. 13100, 
U.S.N.M.) 

Phenocrystalline.—Chrysolite, Webster, Jackson County, North Carolina. (Cat. 
No. 48521, U.S.N.M.) 

Cryptocrystalline.—Willemite Frankline, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 
83615, U.S.N.M.) 

Amorphous.—Opal, Douglas County, Washington. (Cat. No. 83447, U.S.N.M.) 


Examples of imitative shape. 


Botruoidal.—Cacholong, Loélling, Carinthia. (Cat. No. 82067, U.S.N.M.) 
Mammillary.—Malachite, Australia. (Cat. No. 82076, U.S.N.M.) 
Globular.—Psilomelane. Freiberg, Saxony. (Cat. No. 46016, U.S.N.M.) 
Coralloidal.—Aragonite, Dubuque, lowa. (Cat. No. 82368, U.S.N.M.) 
Arborescent.—Copper, Copper l'alls, Michigan. (Cat. No. 12061, U.S.N.M.) 
Dendritic.—Manganese dendrite, Gallatin County, Montana. (Cat. No. 46950, 
U.S.N.M.) 
Reticulated.—Chaleopyrite, Bristol, Connecticut. (Cat. No. 13162, U.S.N.M.) 
Stalactitic.—Calcite, Kutztown, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 43126, U.S.N.M.) 
Capillary.—Millerite in calcite, Cement quarry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (Cat. No. 
45838, U.S.N.M.) 
Drusy.—Quartz on chalcedony, California. (Cat. No. 17006, U.S.N.M.) 


678 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


B—CHARACTERS RELATING TO COHESION AND ELASTICITY. 
CLEAVAGE, 


This is that tendency of a mineral to break in the direction of mini- 
mum cohesion, and that direction is always parallel to some plane 
which occurs or may occur in the crystal. The cleavage is character- 
ize | first, according to direction that is, when parallel to certain faces 
or planes, as cubic, octahedral, dodecahedral, rhombohedral, and also 
basic, prismatic, macrodiagonal, brachydiagonal, and so on; second, 
according to the ease with which it may be obtained, as perfect, imper- 
fect, interrupted, or difficult. 


Examples of Cleavage. 


Cubic.—Galena, Desloge mine, Missouri. (Cat. No. 17213, U.S.N.M.) 
Octahedral.—F luorite, Muscalonge Lake, New York. (Cat. No. 44864, U.S.N.M.) 
Dodecahedral.—Sphalerite, Picos del Europa, Spain. (Cat. No. 17699, U.S.N.M.) 
Rhombohedral.—Calcite, Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 46496, U.S.N.M.) 
Prismatic.—Diopside, Achmatofsk, Siberia. (Cat. No. 49257, U.S.N.M.) 
Brachydiagonal.—Diaspore, Chester, Massachusetts. (Cat. No. 47367, U.S.N.M.) 
Macrodiagonal.—Kyanite, Litchfield, Connecticut. (Cat. No. 49728, U.S.N.M.) 
Clinodiagonal.—Orthoclase, Way’s quarry, Newcastle County, Delaware. (Cat. No. 
49703, U.S.N.M.) 
Basal.—Topaz, Takayama, Japan. (Cat. No. 47119, U.S.N.M.) 
Eminent.—Muscovite, Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 83178, U.S.N.M.) 
Perfect.—Labradorite, Isle of Paul, Labrador. (Cat. No. 85605, U.S.N.M.) 
Distinet.—Pyrite, Leadville, Coiorado. (Cat. No. 81847, U.S.N.M.) 
Interrupted.—Hypersthene, Franklin, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 83617, U.S.N.M.) 
Dificult.—Quartz, Brazil. (Cat. No. 44686, U.S.N.M.) 


GLIDING, PRESSURE, AND SEPARATION PLANES. 


When a crystal is subjected to pressure in certain directions a new 
series of planes may be developed, as follows: Gliding planes, the sur- 
faces along which there has been a slipping accompanied by a rotation 
of the molecules. Pressure planes or percussion figures, the divisional 
planes diverging from a point of pressure which is applied at right 
angles to a natural face. Separation planes, false cleavages parallel to 
possible faces, and which result from the deposition of an impurity on 
these faces during the growth of the crystal. Examples of these are 
shown in the specimens of calcite, galena, mica, and quartz. 


VYRACTURE. 


This is that surface obtained by breaking the mineral in a direction 
other than that of the cleavage. It may be designated as conchoidal, 
that is, breaking with concavities more or less deep; even, when the 
fracture approximates a plane surface; uneven, when the surface is 
irregular; hackly or splintery, when the surface is jagged. 


8a aS eae Pe cy 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 679 


Examples of fracture. 


Conchoidal.—Novaculite, Magnet Cove, Arkansas. (Cat. No. 46280, U.S.N.M.) 
Even.—Chlorite, Loudon County, Virginia. (Cat. No. 12352, U.S.N.M.) 
Uneven.—Lepidolite, Auburn, Maine. (Cat. No. 16157, U.S.N.M.) 
Hackly.—Hematite, Dun Mountain, New Zealand. (Cat. No. 17792, U.S.N.M.) 


HARDNESS. 


This is the degree of resistance a mineral offers to abrasion. It is 
usually referred to an arbitrary scale of ten minerals showing a regular 
gradation in hardness from 1, tale, the softest; 2, gypsum; 3, calcite; 4, 
fluorite; 5, apatite; 6, orthoclase; 7, quartz; 8, topaz; 9, corundum, 
to 10, diamond, the hardest. 


TENACITY. 


The degrees of tenacity may be classed as brittle, sectile, malleable, 
flexible, and elastic. 

Examples of these are found in the following specimens: 

Calcite, Oxbow, New York (Cat. No. 16883, U.S.N.M.), brittle; the mineral sepa- 
rates in grains or a powder on attempting to cut it with a knife. 

Selenite, Truckee Mountains, Nevada (Cat. No. 18374, U.S.N.M.), sectile; the 
mineral may be cut without falling to pieces, but pulverizes under the hammer. 

Copper, Copper Falls, Michigan (Cat. No. 12061, U.S.N.M.), malleable; slices may 
be cut off and flattened out under the hammer. 

Tale, Chester County, Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 12002, U.S.N.M.), flexible; the min- 
eral will bend, but remains bent after the bending force is removed. 

Muscovite, Pennsbury, Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 83483, U.S.N.M.), elastic; the min- 
eral after bending will spring back to its original position. 


C—CHARACTERS DEPENDING UPON MASS OR VOLUME. 
SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 


This is the density of the mineral compared with that of distilled 
water at 4° C. The wide range in the specific gravity of minerals is 
shown by a series of specimens, and their relative densities shown by 
cubes, taking a definite volume of water as unity. 


D—PROPERTIES RELATING TO HEAT, MAGNETISM, AND ELECTRICITY. 
HEAT. 


Under this head is included the expansion of minerals, their power 
of conducting, transmitting, or absorbing heat, and their fusibility. Of 
these properties fusibility is the most important, and the only one that 
can be readily illustrated. This property in mineralogy is a relative 
value, determined by comparison with a fixed scale, showing a regular 
gradation from 1, stibnite, the most readily fused; 2, natrolite; 3, gar- 
net; 4, actinolite; 5, orthoclase, to 6, bronzite, the most difficult. 


MAGNETISM. 


All minerals are either magnetic or nonmagnetic. Magnetic min- 
erals may be either paramagnetic, that is, attracted by the poles of a 


680 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


magnet, or diamagnetic, that is, repelled by the poles of a magnet. 
These characters can be illustrated properly only in the laboratory, 
and only those minerals possessing polarity, that is, being themselves 
magnetic, or those that are sensibly affected by an ordinary magnet, 


ean be shown. 
ELECTRICITY. 


The electrical properties of minerals are distinguished by the follow- 
ing terms: Frictional electricity, or the power of becoming electrified 
by triction. Pyroelectricity, or the development of electricity through 
change of temperature. Thermoelectricity, due to differences of tem- 
perature at the point of contact with another substance, and is the 
electro-motive force developed when two or more minerals which are at 
different temperatures are brought in contact and establish an electric 
circuit. 


E—CHARACTERS DEPENDING UPON THE ACTION OF LIGHT. 
LIGHT. 


Light is the sensation produced upon the eye resulting from the 
excitation of a vibratory motion by a luminous body in the particles of 
a highly elastic imponderable medium called ether, which is assumed 
to pervade all space, including the most minute pores of all matter, 
whether solid, liquid, or gaseous. These vibrations are propagated in 
straight lines and in all directions from the luminous point. ‘The small- 
est portion of light which can be separated is called a ray, and it may 
be considered as a combination of two vibrating motions, one of which 
for the sake of convenience may be regarded as vertical and the other 
horizontal. A ray of light will pass through any medium of the same 
density in a perfectly straight line, but if it pass out of that medium 
into another of different density it may be disposed of in different ways, 
being either transmitted, absorbed, reflected, refracted, or polarized. 


TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT. 


Diaphaneity.—All bodies transmit light to a greater or less degree. 
Among minerals the amount of light transmitted, or the degrees of 
transparency, are classed as: 

Transparent—when the outline of an object seen through the min- 
eral is perfeetly distinct. Subtransparent—when an object may be 
seen but its outline is indistinct. Translucent—when light is trans- 
mitted but objects are not seen. Subtranslucent—when merely the 
edges are translucent. Opaque—when no light is transmitted. The 
property of diaphaneity occurs in every degree among minerals and is 
here represented in its several shades by five specimens of quartz. 


ABSORPTION OF LIGHT. 


Color.—The color of a mineral depends upon its power of absorbing 
certain portions of light; that is, absorbing certain rays of the spec- 


a 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 681 


trum that pass through or fall upon its surface. <A yellow mineral, 
tor example, will absorb all the rays of the spectrum except the yellow; 
a green mineral will reflect chiefly green rays, while a white mineral 
will reflect all, and a black mineral will absorb all the rays. The color, 
then, is the result of the mixture of those rays of light which are not 
absorbed. The color of a mineral is of two kinds—essential and non- 
essential. 

Hssential color.—The essential color is that of the mineral itself in 
its purest state, and belongs not only to the mass, but to the finest par- 
ticle that can be mechanically divided. The essential color is deter- 
mined by the color of the fine powder of the mineral, or by rubbing 
it on a surface of unglazed porcelain. The color of this powder or 
mark is known as the streak. This character is illustrated by a series 
of twenty-two minerals. To the left of each specimen is a small vial 
containing the powder of the mineral. It will be observed that although 
in many cases the essential color and that of the mineral are the same, 
in others the color of the streak differs from that of the mass. 

Nonessential color.—The nonessential color is in general that of the 
impurities contained in the mineral and the color of the mass will differ 
from that of the streak; that is, the same mineral species may display 
several different colors, all of which disappear in powder. 

This nonessential character of the color is seen in specimens of quartz 
and fluorite, in which the several distinct colors of the individual 
masses all disappear in the powder. 

Varieties of color—The variations in color are classed, first, as 
metallic and nonmetallic, and all shades are referred to eight funda- 
mental colors: white, gray, black, blue, green, yellow, red, and brown. 
Second, according to peculiarities in the arrangement of colors, as play 
of color, opalescence, iridescence, tarnish, and asterism. Third, as to 
the difference in color shown for light transmitted in different direc- 
tions through the crystal. This case of color absorption is called 
pleochroism and is peculiar to doubly-refracting minerals. Further, 
certain minerals when viewed under given conditions present a bluish 
appearance, resulting from the absorption of certain rays of light. This 
property is called fluorescence. 

The principal metallic colors are shown in the following series of 
minerals. These are: 

Copper red: Native copper, Longfellow Mine, Clifton, Arizona (Cat. No. 83558, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Bronze yellow: Pyrrhotite, Smaland, Sweden (Cat. No. 46593, U.S.N.M.). 

Brass yellow: Chaleopyrite, Shimoteuke Province, Japan (Cat. No. 47154, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Gold yellow: Gold, Nova Scotia (Cat. No. 82217, U.S.N.M.). 

Silver white : Silver, Chile (Cat. No. 11994, U.S.N.M.); collected by J. M. Gilliss. 

Tin white: Arsenopyrite, Criklova, Banat, Hungary (Cat. No. 48672, U.S. N.M.). 

Lead gray: Molybdenite, Altenberg, Saxony (Cat. No. 8129, U.S.N.M.); collected 
by F. M. Endlich. 

Steel gray : Smaltite, Schneeberg, Saxony (Cat. No. 45691, U.S.N.M.). 


682 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The principal nonmetallic colors are illustrated by the next forty 
specimens. They are: 


Snow white: Calcite, Copper Queen Mine, Bisbee, Arizona (Cat. No. 82364, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Gray white: Quartz, Cumberland, England (Cat. No. 50502, U.S.N.M.). 

Milk white: Novaculite, Montgomery County, Arkansas (Cat. No. 46280, U.S.N.M.). 

Ash gray: Opal, Honduras (Cat. No. 49632, U.S.N.M.). 

Smoke gray: Flint, Lains, Jura, France (Cat. No. 46367, U.S.N.M.). 

Gray black: Basanite, Wyoming (Cat. No. 44731, U.S.N.M.); collected by Be 
Hayden. 

Jet black: Tourmaline, Pierrepont, St. Lawrence County, New York (Cat. No. 
48279, U.S.N.M.). 

Blue: Azurite, Clifton, Arizona (Cat. No. 82543, U.S.N.M.). 

Amethyst blue: Amethyst, Thunder Bay, Lake Superior (Cat. No. 49628, U.S.N.M.); 
the Lea collection. 

Sky blue: Smithsonite, Laurium, Greece (Cat. No. 48945, U.S.N.M.). 

Mountain blue: Barite, Frizington, Cumberland, England (Cat. No. 84144, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Smalt blue: Dumortierite, Clip, Yuma County, Arizona (Cat. No. 48782, U.S.N.M.). 

Verdigris green: Microcline, Pikes Peak, Colorado (Cat. No. 81993, U.S.N.M.). 

Emerald green: Malachite, Nizhnee-Taghilsk, Russia (Cat. No. 49401, U.S.N.M.); 
gift of Mrs. Mary Stroud. 

Mountain green: Beryl, Yancey County, North Carolina (Cat. No. 51220, U.S.N.M.). 

Lemon yellow: Sulphur, Cianciana, Sicily (Cat. No. 50082, U.S.N.M.). 

Orange yellow: Smithsonite, Morning Star mine, Marion County, Arkansas (Cat. 
No. 48390, U.S.N.M.). 

Wine yellow: Topaz, Brazil (Cat. No. 44499, U.S.N.M.). 

Wax yellow: Selen sulphur, Cianciana, Sicily (Cat. No. 84140, U.S.N.M.). 

Honey yellow: Calcite, Joplin, Missouri (Cat. No. 84165, U.S.N M.). 

Scarlet: Vanadinite, Romaldo Pacheco’s mine, Yuma County, Arizona (Cat. No. 
48793, U.S.N.M.); collected by W. F. Hillebrand. 

Blood red: Zincite, Franklin, New Jersey (Cat. No. 83618, U.S.N.M.); collected 
by Wirt Tassin. 

Rose red: Tourmaline in lepidolite, San “Diego, California (Cat. No. 83431, 

U.S.N.M.); gift of Henry 8. Durdan. 
"Rose pink: Calesinter, Reichelsdorf, Hessen, Germany (Cat. No. 84055, U.S.N.M.). 

Brown: Tourmaline, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County, New York (Cat. No. 82279, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Yellow brown: Jasper, Portage Group, New York (Cat. No. 49631, U.S.N.M.); the 
Lea collection. 

Hair brown: Wood Opal, California (Cat. No. 81883, U.S.N.M.). 


The peculiarities in the arrangement of colors are shown in the fol- 
lowing specimens. They are as follows: 


Play of color: Opal, Queretaro, Mexico (Cat. No. 45014, U.S.N.M.); opal in limon- 
ite, Baracoo River, Queensland, Australia (Cat. No. 51965, U.S.N.M.). 

Change of color: Labradorite, Isle of Paul, Labrador (Cat. No. 83605, U.S.N.M.); 
oligoclase, Kragerée, Norway (Cat. No. 45094, U.S.N.M.). 

Opalescence: Quartz with tremolite inclusions, Ceylon (Cat. No. 81405, U.S.N.M.); 
opal, Queretaro, Mexico (Cat. No. 81283, U.S.N.M.). 

Tridescence: Albite, Amelia Court-House, Amelia County, Virginia (Cat. No. 48724, 
U.S.N.M.); oligoclase, Kragerée, Norway (Cat. No. 44776, U.S.N.M.). 

Tarnish: Chalcopyrite with quartz, Cornwall, England (Cat. No. 16987, U.S.N.M.), 
the Abert collection; bornite, South Africa (Cat. No. 51882, U.S.N.M.). 


— 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 683 


Asterism: Corundum, Ceylon (Cat. No. 82892, U.S.N.M.). 
Pleochroism: Iolite, Haddam, Connecticut (Cat. No. 83616, U.S.N.M.). 
Fluorescence: Fluorite, England (Cat. No. 49492, U.S.N.M.). 


EMISSION OF LIGHT—PHOSPHORESCENCE. 


Phosphorescence, or the emission of light, may be produced in diiffer- 
ent ways—by rise of temperature, by mechanical effects (such as fric- 
tion, percussion, or cleavage) and by insolation—that is, by exposure to 
the direct action of sunlight. 

Phosphorescence by rise of temperature is best seen in fluorite (Cat. 
No. 49598, U.S.N.M.), when heated to 145° or 150°, and especially in 
the variety chlorophane. 

Phosphorescence by friction will result from rubbing the specimen of 
sphalerite (Cat. No. 12562, U.S.N.M.) in the dark. 

Phosphorescence by insolation is seen in some diamonds, such as the 
specimen shown, and in some varieties of fluorite, such as chlorophane. 


REFLECTION OF LIGHT. 


When a ray of light passes from one medium to another, a portion of 
it is always thrown back or reflected. Every substance in nature pos- 
sesses in a greater or less degree the power of reflecting the light 
rays which fall upon it. The amount of light reflected depends mainly 
upon the condition of the surface of the substance. 

Luster.—Among minerals luster is that character depending upon 
the power and manner of reflecting light, and is dependent upon the 
nature of the reflecting surface and the quantity or intensity of the 
lightreflected. The kinds of luster are: Metallic, submetallic, adaman- 
tine, vitreous, resinous, pearly, and silky. The degrees of intensity 
are: Splendent, shining, glistening, glimmering, and dull. 

The specimens showing the different kinds and degrees of luster are: 

Metallic: Galena, Hermosa, New Mexico (Cat. No. 48173, U. S.N.M.); collected by 
W. F. Hillebrand. 

Adamantine: Cerussite, county Yancowinna, New South Wales (Cat. No. 82480, 
U.S.N.M.). 

Vitreous: Quartz, Eldorado County, California (Cat. No. 16052, U.S.N.M.). 

Resinous: Sphalerite, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain (Cat. No. 18809, U.S.N.M.). 

Pearly: Brucite, Texas, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 81884, U.S.N.M.); 
the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Silky : Selenite, England (Cat. No. 16786, U.S.N.M.). 

Splendent : Hematite, Isle of Elba (Cat. No. 49971, U.S.N.M.); the Lea Collection. 

Shining : Celestite, Girgenti, Sicily (Cat. No. 49789, U.S.N.M.); the Lea Collection. 

Glistening: Tale, Edwards, St. Lawrence County, New York (Cat. No. 48227, 
U.S.N.M.); collected by S. L. Penfield. 

Glimmering : Chalcedony, Faroe Islands (Cat. No. 82224, U.S.N.M.). 

Dull: Kaolin, Berks County, Pennsylvania (Cat. No. 9783, U.S.N.M.). 


REFRACTION OF LIGHT. 


A ray of light passing from one medium to another which is of 
different density, and in a direction other than that of a perpendicular to 


684 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the surface of the second medium, changes its direction or is refracted. 
When light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, it is refracted 
toward the perpendicular; if from a denser to a rarer medium, it is 
refracted away from the perpendicular. 

These conditions are universally true, and may be summarized as 
follows: When light passes from a denser to a rarer medium, the angle 
of incidence is less than the angle of refraction. When light passes 
out of a rarer into a denser medium, the angle of incidence is greater 
than the angle of refraction. The ratio existing between the sines of 
the angles of incidence and refraction is called the index of refraction. 
This is constant for the same substance. 

The above assumes the existence of only one refracted ray; but there 
are sometimes two refracted rays, whence it follows that an object seen 
through such a medium appears double. Crystals which possess this 
peculiarity are said to be double refracting. It is possessed to a greater 
or less degree by all crystals which belong to systems of crystallization 
other than the isometric. 

Uniaxial and biaxial crystals.—In all double-refracting crystals there 
is one direction, and sometimes a second, possessing the following prop- 
erty: When a point is looked at through the crystal in such a diree- 
tion, it does not appear double. The lines fixing these directions are 
called optic axes. 

A crystal is uniaxial when it has one optic axis; that is, when there is 
but one direction along which a ray of light can pass without being 
doubly refracted. A erystal having two such axes is called biaxial. 
Further, of the two parts into which the incident ray is divided on 
entering a uniaxial crystal, one is called the ordinary and the other the 
extraordinary ray. The one follows the law of single refraction; the 
other, except under certain conditions, does not. The magnitude of the 
refractive indices of these two rays always differ for the same crystal, 
and should that of the ordinary ray exceed that of the extraordinary 
ray the crystal is negative uniaxial; should the contrary be the case 
the crystal is positive uniaxial. 


DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT. 


If a beam of light be made to pass through a narrow slit and by the 
edge of an opaque body and to fall upon an appropriately placed screen, 
the shadow of such a body will be divided into a series of light and 
dark parallel bands, and the rays are diffracted. These bands or 
fringes are due to the mutual] reaction or interference of the adjoining 
waves of light. Models 1 and 2 are of wavesof light. The third model 
shows the waves of 1 and 2 neutralized by superposition and interfer- 
ence of two equal systems, the raised part of one wave fitting into and 
making smooth the hollow of the other. The next figure represents the 
solar spectrum, showing the dark lines, called Fraunhofer’s lines, which 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 685 


are the result of interference. The last model shows the effect of inter- 
ference in monochromatic or homogeneous light. With common light 
the prismatic colors are shown in succession. 


POLARIZATION OF LIGHT. 

“ Polarization is, in general, that change in the character of reflected 
or transmitted light which diminishes its power of being further reflected 
or transmitted.” To follow up the mechanical notion of the nature of 
polarized light it is necessary to refer to the wave model of common 
light, and by separating the two parts one from the other it may be 
shown how a wave of common light is reducible to two primary waves 
whose vibrations take place in a single plane only, or are polarized. 

Light may be polarized by reflection and simple refraction, double 
refraction, and absorption. The first model shows a mechanical con- 
ception of a ray of common light made up of the transversal vibrations 
A and B. The second model is a wire bent to represent a horizontal 
vibration which, if kept in that position, will pass only through a hori- 
zoutal aperture; the third model is a wire bent to represent a per- 
pendicular vibration which will pass only through a perpendicular 
aperture. The next model illustrates polarization by means of reflec- 
tion and single refraction; A-A is a model of a bundle of glass plates 
placed at an angle of 56° 45’; B is a ray of common light; C shows the 
light polarized by reflection and D by refraction. 

Polarization by double refraction is Shown by a glass model represent- 
ing a rhomb of calcite. A ray of light, A, entering the rhomb is doubly 
refracted, or divided into two rays of polarized light. One of these 
rays, O, conforms with the law of ordinary refraction, and is called the 
ordinary ray; the other does not conform with the law, and is called the 
extraordinary ray E. 

Polarization by absorption is shown by the next model, in which a 
slice of tourmaline is regarded, mechanically, as being like a grating 
through which polarized light may pass, then A is the model of a slice 
of tourmaline into which the transversal vibrations, b, are passing; the 
horizontal wave is absorbed and the vertical polarized one passes to the 
second slice of tourmaline, C, where the bars (the axes) being at right 
angles to those of A, it is stopped, and can pass through only when the 
bars of C are parallel to those of A. 


INTERFERENCE FIGURES. 


If asection of adoubly refracting mineral, which is cut perpendicular 
to an optic axis, be examined in polarized light it will exhibit, under 
certain conditions, colored rings or bands. According to the undula- 
tory theory of light these rings arise from the interference of the waves 
of the ordinary aid extraordinary rays. 

The observation of the systems of rings, or interference figures, which 
thin plates of crystals give in polarized light affords a ready means of 


686 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


determining the system in which a mineral crystallizes. All minerals 
may be classed as either isotropic or anisotropic with reference to their 
behavior in light. Anisotropic minerals may be further divided in 
accordance with their behavior in polarized light, into uniaxial and 
biaxial. 

Isotropic class. —This class includes all amorphous and isometrie min- 
erals. If a section of such a mineral be examined in polarized light 
under given conditions, the field of view remains dark and a revolution 
of ‘the section in any plane produces no change in appearance. 

Anisotropic class, uniaxial minerals.—Ineludes all tetragonal and hex- 
agonal minerals. If a section of such a mineral, cut perpendicular to 
the vertical axis, be examined in polarized light under given conditions, 
the field of view remains dark in the center, but round this center is 
seen a series of concentric colored rings intersected by a dark cross. 
No alteration takes place when the section is rotated around the normal 
to its faces. (See models.) 

Anisotropic class, biaxial minerals.—This includes all orthorhombic, 
monoclinic and triclinic minerals. If a section of such a mineral, cut at 
right angles to a line bisecting the angle of the optic axes, be examined 
in polarized light under certain conditions, the field of view remains 
dark at two points, each of which is the center of a series of colored 
rings which in one position are intersected by a dark cross. In another 
position the dark cross is replaced by two dark curved bands, or 
brushes, each of which passes through the center of one of the sets of 
rings. (See models.) 


DISPERSION OF THE OPTIC AXES. 


In all biaxial crystals there are three directions in which light ether 
is propagated with its maximum, minimum, and mean velocities. These. 
directions are known as the axes of elasticity and are found in directions 
at right angles to each other. 

The plane of the optic axes must include the axis of greatest and of 
least elasticity, these two serving as bisectrices for the acute and 
obtuse angles formed by the intersection of the optic axes. When the 
acute bisectrix is the angle of least elasticity the crystal is called posi- 
tive, and when the axis is that of greatest elasticity it is called negative. 

Crystals possessing three axes of elasticity have also three indices 
of refraction. Furthermore, the direction of the optic axes changes for 
rays of different colored light, giving a larger optic axial angle for some 
rays than for others. Such a change in direction is known as the 
dispersion of the optic axes. 

The two cases possible are distinguished by writing p>v when the 
angle for the red rays (p) is greater than for the violet (v), and p<v 
when the converse is true. 

Orthorhombic dispersion.—In orthorhombic crystals the position of 
the three axes of elasticity corresponds with that of the crystallographic 


THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. 687 


axes; consequently the optic axes must lie in one of the three pinacoidal 
planes, and symmetrical dispersion takes place in this plane. The 
model shows the dispersion in this case. The position of the axes of 
elasticity is indicated by the white threads, that of the optic axes by 
the red and blue threads. The vertical axis is the acute bisectrix, and 
red () is greater than violet (v); hence p>v. 

Monoclinic dispersion—In monoclinic crystals one of the axes of elas- 
ticity corresponds in position to the crystallographic axis b, and the 
other two lie in a plane of symmetry at right angles to it. Conse- 
quently there are three cases of dispersion possible, depending upon 
which two of the three axes lie in the plane of symmetry. These 
kinds of dispersion are: inclined, when the plane of the optic axes is 
the symmetry plane of crystal, in which case unsymmetrical dispersion 
of the axes and bisectrices takes place; horizontal, when the plane of 
the optic axes is at right angles to the plane of symmetry and the 
acute bisectrix and axis of mean elasticity lie in this plane; crossed, 
when the plane of the optic axes is at right angles to the plane of sym- 
metry and the acute bisectrix corresponds to the crystallographic axis 
b, so that the obtuse bisectrix and the axis of mean elasticity lie in 
the plane of symmetry. The three models following show the several 
kinds of monoclinic dispersion, and are described as follows: 

Inclined.—The dispersion in this case is unsymmetrical. The posi- 
tion of the optic axes is indicated by red and blue threads. Greenish- 
yellow is the acute bisectrix for red and orange-yellow for blue. The 
dark-green thread is the obtuse bisectrix for red and grass-green for 
blue. The crystallographic axes are in white, axis ) corresponding 
to that of mean elasticity. 

Horizontal.—In this case the dispersion is symmetrical. The posi- 
tion of the optic axes is shown by the red and blue threads. Orange 
yellow is the acute bisectrix for redand greenish-yellow for blue. The 
crystallographic axes are in white, with axis ) the obtuse bisectrix and 
not dispersed. 

Crossed.—The dispersion in this case is symmetrical. The position 
of the optic axis is shown by the red and blue threads. Grass-green 
is the obtuse bisectrix for red and dark-green for blue. The crystallo- 
graphic axes are in white, with axis ) as the acute bisectrix and not 
dispersed. 

Triclinie dispersion.—In triclinic crystals none of the axes of elas- 
ticity correspond to the crystallographic axes; consequently they have 
no fixed position. Complete unsymmetrical dispersion of the optic 
axes, their plane, and of the bisectrices takes place. 

The model shows the unsymmetrical dispersion. The position of the 
optic axes is indicated by the red and blue threads. Orange-yellow is 
the acute bisectrix for red and greenish-yellow for blue. The grass- 
green thread is the obtuse bisectrix for red, dark-green for blue. The 
crystallographic axes are in white. 


688 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


F—CHARACTERS DEPENDING UPON THE ACTION OF THE SENSES. 
TOUCH. 


The touch of a mineral is described as: greasy, the feel of talc; meager, 
dry and rough to the touch like chalk; harsh, having the feel of actin- 
olite; smooth, having the feel like a face of a quartz crystal; adhesive 
when it adheres to the tongue, as in the case of hydrophane. 


TASTE. 


The taste is a character of soluble minerals only, and is described as: 
astringent, the taste of chalcanthite; sweetish astringent, the taste 
of kalinite; saline, the taste of halite; alkaline, the taste of natron; 
cooling, the taste of niter; bitter, the taste of epsomite. 


ODOR. 


Certain minerals, under the influence of friction, moistening with the 
breath, or by the action of heat or acids, give off odors, which are des- 
ignated thus: bituminous, the odor of bitumen, as in elaterite; sul- 
phurous, the odor of burning sulphur, as in pyrite when heated or under 
friction; alliaceous, the garlic-like odor given off by arsenopyrite 
when heated or under friction; fetid, the odor of sulphureted hydro- 
gen given off under friction by some varieties of quartz and limestone; 
argillaceous, the clayey odor given off by kaolin upon being moistened. 


G—CHARACTERS DEPENDING UPON RESISTANCE TO CHEMICAL 
ACTION. 


CORROSION FIGURES. 


When a crystal is exposed a short time to the action of a solvent, its 
faces are not equally attacked, but are corroded into pit-like figures 
whose forms obey the law of symmetry of the crystal. These figures 
are often of assistance in determining the grade of symmetry of a ecrys- 
tal, which is not apparent by the development of its faces. Corrosion 
figures will also indicate the presence of twins. Examples of these 
are shown in a crystal of pyrite which has been dipped in warm nitric 
acid, and in those of calcite, boracite, barite, galena and quartz. 


SOLUTION PLANES. 


In every crystal there is a set of structure planes aiong which chem- 
ical action takes place most easily. These planes have definite relations 
with the symmetry of the crystal; for example, the solution planes in 
the specimen of calcite shown are parallel to the faces of a scalenohe- 
dron. Further, in many crystals, whe. they have been subjected to 
intense strain, planes of easy solution may arise in directions parallel 
to that along which the strain is exerted. 


oo 


Pl sn 


TE PITO TE HENUA, 


KNOWN AS RAPA NUI; COMMONLY CALLED EASTER ISLAND, 
SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
Latitude 27° 10’ S., Longitude 109° 26/ W. 


GEORGE H. COOKE, 


Surgeon, United States Navy. 


NAT MUS 97——44 689 


TE PITO TE HENUA, KNOWN AS RAPA NUI,; COMMONLY 
CALLED EASTER ISLAND, SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN. LATE 
TUDE 27° 10’ S, LONGITUDE 109° 26" W. 


By GEORGE H. Cooke, 
Surgeon, United States Navy. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The U.S.S. Mohican sailed from the port of Callao, Peru, March 6, 1868, 
under orders for a protracted cruise, on special duty, among the islands 
of the South Pacific, with instructions, on her return passage to the South 
American coast, to call at Easter Island, make certain investigations 
desired by the Smithsonian Institution, and especially to bring away 
one of the colossal stone images to be found upon the island. 

After a passage of thirty-two days the Marquesas group was reached, 
but the authorities, wishing to impose quarantine upon the ship, a stay 
of a few hours only was made, and we pushed on to the island of Rairoa, 
in the Tuamotu, or Low Archipelago. From thence the ship visited, | 
at various times, and in some instances repeatedly, the Society Islands, 
the Samoan Group, the Tonga Group, the Fiji Islands, and New 
Zealand, and took her final departure from Tahiti for Easter Island 
and the South American coast November 16, dropping anchor in Hanga 
Roa Bay, west coast Rapa Nui, December 18. 

The stone image, stone crown, and stone head, for the Smithsonian 
Institution, having been successfully transported over the island to 
the beach and thence transferred on board, the ship sailed on the last 
day of the year for Valparaiso, Chile, arriving at the latter port January 
14, 1887, having performed the duty assigned her, in which all on board 
took the liveliest interest. 

The writer has confined himself, as strictly as circumstances would 
admit, to the line of investigation assigned him, in order that there 
might not be a needless repetition in the reports of the several officers 
concerned in the work. 

In the preparation and collation of the glossary the writer has been 
ably assisted by Lieut. William E, Safford, U.S. N. a 


692 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


EXPEDITION AROUND THE COAST LINE. 


The investigations upon which this report is based cover a period of 
twelve days, from December 19 to December 30, 1886, inclusive, and 
were conducted in association with two other officers (the paymaster 
and the navigator) of the ship, to whom, as to the writer, special duties, 
predicated upon the information desired by the Smithsonian Institution, 
were assigned, respectively. 

The Mohican anchored in the roadstead of the Hanga Roa, Rapa Nui, 
in the forenoon of Saturday, December 18, and on the morning of the 
19th the writer proceeded ashore and immediately began his duties. On 
that day the crater of Rana Kao was visited and a general inspection 
was made of the stone huts, the painted slabs in their interior, the 
sculptured rocks, etc., and of the crater itself, in the immediate vicinity 
of which these objects of interest are located. At 3 o’clock p. m. the 
party returned to the house of Mr. John Brander, near the base of the 
voleano, from which we had taken our departure in the morning, and 
toward evening, mounting a wagon, were driven to the residence of Mr. 
Alexander P. Salmon at Vaihu, distant 5 miles, on the southeast coast 
of the island and formerly a Catholic mission. 

At an early hour on Monday morning, December 20, we were driven 


back to the house of Mr. Brander, obtaining a view of the Obsidian. 


Mountain as we skirted its base, and shortly after ascended Rana Kao, 
accompanied by a detail of men from the ship, with the necessary imple- 
ments and instruments for making excavations and surveying. Private 
Anton Ayasse, of the marine guard of the ship, a clever draftsman, 
also accompanied the party for the pur Be of making sketches of 
objects of interest. 

The entire day was passed upon the mountain and a large amount of 
work performed, in the way of exploring the stone houses, inspecting 
the sculptured rocks in the vicinity, excavating, etc. Toward evening 
the descent was made and the night was passed at the house of Mr. 
Brander with somewhat more of comfort than had attended the pre- 
vious one. 

On the following morning, Tuesday, December 21, early preparations 
were made for the expedition around the entire coast line of the island. 
Four native men, named Huki, Luka, Haie, and Brotto, were engaged 
as guides and general utility men, with two pack horses for carrying 
camp equipage and provisions. Nine men, including the chief quarter- 
master of the ship, a boatswain’s mate, and private Ayasse as drafts- 
man, were detailed to accompany the party with tools for excavating, 
etc. The paymaster and navigator, with the writer and a naval cadet 
as assistant to the navigator, comprised the officers, and a young Ameri- 
ean, Mr. Frank Allen, in the employ of Mr. Salmon, went along as 
interpreter. 

All being ready, the party started from the house of Mr, Brander at 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 693 


8 o'clock in the morning of the day mentioned, and, passing through 
the villages of Mataveri and Hanga Roa, struck the coast line abreast 
of the ship at Hanga Roa Bay on the western side of the island, and 
thence proceeded in a northerly direction. The indentations of the 
coast were closely followed; every part of the ground carefully exam- 
ined; each image platform discovered was accurately measured and 
platted on the chart prepared for the purpose; the number of stone 
images was noted, and where there were “indications” excavations 
were made; crania, when uncovered and in good condition, were pre- 
served; caves were visited and searched; the bearings of promon- 
tories, points of land, mountains, etc., were taken for corrections on the 
chart, and so on. The work was tedious and laborious; the ground 
gone over was rugged and uneven, rocky at times, at others densely 
strewn with voleanic bowlders of every shape and size, the sharp points 
of which proved very trying to the feet. Again, our path lay over 
ground covered with hummock grass, the hard tufts of which made 
insecure footing and caused frequent turning and spraining of the 
ankles. Then, too, it was necessary to retrace our steps oftentimes, as 
well as to follow the windings of the cliffs, so that, although constantly 
moving from place to place, our progress in a direct line was slow and 
the work exhausting in the extreme. 

Toward the middle of the afternoon two of the natives, who were 
thoroughly acquainted with the region and who reported “ good water” 
at a certain point ahead, with two of our own people, taking with them 
the pack animals, were sent forward to select a camping place for the 
night. Subsequently one of the natives returned and piloted us to 
the point selected, at a considerable distance from the sea, which we 
reached at 5 p. m., weary but in excellent spirits. We found here an 
inviting-looking place, covering a space of about a hundred feet square, 
inclosed by a stone wall and with banana trees, stalks of sugar cane, 
and taro growing in profusion. Inside was the opening to a small but 
comfortable cave, sutticiently large to accommodate all our people, who 
were assigned to it, while a tent, improvised of blankets and water- 
proof coats, was erected outside the inclosure against another stone 
wall for the accommodation of the officers. It having been suggested 
by the writer that for convenience of future reference we name our 
nightly stopping places, this, our first night’s abode, was, by unanimous 
consent, christened ‘Camp Mohican.” 

Although the distance on the chart in a straight line from our start- 
ing point in the morning to the site of our first camp measured but 
about 5 miles, we must have traversed fully three times that space 
in going around headlands and bays, crossing and recrossing, inspect- 
ing and measuring platforms. 

Soon after a hearty meal, a constituent of which was baked lamb, 
Rapa Nui style (18,000 head of sheep roam the island), and a comfort- 
able smoke, darkness coming on, all hands turned in for the night, the 


694 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


men into their cave, the officers into their tent. Previously to doing 
so, however, we took precaution to stuff our ears with paper, in order 
to exclude the ‘“‘snapping beetle,” one of the Hlateridw, credited by 
the natives with a predilection for that organ, and myriads of which 
had been assailing us. 

Our bed was composed of the moku—native grass—over which we 
placed our rubber sheets. At 2 o’clock in the morning we were 
awakened by a heavy rain storm, against which our flimsy patchwork 
tent proved but poor protection, the water either pouring through or 
running under our bed of litter. 

On Wednesday, December 22, after a hearty breakfast, finding that 
we were none the worse for the previous night’s experience, we struck 
camp, the pack animals were loaded, and at an early hour we were 
under way again. Our course this day continued along the coast line to 
the northward and around North Cape, skirting the base of Rana Hana 
Kana. The shore all along this part of the island is bold, rocky, pre- 
cipitous, the black frowning basalt cliffs rising in many places to the 
height of hundreds of feet, truly an “iron-bound” coast, upon which 
the seas break with terrific fury, dashing the spray high in the air. 
The powerful solvent action of sea water upon even the hardest vol- 
canic rock may here be seen exemplified in the fantastic shapes wrought 
by the waves on every side, the arches cut through, the innumerable 
caves excavated in the face of the cliffs, the pinnacles, towers, basins, 
etc., visible at every step. Many of the caverns were explored, and 
human and other bones found in some of them. The character of the 
surface land was about the same as on the preceding day, and the 
tramp over rocks and stones was a weary and trying one. 

During the afternoon a detail of men was again sent ahead to locate 
the camp for the night, near a fresh-water spring known to the natives, 
and which the remainder of the party reached toward sunset. This, 
which we named “Camp Day” in honor of our commanding officer, was 
situated in the district of Vai-maitai (good water), near Motukan 
Point, about 3 miles distant from our camp of the night before, but 
fully three times as many by the route we had taken. One of the 
natives was sent back to the ship, with a note, for additional supply of 
stores. Two caves were occupied at this camp, one by the officers, the 
other being allotted to the men. 

Despite the promising name of the district, the water again proved 
bad, being brackish. A couple of sheep had been captured and dressed, 
and from these and canned food, garnished with taro, sweet potatoes, 
and bananas, baked by the natives in their inimitable way, and washed 
down with copious drafts of tea, an excellent meal was made. Our 
cave proved a damp, ill-smelling place, and visions of pneumonia, rheu- 
matism, and other resultant affections dominated our dreams, render- 
ing sleep fickle and unrefreshing. 

At 7.30 on the morning of Thursday, December 23, we were again 


Matyi 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 695 


under way and continued our route along the cliffs on the north shore 
of the island. At platform No. 29 a pit was excavated in which a col- 
lection of human skulls, without any other portion of the remains, was 
found. Our track this day led us to Anakena Bay, according to tradi- 
tion the original landing place of King Hotu-Metua, his queen, and 
followers, from whom the present inhabitants claim their descent. We 
found at the head of the bay a fine, extensive sand beach, the first we 
had fallen in with, forming a good landing place for small boats. The 
breakers and still water in the vicinity were seen swarming with fish of 
several varieties, of which the natives gave us their names. The sand 
beaches were thickly strewn with the ‘“‘ Portuguese man-of-war” (Phy- 
salia utriculus), called by the natives Papaki, and which, to the writer’s 
great surprise, they informed him was eaten by them as food. Adher- 
ent to the rocks was found the singular, cuirass-covered little creature, 
called by the natives hemoma, one of the Chitons, perhaps the magi- 
nificus, Which is also used by them as an article of diet. Thus, also, a 
smali univalve, called by them ngingongi, large collections of the shells 
of which were found stowed away in the walls of the stone huts at the 
edge of the crater, on Rana Kao, where also was found the remains of 
the Chiton. The sea urchin, Echinus (esculentus?), in Rapa Nui-hetuki, 
and a diminutive snail, which they call pipi, were found at Anakena, 
All the above form a part of their dietary, and they seemed to speak of 
and regard them as tidbits. 

Sometime was passed at Anakena, exploring its vicinity where, there 
is every reason to suppose, an extensive town existed, for which the 
nature of the surface, ascending gradually from the water’s edge to 
high land on either side, with a hill rising between and running back 
into the interior, forms a most admirable site. The remains of former 
habitations were found in various directions. At some distance back 
from the sea on rising ground, in an isolated position, far removed from 
any platform or image, was found the largest tufa crown we had yet 
seen and which subsequent investigation proved the largest on the 
island. It was slightly oval in shape, lay on its side, was buried in the 
earth to a depth of about 2 feet, and by actual measurement was 27 feet 
9 inches in circumference, 9 feet 9 inches in diameter across the long 
and 9 feet 2 inches across the short oval, and 9 feet high. 

Beyond Anakena Bay the walking became especially difficult and 
laborious at one point, near Ovahe Bay, it was necessary to scale the 
face of a cliff, at about midway of its height, on a narrow ledge of rock. 

Our camp, named “ Whitney,” for the honorable Secretary of the 
Navy, was located for this night near Hangaone Bay, about 4 miles 
from our starting point of the morning, and it was nearly dark when 
we entered its welcome precincts. Supplies from the ship, brought by 
the boat, which had been nearly all day reaching Anakena, were carried 
thence overland and arrived in camp during the evening. 

Near our present camping ground we found the best water of any 


696 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


during our entire trip and we duly commended our guides, accordingly, 
much to their gratification. Iwas much surprised when, next morning, 
on visiting the well, or spring, situated immediately adjoining one of 
the image platforms, | found it nothing more than a shallow excavation 
among the loose stones, and covered in order to keep the cattle and 
sheep from drinking the precious fluid, of which there was but a few 
inches in depth remaining. The water was surface water only, and had 
percolated between the rocks, into the cavity, after rains. The knowl- 
edge that these image platforms, have, from time immemorial even 
unto the present day, been utilized as burial places by the natives, did 
not enhance our enjoyment of the liquid. 

The men slept in a comfortable cave that night, and for our own 
accommodation an overhanging shelf of rock was economized. This was 
too narrow to entirely shelter the party, and the deficiency of rock 
was, therefore, supplemented with blankets, banana leaves, ete., laid 
upon cords stretched in various directions. The scheme proved a 
delusion, for the post-midnight showers descended as usual, the banana 
leaves formed admirable conduits to lead the water where it did the most 
harm, and the customary hasty vacating of the den in the night was 
the inevitable result. These successive nocturnal experiences served to 
impress on our minds the absurdity of leaving the ship unprovided 
with a suitable tent, or at least an old sail with which necessary shelter 
could be improvised. 

We struck camp and got away early, sending the camp builders with 
the pack animals overland to the south side of the island, where at a 
certain place, as the natives informed us, a fine, roomy cave and good 
water would be found, and which was decided upon as our next camp. 

Our own course continued along the north coast around Cape Poko- 
koria, along the east shore to Cape Anaataavanui, and thence in a 
westerly direction along the south coast to camp, near Hanga Nui Bay 
and Point Onetea. 

During the early part of the day the ground was of the same rugged 
nature as that already passed over, but on reaching the base of Mount 
Pua-ko-taki, at the eastern end of the island, the character of the sur- 
face changed, being covered with hummock grass, alternating with 
extensive tracts of fine, red volcanic sand, and dust, more particu- 
larly on the northern and eastern slopes of the mountain. It was 
asserted that in this red sand most of the stone axes and other imple- 
ments were to be found, particularly after strong gales, when they 
were uncovered by the wind, and careful search was made accordingly, 
but with indifferent success. After luncbeon, partaken of on top of 
the mountain, the descent, which was gradual, as was also the ascent, 
was made on the eastern side, the ground being of the same sandy 
pature. Diligent search was again made while traversing this, and a 


few specimens of stone implements, in large part mutilated, were © 


obtained. 


lina, See 


‘ial 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 697 


In traveling southward, along the slope of the mountain, on again 
approaching the region of grass it was singular to observe the line of 
demarcation. Thesand,moved by the winds, was gradually encroaching 
upon the vegetation, the depth of the edge being about 6 inches. The 
contrast between the deep red of the one and the vivid green of the 
other was very striking, and the line was as straight, regular, and 
clearly drawn, with fertility on one side and barrenness on the other, 
as any of a similar nature seen by the writer in Egypt. 

The walking upon the sand, although tiresome, was easy as com- 
pared with that on the hummock grass, over which our route now lay. 
In our journeyings theretofore, although there was no regular paths 
and of course no roads, we were fortunate enough eccasionally to strike 
a Sheep or cattle trail, which afforded a welcome relief, however brief, 
to our jaded feet, There was nothing of the sort now—no avoiding of 
rough places, no choice of spots to plant a foot—and as we moved 
grimly onward, blundering at every step, the distance around Cape 
Anaataavanui seemed interminable. Thoroughly fatigued we reached 
the precipice, which terminated the plateau over which we had been 
struggling, and looking to the westward saw the welcome flags, still a 
mile distant, waving over our camp. The descent of the precipice at 
the point reached being precarious, its edge was skirted until a more 
favorable place was found down which to scramble to the plain below. 
Here we presently struck a trail, which soon opened into a wagon road, 
whence a footpath led to the camp, which the writer (the party having 
been scattered since noon) reached at 4.30 in the afternoon. 

The situation of the camp, which was named ‘“ Baird” in honor of the 
secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was a delightful one, being 
located on the south side of the little bay of Hanga Nui, at the base of 
a bluff which partly sheltered it from the strong southeast trades, as 
well as the hot afternoon sun. Rana Roraka, from the crater and 
slopes of which all the monoliths on the island had been quarried, lay 
immediately to the left. Pua-ko-taki, over whose summit and around 
whose base we had toiled, loomed in front of us. Lying in the opening 
of our cave, we could gaze upon the great platform, Tongarika, with 
its fifteen prostrate stone images, the largest and most imposing on the 
island. At our feet, surging back and forth among the everlasting 
rocks as the swell rolled in from the open ocean, lay the sparkling 
waters of the Hanga Nui Bay. 

The cave, called ‘Ana Havea” by the natives, ran back into the bluff 
a distance of 50 feet or more and laterally about 30. The entrance was 
Spacious, and it was roomy, dry, and well ventilated, the trade wind, 
deflected by the bluff, sweeping nearly across its face. It was an ancient 
cavern, had been inhabited by the image builders, and was still oceu- 
pied at times by the natives, as also by Messrs. Salmon and Brander 
when in this part of the island, engaged in rounding up their herds of 
cattle or sheep. The floor was strewn with dry litter, bull rushes and 


698 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


grass. There were several elevated platforms, edged off with bowlders, 
which were for sleeping places, and the remains of an ancient fireplace 
could be traced in one corner. Two huge rocks, with a flourishing 
tobacco plant growing between, guarded the entrance, from which a 
grass-covered lawn inclined downward to the rocks at the water side. 

The men were accommodated in another comfortable cave at about 
100 yards distance inland, and the camp fire was kept brightly burning 
in a clear space among the bowlders on the declivity hard by. 

At no time during our trip were we without food. On the contrary, 
sheep were plentiful all over the island. Drinking water, so indispen- 
sable, and yet so scarce on Rapa Nui, was obtained from several sources 
near Camp Baird, but all was equally unpalatable. Our first supply 
(we remained at this camp about three days) was obtained from a 
so-called well, half a mile distant, located among the rocks near the 
edge of the bay, and was salt at high water and more or less brackish 
at all times. 

The water from a spring discovered by Quartermaster Lowrie was 
also unpalatable, and a supply obtained from the crater of Rana Roraka, 
near by, owing to its animal and vegetable impurities, was more so. 
It is to this crater that by far the larger number of cattle resort to 
drink, and their grazing ground, for this reason, is mostly located on 
this part of the island. 

On the evening of our arrival, December 24, having partaken of a 
hearty dinner and lighted our cigars, we stretched ourselves, weary 
and foot sore, on the grass in front of our cave. The conversation, 
brisk and merry at first, soon flagged, became desultory, and presently 
ceased entirely. It was “the night before Christmas;” our mere physi- 
cal, corporeal nature was pressing the soil of Rapa Nui, but the spirit, 
our immaterial part, was many leagues away. 

At various times during our stay the writer purchased crania which 
the natives offered him for sale, and among these were several skulls of 
ancient Kings, bearing peculiar marks which, Mr. Salmon assured him, 
he then saw for the first time, and of the genuineness of which he had no 
doubt. 

Christmas forenoon was passed in exploring the region in the vicinity 
of the camp, several cairns being opened with variable success in the 
matter of specimens. In the afternoon the crater of Rana Roraka was 
visited and note taken of the very numerous finished and unfinished 
images, some standing, others prostrate, scattered over its slope and 
the great plain at its base, where there is every reason to believe once 
stood a populous town. The quarries, ‘“‘ workshops,” were also visited 
and the many partly completed monoliths, still attached to the original 
rock, examined. As in Egypt, where, in the quarries at Syene, near the 
First Cataract, the largest obelisk still lies unfinished, so here, in one 
of the excavations on the outer slope of the crater, may be seen the 
largest of the stone images to be found on Rapa Nui in an incomplete 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 699 


condition, still adherent to the bed rock and measuring 69 feet 9 inches 
in length. 

That evening, after dark, the natives remaining with us entertained 
us with an exhibition of their manner of capturing the crayfish. Strip- 
ped to the skin and holding aloftin the left hand a hugh lighted torch 
composed of loose fagots, they would jump from rock to rock and 
bowlder to bowlder with the agility of monkeys. Peering into the 
depths below, and having discovered their prey, they would leap into 
the water, often to their necks, deftly seize the crustacean and pass it 
to a companion who, with another burning torch, attended them for the 
purpose. Again they would sight their game in a cleft, or under a sub- 
merged overhanging rock, and, swiftlyinserting the hand, would rarely 
fail to bring forth a captive. Foran hour or more the sport continued. 
The sight was a strange, wierd, savage, and interesting one, and the array 
of wra (Rapa Nui for crayfish), which at the termination of the hunt 
they proudly spread before us gave ample testimony to their dexterity. 

Sunday, December 26, the writer passed quietly in camp, and the 
following day was devoted to further explorations and excavations. 

Tuesday, December 28, we broke camp and abandoned Ana Havea, 
which had so long sheltered us, all the party, except the paymaster 
and writer, returning across the island to the ship, which had been 
moved around to La Perouse Bay, on the north side of the island, for 
the more convenient transportation on board of the selected image. 

In company with Mr. Salmon, who had passed the previous night 
with us at the cave, and riding with him in his “buggy,” we were 
taken to his house at Vaihu, formerly a Catholic mission but now 
abandoned as such. The church and parsonage, with outbuildings, 
are still standing, the former being used in part as a storehouse, 
while in the remaining portion divine service is held daily under 
native leadership. The parsonage, comprising three rooms, is occu- 
pied by Mr. Salmon as his dwelling, and he has here displayed a 
portion of his very curious, interesting, and valuable collection of 
Rapa Nui antiquities. 

Itis but just to note, in this place, that too much credit can not 
be awarded Mr. Salmon for the great interest he takes in everything 
pertaining to the island—its history, its people, traditions, and remains. 
He is an enthusiast upon this subject, has made it a study of years, 
and has devoted time, money, and his best energies toward assisting 
in elucidating the mystery which envelops this isolated mid-ocean 
island, its hieroglyphs, its rock carvings, its colossal remains and the 
strange people who wrought them. Mr. Salmon has resided here tor 
a period of seven years in all, and during that time, in addition to 
his large collection, he has made a study of his subject, has inter- 
ested himself in the natives and their improvement, and has accumu- 
lated a large amount of information, legends, and traditions, which 
otherwise, perhaps, would in a few years have perished with the people 


700 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


to whose ancestors it relates and who seemed to be doomed to speedy 
extinction. 

During our stay at the island we were treated with every courtesy 
by Mr. Salmon, who placed every facility within his power at our 
disposal for the prosecution of our work, and I am indebted to him for 
much of the information embodied in this report. 

Wednesday, December 29, was devoted to explorations in the vicin- 
ity of Vaihu, to the collection of data, and taking of notes, and at 
7 o'clock in the evening drove to Mr. Brander’s house, near the vil- 
lage of Mataveri, having thus completed the tour of the coast line of 
the island. That evening, in company with Mr. Salmon, a visit was 
made to Chief Ure Vaeiko, 83 years old, for the purpose of having 
him interpret the hieroglyphic writings on the wooden tablets and 
photographs. This he did into the Rapa Nui language, the interpre- 
tation being taken down by Mr. Salmon, stretched at full length in the 
litter constituting the floor of the house, and subsequently translated 
into English by him. The latter, with the paymaster, was engaged 
with this work through the entire night, and at 10 o’clock next morn- 
ing, the 30th, met the writer at Mr. Brander’s house. A large portion 
of this day was devoted to visiting the villages, inspecting the houses, 
and making physical examinations. At 5 o’clock in the afternoon we 
returned to the house of Mr. Salmon, at Vaihu, where a note from the 
ship was received urging our immediate return, as the image had been 
received on board and the Mohican was to sail on the following day. 

Another night was passed at the house of Mr. Salmon, and at 7 
o'clock on the morning of December 31, our preparations being com- 
pleted, we started on our return. The “buggy” was again brought 
into requisition and carried us as far as Rana Roraka, the road ter- 
minating at the corral at its base. Here we alighted, and the natives 
distributing and shouldering our implements, all hands except Mr. 
Salmon, who rode on horseback, struck out to cross the island on foot 
to La Perouse Bay. The distance was about 3 miles by the trail, which 
was rough and rocky but quite level, and was accomplished in an hour. 
On the way we passed our camp of December 23 and 24, ‘ Whitney,” 
where a party of native men and womey had spent the preceding, and 
it is to be hoped a drier, night than we did under the overhanging rock. 

We arrived at the landing in Hanga-one Bay, whence the image had 
been boated off to the ship after having been brought a distance of 24 
miles overland on a sled, at about 9 o’clock in the morning, and in a 
little while thereafter returned on board after an absence from the ship 
of twelve days. At 3 o’clock the same afternoon, all financial matters 
having been concluded, and a number of sheep, the parting gifts of 
Messrs. Salmon and Brander, having been received on board, we bade 
farewell to our gentle Rapa Nui friends and steamed away for 
Valparaiso. 

We found the natives who accompanied us bright, willing, tractable, 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. TOL 


tireless, anxious to please, and ready at all times, day or night, to do 
our bidding. Two of them, Luka and Huki, were especially useful to 
us. The latter was the more intelligent of the two, and was remarkably 
well informed regarding everything pertaining to the island. He knew 
the name of every point, headland, bay, etc., and his replies to our 
questions were given without hesitancy and so correctly, as we found 
by testing him, that he frequently surprised us. The writer obtained 
much information from him, and might have gained much more, 
regarding the native plants, insects, shells, etc., but unfortunately our 
interpreter, who had been but a short time on the island, was practically 
useless as a medium between us, and to understand each other’s meaning 
' was therefore most difficult. Owing to this fact, the want of facilities 
and conveniences for collecting and preserving specimens, and the 
absence of works of reference, but little could be accomplished in the 
particulars above mentioned. 

A source of great annoyance to us during our trip was the hordes of 
flies which kept us company on the march, and then whenever we 
approached camp in the evening were greeted and cordially weleomed 
by other hordes which had been in previous possession of the locality. 
Many of the islands of the South Pacific are noted for the swarms of 
flies which infest them, one Rairoa, having been named by the navi- 
gator Schouten, 1616, Vliegen Islands by reason of the myriads which 
assailed and finally drove him to sea. 

Another, and in some respects even worse plague, was the fleas, 
which had their origin in the numerous dogs kept on the island. 

One more source of discomfort, in connection with our stay at the 
hospitable residence of Mr. Salmon, was the host of cockroaches which 
swarmed every part of the premises, measuring 2 or more inches in 
length, with antenne to correspond, and furnished with wings of a 
beautiful glistening brown. 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


From the most reliable information obtainable it appears that the 
ancient name of the island was Te Pito te henua. Referring to the 
vocabulary it will be seen that the word Pito,in Rapa Nui signifies 
navel, and henua, the uterus. What association of ideas could have 
prompted these appellations it is, of course, difficult to imagine at the 
present day. The following speculations, which have occurred to the 
writer, are given for what they may be worth. The island is distinetly 
of volcanic origin, and on nearly all the hills and mountains the craters 
are clearly traceable, most markedly and startlingly so in the case of 
Rana Kao, at the southwest end. As will be seen, the craters of both 
volcanoes (all on the island are now extinct) are of great depth, with 
lakes of water at their bottoms. In the cases of the other voleanoes 
the craters are much more shallow, symmetrical, more evenly rounded, 
overgrown with grass, present «a very striking and beautiful appear- 


702 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ance, particularly when the slanting rays of the rising or setting sun 
Shine upon them, and at that time especially, when they stand so 
prominently forth, would readily suggest the human navel, from which 
it may be inferred that portion of the name of the island might be 
derived. 

Regarding the other word, henua, the uterus; can it be that they 
meant to designate by this term the great voleano Rana Roraka, in 
whose womb was created, and from whose vitals was born that host of 
monolithic images which once reared their colossal forms aloft, giant 
genii guarding these rock-bound shores, and which to-day, prone and 
mutilated as they are, fill the mind of the voyager with wonder, awe, 
and admiration? 

Hiti te eiranga, the name said to have been given to the island by 
the English is, perhaps, a corruption of that above-mentioned, as is 
certainly also the name Te Pito fenua, wrongly stated as signifying 
“the land in the middle of the sea.” The name Rapa Nui, signifying 
Great Rapa, is modern, having been given to the island by the Tahiti- 
ans twenty years since, to distinguish it from Rapa iti, Little Rapa, 
otherwise called Oparo, an island lying 1,900 miles to the westward, in 
the direction of the Society Group, which latter is 2,500 miles distant. 
The name Haster was given the island by Roggeween, who discovered 
it on Easter Sunday, 1721. It has also been cailed by various names, 
such as Teapy and Waihu. 

It has often been subject of remark that this propensity of giving 
new, modern, European names to lands and islands, not only when 
originally discovered, but often when merely revisited, may be con- 
sidered as not only in questionable taste, but as leading to endless con- 
fusion. The charts and Sailing Directions are replete with instances 
of that sort, cases occurring when perhaps half a dozen modern and 
strangely appearing names, each by a different navigator, are applied 
to one small island or group of islands. The spelling of the native 
names is also, in many instances, wide of the mark. These strictures 
may be said to apply with special force to the island under considera- 
tion, and, therefore, in these reports and on the corrected chart its 
ancient name, as well as the native names of its mountains, bays, 
and headlands, have been adhered to as closely as practicable, while 
at the same time the greatest care has been exercised in spelling them 
phonetically as received from the natives. 

Since its discovery the island has been visited at successive times 
by Cook and La Perouse; by the H. M. 8. Blossom in 1825, and Topane 
in 1868; by the Chilean gunboat O’ Higgins in 1870 and 1875; by the 
H. M. 8S. Sappho in 1882, and by the German gunboat Hyene in the 
Same year. 

The U.S. 8. Mohican arrived at the island December 18 and sailed 
December 31, 1886. 

The distance to the nearest inhabited island to the westward, Pit- 


i 
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f 


| eee 


rtd a Tayney” 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 703 


cairn, is 1,100 miles, and the South American coast is 2,100 miles to 
the eastward. 

The island is irregularly triangular in shape. Its greatest length 
from NE. to SW. is 13 miles; its greatest width from North Cape to 
Cape Hoe-Hoe, in a direction from NNW. to SSE., is 7 miles. The cir- 
cumference, measuring from headland to headland, is about 34 miles, 
and the area of the island is 34 square miles. 

The surface is diversified mountain and plain, the former usually 
rising abruptly from the latter, and generally at a distance from each 
other, so that, with one or two exceptions, it can hardly be said that 
there are valleys, strictly speaking. The mountains—a goodly number 
in proportion to the area of the island—are mostly cone shaped, and 
not of very great elevation, the tallest, near Cape North, being but 1,767 
feet high. The most extensive plain is at the base of Rana Roraka, 
extending thence in a westerly direction for several miles, and it is 
believed that in ancient times a large town existed on this site, in whose 
vicinity all the monoliths were carved. 

The coast line on the southern and western sides, except at the ex- - 
treme southwest end where Rana Kao looms up, is generally low, but 
extremeiy rocky. ‘The northwestern, northern, northeastern, and east- 
ern coasts are a succession of black, frowning, precipitous, basalt cliffs, 
worn into innumerable caves by the erosion of the sea, and with huge 
attached bowlders scattered at the base, over and against which the 
waves dash with resistless fury, forming a veritable iron-bound coast. 
Many of the caves thus formed have been inhabited and have also been 
used as burial places; and the remains of human beings, with imple- 
ments interred with them or secreted by the modern natives, sometimes 
reward the diligent searcher. 

There are but two or three points around the entire coast line at 
which a sandy beach may be met with. One of these, small in extent, 
is on the south side, near Mr. Salmon’s residence at Vaihu, in a pictur- 
esque little bay, used as a bathing ground and boat landing. 

Another, and much the larger, forms the beach of Anakana Bay on 
the north side of the island, the legendary landing place of Hotu 
Metua, and by far the best and safest boat harbor around the coast. 

The soil is for the most part decomposed or disintegrated lava, 
nowkere of any great depth, but exceedingly fertile and in places, as 
for example, where excavations were made inside of cairns, it was 
found of the fineness, color and richness of garden mold. 

Except where a few clearings have been made, nearly the entire sur- 
face of the island is covered in astonishing profusion with fragments 
of lava, varying in size from that of a pebble to that of a huge 
bowlder. They are nearly black in color, hard, sharp, angular, weather- 
worn; and it is these, in places covering the ground, which render 
pedestrianism so difficult and laborious. 

Until supplied with wood from wrecked lumber vessels the modern 


704 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


natives built many of these huts, the cairns for the dead,‘and other 
buildings, of these lava blocks, loosely piled up, and Messrs. Salmon 
and Brander apply them to good use in constructing their extensive 
corrals and fences, with the added advantage of thus clearing the soil 
for planting, wherever desirable. 

A coarse hummock grass and a variety of finer quality grow pro- 

fusely over nearly the entire island, sprouting vigorously among the 
lava fragments, and affording abundant pasturage for the herds of 
cattle, horses, and sheep, the former numbering 600 and the latter 
18,000 at the time of our visit, and both multiplying rapidly. 
- On the northeastern end of the island, and on the slopes of Mount 
Pua-ko-taki, the surface is covered with fine, red, volcanic sand and 
dust, which is kept in constant motion by the winds, and is barren of 
vegetation of any kind. 

At the time of our visit, December, which is during their dry or 
summer season, extending from October to April, the periods of the 
southeast trades, there were no running streams on the island, nor, 
with the exception of the valley at the base of Rana Kao, were there 
any evidences of the former existence of such visible. Fresh water 
away from the habitations was exceedingly scarce and difficult to 
obtain, although showers of rain at night were not infrequent. 

The alleged springs or wells, including Puna Pua, the ‘“‘ Unfailing 
Spring,” so highly spoken of by former visitors, were at long distances 
apart, were merely shallow excavations among the bowlders into which 
the surface water percolated, and were covered to protect them from 
the animals. The water contained in them was rarely of more than 
a few bucketsful in quantity, and with a single exception, at Camp 
Whitney, of bad quality. That contained in the lakes inside the two 
craters, the accumulations of the rainy seasons, and surface drainage 
also, was fully as bad, and impregnated both with vegetable and animal 
matter, the former from the dense growth on the surface, the latter 
from the herds of cattle which came to the lakes to drink. 

It may be mentioned in this place that the natives, from long habit, 
no doubt, have become accustomed to drink but sparingly. We were 
surprised, during our expedition around the island, to notice how rarely 
they resorted to the canteen, with which all were provided, and they, 
no doubt, were equally amazed at our constant demand for water, made 
necessary to replace the loss from perspiration, induced by violent exer- 
cise and the sun’s heat. They were always careful to locate our camp 
near, and anxious to keep us well supplied with, as good water as was 
to be had, and when we broke camp in the morning the “springs” in 
the vicinity were usually drained dry. 

It was at first a mystery to us whence the animals obtained their 
supplies, but as to the cattle, they never wandered far away from the 
craters, in whose lakes they could, at all seasons, quench their thirst. 
In so far as the sheep were concerned, whose needs in this respect are 


nl ay al 


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Bae 


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¥rBo 78 9 


ee es 2 


, 
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TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. TOD 


not great, no doubt the night dews, which are quite heavy on Rapa 
Nui, and with which the grass is loaded in the mornings, amply supply 
all their requirements in this respect. 

At the habitations, the rain falling on the roofs of the houses was col- 
lected in iron tanks, and the water thus obtained was unexceptionable. 
During the winter season, April to October, when the winds are variable, 
there is ample rainfall, and fresh water is abundant. 

Having no knowledge of the potter’s art, earthen vessels are unknown, 
although red clay of fine quality is plentiful on the island. Neither 
does the cocoanut palm, so indispensable to the natives throughout 
Polynesia, grow upoy the island, at the present day at least. A variety 
of gourd flourishes luxuriantly, however, and the fruit of this, properly 
seasoned, furnishes them with vessels for holding their water. 

The flora of the island is avery meager one. Tradition has it that 
it was barren until King Hoto Metua, the ‘Prolific Father,” with his 
Queen and followers, landed and took possession, bringing with them 
seeds and fruits. 

Except in the immediate vicinity of the houses occupied by Messrs. 
Salmon and Brander, the island may be said to be treeless. In the places 
mentioned a few fig, acacia, paper mulberry, and ether trees grew to a 
fairly good height. In other parts of the island may be seen, in places 
in considerable numbers, a hard-wood tree, more properly bush or 
brush, called by the natives toromiro. These must have flourished 
fairly well at one time, but are now all, or nearly all, dead and decaying 
by reason of being stripped of their bark by the flocks of sheep which 
roam at will all over the island. None of the trees are, perhaps, over 
10 feet in height, nor their trunks more than 2 or 3 inches in diameter. 
The wood is exceedingly hard and heavy, somewhat resembling our 
apple, and the natives used, and still use it, to this day in making their 
house Gods, their Penates. These are rudely carved out of the solid 
wood, hideous imitations of the nude human form, male or female; 2 to 
3 feet in length, with preposterous development of chest and preternat- 
ural collapse of abdomen, as though famine had brooded over the land 
and the patient had perished of inanition; with attenuated forms, long, 
slender arms and legs, narrow faces, a goatee, long, prominent ears, 
etc. In the eyes of these idols the iris is usually represented by a cir- 
cular button of bone, generally cut from a human skull, while a frag- 
ment of obsidian, fixed in a round hole in the center of this, and which 
glistens in the light, makes a fair imitation of the pupil, both being 
deftly fitted in the wood of the ball. On the first occasion when the 
writer saw a skull from which several such buttons of bone had been 
removed for the purpose mentioned. he was impressed with the idea 
that the ancient Rapa Nuiis, like the ancient Peruvians in the time of 


the Incas, were acquainted with the operation of trephining and _ per- 


formed it in.a much neater manner. Subsequent investigation speedily 
undeceived him on that point. 
NAT MUS 97 45 


706 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


There are a few stunted trees and bushes growing near the water’s 
edge, inside the great crater of Rana Kao. This remarkable volcano is 
1,327 feet high. The diameter of the crater at the top is 4,150 feet. At 
the water line inside it measures 2,085 feet across. The depth from the © 
top to the lake is 600 feet, so that the surface of the latter is 727 feet 
above the sea level. The crater is nearly a perfect circle and unbroken 
at its upper edge, except at a point at its southern side, toward the 
ocean, where exists a large cleft or noteh, through which, no doubt, the 
lava, when the voleano was active, found its way to the sea, and per- 
haps assisted in forming the small adjacent islands of Mutu Nui and 
Mutu Raukau. It was to this latter island that their swimming matches 
were annually held, in the effort to see who should be the first to reach 
it, climb to the precipitous sides, and bring back one of the sacred eggs 
of the sea bird, to which they attached such a superstitious value, and 
which conferred kingship for the year on the lucky captor for his 
prowess. This rock, covered with birdlime, looks at a little distance 
like a huge inverted stalactite projecting high in air from the depths 
of the sea. The labor and difficulty involved in mounting it, therefore, 
may be imagined. 

The interior of the crater (Rana Kao) is distinctly conical in shape, 
resembling a vast amphitheater, and presents a magnificent view. 
Trails lead to the bottom, in various directions, evidently the tracks 
worn by animals; but the descent, as well as the ascent, is most diffi- 
cult, and but very few ever attempt the feat. 

Grazing around the edge of the lake, as well as on the floor of vege- 
table matter floating on its surface, could be seen cattle which looked, 
at that dizzy height, of about the size of sheep, and sheep which ap- 
peared like rabbits. The lake at the bottom has been sounded by Mr. 
Salmon to a depth of 300 feet, when his line parted, without touching 
bottom. The surface edge is covered, over almost its entire extent, 
with a thick, dense, intertwined, vegetable growth, the accumulation 
of many years, from which grow small trees and bushes of considerable 
size. At various places, and few in number, over this floating, elastic, 
’ vegetable floor, which rises and falls as the water in the lake increases 
or diminishes in quantity, according as it is the rainy or dry season, are 
openings of variable size and irregular circular shape, through which 
the water appears, rippled by the passing winds, and to which the ani- 
mals resort to drink. Around these openings the vegetation is of a 
vivid green, evidencing present and vigorous growth, as well as grad- 
ual but steady encroachment on the small remaining free surface of the 
lake, so that in course of time it will no doubt become entirely cov- 
ered. Other portions of the vegetable mass are of a deeper shade of 
green, while still other and older parts are of varying tints of brown. 
Cattle and sheep may be seen browsing unconcernedly over various 
portions of the floating floor of vegetation, a curious and interesting 
spectacle, and instinctively, perhaps, avoiding the treacherous places 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. TO7 


likely to precipitate them into the depths below. A path of planks has 
been laid to the edge of one of the openings, the more readily to enable 
the natives to obtain the water, which, as may well be inferred, is brack- 
ish and unpleasant to the taste and thoroughly impregnated with ani- 
mal and vegetable matter, vast masses of the latter being in a constant 
state of decay. 

The climate can scarcely be otherwise than salubrious and healthful. 
The southeast trades from October to April blow fresh at the begin- 
ning and end of the season. During our stay in December they were 
moderately strong, and the weather continued exceedingly pleasant. 
For the remainder of the year the winds are uncertain, westerly pre- 
vailing perhaps; the weather is changeable, and there is abundance of 
rain. Electric storms are unknown. 

A psychrometrical record taken both on board ship, and to a very 
limited extent ashore, accompanies this report; as also a copy of the 
meteorological record from the ship’s log during our stay at the island. 
In the latter the figures in the column “wet bulb” are not entirely 
reliable, by reason of the inadequate nature of the cotton siphon, which 
consists merely of a few strands of ordinary lamp wick and does not 
cover the bulb. With the exception of the two craters of Rana Kao and 
Rana Roraka, the bottoms of which form lakes, as already stated, and 
which are isolated and far from the habitations, there is no decaying 
vegetable matter to be found worthy of note, and the island may there- 
fore be said to be free from malaria and the diseases of paludal origin. 
During the rainy season an occasional case of remittent appears, but it 
is of mild type; medication is not resorted to, and recovery takes place 
when dry weather sets in. So healthful is the climate, so simple are 
the habits of the people, and so isolated are they from contact with the 
outer world, and, consequently, the numberless malign influences which 
there hold sway, that diseases of any kind are very rare among the Rapa 
Nuiis, and they seem to be exempt from the ordinary ills of humanity. 
There are no ‘medicine men” among them, and they have no pharma- 
copeia worthy the mention. 

During inclement weather a trifling “‘cough”—oceasionally a case of 
pneumonia—a mild attack of rheumatism, may appear, and mention is 
also made of cerebral neuralgia. During our visit there was not, to 
the best of our knowledge, a case of acute disease on the island. 

It is stated that from May to October occasional cases of asthma show 
themselves, which the natives attribute to eating deep-water fish which 
have fed on a certain marine plant, the name of which the writer was 
unable to ascertain. This may be taken as delusion; and it may be 
mentioned in this place that a well-marked case of asthma, in the per- 
son of one of the Mohican’s firemen, was notably worse and suffered 
severely during the entire period of our stay at the island. 

A disease of the soles of the feet, which the natives called kino, con- 
Sisting, according to their statements, as understood, of fissures and ulcer- 


708 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ations, was spoken of by them, and was attributed to walking barefoot 
over certain running vines usually growing among the rocks at the sea- 
side. On reaching such places they seemed to avoid them, but nothing 
definite or reliable was elicited, and subsequent inquiries were over- 
looked in the hurry of departure. 


VILLAGES AND HABITATIONS. 


The villages on the island are three in number, Hanga-roa, near the 
bay of the same name, on the western side; Mataveri, within a mile of 
the former, and Vaihu, near Cape Hoe-Hoe, on the southerly coast of the 
island. Much the larger part of the population is gathered in the two 
villages first mentioned, between which the people are about equally 
distributed. At the first named is the church of the Catholic mission. 

About a half mile south of Mataveri, near the base of Rana Kao, and 
separated from it by the most distinctive valley on the island, is the 
residence of Mr. Brander, the first erected and by far the largest, 
roomiest, and most convenient; modern-built, of wood, with lofty ceil- 
ings, and porches, and shade trees growing about it. Itis, however, 
in a sad state of repair, and the evidences of neglect and thriftlessness 
are apparent everywhere. 

Vaihu, which can no longer be called a village, is about 44 miles to 
the eastward of Mataveri. It was at one time a Catholic mission, and 
the church and parsonage, still in a fair state of preservation, yet 
remain, together with a few outbuildings, all of which are occupied by 
Mr. Salmon and his employees, perhaps a dozen in all. Divine serv- 
ice, under the leadership of native “missionaries,” is still held in one 
portion of the church, while the remainder is appropriated to other 
purposes, mainly for the storage of wool, obtained from the sheep, con- 
siderable quantities of which are shipped to Tahiti. 

The habitations of the ancient image and platform builders, the 
stone huts on Rana Kao, will be described in other reports. 

Until quite recently the house of the modern Rapa Nuiis were some- 
what similar to those of the Fijians, being rectangular in shape, about 
6 to 8 feet wide by 10 to 15 feet long, with nearly perpendicular sides, 
peak-roofed lengthwise, door on side, and thatched all over. 

A few years since an Oregon lumber vessel was wrecked on the island 
and much of her cargo, which consisted of boards, scantling, etc., was 
brought ashore. Of these, under suitable instruction, the natives built 
themselves houses, and nearly all are now domiciled in comparatively 
modern style habitations and far more comfortably than formerly. 
These houses, which after all have a very forlorn look, are from 15 to 20 
or more feet long by from 10 to 15 feet wide. The weatherboards are 
neatly fitted to the frame of scantling, and they are covered with a board 
roof. There are usually two doors hinged opposite each other on the 


long sides of the house, and a small window or two close by the - 


entrances, and sometimes glazed, admit a feeble light when the doors 
are closed. : 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 709 


In place of plank floors the bare earth is strewn with dried bulrushes 
and grass to the depth of several inches, and as this litter is rarely 
renewed, the result is obvious. Occasionally a bunk may be found 
knocked up at one end of the single apartment of which the house con- 
sists, or, aS in the more pretentious houses, a square bedstead may be 
seen, built of planed, unpainted wood, with a wild attempt at scroli 
earving about the head and foot boards. Chairs and tables are 
unknown luxuries. 

The same house is often occupied by several families, or by several 
generations of the same family, but as the individuals composing these 
are never very numerous there is no overcrowding. 

A few of the more ordinary cooking utensils may occasionally be seen, 
but as a rule the natives, as is generally the case among the inhabitants 
of the South Sea Islands, prepare their food in stone ovens in the fol- 
lowing manner: A circular excavation is made in the earth outside of 
the dwelling, several feet in diameter and a foot or two in depth, which 
is then neatly lined with a porous stone of some sort. Other stones are 
loosely laid in, and a quantity of dry wood or brush of any kind, with 
more stones, piledon. The wood is then set on fire, and, when the stones 
have become sufficiently heated, the loose ones are taken out, and the 
brands and cinders removed, leaving the lining of heated stones intact. 
Over these is then spread a layer of banana, breadfruit, or other large 
leaves to keep the food from contact with ashes. The food, taro, yams, 
sweet potatoes, fowl, short, or ‘‘long pig,” or whatever else there may 
be, previously prepared for cooking, 1s then placed on the layer of leaves, 
piece by piece, until all are in position, when the mound of food is care- 
fully covered over with several thicknesses of large green leaves to pre- 
vent any dirt from falling in among the edibles. The heated stones, 
previously removed, are then placed in position all over the mass and 
finally a thick layer of fine, dry earth, ashes, and cinders is piled over all, 
these being for the purpose of retaining the heat. In from two to three 
or four hours the baking is finished, and, barring the “long pig,” per- 
haps, a more healthful and toothsome method of preparing and cooking 
food, when superintended by an expert native Samoan chef, for exam- 
ple, could not, in the estimation of the writer, who has had opportuni- 
ties for judging, be devised. The thought suggests itself here that the 
‘““clambakes” of our Atlantic States are a feebie imitation of this style 
of cooking among the islanders. 

As wood or solid fuel of any kind is a most rare commodity on Rapa 
Nui the natives are compelled to use brush, twigs, and trash cast up on 
their island by the sea, anything, in fact, of an inflammable nature which 
they can pick up. They even economize the dried droppings of the 
cattle, as the Arab does those of his camel, for this purpose, and I saw 
great basketfuls of these carefully stowed away in their houses for 
future use. 

They have no fixed time for eating, ana while their menu, as may be 


710 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


inferred from the statements contained in these pages, is never an 
elaborate one, it may readily be seen that they never suffer for lack of 
food of some sort, the principal items being sugar cane, taro, and sweet 
potatoes. Then, too, they are not heavy eaters, and gluttony with its 
attendent corpulency, so common in some of the other islands, is quite 
unknown here. 

There are no fences or inclosures of any sort about their houses, 
which stand in the open field, with the grass growing to the doors, and 
nothing of an offensive nature was observable in the vicinity. 


POPULATION, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS. 


It is difficult to obtain accurate information regarding the population 
of the island prior to the year 1860. That a numerous people must 
have existed here during the days of the image builders seems to be 
well attested by the works they have left behind them; the multitudes 
of colossal stone images and crowns; the numbers and vast size of the 
platforms on which these stood; the great paved areas beside them, 
which afforded room for large assemblages; the masses of foundation 
stones scattered over the island, many of which, still in position, show 
the strange shapes given to the houses which were erected upon them, 
and even admitting that these antiquities, and the work of fashioning 
them, covers a period of many years, the fact remains, nevertheless, 
that the immense labor involved, aided merely by the rude stone imple- 
ments, which alone they were known to possess, must have necessitated 
theemploymentof a vast number of laborers. These, with their families, 
those engaged in the cultivation of the soil, in fishing and otherwise 
providing food, the aged and infirm, and those employed in other pur- 
suits, must have made up an aggregate much larger than would at first 
* sight appear. 

With reference to the length of time covered by these works, it would 
seem, from the large number of images still to be seen on Rana Roraka, 
both inside the crater and on its outer slope—some finished, others only 
partly so, and others still in the quarries—that there was a large amount 
of work in process of execution at the same moment, and that, judging 
from the condition in which it was found, some sudden calamity must 
have overtaken the workmen, causing all labor to cease abruptly. 

Indeed in respect to the astonishing number of volcanic stones so 
evenly scattered over the surface of the island, especially on the eastern 
half, it does not seem reasonable to suppose that they were there when 
the place was densely populated, of which latter circumstance there 
can searcely be a doubt. This remark applies with especial force to 
the great plain at the foot and to the westward of Rana Roraka, where 
a large town is supposed to have existed, inhabited in part, it may be 
presumed, by the great numbers of workmen employed in the quarries 
of that mountain. Admitting this to be true and associating this with 
the fact that large numbers of the images seen in this vicinity are in 


d 
FE 
: 


A i 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 711 


an unfinished condition; that many more are to be found in the quarries, 
both inside the crater and on its outer slope, in all stages of develop- 
ment; and inferring from this that the workmen suddenly ceased their 
labors, the thought readily suggests itself, in explanation of the mys- 
tery, that either Rana Roraka or one of the neighboring voleanoes 
suddenly entered into a state of activity, threw out these showers of 
stones and, probably destroying many lives, stopped the labors of the 
workmen, which were thenceforth never resumed. Perhaps, too, the 
Same calamity overthrew many of the idols, of which not one is now 
standing on its pedestal, laid waste the island, and wrought the 
destruction of the trees which once adorned it, and from the period of 
the occurrence of that disaster, the time of which can only be remotely 
guessed at, dates the decadence of the ancient people of Te Pito te 
henua. 

The soil of the island is very rich and productive, secant and unprom- 
ising aS it may appear in many places, and with proper clearing and 
cultivation, and the planting of the appropriate varieties of food, such 
as could be stored for consumption during the dry season, supple- 
mented by the sustenance to be derived from the supplies of fish taken, 
with which the waters abound, a very large population might, no 
doubt, be maintained. 

As to the supply of water requisite for such a number of people, 
objection on that ground is not insuperable. Dligent search was made 
by the writer for the remains of cisterns, or any other evidences which 
they might have left of having had reservoirs for the storage of the 
precious fluid. None such were to be seen anywhere, and yet they 
might have possessed them, but of so perishable a character that all 
traces have long since been obliterated. It seems certain that they 
had no knowledge of any cement; it is not likely, therefore, that their 
reservoirs would have been built of stone. Then, too, there remains 
the fact of the immense bodies of water stored im these natural cisterns, 
the craters, particularly of Rana Kao. Here is a volume of water, at 
the present time at least 300 feet in depth, with a circumference at the 
surface of 24 miles, and, if the parts of the crater visible above the 
water line be extended downward, probably conical in shape. A 
moment’s consideration will show that here is a supply of water suffi- 
cient for an almost unlimited number of beings for an indefinite period. 
It may easily be imagined, also, that measures were most likely taken 
to maintain its purity, and that a people as intelligent as they appear 
to have been had some device for obviating the labor of transportation 
to the top of the crater. 

From what has been said it would appear that, even at the present 
day, the physical characteristics and natural conditions governing the 
island are not incompatible with the existence and well-being of a 
large population. I was not surprised, therefore, when Mr. Salmon 
informed me that from 1850 to 1860 the number of inhabitants was 


712 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


estimated at 20,000, although other calculations give much smaller 
figures. I am of the opinion that in the days of the image and plat- 
form builders the population might have been even larger. 

About the year 1863 the Peruvians carried off from the island in 
15 vessels, as it is alleged, 5,000 of the inhabitants as agricultural 
laborers in Peru and to work the guano deposits of the Chincha 
Islands. By reason of the odium attached to this proceeding, the 
Peruvian Government, some time afterwards, was induced to return 
those who had not succumbed to their treatment and altered conditions 
of life. Smallpox broke out among these on the return voyage. It is 
stated that all except two died, and the disease, spreading among the 
people ashore, ravaged the island, many deaths resulting. Of those 
carried off by the Peruvians one old man, Pakomeo, who was taken 
to the Chinchas, and whom we saw, still survives, the last of the 
unfortunates. 

Down to the year 1864 cannibalism is said to have been practiced 
by the natives. In that year a Jesuit mission was established on the 
island, at which time the population numbered about 1,500. Through 
the influence and teachings of the missionaries an almost radical 
change was wrought in the manners, habits, and character of the 
people, and, to a certain extent at least, they adopted the customs of 
civilized life. 

When H. M. 8. Topaze visited the island in 1868 there were but 
about 900 natives left, of whom less than 300 were females, with the 
numbers still rapidly declining, the proportion of deaths to births 
being given as 3 to1. About the year 1875 some 500 were removed to 
Tahiti under contract to work on the sugar plantations of that island. 

In the year 1878 the missionaries, who had done admirable work 
among them, departed from the island, taking with them about 300 of 
the people, who settled Gambier Archipelago. 

When H. M.S. Sappho touched at the island in 1882 it was reported 
that but 150 of the inhabitants were left. 

On the oceasion of the Mohican’s visit I received from Mr. Salmon, 
who had a complete census, with the names of every man, woman, and 
child on the island, the following summary: 


INSEIVES coc ate cock ise ale oe ra nls One ee aoe eee ine ee ote ere tee eet meee ene 155 
E'OTGIOTOTS noe =) Soe ay acta ciatate Se ere ae ee ee eee a eR a 11 
Total number’ of inhabitantss. s-eoe ss5 sees Soa se ee ee ee Saye ae ee 
Watlye:Mén tcc 55 Sot aston OS eRe ee ee nls one ee oe eee ee ee 68 
Native women’ §ss1 ic 728 SS ie Be Cel a a eee Cee eee 43 
Boys under 15 ‘yeargs:of/age's- 2.2 25)-<22 2S = oe ee ee beers 17 
Girls mnder 15 yearsiofoares a5 ccenc: 26a ow has os ete ete eet alee 27 
Total number of Natives? .C.e2hs koe ee See ee eee 155 
a hibiamsess 5.25 sc Seed eee es ak eh eae eo eee ee ie tee 6 
Bin wlishs 92) sceteside c 2. sa ctraiptciha Saat oe ae ok Rep ee eee 2 
INTNOTUCATIS ood cio yaa 32 wate a oe See Te Eee epee 2 
Brenehmen 2 oa ee od nie Seong chee eo eee ate hiavere ore el ee a 1 


Total numberof foreigners... 25.0 fu22. <5 hee e hee Des hee 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. t£3 


It will be seen from the above that, at the present time, among the 
children there is a preponderance of girls. The population is now 
reported at a standstill, the deaths and births about equaling each 
other in point of numbers. The average number of children to a 
family is given as three. 

The age of puberty may be placed at 15 years in the male and 15 
years in the female. 

In color they are of a light brown, approaching here our lighter 
mulattos, the parts (face, neck, hands, etc.) exposed to the weather 
being always somewhat darker. 

They have fine, jet-black hair, which may be wavy or straight (never 
“kinky”), and which is worn in variable styles, according to the taste 
of the owner, usually short among the men, and in plaits, down the 
back, among the women. They never decolorize it with lime nor trim 
it in any fanciful manner, as is the case in the Samoan Group and other 
South Sea islands. The beards of the men, which are never very heavy, 
correspond in these respects with the hair. There are several venera- 
ble looking gray-haired and gray-bearded old men among them. I 
saw no bald-headed ones, with a single exception. This was in the case 
of an old man who had been a cannibal, and, curiously enough, for gen- 
erally throughout the islands they are very reticent on this subject, 
boasted of the number of human beings off whose flesh he had made a 
savory meal. When asked how he liked “long pig” he smacked his 
lips and expressed a regret that he could no longer enjoy the luxury. 
His expression and appearance were in keeping with his hideous appe- 
tite, for a more villainous-looking knave does not exist on the island. 

The Rapa Nuiis may be considered a long-lived people. The oldest 
man and chief on the island, Mati by name, the patriarch of the Rapa 
Nuiis, does not know his actual age, but is certainly over 90 years old, 
and his wife, Maakua, of whom a photograph was taken, bears him 
close company in that as well as in other respects. The last king of 
the Rapa Nuiis, Maurata, also called Kaimokoe, was captured by the 
Peruvians, carried to the Chincha Islands, and died in 1864. His near- 
est descendant and successor, a nephew named Kaitae, is 79 years 
old. The last survivor of Peruvian captivity, Pakomeo, who was also 
photographed, must number at least the Biblical threescore and ten. 
These, with a few others not mentioned, may be considered a remarka- 
ble showing among so small a number of people, and proves not only 
that the original stock must have been a good one, but that their climate, 
surroundings, and mode of life were promotive of longevity. 

In stature they are notalargerace. There area few, mainly among the 
older men, who are tall, erect, straight, spare in build, 6 feet or there- 
abouts in height, but the remainder, including the women, are smaller, 
and they may be classed as a small-boned, medium-sized people. They 
are not robust, apparently, neither are they very muscular; on the con- 
trary, most of them present rather a slight, delicate, feeble appearance, 


a | tee REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


which is, however, misleading. They are wiry, lithe, strong, active, tire- 
less on the march, capable of carrying heavy burdens long distances, 
indifferent to weariness, and seemingly equal to any amount of effort 
they might be induced to make. We saw this frequently exemplified 
on our tramp around the island, when, after a weary day’s march, we 
would come into the camp foot-sore and tired, while they, fresh and 
active apparently, would go to work catching and dressing sheep, build- 
ing fires, ete. If we complained that the water was “vai kava,” bitter, 
they would endeavor to explain where better could be found and imme- 
diately start off, with bucket and canteen, on a tramp of a mile or two 
over the plain, or down into a crater, in order to bring us “vai maitai,” 
good water. 

These people proudly claim direct descent from the image and plat- 
form builders. It is not the writer’s province to discuss this point, 
although strong arguments might be adduced to demonstrate the con- 
trary. Be that as it may, it is very evident to the most casual observer 
either that the modern Rapa Nuiis belong, whether wholly or, which is 
more probable, in part, to a different race or that they are the “‘degener- 
ate sons of worthy sires.” 

The color of their eyes is dark brown, with black brows and lashes, 
neither very heavy. Their expression of countenance is pleasing, mild, 
frank, modest, intelligent, and somewhat sad. They are slender but 
well formed, clean of limb, and the various parts of the body are well 
proportioned to each other. Their foreheads, while not very broad, are 
of good height and but slightly receding, which is also true of the facial 
angle generally. The head is well balanced and cheek bones are nota-. 
bly prominent. Their nose is quite straight and well shaped, with no 
marked spreading of the alae; mouths of moderate size and usually 
filled with excellent teeth, which, when the jaws are closed, come 
squarely into apposition; lips rather thin; hands and feet small. It 
may be mentioned that they attribute the beautiful appearance and 
excellent condition of their teeth to the chewing of sugar cane, large 
quantities of which they consume as food. There is nothing savage or 
repulsive looking about them, and some of their young women are 
decidedly comely and attractive. While in their habitations the evi- 
dences of good housewifery are nearly nil, they are quite cleanly in 
their personal habits and there is no unpleasant odor noticeable about 
their bodies. They all dress in European costume. They are a bright, 
intelligent, quick-witted people, of rather a nervous temperament; 
tractable and gentle in disposition, decidedly sympathetic and tender- 
hearted and markedly emotional in their natures, so that they are 
easily moved either to tears or laughter. In evidence of the latter 
trait in their character one or two instances may be adduced. 

When the Catholic mission was first established on the island Chief 
Mati took a great liking to the reverend father in charge, evinced the 
greatest affection for him, and finally adopted him as his son. Such 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. T15 


being the case, it may readily be conceived that when the mission was 
removed from the island and the father was compelled to bid farewell 
to his simple-minded, but loving and faithful, Rapa Nui friend the part- 
ing must have been a sad and painful one.. In the ten years which have 
elapsed since that time Chief Mati has never forgotten his well-beloved 
son, the priest, and whenever, which is only at very long intervals, a 
white man arrives at the island Mati’s first thought is to inquire the 
tidings of his far-away friend. On the firstoccasion when my associate, 
Dr. Whitaker, in company with Mr. Salmon, who had previously advised 
the doctor on the subject, called on Mati, the latter, now over fourscore 
and ten, confident that the doctor came from the priest’s country and 
must necessarily know him, immediately began to inquire regarding 
him; if he was well and happy; if be still loved and remembered him. 
When the doctor,in order to humor and gratify the old man, wove a 
harmless and ingenious, but fictitious, narrative about the priest, in 
which he highly commended Mati, the latter groaned dismally, con- 
torted his face, and wept like a child. Seeing this, his poor old wife 
approached her husband, laid her arm on his shoulder, looked up in his 
face a moment, and then, after a series of mournful grimaces, bowed her 
head on her arm and, in the abandon of grief, groaned and cried aloud. 
Then everyone among the Rapa Nuiis present, taking the cue from the 
old lady, lifted up their voices in chorus and for a time it fairly rained 
salt tears. The groans were dismal and the cries pitiful, so that the 
most callous might easily have been moved to compassion. 

On another occasion the doctor was asked to see a little girl who was 
suffering with a cervical abscess. The usual crowd of men, women, 
and children was present. Had the doctor informed them in advance 
of what he intended doing they never would have consented to the pro- 
ceeding. Quietly seating himself, he gently and unconcernedly drew 
the child toward him and, placing her head between his knees, drew 
from his pocket an abscess knife. That started the concert. The min- 
ute they saw it, and divined that he was going to cut the child, groans 
and lamentations and expressions of sympathy for the little one could 
be heard on all sides. Quickly incising the abscess the puss spurted 
and ran in a stream, whereupon the audience howled with renewed 
energy, curiosity having produced a temporary lull, and for a time the 
situation was interesting and entertaining toa degree. The child, who 
had scarcely felt the blade, and scared by tbe din about her, must 
needs pipe her little tune and join with the others. As soon as they 
saw that the child had not been harmed and understood the object of 
the apparent cruelty their demonstrations were just as pronounced in 
the other direction and they manifested their delight and gratification 
in expressions of joy, and peals of hysterical langhter, and were pre- 
pared to mount the doctor on a platform, so to speak, then and there. 

As with all the natives throughout the South Sea islands, the Rapa 
Nui is undeniably, and very decidedly, averse to hard work. He delights 


716 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. a 


to lie around and gossip, to smoke, to sit and “moon” over the industry, 
the greatness, and the monuments of his ancestors, the degeneracy and 
decadence of his race, perhaps, and his own utter and ineradicable 
worthlessness individnally. Natural covetousness and desire for the 
possession of lucre may tempt him to serve the white man for a time, 
but he soon tires of his work, which speedily becomes irksome to him. 
And while he may exert himself a trifle occasionally, in the way of fishing, 
or in the cultivation of an 8 by 10 patch of sugar cane, taro, and sweet 
potato, it is only as a matter of necessity, to keep body and soul together, 
and he infinitely prefers idleness and the enjoyment of his dolce Sar 
niente. ; 

Intoxicating drinks of any description, even kava, so common in the 
islands to the westward, are unknown to these people, and neither do 
Mr. Salmon, or the other foreign residents, keep any liquors in their 
possession. While, therefore, it is true that here, as elsewhere among 
uncivilized peoples, contact with the European has been attended by 
their gradual extinction, it can not be said that all the usual factors 
obtain in this instance, since neither the venereal poison nor intoxicants 
exist on the island. Consequently, these can not be assigned as causes 
of the decadence of the Rapa Nuiis. Deportation, forced and voluntary, 
smallpox, and customs, elsewhere mentioned in this paper, will explain 
their gradual extinction, in part, at least, while the fact remains that 
their seemingly inevitable destiny was vastly accelerated when the 
white man set foot upon their mysterious, mid-ocean island. 

The rite of circumcision, so common in the other islands, is unknown 
here, nor does their language possess an equivalent word. 

As may be inferred from the preponderance of the male over the 
female portion of the community the latter are in demand, and the sup- 
ply not being equal to it, the women are a sourceof great solicitude; much 
consideration is shown them; they are fairly well taken care of, and 
are treated, generally, with kindness, not to say affection. Polygamy, 
under the circumstances, does not, of course, exist and celibacy, it may 
be said, only from necessity, since there are not enough females. 

While it can not be truthfully claimed that polyandry, in the strict 
acceptation of the term, obtains among them, they have a custom which 
very nearly approaches that practice, as will appear presently. 

At the present day the ceremonies of the church, measurably at 
least, govern their marriages; nevertheless the ancient custom still 
prevails, to a considerable extent, and in a few words it is this: When 
a boy arrives at the age of, say 12 years, his father looks about him for 
a suitable life-companion, of the opposite sex, for the young hopeful. 
Having discovered one to his liking the father proceeds to interview 
the parents of the damsel, who is perhaps of the same age, or more 
likely younger than her prospective lord, declares his intentions matri- 
monial and negotiations are then entered into. After a due amount of 
haggling as to the value of the girl, during which the parents of the 


i 


a 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. yaks 


latter endeavor to “bull” the market, while those of the boy do their 
utmost to “bear” the commodity under appraisement, the price is finally 
agreed upon and the bargain is concluded, the consideration being a 
specified quantity of sugar cane, taro, sweet potatoes, chickens, ete., to 
be paid the girl’s parents. A day is then fixed upon; relatives and 
friends are notified; due preparations are made at the girl’s house, to 
which the articles mentioned have meanwhile been sent, and at the 
time appointed, all interested being present, a grand feast is held, at 
which, as a rule, everything edible, that is to say the price of the girl, 
is consumed. That important business being finished, bride and groom 
retire to the residence of the parents of the latter, by whom the bride 
is adopted as their own child, and thenceforth the parties are husband 
and wife. 

The cares and the obligations of matrimony, as well as of parentage, 
sit lightly upon the Rapa Nuiis. Although marital infidelity may be 
rare, it is stated that a husband will, in consideration of a certain 
quantity of produce, make over all right in his wife to another for a 
specified period, at the expiration of which time he will take back the 
wife and she again becomes the partner of his joys and sorrows. This 
might be called polygamy in another form. 

Fixing the average at three gives, I think, a very fair estimate of 
the number of children to @ family, and the lack of fecundity among 
them will readily be explained by the early child marriages, customs, 
habits of life, intermarriage, and the degeneracy of the race. 

In these people the lower part of the body and extremities were 
found well developed, and in the women more so than would be sup- 
posed from their siight physique. In the latter the skin was lighter 
in color in the unexposed than in the exposed parts. The hips are 
broad and full, the thighs large, round, and firm, and legs straight and 
tapering to the ankles, which, with the feet, were small and delicate. 
They are but sparingly hirsute. The breasts of those examined were 
moderately large, full, round, firm, and carried well up on the chest. 
The nipples were quite small, but with good-sized areola, which latter 
presented, in some instances, that peculiar puffy, translucent appear- 
ance, as though filled with serum, often seen throughout the other Pacific 
Islands. The Rapa Nuiis differed from these in that the areola was not 
so large nor of so deep a tint, the writer having seen them in other 
islands covering half the breast and nearly black in color. 

The skin of the woman examined, where not covered with tattooing, 
was nearly as light in color as that of the average brunette, and very 
fine, smooth, soft, and delicate. 

There seems to be no doubt that, with all their apparent mildness and 
good nature, the baser passions and savage instincts of these people 
are strong within them, and instances of inhumanity occasionally crop 
out among them. A case which came under the notice of Dr. Whitaker 
was that of a woman who was suffering from spinal deformity, the result 


718 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of injuries inflicted by her husband in a moment of blind rage over some 
grievance, fancied or real. In this connection it may be mentioned that 
subsequently this same woman went to nurse Pakomeo, previously men- 
tioned, who was ill at the time. Upon the recovery, so well pleased 
were they with each other that she abandoned her cruel spouse, remained 
with Pakomeo, was living with him as his wife at the time of our visit, 
and the arrangement seemed mutually satisfactory. 

The custom of tattooing has fallen off within the last few years and is 
now rarely or never practiced. It is only among the adults, more espe- 
cially among the older people, that good examples may be found. Unless 
the inhabitants of other islands, where a standard pattern is adhered 
to, the Rapa Nuiis seem to have affected no uniform fashion nor limited 
themselves to any particular style. The custom obtained alike among 
the male and female members of the community. Generally speaking, 
the ornamentation was as follows: A narrow band around the upper 
part of the forehead, at the edge of the roots of the hair, with little 


balls, each joined to the band by a stem, pendant from it, the whole. 


simulating a coronet; a line around the outer free edge, the helix, and 
lobe of the ear; a line around the edge of the lips; the neck in its 
entire circumference, either in straight lines, vertical or oblique, or with 
the lines wavy; three radiating exclamation marks beneath each ear, 
common among women at the present day; a girdle about the waist, 
in broad bands, with an attempt at lave work, or fringe, from which rise 
heavy lines, at the ends of which, toward the axill, are fanciful figures 
resembling faces, with a larger face in the middle of the back; fine lines 
down the thighs anteriorly; heavy, undulating bands posteriorly, run- 
ning over the buttocks toward the waist; wavy or straight perpendicular 
lines, terminating in points, around the legs, and elsewhere. 

The material used in tattooing is madeof the soot obtajned by burning 
a plant with a leaf similar to our Indian corn, and called by the natives 
ti, moistened with the expressed juice of a berry similar to our poke- 
berry, and called poporo. Pieces of bone, finished like a fine-toothed 
comb, or fish bones made fast to a short stick, are used to prick the skin 
by holding in contact with the surface and striking it a brisk blow. 

Before the advent of the missionaries the Rapa Nuiis possessed scant 
wardrobes. They made a coarse cloth woven of the fibers of the inner 
bark of the mahuti, Chinese paper mulberry, or of the burau, another 
fibrous tree, which they wore about the shoulders and loins. This cloth 
was also used, in the manner of a shield, as a protection in battle against 
the enemy’s spears, which latter was, with the exception of the war club, 
their principal weapon, the head being made of obsidian, numbers of 
which may be found on the island. They also made siapu, or tapa, as 
do the natives of other islands, by beating out the bark and wearing 
the same as a breechcloth. With the coming of the missionaries civi- 
lized clothing was introduced and is now generally worn,comprising coat, 
shirt and trousers, among the men, aud a loose gown of cotton mate- 


se 


pga 


ae Pee Pr 


| of ore 


_- 


ae Poa vera ey ere 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 719 


rial, printed or plain, for the women. Shoes are worn on only special 
occasions of ceremony, as, for example, during our visit. On their heads 
both sexes alike wear hats, the material of which is either bulrushes or 
long, slender leaves, torn into narrow strips, braided and then sewn 
together spirally. In making these they are far behind other islanders, 
the Tahitians more especially, attributable mainly, however, to the want 
of proper material rather than to the lack of intelligence. 

Crimes of any sort, but especially the graver ones, are of great 
rarity, and murder, at the present day, unkuown. Petty thieving is 
common, is considered a venial offense, and the injured party seeks 
redress by stealing in kind, if possible, but in any event, stealing from 
the thief. There are no punishments, so called. Mr. Salmon, who is 
guide, philosopher, and friend to these peopie, unites in his person (and 
being a giant in stature, he can well contain them) the duties of referee, 
arbiter, judge. They entertain the greatest respect for him; evince 
the utmost affection; look up to him as their master; go to him with 
all their troubles; refer to him all their disputes and grievances. His 
word is law, and his decisions final and undisputed. 

There is a schoolhouse in which the people are taught from books 
translated into Rapa Nui language by the priests formerly here, and 
most of the natives can read and write. The functions of pedagogue 
are performed, after a fashion, by Pakomeo, the survivor of the Peruvian 
captives, who is also a preacher among them and conducts the services 
at the little church. The form of salutation on meeting is kohomai, 
“come to me.” The reply, koe, which means ‘“ thou,” you, yourself. 
In Tahiti, Society Islands, and Rarotonga it is, Ia-ora-na, ‘‘may you 
live in God.” In the Samoan group, kalofa, ‘love to you” and tofa, 
“may you sleep.” 

With regard to the burial rites, it may be stated that no particular 
respect is shown persons of rank while living; still less do they receive 
any special funeral ceremonies when dead. Al are treated alike in this 
regard, on the principle, presumably, that death levels all. The period 
of mourning extends over three days, and the rites are simple enough. 
Nowadays the service of the church is usually invoked. The body is 
carried out of the house and removed to some distance, either in the 
open plain, or to one of the image platforms, or into a cave, where it is 
exposed to sun and air (incidentally, it may be mentioned, also to 
predatory rats and cats in a semiwild state, which roam the island in 
large numbers, the former especially) until either dry, decomposed, or 
partially devoured. In the caves the remains are then shoved into an 
out-of-the-way corner and walled in with loosestones. At the platforms 
they may be laid away under a gigantic prostrate stone image, or placed 
in an excavation, either in the face or floor of the platform, or simply 
put in a convenient spot and covered up with stones. On the plains a 
circular conical cairn, truncated at top, 6 to 8 feet high, and built of 
loose bowlders, is frequently erected over the remains. Often the bones 


720 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of several individuals may be found in one receptacle, and at one of the 
platforms a collection of skulls alone was discovered in a sepulcher 
which was opened. 

The rats, which by reason of the loose manner of interment have free 
access to the remains, no doubt perform an important office as scay- 
engers in disposing of the soft parts, since in no single instance were 
any bones found, either human or sheep—and the skeletons of both were 
frequently fallen in with—which were not completely denuded, and the 
fine litter, which was almost invariably found in the cranial cavity, 
showed where the rodents had been nest-hiding. 

The food of the Rapa Nuiis comprises the following principal articles: 
Sugar cane, taro, sweet potatoes, bananas, fowl, sheH and other fish in 
large quantities, tomatoes, pumpkins, figs, pigs, and rarely sheep and 
cattle. 

Their manner of cultivating the soil is of the simplest description. 
Owing to the depredations of the numberless sheep and cattle, they are 
compelled to keep all their cultivated patches carefully inclosed, and 
as there is no wood on the island which can be applied to that purpose 
they are forced to use volcanic stones. Occasionally, therefore, one 
may see a wali about 2 feet thick by 6 or 8 feet high inclosing a plot 
of ground perhaps 50 feet square, in which will be found a variety of the 
plants above mentioned growing luxuriantly. 

The average Rapa Nuiis, however, perhaps wisely, prefers a fence 
ready made to building one himself, and therefore selects the standing 
stone walls of one or more of the old houses, which he appropriates to 
his purpose. There are many of these scattered over the island, par- 
ticularly on the eastern half. These require but little repair to put them 
in order and secure against the entrance of sheep, and, although small, 
they amply suffice to supply the needs of the native husbandmen. Of 
course there is no pretense of cultivation; the ground is scratched; the 
article planted; the rest is intrusted to the care of the omnipotent atua. 

The soil is rich, and ancient navigators report the island covered 
with vegetation, and yet one could not repress the feeling of surprise, 
in view of the present unpromising appearance of the surface and 
unfavorable surroundings, on seeing how vigorously and luxuriantly 
everything grew within these inclosures. 


LANGUAGE OF THE RAPA NUIIS. 


NAMES OF ANIMALS. 


SUG Nin Ree es Se Pk Aa eS piocs Goma Saas mamoi. 

PLOTSO oko Soe nee eee we ce ine eek ee Saree hoi. 

Caitlo: 22 SSE Se Se Se eee ae tee aes eae an eee a puaka. 

SOW. 20.5 Se Shee vote Sen pene oru tamahine. 
Boar tee. Soc a2 coe eccec eee we eee ee eee eee oru tamaroa. 
Wen oe cscs ~ eee ee ee ee DOG eae eee eufa. 

Wels se Ses Oe ae ee eee eee eet koiro. 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. ta1 
mahori. 
Three other kinds of fish found in waters eae 
PEVOAUITO GTS kal Oe ae ee See ee ae 
Limpet((Cheton magnificus)_. 2... ---- 22.55. hemama (used as food). 
SUVA V Ole = one bosom. SoeSe ie Seicecsls= sass ngingongi (used as food). 
MAMECRA == Anticcece se acetes sak ee neeees seciece pikea. 


Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia utricules) ....papaki (used as food). 


NUMERALS. 


Ka tahi. 

Ka rua. 

Ka torn. 

Ka ha. 

Ka rima. 

Ka ono. 

Ka hitu. 

Ka varu. 

Ka iva. 

Aanghuru. 
10. Ka tahi te aanghuru. 
11. Ka tahi te aanghuru ka tahi. 
12. Ka tahi te aanghuru ka rui. 
13. Ka tahi te aanghuru ka torn. 
14. Ka tahi te aanghuru ka ha. 
15. Ka tahite aanghuru ka rima. 

> * # * 
20. Ka ruate aanghuru. 
21. Ka ruate aanghuru ka tahi. 
22. Ka ruate aanghuru ka rua. 
23. Ka ruate aanghuru ka torn. 
24. Ka ruate aanghuru ka ha. 

# * * x 
30. Ka torn te aanghuru. 
31. Ka torn te aanghuru ka tahi. 
32. Ka torn te aanghuru ka rua. 
33. Ka torn teaanghuru ka torn. 


no = 


SOP HN AMES 


50. Ka rima te aanghuru. 
51. Karima te aanghuru Ka tahi. 
x , ¥ 
60. Ka ono te aanghuru. 
70. Ka hitu te aanghurnu. 
80. Ka varu te aanghuru. 
90. Ka ira te aanghuru. 
100. Ka rau te aanghuru. 
101. Ka tahi te rau ma tahi. 
102. Ka tahi te rau ma rua. 


Ka rua te rau. 
201. Ka rua te rau ma tahi. 


Ka torn te rau. 
301. Ka torn te rau ma tahi. 


500. 
1,000. Piere. 
2,000. Ka rua te piere. 

3, 000. Ka torn te piere. 
4,000. Ka ha te piere. 
10, 000. Ka mano. 
100, 000. Ka peka. 


Ka rima te rau. 


2 5 * 
40. Ka ha te aanghurn. LOS ae 
41. Ka ha te aanghuru ka tahi. > * ; 6 
42. Ka ha te aanghuru ka rua. Over one millién: Mingoi-ngoi. 
* * *% rr 
NAMES OF PARTS OF HUMAN BODY. 
Abdomen ..-...--- manava. [Chest:. -3-2-/.c 0 uma. 
MER see 2 SsS kari-kari vae. Chine. sees kauae. 
REEMA eas = ocis 3s kaufa. DPS ee eet ade taringa. 
LT rima. Bilboweeeecees see twii rima. 
SC) ua noho toto. Eye (or face) ..---- mata. 
LR 3 tua ivi. Eyebrow .-=------ hihi. 
Breanne ao. 2. vere. Byelashieeecce=—-- veki-veki. 
bladder. -2--=--- taua mimi. Byelidwet. see 52- tutu-mata. 
Mebandese 2 25 2S 222 toto Face (or eye) ----- mata. 
NGHOPE 2. = 5-5. =: ivi Ratio eens. 3: nako. 
IpUeabh....- =. === hangu. Inne Keene sre -manga-manga. 
pEtboe ke. - ==. ==. - eve taki eve. Finger, index . .---. rima tuhi henua. 
Caltiof legs... ..-- reru. Finger, middle ....roaroa ta hanga, 


NAT MUS 97 46 


122 


Finger,ring ,-.---- rima tuhi a hana. 
Finger, little ...-.- ko maniri ko manara. 
1G) i ee vae, 

Roreanm: =< -=- ---- paonga. 
noreheaa's...2 2=- korae. 

13 Cee eee See rauoho. 

ands oss een rima (hence 5). 
Heat eee puoko. 
Hoeartss..22--=-2e" mokoikoi. 

Hip oe tee oer tipi. 

INSTEON ie ee eee peka-peka vae. 
Intestines --..-.---- nene-nene. 
Kidney 22.22. 22-8 makoikoi. 

KMNG60)s 225" eee see turi 

Miers 2 een ses heru 

Ips] eee eee ngutu. 

Wivier. 2225 e206 ate 

IDeA ssa S Soar inanga. 

Mammal == 2s -e= u. 
Mustaché-2222--=- vere ngutu 
Mouth=*4. 2.22223: haha. 

Muscle soe. 2455s kiko ua-ua 

Natl e? Se ses ss ae mai-kuku. 

INDViOli= see 2 eae pito 

Neck 2-2. 222 <2-52 ngao. 
Nupple*2.-2=-2 =< mata u (eye of trout). 
INOS@rsc22 sas ec ee ihu 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Nosinil 22. soos poko-poko ihu. 
Palette =s rae pararaha rima. 
Pancreas ....-..--. kiko o te ivi tika. 
Perineum 2. 2.25.2¢ vaha takituu. 
Pubes) 3-2-2258 puku 
Palse.=¢2- 25 -s--e5 ua naiei. 
Pupitey=. oe arioko tutu. 
RUD pce teetee kava-kava. 
pealpeece en. suse kiri puoko, 
Ao) Fey Spel See in paka 
pnoulter ==. .-.-24 kapu hivi. 
Skin >= some osec oe kiri. 
Sole of foot...-.--- pararaha vae-kiri vae. 
Spine --<222-32-2e= tua papa. 
ppleen 32-222 = para 
Stomach=?:-.4--—-—— kopu mau. 
Tendon s* ts ua-ua. 
Thigh? 522 2. se< papa-kona. 
(Thumbs: 2 rima metua nea-nea. 
TOO .2. 425s Vee manga-manga vae. 
Toe;great 2222.2 manga-manga tumu, 
TOneSuUG sce sae cee arero. 
Tooth =-f-scenseaer niho. 
Vein? :2se 2222 e=2 ua. 

Waist! ss che see kakari manava, 
WSS 2 2.c shane kokau rima. 


NAMES OF SOME OF THE RAPA NUI PLANTS. 


Seauwecd esse sense aoe ana ee eae aoc eer miritonu. 
[CI ee eee SS SSeS ese segecasee Ssoege harepepe. 
Ht NH REAR Ss Has sacs sdeocse sass Bodo herepo (used as food). 
WiGhens ost S825. cece Sates see eee ae kihi-kihi. 
Gourd=yines. 225 3¢5scer soo ce ne ooeeee ae eee hue. 
Bualsnshec ss 2 oe kee se Bee ece cre ere er naatu. 
Grass, ative (bunch) lees cece ceanocsie === moku. 
Milk-thistle>. ese sec seeaeie ome ote ec laeeers ae poporo-hiva. 
Hard=wood theese. = sess ee ees sae eee ee toromiro (for making idols). 
Paper-mulberry, Chinese....--...----. ...- mahuti. 
Ash; vvarlety Of (oss pes cemeees ence bene marikuru. 
( kava-kava atua. 
Orns sie cece stab toe eae Be cee aeaeeaees { nehe-nehe. 
( riku. 
Plantain .o58j0522 = J2sss.cte scat esto os eee ae kohe. 
Bastard sandalwoods seo. ee eee eae ea nau-nau. 
Marshmallow 2 5-32s-.cose--e ere ne os- 1 eet mova. 
Convolyalusy pink. eee eae eee eee tanoa. 
Leek (?);.edible=.. x... 225. 2-2-2 go seca ees heke-koehe. 
Brier, bearing sweet-smelling flower. ....-.. ngaoho. 


Plant with purple flower similar to lavender. matahini. 
Plant with pink, star-shaped flowers, like } 

verbena; about 1 foot high; growing | 

over entire island; brought from Chile iy orl 

and used as tea by natives; in aS 


Y «due en ae 


TE PITO TE HENUA OR EASTER ISLAND. 123 


é — Comparison of the Rapa-Nuinames of thirteen common English terms with the corresponding 
words applied to them in the languages of other islands in the Pacific Ocean and Malay 
- Archipelago and the Malayan Peninsula. 


Rapa-Nui. Rarotonga., Saparua. Ceram. | Amboyna. ee Malay. 
echoes Bkage-n soe) Ea ee) Lan sn. s| kano. soo) L yale ono. Kan os ucam: 
eee Manu.....) Manu-.....) Mano..... Manok.-..| Mano...-.. Manu......| Burong 
3365-3 Mata .....| Mata .....| Mata .....| Mata .....| Mata .....| Mata ...... Mata 
2238 BERS Taringa ..| Taringa ..| Terena ...| Terina....| Terina..-.| Talinga....| Telinga. 

2Seseeee Rima ..--. Rima ..--. Rimah..-. Limamo .. Rimak....| Lima ..-.... Tangan. 
cans. o UG seen ant Wal. eee PAN oe 2 So SAGE is joo SAN oa (ORlye a. omccp ea 

Mai-kuku |......-..--. Bogs ot Wuku....| Kuku..... Kuku...... Kuku 

cena Wohoseeo-4) NOsess cs NIOZ-sae=| Nigo-mo--|oNGkie--- = Nee? Neigi 
Gide eeacs 
Seen nai PAN eases EAS aaa see PE AO cacao PATE =. a0 es) OW eta el PASplo anes ale DE 
eeeee Wallen oeel Wale see. Wai ------ Wat -5-~- |) Weyite=----| PAU > s2c--|| Aver: 
eee Tangata ..| Tangata ..| Tumata...| Tumata...| Maloma ...| Tau........| Orang laki 
} laki. 
osenagae Vaka .....| Vaka ...-.| Tala ......| Waha ....| Haka .....| Sakae......| Prau. 
Cocoanut ---.| Nin.-..... | INGnE Eee Muollo..... Nua ...... INO ee Nyoroh.-.--| Klapa. 


fi 


A 
£55 
Se) 
~ 


THE MAN’S KNIFE AMONG THE NORTH 
AMERICAN INDIANS. 


A STUDY IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


BY 


OTIS TUFTON MASON, 


Curator, Division of Ethnology. 


re 


THE MAN’S KNIFE AMONG THE NORTH AMERICAN IN- 
irs SLUDY IN THE COLLECTIONS OF “THE: WS: 
NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By Otis Turron Mason, 


Curator, Division of Ethnology. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Among implements used by man, the same forms may sometimes be 
employed for destruction and at other times for industrial purposes. 
When used for destruction they are weapons, but when their function 
is industrial they are tools. The same object, when used-as a weapon, 
becomes a dagger, but if it be employed as an edged tool it is a knife. 
As in the case of all other weapons or tools, the edged tool works by 
pressure, by friction, or by a blow. One used by means of a blowis an 
ax if the edge is in a line with the handle, and an adz if it lies across 
the handle; an edged tool working by friction is a scraper, but one 
working by pressure is a knife. 

It will be found in the study of industrial knives that in the long run 
they become the carver’s and engraver’s tools, the drawing knife, the 
spokeshave, the plane, and the planing mill. In somestyles of the last 
named, however, the operative part of the machine is, more properly 
speaking, a machine adz than a knife. Carving in wood and other sub- 
stances by the American aborigines differentiated the adz from the 
knife. It is probable that before the introduction of iron into America 
the adz was used more than the knife in dressing down wood; but 
when the iron blade came into vogue it was possible for the savage 
workman to carve out hollow dishes and boxes, and other objects with 
his knife by simple pressure. Notable exceptions to this are those 
regions where soft wood came into alliance with sharks’ teeth and the 
incisors of rodents. This is shown in all the curved knives of the 
collections in the U.S. National Museum from the two hemispheres, 
especially those from wooded areas. 

727 


728 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


IMPROVEMENT THROUGH THE CURVED KNIFE. 


There ought to be no doubt that in every case where the savage was 
fortunate enough to obtain the knife his carving and whittling were 
better done. There is a marvelous difference between carving on the 
one hand, man’s work chiefly, and basketry or pottery on the other, con- 
servative woman’s work. In no tribes were the two last-named arts 
bettered by contact with the higher race. The work was done with the 
hands almost wholly. The tools were of the simplest character. The 
harsh iron awl was not so good as the smooth pointed bone awl, of 
which hundreds have been found, and the pride in personal endeavor 
departed with the quenching of the tribal spirit. The potter’s wheel, 
such as it was three centuries ago, was only a barrier to the unmechan- 
ical sex. Therefore those who constantly assert that prejudice made it 
impossible for the savage to better himself in the adoption of the white 
man’s devices catch only half a truth. 3 


CLASSIFICATION. 


In the class of cutting tools called knives, there are in the U.S. 
National Museum, collected among the North American Indians, two - 
series. One has been called the ‘“‘woman’s knife;” the other, therefore, 
may now be denominated the “man’s knife.” ! 

Both of these series exist aboriginally in two subdivisions, the one 
containing no iron or evidences of the use of that metal, the other made 
partly of iron or with iron. In fact, there are four subdivisions of the 
term ‘industrial knife,” namely, woman’s knife, ancient; woman’s knife, 
modern; man’s knife, ancient; man’s knife, modern. 

The man’s knife of the modern type exists in three varieties, to wit, 
the “curved knife,” with bent blade, employed usually in whittling; a 
second variety, named “straight blade,” with a short straight cutting 
part used in carving stone, antler, ivory, and other hard substances; 
and a third variety, usually with an old knife blade or piece of file well 
worn down for its working part, employed in the function of a burin for 
scratching or etching on hard surfaces. The three varieties necessarily 
merge into one another, so that there are no broad dividing lines. 
The curved knife may now be carefully examined as a contribution to 
studying the man’s knife of ancient type. 


PARTS OF THE CURVED KNIFE. 


Each variety of man’s curved knife, as of other primitive and mod- 
ern mechanics’ tools, consists of three elements or parts, differing 
among the several tribes and from place to place in materials and 
forms, though the blades furnished by Europeans are of the same gen- 
eral motive. 

First, the whittling blade is usually of iron or steel, beveled on the 


1The Ulu, or Woman’s Knife, Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, pp. 411-416, plates 52-72. 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. 129 


upper side and plain on the under side, and more or less curved upward 
at the outer end. The blades of commerce are not greatly different 
in shape, but it will be seen that native ingenuity has been able to 
fashion blades from any piece of iron. Murdoch, speaking of Point Bar- 
row, Says that ‘‘the carver’s knife is not always curved in the blade.” ! 

Those that are sold to the natives are mostly curved, and the han- 
dles are added afterwards. Example Cat. No. 89294 in the U.S. 
National Museum from Point Barrow has «a short, thick “jackknife” 
blade much worn down. It is hafted between two longitudinal sec- 
tions of reindeer antler held together by rivets, one section being cut 
out to receive the tang. ‘Two rivets are of iron and three of brass. 

The tang of the blade, which exists as an element in the hafting, 
is usually a continuation thereof, without much finish, being a flat 
rectangle in outline. The form of the tang, however, will be governed 
by the method of its application to the handle, as will appear. It 
may be, first, pointed and driven into the end of the handle; second, 
rectangular and laid between the halves of the handle; third, set into a 
narrow groove on top of the handle; fourth, laid in a shallow groove on 
the side of the handle: fifth, set in a saw-cut in the end of the handle. 

Second, the handle or grip. This may be either of wood taken from 
the forest or from wreckage, or of bone or antler. The woman’s knife, 
usually, has the grip attached to the back of the blade along its extent 
and the blade in position is under the grip. But in the man’s knife the 
end of the blade forms the tang and the place of attachment for the 
handle, and therefore the grip is cylindrical or partly so. In point of 
fact the handle may be said to have three parts—the pommel or butt, 
quite frequently ornamented, even in tools of savages; the grip or 
portion actually in the hand, and the joint or hinge. The form of the 
grip may be that of the natural piece of material. Woman’s knife 
handles are much more delicately fashioned to fit the fingers than are 
those of the man’s knife. But in the curved type the thumb is espe- 
cially cared for, as giving leverage and guidance in whittling, and 
in some examples a long extension of the handle enables the whittler 
to call into activity every muscle of his forearm. Tle portion of tlre 
handle and the treatment of it with reference to the bond or connection 
with the blade will be spoken of in the next paragraph. The modifica- 
tions of the handle for the insertion of the working part involve the 
selection of the grain, splitting one end, splitting the handle, drilling, 
grooving, sawing, socketing, ete. 

Third, the bond or “‘connective” between the blade and the grip—that 
is, between the working part and the manual part. In the history of 
tools these connective devices have had an interesting elaboration. 
Practically, the bond between working part and manual part consists 
of three elements: First, a modification in the blade corresponding to 
the tang; second, a modification of the handle for the insertion of the 


' John Murdoch, Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 155,fig. 110. 


730 | REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


tang; and third, the true connective of packing, cement, lashing, rivets, 
wedges or screws, some of which appear in the illustrations of this 
paper. Where the tang is driven into the end of the grip the elasticity 
or cohesion of the material forms the bond. In many examples the 
principle of the ratchet and of the dovetail exist in the shaping of the 
tang and its socket or in cutting notches on the tang. 

Before the introduction of the Iron Age into North America there 
existed the same elements in the composition of a knife, to wit, a blade 
of tooth, or shell, or stone; a handle of antler, bone, or wood; and a 
connective of rawhide, sinew, yarn, or twine, of packing, of cement, and 
possibly of rivets made of wood, bone, ivory, or antler. — 


MODE OF CUTTING. 


All primitive men’s knives with single edge, so far as the national 
collections indicate, are made to cut toward the operator. Double- 
edged knives, however, cut both ways. Among the American examples 
all are for the right hand or for both hands. Lawson distinctly says 
that “‘when the Carolina Indians cut with a knife, the edge is toward 
them, whereas we always cut and whittle from us; nor did I ever see 
one of them left-handed.”! The farrier, as will be seen, also cuts toward 
him, but by turning his hand under, in an awkward sort of way, 
occasionally cuts from him. Two curved knives in the U.S. National 
Museum from the Ainos of northern Japan, constructed exactly after 
the manner of the American curved knives, are made to fit the left 
hand, but they were received from the same person. It will be per- . 
fectly plain to one who has sharpened a quill pen or lead pencil that, 
in the absence of spoke shaves and fine carver’s tools, the Indian was 
compelled to cut toward his body. 


SOURCE OF CURVED KNIFE. 


This manner of working is, doubtless, a survival of old processes of 
hand work before the introduction of more modern tools. It may have 
been overlooked by the student of technology that it was not until 
recently that any care was bestowed upon fitting the handles of me- 
chanics’ tools to the hand itself. In the case of the woman’s knife it 
will be found that the farther away the Eskimo live from the white race 
the more simple the handle of the scraper, while in those areas where 
the contact has been most intimate the handle is more completely and 
perfectly made to conform to the right hand. 

It is astonishing that until Perry’s visit to Japan the handles of all 
Japanese tools were extremely simple. There are some specimens of 
bronze implements found in Europe in which the handle conforms to the 
right hand of the worker. It is reasonably certain, therefore, that the 
man’s knife and the farrier’s knife have come down from a remote past 
in their present simple form. 


'The History of Carolina, Preface, p. v, Raleigh, N. C., 1860 [reprint], p. 330. 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. T31 


It is not disputed thatamong American Indians all of the iron-bladed 
knives for men are exotics, at least in the working part or blade. Eth- 
nographers will notice also that in the acculturation of savages it is 
always the working part that they are willing to improve without 
prejudice. The manual part holds its own longer, and it will be seen 
that the grip and connective of men’s knives are often ‘old school” 
while the blade is ‘new school.” 

An important question arises as to the date of introduction and the 
exact European source of some of the forms of blades. The only sur- 
vival in the United States of the curved blade is in the farrier’s knife, 
with which he pares the hoof of the horse prior to laying on the shoe. 

After a diligent search among cutlers it is difficult to ascertain how 
long this form of knife has been in use among farriers, and what its 
precise relation is to the North American curved knife. 

Murdoch draws attention to the fact that the Eskimo of Point Barrow 
eall all knives savik, meaning also iron, the identical word used in 
Greenland for the same objects.!. From this he argues that the first iron 
was obtained from the East, along with the soapstone lamps instead 
of from Siberia, as was tobacco. It is true, however, that whittling 
with a curved knife having a thumb cavity prevails all over eastern 
Asia. The white migrants to Greenland antedated those to Alaska, 
nevertheless, by several centuries. It will be found, also, by examin- 
ing the Eskimo knives of Murdoch and Nelson, that they often differ 
radically from the Indian types here especially noted. Seldom does an 
Indian knife show the presence of the blacksmith, while the whale- 
ship’s blacksmith seems to have been a successful schoolmaster to the 
Eskimo. Moreover, ivory, antler, and bone are far less tractable than 
birch saplings for whittling, or cedar for shaping, excavating, or 
earving. The Eskimo blade is shorter, straighter and never used with 
two hands, while the Indian knife is used for grooving and reducing 
large surfaces in the absence of the plane. 

Among North American aborigines the iron-bladed knife is restricted 
in its area to the Eskimo and the Indian tribes southward in Alaska, 
the Dominion of Canada, and the splint basket, snowshoe, the self-bow, 
and the birch-bark canoe area of the United States. The last-named 
implements are jackknives par excellence. They are designed for whit 
tling and producing shavings, and not for chopping or scraping—that is, 
the formation of chips across the grain or of sawdust and scraps. These 
lines must not be too sharply drawn, however, inasmuch as this paper 
is restricted to materials furnished by the collections in Washington. 
It is wonderful how adept primitive artisans are in getting a variety of 
work out of one implement. In the absence of spokeshaves, planes, 
chisels, gouges, groove planes, small adzes, and a host of others, the 
Pacific coast Indians do the work of all with a double-edged curved 
blade 4 inch wide and 3 inches long. 


‘John Murdoch, Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 157. 


732 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Within the regions mentioned there is for the student an excellent 
opportunity to study the effect, materials, and their environmental 
forces upon the construction of the knife. Two varieties of the man’s 
knife are steadily used by the Eskimo—the carver’s knife and the etching 
knife or burin; but, all other shapes are employed by them, so that one 
finds the curved knife for whittling, the straight blade for carving, and 
the pointed blade for etching. The blades are short and firmly attached — 
to the handles by rivets or by lashing. The handles are usually of 
bone, antler, or ivory, some of them being curved to fit the forearm 
and give great purchase in cutting hard material; others are short and 
adapted to be grasped in the hand for the purpose of making small 
chips and even for scraping. 

The Canadian Indians and those of the northern United States, having 
only soft material and bark to work upon, restrict themselves mostly 
to the long-bladed curved knife. On the Pacific coast, among Indian 
tribes from Mount St. Elias and southward, there is a mixture of hard 
material and soft wood, so that there is a great variety in the form of the 
whittler’s knife. Furthermore, these tribes have been in contact with 
sailors for more than a century and use any piece of steel or iron they 
can secure in trade. The Canadian Indians were stimulated by the 
fur-trading companies to travel more rapidly and to make longer jour- 
neys; hence, in furnishing them with the curved knife, they made it 
possible for these Indians to work out the frame of the birch-bark canoe, 
the bows of the snowshoes, splints for basketry, and a thousand and 
one objects made of birch bark, with this simple but most efficient 
device. It has become the traveling tool of the Canadian Indians and 
has done more than aught else to improve their mechanical skill. An 
examination of old patterns of snowshoes, in comparison with the latest 
patterns, reveals an astonishing improvement. The versatile curved 
knife is just as useful in the making of fine babiche or rawhide string 
for the webbing of the snowshoe as in whittling down the frame. In 
the old-fashioned snowshoes the rawhide footing is nearly one-fourth 
inch wide, while in the best and latest the strands are as fine as thread. 


EXAMPLES. 


Example Cat. No. 176434, in the U.S. National Museun, is a far- 
rier’s knife (fig. 1), made and used by M. E. Horigan, horseshoer in 
Washington, D.C. The blade is a wedge-shape piece of steel, flat on 
the lower side and beveled on the upper side, and bent to a hook 
at the other end. The tang is in form of a rectangle 2 inches long. 
The handle is a piece of a rib from an ox; the natural curve is taken 
advantage of in the manufacture; a slight notch is cut on the upper 
end for the thumb, and depressions have been worn on the upper face 
by the fingers of the operator. In order to combine the blade with the 
handle, a saw cut is made on the inner end of the latter for 2 inches. - 
The tang is slipped into the saw cut and is held firmly in place by 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. 


two rivets passing through both it and the handle. 


733 


Many thousands 


of specimens as rude as this are in use among the horseshoers all 


over the United States and Canada. 
Example Cat. No. 153603, in the 
U. S. National Museum, is a curved 
knife from the Micmac Indians of Nova 
Scotia (fig. 2), collected by Dr. G. M: 
West. It has the usual farrier’s blade 
let into a narrow notch or stub groove 
on the back of the handle and held by 
a seizing of cord. The handle of hard 
wood fits the hand of the workman 


very neatly. 


In this example, as in others, the 
seizing or connective, holding the 


Fig. 2. 
MICMAC CURVED KNIFE. 
Cat. No. 153603, U.S.N.M. 


blade and the handle 
together, is easily re- 
moved so as to allow 
the former to be taken 
out and sharpened. 
Especial attention is 
called to the fact that, 
in accordance with 
northern usage, the 
end’ of this cord is 
driven into the han- 
dle and held fast by 
means of a wooden 
peg instead of being 
fastened off by being 
tucked under one of 
the former roundings 
itself. Length, 94 Pashtu genie: 
inches. 

Example Cat. No. 153604, in the U. S. National 
Museum, is a curved knife also from the Miemac Indi- 
ans of Nova Scotia (fig. 3), collected by Dr. G. M. West. 
The blade is of European manufacture, slightly curved, 
let into a groove on top of the handle and neatly seized 
with a thong of rawhide. At one end the thong is 
doubled over the tang and driven into the groove of the 
handle; the other end is drawn through a hole bored 
in the handle, wedged fast and cut off, making a very 
neat finish. The handle is made of birch wood and 


Fig. 1. 


FARRIER’S KNIFE. 


Back and front views. 


Cat. No, 176484, U.S.N.M. 


curved to fit the hand, the bevel for the thumb being unusually long 


and broad. 


Length, 105 inches. 


734 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The Micmaes are especially whittlers in bow staves, snowshoes, and 


canoe frames. 


MICMAC CURVED KNIFE. syit the tool to their hand by bend- 


Cat. No, 153604, U.S.N.M, 


tion. ‘*No Labrador Indian ever goes on a journey 
without a curved knife. The handle is held at right 
angles to the body and drawn toward the user. It is 
employed in all cases for whittling or shaving wood 
and the preparation of the strips and slats of 
canoes, paddles, snowshoes, and everything cut from 
wood. It requires great skill to use the knife prop- 


erly.” 


Turner says that “this tocl is in universal use both 


The women also make splint baskets in wickerwork. 


Their household utensils were in wickerwork and birch 
bark, so they did little adzing. 

Example Cat. No. 54338, in the U. S. National Mu- 
seum, is a curved knife from the Passamaquoddy 
Indians, Eastport, Maine (fig. 4), collected by Mr. R. 
Edward Earll. The blade is in form ofa farrier’s knife, 
let into a stub groove on the back of the handle, and 
held in place by a seizing of wood splint. The handle 
is straight in the grip, and turned up and beveled at 
the outer end to receive and fit the thumb, as in other 
curved knives. The connective of 
wood splint is specially noteworthy 
in its neat administration and thor- 
oughly aboriginal fastening off, as 
in the two previous specimens from 
the Micmac Indians.: Length, 104 
inches. 

Mr. Lucien Turner says of the 
Nenenot Indians of the Algonquan 
stock, living on the borders of 
the Ungava, in northern Labra- 
dor, ‘that they make their crooked 
knives of steel files and knife 
blades (fig. 5). The Indian reduces 
the metal to the shape desired, 
flat on one side and beveled on the 
other, by grinding. He then heats 
the blade and gives it the proper 
curve.” He also draws attention to 
the fact that left-handed persons 


ing the blade in the proper direc- 


Fig. 4. 
PASSAMAQUODDY KNIFE. 
Cat. No, 54338, U.S.N.M. 


among the Eskimo and the Indians of this region.” 
Example Cat. No. 153498, in the U.S. National Museum, is a curved 
knife from Labrador (fig. 6), collected by Dr. H.G. Bryant. The blade ~ 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. 135 


is like that of the farrier’s knife. The shank is let into a stub groove 
on the side of the handle; a thin portion of the piece of wood taken out 
is restored and a seizing of tawed buckskin is wrapped around. The 
handle is rectangular and terminated with a curved portion to fit 
the thumb. The noticeable feature of this knife is 
that the shank of the blade is let into the handle in 
such way that when cutting is being done the strain 
comes against the solid wood and not against the 
buckskin lashing, as in a great many examples studied. 
Whittling does not involve hard pressure, so there is 
no necessity for a strong joint, as in the knives for 
carving hard substances. 

Example Cat. No. 155046, in the 
U.S. National Museum, is a curved 
knife from the Nascopi Indians of 
Labrador (fig. 7), collected by Mr. 
Charles McLaren. The blade is 
inserted into a stub groove in the 
top of the handle, and this is cov- 
ered by a strip of wood, and all 
lashed together with a rawhide 
band, which is fastened off by tuck- 
ing under at both ends. The han- 
dle is of spruce wood, and the grip 
is Straight, but the thumb portion 
is bent up and inward so as to fit 
exactly the curvature of the hand. 
A loop of string at the outer end of 
the handle completes the device. 
Especial attention is called to the : 
neat fastening of the rawhide con- Fig. 5. 
nective. Length, 9 inches. uae ee ote 

In the annual report of the Bu- ga. no. 10657, u.s.N.M. 
reau of Ethnology, Dr. W. J. Hoff- 
man figures a curved knife in general use among 
the Menomini Indians in Wisconsin. These Indi- 
ans are of the Algonquian stock, and one is not 
surprised, therefore, to find a curved knife of the 

Fig. 6. same type as those of eastern Canada and the 
CURVEDKNIFEFROMMON- [Jnited States. The handle has a long slope for the 
ee thumb; the tang of the blade is let into.a stub 
cat. No. tsi, sno, groove on the side of the handle and at the tip end 
carried quite through. The connective portion of 

the handle is also cut in a long groove to secure the cord used in lash- 
ing. The author says that ‘‘among the Menominis this knife is used 
in preparing the splints from elm logs, out of which baskets are made.” 


736 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The cutting is always done toward the body. In the case of these 
knives it will be seen that the function of splitting, planing, and smooth- 
ing is performed rather than that of excavating and 
finishing off large blocks of soft wood. 

The material employed by the Menominis in their 
basketry is tough, and therefore only soft saplings are 
used in their work.! 

Holm figures a large number of men’s carving knives.’ 
Seven of his figures give bone or antler handles, four 
have plain wooden handles, and in two of them bone 
and wood are mixed. Seven of these have blades of 
stone and seven have iron blades. The preciousness of 
iron is shown in blades made up of two or three pieces 
or strips of iron riveted together. The blades are all 
inserted into the ends of the handles, most of them by 
driving. Two show evidences of saw-cuts at the ends 
and three have wrappings or bands of twine. The only 
ornamentation on these handles are rings and geomet- 
ric figures made of dots. Four of the bone handles 
are shaped somewhat into 
characteristic forms. 

Parry says that “the 
principal tool of the Es- 
kimo of Iglulik was the 
knife (panna); that they 
possessed a great number 
of excellent ones pre- 
viously to his coming, and 
that the work was remark- 


Fig. 7. 
CURVED KNIFE FROM 
wascopi inpians. ably coarse and clumsy. 


Cat. No. 153046, U.S.N.M. 


The manner of holding the 
the knife also was most 
awkward; that is, with 
the edge backward.” * 
Example Cat. No. 1100, 
in the U.S. National Mu- 
seum, is a curved knife 
from Anderson River, in 
the Mackenzie River dis- 
trict (fig. 8), collected by 
Mr. R. M. Macfarlane. 
The blade is much curved, 


: Fig. 8. 
let into a stub groove on ESKIMO KNIFE. 
> Mackenzie River. 
the top of the handie, and Gab, Ho 1100, U.5.0.M, 


‘Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 260; also Harper’s 
Magazine, March, 1896, p. 505. 

2Holm, Ethnologisk Skizze, Copenhagen, 1887, plate 18. 

3Parry’s Second Voyage, London, 1824, p. 536. 


” 
. 
. 
4 
‘ 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. tae 


held by a seizing of fine rawhide thong. One end of the thong is 
driven into the groove end of the handle, a favorite method of fasten. 
ing off among the Eskimo. The other end is fastened off by simply 
drawing it through a dozen turns of the seizing. There are no knots 
tied. The handle is of fine spruce wood in the shape of a knee, and 
chamfered on the back to fit the thumb. This is an unusual shape 
among handles. Length of blade, 5 inches. 


Fig. 9. 
TWO-HANDED CURVED KNIFE, SHOWING STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF USING. 
Yakutat, Alaska. 
Cat. No, 178196, U.S.N.M. 


Murdoeh declares that the Point Barrow Eskimo have two styles or 
sizes of carver’s knives, one large Midlin, with a haft 10 to 20 inches 
long, for wood working, and a small one, Savigron (instrument for 
shaving), with a haft 6 to 7 inches long, for working bone and ivory. 
The knife is held close to the blade between the index and second 
fingers of the right hand, with the thumb over the edge, which is 


toward the workman. Murdoch speaks in great praise of the skill of 


the carver.! 


1 Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 157, fig. 113. 
NAT MUS 97 47 


738 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


It is easy to understand the existence of the two types in the arctic 
area, where soft driftwood exists alongside of antler and ivory. 

Example Cat. No. 20831, in the U. 8S. National Museum, is a 
eurved knife from Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, collected by 
Mr. James G. Swan. The curved blade is of iron, with both edges 
alike, and resembles the modern can-opener. To form the joint its 
tang is roughly let into the wooden handle at its end on one side, the 
other side being notched, and is held in plaee by a lashing of thong. 
The handle of oak is curved upward outside the thumb space and 


| i ‘i 


(Ni 


ii) 
y 


—————s Z 
SLI 


SLE 


— 


F4E 


Se 


= 


Se 


Figs. 10, 11. 
CARVER’S KNIFE, AND GUARD FOR BACK OF HAND. 
Sitka, Alaska. 


Cat. Nos. 168842, 168345, U.S.N.M. 


tapers slightly to the outer end. The noteworthy features are the 
adaptation of a modern can-opener for the blade, the resemblance of 
the handle with its thumb space to Japanese and Korean handles, and 
the notch at the inner end to prevent the slipping of the seizing. 
Mr. D. W. Prentiss, jr., of the U. S. National Museum, had the good 
fortune to observe a Yakutat Indian carving with a large specimen 
of this variety of two-edged blade (Cat. No. 178196, U.S.N.M.). The 
handle is held in both hands while the carver dresses down the inside 
of his canoe or wooden box. Now chipping toward himself, now away, 
with the greatest rapidity, he gave the fine adz finish often observed 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. 


139 


on many objects brought from the cedar areas of southeast Alaska. 
In this its perfected form the knife is both chisel and adz, working 


always by pressure (fig. 9). 


Example Cat. No. 168342, in the U.S. National Museum, is a curved 
knife from the Tlingit Indians of Alaska (fig. 10), collected by Lieut. 


G. T. Emmons, U. 8. N. It consists of a blade of a 
common pocketknife driven into the end of a handle of 
antler and held in place by an iron ferrule and by a 
seizing of rawhide thong. The handle has rings 
scratched around it an inch apart. The example has 
this peculiarity, that the bevel of the blade is under- 
neath, for the workman to cut toward him, and must 
have been designed, therefore, to be used after the 
modern fashion of a trimming chisel. Length, 74 
inches. With this knife belongs example Cat. No. 
168345, U.S.N.M., a guard of sealskin to be worn on 
the back of the hand (fig. 11), so that when the work- 
man is whittling in a box or canoe he may protect him- 
self. The entire outfit is quite 
modern, but it is remarkable that 
this guard is the only example of 
its kind in the collection. 
Example Cat. No. 20752, in the 
U. 8S. National Museum, is a 
curved knife from Sitka, Alaska 
(fig. 12), collected by Mr. James 
G. Swan. It is evidently made 
up for trade, and shows no sign 
of use, but it has the long han- 
dle of the Yakutat two-handed 
type. The blade, with two edges, 
is lashed by its tang to the side 
of a pine handle by means of a 
buckskin thong, which last is the 
only aboriginal part of the ap- 
paratus, and is laid on in a slov- 


to use 1t on his own account. 


Fig. 12. 
CARVER'S KNIFE, FOR 
TWO HANDS. 


Sitka, Alaska. 


Cat. No. 20752, U.S.N.M. 


enly manner, and any savage would be ashamed 


po SN IV EE. Since ethnographic material has entered into 


British Columbia. 
Cat. Nos. 129976, 129978, U.S.N.M. 


commerce the Museum curator is vexed continu- 


ally by receiving specimens that never had any 


serious aboriginal use. Furthermore, trade centers, 


such as Una- 


laska, Sitka, Victoria, and Honolulu, where in the old days whalers 
met and exchanged or pawned their collections from different places, 
Specimens were carried far from their original source, and now can be 
identified only by comparing them with well-authenticated objects. 


740 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Example Cat. No. 129976, in the U.S. National Museum, is a wood 
earver’s knife feom the Kwakiutl Indians of Fort Rupert, British 
Columbia (fig. 13), collected by Mr. James G. Swan, and forms a tran- 


tN 


Fig. 15. 
CURVED KNIFE. 
Fort Rupert Indians. 
Cat. No, 129977, U.S.N.M. 


Example Cat. No. 129977, in the U. S. Na- 


sition between old art and European art. The blade 
is that of a modern jackknife set into the end of an 
oak handle and held firm by a ferrule of sheet brass 
nailed on. Here are united in a single joint the most 
primitive and most persistent connective, namely, a 
tang driven into the grain of the handle at the work- 
ing end and metal ferrule, the latest form of bond. 
The handle is slightly curved, and bears on its end 
and surface a carving of a totemic animal’s head and 
fins. Length, 84 inches. 

Kxample Cat. No. 129978, in the U. S. National 
Museum, is a similar knife, with jackknife blade in a 
very plain handle without carving (fig. 14). To form 
the joint the inner end of the 
handle has a saw-cut made 
across, into which the tang of 
the blade is set and made fast 
by a wire driven through the 
hinge hole. Stovepipe wire is 
wrapped about the joint, and 
a wedge of wood and one of 
iron driven in between the 
edges of the tang and the wire. 
Outside the wire is a wrapping 
of cotton rag to protect the 
hand. This example shows 
that there is plasticity even in 
thesavage mind. The elements 
of this old form have been 
nearly all patented inventions. 


tional Museum, is a curved knife of the Fort 
Rupert or Kwakiutl Indians (fig. 15), collected 
by Mr. James G. Swan. It consists of a blade 
bent up at the top, beveled only on the upper 
side, and by its shank lashed to a shouldered 
cut on the handle. The handle is of oak and is 
also curved. The two parts are held together 
by a seizing of twine, and outside of this a wrap- 
ping of blue cloth. Length of handle, 8 inches. 


Fig. 16. 
CARVER'S KNIVES. 


From the Ainos. 
Cat. No. 150715, U.S.N.M. 


Example Cat. No, 150715, in the U. S. National Museum, is a curved 
knife of the Ainos of Yezo (fig. 16), collected by Mr. R. Hitchcock. The 
tang of the blade of iron is driven into a wooden handle, which is 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. 741 


(Lith 


~“ 


\ 


° NI 


2 —H 
we La = 
as 1) a), 7 
Si Hon Fi 
I Ray my ——— y! 
beth AI 
— Hot i 
Uy] = 1 
Care eg AN, = 
be) m1 
pT Ah 
cee eee A 
y 
A AK 
penal IT —— 
Sod =F 
Se = 
; A ST} } 
: ho Ses 
j hoo yy 
: Ho : ! 
ret —— 
; —= + 1 ) —— 
i =a un itt —s 
= — : = 
’ hao  —+—— 
| Sta = 
=r Un = 
A ee au) —S 
eee Wa mara nh SS 
my Tt OR)! — 
Sones 
hi ae — 
tint \ 
Reo = 
— Rar = = 
= — 
= 
a 
re 
\ 
-—FF 
= 
-—FF 
-——FF 
Ee 
——F 
-— 
>= 
—, 
— 
—, 
— 
<> 
Fig. 17. 
CURVED KNIVES. 
Amoor region. 
re After von Schrenck. 


ae 


742 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


slightly curved and has achamfer for the thumb. There is no attempt 
at cementing or seizing or ratcheting on the tang. The bond is in 
effect a very ancient connective done in iron. Length, 74 inches. 

Example Cat. No. 150715 (a), in the U. 8S. National Museum, is 
similar to the foregoing excepting that the blade is straight and there 
is a slight carving at the outer end of the handle. The handle in both 
of these specimens seems to be left hand, inasmuch as the bevel and 
curve of the blade and the chamfer fit the left hand and do not fit the 
right. The great number of whittling knives of this species in eastern 
Asia raises some interesting questions of the method of intrusion of the 
Iron Age into the aboriginal life of the Western World. 

In the area between Bering Strait and the Aleutian Islands, under 
the influence of Russian traders and the whaling industry, great num- 
bers of carver’s knives in endless variety are found. The largest col- 
lection from this region has been made by Mr. E. W. Nelson, and the 
forms of whittling knives, carving knives, and etching knives will be 
found fully illustrated in Mr. Nelson’s work. 

A large and interesting series of curved knives were collected by 
von Schrenck about the mouth of the Amoor River and northward, and 
are now in the Imperial Museum at Moscow. These knives represent 
all of the different classes spoken of in this paper, to wit: Knives with 
straight blades, for ordinary domestic purposes; those with long curve, 
for ordinary whittling; those with abrupt curve at the end, as in the 
farrier’s knife, for excavating canoes and boxes; and those with sharp 
points, for engraving on hard substances. The handles are either plain 
or ornamented and have a short or a long bevel for the thumb. Those 
which have a decided sidewise curve are always fitted to the right hand 
and cut toward the person (fig. 17). 


CONCLUSION. 


I find that in the employment of the curved knife the Eskimo, the 
Canadian tribes, together with their kindred on the northern boundary 
of the United States, and, more than all, the North Pacific tribes on 
both sides of the ocean have exhausted the possibilities of an imple- 
ment that has been in the hands of some only a century or two. 

The arts of all these tribes were bettered and not degraded by the 
curved knife. In every case they were immensely improved. The form 
of knife with straight, short blade made it possible for the northern 
and western tribes to become better carvers and engravers. Before 
the possession of iron there is meager evidence that either of these 
areas possessed other than the most trivial carvings in hard material. 
Their best results were in soft wood and slate, by means of beaver 
tooth or shark’s tooth knives. 

The curved knife serves to confirm the opinion that as soon as any 
process or device came within the scope of a people’s intelligence they 
have mastered it and brought it to a climax, from which time on new 
ideas and new inventions replaced the old. 


1307-9 
1635 
1643 
1646 
1649 
1675 
2094 
2101-4 
2274-75 
2276-77 
2278-93 
2297 
2304 
2308 
5121 
5813 
7405-10 
7455-61 

10194 

16146 


16163 
16172 
18920 


20458 
20752-53 
20831 
20846 
24411 


30107 
3214546 
32874-84 
33027-28 
33030 
33304 
33314 


36315 


36316 
36507 


37326-28 | Knife handles 
37420-25 | Ivory carved knife 


37440 
38113 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. 


List of man’s knives in the U. 8. National Museum. 


743 


Eskimo knives .....---.-..- 


Hskimoikuife: -.25--sce--5-- 


Eskimo curved knives. -..-- 
Long-handled curved knives 


Eskimo knife 
Small knife 
Eskimo knives 
Small iron knives 
Man's knife 
Carver's tool (graver) 


Bone KNiless2c0s1 sores sto se 

Curved knives: .-:..-.-<-«- 

Iron curved knifeand sheath 

Bone or ivory knife, iron 
blade. 

Small table knife 


Bone knivesi:<<... 22 2225-c2-. 

Man's knives, bone or wood 
handle. 

Curved knives--...-csssc=< 

Knife for carving ivory-...- 


Handle of wood-working 
knife. 

Knife, ivory handle, iron 
blade. 

Knife, bone handle, metal 
blade. 


| 


Locality. Collector's name. 
Fort Good Hope, N. W. Ter- | R. Kennicott. 
ritory. 
Benes WOoee2- ssscch---dOu-.-.| hh. Mactariane: 
Anderson River..-.--- do....| C. P. Gaudet. 
Bee COs wane sates s00 R. Macfarlane. 
Mackenzie River .-.-.. do. >| Do. 
Anderson River...--. do Do. 
Ae Ce Be ors BOSSE Bae CO ScR Do. 
BAe dO veeseen te. 022 Do. 
ane GRR SOR ieee! (ORs Do. 
soem Ota seater eee On an Do. 
Sree COm2sesen see = 00 | ke eennICote: 
oma COlscee scene se ness d0.--.| he Macfarlane: 
Epa OO See woanen ose do... Do. 
ae COs e on esee ae Ones Do. 
ae Goesth. Feds sence GO. Do. 
eee (eer momeaeeaC Cem Do. 
Mackenzie River --.-- doz. Do. 
Anderson River..---. do... Do. 
Mackenzie River ...-.do-.-- Do. 
simi hs dates e252 5.035 -00-28: Do. 
Tgloolik, Baffin Land -.-..--. C. F. Hall. 
Cape Etolin, Nunivak Is- | W.H. Dall. 
land, Alaska. 
ones GG) se eensahideeorc cnc eins Do. 
eoae Ole ceerer ts ecwer eo ae Do. 


ton. 
Santa Barbara, California. - . 
Tlingit, Sitka, Alaska....... 
Hannegah, Charlotte Island. 
Kootznoo Indians, Alaska -. 
Norton Sound, Alaska 


Cumberland Gulf, Battin 
Land. 
Point Townsend, Washing- 


ton. 


St. Michaels, Alaska.-.-.-..... 
INLAON sane a eon doe = 
Nulato Ingalik ....... do-=-- 
St. Michaels-22- 5. 22. do:3.~ 
Pastolikctosceses< =< aos-=- 
Sfugunugumut.....-.. do. 


Kongigunogumut .-..do.... 
Koolwoguwigumut...do.... 


Ngiey rns SOF ease ase do... 
Anogogumut.....--.. do... 
Ukogumut ........... do... 


Newlukhtalugumut..do.... 


J.G. Swan. 
Paul Schumacher. 
J.G. Swan. 
Do. 
Do. 
L. M. Turner. 
W.A. Mintzer, U.S. N. 


J.G. Swan. 


E. W. Nelson. 


744 


Cat. No. 


38486 
38487 
43407 
43873 
44757 
45488 


46080-81 | 


46303 
48085 
48087 
48291 
48536 
48846-47 


48916 


54338 
55923 
5594243 
56546 
56552-54 
60188-92 


63274-75 
63316-22 
6354142 


64154-55 
67978 


76702 
89271-83 
89293-304 
89383-84 
89579 
89582 
89586 
89587-95 
89597 
8963341 
89644 
89652 
89653 
89821 
89964-66 
90210-11 
90458 
126629 
127461 
127567 
127649 
127788 
127809 
127895 


Curved knives. Locality. 

Carver's knife.<.+-=---.---2 Lower Yukon, Alaska....-.. 
esas OOS fot Jeane cenomdenae lean C0 cm seco tacos eae 
eee OO. wamnwccacnacncs>ssemcs| COpBE MNEs Walbe tos: —-| 
2ues OO :22t cede co ros ciee nce MU Daaklepte-e po -oe sneOnes 

Handle for working knife ..| Sledge Island..-....... apes] 

Curved knifé 22-2) 222252 2% St. Michaels.......... ao:-25 

Knife for carving -.--..----- Port Clarence ........ docee. 
| ‘Carved knife 2.o22<..62 4000 teed U0 <22.62.2a%.0-<65 do 
| Woodworking knife ......-. Cape Darby. .....---.- do. - 

Ivory and bone worker .....|-.--. OO'<s 2 sss Acne do-.- 

Wood curved knife .......-. Nunivak Island ...-... 0-2 
Foe GOS ios ewcs cee 2 2 EZ ODNE SOUNG I oc OOs3c0 


Finger guardagainst curved| Sabotnisky..........- dons s. 
knife. 

| Gurved-knife.>- 2... <a<c= <5 Eastport, Maine............ 
Carver's tool (graver)..-...- Bristol Bay, Alaska ........ 
Woodworking knives.......|---.- DO sn ose aa as do... 
Man's knife, iron blade..-.. Point Barrow -....... do... 
Curved ‘knife .-2-2'.2 24-0 os|e-50 dO. 233. ewenehesecs do. - 
Curved knives, bone and | Kootznahoo .......... do... 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 


1897. 


List of man’s knives in the U. S. National Museum. 


Collector's name. 


Knives for splitting birch | Mission, Lower Yukon.do.. 
bark. 


wood handle. 
Knives for carving ivory, ete| St. Lawrence Island-..do.... 


Sige d TLL oe APRS HSS REIN) react | 1 A Ale tyes ere ye. 6 CIE Bie 
Iron knife blades, curved, |.--.- Oe. nasa eas G0. <=. 
anhnished 2.2222. 2222-00 
Curved knives, leathersheath| Hotham Inlet -.....-. do. 
Curved knife for wood cary- | Tlingit, Sitka ........ doce 
ing. 
Curved imife <. 2222-22-25 2222 Fort Alexander, Alaska .--.. 
Knives, iron blades.....---. Point Barrow....----- do. .-. 
Knives for carving ..-..----|-<-:- Go 282) See ass 5 25 do....] 
Knives, iron blades. .-...-...|----- GOP aera: ceiare dote- 
Slate knife, bone handle....).--.- OO sets et ascae. do.-: 
Slate knife, wooden handle..|---.- ilies Soa eee do... 
Slate knife, bone handle .-...|.--..- GOs senate dou=.-| 
Bone handle knives.........|.---- GON a eos ese eae do. - 
Single-edged slate knife .-...|..-.- UI) Gee nscaceesosode do... 
| Knives, flint blade .-.-......|--.-.- don ree ae do.-- 
iCrotkedknife so: 5522. o. oe oese OOzE 258s ces cesee do-=- 
Small knife sce. cce oe eee eee G6 2 a. cibe Pesca do... 
Carver’s knife (graver) ....|----- Of eA Se eee do2-- 
Knife, iron blade... -.52¢s2-|-=--" GOgEr soetosecaessoe do....| 
Knives for carving ..-...-... Labrador =.'5ssi2e-3-.e20% 
Sscce 00 (2 2-s----t5-ceencn=-s| UNpPava bay juabrador.- ==) 
Knife, wood carving..-..-..-.. Ugashik, Alaska............ 
Iron knife blade............ Tonalan, Mexico=.-.-.<--s=+ 
Curved knife ...-.-..-...-. Iguswek River, Alaska...-.-. 
Knits; (elignrvy0)ics2eeee. see Ghile 52-222 6-2 3. eae 
Curved knife < ib sbaacsee: Ft. Alexander, Alaska ...... 
CArWING T00l. = ace ce cei. oes Nakneel -secceees-aae ire 
Curved knife . 322 50..¢S:--5% Katchinng= 2. 8-222. do... 


IKGIVOR een asa cess eee se Putnam River, Alaska ..-... 


E. W. Nelson. 


W. H. Dall. 


=»-|(2L, Elen. 
.| E. W. Nelson. 


R. E. Earll. 
Chas. L. MeKay. 
Do. 


-| Lieut. P. H. Ray. 


Do. 


.| J. J. McLean. 


E. W. Nelson. 


J.J. McLean. 


J. H. Johnson. 
Lieut. P. H. Ray. 
Do. 


.| John Murdoch. 
-| Lieut. P. H. Ray. 


L. M. Turner. 
Do. - 
William J. Fisher. 
Dr. E. Palmer. 
I. Applegate. 
W.E. Curtis. 
—— Johnson. 
William J. Fisher. 
Do. 


Lieut. Geo. M.Stoney, U.S.N. ~ 


ao ae ene 


THE MAN’S KNIFE. 745 


List of man’s knives in the U, 8, National Museum. 


. 


a _ Cat. No. Curved knives. Locality. Collector's name. 
a 
ed 29076-78 | Curved knife .-............. Kwakiutl, Fort Rupert, | J.G.Swan. 


Alaska. 
OOS eee Oso ne wise conte etiaae cm. ' Godthaab, Greenland .....-- Theo. Holm. 
~~ 131220 Knife, glass blade .......--- Borja Bay, Patagonia -.----- Thomas Lee. 
150715 - | Curved knife, left handed (?)| Aino, Yezo,Japan....-....-. R. Hitchcock. 
153046 Carved: knife so co can cook Naskopies, Labrador.-.--.... Dr. W. J. Hoffman. 
153498 Curved knife, pine handle... Montagnais, Labrador ....-- H. G. Bryant. 
153603-4 | Curved knife ............-.. Micmacs, Nova Scotia ....-- Gerald M. West. 
— 166956 Knife for carving....-.----. Yukon River, Alaska......- J.H. Turner. 
168342 Carving knife <*2---=2 --2.-- Tlingit. Sitka, Alaska ...--- Lieutenant Emmons. 
176434 Farrier’s knife.............. Washington City..-..------ M. E. Horrigan. 


a r : 2 


rs 


att 


CLASSIFICATION OF THE MINERAL COLLECTIONS 
4 THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


BY 


WIRT TASSIN, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Mineralogy. 


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CLASSIFICATION OF THE MINERAL COLLECTIONS IN THE 
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By Wirt TAssIn, 


Assistant Curator, Division of Mineralogy. 


PREFACE. 


This outline is preliminary to an exhaustive descriptive catalogue, 
and is issued in response to numerous requests for methods of classifi- 
cation, arrangement, etc. 

The series is divided into two general classes—native elements and 
compounds of the elements. The compounds of the elements are further 
divided and grouped under certain heads according to, and which take 
their names from, their more negative constituents as follows: Com- 
pounds of the halogens, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides. 
Compounds of sulphur, selenium, and tellurium; also arsenic and anti- 
mony, including sulphides, selenides, and tellurides; arsenides, anti- 
monides, sulpharsenides, and sulphantimonides; also sulphosalts. 
Oxygen compounds, including oxides and the oxygen salts, borates, 
aluminates, chromites, ferrites, manganites, plumbates, arsenites and 
antimonites, selenites and tellurites, carbonates, silicates, titanates, 
columbates and tantalates, nitrates, vanadates, phosphates, arsenates 
and antimonates, sulphates, selenates and tellurates, chromates, molyb- 
dates and tungstates, iodates, and uranates. Compounds of organic 
origin, including salts of organic acids and carbon compounds. 

Each of these classes is further separated into groups, the minerals 
included in any one group being such as are related in the details of 
chemical composition. Each of these groups is preceded by a general 
group label giving the class to which it belongs, the group name, the 
minerals composing that group, together with their chemical composi- 
tion, system of crystallization, and a short description of the occurrence, 
association, and characteristic form of each member of the group. The 
following label will serve to give a clearer idea of this arrangement: 


TUNGSTATES. 
Wolframite Group. 
Wolframite. (Fe,Mn)WO, Monoclinic. 
Hiibnerite. Mnwo, Monoclinic. 
749 


750 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Wolframite.—Chiefly ferrous tungstate, with some manganese. It occurs in irregu- 
lar lamellar, coarse divergent columnar, and granular masses, and in crystals, com- 
monly tabular. Colorand streak nearly black. Wolframite is often associated with 
tin ores, and with quartz carrying bismuth, scheelite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc. 

Hiibnerite.—Chiefly manganese tungstate, with some iron. It occurs in bladed 
forms and massive in quartz, and with alabandite, rhodonite, scheelite, fluorite, and 
apatite. Color brownish red, hair brown to nearly black. Streak yellowish brown. 

Following the group label, arranged in order from left to right, are 
the several members of the group, selected to illustrate as completely 
as possible their occurrences, associations, and variety in form and 
color. Each specimen is mounted upon a block, in front of which is a 
small label giving the name of the species, the minerals associated with 
it in that particular specimen, if any, its locality, catalogue’ number, 
and from whom and how received. 

The several groups are placed in regular order in the cases, and each 
case carries a case label giving the name of the class to which its con- 
tents are referred. In the upper left-hand corner of each case is a 
numeral followed by an arrow, which serves to indicate the sequence 
in which the cases are to be studied, and also to facilitate reference to 
the text of a descriptive catalogue to be printed. 


CLASSIFICATION. 
I, ELEMENTS. 


Of the seventy or more elements at present known to chemistry but 
eighteen, excluding those occurring only in the gaseous state, are found 
native. With the native elements are included the native alloys, or 
compounds and mixtures of elements belonging to the same groups in 
the periodic system. 


Group 1. 
Diamond. C. Isometric; tetrahedral. 
Sort. 
Carbonado. 
Graphite. C. Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Schungite. 
Graphitoid. 
Cliftonite. 
Group 2. 
Sulphur. 8. Orthorhombic. 
Selen sulphur. (Se,S). 
Tellur sulphur. (Te,S). 
Selenium. Se. 
Tellurium. Te. Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Selentellurium. 
Group 8. 
Arsenic. As. Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Arsenolamprite. 
Allemontite. (As,Sb). Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Antimony. Sb. Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 


Bismuth. Bi. Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 


mel. & 


—_ 


To. le Pe 


, 
2 
; 
4 
: 
, 
; 
’ 
: 


Tin. 
Lead. 


CLASSIFICATION OF 


Group 4 


Sn. 
Pb. 


Group 3. 


MINERALS. 151 


Isometric. 


Iron. Fe. Isometric. 
Catarinite. Fe, Ni 
Octibbehite. Fe, Ni; 
Awaruite. Fe,Ni, 
Josephinite. Fe,Ni; 
Group 6. 
Platinum. Pt. Isometric. 
Platiridium. 
Iridium. big Isometric. 
Iridosmine. (Ir, Os}. Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Sysserskite. 
Osmiridium. (Os, Ir, Pt, Rh) Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Newjanskite. 
Palladium. rice Isometric. 
Allopalladium. Pd. Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Group 7. 
Mercury. Hg. 
Amalgam. Ag. Hg; to Ags;Hg. Isometric. 
Copper. Cu. Isometric. 
Silver. Ag. Isometric. 
Gold. Au. Isometric, 
Electrum. (Au,Ag,Hg). 
Porpezite. (Au,Pd). 
Rhodite. (Au,Rb). 


II. COMPOUNDS OF THE ELEMENTS. 


The great majority of minerals are compounds of elements. By a 
compound is meant that body produced by the combination of two or 
more elements, and which is different in its nature from and whose 
properties as arule are not the mean of those of its constituents. A 
compound is to be distinguished from a mixture or simple mechanical 
ageregation in that it always implies a chemical union of its compo- 
nents, and therefore possesses a definite chemical composition. 

Among minerals the compounds of the elements may be arranged, in 
accordance with certain chemical laws, under the following heads: 
A. Compounds of the halogens—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. 
B. Compounds of sulphur, selenium, and tellurium; also arsenic, anti- 
mony, bismuth, and germanium. C. Oxygen compounds. D. Com- 
pounds of organic origin. 


A. COMPOUNDS OF THE HALOGENS—FLUORINE, CHLORINE, BROMINE, 
AND IODINE. 


The halogens—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine—form simple 
and complex compounds with other elements. The halides, as these 


152 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1397. 


compounds are called, are derivatives of HF, HCl, HBr, and HI, and 
are divided chemically into four classes—fluorides, chlorides, bromides, 
and iodides—according to the nature of the negative constituent. — 
Two of the halogens—fluorine and chlorine—enter into the composi- 
tion of several oxidized compounds, called oxyfluorides and oxychlo- 
rides—compounds in which there is a metallic fluoride or chloride with 
a basic oxide of the same metal. 


CLASS, —FLUORIDES, 


Group 1. 


Fluorite. CaF. Isometric. 
Sellaite. MgF). Tetragonal. 


Crroup 2. 
Tysonite. (Ce, La, Di) F;. Hexagonal. 


Group 3. 


Cryolite. NasAlF,. Monoclinic. 
Elpasolite. 
Chiolite. NasAl3Fi4. Tetragonal. 


Group 4. 


Hieratite. K-SiF;. Isometric. 
Cryptohalite. (NH,)2.SiF5. Isometric. 


Group 5. 


Prosopite. CaAl,(F,OH)s. Monoclinic. 
Group 6. 
Hydrous Fluorides. 
Fluellite. AIF. H20. Orthorhombie. 
Pachnolite. | = kes AT : Hee 
Thomsenolite. | NaCaAlF;;. H.0. : Monoclinie. 
Hagemannite. ; 
Gearksutite. CaF,.Al(F,OH)3.H20. (?) 
Ralstonite. (Mg, Naz) Fo. Al3(F,OH) .2H20. Isometric. 
Yttrocerite. [(Y,Er,Ce)F3.CasF io]. H20. (?) 


CLASS,—CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, AND IODIDES. 


Group 1. 


‘ 


Chloromagnesite. MgCl. (?) 
Hydrophilite. CaCly. Isometric. 
Seacchite. MnCn. (2?) 
Lawrencite. FeCl. (?) 
Cotunnite. PbClk. Orthorhombic. 


~ Group 2. 
Molysite. FeCls. : Hexagonal. 
Group 3. 


Nantokite. Curly. Isometric. 
Marshite. Cun. Isometric (?) 
Calomel. Hg2Clh. Tetragonal. 


Halite. 

Rock salt. 
Sylvite. 
Sal-Ammoniac. 
Cerargyrite. 


Embolite. 
Bromyrite. 
Todobromite. 
Miersite. 
lodyrite. 


Pseudocotunnite. 


Bischofite. 
Erythrochalcite.! 
Chloralluminite. 
Carnallite. 
Erythrosiderite. 
Kremersite. 
Douglasite. 
Tachhydrite. 


Nocerite. 


Fluocerite. 


a 


Matlockite. 
Mendipite. 
Daviesite. 


Penfieldite. 


Laurionite. 
Fiedlerite. 
Percylite. 
Cumengite. 
Boléite. 
Atacamite. 
Sarawakite.? 
Daubréeite.? 


Huantajayite. 


Cuproiodargyrite. 


Schwartzembergite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 4. 
NaCl. 
(Na, K)Cl. 
KCl. 
NH,Cl. 
AgCl. 
(Ag,Na)Cl. 
Ag(Cl,Br). 
AgBr. 
Ag(Cl,Br,1). 

“Agi. 
Agl. 
(Ag,Cu)I. 


Group 5. 

PbK,C],. 

Group 6. 
Hydrous Compounds. 


MgCl:.6H20. 


AICl;.xH20.. 
KMeCl;.6H,0. 
K.FeCl;.H20. 
(NH4,,K):FeC],.H,0. 
K.FeCl,.2H20. 
Mg,CaCl,.12H,0. 


753 


Isometric. 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Hexagonal. 


(?) 


(?) 


(?) 


(?) 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 
Isometric. 
Monoclinie. 
Hexagonal; 

bohedral. 


rhom- 


CLASS,—OXYFLUORIDES AND OXYCHLORIDES, 


Group 1. 
(Mg,Ca)s0F4. 
Group 2. 
(Ce, La, Di)2OF4. 
Group 3. 
Pb,OC]. 
Pb302Cl. 
Pb302(Cl,1)2. 


Pb,OC],. 
Group 4. 
PbOHCI. 


PbCu(OH).Cl. 


Cu,(OH )sClo. 
Antimony oxychloride. 
Bismuth oxychloride. 


Hexagonal. 


Hexagonal. 


Tetragonal. 
Orthorhombie. 


Hexagonal; rhom- 


bohedral. 
Hexagonal, 


Orthorhombic. 


Tetragonal. 
oD 


Orthorhombie. 
(?) 
(?) 


48 


! Erythrochalcite is a hydrated copper chloride which may perhaps belong here. 
2 These compounds are of uncertain composition and may perhaps belong in this group. 


NAT MUS 97 


754 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 6. 
Atelite. Cus(OH)4Cl],.H20O. ( ?) 
Tallingite. Cu;(OH)sCl).4H,0. (?) 
Footeite. Cu,(OH)6Cl.4H20. Monoclinic. 


B. COMPOUNDS OF SULPHUR, SELENIUM, AND TELLURIUM; ALSO 
ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, AND BISMUTH. 


This division includes the non oxidized compounds of sulphur, sele- 
nium, and tellurium; also arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. It embraces 
the sulphides, selenides, and tellurides of the elements; also the arse- 
nides, antimonides, and bismuthides, the sulpharsenides, sulphanti- 
monides, and sulphbismuthides, and the sulphosalts. 


SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, AND TELLURIDES. 


The elements sulphur, selenium, and tellurium bear a marked resem- 
blance to one another and present close analogies in their properties, 
occurrence, and mode of combining with other elements. The terms 
sulphide, selenide, and telluride include all those compounds, derivatives 
of H.S, H.Se, and H,Te, in which sulphur, selenium, or tellurium forms 
the sole or chief negative part. The three negative elements are essen- 
tially isomorphous and may replace one another in varying amounts. 


CLASS,—SULPHIDES. 


Group 1. 
Realgar. As)82. Monoclinic. 
Group 2. 
Orpiment. As.)Ss. Orthorhombic. 
Dimorphite. 
Stibnite. Sb.283. Orthorhombic. 
Metastibnite. 
Bismuthinite. Bi.Ss. Orthorhombie. 
Group 3. 
Molybdenite. Mos). Hexagonal. 
Group 4. 
Oldhamite. CaS. Isometric. 
Sphalerite. Zn8. Isometric. 
Marmatite. 
Przibramite. 
Wurtzite. (Zn,Fe)S. Hexagonal. 
Erythrozincite. (Zn,Mn)S. Hexagonal. 
Greenockite. Cds. Hexagonal. 
Alabandite. MnsS. Isometric. 
Troilite. FeS. Isometric. 
Folgerite. (Fe,Ni)S. Isometric. 


Millerite, Nis. Hexagonal 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 755 


Group 4—Continued. 


Galena. Pbs. Isometric. 
Huascolite. 
Steinmannite. 
Covellite. CuS Hexagonal. 
Cantonite. 
Cinnabar. HgsS Hexagonal; rhombohe- 
dral. 
Guadaleazarite. 
Leviglianite. 
Metacinnabarite. HgS. Isometric. 
Group 5. 
Chalcocite. Cu.S. Orthorhombie. 
Harrisite. 
Stromeyerite. (Cu,Ag).S. Orthorhombie. 
Jalpaite. (Ag,Cu).S. Isometric. 
Argentite. Ag.S. Isometric. 
Acanthite. Ag.S. Orthorhombic. 
Daleminzite. 
Group 6. 
Pyrrhotite. Fe Si. Hexagonal. 
Horbachite. 
Group 7. 
Pentlandite. Ni;FeS;. Isometric. 

Group 8. 

j Polydymite. Ni,S;. Isometric. 

| Griinauite. 

4 Sychnodymite. (Co,Cu),S;. Isometric. 

; Group 9. 

. Beyrichite. NisS4. ( ?) 
Siegenite. (Co,Ni)3S,. (?) 
Linnzite, Co3S4. Isometric. 

Group 10. 
Hauerite. Mns),. Isometric. 
Pyrite. FeSy. Isometric. 
Marcasite. FeS,. Orthorhombie. 
Laurite. Rus. Isometric. 
Group 11. 

. Chalcopyrite. CuF es). Tetragonal. 

} Barnhardtite. 

Homichlin. 

Bornite. Cu;Fe8;. Isometric. 
Castillite. 

Cubanite. CuFe,S,. Isometric. 

Carrollite. CuCo,8,. Isometric. 

Chalcopyrrhotite. CuFe,S,. (?) 


756 


Sternbergite. 
Argentopyrite. 
Frieseite. 
Argyropyrite. 


Guanajuatite. 
Silaonite. 


Clausthalite. 
Tilkerodite. 
Zorgite. 

Tiemannite. 
Lehrbachite. 

Onofrite. 


Naumannite. 
Aguilarite. 
Berzelianite. 
Umangite. 
Eueairite. 
Crookesite. 


Altaite. 
Henryite. 
Coloradoite. 


Hessite. 
Stutzite. 
Petzite. 


Sylvanite. 
Krennerite. 
Calaverite. 


Nagyagite. 
Nobilite. 


Tetradymite. 


Joséite. 
Melonite. 


Wehrlite. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 12. 


AgFe.8;. 
AgFe;Ss. 
Ag.Fe;Ss. 
Ag3Fe;S,; I. 


CLASS,—SELENIDES. 
Group 1. 
BiSes. 


Group 2. 


PbSe. 


HgSe. 


Hg(8,Se). 
Group 3. 


AgoSe. 
Ag»(S,Se). 
Cu.Se. 


(Cu,Ag)2Se. 
(Cu, T1,Ag).2Se. 
CLASS,—TELLURIDES. 
Group 1. 
PbTe. 

HgTe. 

Group 2. 
Ag»Te. 

(Ag, Au),Te. 
Group 3. 


(Au,Ag)Te,. 
(Au,Ag)Te,. 
(Au,Ag)Te,. 


Group 4. 


AusPb)4Sbs( 8, Te) 24. 
Group 5. 
BicTe;. 


Bi,(Te,S)s. 
NipTe3( ?). 


Group 6. 
AgBi;Te; (?). 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombic. 


Orthorhombie. 


Isometric. 


Isometric; tetrahedral. 


(?) 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 


(?) 


Isometric. 
(?) 


Isometric 


(7) 


Isometric. 


(?) 


Monoclinic. 
Orthorhombic. 
Triclinic (?). 


Orthorhombic. . 


Hexagonal; rhombohe- 
dral. 
(?) 


Hexagonal. 


(?) 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 157 
CLASS,—ARSENIDES, ANTIMONIDES, AND BISMUTHIDES. 


Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are analogous in their properties 
and unite with other elements to form arsenides, antimonides, and bis- 
muthides. Arsenic and antimony, and to a certain extent bismuth, are 
essentially isomorphous and may replace one another in varying 
amounts. With the arsenides, antimonides, and bismuthides are 
included the sulpharsenides, sulphantimonides, and sulphbismuthides— 
compounds in which the negative part is taken by arsenic, antimony, 
or bismuth with sulphur. 


Group 7. 


Niccolite. NiAs. Hexagonal. 
Arite. Ni(As,Sb). Hexagonal. 
Breithauptite. NiSb. Hexagonal. 
Group 2. 
Léllingite. FeAs:. Orthorhombie. 
Safflorite. CoAs). Orthorhombie. 
Smaltite. CoAs,. Isometric. 
Chloanthite. NiAs». Isometric. 
Rammelsbergite. NiAsy. Orthorhombie. 
Sperrylite. PtAse. Isometric. 
Group 3. 
Skutterudite. CoAs;. Isometric. 
Nickel-skutterudite. 
Bismutosmaltine. Co(As, Bi)s. Isometric. 
Group 4. 
Leucopyrite. Fe;As,. Orthorhombie. 
Geyerite. 
Glaucopyrite. 
Group 5. 
Maldonite. Au,Bi. (?) 
Group 6. 
Domeykite. CusAs. (?) 
Orileyite. 
Dyscerasite. Ag:Sb. Orthorhombie. 
Animnikite. 
Huntilite. Ag;As. (?) 
Group 7. 
Algodonite. Cu,As. (?) 
Horstordite. Cu,Sb. 9 
Chilenite. AgBi. 
Group 8. 
Whitneyite. CuyAs. (?) 


158 


Cobaltite. 
Gersdorftite. 


Sommarugaite. 


Corynite, 
Ullmannite. 
Willyamite. 
Kallilite. 
Wolfachite. 
Lautite. 


Arsenopyrite. 
Danaite. 

Glaucodote. 
Alloclasite. 


Hauchecornite. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 9. 


CoAss. 
NiAssS. 


Ni(As,Sb)S. 
NiSbS. 
(Ni,Co)SbS. 
Ni(Sb, Bi)S. 
Ni(Sb, As)S. 
CuAss, 


Group 10. 


Fe(As,§8)o. 
(Fe,Co)(As,S)>. 
Group 11. 
(Ni, Co, Fe);(Bi,Sb, As)s. 


CLASS,—SULPHOSALTS. 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 


Orthorhombie. 


Orthorhombic. 


Tetragonal. 


This class includes the various native salts of the sulphoacids, H;RS;, 
H.RS,, H,R.S;, ete., of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, tin, and germanium. 
The several compounds are arranged with reference to their negative 
parts as follows: A. Sulpharsenites, sulphantimonites, and sulphbis- 
muthites. b. Sulpharsenates and sulphantimonates. 
nates and sulphgermanates. 


C. Sulphstan- 


A. SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, AND SULPHBISMUTHITES., 


Livingstonite. 


Chiviatite. 

Cuprobismutite. 
Dognickite. 

Rezbanyite. 


Berthierite. 
Sartorite. 
Zinkenite. 


Galenobismutite. 


Andorite. 
Alaskaite. 


Chalcostibite. 
Emplectite. 


Group 1. 


HgSb,S:. 
Group 2. 


Pb.BigS; le 
CugBigSis. 


Pb, Bios 19 
Group 8. 


FeSb.8,. 
PbAs.8,. 
PbSb.S,. 
PbBinS\y. 


(Pb, Ag.)Sb.8,. 
(Pb, Ag», Cuz) BisSy. 


Group 4. 


CuoSb.8y. 
CueBinS,. 


Orthorhombic, 


(*) 


Orthorhombic. 


(?) 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 
(?) 
Orthorhombie 
(?) 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombic. 


| 


Lorandite. 
Miargyrite. 
Plenargyrite. 
Matildite. 


Plagionite. 


Binnite. 


Klaprotholite. 


Warrenite. 
Schirmerite. 


Dufrenoysite. 
Rathite. 
Jamesonite. 
Kobellite. 
Cosalite. 


Schapbachite. 
Brongniardtite 


Semseyite. 


Diaphorite. 


Freieslebenite. 


Guitermanite. 
Boulangerite. 


Embrithite. 
Plunbostib. 


Lillianite. 


Wittichenite. 
Tapalpite. 


Bournonite. 
Aikinite. 
Stylotypite. 


Proustite. 
Pyrargyrite. 


Xanthoconite. 
Pyrostilpnite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 759 


Group 6. 


TIASS). 
AgSbS,. 
AgBi®). 
AgBiS,. 


Group 6. 
Pb;SbsSi7. 
Group 7. 


CusAs,So. 
Cus Bi,So 


Group § 


Pb;S bySo. 


(Pb, Ag»); Bi4Ss. 


Group 9. 
Pb2Aso8;. 


Pby,As:SbSho. 
Pb.Sb.S;. 


Pb,(Bi,Sb)285. 


Pb. Bi.S;. 


(Pb, Agz)2Bi,S;. 
(Pb, Agp).Sb.Ss. 


Group 10. 
Pb-SbeSi¢ 


Group 11. 


(Pb, Ag»)sSbi8i. 
( Pb, Ags),Sb48, Ll. 


Group 12. 


PbsAs.S,. 
PbsSb.S¢. 


PbsBigSs. 
Group 13 
CugBinSs. 


Ags Bin(S,Te)s. 


Group 14, 


Pb3C U.SbaS,5. 
Pb;C ug BinSs. 


Fe;(Cu,Ag)2Sb2Ss. 


Group 165. 
Ag Ass;. 
Ag SbS8s. 
Ag;Ass;. 
Ag3Sb8s. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Orthorhombie. 


Monoclinic. 


Isometric. 
Orthorhombic. 


(?) 
(?) 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombic. 

(?) 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie (?). 
Isometric. 


Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombie. 
Monoclinic. 


(?) 
(#) 


(?) 


Orthorhombie. 


(?) 


Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 


(?) 


Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Hexagonal; rhombohedral. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


760 


Tennantite. 
Sandbergite. 
Fredricite. 
Rionite. 

Tetrahedrite. 
Freibergite. 
Schwatzite. 


Malinowskite. 


Polytelite. 


Jordanite. 
Meneghinite. 


Geocronite. 
Stephanite. 


Kilbrickenite. 
Beegerite. 
Richmondite. 


Pearcite. 
Polybasite. 


Polyargyrite. 


Enargite. 
Clarite. 
Luzonite. 

Famatinite. 

Epiboulangerite. 


Epigenite. 


Stannite. 
Frankeite. 
Plumbostannite. 
Kylindrite. 


Canfieldite. 
Argyrodite. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 16. 


CusAs)S;. 


CugSb.S;. 


Group 17. 


Pb4AsoS;. 
Pb,Sb2S;. 


Group 18. 


PbsSb.Ss. 
AgioSb2Ss. 


Group 19. 
PbsSb2S.. 
Pb, Bi2Sy. 
Group 20. 


(Ag,Cu) AsS,. 
(Ag,Cu)oSbS,. 


Group 21. 


AgoSb2S; Bk 


Isometric; tetrahedral. 


Isometric; tetrahedral. 


Monoclinic. 
Orthorhombie. 


Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 


(?) 


Isometric. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinie. 


Isometric. 


B. SULPHARSENATES AND SULPHANTIMONATES. 


Group 7. 


CuzAss,. 


Cu;SbS8,. 
PbsSb.S8s. 


Group 2. 


FesCugAs.Sjo. 


Orthorhombic. 


Orthorhombie. 


Orthorhombiec (?). 


Orthorhombie. 


C. SULPHSTANNATES AND SULPHGERMANATES. 


Group 1. 


FeCu,Sns,. 
Pb;Sb.Sn.Sie. 
Pb,(Fe, Zn )2Sb.8n28, le 
Pb,Sb.SnySa1. 


Group 2. 


Ag.(Sn,Ge)Sy. 
AgsGeS,. 


Isometric. 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 761 


C. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 


From the abundance of oxygen and its nearly universal affinities its 
combinations form by far the largest number of the compounds of the 
elements. The minerals of this division fall into two general groups. 
To the first group the general name oxides is given; to the second, oxy- 
gen salts. The oxygen salts include a number of classes of minerals, 
such as carbonate, silicate, and phosphate. 


CLASS, — OXIDES. 


The compounds resulting from the union of oxygen with other ele- 
ments bear the general name oxides. Considering the class as a whole, 
the hydrogen atom or atoms in the typical oxide H.O may be replaced 
by a single element, as in cuprite Cu,O, or by a group of elements, as 
in gothite FeO(OH). Further, the oxygen may be replaced in part by 
sulphur, as in kermesite Sb.S.O; thus giving rise to three general 
groups: anhydrous oxides, hydroxides, and sulphoxides. 


A. ANHYDROUS OXIDES. 


Group 1. 
Tellurite. TeO.. Orthorhombie. 
Selenolite. SeQ.. (2) 


Group 2. 


Molybdite. MoO;. Orthorhombiec. 
Ilsemannite. 
Tungstite. WOs. Orthorhombie. 


Meymacite, 


Group 3. 


Arsenolite. rer eee 
Claudetite. yh Monoclinic. 
eee Sb.0 flsometric. 
Valentinite. See |Orthorhombic. 
Bismite. Bi.O;. (?) 
Group 4. 
Periclase. MgO. Isometric. 
Zincite. Zuo. Hexagonal. 
Massicot. PbO. (2? 
Manganosite. MnO. Isometric. 
Bunsenite. NiO. Isometric. 
Tenorite. CuO. Monoclinic. 
Melaconite. 
Marcylite. 
Group 5. 
Ice (water). HO. Hexagonal. 
Cuprite. CuO. Isometric. 


762 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


- Group 6. 
Quartz. SiO,. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Amethyst. 
Smoky. 
Citrine. 
Rose. 
Cotterite. 
Chalcedony. 
Chrysoprase. 
Prase. 
Plasma. 
Agate. 
Flint. 
Jasper. 
Basanite. 
Beekite, etc. 
Tridymite. Si0). Orthorhombie. 
Christobalite. SiO. Tetragonal. 
Rutile. TiO,. Tetragonal. 
Octahedrite. TiO). Tetragonal. 
Brookite. TiOs. Orthorhombie. . 
Arkansite. 
Eumanite. 
Baddeleyite. ZrOz. Monoclinic. 
Cassiterite. Sn0O,, Tetragonal. 
Ainalite. 
Plattnerite. PbO,. Tetragonal. 
Polianite. MnO. Tetragonal. 
Pyrolusite. MnO. Orthorhombie (?). 
Group 7. 
Corundum. Al,.O3. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Ruby. 
Sapphire. 
Emery. 
Hematite. Fe,0s. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Martite. 
Langbanite. Mn(Mn,Si)0Os. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Contains also Sb,0; and Fe,O;. 
B. HYDROXIDES. 
Group 1. 
Brucite. Mg(OH):. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Nemalite. 
Manganbrucite. 
Ironbrucite. 
Pyrochroite. Mn(OH)). Hexagonal; rhombo- 


hedral. 


De od 


Sassolite. 
Gibbsite. 
Zirlite. 


Namaqualite. 


Diaspore. 

Manganite. 

Gothite. 
Onegite. 


Bauxite. 
Wocheinite. 

Xanthosiderite. 

Winklerite. 


Turgite. 


Limonite. 
Heubachite. 


Heterogenite. 


Opal. 
Lussatite. 
Forcherite. 
Fiorite. 
Geyserite. 
Tripolite. 


Hydrotalcite. 
Houghite. 
Pyroaurite. 


Kermesite. 
Karelinite. 


Voltzite. 
Igelstrémite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 2. 


B(OH). 
Al(OH). 


Group 3. 
A1O(OH). 
Mn0O(OH), 
FeO(OH), 

Group 4. 
Al,O(OH),. 
Fe,0(OH),. 

(Co,Ni)2.0(OH),. 

Group 6. 


Fe,0;(OH Jo. 


Group 6. 


Fe,03(OH)«. 
(Co, Ni),O3(OH)s. 


Group 7. 


Si0.(H,0),. 


Group S. 


3Me(OH):.Al(OH)3.3H20. 


3Mg(OH)>:.Fe(OH)3.3H,0. 


C. SULPHOXIDES. 
Group 1. 


Sb.8,0. 


Sulphoxide of bismuth, 


Group 2. 


Zn0;8,0. 


Triclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombie. 


() 
(2) 
() 


(#) 


(?) 
(?) 


Amorphous, 


Hexagonal. 


Hexagonal. 


Monoclinic. 


(?) 


Hexagonal. 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS, —BORATES, ALUMINATES, CITROMITES, FERRITES, MANGANITES, 


AND PLUMBATES. 


The minerals here included may be regarded as derivatives of HBO,, 
H,BO;, H.B,O,, HAIO,, HCrO,, HFeO,, HMnO,, HMnO,, and HPbO,, 
or as compounds of other oxides with the trioxides of boron, aluminum, 
chromium, iron, manganese, and lead, forming respectively borates, 
aluminates, chromites, ferrites, manganites, and plumbates. 


T64 


Jeremejevite. 
Rhodizite. 


Pinakiolite. 
Ludwigite. 
Hambergite. 
Sussexite. 
Szaibelyite. 
Boracite. 
Stassfurtite. 
Parasite. 


Nordenskiéldine, 


Howlite. 
Warwickite. 


Pinnoite. 
Lagonite. 
Borax. 


Tinealconite. 


Bechilite. 
Hayesine. 
Ascharite. 
Ulexite. 
Priceite. 
Colemanite. 
Franklandite. 
Hydroboracite. 
Larderellite. 
Heintzite. 


Sulphoborite. 


Chrysoberyl. 
Alexandrite. 

Spinel. 
Ceylonite. 


Chlorospinel. 


Picotite. 
Gahnite. 
Automolite. 
Dysluite. 
Kreittonite. 
Hercynite. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


A. BORATES, 


Group 1. 


AIBOs. 


(K,Cs,Rb) AB, Os. 


Mg3Mn;Bz20;o. 
Mg3Fe;B.20 jo. 
G1,(OH)BO. 


(Mg,Zn,Mn)HBO,, 


Mg 10H Bs02;. 
Mg;Cl.Big02. 


CaSn ( BO;)2. 


CaSi H;B;0}4. 
M geFeTi2B O20. 


Group 2. 


MgB.04.3H20. 
FeB,0,. 14H,0. 
Na,.B,O;.H.0. 


CaB 107.4 H,O ° 


3Mg2B20;.2H20. 

NaCaB;09.8H20. 
Ca.B,0, 1 .3H20. 
Ca2B,011.5H20. 


CaNa.B,01;.7H20. 

CaMgB,0n.6H,0. 

(NH,)2B.013.4H20. 
KMeg2B;0i¢ 8H,0( ?). 


_ Group 38. 


Mg3(SO,4)3.Mg4B,Ojs.12H20. 


B. ALUMINATES. 
Group 1. 
GI1A1,0,. 


MgAi,0,. 


Zn Al,O,. 


Fe Al, O,. 


Hexagonal. 
Isometric; tetrahe- 
dral. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 
(?) 
(?) 
Isometric; tetrahe- 
dral. 


Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 

Orthorhombie (?). 

Orthorhombie. 


Tetragonal. 


(?) 


Monoclinic. 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 


Monoclinic. 

(?) 
Monoclinie (?). 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombic. 


Orthorhombie. 


Isometric. 


Isometric. 


Isometric. 


—————e= 


— ** 


Chromite. 


Chrompicotite. 
Magnochromite. 


Magnesioferrite. 
Jacobsite. 
Magnetite. 
Franklinite. 


Hausmannite. 
Braunite. 
Bixbyite. 
Crednerite. 
Chalcophanite. 


Psilomelane. 


Lithiophorite. 


Wad. 
Asbolite. 
Lampadite. 
Varvicite. 


Minium. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 
C. CHROMITES AND FERRITES. 
Group 1. 


FeCr,0,. 


MgFe.0,. 
(Mg, Mn)(Fe,Mn),0,. 
FeFe,0,. 
(Fe, Zn, Mn)(Fe,Mn),0,. 


D. MANGANITES, 
Group 1. 


Mn.Mn0O,. 

MnMn0O;,. 

FeMnOs. 
2MnMn0O,.3Cu0. 
(Mn, Zn)Mn,.H,0;. 


Hydrated mangan-manganite. 


E. PLUMBATES. 
Group 1, 


Pb.Pb6¢ ) 4° 


Isometric. 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 


Tetragonal. 
Tetragonal. 
Isometric. 
Monoclinic. 
Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral, 
(?) 


(?) 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—ARSENITES AND ANTIMONITES. 


The arsenites and antimonites, derivatives of As(OH), and Sb(OH),, 
or compounds of oxides with oxides in which the more negative parts 
are taken by arsenious and antimonious oxides, include both anhy- 
drous and hydrous salts, together with a few chloriferous compounds. 


Romeite. 
Trippkeite. 


Thrombolite. 
Coronguite. 
Partzite. 


Nadorite. 
Ecdemite. 
Ochrolite. 


Group 1. 


CaSb20,. Tetragonal. 
Copper arsenate. Tetragonal. 
Group 2. 
Cu,Sb20,. H20. ( ?) 
Hydrated antimonite of lead. (? 
Hydrated antimonite of lead, copper, and silver. (?) 
Group 3. 
PbCISbO. Orthorhombie. 
Pb,Cl,A8207. Orthorhombiec. 
PbeClL,Sb20;. Orthorhombic. 


766 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 
OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—SELENITES AND TELLURITES., 


The selenites and tellurites, derivatives of Se(OH), and Te(OH),, or 
compounds of oxides with oxides whose more negative parts are taken 
by selenous and tellurous oxides, have but few representatives among 
minerals, and these are of rare occurrence. 


Group 1. 


Molybdomenite. PbSeOs, Orthorhombiec. 


Kerstenite. 
Cobaltomenite. CoSeO3. (?) 
Chalcomenite, CuSeO;. Monoclinic. 
Emmonsite. Tellurite of iron. Monoclinic (?). 


Group 2. 
Durdenite. Fe2(‘TeO3):.4H20. (?) 
OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—CARBONATES. 


The carbonates, derivatives of H,CO;, or compounds of carbon diox- 
ide with other oxides, form a numerous and important class of minerals. 
They may be conveniently arranged as follows: Normal carbonates, 
compounds in which the ratio of oxygen in the carbon dioxide to the 
oxygen in the combined oxide is as 2:1; basic carbonates, compounds 
in which the ratio of the number of the oxgyen atoms in the dioxide 
to that of the combined oxide is less than 2:1; fluo and chlorocar- 
bonates, compounds in which there is a fluoride or chloride with a 
carbonate of the same element. 


A. NORMAL CARBONATES. 
Group 1. 


a. Rhombohedral section. 


Calcite. CaCOs. 
Brunnerite. 
Reichite. 
Hislopite. 
Thinolite. 
Dolomite. (Ca,Mg)COs. 
Ankerite. (Ca, Mg, Fe,Mn)COs. 
Magnesite. MgCoOs. 
Breunnerite. 
Mesitite. (Mg, Fe)COs. 
Pistomesite. 
Siderite. FeCOs. 
Siderodot. 
Thomiiite. 
Oligonite. 
Rhodochrosite. MnCoO;,. 
Manganocalcite. 
Smithsonite. ZnCOs3. 
Monheimite. 


Spheerocobaltite. CoCOs. 


Aragonite. 
Bromlite. 
Witherite. 
Strontianite. 
Emmonite. 
Cerussite. 


Tarnowitzite. 


Barytocalcite. 


Teschermacherite. 


Natron. 
Thermonatrite. 
Nesquehonite. 


Lanthanite. 
Tengerite. 


Uranothallite. 
Liebigite. 


Trona. 

Urao. 
Pirssonite. 
Gay-Lussite,. 


Bismutosphierite. 
Bismutite. 
Walthérite. 


Hydrozincite. 
Malachite. 
Azurite. 
Zinkazurite. 
Atlasite. 
Hydrocerussite. 
Aurichalcite. 


Dawsonite. 
Hovite. 


Hydrogiobertite. 
Hydromagnesite. 


Hydrodolomite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


f. Orthorhombie section. 


CaCOs. 
(Ca, Ba)COs. 
BaCOs. 
SrCOs. 


PbCOs. 


y. Monoclinic section. 
(Ba,Ca)CO3. 
Group 2. 
HNH,COs. 
Group 3. 


Na,COs. 10H,0. 
Na.COs. H,0. 
MgCoO;. H,O. 


Group 4. 


Lay(COs)3.9H20. 
Hydrated yttrium carbonate. 


Group 4. 


UCag(CO3),. 10H,0. 


Graup 6. 
HNas(CO3)2.2H20. 
Na,Ca(CO3):.2H20. 
Na,Ca(CO3)..5H.20. 

B. BASIC CARBONATES., 

Group 1. 


(BiO),COs. 


Group 2. 


Zn.(OH),COs. 
Cu,( OH)2COs. 
Cus(OH )2(CO3)2. 


Pbs(OH)2(COs)2. 
(Zn,Cu)5(OH)6(COs)4. 


Group 3. 


NaAl(OH).COs3. 


Group 4. 


Mg.(OH).CO;.2H20. 
Mg,(OH).(COs);.3H20. 


167 


Orthorhombic. 


Monoclinic. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 


Orthorhombic. 
(?) 


Orthorhombic. 


Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombic. 
Monoclinic. 


(?) 


(2) 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Hexagonal. 
Monoclinic (?). 


Monoclinic. 


(?) 


Monoclinic. 


768 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 4—Continued. 


Lansfordite. Mg,(OH)2(CO3)3.21H20. Triclinie. 
Zaratite, Ni;(OH)sCO;.4H,0. (?) 
Remingtonite. 


Cc. FLUO—AND CHLOROCARBONATES, 


Group 1. 
Parisite. [(Ca,Ce)F2]Ce(COs)s. ; Hexagonal. 
Kischitimite. 
Weibeyite. 
Bastniisite. [(Ce, La, Di) F]COs. Hexagonal (?). 
Group 2. 
Phosgenite. (PbC1)2COs. Tetragonal. 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—SILICATES. 


The silicates, derivatives of the several silicic acids H,SiO,, H,SiO,, 
H,Si0,, H,SiO;, and H,Si,0,, or compounds of silicon oxide with other 
oxides, constitute about nine-tenths of the known crust of the earth 
and more than one fourth of the known kinds of minerals. Isomorphic 
combinations are the rule, and the class exhibits great diversity of 
composition. For example, the ratio of oxygen in silica to that in com- 
bined oxide may vary for monad and dyad elements, such as potassium 
or calcium, between 2:4 and 4:1; and for silicates of triad elements, 
such as aluminum or iron, between 2:6 and 12:3. Again, it is not 
unusual to find a silicate containing both potassium and calcium, or 
the oxides of iron and aluminum, or of calcium and aluminum, and 
that not necessarily in atomic proportion. But although certain oxides 
are capable of mutual replacement in any and all proportions, such as 
the sesquioxides of iron, aluminum, ete., or the monoxides of calcium, 
maguesium, iron, manganese, sodium, lithium, etc.; and though a sili- 
cate may contain at once a mixture of sesquioxides and monoxides in 
combination with silica, the place of a monoxide is not taken by a ses- 
quioxide, nor that of a sesquioxide by a monoxide. 


Group 1. 
Petalite. Al1Li(Si,O;)2. Monoclinic. 
Hydrocastorite. 
Milarite. Al,CazKH(SizO;)6. Hexagonal. 
Group 2. The Pyroxenes. 
a. Orthorhombie section. 
Enstatite. MgSiO3. 
Bronzite. 
Diaclasite. 
Bastite. 
Hypersthene. (Fe,Mg)Si03. 
Amblystegite. 


Szaboite. 


Diopside. 
Hedenbergite. 


Manganhedenbergite. 


Schefierite. 
Jeftersonite. 
Augite. 


Spodumene. 
Hiddenite. 
Jadeite. 
Chloromelanite. 
Acmite. 


Egirite. 
Urbanite. NaFe(Ca,Mg)(Si0;)s. 
Lindesite. Nake(Ca,Mn)(SiO3);. 
y. Triclinic section. 
Rhodonite. MnsSiO,. 
Paisbergite. (Mn,Ca)SiO;. 
Bustamite. (Mn, Fe)SiO;. 
Fowlerite. (Mn, Zn, Fe,Ca)SiO3;. 
Babingtonite. Fe(Ca,Fe,Mn)(SiO;)s. 
4. Zircon Pyroxenes. 
Rosenbuschite. Na,Ca.lyZr,Ti.Si;Oi¢. Monoclinic. 
Lavenite. Na,CaMnZrsi03. Monoclinic. 
Contains also F,Cb, and Ti in small amounts. 
Wohbhlerite. Na;CajoF'3Zr ,Cb,SioOu. Monoclinic. 
Hiortdahlite. Na,CajeF'5(Si, Zr, Ti) 14059. Triclinic. 
Group 2A. 
Wollastonite. Ca,(SiO3)s. Monoclinic. 
Pectolite. HNaCa,(SiO3)3. Monoclinic. 
Manganpectolite. 
Group 3. The Amphiboles. 
a. Orthorhombic section. 
Anthophyllite. (Mg,Fe)SiO;. 
Kupfferite. 
Thalackerite. 
Gedrite. 
f. Monoclinic section. 
Tremolite. CaMg;(SiOs).4. 
Actinolite. Ca(Mg,Fe)3(SiOs),. 
Nephrite. 
Smaragdite. 
Asbestus in part. 
Cummingtonite. (Fe,Mg)SiOs. 
Dannemorite. ] 
Silfbergite. (Fe,Mn,Mg)SiOs;, 


Hilliingsite. J 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


(£. Monoclinie section. 


CaMg(Si0;)>. 
CaFe‘Si03;),. 
Ca(Fe,Mn)(Si03)>. 
(Ca,Mg)(Fe,Mn)(SiOs)2. 
(Ca,Mg)(Fe, Mn, Zn)(Si03)2. 
Chiefly Ca(Mg,Fe)(SiO;), with 
(Mg, Fe)(Al, Fe)SiOg. 
LiAl(SiO.).. 


NaAl(Si03).. 


Nak e(SiO3).. 


NAT MUS 97——49 


769 


770 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


f. Monoclinic section—-Continued. 


Griinerite. FesSiO. 
Richterite. [(K,Na).Mg,Ca,Mn]Si0,. 
Edenite. 
- hie Chiefly Ca(Mg,Fe),(SiO,),, with 
Pee leatlc: NazAl,(SiO;), and (Mg,Fe), (Al, Fe) .SinOj2. 
Crocidolite. NaFe,.(SiOs3)3. 
Glaucophane. NaAl(Mg,Fe,Ca)2(SiOs),. 
Riebeckite. NaFe(Fe,Mg,Ca).(SiO;),. 
Arfvedsonite. Na,Al(Al,Fe)(Fe,Mg,Ca)3Siz0.. 
Barkevikite. 
y. Triclinic section. 
Anigmatite. (Na, K)sNa,AlFe,(Fe,Mn.MgCa) (Si, Ti) SisOx. 
Cossyrite. 
Group 4. 
Leucite. (K,Na)AI(SiO3)2. Isometric at 500° C,. 
Group 5. 
Pollucite. H2(Cs,Na)2A1(SiOs)5. Isometric. 
Group 6. 
Hyalotekite. R,B2(Si03) 2. (?) 
R=Pb,Ba,Ca; also contains Gl,F,K,ete. 
Group 7. 
Beryl. Gl3A12(SiOs)¢. Hexagonal. 
Cesium Beryl. 
Emerald. 
Rosterite. 
Group 8. 
Leucophanite. NaCa(GI1F)(Si03)>. Orthorhombic. 
Meliphanite. G1INaCa,G1FSi;O;0. Tetragonal. 
Group 9. 
Iolite. AlgMgy(A1OH)2(Sig07)5. Orthorhombic. 
Cerasite. 
Fahlunite. 
Auralite. 
Chlorophyllite. Alteration products of Iolite. 
Aspasiolite. 
Pyrargillite. 
Gigantolite, etc. 
Group 10. 
Ransiitite. (Fe, Al),(Mn,Ca,Mg)s(Si207)s. Isometric. 
Group 11. 
Rowlandite. (Fe,Mg)(Y,Ce, La).(YF)2(Siz07)2. Isometric (?) 
Yttrialite. 


Thalénite. 


Barysilite. 
Ganomalite. 


Kentrolite. 
Melanotekite. 
Guarinite. 


Eudidymite. | 
Epididymite. ! 


Elpidite. 
Catapleiite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


~ Group 12. 


Pb3Si20;. 
(Pb,Ca)3Si20;. 


Group 13. 


Pb2( MnO),.Si,0;. 
Pb. FeQO),Si,0;. 
(Ca,Nag, K2)2[(Al, Fe,Ce)O }2Si2.0;. 


Group 14, 
HNaGI1SijOs. 


Group 15. 


HsNa2ZrSigO\¢. 
H (Naz, Ca)ZrSi;0u1. 


Natron-catapleiite. 


Eudialyte. 
- Eucolite. 


Orthoclase. 
Adularia. 
Sanidine. 

Soda orthoclase. 

Hyalophane. 


Microcline. 
Amazonstone. 
Anorthoclase. 


Albite. 
Oligoclase. 


Najz(Ca, Fe) ;Cl( Zr, Si)202. 


Group 16. The Feidspars. 


a. Monoclinic section. 


KAISi;Os. 


Ci: Na) AISi;O3. 
(Ko, Ba) A1Si,O,2. 


4. Triclinie section. 
KAISi;Os. 
(Na, K)AISi;0¢. 
The Plagioclases. 


NaAISi;Ox. 


Andesine. Mixtures of NaAlSi;Og and CaAl,(Si0,4)2, 


Labradorite. 
Anorthite. 
Celsian. 


Eucryptite. 
Nephelite. 
Kaliophilite. 


Cancrinite. 

Microsomnite. 
Davyne. 
Cavolinite. 


CaAlz(Si04)2. 
BaAl,(SiO,)2. 


Group 717. 
LiAISiO,. 
NaAlISiO,. 
KAISiOj. 
Group 18. 
HNa,(AICO;)A1,(Si04)s. 
(Na, K);Ca[Al(SO,.Cl;)]Al,(Si0, )3. 


Hexagonal. 
Tetragonal. 


Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombiec. 


JMonoclinie. 
lOrthorhombie. 


Orthorhombic. 
Monoclinic; pseudo- 
hexagonal. 


Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 


Hexagonal. 


_ Hexagonal. 


Hexagonal. 


Hexagonal. 
Hexagonal, 


U2 


Sodalite. 
Haiiynite. 
Noselite. 
Ittnerite. 
Scolopsite. 
Lazurite. 


Lapis-Lazuli. 


Helvite. 


Danalite. 


Eulytite. \ 
Agricolite. 


Grossularite. 
Essonite. 
Andradite. 
Ouvarovite. 
Pyrope. 
Rhodolite. 
Almandite. 
Spessartite. 
Melanite. 
Schorlomite. 
Ivaarite. 
Partschinite. 


Monticellite. 
Batrachite. 
Forsterite. 
Boltonite. 
Chrysolite. 
Fayalite. 
Hortonolite. 
Re pperite. 
Knebelite. 
Tephroite. 


Willemite. 
Phenacite. 


Trimerite. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 19. 


Nay(A1C1) Alo(SiO4)s. 
Na ,Ca(A1SO,Na) Als(SiO,);. 
Na,(A1SO,Na)Alo(Si0,)5. 


Na,(AIS;N a) AL, ( $i0,);. 


Group 20. 


G1;(Fe,Mn)2Mn.S( SiO, )3. 


Gl3(Fe,Mn, Zn)2( Zn, Fe)25(8104)s. 


Group 21. 
Biy(Si04)5. 


Group 22. The Garnets. 
Al,Cas3(Si0,)s. 

(Al, Fe)2Ca3(SiO,);. 
Fe,Ca;(Si0,)5. 
Cr.Ca;(SiO,)s. 

(Fe, Al)2Mg3(SiO,4)s. 


(Fe, Al)2(Mg, Fe )3(Si04)s. 

(Fe, Al).(Fe,Mn)3(Si04)s. 

(Fe, Al, Ti)2[ (Si, Ti)O4]s. 
(Fe,Ti)2[ (Si, Ti) 04]s. 


Al,Mn3(Si04)s. 
Group 23. 
CaMgsiO,. 
Mg,Si0,. 
(Mg, Fe):Si0O,. 
Fe,SiO,. 
(Fe,Mg,Mn).Si0,4. 
(Ie, Mn, Mg, Zn)2SiO,. 
(Mn,Fe).SiO,. 
Mn, SiO,. 
Group 24. 
Zn28iO,. 
G1.8i04. 


G1(Mn,Ca)Si0O4. 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 


Isometric. 


Isometric; tetrahe- 
dral. 


Isometric. 


fIsometric. 
Monoclinic. 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 
Isometric. 


Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombiec. 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombie. 


Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 

Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 

Pseudohexagonal; 
triclinic. 


4 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 25. 


Dioptase. CuH,SiO,. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
Chrysocolla. hedral. 
Pilarite. 

Asperolite. 
Bementite. MnH,SiO,. (?) 
Group 26. 
Caryopilite. Mn,H,Si;0;3. (?) 
Ekmanite. (Fe, Mn, Me), HSisOis. ? 
Group 27. 

Friedelite. Mn,H;(MnCl1)(Si0,),. Hexagonal; rhombo- 

hedral. 

Pyrosmalite. (Fe,Mn),H;[(Fe,Mn)C1](Si0,),. Hexagonal; rhombo- 

hedral. 
Group 28. 

Sarcolite. NaCazALSi;Oj2. Tetragonal. 

Meionite. Ca,Al¢SigOo;. Tetragonal. 
Wernerite. 

Mizzonite. } Intermediate between meionite and marialite. 
Dipyre. 
Marialite. NayAl;C1SigO2,. Tetragonal. 
Atheriastite. 
Algerite. 
Wilsonite. Alteration products of scapolite. 
Stroganovite. 
Couseranite. 
Group 29. 

“Akermanite.” Ca,SizOi0. Tetragonal. 

Melilite. \ Mixtures of ‘‘akermanite” and gehlenite in which | ‘ 

Fuggerite. part of the Ca is replaced by Mg and Fe. Res pooner 

Gehlenite. CazA]SizO0 jo. Tetragonal. 

Group 30. 

Vesuvianite. MgCa;(AIOH)A1,(Si0,);. Tetragonal. 

Xanthite. 
Cyprine. 
Group 31. 

Zircon. ZrSiO,. Tetragonal. 
Tachyaphaltite. 

Auerbachite. | : “ 
Cyrtolite. | Alteration products of zircon. 
Alvite. 

Thorite. ThSiO,. Tetragonal. 
Calciothorite. 
ee Alteration products of thorite. 

Freyalite. 
Auerlite. 
Group 82. 
Danburite. CaB,(Si0,)2. Orthorhombie. 
Barsowite. CaAl,(SiO,)2. Orthorhombie. 


174 REPORT 


Topaz. 
Pyenite. 


Andalusite. 
Chiastolite. 

Sillimanite. 
Fibrolite. 
Bamlite. 
Xenolite. 
Worthite. 
Westanite. 
Monrolite. 

Kyanite. 


Datolite. 
Botryolite. 
Homilite. 
Erdmannite. 
Euclase. 
Gadolinite. 


Zoisite. 

Thulite. 
Klinozoisite. 
Epidote. 

Picroepidote. 

Withamite. 
Piedmontite. 
Allanite. 

Bucklandite. 

Uralorthite. 

Bagrationite. 

Xanthorthite. 

Bodenite. 

Wasite. 

Muromontite. 

Pyrorthite. 


Prehnite. 
Uigite. 
Harstigite. 


Cuspidine. 


Prolectite. 
Chondrodite. 
Humite. 
Clinohumite. 


OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 38. 
Al,(F,OH),Si0,. 


Group 34. 
Al;(A10);(SiO4)3. 


Al;(A10)3(Si04)3. 


Al(A10)SiO,. 
Group 35. 


HCa(BO)Si0,. 
CaFe(BO)Si0,. 


HG1(A10)SiO,. 
G1Fe(YO)Si0,. 


Group 36. 


Ca,Al,(A1OH)(Si0,)s. 


C'a2(Al, Fe)2[ (Al, Fe)OH](Si0,)3. 


Ca2(Al,Mn)o(AIOH) (SiO,)3. 
(Ca, Fe):(Al,Ce, Fe)2(AIOH)(Si0,):. 


Group 37. 
H2Ca,Alo( $i0,)s. 


H,Ca;Mn.Alo(SiO,)«. 
Group 38. 
CasFSi0,(?). 
Group 39. 


Me[Me(F,OH)]:Si0,. 
Meg;[Mg(F,OH) J2(SiO,)2. 
Me;[Mg(F,OH) ]o(SiO,)s. 
Mg, [Mg(F,OH) ]o(Si0,)s. 


Orthorhombic. 


Orthorhombie. 


Orthorhombic. 


Triclinie. 


Monoclinie. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombie. 
Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombic. 


Orthorhombic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
‘Orthorhombiec. 
Monoclinic, 


i 


— 


Ilvaite. 


Ardennite. 


Bertrandite. 


Calamine. 
Clinohedrite. 


Lawsonite. 
Carpholite. 


Cerite. 


Tourmaline. 


Lithia tourmaline. 

Magnesium  tour- 
maline. 

Iron tourmaline. 


Axinite. 


Cappelinite. 
Melanocerite 


Cary ocerite. 


Steenstrupine. 
Tritomite. 


Kornerupine. 
Dumortierite. 
Staurolite. 
Nordmarkite. 
Xantholite. 
Zunyite. 


Sapphirine. 


6(H, 


CLASSIFICATION OF 


Group 40. 
CaFe,(FeOH)(SiO,)2. 
Group 41. 
H;MnyAl,VSi,O2:. 
Group 42. 
H(G1OH)GI1;(Si0,4)2. 
H(ZnOH)ZnSiO,. 
H(ZnOH)CaSiO,. 
Group 43. 


H,Ca(AlOH);(SiO,)2. 
H.Mn(A1OH).(SiO,)s. 


Group 44. 
H,Ce(CeO)3(Si0,)s 
Group 45. 
Hys(Na, Li) Alig BeSii20¢3. 
Hs(Mg, Naz) Al oBeSii2O¢3. 
HyNagFeyA1)4BySi2Og. 
Group 46. 
AlCa;(A1OH)(BO3)SiOn. 
Group 47. 


3BaSi03.2Y2(SiOs3)3.5Y BOs. 


12( H2,Ca)Si0;.3(Y,Ce) BO3.2H2(Th,Ce)O2F). 


8(Ce, La, Di)OF. 


,Ca)Si0,.2(Ce, Y) BO3.3H,(Ce,Th)O.F,. 


2LaOF. 


2(Hz,Na2,Ca)SiO;, (Ce, La, Di, Y) BO. 
H,(Ce, Th)O.F). 


Group 48. 
Mg(Al10)Si0,. 


Al,(A10)¢(SiO,)s. 
Fe(Al,OH)(A10),(SiO,)2. 


Al,[Al(OH,C1,F)2]6(SiO,)s. 


Group 49. 


Mg;Al,2S8i2027. 


MINERALS. 


775 


Orthorhombie. 


Orthorhombic. 


Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombic. 
Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombiec. 
Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombie. 


Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 


Triclinic 


Hexagonal. 

Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 

Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 


Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 


Isometric; tetrahe- 


dral. 


Monoclinic. 


776 


THE ZEOLITES. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The zeolites—groups 50 to 61—are silicates of aluminum with sodium 
and calcium chiefly, less often strontium and barium. They are all 
secondary minerals, all yield water upon ignition, and occur most com- 
monly in cavities and seams of the more basic eruptive rocks. With 
them are included three groups, 62 to 64, of minerals which, though 
not true zeolites, are similar to them in general structure and oceur- 


rence. 


Mordenite. 
Ptilolite. 


Analcite. 
Euthallite. 
Eudnophite. 


Laumontite. 


Caporcianite. 
Leonhardite. 


Gonnardite. 
Laubanite. 


Faujasite. 
Erionite. 


Brewsterite. 
Heulandite. 
Oryzite. 
Epistilbite. 
Stilbite. 


Phillipsite. 
Harmotome. 


Gmelinite. 

Levynite. 

Chabazite. 
Phacolite. 


Acadialite. 
Haydenite. 


Group 50. 


H.CaAl,( Si,0;)5.6H20. 
H.(Ca,Nay, K.)(Si,0;);.6H,0. 


Group 51. 
Na,Al.(SiO;)4.2H20. 


Group 52. 


CaAly( SiO;)4.4 H.0. 


Group 58. 


(Ca,Nay)2A1,(SiOs)5.541,0. 
Ca,Alo( SiO;);.6H,0. 


Group 54. 
H.2(Naz,Ca)Al.(Si03)5.9H20. 


H2Ca( Nav, Ky) Alo(Si03)¢.5H20. 


Group 55. 


(Sr, Ba, Ca)sAle( $iz0g)¢.9H 0. 
Caz;A1,(Siz0g)5.16H20. 


CagAlg(SigOg)¢.16H20. 
CazAl,( Si,O0x)e. 18H,0. 


Group 56, 


Cao(Na, K )2AI1g(Si04)3(SigOg). 14 HL O. 


BagA1,(Si04)3(Sis0s).14H20. 
Group 57. 
NasA1s( $1i0,)(SisO0g)2. 9H,0. 


Cag Alg( $10,)3( SizOs)s. 15H.O. 


CazAl,( Si0,)3( SizOz)s. 18H,0. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic (?). 


Isometric. 


Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombie (?). 
Monoclinic. 


Isometric. 
Orthorhombie (?). 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


. Monoclinie. 


Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 

Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 

Hexagonal; rhombo- ° 
hedral. 


Thomsonite. 
Picrothomsonite. 
Lintonite. 
Chlorastrolite. 

Gismondite. 


Hydronephelite. 
Ranite. 


Natrolite. 


Scolecite. 
Mesolite. 


Foresite. 
Wellsite. 
Edingtonite. 


Offretite. 


Apophyllite. 


Okenite. 
Centralassite. 
Xonotlite. 

Gyrolite. 


Plombierite 
Inesite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF 
Group 58. 


(Ca,Naz);A15(SiO,)s-7H20. 


CasAl¢6(Si0,4)¢. 12H. ), 
Group 59. 
HNagAl;(SiO,)3.3H.20. 
Group 60. 
H,NaAl.(Si0,)s. 


H,CaAlo(SiO,)s. HO. 
H:CaNa,Al,(SiO,),.H2.0. 


HyoCaNarAly(SiO,)s.H20. 
H,(Ba,Ca, K2)A1.(SiO,)3. H20. 
H,BaA1,(SiO,)3;.H.0. 


Group 61, 
H,Ca,Al,(Si0,);.16H20. 
Group G2. 
H)2Ca2(CaOH).2(Si,0;)s. 
Group 63. 


H,.Caz(Si,0;)s. 


Hy oCa,(Si20;)s. 
Group 64. 


H.Ca.Si,0,.3H20. 
H2(Mn,Ca),8i,0;.3H,0. 


THE MICAS. 


MINERALS. 


777 


Orthorhombie. 


Monoclinic. 


Hexagonal. 


Orthorhombie and 
monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic 
clinie. 
Monocelinie. 
Monoclinic. 
Orthorhombie. 


and tri- 


(?) 


Tetragonal. 


Orthorhombie (?). 


(?) 


(?) 


Triclinie. 


The minerals included in groups 65 to 68 all possess a characteristic 
structure, having a highly perfect basal cleavage, readily affording thin 


lamine. 


They are silicates of aluminum, with potassium, sodium, iron, 


and magnesium chiefly, and all yield water upon ignition. 


Muscovite. 
Damourite. 
Margarodite. 
Fuchsite. 
Avalite. 
Oellacherite. 
Euphyllite. 
Mariposite. 


Group 65. The Micas, 


H,KA1;(Si0,)s. 


Monoclinic. 


778 


Paragonite. 
Cossaite. 
Oncosine. 

Lepidolite. 
Cookeite. 
Alurgite. 

Zinnwaldite. 


Polylithionite. 
Protolithionite. 


Cryophyllite. 

Biotite. 
Meroxene. 
Haughtonite. 


Lepidomelane 
Siderophyllite. 


Barytbiotite. 

Rastolyte. 
Phlogopite. 

Aspidolite. 


Manganophyllite. 
Ganophyllite. 


Caswellite. 
Rubellan. 
Voigtite. 
Bastonite. 
Pholidolite. 
Roscoelite. 


Margarite. 

Sey bertite. 

Brandisite. 

Xanthophyllite. 

Chloritoid. 
Sismondine. 
Salmite. 
Masonite. 

Ottrelite. 
Venasquite. 
Phyllite. 


Jefterisite. 
Pelhamite. 


Vermiculite. 
Kerrite. 


Culsageeite. 

Lucasite. 

Hallite. 
Painterite. 


Philadelphite. 
Protovermiculite. 


Group 65—Continued. 


H,NaAls(Si0,)s. 


(Li, K).Al.(F,OH).S8i;05. 


(Li, K )3FeAl,( F,OH )2SisOi¢. 


HF 4( Li, K), FeA1,S8iioOs0. 


HK(Mg,Fe)2(Al,Fe)2(SiO,)s. 


H,.KMg3A1,(Si0,4)s. 


H.K2(Mg,Fe)(Al,V),4(Si0,)s. 


Group 66. The Brittle Micas. 


HCa(A10);AIOH(SiO,)2. 
H;(Mg,Ca);A1;SioOis. 
Hy(Mg,Ca))2A1)28i;044. 
Hs(Mg, Ca) 4Al¢Si;Oz2. 
HFe(AIOH)AI10,Si0,. 


HFe(ALOH)A10,Si;03. 


Group 67. The Vermiculites. 


Hi.2Mg,(Al, Fe) 1Sis0o5. 


H,Mg;(Al, Fe)2Si3014. 
H;Mg;(Al,Fe)5SizOz2. 
HoyMgio(Al, Fe) SigO4. 


H.Mg;(Al, Fe).Sis0i3. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinie. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


9 rrr eee 


Vaalite. 
Maconite. 
Dudleyite. 
Pyrosclerite. 
Roseite. 
Willeoxite. 


Clinochlore. 
Leuchtenbergite. 
Kotschubeite. 

Penninite. 
Kiimmererite. 
Loganite. 
Pseudophite. 
Tabergite. 

Prochlorite. 
Grengesite. 
Grochauite. 

Corundophilite. 
Amesite. 

Daphnite. 
Metachlorite. 
Klementite. 

Diabantite. 

Aphrosiderite. 

Delessite. 

Rumpftite. 

Cronstedtite. 


Thuringite. 
Chamosite. 

Stilpnomelane. 
Chalcodite. 

Strigovite. 


Serpentine. 
Bowenite. 
Retinalite. 
Metaxite. 
Williamsite. 
Antigorite. 
“Marmolite. 
Chrysotile. 
Picrolite. 
Baltimorite. 
Totaigite. 
Metaxoite. 
Hydrophite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 67—Continued. 


H,o(Mg, Fe,Ca)ALSi;Ox0. 


Group 68. The Chlorites. 


H;(Mg, Fe);ALSi,O0 js. 


Hs( Mg, Fe )5A 1,Sis0 is. 


Hol Mg, Fe ) 3A ] 1 451130 90- 


Hoo( Meg, Fe), AlsSigO45. 
HsgF'e27A lopSijsOi21. 
Hys(Mg, Fe) 2A SigO4;. 
Hy (Fe, Mg)sALSi,O2;. 
Hio(Mg, Fe) A1,Si,O2;. 
Hae-Mg7Al],(Si,o0%5- 
H,(Fe,Mg) ;Fe,Si.Oj3. 
HisFes(Al, Fe)sSigOu. 
H,(FeOH),A1SigO2.. 
H,(Fe,Mn).(Fe,Al)2Si20)). 
THE SERPENTINE AND TALC GROUPS. 
Group 69. 


H;(MgOH)Mg»(Si0,)2. 


T79 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic (?). 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
(?) 


Hexagonal. 


Hexagonal. 


Monoclinic. 


780 


Deweylite. 
Trongymnite. 
Cerolite. 
Limbachite. 

Genthite. 
Garnierite. 
Pimelite. 
Alipite. 
Refdanskite. 
Rottisite. 
Konnarite. 


Tale. 


Steatite. 
Sepiolite. 

Aphrodite. 
Spadaite. 
Saponite. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 70. 


H,(MgOH).Mg.(SiO,)3.2H20. 


H,(MgOH)2(Mg, Ni)2(SiO,)s.4H0. 


Group 71. 


H.Mg»(SiOs)s. 


HyMg2Si;0}0. 


H;Mg;( $i,0; )3. 
Hy, ( MgO H )oSinO7. 


(%) 


Orthorhombic or 


monoclinic. 
(?) 


(?) 
(?) 


Celadonite. 
Glauconite. 
Pholidolite. 


THE KAOLINS. 


The minerals included in groups 72 to 75 are all earthy aluminous 
silicates yielding water upon ignition, and as a rule result from the 
decomposition of other aluminous minerals. With them is included a 
group of hydrated silicates of iron and manganese which, like the 
kaolins, are derived mainly from the breaking down of other minerals. 


Group 72. 

Kaolinite. Monoclinic. 

Rectorite. 

Leverrierite. 

Kaolin. 
Halloysite. 

Sole. 

Montmorillonite. 

Razoumovskin. 

Severite. 
Newtonite. 


H,Al(AIOH)(SiO,)2. 


HAl(A1OH)(SiO,)2.H,0. (2) 


H,( ALOH)(SiO4)2.(H20)n. (?) 


H;A1(OH),Si0,4. H20. Hexagonal; rhom- 


bohedral. 
Group 73. 


Pyrophyllite. HAI1(SiO3)o. Orthorhombie( ?). 
Agalmatolite. 

Pagodite. 

Giimbelite. 

Neurolite. 


Biharite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 781 
Group 74. 


Allophane. Al,8i10;.5H,0. (?) 
Carolathine. 
Samoite. 
Cimolite. Aly(Sizg0g)3.6H,0. (?) 
Collyrite. Al,Si;0,.9H20. 
Dillnite. 
Schritterite. AligSig03).80 H20. ( ?) 
Secarbroite. 
Sinopite. 
Melinite. 
Ochran. 
Plinthite. 
Smectite. 
Rhodalite. 
Sphragidite. 
Portite. 
Catlinite. 


Group 75. 


Chloropal. 

Nontronite. 

Pinguite. 

Graminite._ 
Glasurite. 

Protonontronite. 
ge Hydrated silicates of iron. 
Hisingerite. 

Degerdite. 

Scotiolite. 
Gillingite. 
Jollyite. 
Melanosicderite. 
Avasite. 
Hydrotephroite. 
ee iatia, Hydrated silicates of manganese. 
Penwithite. 

Group 76. 
Silicates with carbonates, sulphates, and sulphites. 
Cenosite. Ca(Y, Er)2(SiO;);.CaCO;.2H,0. Orthorhombie (?). 
Thaumasite. CaSiO;.CaSO,.CaCO;.15H,0. Tetragonal. 
Reblingite. 5H.CaSiO,.2CaPbsou.. (?) 
Group 77. 
Silicates containing Uranium. 

Uranophane. CaU,Si,0)).5 20. Orthorhombic. 
Gummite. (Pb,Ca, Ba) U;Si0,2.5H20. (?) 


Coracite. 


782 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS, 


TITANATES. 


The titanates, derivatives of H,TiO; and H,Ti,O;, or compounds of 
oxides with oxides whose negative portion is made up solely or chiefly 
of titanium oxide, may be arranged under the following types: Titan- 
ates, compounds in which the negative portion is titanium oxide; titano- 
silicates, compounds in which the negative portion is compounded of 
titanic and silicic oxides; columbotitanates, including those compounds 
intermediate between the titanates and the succeeding columbates, and 
whose negative parts may consist of the oxide of titanium with the 
oxides of columbium, or silicon, with zirconium. ete. 


A. TITANATES. 


Group 1. 


Perovskite. CaTiO;. Isometric. 
Knopite. 
Geikielite. MgTiO. Hexagonal; rhombohe- 
dral. 
Pyrophanite. MnTiOs. Hexagonal; rhombohe- 
dral. 
Ilmenite. FeTiOs. Hexagonal; rhombohe- 
dral. 
Menaccanite. 
Kibdelophane. 
Crichtonite. 
Hystatite. 
Uddevallite. 
Basanomelane. 
Picrotitanite. 
Hydroilmenite. 


Group 2, 
Pseudobrookite. Fe,(TiO,)s. Orthorhombie. 


Group 3. 


Derbylite. 5FeTiOs. Fe(SbO;)2. Orthorhombie. 
Lewisite. 2(Ca, Fe)Ti0;.3Ca(SbOs)2. Isometric. 


B. TITANOSILICATES 
Group 1. 


Titanite. CaTiSiO;. Monoclinic. 

Titanomorphite. 

Ligurite. 

Grothite. 

Eucolite titanite. 

Zirkelite. 

Alshedite. 

Xanthitane. 
Neptunite. (Fe,Mn)TiSiO;. Monoclinic. 
Keilhauite. Ca(Y,Al1)(Y,A1,Fe)[(SiTiO;)(SiO;) ]. Monoclinic. 
Tscheffkinite. (Fe, Ce, La, Di).(Ca, Fe, G1)2(SiTiOs)s. (?) 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 2. 


783 


Johnstrupite. H;Nag(Ca, Mg)i3(Ce, Y, Al, Fe) I's Monoclinic. 
(Ti, Zr) 3Sij 204s. 
Mosandrite. Hi2Na2Cajo(Ce, Y)(OH,F)s Monoclinic. 
(Ti, Zr, Ce) Si2O4g. 
Rinkite. NagCaiCesFsTi,SiisOus. Monoclinic. 
Group 8. 
Astrophyllite. (H,Na,K)4(Fe,Mn)4(Si, Ti);O i. Orthorhombic. 
C. COLUMBOTITANATES, 
Group 1. 
Dysanalyte. Na,(Ca, Fe)sTijopO29Ce(CbO3)3. Isometric. 
Hydrotitanite. 
Polymignite. Ce,(Ca, Fe)4(Ti, Zr) oO029Ca(CbOs)>. Orthorhombic. 
schynite. Ce,(Ca, Fe)2(Ti, Th) ,02;Ce2(CbO3)s. Orthorhombie. 
Polycrase. (Ca, Fe) ,Y4(UO2)Ti2035 Y2(CbO3)¢. Orthorhombie. 
Euxenite. Fe(Y,Er,Ce)2(U0O)(TizO5)6¢. Orthorhombic. 


Fe(Y,Er,Ce):(UO)(CbOs)2. 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—COLUMBATES AND TANTALATES. 


The columbates and tantalates are derivatives of columbie and tan- 
talic acids, H;RO,, H,R,O;, and HRO;, or compounds of oxides with 
oxides whose negative parts are taken by the oxides of columbium or 
tantalum. The intimate relations existing between these compounds 
require them to be grouped together, there being in fact but few 
native tantalates that do not contain more or less columbium. In the 
formulas R — the oxides of the rare earths and uranium, calcium, iron, 
ete. 


Group 1. 


Pyrochlore. RCb,O;.R(Ti,Th)O3.NaF. Isometric. 
Koppite. 5R2Cb207.2NaF. Isometric. 
Hatchettolite. 2R( Cb, Ta)205.R2(Cb, Ta)207. Isometric. 
Microlite. [R2(Ta,Cb)207.2R(Ta,Cb)206].NaF. Isometric, 

Pyrrhite. 

Group 2. 
i iii 

Yttrotantalite. RR. Ta,Cb),Oj5. Orthorhombiec. 
Samarskite. R;R.(Cb, Ta),On. Orthorhombic. 

Nohilite. 

Blomstrandite. 

Vietinghofite. 

Anneridite. 

Rogersite. 
Hjelmite. Ry TagOi9(?). Orthorhombic. 


784 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 3, 


Fergusonite. (Y,Er,Ce)(Cb,Ta)O.. Tetragonal. 
Rutherfordite. 
Kochelite. 
Arrhenite. 

Sipylite. ErCboO,. Tetragonal. 


Group 4. 


Columbite. Fe(CbOs),. Orthorhombie. 
Manganocolumbite. f 

Tantalite. Fe(TaQ3)2. Orthorhombic. 
Manganotantalite. 

Tapiolite. (Fe,Mn)[(Cb,Ta)Os]o. Tetragonal. 
Mossite. 
Adelpholite. 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—NITRATES. 


The nitrates, derivatives of HNO;, or compo nds of oxides with 
oxides whose negative portion is nitrogen pentoxide, are few and are 
chiefly salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. There is 
a Single basic cuprous species and a few double salts. 


Group 1. 
Soda niter. NaNOs. Hexagonal; rhombohe- 
dral. 
Niter. KNOs. Orthorhombie. 
Nitrobarite. ; Ba(NOs)2. Isometric. 
Group 2. 
Nitrocalcite. Ca(NO3)2.4H20. ( ?) 
Nitromagnesite. Mg(NO3)2.6H20. (?) 
Group 8. 
Gerhardtite Cu,y(OH)5(NOs)2. Orthorhombic. 
Group 4. 
Darapskite. NaNO;.Na,SO,.H2O Monoclinic. 


Nitroglauberite. 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—VANADATES. 


«= 


The vanadates, derivatives of H;VQO,, include those minerals in 
which vanadium pentoxide constitutes the negative portion. The prin- 
cipal vanadates are vanadinite, a combination of a lead vanadate and 
chloride, and descloizite. a basic lead vanadate carrying zinc. 

Group 1, 
Pucherite. | BiVO,. Orthorhombic. 


Group 2. 


Vanadinite. (PbC1)Pby(VO4)s. Hexagonal. 
7 ° ay. (PbC1)Pby(VO4)s. | 2 
Endlichite. Pees bee Hexagonal, 


i oe 
‘ 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 785 


Group 6. 


Descloizite, (Pb, Zn).(OH)VOj. Orthorhombic. 
Cuprodescloizite. 
Kusynchite. 
Dechenite. 

Calciovolborthite. (Cu,Ca)2(OH) VO,. Orthorhombic. 


Group 4. 


Brackebuschite. (Pb, Fe,Mn)3s(VO4)2.H20. Monoclinic(?). 
Group 5. 
Psittacinite. (Pb,Cu),(OH)2(VO,)2. H20. (?) 
Mottramite. 
Chileite. 
Vanadiolite. 
Volborthite. (Cu, Ca, Ba);3(OH)3VO,.6H20. (?) 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—PHOSPHATES. 

The phosphates, derivatives of H;PO,, H,P.O;, and HPO, include 
the native oxidized compounds of phosphorus, which are compounds 
of oxides with phosphorus pentoxide. These compounds are either 
normal or basic salts, both hydrous and anhydrous. The phosphates 


may crystallize with a fluoride, as in apatite, a combination of a phos- 
phate and fluoride; with a chloride, as in pyromorphite, a combination 
of a phosphate and chloride, or with a hydroxyl, as in triploidite. 


Monetite. 
Natrophite. 


Pyrophosphorite. 


Triphylite. 
Heterosite. 
Melanchlor. 

Lithiophilite. 

Natrophilite. 

Beryllonite. 


Xenotime. 
Monazite. 
Kararfveite. 


Apatite. 
Chlorapatite. 
Manganapatite. 
Cuproapatite. 
Phosphorite. 
Coprolite. 
Staffelite. 
Epiphosphorite. 
Hydroapatite. 


NAT MUS 97——50 


Group 1. 
HCaPoO,. 


Group 2. 


Li(Fe,Mn)P0,. 


Li(Mn,Fe)PO,. 
NaMnPO,. 
NaGl1PO,. 


Group 3. 
(Y,Ce)POx. 


(Ce,La,Di, Th) PO. 


Group 4. 
(CaF)Ca,(PO,)s. 


Triclinic. 


Orthorhombie. 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombie. 


Tetragonal. 
Monoclinie. 


Hexagonal. 


+ 


786 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Pyromorphite. 
Polyspherite. 
Cherokine. 
Miesite. 
Nussierite. 


Amblygonite. 
Montebrasite. 
Morinite. 


Spodiosite. 
Herderite. 
Wagnerite. 
Kjerulfine. 
Cryphiolite. 
Triplite. 
Sarcopside. 
Pseudotriplite. 
Alluaudite. 
Griphite. 
Triploidite. 


Libethenite. 
Pseudomalachite. 
Dihydrite. 


Dufrenite. 

Augelite. 

Trolleite. 
Attacolite, 


Cirrolite. 
Tavistockite. 
Lazulite. 


Tetragophosphite. 


Andrewsite. 


Hannlinite. 


Struvite. 
Guanapatite. 
Epiglaubite. 
Dittmarite. 
Redondite. 


Group 4—Continned. 


(PbC1)Pb4(PO,)s. 


Group 5. 
Li(AIF)PO,. 
Li(AlOH)PO,. 
Group 6. 


(CaF)CaPO,. 
[Ca(OH,F)]G1PO,. 
(MgF)MgPO,. 


[(Fe,Mn)F](Fe,Mn)PO,. 


Alteration products of triplite. 


[(Mn, Fe)OH](Mn,Fe)PO,. 
Group 7. 


Cue(OH)PO,. 
Cu;3(OH )sPO4. 
Cug( OH )a( PO,)s. 
Group 8. 


Fe,(O H )sPO.4. 
Al,(OH)3PO4. 
Al,(OH)3(PO4)s. 


Group 9. 
CazAl,(O H)3( PO4)3. 
CasAlo(OH)¢(PO4)2. 
(Fe, Mg) Al,(OH)2(PO4)2. 
(Cu, Fe, Mn) Fe(OH)7(PO4)s ( ?) 
Group 10. 


(Sr,Ba)Als(OH, F)7P3O7. 


Group 11. 


NH4MgP0,4.6H,0. 


Guano minerals. 


Hexagonal. 


Triclinic. 
Triclinic. 


Orthorhombic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombic. 
(?) 


Monoclinic or tri- 
clinic. 


Orthorhombic. 
Monoclinic. 


(?) 


(?) 
(?) 


Monoclinic. 


(?) 


Hexagonal; rhom- 
bohedral. 


Orthorhom bic. 


Colophanite. 
Monite. 
Dickinsonite. 
Fillowite. 
Fairfieldite. 
Messelite. 
Reddingite. 
Hopeite. 


Bobierrite. 
Hautefeuillite. 
Vivianite. 


Rhabdophanite. 
Scovillite. 
Churchite. 
Variscite. 
Planerite. 
Barrandite. 
Strengite. 
Callainite. 
Berlinite. 
Amphithalite. 
Zepharovichite. 
Koninckite. 
Minervite. 
Phosphosiderite. 


Stercorite. 
Hannayite. 


Newberyite. 
Brushite. 
Metabrushite. 
Martinite. 
Zeugite. 
Hureaulite. 


Henwoodite. 


Psendolibethenite. 


Tagilite. 
Isoclasite. 
Eblite. 
Ludlamite. 
Veszelyite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 12. 


Cc as( PO,)2.H20. 


(Mn, le,Ca, Naz)3(PO,4)2.4H20. 
(Mn, Fe,Ca,Naz)3(PO,)2.4H2O. 
(Ca, Fe,Mn)s3(PO,)2.2H,0. 
(Ca, Fe)3(PO,):.23H20. 
Mns3(PO,)2.8H,0. 
Zns(PO.4)2.4H20. 


Group 12 A. 


Mg3(PO4)2.8H,0. 
(Mg,Ca)3(PO, .8H,0. 
Fes( PO,4)2.8H,0. 


Group 18. 


(La, Di, Y,Er) PO,.2H,0. 


CePO,.2H20. 
AIPO,.2H30. 


(Al, Fe)PO,4.2H20. 
FePO,.2H,0. 
AIPO,.2}H,0. 


AIPO4.3H20. 

FeP0O,.3H,0. 

AIPO4.34H20. 
2FeP0O,4.34H20. 


Group 14. 


H(NH,)NaPO,.4H,0. 
H,(NH4)2Mgs(PO;),.8H20. 
Group 15. 


HMgP0,.3H,0. 
HCaPO,.2H,0. 


H.Ca;( PO,)4.4H20. 


H2Mn;(PO,;)4.4H20. 
Group 16. 

H,,CuAl,( PO ,)s.6H20. 
Group 17. 
Cu.(OH)PO,.3H,0. 
Cu,(OH)PO,.H20. 
Ca.(OH)PO, 2H,0. 
Cus(OH)4(PO,4)2.H20. 
Fe;(OH )2( PO,)4.8H,0. 

(Cu, Zn)4(OH)s{ (As, P)O4]2.5H20. 


787 


(?) 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Triclinic. 
Triclinie. 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombiec. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


(?) 


Monoclinic (?) 
Orthorhombie. 


(?) 
Orthorhombie. 


(?) 


(?) 

(?) 
Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombie. 


Monoclinic. 
Tricliniec. 


Orthorhombic. 
Monoclinic. 


Hexagonal; rhom- 
bohedral. 
Monoclinic. 


(?) 


(?) 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic (?). 

(?) 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic or tri- 

clinic. 


788 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 18. 


Wardite. Al,(OH)3P0,4.4H20. (?) 
Turquoise. Al,(OH)3PO4.H20. (?) 
Peganite. Al,(OH)3;P0,.14H,0. Orthorhombic. 
Fischerite. Al,(OH);P04.2$H,0. Orthorhombic. 
Cacoxenite. Fe,(OH);P0,4.44H2O. Monoclinic (?). 
Evansite. Al;(OH)«PO,.6H20. (?) 
Wavellite. Al3(OH)3(PO4)2.5H,0. Orthorhombic. 
Lime Wavellite. 
Taranakite. 
Delvauxite. Fe ,(OH)¢(PO4)2.17H20. (?) 
Sphierite. Al;(OH)o(PO4)2.12H20. (?) 
Beraunite. Fe;(OH);(PO04);.3H20. (?) 
Eleonorite. 
Globosite. 
Picite. 
Group 19. 
Childrenite. (Fe,Mn)Al(OH)2:PO4.2H20. Orthorhombie. 
Eosphorite. (Mn, Fe)A1(OH),PO4.2H20. Orthorhombic. 
Calcioferrite. CasFe;(OH)3(PO4)4.8H20. Orthorhombic. 
Borickite. CaFe,(OH)¢(PO4)2.4H20. (2) 
Richellite. 
Group 20. 
Chalcosiderite. CuFegP4O020.8H20. Triclinie. 
Goyazite. CasAlioP2023.9H20. Tetragonal or hex- 
agonal. 
Hitchcockite. PbALP2012.9H20. Hexagonal. 
Plumbogummite. 
Group 21. 
Phosphates containing uranium. 
Phosphuranylite. (UO;)3(PO,;)2.6H20. (?) 
Uranocircite. (UO ,)2.Ba(PO,)2.8H20. Orthorhombie. 
Autunite. (UOz)sCa(PO,)2.8H20. Orthorhombic. 
Fritzcheite 
Torbernite. (UOz)2Cu( PO ,)2.8H2O. Tetragonal. 
Group 22. 
Phosphates with carbonates, sulphates, and borates. 
Dahllite. Ca,COsP40\5.4H20. Hexagonal. 
Destinezite. Fe,8.P20)7.12H,0. (?) 
Diadochite. Fe;S;P;027.27H.0. Monoclinic. 
Svanbergite. Na,CaAl.8P20)3.H20. Hexagonal; rhom- 
bohedral. 
Rhodophosphite. Ca(Mn, Fe)SCIFP.O;¢.H20. (2) 
Beudantite. Fe,CuPbS(P,As).0\9.H20. Hexagonal; rhom- 


Liinebergite. 


Mg3B2P.,0,; ,.8H,O. 


bohedral. 
(?) 


isomorphous. 


Cervantite. 


Berzeliite. 


Monimolite. 
Caryinite. 
Nickelarsenate. 


Carminite 


Atopite. 


Mimetite. 
Hedyphane. 
Pleonectite. 
Campylite. 


Durangite. 
Fluoradelite. 
Adelite. 
Sarkinite. 


Adamite. 
Olivenite. 
Chondrarsenite. 
Clinoclasite. 
Erinite. 


Arseniosiderite. 


Arseniopleite. 


pentoxide or antimony pentoxide. 


Pseudoberzeliite. 
Pyrrhoarsenite. 


Pol yarsenite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 1. 
SbSbO,. 
Group 2. 


(Ca,Mg,Mn);(AsO,)2. 


(Pb, Fe, Ca)s(SbO;)2. 
(Pb, Mn,Ca,Mg);(AsO,)2. 
Ni;(AsO,)2. 

Group 3. 
FeioPb3(A8O4) 12. 
Group 4. 
CaySb.20;. 


Group 5. 


(PbC1)Pb,(As0,)s. 


(PbC1)Pb,[(As,P)O4]s. 
Group 6. 
Na(AlF)AsO,. 
Ca(MgF)AsO,. 


Ca(MgOH) AsO. 
Mn(MnOH)As0,. 


Group 7. 


Zn2(OH)AsO,. 
Cu,(OH)AsO,. 
Mn;(OH)3As0,( 2). 
Cu;(OH )sAs8O.. 
Cu;(OH )s(ASO4)o. 


Group 8. 
Fe,Ca;( OH )o( ASO 4)s. 


(Fe,Mn):(Mn,Ca,Pb)3(OH)5(A8O4)s. 


789 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—ARSENATES AND ANTIMONATES. 


This class, derivatives of H,;RO,, H,RO., etc., includes those com- 
pounds of oxides with oxides whose negative parts are taken by arsenic 
They are similar to the phosphates 
in molecular structure, and, like them, are either normal or basie salts 
both with and without water of crystallization. 
crystallize with a fluoride, chloride, or hydroxyl. 

sent many analogies to the phosphates, and like salts, as a rule, are 


Further, they may 
As a class they pre- 


Orthorhombie. 


Isometric. 


Isometric. 
Monoclinic. 


(?) 


Orthorhombic. 


Isometric. 


Hexagonal. 


Hexagonal. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombic. 
Orthorhombic. 
(Gd) 

Monoclinic. 


(?) 


Tetragonal or hexag- 
onal. 


(?) 


790 


Atelestite. 


Manganostibiite. 


Hematostibiite. 


Ferrostibian. 


Stibiatil. 


Flinkite. 
Hematolite. 


Synadelphite. 
Allactite. 


Bindheimite. 


Stibiconite. 
Volgerite. 
Rivotite. 
Stibianite: 


Stibioferrite. 


Partzite. 
Stetfeldite. 


Scorodite. 
Jogynaite. 
Liskeardite. 


Brandtite. 
Roselite. 
Lavendulan. 
Trichalcite. 
Chlorotile. 


Picropharmacolite. 


Heernesite. 
Kottigite. 
Symplesite. 
Erythrite. 
Annabergite. 
Dudgeonite. 
Cabrerite. 


Rosslerite. 
Haidingerite. 
Pharmacolite. 
Wapplerite. 
Forbesite. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 9. 
Bi(OH)2( BiO)2As0O,. 
Group 10. 
Mn2(Mn,0-;)(SbO,).. 


(Mn, Fe).[(Mn,Fe)s,07](SbO 4). 


Group 11. 


MnAsO,.2Mn(OH)). 
(Mn,A1)AsO,4.Mn(OH)). 


2(Mn,A1)AsO,.5Mn(OH),. 


Mn,( AsO, )..4Mn(OH Ja. 
Group 12. 
Pb(SbOs)2.2H29. 


Group 13. 
SbSbO,.H20. 


Group 14. 
FeAs0O,.2H20. 


(Fe, Al)AsO,4.8H20. 
Group 15. 
MnCap(AsO,4)2.2H20. 


(Ca,Co,Mg);(AsO,)2.2H20. 


Cus(AsO;)2.2H20. 

Cus(AsO4)2.5H2U. 

Cu;(AsO,)2.6H20. 
(Ca,Mg);(AsO,)2.6H20. 


Group 16. 


Mg;(As0,)2.8H,0. 
Zn3(AsO,)2.8H20. 
Fe3(AsO,)2.8H,0. 
Cos(AsO,),.8H,0. 
Nis(AsO,):.8H20. 

(Ni,Ca)3(AsO,)2.8H20. 

(Ni,Mg)s(AsO,)2.8H20. 


Group 17. 


HMgAs0O,.3H20. 
HCaAsO,.H,0. 
HCaAsO,.2H,0. 
H(Ca,M¢@)As0O,.34H,0. 
H(Ni,Co)As0O,.3$H.O. 


Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombie (?). 
Orthorhombic( ?). 


Orthorhombic. 

Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 

Monoclinic. 

Monoclinic. 


(?) 


Orthorhombic. 


(#) 


Triclinic. 
Triclinic. 
(?) 
(?) 
Orthorhombic. 
(?) 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinie. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinie. 
Monoclinie. 


(?) 
Orthorhombice. 
Monoclinic. 
Triclinic. 


(?) 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 18. 


791 


Conichalcite. (Cu,Ca)2(0H)AsO,.4H20. (?) 

Bayldonite. (Cu, Pb)2(O0H)AsO4.4H20. (?) 

Leucochalcit« Cu.(OH)AsO,.H20. (?) 

Euchroite. Cu.(OH)AsO,.3H20. Orthorhombic. 
Group 19. 

Hematibrite. Mn;(OH),AsO,4. H,0. Orthorhombie. 

Xanthoarsenite. (Mn,Ca,Mg);(OH);A80,4.5H20. (?) 


Group 20. 


. 
y Chaleophyllite. Cuy(OH);AsO,.34H.0. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
| Group 21. 
: 
; Cornwallite. Cu;s(OH),4(AsO4)2.H20. (?) 
4 Tyrolite. Cu;(OH),(AsO,)2.7H20. Orthorhombic. 
4 
. Group 22. 
: Pharmacosiderite. Fe(OH )3(As0,4)3.6H20. Isometric;  tetrahe- 
Ss dral. 
r 
: Group 23. 
. 
: Mazapilite. Fe,Ca;(OH),(AsO4)1.3H20. Orthorhombic. 
¢ 
7 Group 24. 
Chenevixite. Cus(FeO)2(A80,)2.3H,0. (2) 
; Group 25, 
4 
Liroconite. CugAl,(OH),;(ASO,4);.20H20. Monoclinic. 
Ke Group 26. 
; Arsenates containing uranium and bismuth. 
Trégerite. (UO:)3(ASO,4)2.12H.0. Monoclinic. 
Uranospinite. (UO2)2Ca( ASO4)2.8H20. Orthorhombic. 
Zeunerite. (UO z)2,Cu(AsO;)2.8H20. Tetragonal. 
Walpurgite. (UOz2)3 BijpAsyO2g. 10H20. Triclinic. 
Rhagite. Bi(BiO),(As0O,)4.8H20. (?) 
Mixite. BiCujo(OH)s( AsO4)5.7H20. Monoclinic or tri- 
clinic. 
Group 27. 
Arsenates with sulphates. 
| Lindackerite. CugNis(OH),(SO4)(A804)4.5H20. Orthorhombie. 
Lossenite. PbFeg(OH)o(SO,4)(AsO,),5.12H20. Orthorhombic. 
Pitticite. Fe(OH )os(SO4)sL. (As, P)O4)Ji0.9H20. ( ?) 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—SULPHATES. 


The sulphates, derivatives of H,SO,, or compounds of oxides with 
oxides in which the sole or principal negative constituent is sulphur tri- 
oxide, are either normal or basic salts with and without water of 


792 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


crystallization. Further, they may crystallize with chlorides or car- 
bonates. The few native tellurates and selenates, derivatives of H,RO, 
and analogous to the sulphates, are here included. 


SULPHATES. 
Group 1. 
Mascagnite. (NH,4)2S80,. Orthorhombic. 
Thenardite. Na ,SO,. Orthorhombic. 
Arcanite. (Na, K).SO,. Orthorhombiec. 
Taylorite. 
Apkthitalite. (K,Na)2SO,. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Glaserite. 
Group 2. 
Misenite. HKSO,. Monoclinic (?). 
Group 3. 
Glauberite. Na2Ca(S0O.),. Monoclinic. 
Langbeinite. K,Mg.(SO,)3.- Isometric; tetrahe- 
dral, 
Group 4. 
Anhydrite. CaSO,. Orthorhombic. 
Barite. BaSO,. Orthorhombic. 
Dreelite. 
Celestobarite. (Ba,Sr)SO,. Orthorhombic. 
Celestite. SrSQ,. Orthorhombic. 
Calciocelestite. 
Zinkosite. ZnSOj. Orthorhombie. 
Anglesite. PbsO Orthorhombic. 
Sardinianite. a Monoclinic. 
Hydrocyanite. CuSO,. Orthorhombie. 
Group 5. 
Linarite. (Pb,Cu)2(OH).SO,. Monoclinic. 
Brochantite. Cuy(OH) SO,. Orthorhombic. 
Waringtonite. 
Antlerite. 
Group 6. 
Alumian. Al(A10)(SO4)o. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Group 7. 
Lanarkite. (Pb20)SO,. ” Monoclinic. 
Dolerophanite. (Cuz20)SO,. Monoclinic. 
Group 8. 
Guanovulite. (H,K,NH4)2(SO4)2.2H20. (?) 
Lecontite. (Na, NH,)2S0,4.2H,0. Orthorhombic. 
Mirabilite. Na,SO,.10H20. Monoclinic. 
Exanthalite. 
Gypsum. CaSO,.2H,0 Monoclinic. 
Selenite. 
Kieserite. Mgs80,.H,0. Monoclinic, 


Szmikite. MnSO,.H,0. (?) 


Epsomite. 
Fauserite. 
Goslarite. 
Ferrogoslarite. 
Tauriscite. 
Morenosite. 


Mallardite. 
Luckite. 
Salvadorite. 
Melanterite. 
Bieberite. 
Cupromagnesite. 
Pisanite. 


Chaleanthite. 
Manganotile. 
Siderotile. 
llesite. 
Serpierite. 


Langite. 
Herrengrundite 
Arnimite. 
Kamerezite. 


Coquimbite. 


Kornelite. 
Quenstedtite. 
Thleite. 
Alunogen. 

Davite. 

Tekticite. 


Rubrite. 
Amarantite. 
Hohmannite. 
Castanite. 
Fibroferrite. 
Alumunite. 
Werthemannite. 
Winebergite. 
Planoferrite. 
Raimondite. 
Pastreite. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 193 


Group 9. The vitriols. 
a. Orthorhombic section. 


MgS0O,.7H.0. 
(Mg,Mn)SO,;.7H.0. 
ZnSO,.7H,0. 


FeSO,.7H,0. 
NiSO,.7H,0. 


f. Monoclinic section 


MnS0O,.7H,0. 
(Mn, Fe)SO;.7H,0. 


FeS0O,.7H20. 
CoSO,. 7H,0. 
(Cu,Mg)s0,.7H,0. 
(Cu, Fe)SO..7H20. 


Group 9A. 
CuS0,.5H20. Triclinic. 
MnS0O,.5H,0. (?) 
FeS0,.5H20. (?) 
(Mn, Fe, Zn)SO,;.4H,0. Monoclinic. 
(Cu, Zn,Ca)SO;.3H,0. Orthorhombice. 
Group 10. 
Cu,g(OH),SO,;.H20. Orthorhombie. 
CuiCa(OH),(SO,4)2.8H20. Monoclinic. 
Cu;(OH),;(SO,;)2.3H20. Monoclinic. 
Cus(OH)iSO;.6H20. Orthorhombic. 
Group 11. 
Fe2(SO,)3.9H20. Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Fe,(SO,)3.10H20. Monoclinic. 
Fe2(SO,4)3.12H20. ( 2) 
Al;(SO4)3.18H20. Monoclinic 
Group 12. 
Fe(OH)SO,.H20. (?) 
Fe(OH)SO,.3H20. Triclinic. 
Fe(OH)SO,.4H20. Monoclinic. 
Fe(OH)SO;.5H20. Monoclinic (?). 
Al,(OH),SO,.7H20. Monoclinic. 


Feo( OH )4SO,4.13H,0. 
Fe,(OH)(SO4)3.4H20. 


Orthorhombie (?). 
Hexagonal. 


794 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Group 12—Continued. 


Paposite. Fe(OH), (SO,);.7H20. 
Carphosiderite. Fe;(OH)\(SO4),.4H20. 
Copiapite. Fe;(OH)2(SO;);.18H,0. 
Apatelite. 
Glockerite. Fe,(OH) SO;.H20. 
Felsébanyite. Al,(OH)pSO,.5H,O. 
Paraluminite. Al,(OH),~SO,10H,0. 
Utahite. (FeO).SO,.14H,0. 
Cyprusite. Al(FeO);(SO,);.7H20. 
Group 138. 
Syngenite. CaK2(SO,)..H,0. 
Wattevillite. (Ca,Mg)(Na,K).(SO,)..2H,0. 
Krohnkite. CuNa,(SO,)2.2H20. 
Liéweite. MgNay.(SO,)..24H20. 
Blidite. MgNa(SO;)o.4H20. 
Simonyite. 
Leonite. MgK.(SO,;)3.4H20. 
Boussingaultite. Mg(NH,)2(SO;)2..6H20. 
Picromerite. Mgko(SO,)2.6H,0. 
Cyanochroite. CukK.(SO,)..6H20. 
Polyhalite. Ca.MgK.(SO,),.2H,0. 
Mamanite. 
Krugite. CayMgKo(SO,),5.2H20. 
Group 14. 
Tschermigite. AINH,4(SO4):. 1L2H2O. 
Kalinite. A1K(SO,4)2.12H,0. 
Mendozite. AlNa(SO,4)2.12H20. 
Tamarugite. AlNa(SO,)2.6H20. 
Pickeringite. Al,Mg(SO,),.22H20. 
Stiivenite. Al,(Mg,Naz)(SO,)4.24H20. 
Seelandite. Al.Mg(SO,),.27H20. 
Halotrichite. Al,Fe(SO,;);.24H20. 
Apjohnite. Al,Mn(SO,),.24H,0. 
Bushmannite. 
Dietrichite. Al,(Mn, Zn, Fe) (SO,);.22H20. 
Reddingtonite. (Cr, Al1)2(Fe, Mg, Ni)(SO,),.21H20. 


Ferronatrite. FeNag(SO,)3.3H20. 


Roémerite. Fe.( Fe, Zn )(SO4)4.12H20. 
Phillipite. Fe,Cu(SO,)4.12H,0. | 
Sonomaite. Al,Mg3(SO;)5.83H,0. 
Dumreicherite. AlpMg,(SO,);.36H20. 
Aromite. Al,Mgy(SO,)y.54H20. 
Group 15, 
Alunite. K(A10)3(SO,)2.3H20. 
Ignatievite. 
Jarosite. K(FeO);(SO,;)..3H20. 


Moronolite. 


Monoclinic or tri- 
clinie. 

Hexagonal. 

Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombie. 
Orthorhombie. 
(2) 
Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 
Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 


Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic (?). 
Monoclinic. 
Tetragonal. 
Monoclinic. 


(%) 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic (?). 


(*) 


Isometric. 
Isometric. 
(?) 
(%) 
Monoclinic (?). 
(’) 
(2) 
Monoclinie or  tri- 
clinic. 
Monoclinic (?). 


Monoclinic. 
(?) 
Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 

Triclinic. 

(?) 

(?) 
Monoclinic (?). 


(?) 


Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. : 

Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedral. 


Léwigite. 
Sideronatrite. 
Urusite. 
Quetenite. 
Botryogen. 
Klinophaeite. 


Plagiocitrite. 
Voltaite. 

. Metavoltine. 
Ettringite. 


Cyanotrichite. 


Woodwardite. 
Knoxvillite. 


Johannite. 
Uranopilite. 
Uranochalcite. 
Voglianite. 
Zippeite. 


Sulphohalite. 
Chlorothionite 


Caracolite. 


Kainite. 


Spangolite. 


| 
| 
| 
i 


| Connellite. 


Hanksite. 


Caledonite. 
Leadhillite. 


Ferrotellurite. 
Magnolite. 


| Montanite. 


Klinocrocite. 


Zinkaluminite. 


SULPHATES 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Group 15—Continued. 
K(A10)3(SO4)2.44H20. 
Na,Fe(FeO)(SO,)4.7H20. 


MgFe(Fe0 )(S0,)s.13H,0. 
MeFe,(FeO )(SO,).18H,0. 
(K,Na)sAlo(FeO)3(SO,)5.8H20. 


(K,Na):Fe[ (Fe, A1)0],(SO,4)5.27H,0. 

(Mg,Fe);(Fe,Al)4(OH)2(SO,4)io.14H,0. 

(Ky,Na», Fe);Fe,(OH),(SO,)12.16H,0. 
CasAl(OH),0(SO,)3.24HL0. 


Group 16. 


Al,CugS6015.12H2C 

AlgZugS.0).18H20. 

Al,CugS3012.21H.0. 
(Fe,Ni,Mg)(Cr, Al, Fe)S;3032.82H20. 


Group 17. 


Cu(OH)(UO,),SO4. 
Ca(UO3)2(SO4)2.4H20. 
Ca(CuO),(UOs)s(SO4)i3.8H20. 
Cu(OH)(UO3)9(SO,;)5.10H,0. 
Cu(OH)(U;0,)(SO,)3.12H,0. 


Group 7. 


3Na.S0,.2NaCl. 
CuSoO,.2KCl. 


Group 2. 
Na,SO,.Pb(OH)CI1. 
Group 3. 
MgSO,;.KC1.3H20. 

Group 4. 


CusAIC1SO jo.9H20. 


Cuj;(C1,OH)sSO;¢.15H20. 
Group 95. 
9Na2SO,.2Na2,CO3. KCl. 
Group 6. 


(Pb,Cu).(COs)( S0O,;). 
Pb,(OH)2(CO3)2S04. 


TELLURATES AND SELENATES. 
Group 1. 


Tellurate of iron. 
Tellurate of mercury. 


Croup 2. 


Biy(OH),TeO,. 


795 


(?) 
Orthorhombie. 


Monoclinic (?). 
Monoclinic. 
Monoclinic (?). 


Monoclinic. 
Isometric. 

Hexagonal. 
Hexagonal. 


Orthorhombic. 
Hexagonal. 
(?) 


Orthorhombie (?). 


Monoclinic. 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 


WITH CHLORIDES AND CARBONATES. 


Isometric. 
(?) 


Orthorhombie. 


Monoclinic. 


Hexagonal; rhombo- 
hedrai. 
Hexagonal. 


Hexagonal. 


Orthorhombie. 
Monoclinic. 


() 
(?) 


(?) 


7196 


SALTS: 


CLASS,—CHROMATES. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The chromates, derivatives of H,CrO,, or compounds of chromium 
trioxide with other oxides, have but few representatives among 
minerals. They are isomorphous with the corresponding sulphates, 
and, like them, may be either normal or basic salts; further, they may 


crystallize with carbonates and phosphates. 


Tarapacaite. 
Crocoite. 


Pheenicochroite. 


Jossaite. 
Vauquelinite. 
Laxmannite. 


Beresovite. 


Pb,(Pb,0)2(C 


Group 1. 


K,CrO,. 
PbCro,. 


Group 2. 


Pb( PbO) (CrO,).. 
(Pb, Zn)(Pb20)(CrO,)2. 
(Pb,Cu)(Pb,0)(CrO,)2. 
Pb(Pb:O)(CrO,)2.(Pb,Cu);( PO). 


Group 3. 


O;)(CrO4)s. 


Orthorhombie(?). 
Monoclinic. 


Orthorhombic(?). 

Orthorhombic. 
(?) 

Monoclinic. 


(*) 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES. 


The molybdates and tungstates are derivatives of H,MoO, and 
H,WO,, or compounds of oxides’ with oxides whose negative parts 
are taken by molybdenum and tungsten trioxides, respectively. Among 
minerals normal salts only are known. 


Powellite. 
Belonesite. 
Wulfenite. 
Paterite. 


Hiibnerite. 
Wolframite. 
Ferberite. 
Raspite. 


Scheelite. 
Cuproscheelite. 
Reinite. 
Stolzite. 


Group 1. 
CaMoQ,. 
MgMoQ,. 
PbMoO,. 
CoMoO Fj ( ?) 


Group 2. 


a. Monoclinic section. 


MnwW0,. 
(Mn, Fe) W0,. 
FewoO,. 
PbWO,. 


6. Tetragonal section. 


CaWwO,. 
(Ca,Cu)WO,. 
FeWoO,. 
PbwWw0O,. 


Tetragonal. 
Tetragonal. 
Tetragonal. 
Tetragonal. 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 197 


OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—IODATES. 


There are but two members of this class, derivatives of I(OH),, at 
present known among minerals, One is a normal salt, the other a 
double salt. 

Group 1. 
Lautarite. Ca(IO3)2. Monoclinic. 
Group 2. 


Dietzeite. 7Ca(1O3)2.8CaCrO,. Monoclinic. 
OXYGEN SALTS: CLASS,—URANATES. 


The uranates, derivatives of U(OH),, or compounds of the oxides of 
uranium with other oxides, are very complex in composition. They 
contain, in addition to the oxides of uranium, the oxides of thorium, 
zirconium, yttrium, and the cerium metals. Certain of the uranates 
also contain nitrogen and helium in an unknown state of combination. 

Group 1. 
Uraninite. Contains UO,, UO;s, PbO, N, He, and A. Isometric. 
Bréggerite. 
Cleveite. 
Nivenite. 
Group 2. 


Uranosphierite. (BiO)2U20;7.3H20. (?) 


D. COMPOUNDS OF ORGANIC ORIGIN. 


This division may be separated into two general groups—salts of 
oxalic and mellic acids and other carbon compounds. ‘This last com- 
prises the various kinds of mineral wax, the fossil resins, the asphal- 
tums, mineral oils, coals, etc. They are in general simply mixtures. 
The salts of the organic acids, oxalates, and mellates only are here 
given. 


SALTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS, 


Group 1. Oxalates. 


Whewellite. CaC,0,.H20. Monoclinic. 
Oxammite. (NH,)2C20,4.2H20. Orthorhombic. 
Humboldtine. 2FeC,0,.3H20. (?) 


Group 2. Mellates. 


Mellite. A1C20;2. 18H20. Tetragonal. 


aaa el et, ee ee eae 


INDEX TO MINERALS. 


WANGOSING 22-262) 224 ee ee eee Wen ae 
on VO TN 0 ee 770) |) ANGONite: <--- 5 See ee 
RETR HL LOMre ee eno goes ee fet ee---  oo! | Amadradites. =. «225 2-22 Secs eens 
ECHELON Ie ee Sern ts ee ccn |. 109} | Anidrewsites oo So 22222 Fal eo eae 


PME DERG OMe enr eens ee fee ee ee 169) ||| “Anplesitee.- 2-62 eso CeO eee tes 
La EWE eV es. 6789)\| -Anhydrite 1-22. -2o. 252 cyanea tee eee 
Ca ern Se aod one ees acer | hOO) WA DIMOU RIG: to oot Sao af ee aete an cone alco 
Pte NON TO) a een ee = (84. (|, SAmkerite2. 2. sees caes sarin St eae 
on: LDU? ape a i ae mY (F) Annabergite- -------------------- ee mete 
VER ITE) ape a FOOUleAmneroditer cs eae sen ecy ee ae 
PUI TA RGLON soo = a eae oe ae cocer! . CU ATIOT DITO ee eoeer pease cea Sout oy seers Se oe 
SSE ELEY 1S ee el ae a UOSb | MAN OFUNOCIASO reece, ee ee eae ee 
PRED ITGOLILO; === 2 es eee TSO) | am phop hy lites. ss seseaos oe ee 
LASTED. <r ae HG2plbAnithosid eribe.cs2s coe eons scenes eae 
JS ETSTTEG SRD Se a ara er a 2a ATES OT TUG ee a erecta oes ot wee ee 
FEU TE 196): PATGUNONY i= --c- onsen es se ee ee ee 
Ta a ee re (59) WAntlerite oS .2ce paca sow cent aces aap 
erry eee seen ied AR eee oS 162) ||PApabelitte nso. sosess—- Se Socec ow ee eeaese 
Puasnemarmite ss 6 Ste MIB SWAP abbey sass ae on Setoas Sa es aces Seee ews 
a VED TOG UW se Se See ea neta ears ae Ns fds. | eA DAT OGIGG Sees en eee eee eee oe aoe eee 
LAUDER IG) as Se a ee eee ee eee See O81 |PeEA DHROBICerI bees eee een ee cea ee 
Es Eh ee ee ee ee ee eee VU eA Uh bAlTLGe mo eee tec Sana Camenjaee eee 
Zak ESEZ OT Ig te a eae eae ee Od WA DJ ODN Oeste cece Saas eye ee ae 
25 | CAE TEEN UG Soo SES el 77 Apo phyilite 2 =< (o> ae eee eet eee 
Jas 0Y6 (0) 01): ee WOig | PATAC ONL 6s! oc ssa eaes no. saan eevee 
PMN ILUO Mee an cs oes aoe sateen eae 780) |\WAPRCANTUGy ose <5 occ ate ee eerie ane 
ELEY OCT oS Se a er Se | PAT enmnite: Sate ae eee ae eee 
Pens eee eee re eae ey ee Pee TT dt ATE VOdSODILG 2286-21-22 eee ee eee eset 
PeINGONILGe. 2 of oes. en ee cen noe TOO) Arr eMbitOn ese .yericc= asta aon eee 
2 LUEGE Cie Ba aS ie ae eee ater ee tooo eArTfentopyrites oceans. o oan eaeeene 
eal cG eT Es WAT ee ee pel es pl. | MAroyrodite ais. =. cncte. oe otesa nee oe 
Ailophane 2.22: .=--=---.- Bb ees ese aes (Sls | PAreyrop yaite seo. sooo eee ae enone 
PRLTRHOLGO Roe io. Cate oe ee eee Rete 7 INTL Oee tees ee cciscncinse See eee eee 
PS EOE LOG ene ee er nr eee sR Te) PATEK ANSIDO =: 20-2 soSa0 0 ce ne ence ot 
op TELE 3 RW yes 2a ea Sa ge NS2a) | MEAN One oe aoe aa ee once ee 
PEEL Dene ete aa ee ee = ay ee DO) [GA TOMMLO,=\ soot Soe sone eee eee ees 
Pen AN ee oS oo oe we terse oer PAP HeNnites-225- soon canoe ee oe eee 
Aluminite---.-- Ree ae Sen ene ee ee ae WD», EAT SONIC wre eee ce aoe peer eee eae eee 
SLEPT ere ee 794, || Arsenioploited = 223 5-4 52=-35 te ee 
ca WENT 0S 2 a a a es renee 793% |hATseniosideriters----4 = sseeaeoses hoe se 
ITU EUG ae ee ee 18; |\ Arsenolamiprite .-.-2)-— 222-2222 ai cee 
LD eee = Soon ols k. .iosce seas ociapesenens ai3: | wArsenolite 22 22226 oases ae oe Cee 
LL EPS TO SES ae eee es oe a ae fol | PATSCNOD VE LOiaon-e eo ee eee ee ae ae 
PMEHMUSMDILG {= -2 5-6-2. Scop - asthe Secs 793. As bestus)=se--5 —-- ana eee ee 
PRERAAQHSDONO oer Seopa ence eee eae NUL WEASDOMtO oe sons-n snc. bee oa eet seta! 
MEDOLY POMC 25 a5 saaanse cee eo oaeeeeod (86) | ASCHarite. es — ct Se eee Nee ee 
2210) AGS) 2-9 | ee MOS MALS DASIOUD OS ae meer Seer siete cea tnaece 
BREORIL Ot esas oon snd So asna cess eS asece WiOL eASpeCrOltg sn sso eas Seen ooo ce ee eas ences 
PCED Shoe nsession wan nek aees 1O2> PAS DIG OCG fesse ase recone toe ee 
PREBIOGICS: GN. - Sous ion Soest anak f69u (PART ropiydlite esa nt ac eae eS 
PAminnibhalite:---2--.-..-.--2 DeSes ae Seana Bie | MATRCAMNIDAe eee sana N a ee Ae oat ees 
2 TED CCT er AOL WHA bOLGS pib@ sere ama - fase Ao Se ees ee 
BMMSUSILO boone face pet cence esce ncus'ooes iA ATOLL G ee ean eee eee aoe joes sees 


800 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Page. 
‘Athoriastite 21.0 ocssacencene scan sabe siees 78-7) Bismutosmaltiner--. =: --one eeeee 
‘Atlasite'.<+- <2 2232. Scone see 88 ne se 767) Bismintosphesrite:ss.--- 2-2-4. o eee ee 
IAGODIUG so. 58 oot Sena ene ee ieee ene (897 Bixby ite ss222- + 58s 2 eek Se eS ee 
(ATEROOlGC} 2 os = ook eke a eee poe W864 BlGdite: 22-33 225 ee eee 
Auerbachite--....-.- o aaee cata hae Oe eae 773 || (Blomstranditescs:-o--24 222 ees een eee 
RUOTIIGG ok 2 onan cane nenee se aeerane ts 3) Boblerrite s.3- 2-22.26: --e5 Soe cae ee 
IAP RILe : oht oneeeon- oe een eee aaa eee 786%) "Bodenite == 2-<sowsoe ate ee ee ee 
OV ta |: eee er en ate gree ies Es NGO] “BOIS: st; 85. LO Set ee ee eee 
WAtipalite. 2. Lo.) Sete eee iiOs | (BOG 32.3225) 2 2 oe ne eee 
Avtirichaleite :-.c-e ee ec= eo-e ae bGaeneectee f67.-| (BQltonkte, 23:25. 3s eee eT 
Avitomolite 2225202. 2 Soe ess cee eeeeee 104) “BOLaelte ade. cen ee ee sence ee eee 764 
Autunite 2-225 esearch eee eee W880 s|BOTAK. oi 225. cose st te on ee eee 764 
A-valitel. 22. soos Oncaea ence eee ee nena TUT | BONGEILG 2oee- > cece a te ee a ee 788 
(A-vasite! . 2.2 ~ a sosen oeuseoaandeacenn moses RSL) CBQemite iee5 ed tae 2 cee 755 
‘Arwaruite ool cs. sed4ectee sacnt cece cus 3 OU OM bee ac ose oe eer ey Sen eer 750 
Asiniters 2 atececeas coat nae eae aehes NG! | ABOoryOR OD ue. 2 55 eke ee ee 795 
Amrita ent asc eceee a: eee senate womens PGT) | BOtrvolite'...c2525 -eeees eee eee eee V74 
Boulangerite +> 2 se ss ee eae eee 

B. Bournonite 2s-222 ee eee ee 759 
Babinptonite: .0650) 2 a ate 769 Boussingaultite es cae eh Wore al ea 794 
Baddeleyite cess ce oa= edb oe eae 762 | Bowenite ---..-..-...--.------------------- 179 
Bupribionite cid tera oes Secale nya. |  BrackeDusChives save. c.a-2-1aane=t ene 785 
Raltimorite toot coe en eas 779 || ABTANGisite = =. - - 2 22055e 2 en ee ee 
Bammlibe cook eee ean Os eee Wed. | ABrANG tite. .=- 22s 2. ten. Seren See i 
APibG eR ee ee eee go" | “Braunite:.-2. <2:.2222 20s sic ae 
Peon eee Ta tan io oem en LR eA All| SROLU AU DEO) a4 ae toate ee ee eee 757 
Barnhawrote cose ore eee eee 755 Breunnerite -....-.--..-------------------- 116 
RaranGite etre ee ee eee ney) | GW StGRIUG a. ocestece roe cae eee 776 
eS TAs IGEN NY ok g ape Re tie: She > hen gs 0) af OC HAM GILG ea anen ee ae 792 
Baryaiitat tab sense eee 771 | Bréggerite-------.-.---.---------------.--- 17 
Baisy bo DiOhteGe pees se seer ec oeh eee eee 778 Bromlite DERES TEER ISS SSS) Cae spe ean 167 
Bary tochleite si. 20..-8 tee spot netaee ne ee vey | Bromyrite -.-..-.--.. .--.---.-------------- 158 
Ratiibae cht scsi ba PR Se ey 762 Bronemiardtites-. =- =>. eee eee eh - 459 
Basonomelane’.22:t. Has sees iets 782 Bronzite -.-.--. ------ ---. +--+ -------- sera 
Bastite .... 2-2. -20------ee-eeceeee-2-----. 768 | Brookite ---..-----------------+---+2+------ 662 
Batikeito oe eee Hae} |p LSI OKC SSeS reece es Sosa SE Ss 762 
BASEGCIO ee. eae Ae one Hee "8 Brunnerite: 22252 5-922 oes eee 766 
Batrachitey 225. . =. sossusen cena eee eee 772 Brushite -.-..--------------------+--+------ 187 
mite oo ee ee en ae ees 763 Bucklandites-- e225. 55 a eee 774 
Bay ldonitets.)4o-se cee ot eee eee ene 791 Bunsenite pipneeenr rence erat 761 
Buckiliten oe ee ee ee "64 BushMannite -.-.--sscs=ese eee eee 794 
Beceeribe isc. ue wee eee 70 | Bustamite --.-.-----...------------.------- 769 
Beckites.c- <2 2522228 fe eta wee see 762 : 
BelOnesite.- scc22nccnes Seno nee eee 796 Cc. 
Bemontite:.. --..2.24-405-co-0 2-20 -eo cee oie. | SOabrerites_2- 24-222 s= eee eee 790 
Berauniterch.. see. rsee ate ee eee ee 188.4 e@Cacoxonitee ss sees =a ere Jes 788 
Beresovite'. .2224-c2 oo eae eee 196 (| Galamine 2255. 5.022 Sone eT 
Berlinite... 2622. 25.1-5825e.26eoenee eee ete P18 | MO ala Oribe se =a cee a oe ee 
Borthierites. 2! oss esen te eee 108 “| t@aleedonite c-=-ses-s2 sate ~22542 hte 795 
Boertrandite so.22-,5-csekee- ts ee eae eee 775) Caleiocelestite.2 2-22. 22.22 ee eee ee 
Berry lis <2 sssactases asec sea seaeeosee see eee (70> S@aleioferrite: << i-t<< St: Sele el eee 788 
Beryllonite soe seecc-e setae an eee eee %85..| *Oalciothorite 222255 2=2 2 2scn- eee 773 
Berzelianite:...+.-2i4.G--bese-. on ase ese 756 | ‘Galetovolborthiter: = 2266 = Sasen os ee eed 
Berzelite:. i ..c. cee. see eae ee Sees 789 >| *Oaleite. 22:5. 2-tecaees: Sauce oe oe On 
Beudantites.:.-- te ee eee eee eee 788 | “Callainite <. ost -222 22 Se ee 
Beyrichite:...-25.--. J22hssse-n ae eee 75D: || (Galomels22. 22.82 =) os eee 752 
IBIONSTILCL e226 . cb eo sae ene eee 198 ||*Campylite:...c.2.52s2:= = essen ee 789 
MATTEO < - 2S. ace eee eee 780..| \Ganerinite. -25.=5- 5 to 22 Scenes ee 
HINGHEUNIUC 2 c= 2 oo, ocak ooo eee 790 :|‘Ganfieldites..<2 3 32: ae Shee ee 760 
Ings <.- 2.6 coe nooo Jen Sees eee 759 -| "Gantonite: 5-2 2223 se 2 scarce te = Se 
53 (0 1) pk ero ee one Moree ee oe, 15! CO. iS .| (Caporcianitess--2s.c-s-oeeee eee eee 6 9 
IBISCHOfibeL sep ck. at esc noea se "58, | Cappelenites <2 228bs 222 5 -nacen hese ees 1 
IBIRNIVO eine eo cae oe meen maces co anak ee "61: || \Caracolite . 24222422 soc ee 
Bismati ihe pe coe Poses ae. ee 750 1), (Garbonadot 25.22.22 ee Sse e een 750 
Bismnfhinitesieese. 3- dso ane oe 5 Se (54..| (Carminitec: s+. 52522. 2. seete ee oee eee 789 
IBISMUTILG accor as cee ates ee ees aioe "67. | \Carnallitecstccscocctenecns cues ceeeer eee 733 


ae a a 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


(Cina a qiiiticeeeta aaa eenee Sete Re aera eeacS 
(CPT 0120) Wt 7s a ee ee 
Carphosiderite 
Cire can Uh ee Se eee eer eee 
Caryinite 
CET ORES ot LI Ss ee eee 
Garvopilite ..---==-------- 
GESETLOrite: —- -...-- 2... .. 
Castanite 
@Gastillite-.---.--2--.-.- 
Caswellite 
Pine oS ee eee ee eee es 
(POT cy Sp eee Se ee ee SE SAS 
CUTTY PY eee eee eee ye 
Cavolinite 
Celadonite 
Celestite 
Celestobarite 
Celsian 
Cenosite 
Centrallassite 
Gerarcyrites....-=--o-==«2==- 
RENN eens oe Ro eis ee nae 
(CRN?) 212525 ee ee eee cee 
CLEP OLIN) ai 5a See ee a a ea eee 
Cerussite 
CYOT POH ta) ho eS ae ees 
Cesium beryl 
Ceylonite 
(CLOUD DOAN Us Sel es aes Se nee 
CLT CTH TOR a ee en ree a ee ee 
Chalcedony 
Chalcocite 
OAT COO Thay ee ne eae nk fe See her 
ME OIMENIEG= < 25006 eo eens 2 nn cameos 
Chalcophanite 
@haleophyillite-. 2: =. -=-<2ic--. : 
CLEP ESF 0 0s 10S 1 ee ek are 
Ghaleonpyrrbotite = 9. 22-23 s- 22255-3225. 
Chalcosiderite 
Chalcostibite 
MOST TINIeenee s  e  ee 
RUNGE OERILO: ses oe tee a SRS ee 
RUSTIC ITD See eee me ee he ee 
CUANT C560) No) Se ee ee ee 
Childrenite 
“CHG 6 ae oe Cae ee ee See oe 
Whiilenit@:=---.5-2-s25 Se ee a 
“CULNO] inh ie oS eS ee ee eee SSE Ae 
ROTO SLUT eens = en aa ere Soe = eh 
ROP TTR GO see ae ie ee ee ee See 
Pistorallmmninitersc ess 28 = eae eee 
@horapatite-=2-=-22.-2+2-22 252... 
SBRIOFHAREEO LUG Sa ee se 
SO RICHALOS UNO ae ance ee ee 
Ciinvayatire) (0 Le hs = oe ee ee eee eee 
Chloromagnesite 
Chloromelanite 
TCL G0 oo eS AR are ee a ee 
Mingropbyilite=—=- 2-52 -2-2 S220 eases oe 
MN OTOSDING I sec = ose sc te tetes oa ameceoeee 
MRIGrOLMIONILOR!-< 2-2 225220. <8 cone osha 
PRPC NO GIG Sessa ese ee Rae ee a 
Chondrarsenite 
CS LVESEVG Be(ov6 Wh 7 ees CR oe ee eee 
(UNGER S102 they eee eae = ee eee ee eee ee 


NAT MUS 97——51 


Page. Page. 
TSle |PGNHTLOMIUGe kaos -c ssn e ees cans woenwoss oe sse~ 765 
Rone COLOM PICHULLO == annsaoe= an =a ade sean en ee 765 
pe ay CGH ah x go} 92) 9h fl hea ees Sea nn ee 764 
on CHISy SOCOM Me ser = me aeoa tee aan stores ce Ses s V7 
Vase) |), COIS OMG oe oe oe ee Bee eee posohseoe 772 
ie PO RIV SO DEAS =o sea = ee = naan enone eee 762 
tek 4 COPVSOGNG F cose neen cee ae sana Sa aeae eons nce 779 
"62? |: Ohurehite-. 22. 222-2 = aonan aoe aae ces <== 787 
$967) /Cimolite. sso on che cates oon a wacse 781 
fobs |6 Cinnabatic-e. = oo ee ae eee 755 
(78%) Cirrolite;.224=- 245.5 Ssacensoscccaeeeee aan 786 
giles |e @loLine QO UaN bts sen e ase nea sane ae een 762 
Wo0% |: Clarite 2: s<2--55 5<os= kecaeen en ne eee sesees 760 
WSd|\ Clandetite, -2=.=.-=--25s2sscsecnenoseesssce= 761 
G7 Clausthalite:.*t2. - .2h<.a2.2aee=sacee eee 756 
w80K)) Gleveites=-22 J+ 22-2 one so 2sceceeseeeeee eee 797 
792¢. |(eChittonite:s=-=---=s-225---.-5son-soee eeu ees 750 
ozo Clin oehlorer: =< osc wobeeeeee = eee 779 
ils ie Clinoelasite: =i. -=--->sonao a2) oe eee eee 789 
isle Glnohedrtes-2..---2-ac as eee eee 775 
ites ROMNODUMIGG) == shee n= = aeons See etre 
LOOP IR OODAlbILG st on neue anette ee eee 758 
OP eCobaltomenites-.2-22- 2 = oes eee 766 
dione COlOMaMITe! =a 21-255— =~ ee sae ee eee 764 
(80)3|; Collophanite-<=---=-22-=-.n-2--— otek Real 787 
Oe Colly site.) one = ne es on 781 
KS0n ||| COLOFAGOILO a3 = asenae = So eae ee eee 756 
TOG OlUIM DIGG se ace ae eet ae sree ee 784 
Ges) CONICHAICILO S>- 26 saa oes ease eee ees 791 
LiGE |e GONNEIILGs224 ates — oe cake Seas een SOD 
AHA Pel Glovo) +i =) pee et ES a eee Far mere U7 
1622 \'Copiapitess2 225.22 2<2=s5 =e an ase eea oe 794 
(501 Wl) COPPeCRS: 323, Sosee0 sss ceeeee et oe bos eee Ee 750 
WO! |, Coquimibite <2 >. 2-5 32=- =a ee wie eee 793 
KO Coracitete..c2- 55-62 s5,-Sen te. -eso eee eens 781 
Weep) Corrowallites:'2--22U2 x22): as eset oe 791 
FOI RO OTON eo Wie sass ee ces Sate cee eee en hee ee Oo 
(opal Corundopbilitecs=-- set ataceees seep eeeeen es an 
fool): Conymibes aoc. 2 526.2 Coe Aas Sa oes Soe ee 758 
1Sonly COsalite ss --o. 8 eel e. Boe 2s ee 759 
ROBIN s GOSSALEOS=* <2 -— -oeae sone a ok ts 778 
hon EKCOSSV PICO te eo esae ee eee ea ananassae ea 770 
fol? lif Cotboniters-. =s-2---- ee ec eos ee ee 762 
R863 Cotunnitess «4-2-6 = 0% ee a ete oes 752 
Miae | KCOUSCHANITO = a see se aoe eens a Cee 773 
Cosme Oavellibetse. ssse-s a eoeees soos were cee tee SP bo 
fSbt|\m@Grednemtesas-sesta- ones eae ee eee Oo) 
ROTA OriChtOnibe jace ose weak ayaa nee oe seeae Be 
ide ||P CLrOCICOUUC s: Sonar sete eae wes ieee nee een 776 
De OrOCOllLes bene sense eee eee Lee Ee 796 
Roy) MOronsted bitGesess -s<ses7---0- =--- setae, AO 
{Hot |CrOOKOSluOs] aeons ee See eee eee 756 
(eon | MCry Ot. hess s te ee eS eee 152 
Rien OryOpoviliteies -asteste anos se nee eee 778 
On| CRY PHIOULG ces = too aoa ean teat eee =e 880 
118) | CrysptOhallite = =- oan eae eee 752 
PDD Crt DAT GO see ya = eee ee ee ion 
760) ulsareeite cans soo eee eee ece 028 
(Sle @mmen citer =.= sees e ees tes oes ae 8 753 
TOmpCummine conte sseces e--ce- ea---e eee se | 169 
NOse |. Cuprilemecs- nates eae eee eee ete. Ol 
(gor |) CUprospatlter 22-222 -2ee nen acces ease ~- 8 785 
n90s)|) Guprobismititers2s+-.------------6<=-—- -- 588 
789); ‘Cuprodescloizite -.2ss22-<2sh- 2-4 s-c2le--b 2 185 
fie le Guproiogarryrite..c--6.-----.¢2-2+--seaa=— “08 
R62 Cupromagnesitess-s<-o=<cs--—----2s-2-2- ) 1098 

7 P 


802 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


IW DYTOSCHOOLILO ba.\-sec-s-nn ee ncee eo eos 
WOSPICING eS. <- ans ona ae eenae aoe eae 
CGyanochroite=:22--s. --s=5-.-2-- =-b 4-2 --=- 


Dannite'-=— o.--=2=--- See ane Bees 
Darina ee a ee ee 
Danburitec. 22. 2325 as acc ee estes 
Dannemorite :o-25-- 2+ $22 eee See 
Daphnite,.- 2s. s2e5. ese ee eee 
Danapakite a. sss sa. oon Ses oe Coe ere 
BUGIS fo ann eee oe eae a eee 
Wanlbreeite<2-- sto se eee 
LS VAGSICG cee ee ee ee 
ND Eig cigs SP ey toy ee pea pepe see ee ee be 
DAV YNOo- .--2 atacke ate sees eeacs- soe 
Wa weoOniboee sets fe oe eee eee 
DSCHOMIEG Wee tee seen goa. see eee 
DAP OrOlke sees see eee wea a aa en 
BIER eS 2 ee ie oe Seen ee eae es 
Delve be oot oo eee eee a, eee 
DMerbyuite 22422. ee ee ce = eee 
Mesclomitotes =e 40-3: keg ee eee 
Destinezite ------ Ser Se eh ie ee ee 
Meweyiitels cw ee ae lees ecee ene Sane 
THAnaANthO sets. Se ee es ee eS 
DT CIASitOs as -n-6 2 eee oe eee 
Dindochite-2- c+ 2422 F-S2e a2 ee ee 
Diamond 2s es. tee ee eee 
Migphorite--s 22.2 2s se ease ee pees 
Diss PORE... nee Se ee a ane eee ene 
Dickinsonite. 6 2 6-6 ass oe sake See eee 
PiStrichite,~ 2. oso ee Loe eee 
Distzeiten ie. ssi ee ee ee 
Dihydriter 22 2s ee ee ee 
PINTS. Se St Pee eae a ee 
Dimorphite: 2-9. 2 32 22s eee ee 
DiOpsid 6 Sak yet ase eee 
Digptase =~ 22225. ee eee 
Din ye ee see ee ees eee eee fae 


Dognackite: 2c -6 3225 vr sae re t 
Delerophanite. 6.522 =e eee 
Dolomites ===. .2 AU ae ete eee 
Domeyite® sees. oa Ot a eee eee ee 
Donelasiten¢ 2255. sess ee ee eee 
Dreclife <..3 + 26s ee ee a eee 
Dudpeonite 22.2 45 2 eso oe ee 
Drdleyite 2:5 nas 25 fees coe ee 
DIGEMONIGE 5's = 2224 ee eee a ee 
Dufrenoysite ==). 25 eat -= Se ee aes 
DyimMorternite:...5 222 225-2 ee ee 
Dumreicherite: - 5-.2.)52525 225-55 Se 
Duranvitecst.$ v-.s- 2bo- cue oe ee ee 
Durdenitec.=> ec cce- eA coe eee 
Dysanaly ties. 3 ste se ee eee 
Dyscrasite -.-. - Case Ue See 
Dyslwite seco se ee eee ee eee 


Ecdemite 


Hite see ed eee 


Mlectrilm! 2-<. as -ttcee eee ce ee = ae eee 
Eleonorite -...----- Bs 
Mipasolite|s:-22: 22s. 355255 estas ee 
Hipidite so2322262 42s eee eee ee 


Hm brithibe--s2<=:se se: 2. See eee 
Hmeral@ os s.22-2os0- eens 
EM Ory it Magis Ses hte eee 
mmomnite os 2c\225sS oe eee cent eee 
Mmm onsite’: 22 ics: 4. / fess eee ee eee 
Emiplectites. iis u.2sc0 so Ss sea ee 
nario 2s. ee Fes ed oe ee ee 
Endlichite 
Minstatite: 222922 et 4 Sob ee eee 
Eosphorite--.--. 
Epiboulangerite 
Epididymite 
Mpidote..-sttt:.. sete. Ate eee 
Eipigenitet..s2s< eat ese ea ee 
HBpiglaubite 222s. 2222 = t., o3ss-2s ee 
Epiphosphorite: -- = --.---22. S232. 
Epistilbitercs=5"- e+ 2 eee 
Mipsomite 2. a2 235225 se ee ee 
Hramannite: = =-2--9-s- 
Mininifess 552552 Sse. Se a 
IONIbes = sae = oe ee a ae 
Mrytbhrite <i: 26.2 Seat ecse ee ee ee 
Bry throcalettes:. 3252.22 ee ee ee ee 
Erythrosiderite: => =~) 3. esate ee ae 
Firythrozineite, so. .-2!2 2 <5 os eee 
PISSONILO se =2e25 sso soe e aaa 
Hittringibest 22 tees sea eeees Sees 
MUCaIPILe2 2 Sess) ee ee 
MUCHTOHO 22. cl5 eo ee ee ee 
uaiclagelss 23.0555 ose ae ee 
Mucowte sexs ct he Ae ee 
Hncolite-tifanite:. 5. =5= se" 25 ss ee 
HU CrASI bon =- soe yc sae ees aes 
Hucry piite 2-2-2 sea 4e-2 ae eee ee ee 
Budialyte 22 ---:<2-.65,.c-22 see ooees eee 
Mudid'ymite ss = Sonccn. So hee eee ee ee 
HuEdnopnite co=- so ee eee eee 
ily tite = tas oe. oe ee ee 
Humanite . 25-55 sae ee eee oe 
Enphyllitest 2c: 20 52-2 5502 
Husynebite 7 ..2c). s-sceee oe ee eee 
Mubhallite-c ose: see eee ee 
HWuxenite = 2-222 co aoc eee ete 
EIVANSITO sooo eens es feces ee ee 
Exanthalitie <2. She. e622 ee eee Se 


Mahlanite do--o2 - eo 2S aoe eee 
Hairfieidite: (2 5s. (soe estso eee 
Bamatinite: 22. 2 5-22 Sek eee ee 
Warjasite=s 20 cane Soe coe eee 
MAUS@FILOG! 25. ess Soeacnle eee oe ees 
Mayalitess: ot 622s oe eee 
MelsGbanyite:.22 2227 s2k eos eee 
Werberitew 4 3.25. 22252 3 eae eee 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 803 


Page Page. 
RURIU SON GG seems see ae eae eee, eee nay Bok! | GIBUCONILGE <= << 22-22 3 hse ew 780 
PERO SOMA On a eee een et ee eee nay Shoo) CAL COPNANG 255 o- 2825) sa- ee ocd csce ee cces | 4VO 
eter Ou b I DO na espe Seay neem cera. ah OS GUATICODY PLUG .-<oo5-2-255.0004- 2eade nescence 757 
SORE aT ET eee pe eee ees ea) See ea A | GODOSI GG 2 acts nace eo ee cee eno ees.) 288 
PEGG Ghia CW ae ae ae ee oe ee eee Opt |) GlOCKOrILO mee. ea = nee ee ee tueee oe, Od 
HM TOLOETILO/ =n 8 ost eee te one eneae ean HODa PG GLICO see ne ee ee eee eet a NE 
WD NOMLO fe senan naan acs 5 Soe ee ke 17 (6 0) C6 ephes ® See eae Seng se Ree ARI aes oe 751 
Vivigevb Sp a CS a a Oe ee Sane a idee | (GONNANCTGOt sass. tees ne eee at a ee 776 
PTO WiLL Ope ee ant oe eet oe NOt GOSIRTIDOs oasc Sacceec esa ene pone cee se 
MLL Orcas = ek acon ae ee Bae ES LOO GOUDIbOrs somes eee es Br es ee deer 
BSGHOMILG <== 220 — 3m ere eee an ees HOS GOVazIt@snas. ones she cen ee ee ee ee 788 
LE LATEI TST Gee a NE alle eee ee ae Soe (90s | (Gramminitelses 2-2 sees eo eo ee ee en ok 
FE ete ee rn ee eee ee eee Oo Th GAP NI tO... 052 <-2cccc cewnce ee sen ake Sepa ees 750 
MTHOUIL Dy noe ae 2 ose en See Sh ee (Oe EG a phIGOll et ssh see ce ee eee 750 
HOCOn igre ie ee eee eee eee B ioe) || Greenockite’<.-2- =. cas¢22. 2255. Joao eee 
OPEC DO ene yee eee eee eer OO) |) GOLONSESICG< = 862-2. 5. 2 oes eee se eee 77 
HB OrbOeeea 2 2-5-2 esos yk ew ese esate HOG CEMA OL CONS: Satta ay ek OS he Re TES 
Te Dab Pane es me se eos si oe Se ie ote Cor OCH Atte) 2 aaee 2) 00 foe) eee eee 
Footeite ---.-- Se ae pee ee ee oe ios | CorOSSHLATILOS casos. 5 - aoe oe cee ee eee 
LGYA PISTON) Sec S85 = SR eee Se ee OUR | MORO CHICO I ne a" 2 eee oe Oe ee ee ee 
PIETRO yath Pe 4 ee ee ee eas See ee os TGS |p Gorn abe = so) ae et No ee ee 755 
HAG YOSSI E eS Re ae his Sr Se es Uta MCGEE OTIGOt = tae ee ME aoe ae ea ee 770 
UOTE US A PGT oe ee ee aS ize pGuadalcazarite= --- 22-85. ac ee ee 755 
OLE bG moans ee Sneek a ee AS) em COM Gnanajtaitosses eas... 2b aus Cee ee 
RICK OL GC erent ee Pe ee oe se oat OO CRURNADA LOS =) <= 2.25--- be 22-22 seek ee AGO 
Hrartilane ie} ssc ce seo ne = co aton coed os Gta Griean OMe eee oe oe ee ee ane eee 792 
EATER be ete eae ee ee alee OO. UAPIMNILO) ce S2e tes secs Sho eee 771 
HMOUMICHL Og saoas 2 Sone o- coke te eee Pee O0n eG uibermanites=---. 5 s2525,4- es oe DU, 
LRT CST OEY cf ct Io es eer ee 700 ae Gntumine li bers nae e er ores ee ee SD 
HEB OSG UOTE Ota foes eae es eee TOON) GUM Mtns S20. sae een cece Hs AT: 781 
eal hO ws ese ee one Oe Pe i 3e | GYDSUM Seee ceases enor ns ae ee ee 792 
Intel eibhve. Sens ESS ee ere ee ion |t Gayolideter leas ae on Pee es es ee 17 
WriecelbOws << 2- -22)29/-s2cs2) 232k ees asec 756 
ie 0c) a a Ee Ear gr ee een me (°-. If. 
RUSE DG weet tie ea sheet Se ee te te VEIT 
ROTI LO meee tte inet es eee ee hee 773 


Hapemanniteczs. 225) cao. ee 752 
Eaigin veriteeeets= ote. oe eee rare 790 
Halite ances se eae Pee leeoee mee eae eee 753 


Halloysite! sa--s---6 = see Bete 5 sbeebs ee 780 
AMOUNT EOIse= -nn cece ae soos Coes tas see, 404 |) Halotrichite 
WED IN ES eae cat oe pasa oe ea eet eee 16 | "Hamberpitets = ss... 5-5 see 2 ke BEES 764 
(GCMISNEIT oe ope Pe aati pclae a ee (O57 sEamlinitosse« * a2 otek Pe Se eee 786 
SAIBHOMISINM tbe ones ee ee (DS) | EANKSI te accs. eee eek oon ee as re OD 
CS UENO YO UN EY See By eae Oe etie S me pea ees april Ml = Eehat ots thy =) ee eee en eee mE 
RCE EL Valli bose acc ae ee ee Sr armotoMmess-=cecce- 32 ashes 
EEUEHGUS MUNGO Ss sok Net he kata ne O83 Sines iM APTISItG s=s4 5 eee ee bee 8 ae. a Be ge 
CoirMigriu@en sth < 22s ee san en oe CROP PELANStIOMt Ops see soe, ona e a oS ee 174 
Ro Any USS PO Soot ei ee eee et 767 | Hatchettolite 783 


ROG KSI GLO 2 oo" ano SO oe ee ee ek iOza| PARUCHOCOPNIGG sssses aoe eee eee 758 
(EXE (Gn) Se Ee Pe EES Sia, ae HOM WElatteriteeee eek nant ys Ly Sb nan 
Gemioniteres.cs-—) . 2-82 ne eee ee Mop Eau eh tonitow os aoe. sos 22 eee 778 
. CM A Ss teen oer an eee YASH I a al S i Soak yp banhs(=) aoe einen oe ee eae (s') 
oauiiteses=--\ans ee Sree ee een lo anteretillite: eee oh A Te lb 787 
Geocronite ROOM PE aly UOe-s=se a5 ns ake Sa eT, 


Gerharatite’.---—2-5--<2-=22--- BERET, Ste 784 | Haydenite _.. ae a ape a ok TG 


= —s a 


PACS kay Fi 11s es aR ae ea <i ee pam ebay Osinoees hs sa sa2s- heme eee = fe 2 = “164 

SOVOntOui a massa si vee emcee, Hie || Peden bereite sass. cee A scee eek ene. 769 
[STAVES RS Ae ee, Rs beer ct a al oe Ne AGS) BE Gdy; phan ewes eter ie. eer ee oe 80 
. (S18) OSHC ie Sree be cele Se ple me Sens Seo ta Ye S MIME ev by epal iia tie a eae (57 
Ma ELIE LLC meses ea eee APSE ATE TH ()) Riel Wate eee etn tae eee See: eee a ey 
Sabie ibe rcs one eee eee Bl le eemafibrite 
SERS IMOUGICG joes. ns este le th 777 | Hematite 762 


PST een es ee ae erm eee eee BO MET OMIA TOU GGR Esse te. foe sell wy oe 790 


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°C SLENE @D eh eee a me a ECA (EPA) BLS (Seas ah Gy ere fs eee ines ee ee a (57) 
Glaucodote _.--- eee pee eS OE Ss Fos) POM WOOUbes es 22-— 55 0-2205ua2<l-scnze se 785 


804 


Page. 
ereyniteseso0 vos. scenes ee ec seen ea Oe 
orderite .s2.s5,48 Sees sate neo eee ee 786 
Herrengrundite..---2.5..-...2:. See se 793 
essitos si OF. 2a se eee cee eee 756 
Heterogenite {2522222032242 sense nsae = see 76 
Meterosite, +s eon Seabee ee eee 785 
Heubachite 2-2c2o. - (de ee See ie ene eee oe 763 
Henlandife:.-.-°2<- 6.5... -222= ees e 776 
Hlddenites 22 2h wae et ee eee 769 
Pieratite: 322.2." ee ae ee 752 
Hill’ngsite-------2..2 iccraee vow S104 Sos ee 769 
INTORCORN be esc o-2 tee eee eee eee 769 
isin gerivej<su-7-5.c/3st =. ee ane eee 781 
EVIslODIUGSs. 55 soe es hen ee eee 766 
Hitehcockite:t. 2-225 22 225 sae see oe 788 
IE SLM Ite eS eee ae ate ee Ee ee 78¢ 


FROBTNGRI ES <.28- ok ne eee eee aa 
Hohmannitet sk ete eee eee ee eee 
iomich tin: 2 3 se ee : 
ROUT bevesee Soe eee oe ca ee a ae 


HOpGitenstes tke onn eae. Dene Ban eee 
HOY paehitey a2: tae A eS ee eee ees 755 
HlOrnib lend Gee ee ees tee ee 770 
(Plarstordites 21-28 esse ee oe pee eee 757 
FOr tonOlitereees=o: oot ase eee eae wSTR 772 
TOU PHIte rece sine oe ee Bee Been eee 763 
VOWED eee Tete ie eet ee eas oS SE a Ve 767 
TERS WEG te ee ee ne oe Neer ee 764 


Huantajayiie > (40.22. 5 ee eee DD 


TER ve: te(eto) G0(2 bagi ee See ey an, er Seg ET ees Bll 153 
FTUDNONIEG RE Gk: Soe eee ee eee 796 
In DOL pine <5 22s een eae see ee 797 
TPIT COPS Ho fete ap Seen Oe ee eee T74 
Lat bay ahi: eens Mee ae MN eke Dee Se SN Bere a bY 
HnPeRuliLeeeces st tee eo eee See ae 787 
Eivalophane 5-35 255 £22 eo Pete ee eee 
ELVAlOLG KILOS sess ce ewok oe es oe eens oe 77 

Ely droapatites.o- 2cc5 Fe neo te eo aces 785 
ERVarobOraCitOts sc ste Sse ee a LO 
Hivdrocastoritel =o =2-eo ee. o2 eo bees. 768 
EY CPOCETUSRILOf -e ee ee See ee ee nee 
Bydrocyaniters 2.225 2s. te aoe ee eee 792 


Eydrodolomitei. 2 tas sae eee oe ee ee OG 

Hydrogiobertite-.--....-.. iyi! 6 

Hy droilmenite: 22552. Sane eee 782 

iv Gromaenesitess o.-2 ase as ee eee O 
‘ 


Fydronephielite 22 sacs eee ee ena a 
Bydrophilite 337. Cs ee lee eae 752 
Eiydrophiter 2229) ceis- soccer eee ee eee 779 
iy drotalcite: to. £32 = ee eee eee 763 
Hydrotephroitejc.-s-ae 5-2-8 23-5 eee 781 
Pivdrotitanitelcs-c22 sw s ee 783 
EIVOROZINGILG! sp 2c vena ee See seco aeeeees 767 


EVpersthene:o.c.2 2 fo Ao see eee eee A 


Eivatatiters ~sseso. Yatsce cet cee eee 782 
dhe 

LCOS pee as see cos nd eee oe oe a eae eee Ba OL 
Keoletromitess Ace 4 5- case ee 763 
Tena tievite: 0s. 2cscs- a acces sews ooeeeeee 794 
Uhleites 262623 635. tee eee 793 
TIBRIUG Reeet eae ee eee ae ee ete eee 793 
HIMENITG 2 aseeat ot ee ess oe ss es 782 
MPamMATINITeSS 22s ee ee ee ee 761 
REV HIGGS oto oes ee Oe ee eer ese sees 17 

(MGR ier 2s sae eas ee ee eee Ti7 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Todobromite |.25. 7 =. <=. -2 = eee 


Todyrite.<"" Se Se ee eee ; 


Tolite:: .22) 4 ee ee eee ee ee 


EPON «coe ee 
Ironbrucite, 2: 2 
Trongymmnite, 2-2 eeoe 
TSoclasite <2. ee Sa eee ee 
Tttrierite; 2 is ee ee eee 
Tryaaritecs: 33> 2 ak es er eee 


VACODSILG= 2 tee eat nt coe ee ee 
CLE Ya Perk aes ees iat SS Se eee ee ee 
Bil ay al eye apee Sie pe 8 


JaMeSONG, = o-oo eee ce eee eee : 


JAPORO ce sa. 2 he eee, eee eee 
JASPER nee cee oe Bare cee ee ee 
Jererisite. <5.) FM eS ee A eee 
SEWOTSODILG ssa ats Boe ee eee ee 
JEVOMGIOVILG( os ee nee ee ees 
Voeynaiteee eee Bae Ret Pb L729. 
JOUaANNILG LS. aoe es eee eee 
JOHNStU Pie: -22— 2 od oe eee eee 
JOM YAO cee oe bee coke aa es 
SOPOSNIDO SS seen os. ee ek Roe ee eee 
JOSOILG =< soe ete) cee a ee ee 
JOSSDRINIGG sae. = oe ea oe ae ee eee 
OSSAILO Ges aoe 


Kaliophilites-o22:5 2252s a eee 
Realiiten cs cnces ae eee eee 
KAMOEEZIS suki an ee ne ae ee 
Kaolinite £2. 23-545 ae 
‘Kaolinsthe= is: 2. ee eee 
Kararfveite......---- 
Kareliniten? 36 osc s eee ee 
Keilhanttite 2.22522: 2.55.22 -2 Bato ass ees 
Kentrolitee=---- 24-4 
KRermesite:s.* 22.5 8 ee ee eerese 
IROELItO rns te oe cate ee ee 
Kersteniten.. --- < 22555 see ee eee 
Kibdelophane. --.-..-~-- 
Kaeserite- 2-225. 2-223 Het anid oe ee eee 
Kilbriekenite 22-2. 24-e< s+ tse en oa eee 
ischitimite (tess s-ee.=- 8s 
Rejerulfineerso-sss0s sean 
Kilaprotholite.< 5 -- 4.0 t-s2- eee 
Klementite <2 tae ee 
Klinocrocite s2-),.25-4e--45.6 th 
Kilinophssitel:. <sss2- 22s ee eee 
Kalinozoisite .= 5555822 asses cere eee eee 


Rilipsteinite: <- 63: ao sue a ee 
Kone bbliter cc: aetece oe sos eee 

Kmnopite [22229252 bes ass see cece 
KnOx VAllite 2:24. sb eae Be eee 
Kopellite 2. 2. os as ese Sees ee ee 
Kocnelitec sco eet eee ee ene 
Koninékite so 2 a ees eee ee ean 


IeONNATIDG: 66 pt See se eee ee 
KOppite = 2.ce-escce nce ase eos se eee 
Roornelite sss siee cere ceeclwe- eae cee eee 


—— —_— 


aS =e ss 


sy foe eee 


eee 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


Page. 
RO RNONnIUP IN Ome oe a ee eas cet aal- mann TDM IEIEOCORILO = e=eck on rae eee ceo asren 522% 
Menteeiitpelue cece: &o-se- cee = os eseuniacee TOMS KPATONUOS a (ee ke joes coe eee a eee 


Wiipite eo) ken ee. 2 ee ----, 1700)|| Waithiophilite: —-.------- ~~ --_.---2- =.= 
EMG MONi uO so eset ena se seo oes eRe Soe Odo | MIGTENNODNOLIEC sae eee ans = eee ee ee 


[TRY EOCE SE Meh a ae See ee ee Fidel Mbavames tOntbea sa ate Se ee = ee 
TREN ETE es ete a ee ne oe Se te ae seas RDO MOS ANIG soccen 2- ake era sees ean oo a 
Tolan to Se ee ee ee Rode RaaOlIN fiteLen.- aaeen mce nae Sees Sees ane aces 
BEIT UG peas eon es sects Se see ett eee aase TOL s WOEAD GTEC yess 2e =o aon ee ce eee =o ~ cane ere. 
RIL OR ICO ese sass oes. eae en eee aeana 100) | IOSSCDIGC a nn aoe oa ee 
PRATER Op eee eon e = ee as oR aii aca Stee ee Fidel mlUOWOlbR Eset o ee cea eee ete eens ae one 
Mare nl eee ee ee OU) IO WA PCO etree ani ie lol eae 
WA CASIUOh = =o ons =6 sae = Sesto eece pol eve 

1 OE TUeCKi te. oe secs ees Shoes ee aeons 

TLATY GTeEE eG Ky oh 0c a i7 Le Be Be oe a Tk ee ar 
Maronite ng, | UDdwigite --..-.---- .------------------=--- 
SE ee 6 eae a Ttineberpitee.-- +2 => esseee eee eee es 


ATC bOee Pony eon ences taoe sen eep ae, «TOO 


emir oe oy oe See wea SaaS ee. eee 
Pane Danitiomr ns vee ae tot hs Foal Me Cae By ae eg aes ok OCR AED oa, 
Lape EN SENATE) ee Se ee Se eee eee oe 792 M 

PRADO UG Eee ests ee Pte ee ee 08 rors 

Hanstordite......==.-=- Se ee Vasu leViaconitee testes = ana ae ee meee 
RESET TTL Re a ee ee ate cee ee ON) ela PMOSIOLONTILG mem eesn sae ee ea 
Cn Nig bia ee eee reeee ae RO | MAST OSItOL oe. ete ea cee oe ee 
NPRRO BEC UI LORS 8-28 eas ese ee ee ee (5 Gal ili? E229 002) 01s earn eee ee Recaro 
TEST) ED i Se gn te ere me Gu Maenochromitel.--2-—1=.526-yesse— 2 = ae 
WETEIINON GbOse tee Sere ee sane ee Pi Gu een 0 lhe mt seen. ose Pee at cect tree eee ae 
ETON Ome ae ae ee eae es = ee Sol Mallachitess -2-20-cae5 ces ca teee eek Bee ee 
PLAPSeOERANG) eo a Dee ee eee Gao) EG Naya bh toes See eee eel 
CLAD te SES ee Oe eo eee ee ee WO MMalinowskitedss-=2-2 62s cs: sepass ae eons 
BHP LO ee eae a se sae Secse oaee W560 | Miallarditerss ses. sae toss see ae 
aM ena nl aneees sso os eee Sees cence OO | pantanive sist: neeee ns Sate ne eae ee eee 
TLRS SA a Sere oe FOOneManpanapatitome--—= === ease ao ae ee 
enViPenelloner soe. ces = casera eas see esate ee Roos ian eanibrieitOiessess==see=se ese eames 
Pens eeeter 52 See en tee one Manganhedenbereite:—-.+-----2-24-----e— 
WESRIMAMNUCE! cae - ot ates cecet ewe ee mee FOG lp Mancanites 2-9 eee cs ooo net nec ease ees 
eee Re ene Som vic 2aN OCA CLG nese a= eae ten oe eee 
TERUG EY WG) SS ee epee SA et ele W72e | Manranocolum bites 2-2 === ==ses-e == ree 
cid eee ee ee eee eee pla avn cana pi yllibetas. ene =e aaa =e 
Meadhillite.-- 2-22 2.2e2_.4-- 2 eee Ae SaaS Fe wOne | WManeanosite|-- 22. o)-s25 e552 2-5-5552 =e 


CONTI nee ee Se ee ee eee O08 Man Panos bilDILie ene semen an ae eee 
fAabmbachitece ss ee een oon Man canocantallitGm renee ones eran e 
Penirureddtee ee et eee ee eee en Oly Mao anObl Gee. ese a nege en ee 


[LG Oya en EY pe eer ene epee ee Se 7949 | Man PanlpeCtOlite s—:s-ce2e=-s. === oe sees = 
iLerenabeth ts See Se a eee tee ec teecents Seay PRs MigPCASitO: seases sSae come ecee ma wean eee e 
WEG OMielane 5222-5. 2 soos cece soe eee WSs Mareylibeeessese 220-2 Seon ssn ancecnnt Santos 
Menmentenbervite:. =. 2.5452. S222 Se ee BO MM arcarites-- 9958) asenc0.- na). = coe Se owe oo 
NOICILORs= neko a ee. Le eee Wy) sNarrarOdibesae--e seo 2 eee eee Seen 
eemcochalcite ) —- o. - oc ce ee ee oe 7 Ola MiViarialitolereedonn esate tn seas tea. SSeS 
Men COD nats >. =H =)- Sen sae cet ean eee POW MET IpOSIGe re asa: Nie sea eae a8 Seat eee 
MBHCOD Vibe =e ooe so ee as Ske oe eae VOT PMarmatiteress-- ean - tne s ane aes 
MIEUAPMOTItO ls f.2 525-52) es oe cers eee ROM iar Olibem ea! =e eas Se eee 
TL GTval yd BE 9 a a eae Me Si aie De Pepe Mars bibOj= 2 e tease ee ee eee 
Men U I bores: Sh ot Cea et eee ee ve eM eur tn Ge ieee epee ee ee ree eee 
WCRI CO pee to on. ten 8 Se eae es RO Neat bose earner eee we ee ae eae ee 
PRISE tid eae ea ee eee ee Cn NIRS CAOTUDG ae aen noo neste ae on are eee 
rer UGS - owe te oe tek Se a Fic dl de IEXS (oS oti? 3 ey oa es ee a) 
PPI GO Wee ste tee Cee eee oe POW MASS CObE meses ees esteem oes eto cease oe = 
[LALO ee A See ne een ie Mee FOO MVA TCI benee ast. a hens cone aoe et oe eee tan ots 
MDA CHILG 2s = oat: ance Oe me ee TAMA OCKILO tees pence e ee naan ease 
WAIMORWAVELIEG — 25.22 2-222. s8- 2 = Seok ek (Sane Mazapiliteers-n2.e--- 6 oo. o5-5-~-2-) =~ 22 
MEASVIGYIT LORE de ae ees pe ae VOSMIM GION Lemme ne nee en. eee. De 
WERT DO paeaee ase en eens Se esaee TOoaleMelaconitep=ss: ==: 225 -c--=> -42-42--2205622- 
aErdsekorihGgees eh aasa seas eee Ol aie MOlINCMOon meee sae ffi sce. pcs soos ncect ewe 
OTS a Sa eee ee ee ee le OOM MGlanibereee =: 2cs4.3222.2coccn> saeucs-eb eee 
MARITIROL COL ets oe ake oa eae ae PSO ML OlanNOCOPITON bofas.-cacce. osee aes -ee eee. 
LOU TC e eet eee oo ee en ae Ee | OLANLOSIG OLUUG 2a -Ssai0ccteee oa--sescsset eee 


806 


Molanotekite 2. 2.s---en- eae aeee eee eons 771 
MelaTitarite: so te sontce see ae ee hoe 
Maltiite £tss2c oa neon ee eee V7 
MWelinihe 28 e fa Sos ee ee ee ee oe ae ae 781 
Melinhanites 2.0558 ase snetaece gates a ieee 770 
MEIIG 2-20 [ec neces eaeaee = bates 797 
WiRIORILG «2.22 2 ee eee ees 756 
MonAccAnite: -c=. = ols oa ees Oe oe ee 
Mendipite: =~. 92-2 8 eee nee 753 
Mendonite 123 2es. eee eee ne ee: 
Menephinite = s<o-5e seen te ce eee 760 
IM BRCUT i aoa at nee See an ee ie 751 
Moeroxine <2) '2r. 28 esse cen ee eer 778 
Masitite fe << = aco ac ee eee 766 
WMGSOliNe? ee oe ae ae oe eee ee ee Ti7 
iMoessolitio.< 20 = 6 ee oe eee = eee 787 
Metaprushite jcc: ec esas abe oar aaa ee 787 
Metachlorite- -..-.------- Le See a ieke eS 779 
Metacinnabarite. 2. ---" 255 chee eee = 755 
Matashlbnitescs-2- 28. = cee ee ee 754 
Motavoliine:.)- on sec 2 ee eee 795 
MIGTORATG oe soos eae Se a ee 77 
Metaxoltes. 1525 25. on toes Soe semen sees 779 
Me VNiel bec = eaten = oe ene arene Pores 761 
Miaroviite: 2.2) ane so sn eer 759 
Maicas theese esc ccae te ecce nasi onas eee Ti7 
NACTOCING Woe eas neene eee oe ee eee 77 
Macrolibow 4). cece ae eee ee ee ee 783 
MMicrosoMMiteys< == 34255. -5.+ 8 See 771 
IMIeGYRIbO 2.2 32a aan Boe oka ee oe ae noe 753 
WWRGSIUG) S25 ose ce ee es ne ee) heen 
Milsnitoe®. 2 soes ds So osee tek te oe eee 768 
MMA Leribe. oss eo er Se ee ee 754 
Maree. = oye ee ee a Be 
MatiervitO= acs a eee sae es oe 787 
MINT Gt eas oe ee ae Se oe ree 765 
Mirabilitere. os.6 22-4 oe oe ee een eee 792 
Wisenite oo 122. Se - eee eee 792 
55-6 | OS ot Ee ie EO ee SRS ee 791 
Mizzonite 2. =. 2-<<22c-5 ee ee eee 773 
Moly bdeviite 22:3) =o- soit) oes cee 754 
Moly dite sonst noi oes oe ct ee eee 761 
Moly bdomenite. -=<.* 22-5 -£2. =222-=22 766 
Molysite-- 2252-2. oe a eee oe 
IMpnaZIbO= = sc: oscee sete ee a eee 785 
IMOn Otte oon. 2. == oe oe ee 785 
IMonneitiite =<. 220- ena =. se aa 766 
WVEOMIMOlIEO 22s. Boece a ee eee eee 789 
Monrolite2.c-s5~ ee oe en eee 774 
Montanite, <2occs = oe ot a oe ews eee 795 
Montebrasite 22s. ce-n- eee ee eee 786 
Monticellite 2-2 ea eee ee ee V7 
Montmorillonite: . <== 2255-5 aoesso eee ees 780 
IMOPAGNILG.. so2—0(o> = se aes ee ee ee 77 
AOYENOSILO 2 ones = oe ee ee ee een OS 
MOPrimnites” . 22a 0200 os eee eee 786 
MORONOLILO 2 = == 253 oe ee See 794 
MOSaNnG PIO. oo 2-= onc se eee ee 7 
WMGOSBIGGP G2} 252 -- 5. chs: Sante See ee 784 
MODERATES 222 o28 2 =~ 02 ones See ee 785 
Muvomontite:=s-- <==. =s-2..-s2s5ee4 eee 774 
MUMRCOVIECS s20 bes 22555 so 2sae ete 777 
Nic 

NAGOLILO I. oe. oa25.c tee eee 765 
INAS VALILO 2-2 oso eee eee ob cone ee eee 756 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Page. 
Namiagnalite 2o2-e-cs concen cee eee 763 
INANLOKIIO Sorc: oer ee Se eee 752 
Watrolite: scar eee eee V7 
Natrona cence econ oes ee oe eee 767 
Natroncatapleilite =:-_----. 3.7 27-222 ee 771 
Natrophilite' 2,282 ee ee 785 
Natrophite.) #25) 022 tee ee ee es 785 
Nanmannite So sr ess 2 ee ee 756 
Nemalite-. 325. .522 = Sea oe eee 762 
INeotocite 80. 22 ee eee 781 
Nephelite=2: =. .58-. 2 eee 771 
Nephrite 2222022230. ee 769 
Neptunite.--2: 28 ee eee 782 
INesquéhonite:= 3.75 oo2-25 2 eee 767 
Neprolites 2) s222.0- 4 ee ee 780 
New beryite: 12.) 2558 = os ee eee 787 
ING WJaNSKILO.. 3.2052 2. ee 751 
Newtonite oes Lee eee 780 
Niecolite:". v2. 2 ee eee 757 
Nickdlarsenaite 2...) ee 2 ee eee 789 
Nickelskutterudite- 2-2-2 ee 757 
iter 2.5 2252.2 528.3. 6: ee ee eee 784 
Nitrobarites 22° <2 2 een 784 
Nitrocalcite: 2<<2 22-0. 22. Sh eee eee 784 
WNitroglanberttie — 5-2-5 = eee 784 
Nitromagnesite: .2 22225. 5 eee 784 
INivenite 2.2452 oo eee 797 
Noilite:--25 3--- 2-2 4.2 ee 756 
Nocerite. =). ee ee 753 
INohilite 2 22 oo 2a SP Nee ee 783 
Nontronite: - s-. 2a. eee ee ee 781 
Nordenskidldine =.= 32-25 a ee ee 764 
Nordmarkite 256s see ee 775 
IN GSCHitO. = 22 So Sos Soe eee 
INWSSIOPI Te) == 2-28 eee ee eee 786 
oO. 
OchTan: =< 355.3255 eee eee ee 781 
Ochrolite 5-425. ee eS Se 765 
Octahedritie vs 0-2 = eee ee 762 
Octibbehibey). is ucesses ae eee 751 
Gillacheritie = 5s 2c. 34a Se a ee ee 77 
Offretite 2 cb ieee eee V7 
ORGnitec2! 2252342 ee eee V7 
Oldhamite=.-: 27 ee ee OE 
Olieoclase <=. 202-+ sesacap eet see ee 771 
Oligonites 25.22 -2-s6.2e son ces eso eee eee 766 
QOlivenites. 255. 3 eseen soe ee esas ee 789 
Oncosine iW: 3; so ae ee eee 77 
Onepite; j2..+ 52 See 5 ENS Saree ee 763 
Onofriteiee-. 2 eek ee 756 
Opal a7. ok = es gs ieee ee 763 
Orileyite “= 222.2% 5222 eo ee 757 
Orpiment 2223-22. s2e eee ee ees 754 
Orthoclase 25°46. 22 a eee 771 
Oryate eo 3: es ee ee ae eo 
Osmiridium:- 523. -a-decese = oe ee 751 
Ottrelite ...-- Bo cheeses gasdk eae 778 | 
OuvVarovite:. >. 25-22 eee V2 
Oxzammite: 22252 #2. c ae sh ee =e 797 
Leh 

Pachnolite 2222. 2 sees onde Pease Seesecee ste 752 
Pasodite. sh.Jct2 Boots ee 7380 
Painterite.: uke ack oe teen eee 778 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 807 


Page Page 
PERCE ORG. Semen cee 2 tee. ee BOM Elona royribe = se 18s oo 2. sl 2 be SAE 759 
LESP SUG IR a Se ee ee fol IGONGChIbO fans cee ae 8 Fs 8 ne BOF Ge 789 
LE DYSYS'S 011 t e epeer ee aeRR peepis S (ERO) MLE 071 558 eho a eee oe Svea ee Rare ay) 
BEAU OHIO S Sain 8 clo eek oe Sots eee A Ot Il LOM DIOTILO: 52.2 2-5 25- sce ke Saas Aaeoee (HWS 
“DELOTE6cb ht) ar a ae a 192) -Plambopuamumite =. -~ 22. 5-_-==)-=22--5--2- 788 
LO ae eee (Osa elombestannitey 22-25! ae03 |e tee eo 760 
LPR Sa 0 ) eS ae eee THOM Elam bostib= os. = ooo: oe ce ee 2 759 
ROR CCE Cee eee See ee eerie © Cees ONE EP OMATILG: ses 2a ame woe see Seb. Re TD 762 
Le DTDERS GUIDED) = = re I Noe PE OUUCIte fn. 22a es eee Ste 770 
Ptauer bE nee noe nn cae natal e 4 AOOWh Oly Ar aVribe@es<88) 5) 25s. oS se 2 ee eee Sea 
Le E/E Oe SoS ek Be eee tenes ae ea Gane Polyarcenibes 21) sabe nse seen Ree ee 
SRR HES MES GE yer tren ene see | A OOE PPOLMbSSIbeLet en oe so ae ee 760 
LERTISD SARC) ote sae aap eae eine eter meet a 760 | Polycrase _-_-.- fee res re 783 
JEEVES San ee IS pee ec (69) "| (Polydyanite =. sie on oe a5 os Sees. save 755 
EPIL een een nce eon att oeeeos + (88ul| Polyhalite 122282 2252s eee 794 
LECD | DELS ERED ca all 52 er ae a 5) (i89)|\):Polyiithionitess-.----42--- 2222. eee 778 
LEED EGO nS SRE ete ee ee ee (oor |Eolymipmiter s2c-22< <p ane ee 7 
PPEELDO gS ya estan =n ae kce asaseeces 879) Polysphserite 2= 25> Pes: oS Belpre fates 786 
LEED LE EDGE a a Pe ee Nao i ibolycelities s--see <= Sass 2 See eae ee 7 
JECPEERS TELE jae pal es es Sey oe aes (Sl) orpeziteica.-se- 2 <a ee Soe eee 751 
TEES EST L252 ee ere ne ee ae pv | PROwtbOR = on. ee ee te to Se Se oe ne Re 781 
Pomielases<22.---.-.2--22 ee a see se enters KGIE | SPowollitewWwssos Stet Soe OE ees ee 796 
PGRONSKIUG= == 262 ofoe ce ote aac b one eee HOe |S Ewaso eee eens wee an Sl CE Ne 5 eee 762 
LEG 1 Ey ee a oe ee aa 1605 s| GErehnite cies ees ae ite eee 774 
PeOUtaLOe Aen sess hs sone eae ee TIO Ml PE TICCLiG masa sateen yen se see oe mee aeene 764 
PELr trol he ace = a Neel een a a een ae eee 2 TORR COCRIOL be sso. 2s eee oe oe eee aoe a ee 779 
TETRA TAS SCV Eee Se 190g eerolectibo es 4.2 28s sete soe ea ee 7 
IEMaRMACORICETILO os. 225882. a 5 sla Ol wEROSODILO shoe esas sess ee fees ees 752 
IHGHR CUR K =: 22- saeco, 52 <= 2Sescs s2S5ee ee (ice) derotolitmionitey.—-- + sce ea5. oho ee oe Ti8 
Nehnlsatet pic es een oe eee ee Oo ME TOLONONtrOnites.--- 228 --54222.t2ce2 2 Ae 781 
Peri iie eee ees = ee ek ate eee oe Protovermiculite.=<..26022.2.2t 52222223202 778 
TELE ILIIRY 2) 57112 a ae RGM |p EOustitetss ss. se alas ee Fee ee eee 755 
RoR LL Ree ea eae ee ee a ee a) fl De PADPAMILCs 222. --= cc oc scoot one ee eee 754 
EnOSMCOCDROMUG oo = es eae ene een 196 “eSenugdGberzeliite 22.2 72-222252 2ds5 2 tees 789 
PAOHOOMGOR oo ca. See ae eee Se LOOM esendobrookitel <2 .2 acess tak eeng Seen 782 
Phosgenite---_------- Soe pees eiec-ee stad ees LOsaieseudoecouuDnite 2.2 “22 eee 753 
PRORPNORILO © = ooo 2k ea tes Be tere 180))| (eseudolibethenite - 2-2-2222 =2:.. 2-25. 2 787 
ROSH NOSIGOTILG o> 24- nese a eee iy ebseadomalachite 2-= i253 2522-22" eee 786 
Phosphurany lite 2... -.-...=--25-.52..2 (85) |eeSeudophite <-2-2- 25 2222=5 Sarre 179 
ehyilther ate & 5 oe ae ae suk eas ce ion wESCUGGUTIplite. 92 == oe = = eee ee 786 
PEST erro a ee oe eres | PL SO|| estlOMelaANG: .-c< sais ast ieee eset ees 765 
HTCLOMLG ese eae ek eee sees 77 IPSiGbacinit@zcn. = 2.22 se sae eee eae eee 785 
eTOMET Ue yeen eee fae Senet hee Se Seite OP UL Oliie=. 2 ee 5 eee nea es EO 
Teron MmaAcowuO = --s-s4- a2 eee eT, Pachenitecss. 0 sence see on eae Oe 
PichOunOMsomibe: to--os 9o2 02) eee eee ee Rati ECD IPO ees so ee eee oe eee ne ee 774 
PICrOUlbARIGO =< 52s. 5222S oe ieee (82 Okay Vleet ee ee ea ee ee ee Sere ae 770 
PIPEMON WOO 8 2-2) sae eooe = ee eae ASS ||, ey rer eo yIPL Otek = a= ea ee oe Se 759 
(ESS Py SS ae ee rn ei ae ee ee ee TAURI EL EA fi iS sey a See 755 
LPIOVTVEIN PS) SoS a Ae en tee ee et Ean oy f(D) a WE Ea ao}? vw 2) een ete eae ee et ef a eal ( 
SEH OL GG ee ae a em ee ee ee OLA pb yrocnlore coe 2ss === een ee eee TO 
ESOT Le 6 Cees ee ee Ola Ev rocurolbe:s=) et=ns eae. ce acne ane 762 
LP TEDISTOU eS ne eee ee ee pe 2 Ota MEV TOMISILOls = So te one ec eee ae seen ee Ge 
EAEESSO TNO ee et et ee (Gil seyTOMOnDNILGS= =o) 4-2 es onan ae ee es) SG 
IPT SCHTTIGY SEA ge eee ease eee Se She a TAY} oI Ba sek 6 Co ek ae cae eee ge a a Sree at 4 Ti2 
BT ESI OST LG ie oa a oe Se ee ROOT Me VCLORDADILO = o.oo a eee ee oe 782 
RetGRGG enon Seat ee Woe Ae ae ee pole Sev rophosphoritecs = =e ee ee 8h 
PEROT OCT DIDO a sn ee ee eee 7952 Pyrophyllites2=-- 2. ---ee 2 os eeete eee see 780 
PPIAPIOCIASES, th@!-=: =e oe eae iis | wemrOrunice acces cee eee ee ee I 
HEESTONMT DOR = 3 uote = at eee Ee ool PEYTOSCLOTILO;=2-- 2h es anaes aoe aaa. 779 
Rene r COs see a A as eS BIGTe pe VCOSITIAL GO wats sate tee = = NOS Loh (ec 
FIR OE GEE TLG ee oe ae eee OG ME VLOS MED MILO meceeee cones ane. 2 ~cce = eeezae 959 
ELAS rie ee ae Me ee ae eevee TE {een weyroxenes) the ew oe os. Se 768 
LE LIDy aise (6 bho b oe eee ee ee eo Ae Re ae EAN ole Neighal ath Yay Ue 2 Oe ES SE se re ee ee 783 
| PEs etpsiza eisai eas $d ea a en lal varrhoarsenite. 2s 4-0-2 <0 oc ose ose Bee yt) 
LEVLD UA END gt | He Bi Gee ee ee eee ec Oza Be VErAGuibeme sek see et. LD ee 755 
- 


808 REPORT OF 
Q. 

Page. 
Qrighty o222 So oon now meade ns seeas an eee 762 
Quenstedtite 23.2.2. 2...- sse-ces eee eee 793 
Guetenitie sscas2-ses 22ers cane eee 795 

R. 

Raimondite ....<5 --na5 44-205 oS -eae oeee 793 
Ralstonite 24.22. .<2-- ee ne 
Rammelsbergite -.-----. 22-24 5--cae 757 
RANI tO) Sct oe eh aw saab oat eee eS Ti7 
Ransablte <= =- =k. bee. oa een aee ee 
Baspiteet<Uto o ssp 2 eee ee 796 
RAS tOIY TO) soe an axa cen ne ees 77 
RiaGnIGe Ro = eae a oe ees plete 759 
MaAZOUIMOVSKIN es. ace e> Soe ee a eee 780 
FR@a Gar 2! 23.6 Soe so oc Senin eas eseee ees 75 
MUECLOTILG Bae en ee ae Cee hea eee 780 
Redding itese = ceacse do ee ee 787 
Beddinetonite:s.. 8s asec ae 794 
HOEGONGIGS 32225 8 a ee ie 
Ret danskite). S622 coese on ee Bee ee 780 
RGICNIOS< 5 2c e oe cea eee nee eae me 766 
PREINT CO 27 so ha ee ee ee ee ees 796 
Remin StOnIG6 26> eos 2 oes ee Oe ee OG 
RBUIN ALI Gees te i eee 779 
Reazhamyitey§. 25 hese. +8 oe oa eee le 
Bhapoophanite o22= = -dsc- Jo oso see ese eee 787 
PHA OILO pos Sees ea = 2s eee ee 791 
POU ALTO seo oe tS SR BS Be ee a oe Ae 781 
EOC hOte sete Seen ee a en a een ee 751 
RMOMIZILO tes oss Jets aaa ee weees 764 
TRMOUGCHEORILOS.- -o2 22 se oot ne ee OO 
NOG OM LO ss ce es ae ea on ee eee 772 
UA OCOTTE G2 cce hie 2 ee fe ree PE 769 
Hhodophosphites 2 == ss--2- ee ee eae 788 
Richollites<+.* <2 2. eae ee SO 
RACH MONGILE "23" o 5 = os ee ee 760 
RACH LEI LG) sos 6 oe es ee ee kee ey, 
Rip peckive > 328 25 uae ee ee TT 
TRAN KibO Veet ee oe eS ee ee ee 783 
WRIOWI GO 6 o528 ook fo a ORE Or ae ee 760 
AV OUtOt eo 2 poe eck ee ee eee eee 790 
ERO albert 753 
IRopblingitet: s\> 32. oes eee a ee ee 781 
Roepperites =o. o. s oo e eee Ti2 
IR: GOBESILG sos. —/ae=a ee  aeee 7 
ROM OIE Le so a ae ee a ee eee ae 
RoOmerite:..22.---- BO a Ee ha et aoe 794 
TROSCORIILO == setae rs ee ee ee ee 778 
IROSOTDO St 2 d= oe son a ce hana mee ae ees 77 
Roselitiat 5-25 2s ao ak te ee Lee See 799 
Fosen pusenite. =. 2-5 55-0 oes ajc ee oe 
EROS6 UAE bn Sa Sas te ee Chee Oe ee 
RGRAILOTIEG = a5262 2 LS Cae nee a 
BosteniteS. <<) ae eee ee es 770 
FRODLISIDO +o = 2-0 38 Se oe ee ae ae 780 
RoOwilangite =. 6.6. ose eee eee <a 
pelle see ee ee 
1 SSLDILDY d= hee ae a a Som LoS 
BU DYceetotee oe ca cece Seen See ee ee 
RIM DARG sence ae—e ae ee ee 779 
Mntherforditpec.s +) ose ese ee 784 
SRIEDL LS oo ee ee ee eR ie hee eee 762 


NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Ss. 
Page. 
Sattlorite: 22s tc. 22 cee en eee ee eee 757 
SaltAgnmionise::: 2.2 one oes ee 753 
Salmite 2.256 Boo Se tae Se a ee 778 
Salvadorite: << ..25 22) s 6 ee 793 
Samiarakitera se" 5 5.0) ss aren eee ee a 5 
Saimote css. 4 sc) oo ee ene ee 781 
Sand berpite- =< es so cee cee one eee ee 760 
Saeniding sie" 2 eo ee 771 
Paponite® 2-5. ee Jes ca. Saeel 
Sapphirec=- sist a ees eee 762 
Sappnirine:. -4:- =. fee ao eee 715 
Sarawakite i4<.-03322 6) oe ee 753 
Parcolite t s25- ses ssose eee eee 7 
NareopsidO ve 2.5 3-0 eee ee ee ee 
PaArainianite sso ces o soe ee ae ee em eee 792 
Sankinitetes.c.-+2e.5 5 en ee 789 
Bartoritess see. steno eee 758 
Sassolite’ 2.53. 28% 2828 eS ee ee 
Scacchite:..2.2-5:2-2 -242ih tes 2 eee 752 
Scapolites, the. 2222. o5-Ss--2- st ae ee 
Scarbroites.< yo bee. ee 781 
Schapbachite’=<-2----_--- --- 759 
Scheelite® -2...-se.ee ss ee eee 796 
Schefferitevs-2- wn as see eee eee 769 
Schirmerite see sae. eee 759 
Schorlomitet--. +2. .26 8... eee eee V2 
Schrotteriteis:.1 2.5. =. Se ee 781 
Schunvite= 8.6 25. as ee sake eee eee 750 
Schwartzembergite - ._ 222-22 os es 
Schwatzites 4 4075322 ee ere eee 760 
Scolecitels--5---s2> tee ee Se eee Ti7 
Scolopsitens eee. 6-. see ee V2 
DCORGQITO =: 22 ho. e stan oon ee eae eee 790 
ScoOnlolte.. 0 Sse ee oo ee 781 
Scovillite-.~.-£2-.8-<255 4cs0eo el ee 
Seclandites-2c=-seneaeeee See 794 
Selenite es se. oo ee ee eee 792 
Seloninm 2.25 ee ss ee eee 75) 
Selonoliter 22) 1926. 2 ea ee eee 
Selonsnliphimt 22: 2225, 2 oe ae ee ee 
Selentellurium +. =>. s- <4 =e = ee ee 750 
Sellaites 22. ee ee ee ee 75: 
SOMSCVIlGs- 225 ooo ee ee 759 
Senarmontive..-=<-. 22 eee ee 761 
Sepiolite~. 5-7-5 sn s6-5 ee eee ee 780 
Herpentine2eoes. 22 ase. 2) oes ee ees 779 
Serplerite.. 2225 = soso ee eee eee 793 
Severiter.. £32.55. 5b ee ee eee 780 
Sey bertite $27. <2 be ee eee 778 
Sideriteve.-* 2-202 25 tecticce so eee 766 
Siderodotu.<3-----e 2 ee 766 
Sideronatritie- 5-2 52- 2s- nese ke ee 
Siderophyliite <s= 2-25-23 2) aeeee 778 
Siderotile.. 7. oe 793 
Siegenite-___.__- PEE Ree care A eke 755 
Silaonite,. 20k sara oas eee eee eee 756 
Silfpergite . 2. =<: cas. 2 eae ee eee 769 
“Sillimanites: £5 7p tA oe eee ee ee 774 
SHVGP ron 22 Sa ae ee ee ae 751 
BIMOnyite 27. a ae ee ee eee 794 
Sinopite 22455. ctes bss ae Se ee ee 781 
Sip ylite: sss acoeee oes re eee oe ee 784 
Sismondine 22.) ee ee eee 778 


7." 


CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 


LRG S Ces Aa Se 757 
PMITEITUOQ RS Nae canes oe one ce Se ese 757 
SDD PV Ghe i see ip ae ee a 769 
DRIER IEC Eee Pe oo oe eS es 781 
PemNEDNEI IIe SLs Ss o at SPRS 766 
SOOM NMM SU oe ce mote nce wet Sates 762 
STU UO) eee ee ee ee eae 2 
So SER) Se eee ene a ee 784 
BEHEO TEN OCIIGE: me ons Wa ccn en eaeee oe 77 

SOTA ee eee 758 
SSG NT TAD) Re eee eo Sp 794 
BLE a ee ao eee a, BO 
RH ONO Meters nose ee ee TOD 
SUNT) Se ee ee 757 
“DBSSDIGNT VS) i eS = ES ae ee ae 172 
COPEIN ESRD), Ss Re 788 
Brbaerocobal tite .— i... -.5-. <6. c2s<.-- acon 766 
LPL GHIN Eh ee ees ae a re 754 
Bara hirsteni i LOMe mere soon a oe ee 781 
SUNG 2A see ee 764 
“S(O UI CUCL ote a ae 786 
SCG SS See sae eee 769 
“SSD UBREVERG Ey Ses a 785 
“STRDIO TENE GY a Se a ge 76 

“Si EDITED) se a 764 
CHIE TADIAO UT HE Sse pe Met ie es 775 
SIPEG) 2 Sa ee eee 780 
SDSS airy ahaa See ee a a em (753 
‘S) REDDOT On gia ee eg epee ee 755 
Siemvaniteee rs. kM t Tre. ys 760 
LOLCOnILCr eens aa ete ete ce OY. 
PREEMNereiGoerasecr sh hae Tha s Vit or WG 
(3 RUDI) Oat ace a ee OL ee 790 
EDA Geee meee a ae ol CCL! oe AEE 790 
“SIND A0L Sc ee pe vege eee nna 790 
EEEMOICUMIGB ete eke FN 2 Ree ee a an Ol) 
“SHIDO OVE a eae a PS 790 
SUNY GTEUI RG): |g SA ee J lin a 754 
PatlitLe ere ais eo Se eS BP Pee 
Bn ROME LANG oF. 3 3, eee Ss GO 
ADVTS) 2. aR a ee eee ee 796 
SER Sper) 2 BN ek Oh ee a 787 
“5 LETELEEXO AT MO) Loot a ee 779 
SS NEGPEA WTC TaN eS Sal on ee ee eile IAD. 773 
Promo uenitens. 2s 8 2 et 75d 
SURES J ae ea Se 767 
CHT ee US ee 786 
SUN ON 1771) NS a ee 756 
SUC III GS S S  ere gee 794 
SULIT OID Ls a5) poe, = eg ees Ee 759 
Baiphoborite.=--...-.-..--.-= Pe eet 

TSS LGTY a eee a 795 
SESS 2 eee oP eS. eae: 750 
V5 TSSUESTEN CE) a ek ane a eA 764 
SADT CIR TS eke Se he ag ee Ri aE oe ee 788 
PUGHMOGVINILG -.22 22 Sosnsoo Jeena e 75d 
SLING nT a ee eek ee 756 
Silky). an er ae ose et 753 
Beni nlesipor esos 3 ko ee se 790 
Bea Glmhibe, =. <<. .coabs- cee cece 790 
ORME ONhO =m ae sikh ee es Lo tO 
So STS DYRSIS IG ee a a a 1) 
BPDOIDOs 7 ee Re Ee ESS oe 768 
LUE] ha: rr rr OF: 
OTERE S182) oe a ( 


Abe Page 
Maberpitecesacos 0c ake ee Sooke eset 779 
Wachhydritesesa-< «sees sree eS 753 
Rachvaphaltibore sees ae eo 773 
RUBE CO Rees econ ees ee eae hare 787 
Re Cian seat a ee ae A 7 
Dallinpites fess = eet ee ee 754 
Lamar ete! cas eres We oe ete 794 
SPAN GALtG cet secee 5. Se ee: fee ers ee 784 
Depa piters- ssc eva Dee aha ene 759 
Waplolitewccke ee cee eae Be se ee. 784 
Maran AKItOSs:-62 yo eong seeee ee wt SC 788 
ar ApACRItO = 5-222 es eet ees 796 
Darnowibaitea< 2st. st eee eure eee 767 
aUTISClbOusse Aceon sce ee ey 793 
ALS WASTOCKIGG est coe oe eee ee ee oP 
Waylorite ss 22 << =22.3522.60" Ve 792 
Mekti cio ssc. co -Weee 222 ou ey oe 793 
Hollumitosaeec-< tse, eee 761 
Relliminmpeees eos oo ee es) ee 750 
ellomstlp byt. aie | oS nnn 
Meongeriteres ose kes, 252 Lh. Shek oe ee 767 
Rennamtitersecsose he =! is. ee ee 760 
MRenoritamensss<c snet Ak yea ae 761 
ephnoitess=ess-= 2-2-2 Cans es 772 
Moschermacherites=s9= ss. sie ee 767 
Rotradymitesets2-- yen ok ee 756 
Metrazophosphites—- sa). ate eee 786 
Wetrahedmite 2-25-22. = = eu e760, 
Mbalsckorites sats. 545, so) ee Ie 769 
PENAL OnitOs= sae es sew et 046, De gD Woe LM 770 
PED AUMINA SI LOR ee ee cee ea i is.) 781 
Mioniaindit ease oe hey Ole ee argo 
Mhenmonabrite see e246 eee ey 
Rh OUT G Ree eee nay Een 766 
AM OV oyoatE yh (eis Gos ee Bee are Sa ee ee en fe 766 
POH OMSENOMIPGs as: a oe ae ae ee eee 7152 
AN ayeyacys(oy at (ee eee eee ree es Sek TE UY 77 
AM OX 0) Gio eI Sd SS erage ee See Pa Tv 
BE TOMbOlitem sesso es aos ae ene 765 
Thulite Ne tk 774 
Mhurinpite ese Ns 5h) Cah ee ees 779 
Tiekerodite ..-.--- Be eee eee oe 756 
sDicmaNMibes 2-254 25:2 220-2 ee 756 
CUT ee eerie ene Ae ee che A ee 751 
“Nth o¥Gfs) (toy cult (aks oe I eS a ae (311 
ER Gaml be seen e ea ee te ee et ee nes 782 
Mitanomorphite= cag soe ee ee eee 782 
Mopezi= < 22 tases i ce ee eee 
orbernite = 2. ee eee ee es 788 
Mo talgites. 2255 ose ee eee ee TO 
ourmaline 22s do st ns 775 
BromOlite ene 2a. seas 5 nee eee ae EEO 
TrIiChAl Cites oo 2 eae one ee ese 790 
Dridiy ibe ys sense See oe Ce re eee ee GO 
(REIMOLI be seee ae ces ee eee eae 
crip by litetc. ne -s == we oe eee es 785 
rip] tbe: eee eee oe eee ree wee ee 786 
Driploiditen.: = tee Mee eee pe eh ee 786 
AMripolites: = sas eke ee ee ee eet 7 
Trippkeite._--_.__. Se ot eee 765 
ERriLOMiites eee son eer et 775 
PERO POTILO eee ee eee cee Se ese 791 
PPROWITO eee eee he SO ts 5.0 aes 75 
PRE Olleitamemeeen = meee 5 eters fs = wl Se 786 


— 


810 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 
Page. Page. 
Prong sce ee eee eee ae eee 267 0) ,AWiawellitel.. e+ a2 ecko oat eet ae aon 788 
Wachemkinite 26 oc oo ara ee eee Teer WGbrlite 2222s 7 see ee enor 756 
TPACHOPMIRILG ae. S. cca aeieraran eee ee Toko WW OlDOYVItO. 2 aso ans ee nos sree ee 768 
Mongstite 12 4226.52. iene eee ad (Gln Wellsite --252 >. 228223 2 ee ees T77 
IT EPP tae 2 oc..=) 5 sept ee Soe es (6S) OWermeritel- st 2-2 fe eee 773 
POTQuONNG « J2seg son. -aee so ee re 788. Werthomaninite).- 5. <7. 2f 2.2 sobs ee 793 
Rerolites. -238 eee ne pa eee 7Ol, |) WWestanite iscsi ee eee T74. 
TySOnIte Yee BoE a ees ee ee ee (oem) Wihewellites. 2252. 253500 oe ae eee moe 797 
Wihitnpyitie, <2: 25 Sse sae 757 
mM Willeoxite S922 22 2 a eee 779 
Udewnllite.2. 62-7 ee eae 7sg | Willemite.-.-..----...-.------------------ 672 
Taiseiis VES. ek See ee Hea t|P NAOMI SL GOs -cegc tae teas ee eee 779 
Wlsxitescs sc tle eee teas ay oe Cea NGL ALO ar cee ee cee ee ee 758 
Eilmannite 2.) ewe scat te eee 758 | Wilsonite .-.--...-------------------- +--+ v73 
LiMo Seapets ae ae Sates ae RATS ES crs eR AT ALLODOEP UO i 22 tone, ene apes anna 793 
ralerthitiecss-2s0 5 sso eee one 774 Winklerite- .....-..----.-----------2<=----- 763 
Titanic ee ee eee oe ee oe Hoy.) (Watherites: 22527. ons: an eso anne en ease eee 767 
Uranochalcite ccs ee eee 795 Wittichenite catehelataiateieteeteatetaieteht atta ttt 759 
Wrandcircites ca. wens ese eee a LOS Wocheinite mann ccc tre ecen ceo nes on eee awe ne 763 
Mrenaphame 24 t-.8 oe eee 781 | Wohblerite----.....-.-.--.-------+---------- 769 
Meanopilite.: ccc. scuke ea ee 795 | Wolfachite.--.....-...--..-..----.+-------- 758 
Umnanosphesrite sees e  eeeee eeaT Wolframite wan nn saan cmenen pore a snes san acn 796 
Wranospinite’=~22. ass ances) ao seen eee 791 Wollastonite PaaS Sees essen RS sical 769 
Taranothallite:. s.r sooner eS ) eee 767 | Woodwardite--.........--...-----.-------- 195 
5 eR ie Meena ker ee ed FOTO COT LLE Ocean sme ore ee 
Um baniter: oe ia ee ann cote ee ae a ore 769 Wriulfenite --ocat 2. ee oe Aer na ee eee 796 
TITRE eer et ee ee eT ire F/G aie NV GEA Se O20 ee eee 754 
Wtehite 0 Scs0 eR eos soe e see ee coes See ee Oe x. 
Wes ° Manthitdne: (222.2 wee cee eee 782 
h Jee: MUN CHIGO =. 3552. oo etal wses en = nee eee 773 
Vaalite...-..----.---- -.--+-----++-+-+- ec is Manthoarseniters 2... ses ase eee 791 
Valentinite .------.-..--..-.------++------- i MANtRGEONItE. <-c2" tance sen 759 
Vanadinite. -..... .-....---.---------.--.--- 184 | Yantholite....--..0- 222-20 ¢ 2-00 -----eeeee ru 
Vanadiolite --...-.---.-..-.---------------. 785 | Xanthophyllite __.......---..---..2.2e0e--- 778 
Me ene oe er cemee aa ee see te en ie oe et % 
Varvicite. - ida as he a eee De 765 | Xanthosiderite _....---..------------------ 763 
Vauquelinite eats AES ote tesco nena tee MOG: tl vinre eae Act bat 1th ete Sea ks Ome an eat ee nate 
Venasquite Sop ie Dp ee eee m1 GMO LIME! 2520) oe one eee ee 785 
Ve rmiculite oer Wo eIrSe eee eds tee CIB ARE GTi he ete oer ane ee rete 
Vermiculites, thesis... 22522. es ae 778 
Westivianitie:) <5*rsts- els ede eee eee 773 ae 
Weazelyiter:: 2: 22: =s0o 4b cs hte ee On ae 
Wistinghoiite: cst. ssa thee oe Sees 783 Yttrialite RoR O20 Fe. tp ee oe 0 
Mivaanite. 225 343 25 29h. eee ee oe 787 aoe oa shag ee Soak | fe od ie a iid 
Wojeliiarities cient Sate! Neen el ae 195 Vitrotantalites-2-5 a ee eee 783 
VIO RGR Reese ee aren eee ene eens 167 Z. 
WMoieibite =: | rd = ae ee oa eee 
Widliborthite 323 ere ee tee 7a5 | Zaratite ....---------.--------------+-++---- 768 
Woleotite tite tb) othe ators ne eee hop, \@ZeOlites, the l=). 5 0 se ee. ee eee 776 
Violtaite joo. 222 ee Se lige | (Zepharovichite= =. tease. atsee sas. eee 787 
Wolizitecn. <8 ee ee ee ee 763 ZGUGILS \fs8e, oa 2 Hen se tc ee eee 787 
Zeuneritexn-- =. <b. 2. Se eee 791 
Ww Wincaluminite <5. 2-28 255=2-ciee ssa eeee eae 
; incite. te eS eee 761 
WAG. 22. peste ss ee boas bosses dae. Set CO CAL ATT LO cere ae ete ee 767 
Wisenerite™ 2 e525. 2 oe a8 oe Y860)) Zankenite 2a voc tssces-c2acnsee case eee Soe oT 
WelDUOrPite: = 225. te ee eee ee 791s" | SANK OSIEG. =e oon ee ee 792 
Walthérite:s.:..522--t 928 Sas ee es (GT. |e Zanmnwaldib@..2 ce. koe: eee ns ee eae 778 
IWS DIOTILG 2222-225 scenes eee ye ae 190 «| Vilppeitesssa. a. e a cee eee enone ivismeee 795 
Wandite.-. 2 £200.22 32-0 a ab faeces ee a ELECOD oa ee ee ee ee Se ee 773 
Warinetonite:.-..42-< 222 )-2es 2 ees | eirkeliter sete ee ee eee 782 
Warronite 220 3.5. ees oe aa ce TOO | are Beate ects eae eet sae ee 763 
Warwickite----...... Be ee Ae 76 Figisite wos ees coe eo nee ee eee eee T74 
Wasitec. 2 ico a ees as ee Via! BOUL CS races. oa eee ee eee eee 756 
‘Wiattewillitie, 227 22325528. 2. £2 See ee aos 704 “leary ite Re aece ee nee ae eee % 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES 
OF PREHISTORIC TIMES. 


BY 


THOMAS WILSON, LL. D., 


Curator, Division of Prehistoric Archwoloqgy, U. S. National Museum. 


811 


Lee h LE OF CON EEN ES: 


RT RETELUTC GION Bee Sea c eel e Wtere oS eve. A Seok fe ee ee ten 


I. 
Jf 
OU 


Vie 


VIII. 


Spears and harpoons in the Paleolithic period .....................-..- 
The origin, invention, and evolution of the bow and arrow...-...._--- 
Superstitions concerning arrowpoints and other prehistoric stone 
Ue PGRN DS 5.5 3s eo aS Bee Ben aoe eae eeR Eee eps 
Flint mines and quarries in Western Europe and in the United States- . 
2 DRIES Se Sa ae BOS SERA 6 SAE See I ee ee ae eee 
Eppes, DOlelaM. csceent coe ese nae cont osc 22 else See 
SIRO OE LeRSLON yee PERN COG. me hese ee Note coe e Se oe woe Se, heen 
Munr-de- Barre 7. cAsveyron:) Hran cee eerer ss erace aso. 24525 ~ eee 
Mendon) (Oise) ai rancenese ee peceiet eens cee oe so ae eee cevee te 
Champipnolies (Oise), France. .<..22 sce. -- 2-2 s2sl-. seek se see 2 
Grimes Graves, Brandon, Suffolk, England .-..................--.. 
SISSHOEY ;OUSHOX;, England oc.) oan 2 Brees So c' kk cee cecemc ce 
Scraper workshop at Goalenec, Quiberon (Morbihan), France... .- 
UOTE TNE LS UE UCaYS ag SSI BPE Serhan i i OE ND eg 
Hint wince. Lickine County; Obios..22 2 252: saci. si25'ssSes-sateins? 
Barbers. fo ic Fo) SSis,< 


- Material of arrowpoints and spearheads.........-.....-......-..------ 


MICTORCOMIC Examinations Ole tlimueseseer eee eee ost ass eels eee eee oe 


- Manufacture of arrowpoints and spearheads ......-...-..........----- 
. Scrapers, grinders, and straighteners used in making arrow and spear 


SETA Se BESS Sis ieee ere BR Re Se See ee eee ee 
Classification of arrowpoints and spearheads ..............---..---.--- 
Petemederiy lent ana pees oe oetes Solano Sao celeca ike. o ce ce see we sees 

Siaes, A; —Pombted abt botlends. 25 -- 22525. 224205. fc s- 2 cen secs ek as - 
Class B.—Pointed at one end; concave, straight, or convex base ... 
Class C.—Long, narrow blades with straight, parallel edges, sharp 


points, base concave, straight, or convex.........-...----..---.- 
PRIGHel— Enlai e lame esse er Hoste a aes cts cab as So < cece osee ee 
Divi stonpUlle—S tenn ede ook eislostee cece: aces aeee cic saree pe como ae eee 
Class-A —Lozenge-shaped: .2o so. socssscc- ode oe score a neces cen ctaecn 
Class B.—Shouldered but not barbed....--..........-.......-..--- 
Class) C.—_shonldered: and barbed 2-2. -222.c2.< ssc 62 2 ele oe eee 
DIVISIONS lV EOCuliaLtOrmsice sec. sc2 ce ose = oo - sie sete eee ele ee 
lnAseAS —-DEVele, BOGOS soe. coc hes ceinee as aoa Bore oe hep oe ee 

iC leBSy is. SP rRALen: OO SON ea ta ccm tenn ae at teeo a raee nSaen ee ae 
Class: ©: Bb itumeated Stems: rset seen (eee me eee eee 
Class D.—Extremely long barbs, square at ends, finely chipped -..- 
Classis — Triangular in sections ssasso nce cee eens 22 eee eee ees wale 
Class F.—Broadest at cutting end—tranchant transversal ........- 
Class:G.— Polishedislatercss. 2..cti4.n ae sarees Jee Cee oee wtb osk 
LANG LES AG WINING. 2. tae Sana sein eee ene eh ak ode Gane we tee 
Classti— CunionsHorms:ssos.. eee eae ee eae ees. Boas 2 
Beis ie — EOP OP AhOER re ooo satis te se See ae ecard bund foes hese 


814 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


UX: Knives: 22 <n --- oon. cee oc ee aah ne ain ee one eae alee 

X. Wounds made by arrowpoints or spearheads --......-.---.--------------- 
Appendix A—Fint mines and quarries. ...-..---------------------+---+-+----- 
Appendix B—Caches...-...----- ------ ------ 2+- 22+ sere re erence cece cere cree 
Appendix C—Large implements of arrowpoint or spearhead form --....--.---- 
Appendix D—Making of arrowpoints described by explorers and travelers ... 


Ss 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 


Facing page. 


. Prehistoric iron knives and spearheads. Cemetery of Chei’tan-thagh, 

EEC ISUBOAT MONS sera ayers ats aaa Safa oa te nie ane ce ccisie be Settee Oe ee 
mSpecimensiot fine arrowpoints. “tally, ----2: 552-0: +-- ob lessc2scsesncenee 
Mspectmens.or ine arrowpoints.. lbaly <c.5 22-22 tts c ec vec lo ccce coc cece 


. Flint flakes, arrowpoints, and spearheads. Gurob, Egypt, XIIth dynasty, 


MRE UR aie SEES Riera ae on ne eS otra Se Se aan Ho Sg naa Sone eee 


. Pointed flint flakes, picks, hammer stones, and chisels. Spiennes, Belgium. 
. Deer-horn picks. Grimes Graves, and Brandon, Suffolk, England.......-.- 
. Flint objects from prehistoric workshops Grand Pressigny (Indre-et- 


Loire), France, and other localities in Hurope -..!--..-.-.........--.-- 


. Flint knapper engaged in quartering flint. Brandon, Suffolk, England. -. 
- Flint knapper flaking the flints into long slips ..-..---........--------- 
. Knapping the flakes into gun flints. Brandon, Suffolk, England...--.._-. 
wumenonis from flint mines. Hngland-. 2.02. :2522s2.-/l2c2 2c hoes ee ees 
meacho Orscrapers. -Gorlenec, Brittany, -2- 5-022 =5--422scc% se jee ae ee oe 


. Map of Flint Ridge, Ohio, showing aboriginal flint quarries and work- 

BIT DS ee ete ee Cosas en aie oe eee Me ecEe te See RL late le 
. Worked flints from workshops. Flint Ridge, Ohio. ...--..--.........-.-- 
; Flint chips from workshop. Flint Ridge, Ohio ....--..-..............-.- 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint. England -.-.-..---.......-.......-. -- 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint. Denmark, France, and Belgium. ._---- 


. Microscopic thin sections of flint. France and United States ........._-- 
- Microscopic thin sections of flint. United States -..-.............:...-.. 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint and other rocks. United States_....___- 
. Microscopic thin sections of flint and other rocks. United States ....___- 
. Microscopic thin sections of rocks, used for aboriginal implements. United 


. Specimens of rock from which thin sections were made-..........-..----- 
. Specimens of rock from which thin sections were made .........--..----- 
. Obsidian Cores, flakes, and finished arrowpoints. Principally from North 


PPaLroweshath erinders. ‘Cherokee, lowa:.2-.::-2- ---.- 2-2 5-25-2562 ses ce 
. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class A. .--- 
. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class B.-.-- 
. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class B.__-- 
. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class C_.--- 
. Triangular arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division II...........---. 
. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class A..---. 
. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class B.----. 


. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class C..---. 
. Stemmed arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Class C...--. 
815 


868 
870 
871 
876 
876 
877 
877 
878 
878 


879 
879 
879 


880 
884 
885 
895 
899 
899 
906 
909 
915 
Sirs 
925 


925 


816 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


- Facing page. 
37. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. DivisionIV,ClassA. 931 
38. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class 


B,C, D ..s055 52 Soe l. plcce toenes 228-25 easeeaars sone neae erage > einer 934 
39. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class 
E, F, G, H, I 2-22-2022 eee nen ce ee nn cones cee n cnn e sone ence enne cons sens 937 


40. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division IV, Class I 942 
41. Flint and obsidian leaf-shaped blades, handled as knives. Hupa Valley, 


Californian 525532 22 Saabs, ote oe rele peta ato lm Ra 947 
42. Leaf-shaped flint blades in wooden handles, fastened with bitumen. 
Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz islands, California .........--...-..----- . 948 
43. Leaf-shaped blades of flint and chalcedony, showing bitumen handle fas- 
tening. California. ..--.. 22.622 -+- fa pee ene on sien ne vans eee poe ean eee 
44. Ulu, or woman’s knife. Hotham Inlet and Cape Nome ..-.....----------- 950 
45. Common arrowpoints, handled by the author to show their possible useas 
KKMIVOS fo ae teens S~ oa eles (Scie em ole aia ere ala sinew at mie ete fe ee 951 
46. Humpbacked knives, District of Columbia, United States, and Somali- 
ham dl  ATEICA peas oo oe tren aae See e ale ae ie me ha oie i 951 
47. Humpbacked knives. United States........--..----.-------------------- 951 
48. Manner of holding ‘‘humpbacks” for use as knives ..--.....---.-------- 952 
49. ‘‘Humpbacks” chipped smooth, showing intentional knives. United 
States is. ies cose cc ae snot cccwlemoene 2 ep aariee ein ee eee ae 953 
50. ‘‘Humpbacks” of quartzite with one cutting edge used as knives. United 
CUD) Ces aes eet SOR RE a eA aE Oacobe ote. one Sirens SSESt ote Sisto shc< 953 
51. Rude knives of flint and hard stone, chipped to a cutting edge on one side 
Of bhevoyal.. WiMnred Stables souee setae eee oe et ree 953 
52. Rude knives of flint, jasper, etc. United States .........--....--.-..----- 953 
53. Knives with stems, shoulders, and barbs, resembling arrowpoints and 
spearheads, but with rounded points unsuitable for piercing. ..-.-.---- 953 
54 55. Unilateral knives .- 2.0. 03-2 = je ceeae cer os Bee bag eee eels Wane eee 954 
56. Flint flakes chipped on one edge only, intended for knives-.-..--.-.--.---- 955 
57. Flint flakes chipped on one edge, intended for knives. ..---.-------------- 955 
58. Arrowpoints or spearheads inserted in ancient human bones. Cavern, 
Men tuchiy 2 tac.s Se nein reek oe aig te rte aie eet eer ae 959 
59. Plan showing one of layer of cache of 95 argillite implements. Chester 
County, Pennsylvania <2 5-2 - - eens. © ane wo = =i ae ae 972 
60. Plaster cast (model) of a spring near Hibriten Mountain, North Carolina, 
showing 15 leaf-shaped implements in cache. Lenoir, North Carolina .. 972 
61. Large spearheads of chalcedony. Little Missouri River, Arkansas .-..... 974 
2. Flint disks, made from concretionary flint nodules. Illinois; Ohio. ....--. 974 
63. Pile of 7,382 chipped flint disks, cached in mound 2, Hopewell farm, 
Anderson Station, Ross County, ODO" eee mem eee 975 
64. Large spearheads of chalcedony. College Corners, Ohio......--..------- 975 
65. Spearhead of white flint. Carpentersville, Illinois. ..........-.---------- 982 


TEXT FIGURES. 


Page. 
1. Acheuléen implement of flint. St. Acheul, France. ....-...-..----.------ 824 
2. Paleolithic implement of quartzite. Madras, India -...-.--.---.----.----- 824 
3,4. Mousterien spearhead of flint. Le Moustier, France. .----..--.-------- &25 


5,6. Paleolithic points and harpoons of reindeerhorn, La Madeleine, France. 826 
7-10. Paleolithic points and harpoons of reindeer horn. La Madeleine, Dor- 


dogone;(Prance. 255252662 dan eae hse seers ee oe oe rai aaa 826 
11. Solutréen point of chipped flint. Solutré, France.........--..----------- 827 
12-14. Solutréen points of chipped flint. France......-......---------------- _ 828 


15, 16, Solutréen points of chipped flint. Dordogne, France. .-.---.----.----- 829 


ee 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 


17, 18. Solutréen flint points. Dordogne, France ...-...------.----.-----.---- 
LOMseRimariearloweLOlLeaSee soak oo sstecem ee alae mela eae tee See aa miann nim aaasie = 
Bieemocuiiaty nrraw T6loase.--. 2. --- © 2\- sa qeee sess ae eee oes see ees ees 
Pie Roriiany aEnOW, LOldSGe-= a5 see. | ene as pane see eemas oe = see =o == 
Mc terranonn arrow release 2.2" .= 5-26... +-ss8ageoe2 -. 4b seeee eee eee 
Das Maonmolian arrow TOleASe Us = 5 22.5. - Sam meee = eee eS ee oe ne eal 
Sean anne EArt o ian DOW - 2.2. -= 2.2.20 n2ck awn ee nen Wen eee eee 5 
SG. (Gren ea tary Gos ae Ae oe cian Sent oe Meo eee aoa 


Domree ea howecaserandrQ liven 4-2-2 see4 2225 e. = wae as ance emcee mee) le 
27. Greek bronze ‘‘three-tongued” arrowpoint. Persepolis -..-...-----.----- 
28. Greek bronze “‘three-tongued” arrowpoints. Marathon........---.------ 


29,30. Prehistoric iron spearheads. Cemetery of Mougi-yéri, Russian Armenia. 
31-38. Prehistoric iron spearheads. Cemetery of Cheitan-thagh, Russian 
PANTER OI utter eet ees eke ee at alae 2 Sy SEN Sniniavatelae la a wtarey =o hima eee See ae ee 
39, 40. Prehistoric Armenian bows, engrayed on bronze cinctures. Cemetery 
Ome Acuna curd WMOUGI=VORU se natscs to. © aoe aesa = ae se else le maker 
41-45. Prehistoric arrowpoints of bronze and iron from Armenia -.---.--.----- 
46,47. Prehistoric arrowpoints of chipped obsidian, tranchant transversal. 
Cemetery, Of MOuUGIRyeri, ATMO Maleate a= eta ohne eee 
48. Section showing geology of prehistoric flint mine. Spiennes, Belgium. -- 
49. Section of prehistoric flint mines. Spiennes, Belgium -.-..-.------.--.---- 
50. Section of shaft in the prehistoric flint mines, showing ancient workings 
and how they were filled. Spiennes, Belgium -.-.---..----.-----.------ 
51. Section of shaft in the prehistoric flint mines, showing ancient workings 
and how they were filled. Spiennes, Belgium. ...-.. ..-.-.....-=.---..-- 
52. Section of pit in the prehistoric flint mines. Spiennes, Belgium .-...---- 
53. Flint implement; the peculiar product of a prehistoric workshop. Grand 
Eressigny (Indre-et-loire), France: -!2- ---/2-<--- 22 --o.- 0 sone 26 nnn 
54. Section of prehistoric flint mine or pit. Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron). .---- 
55. Prehistoric deer-horn hammer and pick combined. From flint mine at 
Rint deaarre CA Vey COU) >) bran Cerne ee eo eee sate laai mein omen 2 eel 
56. Section of prehistoric flint mine. Mendon (Oise), France -.--.--.---.---- 
57. Section of a pit of the prehistoric flint mine at Champignolles (Oise), 
Ten CBE en eee ae ere eae Mam atee men ees a ieye os fe csasiss semiaiae SSS eee 
58. “Strike-a-light,” steel and tinder, used by French peasants. Paris, 
PPO D ae Se eet nacre SS nO SOR ACE a RIT RE et eR RIO 
59. Prehistoric pick marks in the hard clay in the excavation of an Etruscan 
Tomb (Hell Colle Cassuccima), Chiusi, [tally --- ==. 2----------—25---< 
60. Plan of prehistoric flint mines. Cissbury, England.-..-...-...-----.---- 
61. Portion of plan of prehistoric flint mines. Cissbury, Sussex, England. -- 
62,63. Iron flaking hammer and a “strike-a-light”” made with it. Albania, 
(CRO Sie edd ace n mac ose puseoe Pee eseeenus ean aes cquaerecaninasneg < 
64. Flint core, with its flakes in place as struck............--.---:---------- 
65. Section of flint nucleus showing how flakes are struck off ..-...--..----- 
Goroieeeammer stones: Ohio) New York = 22-2 2a22\- se ss--tses2 21) ae oe ene 
68, 69. Eskimo arrow flakers, points of reindeer horn, handle of ivory ----- 
70, 71. Eskimo arrow flakers, points ofreindeer horn, handles of wood and ivory - 
72-74. Flakers of antler or bone in handles of wood..-...----..--.-----.---- 
75, 76. Flint flakers (?) with smooth, rounded ends, worn by use. Yorkshire, 
[Died Gina ee Sak sR er ee eRe EEE eee een See none panos Does 
7. Arrow-shaft grinder, chlorite slate. Cape Cod, Massachusetts. -.---..----- 
8. Serpentine arrow-shaft straightener, with three smooth grooves, ornamen- 
tal irregular incised lines. Santa Barbara County, California. .......-- 
NAT MUS 97 52 


-l 


818 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


79,80. Arrow-shaft straighteners of wood or ivory....--.--.------+----. ---- 
81. Leaf-shaped spearhead of flinty chert, pointed at both ends. Madison 

County; NENWOCKy 2 occe ce ce ee eee ee ee ee eee 
82. Sword of dark-brown flint. Williamson County, Tennessee. ......------ 
83. Sword of obsidian: Oregon se. nce-. selene ee ee ie ee ee ie 
84. erruginous conglomerate containing jasper pebbles. Blount County, 

Alabamar< = Socc 6 ot secede ec et te sar ee gre ae eee te Cee ae tate a eet 


85. Pale-gray flint having the appearance of agatized wood. Austin, Texas. 
86. Yellow chert. Tennessee River, opposite Savannah, Tennessee. - - - - Cees 
87. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends, Folsom, Sacramento 

County; Californiatss. 55.2. sae - ee ee een lee = nett es 
88. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both endssf)2 22 tes hee ee ere 
89, 90. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends..-.-..--.-------------- 
91. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. Santa Barbara County, 

COE W Cr foy mabe ae eae eee Cte me Manas ae Sane ae rae iS tae lie aS i Le 3 
92. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed a bothiends;; California 220. eae 
93. Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends. National Museum, Mexico. 
94, Leaf-shaped implement, pointed at both ends, two notches near base for 


fastening handle. Gilmer County, Georgia..----.---.-----.---------- 
95. Leaf-shaped implement of gray hornstone, pointed at both ends. Belle- 
ville; St: Clix County, Nilimoiss sts see a fee me eee ee eee eee 
96-101. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, pointed at both ends -.-.-.----------..---- 
102. Leaf-shaped implement of argillite, with straight base. Trenton, New 
POTSOYu se sas eek e Cslasee ee etek « seeks fe eee See See ee eee ee 
103. Leaf-shaped implement of argillite, with straight base. Trenton, New 
JOrsey. 36222 eis sete seems See ec Bate eee erleens soe = 2a imm eae tee 


104. Leaf-shaped implement of pale-gray jaspery flint, with convex base. ..-- 
105, 106. Leaf-shaped implement of dark-gray flint, with convex base .... ---- 
107. Leaf-shaped implement of dark-gray flint, with convex base. San Miguel 

Island; California . 26:2 3222. Bee Se SoS peti ieee 
108. Leaf-shaped implement of jaspery grayish flint, with convex base. ..---. 
109. Leaf-shaped implement of obsidian, with convex base. San Miguel 


Island) Californiat::.).¢ 220: Se. fire Sas neeeee Se ee the SS ae See 
110. Leaf-shaped eae of lustrous chalcedonic flint or silierned wood, 
with convex base. San Miguel Island, California ......---.----.-.---- 


111. Leaf-shaped implement of pale gray chalcedonic flint, with convex base. 
San Miguel Island, California. .........------------------------------- 
112. Leaf-shaped implement of translucent chalcedony, with straight base. 
TENNESSEE. see. ose eS ee ar eae i eae re fare eater t= eee 
113. Leaf-shaped implement of porphyritic felsite, with convex base. Dart- 
mouth, Bristol County, Massachusetts... .---.------------------------- 
114-118. Leaf-shaped implements.--....-..---.--.- ---- 2+ ~~~ --~- ~~ ear sen 
119-128, Leaf-shapedi implements: - 22252. S-2 2. oo a ee ee eee 
124, New Caledonian javelin (nodern))i2s2 2-22 Se ae eee ee ee oe 
125 Leaf-shaped implement of brownish-gray jasper, with concave base and 
parallel edges. Santa Barbara County, California ...-.--..-.--.------ 
126. Leaf-shaped implement of gray flint or jasper, with straight base and 
parallel edges. Santa Barbara County, California .-..--..-.---------- 
127. Leaf-shaped implement, with concave base and parallel edges. Califor- 


WG-2 2vn eke ee Sete ese ee eee eee eee ar eee eee ee eee ee 
128. Leaf-shaped implement of lustrous flint or chalcedony, with slightly 
concave base and parallel edges. California........---..---------.---- 


129. Leaf-shaped implement of lustrous flint or chalcedony, with concave base 
and parallel edges. California ....--...---.--,. +++ -222 = 222 eee ce eeee 


Page. 
886 


eee ee eee eee Cee ae 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 


130. Leaf-shaped implement of black flint, with concave base and parallel 
si kegeishy CORY Iona eos ene are ae er Oe ee eaten Pee D 
131. Leaf-shaped implement of black flint, with convex base and parallel 
eed Re Or pert ee peices PRERee we apenieccen te tos CUE 3 Lite 
182. ‘Triangular, equilateral arrowpoint. Nantaeker Island, Massachusetts - 
133. Triangular arrowpoint or spearhe: ud, with straight edges and concave 
Nase smal Mode slander oer. eel ee ise a et eed the Ole She Ree he 
134. Triangular arrowpoint of gray flint, with concave edges and base.  Still- 
Wiaber Washington: CountywNews \ OLK sc: < 222552 seen goseees hoo. tees 
135. Triangular arrowpoint, with concave base. Chilmark, Massachusetts. -- 
136. Triangular arrowpoint, deeply concave. Oregon .......-......--.------ 
137. Triangular arrowpoint of white quartz.--......-..--- mths asemretaes 
158. Triangular arrowpoint of pale gray aunt, ian convex Fae, St. George, 
Washington: Coumby MU tahessssacee ss 225s ek sls aleis 2 Saco t eee 
139. Stemmed arrowpoint of porphyritic felsite, lozenge-shaped. La Paz, 
Howie na Ga Mit LN tes preven ears see tae may kent se ee ST, te ee 
140. Stemmed arrowpoint of porphyritic felsite, lozenge-shaped. Edgartown, 
Pakes Counhy, Massachusetts. 22. s2iy.2 js2hisbolk edie ..ewclsess cece 
141. Stemmed arrowpoint of white quartz, lozenge-shaped _..............---- 
142. Stemmed arrowpoint, lozenge-shaped. East Windsor, Hartford County, 
WOnNECUICIb. este wsse = see een Sade e is cae). che Se J Bost apes 
143. Stemmed arrowpoint, lozenge-shaped. Keeseville, Essex Gomes New 
MWorkwets chs Jaeleeu. Sard J-Sheu Leese Bete Sige ch chet BEE § wee euieee 
144. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale gray flint, lozenge-shaped.............----- 
145. Prehistoric stone arrowpoint inserted in shaft and tied with fiber. Switz- 
sree Oe empsags si Seen Ney fee Sey OAS RSuyT Rae Ce inets ING ta ee ks Oe en cic he ease 
146. Stemmed arrowpoint of black flint, shouldered but not barbed. Plain- 
Held Wand ham: CounmbysiC onmectieutbs: e522 222 45. $2)... 5250 eSelcuses: 
147. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. Kingston, 
MWiashin «tons County, Whodedslamdes22s 242) ss. 5. 822 bas bee 
148. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Groveport, Franklin 
CCOUMb yO i Ole sare eweries sete ee oRteiae crise ete col be ce bee Jer mee 
149. Stemmed arrowpoint of greenish-gray hard slate, shouldered but not 
an edhe COLI awe eee ere ene Seed | ee onl J ee ae 
150. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Southold, Suffolk 
Wountive (hone ilisland) iNew: Votlk (552-2 siege 22 cb-5 Gesa bs be seks 
151. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Tennessee_..._-..---- 
152. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. New Braunfels, Comal 
County, Mexases= spre. occu ss-- yao so She St obs eos Oss Bek Deke wae we 
153. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Plantersville, More- 
house Counitys Wouisiamayt= 44: earsiet oie: Shela sess) Oe ea See 
154. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. St. 


Many, County, Marylande*octee seca cian -e aisse cr asec ee pee Saree 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of yellowish-brown jasper, shouldered but not 


barbed. Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania.-_--.............. piajue = Seeks 


). Stemmed arrowpoint of yellowish-gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. 


Powaavilie, Lickme County, OHIO! 22-0. sseter seas seen ees 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Lincoln County, Ten- 


LEIS ARS OBS Ge ror aie oe SiS GRP SED OOO? BOS Ge Sain pee SOOO oor 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. South Dennis, Barn- 


Sbablei@ounty."Massachusebts) .o212: zeae soos seein = seee b ese 2 /ce 


9. Stemmed arrowpoint of bluish chalecedonie flint, shouldered but not 


Yet OC peg OPN Oy rah cee ae ot cnc A ee: Sennen Swi Luk ye 6 


819 


Page. 


820 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed .. 
. Stemmed arrowpoint of black flint, shouldered but not barbed. San 


5. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Ohio 
. Stemmed arrowpoint of dark gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. 


7. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed 
. Stemmed arrowpoint of white jaspery flint, shouldered but not barbed. 


. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed 
. Stemmed spearhead of whitish chalcedony, shouldered and barbed. 


. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed 
. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Orange 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered and barbed. Oregon 
. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Elkton, Giles County, 


. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. ‘Tennessee 
2. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Point Lick, Kentucky. 
. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Louisville, Kentucky - 
. Peeuliar form of arrowpoint, with serrated edges. Oregon < 


. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with bifurcated stem. Tennessee 
7. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with extremely long barbs, square at ends. 


. Peeuliar forms of arrowpoints—tranchant transversal 
. Arrowpoint of bone, with narrow grooves on each side and sharp flint 


. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. St. Clair County, 


Tllinois. 23. Zac. tcc ees bce coc eens scnbeeaeene serene cs mina ar eee eases 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray flint, shouldered but not barbed. Edmond- 


son County, Kentucky .----- -- ---- ------ -- coe nen a= on oe ee ee = 


Miguel Island, California. -.-..-.-----------------+------------+-------- 


TEenNhGsSkOO ws oo oe oe S Re as we Chas ots pein atomic mente ee ete hn ee a eater 


West Bend, Washington County, Wisconsin. ......---..--------------- 


. Steamed arrowpoint of brown flint, shouldered but not barbed. Den- 


nysville, Washington County, Maine-.-..-.--/.--.-.-----------.-------- 


Shreveport, Caddo County, Louisiana ...--. +--.----s-2----5n.2-22 35. 


. Stemmed spearhead, shouldered and barbed. Crawford County, Wiscon- 


. Stemmed spearheafl of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Saratoga 


County, New York=..2- 2-22-22 5. 52 ee ee ee en ort eee = eel 


. Stemmed spearhead of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. McMinnville, 


Warren County, Tennessee -).-..-.2-= == -2'-- = So. oe 2 ee eee eee 


Wounibys Indiana tees a sees ee ea hae eh eee 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale-brown ae shouldered and barbed. Santa 


Barbara County, Calitormniantnrs sot as sats. e eae Nana aes eee 


. Stemmed arrowpoint of dark-gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Sharps- 


burg, Washington County, Maryland...----.-------------------------- 


ManneshOG Le jkees ~ tee ee Oe neers Seas Se se tee aes ae ee 


5. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with serrated edges. Stockton, San Joaquin 


County; California... .2° 222522520 ~ 0020 - fe ee eae ow ne eee eS 


Rudston, England. ..--. .-0 22 -2n20) 22-2. eee ee See Seat Seen eens 


. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, triangular in section, reddish jasper. Chiri- 


qui, Panama, United States of Colombia ...-..---------.------------.- 


. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints, broadest at cutting end—tranchant trans- 


VETS]. sAISDG, PTANCO coe seas a] one eee re eee ae tee ee a ee 


flakes fastened with bitumen or gum. Sweden.--.-.------.------------ 
Yew bow from prehistoric lake dwelling. Robenhausen, Switzerland --.- 


. Eskimo knife with nephrite blade, ivory handle, and wooden shaft. Nor- 


ton Pay, Alaska .. 2... - 2222 ioc- sees se eee ene hee Cee eee ee 


. Leaf-shaped blade of agatized wood. Wyoming -..-..-.------------------ 


Page. 


921 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 821 


Page 

195.) Unilateral knife of yellow flint. Georgia. --------.-----------.---<.---- 954 
196. Human vertebra (prehistoric) pierced with flint arrowpoint (tranchant 

(ROWE Dieses Aeneas Son Sp SONGo GC OSES BEes caer co ObeC cae ree epee E 957 
197. Human tibia (prehistoric) pierced with flint arrowpoint (tranchant trans- 

MENG ML RATI CG) aoe oe Sec esta sacle e anid Boia Se aia aeataite ere clafo a winata = = aisle 958 
198. Ancient skull pierced with a flint arrowpoint, perforator. California... 958 
199. Ancient human vertebra pierced with-quartz arrowpoint, healed ..-. -.-- 959 
200. Ancient skull pierced with perforator arrowpoint. Illinois. ....---.---- 959 


201. Ancient skull, arrow wound oyer left eye, entirely healed. Missouri... 959 


Barbee nc } a ce 


Si Rett hear a moe alow yaa 
o 1 Vilar SPATS arity aS. 


i — oT wee Tateuitt Melal Jeas43 


SR CNC 
Fant ewes ins ae 


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Cal “ere 
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SEN | 


ieee ee eb Aes Pid ease 


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4.cm . * Se 
—_—— . ‘ - 2 
é ; : . oO Ji 
es * Fe 5. woe , 2 = 
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* we a : hg J Fut rio ~~ 
r cee am Soe a 2 pinks 
* ’ =. ; = ar. 
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’ is ol, Pay 
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ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES OF PREHISTORIC 
TIMES. 


By Tuomas WILsoN, LL. D., 
Curator, Division of Prehistoric Archaology. 


INTRODUCTION. 


A spear is a long, pointed weapon, held in the hand, used in war and 
hunting, more by thrusting than throwing. Lance is synonymous with 
spear, though it may be smaller and lighter, but longer, used either by 
thrusting or throwing. A javelin is shorter, smaller, and lighter than 
the spear or lance and is better adapted to throwing by the hand. All 
of them may, in case of need, be used in hand-to-hand combats or in 
an assaulting column. 

A harpoon is a spear or javelin with barbs or toggles, usually thrown 
at fish or marine animals, though specialized for striking whales. 

An arrow is similar to a javelin, but shorter, smaller, lighter, and to 
be shot from a bow. Itisa missile and purely offensive. In prehistoric 
times and before metals were in use these were tipped with stone or bone. 

The arrowpoints, spearheads, and knives of the prehistorie races, 
when made of stone, have such a likeness of form and style that a 
sharp line of division between them is impracticable. A small imple- 
ment may be an arrowhead; a large one of the same type may be a 
spearhead, while either or both may have served as knives. The dis- 
tinction might be better made if the shafts or handles remained, but 
these, together with the lashings and attachments, have decayed and 
disappeared, except occasionally where bitumen or gum was employed. 
An implement of this kind, whether large or small, with a light shaft 
2 or 3 feet long would be an arrow; the same with a heavy shaft 8 or 10 
feet long would be a spear, while either of them with a shaft a foot or 
less in length would be a knife, dagger, or poniard. Indeed, an imple- 
ment of the latter class might be accidentally made through the break- 
ing of a spear or arrow shaft. Few if any of these implements of the 
real prehistoric man have been found with their shafts or handles and 
lashings or fastenings, and so we are largely driven to theory and 
analogy for their names and uses. In modern times the perfect arrow, 
first with a stone head, afterwards with one of iron, and shaft attached, 
was used in great numbers by the North American Indians; spears com- 
plete, with stone or iron head and shaft attached, were used by the Eski- 
mos, and knives with short handles have been found among the Hupa 


Indians of Oregon and California, and a few in prehistoric graves on the 
823 


824 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Mexican border. In Africa, Australia, and Polynesia, the spears and 
knivesare usually of iron, socketed or tanged for the insertion of ahandle. 

This paper deals principally with the prehistoric arrowpoint and 
spearhead, beginning with the ruder forms of cutting, piercing, or 
throwing weapons or implements in the Paleolithic period, and dealing 
with the subject in all its characteristics. Bows are practically un- 
noticed, as most specimens from prehistoric times have decayed, but 
one or two having been found, and these only preserved by being 
under water or in peat beds. 


I. SPEARS AND HARPOONS IN THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD. 


Appearance of the spear in the Mousterien epoch—A ppearance of the har- 
poon in the Solutréen epoch—Spear or harpoon heads with shoulder on 
one side only. 


The spear belongs to an earlier epoch in man’s civilization than does 
the arrow. Although they are similar in appearance, they differ 
greatlyinage. The former appeared in 
the Paleolithic period, while the lat- 
ter did not appear until the Neolithic. 


NN 
A) 


\ 


NE ; sue Ne sty. Ky 
¢) sey sd ( es we yet tt 
Va * \\ 5) & Aa en 

PA 


Fig. 1. 


ACHEULEEN IMPLEMENT OF FLINT. Fig. 2. 
Side view. PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT OF QUARTZITE. 
St. Acheul, France. Madras, India. 
26 natural size. Cat. No. 137535, U.S.N.M. 44 natural size. 


The first implements known to have been used by man were the rude, 
thick, heavy, chipped flints which belong to the Chelléen epoch of the 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES 825 


Paleolithic period. They were probably never used with a handle, for 
itis hard to conceive an implement so ill contrived for attachment to 
a handle. They are nearly the shape of an almond or peach stone 
(figs. 1, 2). A portion of the natural crust of the flint pebbles was left 
at the butt of some of these implements for a grip, thus showing that 
they were intended to be held in the hand, and not to be handled for 
use as spears or javelins. These implements are not thin and flat so as 
to be inserted in a split handle, and whether attempted longitudinally 
as for a spear, or transversely as for an axe, it would be with difficulty 
that any of them could either then or now be retained in a handle. If 
inserted ina wooden han- 
| 


dle a sufficient distance 

tohold,a blow given with 

force would drive it into 

and through the wood, 

, and would certainly split 

) the handle. - Being in- 

| sufficiently inserted, it 
would fly out. 

We are not driven to 

. theory entirely with re- 

; gard to this matter, for 

aside from the fact that 

some of these are left 

with the butt of the flint 

: pebble for a grip, the in- 

ventive genius of man 

has not yet been able to 

discover and employ a 


Ze 2)) Y Wh 
handle that could be at- LLU ) N » G Ul 
Z i UMASS = 


\ 


Wi 
I 


el 


tached to these or similar 

implements without be- 

ing open to one of these Obverse and reverse. 

objections. Attempts et Monehiore Erance: 

have been made in this Cat. No. 9015, U.S.N.M. Natural size. 

direction by several per- 

sons, notably in a series in Carnavalet Museum, the municipal museum 
of Paris. An inspection of this series or of any of the implements 
Kyte toes" will show the impracticability of handling them. 


Figs. 3. 4. 
MOUSTERIEN SPEARHEAD OF FLINT. 


It does not necessarily follow, because these Chelléen implements 
] rere not put in a handle and used as spears, that, therefore, the man 
of that period had no spear, for a sapling or branch of a tree, sharp- 
ened and hardened by fire, would have made a most effective weapon of 
the spear or javelin sort. It may be objected that no such objects have 
ever been found, yet this is not conclusive against the possibility of the 
wooden implement having been made, for, being wood, it might have 
decayed long before the historic period. 
. . : 


q 


826 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


In the middle part of the Paleolithic period an implement appeared 
which we may well suppose to have been the head of a spear or javelin 
(figs. 3, 4). 

These implements have been called Mousterien points from their hav- 
ing been found in purity and profusion in the cavern of Moustier on 
the river Vézere in France. Their character is shown by the two 
figures, being the opposite sides of 
the same implement, obverse and 
reverse. They are smooth flakes of 
flint, thin, rather heavy at the butt, 
tapering on sides and edges to a point. 
They were struck from a core of flint 
at a single blow, which left a broad, 
flat surface on the inside, showing the 
conchoid of percussion. The workmen 
in manufacturing the implement left 
this side in its original condition as it 
came from the block. The outer side 


Figs. 5, 6. Figs. 7-10. 


PALEOLITHIC POINTS AND HAR- PALEOLITHIC POINTS AND HARPOONS OF REINDEER HORN. 


POONS OF REINDEER HORN. : 
La Madeleine, Dordogne, France. 


Tl « ; dy . 
La Madeleine, France. Lartet and Christy. 24 natural size. 


was chipped by small flakes to a regular outline and made sharp along 
the two edges and at the point. None of the objections made to the 
handling of the Chelléen implement apply to this. It was and is easy 
to insert this implement into a cleft stick and fasten it tightly either 
with thongs or bitumen so as to be effective as a spear or javelin. 
There is no positive evidence that they were -thus used, but the fact 
that it could have been done, that similar implements were and are thus 


, 
| 
| 
| 
J 
7 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 


used among savages, and that those be- 


longing to the preceding epoch could not 
have been thus used, establishes a fair pre- 
sumption in that behalf. This fact being 
admitted, these represent the earliest 
spearheads made by man. If these imple- 
ments were rare, the argument would be 
correspondingly feeble, but they have been 
found in great numbers over a large por- 
tion of western Europe, and the epoch to 
which they belonged is believed by M. de 
Mortillet to have been of greater duration 
than any other in the Paleolithic period. 

In the continuation of the Caveru period 
to what M. de Mortillet calls the Solutréen 


epoch, where the inventive genius and the. 


mechanical ability of man became higher, 


implements are found which establish be- 


yond dispute their use as spears or jave- 
lins. True, they have been used as har- 
poons, but what is a harpoon but a barbed 
spear or lance? Many of them were of 
bone or horn. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are 
here introduced as typical representations 
of thousands which have been found in 
southern France, belonging tothis epochof 
the Paleolithic period. Those here shown 
are of reindeer horn and are about patural 
size. Observe the straight, smooth, taper- 
ing points. In one of them (fig. 5) the base 
is bifurcated to receive the end of a shaft; 
another has the base brought to a point 
for insertion into the shaft, and, after the 
fashion of the Eskimo and other fisher peo- 
ple, it has a hole apparently for the attach- 
ment to its shaft by string (fig. 6). The 
others, larger ones, have at their base an 
enlargement or swelling, over which the 
hollow shaft can be forced for a given dis- 
tance, which, lashed tightly with a thong, 
will keep it firm, or, inserted but slightly, 


will allow it to pull out and remain in a 


wound while the shaft is released (figs. 
7-10). 

These objects, having belonged to the 
Paleolithic period entirely disassociated 


a ii, 
=the Wiha 


A 


\ ig 


FY, eh 


My) 
yp Ly 


rp) iy “gh Y) 
Yea 


Pre "5 ue 


a“ 


y se = 
“i | Wy 
YY 


SOLUTREEN POINT OF CHIP 


Ny Mees 
Wy sy my Hy ha 


a) 
Wi | 
y \\; Vp H 
Ys 
“oe 
5 vii ‘dl yy in 


, Wy 
MG 
fi AN, 

y ys 


827 


Wi 
Uf 


4 mie. 


9 


Mi 


(7 yy Wy} 


PED FLINT. 


Solutré, France. 


Rigny-sur-Arroux ( Saone-et-Loire ). 


23 natural size, 


828 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


with objects of the Neolithic period, constitute satisfactory evidence 
that man of the Paleolithic period made and used harpoons, and conse- 
quently must have been able to make spears and javelins. The differ- 
ence between the two is more in name than aught else. They are both 
used in the same way, both serve the same purpose, and with the varia- 
tion of material and barbs are essentially the same weapon. 

These bone and horn harpoons serve to elucidate similar implements of 
the same period made of flint and to identify 
them as spears or javelins and not arrows. 
f- Figs. 11,12, 13, and 14 show a number of 
the well-known’ leaf-shaped implements, 
called in France feuiile de laurier, or laurel 
leaf, from their resemblance to it in shape. 
This period represents as high a degree of 
mechanical skill in flint chipping as any 
other in the world’s history. 

An examination of these implements is 
oi i \ i. required to understand the delicacy of their 
say, me manufacture. It required much experience 
to obtain the needed amount of manual 
q ny dexterity. One of these leaf-shaped imple- 
WZ ments, found en cache with ten others, is 
Dy mn IN smn shown in fig. 11. It is one of the largest, 
being 14 inches long, 34 inches broad, and 
its greatest thickness is less than three- 
eighths of an inch. The original is in the 
museum of Chalon-sur-Sadne. The imple- 
ment is made entirely by chipping, the fin- 
ishing on the edge of which would appear 
to have been done by pressure and not by 
strokes. No flint-knapper of the present 
day, whether amateur or professional, has 
vet been able to reproduce one of these fine 

annie Solutréen leaf-shaped implements. The 

Cast, Cat. No.99747, U.S.N.M. % naturalsie U.S. National Museum has had many times 
to contend with fraudulent and spurious 

specimens which showed considerable manual dexterity, but it has 
never been presented with counterfeits of these beautiful implements. 

They were perfectly adapted for insertion in a handle and could then 
be used with effect as spears or javelins, according to their size and 
weight. They might have been taken in the hand and used as knives, 
the hand being protected by a bit of the skin of an animal or a bunch 
of grass. They were of all sizes (the figures are two-thirds natural 
size) and came down from the large one just mentioned, through grada- 
tions, to those not more than three-fourths of an inch long and one- 
half an inch wide. Figs. 15 to 18 show implements of the same 


Mi 
Cia RSL. 


\y 


aan 
\ slic 


Wi 
7 Le 
i aM om 


aie) (Ci 


Fig. 12. 
SOLUTREEN POINTS OF CHIPPED FLINT. 


ity. 
es 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 829 


epoch, the shoulder being on one side, contrary to the arrow and spear 
heads of the Neolithic period, and bearing a great similarity to its 


brother, the harpoon. 


These and similar implements, made of bone and horn, were contin- 
ued in use throughout the Paleolithic period. So it is proved by 
deduction and induction that the bow and 


arrow did not make its appearance during 
the Paleolithic period, but are later than 
either the spear or javelin. 

The author does not forget 
the differences of opinion be- 
tween M. de Mortillet and M. 
d’Acy as to the various types of 


uh 
#) 
iM) 


im] Mf 


Ad Lyle 


i 


ve) 


Whi rf 
i) WH a)) 
fa VAS i }) A 
: AN) D2 
| ee UZ 
ae aii 
a Figs. 17, 18. 


SOLUTREEN FLINT POINTS. 
Shouldered on one edge. 
Dordogne, France. 


Natural size. 


Paleolithic im- 
plements, and Fal i 
the extinct fauna fr Ha ), 
associated there-  )/ 
with, found in 
the alluvial 
gravels of north- 
ern France and 
southern Eng- 
land. Heknows 
also the subdi- 
vision called St. 
Acheuleén, pro- 


posed by M. Figs. 15, 16. 
@VAult Dumes-  corurrten ports oF cHIPPED 
nil, and he does FLINT. 


Shouldered on one edge. One fin- 
ished, one unfinished. 


not enter into 
any of these dis- 
cussions. His 
position in this paper does not conflict with 
either. Whether the Mousterien point was 
contemporaneous with the Chelléen imple- 
ment, or was subsequent to it, or how many 
changes or epochs are represented by the 
two styles of implements, does not affect 
the statement that the Chelléen implement 
probably was not, and the Mousterien 
probably was, used as a spearhead, and 
that despite the stemmed and barbed har- 


Dordogne, France. 


poous of the Solutréen or Cavern period, there is no evidence that 
the bow and arrow was known or used during the Paleolithic period. 
In this position the author is sustained by one of the highest authori- 
ties on the subject in the United States, Prof. Henry W. Haynes, of 


830 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Boston, who, as long ago as February 3, 1886, published a paper, the 
title of which indicates his opinion: The Bow and Arrow Unknown to 
Paleolithic Man.! 


II. THE ORIGIN, INVENTION, AND EVOLUTION OF THE BOW AND 
ARROW. 


Origin unknown—A. wonderful contrivance—Its mythology—lIts history— 
Arrow release in antiquity. 


Of the origin of the bow and arrow, history is silent. We know 
nothing whatever of its origin from any written word or description 
in any language or of any people. It is entirely prehistoric. Our only 
knowledge of its beginning comes from such of the remains of human 
industry belonging to prehistoric times as have been found in modern 
times. We can easily base our conclusions on comparisons of these 
remains. We have seen how the spear and harpoon and possibly the 
javelin belonged to the Paleolithic period or chipped-stone age; and 
now we will see how the bow and arrow was an invention of the Neo- 
lithic period or polished-stone age. But both these ages lie far back in 
the past, earlier than any written history, and were unknown to the 
world until the discoveries of the nineteenth century. 

A stick or staff sharpened or hardened by fire might make a spear. 
Herodotus’ says, describing the army of Xerxes, that ‘the Libyans 
marched clad in leather garments and made use of javelins hardened 
by fire” (pp. 336, 547). To tip the staff with a bit of flint would be but the 
first step in the evolution of a better weapon, which, once taken, might 
continue through all its varieties, from the heaviest and longest spear 
to the shortest and lightest javelin—from one which was too heavy to 
varry and was simply to be held up after the fashion of an abattis 
protecting the holder against an onslaught, down to a lighter and 
smaller implement which he could hurl at hisenemy. All this is in the 
natural evolution of an invention. One might grow out of the other. 
We have no positive knowledge that this was the manner of growth, 
but we may easily surmise it, if not with the Libyans, then with some 
other and possibly more primitive people. 

Hence we can see how the commonly accepted law of evolution and 
progress may be set at naught by observed facts. The Libyans were 
noted soldiers and formed part of the greatest army of earth, and one 
would suppose a priori that their arms would have been of the most 
approved pattern, but their javelins were the most primitive and rude 
type, the beginning—really the first step—in warfare; the protoplasm 
of weapons; the staff sharpened and hardened by fire. So much for 
spear and javelin. 

The bow and arrow is a different weapon, and its invention had no 


1 Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, XXIII, p. 269. 
2 Book VII, 71. 


| 


— es a 


—— re 


all Je 


ee er 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 831 


relation with the spear, lance, or javelin. It is a machine, requiring the 
combined action of two objects. It was the first projectile weapon 
known to or used by man. The world has accepted the existence of 
the bow and arrow without much thought of its ori- 
gin. It belonged to primitive man, and we received 
it as though part of him. But a moment’s consider- 
ation of the condition of a savage 
who had never seen or heard of any 
machine by which missiles could 
be thrown farther or harder than 
he could do it with his hand—that 
this savage should have invented 
the spring of the bow, should have 

“7: : . . PRIMARY ARROW RE- 
utilized it by tightening the cord, aie 
and arranged the whole so that by prot. £.s. Morse, Bulletin Es- 
drawing the cord and its sudden “°° “S* “Vb 

Fig. 20. release, could project an arrow 

SECONDARY ARROW RE- with such force as to be an effective weapon—that 
an he could do this is a matter of wonder. This inven- 
tion of the savage is one of the triumphs of mind. 
It is an illustration of the inventive genius and intellectuality of man. 
There is but little doubt that it marked an-epoch in that dead and gone 
civilization equal to the discovery in the later years of its complement 
and successor, gunpowder, and it may have wrought 

as great a change in man’s condition on earth. 

In whatever quarter of the globe or among what- 
ever people the bow and arrow has been found, it 
antedates all our knowledge of it or them as ob- 
tained through history. The earliest writers of an- 
tiquity mention the bow and ar- 
row as an implement of warfare 
or the chase as though it was then / 
an old and well-known weapon. Fig. 21. 
Homer, Herodotus, Tacitus,  ®®t4ry arrow xe. 
Strabo, aud Pliny all mention it. eras 
The many references to it in the 
earlier books of the Bible show it to have been at 
that time a weapon in common use. 2 

Prof. E.S. Morse, in his study of the different modes 


{==> 


Fig. 19. 


Prof. E. S. Morse. 


wees of arrow release,! (figs. 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23) shows 
MEDITERRANEAN ARROW x ata > y > < arraw 7 elu TY). 
ey the existence of Bae bow and arrow in early Kgy p 

Big ke & Moces tian, Assyrian, Etruscan, and Grecian times, from 


the ancient sculptures and bas-reliefs, although it is 
only incidental to his subject... If its existence or origin had been in ques- 
tion his illustrations could have been multiplied numberless times from 
the ancient sculptures, bas-relief, painted vases, and coins of antiquity. 


‘ Bulletin, Essex Institute, XVII, October to December, 1885, pp. 145-198. 


832 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Whether these arrowheads were of stone or metal can not be known 
from the representations; but the earliest mentioned by historians are 
of metal. 

The bow is represented on the most ancient monuments. In classic 
art it is an attribute of Apollo, Cupid, Diana, Her- 
cules, and the Centaurs. The form represented was 
thatofthe Greek 
bow—two ares 
united by a 
straight piece 
in the middle. 
Grecian mythol- 
ogy attributes 
the invention of 


the bow to Scy- = 
Fig. 23. thes, the son of Maes 

MONGOLIAN ARROW RE- - Hercules, or to (Fig. 24) SCYTHIAN AND PARTRIAN BOW. 
sid Perse, the son of (Fig. 25) GREEK BOW. 


Prof. E. S. Morse. 
P erseus : b ut Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities title Arcus, 


Herodotus supposes this to be a tradition of the skill in archery of the 
Scythians and Persians. 

Smith, in his Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, under the 
title ‘* Demosii,” says: 

Another class of public slaves formed the city guard of Athens, 
* * * they were generally called 
bowmen * * * or, from the native 
country of the majority, Scythians. 


And again, under the title “‘Ar- 
cus:” “The form of the Scythian 
and Parthian bow differed from 
that of the Greeks,” and he figures 
the two (figs. 24, 25). 

Hecontinues, saying that Homer 
has described the Greek bow! as 
made of two pieces of horn, and 
the bowstring of thongs of leather 
twisted, but Pandarus’s bow was 
strung with sinew. The bowstring 


: Fig. 27. 
was fastened at one end of the ee 
GREEK BRONZE 
bow, and at the other there “THREE 
Fig. 26. hung a hook or ring of metal Pees 
GREEK BOW CASE AND QUIVER. into which the string was caught POINT. 


Smith’s SH ares and Roman when the bow was to be used ; Persepolis. 
when not in use, the bow was 
unstrung and put in a case of leather, ornamented” as shown in fig. 26. 


'Tliad, Book IV, 105-126. 2 Odyssey, Book XXI, 54. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 833 


The arrowheads 


were of bronze, Homer says ‘‘three-tongued,” as 


shown in fig. 27, and those from Marathon shown further on (fig. 28). 


LS @ 
Fig. 28. 

GREEK BRONZE ‘‘ THREE- 
TONGUED”’ ARROW- 
POINTS. 

Marathon. 


Smith’s Dictionary title. Sagitta. 


Achilles, in the « 


* ie 


The arrow shafts were of light wood or smooth cane, 
well polished. 

In the Trojan war the spear, lance, or javelin was 
the principal weapon and used in all three capaci- 
ties, according to the need. It could naturally be 
thrown but a short distance in the immediate pres- 
ence of the enemy, and was sometimes used in hand 
to hand contlicts. 

Homer describes in detail the arms and armor 
of the Greeks and Trojans and their various uses, 
and makes apparently no distinction between those 
of the two peoples. 


‘combat with Hector: 


and, poising, hurled his weighty spear, 


but Hector saw and shunned the blow; he stooped, 
And o’er his shoulder flew the brass-tipped spear, 
And in the ground was fixed: but Pallas drew 

The weapon forth, and to Achilles’ hand, 

All unobserved of Hector, gave it back. 


Then Heetor: 


Poising, hurled his ponderous spear, 


Nor missed his aim; full in the midst he struck 
Pelides’ shield; but, glancing from the shield, 
The weapon glided off. Hector was grieved 


That thus 


his spear had bootless left his hand. 


He stood aghast; no second spear was nigh: 
And loudly on Deiphobus he called 
A spear to bring; but he was far away. 


Again Hector: 


Thus as he spoke, his sharp-edged sword he drew, 
Ponderous and vast, suspended at his side; 


Collected for the spring and forward dashed. * 


= + 


Achilles’ wrath was roused: with fury wild 
His soul was filled: before his breast he bore 
His well-wrought shield; and fiercely on his brow 


Nodded the four-plumed helm, 


* * * 


Gleamed the sharp-pointed lance, which in his right 
Achilles poised, on god-like Hector’s doom 

Intent, and scanning eagerly to see 

Where from attack his body least was fenced. 


All else the glittering armour guarded well, 


One chink 


The neck and shoulder parts, beside the throat, 


es * 


appeared, just where the collar bone 


* * % 


There levelled he. [Tliad, XXII, 320. 


In the combat with Ajax, Hector: 


Poising, hurled his ponderous spear ; 
The brazen covering of the shield it struck, 
The outward fold, the eighth, above the seven 


NAL MUS 97 


53 


834 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Of tough bull’s hide; through six it drove its way 

With stubborn force, but in the seventh was stayed. 

Then Ajax hurled in turn his ponderous spear, 

And struck the circle true of Hector’s shield: 

Right through the glittering shield the stout spear passed, 

And through the well-wrought breastplate drove its way, 

And underneath, the linen vest it tore; 

But Hector, stooping, shunned the stroke of death. 
Withdrawing then their weapons, each on each 

They tell sis? (ee 

Then Hector fairly in the center struck 

The stubborn shield; yet drove not through the spear; 

For the stout brass the blunted point repelled. 

But Ajax, with a forward bound, the shield 

Of Hector pierced; right throngh the weapon passed. [Iliad, VII, 273. 


The spear shaft was made of ash, and was tough and strong, thus: 


The son of Peleus threw 
His straight-directed spear; his mark he missed, 
But struck the lofty bank, where, deep infixed 
To half its length, the Pelian ash remained. 
Then from beside his thigh Achilles drew 
His trenchant blade, and, furious, onward rushed; 
While from the cliff Asteropzeus strove 
In vain, with stalwart hand, to wrench the spear. 
Three times he shook it with impetuous force, 
Three times relaxed his grasp; a fourth attempt 
He made to bend and break the sturdy shaft. [Iliad, X XI, 192. 


Their spears lost or broken, they resorted to their swords: 


Then Peneleus and Lycon, hand to hand, 
Engaged in combat: both had missed their aim, 
And bootless hurled their weapons: then with swords 
They met. First Lycon on the crested helm 
Dealt a fierce blow; but in his hand the blade 
Up to the hilt was shivered. Then the sword * 
Or iPeneleus sn 
* * * deeply in his throat the blade 
Was plunged. [Iliad, XVI, 385. 


One of the tactical maneuvers of the Greek soldier was to thrust 
the lance into and through the shield of his opponent, and while he 
was disengaging it to attack him with the sword. 

The swords, shields, and armor are described by Homer, and, as 
already seen, most of the combats were hand to hand. Itis curious to 
consider that until the invention of the sling and the bow and arrow 
there was no projectile weapon used in warfare except the lance or 
javelin. The knights of ancient times, as well as medzeival, fought in 
armor, and whether on foot, on horse, or in a chariot, they pressed the 
fight hand to hand. It seems curious in these days of long-range guns 
to think of great wars carried on as prize fighters would, and that 
beyond arms’ length meant out of danger. 

Archers could not carry shields, and so were driven to ask protection 


—— 


I ei a ie 


af ey i Hy 


ds 


rie 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 835 


of some spear—or swordsman, and this may have had such implication 
of cowardice or degradation as to account for the rarity of the use of 
the bow and arrow, for it seems certain that while it was used in 
the Trojan war it performed but a subordinate part. Paris was an 
expert archer; Teucer had a bow; Meriones discharges an arrow which 
strikes Menelaus. ‘Pandarus the god-like, Lycao’s son,” was the 
skilled archer from Crete. His bow, arrow, and quiver are described, 
and how he was called to act the part of the sharpshooter. Diomedes 
was dealing destruction among the Greeks when neas sought 
Pandarus— 
* * * and addressed him thus: 

“Where, Pandarus, are now thy wingéd shafts, 

Thy bow, and well-known skill, wherein with thee 

Can no man here contend? Nor Lycia boasts 

Through all her wide-spread plains a truer aim, 

Then raise to Jove thy hands, and with thy shaft 

Strike down this chief, whoe’er he be, that thus 

Is making fearful havoe in our host!” {Iliad, V, 196. 


The bow of Pandarus, with its accompaniments, and the operation of 
shooting Diomedes, are thus described : 


Straight he uncased his polished bow, his spoil 
Won from a mountain ibex, which himself, 
In ambush lurking, through the breast had shot, 
True to his aim, as from behind a crag 
He came in sight; prone on the rock he fell, 
With horns of sixteen palms his head was crowned. 
These deftly wrought a skilful workman’s hand, 
And polished smooth, and tipped the ends with gold. 
He bent, and resting on the ground his bow, 
Strung itanew. * * * 
His quiver then withdrawing from its case, 
With care a shaft he chose, ne’er shot before, 
Well-feathered, messenger of pangs and death, 
The stinging arrow fitted to the string. * ~*~ * 
At once the sinew to the notch he drew; 
The sinew to his breast and to the bow 
The iron head; then when the mighty bow 
Was to a circle strained, sharp rang the horn, 
And loud the sinew twanged as toward the crowd 
With deadly speed the eager arrow sprang—it struck 
Just where the golden clasps the belt restrained, 
And where the breast-plate, doubled, checked its force. 
On the close-fitting belt of curious workmanship 
It drove, and through the breastplate richly wrought 
And through the coat of mail he wore beneath, 
His inmost guard, and best defence to check 
The hostile weapon’s force; yet onward still 
The arrow drove. [Iliad,! V. 119. 


At the extremity of the plain of Marathon, Greece, is the tumulus 
mentioned by Pausanias as having been erected over the Athenians 


‘Karl Derby’s translation, London, 1867. 


836 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


killed in that battle, B. C. 490. It was excavated by Francois Lenor- 
mant, and his report was published.'!. A great number of bronze arrow- 
heads were found, short, barbed, socketed, and with three facets. 

Flakes of black flint were also found, which were thought by some 
to have served as arrowheads, but this has been combated and is doubt- 
ful. They were all the same type and did not resemble any known 
standard of arrowhead. They were but fragments of an irregular tri- 
angular form, 14 to 14 inches in size, and curved at the point. M. Lenor- 
mant is clearly of the opinion that these were not of Greek origin. 
The black flint is almost unknown in Greece, and he suggests that 
they might have been used by some of the Persian archers. But even 
this is doubtful, for we know that bronze and iron arrowheads were 
used at that period by the Persians as well as by the Greeks. The 
latter had used them in the days of Homer (figs. 24, 25). 

The knowledge of bronze is believed to have come from the East, and 
if so, would have been known in Persia even before it became known 
in Greece. It is doubtful if they were arrowheads at all, but if they 
really were it is much more likely they belonged to the Persian allies 
than to the Persians themselves. The Scythians and Parthians, coming 
from the direction of Persia, were the most celebrated archers of the 
known world, and had bronze, if not iron, arrowheads. History helps 
us in the view that these stone arrowheads, if they were such, did not 
come from Persia, nor from the East, but from Ethiopia—the far South. 

Herodotus? described the arms of the various peoples forming the 
army of Xerxes. Most of them had the bow and arrow, but stone 
points were used only by one people. 

The Persians * * * had short spears, long bows and arrows made of cane 
* * * and under them their quiver hung. * * * The Indians * * * had 
bows of cane and arrows of cane tipped withiron. * * * The Bactrians had bows 
of cane, peculiar to their country. * * * The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, 
Gandarians, and Dadice had the same as the Bactrians. The Caspians, Savange, 
and Pactyes had bows of cane. * * * The Arabians carried at their right sides 
long bows which bent backward. The Ethiopians carried long bows, not less than 
four cubits, made from branches of the palm tree, and on them they placed short 
arrows made of cane; instead of iron, tipped with stone, which was made sharp and 
of that sort on which they engrave seals. * * * They had javelins tipped with 
antelope’s horn made sharp like a lance. 

The Scythians and the rude tribe of Massagetez used bronze arrow- 
heads in the time of Herodotus, who records*® how that one Ariantas, a 
king of the Scythians, took the census of his people by requiring each 
one to contribute an arrowhead, the whole of which he put in the melt- 
ing pot and cast into an enormous bronze vessel.* 

Our modern discoveries point toward bronze and iron having come 
from the Orient, and getting into Egypt and Ethiopia later than into 
Assyria or Asia Minor. 

Armenia and Caucasus, that vast mountainous and comparatively 


Revue Archeologique, Paris, February, 1867. 2 Book VII, 61-80. 
3 Book LV, 81. 4 Sir John Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 329. 


ok “en 


———=<—- ~~ i—~ oa 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 837 


unknown country lying between and to the south of the Black and Cas- 
pian Seas, has been lately subjected to critical archieologic researches. ! 
Metals were there early discovered and put to use. But few locali- 
ties found by the explorers show occupation in the Neo- 
lithic period pure and simple. Knowledge of bronze and iron 
dates to almost the earliest times. It is strongly claimed by 
de Morgan that Armenia was the seat of a very early, if not 
the original, discovery of iron. When he approximates the 
appearance and use of iron in connection with bronze in that 
country to a period twenty to thirty centuries before Christ, 
and shows that iron was in common use there long before 
it was in the adjoining countries, it will be seen what good 
ground he has for his assertion. The author knows well 
that M. de Mortillet has assigned to Africa the place of 
discovery of iron, and this may be correct. He does not 
argue the proposition; it is aside from his 
present purpose. He is endeavoring to 
show the probability that the Ethiopian 
flint arrowheads in the army of Xerxes 
came rather from Africa than Asia, and 
that in the latter country stone as a mate- 
rial for arrow and spear heads had been 
superseded by metal—bronze and iron. 
De Morgan’ describes swords, pon- 
iards, lances, hatchets, bows, and arrows. 
He says that there were found in the 
cemetery of Redkine lance heads of both 
bronze and iron, in the cemetery of Lelwar 
those of iron only. They were practically 
the same type, the blade long and narrow 
in the form of a willow leaf. They all had 
a projecting rib running longitudinally 
through the center to strengthen it. They 
were furnished with a socket in which the 
shaft was inserted and one or two holes for 
nails to fasten it. Of course the handle 


was decayed and lost, but in a few cases re- Fias. 29, 30. 

mains were found stuck in the socket which PE rey 

enabled them to suppose it had been of ash. Eee a hoe oe. 
These iron lance heads varied greatly eae a 46, 48. 


in size, form, and fashion. Figs. 29 and 
30 are from the cemetery of Mouci-yéri; fig. 29 is 4 inches long 
and 24 inches wide; fig. 30 is 25 inches long. The former blade is 


1§. Chantre, Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase; J. de Morgan, Pre- 
miers Ages des Metaux dans ]’Arménie Russe, Paris, 1889; J. Mourier, L’Arch:eologie 
au Caucase, Paris, 1887. 

2Les premiers Ages des Métanx dans l’Arménie Russe, pp. 89-101, 


838 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18397. 


long and narrow, while the latter is short and broad. Figs. 31-38 
shows eight of these iron lance heads, all from the cemetery of Chei- 


CER 


Dis ome 
en ite, 


SES 


— 


So SENS ee 
RANK Hise 


\N 


= 
(== 


‘ 
i 
! 
i 


es 


Figs. 31-38, 
PREHISTORIC IRON SPEARHEADS. 


Cemetery of Cheitan-thagh, Russian Armenia. 


de Morgan, fig. 47. 4 natural size. 


tan-thagh. 

The variations of these spear- 
heads show them to have been 
the product of individual de- 
sign and manufacture, and that 
they were not made by a ma- 
chine or after a single pattern. 
They are all socketed; the 
socket is not solid, but open 
on the side, showing they were 
hammered and not cast. The 
sockets were not welded nor 
brazed. Whether they could 
weld or braze two pieces of iron 
together must be left uncertain. 
It may, however, be considered 
certain that they knew of and 
employed a heat sufficient to 
weld, and used it in the manu- 
facture of these implements, 
for without a welding heat they 
could not make these sharp 
edges and points. On one of 
the Egyptian bas-reliefs (at 
Medinet Abou, Thebes, twenti- 
eth dynasty) a Thyrenien war- 
rior is shown with two spears 
as though one might have been 
for throwing as a javelin and 
the other for hand to hand 
combat. 

There was a series of knives 
of iron from the cemetery of 
Cheitan-thagh, Armenia. The 
handles had been of wood, 
bone, or horn, fastened much 
the same as the butcher or car- 
ving knife of modern times. 
Some had a tang inserted in 
deer horn, some had pieces of 
bone, others pieces of wood cut 


thin and laid on both sides, riveted through. The U.S. National Museum 
possesses a series of the latter obtained direct from M.de Morgan which 
is represented in the accompanying photographic plate (Plate 1). 

The engraving on the bronze belts or cinctures of the warriors show 


Report of U. S National Museum, 1897.--Wilson. PLATE 1. 


PREHISTORIC IRON KNIVES AND SPEARHEADS. 


Cemetery of Chei’tan-thagh, Russian Armenia. 


J. De Morgan, Mission Scientifique au Caucase, I, (Les Premiers Ages des Metaux dans lArménie 
Russe), p. 132. fig. 121. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 839 


the form and use of the bow and arrow in that locality at that period. 
The bow was longer than a man was tall. It was not regular in its 
form, as are most bows. It consisted of three curves, the center being 
the smallest and shortest. The drawings (figs. 39, 40) show the form. 
These forms may have been exaggerated by the ancient artist, but they 
are our only source of knowledge. From the scenes depicted elsewhere 
on the cinctures, it is concluded that 
these bows served for the chase as well 
as for war. 

Chips and flakes of obsidian, few in 
number and irregular and uncertain in 
form and from the mountains of “Alla- 
gheuz, were found by de Morgan, which 


Y, V4 W, MN 
1X. 
My 
Use 


fA 
ZN 
Z ZX 


we 
ZENA 


OA 


EE Cle» 
E) 
Ry 
\ 
v\ 
| 
ral 
| | 
rial 
itd 
/ / 
/ / 
/ é 
hats 
AS: 
ey 


Fig. 39. Fig. 40. 
PREHISTORIC ARMENIAN BOWS, ENGRAVED ON BRONZE CINCTURES. 
Fig. 39—From cemetery of Akthala; fig. 40—from Mougi-yéri. 


de Morgan, figs. 54,191. Natural size. 


he thinks may have been used as arrowheads. The author may be 
permitted to doubt the generality of such usage—he would not deny 
isolated or sporadic cases. 

The arrowheads found were of bronze or iron (figs. 41-45, ) and were 
of curious forms, some socketed, some stemmed, some with long, fine 
barbs, others leaf-shaped. Some were arranged with a stem or tang to 
be inserted in the shaft (figs. 42,43), others had a socket in which the 
arrow shaft was to be inserted, and a small hole was provided with a 
nail or point to fasten it (figs. 41, 44,45). Some had acurious barb, more 
the appearance of a nail or spur, springing from the socket, which had 


840 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


been bent backward into the form of a hook, thus making it into a barb 
(fig. 41). Some were ar- 
ranged with barbs, others 
without. The bronze im- 
plements were cast, the 
iron ones hammered. 

A few of the implements 
of chisel shape, if arrow- 
heads, of the form tranch- 
ant transversal,werefound 
in the cemetery of Mougi- 
yéri (figs. 46, 47). It is . 
curious to remark that 

. 
7 


while the bronze and iron 
arrowheads of this period 
and locality are the gen- 
eral form of chipped-stone 
arrowheads of prehistoric 
times, those of chipped 
stone—that is, the obsid- 
ian specimens—are of a 
new and almost unknown 
form, ruder and more ar- 
chaicthanfoundelsewhere. 
PREHISTORIC ARROWPOINTS OF BRONZE AND IRON FROM AR- The warrior ae hunter | 
MENIA. earried all or several 
(Fig. 42) bronze, Museum of Tiflis; (figs. 41,43) cemetery of kinds of arrows. Their 
Cheitan-thagh; (figs. 44,45) cemetery of Mouci-yéri. quivers when found con- 
tained an _ assortment. 
Those of bronze were in the greatest number, then iron, and lastly stone. 
Thearcheologist exercises care 
in his conclusions and may re- 
fuse to accept evidence of facts 
which would be received by the 
historian without or with but 
little question. For example, the 
locality most prolific with stone 
arrowheads known to the author, 
and those of the finest quality 
and workmanship (Plates 2 and 
3), is on the banks of Lake 


Fig. 42. Fig. 45. 


de Morgan, figs. 56-60. % natural size. 


Thrasymene, between Cortona Figs. 46,47. 
and Perugia, Italy, near the Sit€ pREHISTORIC ARROWPOINTS OF CHIPPED OBSIDIAN, 
(itself uncertain) of the great cnanohaie: (ranepe st 


. . C tery of Mouci-yéri, Armenia. 
battle wherein Hannibal so ter- min aes Pec Te rac 


ribly defeated the Romans, kill- 
ing their commander, Flaminius, and routing their army. Yet these 


de Morgan, fig. 61. Natural size. 


Report of U.S National Museum, 1897.—-Wilson. PEATE 2: 


SPECIMENS OF FINE ARROWPOINTS. 


Italy. 
Cat. Nos. 148538-148556, U.S.N.M. 


Sk 


‘. TS 


sia 


a 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilsor PLATE 3. 


SPECIMENS OF FINE ARROWPOINTS. 


Italy. 


Cat. Nos. 148580, 148623, etc., U.S.N.M. 


‘et BY 
wh’ 
» 
7 


< é 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. S41 


beautiful arrowheads found in such profusion on or so near this battle- 
field are believed by those archieologists who have had the best oppor- 
tunity for inspection and knowledge not to have been used in that 
battle, nor to have had any relation to it, but belonged to an earlier 
epoch and another people, whether the result of a battle, the chase, or 
habitation of man, is as yet undecided. 


III. SUPERSTITIONS CONCERNING ARROWPOINTS AND OTHER 
PREHISTORIC STONE IMPLEMENTS. 


Antiquity of this superstition an evidence of their long Cisuse as 
weapons—Elf darts or witches’ arrows—Pierre de foudre, pierre de 
tonnerre, pietra du fuocc—Amulets—No superstition concerning arror- 
heads in America— Used by Indians as weapons and only occasionally 
as charms. 


The superstitious regard for stone arrowpoints and the belief in 
their supernatural origin, in most Oriental and European countries, is 
inconsistent with the knowledge of, or belief in, their human manufac- 
ture for use as arrows. 

No people, however primitive or ignorant, having an object in com- 
mon use, known by them to be of human manufacture for utilitarian 
purposes only, will regard it with superstitious reverence or accept it 
as having a heavenly origin or supernatural power. That these arrow- 
points, with other objects of similar age and origin, have been so 
regarded by the people of the Oriental and European countries is easily 
demonstrated. 

The superstition concerning the polished-stone hatchet and the stone 
arrowpoint has existed all over Europe and a large portion, if not all, 
of Asia and Africa; and these objects have been, and in many places 
still are, regarded as of a heavenly origin and as lhaving supernatural 
powers. While this superstition usually belonged to the peasantry, 
there were many educated persons who believed it. Like the belief 
that the fossil animals found in the rocks were bits of broken stars 
fallen from the skies, until their true character was discovered by 
Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy, there was no way of account- 
ing for them. So when in the nineteenth century prehistoric man was 
discovered, these stone implements were immediately recognized as his 
work, and the belief in their supernatural character began to die out. 
Of course, a tradition as old, as widespread, and as firmly believed 
among the peasantry, who read little and traveled less, would natu- 
rally be slow to yield, and so in certain localities and with certain 
peoples its remains are yet to be found. They have been called 
“lightning stones” and ‘‘thunderstones” in many languages. These 
names are frequently applied to both the stone hatchet! and the arrow- 


1Descriptions and figures of these are given in the author’s paper on Prehistoric 
Art, contained in the report of the U. 8. National Museum for 1896, pls. 34-37, figs. 
95-99. 


842 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


point, though in some localities a difference is recognized and the latter 
are called ‘elf darts,” ete. 
It is no uncommon thing to hear older peasants in rural districts in 


France deny all knowledge of stone hatchets or arrowpoints or spear-— 


heads, for the sole reason that they do not recognize the objects by 
these names. Let one ask for pierre de foudre or pierre de tonnerre, 
and he would receive an affirmative answer at once. Conseiller For- 
nier, of Rennes, tells of a peasant who possessed one of these stone 
implements that he had seen come from the heavens in a flash of light- 
ning. It struck in a neighboring field and, on his going to the place, 
he found the hole from which he extracted this implement still hot, 
and he had kept it ever since. 

The belief is that these objects are protection against fire, especially 
lightning, and they are kept as protective amulets, some of the hatchets 
being drilled, while the arrowpoints are set sometimes in silver, some- 
times in gold. When thus arranged they are more or less ornamental 
and are intended for personal use, though occasionally they are hung 
at the bed head, or near it, to guard the owner during sleep. The 
undriiled ones are placed about the house, inserted in any ledge in the 
stones of the fireplace, on or over the mantel, or in a crack near the 
door. 

The terms elf bolt, elf shot, or elfin arrow are applied throughout the 
Scottish lowlands to the flint arrowhead. The Gaelic name, sciathee, 
is synonymous. In Shetland and Orkney the same idea, suggested 
there by the corresponding term, thunderbolt, is more frequently 
applied to the stone hatchet. 

The elf arrow continued until a recent period to be esteemed through- 
out Scotland as a charm against the malice of elfin spirits and the 
spells of witchcraft. Sewed in the dress or worn on the person it was 
available for the protection of the individual, and is occasionally to be 
met with perforated or set in gold and silver, to be worn as an amulet. 

The collection of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland contains an 
“elf dart” set in silver, which has been worn as an amulet. <A flint 
arrowhead forms the central pendant of a Greek or Etruscan gold 
necklace in the British Museum. Like other weapons of elfin artillery, 
it was supposed to retain its influence at the will of the possessor, and 
thus became the most effective talisman against elfish malice, witch- 
craft, or the evil eye. It is popularly believed when cattle are sick 
that they have been stricken by these fairy or elfin weapons. 

There ev’ry herd by sad experience knows 

How, winged with fate, their elf-shot arrows fly, 
When the sick ewe her summer food foregoes, 

Or stretch’d on earth the heart-smit heifers lie 

Old country people tell odd stories of this distemper among cows. 
When elf-shot the cow falls down suddenly as if dead; no part of the 


skin is pierced, but often a little triangular flat stone is found near the 


——s | UO 


_— 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 843 


breast, as they report, which is called the elf’s arrow. The cattle doe- 
tor feels the animal over and over and does not fail to find one or more 
elf darts in the skin. These are placed in water, which is given the 
creature to drink, and the cure is, of course, speedily effected. 

Pennant,! after referring to the cure of cattle bewitched by elf shots 
by making them drink the water in which an elf arrow has been 
dipped, adds: 

The same virtue is said to be found in the erystal gems and in the adder stone; 
for that reason the first is called clach bhuai, or the powerful stone. Capt. Archi- 
bald Campbell showed me one, a spheroid set in silver, for the use of which people 
came above a hundred miles and brought the water it was to be dipped in with 
them, for without that in human cases it was believed to have no effect. 

Pepys records, on the authority of Dr. Hicks, a circumstantial story 
of elf arrows with which Lord Tarbut entertained the Duke of Lauder- 
dale, and he adds: 

Iremember my Lord Tarbut did produce one of these elf arrows, which one of 
his tenants took out of the heart of one of his cattle that had died an unusual 
death. 

The feats of the witches of Auldearn furnish some of the most mar- 
velous narratives in Piteairns’s Criminal Trials. Among other disclos- 
ures, they describe a cavern in the center of a hill where the archfiend 
carries on the manufacture of such elf arrows with the help of his 
attendant imps. The latter perform the preparatory work, shaping 
the crude blocks and chipping the arrows out of the flint flakes, after 
which they receive from the master fiend their finishing form and point. 

In Ireland flint arrowheads were regarded as potent spells against 
the influence of witchcraft and the evil eye, an elf arrow being fre- 
quently set in silver and worn about the neck as an amulet against 
being elf-shot. 

We can not err in assuming that at the earliest period of the North- 
men, exercising an influence in Scotland sufficient to assimilate the 
popular superstition, the period to which the flint implements pertain 
was only known as a state of society so different from the historic 
traditions with which the people were familiar, that they referred its 
weapons and implements to the same invisible sprites by whose agency 
they were wont to account for all incomprehensible or superhuman 
occurrences. And we may infer from what all other evidence confirms, 
that the close of the Scottish stone period belongs to an era many cen- 
turies prior to the oldest date of the written history of the country. 

This ancient superstition is not peculiar to Scotland and Ireland. 
In Norway, diseases, not only of cattle but of men, were called by the 
name “alfshot,” and in Denmark, ‘“‘elveskud”—that is, elf-shot—though 
the flint arrowpoint is not recognized there as the bolt which furnishes 
the quivers of malignant elves. But other, and probably more ancient 
Seandinavian legends prove the existence of similar northern associa- 
tions with the primitive arrowpoint. 


1 Journey in Scotland, I, p. 115. 


844 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The name still applied to the elf bolt by the Norwegian peasantry is 
‘‘tordenkiler,” or thunderstone, so that we can feel little hesitation in 
assigning to the old Norse colonists of Orkney the difference still dis- 
cernible in these expressions of the same popular idea. In the Fornal- 
dar Sogur Nordlanda, or legends from the primitive period of the 
north, derived from ancient manuscripts, Orvar Odd’s saga furnishes 
a curious evidence of this. The hero, who is already furnished with 
three iron arrows, the gift of Guse, a Finnish king possessed of magie 
power, is hospitably entertained in the course of his wanderings by an 
old man of singular appearance. 


On the side where the old man sat he laid three stone arrows on the table near the 
dish. They were so large and handsome that Orvar thought he had never seen any- 
thing like them. He took them up and looked at them, saying: ‘‘ These arrows are 
wellmade.” ‘If you really think them to be so,” replied his host, ‘‘ I shall make you 
a present of them.” ‘I do not think,” replied Orvar, smiling, ‘‘that I need cumber 
myself with stone arrows.” The old man answered: ‘‘Be not sure that you will 
not some time stand in need of them; I know that you possess three arrows, the 
gift of Guse, but, though you deem it unlikely, it may happen that Guse’s weapons 
will prove useless; then these stone arrows will avail you.” Orvar Odd accordingly 
accepted the gift, and chancing soon after to encounter a foe who by like magic was 
impenetrable to all ordinary weapons, he transfixed him with the stone arrows, 
which immediately vanished. 

The Danish collector, Olaf Worm, describes! the chipped flint spear- 
heads and daggers as being of doubtful origin, and that some persons 
regard them as thunderbolts. 

Even in Japan flint and obsidian arrowpoints are regarded as the 
weapons still in use by spirits. The popular belief is that every year 
an army of spirits tly through the air with rain and storm; when the 
sky clears the people go out and hunt in the sand for the stone arrow- 
heads the spirits have dropped. Dr. Jannsen states that the Japanese 
keep ancient stone implements in their chapels, treating them with 
religious veneration. According to Dr. Schwaner, ancient stone 
hatchets are still more carefully preserved by the present inhabitants 
of Borneo in bags woven of cane and suspended in the recesses of 
their dwellings among their talismans and amulets.’ 

This variation in the popular mode of giving expression to the idea 
of a supernatural origin for these primitive weapons is worthy of note 
from the definite evidence it affords of a period when stone weapons 
were as much relics of a remote past and objects of popular wonder 
as now. 

The collection of amulets made by Professor Belucci of Italy, shown 
in the Paris Exposition in 1889, contained the following, which had 
been worn or kept as a protection against fire and lightning: Polished- 
stone hatchets, jadeite 15, serpentine 12, aphanite 2, lydite, quartzite, 
and argillite, 1 each—32; arrowpoints or spearheads, flint 36, pyrites 
4, calcite 1—41; total, 73. 

The superstitious belief in these objects is not confined to any par- 


1Museum Wormianum, A. D. 1655, pp. 39, 85. 
2Stevens, Flint Chips, pp. 87, 88. 


; 
2 
q 
E 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 845 


ticular place or country. It is equally prevalent in Germany, Irance, 
Italy, Spain, and Portugal. In Brazil these objects are called ‘ corsico,”! 
but it is possible this may be only a name brought over from Europe 
by the conquistadores. In Italy they are called “pietra di fuoco,” in 
France “pierre de tonnerre” or ‘‘pierre de foudre,” in Spain ‘ piedra 
de fuego” and ‘piedras de rayo.” 

A belief in the supernatural origin of stone arrows and hatchets is 
as common in China as it is in other parts of the world.’ 

The collection of M. Van de Poel, of 39 prehistoric objects from Java, 
was presented by him to the Academy of Sciences, Paris. ‘The 
specimens were obtained with difficulty, as the natives regarded them 
with religious veneration.”* The Malays call them “gigi guntur” (teeth 
of the lightning). 

This supernatural character has been recognized more or less among 
all peoples as far back as history goes. Sir John Evans‘ says: 

Enough, however, has been said with regard to the superstitions attaching to these 
arrowheads of stone. ‘The existence of such a belief in their supernatural origin, 
dating, as it seems to do, from a comparatively remote period, goes to prove that 
even in the days when the belief originated, the use of the stone arrowhead was 
not known, nor was there any tradition extant of a people whose weapons they had 
been. 

In Greece, as early as the time of Pliny, the stone arrowpoints, along 
with polished-stone hatchets, were believed to have fallen from the 
stars. The latter were called “astropelchia” or thunderbolts. Pliny, 
quoting Sotacus, says there are two sorts, ‘the black and the red, say- 
ing they do resemble halberds or ax heads. Such as be found withal 
are endued with this virtue, that by means of them cities may be 
forced and whole navies at sea be discomfited.” 

Aldrovandus® engraves a flint arrowpoint as a fossil glossopetra, a 
stone which, according to Pliny,® ‘‘resembleth a man’s tongue and 


‘groweth not on the ground, but in the eclipse of the moone falleth from 


heaven,” and which “is thought by the magicians to be verie neces- 
sarie for those that court fair women.” 

In the catalogue of the museum at Gresham College‘ they are called 
“anchorites,” because of their likeness of form to an anchor. Refer- 
ence is made to the collection of similar objects in the Worm Museum. 

Flint continued to be used in some parts of Egypt until the, twelfth 
dynasty, 2600 B.C. Mr. Flinders Petrie in 1889 excavated the ancient 
settlement Medinet Kahun, the pyramid of Unsertesen II, and there 
found and brought back to London, where they were exhibited at 
Oxford Mansion, a bushel or more of flint chips and wrought flakes. 


' Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 89. 

2Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 116; Mémoire concernant |l’Histoire des 
Chinois par les Missionnaires de Pékin, LV, 1776, p. 474; VI, p. 467. 

*Mortillet, Matériaux, II, p. 212; Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 118. 

4+Ancient Stone Implements, p. 328. 

5Musaei Metallici, Book IV, chap. 17, p. 604. 

®Naturalis Historia, Book XXXVII, chap. 10. 

7London, 1618. 


846 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Some of the flakes were inserted in a wooden sickle and made the cut- 
ting edge of the implement, while the flakes were many of them 
wrought (all done by chipping) into spear or lance heads. The author 
purchased a number of both kinds, and they are now exhibited in the 
U.S. National Museum (plate 4). 

Sir John Evans! reports a chipped-flint arrowpoint fastened to its 
shaft with bitumen, displayed in the British Museum, found in an 
Egyptian tomb. The dynasty and consequently the date is not given; 
it may not be known. 

This extended and universal superstitious regard for these imple- 
ments as a class is incompatible with their use as weapons by the same 
people, and the antiquity of the superstition demonstrates the antiquity 
of their desuetude. 

This superstition never attached to these objects in America, for 
with its discovery came also the discovery that the objects heretofore 
regarded as supernatural and of heavenly origin were naught but the 
tools and weapons of savage man. Following this discovery by the 
white man, came the other discovery by the Indian—that his imple- 
ments and weapons could be made more easily and quickly of metal 
than of stone, and straightway the use of stone for this purpose was 
superseded by metal. 

Lieutenant Niblack, U. 8S. N., in his “Indians of the Northwest 
Coast,”” remarks: 

On the introduction of iron, which both Cook and Dixon attribute to the Russians, 
the Indians were not slow to adapt it to their purpose. Dixon says that in Captain 
Cook’s time iron implements were then also in use among the Tlingit and Haida. 

And on page 209: ‘“‘For salmon spears * * *_ steel is now gen- 
erally used.” 

On the advent of the white man, the making of arrowpoints or spear- 
heads of stone practically came to an end among our North American 
Indians, even though they remained savages. They soon found that a 
rejected and broken barrel hoop or other piece of strap iron would make 
more arrowheads than would a hundred times its weight in flint, with 
less labor and in shorter time. Not only were they more easily made, 
but were lighter; as ammunition they could be carried in greater number, 
and were in every way more effective as a weapon. Neither the epoch 
of transition from stone arrowpoints to those of iron, nor the length of 
time in making it, by the North American Indian, can be told with 
accuracy, but we may be reasonably certain that he would not long 
continue to make them of stone after he had the material and the tools— 
that is, the strap iron and a file or chisel—and the knowledge to use 
them. The Indian traders soon discovered the Indian needs, and after 
beads, glass, and tomahawks, the cargoes contained iron and some- 
times files and chisels by which the arrowpoints and knives could be 
made, if they did not carry the arrowpoints and knives already made. 


' Ancient Stone Implements, p. 329. 
2 Report U, 8. National Museum, 1888, p. 280. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 4. 


FLINT FLAKES, ARROWPOINTS. AND SPEARHEADS. 
Gurob, Egypt, XIIth dynasty, 2600 B.C. 
Cat. Nos. 197915-197917, U.S.N.M. Collected by W. Flinders Petrie. 


a Le 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 847 


This may not have begun with the first moment of contact with the 
white man. The first Indiantrader may not have taken iron arrowpoints 
or the material or tools with which to make them, but we may 
fairly conclude he did soon after. These materials took rank in impor- 
tance to the Indian with, if they did not precede, the glass beads and 
brass rings which have been the proverbial currency of Indian traders. 
There must necessarily have been a period of transition; stone arrow- 
points would not be supplanted instantly by iron. 

Doubtless there were exceptions to the generality of their use. Boys, 
amateur hunters, degraded tribes, those living far back in the moun- 
tains, even hunters or warriors moved by necessity or the desire to save 
expense, may have made stone arrowpoints or spearheads after general 
contact with the white man. 

Rey. M. Eells, in the Stone Age of Oregon,' says stone arrowpoints 
and spearheads are scarce, and that he had seen only nine of them in 
eight years’ residence among the Indians. The Indians did not make 
them; they used bone. But as evidence that they were used in ancient 
times, he says that Mr. Stevens has 3,200 of them, 6$ inches by 24 
inches, down to one-half by one-fourth inch. He had found a grand 
cache of them unearthed at Oregon City. A workshop for making 
arrow and spearheads had been discovered at Umatilla Landing, with 
the usual nuclei, hammers, chips, and flakes, with arrowpoints and 
spearheads complete, incomplete, and broken, in abundance. 

Mr. J. G. Swan, speaking of the Indians of Cape Flattery,’ says: 

The bow is used principally by the boys of to kill birds and other small 
game; as a weapon of defense it is scarcely ever used, firearms having entirely super- 
seded it. * * * ‘The arrowheads are of various patterns; some are made of iron 
wire, which is usually obtained from the rim of some old tin pan or kettle; this flat- 
tened at the point, sharpened, and a barb filed on one side, and driven into the end 


_ of the shaft; a strip of bark is wound around to keep the wood from splitting. 


Some are of bone [of course the head is of wood, the same as the shaft}; * * * 
others again are regularly shaped, double-barbed, and with triangular heads of iron 
or copper, of very neat workmanship. 


Lieutenant Niblack, U.S. N.,° speaking of the Indians on the north- 
west coast, Says: 


To-day the bow and arrow survives only as a means of dispatching wounded game 
or to save powder and ball. * * * Few bows are now seen among these Indians 
except as toys for the children. Before the introduction of iron, arrowheads were 
of bone, flint, shell, or copper. 


And on page 285: 


The primitive dagger was of stone or bone. The first daggers made by the natives 
after the advent of the whites were from large, flat files, and the skillful manner in 
which these were ground into beautiful fluted daggers challenged the admiration of 
the traders, who found the work as skillfully done as if by European metal-workers. 


1 Smithsonian Report, 1886, p. 289. 
2 Smithsonian Contributions, No. 220, p. 48. 
* Report U.S. National Museum, 1888, p. 286. 


848 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


And the same remark is made on page 2838 in regard to seal spears. 

Not only was stone superseded by iron as a material fur arrowpoints, 
but the bow and arrow as a weapon was superseded by firearms. As 
this was a greater change, so the period of transition might have been 
longer, but that it would come sooner or later was inevitable. The 
question of civilization has but little to do with the adoption of a better 
weapon. The wildest Indians in North America, having all the belong- 
ings of savagery, might have, within the past twenty-five years, been 
seen armed with magazine or breech-loading guns as fine and good as 
those of our army moving against them. These Indians and their 
guns represented the two extremes of civilization. The Indian was the 
lowest stratum, his gun the final effect of enlightenment in man. 

Capt. John G. Bourke, of the United States Army, an accurate and 
close observer, an interested archeologist, a noted Indian fighter who 
was in that service during the principal part of his life, and a valuable 
aid and comrade of General Crook in some of his most celebrated 
Indian campaigns, gave a sketch of the weapons, tools, implements, 
domestic utensils, amulets, etc., of certain tribes of Indians as they 
were when he first met them, in a paper read by him before the 
Anthropological Society at Washington, under the suggestive title of 
“The Vesper Hour of the Stone Age.”! As resulting facts of his 
observations, in the twenty-three or twenty-five years of his service, 
since his first acquaintance with the wild tribes of the Rio Grande, 
the Gila, and the Colorado, he has seen them “not only subjected to a 
condition of peace, but notably advanced in the path of civilization, 
their children trained in the white man’s ways, and all traces of ear- 
lier modes of life fast fading into the haze of tradition.” Doubtless 
the North American Indian had his myths concerning the arrow. 
But these are quite different from the superstitions in the Old World 
concerning the arrowhead; those were based on the belief in the 
supernatural origin and power of the object, and were inconsistent 
with its character as a weapon. The myth in America might relate to 
the arrow as a charm or for divination, to find lost objects, search for 
game, ete., but it in no wise affected their knowledge of its having 
been made by man, to be used as a weapon. 

On the subject of arrows as charms or amulets, Captain Bourke 
says” that all the American aborigines used stones as amulets. And 
he says instances of throwing arrows and stones ‘for luck” are given 
by Ross, Mackenzie, Castaneda, Picart, and Gomara. As to the 
myths of the arrow, he refers to Bancroft, Torquemada, Bascana, and 
others, and says: ” 

Arrows fired under circumstances of special note, those which had once killed ene- 
mies or in the hands of the enemy had failed to kill the present owner, became tal- 


1 American Anthropologist, III, p. 55. 
2 Tdem, III, p. 62; IV- p. 73. 
3 Tdem, III, p. 62. 


=, Se 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 849 


ismans, and were worn attached to his belt, bow, or hat. Two or three arrowheads 
were appended to the necklace of human fingers, which I secured in a fight with the 
Cheyennes of northern Wyoming during the winter of 1876, and now deposited in 
the National Museum. The information obtained in regard to these was always 
vague and far from satisfactory. 

With the wonderful penchant of the North American Indians for 
mystery, and their delight in superstition; with their belief in ‘‘medi- 
cine,” the power and influence of their shamans and medicine men, 
and the necessity of the latter to successfully impose on their follow- 
ers, it would be curious if the shamans had not attributed magic 
power to some of these objects. With all his experience, Captain 
Bourke is able to give but two instances where anything supernatural 
has been attributed to the arrowpoint, and these were, as he said, 
vague and unsatisfactory. 

An Apache squaw who claimed great skill as a midwife was in the 
habit of administering a pinch of powdered arrow in water in cases of 
painful gestation or protracted labor. She explained to him that 
whenever lightning happened to fell a pine tree on the top of a high 
mountain, the medicine man would hunt for any rock at the foot of the 
blasted trunk which would yield fire when struck. He saw one of 
these medicine arrows in the possession of an Indian woman in the 
pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico, in 1886, and the owner acknowledged 
its uses to be identical with the same amulet of the Apaches, but 
refused absolutely to dispose of it.! 

The manufacture and use of stone arrowpoints undoubtedly continued 
much later in the western countries of the United States than it did in 
the eastern, because that country was discovered later. It is not 
unlikely that there may have been Indians in the wilder countries who, 
in cases of stress, continued to make and use these implements into 
comparatively modern times. But ‘‘comparatively modern” is only a 
relative term. All our knowledge relating to modern savagery in 
America dates from contact with the white man. This contact is the 
line between the historic and the prehistoric. Prior to that period of 
contact the white man, who was the historian, had no knowledge of the 
Indian or his history or customs, and from that moment both his history 
and customs began to change. 

It would follow that, unless falling within the exceptions mentioned, 
the common arrowpoints and spearheads in the Museum and other col- 
lections in the United States are practically prehistoric. Those from 
the East are admitted without question to be so, but they are no more 
so than those from the West. The discoveries and conquests of the 
Indians in the West by the whites are nearer our own times, and this 
accounts for the principal differences in our opinions. Contact between 
the Indian and the white man was the first step; the second was the 
obtaining of Indian lands by purchase or war, and the third was sub- 
jugation. This process proceeded faster in the West than it did in the 


1 American Anthropologist, III, p. 62. 


NAT MUS 97 54 


850 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


East, and, as a consequence, the transition from savagery to civilization, 
from prehistoric to historic, from the bow and arrow to the rifle, has 
been correspondingly faster in the West than in the East. 


IV. FLINT MINES AND QUARRIES IN WESTERN EUROPE AND IN 
THE UNITED STATES. 


As all arrowpoints, spearheads, and knives, except a few of siate, 
were chipped or flaked into shape and used in that condition, the pre- 
historic man would naturally seek a material which had the requisites 
for such working. Flint and its kindred (the finer being chalcedony, the 
coarser chert and hornstone), obsidian, jasper, quartz, and quartzite 
were the principal substances. Obsidian is comparatively rare, and 
the last three were more or less refractory and would be used only when 
the better material could not be obtained. Flint was the best. It com- 
bined the greatest desiderata with the greatest facility of procurement, 
and was consequently the favorite material of prehistoric man during 
the polished-stone age, in Europe as well as in America. Of the 203 
specimens of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives shown in Plates 35 to 
47 of this paper, 144 are of flint, chalcedony, or chert. These are all 
silicates of a crystalline structure, almost all cryptocrystalline. Flint 
can be chipped in any direction. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture, 
and can be struck off in long, straight, even, and thin flakes. Itis tough 
and hard, holds a sharp edge and point, and is not difficult to work. 

Quarries or mines of flint in different parts of the world were known 
and were worked in prehistoric times. The author proposes to describe 
some of the more important, preferring those which he has visited 
and inspected, using them as illustrations of others which will be only 
named. Associated with these mines or quarries are workshops where 
the various implements were manufactured. He also proposes to com- 
pare some of the mines or quarries and the material of Europe with 
those of the United States. 

EUROPE. 


Spiennes, Belgium.—Spiennes is a hamlet in the neighborhood of the 
city of Mons, in the province of Hainault. It is on the railway from 
Mons to Charleroi, and the station is Harmignies, the first after leayv- 
ing Mons. 

The author had the honor to be United States consul at the city of 
Ghent, in the province of Flanders-Oriental, which adjoins that of 
Hainault on the north, and so had opportunities of frequent visits to 
Mons, which is the center of an extensive mining district, principally of 
coal. He formed the acquaintance of M. F. Cornet, a civil and mining 
engineer. M. Cornet, with his colleague, M. Briart, made the report 
upon the prehistoric flint quarries and workshops in the province of 
Hainault to the International Prehistoric Congress at Brussels in 1872. 
The members of that congress made an excursion to this locality. 
There were two objects of interest; one was the prehistoric flint quar- 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 851 


ries and workshops at Spiennes, which belong to the Neolithic or 
polished-stone age; the other was at a neighboring locality called Mes- 
vin, where had been found 
evidences of the workings of 
man during the Paleolithic 
period. 

The mines of flintat Spien- 
nes cover about 50 acres, and 
the surface for twice that 
area is strewn with pieces 
that have been more or less 
worked, and are evidence of 
human industry and occu- 
pation in prehistoric times. 
M. Neyrinck collected many 
of these pieces, which he de- 
posited in the Prehistoric 
Museum at Brussels. The 
first discovery of these 
pieces was by Albert Toil- 
liez, who made a collection 
of the material, implements, 
tools, débris, ete.,in the year 
1840, which in 1865 was sold 
to Sir John Evans. 

The discoveries of Toilliez 
attracted the attention of 
students and caused further 
investigations, which in 1860 
resulted in the discovery of 
the mines of flint, and that 
they had been worked by 
prehistoric man, and that 
the plateau had been a vast 
workshop. 

The flint of this locality 
came in modern times to be 
exploited for the manufac- 
ture of porcelain, and in this 
Way the excavations of an- 
tiquity were frequently en- 
countered. In 1867 the con- 
struction of therailway from 
Mons to Charleroi was begun by the way of or near to the little town 
of Binche. The construction of the railway required a deep cutting 
through the plateau between the river De Nouvelles and La Trouille. 
On this plateau were located the flint mines of Spiennes, The locality 


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REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


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ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 853 


of the Paleolithic occupation at Mesvin is to the west of the river 
De Nouvelles, between it and the river Le By. A _ portion of the 
railway cut through the Neolithic flint mine at Spiennes is shown 
in fig. 48. 

Messrs. Cornet and Briart and M. Houzeau de Lahaye were charged by 
the scientific society of Hainault to supervise the excavations of the 
railway for evidences of prehistoric man. They reported several con- 
clusions, that which interests us being that the men of the polished- 
stone age had dug pits or mines into the great chalk and clay deposit 
to obtain flint nodules for the manufacture of their tools and weapons, 
and that extensive and important work had been done in these mines 
in times of antiquity. 

The railway cut brought to light within its area no less than 25 of 
these pits. The cut extends about 40 feet below the surface of the 
plateau, which was fortunate, for it thus showed the prehistoric mines 
to their entire depth. These mines, as shown in fig. 49, were in the 
form of pits or shafts. The shaft was sunk from the surface perpen- 
dicularly through the clay and sand until it reached the chalk. The 
shafts were 2, 3, and 4 feet in diameter, longer than wide for facility in 
working, and the deepest was about 36 feet. Arrived at the chalk, 
galleries were thrown off horizontally in searching for the nodules of 
flint. The galleries were from 20 to 64 feet in height, and from 3,3 to 9 
feetin width. An enlarged view of one of these shafts and mines shows 
its corresponding gallery pushed to the right and left, through the 
' chalk, in search of the nodules of flint therein contained. There are no 
means of determining the number of these shafts, nor the number or 
extent of the galleries, without an extensive system of trenching through- 
out the plateau, which would be too expensive; but a fair idea can be 
gathered of it when it is said that the entire surface of the plateau is 
dotted with the filled shafts. They are found every few rods. If one 
digs beneath the surface but little more than the depth of the plow, he 
will find an ancient shaft. Several of them have been excavated to the 
bottom and the galleries followed to their ends. The differences in the 
earth, filled in and natural, render them recognizable with certainty. 

In fig. 50 the shaft communicated with the surface by an opening 
shown on the right. Whether this was natural or artificial was unde- 
termined. The débris with which it was filled represented everything 
met with in the exploration. It was a confused mass of sand, lime, 
blocks of chalk, chips, flakes, and nodules of flint, with the bones of 
different animals, pieces of pottery, and not infrequently implements 
of bone, deer horn, and flint. 

The mouths of these shafts were usually broken away around the 
sides, giving them somewhat the form of a funnel. But this was only 
for a short distance down, when the sides or walls of the pit became 
perpendicular (figs. 51, 52). 

The pits and galleries were sometimes caved in, but usually they 


854 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


had been filled by the workmen to prevent caving. One obtains great 
insight into the domestie and industrial life of this people by examin- 
ing this filling: for, in addition to the earth and chalk which had been 


Fig. 50. 
SECTION OF SHAFT IN THE PREHISTORIC FLINT MINES, SHOWING ANCfENT WORKINGS AND HOW THEY WERE FILLED. 


Spiennes, Belgium. 
(Letter explanation of strata as in fig. 48.) 
Seale: 1 inch equals 13 feet 


lla! 


dug out, it contained the broken tools and implements and the refuse 
of his kitchen. The domestic utensils used by him during the progress 
of the work would be broken, used up, and cast away or lost, and so 
go into the refuse pile. There were bones of animals used for food, 


a ee ee ee eee 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 855 


usually split and broken for the extraction of marrow, bone points, 
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Scale: 1 inch equals 13 feet. 


g 
SECTION OF SHAFT IN THE PREHISTORIC FLINT MINES, SHOWING ANCIENT WORKINGS AND HOW THEY WERE FILLED. 
(Letter explanation of strata as in fig. 


of charcoal and fire with which the workmen had cooked their food or 
kept themselves warm. Of the tools and implements lost or broken 


856 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


and cast away, were flint picks, flint flakes and points, deer antlers, 
and in the workshops were pieces of the knives, hatchets, arrow- 
points, and other implements broken in the course of manufaeture— 
the ‘ failures” of the workmen. 

The tools used for mining were sharp picks of flint similar to cores 
figs. 7,8, 9, and flakes figs. 3, 4,5, 6 (Plate 5), probably held in the hand 
while digging, and picks of deer horn, one of the palms forming the 
handle and a prong forming the pick, such as were found at Grimes 
Graves by Canon W. Greenwell (Plate 6). There was no evidence in 
the galleries of the making or sharpening of these implements, and it 
was believed that this was done at the surface; nor were there evi- 
dences of the means of ascent and descent, nor yet that of lifting out 
the flint. 

The entire plateau has been leveled during all historic time. The 
holes or funnel-shaped excavations which had formerly existed were 


Fig. 52. 
SECTION OF PIT IN THE PREHISTORIC FLINT MINES. 


Enlarged view of figure, showing ancient workings and how they have been filled. 
Spiennes, Belgium. 
(Letter explanation of strata as in fig. 48.) 
Seale: 1 inch equals 13 feet. 


filled up, and the fields had been cultivated for centuries. There was 
nothing about its appearance to indicate its wonderful condition. The 
owner, the farmer, the plowman, and the hunter, all had passed over 
its surface from the earliest historic time without any knowledge of 
what lay beneath the surface, except as they derived it from the chance 
finds of worked flint and pottery fragments. Prior to the discovery of 
prehistoric man, this débris told no story and conveyed no idea. After 
the discovery of prehistoric man, and when wise persons became observ- 
ant and sought for the evidence of his existence in the chips, flakes, 
and nuclei, broken and worked in every degree of manufacture, this field 
became a volume of evidence. During the visit of the International 
Archeological Congress from Brussels in 1872, its members spread 
themselves over the field and gathered every morsel, which showed evi- 
dence of human workmanship with much the same assiduity as the 
miner in his search for gold. This field has always been an attraction to 


. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5. 


Figs. 1-6. FLINT FLAKEs. 

(Cat. Nos. 100256-100258, U.S.N.M. Thomas Wilson.) 
Figs. 7, 10,11. FLinr Picks. 

(Cat. Nos. 100255, 100260, 100262, U.S.N.M. Thomas Wilson.* 
Fig. 8. HAMMERSTONE. 

(Cat. No. 100255, U.S.N.M. Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 9. Part oF CHIPPED HATCHET. 
(Cat. No. 100264, U.S.N.M. Thomas Wilson.) 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilsor PLaTE 5. 


420260 


POINTED FLINT FLAKES, PICKS, HAMMERSTONES, AND CHISELS. 


Spiennes, Belgium 


PLATE 6. 


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— 
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ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 857 


students of prehistoric archeology, and has been visited by the leading 
authorities of that science of Europe. There has been no restriction by 
the owner of the land upon the carrying away of as many pieces of flint 
as the visitors may desire, and this permission has been used to a surpris- 
ing extent. Yet when the author visited this field ten and thirteen 
years afterwards, pieces of worked flint were apparently in as great 
profusion as in the first instance. The search of asingle afternoon over 
its surface secured such a number of these specimens that he was 
unable to carry them, and a peasant was employed to transport them 
to the railway station. So numerous were the evidences of prehistorie 
human industry, that despite the great desires and long-continued 
efforts of the farmer to rid his field of these stones, yet in many places 
they constituted, for a depth of 2 or 3 feet, a large proportion of the 
earthy material. The photographic plate of samples (Plate 5) gives a 
fair idea of the commoner objects, such as broken hatchets, cores, picks, 
hammer stones, scrapers, and flakes. 

Cornet and Briart are both dead, but their places have been taken by 
Baron de Loé and M. de Munck, who have continued the work, and the 
author was fortunate enough to have heard, at the International Prehis- 
toric Archeological Congress in Paris, 1889, their joint paper describing 
the continuation of their investigation and the discoveries of the work- 
shops supplied by flint from these mines. It was the opinion of these 
observers that the material had been divided up at the pit’s mouth and 
carried to different workshops in the neighborhood, there to be manu- 
factured into implements. The theory was advanced that these work- 
shops had been specialized so that only one kind of implement was made 
in each shop or by each workman. The investigations showed that 
there had been a division of labor, and that each workman or each 
band of workmen had been confined practically to the manufacture of 
a single class of implements. 

The hatchet was the principal implement, yet there were all kinds of 
scrapers, picks, arrowpoints and spearheads, and flakes in great num- 
bers, probably intended for use as knives. These were in all stages of 
manufacture, from the rudest chipping to the finished (Plate 5), The 
hatchets were only chipped to proper form ready for polishing. 

The structure of flint is such that it is better worked by chipping 
than by pecking. Granite and kindred material is wrought by peck- 
ing or hammering, but flint by chipping. In European prehistoric 
workshops most of the rough work was by chipping and not by peck- 
ing or hammering. The workshops are to be traced by the chips and 
refuse, and closer investigation showed them probably to have been 
huts, which may also have served as habitations for the workmen. 
There were depressions in the surface, and the ground was pounded 
hard, as though it had been for a floor. These observers thought they 
could, in some cases, discover the evidence of the wooden material of 
which the hut had been built. The workshops all occupied high and 


858 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


commanding positions, many of which, never having been cultivated, 
were unchanged from the times of antiquity, and so furnish excellent 
evidence of their prehistoric occupation. 

It was the opinion of Baron de Loé and M. de Munck that the flint 
implements made in the workshops of the neighborhood had been the 
foundation of an extensive commerce, by which they had been distrib- 
uted over southern Belgium and northeastern France. M. de Munck 
had found 15 Neolithic stations, extending over 45 communes, all in 
direct relation with Spiennes, creating a network of roads which had 
remained in use until modern times. 

Grand Pressigny.—Grand Pressigny, in the department of Indre-et- 
Loire, France, a few hours’ ride southwest of Tours, is the center of a 
district rich in flint, 
which was much util- 
ized during the Neo- 
lithic period. 

There was no mine 
proper, but an exten- 
sive workshop for the 
manufacture of flint 
implements (Plate 7). 
The débris still en- 


ee: cumbers the ground 

FLINT IMPLEMENT; THE PECULIAR PRODUCT OF A PREHISTORIC WORK- : 
SHOP. for miles around to 
Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire) France. such exent as to im- 


pede cultivation, and 
furnishes flint for the reparation of the road and for building purposes. 
Many of the neighboring houses have been built either with founda- 
tions or first stories of the flint nodules. The parapet of the bridge, 
on which we pass over the stream into the town, is of flint. The cores 
are most plentiful and are called, from their color and shape, “livres 
du beurre,” pounds of butter (Plate 7, fig. 3). They have been so 
wrought as to enable the workmen to strike off, sometimes one, some- 
times three, flakes of remarkable length, 12 to 16 inches (Plate 7, fig. 4). 
These flakes may have been used as knives, but they were many times 
worked into spear or lance heads. Here also was a division of labor, 
for in certain workshops these flakes alone would be found; in others, 
notably the hamlet of Epargne (Philippe Salmon), the peculiar saws 
or scrapers notched in the end were to be procured (fig. 53). But the 
remarkable thing about it all was the great demand in prehistoric 
times for these spearheads and knives and the extensive commerce they 
commanded. Because of its peculiar yellow or waxen color, the flint 
of Grand Pressigny is easily recognizable, and so can be traced in its 
migrations through 27 departments in northern, western, and central 
France, and even into some of the lake dwellings of Switzerland. 
Specimens of it have been found in the dolmens, associated with some 


7 is ha ‘ 
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7, 


5 
1 2 
4 
3 
6 
7 
9 
8 
10 11 
12 13 14 


Fig. 1. WORKED FLINT FLAKE. 


(Cat. No. 99908, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 2. LARGE FLINT FLAKE. 


(Cat. No. 99818, U.S.N.M. Laugerie Haute (Dordogne), France. Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 3. FLINT CORE. 


(Cat. No. 146062, U.'S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 4. LARGE FLINT FLAKE Cast. 


(Cat. No. 1386651, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 5. WORKED FLINT FLAKE, POINT. 


(Cat. No. 35163, U.S.N.M. Loire Valley, France. Gaston L. Feuardent.) 


Figs. 6,9. WORKED FLINT FLAKE, POINTs. 


(Cat. Nos. 35201, 35202, U.S.N.M. Lake Bienne, Switzerland. G.L. Feuardent.) 


Fig. 7. LARGE FLINT FLAKE (knife). 


(Cat. No. 35160, U.S.N.M. Preuilly Nelo csv G. L. Feuardent.) 
he 


Fig. 8. RUDE FLINT SPEARHEAD. 


Fie. 10. 
Jt able 
Fig. 12. 
Fig. 13. 


Fig. 14. 


(Cat. No. 99911, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Thomas Wilson.) 


SMALL FLINT FLAKE (cutting tool). 
(Cat. No. 99907, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. ‘Thomas Wilson.) 


RuDE CHIPPED IMPLEMENT. 
(Cat. No. 99917, U.S.N.M. Vendome (Loir-et-Cher), France. Thomas Wilson.) 
FLINT HAMMERSTONE. _ 
(Cat. No. 99876, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Thomas Wilson.) 
FLINT ARROWPOINT. 
(Cat. No. 136586, U.S.N.M. Abruzzo, Italy. Thomas Wilson.) 
FLINT FLAKE OR KNIFE. 
(Cat, No. 35161, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. G. L. Feuardent.) 


Report of U. S. Nationa! Museum, 1897.—Wilson 


PLATE 7. 


FLINT OBJECTS FROM PREHISTORIC WORKSHOPS. 


Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), 


France, and other localities in Europe. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 859 


of the earlier objects of bronze, showing that while these implements 
belonged to the Neolithic age, from their beauty and renown they con- 
tinued in use into the Bronze age. 

Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron), France.—M. EK. Cartailhac, of Toulouse, one 
of the best known archeologists in France, and M. 
Marcellin Boule, geologist, discovered at Mur-de- 
Barrez (Aveyron), central France, a mine of flint 
which had been worked in prehistoric times; and 
M. Cartailhac made a large plaster representation 
thereof, which was in the central hall of the anthro- 
pological section of the World’s Fair held in Paris 
in 1889. Along with it were displayed the original 
objects of human workmanship, such as_ tools, 
implements, fragments, flakes, nuclei, and ham- 
mers, found in these mines and used by prehis- 


Toh he 
6 Os 


Pig. 54. 
+ Fig. 55. 


SECTION OF PREHISTORIC FLINT MINE OR PIT. m 

PREHISTORIC DEER-HORN 
HAMMER AND PICK COM- 

MM. M. Boule and E, Cartailhac, La France prehistorique, p. 138, fig. 51. BINED. 


Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron). 


A, vegetable earth; B, pit excavated in prehistoric times, afterwards 
filled with débris containing unfinished and broken implements and 
flakes and chips; C, subterranean galleries opened by prehistoric 
miners following the strata of flint; D, stratum containing nodules of 
of flint; HY, solid limestone rock; F’, natural or accidental filling. 


From flinu mine at Mur- 
de-Barrez (Aveyron), 
France. 4 natural size. 

La France prehistorique, p. 138, 

fig. 52. 

toric man. It made an interesting display and gave one a thorough 

understanding of the subject. It was substantially a repetition in 

detail of the mine at Spiennes. The geologic formation was Miocene. 

The flint was laid down in horizontal strata after the same fashion as 

at Flint Ridge, Ohio. As at Flint Ridge, the prehistoric man here dug 

a Series of pits or wells passing through the various strata, not always 

vertical, but at an angle, rejecting the poorer qualities of flint, one 

after the other, until he should arrive at the most desirable. 


860 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


M. Cartailhac' shows the working of these mines. He says galleries 
were carried in all directions irregularly. At the point where the flint 
yas most plentiful and where they were to be engaged for the longest 
time, they left certain portions of the earth to serve as pillars of support, 
as is done in coal mines at the present day. The prehistoric miners 
took great precaution against accidents; they filled all cavities and 
interstices after they had taken out the flint, to the end that there 
should be no caving, but 
there were no traces of 
shoring up with timbers. 
Notwithstanding all this 
care, Boule and Cartailhac 
found evidences of caving; 
for example, the imple- 
ments of deer horn were 
found crushed by the fall- 
ing of some portion of the 
roof which had not been 
properly supported. The 
2 ? strokes of these picks of 
} YS Ui] ve: » aig the workmen were plainly 
ee pe TNA. visible on the walls of the 
A il FA uc galleries. Occasionally one 
HH) | could find the points stillin- 
crusted in the rocks where 
they had broken off. The 
miners had kindled fires in 
the galleries and used the 


Fig. 56. 
SECTION OF PREHISTORIC FLINT MINE. heat to break up the blocks 
Meudon (Oise), France. of flint to facilitate their 


Discovered in 1822 by Cuvier, wherein he found a deer-horn extraction and transport. 
a Some of them bore evidence 
of the cords and strings 
which had been used in carrying them. These prehistoric mines were 
brought to view by the opening of alimestone quarry. The mine is shown 
in fig. 54, and one of the deer-horn picks is represented in fig. 55, 
Meudon ( Oise), France.—Fig. 56 represents a similar mine from Meudon 
reported by Cuvier, and figured by him and Brogniart in 1822.2. The 
interest to him was the deer horn found therein; the interest to us is 
that it was the work of man at a period to which Cuvier had refused 
his belief upon a-priori theory. 
Champignolles (Oise), France.—A prehistoric mine of flint was dis- 
covered by Fouju and Bessin in October, 1890, and described in 1891.° 


La France prehistorique, p. 139, fig. 53. 


! La France prehistorique, p. 138, figs. 50-52. 
2 Tdem, p. 139. 
3 L’/Anthropologie, II, 1891, p. 445. 


oi 


heal 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 861 


It is cited here to show how these discoveries of mines, quarries, and 
workshops are being continued. If more earnest search were made, 
more mines and workshops would be discovered. It has come to be a 
canon in archologic law, recognized in France, that the evidences of 
prehistoric man are to be found, not in proportion as they exist, but in 
proportion to the number and activity of the seekers. The nodules of 
flint at Champignolles were in the chalk and were mined and worked 
intoimplements. Twelve pits were found, of which nine were excavated 
and exposed. <A section 
is given (fig. 57) which 
will sufficiently explain its 
condition. 

Grimes Graves, Bran- 
don, Suffolk, England.— 
These are flint mines or 
quarries, celebrated un- 
der the ancient name of 
Grimes Graves and in 
modern times under the 
name of Brandon. They 
have been worked for hun- 
dreds of years to make 
gunflints and _ strike-a- 
lights. There are similar 
manufactories in many 
places in Europe. Be- 
sides Brandon, flints are 
made at Ichlington, Suf- 
folk, at Norwich and Salis- 
bury, England; at Meus- 


in F Vig. 57. 
> « 
nes, mm rance, and at SECTION OF A PIT OF THE PREHISTORIC FLINT MINE AT CHAMP- 


Cero, Italy. In former IGNOLLES (OISE), FRANCE. 


times the business was of L’ Anthropologie, IT, No, 4, 1891, p. 448, fig. 3. 
A, blocks of chalk used for filling; B, argillaceous earth; C, 


such importance that in vegetable earth; D, solid chalk bed with flint nodules; 2, 


France exportation of the aline of charcoal; F, flint chips, débris of workshop; G@, a 
products of certain mines hatchet chipped for polishing; 1, deer-horn picks, imple- 


ments, etc. 


Was prohibited by law. Seale: 1 inch equals 6 feet. 

In the later days the de- 

mand has fallen away so as to have become insignificant, yet Brandon 
leads the world. The strike-a-lights are continued in use by peasants 
and laborers, and by explorers and travelers in semicivilized countries. 
Sir John Evans visited Brandon in 1866 and Mr. James Wyatt in 1870, 
both of whom have described the mines.! At those periods there were 
twenty or thirty persons engaged in the business. The raw material 
costs, for mining, royalty, cartage, etc., about $2.50 a ton, and manu- 


1 Ancient Stone Implements, p. 14; Flint Chips, p. 578, 


862 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


factured flints sold at about $1 a thousand. The price the author 
paid for strike-a-lights in Bologna was 1 cent apiece. In Paris the 
flint was arranged with steel and cotton soaked in some chemical, 
possibly saltpeter or chloride of potash, for tinder, the complete article 
costing 60 cents (fig. 58). The gunflints of commerce were divided into 
23 classes, according to size and shape as they were required for differ- 
ent arms. In the palmy days of the flint makers they were packed 
for export in half barrels, each containing 2,000 musket, 3,000 car- 
bine, or 4,000 pistol flints, the weight of each being about the same, 65 
to 70 pounds. Their manufacture required some skill and handicraft, 
although it is soon acquired. There is great difference reported in the 
rapidity of the workmen. 

The working of the Brandon flint mines has continued into modern 
times for the manufacture of gunflints. The process of making them 
has been described at length in various works.' It will be sufficiently 


Fig. 58. 
“ STRIKE-A-LIGHT,”’ STEEL AND ‘TINDER, USED BY FRENCH PEASANTS. 


Paris, France. . 
Cat. No. 129698, U.S.N.M. 


understood by Plates 8-10, which show the principal operations. Sir 
John Evans says skilled workmen at Brandon could make from 16,000 
to 18,000 a week, and that the average weekly output was from 200,000 
to 250,000 for 20 men. In Rees’s Encyclopedia,’ it is estimated that one 
a minute was the average for a good workman. That would make the 
extreme weekly product of 20 men but 72,000. 

The U. S. National Museum possesses a series of nodules, crudely 
and partly worked, from Brandon, showing the entire operation. 

The Grimes Graves quarry was investigated by Canon Greenwell, of 
Durham Cathedral, in 1870, and his report is published in the Transac- 
tions of the Ethnological Society for that year (p. 419). 

The quarry covered about 20 acres and consisted of shafts or pits 
partly filled, now forming funnel-like depressions, 254 in number, 20 to 
60 feet in diameter, dispersed over the surface but sometimes so close 
together as to break into one another. It required much work to 
reexcavate them. The shafts or pits chosen by him were about 30 


'Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 18; Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 578; Rees’s 
Encyclopedia, article ‘‘Gunflints,” and Skertchly, Manufacture of Gunflints, 
2 Article ‘‘Gunflints,” 


PLATE 8. 


{ TOpuRig 


CYONS-8s[PuUB) UOAT sursury PUe WIeR] UOAL plo “Ynoge oul ‘| Syutpy “10 Rado JO death] UO ped “SHOTITUR YY AATASQ()) 


“LNIT4 DNIYSLYVNO NI GADVONA YaddVNHM LNII4 


PLATE 9. 


Museum, 


Nationa 


S 


Report of U 


— 10. 


PLAT 


O}e “JO JO sdtypo eysua * 


purpdug ‘yyoyNnS ‘nopuvadd 


OVE eff SUL LOS PUB SULPPOUL JO LAUUBLEL SPULPUILG PoptOsse JO SUT 


“SSLNITS NNS) OLNI S3NV14 SHL ONidd YN 


“SMOOTE Atty “LOULOUTR YY AA Le 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 863 


feet in diameter at the surface, 13 feet at the bottom, and originally 
about 40 feet deep. Similar pits or funnel-shaped depressions abound 


rimes Graves, England. 


‘ 
1 


Fig. 59. 
HARD CLAY IN THE EXCAVATION OF AN ETRUSCAN TOMB. 


lustrating the pick marks in the chalk at ( 


< MARKS IN THE 


PREHISTORIC PICK 
(Del Colle Cassuccina) Chiusi, Italy. 


at the quarry at Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. As at Spiennes, 
the workmen passed through a stratum of flint, which was rejected as 


864 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of an inferior quality, and the pits continued until they reached the | 
best flint in the chalk. The first surface of earth stratum was some 
18 feet thick, which might account for the inability to make perpen- 
dicular walls or pits as at Spiennes. As at Spiennes, they drove hori- 
zontal galleries into the chalk which here were about 34 feet high. At 
Spiennes, the digging tools were principally flint points (Plate 5, figs. 
7,8,9) and flakes; here they were red deer horn, of which about 80 
were found by Canon Greenwell (Plate 6). The points of these were 
worn as picks, and the bases were battered by use as hammers. Canon 
Greenwell says the marks of the deer-horn picks made by digging were 
yet plainly visible in the chalk. A hatchet of basalt had been thus 
used and made its marks at Grimes Graves. The author saw corre- 
sponding marks in the hard clay in the Etruscan tomb (del Colle Cas- 
succina) at Chiusi, and made a drawing of them, represented in fig. 59, 
which will serve as an illustration of those at Grimes Graves and else- 
where. The deer-horn pick handles at Grimes Graves were worn 
smooth by the hands of the workmen, as are pick handles at the present 
day. The roof of one of the passages had caved during the absence 
of the workmen, who had left their tools, two deer-horn picks, appar- 
ently at the close of the day’s work (Plate 6). Here they were found 
by Canon Greenwell during his excavations, and the coating of chalk 
dust on one of them retained the print of the man’s hand. ‘It was a 
most impressive sight,” he said, ‘‘never to be forgotten, to look, after 
a lapse of three thousand years or more, upon a piece of unfinished 
work with the tools lying about as though the workmen had just gone 
to dinner or quit work the night before.” ! 

Sir John Evans enumerates the various tools, implements, and débris 
found in the fillings in the shafts and galleries and on the surface in 
the immediate neighborhoed; cores, chips, and flakes of flint, quartzite 
and other pebbles used as hammers, hatchets, scrapers, borers, and 
arrow and spear heads, some of them more or less rude, some broken, 
and in all stages of progressive manufacture. 

Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins’ says the surface was covered by innumer- 
able splinters and implements in every stage of manufacture, from the 
nodule spoilt by an unlucky blow to the article nearly finished and 
accidently broken. There were as at Flint Ridge (Plate 138), little 
heaps of small splinters which marked the places where the finer work 
was carried on. In some of these the two halves of broken implements 
were found just as they had been tossed aside by the workman (Plate 
11, fig. 7; Plate 14.) 

Cissbury, Sussex, England.—These are extensive flint mines worked, 
as were the others, in ancient times. They were first investigated in 
1869 by General Pitt-Rivers.? His plan of the camp and mines is shown 


1 Transactions of the Ethnological Society, 1870, p. 487. 
2Karly Man in Britain, p. 279. 
2Archeologia, XLII, pp. 44, 54. 


eee Se we ee | | B 


+. 


jets tf a serene ; 


EXPEANA TION OF PEATE 7 15 


Figs. 1, 4. FLINT SCRAPERS. 
(Cat. No. 99885, U.S.N.M. Dorchester, England. Thomas Wilson.) 


Figs. 2, 3. RuDE FLINT PICKs. 
(Cat. No. 139107. U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mines at Grimes Graves, Brandon, Suffolk, 


England. Edward Lovett.) 
Figs. 5, 6, 8. WORKED FLINT FLAKES (fine). 
(Cat. No. 99870, U.S.N.M. Dorchester, England. Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 7. RupE CuIpPED HATCHET OR CHISEL. 
(Cat. No. 139072. U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mines at Grimes Graves, Brandon, Suffolk, 


England. Edward Lovett.) 


2. Nat a! Museur ) W r PLATE TH. 


Lt - 
ord 
3 
‘ 
Ss 
N 
S 
ON 


IMPLEMENTS FROM FLINT MINES. 


England 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 865 


in fig. 60. The mines were subsequently investigated more in detail 
and by excavation and clearing out the now filled galleries. This was 
dene by Mr. J. Park Harrison.' Fig. 61 is a reproduction of the plan 
of his excavations. It represents but an infinitesimal portion of the 
mined area. It shows but six pits or shafts, while fig. 60 shows them to 
have existed by the hundred. These pits present on the surface much 
the same appearance as those at Flint Ridge. The excavations in fig. 61 
show what has been suspected long before—that these pits are deep, 
going down through the chalk to the bottom of the flint deposit, and were 
thence carried in horizontal galleries as in all mining under similar 


Fig. 60. 


PLAN OF PREHISTORIC FLINT MINES. 


A to F are pits or mine shafts. 
Cissbury, England. 


Archeologia, XLII, 1869, 


conditions, digging out the flint and bringing it to the surface for use. 
Fig. 61 is introduced to demonstrate this fact, and also to show the 
extent and magnitude of the work done and to suggest the social condi- 
tion of a people capable thereof. The shaded lines show the walls of the 
galleries left for support, while the white between shows the excavated 
galleries, rooms, and halls. The reexcavation brought to light not only 
the stratum of flint to be mined but showed that which had been mined, 
also the mining tools, as deer-horn picks, stone hammers, and mauls. 

Only three or four out of the thousands of implements found at Ciss- 
bury bear traces of polishing, and these were broken. 


‘Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, VU, 
1877-78, p. 413. 
NAT MUS 97——55 


S66 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


In all prehistoric mines and workshops throughout Kurope tools and 
domestic utensils, flint or horn picks, chips, flakes, traces of charcoal, 
hammers, partially made and broken hatehets, and other implements, 


as sawed horn and fragments of pottery, are found (Plates 5, 7, 11), 


o<toteee 


Fig. 61. 


PORTION OF PLAN OF PREHISTORIC FLINT MINES. 


(Enlarged and in greater detail than fig. 60.) 
Cissbury, Sussex, England. 


Jour. Anthrop, Inst., London, VII, 1877-78, p. 413. 


and are evidences of human occupation. If man worked in one of 
these places for any length of time he used his tools for his work, and 
domestic utensils for his cooking and living, and they were broken or 
lost, and so found their way into the dump pile. These utensils have 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 867 


come to be expected by the modern investigator, and are found wher- 
ever prehistoric man occupied the locality for any length of time. 

In Rees’s Encyclopedia! it is said that the best flint found in France 
in modern times is that from the departments of Cher, Loir-et-Cher, 
Ardéche, Yonne, and Oise. M. de Mortillet has discovered in the 
department of Vienne no less than 44 Neolithic workshops, and in 
Indre-et-Loire 9. M. Philippe Salmon reports prehistoric workshops 
in 14 communes in the department of Yonne. This number would 
undoubtedly be much increased if attention were given to the search 
and if all found were reported. Special workshops have been found 
where particular implements were exclusively manufactured. De 
Mortillet reports’ hatchets chipped for polishing from Mariettes at 
Londiniéres (Seine-Inférieure), Olendon (Calvados), Forét Othe (Yonne- 
et-Aube); perforators, Nemours (Seine-et-Marne); arrowheads, Camp 
de Chassey (Sadne-et-Loire). While arrowheads are in profusion in 
the latter locality, it is not certain that they were manufactured there. 

The following mines have been found wherein scrapers were the 
special product: Roche-au-Diable, Potigny (Calvados), Charenton 
(Seine), Camp-Barbet, Meudon, Janville, Mouy (Oise), Goalenec, 
Quiberon (Morbihan). Of the latter the author asks indulgence for a 
few words of description, as he was present with M. Gaillard and 
assisted at the discovery. 

Scraper workshop at Goalenec, Quiberon (Morbihan), France.—It was 
on the extreme point of the promontory of Quiberon, on the west coast 
of Brittany, looking out upon the Atlantic Ocean, but which English 
geographers have arbitrarily called the Bay of Biscay—a high rocky 
point, level with the surrounding surface, but 40 or 50 feet above the 
water. It was severed from the mainland by a crevice a few feet in 
width, passable only at low tide. The entire mass was of granite rock. 
It was covered with a layer of soil which was nearly bare on the side 
toward the ocean, having probably been denuded by the waves, but on 
the inside edge was 34 feet thick. Beginning at the outside edge, 
screening, examining, and throwing the dirt behind us, bits of broken 
and wrought flint and fragments of pottery were soon found. We 
saved everything. Our work continued across the point until we had 
thousands of objects, principally scrapers in all stages of manufacture. 
It was a prehistoric scraper workshop. The peculiarity of these 
scrapers was their diminutive size; many, perfectly finished, were no 
larger than a man’s thumb nail. At the edge farthest from the ocean, 
where the soil was deepest, we unearthed the skeleton of a workman, a 
man of middle age, he who probably had made these prehistoric imple- 
ments, who had here lived and here died, and had been buried in his 
workshop and habitation, which was from that time deserted, and now 
discovered and unearthed by us. 


‘Article Flint.” 
2? Le Préhistorique Antiquité de / Homme, p. 490. 


j 

In addition to the skeleton the following objects were found: Three | 
polished-stone hatchets of diorite, entire; 14 hatchets, fragments, unfin- — 
ished; 7 pendants of stone; 3 beads, talc; 3 chisels, hatchet (?) of dio- 
rite; 5 flakes, flint; 6 chamfered polishers, schistose diorite, unique; 1 
briquet, ‘‘strike-a-light,” iron pyrite;' 4 sinkers, scrapers in all stages 
of progress, many of them finished, and hammers of various kinds and 
styles. There were divers tools, ornaments, domestic objects, etc., not 
necessarily connected with scrapers or their manufacture. They were 
the objects used by the workmen while engaged in their duty. 

The author took for his share such objects as he desired, and has had 
photographed a series of them (Plate 12). Observe that on the left are 
the finished and on the right the unfinished scrapers. 


| 


868 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


UNITED STATES. 


Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio.—This is probably the most exten- 
sive and the best known of all prehistoric flint quarries in the United 
States. It is on a high, level plateau on the road, equidistant between 
Newark, Licking County, and Zanesville, Muskingum County, Ohio, 
lying partly in both counties (Plate 13). Its ridge is about 8 miles 
east and west and 24 north and south. The outline of the plateau 
is exceedingly irregular. The surface of the country has been greatly 
eroded, the streams having cut down about 300 feet below the original 
level, washing deep ravines, which run up into the plateau with steep 
banks, leaving high, jutting points of land. The covering earth of the 
plateau is alluvial—clay, shale, etc.—and lies directly on the stratum 
of flint. The stratum of flint dips to the southeast, as do nearly all 
formations in eastern Ohio, while the surface of the plateau holds 
about the same level. The top of the flint stratum at the western end 
is 3 or 4 feet beneath the surface; at the eastern it is 8 or 10 feet, and 
the layer itself is from 4 to 7 feet in thickness throughout the plateau. 

Mr. Gerard Fowke describes the geology of Flint Ridge as tollows:? 

In the geological scale this flint is continuous with the ferruginous limestone of 
southeastern Ohio, and is highly fossiliferous in some places. In the museum of the 
State University is a very fine nautilus embedded in a piece of buhrstone from this 
place. Other smaller fossils occur abundantly both in this and the more solid flint, 
particularly Pusulina cylindrica, a small foraminifer found in great numbers in Europe 
at a corresponding horizon. Very frequently, however, the fossil, being calcareous 
in its nature, has disappeared, and only the matrix remains. 

Underneath the flint lies the Putnam Hill limestone of the Ohio survey, so named 
from a high hill opposite Zanesville, where it is well shown. Theupper part of this 
limestone is shelly, sometimes closely approaching a thin sandstone in its appear- 
ance, and of a yellow cast; farther down it becomes more solid and takes on a blue 
color. 

The flint, from its great resistance to weathering agencies, forms the cap rock of 
the whole ridge, the superincumbent material being for the most part either clay or 


1 Similar to fig. 223, Evans, Ancient Stone Implements. 
2Smithsonian Report, 1884, pp. 856, 857. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Wilson. PLATE 12. 


CACHE OF SCRAPERS. 


Goalenec, Brittany. 
Cat. Nos. 100046, 100047, 100058, 100271, U.S.N.M. 


~~ 


ry! 


-2 Sera 


Taz 


Report of U. S. National Museum. 1897,—Wilson. 


Z o 172 FZ 
> 1.3 
yyy 


thy, A 


\"Y, 
4 


\ \illal ~~ 


Ay “myn 


Map OF FLINT RIDGE, OHIO, SHOWING 
O. Pits 


Gali th 


\\wAMh, y 


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4 hs 


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. Workshops. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 869 


soil resulting from the disintegration of the shales and sandstones which formerly 
existed at this horizon. The natural place of the Kittanning coul of the Pennsyl- 
vania series is 15 to 20 feet above the level of the flint, but it runs out before reach- 
ing this far west, at least there is no trace of it here. These beds of bituminous 
coal lie at different levels in the hills; 104 feet below the flint is a workable seam 
of cannel coal. A section of the formation in the eastern part of Licking County 
shows the same alternation of sandstone, shale, clay, coal, limestone, and iron ore 
that is found in all coal regions, so that a detailed statement of its geological struc- 
ture is unnecessary. 


Mr. Fowke describes the variations of the flint as follows:! 


At i e extreme western end it is of a gray, whitish color, cellular or porous in 
structure and commonly called buhrstone, and in the early occupation by white man 
had beer quarried for use as millstones. By the oxidation of the included iron it 
shows shades of yellow brown along the line of fracture. Half a mile east appears 
the translucent and bluish variety; still the buhrstone predominates. Two miles 
farther east, while the bed rock retains the bluish cast, the surface specimens by 
weathering show every color known to flint—white, black, brown, yellow, green, 
and blue. 

At the intersection of the crossroads, the Clay Lick Station road, the well dig- 
gers report the flint as translucent and light-blue. A few hundred yards to the 
north it is nearly white; the same distance south it is nearly black. These varie- 
ties are found in other parts of the plateau and finally finishes at the extreme 
eastern end with the same buhrstone that it commenced. In the crevices are fre- 
quently found quartz crystals. They are of every size from microscopic to that of 


a hen’s egg, and of every color from limpidity to almost black. 


The flint was found to be in a continuous stratum, not in nodules. 
It may have had fractures and faults, but was practically a solid mass 
from 3 or 4 to7 feet thick (in one place it was only 29 inches), with an 
area 8 by 24 miles. The central portion only was worked, except some 
scattered diggings on the east in Muskingum County. The worked 
area was about 2 miles square, and was covered with clay and soil to 
a depth of from 4 to 8 or 10 feet. 

The prehistoric mining is believed by Mr. Fowke, who has examined 
it with great detail and thoroughness, to have been conducted in the 
following manner: 

The clay and soil covering was removed by digging and carrying up 
on the level. This digging, continued down to the layer of good flint, 
naturally made a pit with sloping sides like an inverted cone, with its 
point resting on the flint layer; the point would be more or less trun- 
cated according to the width of the excavation, which was from 15 or 
20 feet up to 60 or 80 feet. In some places these pits were so close 
that they ran together and the earlier was partially filled with the débris 
from the later. Many have been filled with soil, leaves, ete., and, 
having retained the rain water, are now filled with muck and become 
veritable marshes; in others the water is more or less pure and has 
been used for watering cattle. 

The flint being laid bare in the manner indicated over a greater or 


1 Smithsonian Report, 1884, p. 857. 


870 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


less area, Mr. Fowke’s belief is that the prehistoric man was unable to 
quarry or break pieces or blocks of flint suitable for use off the solid” 
layer at his feet, and that he proceeded by the use of fire and water 
alternately to erode a hole or pit through the fiint. Arrived in this 
way at the bottom of the layer of flint, he then broke out from the face 
of the flint wall and threw away such pieces as had been affected by 
the fire, until good flint was procured, which was taken out for use. 
The process was continued until the quarrying was interfered with by 
the superincumbent earth. Why this was not excavated wider and the 
quarrying continued against the face of the rock, instead of what 
seems to have been the practice, opening a new pit through the elay, 
and a new hole through the flint, has not been explained; but that he 
conducted his operations in the latter manner and not the former 
seems established. Mr. Fowke says:! 


ate cr a ce i a lee eel 


In Coshocton County, near Warsaw, are some similar pits which have been reopened 
by residents of the locality. In them were found two layers of flint, the upper a 
dark variety, the lower a clear, translucent kind of chalcedony. This lower flint 
seems to have been the kind sought. ‘Traces of fire were plainly visible in the pits, 
from which the inference is natural that fires were built upon the rock, and that, 
while heated, water was thrown on it. The stone could thus be broken into pieces. 
In the bottom of the pits were found bowlders of granite, syenite, and other glacial 
rock, which plainly showed that they had been used as hammers. No doubt a simi- 
lar plan was followed at the ridge. 

Similar hammers were found at Flint Ridge, and there is in the U.S. 
National Museum a series of a hundred or more, varying in weight from 
6 ounces to 20 pounds. The smaller hammers were found distributed 
over the surface at the workshops where the raw material was carried 
to be worked into implements. Mr. Fowke is of the opinion that there 
were at Flint Ridge two kinds of workshops, one for the ruder work of 
blocking out the implements, and the other for the finishing; and he 
assigns this division of labor to eight localities for each, all on the 
plateau of the ridge. Without expressing an opinion as to the correct- 
ness of this division of workshops, the author can testify that some 
localities of the neighborhood were strewn with ruder and heavier 
material, while others had « profusion of smal] and fine chips, flakes, 
and débris, evidently the product of the finer finishing work. ‘The 
latter localities were mostly on the high bluffs or points of land over- 
looking the valleys below, and from which position one could see far 
over the adjoining country. On these points the flint chips, flakes, ete., 
were in such profusion as, in some cases, to prevent the grass forming 
asod. The author chose one of these spots and dug it out 10 by 12 
inches and 14 inches deep to the bottom of all flint débris. He then 
washed out the earth. The flints were 7 inches deep and the earth 7 
inches, balf and half. The flints from this hole were brought to the 
U.S. National Museum. The accompanying plates (14 and 15) show 


1Smithsonian Report, 1884, p. 864. 


—E 14. 


PLAT 


IN NS Slt 


OWL “AGP DUEL of 


“"dOHSHYOMA WOYS SLNIIA OS™ 


HOM 


= phe oe 


»f U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 15. 


Report 


WN'S’) ‘8e66FT ON “78D 


‘OLYO “OSPLY FULT 


"dOHSHHOM WOXS SdIHD LNIT4 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 871 


the number, kind, condition, and appearance. A count showed as 
follows: 


a Le eG SiO PETER NCE Cee Se a ee ees 51 
TLRSES EAST EY 0) 5G IGG oY 2) gto) ee ea I ee 9 
Mdai-SABpEG LM PEDIGCE ss seats aay omg else recto s sates Sou 16 i 

25 
Gores witiely wWroue it c-22 qos coms 3 sae Sot neeas es eccs aeeiece 15 
PS GORUITP A Ok LUN bee oe tee rein ate Sate wen See's Jo aa ss tals 34 
Sener Oebris. ard Durmt clay; Small. <2) -= 2.225. 82 etfs ee 2 
Rebblessnotvok dint, ‘small eos 4 se ee coe see 13 
PSO: wood, caiman ie le cee oc eee +s 
Chipsiand. spalis, quimit eee ee cise fe eine kh tecisoee 3, 149 
3, 169 
Total contents of hole 10 by 12 by 14 inches .............-.. 3,294 


This quarry was the largest in that portion of the United States. 
The investigations show it to have been used during the later prehis- 
toric ages and that it was the center of an extensive commerce. The 
peculiar appearance, variegated color, brilliancy, ete., of its products 
enabled their migration or commerce in prehistoric times to be traced 
and the objects to be recognized whenever found. 

There were many mines and quarries in the territory now the United 
States which furnished material for aboriginal stone implements. 
Some of them may have continued to be used by the savages in more 
modern times, but most of them are entirely prehistoric. It is needless 
to describe them, but the reports of their discoveries have been col- 
lected and are published for the convenience of students. They form 
part of Appendix A (p. 961). 

CACHES. 


The only method possible for the savage to preserve property left 
behind him on his departure was to secrete it, and this was usually 
accomplished by burying it. This custom prevailed among the pre- 
historic peoples of Europe as well as of America. By what name the 
savage called this deposit is not known, or if known is not used. In_ 
English it has been called deposit, hoard, etc., but the most popular 
word is the French one of cache. It signifies concealment or hiding, 
and was first employed in America by the early French Canadians, the 
coureurs du bois, being applied to a concealed or deposited hoard or 
supply, usually of provisions, in which sense it is used in any of the 
early histories and travels in Canada and the lake regions. 

In forming a cache or hoard of implements, no general or uniform 
method was followed, but they have been so deposited as to show 
intentional placement. Usually they are in a circle, and may be laid 
flat or on edge, sometimes on end. 

teports of caches have been made by their discoverers, and for the 
convenience of the student these have been collected and are published 
in Appendix B (p. 970). 

Implements of the leaf-shaped class have been found en cache, or 


872 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


buried in the earth, and have been called by some persons, ‘cache 
implements.” M.de Mortillet names them generally Solutréen, after — 
Solutré, the representative station of his third epoch of the Paleolithic | 
period, but specifically he employs the name “feuille de laurier” (laurel — 
leaf). In the classification of arrowpoints and spearheads (see p. 890) 
that form is assigned to Division I, Class A. Caches, as will be seen by — 
the list (Appendix B, p. 970), are not exclusively of these implements; 
therefore the term cache implements is not sufficiently definite and 
should not be employed. Caches have been found of the large chipped 
flints, ‘‘spades” or ‘agricultural implements,” arrowpoints and spear- 
heads of different types, grooved axes, polished-stone hatchets, scrapers, 
and other implements. 


Implements similar in material and identical in form with arrowpoints 
and spearheads have been found throughout the western and south- 
western United States, but which, from their large size, could hardly 
have served for arrows or spears. An implement one to three inches 
long we recognize aS an arrowpoint, one four to six inches long as a 
spearhead; but what shall we say as to one a foot or fifteen inches 
long? The U.S. National Museum possesses many of these specimens. 
They can not be ignored, and so have been assembled and reported in 
Appendix C (p. 982). 


V. MATERIAL OF ARROWPOINTS AND SPEARHEADS. 


Composition and structure—No practical difference between the flint of 
Hurope and that of the United States—Microscopic examinations. 


It has been shown that flint was the favorite material in prehistoric 
times for the manufacture of arrowpoints and spearheads and, indeed, 
for all chipped-stone implements, and was used by prehistoric man 
wherever obtainable. Flint, as is well known, is a variety of quartz; 
the principal difference so far as concerns the chemical constituents 
arising from the impurities. Quartz, also much used in prehistoric 
times in the manufacture of arrowpoints, is pure silica. It is SiQ.= 
silicon 46.67, oxygen 53.33. Its hardness is 7 in the scale of 10, and 
specific gravity 2.6 to 2.7. James D. Dana! divides quartz into two 
varieties, vitreous and cryptocrystalline. He divides the latter into 
the chalcedonic and jaspery varieties. The vitreous is distinguished 
by its glassy fracture, and the chalcedonic has a subvitreous or waxy 
luster and is translucent. These owe their peculiarities either to crys- 
tallization, mode of fabrication, or impurities. The common impurities 
of quartz, Dana says, are oxides of iron, clay, chlorite, or other miner- 
als which produce opacity. 

Of the first variety, the rock crystal is the representative. It is pure 
pellucid quartz. But such varieties as rose quartz, smoky quartz, 
false topaz, and amethyst are produced in one or more of the ways 


'Manual of Geology, 1876, p.52. Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology, 1886, p. 234. 


> 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 873 


mentioned. The chaleedonic variety includes the finer and more bean- 


tiful chalcedony, agate, carnelian, onyx, etc., as well as the grosser and 
baser variety to which belong flint, hornstone, chert, etc. The jaspery 
variety contains aluminous matter, and its color, yellow or red, is due 


to iron oxides. The bloodstone and basanite (lydian stone) belong 


to this. 
Flint, free from impurities, has the same chemical composition as 


quartz, silicon combined with oxygen—silica. 


Differences may arise in crystallization. Flint is of eryptocrystalline 
structure. Its color may be gray, shading through yellow, green, blue, 
and smoky black, or with tints of red, yellow, and brown, into chalce- 
dony. Its fracture is conchoidal, not splintery, internal surface dull, 
scarcely ever glistening. Alone it is infusible before the blowpipe, 
but loses its color and becomes opaque. It is homogenous, has no 
cleavage, splits in any direction, therefore is easy to chip, yet is hard 
and tough and makes a keen cutting edge which does not crumble. It 
was the material best suited to the cutting implements of the prehis- 
toric man and was preferred by him accordingly. 

It is deemed useless to make analyses, because the only differences 
would be the number and amount of impurities, and these might differ 
with every locality if not with every specimen. 

Rees’s Encyclopedia! gives analyses of particular specimens as 
follows: 


Constituents. Klaproth. | Vaquelin. | Weigleb. 
| Sere L z | 
SHE seocascasoocegae 98. 00 | 97.00 | 80. 00 
MAmMeG sen eee sees 0.50 |..---.------ 2.00 
Aduminay sees - ose 0. 25 1! f 18. 00 
* c ee 1.00 |; 
Oxidelofiron:--)---- 0, 25 J) Ve dn tes Se 
WOSBoes sears cseee seas 1.00 | CEL, aaa aaen 
Motplense 2 oe. 100 | 100 100 


These are ancient analyses and are only given as samples. Their 
correctness is not verified.” 

It has been stated many times by archeologic students and teachers 
that there was no true flint in the United States. But this is due to a 
difference of definition rather than of material. The flint of Europe, 
declared to be true flint, is represented as a concretionary deposit of 


TArticle ‘ Flint.” 

2The attention of the student of this and related subjects is directed to some of 
the standard works: Nillson, ‘‘ The Stone Age,” 1843-1867; Stevens, ‘‘ Flint Chips,” 
1870; Evans, ‘‘ Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,” 1872, 1899; S. J. Mackie, 
“Geologist,” 1861, IV, pp. 26-29; T. McKenny Hughes, Proceedings Soc. Antiq., 
London, 2d ser., IV, p. 94; Geological and Natural History Repertory, II, May 1, 
1868, No. 34, p. 126; S. J. Mackie, 1dem., III, p. 205, T. Baines, idem., pp. 258-262; 
T. McKenny Hughes, British Association, 1872, p: 189; Henry Christy, Trans. Ethnol. 
Soc., new ser., III, 1865, p. 362; Reliquie Aquitanice, Pt. 1, pp. 202-205. 


874 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


silica, of cryptocrystalline structure, made in a bed or layer of soft i 
chalk in the form of nodules. But it is not necessary, in order to be— 
flint, that it bein the form of nodules nor that they be deposited in 
ehalk; for the flint of Europe has been found in hard limestone in both 
nodules and strata. That foundin the Jura Alps is deposited in strata | 
in hard limestone and not in chalk. That at Spiennes was deposited in 
the clay both in strata and nodules. That used in the Mentone eaves, 
of which there were wagon loads, and that along the Riviera, is in 
nodules and in limestone. The flint mine at Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron) 
(fig. 54), opened by MM. Cartailhac and Boule, and the mine at Meudon 
(Oise) (fig. 56), discovered by Cuvier in 1822, confirms this view. These 
and other deposits, representing widely separated districts in France 
and others throughout Europe, show a general condition of flint depos- 
ited in strata as well as in nodules, and in limestone and clay as well 
astn chalk. These peculiarities of formation are paralleled in many 
localities of the United States. The differences in the deposit, and 
consequently in the formation of flint, are shown in many places 
throughout Europe. Some of them have been described, and if it was 
necessary many other localities could be mentioned. 

The same is true of flint in the United States, whether it be fine 
under the name of chalcedony, or coarse under the names of chert and 
hornstone. James D. Dana says:' 


Flint occurs in nodules in chalk: not unfrequently the nodules are in part chal- 
cedonic. Hornstone differs from flint in being more brittle; it is often found in 
limestone. Chert is an impure hornstone. Limestones containing hornstone or 
chert are often called cherty limestones. 

Flint Ridge, Ohio (Plate 13) is a locality noted for its ledge deposit 
of flint, while the flint disks from Ohio and Illinois (Plates 62, 63) show 
deposits to have been in nodules. Flint disks of the same general 
shape and of corresponding material have been found in several of the 
western States. A cache at Beardstown, Cass County, Illinois, con- 
tained 1,500 implements, arranged in horizontal.layers, separated by 
thin strata of clay. Another deposit, of 3,500 specimens, was found in 
Fredericksville, Schuyler County, Illinois. The largest of such nodules 
in the U. S. National Museum, from a deposit in Union County, 
Illinois, is of ovoid form and measures 7? inches in length by 63 inches 
in width. 

The following excerpts from the report on the Pentamerous limestone 
of the Clinton group, by Prof. James Hall,’ shows that flint exists both 
in strata and in nodules in the indicated horizon and locality: 

On the Genesee River this rock outcrops on either side. In many places in Wayne 
and Monroe counties it contains nodules of hornstone which sometimes assume the 
form of chalcedony. This matter increases so much in Orleans and Niagara counties 


that it forms thin layers alternating with the limestone. Associated with this chert 
are found silicified fragments of shells and crinoidal joints. South of Modena thin, 


1Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology, 1886, p. 237. 
2Geology of the Fourth District of New York, Pt. IV, 1843. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 875 


a Pt irregular layers of impure limestone with much hornstone. Same at Lockport, 
~ eastward (p. 63). 
* 


x * * * * ¥ 
The first mineral is hornstone of the Pentamerous mass. This often passes into 
translucent varieties and forms little cavities lined with chalcedony (p. 67). 


+ * * * * sa * 
Thick-bedded dark or bluish-gray limestone with irregular cavities and often 
silicous concretions of hornstone. This is persistent over a large extent of country 


= (p. 87). ; 


Corniferous limestone. This rock is distinguished from the limestone below by 
the presence of hornstone in layers or nodules, etc. In Seneca County it is in regu- 
lar courses from 6 to 18 inches thick, usually separated by layers of hornstone and 
sometimes embracing flattened nodules of the same, which have a surface as if from 
the crystallization of some mineral in the space between the two rocks. 


* c: ¥ * * * * 


In other localities these layers of hornstone increase in number and thickness 
almost to the exclusion of calcareous matter, which from weathering leaves the horn- 
stone in jagged and irregular projecting points, and is locally called ‘‘ chawed rock” 
(p. 162). 

* 


* * * * * * 


On the west side of the Genesee its cherty characters are better developed than 
elsewhere. Between Caledonia and Leroy there are hundreds of acres literally 
paved with hornstone in small angular fragments or larger masses united by carbon- 
ate of lime (p. 158). 


*¥ * * * * 
The hornstone sometimes passes into chalcedony (p. 168). 

Dana! says: 

The hornstone of the Corniferous limestone is full of microscopic plants, or proto- 


phytes, from 1-500th to 1-5000th of an inch in diameter; and with them are sponge- 
spicules and teeth of mollusks. 
* 


* * * = = * 


The Cretaceous limestones in Texas contain hornstone distributed 
through them, like the flint through the Chalk of England. 

The impurities in flint marked by different colors may be peculiar to 
certain localities. By them the products of different mines have been 
traced through their sometimes long voyages in the hands of their 
prehistoric owners. The color of the flint from Grand Pressigny, near 
Tours, France, is that of beeswax; that from Meudon, near Paris, és 
nearly white; that from Spiennes, Belgium, is light-gray; that from 
Italy, especially from the southern part, has the lustrous brown of 
jasper and chalcedony. Of that from England, Grimes Graves is light- 
gray, similar in appearance to that of Spiennes; Brandon is quite 
black; Cissbury is dark-brown, almost black, weathering out into 
chalky whiteness. 

Of the flint from the United States, that from Illinois is light-gray, 
weathering out to chalky-white, while that from Flint Ridge (which 
does not weather white) passes through the entire range of color from 
the waxy luster of brilliant chalcedony to the dull opacity of degraded 
chert. 


; 
- 
5 
. 


‘Manual of Geology, 1876, pp. 257 and 455. 


The cryptocrystalline variety of quartz comprises a considerable — 


list of minerals: Opal, agate, chalcedony, flint, chert, hornstone, begin- 


ning with the finest and purest and graduating down according to the | 


876 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. ’ 
‘ 
: 


relative impurities and differences in mode of combination. Changes 
in color run through the entire spectrum, and are due principally to 
the presence of metallic oxides. Iron is chargeable with most of them, 
but green is credited by Dana to nickel, and purple to manganese. If 
there were no impurities or foreign matter in it, the flint would be 
nearly clear-white. 


MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF FLINT. 


The author has shown that the rock called flint is found alike in 
America and Europe; that it oceurs in the two countries in both 
nodules and strata, and in both is found in limestone as well as in 
chalk. He proposes to continue the examination by comparing the 
structure of the rock in the two countries, and to that end has caused 
to be made thin sections of the flint from several of the mines and 
quarries mentioned, and these subjected to microscopic inspection and 
description by Dr. G. P. Merrill, head curator of the department of 
geology in the U. S. National Museum. These sections have been 
enlarged by the aid of the microscope, and are shown in the pho- 
tographic plates (16 to 22) duly identified, with the name, number, and 
locality. Accompanying them are Dr. Merrill’s descriptions, while 
Plates 25 and 24 show the original specimens from which the thin sections 
were taken, appropriately marked for identification and comparison. 

We have now shown that the chemical constituents, the kind of 
deposit, nodules and strata, in limestone and chalk, general appearance, 
mode of mining and of use were practically the same during prehistoric 
times in America and in Europe. If the microscopic examinations 
show the rock from both countries to be of the same cryptocrys. 
talline structure, the principal, if not the sole difference being in the 
degree of purity (or, rather, impurity), the author ventures to suggest 
that there is nothing gained by making a distinction of names between 
the flint of Europe and that of the United States, and that the distine- 
tion, if made, is so finely drawn as to be impracticable for use by the 
archeologists who deal with the material. 

These inicroscopic sections have been presented so that their struc- 
ture can be compared and their similarity demonstrated : 

Plate 16, fig. 1, represents a specimen of flint from Brandon,! fig. 2 
is from Grimes Graves, and fig. 5 from Dorchester, all from England. 

Plate 17, fig. 1, is from Havelse, Denmark; fig. 2 is from Mouy, 
Meudon, France, while fig. 3 is from Spiennes, Belgium. 

Plate 18, fig. 1, is from Grand Pressigny, France; figs. 2 and 3 are 
from Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. 


'Specimen fig. 1, on Plate 16 (flint from Brandon), is modern. All others are pre- 
historic, at least ancient, specimens. 


EXPLANATION OF PILATE 16. 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. 


Fig. 1. Fuint.' An extremely fine-grained aggregate of chalcedonic particles. The 
structure is cryptocrystalline, so fine that the optical properties of the 
individual particles can not be determined. Throughout this erypto- 
crystalline base or groundmass are scattered numerous small colorless 
polarizing particles and occasional segregation areas of the chalcedonic 
material in a coarser or more granular condition. Beyond this, the 
microscope shows only minute amorphous yellowish and black particles 
which are presumably ferruginous and carbonaceous matter. Organic 
remains (sponge, spicula, and diatoms) were not specially sought for, but 
we find an occasional form in outline suggestive of a chalcedonic cast of 
the shell of a foraminifera. Section nearly colorless. 

(Cat. No. 139130, U.S.N.M. Brandon, England. Plate 24, fig. 7.) 

Fig. 2. Fuint. Substantially the same as Cat. No. 139130, with the exception that 
the section shows a greater number of the spherical areas of radiating 
particles of chalcedonic quartz. No forms observed that can be identified 
with certainty as foraminifera. 

(Cat. No, 139112, U.S.N.M. Grimes Graves, England. Plate 23, fig. 1.) 

Fig. 3. Fuint. For all the microscope discloses, this might be a section from speci- 
men Cat. No. 139112, from Grimes Graves. ‘his specimen was found by 
the author in a prehistoric workshop at Dorchester, Dorsetshire, England, 
and came from one of the neighboring flint mines. 

(Cat. No. 99866, U.S.N.M. Dorchester, England. Plate 23, fig. 7.) 


! Mineralogical descriptions by Dr. G. P. Merrill, U. 8. National Museum. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Wilson. PLATE |6. 


SOE PILI SS Ie 
Rex Pat 

=a re she ed y 

7 * S 


_ 
Kee 


-~ 
% 


Masi A 
3) att ep 
eS, 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. 
Englard. 


, 


EXPEANAT OWN OIRSP ILA TIRES ii. 


Microscopic THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. 


Fig. 1. Firint.' In every way essentially similar to Cat. No. 139130. The segreg: 
tion areas show the chalcedonie particles more distinctly in the. fan 
shaped or radiating forms characteristic of the mineral. 

(Cat. No. 101057, U.S.N.M. Havelse, Denmark. Plate 24, fig. 9.) ¢ 

Fig. 2. FLint. Slightly less uniform in structure than Cat. No. 99866, but other- 
wise essentially the same. These gregations of coarser particles are in 
the form of irregular strings andspots, rather than in oval areas as in the 
other specimens. 

(Cat. No. 100138, U.S.N.M. Camp Barbet, Mouy, Meudon, France. Plate 23, figs. 9, 10.) 

Fig. 5. SCRAPERS. Groundmass of this rock is essentially similar to that of speci- 
mens Cat. Nos. 139130, 101057, from Brandon, England, and Havelse, Den- 
mark, respectively. An occasional grain of quartz may be distinguishable, 
but the only difference of note is a large amount of black amorphous 
impurities with which the rock is injected. The chaleedonic forms noted 
in Cat. No. 139130 as suggestive of foraminifera are more abundant and so 
plainly defined as to leave no doubt regarding their nature. 
(Cat. No. 100259, U.S.N.M. Spiennes, Belgium. Plate 23, fig. 3.) 


1 Mineralogical descriptions by Dr. G. P. Merrill, U. 8. National Museum. 


a ee ee ee ee ee 


Ber 


PLATE 17. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. 


a" % 


ye 
Pies 


eat 


+ 
-* 


oo 
a 


~ 


~~ 


we 


th tat 


Bae a 


iB 


Aue, 
A 
2; 


atFatl 


’ we : 


~ oe 


4 SpiiryF 
write Falrd | ur ates 


» x 


3 


Le 
A 


Creat vel 


’ . 
Rit 


wake 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. 


Denmark, France, and Belgium. 


= 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897 —Wilson. PLATE |8, 


ge 


ant 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. 
France and United States. 


EXPEANATIOINGOR BEATE 18% 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. 


Fig. 1. Firyr.' This specimen differs from Cat. No. 100259, or Plate 17, fig. 3, first, in 


coarseness of texture, and second, in showing an abundant sprinkling of 
crystalline granules of quartz. The slide is made up of irregularly oval 
areas of chalcedonic particles, sometimes rendered almost opaque by fer- 
ruginous and carbonaceous impurities, the interstices being occupied by 
the material differing only in degree of purity, the carbonaceous matter 
being confined mainly to the oval areas, the appearance being as though 
the interstitial deposit was made subsequently and under more favorable 


conditions (as regards purity). 
(Cat. No. 99908, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Plate 24, fig. 8.) 


Fig..2. Pink FLINT. This, like those from Europe, is mainly a compact erypto- 


crystalline mass of chalcedonic silica, with segregation areas of the same 
material showing the characteristic spherulitic and fan-shaped errange- 
ment of the particles. In a few instances the slide shows small areas of 
granular crystalline quartz. Therock is injected with iron oxide sufficient 
to give it a reddish or yellowish tinge, and the foraminifera remains noted 


in the European specimens are quite lacking. 
(Cat. No. 98344, U.S.N.M. Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. Plate 24, fig. 6.) 


Fig. 3. BLack FLINT. This slide differs from the last (Cat. No. 98344) mainly in being 


of finer texture and in carrying an abundance of muddy and opaque car- 
bonaceous matter which is not distributed uniformly through the mass of 
the rock, but oceurs rather in blotches and streaks. The slide shows 
further numerous irregular sharply angular areas with curvilinear out- 
lines so filled with impurities as to be of a dirty-brown color, and which 
are wholly without action on polarized light, indicative of silica in an 
opalescent form. There are numerous elongated cylindrical bodies which 
are without action on polarized light, which are suggestive of something 
of an organic nature. 

(Cat. No. 98344a, U.S.N.M. Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. Plate 24, fig. 4.) 


1 Mineralogical descriptions by Dr. G. P. Merrill, U.S. National Museum. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson, 


Wnt 
at Awe 


ea 


“3 


: 


SHS 
Pee Se 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. 
United States. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19. 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. 


Fig. 1. WHITE FLINT.' This section shows a ground of chalcedonic particles inter- 


spersed with numerous irregular areas filled with an outer zone of chalce- 
donic material and interstitially with calcite. The structure may be com- 
pared with amygdaloids of voleanic rocks. It shows a single shred of 


ferruginous mica. 
(Cat. No 59726,U.S.N.M .fke County, Illinois. Plate 23 fig.5.) 


Fig. 2. BLACK FLINT DISK. This slide differs from anything we have had, in that, 


while it is composed mainly of chalcedonic silica, it has, under the micro- 
scope, an almost granular aspect, and carries, moreover, a large amount of 
caleite. There is very little true quartz, the larger granules and crypto- 
crystalline portions showing the optical properties of chalcedony. The 
most marked characteristics of the rock is the abundaice of calcite as 
above noted, and which occurs in the form of aggregate and minute irregu- 
lar particles as fine as dust, distributed throughout the entire mass of the 
rock, and also in well-defined rhomboidal crystals. Nothing of organic 
forms is recognizable. Qualitative test shows the presence of lime, 


alumina, and iron, as well as silica. f 
(Cat. No. 15350, U.S.N.M. Cass County, Illinois. Dr.J.F.Snyder. Plate 24, fig. 5.) 


Fig. 3. CHERT. A dense brownish aggregate of chalcedony and calcite, with many 


elongated rounded and oval areas now occupied by calcite crystals, but 
which are suggestive in outline of Fusulina. 
(Cat. No, 26582, U.S.N.M. Kansas.) 


! Mineralogical descriptions by Dr. G. P. Merrill, U.S. National Museum. 


878 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


At the Paris Exposition of 1889 Dr. Capitan displayed a series of 
stone implements in all stages of progress and approaching completion, 
together with the tools used in their manufacture. The possible method 
of making stone implements was discussed at the tenth session of the 
International Congress of Prehistoric Archeology of Paris in 1889, 
M. A. de Mortillet showed, with illustrations, the cracking and chipping 
of flint by the heat of the sun, exposure to the air, by fire, by pereus- 
sion, and pressure. Dr. Capitan gave a practical demonstration of the 
methods employed. He used the hammer, with and without the inter- 
vention of a punch, by stroke, free hand, and on the anvil. The nucleus 
was the débris, while the flake was the desired product. The flake, 
larger or smaller, once obtained, was subjected to secondary chipping, 
by which it was made into 
the arrowpoint, spearhead, 
or knife, according to the 
intention of the maker and 
the possibilities of the mate- 
rial. This was done by per- 
cussion or striking with a— 
hammer either with or with- 
out the intervention of a_ 
punch, while the object is 
held in the hand or on the 
knee; by pressure with a 
flaker, and (for other imple- 
ments than arrow or spear 
heads) by hammering or 
pecking, and by grinding 
or polishing.! 

IRON FLAKING HAMMER AND A ‘‘STRIKE-A-LIGHT’’ MADE SirJohn Evans interested 
WITH IT. the International Congress 

> Albania, Greece. of Prehistoric Archeology, 

Collected by Mr. Arthur J. heed ing Inst., XVI, pl. 1, figs. 1-3. held in Norwich, England, 
in 1868, by making in its 

presence flint implements, both by pressure and percussion. At the 
meeting of the British Association in Aberdeen he showed specimens of 
the flint knapper’s work obtained by his son, Mr. Arthur J. Evans, in 
the town of Joannina, in the province of Epirus, southern Albania, 
Mr. Arthur J. Evans had met the old workman in the streets engaged in 
waking the strike-a-lights for market, and after seeing him work, get- 
ting samples of his wares and materials, being shown the limestone 
plateau from which he obtained the flint nodules, Mr. Evans purchased 
the entire outfit, flint, tools, and all, and they were exhibited before the 
association. Afterwards the paper was read before the Anthropolog- 


Figs. 62, 63. 


' Report of International Congress, American Naturalist, XX V, November, 1891, 
p. 1032. 


EXPEANATITON OF PLATE 20: 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT AND OTHER ROCK. 


Fig. 1. BLack FLINT.! Essentially the same combination as Cat. No. 15350, from | 

Illinois. 

(W.X. Plates 19, fig. 2; 24, fig. 5.) 

Fig. 2. ARGILLITE. Schistose aggregate of quartz particles and much undetermin- 

able gray matter which might readily pass for partially metamorphosed 
argillitic material of a sedimantary rock. 

(Cat. No. 139010, U.S.N.M. District of Columbia, vicinity of Chain Bridge. Plate 24, fig. 3.) 


Fig.3. ARGILLITE? The groundmass of this rock is made up of a gray material show- 
as the stages revolve into irregular areas polarizing faintly in light and | 
dark colors. The properties are too obscure to be of determinative value, | 
greenish mica. I am unable to satisfy myself regarding the petrographie » 


nature of the rock, and can only suggest that it may be an argillaceous - 


morphism. 
(Cat. No, 99269, U.S.N.M. Trenton, New Jersey.) 


1 Mineralogical descriptions by Dr. G. P. Merrill, U.S. National Museum. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.--Wilson _ PLATE 20, 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT AND OTHER ROCKS. 
United States. 


7 


ewer eee 


a aap ae 


ae 


Pe ee, ee 


EXPEANATION OR sPLATEs24- 


Microscopic THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT AND OTHER ROCKS. 


Fig. 1. OOLITIC CHERT. This is made up of rounded concretionary masses of chalce- 
donie silica held together by an interstitial cement, which is largely quartz 
in a finely granular condition, but in part chalcedony. The oolitic forms 
are rendered very impure by inclosures of dust-like particles and black, 
opaque particles of iron ore, while the interstitial material is compara- 
tively colorless. 

(Cape May, New Jersey.) 

Fig. 2, GRAY CHERT. This section shows a mass of irregular rounded oval, greatly 
elongated and sometimes angular, areas with curvilinear outlines, of a_ 
dirty-brownish color, and which are sometimes wholly without action on — 
polarized light and sometimes show the cryptocrystalline structure char-_ 
teristic of chaleedony. These areas are interspersed with silica in the form — 
of colorless chalcedony and granular quartz. : 

(Cat. No. 71607, U.S.N.M. Clark or Lewis County; Missouri. Plate 23, fig. 6.) 

Fig. 3. QUARTZITE. An indurated siliceous sandstone, consisting of well-rounded | 
grains of colorless quartz bound into a compact mass by a secondary dispo- 
sition of interstitial silica. This secondary silica has so oriented itself 
with regard to the original sand grains as to convert the rock into an — 
ageregate of imperfectly outlined quartz crystals, of which the original 
sand grains form the nuclei. 

(Cat. No, 26268, U.S.N.M. Potsdam, New York.) 


Mineralogical descriptions by Dr. G. P. Merrill, U. S. National Museum. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson 


PLATE 21. 
ess 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT AND OTHER ROCKS. 
United States, 


PLATE 29. 


1897.—Wilson, 


rt of U. S. National Museum, 


MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF ROCKS, USED FOR ABORIGINAL IMPLEMENTS. 


United States, 


EXPEANA TION OF -P EAT E22. 
MicRoscopic THIN SECTIONS OF ROCKS, USED FOR ABORIGINAL IMPLEMENTS. 


Fig. 1. QUARTZ PORPHYRY. A dense felsite groundmass, bearing abundant quartzes 
in both rounded and angular forms, often deeply corroded and more rarely 
well-defined phenocrysts. The structure is common to the quartz porphy- 
ries, but shows no appreciable flow structure. Inasingle instance is noted 
a brilliantly polarizing aggregate of the manganese epidote, piedmontite. 

(Cat. No. 27861, U.S.N.M. Norfolk, Connecticut.) 

Fig. 2. ARGILLITE ?. Schistose, semi-metamorphic rock, the optical properties of 

which are too obscure for satisfactory determination. 
((C. B.) Chain Bridge, Virginia, or District of Columbia.) 
Fig.3. Diapase This shows a wholly crystalline aggregate of elongated feldspar 


and augite with the characteristic ophitic structure of diabase. 
(Cat. No. 16708, U.S.N.M. Spartanburg, South Carolina.) 


Mineralogical descriptions by Prof. G. P. Merrill, U.S. National Museum. 


Report of U 


S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson 


" 90092 


SPECIMENS OF ROCK FROM WHICH THIN SECTIONS 


790493 
oy 
oe, 


WERE MADE. 


PLATE 23. 


=I 


EXP EANA TON Ob aPC Avh Es 2.3. 


1 2 3 
| 
7 
4 5 6 9 
8 | 
| 
10 11 12 
| 
13 14 15 


RUDE FLINT IMPLEMENT. 
(Cat. No. 139112, U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mines, Grimes Graves, Brandon, Suffolk, Eng- 
land. Edward Lovett.) 


. FLINT FLAKE. 


(Cat. No. 139078, U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mines, Cissbury, Sussex, England. Edward 
Lovett.) 


. WORKED FLAKE, SCRAPER. 


(Cat. No. 100259, U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mine, Spiennes, Belgium. Thomas Wilson.) 


. RUDE FLINT IMPLEMENT. 


(Cat. No. 98346, U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mine or quarry, Flint Ridge, Licking County, 
Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 59726, U.S.N.M. Mound, Pike County, Illinois. Rey. T. D. Weems.) 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 71607, U.S.N.M. Clark County, Missouri. P. W. Norris.) 


WORKED FLINT FLAKE (neolithic). 
(Cat. No. 99866, U.S.N.M. Dorchester, England. Thomas Wilson.) 


FRAGMENT OF SMALL FLINT IMPLEMENT. 
(Cat. No. 101058, U.S.N.M. Kitchen-Midden, Havelse, near Copenhagen, Denmark. 
Thomas Wilson.) 


Figs. 9,10. WorkED FLINT FLAKES. 


(Cat. No. i00138, U.S.N.M. Camp Barbet, Mony, near Paris (Seine-et-Oise), France, 
Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 11. FLINT NUCLEUS. 


(Cat. No. 100139, U.S.N.M. Camp Barbet, France. Thomas Wilson.) 


Figs. 12, 13, 15. FLINT SCRAPERS. 


(Cat. Nos. 100108, 100097, 100110, U.S.N.M. Camp Barbet, France. Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 14. FLINT HAMMERSTONE. 


(Cat. No. 100086, U.S.N.M. Camp Barbet, France. Thomas Wilson.) 


Report of U. S National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 24, 


SPECIMENS OF ROCK FROM WHICH THIN SECTIONS WERE MADE. 


EXPEANATION OF PLATE 24. 


4 5 6 
: 7 8 ) 
10 11 12 


Fig. 1. RupE Furint IMPLEMENT. 
(Cat. No. 98346, U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mine or quarry, Flint Ridge, Licking County, 
Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) 


Fig 2. LeaAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF QUARTZ-PORPHYRY. 
(Cat. No. 139026, U.S.N.M. Muncy Valley, west branch of Susquehanna River, Penn- 
sylvania. J. M. M. Gernerd.) 


Fig. 3. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF ARGILLITE (?). 
(Cat. No. 139010, U.S.N.M. District of Columbia, in vicinity of Chain Bridge. Ernest 
Shoemaker.) 
Fig. 4. FLinr Core. 
(Cat. No. 98344a, U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mine or quarry, Flint Ridge, Licking County, 
Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) 


Fig. 5. CHIPPED FLINT DISK. 
(Cat. No. 15350, U.S.N.M. Cass County, Illinois. Dr. J. F. Snyder.) 
Fig. 6. FLINT CORE. 


(Cat. No. 98344, U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mine or quarry, Flint Ridge, Licking County, 
Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) 


MODERN GUNFLINT. 
(Cat. No. 139130, U.S.N.M. Brandon, England. Edward Lovett.) 


Fig. 8. LARGE WORKED FLINT FLAKE. 
(Cat. No. 99908, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Thomas Wilson.) 


Fig. 9. FRAGMENT OF FLINT FLAKE. 
(Cat. No. 101057, U.S.N.M. Havelse, Denmark. Thomas Wilson.) 


Figs. 10-12. FRAGMENTS OF SMALL FLINT IMPLEMENTS. 
(Cat. No. 101058, U.S.N.M. Kitchen-Midden, Havelse, near Copenhagen, Denmark. 
Thomas Wilson.) 


~ 


Fig. 


ae” Je w/ 
a q 
rn , 
. 
, ' r 
»* + 
& . 
Ms ¢ . * 
Ty 
4 oe roe . 
x A 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 879 


ical Institute, London, and published, and the objects were figured.' 
The author has taken the liberty of using the figure of the hammer 
antl one of the flint strike-a-lights made with it (figs. 62, 63). 

Mr. Evans describes the hammer as— 


Asmall elongated section of square, rude'y beaten iron bar, about 2} inches long by 
one-third of an inch 
broad, fitted by means 
of a hole in the mid- 
dle to what seemed a Le anna li 
very slender handle. 
Using this instrument 
with marvelous dex- 
terity, he chipped out 
the flake into the re- 
quired shape by short, 
swift side strokes of 
the hammer (p. 65). 


Reference is 
made to Plates 
8-10, where the 
modern English 
flint knapper’s 
hammer is shown 
in all its varieties, 

Nillson? gives his personal experience in the art of flint chipping. 

The methods of treating the nodule or block of flint by the use of the 
hammer (1) in preparing the nucleus, and (2) in striking off the flakes, 
have been shown in Plates 8-10 and figs. 62-65, and described in the 
making of gunflints at Brandon mine and the nuclei at Grand Pressigny 

(Plate 7, fig. 1). By these de- 

scriptions, combined with the 

Zo be figure of a nucleus or core with 

the flakes ence struck off and 

then replaced, the operation will 

be understood and the descrip- 

a tions need not be repeated. Tig. 

ve 64 shows one of these nodules 

SECTION OF FLINT Re ic: HOW FLAKES from the Brandon sere which 

Re ee has been chipped into flakes, 

ready to be cut up into gunflints 

or arrow points. These flakes, having been struck off, are, in the 

engraving, replaced so as to show the process. Fig. 65 is a section 
of a flint nucleus, with several flakes in process of being struck off. 

Plate 25 shows the cores, flakes, and the finished arrowheads of 
obsidian as they are found in America. This material is of vol- 
canic origin and it is usually attributed to the Rocky Mountain 


ith 


AUNTIE 


FLINT CORE WITH ITS FLAKES IN PLACE AS STRUCK. 


Evans Ancient Stone Implements, p. 18, fig. 2. 


1 Proceedings, XVI, p. 65, pl. 1. 
2The Stone Age of Scandinavia, p. 7, 


880 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ranges, though by commerce specimens have traveled great distances. 
Prof. W. K. Moorehead found about a thousand large and well- 
wrought obsidian spearheads and arrowpoints in the great mound on 
Hopewell farm,' Ross County, Ohio, which he has cited in The Anti- 
quarian.? 

The specimens shown in Plate 25, figs. 1 to 4, are cores of great size 
and beauty. The flakes have never been replaced as in the case of the 
Brandon core just shown, but one can easily see that the mode of manu- 
facture was the same. They were struck off by a blow, and the con- 
choid of percussion is always to be seen on both the flake and the core. 
The arrowpoints and spearheads, leaf-shaped and stemmed, are samples 
of those of obsidian from the Pacific coast. Their chipping shows 
delicate workmanship. 


mm a oN v2 
ae Ane 
PNK , 


ce 


HAMMERSTONES, 
Fig. 66.— W hite jaspery flint. Fig. 67.—Quartzite pitted. 
Ohio. New York. 
Cat. No, 17311, U.S.N.M. 4 natural size. Cat. No. 6602, US.N.M. 46 natural size. 


The principal tool used by prehistoric man was the stone hammer 
(fig. 66-7). Thousands of these have been found, and their distribu- 
tion extends over nearly the entire prehistoric world. They were hard, 
so as to stand the blows without breaking. Any sort of stone which 
possessed the requisite condition of hardness and was of suitable size 
would serve the purpose. Bowlders of quartzite were not infrequently 
used and the periphery or prominent ends or corners frequently show 
the battered or pecked surface, the evidence of use. Many of these 
quartzite bowlders have a cup marking on the one or the other of the 
flattened sides, the precise purposes of which have never been sat- 
isfactorily determined. It has been contended by some that they were 
indentations for the thumb and fingers, to assist in holding the hammer 
in the hand, but this theory has not been accepted. 


'Clark’s Work; Squier and Davis, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 
No: 15-p2-26; pl 
2 October, 1897, p. 255, tig. xlvii; November, 1897, p. 291, figs. 1, liv, lv. 


; 

s 
* 
5 
ro rf ; 
Bs 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 25. ; 


27 28 29 30 31) 


i] 
oo 
i 
ne 
bo 
or 

S) 
a 


Figs. 1-3. OBSIDIAN CORES. 
(Cat. Nos. 98772, 98771, 98768, U.S.N.M. Cholula, Mexico. W. W. Blake.) 


Fig. 4. OBSIDIAN CORE. 
eae No. 1049, U.S.N.M. Mound near Vera Cruz, Mexico. Lieutenant Van Wyck, 
. IN.) 
Figs. 5,6. OBSIDIAN CORES. 
(Cat. Nos. 98776, 98769, U.S.N.M. Mexico. W. W. Blake.) 


Figs.7,8. SMALL FLAKES OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 20025, U.S.N.M. Mounds near Cordova, Mexico. Dr. Hugo Finck.) 


Fig.9. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 139397, U.S.N.M. Klamath Indian Reservation, Oregon. C.K. Smith.) 


Fig. 10. Luar-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF OBSIDIAN (broken). 
(Cat. No. 9347, U.S.N.M. Cordova, Mexico. Dr. Hugo Finck.) 


Fig. 11. WorKED FLAKE OF OBSIDIAN (scraper?). 
(Cat. No. 98765, U.S.N.M. Mexico. W. W. Blake.) 


Figs. 12-15. FLAKES OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 9359, U.S.N.M. Cordova, Mexico. ie Hugo Finck.) 


Fig. 16. ARROWPOINT OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 98777, U.S.N.M. Mexico. W. W. Blake.) 


Fig. 17. ARROWPOINT OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 9355, U.S.N.M. Cordova, Mexico. Dr. Hugo Finck.) 


Fig. 18. ARROWPOINT OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 98792, U.S.N.M. Tezcuco, Mexico. W. W. Blake.) 


Figs. 19,20. ARROWPOINTS OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. Nos. 9354, 9353, U.S.N.M. Cordova, Mexico. Dr. Hugo Finck.) 


Fig. 21. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 9352, U.S.N.M. Cordova, Mexico. Dr. Hugo Finck.) 


Fig. 22. ARROWPOINT OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 139398, U.S.N.M. Klamath Indian Reservation, Oregon. C.K. Smith.) 


Figs. 23,24. ARROWPOINTS OF OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. Nos. 98781. 98786, U.S.N.M. Mexico. W. W. Blake.) 


Figs. 25-27, OBSIDIAN ARROWPOINTS. 
(Cat. No. 149391, U.S.N.M. Buttes, 4 miles west of Upper Gallinus, New Mexico. Lieut. 
G. M. Wheeler.) 


Fig. 28. raaeeasee IMPLEMENT OF OBSIDIAN. 

(Cat. No. 148127, U.S.N.M. ‘‘ Equus beds”’ near Silver Lake, Oregon. Prof. E. D. Cope.) 
Fig. 29. WORKED FLAKE OF OBSIDIAN. 

(Cat. No. 35176, U.S.N.M. Island of Crete. G.L. Feuardent.) 


Fig. 30. OBSIDIAN CORE. 
(Cat. No. 35169, U.S.N.M. Island of Crete. G.L. Feuardent.) 


Fig. 31. FLINT CORE. 
(Cat. No. 100953, U.S.N.M. Lund,Sweden. Thomas Wilson.) 


PLATE 25. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897 —Wilson. 


Yh 2 98760. 


vet tite, IN 2 160% 


Wy e772. 
+ ie 


98772. 
Cholula. Mer. 


Cholula. Mex, Blake. 


bhtak a. 


OBSIDIAN CORES, FLAKES, AND FINISHED ARROWPOINTS. 


Principally from North America. 


Wei’ 

Pi. 

ied s 

we 

he . 

i ae | be 
Af 


¥ 
a. 
3 ~ a 
a" Wy. 
rf) 
7 Pe: he 
+ 4: 4 
On 
¢ 
n 
. 
a 
- 
Y, 
. 
’ 
’ 
7 
oe 
i * 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 881 


The principal kind of hammer used, especially in Europe and at Flint 
Ridge in Ohio, and in all other places where there is a stratum of flint, 
is a rude and irregular piece of flint from the ledge. Its sharp corners 
and edges served better the purpose of a hammer, enabling the work- 
men to strike a more precise blow and with a smaller point of impact. 


ESKIMO ARROW FLAKERS, POINT OF REINDEER HORN, HANDLE OF IVORY. 


Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 34, tig. 8. 


As one corner or edge became worn, the hammer was turned in the hand 
to present another, until at last the corners were all worn off and the 
tool became practically a globe, when it is believed to have been unfit 
for further use and was discarded. 


Fig. 71. 
ESKIMO ARROW FLAKERS, POINTS OF REINDEER HORN, HANDLES OF WOOD AND IVORY. 


Plate 5, fig. 11, represents a hammerstone from Spiennes, Belgium, 
and Plate 7, fig. 11, one from Grand Pressigny, France. In working 
NAL MUS 97——56 


8&2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


flint in modern times steel hammers are employed. (See Plates 8-10, 
figs. 62, 63.) 

Mr. J. D. McGuire has published the result of some experiments on 
the hammerstone.! 

In the inventory of tools the flaker must not be overlooked. Many 
of these have been found. The Eskimos use those of ivory fastened 
to a handle (figs. 68-71). These were used for chipping by pressure. 
The real prehistoric flakers have been found. They were simply pieces 
of bone or horn, usually the point of a deer horn, with sufficient length 
to insure a firm grip. The workman, having chipped his piece to proper 
form by percussion, desiring to bring it to an edge, took it in one hand, 
the flaker in the other, and by placing its point against the portion to 
be removed, with a pressure in the right direction and an artistic or 


Fig. 74. 


FLAKERS OF ANTLER OR BONE IN HANDLES OF WOOD. 
Fig. 72.—Nevada Indians. 


Smithsonian Contributions, XXII; Rau, Archwology, p. 95, fig. 840, 


Figs. 73, 74.—Hupa Indians. 


Smithsonian Report, 1886, Ray Collection, pl. X XI, figs. 92, 96. 


mechanical twist of the wrist, he started a small flake of greater or 
less breadth, thickness, and length. 

Figs. 72-74 are arrow flakers, the former used by the Indians of 
Nevada,’ while the latter are from the Point Barrow Eskimos, Alaska, 
collected by Col. P. H. Ray, and described by Dr. O. T. Mason.’ 

The art of the prehistoric flint chipper requires a high order of 
mechanical dexterity. Some of the specimens show marvelously fine 
work—flakes so thin, wide, long, and regular as to extort our wonder 
-and admiration. (Figs. 92, 151, from a mound near Naples, Illinois.) 

The flaking tools of Europe have never been satisfactorily determined. 
In the present condition the number of finely flaked objects is enor- 
mously out of proportion with the number of flakers found. Of those 


‘American Anthropologist, IV, pp. 301-12, 1891. 
?Charles Rau, Archieol. Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 95, fig. 340. 
’Ray Collection, Smithsonian Report, 1886, pl. XXx1, figs. 92, 96. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 883 


implements found which might have served for this purpose, the num- 
ber recognized and admitted as such is comparatively few. Some are 
of bone, some of horn, and others (strange to America) are of flint. 
Dr. Capitan, in the display of the Ecole d@’ Anthropologie at the Paris 
Exposition in 1889, showed a bone flaker, and he described and figured 
it in the report of that display made to the minister of public instrue- 
tion. In the author’s European collection are several implements of 
horn which probably served the same purpose. They are doubtless 
to be found in every collection. They 
are short, round, with a blunt point like 
one’s little finger. This tool is usually 
of deer horn in its natural condition, 
long enough to have been held in the 
hand, but is sometimes cut short, with a 
possible tang as for insertion in a handle. 
Bone points are in every collection and 
are well known to every prehistoric ar- 
chieologist; but they are sharply pointed 
as if for awls or perforators of skin or tex- 
tile fabrics. The foregoing is a different 
implement and could never have served 
as anawl. One could no more punch a 
hole through a piece of skin with one of 
these than he could with the point of his 
finger, which it so much resembles. The 
author is of the opinion that they may 
have served as flakers. Tools similar in 
form are found of flint. Sir John Evans 
calls them fabricators or flaking tools’ 
(figs. 75, 76). In France they have been 
called ecrasoirs, but M. de Mortillet pre- 
fers the name retouchoir, and says? that 
their extremities are smoothed by use. Figs. 75, 76. 

They served to flake by pressure (re- FLINT FLAKERS (?) WITH SMOOTH ROUNDED 
touch) the flint implements. This opera- ie tae eal 

tion had the effect of smoothing the ends 
of the involvedimplement. In Le Musée 
Préhistorique (Plate XLV, figs. 411-415) are several of these imple- 
ments, chiefly from the interior of France. Sir John Evans’ discusses 
these implements, but confesses his suggestions are by no means con- 
elusive, and closes with the hope that future discoveries may throw 
more light on the subject. He figures and describes several from 
England, and says they are well known, and in Yorkshire are called 


Yorkshire, England. 


Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 367, fig. 346. 


1 Ancient Stone Implements, p. 367. 
?L’Homme Prehistorique, p. 517. 
’ Ancient Stone Implements, pp. 367-371. 


884 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


“finger flints.” His fig. 346 (p. 367) is from Yorkshire, and is here 
reproduced as figs. 75,76. His description of it is that it is solid, sym- 
metrically chipped, of gray flint, and is curved at one extremity, with 
a view of adapting it for being better held in the hand. The edges, 
originally chipped sharp, have been slightly rounded by grinding, 
apparently with the same motive. The angles at the curved end have 
been smoothed, but the other end is completely rounded and pre- 
sents the worn, half-polished appearance characteristic of these tools. 
They vary much in the amount of workmanship they display, some 
being mere flakes with the edges rounded by chipping, and others as 
carefully wrought into form as any hatchet or chisel. They vary in 
length from 2 to 4 inches. The rougher kinds are usually clumsy in 
their proportions, as if strength was an object, and they not infre- 
quently show a certain amount of abrasion at each end. 

Many early explorers have witnessed the operation of arrowpoint 
making among the North American Indians and have described 
it in greater or less detail. These reports have been collected for 
the convenience of the student and teacher and are published as 
Appendix D (p. 985). 


WAT. SCRAPERS, GRINDERS, AND STRAIGHTENERS USED IN 
MAKING ARROW AND SPEAR SHAFTS. 


These implements play a part in the science of prehistoric arche- 
ology of an importance quite out of proportion with their appear- 
ance. ; 

Spear and lance shafts, to be effective as weapons, must be straight 
and smooth. If rough or crooked, their effectiveness is much reduced. 
True, the most primitive spear made of a sapling, the point hard- 
ened by fire and left rough with knots and branches, might be a 
dangerous weapon in a hand to hand contest; but it would be more 
easily handled and more effective if made straight and smooth. For 
a javelin or arrow intended to be cast or thrown, either by the hand 
or with a bow, it is imperative that the shaft should be straight and 
smooth. 

Many of the arrow shafts of antiquity were of reed or cane, perhaps 
because reed and cane were more plenteous and more easily adapted. 
They were the right size, could be made the right length, were light, 
straight, smooth, and required but slight preparation for use. Still, 
these would require some straightening and smoothing, and to that 
end tools were required. 

In Europe the arrow-shaft scraper was used more than the arrow- 
shaft polisher or grinder; in America it seems to have been the 
reverse. In Europe, while polishers were used for many purposes, 
they seem not to have been much used on arrow shafts. ; 

The arrow-shaft scraper (Plate 26) is a tool for that special purpose. 
It is of flint chipped to a concave edge. The specimen from England 


i 


re Le Be 
ten Area 


Fig. 


at 


a 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26. 


ie ee a 


4 5 
6 7 
8 9 


| 


L 


From Yorkshire Wolds, England. 
(Evans, Ancient stone implements, etc., p. 287, fig. 226.) 


. From Chicago, Illinois. 


(Carl Dilg.) 


. From Indiana. 


(Cat. No. 32367, U.S.N.M. Rev. F.M.Symmes and James Jones.) 
From Tennessee. 
(Cat. No. 58720, U.S.N.M. James M. Null.) 
From Indiana. 
(Cat. No. 140746, U.S.N.M. H. Rust.) 
From Chicago, Illinois. 
(Carl Dilg.) 
From Clarksville, Hamilton County, Indiana. 
(Cat. No. 140748, U.S.N.M. H. Rust.) 
From California. 
(Cat. No. 30508, U.S.N.M. S. Bowers.) 
From Ohio. 
(Cat. No, 139958, U.S.N.M. Thomas Wilson.) 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 26. 


CONCAVE ARROWSHAFT SCRAPERS OF FLINT. 
England and United States. 


Report of U. S, National Museum, 1897.—Wilson, PLATE 27. 


Me 


7 


ri. 


O-m 
one : 
dee 
be aee 
<6. 


ARROWSHAFT GRINCERS. 
Loose gritty sandstone. 
Cherokee, Iowa. 

Cat. No. 140890, U.S.N.M. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 885 


(fig. 1) comes from Yorkshire Wolds, and is taken from Sir John 
_Evans’s Ancient Stone Implements, ! where it says: 

Tools of this kind are well adapted for scraping into regular shape the stems of 
arrows or the shafts of spears, or for fashioning bone pins. 

The round-ended scraper, supposed to have served for scraping 
skins, had a common form in Europe (Plate 12) and America. They 
may have been used for scraping arrow shafts in either or both coun- 
tries, but of this we have no evidence save their plenteousness and the 
possibility of such use. Eskimos continued the use of the round- 
ended scraper, inserted in either wooden or ivory handles, until mod- 
ern if not until present times. 
They have been figured and 
described by Sir John Lub- 
bock,” Sir John Evans, and 
Dr. O. T. Mason.* 

But the serapers with acon- 
cave edge, for scraping ar- 
rows, are rarely found in pre- 
historic collections, nor are 
they reported among the In- 
dians of North America. The 
U.S. National Museum pos- 
sesses some, but not many. 
They seem not to have been 
recognized or cared for and 
were not gathered by collec- 
tors. Figs. 1-8 in Plate 26 
are seven specimens inserted as examples of thirty or forty from the 
Ohio and Mississippi valleys.’ 

Dr. Charles Rau, in an unpublished manuscript, divided some arrow- 
making implements into arrow-shaft grinders and straighteners, though 
he admits that both might have been used for smoothing the shafts. 

Fig. 77 represents an arrow-shaft grinder, with a straight groove of 
suitable size, of compact chlorite slate from Cape Cod, Massachusetts 
(Cat. No. 17868, U.S.N.M.). As the stone is not at all gritty, the proc- 
ess must have been performed with the assistance of sand and water. 

Plate 27 contains specimens of what are supposed to have been arrow- 
shaft grinders. They are coarse sandstone, exceedingly gritty, and 
would serve the purpose well. The top is rounding or oval, the sides 
parallel, while the bottom is flat, with a groove in it, as shown in the 
specimen. The size is indicated by the scale. They are from Cherokee, 
Iowa. - Similar ones have been found in other localities. 

Somewhat allied to the arrow-shaft grinders are the arrow-shaft 
straighteners—more or less carefully prepared stones, generally of 


ARROW-SHAFT GRINDER, CHLORITE SLATE. 


Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 


Cat. No. 17868, U.S.N.M. 4 natural size. 


1 Page 287, fig. 226. 

2 Prehistoric Times, 4th ed., p. 513, figs. 214-216. 

3 Ancient Stone Implements, p. 268, fig. 203. 

4 Report U. 8. National Museum, 1889, pp. 553-589, pls. LUXI—XCcIII. 
5 Robert Munro, Prehistoric Problems, 1897, p. 329, figs. 117, 118. 


886 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


oblong form and exhibiting on the upper face a groove, or sometimes 
two or three parallel grooves, for receiving the arrow shafts (fig. 78). 
The grooves are mostly smooth and shining from long usage. Mr. 
Paul Schumacher found a number of these implements in southern Cali- 
fornia graves, and he describes 
their application.' The stones 
were heated and the crooked 
shafts rubbed back and forth in 
the grooves under pressure until 
they became straight. As the 
Fig. 78. stones had to withstand a consid- 
SERPENTINE ARROW -SHAFT STRAIGHTENER witn erable degree of heat, serpen- 
pss bay GROOVES, ORNAMENTAL IRREGULAR tine, a material possessing that 
eae Borba County, California. quality, bday generally chosen. 
Cat, No. 209{5, U-S.N.M. ig natural azo, Straighteners of the ruder kind 
were made in California of frag- 
ments of soapstone vessels. The Apaches and other western tribes used 
until lately very neat straighteners of serpentine, often provided with 
two grooves. The author, however, was informed that they did not heat 
the stone, but heated the shafts, and then pressed them back and forth 
in the grooves. Some of the California specimens have been crackled by 
the heat to which they were exposed. From the uniform polish of the 
grooves, it may be inferred that such stones were also used for smooth- 
ing the shafts. Similar utensils, apparently for the same use, are in the 
Museum collection, 
ranging in locality 
from Massachusetts 
to California. 
The Eskimos used 
a different tool for 
straightening their 
arrow shafts. It was 
a piece of 
bone, or 


frequent- = 

ly ivory, Fig. 80. 

h be ARROW-SHAFT STRAIGHTENERS OF WOOD OR IVORY. | 
cavy 2 Fig. 79, Central Eskimo. 

and solid, 6th Ann. Rept. Bur, Ethnol., 1884-5, fig. 474, p. 525. 


Fig. 80, Hupa Indians, Smithsonian Report, 1893, pl. xxxrx, fig. 1. 


with an 
enlargement at the upper end through which was a perforation usually 
of lozenge shape. The arrow shaft was put through this hole, and 
the instrument, used as a wrench, bent the shaft as was required to 
make it straight. Dr. Boas figures one of them? (fig. 79), and Kuropean 
prehistoric archeologists have frequently done the same.” 


1 Archiv. fiir Anthropologie, IX, p. 249. 
2 Central Eskimo, Sixth Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethnol., 1884-85, p. 525, fig. 474. 
3 Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain, p. 238, fig. 92. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 887 


Dr. Hoffman, in his article entitled “The Graphic Art of the 
Eskimo,”! figures a half dozen of these similar in some regards to those 
already shown. They are from Cape Nome, Sledge Island, Diomede, 
and Cape Darby, all on the Alaskan coast. He introduces these in the 
attempt to correlate them and similar specimens of Eskimoan art with 
that of the Paleolithic period as manifested in the specimens from the 
caverns of Dordogne, France, a proposition to which the author does 
not agree. 

Fig. 80 is an arrow-shaft straightener used by the Hupa Indians of 
California. It is a piece of yew, 10 inches long, spindle-shaped, and 
having an oblong hole through the middle, The arrow shaft is drawn 
through the hole and straightened by pressure on the ends of the tool.” 


VIII. CLASSIFICATION OF ARROWPOINTS AND SPEARHEADS. 
I, leaf-shaped; TI, triangular; IIT, stemmed; IV, peculiar forms, 


Dr. Rau had prepared a paper entitled ‘“‘The Typical Forms of North 
American Prehistoric Relics of Stone and Copper in the United States 
National Museum,” but he died before it was completed. It has always 
been the author’s intention to complete and publish this paper. That 
portion of the text relating to arrowpoints and spearheads is as follows: 


ARROW AND SPEARHEAD SHAPED OBJECTS. 


They constitute the most numerous class of chipped-stone articles in the United 
States. Collectors are very apt to designate indiscriminately all objects of dart- 
head-like form, as arrow or spear points, without considering that many of these 
specimens may have been quite differently employed by the aborigines. Thus several 
Western tribes used, within recent times, chipped-flint blades identical in shape with 
those that are usually called arrow and spear heads, as knives, fastening them in 
short wooden handles by means of a black resinous substance or asphaltum. 

The stone-tipped arrows quite recently made by various Indian tribes are mostly 
provided with slender points, often less than an inch in length, and seldom exceed- 
ing an inch and three-quarters, as exemplified by many specimens of modern arrows 
in the National Museum. If this fact be deemed conclusive, it would follow that 
the real Indian arrowhead was comparatively small, and that the larger specimens 
classed as arrowpoints, and not a few of the so-called spearheads, were originally 
set in handles and were used as knives and daggers. However, it is not improbable 
that in former times larger arrowheads were in use among the natives. 

In many eases, further, it is impossible to determine the real character of leaf- 
shaped or triangular objects of chipped stone, as they may have served as arrow- 
heads, or either as scrapers or cutting tools in which the convex or straight base 
formed the working edge. Certain chipped spearhead shaped specimens with a 
sharp straight or convex base may have been cutting implements or chisels. Arrow- 
heads of a slender form pass over almost imperceptibly into perforators, insomuch 
that it is often impossible to make a distinetion between them. 

In view of these uncertainties, the writer has brought the arrow and spear point 
shaped objects under one head, which is the more excusable as, generally speaking, 
size is the only distinguishing feature. 


1 Report U. S. National Museum, 1895, p. 765, pls. 7, 8. 
2Otis T. Mason, North American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers, Smithsonian Report, 
1893, pl. XxXIX, fig. 1. 


888 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The attempt is here made to segregate and classify arrowpoints, 
spearheads, and knives. In Europe they have always been denomi- 
nated arrowpoints or spearheads, determinable only by their size; in the 
United States, by comparison with those of the Indian of historic time, 
we have been able to draw the line of demarcation possibly with greater 
accuracy. We have also discovered, through the prehistoric as well as 
the historic Indians, that these implements may have been used as 
knives; therefore, in the headings, they have been denominated. by all 
three names—arrowpoints, spearheads, and knives. 

No racial or tribal classification is here attempted from these imple- 
ments. If classified according to material, and afterwards divided 
geographically, they ought to tell of the difference in the various 
peoples using them, if any such existed. This work the author has yet 
before him. 

We have already seen that the material employed would be that 
which would serve the purpose best and was nearest and most easily 
obtained. The elements of commerce and ease of transportation must 
be regarded in ascertaining the locality of the material. To correctly 
determine this, we must consider the known facts as to distance, qual- 
ity, weight, and value of material transported. 

The present classification is based on the form and size of the imple- 
ment. In order that the series contemplated by the present classification 
shall be as complete as possible, those from Europe which belong to the 
earlier epochs are included. The weapons of the Paleolithic period— 
the Chelléen implements, the Mousterien spear points, the Solutréen 
leaf-shaped and one-shouldered points, and the Madelainien points and 
harpoons—have been already described, and we have concluded that they 
may have served as spears, lances, javelins, or harpoons, but not arrow- 
points or knives. The leaf-shaped implements used as spear and har- 
poon heads in the Paleolithic period continued into the succeeding 
prehistoric periods, and were then used as arrowpoints as well as for 
spears or harpoons. This does not clash with the theory that arrows 
were not used during the Paleolithic period. 

A classification of arrowpoints and spearheads has been attempted 
by but few archeologists. Sir John Evans,! General Pitt-Rivers,’ Sir 
W. R. Wilde,’ and Dr.. Charles Rau are the principal ones who have 
essayed a classification, but in their descriptions they scarcely employed 
their own. The first two gentlemen made four classes. Some of the 
classifications were arranged according to probable successive develop- 
ment, thus: leaf-shaped, lozenge-shaped, tanged or stemmed, and tri- 
angular. Sir W. R. Wilde (and Sir John Lubbock follows him) arranged 
them thus: triangular, indented base, stemmed, barbed, and _ leaf- 
ie ee Dr. Edwin A, Barber‘ as follows: leaf- shaneal triangular, 


- Ancient Stone Implemented of Gre at Britain, pp. 328-364. 
2Primitive Warfare, Jour. R. U. Service Inst. 

3 Catalogue of Antiquities, Royal Irish Acad., pp. 19, 21, 23. 

4 American Naturalist, XI, p. 265. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 889 


indented at the base, stemmed, barbed, beveled, diamond-shaped, awl- 
Shaped, and those having the shape of a serpent’s head. Dr. Abbott! 
does not make any formal classification, but uses as descriptive terms: 
barbed, triangular, leaf-shaped, lozenge-shaped, notched base, serrated, 
stemmed, barbed triangular, triple-notched-based, unsymmetrical. Dr. 
Rau originally made a classification of 22 subdivisions, but in the paper 
prepared just before his death, he made another, as follows: 

Convex or straight-sided (rarely concave-sided) with convex, straight, or concave 
base. 

Notched at the sides near the base, which is convex, straight, or concaye, rarely 
pointed. 

Stemmed; expanding stem with convex, straight, or concave base. 

Stemmed; parallel-sided stem with convex, straight, or concave base. ~ 

Stemmed; contracting straight-sided stem with convex, straight, or concave base. 

Stemmed; contracting broad stem with rounded or pointed termination. 

Stemmed; tapering stem. 

Barbed and stemmed. 

Leaf-shaped implements; rounded at one end, pointed at the other; pointed at 
both ends; rounded at both ends. 

The making in my department during the year 1891-92, of the 100 
series of 100 casts each of typical implements of the United States, for 
educational purposes, afforded the opportunity, if it did not create the 
necessity, for a comprehensive classification. To send out a series of 
arrowpoints or spearheads without classification or name would be a 
waste of time and labor; while, if made of plaster, they would be so 
fragile as to be a waste of money as well. Therefore I prepared series 
of these implements, classified them by type, arranged them by size, 
and had them photographed and engraved, each class by itself so they 
might be understood almost as well as from an inspection of the 
originals. It was found necessary to employ many specimens to make 
a proper display. Many of these objects in the same division are 
similar in form, appearance, and material, the main difference being in 
their size. But this difference of size may change the character, use, 
and name of the weapon, and it may, according to size, become an 
agricultural implement used for digging in the earth. a spear, dagger, 
poniard, scalping or fish knife, or an arrowpoint or lancet. <All these 
sizes of implements with uses and names are known to students 
of prehistoric archeology and collectors of antiquities. This differ- 
ence in size is areason for giving many cuts of the same form of imple- 
ments but of different sizes. A large implement, if reduced in size, 
represents to the eye of the beholder a small one. He has seen both 
the large and the small one, is acquainted with both, and when he sees 
a cut of given size which is a correct representation of a small imple- 
ment, he will involuntarily associate it with the real implement of small 
size. The author has seen an engraving of one of these large digging 
implements, the original of which was 164 inches long and 5 inches 


! Primitive Industry. 


890 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


wide. The drawing was reduced to one-third, and the engraving one- 
half from the drawing. Thus this large and formidable implement was 
represented by a figure 2? inches by five-sixths of an inch, which is but 
the size of a common arrow or spear head. No rule or scale can give 
it its true appearance in the eyes of the majority of readers. These 
engravings are intended to serve as a classification of these implements 
by which their names, and possibly their functions, may be known, and 
by which archeologists throughout the country, and perhaps the world, 
may be better enabled to understand and describe them. When we 
consider that it is beyond the power of mere words to describe a form, 
and that a figure, cut, or representation of it must be or must have been 
made at some time in order to communicate knowledge of a form to any 
person who has not previously seen it, the author trusts he will be 
justified in the classification and the engravings by which it is sought 
to be represented. 

The names of the different parts of stone arrowpoints and spear- 
heads or knives are: blade, point, stem, base, edge, shoulder, barb, 
notch. 

The failure of many archeologists (and it is not confined entirely to 
them) to make a distinction between the words “side” and “edge” has 
led to a confusion in description. ‘ Border,” “‘rim,” “margin” are, or may 
be, synonymous with “edge,” but ‘‘side,” although much used in this 
sense, is almost always erroneously used. We say the “side” of a table 
when we mean the edge, the border, the margin, that part farthest from 
the center or middle. Applying it to a plank or sword or arrowpoint or 
spearhead, we should say ‘‘edge.” “Edge” is particularly appropriate 
for swords and arrowpoints and spearheads, as it applies specially to 
the “sharp and thin cutting border or extremity of an instrument.” 

The author has sought to make his classification as simple as possible. 
Minute or complex divisions will never be adopted in popular usage. 
They will be difficult to understand and are impracticable in that they 
can not be easily remembered or readily applied. 

In the author’s classification the primary divisions of arrowpoints, 
spearheads, or knives are as follows: 

Division I, leaf-shaped.—In this classification the leaf-shaped is placed at the head 


as being the oldest implement of its kind. This division includes all kinds: ellipti- 
eal, oval, oblong, or lanceolate forms bearing any relation to the shape of a leaf, 
and without stem, shoulder, or barb. 

Class A is pointed at both ends, the widest place one-third or one-fourth from the 
base. 

Class B is more oval, less pointed, with base concave, straight, or convex. 

Class C is long and narrow, sharp points, parallel edges, and bases concave, straight, 
or convex. These belong to the Pacific coast. 

Division II, triangular.—This division includes all specimens which, according to 
geometrical nomenclature, are in the form of a triangle, whether the bases or edges 
be convex, straight, or concave. They are without stems and consequently with- 
out shoulders, though in some specimens the extreme concavity of the base produces 
barbs when the arrow shaft is attached. : 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES 891 


Division III, stemmed.—This division includes all varieties of stems, whether 
straight, pointed, or expanding, round or flat, except those with certain peculiari- 
ties and included in Division IV; and whether the bases or edges are convex, 
straight, or concave. 

Class A is lozenge-shaped, not shouldered nor barbed. 

Class B is shouldered, but not barbed. 

Class C is shouldered and barbed. 


These cover the commoner forms of arrowpoints and spearheads 
throughout the world. But there are certain other forms which may 
be few in number or restricted in locality and scarcely entitled to divi- 
sions by themselves, yet are found in sufficient numbers and have such 
definite characteristics that they can not be ignored. These the author 
has assigned to a general class under the head of “peculiar forms.” 


Division IV, peculiar forms.—This division includes all forms not belonging to the 
other divisions, and provides for those having peculiarities, or the specimens of 
which are restricted in number and locality. 

Class A, beveled edges. 

Class 15, serrated edges. 

Class ©, bifurcated stems. 

Class D, long barbs, square at ends. Peculiar to England, Ireland, and Georgia, 
United States. 

Class I, triangular in section. Peculiar to the province of Chiriqui, Panama. 

Class I’, broadest at cutting end, tranchant transversal. Peenliar to western 
Europe. 

Class G, polished slate. Peculiar in North America to the Eskimo country and 
to New England and New York. 

Class If, asymmetric. 

Class I, curious forms. 

Class K, perforators. 


DIVISION I—LEAF-SHAPED. 


The author essayed botanical and geometrical terms in this descrip- 
tion, but found them unsatisfactory. The implements have such vari- 
ety of form, each slightly different from the other, that specific terms 
were scarcely ever applicable. They are lanceolate, as already men- 
tioned; leaf-shaped, but as leaves have many different forms, so have 
these implements, and “leaf-shaped” is rather generic than specific. 
He essayed the geometrical terms of ovate, oblong, truncated, elliptical, 
lenticular, but found he could only use them in descriptions of indi- 
vidual specimens. 

Dr. Rau, in his unpublished paper, speaking of leaf-shaped imple- 
ments, said: 

These are numerous and of great variety in form and size, insomuch that a minute 
classification would be difficult. However, they can be divided in a general way 
into three classes, in accordance with their being rounded at one end and pointed at 
the other, or pointed at both ends, or rounded at both ends. They vary in length 
from less than an inch to more than 13 inches, and there is in the National Museum 
a cast of a sword-like flint blade measuring more than 21 inches in length, which 
by its form pertains to the class here treated. The original, from a mound in Ten- 
nessee, is in the possession of Dr. Joseph Jones, of New Orleans. 


892 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 81 represents a dagger from Madison County, Kentucky. It is 
dark-brown, much weathered, and difficult to determine its material, 
probably flinty chert or hornstone. 
While not the classic leaf-shaped im- 
plement which might have been in 
serted in a shaft and served as a spear, 
but partaking more of the character of 
a sword or long dagger to be held in the 
hand with awrapping of skin, as shown 
in specimen from Hupa Valley, Cal- 
ifornia (fig. 78, Plate 41, Cat. No. 
126530, U.S.N.M.), yet it is a type of 
many specimens in North America. A 
similar specimen in the U.S. National 
Museum is Cat. No. 88122, from Arkan- 
sas, collected by Mr. Edward Palmer, 
of chalcedonie flint, 12 inches long, 2 
inches wide, and three-eighths of an 
inch thick. It is sharply pointed at 
both ends and its fine chipping has 
served to make its edges slightly 
serrated. 

The specimen, Cat. No. 99823 (U.S. 
N.M.), the first one on Plate 32, is a 
piece of beautiful work in flint chip- 
ping. The flakes taken off have been 
long, thin, and fine, and ran from the 
edge to the center, and have given to 
it a keen, sharp edge. The specimen 
is of oolitic chert, 124 inches long, 33? 
inches wide, and three-fourths of an 
inch thick. 

Other specimens are represented in 
figs. 82 and 83. They are not, and 
never were, intended for arrowpoints 
or spearheads, but rather as swords or 
possibly ceremonial objects; but as 
they are leaf-shaped, and from their 
great length and beauty, with the diffi- 
culty of their manufacture, they have 
been admitted to a place in this paper. 
Fig, 82 is from an ancient earthwork 
on the Big Harpeth River, near Frank- 
lin, Tennessee. Fig.83isfromamound 
in Oregon. 

General Thruston' figures and de- 
scribes many of these long and finely chipped specimens from Tennessee. 


! Antiquities of Tennessee, pp. 219-252, pls. X1, XIVa. 


Fig. 81. 
LEAF-SHAPED SPEARHEAD OF FLINTY CHERT, POINTED AT BOTH ENDS. 


Cat. No. 2407, U.S.N.M. 


Mh a ( 
: Hi iy » : 


Madison County, ‘Kentucky. 
DivisionI. Class A. 18x24 x3. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 


Dr. Rau says of this class: 


893 


Some are broad in proportion to their length, others are very slender. The mode 
of application of these variously shaped implements is doubtful in 
most cases, but some aid in judging of the use of certain leaf-shaped 
blades is afforded by the fact that similar ones have been seen shafted 


SWORD OF OBSIDIAN. 


Oregon. 


Division I, leaf- 
15 x 24 x. 


shaped. 


Cat. No. 
U.S.N.M. 


Cast, 


cognizable by a glance at the specimen. 


380190, 


or handled in actual employment among modern 
Indian tribes. It is difficult to draw a line of 
demarcation between rude and leaf-shaped im- 
plements, considering that the former very often 
approach the leaf form, not only in North America, 
but also in other quarters of the globe where 
man had to employ stone in fashioning his tools 
and weapons. 

This last remark of Dr. Rau is certainly 
true as regards the leaf-shaped implement 
of the Solutréen or Cavern period of the 
Paleolithic age, but has slight application 
to those of the Chelléen epoch or Allu- 
vial period. The difference is quite ap- 
parent to any person who has any ac- 
quaintance with the latter implements. 
The confusion between the two kinds of 
implements arises, usually or frequently, 
amoug those who depend upon cuts and 
illustrations for their knowledge rather 
than on an acquaintance with the real 
objects. Their error is caused by the 
illustration usually being of only the flat 
side without any edge view. The two 
classes of implements may have a resem- 
blance of outline and of chipped work 
when looked at from the flat side, but an 
edge view would reveal the difference at 
once. The leaf-shaped implement is 
chipped down thin, frequently to one- 
fourth of an inch, while the Chelléen im- 
plement is more likely to be from 1 to 13 
inches in thickness. A glance at the folded 
plate at the end of Sir John Evans’s An- 
cient Stone Implements will: show this_ 
peculiarity. Reference is made to figs. 1,2. 

Fig. 84 presents the same appearance 
from a side view as the leaf-shaped. This 
impression is erroneous. 


Ot 
heen SN, 
NYS; oh 
SN) 


i 


Baye \' 


Fig. 82. 
SWORD OF DARK 
BROWN FLINT‘. 
Williamson 

County, Ten- 
nessee. 
Division I, leaf- 
shaped. 22x 1% 
x§- 
Cast, Cat. No. 11481, 
U.S.N.M. 


The implement is not one 


properly called leaf-shaped, and the difference is re- 


The leaf-shaped implements 


proper are thin; their thickness is from one-fourth to one-fifth of their 
width; only one of these here shown is more than one-half inch in thick- 


894 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ness. The thickness of the implement represented by this figure is from) 
one-third to one-half of its width. Its thickness makes the difference, 
The author would not affirm that objects of this class belong to a different 
epoch or were made by different prehistoric people, nor the difference 
in the use for which they were intended. 
The leaf-shaped implements are themselves 
quite too doubtful on these questions to 
justify dogmatism on the part of any per- 
son, and the latter implements with their 
differences serve to increase rather than 
diminish the difficulties of a satisfactory 
decision. The two figures (85 and 86) pre- 
sent the same idea. From the side view 
alone one would not know the difference 


c 


(i889) 


Fig. 85. 
PALE GRAY FLINT HAVING THE APPEARANCE OF AGA- 
TIZED WOOD. 


FERRUGINOUS CONGLOMERATE CON- 
TAINING JASPER PEBBLES. 
Blount County, Alabama. 


Austin, Texas. 
Not leaf-shaped (inserted for com- 


parison). 9%x23x1i Not leaf-shaped (inserted for comparison). 6) x2$x 1}. 
c oe 


Cae te, aaa SN Cat. No. 18869, U.S.N.M. 
between these implements and those following. But with the thickness 
remarked one recognizes at a glance that these are not in any sense 
the leaf-shaped implements we have been considering. They are not 
made by the same primitive man, nor do they belong to the same epoch 
of civilization. In Europe the thick one belongs to the earliest epoch 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. 


AY, 
2 ae 


PLATE 28. 


Oli Aw SD 


¥ 


LEAF-SHAPED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class A. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 28. 


1 2 3 4 5 
11 10 9 8 7 6 


LEAF-SHAPED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class A. 
Fig. 1. FINE QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 98820, U.S.N.M. Cholulu, Mexico. W. W. Blake.) 
Fig. 2. DARK CHALCEDONY. 
(Cat. No. 9784, U.S.N.M. Dudley Township, Hardin County, Ohio. W.W. Murch.) 
Fig. 3. QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 6440, U.S.N.M. Northampton County, Virginia. C. R. Moore.) 


Fig. 4. JASPER OR JASPERY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 6633, U.S.N.M. Trinity, Louisiana. G. M. Keim.) 
Fig. 5. DaRK-GRAY CHALCEDONY OR FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 61513, U.S.N.M. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Dr.John R. Younglove.) 
Fig. 6. PINKISH FLINT. . 

(Cat. No. 9880, U.S.N.M. Savannah, Tennessee. J.P. Stelle.) 


Fig. 7. Ligut-BRowN FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 5406, U.S.N.M. District of Columbia. J. Varden.) 


Fig. 8. BLack LUSTROUS OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 18088, U.S.N.M. California. J. H.Clark.) 
Fig. 9. LiGHT-BROWN QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 7063, U.S.N.M. Union County, Kentucky. 8S. 58. Lyon.) 
Fig. 10. BLuack FLINTY CHALCEDONY. 
(Cat. No, 15280, U.S.N.M. Santa Barbara County, California. Paul Schumacher.) 


Fig. 11. PALE-GRAY CHALCEDONY. 
(Cat. No. 15754, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. W.G. Harford.) 


Hie: 
te) Pike hy hap 1 Pe 
4 
‘ 
Harr . 
3 
' 
’ 
Al Sse 
Z . 
_ - 
Fr 
» 
e p 
r] hs os ‘ 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 895 


of the Paleolithic period, and the thin one, pointed at both ends, to a 
much later epoch. The first belongs to the Chelléen, Mammoth, Cave- 
bear, or Alluvium epoch; the second to 
the Solutréen, Reindeer, or Cavern epoch. 

The distinctions between these epochs 
have not been made in the United States, 
and possibly do not exist. But the author 
has ventured to investigate whether the 
Paleolithic period had not possibly an ex- 
istence in the United States, and to sug- 
gest that these rude and thick implements, 
acknowledged by all to be so characteristic 
of the Paleolithic period in Europe, and 
so unknown to the Neolithic period in both 
Europe and America, may not have been 
its representatives. 

Of the thin, true leaf-shaped implements Fig. 86. 
in some of their forms, the author has said YELLOW CHERT. 
they seem to have belonged to both periods, Shell-heap on Tennessee River oppo- 

: : site Savannah, Tennessee. 

and so their discovery, unsupported by AB arn dares bcp Gn itecteil fat opie 
sociated objects, is not evidence as to either gon.) 3x 13x. 
period. Hetrusts he hasexplained the dif- Cat. No. 9904; U.S.N.M. 
ferences between these implements, the 
thick and the thin—that though from the side view they have great 
resemblance, yet are really widely separated in culture, time, and 
art—and he hopes the reader will not confound them. 


CLASS A. --POINTED AT BOTH ENDS. (Plate 28.) 


00000 ( 


This class corresponds to the Solutréen type of the Paleolithic period 
in France. It is pointed at both ends; it approaches the elliptical 
and the oval, but is not regular in either form, for its greatest width 
is about one-fourth to one-third the distance from the base to the 
point. In France this is called “ feuille de laurier” (laurel leaf). It 
is symmetrical, quite thin, the edges and sides having been chipped 
with great delicacy and fineness. According to botanical nomenclature 
it approaches the lanceolate. The appearance of this implement in 
Europe during the Paleolithic period and its continuance into and 
through the Neolithic period have been described on p. 828, and need 
not be repeated. This implement and the convex scraper are common 
to both periods, and are the two implements which belong equally to the 
Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. 


896 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The following illustrations give a fair idea of these implements in 


North America. 


Fig. 87. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT, POINTED 
AT BOTH ENDS. 


Folsom, Sacramento County, 


California. 


Division I, Class A. 74x3 x. 
Cat. No, 7342, U.S.N.M 


Fig. 89 is a very thin specimen of fine- 
grained flinty chert from Union County, 
Kentucky, andis fig. 9 on Plate 28, Class A. 

Fig. 90, from Northampton County, Vir- 
ginia,is of quartzite and represents a type 
prevalent along the Atlantic seaboard 
from the Potomac to the Jamesrivers. It 
is found in abundance in the neighbor- 
hood of Washington City (Plate 28, fig. 3). 


They run the entire range of size, from the very large 


to the very small. Plate 25 has a fragment of 
alarge one of obsidian from Cordova, Mexico. 
Fig. 87 is a leaf-shaped implement from Fol- 
som, California, of symmetrical form, though 
chipped in rough and rather large flakes. It 
bears the evidence of use. It may have 
been handled and used as a spear, or it may 
have had a skin or other wrapping and been 
used as a knife 
or dagger. 
Fig. 88 is from 
St. George, 
Utah. It is 
of flinty chert, 
and is a won- 
derful piece of 
art in flint 
chipping. The 
flakes run to 
the center, and 
so have re- 
duced the 
thickness to 
the minimum, 
which is one- 
eighth of an 
inch. It isun- 
fortunately 
broken in three 
pieces, one of 
which is lost. 


Sesh 


cz 


aX 
NY 


S 
SS 
~s 


<S 


SS 


N 


Fig. 88 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT, POINTED AT BOTH ENDS. 
Division I, Class A. 10}x 24x}. 
Cat. No. 21014, U.S.N.M 


Fig. 91 is of chalcedony, delicately 


chipped, pointed at both ends, and is symmetrically lenticular (Plate 
28, fig. 10). Fig. 92 is of obsidian, is similar to fig. 91, but thicker, and 
its greatest width is nearer the base (Plate 28, fig. 8). 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 897 


A characteristic of the Mousterien (Paleolithic) point is that it 
was made from a flake struck from the nucleus with a single blow, and 


the under or flat side was left unchipped and untouched, 
While the top or outside was wrought by chipping to a 
fine edge and point. Fig. 93 is almost unique among 
American specimens in the U. 8S. National Museum 
in the possession of this characteristic. The illustra- 
tion is of the top side, and it shows the chipping; 
the other side is a clean fracture with no chipping. 
The specimen is pale-bluish chalcedony, translucent, 
and comes from Mexico. It is pointed at both ends and 
belongs to Class A, leaf-shaped. Fig. 94 is leaf-shaped, 
elliptical, pointed at both ends, and belongs to Class A. 
It comes from Georgia. The material is the gray pyro- 
machic chert similar to the large disks (Plates 62-63) 
found in caches in Ohio and Illinois. The tip’end of the 
base shows the crust of the pebble from which the im- 
plement was made. In general appearance it resembles 
the others of Class A, but has a distinguishing differ- 


Fig. 89. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 
MENT, POINTED AT 

BOTH ENDS. 


Division I, Class A. 


23x 1x3. 


Cat. No. 7063, U.S.N.M. 


ence which may assist in determining the method of use of this style 
of implement. It has two notches opposite each 


point; it might 
for this; another 


Fig. 91. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 
MENT, POINTED AT LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 
BOTH ENDS. MENT, POINTED AT 
BOTH ENDS. 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT, Santa Barbara 


POINTED AT BOTH ENDS. County, California. California. 
Division I, Class A. Division I, Class A. Division I, Class A. 
53 x 24 x 4. 23x $x. 3g x%x¥. 
Cat. No. 6440, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 15280, U.S.N.M. Cat. No, 18088, U,S.N.M. 


other in the edges near the base, evidently inten- 
tional, and which we may assume were for attach- 
ment of a handle by ligature. The implementis 
quite too heavy for an arrow- 
be a spear, but 
having the same 


Fig. 93. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 
MENT, POINTED AT 

BOTH ENDS. 


National Museum, 
Mexico. 


Division I, Class A. 
43 x 22x}. 


Cat. No. 31651, U.S.N.M. 


weight, but shorter and thicker, would serve equally well and not be 
fragile nor in continual danger of breakage. Whether it was intended 


NAT MUS 97——57 


898 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


for use as a spear, arrow, knife, or dagger, can be determined positively 
only by the handle itself, of which, unfortunately, no traces were found. 


Fig. 94. 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT, POINTED AT BOTH ENDS, TWO NOTCHES NEAR BASE FOR FASTENING HANDLE. 


Gilmer County, Georgia. 
Division I, Class A. 9x 1% x3. 
Cat. No. 98028, U.S.N.M. 


It may be useless to speculate on these different uses, but the circum. 
stances seem to point toward its use as a knife or dagger. 
The danger of fracture of such long, thin flint implements, so easily 


Fig. 95. 
LEAF-SHAPED —_IMPLE- 
MENT OF GRAY HORN- 
STONE, POINTED AT 
BOTH ENDS. 


Belleville, St. Clair 
County, Illinois. 
Division I, Class A. 
5x 2x yz. 

Cat, No, 32315, U.S.N.M. 


broken by the shock which would be inevitable in 
their employment as spears, appears so much against 
that employment that the author prefers to believe 
them to have been knives or daggers. Held in the 
hand, they would give the maximum of service with 
the minimum of danger from breakage. 

Fig. 95 is another of the same type as fig. 94, in that 
it is a leaf-shaped, Class A, spear point and has the 
two notches near the base as if for ligatures, which is 
equally pronounced evidence of it having been in- 
tended for a knife or dagger. It is 2 inches wide 
and but five-sixteenths of an inch thick, so that it 
would be too fragile for a spearhead. Its edges are 


convex for the principal portion of the blade, but 


near the point they become concave, making the edge 
for the entire length a combination of concave and 
convex—an ogee. This has the effect of sharpening 
the point and giving it a needle form. This needle 
form is extremely rare, this being the only specimen 
remarked in the U.S. National Museum. The notch 
in the edges of a leaf-shaped implement pointed at 
both ends (Class A) is almost equally rare, as the 
two specimens here shown are the only ones we 
have. They are introduced not so much because 
ot the rarity of their form as that it may assist in 


deciding the ultimate destination of the class of leaf-shaped imple- 
ments to which they belong and which has never been satisfactorily 
determined. ‘These specimens are from the eastern or middle United 
States and so have no relation with the long, thin blades from the 


Pacifie coast. 


PLATE 29. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.--Wilson. 


“qd sseio 
‘S3AINM HO ‘SGVSHYV3dS ‘SLNIOdMOYUYW GadVHS-3V3] 


EXPLANATION VOESP Anges 2/9: 


LEAF-SHAPED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class B. 
Fig. 1. LEAbD-COLORED QUARTZ PORPHYRY. 
(Cat. No. 17999, U.S.N.M. Daysville, Windham County, Connecticut. J. H. Clark.) 


Fig. 2. BLUE GRAY CHALCEDONY. 

(Cat. No. 34584, U.S.N.M. Akron, Summit County, Ohio. Thomas Rhodes.) 
Fig. 3. ARGILLITE. 

(Cat. No. 19365, U.S.N.M. Trenton, New Jersey. Dr. C. C. Abbott.) 
Fig. 4. RHYOLITE. 

(Cat. No. 35009, U.S.N.M. Catawba County, North Carolina. J.T. Humphreys.) 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. 


PLATE 30. 


LEAF-SHAPED ARROWPO'NTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class B. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 30. 


13 12 11 9 8 


~ 


5 es | 


LEAF-SHAPED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class B, 


Fig. 1. WHITE CHERT. 
(Cat. No. 99312, U.S.N.M. Boone County, Missouri. G. W. Clemens.) 


. QUARTZ PORPHYRY. 
(Cat. No. 36912, U.S.N.M. Catawba County, North Carolina. J.T. Humphreys.) 
Fig. 3. YELLOW JASPER. 
(Cat. No. 98438, U.S.N.M. (Chenati Mountains, Presidio. Texas. T. Rk. Stewart.) 
Fig. 4. PINKISH- WHITE FLINTY CHERT. 
(Cat. No. 99336, U.S.N.M. Boone County, Missouri. G. W. Clemens.) 
. DARK-BROWN FLINTY CHEERY. 
(Cat. No. 22173, U.S.N.M. Cattaraugus County, New York. Mrs. L.N. Wright.) 
Fig. 6. FINE CHERT, COLOR OF BEESWAX. 
(Cat. No. 15753, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. W.G. Harford.) 
Fig. 7. BLUISH-BROWN CHERTY FLINT. 
(Cat. No, 42960, U.S.N.M. Paxton, Sullivan County, Indiana. J. W. Spencer.) 


Fig. 8. GRAY CHALCEDONIC FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 8234, U.S.N.M. Ohio. J. H. Devereux.) 


Fig. 9. FINE-GRAINED QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 8563, U.S.N.M. Mound near Fort Wadsworth, Dakota. Dr. J. A. Comfort, 
U.S. A.) 


Fig. 10. BRILLIANT-WHITE CHALCEDONY. 
(Cat. No. 29683a, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. Stephen Bowers.) 


Fig. 11. SHINING-PINKISH CHALCEDONY. 

(Cat. No. 29685, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. Stephen Bowers.) 
Fig. 12. WHITISH-GRAY OPALESCENT QUARTZ. | 

(Cat. No. 29683b, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. Stephen Bowers.) 


Fig. 18. BLack BASALT (?). 
(Cat. No. 15760, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. W.G. Harford.) 


= 

_ 
aR 

bo 


ry 

en 
3g 

or 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 899 


Figs. 96 to 101, inclusive, are inserted for the purpose of completing 
the series and are not specially mentioned. The material, size, locality, 
etc., are given in their accompanying legends. 


Fig. 101. 


c NY Sih 4 
i i ; 
nm N il, : 


x ‘ < 


a 4 
Ny ayes 


SiGe 
: ca ] 


Fig. 96. Fig. 97. Fig. 98. 
LEAF-SHAPED ARROWPOINTS, POINTED AT BOTH ENDS. DIVISION I, CLASS A. 
Fig. 96.—Obsidian, 44x 14x 2, Stockton, California. Cat. No. 32363, U.S.N.M. 
Fig. 97._Pale gray flint, 63x 13x 7, Hardin County, Ohio. Cat. No. 9784, U.S.N.M. 
Fig. 98.—Flinty chert, §4x14x#8, Oregon. Cat. No. 21743, U.S.N.M. 
Fig. 99.—Dark brown jasper, 44x 2}x4, Trinity, Louisiana. Cat. No. 6633, U.S.N.M. ~ 
Fig. 100.—Yellowish brown jasper, 33 x 1x4, District of Columbia. Cat. No. 5406, U.S.N.M. 
Fig. 101.—Gray flint, 13x 4x ,3,, San Miguel Island, California. Cat. No. 15760, U.S.N.M. 
CLASS B.—POINTED AT ONE END; CONCAVE, STRAIGHT, OR CONVEX BASE. (Plates 
29, 30.) 


BOOUQ0O00 


These have the same general appearance as Class A. They may be 
oblong, oval, or ovate, with truncated base, concave, straight, or convex. 
They are usually larger, and are the commoner form of the leaf-shaped 


900 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


in the United States. The large argillite specimens from Trenton, 
New Jersey, found by Dr. C. C. Abbott, belong to this class. These 
are exceedingly interesting and deserve profound study, as they may > 


Fig. 102. 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF ARGIL- 
LITE, WITH STRAIGHT BASE. 


Trenton, New Jersey. 
Division I, Class B. 52x 2, x 3. 
Cat. No. 19367, U.S.N.M. 


prove the connecting link between the Paleo- 
lithic and Neolithic periods in the United 
States. It will be remembered how the leaf- 
shaped implements were common to both 
periods. These are of argillite, the material 
used exclusively for the Trenton implements 
in the glacial gravels of the Delaware. 

Fig. 102 is one of these argillite leaf-shaped 
implements found by Dr. Abbott at Trenton. 
Its shape is shown in the illustration. One 
of these specimens is photographed in the 
classification, leaf-shaped, Class B (Plate 29, 
fig. 3). The material seems to have been 
easily chipped; it could be struck off in 
broad, thin flakes, shell-shaped, and not long, 
straight, and narrow as with flint, obsidian, 
and other chippable materials. Therefore, 
the chipping appears 
gross, yet the desid- 
eratum of a thin, sharp 
implement is obtained. 

Fig. 103 is another of 
the same material and 
from the same locality. 
The same remark is to 
be made as to its flakes. 


Fig. 104 is from Paxton, Sullivan County, Indi- 
ana. Comparison of these three objects will 
manifest the difference in the chipping of the 
material. Although the surface of the latter 
(fig. 104) is much smaller than that of the former, 
yet the number of flakes struck from it is three 


times greater. The argillite specimens (figs. 102, — 


103) have, respectively, but 12 and 13 flakes 
struck from the broad side; the jaspery flint (fig. 
104) has no less than 40. The argillite, contrary 
to its appearance, is quite hard, and takes and 
holds a fairly sharp edge; altogether, it was a 
good material and recommended itself for stone 
implements. 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF 
ARGILLITE, WITH STRAIGHT 
BASE. 


Trenton, New Jersey. 
Division I, Class B. 


47 x 23 x 3. 


Cat. No. 19863, U.S.N.M. 


Figs. 105 and 106 represent specimens of leaf-shaped implements 
from Ohio. They are of flint, and, while sharp at the point, are so 
convex at the base as to pass gradually into the disk form so plentiful » 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 901 


in their locality. These formed part of a cache of 201 specimens found 
in 1872 by 8. W. Briggs in Sullivan Township, Ashland County, about 
18 inches beneath the surface, deposited in a keg-like vessel of the 
bark of the red elm, 10 or 12 inches in diameter and 13 inches in height. 
The specimens average in size from 4 inches long, 2 to 23 inches wide, 
and three-eighths of an inch thick. 

Fig. 107 is a beautiful specimen, as delicate as though it had been 
intended for use in a lady’s dressing case. It is but one-eighth of an 
inch thick. It is of dark-gray lustrous flint, with a patina similar to 
that on the Chelléen implements from the gravels of the 
rivers Somme and Ouse in Europe. 

The late Paul Schumacher found such leaf-shaped points in 

southern California graves under 


circumstances which remove all 
doubts as to their having been the 


i) res 
Y YAN 
Me A Q 


Fig. 104. Fig. 105. Fig. 106. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 


NN aul 


LEAF -SHAPED IMPLEMENT LEAF - SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF 
aoe OF DARK GRAY FLINT, DARK GRAY FLINT, WITH CON- 
ge WITH CONVEX BASE. VEX BASE. 

WITH CONVEX BASE. ae 
Division I, Class B. Division I, Class B. Division I, Class B. 
5x 1§ x +5. 4x 2x4. 3X 23x 75. 
Cat. No. 49957, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 15257, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 15258, U.S.N.M. 


armatures of arrows. He saw, moreover, among the Indians of Oregon, arrows 
tipped with leaf-shaped flint points. (Rau.) 

Fig. 108, from Santa Barbara County, California, is a peculiar, 
long, thin, narrow blade, with a sharp point, and, interesting to 
remark, its base shows traces of asphaltum or bitumen, by which 
its shaft or handle was attached. This demonstrates the mode of 
attachment, but does not aid in the solution whether it was intended 
for use as a knife or an arrow; that, the shaft or handle alone could 
determine. 

Fig. 109, knife or arrowpoint, is even longer and thinner than the 
former (fig. 108). 

Fig. 110 is of the same general type and from the same general local- 
ity. The patina is apparent. Fig. 111 has the same general appear- 
ance as fig. 107, but is broader and more oval. Its edges near the point 
are made concave, so that the point is more delicate and pronounced. 


902 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 112 is a beautiful specimen of translucent chalcedony, and is 
wrought to a true and even edge by almost infinitesimal flaking. The 
point and edges one-third way up are smoothed as if 
by use, not polished, but as though the sharpness of 
the edge had been worn off. Itis a 
fine specimen. 

Fig. 113 is of porphyritie felsite, 
which forms so large a portion of the 
: material for prehistoric implements 

Fig. 107. ‘from eastern Massachusetts. ig. 
LEAF-sHAPeD impLte- 114 is of reddish quartzite, fine- 

runt wrencowves grained and hard. It is from Rhode 

BASE. Island, and has convex edges and a 
San Miguel Island, gtraight base. Fig.115 was found at 
BG sale me Chattanooga in ‘'ennessee by Messrs. j 

Bers = Read and Dayton, but is of the white ee ON 
Cat. No. 29685, u.s.n.M. flint which belongs to Illinois and ‘ynyr or JasPERY 

Missouri, and is a form common to — Grayisnruint,wita 
those Western States. It is widest near the base, °XY***4S% 

2 : 5 Division I, Class B. 
and from the place of its greatest expansion to the res 
point the edges are straight, and cat, no. 90516, u.s.N.M. 
not convex as usual. Fig. 116, from 
Knox County, Lllinois, is of the pale-gray flint with 
the lustrous chalcedonie appearance common to that 
State. It is deeply weathered, espe- 
cially at the two ends, where it is 
thin. Fig. 117 is elliptical and sym- 
metrical. The edges are smooth and 
sharp, with fine chipping of long and 
regular shell-like flakes reaching 
from the edge to the center ridge. 
It is a specimen of the most dif- 

Fig. 109. ficult flint chipping in the Museum. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMrIy There are 48 flakes shown on the 

MENT OF OBSIDIAN, 

witH convex nase. twosides. They are one-half to five- 
San Miguel Island, eighths of an inch in width and 14 Fig. 110. 

ey keen to14 inches in length,and arescarcely ‘®A®- SHAPED IMPLE- 
Division I, Class B. ; MENT OF LUSTROUS 

peace: thicker than parchment. Such fine — ogarceponic runt 
Cat. No. 9646, u.s.N.M. WOrk is beyond the skill of any one  O®siLiciFIED woop, 
° : . . . WITH CONVEX BASE. 

known to historic times. This speci- 


San Miguel Island, 


men was found by Mr. John G. Henderson, of Win- California. 
chester, Illinois, in a burial mound near Naples, Llli- _ Division I, Class B. 
nois, associated with numerous curious objects—copper BEX FX ys. 


hatchets, elaborate pipes, Pyrula shells, ete.—and is °**” ¥®) 0-5N-M- 
described by him.' Fig.118 is of yellow jasper, of oval form, with con- 


' Smithsonian Report, 1882, p. 696, fig. 11. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 903 


vex edges and straight base, more than usual thickness, rude appear- 
ance. The large and irregular flaking marks it as something different 


from the former specimens. 


Its plane is twisted nearly 


one-half aninch. There is no evidence of use. Tig. 


its 
\\\ 
WZ ey \ : 
ih 4; A\\ WY (\ 
Da eS ul i Oo \ ‘ 
af ie 
i 
ai | EE \) y 
Se ‘ . = ae lig. 
hi ee 
Mo TN We 
Fig. 112. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF TRANS- 
LUCENT CHALCEDONY, WITH 
STRAIGHT BASE. 
‘Tennessee. 
Division I, Class B. 
9x3 xt. 


Cat. No, 6801, U.S.N.M. 


119 is leaf-shaped, convex 
but not rounded base, broad. 
in proportion, with convex 
edges and sharp point. 

Fig. 120 is pale blue, 
almost white, chalcedonic 
flint, from Flint Ridge, 
Licking County, Ohio. The 
characteristic small quartz 
crystals are to be seen on 
its surface. Its base and 
edges are both convex, as 
shown in the illustration. 
The edges all around have 


Fig. 111. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 
MENT OF PALE GRAY 
CHALCEDONIC FLINT 
WITH CONVEX BASE. 
San Miguel Island, 
California. 
Division I, Class B. 
1gx xi. 
Cat. No. 29688, U.S.N.M. 


been chipped so 


thin that the light will show through. Dr. 


Rau has said this was 
probably a knife, and it 
may have been, but there 
is nothing except its com- 
parative width to indicate 
anything different from 
any other implement of 
the same class, and what 
it might have been is de- 
terminable only by the 
shaft or handle. If it had 
a long shaft, then this was 
an arrow or spear; if a 
short handle, then it was 
a knife; and as to which 
it had we know nothing, 
either by direct or cir- 
cumstantial evidence. 
Figs. 121 to 123 are speci- 
mens belonging to this 
class, but have no particu- 
lar characteristics. They 


are inserted for the purpose of completing the 


series. Their material, size, and locality are given 


legends. 


LEAF- SHAPED  IMPLE- 
MENT OF PORPHYRITIC 
FELSITE, WITH CONVEX 
BASE. 

Dartmouth, Bristo’ 

County, Massachusetts 


Division I, Class B. 


44x2x}. 
Cat. No. 18015, U.S.N.M. 


at length in their 


904 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


al) 
-) 
\) 


Wy 
) 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS. DIVISION I, CLASS Be 
Fig. 114.—Straight base. 13}x3x 3. Kingston, Rhode Island. Cat. No. 18018, U.S.N.M. 
Fig. 115.—White flint, with straight base. 33x18x§. Cat. No. 5947, U.S.N.M. 
Fig. 116.—Convex base. 23x1}x4. Cat. No.31987, U.S.N.M. 


Fig. 117.—-Dark-gray flint, with convex base. 7$x21)x%. Mound near Naples, Mlinois. Cat. No. 
43133, U.S.N.M. 


Fig. 118.—Straight base. 44x 23x §. Piscataway, Maryland. Cat. No. 5833, U.S.N.M. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 905 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS. DIVISION I, CLASS B. 


Fig. 119.—Pale-gray chert, with convex base. 2}x1$x4. Texas. Cat. No. 2404,U.S.N.M. 

Fig. 120.—Convex base. 34x1%xi. Cat. No. 8234, U.S.N.M. 

Fig. 121.—Pale-gray chalcedonic flint, with convex base. 2}x1%x4. Flint Ridge, Licking County, 
Ohio. Cat. No. 8234a, U.S.N.M. 

Fig. 122.—Dark lustrous pyromachic flint, with convex base. 54x 24x¥%. Flint Ridge, Licking 
County, Ohio. Cat. No. 16461, U.S.N.M. 

Fig. 123.—Light-gray flint, with straight base. 2gx13x4. Ohio. Cat. No. 11197, U.S.N.M. 


906. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


CLASS C.—LONG, NARROW BLADES WITH STRAIGHT, PARALLEL EDGES, SHARP POINTS, 


BASE CONCAVE, STRAIGHT, OR CONVEX. 


a b 


NEW CALEDONIAN JAYVE- 
LIN (MODERN). 


Sir John Lubbock, ‘‘ Prehistoric 


Times,” a, 44 natural size; 2, 2 
1% 195% 


natural size. 


and beautiful specimens. 


(Plate 31.) 


ANOLE 


This class accommodates the long, narrow blades 


from the Pacific coast. This va- 
riety can be studied in Plate 31, 
leaf-shaped, Class C. Their sides 
and edges are straight, and par- 
allel with each other, or nearly 
so. The convex deflection from a 
straight line by which the point 
is formed, may be abrupt or gen- 
tle according as the point is 
made bluntor tapering. The base 
may be either concave, straight, 
or convex; there seems to have 
been no regularity concerning it. 
In every case it is made by the 
regular chipping. The _ speci- 
mens vary greatly in length and 
width, but all are extremely 
thin, being from one-eighth to 
three-eighths, never more than 
one-half inch. The difference 
between width and length is 
greater than in any other class. 
The specimens on the plate show 
the following extremes: No. 1,83 
by 13by 3, inches; No. 7,3 by by 
*, inches; No. 8, 33 by & by 3, 
inches; No.13,1¢by 4 by d inches. 

The materials of the imple- 
ments of this class are agate, 
chalcedony, flint in its purer 
condition, obsidian, and similar 
fine material. These materials 
are susceptible of delicate chip- 
ping, and the prehistoric work- 
men have employed their oppor- 
tunity with the result of elegant 


Fig. 125. 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF 
BROWNISH-GRAY JASPER, 
WITH CONCAVE BASE AND 
PARALLEL EDGES. 

Santa Barbara County, 
California. 
Division I, Class C. 
83x 13 x9. 

Cat. No. 21632, U.S.N.M. 


The usual remark is to be made as to their 


Fig. 


Fig 


bho 


aud 


EXPLANATION OF PEAS Esa 


13 12 11 10 9 8 


LEAF-SHAPED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class C, Pacifie Coast. 


OPALESCENT CHERT. 
(Cat. No. 21632, U.S.N.M. Santa Barbara County, California. Paul Schumacher., 


. OPALESCENT CHERT. 
(Cat. No, 62484, U.S.N.M. Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara County, California. Capt. G.M. 


Wheeler, U.S. Geological Survey.) 


PINKISH SLATE. 
(Cat. No. 8927, U.S.N.M. West Derby, Vermont. H. W. Norris.) 


. BLack CHALCEDONY. 
(Cat. No. 62481, U.S.N.M. Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara County, California. Capt.G. M. 


Wheeler.) 


OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 25424, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. Stephen Bowers.) 


. Gray CHALCEDONY. ; 


(Cat. No. 171441, U.S.N.M. Burke County, Georgia. Dr. R. Steiner.) 
BROWNISH FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 171441, U.S.N.M. Burke County, Georgia. Dr. R. Steiner.) 
WHITE CHERT. 

(Cat. No. 23674, U.S.N.M. Santa Rosa Island, California. Stephen Bowers.) 


. BLAcK FLiInty CHALCEDONY. Bitumen on stem, evidence of a handle. 


(Cat. No. 26426, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. Stephen Bowers.) 


. 10. YELLOWISH FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 171441, U.S.N.M. Burke County, Georgia, Dr. R. Steiner.) 


Figs. 11. GRAYISH FLINT. 


(Cat. Nos. 20516, U.S.N.M. Santa Barbara County, California. Paul Schumacher.) 


Fig. 12. GRAYISH FLINT. 


(Cat. No, 26415, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island. Stephen Bowers.) 


Fig. 138. GRAYISH FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 15761, U.S.N.M. Santa Barbara County, California. Paul Schumacher.) 


Report of U. S. Nationai Museum, 1897.—Wilson. 


aoe tus ey 


fe 
a 


PLATE 31. 


LEAF-SHAPED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES, 


Class C. 


Pacific coast. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 


having been used as arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives, 


907 
Many of them 


are so wrought that they could not have been held in the hand unpro- 


tected. For example, 
made by the concave or 
needless if theimplements 
dle. That they were used 
the asphaltum or bitumen 
for a perceptible distance 
figs. 107 and 130. This 
not confined to one size or 
nor to one locality. Fig. 


Fig. 126. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF 


- GRAY FLINT OR JASPER, 
WITH STRAIGHT BASE AND 
PARALLEL EDGES. 

Barbara 

California. 

Division I, Class C. 

7} x2x x- 
Cat. No. 21631, U.S.N.M. 


Santa County, 


mata 
ny I iH gl 


mu 


( 


Fig. 127. 
LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 
MENT, WITH CONCAVE 
BASE AND PARALLEL 
EDGES. 


California. 
Division I, Class C. 
103x114 xi. 

Cat. No. 21626, U.S.N.M. 


those with sharp corners 
square bases would be 
were to be without a han- 
with handles is proved by 
still adhering to the base 
up the blade, as shown in 
evidence of handling is 
kind of these implements, 
108 is but 3? inches long 


id 
hi a 


Fig. 128. 
LEAF - SHAPED IMPLEMENT 
OF LUSTROUS FLINT OR 


CHALCEDONY, WITH 
SLIGHTLY CONCAVE BASE 
AND PARALLEL EDGES. 
California. 
Division I, Class C. 
Cat. No. 62484, U.S.N.M. 


and seven-sixteenths of an inch wide, while fig. 130 measures 10 by 1} by 


three-eighths inches. 


In the chapter on knives we will revert to these 


specimens and show them with their handles attached with bitumen. 


908 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 124, a specimen of modern spear of obsidian flakes from New 
Caledonia, attached to a thin handle or shaft by means of gum, bitumen, 
or asphalt, and, taken from Sir John Lubbock’s 


Fig. 125 is an extremely thin, 
finely chipped object, from Santa 
Barbara County, California, and 
is a sample of those from the 
Pacific coast. Weare to remark 
the long, narrow blade, the par- 
allel edges, the fine material, the 
delicate chipping, and the ex- 


these implements from this lo- 
eality. The specimens on Plate 
ol will serve as further illustra- 
tions. 

Fig. 126 is another of the 
long, narrow, and thin flint or 
jasper implements from the Pa- 
cific coast. Although it is 73 
RAPSHAPED IMptinewe or aches Jong and.2 meches wide; 

LusrrousriinrorcHatce- it is but one-eighth of an inch 


DONY, WITH CONCAVE BASE Wan) — 
Pe rie ir is thick. It, with two or three 


i) 
ys 
y 


Dane 
ek 
Ail 


California. other specimens, is peculiar in 
Division I, Class C. that, though thin, they have 

Ex 2x ye. not been reduced by chipping. 
Cat. No. 21628, U.S.N.M. 


They are quite flat in section, 
reduced in thickness only to form the edge. This pecu- 
liarity is caused by the layer of flint being of natural 
formation in its present thickness, The deposit of flint, 
however made, has been intercalated with a layer on 
each side of what has the appearance of lime or chalk, 
the surface being broken by right lines into parallelo- 
gramic figures, as shown in the illustration. Only 
slight chipping was necessary to reduce the imple- 
ment to a sharp edge. For the better understanding 
of this, reference is made to Plate 31, fig. 2. 

Fig. 127 is the longest, thinnest, and narrowest of 
these leaf-shaped objects from the Pacific coast. Its 
edges are parallel for nearly the entire length. It is 
slightly thicker nearer the base, which is strongly con- 
cave. It is of gray flint or jasper, and has been de- 
posited in the strata mentioned in the description of 
fig. 126, of which traces are shown in the illustration. 


treme thinness as peculiarities of 


Prehistoric Times, is inserted for comparison. 


LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 
MENT OF BLACK 
FLINT, WITH CON- 
CAVEBASE AND PAR 
ALLEL EDGES. 

California. 
Division I, Class C. 
10x 13x. 

Cat. No. 62483, U.S.N.M. 


The edges have 


been wrought by chipping, and they, with the point and barbs, are fine 


and sharp. 


7 


ae VeP as 
ee es | 
™ us 


_ za, 
Meee 


Te 


PLATE 32. 


Report of U, S. National Museum, 1897,—Wilson. 


"SSAINH YO 'SOVSHYVAdS ‘SLNIODMOYYY YVINONVIY | 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 32. 


1 


= 

=r 
a 

o 


Fig. 6. 
Figs. 7, 
Fig. 9. 
Fig. 10. 
Fig. 11. 


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
6 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 


TRIANGULAR ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


GREEN CHALCEDONY. 
(Cat. No. 18048.U.S.N.M. Westerly, Washington County, Rhode Island. J.H. Clark.) 


. GREENISH FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 18057, U.S.N.M. Cumberland, Providence County, Rhode Island. J.H. Clark.) 


YELLOW FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 171438, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Burke County, Georgia. Dr. RK. Steiner.) 


. GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 6177, U.S.N.M. Stillwater, Washington County, New York. Col. E. Jewett.) 
BLUE-BLACK FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 1714838a,U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Geergia. Dr. Roland Steiner.) 
LIGHT-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 11107,U.S.N.M. Milnersville,Guernsey County, Ohio. D.'T. Thompson.) 
8. YELLOW FLINT. 
(Cat. Nos. 1714380, 171438¢e, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Georgia. Dr. Roland Steiner.) 
PORPHYRITIC FELSITE. ’ 
(Cat. No. 18060, U.S.N.M. Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. J. H. Clark.) 
FINE-GRAINED QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 18034, U.S.N.M. Chilmark, Dukes County, Massachusetts. J.H. Clark. 
DARK-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 31587, U.S.N.M. Bainbridge, York County, Pennsylvania. F.G.Gailbraith.) 


. QUARTZ PORPHYRY. 


(Cat. No. 18021, U.S N.M. Wickford, Washington County, Rhode Island. J. H. Clark.) 
LIGHT-BROWN FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 10004, U.S.N.M. Camden County, Georgia. Gen. C. R. Floyd.) 
WHITE QUARTZ. 

(Cat. No. 18033, U.S.N.M. Essex, Middlesex County, Connecticut. J.H. Clark.) 


. DARK-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 113819, U.S.N.M. Kanawha County, West Virginia. Bureau of Ethnology. 
P. W. Norris.) 

DARK-GRAY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 18031, U.S.N.M. East Haddon, Middiesex County, Connecticut. J. H. Clark.) 
GRAY CHERT. 

(Cat. No. 22175, U.S.N.M Sheridan, Chautauqua County, New York. N. Gould.) 
BLACK FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 18086, U.S.N.M. Mound in Ohio. J. H. Clark.) 
WHITE FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 21921, U.S.N.M. Waukegan, Lake County, Illinois. J. W-. Milner.) 


. DaRK-BROWN JASPER. 


(Cat. No. 12744, U.S.N.M. Oregon. Paul Schumacher.) 
S 


BLACK FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 5315, U.S.N.M. Llano County, Texas. A. R. Roessler.) 


. GREENISH FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 32239, U.S.N.M. Catawba County, North Carolina. J.T. Humphrey.) 
VARIEGATED FLINT, BROWN AND GRAY. 
(Cat. No. 29683, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California, Stephen Bowers.) 


. GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 16471, U.S.N.M. Southern Ohio. Dr. C. A. Miller.) 


. DARK FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 29961,U.S.N.M. Louisburg, Franklin County, North Carolina. I. G. Foster.) 


. BROWN JASPER. 


(Cat. No. 20275, U.S.N.M. Oregon. Paul Schumacher.) 


. WHITE CHERT. 


(Cat. No. 136959, U.S. N.M. Labette County, Kansas. W.S. Hill.) 


— 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 909 


Figs. 128 and 129 (see Plate 31, fig. 2) belong to the same class. They 
are from the same locality, Santa Barbara County, California, and 


evidently the same material, which is stratified flint 
or chalcedony, lustrous, having the appearance of a 
brilliant patina. The edges are parallel and the bases 
slightly concave. 

We now pass to an implement having sufticient re- 
semblance to require its placement in Class C, and 
although from the same locality as the foregoing im- 
plement, it has such a difference of material, work- 
manship, and apparently of service, that its manufac- 
ture and use may have been separated from them by 
long time or distance or perhaps both. Two speci- 
mens of this kind are here shown (figs. 130, 131). They 
are from Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara County, Califor- 
nia, are of black flint, and bear traces (especially the 
larger, fig. 150) of bitumen having served as an attach- 
ment for a handle. (See p. 906 and fig, 124.) 

Fig. 130 represents an implement, 10 inches long 
and 14 inches wide, its edges being perfectly straight 
and parallel for 74 inches of the length, and of ex- 
quisite workmanship. Fig. 131, though not so large 
is equally as fine (Plate 31, fig. 4). The edges and 
points are smooth and sharp. The chipping by which 
they have been reduced has been fine, with small and 
delicate flakes running from the edge to the center 
ridge. An inspection of the illustrations will show 
the beauty of the work. Both specimens bear traces 
of the bitumen by which the shaft or handle was 
fastened. 


DIVISION II—TRIANGULAR. (Plate 32.) 


Fig. 131. 

LEAF-SHAPED IMPLE- 
MENT OF BLACK 
FLINT, WITH CONVEX 
BASE AND PARALLEL 
EDGES. 

California. 
Division I, Class C. 
7x1gx x. 

Cat. No. 62481, U.S.N.M. 


AV AVANATATIVA 


This division ineludes all arrowpoints or spearheads in the form of a 
triangle, whether the bases or edges be straight, convex, or concave. 
It might be that the concavity or convexity of the lines of the edges 
would,-in strict geometrical nomenclature, exclude this from being 
called a triangle, but the author ignores this criticism and has kept 


the name given by many others and understood by all. 


This class ineludes all kinds of triangles, whether equilateral or 
isosceles, and whatever may be the relation of length between the 


910 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


lines of base and edge. The edges may be convex or concave and 
the base with an exaggerated concavity, the two corners forming barbs, 
the arrow shaft the stem (Plate 32, figs. 3, 8, 20, 23, 26). Some of these 
implements are extremely rude, especially those of quartz and of jas- 
per, which are refractory material, but many of these have been deli- 
cately and finely chipped. 

Triangular arrowpoints, while found in great profusion in some local- 
ities, are not nearly so numerous throughout the country as other divi- 
sions. They appear in greater numbers on the Atlantic coast than in 
the interior. Dr. Abbott says that in a series of 3,300 arrowpoints from 
Mercer County, New Jersey, 1,428 were triangular. Although this 
may be the simplest form of arrowpoint, yet the author doubts if that 
be evidence of its having had any precedence in manufacture, or that 
there was any evolution from it to other forms. That there may 
have been relationship is granted. The arrow maker may have made 
indifferently the triangular aud leaf-shaped, and he may have changed 
from one to the other, dependent upon the peculiarities of the material 
and the success with which he was able to work it, and the question of 
fashion and custom can not be ignored. It is thought these reasons 
are sufficient to account for the infinite variety of shape in arrowpoints. 

The author has laid down no hard and fast lines of division in this 
classification. Some of the leaf-shaped may have had their bases and 
edges straightened (Plate 30, fig. 8), and the triangular had their 
corners rounded until the two divisions came together (Plate 32, figs. 1, 
6); so also with the leaf-shaped and the stemmed. Some of the former 
have been notched near the base and thus been changed to stemmed, 
and so on through the entire system. This classification is made for 
the student and for convenience of description; therefore there will be 
overlapping of the dividing lines between the classes, as will be read- 
ily seen by referring to Plate 32. This must be accepted unless we 
would make infinitesimal divisions and every slight difference in form 
make a separate class. So each division includes all forms which 
approach nearest to it, even if they have peculiarities which make it 
difficult to harmonize. Some of the peculiarities in the triangular 
division are to be noted. One is where the convexity of the edges 
continued te the base brings a close resemblance to Division I, leaf- 
shaped, Class B, (Plate 30, figs. 1, 6). Another is the widening just at 
the base, by which the implement takes on a slight bell shape (Plate 
31, fig.10); another is where the edges of the triangle do not come ina 
straight line nor yet in a curved line from the point to the base, but 
make an angle midway between the two and give the implement a pen- 
tagonal form rather than strictly triangular (fig. 178). A few of the 
triangular forms have serrated or beveled edges, though this is rare. 
Occasionally the barbs on one side are longer than the other. There is 
no rule for the concavity of the base; it varies from almost a straight 
line to a depth equal to one-third of the length of the implement. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 


a 


Dr. Rau, in the paper already mentioned, gave expression to the pos- 
sibility of the triangular implement not having been an arrowpoint, 
but that the point may have been intended for inser- 


tion in a handle, and the base, being sharp, intended 
for a cutting implement and to be used for a chisel. 


(18057) 
Fig. 133. 


TRIANGULAR ARROWPOINT OR 
SPEARHEAD, WITH STRAIGHT 
EDGES AND CONCAVE BASE. 


Rhode Island. 


(See p. 887.) 

However, the author does not 
subscribe to this opinion nor 
adopt the theory. He believes 
these were, of all others, plain, 
simple arrowpoints and never 
intended for anything else, ex- 
cept, possibly, that the heavier 
ones might have been attached 
to longer shafts and used as 
javelins. This would be practi- 
cally the same use as an arrowpoint, and no one, 
not finding the shaft or knowing its size or length, 
could know from any inspection of the implement 


Fig. 132. 
TRIANGULAR, EQUI- 
LATERAL ARROW- 
POINT. 

Nantucket Island, 
Massachusetts. 
Division IT. 
1gx1}x2. 

Cat. No. 18060, U.S.N.M. 


ee this difference in its use. 

could have been used as a 
chisel, for none of them that 
he has ever seen show any marks of use at the 
base. The greater proportion of them, as has 
been said, have concave bases, and especially is 
this true of those with sharp edges. A chisel 
with a concave base is unknown in our study 
of prehistoric man, and one can scarcely sug- 
gest the necessity for an implement possessing 
this peculiarity, whether its use be by the Indian 
or the white man, historic or pre- 
historic. If thus used asa chisel, 
that which is now regarded as 
the point becomes the stem and 
is to be inserted into its handle; 
this would make a broad-ended 


- 
Qax 1sx s. 
Cat. No. 18057, U.S.N.M. 


Fig. 139. chisel with a concave edge. A 
TRIANGUTAR AREOW- cutting edge of such width would 
POINT, WITH CON- 


CAVE BASE. 
Chilmark, Massachn- 
setts. 
Division II. 
Ijx1lx. 

Cat. No. 18045, U.S.N.M. 


He does not think it 


Hai ie 
vite is We 
et ay 
Ke mi ved BY oy 
(177) 
Fig. 134. 
TRIANGULAR ARROWPOINT OF 
GRAY FLINT, WITH CONCAVE 
EDGES AND BASE. 


Stillwater, Washington 
County, New York. 
Division IT. 

25 x1gx xe. 

Cat. No. 6177, U.S.N.M. 


give great purchase as against the handle, and if one 
should attempt to use these outside edges or corners 
after the manner of a chisel, the implement would be 
in danger of breaking out of its handle, or, if this was 
avoided, would require a stronger fastening than we 


could imagine that it ever received at the hands of the 


Indian. 


No handle fastened with a thong, sinew, cord, or even bitumen 


would ever be able to hold this implement handled in this way when used 


912 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


as a chisel. One has but to look at the modern chisel with its long 
steel tang well fitted and driven hard into a solid oak handle with a 
collar to receive the bottom of the handle, making the entire implement 
as firm in its handle as though it was all one piece. Watch the 
mechanie as he uses his chisel, strong and well-handled 
as it is, and see the purchase it has when used on the 
corners, and anyone will shortly understand the impos- 
sibility of the ancient handling being strong enough 
to stand this use. The same objection applies with 
equal force against the use of the implement as a knife, 
even when handled at the base as is the arrow. It 
BUSS aa ee Ta would inevitably twist and slip and become loose in 

port, peepty cox. tS handle, and so worthless. The author has, through- 


CAVE. out this paper, contented himself with stating facts 
eer. and has not advanced theories of his own nor argued 
Division IT. 


those of others; but in the pres- 
ent case he thinks a considera- 
tion of the situation and an in- 
vestigation of the surroundings will show that 
these implements were not used on their edges as 
cutting or sawing implements, 
either as chisels or knives, but 
solely for thrusting or striking 
with the point as arrows; but 
whether as arrows they were 
weapons of war or javelins for Fig. 137. 
game he has no opinion, and TRIANGULAR ARROWPOINT OF 
A . WHITE QUARTZ. 
no amount of examination of Dace 
the object itself serves to eluci- ox 2xh. 
date the theory. Cat. No. 8233, U.S.N.M. 
Fig. 132 is almost an equi- 
lateral triangle. It is of the porphyritic felsite 
common to eastern Massachusetts, and is thick, 
heavy, and rudely made. Its point is sharp, but not 
the barbs. It is a good representation of the aver- 
TRIANGULAR Arrow. age and usual size and appearance of the triangular 
POINT OF PALE GRAY arrowpoint. 
fees Tae de ak? Fig. 133 is one of the larger triangular arrowpoints 
St.George, Washington Or Spearheads. Itisof dark-gray flint, almost black. 
eowuty, sab Its edges are straight and its base concave, symmet- 


1g xix}. 
Cat. No, 12744, U.S.N.M. 


Uh Rem rical from every view, delicately chipped to regular 
are and smooth point, edges, barbs, and base 
Cat. No. 20991, U.S.N.M. and Smoo po , cages, Dards, ASG. 


Fig. 134 is quite thin, delicately chipped, showing 
very small serrations. The edges and base are concave. The points 
and barbs are fine and sharp. Fig. 135 is of white quartz, and for 
this material well and regularly chipped. It is quite symmetrical, 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 913 


with sharp, smooth point and edges. These appear mostly on the 
Atlantic coast. 

Fig. 136 is one of those elegant and minute arrowpoints which have 
made Oregon renowned in the world of archeology. It is dark-brown 
jasper, is triangular in form, with long, tapering point. Its edges are 
very slightly concave, but the base is so deeply concave that the 
corners form long, slender barbs. Other specimens from the same 
locality have notches on the edges near the base, by means.of which the 
sinew or cord fastens the head to its shaft, but this, and indeed noue of 
the triangulars, have any such contrivance. 

Fig. 137 is one of the triangular forms from Massachusetts. It is 
rude and irregular on edges and base. 

Fig. 138, although with an elongated point, yet is to be classed as tri- 
angular. It is a marvel of flint chipping. Four and a quarter inches 
long and 13? inches wide, it is nowhere more than one-eighth of an inch 
in thickness. This is as thin as any specimen can be expected. The 
base of this specimen is slightly convex; the edges are nearly straight. 
They and the point are fine and sharp. 

Some of the specimens from the Pacific coast, figured in leaf-shaped, 
Class C, are as thin as this, but, as described, this was their natural 
thickness. They were separated from each other by a deposit of extra- 
neous matter. This specimen is not of such formation. It has been 
wrought out of a solid block of flint, and was effected by those broad 
and thin flakes so often found, running from the edge, the point of pres- 
sure, to the center, widening into the form of a shell, and reducing the 
thickness of the implement almost as much at the center as at the edge. 
This system is the perfection of flint chipping. It shows u high degree 
of manual dexterity, and is one of the lost arts, for no workman 
known in historic times has been able to reproduce it. 


DIVISION II—STEMMED. 


The author has not made this class depeudent upon the lines of 
the edges or bases of these implements; they may be either convex, 
straight, or concave, and neither of these will have any effect as to 
which class the implement is to be assigned. He has considered that 
it made but slight difference to the primitive hunter or warrior when 
about to use one of these implements, either as an arrowpoint, spear- 
head, or as a knife, whether it should be convex, straight, or con- 
cave, provided the point was sharp and the cutting edge keen and 
smooth. If to be used for piercing, the desideratum was a sharp point, 
the shape of the edge had no effect and was of no interest, and if 
as a knife and the edges to be used saw fashion, back and forth, it 
made little difference whether that edge should be concave, straight, 
or convex. As all stemmed implements presuppose a handle or shaft 
which incloses the stem, it makes equally slight difference whether 
the base of that stem should be concave, straight, or convex; there- 

NAL MUS 97——)8 


914 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


fore the author has not allowed any of these distinctions to influence 
his classification. 

That these different classes and the forms on which they depend 
should overlap and run into one another would seem inevitable, thus 
making it sometimes doubtful to which class the implement should 
belong, and even difficult to decide correctly. The classification which 
is proposed, and indeed any classification which can be made is, as 
before stated, rather for the convenience of the modern student than 
from any intention of the primitive maker or user of these implements. 
While there may have been workshops which turned out certain forms of 
implements more than others, and while certain forms are found in 
given localities in greater numbers than in others, yet does not think 
that this was always the result of a well-defined intention on the part 
of the maker. If an arrowpoint, intended to have a convex edge, should 
by an unlucky stroke or an unintentional break be spoilt for that shape, 
it could still be remodeled and the edge made straight instead of con- 
vex, or concave instead of straight. So, also, that which was intended 
as a barbed arrowpoint, if one of the barbs should be broken, the barb 
on the other side could also be chipped off and the implement be made 
shouldered, but not barbed; and so on in other instances. 

The author has bethought of what he considers a good illustration of 
the differences in these implements. In the show window of a modern 
shoe store will be seen shoes of every imaginable shape, size, kind, and 
variety; no two pairs of them are alike, running the entire range from 
large to small, from coarse to fine, from high to low, from thick to thin, 
from costly to cheap; yet they are all shoes, and all intended for the 
same object of foot wear. The workmen may all make the same kind 
of shoes or make different kinds at different times, yet they surely 
are ali shoemakers. So it was with the arrow makers and the arrow- 
points which they made; the difference in the arrowpoints may have 
been produced partly by the fashion of the locality, by the taste and 
ability of the workmen, or by the possibilities of the material; what 
may have been intended for one kind of arrowpoint may, by reason of 
the refractory material, have been changed to another, and the same 
workmen in the same workshop may, without having seriously intended, 
and perhaps without giving a good reason in every case, have produced 
nearly every kind of arrowpoint. 

If the author made a separate class for every change in detail, he 
would have an infinite number of classes with infinitesimal differences. 
He has preferred to ignore these, make his divisions broad and plain, 
and temporize with the overlapping forms. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. 


PLATE 338. 


STEMMED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class A. 


Fig. 


Wig. ° 2. 


= 
ie 
=] 


1B] 

_. 
0g 

a) 


0: 


jfile 


12. 


13. 


14. 


EXPEANATION IOP PEAT Esss. 


14 13 12 ll 


STEMMED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class A. 
QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 34247, U.S.N.M. Truro, Barnstable County, Massachusetts. A. R. Crittenden.) 


PORPHYRY. 


(Cat. No. 61428, U.S.N.M. La Paz, Lower California. L. Belding.) 


- QUARTZ PORPHYRY. 


(Cat. No. 18100, U.S.N.M. Rhode Island (from a cache of 100 similar objeets. J. H. 
Clark.) 
BLACK QUARTZ PORPHYRY. 


(Cat. No. 32183, U.S.".M. Keeseville, Essex County, New York. A.W. White.) 


. MOTTLED BROWN OBSIDIAN. 


(Cat. No. 21372, U.S.N.M. Hupa Indian Reservation. Stephen Bowers.) 


. QUARTZITE. 


(Cat. No. 6111, U.S.N.M. District of Columbia. Mrs. M. H. Schooleraft.) 


;.- CHALCEDONY. 


(Cat. No. 34417, U.S.N.M. Plantersville, Morehouse County, Iowa. Dr. B. H. Brodnax.) 


ARGILLITE. 


(Cat. No. 19371, U.S.N.M. Trenton, New Jersey. Dr. C. C. Abbott.) 


- WHITE QUARTZ. 


(Cat. No. 19008, U.S.N.M. W. F. Bailey.) 


BROWN JASPER. 
(Cat. No. 34861, U.S.N.M. 


OPALESCENT ('HALCEDONY. 

(Cat. No. 29683, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. 
WHITE QUARTZ. 

(Cat. No. 6443, U.S.N.M. 
QUARTZITE. 

(Cat. No. 1275, U.S.N.M. 
WHITE QUARTZ. 

(Cat. No. 139271, U.S.N.M. District of Columbia. 


Griffin, Spaulding County, Georgia. 
Island in Susqnehannah River. F. G. Gailbraith.) 
Stephen Bowers.) 
Farmingdale, Queens County, New York. J.C. Merritt.) 


Farmingdale, Queens County, New York. J.C. Merritt.) 


S. V. Proudfit.) 


a | , a % “] 
ORI ete oie y rig So 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 915 


CLASS A.—LOZENGE-SHAPED. (Plate 33.) 


\ NA 
do \ 
j ae, 


These implements are usaally small. They are the simplest in form 
and, for the most part, rudest in execution; yet this is no signification 
that they were the beginnings or that there was an evolution from this 


to the more elaborate forms. This simplicity and rude- 
ness may be accounted for in divers ways. The re- 
fractory material may have had something to do with 
it, also the rapidity with which they were required to 
be made and the unskillfulness of the arrow maker. 
They may have been made during his apprenticeship; 
he, who in his beginning made these simplest and 
rudest implements may have so acquired the art as 
afterwards to make the finest and most delicate. 

These form Class A, the first of the 
division of stemmed arrowpoints. 
The existence of a stem implies its 
insertion in a shaft or handle; there- 
fore there can be little or no doubt 
that these were intended to be thus 
used. 

Fig. 159 is one of the largest, as it 


Fig. 140. - 
STEMMED aRRow. 0 Standard of comparison; for the 


POINT OF PorrHY types of implements in that country 


RITIC FELSITE, LOZ- es og 4 ce . i ba dhe 
Ss Sey, ure different from those in other parts 


Edgartown, Dukes Of the United States. It is lozenge- 
County, Massachu- shaped,is soregularly pointed at both 
ae , ends that it is uncertain which end 
08x 14x}. was point and which was base. 

Cat. No. 18103, U.S.N.M. Fig. 140 comes from Massachusetts, 
is similar in form, withits sharp point 

and base, and, curiously enough, is also of porphyritic 
material. These sharp-pointed bases of the class are 
unusual, if not rare, in any part of the United States. 
The more usual form of lozenge shape is shown in fig. 


Fig. 139. 
STEMMED ARROW- 
POINT OF PORPHY- 
RITIC FELSITE, LOZ- 

ENGE-SHAPED. 


La Paz, Lower Cali- 
fornia. 
Division ITI, Class A. 
4x23 xj. 

Cat. No, 61428, U.S.N.M. 


is one of the best in workmanship, of its class in the 
U.S. National Museum. It is of porphyritice material, 
and comes from Lower California, therefore it affords 


STEMMED ARROW- 
POINT OF WHITE 
QUARTZ, LOZENGE- 
SHAPED. 

Division III, Class A. 

1344 x 3x ye- 


Cat. No. 5897, U.S.N.M. 


141, which is of quartz, and comes from Charles County, Maryland. 
The refractory character of this material may account largely for the 
predominance of this simple form and rude style of arrowpoint, It is 


916 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


inordinately thick compared with its width. It is three-fourths of an 
inch wide and five-sixteenths thick, nearly one-half. The leaf-shaped 
implements which have been described were five or six times greater 


in width than thickness. 


The lozenge-shaped arrowhead with a rude but 


Fig. 142. been found showing traces of gum. 
STEMMED ARROW- great size and rudeness of the base 

POINT, LOZENGE- . . 

aay By of some of these implements, they 
East Windsor, Hart- May have been too large to receive 

i ee Con- the small arrow shaft and so may 
Division TH. Classa, lave required comparatively large 

ens and heavy handles. Thus, despite 

Cat.No. 6084,U.S.N.M. their small size as a class, they may 

have served as spears or possibly 

knives—who knows? This is purely conjecture, based 

upon the appearance of the implement itself, and is 

liable to be overturned by the discovery of any new 
fact concerning it. 

Fig. 142, still lozenge-shaped, has 
no shoulder, but has a rudimentary 
base. The arrow maker has not, as 
in the former instance, worked the 
base to a point, but has left it one- 
fourth of an inch in width. This speci- 
men is from Connecticut, is of the 
dark-gray flint common to that State, 


pointed stem without shoulders would appear impossi- 
ble to fasten firmly in an arrow shaft by means of 
ligatures, which suggests that some kind of gum or 
adhesive substance was uséd to make it fast, though 
the author does not know that any such specimen has 


Because of the 


Fig.143. 
STEMMED ARROW- 


POINT, LOZENGE- 
SHAPED. 


Keeseville, Essex 
County, New York. 


Division IT, Class A. 
34x 1 x yh 


Cat. No. 32183, U.S.N.M. 


Fig. 14. and is a fair sample of the average size of this class 


STEMMED ARROW- 


of arrowpoint. 
POINT OF PALE GRAY 


FLINT, LOZENGE- Fig. 143 is of black flint from New York, of larger 
ee size than usual, but carries with it the suaplice of 


Division III, ClassA. 
24x 1x §. 


Cat. No. 57998, U.S.N.M. 


form and rudeness of manufacture mentioned of the 
others. The stem is still lozenge-shaped, no shoulder, 


and again the rudimentary base which here is about 


one-half an inch thiek. 


lig. 144 is a specimen from Tennessee which merely repeats the 


peculiarities of the former specimens. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897,—Wilson. 


PLATE 34. 


STEMMED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES, 


Class B. 


EXP EANATHON OF PLATE 34. 


1 2 3 4 5 6 | 
15 16 cil! 
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 


STEMMED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 
Class B. 


ole CHERT, 


(Cat. No. 6802, U.S.N.M. Ohio. J.H. Devereux.) 


. 2. ROUGH IJRONSTONE. 


(Cat. No. 7007, U.S.N.M. Dennysville, Washington County, Maine. Benjamin Lincoln.) 


g. 3. ARGILLITE. 


(Cat. No. 18004, U.S.N.M. Connecticut. J. H. Clark.) 


. 4. DARK-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 19356, U.S.N.M. Mineral Springs, Arkansas. Dr. E. W. McCreary.) 


Fig. 5. WHITE CHERT. 
(Cat. No. 99307a, U.S.N.M. Boone County, Missouri. G. W. Clements.) 
Fig. 6. QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 748, U.S.N.M. District of Columbia. James Webster.) 
Fig. 7. ARGILLITE. 
(Cat. No. 137563, U.S.N.M. Trenton, New Jersey. Thomas -Wilson.) 
Fig. 8. WHITE FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 59473, U.S.N.M. Hancock County, Illinois. M. Tandy.) 
Fig. 9. PALE-BROWN TRANSLUCENT CHALCEDONY. 
(Cat. No. 59002,U.S.N.M. Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico. Capt. M. Wheeler, U. S. 
Geological Survey.) 
Fig. 10. QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 139253, U.S.N.M. District of Columbia. S. V. Proudfit.) 
Fig. 11. BLack OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No. 34564, U.S.N.M. Stockton, San Joaquin County, California. L. Belding.) 
Fig. 12. PINK CHERT. 


Fig. 


(Cat. No. 48032, U.S.N.M. Stockton, California. L. Belding.) 


13. GREENISH-BLACK FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 42650, U.S.N.M. San Joaquin County, California. L. Belding.) 


Figs. 14, 15. STRAW-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 136960a,b, U.S.N.M. Labette County, Kansas. W.S. Hill.) 


Fig. 16. GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 17493, U.S.N.M. Maysville, Mason County, Kentucky. J. W. Pearce.) 


* f r 
al Gs Ta 
yg 


mad 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVFS. id 


CLASS B.—SHOULDERED BUT NOT BARBED. (Plate 34.) 


JOSGOS DARL 


Implements of this class are more numerous than those of any 
other division. There is this pronounced difference between them and 
any others we have described. The implements have two parts with 
different functions: (1) the blade which com- 
prises the point and edges, and is for piercing or 
cutting, and (2) the stem, for insertion in a 
shaft or handle. 

We can not imagine the 
use of the stem to an ar- 
rowpoint or spearhead 
which would not be in- 
tended for insertion in a 
shaft or handle. The leaf- 
Shaped may or may not 
have been inserted in a 


: Fig. 145. 
handle; many Of them) we Speusrone svone AnROW- 


know were not. It was the POINT INSERTED IN SHAFT AND 


seis a TIED WITH FIBER. 
opinion of Dr. Rauthatin | ae 
Found in peat-moss of Giess- 


certain specimens the base boden, Switzerland. 
had served as a chisel or 
scraper. But the stem had no other function 
than for insertion in a shaft or handle. This 
function was subject to great variations, and, as 
we shall see, there were many kinds of stems 
AS: and great variability in the mode of attachment. 
Fig. 146. Fig. 145 is one of the few specimens of ancient 
STEMMED AkRowPoINt oF arrowheads found attached to its shaft or handle. 
a wot pune. Itcomes from the peat moss of Giessboden, Switz- 
Plainfield, Windham erland, and is figured in Keller’s Lake Dwellings.! 
County, Connecticut. The handle is broken so that it is uncertain 
Division ITT, Class B. whether the implement was arrow or knife, but 
cae gy, the bast or fiber with which it was lashed is still 
discernible. Similar specimens have been found 
occasienally in Ireland and in Germany. 
Figs. 146 and 147 are the simplest and most pronounced of Class 
B, stemmed and shouldered, but not barbed. The stem is straight, 
with parallel edges and straight base; the shoulders are square and at 


'Volume II, Plate XX XIX, No. 15, from which it is reproduced in Eyans’s Ancient 
Stone Implements, p. 364, fig. 343. 


$18 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


~ 


right angles to the stem, and so give it almost a triangular appear- 


ance. 


Fig. 148. 


Fig. 147. STEMMED  ARROWPOINT, 
STEMMED ARKOWPOINT OF SHOULDERED BUT NOT 
GRAY FLINT, SHOUL-, BARBED. 


DERED BUT NOT BARBED. 
Kingston, Washington 
County, Rhode Island. 
Division IIT, Class B. 
3$x 2x4. 

Cat No, 18053, U.S.N.M. 


Groveport, Franklin 
County, Ohio. 
Division III, Class B. 
Bx2x4. 

Cat. No, 7678, U.S.N.M. 


The edges are convex and symmetrical, and the point on the 


median line. They are from 3 to 
5 inches long, and inserted in 
a proper shaft would make a good 
spear or lance, which in the hands 
of a strong and active man would 
bea most effective weapon. Many 
of the implements, all those of 
Class C, seem to have been shoul- 
dered with the idea of making a 
barbed weapon, but the first in- 
tention was to make a stemmed 
weapon. 

Fig. 148 is impure flint border- 
ing on chert or hornstone. The 
implement is rude and thick, the 
edges are rough and untrimmed, 
and the flakes have been large and 
coarse. Whatever of this may be 


charged against the material, it is certain that it might have been better 


finished with more time and greater 
fore, we must consider it as an incom 

Fig.149isof hard grayslate. Itis 
in its chipping, although the outline 
Its stem is straight and parallel, 
cave, the shoulders, instead of being 
upward angle, the corners project 
edges so that they have the ap- 
pearance of barbs projecting hori- 
zoutally and not perpendicularly. 
They never could have beenintended 
to serve as barbs and prevent the 
extraction of the weapon from the 
pierced flesh. The edges beyond 
the corners or barbs are nearly 
straight, but slightly convex at 
the point. The workmanship is so 
rude and the material so refractory, 
that it is with difficulty one can 
discover the flakes by which it was 
worked. 

Fig. 150 is of white quartz from 
Long Island, New York. The mate- 


skill, and, there- 
pleted specimen. 
extremely rough 
may be good. 
the base con- 
square, are at an 
far beyond the 


Fig. 149. 
STEMMED ARROWPOINT 


Fig. 150. 

STEMMED 
POINT, SHOULDERED 
BUT NOT BARBED. 


ARROW- 
OF GREENISH - GRAY 
HARD SLATE, SHOUL- 


DERED BUT NOT §outhold, Suffolk 
BARBED. County (Long Is- 
Georgia. land), New York. 
Division III, Class B. Division III, Class B. 
44xX2X 4%. 2x1ix4. 


Cat, No, 19565, U.S.N.M,. Cat. No. 21208, U.S.N.M. 


rial is in abundance, wrought into oval scrapers, and found in the shell- 


heaps on the eastern end of Long Island. 


Its stem and base are 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 919 


straight, the shoulders are slight and unsymmetrical, while the edges 
are Straight and come to a point. The implement is exceedingly thick, 


the base being more than half as thick as it is wide. 
The workmanship is rude; one can scarcely see where 
any flakes have been struck off, and it would seem to 
have been broken to its present shape by blows given 
at random. We must remodel our 
ideas in regard to arrow shafts if we 
would have this implement inserted 
therein, whether to be fastened by 
ligatures or gum. It is probably 
Sa unfinished. 
Fig. 152. Fig. 15L is somewhat the same form 
STEMMED ARROw- as those just described, but its work- 
AUT Nr baw manship is better. It has been fairly 
New Braunfels, Co. Well chipped, the flakes taken off are 
mal County, Texas. easily recognizable, and the edges all 
Division ITT, ClassB. ground are fairly smooth and sharp. 


STEMMED ARROW- 
POINT, SHOULDERED 
BUT NOT BARBED. 


Tennessee. 
Division ITI, Class B. 
24x 1x55. 


Cat. No. 8238, U.S.N.M. 


1§X EX ye. It is of reddish jasper. The stem is straight and paral- 


Cat. No. 21158, U.S.N.M. 


blade are slightly concave, forming the shoulders; 
while those from the shoulder to the point are convex. 
Fig. 152 is of whitish flint from Texas. It is rude in 
its manufacture, quite thick com- 
pared with the width, the stem is 
straight, the base slightly con- 
cave, the shoulders but little more 
than rudimentary, and altogether 
it serves to emphasize the diffi- 
culty of inserting these imple- 
ments in a shaft in such manner 
as to serve as arrows. 
Fig. 153 is of bluish chalcedony 
from Louisiana. It is much finer 
and better made, thinner compared 
with the width, and would be 
Fig. 154. much easier inserted in an arrow 


STEMMED ARRowpPoINT OF shaftorhandle. Its stem is taper- 
PALE GRAY FLINT, SHOUL- 
DERED BUT NOT BARBED. 


St. Mary County, Mary- 


lel, the base is straight, the edges from the base to the 


STEMMED ARROW- 
POINT, SHOULDERED 
BUT NOT BARBED. 

Plantersville, More- 
house County, 
Louisiana. 

Division ITI, Class B. 


23 x 14x 3. 


Cat. No. 24407, U.S.N.M. 


ing, the base straight, the shoulders indefinite, the 
edges convex and coming together form a point. 


Jand. Fig. 154 has the edges of its blade straight and 
Division TIT, Class B. not convex. The point and corners are somewhat 


33x xd. 
Cat. No. 12185, U.S.N.M. 


rounded; itis shouldered but not barbed, the stem 


is expanding, and the base is slightly concave. 
Its size, length, and width, compared with thickness, place it on the 


border between an arrowpoint and a spearhead. 


920 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1397. 


Fig. 155 is similar to fig. 151, just described. Thongh widely sep 
arated by distance, the former coming from Tennessee, the latter from 
Pennsylvania, they have great resemblance. Both are 
of jasper, with apparently the same style of workman- 
ship. The base, stem, anid shoulders 
of the latter are much the same as 
the former, except that they are ac- 
centuated. The stem is narrower, 
its lines more concave or slightly 
more expanding toward the base, 
where they form corners of an acute 
angle. The base is slightly concave 
gremuep arrow. Wlere the other is straigat. The 

point or yeLtow- implement is the same length as fig. ; 

ISH-BROWN JASPER, 151, though narrower and thinner. piper Sky ita 

SHOULDERED BUT . 

NOT BARBED. Fig. 156 is from Ohio. It, like = tsa-cray rurinz, 
Susquehanna River, the former specimen, is fairly well Sorv.nnep 
ce eas chipped, flakes plainly to be seen, Brownsville, Licking 

REY, and the edges and point compara- Ce 
Cal No sisi. vane, tively smooth and sharp. “Lhe sien ee 
is straight, its edges parallel,and the Rah pes 
base straight and square. The shoulders are formed 
after the same manner as fig. 151, preceding, and simply swell out so as 
to make a more pronounced shoulder than in that specimen. The edges 
are convex and coming together form the point. 

Figs. 157 and 158, the former from Tennessee, the 
latter from Massachusetts, are almost identical in form. 
The former is of gray, the latter of black flint. With 
exceptions of material, color, and size, they are the 
same. If they were to be compared 
by form only, scarcely anyone would 
be able to detect a difference between 
them. Their edges are straight and 
ereumep arrow. Come directly toa point. Their shoul- 

POINT, SHOULDERED ers are horizonal, not barbed ; the 
pe irtgre ae notch which forms the stem is con- 


Fig. 155. 


Fig. 157. 


Lincoln County, Ten- ‘ave and ve ca tl D ft] Fig. 158. 
Es ED cave and carried to the base of the § srexmcp arrow- 

Division III, Class. Stem; the base is square and dressed POINT, SHOULDERED 
9 1 ; . BUT NOT BARBED. 
2px1x}. to a smooth edge so that it can be 


‘ fh : : South Dennis, Barn- 
inserted in a split arrow shaft, while stabl) County, 


the notches on either side afford excellent supports Massachusetts. 

for attachment by ligatures. melas Acces 
Fig. 159 has a stem similar to figs. 157 and 158. The Seba oT 

notch which forms it is concave, extending from shoul- 

der to base and making an expanding stem with convex base. The edges 

are convex and, converging symmetrically, form a medium sharp point. 


Cat. No. 61123, U.S.N.M. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 921 


The next two specimens (figs. 160, 161), while having stems shoul- 
dered and not barbed, belong to Class B, but represent a marked difter- 


ence from the former specimens. While the edges of 
the stem are straight and parallel, the base is convex. 
No reason has ever been given for this peculiarity, but 
it is a noticeable one and involves 
another even less explainable. Why 
the stem of an arrowpoint intended 
for insertion in a shaft should be 
made convex instead of straight or 
concave, 1S a matter of but slight im- 
portance and need in itself excite no 
curiosity; but all bases of stems 
which are convex have been worn or 
Tae itv. rubbed, or in some way made smooth. 
steumep arrow. hey have not been polished or ground 
PoINT, SHOuLDERED upon the sides, but have been oper. 
EE gE ated in a reverse manner against the 
edge of the base, and have made it 


2g x 1x2. 


BN SS" 
Fig. 159. 
STEMMED ARROW- 
POINT OF BLUISH 
CHALCEDONIC FLINT, 
SHOULDERED BUT 
NOT BARBED. 
Ohio. 
Division III, Class B. 
24x 14x 75. 


Cat. No. 16482, U.S.N.M. 


Cat.No.o7s9,usxau.  DViluntand smooth and not sharp. It would be beyond 
the authors province to say that this is universal, for 

no man could have had sufficient experience to justify such a statement, 
but in the U.S. National Museum thousands of such arrowpoints have 
been tested aid 90 per cent or more of them have been 


found to be in this condition. No 
explanation has ever been given, nor 
has any been suggested. It is more 
marked in the cases of leaf-shaped 
in plements which have been trans- 
formed into stemmed arrowpoints, 
leaving the convexity of the base un- 
: changed. The points and edges seem 
Fig. 161. to have had no share in the operation 
STEMMED AkROW- and they continue rough and sharp. 
as Fig. 160 is of yellowish jasper, comes 
St. Clair County, mi. from Lincoln County, Mississippi, and 
nois. is doubtless from the same jasper 
Division ITT, ClassB- Quarry which furnished the great 
number of jasper beads found there 
in a workshop by Mr. Keenan and de- 
seribed by him.’ Fig.161 is the same form as the pre- 
ceding. It is of white flint from IHinois, and is mueh 
finer and more delicate than the jasper one, but it has 


13x %xi. 
Cat. No. 15323, U.S.N.M. 


Fig. 162. 
STEMMED ARROW- 
POUNCE Or. GRAY 
FLINT, SHOULDERED 
BUT NOT BARBED. 


Edmondson County, 
Kentucky. 
Division IIT, Class B. 
3x 1px. 


Cat. No, 59347, U.S.N.M,. 


the convex base, the smoothed condition of which is quite perceptible. 
The next three figures (162-164) represent another form of base. The 


' Smithsonian Report, 1877, p. 291. 


922 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


edges and points are the same as in other specimens. 


They are shoul- 


dered, but not barbed, and the stem at its base is the same as other 
stems; but instead of its edges being parallel and 


a good representative of this type. 
It issymmetrical; the chipping is not 
fine, but fairly well done; the base 
and shoulders are square, the stem 
contracting by convex edges, and the 
base pointed. Tig. 163 is from Ten- 
nessee, while the former is from Ken- 
rae tucky; but the material of both is 
sreumep arrow. the Same quality of gray flint, and as 
port, sHoutpereD the two States are contiguous, we 
Raia hcg cage may easily suppose that the American 
peer Indian who made these implements 
Cat.No.s914,U.s.x.m, WAS not governed by State lines, and 
both points may have come from the 

same quarry. The base is pointed, made so by convex 
edges. Fig.164 has the same contracted stem, but its 
edges are straight and not convex 
and its base is pointed. it comes 
from a locality far distant from the 
others, namely, California, showing 
that these forms were not confined 


could have penetrated the flesh of 
STEMMED Arrow. lhe game or enemy a distance of 24 
point, sHouLpErED INChes without interference from 
penne these horizontal projections. 
SOE a oe e The type of which the author is 
oe Ixk: now to speak has given him more 
Cat. No. 16481, u.sn.m. trouble inits classification than any 
other, and yet he has concluded to 
classify it as a stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but 
not barbed, and has put it in Class B. The blades 
may be thick or thin, wide or narrow, edges concave, 
Straight, or convex, points sharp or blunt, and so 
through all the variations. The stem is formed by 
notches made in the edges near the lower end which, 
with the notch, forms the base of the arrowpoint. 


Fig. 165. 


making a straight or square stem, they are convex 
and bring the base of the stem to a point. Fig, 162 is 


Fig 164. 
STEMMED ARROW- 
POINT OF BLACK 
FLINT, SHOULDERED 
BUT NOT BARBED. 

San Miguel Island, 

California. 
Division III, Class B. 

vex lx yy. 
Cat. No. 15746, U.S.N.M. 


to a given locality. It is well chipped, symmetrically 
formed, but has the projecting horizontal barb, as was 
described in fig. 149. It is long and slender, and 


Fig. 166. 


STEMMED ARROW- 
POINT OF DARK GRAY 
FLINT, SHOULDERED 
BUT NOT BARBED, 


Tennessee. 
Division IL, Class B. 
1gx1x4. 

Cat. No. 8238a, U.S.N.M. 


Fig. 165 is a representative of thetype. Itis of black flint; its edges 
are convex, drawing gradually to a point; the base is straight and 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 923 


as wide as the broadest part of the blade. Its base is formed by two 
notches made in each edge opposite each other and forming, so far as 
concerns the edges, a groove around the implement which may have been 
utilized for fastening the arrow shaft by a ligature. These notches are 
about one-fourth of an inch wide and as much deep, and 
are distant from the base about one-fourth of an inch, so 
that they have been denominated in some other classi- 
fication as ‘‘notched on the edge near the base.” This 
notching has left the base its original width and 
unchanged, as though the notches had not been made 
nor the implement transformed from a leaf-shaped or 

STEMMED ARROW- 
possibly triangular arrowpoint into a stemmed one. POINT, SHOULDERED 

Fig. 166 is much smaller than the former, but size = 8UT NoT BaRBeD. 
does not seem to have affected this type of arrowpoint Division ITT, Class B. 
more than it has the others. The implement is sym- 
metrical, edges are convex, and the outline can be 
traced past the notches to the base, and, but for the notches, it would 
have been a leaf-shaped implement of Class b, pointed at one end and 
concave at the base. The notches are about one-fourth of an inch wide 
and deep, and the distance from the base is about three-eighths of an 
inch. We will see in the next class how, evidently, some of these 
stemmed arrowpoints were made from leaf-shaped implements, by the 
introduction of these notches. In the present case 
the notches are horizontal and form shoulders but not 
barbs. In the next class (C) they will be at an up- 
ward angle toward the center, their shoulders form 
barbs, and they pass into that class and are not further 
noticed in this. 

Fig. 167 is of gray flint from Ohio. It is rather 
small and has the same horizontal notches, smaller 
than those noticed before, but the outline of the leaf- 
Shaped implement is more apparent in it than in the 
o.hers. That it was originally a leaf-shaped imple- 

_ ment, transformed by the notches into a stemmed and 
STEMMED ARROWPOINT 3 5 s ° 2 

or wuire gaspery Slouldered arrowpoint, is satisfactorily shown from 

FLINT, SHOULDERED gy inspection of the implement. It has the convex 
_- On base which was referred to and described under fig. 

ton County, Wiscon. 160 as polished or rubbed smooth on its edge. This 

Su peculiarity is wonderfully well represented in the 
Division ITT, Class B- syeeimen now under consideration. The edge of the 
base is blunt and smooth, while the edges and point 
of the blade are rough and sharp as any ever were. 
There are some peculiarities appertaining to the implements and objects 
of prehistoric man which, by reason of their repetition, have become 
accepted facts, the explanation of which has as yet defied all theories 
of the most inventive imagination. This is one. 


Fig. 167. 


1gx1x x. 


Cat. No, 8336, U.S.N.M. 


3x1¥x3. 


Cat. No. 32169, U.S.N.M. 


924 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Fig. 168, instead of being leaf-shaped as have been some of the fore- 
going, was a triangular arrowpoint. Its edges are straight, and, ap- 
proaching each other, form the point at an acute angle. The base is 
straight and square, but one-fourth of an inch above it toward the 
point are two notches, one on each side, about one-fourth of an inch 
each way, which transform it from a triangular into 
a stemmed arrowpoint. 

Fig. 169, while belonging to the same class, has the 
peculiarity of three notches on the edges instead of 
one, as in all former illustrations. It is much larger 
than any of the others, its edges are straight, or 
nearly so, and, but for the notches which transform 
it into a stemmed implement, it would be nearly a 
triangular one. The base is straight and at right 
angles with the median line, the notches are about 
one-fourth of an inch each way and separated from 
each other about one fourth of an inch. It would 
appear as though they might have been employed 
for three ligatures, or for ligature in three places, 
the farthest of which would be about 14 inches from 
the base, thereby giving the handle that much more 
firmness and solidity in its attachment. 

A type of arrowpoint belonging to this class has 
been found and identified by Dr. Abbott, with such 
peculiarities as demanded at his hands a separate 
and extended notice, which he gave in Primitive In- 
dustry.’ An illustration of this implement is shown 
in Plate 34, fig. 7. Dr. Abbott believes in the exis- 


‘a ——— 


iH 


as 


STEMMED ARROWPOINT 
OF BROWN FLINT, 


SHOULDERED BUT NOT 


BARBED. 

Dennysville, Washing- 
ton County, Maine. 
Division III, Class B. 
64x 12x %. 

Cat. No. 7007, U.S.N.M. 


material was used principally by Paleolithic man. 


tence in America, and especially on the Delaware 
River (the valley of the Delaware), of a Paleolithic 
civilization which, of course, antedated that of the 
Neolithic or American Indian civilization. All, or 
nearly all, the Paleolithic implements found in the 
glacial gravel of the Delaware River at Trenton, New 
Jersey, have been of argillite. Itis his belief that this 
The specimens un- 


der consideration are of argillite and much weathered, showing a high 


antiquity. 


They are now a light gray color, but originally and on the 
inside are coal-black. 
they could be chipped to a sharp point and edge. 
been rude and the flakes comparatively large. 


The stone of which they are made is hard, and 
Their chipping has 
They are long and 


narrow, their edges nearly straight, approaching until they form a 


point. 


The shoulders were nearly square, not barbed, the stem short, 
edges parallel, and base straight and square. 
and unattractive, but in its original condition of sharp point and 


Altogether it is rude 


1 See also Popular Science Monthly, XXII, 1883, p. 315. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson 


PLATE 35. 


STEMMED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class ©. 


Fig. 1. FINE-GRAINED QUARTZI1TE, 
(Cat. No. 88339, U.S.N.M. De Soto, Vernon County, Wisconsin. 


Fig 


Fig 


EXP EAINAIOIN OlF  Pib AE 3:5: 


STEMMED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class C, 


. 2. DARK-BROWN CHALCEDONY (cast). 


(Cat. No. 98340, U.S.N.M. Warners Landing, Vernon County, Wisconsin. 


Witt.) 


. 3. BLUE-GRAY TRANSLUCENT CHALCEDONY. 


(Cat. No. 148034, U.S.N.M. 
.4. BROWN FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 173745, U.S.N.M. 


Mound, Putnam County, Ohio. 


Williamson County, Illinois. 


J.R. Nisley.) 


H.C. Duvall.) 


J.D. Middleton.) 


J. L. De 


meets TA 
= 

‘ 

t 
‘ 

i 

“i 

si 
he 


aT eb G 
~ 


oe” le te Se 
J 7s ane 


. ie 
‘ a ¢ 
e a > 
+ 
‘ 
i. 
JS 
y 
‘ 
or 
: 
3 
. 
r" . 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. 


Saratoga Le 


te 
ay 


PLATE 36. 


STEMMED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class C. 


EXP eANATION: OF PEATE .3'6.. 


STEMMED ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class C. 
Fig. 1. LEAD-COLORED FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 6159, U.S.N.M. Saratoga County, New York. Col. E. Jewett.) 
Fig. 2. ROSE-TINTED QUARTZITE. 
(Cat. No. 137927, U.S.N.M. Washington County, Missouri. Dr. Charles Rau.) 
Fig. 3. VARIEGATED PINK AND SLATE-COLORED FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 7659, U.S.N.M. Groveport, Ohio. W. R. Limpert.) 
Fig. 4. GRAY FLINT OR CHERT. 
(Cat. No. 172831, U.S.N.M. Ohio. W. K. Moorehead.) 
BLUE-GRAY CHALCEDONIC FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 7108, U.S.N.M. Mount Carmel, Dlinois. Mr. Ridgway.) 


Fig. 6. PyROMACHIC FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 31954, U.S.N.M. Montgomery County. Texas. Dr. J. L. Irish.) 


&. 
08 
or 


rr 
baie 
IG 

=! 


. GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 34581, U.S.N.M. MeMinnville, Tennessee. W.W. Phillips and Dr. 'T. M. 
Brewer.) 
ig. 8. GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 8239, U.S.N.M. Tennessee. J.H. Devereux.) 

Fig. 9. YELLOWISH GRAY CHALCEDONIC FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 10820, U.S.N.M. Milnersville, Ohio. D. Thompson.) 
Fig. 10. BLUE-GRAY CHALCEDONIC FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 18984, U.S.N.M. Paint Lick. Kentucky. J.B. Clark.) 
Fig. 11. OPALESCENT CHALCEDONIC FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 15231, U.S.N.M. Santa Barbara County, California. Paul Schumacher.) 
Fig. 12. DRaB FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 32440, U.S.N.M. Orange County, Indiana. F.M.Symmes.) 
Fig. 13. BRowN FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 8239a, U.S.N.M. Tennessee. J.H. Devereux.) 
Fig. 14. BLack FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 34583, U.S.N.M. Sharpsburg, Maryland. A. P. Smith.) 
Fig. 15. BLUE-GRAY CHALCEDONIC FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 12681, U.S.N.M. Oregon. Paul Schumacher.) 
Fig. 16. GREEN JASPERY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 12682, U.S.N.M. Oregon. Paul Schumacher.) 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 925 


edges it might have been a very effective weapon. Dr. Abbott asserts 
that the large proportion of these implements are found in the alluvial 
soil in proximity to the glacial gravel at a depth that proves their 
antiquity. Their number increases in proportion to the depth of the 
excavation for a certain distance, when they stop, while the Paleolithic 
implements proper continue to a greater depth. Dr. Abbott believes 
these implements to have been-used as harpoons for the capturing of 
fish, and he cites, as evidence supporting his theory, the fact that they 
are nearly all found along the borders of the streams. He remarks 
the great similarity of these implements with those used for a similar 
purpose by the Eskimos, and cites corresponding implements and fig- 
ures described by Sir John Lubbock.!' He propounds the theory 
whether the Eskimos may not have been driven down by the glaciers 
and occupied the territory of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, ete., 
or whether driven down or not, they may not, with their present love of 
cold or for other reasons unknown, have dwelt near the foot of the 
glacier in these States and followed it up in its retreat north, until 
they came to occupy the present boreal region. It would seem to be 
indisputable that the territory around the feet of these glaciers was 
occupied by man, if it had not been prior to their descent. The imple- 
ments found in the Trenton gravels would seem to show this. If this be 
accepted, the question may be fairly asked, What became of this people; 
who are their descendants; and, after the retreat of the glacier and the 
exposure of the country north, what course of departure, extension, 
or migration did their descendants take? These theories are not yet 
demonstrated and may never be, but they are worthy of profound 
investigation and study. 


CLASS C.—SHOULDERED AND BARBED. (Plates 35, °'6.) 


ie V\ a 2h / vy 
“4 ot gles L. a doh Nos 


The prehistoric man did not, in his manufacture of these imple- 
ments, divide them into classes. The different forms were made 
according to the possibilities of the material, the dexterity of the 
workman, and the exigencies of the situation. The classification is 
now made solely for the purpose of enabling us in modern times to 
describe and understand them. Class © comprises those which have 
stems, shoulders, and barbs. The difference between the present class, 
C, and the preceding, B, is that the shoulders in the former were hori- 
zontal, at a Bee spats or more than a right angle to the median line 


Lo? 


! Prehistoric Times, p. 503, fig. 218. 


926 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


from the base upward. Inthe present class the point forming the shoul- 
der is brought downward toward the base, so that it forms less than a 
right angle to the median line; this has the effect of making the shoul- 
der an acute angle, and this angle forms the barb. The implements of 
this class, taken in their entirety, may be of different forms; sometimes 
they may be leaf-shaped, sometimes triangular; they may have either 
convex, straight, or concave edges; the point may be sharp or blunt; 
the base may be concave, straight, 
or convex. All these may exist in 
this subdivision, provided they 
are stemmed, shouldered, and 
barbed. No argument is neces- 
sary to justify a class which in- 
cludes so many forms as those 
just mentioned. If a separate 
division should be given to each 
of these different forms when ac- 
companied by barbs, the same 
should be done when without 
barbs. This would create so many 
divisions as to become unrecog- 
nizable and practically useless. 
This classification is based on the 
salient points of difference. 

The first illustration (fig. 170) 
preseuts a type of barbs by which 
they can be known and recognized 
throughout the description. It is 
a magnificent implement, translu- 
cent dark-brown chalcedony, and 


Fe Ath ~ 
MM \ S 

ANN KAY Si 

All trap eS Sy 

MC Way sk 
i S nity y 

\\ W 
in ul “Si 

| 
\ 
"hs NS \\ AN lity 
\ 


L, 
Yi) 
HY) A 
wf, 
Rim ///////\\\" 
Tin HIN 
| i 
| y 
} 

Ni) ) 
EA ( 
M 
HH i 

y 
YP Fil 
Y 
LY f 
| 
1} 


Fig. 170. 
STEMMED SPEARHEAD, SHOULDERED AND BARBED. 
Division ITI, Class C. 


7Tx4x;. 


Cast, Cat. No. 98340, U.S.N.M. (Original in possession of Dr. 


J. L. DeWitt.) 


was found in a mound in Vernon 
County, Wisconsin. The figure 
is from a cast in the U.S. National 
Museum. The blade shows it to 
have been practically a leaf-shaped 


implement of Class B, one end 
pointed and the other convex. Whether it was originally thus, and 
afterwards transformed into a stemmed one, is unimportant and only a 
matter for conjecture. The notches have been made near the base, are 
V-shaped, and necessarily deep and wide; they form the edges of the stem 
nearly parallel and make it straight, neither expanding nor contracting. 
The V-shaped notch causes the shoulder to descend so that its junction 
with the outer edge forms an acute angle, and this acute angle forms the 
barb of the implement. The benefit of the barb in an arrowpoint or 
spearhead is that, having entered the flesh of the game or enemy, 
the barb prevents its withdrawal, as with the barb of the fishhook, 


> 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 927 


That this form was somewhat a matter of taste, and not always for the 
utilitarian purpose mentioned, is apparent upon a glance at this illus- 
tration and the two following. In these three specimens the size of 
the implement is so great and, compared therewith, the barbs so sma 
that they are insignificant in actual utility. The thrusting of either 
one of these large specimens into any 
known game or enemy would be suf- 
ficient to kill the animal independent 
of the use of the barbs or the with- 
drawal of the weapon. It goes without 
saying that these, and possibly one 
other in this class, were too large for 
any possible use as arrows, and per- 
haps as knives, and if they had any 
utilitarian purpose it could only have 
been as a spearhead. It is a matter DS 
for conjecture and __ investigation tN i i 
whether they might not have served | hil PY) tt iy, 
for ceremonial purposes, or as some i) HAS 
insignia of authority or command, as 

the staff of a marshal, the scepter of a 

monarch, or the mace in the House of 
Representatives of Congress. 

Fig. 171 is one of these remarkable 
implements. It is white or whitish 
translucent chalcedony, impure to be 
sure, but still fine enough with its 


SST 
ies 
A 


\ 


Vy 
\ 
Wi!) 


extraordinary size to make it a mag- Miley) qi a i 
nificent implement. But for the barbs Ma ! 2 ALS NAN ( 
it would be assigned to the leaf-shaped —ypirlayiens2 Ua) Mme NT : 
Class B. Its edges are symmetrically hie ea 


couvex and, converging, form the ll ‘ 
point. The notches forming the barbs ie ; i if 

4 ‘ / AUEA\DN) \ 
have been made perpendicularly up- tale 
ward from the base, and not, as usual, 


| 
SST 


° Fig. 171. 
horizontally from the ed oS The STEMMED SPEARHEAD OF WHITISH CHALCE- 
notches are half an inch wide and DONY, SHOULDERED AND BARBED. 
three fourths of an inch deep; they — Shreveport, Caddo County, Louisiana. 
leave the barbs to be three-fourths of MNS See 


94 x 34 x 3. 


an inch long, descending perpendicu- 
Cat. No. 10095, U.S.N.M. 


larly almost even with the base. The 

base is straight and square; the stem has parallel edges, is straight 
and not pointed. The whitish chalcedony, the material of this speci- 
men, is not rare in the locality in which this was found (Shreveport, 
Louisiana), although the mine or quarry from which the material comes 
has, it is believed, never yet been found, The author is the owner of 


928 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


fourteen such implements of the same material and the same general} 
type, found in a cache in Pike County, Arkansas (see Plate 61). They 
were laid side by side, the edges overlapping and buried on the side of 


hit 

" Hl I NS WE 
i) uy Yy yp f ee SS 
Py Yn Mn) i. \ \ 


ANA 
ee 
NaN SSAAN 


il | i \ 
| “( \ SS 
\ 


aS, 


\\ 


NAA ANC 


= 
EA 


49 
4) 
Sai 
Sei 


JAW 
Seared 
AAW 


STEMMED SPEARHEAD; SHOULDERED AND BARBED. 


Crawford County, Wisconsin. 
Division ILI, Class C. 
10$x44x4. 

Cast, Cat. No. 39016, U.S.N.M. 


the hill in the solid yellow clay. The erosion by rains and wash brought 
the surface down to them, and they were found slightly protruding. 
Fig. 172 is an enormous implement of the same class. The U.S. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 929 


National Museum possesses only a cast of it, the original being in the 
possession of Mr, F. J. Miller, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. It is of 
brown jasper, and has been made from an immense flake of that mate- 
rial which has been struck off with a perceptible twist, as shown by the 
edge view accompanying. It is also rudely leaf-shaped, pointed at one 
end, the base nearly straight and square, the notches forming the barbs 
being oval or shell-like and made in the edges, not disturbing the 


A 


\\\ MN 


f soon mh 
Ry) HNN pal} 
AWM M 


AAW a 


<) \ ! if ft) 
Niel fii | 
Ih rn j 


: i 


Fig. 174. 


STEMMED SPEARHEAD 
OF GRAY FLINT, 


ea SHOULDERED AND : \\ sh 40))))\\\) 
Fig. 173. BARBED. ot ayy | My 
STEMMED SPEARHEAD OF GRAY MeMinnville, War- MN) ae TN 
FLINT, SHOULDERED AND BARBED. ren County, Ten- Ding mm inf 
Saratoga County, New York. nessee. em. eae) 
Division ITI, Class C. Division IIT, Class C. bile SON) Dy) 
52 x 2§ x 4%. 45x 13% §. if / 


Cat. No, 6159, U.S.N.M. 


Cat. No, 34581, U.S.N.M. 


base, although coming within a quarter 


of an inch of it. 


Fig. 173, though large even for a spear- 
head, does not compare in size with the 


Fig. 175. 
STEMMED SPEARHEAD, SHOULDERED AND 
BARBED. 
Division III, Class C. 
33x1ixi. 


enormous specimen just described. Itis 
52 inches long, has somewhat the appear- 
ance of a leaf-shaped implement, although there is no evidence of its 
transformation. It is of flint and has been made from a nodule, the 
concentric bands of which are to be seen, the point of the base coming 
almost to the surface of the nodule. The edges are convex, the stem is 
slightly contracting, and the base is convex. The barbs are well pro- 
nounced and form an acute angle; they have no relation to the stem, 
but are attached to and form a part of the blade. 

The blade is twisted from the right side at the base to the left side at 

NAT MUS 97 o9 


Cat. No. 43134, U.S.N.M. 


930 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


the point. The twist is about equal to the thickness of the implement, 
and arises, not from the natural shape of the flake, but by chipping the 
edges all from one side. Whether this twist would give the missile a 
rotary motion as it was discharged from the bow, is a 
question examined in the division of peculiar forms, 
Class A, beveled edges, p. 931. 

Fig. 174 appears to have been one of the leaf-shaped 
implements of Class B. It has along, fine point, edges 
convex, base the same, with narrow notches in the edge 
near the base. The edge of the convex base has been 
ground down or worn smooth as de- 
STEMMED aRnrow- scribed in figs. 160 and der or Class 

pornr or Gray B, stemmed, Division III, p. 921. 
FLINT, SHOULDERED Fie: 175 has + dees ¢ 
aaa ig. 175 has convex edges converg- 
Orange County, Indi: ing Symmetrically te the point, the 
ane base is slightly convex, while the 
Division III, ClassC. notches which have made it into a 
1g x2 x y5- ; 
Paice stemmed and barbed implement are 
F z f STEMMED ARROW- 
at the corners formed by the junction Pom Omens 
of the edges with the base. The V-shaped notches 880WN Frinr, 
e SHOULDERED AND 
make the expanding base, and change the shoulders i .pesp. 
into barbs. This specimen is from a mound near ganta Barbara 
Naples, Illinois, excavated by Mr. J. G. Henderson, County, California. 
The mound and the associated objects PiVsien M1 Class C. 

‘ Saari ate 5 ' 1} x1gxi. 
are described in the Smithsonian Re=f ee San etna: 
port of 1882, where this is fig. 13 a (p. 

696). The inaterial is translucent pale brown chalce- 

dony. This is the finest specimen of flint chipping in 

the U. S. National Museum. There may have been 
ne! y. others exceedingly fine and highly interesting, and it 

STEMMED ARROW- Sipe . . 
ponrorparKGray may be difficult to draw lines of com- 
FLINT, SHOULDERED parison between the various degrees 
AND BARBED. 2 

: fics of fineness, but the author has never 

Sharpsburg, Wash- i : . 
ington County, Seen anything showing a higher de- 
Maryland. gree of mechanical art and manual 
ivisic Class C. . c - < - 

Division THI, Class. dexterity in flint chipping. 

Tig. 176, though reduced in size, is Fig. 179. 
of sufficient weight to give momen- sT=MMED ARROWw- 


yp ‘ - ~ - rans POINT, SHOULDERED 
tum to the arrow, and will probably secure greatest Rae ST 


Cat. No. 32440, U.S.N.M. 


1} X§X yo- 


Cat. No. 34583, U.S.N.M. 


flight. Its edges are symmetrically convex and, con- Oregon. 
verging, form the point. The base is slightly convex, Division I1J, ClassC. 
while the notches which form the barbs are in the edge 1g x1x4. 
near the base. Cat. No, 12680, U.S.N.M. 


Vig. 177 has edges slightly convex, which come together at the point 
with a wide angle, making the implement of considerable breadth 
in proportion to its length. The stem is contracting and the base 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 37. 


PECULIAR FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Fig. 1 
Fig. 2. 
Fig. 3. 
Fig. 4 
Fig. 5 
Fig. 6 
Fig. 7. 
Fig. 8. 
Fig. 9 
Fig. 10. 
Fig. 11. 
Fig. 12. 
Fig. 13. 
Fig. 14. 
Fig. 15. 


EGP LAINAnh: LOIN=- ©) Rear Asie 


Sie 


~~ 


9 8 


PECULIAR FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class A. 


. LIGHT-BROWN FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 18800, U.S.N.M. Elkton, Giles County, Tennessee. J. R. Irby.) 


BLUE-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 13708, U.S.N.M. Perry County, Ohio. W. Anderson.) 


DARK SLATE-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 113684, U.S.N.M. Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) 


.. LIGHT-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 30175, U.S.N.M. MeKenzie, Carroll County, Tennessee. E. H. Randall.) 


. LIGHT-GRAY FLINT. 


. 


(Cat. No. 58134, U.S.N.M. Fayetteville, Lincoln County, Tennessee. C.5. Grigsby.) 


. FAWN-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 8239. U.S.N.M. Tennessee. J.H. Devereux.) 


STRAW-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 99307, U.S.N.M. Boone County, Missouri. G. W. Clemens.) 


PALE-YELLOW FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 19965, U.S.N.M. Franklin, Williamson County, Tennessee. 
. FAWN-COLORED FLINT. 


W.M. Clarke.) 


(Cat. No. 98375, U.S.N.M. Lauderdale County, Alabama. Frank Burns.) 


LIGHT SILVER-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 97641, U.S.N.M. Monteur’s Point, near Vincennes, Indiana. 


LEAD-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 32645, U.S.N.M. Murphysborough, Jackson County, Illinois. 


YELLOW FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 171450, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Georgia. Dr. Roland Steiner.) 


REDDISH-BROWN FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 171450a, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Georgia. 
BROWN JASPERY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 1714506, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Georgia. 


DARK SLATE-COLORED FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 171450c, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Georgia. 


Dr. Roland Steiner.) 


Dr. Roland Steiner.) 


Dr. Roland Steiner.) 


Robert Ridgway.) 


W. Anderson.) 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 931 


pointed. The notches which have formed the barbs have been made in 
the base and not in the edge. They are V-shaped and are perpendicu- 
lar to the plane of the implement. The barbs continue on the line ot 
the outside edges, and the widest place is across their extreme points. 
The material is reported as pale-brown flint, but it has the peculiarity 
of a brilliant shining luster resembling the brightest patina. Whether 
it is really patina, or only vitreous material, the author has not been 
able to determine. The specimen is too precious to be broken in order 
to show its interior. 

Fig. 178 is barbed and, therefore, belongs to this class. It is broad- 
est near the point. Its edges are of irregular convexity; there have 
been some others of much the same form as this, but their edges have 
been straight where this is convex, and instead of a curve there was 
a distinct angle, but these are considered only the peculiarities of the 
workman and to have served no particular end, while their rarity will 
not permit their being assigned a division by themselves. 

Fig. 179 is one of the beautiful pale-green jasper specimens ot 
diminutive size, delicate stem, and long, projecting, finely pointed 
‘barbs, peculiar to the Pacific coast, coming mostly from Oregon. It 
appears much smaller than its dimensions given in the legend would 
indicate. This is caused by its delicacy and fineness. Italy produces 
the only arrowpoints which compare with those of the Pacific coast 
in these fine qualities. The reader is referred to Plate 56 for other 
specimens. 

DIVISION IV—PECULIAR FORMS. 


This division includes those specimens which have such peculiarities 
as distinguish and separate them from the standard types. If the 
distribution of these specimens was general, or if they were found in 
numbers approximately equal with the others, they would themselves 
become standard types and each require a division of its own. It is 
because they do not belong to standard types, and are restricted in 
number or locality, that they are assigned to this division. 


CLASS A.—BEVELED EDGES. (Plate 37.) 


The blades of the ordinary arrowpoint are usually chipped from both 
sides so that the edges are formed on the central line, and a cross sec- 
tion is elliptical. This Class A is peculiar in that the chipping by 
which the edge is formed is all done from one side, and the edge is 
thrown or beveled to the plane of the other side. A cross section will 


932 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


be rhomboidal, the two long sides being the width, and the two short 
sides or edges being the thickness of the blade. 


pl a 


LBaN 
SS =S Ss 
= —2N = SS - 7 


Z 
SF Z eS =—— 
——- = WW4 
aS —— 3 
= — . SS 
\ iden EN\ S 
oo RSS 
PATA S SS 


y A 
y LU 


PECULIAR FORM OF ARROWPOINT, 


WITH BEVELED EDGES. 


Elkton, Giles County, Tennessee. 


Division IV, Class A. 


Natural size. 


It was for a long time believed that these 
bevel-edged arrowheads were simply freaks 
of the workmen, and were without significa- 
tion or intention for particular purpose. In- 
deed that belief has not entirely passed away. 
Since beginning this paper the author, in order 
to demonstrate the trath of the matter, 
inaugurated a series of experiments. Select- 
ing from the Museum collection a dozen or 
more representative specimens, he attached 
to each an arrow shaft, smooth, straight, with- 
out feathering, and the same size throughout. 
Repairing with these to the top of the tower 
of the Smithsonian building, he began by 
letting them drop straight to the ground, 
carried only with their own gravity, and next 
launching them in the air in every direction. 
He found a universal rotation. He pushed 
his experiments further by arranging these 
specimens in a sort of clamp of wire, the 
ends of which embraced the ends of the arrow- 
points, care being taken to put the point of 
contact as near the center of gravity as pos- 
sible. Thus held, the suspended or clamped 
implement was free to rotate longitudinally in 
either direction on the application of the 
slightest force. This machine was then used 
by pushing it with its clamped arrowpoint 
rapidly through the water in a large tub, and 
it was discovered that the resistance of the 
water produced a rotary motion of the imple- 
ment. A more conclusive test was made at a 
machine shop where the arrowpoint, hung as 
aforesaid, was presented point foremost to the 
pipe of air from the driving fan, when the 
current immediately set it revolving. When 
the force of the current was increased, it in- 
creased the rapidity of the rotary movement. 
When the arrowpoint was turned about so 
as to presentits base to the current of air, no 


rotary motion was produced. 
These experiments were extended and continued to include any and 
every kind of bevel-edged arrowpoint and spearhead, always with the 


same result. It was obvious that the arrowpoint at rest presented to: 


=" es ”6 Lh 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 933 


a rapidly moving current of air would have the same effect as an 
arrowpoint shot from the bow. Most of the specimens of bevel-edged 
arrowpoints and spearheads are chamfered one way, so that the 
movement usually was from right to left, contrary to 
the motion of the sun. All specimens of this kind 
employed in our experiments had that rotary motion 
from right to left A few specimens, however, are 
made with the bevel the other way, and when they 
were presented to the current of air their rotary 
motion was in the opposite direction. 

It is proper to add that these experiments were 
pushed to such extent and in such number, with 
such repetition of the same result, as to be conclusive 
that, whatever may have been the intention of the ; 
maker of the arrowpoints, the fact was that in their Fig. 181. 

flight through the air the beveled P£cunmar Form or 


ARROWPOINT, WITH 
edges produced the rotary motion. cad RNa ed 


While it would appear that this Hioawessee. 
rotary motion must have been in- _ Division IV, Class A. 
tended by the arrow maker when he 3X 13x }. 


Cat. No. 8239, U.S.N.M. 


made the beveled edge, yet the diffi- 
culiy of solution of the problem why he made it thus 
is much increased when we consider the greater ease, 
the less labor, and the increased facility with which 
he might have accomplished the same rotary motion 
PECULIAR FoRM OF by twisting the feathers on the arrow shaft. Yet we 

ARROWPOINT, WITH a . . 

aes find this exceeding rare; out of a thou- 
Point Lick, Ken- Sand arrowshafts in the U.S. National 

Ware Museum not more than a dozen have 
Division TV, ClassA- been found with twisted feathering. 

The bevel-edged arrowpoint is pe- 
culiar in its distribution. It is con- 
fined to the interior and southern United States. 

Tig. 180 (Cat. No. 18800, U.S.N.M.) is one of these 
bevel-edged arrowpoints, which, on account of its size, 
form, and definitely beveled edges, has been chosen 
and is here represented full size as a characteristic PecutiaR Form or 
bevel-edged weapon. It is of light-brown flint and — “Y0“POINT with 


BEVELED EDGES 
comes from Elkton, Giles County, Tennessee. Its base Louisville. Ken. 


23x12 x 3. 


Cat. No. 18084, U.S.N.M. 


is convex and smoothed, as usual. It is notched, tucky. 
shouldered, and barbed and, but for the peculiarity Division TV, Class A. 
of its beveled edges, weuld be placed in Class ©, eae 1G EE: 


Cat. No. 19246, U.S.N.M. 


Division ILI. 

Fig. 181 is the size of the average arrowpoint. It is 34 inches long, 
14 inches wide, and from this size they descend to the smallest. The 
edges of this specimen are nearly straight, the base is concave, and the 


934 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


notches which form it are made in the edges near the base. The angle 
of the shoulders form the usual barb; the projecting corners of the base 
may also form another pair of barbs. If the arrow shaft used on this 
specimen should be small in diameter, the points of the base would 
project beyond it, and thus form a double set of barbs. 

Fig. 182 has the appearance of gray flint, but it is of translucent 
crystalline structure, and an inspection identities it as chalcedony or 
chaleedonic’flint. Its edges are curved, a union of concave and con- 
vex, making them slightly ogee. The base is straight, the barbs are 
long and thin, and, what is rare, are nearly the same size their entire 
length. The notch which forms them begins at the corners of the base 
and edge and, ascending at anangle of about 45 degrees toward the 
center of the implement, is one-half an inch long and only one-eighth 
of an inch thick or wide. 

Fig. 183 is from Kentucky, gray flint, stemmed, shouldered, and 
barbed, and twisted to the left. The specimens of this class average 


from one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in thickness, and are of 


allsizes and lengths. Reference is made to Plate 37 for other specimens. 
Rev. J. G. Wood,! author of The Natural History of Man, describes 
arrows with a rotary motion, which he says are used with the blowgun: 
Rotary motion was communicated to the arrows in their flight by attaching to 
their lower ends two feathers—one from the right wing, the other from the left wing 
of a bird—which acted obliquely against the air and thus imparted the rotary motion 
required, 
CLASS B.—SERRATED EDGES. (Plate 38, figs. 1-9 


NANA, 


These may be ot the usual types as 
to form, stem, barb, etc., but the ser- 
rated edge is a peculiarity sufficiently 
marked to prevent their being as- 
signed to their respective types. The 
edges are jagged like sawteeth, and 
the serrations about the same size Fig. 135. 
and frequency as a moderately fine prcutiar rorm oF 
handsaw. They are not the result of A®OWPOINT, WITH 
PECULIAR FORM OF . ° ° SERRATED EDGES. 

Arrowpornr, wit Lazard in chipping, but are made by spodkaner Sasa 
SERRATED EDGES. Pressure with a pointed flaker exerted — quin County, Cali- 


Vig. 184. 


Oregon. on the edges from alternate sidesand = fra. 

Jivision LV, Class B. . ivision IV 
Division EV) Claes 3 “ot intervals, ahd abe donewithy sei) eee 
74X $x. 1X yu X ¥o- 

Cat. No. 19776, US.N.M. PUrpOSse. Cat. No. 43029, U.S.N.M. 


J Anthxopolopic al Review, VIT, 1869, p. Ixxi. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 388. 


B. 
1 2 2 3 4 5 6 it 8 9 
0. 
19 18 117 16 15 14 13 12 ll 10 
A D. 
20 21 22 23 24. 25 26 27 
PECULIAR FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 
Class B, 
Fig. 1. LIGHT-BROWN FLINT. . 
; (Cat. No. 171437, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Burke County, Georgia. Dr. Roland Steiner.) 
Fig. 2. YELLOWISH-BROWN FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 1714387a, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Burke County, Georgia. Dr. Roland Steiner.) 
Fig. 3. FAWN-COLORED FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 98403, U.S.N.M. Crawford County, Indiana. John H. Lemon.) 
Fig. 4. OBSIDIAN. 
j (Cat. No. 42646,U.S.N.M. Stockton, San Joaquin County, California. L. Belding.) 
Fig. 5. LIGHT-BROWN FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 171487b, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Burke County, Georgia. Dr. Roland Steiner.) 
Fig. 6. LIGHT-BROWN FLINT. 
’ (Cat. No. 132199, U.S.N.M. Burke County, Georgia. McGlashan collection.) 
Fig. 7. BROWN FLINT. 
‘ (Cat. No. 171444. U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Burke County, Georgia. Dr. Roland Steiner.) 
Fig. 8. BLUE-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 12776, U.S.N.M. Orevon. Paul Schumacher.) 
Fig. 9. OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No, 48029, U.5.N.M. Stockton, San Joaquin County, California. L. Belding.) 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Figs. 
21. 


Fig. 


15. 


Class C. 


. FAWN-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 21155, U.S.N.M. New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas. F. Lindheimer.) 


. GRAY-BROWN FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 61444, U.S.N.M. Austin, Travis County, Texas. George Stolley.) 


. GRAY-BROWN FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 8239, U.S.N.M. Tennessee. J.H. Devereux.) 


. DARK SLATE-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 60459, U.S.N.M. Clinton’ Feliciana County, Louisiana. John W. Roberts.) 


. CLAY IRONSTONE. 


(Cat. No. 5891, U.S.N.M. East Windsor, Hartford County, Connecticut. D.W.Wood.) 
BLUE-BLACK FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 35302, U.S.N.M. Valley of the Ohio River. W.M.H. De Haas.) 


. OBSIDIAN. 


(Cat. No. 19610, U.S.N.M. Susanville, Lassen County, California. Stephen Powers.) 
BLACK FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 23265, U.S.N.M. Etowah Mounds, Bartow County, Georgia. B. B. Gideon.) 


. DARK-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 6170, U.S.N.M. Lockport, Niagara County, New York. Col. E. Jewett.) 


9. DARK SLATE-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 16682, U.S.N.M. Peotone, Will County, Illinois. D.H. Eaton.) 


Class D. 


20, 23. STRAW-CGOLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. Nos. 132235, 132226,U.S.N.M. Burke County, Georgia. McGlashan collection.) 
YELLOWISH-BROWN FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 132189, U.S.N.M. Burke County, Georgia. McGlashan collection.) 


Fig. 22. FAWN-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 132189a, U.S.N.M. Burke County, Georgia. McGlashan collection.) 


Figs. 24,25. FAWN-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. Nos. 9631, 9631la, U.S.N.M. County Derry, Ireland. R. Day, jr.) 


Fig. 26. BLUE-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 11130,U.S.N.M. Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. W. A. Baker.) - 


Fig. 27. FAWN-COLORED FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 11121, U.S.N.M. County Armagh, Ireland. W. A. Baker.) 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897,—Wilson. 


PLATE 38. 


PECULIAR FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Classes B, C, and D, 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 935 


Figs. 184 and 185 are specimens of this class. Both are from the 
Pacific coast. The former is stemmed and shouldered, with pointed 
base, and would belong to Class B, stemmed; while the latter is leaf: 
shaped, with convex base, and would belong to Class B, leaf-shaped, 
but for its serrated edges. The edges of the former are serrated 
from the shoulder to the point; those of the latter have but three ser- 
rations near the base, but the implement is so small that slight entry 
into the flesh brings the serrations into use. <A series of this class is 
represented on Plate 38, figs. 1-9. 


CLASS C.—BIFURCATED STEMS. (Plate 38, figs. 10-19.) 


CATA 


These may be of standard types of any class of the stemmed division, 
either shouldered or barbed, with edges concave, straight, or convex; 
but, as in the class with serrated edges, here the bifurcated stem is a 
peculiarity so marked as to transfer it to this division (fig. 186). 

Usually the bifureated stem is neither expanding nor contracting, 
but is straight, with parallel edges. What would otherwise be the base 
is here occupied by a V-shaped notch. It is made by 
the same method as is the notch forming the shoulder, 
namely, chipping the flakes always in the same place 
by pressure exerted alternately from each side. 

The flakes may have converted the former straight 
base into a V-shaped noteh, which must have served 
for the insertion of the split shaft or handle. When 
shafted or handled the bifurcation would be hid, but 


Fig. 186. : i : 
PECULIAR Form or it would seem to have afforded-a firmer fastening. 
ARROWPOINT, WITH From observations of specimens, it appears that ar- 


BIBURCATED STEM rowpoints of this size need not have been fastened firmly, 


Tennessee. 
but were as frequently lashed so as to wobble and pos- 
Division IV, Class C. : tie 
13x 1h x. sibly be detached from the shaft and left in the wound.! 
Cat. No. 8935, U.S.N.M. As the only attainment of the bifurcated stem ap- 


pears to have afforded a firmer fastening (which was 
not needed for arrows, but was for knives), it is suggested that these 
may have been intended for knives and not for arrows. The well defined 
difference between the two classes and their existence and employment 


'Cases are cited in the works on arrow wounds where the arrowpoint, having 
entered the body, the foreible withdrawal of the shaft has left the head or pile in 
the body. Many such cases have been observed by the surgeons of the Army and 
reported to the Surgeon-General’s Office, while the remains themselves have bcen 
sent to and are now to be seen in the Army Medical Museum. 


936 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


in the same locality, with a preponderance in number of those not 
bifurcated, points to the same conclusion. If the shaft or handle was 
cut out so as to receive the stem and also to fit the bifurcation, and 
then pressed in hard and lashed with sinews after the manner of 
arrowpoints, one can easily see that the bifurcation would increase the 
firmness of the blade in its handle. Reference is made to Plate 38, 
Nos. 10-19, for other specimens. 


CLASS D.—EXTREMELY LONG BARBS, SQUARE AT ENDS, FINELY CHIPPED. (Plate 38, 
figs. 20-27.) 


AV ATAA: 


These are peculiar in that they are restricted to certain localities. 
Sir John Evans says they are found in some parts of England and 
Ireland. A beautiful specimen is figured by him,! found by Canon W. 
Greenwell at Rudstone, near Bridlington, which is here reproduced as 
fig. 187. They much resemble the Queen’s “broad arrow.” 

Our interest in this class arises from the 
fact that, while they are confined to restricted 
localities in Kurope as mentioned, they 
should have appeared in America in an 
equally circumscribed area, namely, the State 
of Georgia. Figs. 20 to 23 on Plate 38 are of 
this class and form part of the McGlashan 
and Steiner collections from that State. 

De Mortillet mentions them and calls them 
‘‘pointes de fleche a barbelures Equarries,” 

Fig. 187. and assigns them to the first epoch of bronze, 
PECULIAR FORM OF ARRowrolNt, tle Morgien. He figures one” in the Musée 


WITH EXTREMELY LONG BARBS, L 
Pan ieeaataees: St. Germain as from the north of Ireland 


Rudston; Bupland. and collected by Sir John Evans. It has no 
Division IV, Class D. stem, its base is concave, and the barbs are 
a ee an ie eee long, with parallel edges and square ends. 


Others, from Loir-et-Cher, have stems. The edges of the barbs are 
parallel and the ends are straight, but instead of being square—that 
is, at right angles—one is oblique inward and the other outward. 
Remark this difference in Figs. 20-23 of Plate 38. 


' Ancient Stone Implements, p. 343, fig. 318. 
* Musée Préhistorique, pl. XLi11, fig. 373. 


Report of U, S, National Museum, 


1897.—Wilson 


PLATE 39. 


PECULIAR FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Classes FE, F, G, H, and I, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 39. 


E G 
2 3 4 13 
12 
al 
9 10 
ae 
F agit 
| 5 6 7 8 | eee 
Le I 
| ae 
a aes 
H 
19 
14 15 16 17 18 


PECULIAR FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class E. 
Fig. 1. FINE-GRAINED TUFA. 
(Cat. No. 98478, U.S.N.M. Chiriqui, Panama, U.S. Colombia. J.A.MeNiel.) 


Fig. 2. REDDISH JASPER. 
(Cat. No. 98477, U.S.N.M. Chiriqui. J. A. McNiel.) 


Fig. 3. STRAW-COLORED FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 58489, U.S.N.M. Denmark; Royal Museum. Copenhagen.) 


Fig. 4. DARK-BROWN JASPER. 
(Cat. No. 98476, U.S.N.M. Chiriqui. J. A. McNiel.) 


Class F. 

Fig.5, LIGHT-GRAY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 58490, U S.N.M. Denmark; Royal Museum, Copenhagen.) 
Fig.6. PALE-YELLOW FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 149579, U.S.N.M. Loir-et-Cher, France. Thomas Wilson.) 
Fig. 7. LIGHT-GRAY, TRANSLUCENT FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 149579a, U.S.N.M. Loir-et Cher, France. Thomas Wilson.) 
Fig. 8. LIGHT-GRAY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 58491, U.S.N.M. Denmark; Royal Museum, Copenhagen.) 


Class G. 


Fig. 9. GRAY-BANDED SLATE, OVAL, WITHOUT RIDGES. 
(Cat. No. 6548, U.S.N.M. St. Croix River, Maine. G. A. Boardman.) 
Fig. 10. DARK-GRAY SLATE, OVAL, WITH RIDGES. 
(Cat. No. 62097, U.S.N.M. Alaska. C.L. McKay.) 
Fig. 11. DARK-GRAY SLATE, OVAL, WITH SLIGHT RIDGES. 
(Cat. No. 30758, U.S.N.M. Seneca River, New York. W.M. Beauchamp.) 
Fig.12. LIGHT-GRAY SLATE, WITH RIDGES, DIAMOND IN SECTION. 
(Cat. No. 140904, U.S.N.M. Korea. P. L.Jouy.) 


Fig.13. GARY FLINT, WITH RIDGES, DIAMOND IN SECTION. 
(Cat. No. 140904a, U.S.N.M. Korea. P.L. Jouy.) 


Class H. 
Fig. 14. BROWN JASPER. 
(Cat. No, 35767, U.S.N.M. Haldemans Island, Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania. 
F. G. Galbraith.) 
Fig. 15. BLACK FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 6694, U.S.N.M. Berks County, Pennsylvania. G. M. Keim.) 
Figs. 16,17. LiGHT-GRAY FLINT, WITH STRAW-COLORED PaTINE. 
- (Cat. Nos. 171459, 171459a, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, Burke County, Georgia. Dr. Roland 
Steiner.) 
Fig. 18. FLINT (SOLUTREEN POINT). 


(Original in Museum of St. Germain. -De Mortillet, Musée Prehistorique, fig. 108, pl. 
xviii. Grotte de l’Kglise (Dordogne), France.) 


Class I. 
Fig. 19. BLUE-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 99224, U.S.N.M. San Saba County, Texas. A. R. Roessler.) 


ARROWPOINTS, SPFARHEADS, AND KNIVES. Gt 


CLASS E.—TRIANGULAR IN SECTION. (Plate 39, figs. 1-4.) 


Uy 


2 EEA a aa 


These are thin and narrow rude flakes struck from 
nuclei and Jeft nearly in their original condition ex- 
cept that a rude stem has been chipped, and where 
necessary they have been brought to a point. ‘hey 
are peculiar in being made triangular in section and 
that they are restricted to the province of Chiriqui, 
Panama. The U.S. National Museum is indebted to 


Mr. J. A. MeNiel for its specimens, which have been <a» 
described and figured by Dr. W. H. Holmes.! ree: 


2 . 5 PECULIAR FORM OF 
The larger ones were of fine-grained, slaty-looking — rrowpowr, ret 


tufa, while the smaller were of flinty jasper of reddish = 4NGuLar w= szc- 
Ca TION, REDDISH JAS- 

and yellowish hues. ne 

Fig. 188 is one of these small jasper specimens from  Chiriqui, Panama, 


Chiriqui. They are made entirely by chipping, and as _— United States of 


5 : 2 Colombia. 
the material is hard and refractory, the workmanship ... .. oe 
Zz LER IS : Division IV, Class E. 
isrude. This form is shown in Plate 39, figs. 1 to 4. Cat. No, 98477, U.S.N.M. 


CLASS F.—BROADEST AT CUTTING END—TRANCHANT TRANSVERSAL. (Plate 39, 
figs. 5-8.) 


Fig. 189 (a, b) represents two specimens of this class, and figs. 5 to 8 
on Plate 39 represent others. They are thin, almost flake-like in 
appearance, no} made pointed, nor are the edges worked down by sec- 
ondary chipping. The cutting edge is at the front, at the broadest 
end, chisel-shaped—tranchant transversal—and, thus propelled, will 
make a wound large enough for the arrow shaft to follow. Whether 
these were really arrowpoints, or were used as knives, is a disputed 
question. De Mortillet devotes Plate XX XIX of the Musée Préhis- 
torique to them, showing fifteen illustrations (figs. 319-534). One of 
them, from Denmark, is still lashed to its shaft or handle by threads 
or fibers of bark. The instrument (fig. 190a) is smalk enough for an 


! Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1884-85, pp. 33, 34. 


938 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


arrow, but the handle is short enough for a knife; whether the shaft 
was broken before being placed in its grave can not be known. 

Fig. 190 (b) represents another specimen of the same class, from a 
neolithic grave at Montiguy-l’Engrain (Aisne) France. It is inserted 
in a horn handle and shows this particular specimen to have served as 
a knife, possibly for trepanation, and not as an arrow. 

Similar specimens have been found throughout western Europe. 
A cache of some thousand was opened and is now displayed in the 
museum at Copenhagen. Another was described by M. Edmond Vielle.! 

There is an implement peculiar to Scandinavia of the same form as the 
tranchant transversal. They have been called in French “ tranchet.” 
From their resemblance to the tranchant transversal they are sup- 
posed to have been the same implement and intended for the same use, 
but this conclusion has not been accepted. The principal difference 
between those of Scandinavia and of other countries is their respective 
sizes. Those of Scandinavia are larger, so much so as to interdict all 
possible use as arrowpoints or spearheads. Many of them are large 
enough to have required to be held in the hand for use. It is the 
accepted belief that they served rather as hatchets, and that their 
cutting was done by strokes as in chopping. It is also charged that 
they belonged to an earlier epoch than their 
smaller partners, this having been deter- 
mined by the conditions and stratum of their 
deposit and the objects with which they 
were found associated. No opinion is ex- 
pressed as to the correctness of this belief 
of the use of the tranchet. As much as can 
be said at the present is a warning that an 
objection made to the large tranchet in 
PECULIAR FORMS OF ARRowrowrs, C@Ndinavia shall not necessarily defeat the 

BROADEST AT curring enp— ideas of the similar use for the smaller ones’ 
CT ee in France and other parts of Europe. 

ay eee si te : Whatever may be said in opposition to the 

; : use of the small tranchant transversal as an 

arrowpoint or spearhead, it must be admitted that they have been found 

in such numbers in numerous and widely separated localities, and 

extending over such an area of Europe as to make it difficult to deter- 

mine for what purpose they were intended, if not for that. 

The greatest contention as to its possible use grows out of its shaft 
or handle and the mode of attachment, by which it is sought to be 
determined whether it was used as an arrowpoint or spearhead, or as a 
knife; but all this discussion is of slight value viewed from the stand- 
point of this paper, for it must be admitted that these implements 
were prehistoric and intended for a use involving cutting, scraping, or 
piercing. The piercing use would decide it to be an arrowpoint or 
spearhead, which would naturally require an attachment to an arrow 
or spear shaft. But suppose that they would be found attached to a 


Fig. 189. 


' Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, 1890, p. 959. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 939. 


shorter shaft or handle, then they might serve as knives and as such 
would be entitled to consideration here. This supposed difference in 
the shaft or handle applies equally to other implements which have 
passed throughout all time as arrowpoints or spearheads. For, as has 
been shown in its appropriate place, the particular use of the ordinary 
‘arrowpoint or spearhead is to be determined by the kind of shaft or 
handle to which it was attached. The size of the implement made no 
difference; if it was attached to a long and stout shaft it was a spear, 
if to a shorter one, it was a javelin, if still shorter and smaller, an arrow, 
while a still shorter one became a handle and 
determined the implement to be a knife. 

As the tranchant transversal must have had 
some one of these kinds of handles or shafts, 
the shaft or handle, and not the head, deter- 
mined its use. It is therefore repeated that, 
in any event and without deciding the various 
contentions whether the tranchant transversal 
was used as an arrowpoint, a spearhead, or a 
knife, itis still appropriate to be noticed in this 
paper. It may have been a combination imple- 
ment and served in many capacities. Onesug- 
gested by the author as extremely probable is 
that of a surgical instrument and specially 
used in trepanation, of which we lave seen so 
many instances in the prehistoric epoch to 
which these implements belong. 

The U.S. National Museum possesses ( Wil- eae te. 
son collection) a series of these implements "DN tcsns nome 

; I .! TRANSVERSAL. 
from the station of Teil (Loir-et-Cher, France), (q) yound in peat moss, Funan, 
collected by M. A. C. Bonnet, of Paris. He — Denmark, in shaft and tied with 
has a large collection, having exeavated the — P#st fiber. 


Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, etc., p. 365, 


station and secured its entire contents. He fie. 344. 

says the station at Teil was evidently inhabi- (5) From neolithic grave, (Aisne) 
ted by prehistoric man for a long time. It RD eg ra 
was on the side of a hill looking toward the 7“°"""" es Serer eee 


south, with a stream of water at the foot, and 

had everything to recommend it as a place of habitation. There are 
many localities in western Kurope wherein these implements have been 
found, but they do not require notice or description. 

A vertebra, from a grotto near Courjeonnet, in the valley of the Petit 
Morin (Marne), France, was pierced by a flint arrowpoint of the type 
tranchant transversal. The grotto in which it was found was sepul- 
chral. <All the bones were human, regularly disposed, and their ana- 
tomical relations respectively preserved. There would seem to be uo 
doubt that this was used as a projectile. Dr. Hamy, describing the 
excavations at Les EKyzies in his “ Paléontologie Humaine,” says: 

There are very small arrowpoints, triangular or flattened, filed at their extremities, 
which form a sharp edge. In figs. 63,64 one of these points is shown still inserted 
in the lumbar vertebra of a young reindeer. 


940 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


This means arrowpoints tranchant transversal, although the name had 
not then been given to them. 

The specimens from Petit Morin confirm Hamy’s opinion and the 
theory that they were used as arrowpoints or projectiles. A skull was 
found in one of the grottoes of Villevenard, where it, with the other. 
portions of the skeleton, were in their normal position, apparently 
unchanged in position since the day of burial. A portion of the skull 
was decayed so that possible wounds were destroyed, but inside of the 
skull, so placed as to be impossible of entry except through the bone, 
were found three arrowpoints tranchant transversal. Another ofthese — 
arrowpoints was found, still at Villevenard, inserted between two dorsal 
vertebrie. In a burial cave containing thirty subjects, all regularly 
disposed and the whole grave filled solid, were found no less than 
seventy-three arrowpoints tranchant transversal. They were disposed ? 
in the head and trunk and bore such relation to the skeletons as to show 
that they had been intimately associated with the body, if not inserted i 
in it, at the time of burial. Baron de Baye found nearly two thousand 
of these specimens, tranchant transversal, in the grottoes explored by 
him, and it is impossible to believe, after the evidences found, that they 
had not been used as projectiles, whether as arrowpoints or spearheads 
may be left undetermined. 

Those who are desirous of continuing the investigations into this 
subject are referred to the authorities: 


“Sur les Fléches & Tranchant Transversal,” by Baron Joseph de Baye, in Congres 
International d’Anthropologie et Archieologie Préhistoriques. Compte rendu de la 
Je session, Stockholm, 1874, I, pp. 271, 272. 

“Le Préhistorique,” 2d ed., p. 518. By G. De Mortillet. 

“Le Musée Préhistorique,” pl. XXxIXx, figs. 319-334. By G. De Mortillet. 

“Pointes de Fleches Typiques de Fere-en-Tardenois (Aisne),” by Edmond Vielle: 
Bull. de la Soe. d@’Anthrop. de Paris, I, (4th ser.), Paris, 1890, pp. 959-964. 

““Armes de Jet 4 Tranchant Transversal, concave ou convexe,” by Dr. L. Capitan. 
Bulletin de la Societe d’Anthropologie de Paris, XII (8d ser.), 1889, pp. 609-620. 

“‘Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,” by Sir John Evans (Amer. ed.), 
p. 365. 

““Un Depot de Fléches 4 Tranchant Transversal dans les Stations du Petit-Morin,” 
by Baron Joseph de Baye. Bulletin de la Société d’ Anthropologie de Paris, VII (3d 
ser.), 1884, pp. 202-204. 


A communication by M. Dumont! argues the affirmative of the propo- 
sition at length in a very satisfactory mauner. It shows, by Plate IX, 
that on the Kongo and throughout a large portion of Africa the arrow 
or spear heads with the broad points, tranchant transversal, are in 
continued use among the sivages. The same idea is elaborated by 
Dr. Capitan in the study mentioned. 

Those who are in opposition to the idea of these being used as arrow- 
points are recommended to Dictionnaire des Sciences Anthropologiques, 

* titles ‘“ Neolithique,” p. 806, and ‘“Tranchet,” p. 1064, by Philippe 


! Bulletin de la Societe d’Anthropologie, Bruxelles, VIII, 1889-90, pp. 176-188. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 941 


Salmon, and ‘ Chisel-shaped,” by Sir John Evans, Ancient Stone 
Implements, etc., p. 329, fig. 272 from Egypt, and p. 352, fig. 342, from 
Scotland. 

Two ancient specimens of this type, undoubtedly used as arrows, and 
coming from France, are shown (figs. 196, 197) in the chapter on 
‘Arrow wounds,’ as having been fired, the first into a human vertebra 
and the second into a human tibia. While the drawing of these illus- 
trations may not represent the tranchant transversal with exactness, 
there is no doubt, both from description and examination, that they are 
of this type. 


CLASS G.—POLISHED SLATE. (Plate 39, figs. 9-13.) 


Specimens of this type are shown on a portion of Plate 39 (figs. 9-13). 
They are peculiar in that they are found and appear to have been made 
and used in a restricted locality on the northern Atlantic coast. They 
are of slate, have been ground or polished on both sides, and made to 
a smooth edge. = 

Knives of slate, with a circular cutting edge, fashioned like a sad- 
dler’s knife, have been found in the same region, where they are said to 
have been used as fish knives. Both spearheads and knives are iden- 
tical with Eskimo forms and would suggest possible contact; but it is 
remarkable, and as yet unexplained, why this material should have 
been preferred for arrowpoints or spearheads. There is no lack of the 
usual material in this portion of the country. Mount Kineo furnishes 
a porphyritic felsite (Mount Kineo flint), which was manufactured into 
arrowpoints that have been distributed up and down the coast for a 
long distance. 


CLASS H.—ASYMMETRIC. (Plate 39, figs. 15-19.) 


A series of asymmetric arrowpoints is represented in a portion of 
Plate 39 (figs. 15-19). Their lopsided form shows their peculiarity. 
It is curious that they should have been made in a way which appar- 


942 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ently destroys their effectiveness as a projectile. It is suggested that 
they may have been fastened to a short handle after the fashion of a 
knife and then used as concave scrapers; that is to say, for the same 
purpose as the implements in Plate 26, The convex edge may have 
been used as a knife. 

The long, straight implement (Plate 39, fig. 15) is quite different from 
these, and yet is asymmetric and to be placed in this class. It belongs 
to the Solutréen epoch of the Paleolithic period and represents the 
earliest examples of supposed arrowpoints or spearheads, although 
they may have been, and probably were, used as harpoons; they come 
from the well-known cavern district on the Vézére (Dordogne), France. 
The U. S. National Museum (Wilson collection) possesses two speci- 
mens of the same style, but smaller. The Solutréen epoch was prover- 
bial for the excellence of its flint chipping, and these are representative 
examples. 

The Steiner collection from Burke County, Georgia, contains a num- 
ber of asymmetric arrowpoints or spearheads. T*igs. 16 and i7, Plate 
39, and fig. 195 belong to that collection. They are of the gray flint 
with yellow patina sv common in that country, of which we have so 
many representatives in the Steiner and McGlashan collections. The 
remark above made as to the impossibility of their use as projectiles 
and the probability of their employment as scrapers or knives with 
short handles, applies to these specimens. Others shown in the plate 
as belonging to this class have great similarity with the implements to 
be described in the succeeding chapter on knives. Their asymmetric 
and lopsided form, the characteristics of their point, and the sharpened 
edge upon the one side only, the stem suitable for handling, are all 
evidence of the non-employment of these implements as arrows or 
spears, or as projectiles. 


CLASS I.—CURIOUS FORMS, (Plate 39, fig. 14; Plate 40.) 


There have been discovered in different countries, implements which 
have resemblance to arrowpoints and spearheads in material, method 
and style of manufacture, and general appearance, though by reason of 
the peculiarity of their form are totally unfitted for any projectile pur- 
pose and, indeed, it is impossible that they should have served as such. 
Plate 39, fig. 14, shows one of this class, and Plate 40 represents a 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 40. 


1 2 3 
4 
5 6° i 
8 9 10 
11 
12 13 
14 
18 
17 
15 16 
19 20 


PECULIAR FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 


Class I. 
Fig. 1. Gray FLInt. 
(Cat. No. 43132, U.S.N.M. Mound, Naples, Illinois. J.G. Henderson.) 
Fig. 2. OBSIDIAN. 
(Cat. No, 26417, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, Califorma. S. Bowers.) 
Fig. 3. DARK-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 62387, U.S.N.M. Jefferson County, West Virginia. R.W. Mercer.) 
Fig. 4. PORPHYRITIC FELSITE. : 
(Cat. No. 9992, U.S.N.M. Shell heaps, Edmunds, Maine. G.T. Gardner.) 
. DARK-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 147751, U.S.N.M. Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) 
PALE BROWN FLINT. 
(Cat. No, 35589, U.S.N.M. Greenfield, Missouri. M. E. Harrison.) 
PALE-BROWN FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 147750, U S.N.M. Flint Ridge, Ohio.) 
PALE-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 15733, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. W.G. Harford.) 
Fig. 9. GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 145977, U.S.N.M. Flint Ridge, Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) 
Fig. 10. GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 32538, U.S.N.M. Pearl Depot, Illinois. Brainard Mitchell.) 
Fig. 11. GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No 15732, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California.) 
Fig. 12. PINK FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 32522, U.S.N.M. Pearl Depot, Illinois. Brainard Mitchell.) 
Fig. 13. PALE-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 30127, U.S.N.M. St. Clair County, Illinois. Dr.J.R. Patrick.) 
Fig. 14. @RAYISH FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 29630 U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. S. Bowers.) 
Fig. 15. WHITE FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 173938, U.S.N.M. Southeast Missouri. Bureau of Ethnology, Hilder collec- 
tion.) 
Fig. 16. WHITE FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 98662, U.S.N.M. (Cast). Greene County, Illinois. C. Armstrong.) 
Fig. 17. WHITE FLINT. ; 
(Cat. No. 32523. U.S.N.M. Pearl Depot, Illinois. Brainard Mitchell.) 
Fig. 18. WHITE FLINT. 
(103 (?). Mussouri.) 
Fig. 19. Wath FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 146840, U.S.N.M. Dallas City, Illinois. L.S. Bliss.) 
Fig. 20. PINKISH FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 97485, U.S.N.M. Flint Ridge, Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) 


| 
ig 
Ol 


= 
oS 
i Nees sek Hoe 


Report of U. S. Nationa! Museum, 1897.— Wilson. 


PECULIAR FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. 
Class I. 


PLATE 40. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 943 


series of these curious forms. The latter is taken from the author’s 


paper on Prehistoric Art,! where it is thus introduced: 


It has been remarked many times throughout this paper that the prehistoric 
artist possessed sufficient confidence in his ability, and displayed such control 


over his tools and materials as enabled him to make any- 
thing out of flint that his fancy might dictate; he did not 
confine himself to utilitarian objects, but was an artist in 
the true sense of the word; that is to say, he dealt with 
art for art’s sake, for the sake of making something which 
should be beautiful and whose only purpose, according to 
the canon of art laid down by Sir John Collier, would be 
to please his eye and to gratify his taste. The prehistoric 
artist im flint obtained, in some way, we know not how, 
possibly by study and contemplation, possibly by education, 
possibly by accident, an ideal which he reproduced in flint. 
Plate 29 [Plate 40] represents twerty objects taken at hazard 
from the interior of the United States, principally from the 
Ohio and Mississippi valleys, all of flint,in curious and rare 
forms, believed to be entirely without utility and solely to 
gratify an artistic desire. None of them are arrow or spear 
heads, and none of them appear to have been made for any 
service. They are the work of a master who, conscious of his 
ability, is playing with his art. One represents a bird, one a 
snake, one an outstretched beaver-skin, two of them, by stretch 
of the imagination, might represent four-footed animals; the 
rest have no likeness to any known object. All of them are 
worked from flint or some similar stone; one is of obsidian; 
they are represented about natural size. This series shows 
what the prehistoric artist in flint was able to do in the 
management and control of his tools and materials in making 
fanciful objects. 


These curious forms are not peculiar to the United 
States. They are found in England,’ and have also 
been found scattered through France, Switzerland, and 
Italy, though rarely. 

Fig. 191 is one of the peeuliar forms restricted in 
number and locality. Its restrictions in both these 
regards are so close that the author has not deemed 
it necessary to assign it a class or give it a name. 
These forms are confined to Scandinavia, and are 
extremely rare even in that country. The specimen 
figured is from Sweden, was procured by the author, 
and forms part of the collection in the U.S. National 
Museum. It is an arrowpoint of bone, sharpened 
to a fine point, is extremely hard and_ stiff, and 
could pierce equal to any flint weapon. Either 


SANE eS ease 


Fig. 191. 

ARROW POINT OF BONE, 
WITH NARROW 
GROOVES ON EACH 
SIDE AND SHARP 
FLINT FLAKES FAS- 
TENED WITH BITU- 
MEN ORGUM. 

Sweden. 


Cat. No. 101637, U.S.N.M. 
Natural size. 


side is opened with a deep and narrow groove into which have 


been inserted tiny bits of flint flakes, with sharp cutting edges, fas- 


1 Page 4387, pl. 21. 


2Sir John Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, pp. 350, 351, figs. 336-339. 


944 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. ey 


tened with bitumen or gum. Some of these bits of flint have been lost — 
out of the original specimen, but enough remain to show its character 
and effectiveness as a weapon.' Some of the bits of flint suitable for 
such use have been found and are displayed in the Museum of the 
Royal Irish Academy.’ 

M. de Mortillet presents, in “ Musée Préhistorique,”* eight illustra. 
tions of spear and lance heads with two poniards, varying in length, — 
Six are from France, of which three are the flint of Grand Pressigny. 
He makes the following remarks as to their differentiation: 

Lanceheads and poniards of flint in France are smooth on one side, the chipping 
being always done on the other. In Scandinavia they are chipped on both sides, 
In France the objects intended for knives have no secondary chipping at all. The 


cutting edge is left smooth as it was struck from the core; in other words, it is rf 
simply a sharp-ec dged flake. 


In his estimation an object from France like the Mousterien point 7 
(figs. 3, 4), untouched on one side but wrought to an edge on the other, 

would be a spear or lance head, while a flake like that from Grand — 
Pressigny (Plate 7, fig. 4), sharp but untouched on the edge, would be M 
a knife. His Plate XLII contains illustrations of javelin points, large 
arrowpoints, of which five are from France (four of flint and one of — 
bone), three are from the United States, the others from Russia and 
Scandinavia. His Plates XLIII and XLIV contain 41 illustrations of — 
arrowpoints, of nearly every form and style (figs. 365-405), France — 
has 21 representatives, Italy 4, Switzerland and Denmark each 3, a 
Ireland, Portugal, and America eat 2, Prussia, Sweden, and Aleoeea 


each 1. These are of the usual types, though some may have partic- $ 
ular forms peculiar to certain countries. His Plate XLV contains ~ 
four illustrations of the mode of fastening the arrowpoints to the shaft, Ms 
agen : ae, an 

three from the lake (dwellings of Switzerland, and one from California; o 
two are of stone and one of bone. # 
" 

CLASS K.—PERFORATORS. r 2 

R 

§ 


MAX ALA 


An anomaly in arrowpoints should not be overlooked. One of tle 
prehistoric implements of America is that which usually has been 
called the perforator or drill, though sometimes, jocularly, ‘‘hairpin.” 
It consists of the bore or pile, which is round or nearly so, pointed as 
though suitable for drilling or boring, with a stem or base after the fash- 


'Montelius, Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times, p. 25, fig. 25. 
?Sir W. Wilde, Catalogue of the Royal Irish Academy, I, p. 10; p. 254, fig. 163, 
> Plate >.< Pell I: 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 


945 


ion of arrowpoints. It has usually been supposed that this spreading 


base was to be held between the thumb and 
fingers, gimlet fashion, and used as a drill. 
Some of these implements appear to have 
been made primarily for this purpose, while 
others have the full and complete base, stem, 
shoulders, and sometimes barbs, of the stem 
end of an arrowpoint, and of these it has 
always been said or supposed, that the per- 
forator or drill had a secondary use, and was 
possibly a broken arrowpoint. The blade is 
chipped away on either edge until the pile or 
bore is very nearly round and quite pointed. 
These have never been classed as arrowpoints 
or spearheads, but it is curious to remark that 
the only wounds shown in the’ two human 
skulls in the U.S. National Museum should 
have been made by stone implements or arrow- 
points of this peculiar kind. Reference is 
made to figs. 198 and 200, where the skulls 
are represented with the wound and weapon 
as originally found, but the latter are also 
withdrawn and shown in their entirety. 
With this apparently conclusive evidence of 
their use as arrowpoints, they can not be 
omitted from this classification. 

The bow and arrow as a projectile engine 
comprises several parts. This paper has 
treated only one, the arrowpoint or pile, as it 
is called in archery, for the reason that the 
investigation has been confined in point of 
time to the prehistoric, and all or nearly all 
parts of the engine, except the stone arrow- 
point, have decayed or been destroyed by 
lapse of time. Bows with their strings, arrow 
shafts with their feathering, spear shafts, and, 
with a few excepted illustrations to be given, 
knife handles, have all perished. Dr. Otis T. 
Mason says:! 


Of the ancient inhabitants of this continent the 
perishable material of arrows constituting the shaft 
and other parts has rotted and left us naught but the 
stone heads. Even those of bone and wood and other 
material have passed away, so as to leave the im- 
pression that the Indians of this eastern region used 
only stone; but all authorities agree that other sub- 
stances were employed quite as frequently as the last 
named. 


‘PUBL19ZILMG ‘HOSNRIMeqory 


“ONITTAMG AMVT OINOLSIHAUd WOUA MOH MAA 


1 North American Bows, Arrows, and Quivers, Smithsonian Report, 1893, p. 654, 


NAT MUS 97 60 


946 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


A single specimen of a bow was preserved in the bog peat of the — 
lake dwellers and has been found and exhibited to the eye of man— 
“only this, and nothing more.” Fig. 192 represents the original of 
this specimen, now in the museum in Zurich, Switzerland, and found 
by Jacob Messikommer in the peat bog which was originally the lake 
dwelling of Robenhausen. The author has visited this ‘station more 
than once and has found many pieces of wood well preserved. The 
piles themselves in this, as in all other pile dwellings, are of wood, and 
almost every museum possesses specimens in certain stages of preser- 
vation. The work on this specimen identifies it specifically as a 
bow. The end “horns” show the notch for the retention of the bow 
string, while the center has a certain style of decoration. 

Those interested in ancient bows, or bows of primitive, not pre- 
historic, peoples are referred to Doctor Masow’s paper. 


IX. KNIVES. 


Mention has previously been made of the possibility of the use by 
prehistoric man of the implements described in this paper for other 
purposes than as arrowpoints or spearheads (pp. 823, 935, 938, 977). 
The importance of the subject requires further investigation. 

Reference to the classification of these implements will show many 
varieties, such as leaf-shaped, triangular, stemmed, notched, shoul- 
dered, and barbed, yet all these are variations only in details, the gen- 
eral form, the material, and the processes of manufacture being the 
same. The principal differences between the various kinds, those most 
affecting their use and purpose, are in size and weight. It seems 
strange that implements of such similarity in all functional character- 
istics should differ so much in size and weight, and it is unreasonable to 
believe that implements of such extremes—one very lightand small, the 
other large and heavy—could have been employed in the same manner 
or have served the same purpose. It would indeed be strange if imple- 
ments 15 or more inches long, as the Arvedsen specimen (Plate 65), or 
those in Plates 61 and 64 in this paper and Plate 27 in “Prehistoric 
Art,” over 12 inches in length, should have been employed in the same 
manner aud for the same purpose as the small obsidian or jasper 
“jewel points” from California and Oregon. Yet these are of the same 
material, have the same style and mode of manufacture, their principal, 
if not their only, difference being in size and weight. 

These implements, with their extreme variations, are not confined to 
any particular locality or country. The large, finely wrought, leaf- 
shaped blades have been found in Mexico as well as in central France, 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Witson. 


‘tanesny, [BUONBN *§ “9 
“BIMOFTV) ‘AoTeA Bdnyy 


“SSAINYM S¥ G3 10NVH ‘sazqvig Q3dVHS-4V371 NVIGISSO GNV 


4inn4y 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 947 


and the small ‘jewel points” are found in California and Oregon as 
well as in Italy, with a sprinkling of each scattered over western 
Europe. 

The handle or shaft to which these implements were fastened and 
with which they were used may assist us in their classification. Imagine 
a hickory sapling 10 or 12 feet long, which ean best be understood by 
the average American boy when described as a ‘‘hoop-pole,” cut, 
smoothed, seasoned, toughened, or hardened by fire, 145 inches in diam- 
eter at the butt and tapering to a half or three-quarters of an inch at 
the top, into which one of the small jewel points had been inserted. 
This implement, held in the hands and used for thrusting, would 
undoubtedly be called a spear or lance. If the length of the handle 
was reduced to 4 or 6 feet, it would be a javelin suitable for throwing; 
with a light reed or cane shaft 2 or 3 feet in length it would be an 
arrow; and with a handle, however large, if but 5 or 4 inches in length, 
the implement would become a knife (Plates 41-43). The same classi- 
fication applies to a larger implement attached to a larger or longer 
shaft equally well as to the smaller implement with the shorter shaft. 

The foregoing in its application to prehistoric implements is, to a 
certain extent, theoretical, for their shafts or handles were of wood 
and by lapse of time have decayed and are lost. We know this as 
a matter of fact. Among the hundreds of collectors throughout the 
United States, where tens of thousands of ancient arrowpoints and 
spearheads have been collected, we have no record of any of them hav- 
ing been found with handle or shaft attached. This is not strange nor 
is it peculiar to these implements. The polished stone hatchets doubt- 
less had wooden haniules, yet of all of the thousands found, there have 
been less than a dozen reported in the United States with their wooden 
handles.’ Like the arrowpoint or spearhead, it is usual to find them 
without any trace of a handle. Objects of wood used in prehistoric 
times have rarely been found, and the instances thereof are usually con- 
fined to those either protected by water’ or those in the sandy desert, 
where there was no moisture to cause decay.” 

There are some of these implements with their handles which, being 
. found under these favorable conditions, or belonging to modern sav- 
ages, have been preserved for inspection. Ool. ?. H. Ray, in his 
investigations and collections among the Hupa Indians,‘ reported a 
number of leaf-shaped implements, which, if found alone, would have 
passed for spearheads, as have thousands of others of similar form 
collected throughout all that portion of the world occupied by pre- 
historic man. The implements found by Colonel Ray are now in the 
U. S. National Museum under Professor Mason’s charge (Plate 41). 


'Thomas Wilson, Prehistoric Art, frontispiece and pl. 31. 

*Page 946, fig. 192. 

‘The Coptic tapestries were buried in the Egyptian sands in the first to seventh 
centuries A. D. They have been found in this century in fairly good condition, 

‘Smithsonian Report, 1886, p. 222, 


948 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


The first series consists of eight specimens. The material is obsidian 
or chalcedony varying from dark-brown to a dull blue, with veins of 
blue throughout the brown. The blades vary from 4 to 5? inches 
in length, from 123 to 23 inches in width, and are from 2 to 4 inch 
thick. Handles of pine, from 45 to 64 inches, were attached to all of 
them. Five of these were glued or gummed, three were lashed. 
Another of these blades, similar in all respects to the former, was 
obtained by Colonel Ray, but the wooden handle was replaced by 
wrapping of otter skin. The blade is 74 by 17 by 8 inches. Speci- 
mens of the foregoing are set forth in Plate 41, a reference to which will 
make the description clear. The smaller specimen in this plate repre- 
sents a series of knives obtained by Maj. J. W. Powell from the Pai 
Utes. The latter is described and figured by Dr. Charles Rau,! who says: 


Collectors are ready to class chipped-stone articles of certain forms occurring 
throughout the United States as arrow and lance heads, without thinking that 


many of these specimens may have been quite differently employed by the aborigi- ~ 


nes. Thus the Pai Utes of Southern Utah use to this day chipped-flint blades, 
identical in shape with those that are usually called arrow and spear points, as 
knives, fastening them in short wooden handles by means of a black substance. 
Quite a number of these hafted flint knives (fig. 1) have been deposited in the col- 
lection of the National Museum by Maj. J. W. Powell, who obtained them during 
his sojourn among the Pai Utes. The writer was informed by Major Powell that 
these people use their stone knives with great effect, especially in cutting leather. 
On the other hand, the stone-tipped arrows still made by various Indian tribes are 
mostly provided with small, slender points, generally Jess than an inch in length, 
and seldom exceeding an inch and a half, as exemplified by many specimens of modern 
arrows inthe Smithsonian collection. If these facts be deemed conclusive, it would 
follow that the real Indian arrowhead was comparatively small, and that the 
larger specimens classed as arrowheads, and not a few of the so-called spear points, 
were originally set in handles and were used as knives and daggers. In many cases 
it is impossible to determine the real character of small leaf shaped or triangular 
objects of chipped flint, which may have served as arrowheads or either as scrapers 
or cutting tools, in which the convex or straight base formed the working edge. 
Certain chipped spearhead-shaped specimens with a sharp, straight, or slightly 
convex base may have been cutting implements or chisels. Arrowheads of aslender 
elongated form pass over almost imperceptibly into perforators, insomnch that it is 
often impossible to make a distinetion between them. 


Another series of similar implements (Plate 42) with handle attached 
are in the U.S. National Museum. They are from southern California, 
and are reported in Wheeler’s Geographical Survey.’ These specimens 
were collected by Mr. Shumacher from Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz 
islands. The material, while differing much, was uniformly of hard 
stone, such as flint, chalcedony, or jasper. The blades are inserted in 
redwood handles, fastened with gum or bitumen, and bear the evidence 
of long exposure. The dryness of the country whence they came was 
probably the cause of their preservation. 

These wooden-handled knives were not confined to the coast nor, 


| Archeological Collection of the U. 8. National Museum, p. 2, fig. 1. 
2 George M. Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Merid- 
ian, VII, 1879, Archeology, p. 59. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897,.-—Wilson. 


LEAF-SHAPED FLINT BLADES, IN W 


Santa Barbara and § 


r 


Wheeler's Sury 


PLATE 42, 


EN HANDLES, FASTENED WITH BITUMEN. 


a Cruz islands, California. 
etc., VII, p. 59, pl. rv. 


a =a) | (hae te ee aM —, a “GS den - 


Report of U. S, National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLaTE 43. 


LEAF-SHAPED BLADES OF FLINT AND CHALCEDONY, SHOWING BITUMEN HANDLE FASTENING. 
California. 


Wheeler’s Survey, etec., VII, pl. 1. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 949 


indeed, to California, but were found far in the interior. The Haz- 
zard collection from the cliff ruins of Arizona and New Mexico, now in 
the Archeological Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, which 
made such a memorable display at the World’s Columbian Exposition 
in Chicago, contains a series of similar knives of flint inserted in wooden 
handles from 4 to 6 inches in length, of the same style and kind as the 
California specimens in Plate 42. 

Forming part of the same series are eleven other specimens without 
handles, but with the traces of bitumen on the base showing where a 
handle had been attached. It should not be forgotten in considering 
these implements that they come from a country which abounds in the 
ordinary arrowpoints and spearheads of all kinds and sizes, some ot 
which show extremely fine chipping. 

There is still another series! (Plate 43) quite different in form and 
make, but to which the same remark applies. Some of them represent 
the highest order of flint chipping. They form Class C of the division 
of leaf-shaped implements of the author’s classification. They are long, 
thin, and narrow, with a well-wrought base which may be square, con- 
vex, or concave, while the point is sharp and symmetrical. The pecul- 
larity which determined their classification was the parallelism of their 
edges throughout their length. Aniaspection of the specimens renders 
it evident that they were never intended as arrowpoints or spearheads. 
Their extreme thinness, together with the breakable character of the 
flint of which they are made, would cause them to break in any shock 
that might be given by throwing, lancing, or shooting. Those of the 
series with convex bases are covered with asphaltum or bitumen for 1 
or 15 inches of the base. This is evidence of their insertion in a handle, 
which, in view of the circumstances, and their association with the former 
specimens, we can only conclude was short, and that the implement was 
intended to be held in the hand and used as a knife or dagger. 

Flint or chert points similar in every way to arrowpoints, and inserted 
in short antler handles, were found by Prof. F. W. Putnam and Dr. 
C. L. Metz, in their excavations of the Mariott mound in the Little 
Miami Valley, Ohio.” Ten or a dozen of these knife handles were 
found, in one of which was inserted a bone instead of a stone blade. 

In the Swiss lake dwellings small polished stone hatchets or chisels 
are frequently found inserted in short antler handles. Many of these 
antlers were tenoned for insertion in a heavy wooden handle, evidently 
for use in chopping, as an ax,’ but many of the antler handles were 
without tenons, and were evidently intended to be held in the hand 
and used as knives or chisels and not as axes.‘ 

Flint or chert arrowpoints, inserted in short wooden handles for use as 
knives, are found in the ancient tombs of Peru. Sharpened and barbed 

'George M. Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Merid- 
ian, VII, 1879, Archeology, pl. tr. 

*Kighteenth and Nineteenth Annual Reports of the Peabody Museum, 1886, p. 457. 


’De Mortillet, Musée Préhistorique, pl. XLVIII. 
4Idem., pl. Lu, fig. 487. 


950 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


points of bone and of ivory, inserted in short handles of wood, bone, 
and ivory, the lower end pointed for insertion in a lance shaft for use 
as harpoons, are in common use among the modern Eskimos. This 
short handle can be detached, 
thus making, if need be, a knife 
of the implement. 

An illustration of large blades, 
more or less leaf-shaped, and 
which, if alone, would be taken 
for spearheads, is shown in fig. 
193, where such an implement of 
nephrite, beautifully wrought and 
finely polished, is inserted in a 
short handle, evidently for use 
as a knife. The illustrations, 
shown in Plate 44, of Eskimo 
specimens from Hotham Inlet, 
Alaska, collected by Lieut. Com- 
mander G. M. Stoney, U.S. N., are 
still more pertinent. Figs. 1 and 
2 have blades of chert or horn- 
stone of the usual leaf shape. 
Fig. 2 is handled for use as a knife 
by being inserted edgewise in a 
handle of wood. Fig. 1 is inter- 
esting, for its leaf-shaped char- 


Wa 
NEE 


I. 


WAY; 


“ 


— 


ele 


tified, while its handle, instead of 

Bis dee being of wood or fastened with 

ESKIMO KNIFE WITH NEPHRITE BLADE, IVORY HANDLE, bitumen or asphaltum, as have 

PAY WHOUSN SESS TE: been nearly all others, is made of 

Norton Bey, asks osier wrapped back and_ forth 

Blade, 84 x 24 inches. + t of tl de f 

E. W. Nelson, Cat. No. 176072, U.S.N.M. over a part 0 Bee upper edge 0 

the blade, catching upon the 

irregularities of the flint edge and drawn tight so as to be held firmly 

in place. This was used as a fish knife, its interstices being yet filled 
with fish scales. Dr. Mason,! describing this instrument, says: 


There are thousands of pieces of shale, slate, quartzite, anil other stones in the 
National Museum, which correspond exactly with the blades of the Eskimo woman’s 
knife. These have been gathered from village sites, shell heaps, the surface of the 
soil, from graves, mounds, and Indian camps in countless numbers. * * * In 
the matter of attaching the blade to the handle or grip the Eskimo’s mother-wit has 
not deserted her. Many of the blades are tightly fitted into a socket or groove of 
the handle. Boas, who lived among the Cumberland Gulf Eskimos, tells us that 
glue is made of a mixture of seal’s blood, a kind of clay, and dog’s hair. (Report 
of the Bureau of Ethnology, V1, p. 526.) 


1'The Ulu, or Woman’s Knife, or the Eskimo. Report U.S. National Museum, 1890, 


pp. 411-417. 


acteristics are more easily iden- | 


OS EE al iE aT Aas yee 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44. . 


Fig. 1. WomMAN’s KNIFE (UIn). Blade of hornstone, leaf-shaped, with a projection 
from one margin. The handle is of the most primitive character, being 
formed of osier, wrapped backward and forward longitudinally, and held 
firmly in place by cross twining and weaving of the same material. The 
interstices are filled with fish scales. Length, 3% inches. 

(Cat. No. 63765, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Hotham Inlet, Alaska. Collected by Lieut.G M. 
Stoney, U.S. N.) 

Fig. 2. WomAN’s KNIFE (Ulu). Blade of chert or flint material, inserted 1n a handle 
of wood. On the upper margin of the latter at either corner are three 
cross gashes or grooves. 

(Cat. No. 63766, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Hotham Inlet, Alaska. Collected by Lieut. G. M. 
Stoney, U.S. N.) 

Fig. 3. WoMAN’s Knire (Ulu). Handle of walrus ivory. Ornament, groove, and 
herringbone on top; lines and alternating tooth-shaped cuts on the side, 
with five scratches resembling inverted trees. Pocket groove for blade, 
abruptly wedge-shaped, like the kernel of a Brazil nut. Length, 24 inehes. 

(Cat. No. 44598, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Cape Nome, Alaska, 1880. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson.) 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 44, 


Sasa ee 


Foe 
aN 
ZA 


SS is 
: a ok 


ULU OR WoMaAN’s KNIFE. 
Hotham Inlet and Cape Nome. 


Mason, Report U. 8. National Museum, 1890, pl. Lxr. 


ry 
‘ 


¥ ci b : 


Pe ae “Wy 


Larceny 


= 


, 
A 
¢ 
or 


ee re as oe a wes yl hah TA 
+ of , Ras i 


eit 
: 


F 
2 


Meretny Srseass ee ee re ~ 
ite 4 ik Wein | e > “3 
Rh da ie yoene 9 I Bal os aon ee ee 


th 


are ie 


oe I 


hs 


my Aye g 


es? 


: 7 MS cco 
ee “ 
ghd I ee ee PO Le : “ ae, 
: teF i oT a. 

Ho. anes mA : ay 

oan ee as re s > 
ae eee ae, oe p ae % 
ey ee Peon Wt tt i, ae aa 
na 5 


a 


SRT VANE 


ise 
ve a 


’ gy 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wiison,  . PLATE 45, 


aK 


pe 


COMMON ARROWPOINTS, HANDLED BY THE AUTHOR TO SHOW THEIR POSSIBLE USE AS KNIVES. 


U.S. National Museum. 


~~" = 


"= ? » 
E ‘ . —. 
— 4 ‘= 
a : 
F i 
' 
> 
> 
& 
a7 
i 
“ 
- 


PLATE 46. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897 —Wilson. 


‘WN'S'D ‘868961 ‘O06G6L “SON “9R%D 
“BOLIPY “puUR[I[BULOg pueB ‘saqejS pep ‘eIquINjoH Jo IoLIysIq 
‘SMOIA Spo PUB OPIS 
“SSAINM G3SNOvVeadWNH 


PLATE 47. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897,—Wilson. 


‘WN'S'D “€201 “A8PTLT “SON “98D 
‘S97BIS poy 
‘SMOIA SPA PU APIS 
"SSAINM GayOVadWNH 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND. KNIVES. 951 


Fig. 3 in this plate represents a handle for a similar blade, which is, 
however, missing. It is made of walrus ivory, the groove in which the 
blade has been inserted being plainly seen. 

Fig. 194 represents oue of the thin leaf-shaped blades from Wyoming. 
It is of agatized wood, is very thin, and has been finely chipped. One 
edge is more convex than the other and is much the sharper. Com- 
pared with the Ulu knife (Plate 44, fig. 1), no reason appears why a 
similar handle would not make it the same knife. 

Plate 45 shows a series of common arrow or spear heads which have 
been inserted and wired in handles 
by the author. The handles vary 
from 6 inches in lengthdown. They 
are intended to illustrate the propo- 
sition which has been herein pre- 
sented—that with long handles 


they are arrows, with longer han- Rue 


ig 
see: 


i) 


pia 
ties 


dies they become spears, while with 
short handles they become knives, 
and the distinction is only recog- 
nizable by the handle. 

No attempt has been made in tie 
foregoing arguments to show a dif- 
ference, except in the handle, of the 
inplement used as a Spear or arrow 
and its use as a knife. The an- 
nouncement is made as a working 
hypothesis that the average stone 
arrowpoint or spearhead collected 
throughout the country as an In- 
dian implement or weapon may have 
been either spear, javelin, arrow, or 
knife, dependent upon the kind of 
handle employed. Fig. 194. 

There are other implements of the SEAMEN tas eaike ht 
same material and manufacture, but 
with variations of form, which are 
not, and were never intended to be, arrow or spear heads. These, when 
viewed in profile from either the side or edge, show that they could not 
have served as piercing implements or weapons. Their edges are on the 
sides and not at the points, and they could only have been used for cut- 
ting and not for piercing, and were, therefore, knives. Plates 46 and 47 
present specimens of this class. They are here presented in side and 
edge views to show this peculiarity, for viewed from the side only they 
appear as ordinary leaf-shaped implements worked all round to an edge. 
The points are not sharp, and it is doubtful if they could ever pierce any 
resisting substance, projected with whatever force. The impossibility 


Me dhis 


4; ye 
ern te (Ws, Gils) rei WE: 
Wn GE 
Dy Wijte ri : LS Sy 

= =p My Lif y 


; 


Wyoming 


Natural size. 


952 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of their use in this manner becomes more apparent when the edge view 
is considered. This shows the want of symmetry in the implement and 
completely changes the idea presented by the side view. There is on 
the top, if one may so call it, a decided hump, and, for want of a better 
name, these implements have been called “‘humpbacked.” One of them 
is the chalcedonic flint, while the other three are quartzite. They are 
rude and have all been made by chipping. Each implement has only 
one rounded edge sharp enough for use, and could be used when held 
in the hand after the manner of the fish knife (Plate 44, fig. 1). 

The manner of holding these humpbacked implements for use is 
shown in Plate 48, where two of them are held in the hand so as to pre- 
sent the cutting edge. This (in Plate 48) leads to another hypothesis, 
that is, that these implements were used ambidextrously, and furnish 
evidence of right- and left-handedness on the part of prehistoric man. 
It is certain that the shape of an occasional implement fits the left hand 
better than it does the right. Certain specimens show this more or 
less plainly. Their humps are not in the center but off to one side, 
sometimes to the right, other times to the left, while the experiment of 
grasping them in the hand (as shown in Plate 48) demonstrates that 
they are more easily manipulated and more effective when used right 
and left handed respectively, than when used indifferently. 

It has been suggested that these implements were only accidents or 
failures made by the aboriginal workmen when endeavoring to make 
the usual leaf-shaped implement, but such is not regarded as a correct 
deduction. 

It would be foolish to assert that there were no accidents or failures 
in the prehistoric quarry or workshop. The author has shown in Plate 
63, the chips and débris which he personally took from Flint Ridge, 
Ohio. Anyone having the slightest familiarity with such work has 
seen and will recognize thousands of such specimens. At Piney 
Branch, District of Columbia, they were to be numbered by the hun- 
dreds of thousands and to be measured by the ton. But it is equally 
daring to assert that everything found was an accident or failure, and 
that implements with the specialization of these now under discussion 
were but waste, the débris and rejects of the workshops and the acci- 
dents or failures of the workmen. Their number is too large, their 
dissemination too general, their distribution too extensive, and their 
specialization and adaptability too evident to permit such a conclusion 
to pass unchallenged. The evident existence of an intentional cutting 
edge around one side of the oval can not be ignored, while their fitness 
to either hand, as shown in Plate 48, and their adaptability for use as 
knives or for cutting purposes, are evidences against the reject or waste 
theory that can not be set aside by mere declarations, however persist- 
ently or pertinaciously made. No reason is, or, I take it, can be given 
why the workman, having gotten his implement into its present hump- 
backed condition, should not have continued his work by striking off 


PLATE 48. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. 


‘SSAINM SV 3SN HOS ,,SMOVEdWNH,, DNIGIOH 4O YANNVI 


: = 4 
ior or 


1 a eer Oe 


PLATE 49. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson, 


“WN'S'D ‘ASPELT GS686L ‘SON “989 
'saqeyg peu 
“S3AINM TWNOILNS.LNI SNIMOHS ‘HLOOWS G3ddIHO ,,SMOVEdNNH ,, 


Re 


ti 


FB, 


Reoort of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLaTE 50. 


*“ HUMPBACKS” OF QUARTZITE WITH ONE CUTTING EDGE, USED AS KNIVES. 


United States. 
Cat. No. 1390081, U.S.N.M. 


Report of U.S, National Museum, 1897.— Wilson. PEATE Dds 


RUDE KNIVES OF FLINT AND HARD STONE, CHIPPED TO A CUTTING EDGE ON ONE SIDE 
OF THE OVAL. 


United States. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897. —Wilson. PLaTE 52. 


RUDE KNIVES OF FLINT, JASPER, ETC. 
Some in flakes, chipped to a cutting edge on side of oval; some have a well-developed hump. 


United States. 


e 
= 7 i 
oe petal . = - 


‘ . a wat =< oe Td ch ¥ ae 


yi me. ei oe 
. 7 : a = ’ ey" Hie. S39 Fy 
eave tS = 


he ‘ 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 953 


' the hump if he desired it to be stricken off, either with a direct stroke 
of the hammer or by the mediation of a punch, thus reducing its thick- 
ness and making it the usual leaf-shaped implement. The conclusion 
seems inevitable that his failure to do this is evidence of the want of 
his desire to do so, and that he left it thus—specimens being found 
throughout the country—is evidence that he desired to make a difter- 
ent implement from the leaf-shaped. This different implement was for 
cutting and not for piercing, was to be held in the hand and not used as 
a projectile, and finally is a knife and not an arrowpoint or spearhead. 

Detailed examination confirms the view that these implements were 
intentionally manufactured and were not mere accidents or failures. 
Plate 49 represents two of these humpbacked implements, side and 
edge views. From these it is evident that the making of the hump 
is intentional. Not only is the hump recognized and permitted, but 
it has been adopted and treated accordingly. It has not here been 
left rude or unseemly, but has been carefully smoothed by chipping 
over its entire surface, the hump being as well preserved as in the 
rudest specimens. The specimens in this plate are both of flint, one 
from Wisconsin, the other from Georgia; both are flat on the bottom, 
rounded on top, and brought by chipping to a sharp cutting edge and 
without point. If these two specimens were the only ones thus treated, 
their evidence would be insufficient, but the Museum possesses numer- 
ous examples of the same kind which tend to prove the same fact. 
Plates 50 to 52 present some of these specimens, and a comparison will 
show the similarity. Their number shows that those in Plate 49 are 
not isolated specimens, while their number and extensive distribution 
throughout the country demonstrates their common use as one of the 
tools or implements belonging to the prehistoric culture of the country. 
These plates are intended also as evidence of the major proposition— 
that is, that many of the flint and other objects heretofore classed as 
arrowpoints or spearheads were really knives. These implements have 
no sharp points and could never have served for any piercing or thrust- 
ing purpose, but, on the other hand, have been made sharp on one, 
rarely on both edges, and could have been used only for cutting. The 
cutting edge is usually convex; the outer edge or back is thick and 
heavy. It has not been worked, and must be held in the hand to be 
used saw or knife fashion. It is submitted that they show themselves 
to have been cutting implements used after the manner of knives, and 
not to have been either arrowpoints or spearheads. 

The major proposition of this chapter is that many aboriginal imple- 
ments having the appearance of arrowpoints or spearheads, and here- 
tofore generally so classed, were not such, but were in reality knives 
intended for cutting or sawing purposes. The specimens on Plate 53 
are evidence in favor of this. The lower or butt end of these speci- 
mens has a stem, with base, notches, shoulders, barbs, sharp edges, 
ete., and in all these regards they. resemble the ordinary arrowpoinat 


954 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


or spearhead. The point, however, while symmetrically formed and 
thoroughly worked, is not sharp, but is a well-rounded oval, impossible 
for thrusting or piercing. 

On page 941 of the classification of arrowpoints and spearheads, 
among peculiar forms, a certain series is shown as Class H, asymmet- 
ric. These are there mentioned as being possible knives, and were 
inserted to complete the classification. No opportunity then offered 
to investigate their true character or to bring out their peculiarities. 
Plates 54 and 55 and fig. 195 are here introduced in continuation of 
that investigation. The original of fig. 195 belongs to the collection 
of Dr. Roland Steiner. There are 122 specimens of this series which 
are represented by fig. 195 and certain specimens on Plate 55, They 
resemble arrowpoints and spearheads, having the same stem, base, 
shoulders, and barbs. So far as relates to the stem end, their resem- 
blance is perfect, and they might belong to any class of stemmed 
arrowpoints or spearheads. Some are rather thick and rude, but many 
are thin and finely chipped. Their peculiarity is 
their asymmetric form. They are lopsided, or one- 
sided. The shoulder or barb is on only one edge. 
The other has been chipped off in the ruder speci- 
mens from one side only, making a concave scraping 
edge, possibly for arrow shafts, while the finer ones 
are chipped from both sides and are not concave; 
but in both kinds of specimens the shoulder or barb 
is on one side only, and that has been brought to 
st BTC AAS Latico smooth, sharp edge. An exalnination of these 

YELLOW FLINT specimens, a number of which are shown in Plates 

Georgia. 54 and 55, shows clearly their asymmetric character 

ee ‘and makes apparent at a glance their knife-like 

appearance. A short handle attached with sinew, 

as in the case of ordinary arrowpoints or spear heads (Plate 45), or 

with gum or bitumen, as in the California specimens (Plates 41-43), 
will make a knife suitable for all known savage needs. 

All differentiation rendering them suitable for knives renders them 
unsuitable for arrowpoints or spearheads. They are heavier on one 
side than on the other, which renders them lopsided and would throw 
them out of the line of flight and destroy their efficacy as projectiles. 
It is believed that even a slight examination demonstrates the correct- 
ness of the conclusion that they were knives, rather than arrowpoints 
or spearheads. 

Concluding the chapter on knives, it is deemed wise to introduce for 
comparison a series of those which heretofore passed for and have been 
recognized as knives. The author does not remember any specimens 
of the asymmetric or unilateral form in Europe, except those from 
Solutré which do not belong to the Neolithic period. Knives were, 
however, by no means rare among the prehistoric implements of that 


EXPLANATION OF PEATE 54. 


UNILATERAL KNIVES. 


. YELLOW ELINT: 


(Cat. No. 10824, U.S.N.M. Bahala Creek, Copiah County, Mississippi. T.J.R. Keenan.) 


BROWN CHERT. 
(Cat. No. 60597, U.S.N.M. Lincoln County (?), Tennessee. C.S. Grisby.) 


. CHERT. 
(Cat. No. 34863, U.S.N.M. Falmouth Island, in Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania. 


J. Orendorf and F. G. Gailbraith.) 


DARK-GRAY FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 7672, U.S.N.M. Groveport, Ohio. W.R. Limpert.) 


. MOTTLED-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 23265, U.S.N.M. Mound on Etowah River, Georgia. B. W. Gideon.) 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 54, 


My) Hi) \A 
AVN) cn NN 
YH BRS 


ve 

Dirks Oess i 
% UJ 

IY a 

" Ip ot 


Sh Rs i 

Spl, 

ph Ll 
I; 


NB (pt 
f] Uf 
ih 


UNILATERAL KNIVES. 


ioe 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 55. 


ee 


1 3 
2 

4 6 
b) 

7 8 


UNILATERAL KNIVES. 


BROWN JASPER. 
(Cat. No. 31583, U.S.N.M. (Locality unknown.) Dr. T. H. Bean.) 


PALE-GRAY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 32753. U.S.N.M. Richmond, Jefferson County, Ohio. Samuel Houston.) 
PINK FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 171459, U.S.N.M. Burke County, Georgia. Dr. R. Steiner.) 
GRAY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 62104, U.S.N.M. Mason County, West Virginia. R. W. Mercer.) 
FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 30179, U.S.N.M. (cast). Illinois. Dr. J. F. Snyder.) 
GRAY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 59221, U.S.N.M. Tennessee. C. L. Stratton.) 


. WHITE FLINT. 


(Cat. No. 196505, U.S.N.M. Louisiana. Phillips cullection.) 


. WHITE FLINT. 


(Cat. No, 4985, U.S.N.M. Illinois.) 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 55. 


UNILATERAL KNIVES. 


PLATE 56. 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897 - -Wilson. 


‘SSAINM YOd GHGNZLNI ‘AINO 3909 3NO NO GaddIHO SaxvV14 LNINS 


¢ 
Z 
Z 
\ 


) 


nay 


| 


i 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56. 


FLINT FLAKES CHIPPED ON ONE EDGE ONLY, INTENDED FOR KNIVES. 
Big. 1. FLINT. 
(Cat. No. 27001, U.S.N.M. Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee. Gen. J.T. Wilder.) 
Fig. 2. FLINT. 
= (Cat. No. 60265, U.S.N.M. Tennessee. C.S. Grigsby.) 
Fig.3. FLINT. 
(Cat. No, 19234, U.S.N.M. Louisville, Kentucky. Dr. James Knapp.) 


Fig.4. FLIN:. 
(Cat. No. 100257, U.S.N.M. Spiennes, Belgium. Thomas Wilson.) 


Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 57. 


Sy 


ay 


Ped! . 
ik 
i HK 
end 
| Mi; 
; M \\ 
K\\\\, \\ 
aN \ 
CD 


Upyjiiip 
UY ys B 


FLINT FLAKES CHIPPED ON ONE EDGE INTENDED FOR KNIVES. 


EXPEANATION OF PEATE 57 - 


FLINT FLAKES CHIPPED ON ONE EDGE, INTENDED FOR KNIVES. 


. 1. GRAYISH FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 29024, U.S.N.M. Milnersville, Guernsey County, Ohio.) 
. 2. GRAY JASPERY FLINT. 

(Cat. No. 98089, U.S.N.M. Kentucky. W.M. Linney.) 
. 3. YELLOW JASPER. 

(Cat. No. 7050, U.S.N.M. Union County, Kentucky. S. 8S. Lyon.) 


g.4. PALE-GRAY FLINT. 


(Cat. No, 32421, U.S.N.M. Lick Creek, Orange County, Indiana. F.M. Symines.) 


a 


ras 
a 


aa ltt 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 955 


country. One of these knives is represented in Plate 56, fig. 1. It is 
nothing more than a smooth flake struck froma nucleus of flint in sueh 
way as to make or leave a natural edge sharp for use. Specimens 
similar to this in appearance and manufacture, and supposed to have 
been made and used as knives, are found in great profusion throughout 
western Europe, almost every excavation in a prehistoric occupation 
bringing these flakes to light in greater or less number. The same 
statement can be made in respect to America. Plate 57, figs. 1, 2, are 
specimens of similar flint flakes from America, supposed to have been 
used as knives. Flakes of the same general character, but chipped 
to a sharp edge, are found in both Europe and America and are also 
supposed to have been used as knives. Whether they have been dulled 
by use and the edge then restored by chipping is unknown. Itis known, 
however, that the worked flakes, either primarily or secondarily chipped 
to an edge, have been found in many of these places and that they are 
generally accredited as knives. The other specimens on Plates 56 and 
57 are representatives of these worked flakes. 

The subject of knives is not exhausted. It has not even been con- 
sidered except as it involves arrowpoints or spearheads. 


X. WOUNDS BY ARROWPOINTS OR SPEARHEADS. 


The author of the Manuel du Chirurgien d’Armée declared that mili- 
tary surgery had its origin in the treatment of wounds inflicted by 
arrows and spears, and in proof thereof he quoted from ancient classics ! 
and cited Chiron and Machaon’s patients, Menelaus and Philoctetes, 
and Eurypyles treated by Patroclus. He believed the name ‘medicus” 
in the Greek anciently signified “sagitta,” an arrow,’ and declared that 
Hippocrates used a particular forceps, *‘ belulcum,” for extracting arrows, 
which his successor, Diocles, improved and called “ graphiscos.”* Heras 
of Cappadocia, in the wars of Augustus, invented the duck-bill forceps. 
Celsus * taught the necessity of dilating the wound in order to extract 
the arrowhead, and Paulus Aigineta’ treated arrow wounds in a pecul- 
iarly successful manner. 

The author, Baron Perey, who thus showed his knowledge of classic 
medical literature, supposed he had discovered the origin of surgery 
and was dealing with the earliest wounds made by man with the 
machinery of war. 

The discovery in the present century, of prehistoric man, and the 
repeated findings of his graves and cemeteries belonging to the Neo- 
lithic and Bronze ages, and the thousands of skeletons therein, many 
of them with wounds and fractures—these things have completely over- 


' Hfomer, Iliad, Book XI. 

* Sextus, Advers. Math., Book 1, chap. 2. 

* Andrea della Croce, Book 7, p. 175, Venice, 1574. 
‘De Medicina, Book VII, chap. V. 

’Dere Medica, Book VI, chap. 88. 


956 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


turned the ideas of Baron Perey as to the earliest human wounds and 
the origin of surgery. 

In an earlier chapter we have seen how the ages of stone and bronze 
had practically passed away without any historical mention of their 
existence. The beginning of history is subsequent to them. Nowhere 
in the Eastern Hemisphere, nor elsewhere except among modern sava- 
ges, have stone arrowheads been known in historic times. Arrowpoints 
may have been used by the million in times of antiquity, but those 
known to history, noted by historians, were all of iron or bronze; none 
were of stone. In the army of Xerxes ouly one tribe, blacks from the 
interior of Africa, had arrows tipped with stone. All others used iron 
or bronze. The age of stone arrowpoints or spearheads had passed 
away before the time of Xerxes. AJl of which only shows how sadly 
mistaken was the author of the Manuel du Chirurgien d’Armée in his. 
opinion as to the origin of surgery and the dates of the earliest wounds 
made by man’s weapons. 

It has been thought by many persons, among them a number highly 
qualified to judge, that there were no burials made during the Paleo- 
lithic period in western Europe. Whether this be true or not, it must 
be admitted that, either because of the rarity of the burials or the 
immensity of time which has elapsed, or possibly the failure to discover 
the graves, or for these reasons either singly or collectively, there have 
been comparatively few of the skeletal débris of Paleolithic man found. 
And this would satisfactorily account for the few examples of wounds 
found. The skeletons from the cave at Cro-Magnon show evidence 
of wounds. The femur of the man has been broken, while the forehead 
of the woman that lay beside him bears a large gash, made apparently 
with a flint hatchet. 

Broca, who examined these specimens, is of the opinion that the :atter 
bore traces of suppuration and evidences of healing.! 

Dr. Hamy reports many of the bones in the cavern at Sordes as hay- 
ing curious wounds, one a gaping wound in the right parietal of a 
woman who, like that of Cro Magnon, must have survived the injury 
for some time. Pieces of bone had been removed and there was evi- 
dence of healing.’ 

There has been some question as to whether these caves belonged to 
the Paleolithic period. It makes but little difference to the present 
argument, for we will soon see that in the Neolithic period such wounds, 
made sometimes by hatchets or by blows of other weapons, and some- 
times by thrusts received by arrows or spears, were found in consider- 
able number. 

Dr. Pruniéres, of Marvajols (Lozére), France, a surgeon, anatomist, 
and an early student of prehistoric anthropology, conducted many 
original excavations into the dolmens, tumuli, and burial places of his 


'Broca, Les Ossements des Eyzies, Paris, 1868, 
? Lartet and Chaplain-Duparec, Une Sépulture des Anciens Troglodytes des Pyrénées, 


ee. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. Dede 


neighborhood, and had the good fortune to make a large collection of 
objects pertaining to prehistoric man in that country. He took special 
care to search for and preserve all those relating to physical anthro- 
pology, especially those showing skeletal peculiarities. The following 
is a partial list of objects in his collection relating to arrow wounds: 


The superior portion of a tibia, with a deep and suppurated wound, in which is 
still embedded a flint arrowpoint. 

Fragment of the iliac bone, in the internal part of which is embedded an arrow- 
point in a wound which showed signs of suppuration. 

Another fragment of iliac bone, in the external part of which was embedded an 
arrowpoint of flint in a suppurated wound. 

A dorsal vertebra with flint arrowpoint in a wound in the body of the vertebra— 
no suppuration. 


1h 
Tf par 
LR 


Fig. 196. 
HUMAN VERTEBRA (PREHISTORIC) PIERCED WITH FLINT ARROWPOINT (TRANCHANT TRANSVERSAL). 


Cartailhac, La France Prehistorique, p. 244, fig. 124. 


Lumbar vertebra with a wound which had been much enlarged by suppuration 
and an arrowpoint embedded it it. 

A vertebra with an arrowpoint buried in the body. (Presented before the Con- 
gress at La Rochelle.) 

A vertebra with an arrowpoint buried in the wound. 

An astragalus with arrowpoint in the wound. 


The caverns of Baumes-Chaudes and L’ Homme Mort were the most 
complete charnel houses of Neolithic times, each containing about three 
hundred skeletons capable of identification. It was out of this wealth 
of material that Dr. Prunieres was able to obtain such numbers of 
peculiar specimens. 

The prehistoric anthropologists of France have always realized the 
importance of examining and preserving the pathologie or traumatic 
specimens, and so De Mortillet, Cartailhac, Nadaillac, De Baye, and 
others have reported many specimens bearing evidence of arrow 
wounds, 

Fig. 196 represents a human vertebra pierced by an arrowpoint, 


958 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


tranchant transversal, from the cavern of Pierre-Michelot (Marne), 
collected by Baron de Baye. Fig. 197 represents a human tibia with 
an arrowpoint inserted, found in the dolmen of 
Font-Rial near Saint-Affrique (Aveyron). Baron 
de Baye has been, after Dr. Pruniéres, one of the 
most successful seekers for these specimens. In 
the cavern of Villevenard he found one skull con- 
taining three tranchant-transversal arrowheagls, 
while another was lodged between the dorsal verte- 
brie. Other human vertebrie pierced with flint ar- 
rowpoints were found in the caves of Petit-Morin. 
In one sepulchral cavern the Baron found 73 flint 
arrowpoints, and, as in the case of Villevenard, 
their position was such as to lead to the supposi- 
tion that they had been sticking in the flesh of the 
body at the time of interment and had fallen down 
as decomposition progressed. A human vertebra 
was found by M. Cartailhac in the covered ways 
of Castellet, near Arles, with a stone arrowpoint 
incrusted therein. The absence of any exostosis 
ios ear aetna oe shows that death quickly followed. The list of 

PIERCED WITH FLINT An. @Xamples or specimens showing arrow wounds 

ROWPOINT (TRANCHANT njeht be augmented considerably, but enough in- 

ana he stances have been given to show that the use of 

arrows and other weapons was habitual, and no 

reason is known why an investigation, if carried to any considerable 

extent and in any great detail, might not make a large addition to the 
data already obtained.! 

Fig. 198 (fig. 89—5531, Army 
Medical Museum) represents an 
ancient arrow wound in the 
skull of an aborigine. Theskull 
was originally received by the 
Smithsonian Institution from 
Dr. C. Yates, Alameda County, 
California, and transferred to 
the Army Medical Museum. It 
shows aman of advanced age. 
A long flint arrowpoint had 


Fig. 197. 


France. 


penetrated the skull through the Fig. 198. 
left orbit, and the figure shows ANCIENT SKULL PIERCED WITH A FLINT ARROWPOINT, : 
it in place as originally found PEEPOR ATOR. 
impacted. This specimen is to California. 


1 Students desirous of pursuing the subject are referred to Cartailhac’s La France — 
Prchistorique, p. 124, figs. 124, 125; L’ Anthropologie, VII, 3, 1896, pp. 312, 318, figs. 3, 4; 
G. de Mortillet, Materianx, ete., 1877, VII, p. 164, and others therein mentioned, 


PLATE 58. 


Wilson. 


1897. 


Museum, 


a 


——_ = lO ee eee 4 Fy, — a, ee 2S a, whee une 


WN'S'D e901 (aRoT) “ON "7B 
“AYONUEY “WAAR, ) 
“SSNOQ NVWNH LNSIONY NI GSLYSSNI SOVSHYVAdS YO SLNIOdMOYUYY 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 959 


be remarked as one of a class called perforators or drills and possibly 
used as such, but here used as an arrowpoint. 

Fig. 199 (fig. 837—5553, Army Medical Museum) is also a prehistoric 
specimen. It is from one of the Indian mounds in the vicinity of Fort 
Wadsworth, Dakota, excavated by Surg. A. T. Comfort, U.S. A., in 


Fig. 199. Fig. 200. 
ANCIENT HUMAN VERTEBRA PIERCED WITH ANCIENT SKULL PIERCED WITH PERFORATOR ARROWPOINT. 
QUARTZ ARROWPOINT, HEALED. Tilinois. 


1869, and consists of a human lumbar vertebra with a small arrow- 
point of white quartz incrusted init. It is covered with a new bony 
formation, showing that the wounded man survived the injury some 
months at least. . 

Fig. 200 (Cat. Nos. 60281, 60282, U.S.N.M.) represents an ancient abo- 
riginal skull from Henderson County, IIli- 
nois, forwarded by M. Tandy. It had a 
hole in the squamosal bone on the left 
side, in which, when found and received 
by the Museum, was a stone arrowhead, 
still another perforator or drill. 

Fig. 201 (Cat. No. 173995, U.S.N.M.) 
represents a human skull from a mound 
in Missouri. The subject had received a 
serious wound in the supraorbital arch at 
the outside of the left eye. The wound 
involved all the bones of the interior arch, 

Fig. 201. which was broken down. The wound had 

ee Uris, AREOW  Wounp Over entirely healed, the cicatrization was com- 

LEFT EYE ENTIRELY HEALED. 

plete, and all the wasted or destroyed 

pieces of bone around the wound had 

sloughed off and the reparation of the bone been fully effected. Of 

course the missile with which this wound had been inflicted did not 

remain in the wound, and it was not found, but from the smallness of 

the wound and its penetration one can only conclude it was made by 
an arrowpoint. 

Plate 58 represeuts two prehistoric specimens of flint arrow or spear 


Missouri. 


960 | REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


heads found inserted in human bones. These specimens were sent to: 
the U. S. National Museum by Dr. John E. Younglove, of Bowling, 
Green, Kentucky. Fig. 1 represents an implement 34 inches long, 13 
inches wide, and one-fourth of an inch thick. The stem is broken, which 
shortens it considerably. It had pierced entirely through the human 
pelvic bone in which it was found. Fig. 2 is 4 inches long, 12 inches 
wide, and one-fourth of an inch thick. It is inserted in the head of a 
human femur(?). Fig. 1 is loose so that it may be taken out of its present 
socket, while fig. 2 is firmly embedded and can not be removed. The 
material of both is the black or brown lusterless pyromachic flint con ) 
mon to the country in which it was found. The specimens came fro 
a cavern about 4 miles northeast of Bowling Green, and an equal d. 
tance from Old Station. The opening at the surface was about 3 feei| 
in diameter and the hole about 40 feet in depth. At its bottom the 
cave extended horizontally several hundred feet through solid rock! 
There is no way of telling whether these implements were used ai 
arrows or spears; the shafts which would alone determine that hays 
entirely disappeared, or at least no fragments of either wood or sinew) 
were reported. If arrows, they must have been used with an enormon 
bow; it is more likely that they were mounted upon a larger and heavie 
shaft and used as spears or javelins. 

Looking at these heavy projectiles, considering the conditions of th! 
hand to hand fight wherein they were used, and the force with whic 
they were hurled, it is astonishing that at least one of the fighters, ° 
the specimens belong to different individuals, not only survived th 
shock, but the patient recovered with the weapon embedded in tb! 
wound, for its cicatrization is found to be complete. . 


| 


APPENDIX A.|! 


MINES, QUARRIES, AND WORKSHOPS. 


« The following memoranda of prehistoric flint mines or quarries and 
vorkshops of aboriginal stone implements in the United States have 
seen compiled mostly from reports made by investigators in the field. 


They are here brought together and published for convenience of the 
tudent. 
MAINE, 


Mount Kineo, on the eastern shore of Moosehead Lake, has furnished material for 
aboriginal arrowpoints and spearheads for hundreds of miles down the Atlantic 
coast. It is usually called Mount Kineo flint, but is really a porphyritic felsite or 
rhyolite. 

NEW YORK. 


rie County.—®xtensive flint-arrowpoint factories in the vicinity of Buffalo and 
along the river shore; marked by the presence of flint and piles of chipped pieces. 
Reported by Dr. A. L. Benedict, Buffalo. 

Chautauqua County.—Some years ago, Mr. Williams, plowing a field on his farm, in 
the town of Sheridan, turned up as much as two bushels of flint spalls or chips 
and a number of arrowpoints and spearheads. These were together, and led Mr. 
Williams to suppose that Indians made their tools there. Some of these implements 
correspond in outline and material to those from Flint Ridge. Ohio. James Sheward.? 

Montgomery County.—Deposit of flint arrowpoints in the town of Amsterdam. 
Described by P. M. Van Epps.’ 

NEW JERSEY. 


Mercer County.—‘‘Open-Air Workshops” (chips of jasper and flint) in Hamilton 
Township.* 

“Open-Air Workshops” are treated at length by Dr. Abbott, and examples are 
cited; one near Belvidere, New Jersey, and one in Hamilton Township, Mercer 
County, New Jersey, which was greatly elaborated by excavation and description. 
The remains of human industry found in the quarries are thus classed by Dr. Abbott: 
(1) Masses of jasper and altered mineral; (2) cores and remains of no further use; 
(3) large flakes; (4) blocked-out and discarded specimens; (5) specimens nearly 
finished and then discarded—these are of the arrowheads with point, stem, or barb 
broken off; (6) chips and splinters of every size; (7) hammerstones of utilized peb- 
bles, mostly with shallow depressions, one on each side; (8) flat-slab stones of small 
size and traces of hammering on either side, probably used as lapstones—making in 
ull about a thousand pieces. There was no trace of argillite used as a material. 

A second and third find in the same vicinity are described in the same paper 
(p. 516). 


1See p. 871. 
2Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 644. 
3 American Antiquarian, 1880, III, p. 57. 
40. C. Abbott, Report Peabody Museum, XII, 1880, pp. 508-515. 
NAT MUS 97 61 961 


962 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


MARYLAND. 


Quarry of rhyolite near Sugar Loaf Mountain. Dr. W. H. Holmes. 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 


Ancient quarries near Washington. ! 

Prehistoric quarries in the vicinity of Washirgton.* 

Ancient village sites and aboriginal workshops.* 

Contributions to the Archeology of the District of Columbia.‘ 

A quarry of quartzite bowlders has been discovered on the hills at Piney Branch, 
together with an extensive manufactory of rude implements. It was excavated by 
Dr. W. H. Holmes and is described at length.’ 


WEST VIRGINIA. 


Putnam County.—Ancient furnace, 4 miles east of Hurricane, on the farm of J. J. 
Estes. Described by Mr. P. W. Norris. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 


Cherokee County.—Ancient mining excavations on farm of Mercer Fain, near Col- 
vard Creek, on north side of Valley River, 5 miles above Murphy. Other old min- 
ing indications in the same county. Reported by James Mooney. 


GEORGIA. 


Savannah River.—At some points, even in the depths of the swamp region, may 
still be noted traces of small open-air workshops, ree 

These exist not only along the line of the Savannah River, but frequently oceur 
on the banks of the Oconee, Ocmulgee, the Flint, the Chattahoochee, and other 
Southern streams. * * * Within the past few years not less than 8,000 well- 
formed arrow and spearpoints have been collected on both banks of the Savannah 
where it separates the counties of Columbia and Lincoln in Georgia and Edgefield 
County in South Carolina. Even now the supply is by no means exhausted. The 
annual plowings and constantly recurring freshets reveal each season new examples 
of the taste and skill of these ancient workmen. In the enumeration of the imple- 
ments taken from this locality we do not include multitudes partially formed and 
broken, which, with quantities of chips, still mark the spots set apart for the manu- 


facture. Sometimes we encounter a locality, many yards long and several wide, the © 


surface of which is covered to the depth of several inches with fragments struck off 
during the process of manufacture, and with cores and wasters abandoned from 
some inherent defect in the material or broken by the workman. Some idea may 
thus be formed of the extent and duration of the labors of these primitive workers 
in stone.° 

Jefferson and Burke counties.—Dr. Roland Steiner, now of Grovetown, Georgia, 
has been, during almost his entire life, an enthusiastic collector, and has pushed his 
investigations in many directions throughout the State. He formerly lived near 


1Elmer R. Reynolds and F. W. Putnam, Report Peabody Museum, XII, pp. 475, 
526-535. 

2T. R. Peale, Smithsonian Report, 1872, pp. 430-432. 

38. V. Proudfit, American Anthropologist, II, pp. 241-246. 

4Louis A. Kengla, 1883. 

>American Anthropologist, January, 1890, III, p. 1; Fifteenth Annual Report 
Bureau of Ethnology, 1893-94, pp. 33-66; and American Naturalist, XXX, December, 
1896, pp. 874-885; No. 360, December, 1896, pp. 976-992. 

6 Charles C. Jones, jr., Smithsonian Report, 1879, pp. 378, 379. 6 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 963 


Waynesboro, in Burke County, and from that neighborhood he obtained many 
implements and made many important discoveries. He reports that there are out- 
crops of jasper on Rocky Creek, at the crossing of the Waynesboro road. Other 
quarries were found in the neighborhood; one of white flint at Erin, and one of yel- 
low flint at Oldtown, 10 or 12 miles west in Jefferson County. There were work- 
shops on what he calls the Davis plantation or the Old Evans place, at the crossing 
of Little Buckhead Creek by the Waynesboro road; one of these was 2 miles up the 
stream at Captain Ridgely’s. Dr. Steiner exhausted this neighborhood in his search, 
He found on the Old Evans place, in the valley of the Little Buckhead, within an area 
of 40 acres, no less than 16,000 prehistoric implements, most of which were of the 
same material as the neighboring quarries and had probably come from them, but 
many of them were of different material and had come from different and perhaps 
distant quarries. 


There is in the U. S. National Museum a collection of arrow and 
spearheads called, after its finder, the McGlashan collection, from Geor- 
gia. It comprises about 20,000 specimens. They are of divers forms 
and sizes, are all of cherty flint, and apparently from one quarry. 
They are much weathered and their color ranges from yellow and rose 
to white. Plate 38, figs. 20-23 are photographs of specimens from the 
collection and show the appearance of the material. 


FLORIDA. 


Hernando County.—Arrowpoint factory on the banks of Trouble Creek, 2 miles 
north of the mouth of the Anclote River, and 5 miles south of Kootie River. 

“About 5 miles south of the Kootie River, and some 2 miles north of the mouth 
of Anclote River, is a small stream called Trouble Creek. <A considerable body of 
blue flint rock occurs here, cropping out along the shores of the creek, with scat- 
tering nodules lying in all directions. This point was evidently used for a long | 
time by the aborigines as a factory for arrow and spear heads. Bushels of chips and 
fragments strew the ground, and large quantities have been washed from the banks 
of the creek and cover its bottom. A long search revealed nothing except a few 
arrowpoints and spearheads spoiled in making, and a lot of broken pottery.” ? 


ALABAMA. 


Lee, Jefferson, Lowndes, and Talladega counties.—Mica mine and stone wall in Clay 
Township, Jefferson County, Alabama. In Talladega County, township 20 north, 
range 6 east, section 12, another mica pit. ‘‘ Workshop” in Lee County, Alabama, 
east of Youngsboro, on the Western Railroad, at the foot of Story’s Mountain in the 
fields, township 19 north, range 27 east. William Gesner.* 

Several ‘‘ workshops” are near Mount Willing, one on Mr. Hartley’s plantation, 
section 36, township 18 north, range 13 east, and one on Mr. Lee’s plantation, sec- 
tion 32, township 13 north, range 14 east. Described by William Garrett.* 

‘“ Workshops” in township 18 north, range 7 east, of Talladega County, on the head- 
waters of Talladega Creek, at the eastern end of Cedar Ridge, a spur of the Rebecca 
Mountain (Potsdam sandstone), in the old fields where the Montgomery Mining and 
Mannfacturing Company’s works were situated; wagonloads of quartz fragments, 
broken arrowpoints, and spearheads cover the ground; but on a much larger scale 
appears to have been the manufacture of these implements in township 19 north, 
range 27 east, of Lee County, on the Columbus, Georgia, branch of the Western Rail- 


1 R. Steiner, private letters. 
2T. S. Walker, Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 394. 
3W.M. Garrett, Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 443. 


964 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


road, east of Youngsboro, for in the fields on the southeastern side of a low ridge 
called Story’s Mountain, acres are covered with the broken quartz in every variety 
of that mineral found in this hill, from transparent rock crystal to jasper and 
chalcedony, among which occasional good implements occur. ! 


OHIO. 


Licking and Muskingum counties.—Throughout eastern Ohio there are numerous 
deposits of flint of various descriptions, and in several counties places are to be 
found in which the ‘ancient arrow maker” practiced his calling with the material 
so abundantly supplied.? 

Flint quarry on Williams Hill, Licking County, 3 miles west of Brownsville. 
Reported by Gerard Fowke. 

Chandlersville, Salt Creek, Muskingum County, Ohio, was the scene of the opera- 
tions of the Muskingum Mining Company in 1820 for mining silver. It was on the 
National road, 10 miles east of Zanesville. A writer, evidently well-known, though 
his name is not given, tells* of a trip he took through this country, and describes 
the wells and pits sunk here by the company in which he was a subscriber, part 
owner, and heavy loser. He says, in his report of excavations and drillings, that 
at a depth of 120 feet they struck a bed of gray flint rock, 6 or 8 feet in thickness. 
He continues the record of his journey: 

‘One mile east of Somerset the National road commences crossing at Flint Ridge. 
[Plates 13-15.] Its general course is from northeast to southwest, passing through 
the counties of Coshocton, Licking, Muskingum, Perry, Hocking, and Jackson, and 
probably into Kentucky. In Hocking County it seems to have been deposited in a 
fine siliceous paste of various colors, from pure white to yellow, clouded, and black, 
and is used for whetstones. In Jackson and Muskingum counties it is extensively 
manufactured into buhr millstones. The whole deposit abounds in casts of fossil 
shells beautifully replaced in many cases by pure quartz. Some are studded over 
with drusy crystals, others filled with chalcedony and quite translucent. The 
various families of Producti, Ammonites, Nautili, Encrine, etc., with many unde- 
scribed species, are found here. * * * In many places it abounds in jasper, horn- 
stone, flint, quartz, chalcedony, ete., of various and intermingled colors” (p. 233). 

Washington County.—A “magazine” of arrowpoints and spearheads at Waterford, 
near the banks of the Muskingum. 

Perry County.—F lint diggings at New Lexington. 

‘At New Lexington, Perry County, Ohio, on a knoll near the railroad station, are 
many ancient flint diggings. The flint here constitutes a regular layer or stratum 
in the coal measures and is about 4 feet thick. It is well exposed in the railroad cut 
on the side of the knoll. Geologically speaking, the flint is a local modification of 
the Putnam Hill limestone, a well-defined stratum of wide extent in southeastern 
Ohio. Many of the pits must have been from 6 to 8 feet deep. The flint is fossilif- 
erous, and much of it is not compact enough for arrowheads, and around the old 
excavations are heaps of the rejected material. These excavations are now largely 
refilled with earth and débris. I had no time to reopen any of them in search of the 
tools by which the flint was quarried. I have little doubt that these pits were sunk 
by the mound builders.” * . 

Mahoning County.—Flint diggings in the southwestern corner of the county. 
Reported by Mr. Gerard Fowke. 

Coshocton County.—Deposits of chalcedony, basanite, etc., on land of Col. Pren. 
Metham, Mr. R. R. Whittaker, and Mr. Criss, in the south-central portion of Jeffer- 
son Township. Reported by Mr. Gerard Fowke. 


! William Gesner, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 617. 

2Charles M. Smith, Smithsonian Report, 1884, p. 853. 

3 American Journal of Science and Arts, XXV, p. 226. 

4Hay wood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, p. 35’. 
°oE. B. Andrews, Report Peabody Museum, X, pp. 53, 54. 


oY a eee 


=o: 


a 


7 aye © 


——— 


Se 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 965 


INDIANA. 


Crawford County.—Mr. H. C. Hovey gives an account of a flint mine and workshop 
in Wyandotte Cave.' He says that there are what had been called “bear wallows” 
not far from the Pillard Palace. ‘‘ These are circular depressions, twenty or more in 
number, each a yard wide and a foot deep, and their appearance agrees well with 
their name. About two years ago, however, I had the satisfaction of proving them 
to be the remains of ancient flint works. Happening to remove the clay crust from 
a bear wallow, I found a pile of ashes and cinders on one side.and a quantity of flint 
chips on the other. On examination this proved true of each wallow. Further 
removal of the crust brought to light hundreds of flinty prisms with parallel faces 
and averaging 4 inches in length by 1} in width and half an inch in thickness. 

“The mine is near by, abounding in flint nodules lying in rows in the cave walls, 
and occasionally in bands or belts. Each nodule has a coating of some grayish 
mineral, perhaps discolored flint, and between them is usually a soft, chalky sub- 
stance, easily cut by a knife. Freshly fractured, a bright black surface appears, in 
contrast with the dingy, faded blocks by the wallows. This change of hue is due 
to the gradual removal of the traces of iron found with the silex. Many of the 
blocks were rejected on account of flaws or imperfections. The nodules are easily 
split into this form, which is convenient for transportation. Arrow making, how-. 
ever, was carried on here to a considerable extent, as appears from the chips. 
Pounders like those in the alabaster quarries were found along with the flints, show- 


ing the means of breaking the nodules. 


“The only manufactured article dug up in this spot was a little stone saucer con- 
taining a soft, black substance. This may have been a rude lamp. 

“Search at the mouth of the cave unearthed quantities of flint chips, and also 
finished arrowheads. The question has been raised why the Indians should delve 
for flint balls amid subterranean darkness when quantities of such spheres are found 
along the beds of streams and elsewhere in the open air. The reason is that the 
latter, having been exposed to the elements, have deteriorated in quality; they also 
break with irregular cleavage. Hence the Indians sought to get flints fresh from 
the strata where they were originally deposited, and which, because of their mois- 
ture, readily part into triangular prisms under the hammer. 

‘Since finding the existence of this flint mine in Wyandotte Cave, I have learned 
of the flint pits dug along Indian Creek and elsewhere in Harrison County, Indiana.” 

Franklin County.—Workshops have been discovered on sections 3, 4, and 20, town- 
ship 9 north, range 2 west; section 10, township 12 north, range 13 east.” 

Union County.—W orkshops on sections 12 and 17, township 10 north, range 2 west; 
sections 4 and 9, township 11 north, range 2 west; sections 21 and 29, township 12 
north, range 2 west; and sections 27 and 36, township 13 north, range 13 east.* 

Fayetie County.—Workshop N.W.i-“S. W. 4 section 36, and 8. W. + of S. E. 4 
section 27 township 13 north, range 13 east.* 


ILLINOIS. 


Union County.—“‘ Three miles west of Cobden, near Kaolin Station, on the St. 
Louis and Cairo Railroad, is the most extensive workshop I have found. It covers 
several acres of ground, and carloads of flint chips and bowlders are strewn every- 
where. Four miles south of Cobden is another of smaller dimensions. Others of 
greater or less size are met with in various parts of the county, but no relics of 
much value are found with them.” 


' Proceedings, American Association for the Advancement of Science, XXIX, 1850, 
p. 730. Boston. 

2 ceorge W. Homsher, Smithsonian Report, 1882, pp. 730-749. 

3Tdem., pp. 728-749. 

4Idem., pp. 737-749. 

5F. M. Farrell, Smithsonian Report, 1881, pp. 584-586. 


966 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


ixtensive flint quarry near the town of Mill Creek. This quarry is of the white 
chert peculiar to Illinois, and furnished the large oval chipped implements supposed 
to have been used as digging tools or for agricultural purposes. The quarry was 
discovered in May, 1899, by Dr. W. A. Phillips and Edward F. Wyman, and opened 
by Drs. Phillips and Dorsey, of the Field Columbian Museum.! 


TENNESSEE. 


Cooke County. —W orkshop on the ridge. Quantities of flint chips, etc., scattered 
over the ground, Reported by J. W. Emmert. 


KENTUCKY. 


Ohio County.—A flint implement factory on Wade N. Martin’s farm, Cromwell post- 
office. Reported by Mr. J. M. Brown. 

Wyandotte County.—There are a number of mounds near Wyandotte, Kentucky, of 
which a mapis in preparation. A workshop lacre in extent and covered with chips 
and shreds is reported. 

“About two years ago I discovered on the farm of J. L. Stockton, 1 mile northwest 
of this city, remains of an aboriginal workshop or village. It is located on a small 
stream called Jersey Creek, and near a large spring. It covers an area of about 
2acres. The soil is sandy, and to the depth of 2 feet is a complete mixture of flakes 
of flint, ashes, bones—both animal and human—fragments of ornamented pottery, 
broken and unfinished stone implements of nearly every description. * * * There 
are no deposits of flint or other stone valuable for arrow making, ete., in this vicinity. 
The axes, celts, skin dressers, and balls are all made of porphyry, and the arrow- 
heads of flint.” * 

TEXAS. 


Goliad County.—F lint workshop on the margin of Lone Tree Lake, 2 miles west 
of San Antonio River, and 7 miles south of the town of Goliad. The lake margin 
was of sand, covering, to a depth of 4 or 5 feet, the flint workers’ site. This was 
about 150 yards long by 50 wide, the débris, chips, flakes, arrowpoints, spearheads, 
and tools, being on and in the clay under the sand, and estimated at 10 bushels in 
sight.’ 

ARKANSAS. 

Garland County.—Quarries of novaculite were found in Garland County, Arkansas.* 
Dr. Holmes reports everywhere the aborigines found and worked these transported 
masses (from the quarry), and hundreds of square miles are strewn with flakes, 
fragments, failures, and rejected pieces, and the country around, from the mountains 
to the Gulf, is dotted with the finished forms that have been used and lost. 

Hot Springs County.—Ancient novaculite mines near Magnet Cove.° 

Novaculite is one of the varieties of flint and, where obtainable by 
prehistoric man, was much used for the larger and ruder kinds of 
impiements. 

The subject of novaculite quarries is treated by Mr. L. 8. Griswold, 
under the title of ‘* Whetstones and Novaculites of America.” ° 

The Quarterly Geological Journal’ contains the report of an investi- 


' George A. Dorsey, Report of Field Columbian Museuem, June, 1899. 
2K. F. Serviss, Smithsonian Reports, 1879, p. 433; 1881, p. 528. 

3 J. D. Mitchell, Victoria, Texas, letter of June 24, 1894. 

4W.H. Holmes, American Anthropologist, October, 1891, p. 318. 
/W.P. Jenney, American Anthropologist, October, 1891, p. 316. 

6‘ Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas, 1890. 
7London, Vol. L, Pt. 3, No. 199. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 967 


gation by Mr. Frank Rutley on “The origin of certain novaculites and 
quartzites.” 


Clark County.—Aboriginal workshop in section 17, township 5 south, range 23 west, 
from which arrowpoints and cutting implements, the latter hatchet-shaped and made 
of a species of iron ore, have been taken. 

“On section 9, township 3 south, range 24 west, is an outcrop of novaculite or 
flint of tough quality and of various colors. From this material large quantities of 
arrowheads, ete., have been made. The ancient artisans went down on the south 
side of the outcrop, which is a ledge 700 or 800 feet above the adjacent vailey, and 
earried away immense quantities. The material is the same as that of arrowheads 
from Tennessee, Mississippi, and westward. 

“‘There is on Capt. R. S. Burk’s farm, section 17, township 5 south, range 23 west, 
evidence of an extensive workshop in arrowpoints and cutting implements. The 
arrow material was taken from the quarry above described, although 10 miles away. 
The cutting instruments were of the hatchet kind and made from a species of iron ore. 
There is another workshop near my home, section 7, township 4 south, range 24 west, 
Montgomery County, Arkansas.”! 


WISCONSIN. 


Kenosha County.—Lapham® says: ‘‘At the city of Kenosha we found, on the ancient 
sandy beach upon which the city is partly built, abundant evidence of a former nanu- 
factory of arrowpoints and other articles of flint. Several entire specimens were 
collected in a little search, besides numerous fragments that appear to have been 
spoiled in chipping them into form. * * * Many different kinds of flint, or chert, 
were wrought at the place, as shown by the fragments. It is probable that the peb- 
les and bowlders along the lake shore furnished the material. *~ * * These pebbles 
are the corniferous rock of Eaton and here constitute a portion of the drift, being 
associated with the tough blue clay that underlies the sand and is the basis of the 
country around. The clay is carried away by the dashing waves, leaving a beach 
of clean pebbles. Numerous fragments of pottery of the usual form and composition 
were also found in the same sandy places.” 


INDIAN TERRITORY. 


An extensive novaculite quarry was discovered and reported to the U. 8. Geolog- 
ical Survey by Mr. Walter P. Jenney, which he says was known as the “ Old Spanish 
mines.” This report, made in 1891, resulted in the visit of Dr. W. H. Holmes 
to the locality for the purpose of investigation and study. ‘The quarry is situated 
on the Peoria Reservation, about 7 miles northwest of Seneca, Missouri, and some 
10 miles southeast of Baxter Springs, Kansas. From Seneca the spot is reached 
by driving northward along the Missouri border for 5 miles and then crossing the 
line and proceeding 2 miles in a westerly course through the forest. The country is 
a gently rolling plateau, with a gradual descent westward into the valley of Spring 
River, a branch of the Neosho or Grand River, which falls into the Arkansas at Fort 
Gibson, Indian Territory.” 

Dr. Holmes’s investigations were published in a bulletin of the Bureau of Eth- 
nology, entitled ‘‘An ancient quarry in Indian Territory,” 1894. Dr. George A. 
Dorsey visited this quarry in 1899, 


WYOMING. 


Central-eastern Wyoming.—Quartzite quarry in central-eastern Wyoming, 40 or 50 
miles east of Badger, on the Cheyenne and Northern Railroad, 125 miles north of 
Cheyenne. Nineteen ancient diggings were cleaned out and the whole quarry inves- 


‘A, Jones, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 542. 
2 Antiquities of Wisconsin, p. 6. 
* Report, Field Columbian Museum, June, 1899. 


968 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


tigated. The work was various, superticial, and of great extent. Quarries, shal- 
low, 2 and 3 feet deep, others 15 to 20 feet deep; tunnels and shafts not very deep. 
Spearpoints, scrapers, axes, and anvils were found; quarry tools, hammers, and mauis 
were made of bowlders of granite and quartzite, “brought from the neighboring 
mountains, some 20 miles away.” The quarry ground was strewn with chips and 
fragments of quartzite, but not in heaps as where implements have been made. 
“The striking points are the vast amount of work done, the absence of chip heaps, 
the rude nature of the implements, and their great size. The tonnage of rock moved 
is estimated by hundreds of thousands, if not by millions of tons. * * * Imple- 
ments made from quartzite resembling that quarried are common on the plains and 
in the mountains. * * * The quarrymen must have been aborigines, but unlike 
the Indians of modern times they must have been laborers and to have worked 
centuries in order to have accomplished so much with the crude tools used. Who 
they were will never be known. * * * Central-eastern Wyoming is noted for 
prehistoric quarries, but as a rule they are small and shallow and in no way com- 
parable to the recent discovery. Usually the Indians worked for jasper and agate, 
and dug irregular openings that do not represent the present systematic development. 
Quartzite quarries are extremely rare and these are by far the largest reported in 
Wyoming.”! 

Raw Hide Range.—Dr. A. J. Woodcock reports his visit, in company with and under 
the guidance of Mr. W. I’. Hamilton, of Douglass, Wyoming, to certain flint (?) 
mines and aboriginal workshops on the Raw Hide Range, southwest from the Black 
Hills and near Muddy Creek, a branch of the Platte River. About 4 acres had been 
dug over, and rude pits made from 6 to 12 feet deep, in excavating the desired flinty 
rock, which lay at that distance below the surface. The stone gave a metallic ring 
when struck, and broke with a conchoidal fracture. It had ‘‘a wealth of color, the 
basic tints of which were pink, purple, gray, and white, with their intermediate 
shades, * * * inthe shape of chipped tools and weapons * * * soscattered 
for hundreds of miles throughout the west, * * * through the Powder River 
country, the Black Hills, the Bad Lands of South Dakota, the Big Horn Mountains, 
and the great basin of the same name.” Mr. Hamilton said he had never seen this 
material in the ledge elsewhere than in this locality. 

The different forms ranged from the quarry spall to ‘‘a barbed harpoon head of 
chipped and polished stone.” They picked up a stone hammer weighing 5} pounds, 
The disks were plenteous, some of them 20 inches in circumference and 2 inches in 
thickness, chipped to a cutting edge. ‘‘A thousand trainloads of chips and spalls 
were beneath our feet on this one butte alone, and Mr. Hamilton said that several 
others had been worked.” 


COLORADO. 


Jefferson and Clear Creek counties.—‘‘ In a small grove of cottonwood trees near Apex, 
Colorado, the Indians appear to have made, in former times, great quantities of 
tools and arrowheads, for the ground all around is strewn with tools, chippings, and 
arrowpoints, some of the latter made of beautiful stone and of the most exquisite 
workmanship. Within the space of an acre or two we have found about a hundred 
arrowpoints and ten axes and hammers. The Indians seem to have carried on quite 
a trade among themselves, in order to procure the materials for arrowpoint-making, 
as some of the chippings found in their encampments are from stones which can not 
be found within several miles of this place, and some, I think, have been brought 
from distant localities. Although the Indians used several kinds of stone in the 
manufacture of arrowpoints, yet they seem to have had a preference for quartzite, 
chalcedony, and jasperized wood, probably on account of their superior hardness, 
and may have made others from handsomer but less durable stones only for purposes 
of barter, as the Indians of California exchanged arrowheads made of bottle glass. 


| Wilbur C. Knight, Science, new ser., VII, March 4, 1898. 


- ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 969 


The following minerals were employed in the manufacture of tools: Moss agate, 
chalcedony, carnelian, wood opal, sapphirine, petrified wood, flint, red jasper, 
brown quartzite, agatized wood, obsidian yellow quartzite, purple and yellow jas- 
pers, smoky quartz, chert, jasperized wood, red quartzite, besides several undeter- 
mined silicates.” ! 

NOVA SCOTIA. 


Lunenburg County.—A workshop was reported? at Bockmans Beach, Lunenburg 
County. Large quantities of flakes and splinters of stone, and arrowheads in various 
stages of preparation. 


‘George L. Cannon, Smithsonian Report, 1877, p. 237. 
2? George Patterson, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 675. 


APPENDIX. B: 
CACHES. 


In caching or secreting his implements, prehistoric man followed no 
uniform method of placement, but the deposits are shown to have been 
intentional. The implements were laid in a circle or rectangle and were 
placed flat, on edge, or sometimes on end. Leaf-shaped implements 
have been frequently found en cache, and have been called by some 
“cache implements,” but arrowpoints and spearheads, grooved axes, 
polished stone hatchets, large chipped flints, spades, and other imple- 
ments have also been found en cache. It will be seen at once that the 
term “cache implements” can not with propriety be applied to any 
particular one. ‘ 

Reports of caches have been made by their discoverers, and these 
have been here brought together and published for the convenience of 


the student. 5 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


Manchester.—Cache of 40 chipped implements.’ 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
Tramingham.—‘ A peck of chipped implements,” cached.* 
CONNECTICUT. 


Stratford, Fairfield County.—Cache, number not givea. Robert Curtis, in Cyrus 
Thomas’s Catalogue of Prehistoric Works east of the Rocky Mountains. 

East Windsor Hill, Hartford County.—Cache of 14 specimens. 

South Windsor, Hartford County.—Cache of 100 specimens.* 


NEW YORK. 


Dutchess County.—A cache of arrowpoints was found upon the farm of Mr. George 
Allerton, at Green Haven, 12 miles from Fishkill on the Hudson. While employed 
in digging, his spade brought up a number of arrowpoints. He described them to 
be nicely piled up side by side edgewise, in two or three rows, 10 to 15 inches below 
the surface.. There were perhaps 200 or 300 in all. They are of a blue jaspery flint, 
and seem to be in an unfinished condition.® 

Sheridan, Chautauqua County.—Cache of 2 bushels of specimens on farm of Mr. 
Williams.® 
Allegany County.—Mr. E. M. Wilson, of Belfast, Allegany County, New 


York, 


! See p. 871. 
2. P. Richardson, Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 447. 
* J. H. Temple, Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 448. 
1. W. Ellsworth, Smithsonian Reports, 1881, pp. 661, 662; 1879, p. 447. 
> Edwin M. Shepard, Smithsonian Report, 1877, pp. 306, 307. 
* James Sheward, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 644. 
970 


a EES «auth Te Ry cons gee it 


a 


eS 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. sata 


reports that at the old ‘‘Iroquois fort,” in the town of Angelica, Allegany County, 
about 14 miles north of the New York Lake Erie and Western Railroad station 
of Belvidere were found ‘“‘many arrow and probably spear heads, unearthed from 
a small hole near the surface of the ground some distance south or southwest of the 
inclosure. This was done a few years ago.” Also, ‘there was another and proba- 
bly similar work [fort] 2 or 8 miles south of the Belvidere ‘fort’ and on the 
outskirts of the village of Belmont. * * * A large number of stone implements 
were found in a hole or cache near by, several years ago.” 

Lroome County.—A eache of arrowpoints, knives, and axes, some in perfect condi- 
tion but others broken, found near Binghamton.! 

Montgomery County.—Mr. Percy M. Van Epps, of Glenville, New York, reports? a 
cache of 117 arrowpoints on the farm of Mr. Thomas Romeyn, in the town of Amster- 
dam, near aspring. They lay about 6 inches below the surface, on a bed of ashes 3 
inches thick, which rested on a hearth or fireplace, about 10 feet square, of cobble- 
stones from the drift. The arrowpoints average about 3 inches in length and are of 
dark-blue and gray flint, leaf-shaped. Mr. Van Eppsadds: ‘Such hoards of arrow- 
points are frequent in this vicinity. I know of four instances in a radius of as many 
miles.” 

Cache of 120 triangular implements (Division II), straight base, concave edges, of 
black flint, from Amsterdam, Montgomery County, found by Mr. Perey Van Epps. 
(Cat. No. 169624, U.S.N.M.) 

Saratoga County.—Cache of 90 leaf-shaped implements (Division I, Class B) of 
hornstone, from Saratoga County, New York, found by H. B. MeWilliamson (Cat. 
Nos. 170333, 170573, U.S.N.M.), represented by 16 and 62 implements, respectively. 

Oswego County.—On the line dividing the towns of Volney and Schroeppel was an 
earthwork ona hill. <A long wall, separating the hill from a marsh on the east, still 
remains. Arrowpoints of flint, en cache, have been plowed up.? 


NEW JERSEY. 


Burlington County. —Cache of 300 triangular arrowpoints (Division II), straight 
base, convex edges, of gray flint. Found onthe south bank of Rancocas Creek, near 
Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey, by W: H. Chambers. (Cat. No. 98740, 
U.S.N.M.) Average size, 33 by 14 by +3; inches. 

Mercer County.—In 1861 a farmer near Trenton, New Jersey, while plowing, dis- 
covered a cache of stone implements about 15 inches below the surface. Dr. Abbott 
was notified and repaired to the place, secured the collection, and made a full 
description of the deposit. The collection numbered about 150 specimens. They 
were of jasper, finely chipped, leaf-shaped, with a square base (Division I, Class B), 
and varied in size from 5} to 7 inches in length, 24 to 3 inches in width. Two- 
thirds of the number were arranged in a series of concentric circles, each circle 
fitting within the other, and they stood upright on their bases. The other third lay 
flat on their sides and were so placed as to form a wall on the outside. 

Trenton.—Mr. Ernest Volk excavated an extensive village site in the neighborhood 
of Trenton, between that and Dr. Abbott’s house and between the road and the bluff. 
Mr. Volk cites as evidence against the theory of rejects that he found in a single 
cache, 24 feet below the surface, where it had evidently been placed for safety, a 
pile of 15 pieces of chipped argillite, but one of which could have been a completed 
implement. It was somewhat leaf-shaped. All the rest would have passed, accord- 
ing to the theory, for rejects, but were really selected and secreted, intended, doubt- 
less, to be used at a future time for making implements. 


'Frank M. Edwards, American Archieologist, August, 1898, p. 221. 

? American Antiquarian, III, p. 57. 

2W.M. Beauchamp, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 649. 

*Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, October 27, 1863, p. 278. 


972 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Chester County. —Edward ‘Tl. Ingram, of Marshallton, discovered a cache of 95 leaf- 
shape implements (Division I, Class B), square at the base, 54 to 7 inches long, 24 
to 3 inches wide, and about three-eighths of an inch thick. They are the counter- 
part of figs. 102 and 103, and also of No. 3 on Plate 29, Class B, the Abbott speci- 
mens heretofore described, in this classification. Mr. Ingram made a division of 
the implements and sent 61 of them to the U. S. National Museum, where the 
author has set them up in the form of a cache, as they were found. It is represented 
in section, as though it had been cut in the center perpendicularly from top to bot- 
tom and one-half the earth taken out, leaving the implements projecting as in their 
original location. The cast is of plaster, reproducing the earth. The original 
implements are used to represent the exposed half of the cache, leaving the imagina- 
tion to supply the rest, which are supposed to be within the bank of earth and not to 
be seen. They were laid flat on their sides, their points to the center, overlapping 
each other where they came in contact. The entire cache is about 15 or 16 inches in 
width—a little more than twice the length of the implements. They were laid in a 
circle, nine or ten of them. This made nine or ten layers and was equal to a height 
of 14 inches. The top layer was about the depth of a furrow beneath the surface. 
All former plowing had escaped them, but on the present occasion a deeper furrow 
had turned them up, and so they were discovered. Plate 59 represents the plan of 
the cache and shows one layer of the implements. 

Cache of 14 or more leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B) argillite implements, found 
near Brandywine Creek, in Chester County, about 2 miles from West Chester, 
Pennsylvania. A. Sharpless. (Cat. No. 62374, U.S.N.M.) 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 


Cache of 7 stemmed, shouldered, but not barbed (Division III, Class B), imple- 
ments of quartzite. Foundina bank 2 feet below the surface opposite the navy-yard, 
District of Columbia. (W. Hallett Phillips collection, Cat. No. 195926, U.S.N.M.) 


MARYLAND. 


Howard County.—Fifty-two specimens. 

Anne Arundel County.—Five caches containing, respectively, 26, 25, 27, 11, and 4 
specimens. The foregoing caches are reported by Mr. J. D. McGuire, of Ellicott 
City, Maryland, and the implements are in his collection. 


WEST VIRGINIA. 


A cache of 400 leaf-shaped implements (Class B) is reported by Dr. J. F. Snyder, 
of Virginia, Cass County, Illinois, as having been found in West Virginia, locality 
not given.! 

NORTH CAROLINA. 


Caldwell and Alexander County line.—Dr. J. M. Spainhour, of Lenoir, North Caro- 
lina, found a cache of 597 leaf-shaped arrowpoints near the Caldwell and Alexander 
County line, North Carolina, 16 miles east of Lenoir, in a circular hole in the ground 
9 inches in diameter, 25 inches deep. They occupied 13 inches of the excavation, 
which was filled with earth to the surface. These implements vary in length from 
2} to 4 inches, in width from 1} to 1} inches, and are} to 2 inch thick. The material 
is porphyritic felsite (called rhyolite when it shows the flow structure), used so 
much by the aborigines from Maine to Georgia. (Cat. No. 149662, U.S.N.M.) 

Fifteen leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B) rhyolite implements, found en cache sur- 


| 
| 
Report of U. S, National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. | 


PLAN SHOWING ONE OF LAYER OF Cajé 
Chester Cot y 


| 


PLATE 59. 


- OF NINETY-FIVE ARGILLITE IMPLEMENTS. 


, Pennsylvania. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 973 


of Hibriten Mountain, 2 miles east of Lenoir, were also found by Dr. Spainhour; 5} 
by 2? inches by } inch. ! 

Alexander County.—Cache of 96 small leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B) rhyolite 
implements. Average size 2 by 14 by finches. J.D. Stephenson (Cat. No. 61950, 
U.S.N.M.). ‘This deposit [cache] was found buried in the soil against a large rock 
near the Catawba River in the southeastern section of Alexander County. I know of 
no locality nearer than 70 miles from which the material of which they are made can 
be obtained.” 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 


Aiken County.—Dr. Roland Steiner, of Grovetown, Georgia, reports, April 27, 1895, 
that ‘‘I send a cache of rhyolite or schist arrowpoints, 65 in number, triangular and 
rudely stemmed, found in North Augusta on the South Carolina side of the Savannah 
River, opposite Augusta, Georgia.” These were received in due course by the U. 8. 
National Museum, and are catalogued as No. 170768. 

GEORGIA. 

Col. Charles C. Jones, jr., makes a somewhat elaborate description of the primi- 
tive manufactures of spear and arrow heads. He quotes at length from Catlin the 
methods observed by him and reported in his ‘‘ Last Rambies amongst the Indians.” ? 

The McGlashan collection (Cat. Nos. 1381966-132250, U.S.N.M.) contains 20,000 
specimens of arrowpoints or spearheads, all gathered by a single person from a single 
locality, and largely of one material. They belong to Division III, stemmed, some- 
times shouldered and barbed. ‘These were not reported as en cache, but it is probable 


many of them were. 
FLORIDA. 


Brevard County.—Cache of 12 or 13 pendant ornaments, or ‘‘ plummets, pendants, 
or charms,” in a mound near Melbourne, called Turkey Creek mound, reported by 
Mr. Clarence B. Moore in ‘‘Certain aboriginal mounds of the coast of South Caro- 
lina.’”’ 

Hernando County.—Cache of 24 implements, stemmed, shouldered, but not barbed 
(Division III, Class B), of white flint (chalcedony), found 2 feet below the surface 
at Brooksville, Hernando County, Florida, by J. J. Bell. (Cat. No. 170497, U.S.N.M., 

Volusia County.—Cache of ceremonial implements (banner stones?), found in a 
mound near Tomoka Creek.* 


ALABAMA. 


Blount County.—Cache of 17 chipped implements.® 
KENTUCKY. 

Boyd County.—Cache of 165 leaf-shaped (Division I, Class A) gray flint implements 
from Ashland. Average size 3} by 12 inches by 2 of an inch. (E. J.Taylor, Cat. No. 
150177, U.S.N.M.) 

Todd County, Dycus farm, 3 miles east of Trenton.—Cache, number not given." 

Uniontown, Union County.—Cache of 140 hornstone knives. Two caches, number 
not given,’ 6 miles above Caseyville. 

1 What rite or ceremony does this indicate, or what kind of Indian medicine does 
it represent? T. W. 

2? Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 381. 

* Philadelphia, 1898, pp. 189-191. 

+A. E. Douglas, Proceedings American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
XXI, 1872. 

* Frank Burns, Smithsonian Report, 1882, p. 826. 

®* James D. Middleton in Cyrus Thomas’s Catalogue, p. 99. 

7Gerard Fowke, Thomas’s Catalogue. 


974 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


TENNESSEE. 


Carter County.—John W. Emmert, of Bristol, Tennessee, reported May 4, 1892, 
a cache of leaf-shaped implements of quartzite from the bank of the Watauga 
River, Carter County, northwestern Tennessee, consisted of 18 pieces 64 to 9 inches in 
length, 3 to 34 inches in width, and ~ to { of aninch inthickness. They were buried 
2 feet below the surface, laid on the flat side, and arranged in a circle with the points 
to the center, the cache being about 2 feet in diameter. The hole in which they 
were deposited was dug through the soil and into the hard yellow clay. Nothing 
was found associated with them, although there was an aboriginal cemetery in 
the neighborhood. (Deposited by T. W., Cat. No. 150195, U.S. N. M.) 


ARKANSAS. 


Plate 61 represents 5 specimens out of a cache of 14, found on the banks of the 
Little Missouri River, Arkansas. They were deposited together, the edges over- 
lapping, in a layer of hard yellow clay, on the terrace hillside back from the river 
bank, and were unassociated with other objects. They are of milk-white chalce- 
dony, and are from 11 inches in length down. They are classified as Division III, 
Class C, stemmed, shouldered, and barbed. (Deposited by T. W., Cat. No. 150196, 
U.S. N.M.) 

MISSOURI. 


Near St. Louis.—‘‘ There are also a few cache finds, notably those large spades from 
12 to 18 inches in length. We have a number of other cache finds, not so large in 
size, but equally fine in workmanship. * * * ‘The spades and hoes come from 
near St. Louis, and are usually found in the vicinity of mounds. They comprise all 
the known forms, and many are polished on one end, which is probably caused by 
digging in the earth.” (The Missouri Historical Society exhibit of St. Louis at the 
World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, under the direction of William J. 
Seever. ) 

Chariton County.—‘‘Mr. John P. Jones, of Keytesville, Chariton County, Missouri, 
communicated to me some particulars of three deposits of flint implements brought 
to light in the neighborhood of his home. The first was a store of spearheads and 
arrowpoints, several hundreds in number, which he was too late to secure or satis- 
factorily examine. The weapons were all new, a fact conclusive that here had been 
the arsenal of a tribe or the secreted stock in trade of another primitive American 
merchant.” 

Better fortune attended Mr. Jones in the discovery of a second deposit, consisting 
of 17 new flint knives, as the greater number of them fell into his possession. 

A third deposit described by Mr. Jones was discovered in the valley or ‘‘second 
bottom” of Chariton River, and contained about 50 small, flat, ovoid, pointed flints. 
“They had been stuck into the ground, point down, in concentric circles, and were 
then covered with earth, forming over them a low, flat mound 12 or 18 inches in 
height by 5 or 6 feet in diameter. * * * Some were gapped on the edges, and all 
were to a certain extent polished.” ! 


OHIO. 


Ross County.—Messrs. Squier and Davis,? during their survey of the earthworks 
of Ohio, opened a broad but low mound of ‘Clark’s Works,” in Ross County, of 
that State. They made an excavation 6 feet long and 4 feet wide, from which 
they took about 600 specimens of flint disks, en cache, placed in two layers edge- 
wise. The deposit extended beyond the limits of their excavation on every side, 
and hence the actual number of specimens was not ascertained by them. The imple- 
ments are described as ovoid or roundish, or terminating in a blunt point at one 


' J.P. Jones, J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, p. 435. 
* Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, pp. 158-214, pl. x. 


PLATE 61. 


um, 1897 Wilson, 


e 


Report of U. S. National Mus 


SSUA 919A] 


"“ANOGSOIVHO 4O SGVaHYVadS 39NV] 


iit 


mi: Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 62. 


} 
i) 
} 


FLINT DISKS MADE FROM CONCRETIONARY FLINT NODULES. 
(Upper specimen) Illinois; (lower) Ohio. 
Cat. Nos. 139924, 27587, U.S.N.M. 


PLATE 63. 


Report of U.S. National Museum, 1897.— Wilson, 


‘TEST ‘pBaTELO, “SM Unie Ay “Joa 


‘ort ‘Aquno:y Ssoy ‘U0IR}S UOSteopuy 
Wavy T13M3d0H ‘SZ GNNOW NI GAHOVO ‘SYSIG LNIT4 GaddIHO Z8ES'Z JO Ald 


Natior 


Miuseun 


VVilsor 


PLATE 64. 


LARGE SPEARHEADS OF CHALCEDONY. 


College Corners, Ohio 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. a5 


end. They were of various sizes, but on an average 6 inches long, 4 inches wide, 
and an inch thick in the center (Plate 62, fig.1). Some were rudely blocked out; in 
others the circumference was chipped to a more or less defined edge. The material 
is flint or hornstone of fine texture, generally of a gray color, and showing some- 
times concentric bands, in the center of which is a nucleus of blue chalcedony, 
thus demonstrating that the flint was formed in nodules and not in strata or layers. 

In October, 1891, Prof. Warren K. Moorehead, while working for the Department 
(M) of Ethnology, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, continued the sus- 
pended excavations of Squier and Davis, and opened what he has described as 
Mound No. 2, on Hopewell farm, Anderson Township, Ross County, near Chilli- 
cothe. In three days’ work Professor Moorehead took out 7382 of these flint disks. 
Others found in the immediate neighborhood increased this number to 8185,! 
Plate 63 is from a photograph of the tent, and in front of it are the flint disks as 
they were piled after being taken from the mound. 

Summit County.—A cache of 197 leaf-shaped implements was found under the 
stump of a tamarack tree 3 miles west of Akron. Mr. Thomas Rhodes sent 5 
of them to the U.S. National Museum, December, 1878 (Cat. Nos. 34584-34588, 
U.S.N.M.). They were from 5 to 7 inches long, 2} to 3 inches wide, and } to 2 inch 
thick. Cat. No. 34584, No. 2, Plate 29, Class B, with rounded base, represents one 
of these specimens. Their fine chipping and exceeding thinness are to be remarked. 

Buchtel College, Akron, exhibited at the Cincinnati Exposition of 1887 a cache of 
leaf-shaped implements similar in appearance to those found by Mr. Rhodes, whether 
part of the same is not known. 

Scioto County.—Mr. Thomas Kinney, of Portsmouth, had 125 leaf-shaped imple- 
ments belonging to a cache discovered in his neighborhood, which he exhibited at 
the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. 

Lake Countu.—Colonel Whittlesey reported a cache of leaf-shaped implements 
found by Mr. J. C. Huntingdon near Painesville.’ 

Ashland County, Sullivan Township.—In 1872 Mr. S. W. Briggs discovered, while 
plowing, a cache of 201 implements about 18 inches beneath the surface. They 
were leaf-shaped, about 4 inches long, 2 to 2? inches wide and 2 inch thick. They 
were deposited in a keg-like vessel of the bark of the red elm, 10 or 12 inches in 
diameter and 13inchesinheight. Nosigns of use. Figs. 105 and 106 are specimens 
from this cache. As will be seen, both are thin, finely chipped, with rounded base 
and of the form of Class B. 

Clarke County.—Cache of flint implements, number not given.® 

Holmes County, Washington Township.—On the farm of Mr. Daniel Kick, 96 leaf- 
shaped implements of Class B. They were found in the alluvial deposit at the 
bottom of a pond, 3 feet beneath the surface. The U.S. National Museum possesses 
2 of these specimens (Cat. Nos. 28345-46, U.S.N.M.) sent by Mr. H. B. Case. The 
average sizes were 2% to 54 inches long, 1? to 24 inches wide, and } to 2 inch thick, 
very thin and finely chipped and of chalcedonic flint of the color of dirty beeswax." 

Butler County.—Prof. J. S. McFetridge, of College Corner, reports August 7, 1895, 
a cache of 7 beautiful white flint arrowpoints, more chalcedony than flint. They 
were all stemmed and shouldered, but not barbed (Division III, Class B), about 3% 
inches long and 12 inches wide (Plate 64). 

Putnam County.—Mr. Harry B. Maple, Columbus Grove, Ohio, under date of Feb- 
ruary 28, 1893, reports: 

“‘Varly this fall a farmer living about 2 miles west of town related that about 
seven years ago, he plowed into a nest of flints. I anda friend of mine went there 


' Primitive Man in Ohio, p. 189. 

2M. C. Read, American Antiquarian, I, 1879, p. 98. 
* Idem. 

4George W. Hill, Smithsonian Report, 1874, p. 364. 
®’ Cyrus Thomas’s Catalogue, p. 167. 

®°H, B. Case, Smithsonian Report, 1877, p. 267. 


976 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


and dug them out. They were mostly in the clay about 2 feet deep. They nearly 
all consisted of a reddish material, although some were a light gray. I sent by 
mail to-day some samples of them.” 

These were duly received by the U.S. National Museum and are catalogued as No. 
149611. The material appears as though from Flint Ridge. They were leaf-shaped 
(Division I, Class B). 

Franklin County.—Cache on Wetmore farm, northwest one-half of section 2, town- 
ship 1, range 18. Number not given.! 

Montgomery County.—Two miles west of Centerville, on farm of Mr. W. Whitman. 
Cache of 640 leaf-shaped implements, Class B, rounded base. They were placed 
edge up and thus about two dozen were broken by the plow. The weight of the 
cache was 49 pounds.” : 
~ Columbiana County.—Mr. I. L. Kite, in a letter of February 25, 1878, published in the 
Cleveland Herald, describes a find near Damascus. ‘The deposit would fill a 
bushel basket. They were all placed on the broad end, enough set up to fill a cer- 
tain circle, then another on top, and then another until a perfect cone was formed.” 


INDIANA. 


Thirty miles south of Chicago.—Cache of 96 leaf-shaped implements pointed at both 
ends (Division I, Class A), from 8} to 4 inches long, of dark grayish-brown jaspery 
flint, buried under a stump. Discovered and reported August 2, 1895, by Dr. Daniel 
B. Freeman, 4080 Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois. 

Cache of 82 specimens found near Blue River by Mr. Ira Williams of Borden, 
Indiana. These are similar to the flints found by Dr. Snyder in Illinois and Professor 
Moorehead in Ohio, slightly pointed at both ends, made from similar nodules of black 
flint. The largest is about 6 inches long and 5 inches wide, while the smallest is 
about 3 inches long and 2 inches wide. 

Franklin County.—Small caches of Hint disks have been found, one cache contain- 


ing 12, another 80 or 90 disks.* 
ILLINOIS. 


White and Jefferson counties.—‘‘In the Smithsonian Report for 1876+ is ¢ited a 
remark of Messrs. Squier and Davis relating to the disks of black flint. There have 
been two deposits found in this country, one in the county south of us (White), and 
one in the county west (Jefferson). The first one contained 13 of them, of which I 
obtained 8, and the other contained 46, of which I obtained several.’’® 

Jackson County.—A cache of 100 implements made from chert nodules found in 
calcareous rocks near Carbondale, Jackson County, Illinois. Size from 7 by 54 
inches to’4 by 3} inches. Donated by Mr. John G. Sims; collected by Mr. J. D. 
Middleton. Cat. No. 88451, U.S.N.M. 

Union County.—Eight hornstone disks, large, from Union County, Illinois. T.M. 
Perrine, Cat. Nos. 27853-27860, U.S.N.M. (Plate 62, fig. 2). 

Schuyler County.—A few years ago, at Bluff City, Illinois, some hogs confined in a 
pen at the foot of the bluffs rooted out of the ground a deposit of 16 polished-stone 
axes, all of which bore marks of use. They were of hard, compact diorite, and 
varied in size from 6 to 16 inches in length, and from 2 to 7 inches in width. Con- 
sidering the probable uses to which these tools had been applied, and the location 
of the deposit, in a spur of the bluff near the (Illinois) river, it was plain that here, 
in ages past, a canoe had been constructed. The work completed, the tools were 
cached at the foot of the bluff, until they should again be needed for similar work." 


! Thomas’s Catalogue, p. 171. 

2S. H. Binkley, American Antiquarian, III, 1881, p. 144. 
3 Edgar R. Quick, Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 373. 

1 Page 436. 

5H. F. Sibley, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 589. 

‘J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, p. 434. 


eae aT oe 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. Bae 


In the year 1860 a similar deposit of hornstone was discovered in this vicinity, in 
the town of Frederickville, Schuyler County, on the west side of the Illinois River. 
This locality was a favorite abiding place of the Indians and the center of a dense 
population, Relies of their work are still found in abundance throughout this 
region. A small ravine near the foot of a blufi, one day after a heavy rain, caved 
in on one side, and the displacement of a large quantity of earth in consequence 
exposed to view a few strange-looking flints. They had been buried about 5 feet 
below the surface of the hillside, laid together on edge, side by side in long rows, 
forming a single layer of unknown extent. The discovery of such novel objects 
attracted some of the villagers to the place, who dug out about 3,500 of the unique 
implements, and, their curiosity satisfied, abandoned the work without reaching the 
limits of the deposit. * * * Thestone of which these disks are made is a dark, 
glossy hornstone, undistinguishable from the disks of the sacrificial mound in 
Ohio. ! 

Carroll County.—In the town of York, on section 7, is a deposit of flint chippings. 
On the top of a high sand ridge, for a space of a mile long and half a mile wide, flint 
chippings are exposed. In some places they occur in masses of a peck or half a 
bushel; in other places they whiten the ground for yards. The material is a cream- 
colored chert, breaking with a smooth conchoidal fracture. It was all brought there, 
as no stone is found in situ in the whole ridge. Here was a great manufactory of 
arrowpoints and other flint implements. Pieces of arrowpoints and fragments of the 
flint in all stages of manufacture strew the ground. Perfect arrowpoints are some- 
times found in clusters. Twenty-six were recently picked up in one nest—rough, 
but well-nigh finished.” 

Cass County.—“‘In the spring of 1880, Mr. George W. Davis, farmer in Monroe pre- 
cinet, Cass County, Illinois, 10 miles east of the Illinois River, while plowing, 
observed a few sharp-pointed flints, and found that they formed part of a deposit 
of 32 small implements which had been carefully placed in the ground on edge, 
side by side, with their points toward the north. They seem to have been buried. 


With one exception they are of a cherty, muddy-looking siliceous stone, of a 


grayish color streaked with white; a flinty formation occurring in all lead-bearing 
strata of Illinois, and identical with the cherty nodules and seams in the subearbon- 
iferous outcrops of the upper Mississippi and southwestern Missouri. They had been 
buried new, showing no marks of use, and their peculiar style of workmanship and 
similarity of design leave little doubt that they are the product of the same artisan. 
The exceptional one in the deposit is a well-proportioned and perfect spearhead 
nearly 3 inches in length, neatly chipped, of opaque milk-white flint, strongly con- 
trasting in material, shape, and finish with the others, and evidently manufactured 
by some other hand, perhaps in a different and remote workshop. Fourteen of tbe 
lot are laurel-leaf or lanceolate pattern, pointed at one end and rounded at the other, 
with edges equally curved from base to point, averaging three-eighths of an inch in 
thickness in the middle and evenly chipped to a cutting edge all around. They are 
uniform in shape, but differ in size; the smallest measuring 2} inches in length by 
1} inches in width at the center; and the largest one 6 inches long and nearly 2 
inches wide. They are of a type common in all parts of the Mississippi Valley, and 
are supposed to have been used as knives or ordinary cutting tools. The remaining 
18 are shaped alike, differ in size, but are of the same average thickness. They, 
too, are sharp-pointed at one end, but in outline from base to point their sides are 
unequally convex, one being slightly curved and the other curved but little from a 
straight line, giving them an ungainly and lopsided form, Their broad ends, origi- 
nally rounded, probably like the first 14, have been chipped away on each side for a 
half or three-fourths of an inch from the extremity, forming a broad, rudimentary 
shank. (See Chap. IX, p. M46; ) 


' J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, p. 437. 
? James Shaw, Smithsonian Report, 1877, pp. 256, 257. 
NAT MUS 97 62 


978 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


A deposit of flints was turned up by the plow, on March 28, 1882, on the southern 
border of Cass County, 26 miles east of the Illinois River. Its location was on the 
brow of the hills overlooking Indian Creek to the south. In this cache were 35 
elegant flint implements entirely different in form, material, and finish, from those 
before described. Their position in the ground was vertical and closely packed 
together, but otherwise without any peculiar arrangement. ‘The 35 beautiful flints 
of this Indian Creek deposit are the perfection of ancient stone-chipping art. In 
form they are of the broad or lilac-leaf pattern, pointed more or less obtusely at one 
end and regularly semicircular at the other; the length but little exceeding the 
width; scarcely more than three-eighths of an inch thick, they are smoothly chipped 
to an even, sharp edge all around. They vary a little in size and somewhat in pro- 
portions; the smallest of them is 3} inches long by 22 inches broad at the base, and 
the largest one measures 5 inches in length and 3} inches across the widest part. Six 
of them are made of mottled red and brown glossy jasper, and the remaining 29 of 
ordinary white flint shading in texture from the compact translucent glassy to the 
opaque milk-white varieties. The rounded edge of each is smooth and worh, and 
the sides of some are gapped, testifying to long and hard usage before their inter- 
ment, and indicating conclusively that the broad circular edge of the tool was the 

‘one chiefly used.! 

In the summer of 1872 I received intelligence that a deposit of the same sort of 
flints had been found at Beardstown (Cass County). In excavating a cellar for a 
new building on Main street, the laborers had reached the depth of 4 feet when 
they struck the flints, and soon threw them all out (about a thousand in number), a 
large portion of which I secured. The disposition of the flints in this deposit was 
different from that in the Ohio mound, and that of the Frederickville deposit also. 
These were embedded in the bank of the river, above the reach of highest water, 
and about 300 yards up the bank of the stream from the large mound. An excava- 
tion about 5 feet deep had been made through the sand to the drift clay, and, 
instead of being placed on edge, as in the two other deposits, a layer of the disks 
had been placed flat on the clay, with points upstream, and overlapping each other 
as shingles are arranged on aroof. Over the first layer of flints was a stratum of 
clay 2 inches in thickness; then another layer of flints was arranged as the first, 
over which was spread another 2-inch stratum of clay, and so on, until the deposit 
comprised five series or layers of flints, when the whole was covered with sand. 
The area occupied by these buried flints measured in length about 6 feet, and in 
width 4 feet. * * * No traces of fire were visible, nor had there been within the 
recollection of the oldest settler of the place any mound or other external object to 
mark the place of deposit. The flints of this lot are identical in material, color, 
style of execution, and general outline and dimensions with those I have seen from 
deposits at Frederickville and Clark’s Works in Ohio. A few of them are almost 
circular in shape. Some are rough, but the majority are very accurately propor- 
tioned and neatly finished, which we may accept as proof that the implements were 
manufactured by several artisans who possessed unequal degrees of skill. Their 
average length is 6 inches, their width 4 inches, and they are three-fourths of an 
inch thick in the middle. Their average weight is 1} pounds. * * * They were 
all made from globular or oval nodules of black or dark-gray hornstone, which 
were first split open and each part again split or worked down by chipping to the 
shape and size required. In several of the specimens the first fracture of the nodule 
forms the side of the implement, with but slight modification beyond a little trim- 
ming of the edges. Many of them retain in the center the nucleus around which 
the siliceous atoms agglomerated to form the nodule. In a few the nucleus is a 
rough piece of limestone; in others it consists of fragments of beautifully crystal- 
lized chalcedony, surrounded by regular light and dark circles of eccentric accretion 


‘J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1851, pp. 564-568. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 979 


[see Plate 62], and the exterior of the rock was incrusted with a compact, drab- 
colored calcareo-siliceous coating of half an inch in thickness, which in some of 
the specimens has not been entirely removed. Nearly all the Beardstown disks 
were roughened and discolored with patches of calcareous concretion almost as 
hard and solid as the flint itself, indicative of undisturbed repose in their clay 
envelopes for a great period of time.”’! 

Lake County.—Cache of 12 specimens.? 

Schuyler County.—Two barrels of specimens.* 

Peoria County, Millbrook Township.—Cache, number unknown. * 

St. Clair County.—‘‘ The finest Indian mound in the State of Illinois is situated 3 
miles northeast of the town of Lebanon, in St. Clair County, not far from the west 
ern border of Looking-glass Prairie. In shape it is a truncated pyramid, or rather a 
parallelogram, measuring at its base 400 feet in length and 260 feet in width, and 
rising in perfect proportions to the height of 50 feet. The angles are still sharp and 
well defined and the top level, comprising (approximately) an area of 80 by 150 feet, 
which doubtless served as the base of some elaborate wooden structure. In the 
stunmer of 1843 the proprietor of the land, Mr. Baldwin, in sinking a well near one 
corner of the mound, found, a few feet below the surface, packed closely together, 
15 large flint spades. These implements were broad, flat pieces of white or grayish 
white flint, measuring, the smallest 9 inches in length by 5 inches in width, the 
largest 15 by 7inches. They are nearly an inch in thickness in the middle, neatly 
chipped to an edge all around, flat on one side and slightly convex on the other. 
One end of each flint is broader than the other, and the broad end is symmetrically 
rounded, and polished as smooth as glass by long-continued use in sandy soil. The 
narrow end is rough and not so neatly finished, showing no marks of wear, and was, 
in all probability, when the implement was in use, fastened in some sort of 
handle. It can not be doubted that these flints were in part the tools used in mak- 
ing the mound, and when the great work was finished they were stored away in the 
ground until again needed.’ ” 

“In the early part of December, 1868, some laborers, while engaged in grading an 
extension of Sixth street, in East St. Louis, came upon a deposit of Indian relics, 

* * * flint tools, all of the hoe and shovel type, and * * * close by were 
found several bowlders of flint and greenstone, weighing from 15 to 30 pounds each, 
and many fragments of flint. The deposit was covered with from 18 to 24 inches of 
black earth. * * * The implements formed a ‘‘nest” by themselves, and instead 
of being packed close together were arranged with some regularity, overlapping 
each other or standing edgewise and covering a circular space. The whole deposit 
did not extend more than 7 or 8 feet on either side. The contractor neglected to 
count the implements, but he thinks there were from 70 to 75 in all—some 50 hoes 
and about 20 shovels. No other stone articles, such as arrow and spear heads, toma- 
hawks, ete., had been deposited with the agricultural implements." ” 

‘‘In the surnmer of 1869 some children amusing themselves near the barn on the 
farm of Mr. Oliver H. Mullen, in the neighborhood of Fayetteville, St. Clair County, 
dug into the ground and discovered a deposit of 52 disk-shaped flint implements, 
which lay closely heaped together.’” 
‘J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, pp. 438, 439. 

2 Foster’s Prehistoric Races of the United States of America, p. 209 
%George Trauman, Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 435. 

4Cyrus Thomas’s Catalogue, p. 63. 

5 J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, p. 434, 

Charles Rau, Smithsonian Report, 1868, pp. 402, 403, 

7]dem., 1872, p. 402, 


980 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


MICHIGAN. 


Saginaw Vailey.—Nine caches of arrow and spearheads were reported by Mr. Har- 
lan I. Smith, of Saginaw East Side, before Section H of the American Association.! 
They were all chipped blades of chert, believed to hase been made from nodules of 
the Subecarboniferous period, which outcrops in a circular line in Saginaw Bay near 
Bayport. They are as follows: ‘ 

No. 3. Frazier cache No. 1, 300 pieces. (1) Large black leaf-shaped implements 8 
inches long with delicate stem at tip of base (turkey tail); (2) similar implements 
about 3 inches long; (3) small, yellow chert, leaf-shaped; (4) a few of the same, 
notched. Six miles from Saginaw, on the Tittabawassee River. 

No. 4. Frazier cache No. 2, one large black leaf-shaped implement similar to those 
in cache No. 1, surrounded by 13 rubbed stones. A few feet from Frazier cache No. 
1, about 1 foot deep. 

No. 5. Merrill cache, 100 pieces; 1 foot depth. 

No. 6. Cass cache No. 1, 70 pieces; leaf-shaped, 2 inches long, of dark-blue color, 
and different from the chert found in the other caches. Eight inches in depth, south 
bank of Cass River and 3 miles above Bridgeport. 

Cass cache No. 2, 22 pieces and 12 nodules, with abundance of chips and flakes. 
South side of Cass River, 4 miles below Saginaw. 

No. 8. Willie cache; 175 chipped blades, triangular, 14 inches long. North bank 
of Cass River, 3 miles above Saginaw. 

No. 9. Bayport cache; 47 pieces, rude leaf-shaped, laid in a roll overlapping each 
other, reminding one of shingles on a roof. Two feet depth. 

By letter of August 10, 1894, Mr. Smith reports the extension of his discoveries to 
include 14 caches. 

South Saginaw.—Mr. E. §. Golson, in letters of February 16 and May 9, 1892, 
describes two caches he found at or near his home at Green Point. One was found 
April 26, 1890, and consisted of 83 rude and thick leaf-shaped implements of ‘‘ Bay- 
port” stone on the “‘ west bank of the Tittahawassee River at its mouth, about one- 
half mile from the mounds at Green Point.” They were buried about 4} feet under 
the surface and were placed together in a hole a foot or more in depth and width. 
These were sent by him to Peabody Museum. He found his second cache on the 
day he wrote his last letter. The specimens, 58 in number, were smaller than those 
in the former. They were of three sizes; all were leaf-shaped except one stemmed. 
None were deeper than 18 inches, and they had probably been disturbed by the plow, 
as they were not arranged with any system, but were scattered over a space of 6 feet 
square. They were all of the same size. 


WISCONSIN. 


Racine County.—“‘ Some workmen, in digging a ditch through a peat swamp near 
Racine, found a deposit of disks of hornstone, about 30 in number. They lay on 
the clay at the bottom of the peat about 24 feet below the surface. Some of the 
disks were quite regular; they vary from half a pound to a pound in weight.” * 

Dane County.—Cache of 300 leaf-shaped (Division I, Class A) implements of por- 
phyritic felsite, found in Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin, by Mr. A. R. Crittenden. 
(Cat. No. 34255, U.S.N.M.) 

Kewanee district trail_—Cache of 42 copper implements. Twenty-five of these 
were found at one time and described by the person who discovered them (a squaw) 
as a large green stone which she kicked and it fell apart, and upon picking it up 
she found about 25 different specimens. In going over the ground at the same spot 


| Proceedings, XLII, 1893, p. 300. Madison, Wisconsin. 
2Dr. Hoy, I. A. Lapham, Antiquities of Wisconsin, p. 8. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 981 


a year or two later 17 more implements were found, and near at hand were a group 
of polished-stone hatchets, one very large maul with center grooved, and a half 
dozen flint arrowpoints, the whole having been looked upon since as a cache, and are 
considered by the present owner, Mr. Wyman, as a kit of ancient mining tools left 
on the trail from the Kewanee district. Silver is plainly discernible in many of the 
objects of the native copper. 

Calumet County—A cache of 22 leat-shaped flint implements averaging from 2 to 
2} inches in width and 4 inches in length and standing on edge was found under a 
stump in Calumet County. A cache of 5 leaf-shaped implements was found near 
Kachena. Another cache of 7 arrowpoints from near New Holstein. Nearly all of 
the arrowpoints and spearheads are of quartzite, varying from the light-colored 
material to that of a dark maple-sugar color, and in size from 1} to 9} inches. Mr. 
Hayssen has found a ledge of this quartzite near Black River Falls, where a large 
workshop is plainly indicated. (Hayssen Collection, NewHolstein, Wisconsin. ) 


MINNESOTA. 


Mower County—Mr. Thomas B. Smith. of Rose Creek, October 8, 1895, reports that 
he has found in a cache on his farm 48 arrowpoints. 


OREGON. 


Rey. M. Eells, a veteran archeologist of Oregon,' speaking of stone spearheads 
and arrowpoints in that country, says ‘“‘they were scarce, never having been made 
in modern times, but belonging only to ancient times. At Oregon City, about half 
«i mile below the falls, is a perfect mine of them which had been unearthed by high 
water. A workshop was at the Umatilla landing, where Mrs, Kunzie has obtained 
many, some as beautiful as can be made. The chips are now seen all around, though 
the stone of which they were made—much the same as that used at Oregon City— 
must have been brought long distances.” 


' Stone Age of Oregon, Smithsonian Report, 1886, p. 250. 


APPENDIX C.! 
LARGE IMPLEMENTS OF ARROWPOINT OR SPEARHEAD FORM. 


There are certain implements found throughout the United States, 
more especially the western and southwestern, which, except for 
their immense size, are identical in form with certain spear and arrow 
heads. An implement 2 or 35 inches in length will be recognized as an 
arrowpoint; if 5 or 6 inches in length it might be a javelin, lance, or 
spear; but when we encounter one, however correct it may be as to 
form, or fine as to workmanship, which is 10 inches or a foot in length, 
then what shall we call it and how shall we define its use? The U.S. 
National Museum possesses many of these specimens. Some of them 
have been found in cache, some in mounds and burial places, others 
sporadically, on the surface. Their great size and weight, while it does 
not absolutely interdict their attachment to a shaft or handle, nor their 
use aS a weapon, render both extremely unlikely, or they might have 
been used ceremonially. But we are absolutely without other knowl- 
edge as to their use or purposes than that furnished by the implements 
themselves and their associations. 

George F. Arvedson, of Carpentersville, Illinois, reported the finding of an imple- 
ment of white flint or chalcedony of the form of aspearhead, stemmed and shouldered, 
not barbed (Division III, Class B) 15 inches long, 2? inches wide and 2 inch thick. 

C. D. Williams, of Gainesville, Florida, reports having found in southwestern 
Georgia an implement of spearhead form (Division III, Class C) stemmed, shouldered, 
and barbed, of gray flint, 144 by 44 inches by 1 inch. 

Messrs. M. H. Spillmanand E. B. Sumner, of Painesville, Lake County, Ohio, report 
the discovery, while digging in a mound near that town, of an implement of white 
flint or chalcedony, shouldered, stemmed, and barbed (Division III, Class C) 12} 
inches long, 34 inches wide, and #? inch thick. 


The following are representative large-sized spear and arrow heads 
in the U.S. National Museum: 


One from West Derby, Vermont (Cat. No. 8922, U.S.N.M.) 114 by 2? inches by g inch, 
of reddish iron-clay slate, leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B), reported by J. M. Currier 
and R. Wheeler. 

Cat. No. 8923, U.S.N.M., from West Derby, Vermont, of reddish iron-clay slate, 11} 
by 14% inches by 2 inch, leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B), reported by H. W. Norris 
and J. M. Currier. 

Cat. No. 98341, U.S.N.M., from a mound at Prairie du Chien, Crawford County, 
Wisconsin, of chalcedony, 11 by 24 inches by § inch, leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B). 
Mound excavated by J. W. Emmert, of the Bureau of Ethnology. 

Cat. No. 115501, U.S.N.M., from mound in Prairie du Chien, Crawford County, 


'See p. 872. 
982 


By Report of U. S, National Museum, 1897.—Wilson. PLATE 65. 


SPEARHEAD OF WHITE FLINT. 
Length, 15 inches. 
Carpentersville, Illinois. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 983 


Wisconsin; obsidian, 7? by 2? inches by } inch, stemmed, shouldered, and barbed 
(Division IIT, Class C). Mound excavated by J. W. Emmert, of the Bureau of 
Ethnology. 

Cat. No. 150196, U.S.N.M., found en cache in the valley of the Little Missouri River, 
southwest Arkansas; chalcedony. There were 14 implements, all of white flint or 
chaleedony, of spearhead form, stemmed, shouldered, and barbed (Division III, 
Class C). They varied in size from 94 by 3% inches by } inch down to 6} by 22 inches 
by inch. Collection T. W. (Plate 61.) There are in the U.S. National Museum 3 
other specimens similar in size, form, and material, reported from Shreveport, Louisi- 
ana, by Mr. Hotchkiss. 

Cat. No. 150195, U.S.N.M., represents a cache of leaf-shaped implements from the 
bank of the Watauga River, Carter County, northwest Tennessee. They were leaf- 
shaped in form (Division I, Class B), were of quartzite, 18 in number, their size 
varying from 94 by 3,; inches by three-fourths of an inch to 7}% by 3,3; inches by % 
inch. Collection T. W. 

Cat. No, 88112, U.S.N.M., from Middleton, Wisconsin; fine-grained, sparkling 
quartzite, light-gray coler, spearhead form, stemmed, shouldered, and barbed (Divi- 
sion III, Class C), 8} by 34 inches by 4 inch. Collection of Bureau of Ethnology. 
See also figs. 170, 171, 172, pp. 924-926. 

Cat. No. 88535, U.S.N.M., from Middleton, Wisconsin, of fine-grained quartzite, dark 
color, nearly black, spearhead form, stemmed, shouldered, and barbed (Division III, 
Class C), 82 by 2} inches by finch. Collection of Bureau of Ethnology. 

Cat. No. 150179, U.S.N.M., from Ashland, Kentucky, of brown chert, spearhead 
form, stemmed and shouldered but not barbed (Division III, Class B), 84} by 2}4 
inches by inch. Obtained from E. J. Taylor. ; 

Cat. No. 88105, U.S.N.M., from Wisconsin, of brown lustrous pyromachie flint, 
spearhead form, stemmed and shouldered, not barbed (Division III, Class B), 63 by 
2,/, inches by 2 inch. Collection of Bureau of Ethnology. 

Reference is made to the 95 implements in the cache reported by Mr. Edward 
Ingram from Chester County, Pennsylvania, and figured in Plate 59; also to sundry 
large specimens described and figured in other parts of this paper. 

Dr. Abbott,! speaking of these large spearheads and referring to 
Schooleraft, makes mention of an Indian chie’ presenting to him one 7 
inches long and declaring it to be an implement belonging to his ances- 
stors, and says: 

It is not a little strange that the early writers, who refer to the Indians before 
they had wholly discarded stone implements, or very soon afterwards, should so 
generally have overlooked this form, while they frequently mention their axes and 
arrowpoints. Neither Holm nor Kalm refer to the large spearheads as weapons of 
the Delaware Indians, or refer to the use of the spear or lance, in describing their 
methods of warfare; yet the number of these objects found is of itself sufficient to 
indicate that at one time they were in very common use. Is it probable that they 
had been discarded in great measure at some remote period’and were veritable relics 
of a distant past when the European settlers first reached our shores? The absence 
of direct reference to these characteristic implements seems indicative of this. 

This raises an exceedingly interesting question. Whatever may have 
been the purpose, and when or by whomsoever made, may they not 
have been themselves prehistoric to the aborigines at the time of the 
discovery of the continent? Are they to be classed with the so-called 
ceremonial objects, banner-stones, bird and boat shaped articles, and 
with tubes, plummets, sinkers, or charms, not only the uses or purposes 


' Primitive Industry, p. 248. 


984 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


of which are unknown to our modern Indian, but even the races or peo- 
ples by whom they were made; all of which gives rise to numberless 
speculations? _ 

There are certain other large stone implements of leaf-shaped form 
resembling Class B, and from description and drawing might be assigned 
to it. These are the so-called hoes or agricultural implements. Their 
locality is extensive, but nevertheless, is limited to the interior, say 
from Ohio to Georgia, and from the Virginia mountains to the western 
Mississippi Valley. The implements are large, being from 6 to 16 inches 
in length, with corresponding width and thickness. They are of 
quartzite, novaculite, chert, and similar material, and are always 
chipped. Although resembling in form the ordinary leaf-shaped imple- 
ment, they have no other or further relation to it. While they are more 
or less pointed at both ends, yet they are not sufficiently so for thrust- 
ing or piercing, and were evidently never intended for such purposes. 
They may have been inserted in a handle, though no traces of it have 
ever been found, or they may have been held in the hands. An inspec- 
tion shows them to have been used as an implement for digging in the 
earth. The point is frequently worn smooth and dull for several inches 
up the blade, showing strie and even notches, the result of friction in 
the earth by digging. 

These implements are sometimes found en cache. The collection of 
the Missouri Historical Society displayed at the World’s Fair held in 
Chicago, in 1893, under the direction of Mr. William J. Seever, contained 
many of these implements, chiefly from the neighborhood of St. Louis, 
some of which were from caches. See Appendix A (quarries), Illinois, 
p. 966, and Appendix B (caches), p. 974. 


APPENDIX D.! 


MAKING OF ARROWPOINTS DESCRIBED BY EXPLORERS AND 
TRAVELERS. 


Catlin’ thus describes the Apache mode of making flint arrow- 
points: 


Like most of the tribes west of and in the Rocky Mountains they manufacture 
the blades of their spears and points for their arrows of flints, and also of obsidian, 
which is scattered over those volcanic regions west of the mountains; and, like 
other tribes, they guard as a profound secret the mode by which the flints and 
obsidian are broken into the shapes they require. * * ~* 

Every tribe has its factory in which these arrowheads are made, and in those 
only certain adepts are able or allowed to make them for the use of the tribe. 
Erratic bowlders of flint are collected (and sometimes brought an immense 
distance) and broken with a sort of sledge hammer made of a rounded pebble of 
hornstone set in a twisted withe, holding the stone and forming a handle. * * * 
The master workman, seated on the ground, lays one of these flakes on the palm of 
his left hand, holding it firmly down with two or more fingers of the same hand, 
and with his right hand, between the thumb and two forefingers, places his chisel 
(or punch) on the point that is to be broken off; and a cooperator (a striker) 
sitting in front of him, with a mallet of very hard wood, strikes the chisel (or 
punch) on the upper end, flaking the flint off on the under side, below each pro- 
jecting point that is struck. The flint is then turned and chipped in the same 
manner from the opposite side; and so turned and chipped until the required shape 
and dimensions are obtained, all fractures being made on the palm of the hand. 

In selecting a flake for the arrowhead a nice judgment must be used, or the 
attempt will fail. A flake with two opposite parallel, or nearly parallel, planes is 
found, and of the thickness required for the center of the arrowpoint. The first 
chipping reaches near to the center of these planes, but without quite breaking it 
away, and each chipping is shorter and shorter, until the shape and the edge of the 
arrowpoint are formed. 

The yielding elasticity of the paim of the hand enables the chip to come off 
without breaking the body of the flint, which would be the case if they were 
broken on a hard substance. These people have no metallic instruments to work 
with, and the instrument (punch) which they use I was told was a piece of bone; 
but on examining it I found it to be a substance much harder, made of the tooth 
(incisor) of the sperm whale or sea lion, which are often stranded on the coast of 
the Pacific. This punch is about 6 or7 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter, 
with one rounded side and two plane sides, therefore presenting one acute and two 
obtuse angles to suit the points to be broken. 

‘This operation is very curious, both the holder and the striker singing, and the 
strokes of the mallet given exactly in time with the music, and with a sharp and 
rebounding blow, in which, the Indians tell us, is the great medicine (or mystery) 
of the operation. 


' See p. 884. 


* Last Rambles amongst the Indians, pp. 187-90. 
985 


986 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


To Catlin’s description Mr. Stevens! makes the following approving | 
criticism : 


What Catlin has said with regard to a rebounding blow is perfectly true; it is 
impossible to flake flint with a dull, heavy, smashing blow; it is the measured and 
rebounding blow—a shock rather than a blow—which, given with judgment, 
enables the material to take its own line of cleavage, and produces what is so well 
known as the conchoidal fracture, resulting from human skill, that distinguishes 
the mere splinter of flint from the flint flake; and it is the repetition of this opera- 
tion twenty or thirty times around the edges of those flint implements found in the 
drift that stamps them as proofs of human handiwork. 


Admiral Sir E. Belcher? gives an account of the manufacture of flint 
arrowpoints by the western Eskimo tribes at and north of Icey Cape, 
as follows: 


But to the process which they pursue in effecting the fine, regular, serrated edges 
of their flint arrowheads. 

Possibly, had I not witnessed the operation and had been at the time one of the 
first Europeans with whom they ever had communication, the idea would have 
remained undisputed that they owed their formation to the stroke of the hammer. 
Being a working amateur mechanic myself, and having practiced: in a very similar 
manner on glass with a penny piece in 1815, 1 was not at all surprised at witnessing 
the modus operandi. Selecting a log of wood in which a spoon-shaped cavity was 
cut, they placed the splinter to be worked over it, and by pressing gently along the 
margin vertically, first on one side and then on the other, as one would set a saw, 
they splintered off alternate fragments until the object thus properly outlined pre- 
sented the spear or arrowhead form, with two cutting serrated edges. 

But let us revert to this instrument for the use of which the untaught would never 
imagine a purpose, and which, I suspect, was not witnessed or deemed worthy of 
notice by any other individual of the expedition. 

First, this instrument has a graceful outline. The handle is of fine fossil ivory. 
That would be too soft to deal with the flint or chert in the manner required. But 
they discovered that the point of the deer horn is harder and also more stubborn ; 
therefore, in a slit, like lead in our pencils, they introduced a slip of this sub- 
stance and secured it by a strong thong, put on wet, but which on drying became | 
very rigid. Here we can not fail to trace ingenuity, ability, and a view to orna- 
ment. It is the point of the deer horn which, refusing to yield, drives off the fine 
conchoidal splinters from the chert. [See figs. 68-74]. 

I can not here omit remarking that the very same process is pursued by the Indians 
of Mexican origin in California with the obsidian points for their arrows; and also 
in the North and South Pacific—at Sandwich Islands (21° north), and Tahiti (18° 
south)—39 degrees or 2,340 miles asunder—similar indentations or chippings are 
carried out in forming their axes from basaltic lava, but probably performed in the 
latter instances with stone hammers. I myself witnessed at the convent of Monterey 
the captured Indians forming their arrowheads out of obsidian similarly to the 
mode practiced by the Eskimos. 


Schooleraft*® thus describes the mode of making flint arrowpoints by 
the North American Indians: 


The skill displayed in this art, as it is by the tribes of the entire continent, has — 
excited admiration. The material employed is generally some form of hornstone, 


' Flint Chips, pp. 83, 84. 
2Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, new ser., I, Pt. 2, 1861, p. 138, 
3North American Indian Tribes, III, p. 467. 


ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 987 


sometimes passing into flint. This mineral is often called chert by the English 
mineralogists. No specimens have, however, been observed where the substance 
is gunilint. This hornstone is less hard than common quartz, and can readily be 
broken by contact with the latter. Experience has taught the Indian that some 
varieties of hornstone are less easily and regularly fractured than others, and that 
the tendency to a conchoidal fracture is to be relied on in the softer varieties. It 
has also shown him that the weathered or surface fragments are harder and less 
manageable than those quarried from the rocks and mountains. 

To break them, he seats himself on the ground, and holds the lump on one of his 
thighs, interposing some hard substance below it. When the blow is given, there is 
a sufficient yielding in the piece to be fractured not to endanger its being shivered 
into fragments. Many are, however, lost. After the lump has been broken trans- 
versely it requires great skill and patience to chip the edges. Such is the art required 
in this business, both in selecting and fracturing the stones, that it is found to be 
the employment of particular men, generally old men, who are laid aside from hunt- 
ing, to make arrow and spear heads. 


The modern manufacture of obsidian arrowpoints by the Indians of 
California is thus described by an eyewitness: ! 


The Indian seated himself on the floor and, laying the stone anvil upon his knee, 
with one blow of his agate chisel he separated the obsidian pebble into two parts; 
then giving a blow to the fractured side he split off a slab a quarter of an inch in 
thickness. Holding the piece against his anvil with the thumb and finger of his left 
hand, he commenced a series of continuous blows, every one of which chipped off 
fragments of the brittle substance. It gradually seemed to acquire shape. After 
finishing the base of the arrowhead (the whole being little over an inch in length) 
he began by striking gentle blows, every one of which I expected would break it 
into pieces. Yet such was his adroit application, his skill, and dexterity, that in 
little over an hour he produced a perfect obsidian arrowhead, 

I then requested him to carve one from the remains of a broken bottle, which, 
after two failures, he succeeded in doing. He gave as a reason for his ill success 
that he did not understand the grain of the glass. No sculptor ever handled a chisel 
with greater precision, or more carefully measured the weight and effect of every 
blow, than did this ingenious Indian; for even among them arrow making is a dis- 
tinct profession, in which few attain excellence. In a moment all I had read of the 
hardening of copper for the working of flint axes, etc., vanished before the simplest 
mechanical process. 


Mr. T. R. Peale of the scientific corps of the United States Exploring 
Expedition, witnessed the making of arrowpoints among the Shasta and 
northern California Indians. He says that the flakes were struck off 
from the mass of jasper, agate, or chalcedony, by a blow with a round- 
faced stone, and that the edges were chipped by the application of a 
notch in a piece of horn, as a glazier chips glass. The notches in the 
horn tool were of different size and depths, in order to suit the work to 
be done.’ 

Every American collector, as well as archeologist, has read John 
Smith’s deseription of the making of arrowpoints by the Virginia Indians.’ 

His arrowhead he quickly maketh with a little bone, which he ever weareth at his 


bracer, of a splint of a stone or glasse in the form of a heart, and these they glew to 
the end of their arrowes. 


! Stevens, Flint Chips, pp. 77, 78. *Idem., p. 78. 2 Sixth Voyage, 1606, 


988 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 


Torquemada! says: 


They had, and still have, workmen who make knives of a certain black stone or 
flint, which it is a most wonderful and admirable thing to see them make out of the 
stone; and the ingenuity which invented this art is much to be praised. They are 
made and got out of the stone (if one can explain it) in this manner: One of these 
Indian workmen sits down upon the ground and takes a piece of this black stone, 
which is like jet, and hard as flint, and is a stone which might be called precious, 
more beautiful and brilliant than alabaster or jasper, so much so that of it aremade 
tablets and mirrors. The piece they take is about 8 inches long, or rather more, 
and as thick as one’s leg or rather less, and cylindrical. They have a stick as large 
as the shaft of a lance, and 3 cubits, or rather more, in Jength, and at the end of it 
they fasten firmly another piece of wood 8 inches long, to give more weight to this 
part, then pressing their naked feet together, they hold the stones as with a pair of 
pincers or the vise of a carpenter’s bench. They take the stick (which is cut off 
smooth at the end) with both hands, and set it well home against the edge of the 
front of the stone, which also is cut smooth in that part; and then they press it 
against their breast, and with the force of the pressure there flies off a knife, with 
its point and edge on each side, as neatly as if one were to make them of a turnip 
with a sharp knife, or of iron in the fire. ‘Then they sharpen it on a stone, using a 
hone to give it a very fine edge; and in a very short time these workmen will make 
more than 20 knives in the aforesaid manner. They come out of the same shape as 
our barbers’ lancets, except that they have a rib up the middle, and have a slight 
graceful curve toward the point. They will cut and shave the hair the first time 
they are used, at the first cut nearly as well as a steel razor, but they lose their edge 
at the second cut; and so to finish shaving one’s beard or hair, one after another has 
to be used; though indeed they are cheap, and spoiling them is of no consequence, 
Many Spaniards, both regular and secula: clergy, have been shaved with them, 
especially at the beginning of the colonization of these realms, when there was no 
such abundance as now of the necessary instruments and people who gain their 
livelihood by practicing this occupation. But I conclude by saying that it is an 
admirable thing to see them made, and no small argument for the capacity of the 
men who found out such an invention. 


Tylor? says: 


Hernandez gives a similar account of the process. He compares the wooden instru- 
ment used to a crossbow. It was evidently a T-shaped implement, and the work- 
man held the crosspiece with his two hands against his breast, while the end of the 
straight stick rested on the stone. He furthermore gives a description of the mak- 
ing of the well known maquahuitl, or Aztec war club, which was armed on both 
sides with a row of obsidian knives, or teeth, stuck into holes with a kind of gum. 
With this instrument, he says, a man could be cut in half at a blow—an absurd 
statement which has been repeated by more modern writers. 


' Monarquia Indiana, Seville, 1615. 2 Anahuac, p. 331. 


PWD Xx. 


“A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent For- 
aminifera collected by the Albatross 
now in the U. S. National Museum,” 
reference to paper by Dr. J. M. Flint, 
entitled 

Abbott, Dr. CC; quotedy_2.--2-.--=~- 

Abbott, Dr. William L., birds’ nests and 

eggs presented 
Bipeeerca ene 
collecting outfit 
furnished to -. 
ethnological 
specimens re- 
ceived from... 
large collections 
received from- 


musical instru- 
ments present- 
ed bye-sses eae 


specimens of 
birds received 


specimens of in- 
sects present- 
ed by 
specimens of 
mammals pre- 
sented by-.--- 


Abel TohujG see eee ee eae sie enue 
Abell, J. Ralls, biconical frog pipe collect- 
i Uy SAO = So oe cease eee ape 
Academy of Natural Sciences, material 
transmitted for examination by-..--.-- 
Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, 
specimens of fishes lent to....--..-..--. 
Accession list, indexes to ................ 
Accessions during the year ending June 
30,1807, Jist of <= -s22sese-- = 

to the collections -.........--- 


museum library, list of. 

Adams, Prof. Frank D., exchange with- -. 
specimens of 

rocks -received 

in exchange 


Adler, Dr. Cyrus, assistant curator of ori- 
ental antiquities 

custodian of religious 

ceremonials ..-....--. 

librarian =. 2.+2s5<20-=-= 

reference to paper on 

Biblical Science at 

Cotton States Exposi- 


Page. Page. 
Adler, Dr. Felix, specimens of pottery re- 
ceived in exchango from .....-..--..--.- GF 
Administrative departments, review of 
WONKSINS + -2- == Ja- Sse 78 
75 Blalkseaesss-sos-0s 550 fm re 7, 90 
598 | Adney, Tappan, services rendered by. -.-- 66 
“‘Advance sheets” discontinued, publica- 
OUG be seee em one eM ae oe eas me 26 
43))| Africa: accessions: from. =. ..--<=--.- =<. 131 
to library from institu- 
22. MONS snes sca ca 153 
distribution of specimens in-.-.-.- 23 
Agassiz, Dr. A., Solenogasteridie lent to. 2S} 
64 | Agricultural Chemists, Society of, meet- 
EPSRCOT EG ee pre a See ae eS 32 
21 | Agriculture, Department of, exchanges 
through 
the-==-= 1G, 17 
76 specimens 
received 
from ..- 20 
40 | Alabama, cache of prehistoric implements 
om ae eae ee eee 973 
prehistoric mines, quarries, and 
49 WOLKSHOPS)ilt -3----- 2-2 -s5--- 963 
Alarcon, Hernando, quoted .......--..-.. 409 
Albany Museum, South Africa, bird skins 
39 received 
68 in ex- 
change 
537 from .-.- 40 
exchange 
41 with --- 14 
| Alcorn, Hon. J. L., biconical animal pipe 
28 Collected yee se oseatias oe mao ce ase = = =e d3 
131 | Aldrich, Charles, pueblo pipe collected by 382 
Allen, Dr. Harrison, specimens of bats 
91 Lentto is. 23---- == 27 
10 titles of papers by- 194 
153 | Allen, J., trade pipe collected by --...-.-- 455 
18 | Allen, Dr. J. A., specimens lent to.....-- oF 
| Allouez, Father Claude, quoted.-.-......-- 553 
PACIINMENALOS she ome Jennie eee Sey oo 659, 763 
America, accessions to library from insti- 
62 | LO TASS ee eae ee 153 
} distribution of specimens in--- 239 
74 | American Indians, use of copper imple- 
ments by the..-.-.-. sre 
74 use of the cross 
25 among the........-. 509 
American Museum of Natural History, 
material transmitted forexamination by 41 
plaster cast of a brook trout lent to..-. 28 
74 | American Ornithologists’ Union, title of 
194 VAPOM Yes aassosese cms e eaeees wee eae 194 


950 INDEX. 
< Page. Page. 
American Physicians and Surgeons, con- Arrangement of the exhibition series. --. 23 

PYOGB IOP mr sos. Se aden aw eeceae 33 | Arrow release in antiquity--..-...-...... 831 
American pipes, distribution of early shafts, scrapers, grinders, and 

Sirms igh -reass. = A Panor sb ecee tek cee 366 straighteners used in making. .. 884 
Ammodiseus charoides Jones and Parker. 279 | Arrowpoimts broadest at cutting end (Di- 

genus of foraminifera ...--- 278 vision IV, Class F) ...... 937 
gordialis Jones and Parker - 279 | classification of .--..-..---: 887 
incertus d'Orbigny...-.----- 278 | making of, described by ex- 
tenuis Brady..--.-----.< ae 279 plorers and travelers. --.- 985 
Amphistegina, genus of foraminifera. --.- 338 manufactuy of........---.- 77 
lessonti 'Orbigny -------- 33 material Off... = bene es 872 
Analytical key to families of the forami- spearheads, and knives of 
WIT Sack neces 258 prehistoric times, by 
> genera of the forami- Thomas Wilson=2-.>.---- 811 
MiTSIA Case soe ae 258 superstitions concerning. .- 841 
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi triangular in section (Divi- 

Valley, reference to paper on the..----- 511 sion IV, Class E).-....-..-. 937 
Anderson, H., Miemae pipe collected by - 480 with beveled edges (Divi- ~ 
Anderson, W., ovoid stone bow] pipe col- sion TV, Class A) ..-2-.-- 931 

lected by itis acess sscnce ose sso ee en see 425, with bifurcated stems (Di- 
Andrews, Dr. E. A., specimens of crabs vision IV, Class C) ..--.-.- 935 

presented by 225s obo s joc eae os 51 with extremely long barbs 
Andrews, Miss Fannie, tubular pipe col- (Division IV, Class D) ... 936 

LOCLED WY sro went ee eae se cena ne 385 with serrated edges (Divi- 
Animal pipes, heaviy~ =. 2i-<o< cnn cence ee 438 sion LV, Glass) ccecscte- 934 

products, arrangement of exhibi- WOUNGE UD ViRs seesece ae aes 955 
tion series of collection of... --- (a ATSONADES isco one tn sso eee semaine aoe ee 662, 789 
Anisotropic class of minerals .-.---.----- 686 | Arsenic in minerals, compounds of..----- 754 
Anistropic class of minerals ...---------- O86) Atrsenides:..*- =. ceo sees = cease ee 658, 757 
Anomalina ammonoides Reuss.-.-------- 330g TRO DTUCS 22 eee ice ee ee eee eee 765 
ariminensis VOrbigny ------- 335 | Articulina, genus of foraminifera. .....-. 301 
coronata Parker and Jones.. - 335 sagra d’Orbigny ..--------.-- 301 
genus of foraminifera. -...-..-- 335 | Arts and industries, department of, list of 
grosserugosa Giimbel....-..-. 335 accessions to...--- 150 
polymorpha Costa ..----.----- 336 | review of work in --. 69 
Anthony, A. W., bird eggs received from- 43 ! Ashe, W. W., specimens of plants lent to- 28 
skins received from. 40 | Ashmead, William H., assistance render- 
crustacea purchased edtby sos. 58s -¢2 20 
{rome hee see es oe 51 title of joint pa- 
titles of papers by .-..--- 194 perby=:--2--->- 201 
Amtimonates 122 Sexvecec eon ees ao ee 789 titles of papers by 194, 195 
ANTIMONIPES © so sci caa ese tae eee eee 658,757 | Ashmun, Rey. E. H., land shells present- 
AT UIMONMILEOS cnaces esse etree. seceeeeme ae 765 OSD yh = ooo eae gosae see ena en ame 46 
Antimony in minerals, compounds of. --. 7o£ | Asia, accessions from! ---- 2-2 ---2---=--5-5 133 
Antiquities of Mexico, reference to paper to library from institu- 

by Kingsborough entitled.....----.---- 374 {Ons Ns. o--e =e -——- 168 

Appendix 22. tee acest ce cmcecisea-oee 89 distribution of specimens in -.----- 244 

dat Seer oc Alte gee eee 91 | Asia Minor, accessions from.--...-..----- 140 

TU oe Sok ct ors eee iach e eee 153°"|) ASSOCIRbOS: ==. 2) Sasseescee cen eer nee 90 

DEVS op eee ase Heer oee natn ees 193 | Associations, meetings of, in Washington 32 

IN aera En Gene ae bne Gesaa ce 213 | Astrorhiza angulosa Brady...-.---.------ 265 

iy fl BAN SES TOL aaOse a 217 arenaria Norman ......-...--- 265 

OY deere weer Serene Peer 235 crassalina Bradiyeo-- 2. s-.---<- 265 

WAS Sore pee ee ee 238 genus of foraminifera..--..-.. 265 

MOS 5 Ae ee Soc eee 239 granulosa Brady ..---.-------- 265 
Appropriations for 1897 .-2-<2.5-2-<-2-22- 238 | Astrorhizide, family II of the foraminif- 

National Museum. ... 13 CAC ten reat eee eee ee aerate 259, 264 

Argentine Republic, accessions to library Astrorhizine, subfamily of foraminifera. 265 

from institutions in .............-----.. 167 | Astrup, Eivind, quoted......---.--....-.. 639 
Arkansas, cache of prehistoric imple- Asymmetric arrowpoints (Division IV, 

MGNtS ONG Ae. . cases. ce 974 Gligs EL) co. ba tet eee coe aee 941 

prehistoric mines, quarries, ‘Atlantic Coast Pipe, <2. s--o-~ 5c on cea sree 608 

and workshops in......-.--- 966 characteristics of the 634 

Arnheim, J. 8., specimens of mollusks distribution of the -- 608 


presented by... 0. cc ce~ se sessvucwss sens 


46 | Atomic weights, table of........-....---- 650, 651 


Attwater, H.P., bird eggs presented by - -- 
° skins purchased from 
Atwater, Caleb, quoted 
Australasia, accessions from 
Australia, accessions from 
to library from insti- 

tutions in 

distribution of specimens in -. 
Australian Museum, Sydney, New South 
Wales, bird skins received in exchange 
from 
Australian Museum, Sydney, New South 
Wales, exchange with. .-.......-...-- 
FISHER SONG Ose ees nee eee 

reptiles received in exchange 


Austria, distribution of specimens in. --- 
Austria-Hungary, accessions to library 
from institutions in 
Ayers, George, specimen of Brunnich’s 
Murre presented by -25------ 2 5-- = ee = 
Aziecs, similarity of manners and cus- 
toms of the northern Indians and the. - 
Baird, Camp, ou Easter Island ...... 
Baker, Prof. Carl F., Homoptera lent to -- 
Baker, E. G., specimens of plants lent to. 
saker, Dr. Marcus 
Baker, R. T., exchange with 
specimens of plants received 

in exchange from 

sjalfour Henry, assistance rendered by. -. 
Bancroft, H. H., pipes of the Chinook 
Indians referred to by 
Barber, Dr. E. A., finding of catlinite in 
New York referred 


reference to mound 

pipe illustrated by - 

stone council pipe re- 

ferred to by 

Barbour, Prof. E. H., collection of Damo- 
nelix purchased from 
Bartram, William, Cherokee smoking cus- 
tom described by- --- 

quoted 

Bartsch, Paul, reptiles and batrachians 
collected by--...------- 

title of paper by.---.---..- 

Batalin, Alex., exchange with.........-.. 
Batchelor, W., clay pipe collected by-..-.-.- 
Bathysiphon, genus of foraminifera 
rufum de Folin 

Batrachians, exchanges of. ........-...--- 
Beach, Hon. Horace, ‘‘ dog pipe”’ collected 
by 
Bean, Barton A., assistant curator, depart- 
ment of fishes .-....--. 

titles of joint papers by- 

Bean, Dr. Tarleton H., animal-head pipe 
collected by. --- 

honorary curator, 

department of 

HSh6s -=---s2--- 

rectangular pipe 

collected by.... 


INDEX. 
Page. 

43 | Bean, Dr. Tarleton H., title of joint spe- 
40 cial bulletin by- 
477, 551 titles of joint pa- 
140 Pore Dy isss<-..,. 
140 | Beauchamp, Rev. W. M., opinion of, con- 
cerning aboriginal pipes of New York... 
175 | Beck, Rollo H., bird skins received from .- 
245 title of paper by --.--..-..- 
| Beckers, Alexander, stereoscope received 
BIN RE or emoae oor Joa UCR eee 
40-1) Beakebt he er-ten caneee cosets he ee a - 
Beckwith, Paul, tomahawk pipe collected 
15 Drs. cotance soon ao tee noone eee 
45 | Beebe, Maj. W. S., greenstone pipe col- 
lected Dy 22c<22%4)- 0. Soscee so seee aoe as 
44 3eecher, Prof. Charles E., assistance ren- 
24 dered by .--- 
Devonian phyl- 
168 | lopod crus- 
tacea pre- 
41 sented by. --. 
Beechy, Capt. F. W., quoted ...-.--..-.-.- 
373 Belcher, Sir Edward, smoking habit among 
697 the Point Barrow Eskimo referred to by 
28 Belgium, accessions to library from insti- 
28 GUGIONS Iles ones ss oe eee oe eee 
Of5) Bell sProt dGurey ses saceee eae == 
16 | Bendire, Maj. C. E., biographical sketch of 
died February 4... .-- 
58 ethnological material 
66 received from estate 
Git GoGceensemeacausec 
585 title of special bulletin 
i Naan scbceooaeseace 
tubular pipe collected 
576 DY fates aseceeeeees 
| Benedict, James E., assistant curator, de- 
521 partment of marine 
invertebrates. -.-.- 
435 engaged in study of 
INO POUR se 
55 title of paper by ---- 
| Bennett, Charles H., process of making 
621 | Siouan pipes described by ..----------- 
415,621 Benzoni, Girolamo, quoted ...--..--..--.- 
| Bergh, Rudolph, title of paper by -------- 
44. Berlin Zoological Museum, Berlin, Ger- 
195 many, exchange with -2...-.-----..-.-. 
16 Beverly, Robert, calumet customs de- 
#082, = seribedsby2 sss 6 -< tase e ce asec ee 
267 | Biard, Father Pigrre, quoted .....-..-.-.- 
YAR O\| Use peti cine) C) pee aeae hoe teeonosocm Ss SSec 
15 | Bibliography, list of authors of papers in- 
of the National Museum, 
521 ao.) (saree err ae 
published writings 
44 of Philip Lutley 
195, 198 Selater, Bulletin 
No. 49, publica- 
430 tion Of222----e oy 
Biconical pipe, characteristics of the. --. - 
geographical distribution 
44 Of the -sasee- s2s5555-—57- 
Bigelow, O. M., reference to bird pipe in 
475 collecton of.......... Seale eaeetete JopSe 


53 
422, 593 


195 


558, 559 
637 
686 
210 


193 


992 INDEX. 
\ 
Page. 

Bigenerina capreolus VOrbigny ..------- 286 | Boston Society of Natural History, mate- 
genus of foraminifera. -.-....-. 286 rial transmitted for examination by..-. 
nodosaria V'Orbigny .-------- 286 | Botanical Garden, Trinidad, West Indies, 
pennatula Batsch ....-.-.---- 287 exchange with...:.-....-.--- 
TOUUSTER EDTAOY 25 - san ae names 286 Gardens, Dresden, Germany, 

Biloculina bulloides d’Orbigny -.--------- 293 exchange with -....--.-.-.... 

comata Brady .-......-------- a 294 Museum, Berlin, Germany, ex- 

dehiscens, new species ....----- 295 change with....... 

depressa d'Orbigny..---------- 294 Copenhagen, Den- 

variety serrata Brady 294 mark, exchange 

elongata d’Orbigny ...--------- 294 WAGD oe sins teen eee 

genus of foraminifera .....---- 293 specimens, exchanges of-...--- 
irregularis d’Orbigny --------- 295 | Botany, department of, accessions to -.-.. 

levis Defranco .....---.------- 295 catalogue entries 

ringens Lamarck .....-----.+=- 294 De fa See 

sphera d’Orbigny ------------- 295 extract from re- 

CUOUIGEG COSTA) == one menial === 293° port of honor- 

Biological Survey, specimens received ary curator con- 
TOM Speen Bees ewe ete te tener ane 20 cerning scien- 
Bird pipe, distribution of the...-..------- 503 tific work in -.- 
OPIEINOL CRO ieee ce acre 502 list of accessions 

IPOS 7s kate cape tanger bia afele setae otal 501 LO secs nik eee 
EAs seems a Seale ete eaters 438 number of speci- 
characteristics of ....--- 628 mens received 

distribution of......-... 629 Dae soe Sees 

Birds, department of, list of accessions to 40, 141 review of work in 

number of  speci- Boucard, A., specimen of bird presented 
mens received in- 42 | RET er IEE eT ae eee EE Ce 
rearrangement of Bourke, Mrs. John G., ethnological ob- 
exhibition series jects received fromsa:=-s-s252-eaeeseces 
Th eee ee See ect 23) | ‘Bouvier, Profsst soeccue oe oe ees ceaeeies 
remarks by curator specimens of crabs 
concerning condi- received through -. 
tion of study se- Bow and arrow, evolution of the ....-.---- 
DIOS Nee eres eee = 41 history of the..-..-...... 
review of work in. 40 invention of the ......... 
total number of Orig=nOf thes. =---ses5—= 
specimens in....-. 42 | Bowers, Rev. Stephen, serpentine tube 
Lirds’ eggs, department of, accessions to- 43 collected bys2— fee eiaese nee > Seeenine 
catalogue en- Bowl pipes, characteristics of ......------ 
tries in..... 43 dlecoration of) =~ =< 22 <5-2.-22- 
list of acces- distributionofs.--essss25o—=— 
sions to ..-. 142 without stems...-...-..-<--- 
review of Boyle, David, reference to Iroquoian pipes 
work in.... 43 illustrated by 
Birds, exchanges Obeee same. .---(-1a2= ea 14 pipes in Ontario 
of North and ‘Middle America, re- Archeologic- 
marks by Mr. Ridgway concern- al Museum 
ing progress of work on..-.-..--- 42 described by- 

Bishop, W. H., information, drawings, remarks by, concerning the 

etc., concerning construction of Museum mound pipe in Ontario -. - 
Cases Lurpishedt0.- 5 sa---os)- aoe a-em om 29 | Brady, H. B., reference to ‘‘ Report on 

Bismuth in minerals, compounds of...-.-- 754 Foraminifera collected by H. M. 8. 

BiSDIM CHINES: oem -einet cee e eee em em era 658, 757 Challenger liye asec ee a eee 

Blankinship, Dr. J. M., heavy bird pipe Bragge, William, quoted.......-.-------- 

WOMSCTEM ID Wine eo cetian ese ea lala ea aietelmete 438 | Brandegee, T. 8., specimens of plants 
Bofill, Sehor Arturo, exchanges with.... 15, 16,18 lent tO: co. Seeetece ec eee eee eee eee 
Bolivina enariensis Costa .....- ofcai are erat 2925) (Brandt, Dr. Koess 2 -seee = nese iaae eo 
genus of foraminifera .....-..-- 291 exchange with. ...---.----- 

porrecia Brady ..--...--5-.c-o-- 292 | Branicki Museum, Warsaw, Russia, bird 
punctata d’Orbigny...-.-..----- 292 skins received in ex- 

Bonstetten, Baron de, quoted....--..----- 638, 639 change from....-..- 

IBOTaAbEs popes sae Poems meee een eipe se ae 659, 763 exchange with.-.--.- 

Bossu, M., calumet dance of the Missouri 


Indians described by ..-.---..-.--+- Boe 


564 


Brazil, accessions to library from institu- 
HIOMB IN. 055600 - sss. ccaaeesascss 


Page. 
41 
17 
17 
17 
17 
16 
58 


60 


167° 


INDEX. 993 
Page. Pave. 
Brazil, distribution of specimens in...--- 944 | Calkins, Lieut. C.G., Chinese musical in- 
Brewster, William, material transmitted struments receiv- 
forexamination by. 41 QQ ICOM sce sen oes 76 
specimens lent to.... CeO CllnmeEWGance, Mes ccesaeesc6 see soee =<. 505, 546 
Brick, Dr. A., exchange with.-.......---- 17 detinitioniihiese sees ++ eo oe soe 504, 631 
Brickell, John, smoking habit among in the dance, use of the..-....---. 553 
North Carolina Indians referred to by-- 621 material used for the ....-.---.- 560 
Bridegroom pipe, reference to custom of pipe, significance of the........ 546, 547 
BIBORN gf Che: 2. eee atta ar 546 use of the, in peace treat- 
Brinton, Dr. D. G., evidences of left-hand- ies between French and 
edness in North American aboriginal TG bP ee ns snococacscr 631 
arn Glaimed! Dy--oa---aee ce = aes one 643 DGS eee ee er ae se ee are 508 
British America, accessions from.......- 131 sanctity Of the’<---.c.c.---4=--= 559 
accessions to library NEG ah 5 je soe aseioe de See SSE 504 
trom institutions in -. 153 | Camp, Maj. W. B., reference to bird pipe 
British Museum, London, England, ex- Collected Dy, 22 seen aa eee = 642 
change with....--..- 17 | Campbell, J. McNaught, exchanges with. 14, 15, 17 
of Natural History, ex- Canada, distribution of specimens in ---. 239 
change with........- 15 | Canadian Indians, curved knife of the ... 732 
Britton, Dr. N. L., study of plants by..-- 30 | Candeina, geuus of foraminifera ......-..- 325 
Britts, Dr. J.H., type specimens of Lepi- nitida d’Orbigny..-----...-..--- 325 
doxylon anomalum and Megaphytum Caadolle, Casimir de, exchange with ....- 17 
goldenbergvi received in exchange from- 55 | Canfield, C. W., stereoscopic melanotype 
Bromides.......--- SC ACE age oe Senonoose 657, 752 TOCCLV CH TON! san aee eee cose Ca eiaae ae ae 
Bromine in minerals 2-522. see oe ease 751 | Canterbury Museum, New Zealand, ethno- 
Brooks, W. E., specimens lent to .-...--.- 28 logical specimens 
Brown, A.S., assistance rendered by .-..- 71 received in ex- 
Brownlow, Hon. W. P., bird skins de- change from...... 64 
posited by.----..--- SERS ARO TSSODA AONE 40 exchange with ....- 18 
Brush, Charles F., reference to corre- Cape Colony, accessions to library from 
BPONGSNCE Will soem eta comm aceon = 71 ANS ULGNtLOHN: Meee tes eee a =nmae ileal ele 153 
Bryant, Dr. H. G., curved knife from Lab- | CORD TRT RE Baan Sscncpoccao ce odencesicogo 660, 766 
TALON COUSGE OUD Ya 5-5 ee ee ee 734 | Card, Prof. F. W., engaged in study of 
Buildings and superintendence. division of, URAU ES Been ale mae alam ene Rete a ante 30 
created. - (9p Carpenter, Capt We dues. ces-6 sean 19 
division of, Carter, E. B., specimens of Isopods pre- 
review of RGU iy 2c anc SaenSe cose co sosnespacdac 51 
work in. 84 | Cartier, Jacques. quoted.................- 492 
Bulimina aculeata d'Orbigny ..---------- 291 | Carver, Jonathan, quoted..-...-......-..- 420, 562 
ajinis'd’Orbigny---------.----< 290 smoking ceremony de- 
elegans d’Orbigny-.------------ 290 scribed (by <-----.---- 563 
genus of foraminifera.....-.-..-. 290 | Carver, T., pipe bowl found by.--.--.----.- 424 
inflata Seguenza..........--.-- 291 | Carvin, D.S., monitor pipe collected by. - 471 
pupoides d’Orbigny.......----- 290 | Casanowicz, Dr. I. M., reference to paper 
pyrula d’Orbigny -----.-------- 290 entitled ‘‘ Tet-et- 
variety spinescens Brady 290 Tin on Lake 
Buliminine, subfamily of foraminifera... - 289 Homis, in the 
Bulletin No. 47, Part 1, publication of-.-... 27,45 Valley of the 
49, publication of...---..-.-- 27 Orontes,’’ by..- 74 
Bureauof American Ethnology, collection title of paper by.. 195 
of antiquities received from.......----- 67 | Cassidulina crassa d’Orbigny .----------- 292 
Bureau of American Ethnology, ethno- genus of foraminifera. ..-.--.-- 292 
logical specimens received from...---.. 64 subglobosa Brady..-.--------- 293 
3ureau of Engraving and Printing, por- Cassiduliuine, subfamily of foraminifera. 292 
traits received from---...-...-....-.... 19) | @atalopuc entries se-o--eee =e em 12 
Caches cae. ase seats tes see Coenen 871, 970 of the Series Illustrating the 
Caderte, C.,double conical pipe collected Properties of Minerals, by 
Uh pace eee cee ce seco chess sce 532 WAR UNG an one Ssosec 647 
California Academy of Sciences, speci- | Catlin, George, manufacture of pipes de- 
mens of Pufinus griseus received in ex- BCribOO DYyi-2=-— 16> eens 575 
change from) =-< 262-22 -eaeee n= eee 40 remarks by, concerning 
Calkins, Lieut. C. G., bamboo objects and smoking among the 
musical instru- Hare ¢ so-paS cage sosteas= 570 
ments received Siouan catlinite pipe col- 
PLOW eee eee 19 jected Dyiee sa, osce== sone 577 


NAT MUS 97 63 


994 INDEX. 
Page. | 

Catlinite pipes, primitive method of Classification of the Mineral Collections 
MMU Pe = oncioeeie a os 573 in the U. S. National 
UY POS Ol sche cer. soos 571 Museum, by Wirt 
Central America, accessions from......-. 139 Maggette ces cwsesa'a,0% 
distribution of speci- Clavigero, reference to early Mexican 
MONS yess ae wie fam 244 practice of smoking by..--..---.------- 
Ceremonial pipes, significance of ornamen- Clavulina angularis d’Orbigny -.--..----- 
tation.on steme@ofwc:S-ceuees 2 -eeemee 436 communis @’Orbigny -..--.---- 
Chamberlain, Rev. L. T., custodian of col- cocena Gumbel... .<-.0-cscccese 
lection of gems genus of foraminifera ......... 
and precious parisiensis d'Orbigny...-.-.---- 
stones ........ 960 variety humilis 
mollusks contri- Brady « <oecneseee 
buted by...-..- 46 | Climate of Easter Island...........-...... 
Champignolles (Oise), France, prehistoric Clinton. George, ceremony of intertribal 
Aint MING absss.< sco sess eae see ee 860 smoking between Catawbas and Six 
Chapman, Frank M., material lent to ---. 27 Nations during governorship of. --..--- 
Charles I, reference to proclamation Cockburn, Jobn, quoted...........--..--- 
issued by, prohibiting the importation Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., specimens of Iso- 
Of TODBOCO. cc aee moese nic oem em aerate 459 pods presented 
Charlevoix, Peter Francis Xavier de, de- Gye tsy-teceseee 
scription of the calumet by-..----------- 558 specimensof Pro- 
Chase,;A. Wi, quoted y:02--< 2c ees 388 sopis lent to. .- 
Chemical action, characters of minerals types of Hyme- 
depending upon resistance to. 688 noptera re- 
SIOMERUS Se ete nee = eee a= 650 ceived from... 
WEDS EWSA Bon OSOSeaSU - 657 | Cogniaux, Alfred, title of paper by.....- 
MANET OR Wis se sist chistes via 649, 650 | Colden, Cadwalader, opinion of, concern- 
definition of....---- 649 ing use of the Calu- 
Chernelhiza, Stefan Chernel von, ex- met by the Indians 
GhanCenvii nn enw eees ee eee eee 14 QuoOtvedc- eee pe ree 
Chili, accessions to library from institu- Coleman, Dr. A., pottery tube pipe col- 
TIONS: tosses hs 8k bs ete loinses tome aete 167 lected DY essac eee - =e sanentaeer eee er 
Chilostomellid, family VII of the foram- Colini, G., exchange with ............--.. 
INniferas.s2sede dass lsosssse sechees eee 263 | Collector's outfits furnished.............. 
China, distribution of specimens in...... 244 | Colorado, prehistoric workshop in...----- 
Chittenden, Frank H., title of paper by.. 195 | Colorist, review of work of the...--..--- 
CHTORIM OS ia certs ence ace Meter eiaee 6576152) P Colum bates Sec. ee se a eee wens 9 ee eerie 
Chiorine Inmineralsis- se 225 ees aos oes 751 | Columbotitantes .-.2.---2-2-2----n<s-s0- 
Chromates-se. setts hace cetena sh eee e oem 662,796 | Columbus, Christopher, reference to re- 
Ghromites.t. 72.5. 22526 este emcee eee 659, 763 ligious smoking custom described by-- 
Cigarette smoking, early references to.. 372 | Comparative anatomy, department of, cat- 
Cissbury, Sussex, England, prehistoric alogue entries Im -.......22--.---- 
Aint Mines ab Les csess2 este ae eee 864 list of accessions to ...-....-..--- 
Clark, A. Howard, custodian of historical number of specimens received in. 
collections 7-42.26 tases aaseteeenes ser 73 rearrangement of exhibition se- 
Clark, J. H., monitor pipe collected by --- 469 BIGS AN cs sca webe reeear eee 
pottery trade pipe collected review of workin .........--.-.. 
1D ie on a A PS OUR eGeee 454 total number of specimens in -.-. 
rectangular stone pipe col- Compounds of organic origin ..-.---.---- 
lectethby 2. se secs se aan 429 in minerals. 
stone pipe collected by...--- 460 | Comstock, Prof. J. H., specimens of in- 
Clark, W.M., double conoidal pipe col- vertebrates received through..-.-..-..--- 
lected Wyte wece- ese eas 529 | Conant, F. S., specimens of crabs presented 
_stone pigeon pipe col- Lh (sGmes Seen ese’ {a5 55 tcp oes 
lected by<iees-t. 2225.22 440 | Connecticut, caches of prehistoric imple- 
Clarke, Lieut. C. A., collecting outfit fur- | méntewounedinese.-s-eheseceeeeeee os aoe 
TIBDE = 60 a4. cielo stswicin ee eee haste s esha 22 | Conoidal pipes, double...-......--..----- 
Clarke eProk. Wi Wire 2hetcciaue madonna 19 characteristics of. 
honorary curator, de- distribution of- - -- 
partment of min- Contributions to scientific literature. .--. 
By ESE ae yegosicaieec 60 | Cook, Captain, quoted............----.--- 
Classification of arrowpoints, spearheads, Cook, Mrs. O. F., assistance rendered by. 
SnMiwivess2s< 22255 5- 887, 890 specimens of foreign 
TEN VGN wtew sae aes site erie 728 plants presented by.. 


Page. 


747 


373 
289 
288 
289 
288 
289 


289 
707 


561 
404 


196 


783 
639 


54 
145 
54 


23 
54 
54 
663 
797 


51 
51 


970 

528 

528, 633 
633 

25 

588 

59 


58 


Cook, Prof. O. F., assistant curator, de- 
partment of botany. 

botanical specimens 

obtained by-.--.---- 

collection of Myria- 

pods presented by-. 

reptiles and batra- 

chians received from 

Cooke, George H., Te Pito Te Henua, 
known as Rapa Nui; commonly called 
Easter Island, South Pacific Ocean, by - - 
Cooley, B., specimens of zinc and lead ores 
presented! by 2.22.2 sacs sence ecessnsa5- 
Cooperation of the Executive Depart- 
ments of the United States Govern- 
MON 6 Se ee er eS 
Cope, Prof. Edward D., biographical 
sketch of-...-- 

died April 12, 


Copinean, C., exchange with.--.-....-..--- 
Copper and its combinations. .-...--..---- 
Coquillett, Daniel W., assistance ren- 
dered by..--- 

specimens of 

Tachinide 

presented 


Cornuspira carinata Costa, species. .--.-- 
Soliacea Philippi 
genus of foraminifera. ....--. 
involvens Reuss 

Correspondence and reports, review of 

work in division(of:oh\1ecs sc fe S.eoSsc 

Corrosion figures in crystals 

Corson, Dr. Joseph K., pottery bow] pipe 

collectedibyecess: 9313226 os 

Cory, C. B., engaged in examination of 

pigeons 
material lent to...........-.- 

Costa Rica, distribution of specimens in- 

‘Cotton Grotto,” reference to publication 

of paper by Dr. Cyrus Adler, on the. --. 

Cotton, Robert, first tobacco-pipe maker 

in: AM@Eies: aa08 0) We seis se Aas 

Coubeaux, Eugene, bird skins received 

front 22.5. esa e see Ae popes Sener 

Coues, Dr. Elliott, titles of papers by.---- 

type of Junco danbyi 
presented by.--...-.-. 

Coulter, Prof. J. M., engaged in study of 

; Umbelliferw...... 
title of joint paper 


Coville, Frederick V., honorary curator, 
department of 


specimens of 
plants presented 


Cox, Ulysses O., title of joint paper by-- 


INDEX. 
Page. | 

Cox, W. V., appointed secretary of Gov- 
9 | ernment board at Tennessee Centennial 
aie HORT OTe neta eet we eaten eer ate ae 
22.| Cramer, Frank, title of joint paper by-.- 
Crayfish, manner of capturing, by natives 
49 OL Master Island get 2 2s6 se eee te 
| Credner, Dr. ermann, exchange with... 
44 | Cristellaria aculeata d’Orbigny..-.-.----- 
acutauricularis Fichtel and 
MOU ice Baceitas canoe Saaeale oe 
689 articulata Reuss ......--.---- 
caican Linnswus'..--.---.----- 
62 compressa d’Orbigny.----.--- 
crepidula Fichtel and Moll... 
cultrata Montfort....-.-.---- 
18 echinata d’Orbigny ---.------ 
genus of foraminifera ------- 
36 gibba VOrbigny....---------- 
italtiea Defrance ......-..-.--- 
36 latifrons Brady ..-..--------- 
17 limbata, new species. -......-.. 
655 obtusata, variety subalata 
Brady ea oes teense 
20 orbicularis d’Orbigny-.------- 
reniformis d’Orbigny .-.----- 
rotulata Lamarck.......---.- 
schlaeenbachi Reuss...-.-.--..--. 
49 tenuis Bornemann....-.-.-... 
variabilis Reuss. .....-------. 
196 vortex Fichtel and Moll. -.-.-- 
303 | Crithiomina, genus of foraminifera...--- 
303 DAISUM GOERS ..<i82%san5-se——0 
303 variety hispida, new-..-.-.--- 
303 | Crittenden, A. R., bridegroom pipe col- 
lected pisos ek see o ease tees 
82h Cross Wobittmanie ss season tesco ees coe 
688 | Crossed crystals, dispersion of optic axcs 
AN SS ouak Saas seawese Ceaees oe 
433 | Crystal form, definition of.-......--...... 
systems... ..- COO a a ra ee ee 
29 | Crystalline aggregates...-=---2--<s.--+-- 
27 | Crystallographic axes...=--..----5-22--.. 
244 | Grystals, compound.....22..-0.0.5-.-22-2-- 
forms of, in minerals ..-......... 
74 eliding planes \in - 25. 2--52.52-- 
imperfections of.....-...<-.--.- 
449 pressure planesiin..s.-222-.-<-. 
separation planes in........---- 
40 ByIMMGeny Ot esocepeee cn ees ee= 
196 | Culin, Stewart, engaged in study of games 
title of paper by---------- 
40 | Cummings, Miss Clara E., engaged in ex- 
amination of cryptogamic collections... 
3 Currie, Rolla P., detailed to collect natural- 
history specimens 1n Africa........ ees 
196 | Curved knife, improvement through the. . 
mode of cutting with the... 
parts. of the.<--- 5.222... 
57 SORUCE Ofsecee. soos ase = 
use of, improvement in arts 
of North American In- 
58 dians Dy, the = 2<2.2:5<-s- 
Cushing, Frank, reference to aboriginal 
196 remains found in Florida excavations by 
198 | Cutting with curved knife, mode of ...--- 


19, 62 


687 
667 
668 
677 
667 
673 
666 
678 
674 
678 
678 

70 

65 
196 


ee 
— 


bo bo 
@ to 


a9 4 4 
bo © 
ao 


i) 
i—J 


996 


Cyclammina cancellata Brady ..---------- 
genus of foraminifera -.----- 
pusilla Brady .-.-..--------- 

Cymbalopora, genus of foraminifera. .---- 

polyi d’Orbigny-.---------- 

DM Adelunge> Dro. css-secscacesoscer aces 

exchange with..-.-.---: 
specimens of Crustacea 
received through ---. 

Daggett, ‘ohn, assistance rendered by --- 

photographs of Klamath 
Indians received from. . 
Dall, William Healey....-....---....-..--- 
honorary curator, de- 
partment of mol- 

VISA seen ens 
method of making 
pipestems de- 
scribed by-.-----.- 
smoking habit 
among Alaskan 
Indians described 


INDEX. 
Page. 

282 | Dickins, Capt. F. W., clay pipes received 
282 UWE piper noeo Be. Cpe Se eae Semee 
PAPAS (ies ON yi I See ae gee et So Soe es 
326 lecture on ‘“‘Crater Lake, 
326 Oregon,” delivered by..------ 
52 | Disbursements from unexpended balances 
15 of appropriations for year ending June 
80) 1806 shat oe econ eee ee eee e an ae eee 
51 | Discorbina bertheloti d’Orbigny ---------- 
66 biconcava Parker and Jones .- 
genus of foraminifera. ---....- 
64 globularis d’Orbigny-..-------- 
19 rosacea d’Orbigny .----------- 
DIRK PIpOs te nese ee eee eee eee ae 
distribation of7---22 --s-se=-c6 
46 OVIEIN Ob sea. 2 se aeeen ee eerie 
Distribution of specimens.....-..-------- 
during year 
437 ending June 
30, 1897, state- 
ment of ..... 
District of Columbia, cache of prehistoric 
594 implements found 
Mathe22 see san ae 


titles of papers by-. 196,197 


Dance of the calumet -..---.-.------------ 
Daniel, Dr. Z. T., ethnological objects 
TEASE YE (ah <A eae bee ee atsc Snes 
Daughters of the American Revolution, 
Society of, collection of relics of Revo- 
Jutionary war deposited by-.------------ 
Davenport, George, specimens of plants 
[ESTRIG aes Sees aes obetias Seb sesos 
Davis, Dr. E. H., biconical frog pipe col- 
lectediD yee. seer 

bird pipe collected by-.- 

Davis, Rev. J. A., Siouan pipe collected by - 
swan pipe collected by- 

Dawson, J. W., quoted.........-.-.----- AS 
Day, Camp, on Easter Island-.-.---------- 
sigs raw iGe nee meee eee 
Dean, Dr. Bashford, engaged in examina- 
tion of fishes-.---- 

specimens of Hydro- 

lagus colliei lent to- 

Delafield, Miss Emma, archeological spec- 
imens received from ........------------ 
Delaware pipes, characteristics of..-.-.-- 
Ung SCY lies as se 

Denmark, accessions to library from insti- 
COOMA ne seas eet ete 
distribution of specimens in... 

Density series of minerals.-.------------- 
De Paw, Cornelius, quoted........----.-- 
Development of the exhibition series -.-.. 
Devereux, J. H., double conoidal pipe col- 
lected by.-.-...-...... 

Iroquois pottery pipe 

collected by.----- See 

stone bird pipe collected 

LR tec ceca tecae ees 

Dewey, Lyster H., titles of papers by-.-.- 
Diaz, Bernal: quoted.socs..se=e =n enema rim 
references to smoking habit 


546 


prehistoric mines, 
quarries, and 

workshops in the- 

Division I, Class A, implements pointed 
at both ends..-....-- 

B, implements pointed 

at one end ........... 

C, implements with 

long, narrow, blades, 

and straight. parallel 

fF ee Base eee sien 
leaf-shaped implements ------ 
II, triangular arrowpoints or 
spearheads -.----------~------- 
III, Class A, lozenge-shaped im- 
plements .--...-..- 

B, implements with 
shoulders but not 


C, implements with 
shoulders and barbs 
sten,med implements- ------ 
IV, Class A, arrowpoints with 
beveled edges --.-.- 
B, arrowpoints with 
serrated edges -.--.. 
C, arrowpoints with 
bifurcated stems -.- 
D, arrowpoints with 
extremely long 
DAES sooo see eee 
FE, arrowpoints trian- 
gular in section. --- 
F, arrowpoints broad- 
est at cutting end.. 
G, implements of pol- 
ished slate.-....-.-- 
H, asymmetric arrow- 
POWMtGisee. eee a 
I, implements of curi- 


Page. 


19 
19 


32 


238 
327 
327 
327 
327 
327 
487 
630 
630 

83 


239 


972 


Division TV, peculiar forms of arrow- 
points 

Class K, perforators 

Dodge, Byron E 
Dodge, Charles Richard, engaged in study 
of fiber fabric from Central America. . - 
Donaldson, D. V., specimens of gold pseu- 
domorph and telluride presented by. --- 
Doria, Marquis Giacomo, exchange with. 
Dorsey, Rev. J. Owen, religious smoking 
customs described by 
Double conoidal pipes. -.---.------------- 
Doubleday, Mrs. Abner, sword worn by 
General Doubleday transmitted by 
Douglass, Andrew E., reference to biconi- 
cal stone pipe in 

collection of. .-.- 

reference to Mic- 

mac pipe in col- 

lection of. .....-- 

tubular hourglass 

pipe in collection 


(iE LeeaosioceccoSne 

unique portrait 

pipe in collection 

Oi ecsne sonsiecese 

Douglass, Maj. D. B., reference to catlinite 
pipe collected by ------.-----------.---- 
Drake, Samuel G., quoted ..-..-.-.------- 
Druda, Osear, exchange with..--...------ 
Du Bois, R. G., Horton automatic basket 
machine received from .-..--.---------- 
Dugés, Dr. A., new Cynipid and new Cur- 
culionid presented by ...-.------------- 


Dunean, Gen. Thomas, iron pipe collected 
by 
Dunning, J. W., biconical stone pipe col- 
I6Gtbd) Diyineeae sae = ee en 
Dunton, Capt.J.J., specimen of Lophius 
piscatorius received from 
Du Pratz, Le Page, account of the calu- 
met dance by------ 


QuOled Sasa eae 
Duvall H.C. yse es. ce oe aoe cere eae 
Dwight, Jonathan, title of paper by--.---- 


Dwight, L. M., Iroquoian pottery pipe col- 
leGted yeaa ean ner ee eee aaa 
Eakle, Dr. A.S., engaged in study of topaz 
erystals 

specimen of wire silver 

presented by 

Eames, Dr. E. H., specimens of plants re- 
ceived in exchange from ...-.-....--...- 
Earle, F. S., double conical pipe collected 


Earll, R. Edward, Passamaquoddy curved 
knife collectesuby----o-— 222-2" -4-—— 
Early reference to the use of tobacco. .---.. 
Easter Island, expedition around coast 
line Ofeess aan =e eee 

known as Rapa Nui, by 

George H. Cooke....-. 

manners and customs of 

natives of 

population of............ 


INDEX. 997 
Page. Page. 
Faster Island, topography of.....---.---- 701, 703 

931 various names applied to-. 702 

944 villages and habitationson - 708 

67 visits of various govern- 

ment vessels to..-...---- 702 

31 | Eastman, Dr. C. R., fossil Skate described 

WWhiticockcogenecnatses 54 

60 specimen of Tamioba- 

15 tis vetustus lent to-- 28 
Eaton, A. A., specimens of plants lent to- 29 

567 | Eckert, Gen. Thomas T., assistance ren- 

528 ered iyo see ea eee jl 
Edison, Thomas A., reference to corre- 

73 SPONGE CE awrite carole mele atom nats alent 71 
Edson, O., natural form pipe collected by - 601 
Educational museum defined -.-.----..---- 5 

640 | Eels, M., smoking among the Twanas re- 

fexcredstoib yeas seme ae ae ene eal ala 644 
Egypt, accessions to library from institu- 

484 LORDS fe error cn nee Coen pee BeOoEeae 153 
Eichhoff, William, title of paper by- ----- 198 
Elder, Dr. J. H., reference to heavy bird 

399 Pipe collected Dy ses secssoe eee ae eee 641 
Electrical collections, catalogue entries of - 72 

condition of exhibi- 

606 tion series of..... 24 

number of speci- 

578 mens added to. ... 72 

418 outline of future 

17 WODKCOHeeaseeee== 71 

remarks by custo- 

70 dian concerning.. 70, 71 

totalnumber ofspec- 

49 TMCNSUNS = ae el 72 
Electricity, properties of minerals relat- 

460 TUG) oo nese Sone apace eSOeSC DIES anaoC 679 

hablements: chemical <os.c—-- scmseseee= 5-1 650 

539 in minerals, classification of- - - 750 

compounds of .--. 751 
19 native chemical.......-....... 657 
(PEihs* Honry. quoted! .---- -sen- ss oseee == 419, 462 

ay |) Lpnre ra ds \Wiiceaaes aseioceseessaasssanss 67 

422 Atlantic coast pipecollected 

68 Bynes en ee each 609 

198 monitor pipe collected by -- 471 

pottery pipe collected by-.-- 535 
493 southern mound pipes col- 
lected by.-.. 612, 613, 615, 616, 618 

31, 61 tubular stone pipe collected 
geet pace eee oY ee 387 

61 | Emmons, Lieut. G. T., Tlingit curved 
knife collected by-=---2-s2se- 2 -eeenae 739 

58 | England, references to early use of tobacco 
UND esate ee eta aay ait ttotn ia aie eee sinl 446 

531 | Engler, Dr. A., plants received in ex- 

(My HEAR Sen seeps sone BS aeeeeae 58 

734 | English trade pipe, characteristics of the- 448 

401 | Entrikin, Samuel J., assistance rendered 

Biya soetee ee ee ed eck Ce eae ee 66 

692 | Eskimo knife, comparison of, with In- 

dian types -.....-...-.- 731 

689 construction of the-....-- 732 
opinions concerning origin of to- 

710, 716 bacco habit among the .-.-..--- 593 

710, 712 pipe, Japanese origin of the..--. 634 


998 


Ether dge, R., jr., exchange with 
Ethnological specimens, exchanges of --. 
Ethnology, Bureau of, collections trans- 
mitted by 

department of, accessions to. - 

catalogue en- 

tries in 

condition of 

exhibition 

series in. --- 

list of acces- 

sions to-..-- 

number of 

specimens 

received in - 

remarks by 

curator con- 

cerning con- 

dition of ex- 

hibition and 

study series 

MAe-Aeetie se 


review of work 


statement re- 
garding sci- 
entific work 
accomplis h- 


Enrope, accessions from...-.--------------- 
to library from institu- 

tions in 

distribution of specimens in 
(western) flint mines and quarries 


collecting 
out fit fur- 
nished to -. 
engaged in 
study of 
fishes 
specimens of 
plants re- 
ceived from 
title of joint 
bulletin by. 
title of paper 
[Unie Sad 
titles of joint 
papers by- - 
Evolution of the bow and arrow..--.------ 
Examination and report, list of specimens 
sent to museum for 
Exchanges of specimens with institutions 
and individuals abroad 
Executive Departments, cooperation of the 
Exhibition series, development and ar- 
rangement of the 
Expedition around coast line of Easter 
ldland'c-snecee ease ene ene nee 
Expenditures for 1897 
Explorations 
Fagan, Charles E 
Fannin, John, exchange with 


INDEX. 
Page. : 

15 | Farquhar, H., exchange with...-..------ 

18 specimens of echinoderms 
received in exchange 

20 front 2055 2tss8 as eae. 

64 | Farquharson, R. J., reference to mound 
frog pipe illustrated by....--.---------- 

66 | Farrier’s knife in the United States.-.--- 


198, 


24 | 


149 


66 


63 


29 


217 


, Featherstonhangh, Dr. Thomas, prehis- 
| toric objects presented by---.-.-.--.---- 
Febiger, Gen. G. L., catlinite pipe col- 
lected by 
mound pipe col- 
lected by-..-.-.-. 


WOETINGS 32-2 Fo ee eo aig aha ae eee 
Fewkes, Dr. J. Walter, ethnological ma- 
terial collected 

important collec- 
tions made by - 
investigations in 
department of 
ethnology by- 
pottery pipe col- 
lected by------ 
titles of papers 


Dyess sees 

tubular pipes 

found by.----- 

Field, Dr. Henry M., assistance rendered 
Dye ooo a seman eal eee ae ein ila 
Figgins, J. D., specimens of birds re- 
ceived from ...---.--- 

title of paper by.---.-.- 

Filer, William B., specimens of Idiurus 
received 120M ~~ --4- <6 2 = eae wema eee sac 
Filson, John, calumet custom described 
by ------------ ----------=- 

(UGteU eee en eee eee 


Finance, property, supplies,and accounts - 
Fish Commission, U. S., archeological ob- 
jects received 

from 


specimens re- 

ceived from... 

Fisher, Dr. A. K., assistance rendered by- 
engaged in examination 

of collections... --.---- 

Fishes, department of, catalogue entries in 
condition of exhibi- 

tion series in ---- 

listofaccessions to- 

number of s peci- 

mens received in - 

review of work in. 

total number of 

specimens in.... 

exchanges of.....-.--------------- 

of North and Middle America, 
Bulletin No. 47, Part I, publica- 

tion of 
Flanagan, H. H., reference to Atlantic 
coast pipe found by 
Fleming, J. H., exchange with. -.-.--.----- 


67 
579 
514 

659, 763 
21, 64 


20 


31 
409 
198, 199 
378 

71 


41 
199 


39 

565 
467 
78, 238 
67 


44 


20 
42 


29 
46 


23 
143 


46 
44 


46 
15 


27 


Fhnt, composition and structure of ...... 
of, in United States 

compared to that in 

Mure peeee= ene e eee 

microscopic examination of .....--.. 
mines and quarries in western 
Europe and United States .....-- 

Flint, Dr. James M., honorary curator sec- 
tion of materiamed- 


US GcdsuarseAasaane 

Recent Foraminif- 

Gia DY oe cee eee = 

Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio, pre- 
historic flint quarries at....--.:.-. 

Flora of Easter Island..--.--.....------- 
Florida, caches of prehistoric implements 
Oper Ty Ae ie imine OR EDOC SOT 
prehistoric mines, quarries, and 
WOPrkKBROPSaN.< .2.-5--c5----- 

Blowers: Sic WW hanes nema sas caeos = 


exchange with -- 
Floyd, G. R., southern mound pipe col- 


lented ‘by sss. 2e se ee eee ee 
Wluorides!-t2-s <.5 soe sece ee ec ose ee 
Pluorine.in’mimerals:.:.--.- --222---.----- 
Foetterle, J.G., exchange with ...-.--.--- 
specimens of lepidoptera 

presented by...----.--. 


Food, manner of preparing, on Easter 
Island)... sees seco ssa Snare vsscisase ais 
Foraminifera, analytical key to families 
ofthe. 

genera 

ofthe. 

Catalogue of Recent, 

dredged by the Albatross, 

by James M. Flint ..---- 

characteristics of the.-... 

description of the... ...-.-. 

directions for examination 


methods of collecting. ...- 

reproduction of the.-.---- 

structures of the -.-....-.- 

Foreign exchanges. .-....-.-----.... nee 
Forwood) Dr. Wo Hie eee tess cen odes 
specimens of plants 

presented by.------ 

Foss, John M., ancient implements pre- 
BENTCM UY ieen = sce sna ee eer ereeite 
Fossils, condition of exhibition series of - 
Fowke, Gerard, geology of Flint Ridge, 
Ohio, described by ---- 

reference to mound pipe 

collected by ~=.-------. 

Fowler, Prof. James, exchange with .-.--- 
France, accessions to library from insti- 
POTONS N= sea ae eee a = = 
distribution of specimens in-.... 
Franklin, Sir John, quoted ............... 


INDEX. 
Page. 

873 | Franklin, Sir John, reference to Cree 
SWOKING CUSLOMBS cessactee sna ec n= eer 
Friese, Dr. H., exchange with ....-.----.- 
874 | Frondicularia alata d’Orbigny---------.- 
876 genus of foraminifera ..... 
mequalis Costa ...------.. 
856 Fur Seal Commission, invertebrates pre- 
| GE GIOIGUIDS pe ceseScdkecrer Saccu tbe Hesoce 
Gallaher, Miss L. Bernie, photographic 
19,75 | specimens presented by ..............-- 
Garman, Prof.H.,species of Corixa lent to. 
249 Gatschet, A.S., English type of clay pipe 
collected bya -sate ate eee cnec ree tee os 
868 | Gaudryina baceata Schwager .....------- 
705 | filiformis Berthelin....---.---- 
| genus of foraminifera ......-. 
973 | pupoides d’Orbigny..--------- 
rugosa d’Orbigny..-.---.-...- 
963 ROUT ELAR enema atone iatn 
52 siphonella Reuss ..----.------ 
15 subrotundata Schwager. .-.-.-- 
Geare, R.I.,in charge of division of cor- 
618 respondence and reports. ----.-.- Sodeaot 
657,752 | General Electrical Company, reference to 
751 COLrespoudenceswith-- ee sces-e eee, 
15 | Geological Society of America, list of pa- 
pers read 
49 | at ninth 
annual 
709 meeting 
Gfens 52. 
258 meeting of 
the==--- 
258 specimens, exchanges of ...--- 
Survey, U.S., geological ma- 
terial received 
249 fcOm) =] 2.-..--): 
254 specimens trans- 
252 mitted by -.-- 
| Geology, department of, accessions to. --- 
257 catalogue en- 
341 tries in. ...-- 
condition of ex- 
257 hibition series- 
list of accessions 
257 tO) scsi e sre 
256 number of speci- 
254 mens received 
254 A= Sao 
14 remarks by cura- 
19 tor relative to 
further devel- 
58 opment of ex- 
hibition series 
68 Ta ae 
23 review of work in 
Georgia, caches of prehistoric implements 
868 found in prehistoric mines.--.. 
quarries and workshops in-.-... 
515 | Germany, accessions to library from in- 
17 stitutions ins... 2352 5.-<55-- 
distribution of specimens in... 
169 | Gerrodette, F. H., information, drawings, 
244 etc., concerning construction of Museum 
422 Cases UTNIsheditO: sass acmcscs saa eens 


999 


Page. 


567 


63 


1000 


Gibbon, Edward, quoted 
Gibbs, George, remarks by, concerning 
tobacco smoking among 

the Tinneh and 

Kutchin Indians ..-...- 

wood pipe collected by. - 

Giglioli, Prof. H. H., exchange with....- 
Gilbert, Dr. Charles Hi-<. 222 oo aco one 
assistance ren- 

dered by....-.-- 

specimens lent to- 

title of joint paper 

aeeeensnoseoobe 

titles of papers by - 

Gilbert, Prof. G. K., collection of archxo- 
logical specimens made by.-.---.------ 
Gill, Dr. Theodore, valuable assistance 
MENGOTOC. Dye ae eee eee ee een er 
Gillette, Prof. C. P., homoptera lent to. -- 
Gizeh Museum, Egypt, exchange with.. - 
Glatfelter, Dr. N. M., specimens of plants 
Loni ho caste see sae setae see eee 
Globigerina equilateralis Brady.....----. 
bulloides @Orbigny ....------ 

conglobata Brady ..---.------ 

digitata Brady 

TAIT TM OPT OAS AES ay Aine & 

genus of foraminifera. --...-.-- 

inflata d’Orbigny.----------- 

rubra d’Orbigny.-.....------ 

sacculifera Brady ..---------- 
Globigerinidz, family VIII of the forami- 
MILO Be reese east acest vaenentests 
Glover, G. B., collection of Chinese coins 
presented by ..--.----------=----------- 
Goalenec, Quiberon (Morbibhan), France, 
scraper workshop at .....--..--.-.----- 
Gold and its combinations.........---.--. 
Goldsmith, J. S., property clerk....-...-. 
reference to annual re- 


OL Re sateen eek 
title of bulletin by - 
title of joint special 

bulletin by..-..- 
titles of papers by- 

Goodrich, Dr. E.S., exchange with.:...-- 
Grand Pressigny, France, prehistoric 
WOLKBHOD bine aa peas she eee ae eect 
Grant, Col. Charles Coote, silurian grapto- 
litesidonated Dis. on--.- <== eee iene a 
Graphic arts collection, accessions 1o..-.- 
section of, review of work 


Gravier, Father, reference to the calumet 
DIDO DYersencacsee nae a wea er eee peel 
Great Britain, accessions to hbrary from 
institutiongin...-....... 

distribution of specimens 


Great pipes .22-2 cect s pee ee eee 
characteristics of the..-...-. 

Greece, ancient superstitions concerning 
arrowpoints in 


INDEX. 
Page 
622 | Greely, Gen. A. W., Beardslee magneto- 


21 


263, 321 


73 
867 
656 

81 

81 


9, 34 
199 


199 
199 


dial telegraphiustrument received from. 
Greene, Prof. E. L., engaged in study of 
COM POSILD <a n sate ene ete eee eee 
Greenman, J. M., specimens of plants 


Gresley, W.S., specimens of iron ores pre- 
sented by .-...- See ee Pete ose 
Grimes Graves, Brandon, Suffolk, Eng- 
land, prehistoric flint mines at..-...--. 
Grinders used in making arrow and spear 
SHALHS coe nesitennes aas5 See aoe ee ee 
Grinnell, Joseph, specimens and types of 
Pipilo clemente re- 

ceived from.........- 

specimens lent to.-.... 

specimens of birds pre- 


Gromidx, family I of the foraminifera... 
Guppy, R. J. Lechmere, title of joint 
PAPCIID jaa ecee a See e a eee as a eee 
Gurley, Dr. R. R., engaged in study of 
STAD LOMLOS > oe cee ae te eee ee ee ete 
Gypsina, genus of foraminifera .......--- 
WMRCTENS SCUUNZO: scence pean 
Habitations on Easter Island .......-...- 
Haidasta, reference to smoking among the 
Haldeman, Prof. S. S., Delaware pipe 
COMCCTEOU DV aeeasaw ass eaias nena eee naenes 
Halogens in minerals, compounds of -.... 
Hamilton, Henry P., reference to bowl 
Pipe LOUNG by q-- 2h = oe ee Soe ete rere 
Haplophragmium agglutinans a Orbigny - 
calcareum Brady 

canariense d'Orbigny.- - 

cassis Parker .--------- 

emaciatum Brady ..-.- 

foliaceum Brady. .------ 

genus of foraminifera. . 

globigeriniforme Par- 

ker and Jones ..----- 

latidorsatum Borne- 


scitulum Brady...----- 

tenuimargo Brady ..--. 

Haplostiche, genus of foraminifera.-.--..- 
soldanii Jones and Parker . - 

Hariott, Thomas, quoted .-.--.2...-..2... 
Harpoon heads, shouldered on one side .. 
Harpoons in the Paleolithic period-..-..- 
Harris, Prof. G. D., engaged in study of 
COleCtiONS fae. 6 eee eee ree mc 
Harrison, B. H., bow] pipe collected by. - 
Hart, J. H., exchange with 
Haskel, Porter D., specimen of Chrysopsis 
falcata presented by 
Hassall, Dr. Albert, engaged in investiga- 
tions of helmintho- 

logical material -.. 

title of joint paper by 

Hastigerina, genus of foraminifera...-...- 
pelagica d’Orbigny --.------ 

Haswell, Charles H., original model of first 
boiler-riveting machine presented by -. 
Hauerininez, subfamily of foraminifera -. 


861 


884 


40 
27 


41 
258 


199 


30 
336 
336 
708 
645 


598 
751 


435 
275 
275 
277 
275 
276 
276 
275 


277 


276 
276 
275 
277 
277 
445, 548 
829 
824 


30 
430 
17 


20 


30 
208 
323 
324 


70 
301 


Haupt, Dr. Paul, honorary curator of ori- 
ental antiquities 
Hawaii, accessions to library from institu- 
tions in 
Hawks-Pott, Rev. F. L., exchange with - 
Hawley, F. W., electric motor presented 
by 
Hay, Prof. W.P., specimens of crayfishes 
received in exchange from 
Haymond, Dr. R., unfinished specimen of 
bowl pipe collected by 
Haynes, F. Jay 
Heat, properties of minerals relating to- . 
Heliotype Printing Company, chromo- 


collograph presented by.---------.----- 
Helminthological collection, catalogue 
entries 

for the. 

review of 

work 

on the - 

specimens, exchanges 

(hi bent soce Sapo seces 


Hemsley, W. Botting titles of papers by. - 
Henderson, John G., mound pipes col- 
lected Dy2sso--- 225s - se ==-mi=- 
Hennepin, Father Louis, remarks by, con- 
cerning the calumet of peace among the 
‘*Troquese "’ 
Henry, Miss Mary A., specimens relating 
to Professor Henry’s discoveries in 
electro-magnetism deposited by..-..--. 
Henshaw, Henry W., lizards transmitted 


opinion of, concern- 

ing animal carv- 

ings from mounds 

of Mississippi Val- 

ley 

Herendeen, Capt. E. P., smoking of willow 
among northern Alaskaus referred to 
[yee cece J socee asa co ne sesse IS Saocceaos 
Hexagonal system of crystallography. --- 
types of crystals in the 

Heylyn, Peter, quoted...........--.....-. 
PilvendorisDr hanes eee eee 
Millebrand ors We Was ae nee ac 
Hind, Henry Youle, remarks by, concern- 
ing pipes of the Babeen Indians. ---...-. 
Hind, Dr. Wheelton, Carboniferous mol- 
lusca received in 

exchange from... 

exchange with. .---. 

Hinton, Prof. W. B., specimen of white- 
winged dove presented by.--.---.------ 
Hintze, Alexander, specimens of Lapp 
owl presented Dy---s-5---memeeee eae 
Hippisley, A. E., candlesticks and lamps 
obtained by 

ethnological specimens 

received from 

Historical collections, accessions to 
catalogue entries of 

condition of exhibi- 

tion series of..-. 


515, 519, 


INDEX. 

Page. . 
Historical collections, future development 
74 ot exhibition se- 
TIGR S Olesen oe 
176 number of speci- 
18 mens added to... 
review of work on. 
71 statement of cus- 
todian regarding 
51 work performed 
in caring for...-. 
427 total number of 
19 specimens in. --.- 
679 | Hitchcock, A. S.,title of paper by ..--.--- 
Hitchcock, Prof. C. H., geological speci- 
75 mens received 
in exchange 
fromMsos pe esee 
53 information, 
drawings, etc., 
concerning 
53 construction of 
museum cases 
16 furnished to-.. 
199 | Hiteheock, R., curved knife of the Ainos 


520, 521 


44 


523 


589 

669 

671 

638, 643 
52 

19 


collected by 
Hodge, Dr. E. R., specimens of Confeder- 
ate paper money contributed by-.------ 


Hotiman, Dr. W. J., assistance rendered 


investigations in de- 
partment of eth- 
nology by.----.--- 
Menomini curved 
knife illustrated 


Holland, accessions to library from insti- 
tutions in 
Holland, W.J., title of paper by--------- 
Holm, Theo., specimens of plants lent 
to 
Holm, Thomas Campanius, quoted 
Holmes, Samuel J., engaged in examina- 
tion and comparisons of crustaceams - -. 
Holzner, F. X., collecting outfit furnished 
to 
Hooper, W. H., smoking habit among the 
Tuski described by 
Horan, Henry, died Sept. 29, 1896....-..--.. 
Horigan, M. E., farrier’s knife used by --. 
Horizontal crystals, dispersion of optic 
PERG Nespas ssc osne sos ToD cOaost SogSOr bes 
Hormosina carpenteri Brady ..--.-------- 
genus of foraminifera 

globulifera Brady..-.--------- 

ovicula Brady 


| Hoskins, S. D., monitor pipe collected 


| Hough, Dr. F. B., Iroquoian pottery pipe 


collected by 


| Hough, Dr. Walter, Carboniferous fossil 


plants and inverte- 
brates presented by 
title of paper by- ---- 
valuable ethnological 
collections made by 


1001 


Page. 


74 


200 


62 


31 


29 


416, 520 


30 


1002 


Howard, Dr. Leland O., honorary curator, 
department of 
insects 

titles of joint pa- 
pers by 
titles of papers by 

Hubbard, H. G., specimens of Coleoptera 

presented by 

RU DNGIMG =. cee se see be eater a eee 

Hudson, Hendrick, quoted 

Hudson, Dr. J. W., assistance rendered by 

Humboldt, Alexander, quoted 

Hunter, John D., quoted.................. 

smoking ceremony of the 

Kickapoo described by 

Hutton, F. W., exchange with............ 
Hyatt, Prof. Alpheus, engaged in examina- 
tion of ammonites 

paleontological ma- 

terial lent to..... 

specimens lent to-.. 


Hyperammina elongata Brady ........--. 
Friadilis Brady.-..-.-.-2.. 
genus of foraminifera..... 
ramosa Brady ..-....-.--- 
vagans Brady............. 
Tddings, Prot. socce ase ones ee eee ene 
Idol'pipes’s s2v2cos—s oh aeey oe ase ee 


Cistribuvion-Gfee- 2: 2-2. scs4- <0 

Igorottes, custom concerning sale of pipes 
practiced'by the: .-....:--.......... ian 
Tllinois, caches of prehistoric implements 
POUNM AN 2 SE erect cat ene eck 
prehistoric flint mines, quarries, 

and workshops.in....-..-..-...- 

Images of stone on Easter Island 
Imperial Royal Natural History Museum, 
Vienna, Austria, exchange with. -...._.. 
Implements of arrowpoint or spearhead 
form; large... <--->... 

eurious form (Division 

IBV: Clasae hy). o-2 Jseveeee 

polished slate (Division 

TV; Olase' G) 2.26 ec5.48 

pointed at both ends (Divi- 

sionI, Class A) 

one end (Divi- 

sion I, Class B) 

with long, narrow blades and 

straight, parallel 

edges (Division I, 

Claas! @)ta25 Sern ee 

shoulders and barbs 

(Division 

IIT, Class 

o) Poe 

but not 

barbs (Di- 

vision 

III, Class 

B) 

Incense burnings, early practices of....-- 
Inclined crystals, dispersion of optic axes 


Indeterminate types of pipes............. 


INDEX. 


Page. 


20,49 


201 
200, 201 


49 

750 

477 

66 

403 
421.576 
567 
18 


30 


56 

29 
api 
269 
269 
270 
270 


62 


541 
633 


438 
976 


965 
698 


17 
982 
942 
941 
895 


899 


906 


925 


917 
369, 370 


687 
599 


Index, by departments in the National 
Museum, to list of acces- 
SIONS! = Zeaes hese ase ee ee 
localities, to list of accessions. 
to list of specimens sent to Muse- 
um for examination and report. 
paper on the Foraminifera... ... 
Indexes to accession list 
India, accessions to library from institu- 
tions in 
Indian pipes, distribution of types of. --. 
various types of......-....- 
Territory, prehistoric quarry in .. 
Indiana, caches of prehistoric implements 
found in: <2 i5see cece eee 
prehistoric flint mines, quarries, 
and workshops in 
Individuals, list of accessions to Museum 
librany (rome. a5 a2- sn =e eece eas een 
Industrial knife, subdivisions of the...-. 
Ingoldsby, Maj. Richard, reference to 
‘ pipes presented to sachems of the Five 
Nations byes sai 842-c58 28 22c-see eee 
Insects, department of, accessions to -... 
catalogue entries 

in 
condition of exhi- 
bition series in. 
list of accessions 
to 
number of speci- 
mens received 
in 
remarks by hon- 
orary curator 
concerning sci- 
entific work ac- 
complished in - 
review of work 
in 
total number of 
specimens in .. 
e6xchanpes'Ofe=~---2--o-s-2-20-ee 
Institutions, list of accessions to library 
from 
Instituto Fisico-geografico Nacional, San 
José, Costa Rica, exchange with 
International Exposition at Paris......-.. 
Invention of the bow and arrow....--..--. 
Lodates. 55.7.5. saeco oe tut enzo 
Todides;..55-< i Sse asdeeekc et cos ceeee eee 
Todinelinwminenale 3522222. .ces= cnet eae 
Ireland, accessions to library from insti- 
tutions in 
ancient superstition in, concern- 
ing arrowpoints............--- 
Tron and its combinations....-....---.-.. 
Troquoian pipes 


characteristics of......-. 

distribution of........... 

Iroquois, possible origin of.......-.--.--- 
Irwin, Dr. J. D.,monitor pipe collected by - 
Isometric system of crystallography ..-. 
types of crystals in the. 

Isomorphism of crystals 


Page. 
141 
131 
232 
341 
131 
168 
626 
626 
967 
976 
965 
176 
728 
556 

49 
50 
23 


144 


50 


49 


49 


797 
657, 752 
751 


171 


488 
488, 631 
488, 630 
496 


INDEX. 1003 
Page. Page 
Isotropic class of minerals -....------ = 686 | Judson, W.B., title of paper by .-.-.-..... 201 
Italy, accessions to library from institu- type of new humming-bird 
tiong in. 3.4252 22.255-25s0seenees 174 presented by.----.-.-.... 40 
distribution of specimens in-.-.---- 245°) Kahn;Peter; quoteds.---- 2-2 --..2. 417, 477, 491 
Jacobs, G. A., stone animal pipe collected use of catlinite referred to 
DY 2.5255 k Se eee 441 Ig nace eShop poe eer 575, 576 
Jaculella acuta Brady .....---.-.--.-=----- 269 use of wampum referred to 
genus of foraminifera. -..-...-.-- 269 IN -Sclocectetc ooo cea eeTicies 642 
James, Dr. Frank L., biconical pipe col- OTS Cae = ee 780 
lected by”. ...222 3-3 eee 533 | Kauffmann, 8. H., assistance rendered by. Yl 
James I, reference to proclamation issued Keen, Rev. J. H., exchange with.-........ 15 
by, for restraint of disorderly trading Keim, Hon. George M., stone bowl pipes 
of tobaced!2:- 22S ee ent 458 collected | by: 2 2. s sce ccesee-asssime cee 425, 435 
Japan, accessions to library from institu- Kelingrove Museum, Glasgow, Scotland, 
tions ii; 2 =. 27 2t ese cece stan nw eee 168 Oxchan ses witht .scse ese se a areas 14, 15,17 
superstition in, concerning arrow- Kellicott, Prof. D. S., series of Odonata 
POI e a= sees hs ee oa 844 Henin NS eeeckoososacaat pecococnopeennnece 28 
Java, accessions to library from institu- Kendall, Dr. W. C., assistance rendered 
DIGS Its. Sa~ o = e  ne eeeane 176 DYianeseeaseensas = 45 
Jenkins, J. H., rectangular pipe collected engaged in compari- 
DY soe ows Sewn et eecabe ee eee ee ete ceaeweeue 476 sons with recent 
Jepson, W. L., engaged in study of col- acquisitions by 
leohionan: 2 <2 52a es et cena asses 30 Fish Commission. 30 
Jewett, Col. E., clay pipe collected by..--. 463 title of joint paper 
Iroquois pottery pipe col- DYyee---— 198 
leetoubbyes-a----5- 22 =- 499 paper by-.-- 201 
ornamented Micmac pipe Kent Scientific Institute, Grand Rapids, 
CHllested Dy teas sa os 2- = 482 Michigan, specimen of Bassaricyon lent 
steatite pipe from north- for Stady Nye ces ns ee ete e 39 
west coast collected by - 584 | Kentucky, caches of prehistoric imple- 
stone bowl pipe collected ments found in ..........-.- 973 
lO oc bce ooReaSSeeSUaoses 426 prehistoric mines, quarries, 
Jewitt, Llewellynn, quoted .....-.-.-.-..-- 457 and workshops in...--...-- 966 
Jirdonston, W. C., Southern mound pipe Kerr, Prof. W.C., Atlantic coast pipe 
edllected iby oe =~ ao-see cso = ee see cae = 613 Collected! by} 22-202 1. Sosesssn acceso 611 
Johnson, Sir William, reference to treaty Kessler, Frank, slab of onyx marble pre- 
with the Six Nations by-..-.-.-.....-...--- 561, 562 BENCEMNDY (oes sca ae se eee eee 62 
Johnston, Miss Frances Benjamin, plat- Kimball, James P., Siouan pipe collected 
inum portrait presented by .--.--..--.-. 77 lth omocenosbeteatep et aaaacobeste -aeeoae 579 
Joint Commission of Scientific Societies, | Kinney, O. H. P., rectangular pipe col- 
memorial meeting of Dr. G. Brown lected: Dyee terrorists secee eee eases 475 
Goode held under auspices of ------.--- 52. | Knife,The Man’s,among the North Ameri- 
Jones, Charles C., quoted -.-....--..-.... 541 | can Indians, by Otis Tufton Mason .--. 725 
Jones, Dr. Joseph, reference to biconical Knight, Prof. Wilbur C., Mesozoic inver- 
stone pipe by =. 3. -s22.sass2eeea=- se 535 tebrates received in exchange from ..-. 55 
Jones, Mareus E., engaged in determina- ISN GSE cease coc etcdarice SEE nCapeb aaeaee 946 
tiom of A'istragalus=—22 4-23 n et tece een 30 Classification of. -.52-----.<.------ 728 
Jordan, Dr. David S., assistance rendered Knott, William T., ‘‘ Great pipe” collected 
J ype ese ae ad 45 iy see cea ee hae eee lets ons 2 470 
engaged in examin- Knowlton) Dr Prank Halls. o222os2cse5 19 
ation of fishes. ..- 29 title of joint 
lecture on seal fish- paper by ..- 208 
eries delivered by 82 titles of papers 
natural-history Dyson cee 201 
specimens trans- Knudsen, Valdemar, reptiles received 
mitted by-.-..-.--- 21 INN 22 seem cegcotosncehbocsdndans ss seeS+ 44 
title of joint bul- Koehler, Dr. R., exchange with .-.-..-..-. 15 
letim bys. 55--<2 201 specimens of inverte- 
title of joint paper brates received from .. 51 
Dyjpseins eeegse news e 201 | Koehler, 8S. R., in charge of section of 
Jouvency, Joseph, quoted ..........-..--. 638 Pla NIC ALS s Sees eas seein oan oe 75 
Judd, Sylvester D., title of paper by.-.--.- 201 | Korea, accessions to library from institu- 
Judson, Mrs. Isabella Field, objects relat- Demtiongsinom ts tbe ne tot ee vireny Act Sf 168 
ing to laying of early trans-Atlantic | Kowalewski, Dr. M., exchange with. --.. 16 
cables presented by -...-..........------ (ill || CLUS CCT: SA TSI Se Aap Bem S ner e 24 


1004 INDEX. 


Page. 
Labrador Indians, use of curved knife by 
MG = cic ola tte a tos ain eee ore 734 
Lacoe, R. D., specimens of Tertiary fossil 
plants received from .-......--.<.=:--.- 55 
Lafitau, Father J. F., account of early 
Jesuit mission- 
ary given by -.. 551 
QUOTEU ear ea ciate mae 402, 490 
reference to work 
on American In- 
dians by .-.-.--- 559 
Lagena castanea, new species. ...---..--- 307 
castrensis Schwager .-.-.--.-------- 308 
distoma Parker and Jones ....-- - 306 
elongata Ehrenberg......-------- 306 
genus of foraminifera.........--- 305 
globosa; Montapu.-_:.-=-5.-.2-:-- 306 
gracillima Seguenza ...--.------- 306 
[ARO ROUSB. wat eea emcee ee asoe 307 
lewis, Montagna! s-—22-— n= 4-6=% == 306 
longispina Brady ..--......-..-.. 306 
marginata Walker and Boys....- 307 
orbignyana Seguenza...-...-..-. 308 
staphyllearia Schwager.......--. 307 
sulcata Walker and Jacob.....-- 307 
Lagenid, family VI of the foraminifera. 262 
Lagenine, subfamily of foraminifera - -.. 305 | 


Lahontan, Baron, reference to use of the 
calumet in Canada by 5d4 

remarks by, concerning 

peace treaties of the 


IANS esa eee = 555 
Lane, Ralph, tobacco introduced into Eng- 

Vaated bis sees eee eee ee een seer 411 
Language of the Rapa Nuiis-..----------- 720 
Lano, Albert, title of paper by-.---------. 201 
Dapham; J.-A: \quotedesanc= aso n= oon oa a 550 
Lappman, L., Iroquoian pottery pipe col- 

leciedsDyecss= ==) - eee =- = eae ee 494 
La Salle, M. de, calumet dance of the 

‘Arkansa’’ described Dyiss2- 25-2... 554 
Lassimonne, Mons. S. E., exchange with. 17 
Law reference library established. --..--. 80 
Lawson, John, quoted.-..--.....----- 608, 609, 621 
Lead and its combinations. .--....-..----- 652 
Leaf-shaped implements (Division I) .--. 891 
Leche, Prof. Wilhelm, exchange with - -.. 15 


specimens of crus- 
tacea received 


through = .--.<5.: 51 
TASOUNTOS oe see eee sae eae ae ate 235 
Leiberg, John B., engaged in determina- 
tion of material -.... 30 
title of paper by..----- 202 
Lemke, Miss Elizabeth, assistance ren- 
QGONGOIDY = =e aon eae eee ee eee ee 66 


Leonard, Miss Georgie, engagedin study of 
South American 


antiquities. -..-... 31 
native copper hook 
deposited by - --- 67 
Leppleman, Lewis, bowl pipe collected by 431 


Lescarbot, Mare, account of peace treaty 
between French and 
Iroquois by .....----- 549, 550 


Lescarbot, Mare, quoted .-..-......--..-. 
Letson, Miss Jennie A., engaged in study 
Of mollus Caja. = <2 550 senate ae ee eee 
Libraries, sectional, list of ........-..--.- 
Library, accessions to the...-.......-.--. 
list of accessions to the ......--- 


Life Histories of North American Birds, 
Special Bulletin No. 3, publication of-. - 
Light, characters of minerals depending 
upon the action ofs: --g2.2-. 5272. ea-4er 
indstrom, P:, quoted -22.2.5s.c+-<-.-9-s5 
Linell, Martin L., assistance rendered by- 
biographical sketch of. - 

died May 3, 1897..-...... 

titles of papers by .---- 

Lingsdorf, G. H. Von, use of snuff among 
the Aleutian Islanders referred to by -- 
Lingulina carinata d’Orbigny ------------ 
variety seminuda 
Hantken.-2.---222 

genus of foraminifera.......-.- 

List of accessions during the year ending 
June 30, 1897....-..-- 

to the Museum library 

man's knives in the U.S. National 


189 wpa toate 

published separately in 

18972). Sccdio- tp see aes 

specimens sent to Museum for ex- 
amination and report......-.--. 
specimens sent to Museum for ex- 
amination and report, index to - 
Lituolidex, family III of the foraminifera. 
Lituolinz, subfamily of foraminifera ---. 
Locke, William M., Iroguois pottery pipe 
collected by i t-n2 ssc <2 oe ceence ase oe es 
Loftusine, subfamily of foraminifera --... 
Long, Stephen H., calumet dance of the 
Omaha described by 

hunting ceremonial of 

the Omaha de- 

seribed by, -ceas =e 

quoted = 2 seem. eee 

Lénnberg, Einar, title of paper by----.---- 
Loomis, L. M., specimens lent to.....-..-.. 
Lord, Dr. E. C. E., engaged in geological 
investigations.-.--.. 

engaged in study of 

geological material 

collected by Dr. E. 

‘A’, Mearns 2s. cs<2-- 

Lortet, L., exchange witly-<---=<---s----- 
Loskiel, Georg Heinrich, description of 
the calumet 

WiySendisce = 

use of wam- 

pum belt re- 

ferred to by.- 

Love, Col. William H., reference to mon- 
itor pipe in collection of.......-----.- a: 
Lowe, H. N., crustaceans and echino- 
derms presented by....--.------------- 


9, 36 
202 


589 
312 


312 
312 


91 
153 


743 
247 
213 
217 
232 


259, 272 
72 


282 


INDEX. 1005 


Page. | Page. 
Lozenge-shaped implements (Division ITT, Marginulina glabra d’Orbigny---.------- 313 
Clasavayeet ot oat Se eee eee 915 | Marine invertebrates, department of, ac- 
Lubbock, Sir John, Sant Sonne ene et 513 CONSIONSR tes eee eee eee eee a 51 
Lucas, Frederic A., curator, department catalogue entries in........----.----- 53 
of comparative list of accessions to.......-.--- Bere 145 
anatomy .-..-.---- 54 number of specimens received in ..-- 53 
detailed on Fur-Seal remarks by honorary curator concern- 
Investigation ing assistance rendered by out- 
Commission. ...-- 9, 21, 54 BIGOLS 60, 64558 se ene woe mec oa cee ee 52 
material collected by 21 review of work in.......-----.--.---- 50 
remarks by, con- total number of specimens in...-..-. 53 
cerning special in- SXCNANP OS) Ol- ner eee a eieen eae a 15 
vestigations... -- 54 | Marlatt,Charles L.. title of joint paper by- 201 
skulls of fur seals paper by-.--.- 202 
collected by ..---- 39 | Marquette, Father, calumet of peace first 
titles of papers by - 202 Mentioned! Dyess ee eee em eee te 551 
Lueas, J. D., vase-shaped bowl pipe col- Marsipella elongata Norman ...--..------- 270 
lected Dyce == oe sea ane an 427 genus of foraminifera. ....--. 270 
Luster series of minerals .......-.------- 666 | Martin, T. C., assistance rendered by..--- 71 
Lyon, S.S., limestone disk pipe collected Maryland, caches of prehistoric imple- 
My Bete Bag neta ea ocr bos seo seo ceeecusae 487 | ments found in..-...--..--- 972 
Macfarlane, R. M., Eskimo curved knife prehistoric quarries in. .-.---- 962 
collected) bye) oe =< secon eae ain 736 | Mason, Prof. Otis Tufton, curator, depart- 
Mackenzie, Alexander, smoking custom ment of eth- 
of the Kinsteneaux described by --.---- 566 Solos yess <= 64 
Macoun. J. M., exchange with-......-.--- 16 | the Man’s Knife 
specimens of plants re- among the 
ceived from. ---=.---.--- 58 North Ameri- 
Madagascar, accessions to library from can Indians, 
institutions In .2...2..---.--2--2- +=... 153 lthfeonseeacsas 725 
Magnetism, properties of minerals relat- titles of papers 
THY S UG) Spe ae Son eeicgs see boc 679 lthvodeoonsecss 202, 203 
series of minerals .....-.---- 666 | Mass, characters of minerals depending 
Maine, prehistoric mines, quarries, and MEO NSencah concen os. = ssecooeaceeaane 679 
WOrkKSHOPS IN} =~ a-ec-=2--2-2-5--~--5-- 961 | Massachusetts, cache of prehistoric im- 
Malaysia, accessions from.-.....-..------- 141 plenients tonndine -.en == eee eee 970 
Mammals, department of, catalogue en- Materia medica, section of, condition of ex- 
tries in ---. 40 hibition ser- 
condition of JOR ANE: esas. 24, 75 
exhibition number of spec- 
series in ..- 23 imens receiv- 
list of acces- edeinge nsec 76 
sions to.... 141 review of work 
number of Hn Se esomeaods 75 
specimens total number of 
received in. 40 specimens in 76 
review of Material lent for investigation.-.....---.- 27 
work in---. 38 of arrowpoints and spearheads. - 872 
total number received for examination and re- 
of speci- THT Cabecacaaeeeqncosseseosose 32 
mens in.... 40 | Matschie, Dr. Paul, exchange with ..-.--. 14 
exchanges of.......----.....-- 14 | Maya rain god (Tlaloc), description of 
Manchester Museum, Owens College, altar representing a.-.-.-...-..-------- 364 
Manchester, England, fossils presented Maynard, George C., custodian of elec- 
Layee Seatac rs Setar iafae enol winpeiate teint lave 56 tricalicollections’.<2---=----------=---~ 69 
Manranites -s2- cesses sins -en< = === 659,763 | McAdams, William, catlinite mound pipe 
Man’s Knife among the North American from Illinois referred to by .----------- 576 
Indians, The, by Otis Tufton McCulloh, James H., Indian burial cus- 
WU ANON sect neem tere ncla teiaicra aie 725 tom referred to by 635 
knives, list of, in the U.S. National quoted(=----6 steer 504, 554 
WE EG pits Resa ene ceed 743 | MicGee, Wid .cacecs- sa acee = owe een s=is mss 64 
Manufacture of arrowpoints and spear- McGill University, Montreal, Ganniie ex- 
heads ..-. 02. -- ew 2 css cree seen 3 e--=-- 877 |) schange with---.--------------~--------- 18 
Marginulina ensis Reuss..-.--.---------- 314 MeGlashan, J., double conical pipe col 


genus of foraminifera. ..--.. 313}. lected byw.--. 2.22 - aoe ose enna a= 533 


1006 


McGregor, R. C., bird skins presented by. 
McGuire, Joseph D., assistance rendered 


engaged in study of 
aboriginal pipes - 
Pipes and Smoking 
Customs of Amer- 
ican Aborigines, 


titles of paper by. - 
Mellhenny, E. A., bird skins presented 


McLaren, Charles, curved knife from Lab- 
TAGOTCOLLGUSEE ByieL ----s.cstecrte eee see 
MeNeill, Jerome, title of paper by-.------ 
Means, Thomas, engaged in geological in- 
vestiga- 


study of mi- 
cero-chemic- 
al methods 
for determi- 
nation of 
minerals... 

Mearns, Dr. Edgar A’... 25.2.-.-- 6 -cee-n= 
bird skins presented 


collecting outfit fur- 

MISHOC IO) ses - ieee 

engaged in study of 

mammals. ...-.---- 

specimens of mam- 

_ Inals presented by- 

titles of papers by--- 

Meek, Prof. Seth E., assistance rendered 
- DYnscacteseee avecs 

engaged in study of 

collections..-....- 

series of fishes pre- 

sented by ....-.-- 

Meetings of associations in Washington - 
SOCIQUIES = pcmeuieaa=eee= ee ae 

Moemert Wor icsesatees cncaeren=oeeteeae see 
specimens of crabs received 

PBTOUS By eeae aoe eee = 

UGE 6s s-- bas Geont ppp eCe enna oes 
Membre, Father Zenobius, quoted.......- 
Mercer, R. W., bow] pipe found by .------ 
Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, specimens of mam- 
mals lent to ..-.- 

specimens received 

through......... 

Merrill, Dr.George P,, curator, department 
of geology ------- 

titles of papers by- 

Morrill) Dt. Ji Oire i weecsee ae ete ses ee 
birds’ eggs received from - 

Metal pipes;mse'of, 2202. -225. Uo cece. ote: 
Meudon (Oise), France, prehistoric flint 
PUNO Bbc. te nies Re esese nels ean ean 
Mexican tubular pipes .........-.......-. 
Mexico, accessions from. .............--.- 
to library from institu- 

crrtty ys b tle Stay pers SV 

distribution of specimens in..--. 


INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
40 |, Milcas, thie csia-coy 4 ee ee ee ote 777 
Michigan, caches of prehistoric imple- 
66 ments found in-..-Sodesceoeneeeeees = a6 980 
Micmac pipes ze pete cisd- codex aeongacke> 479 
31 distribution of............. 479, 630 
ornamentation of ..-....--. 630 
Microscopic examination of flint ......... 876 
Miliolidx, family V of the foraminifera.. 261, 293 
351 | Miliolina agglutinans d'Orbigny --------. 301 
202 angularis, new species.....----- 300 
auberiana d’Orbigny -.-..-.----- 298 
40 bicornis Walker and Jacob..... 300 
bucculenta Brady...-..-..------ 299 
735 circularis Bornemann . ....----- 298 
202 cuvierana d’Orbigny ..--..----- 298 
genus of foraminifera .........- 297 
gracilis.d’Orbigny- ...---.------ 297 
63 iusignis Brady =-2-.0. ..8-.0es~- 299 
labiosa d’Orbigny ---..--.------ 299 
linneana a’ Orbigny..---------- 300 
oblonga Montagu......--.------ 297 
pulchella @Orbigny .....--..--. feel 
reticulata d’Orbigny...--..----- 301 
31 seminulum Linneus ......----- 297 
19 separans Brady ..-...2--22-.--- 300 
subrotunda Montagu..-..-.....-. 299 
40 tricarinata @’Orbigny ---------- 298 
trigonula Lamarck.......-..--- 298 
22 undosa Karrer :..2.5520.-2224-5 300 
valvularis Reuss .-....-..------- 299 
29 venusta Karrer..-.-..---.--.-+- 298 
Miliolinine, subfamily of foraminifera... 293 
39 | Miller, Gerrit S., jr., specimens of bats 
203 lent tote 22 -i Sod. 2 sce eee eerste ces 27 
Millspaugh, Dr. C. F., engaged in study of 
45 collections ....-.. 30 
specimens of plants 
30 Lenihihe ise eee 29 
Milne-Edwards, Prof. A ............-...-- 52 
44 exchange with. -- 16 
32 | Mineral Collections in the U. S. National 
235 Museum, classification of the, by Wirt 
52 DARIN te: meee ees Seen See eee See eee TAT 
Mineralogy, chemical -........-:.-..---.: 649, 650 
51 physical o22 sce oes roe 649, 666 
797 | Minerals, absorption of light by-.----..---- 680 
554 Catalogue of the Series Tllus- 
427 trating the Properties of, by 
Wintehassin’...t.~ -cseen as 647 
27 characters of, depending upon 
action of the senses. -.-..----- 688 
20 characters of, depending upon 
mass or volume .....-.-.----- 679 
62 characters of, depending upon 
203 resistance to chemical action. 688 
19 characters of, depending upon 
43 the action of light....-..---.- 680 
478 characters of, relating to cohe- 
sion and elasticity..--------- 678 
860 classification of elements in. -- - 750 
361 Cleavage In <-oo...-nesee ree -- 678 
131 eoloriofi:cseasestiess A= as cee ee 680 
composition of, relations of wa- 
154 LOE. LO). psa ceRenee see eee 664 
239 compounds of elements in.-.--- 751 


Minerals, density, series of-.....-.--..--- 
department of, catalogue entries 

Mees s-caee eee 

condition of ex- 

hibition series 


number of speci- 
mens received 


remarks by cura- 
tor concerning 
progress in 
care of collec- 
tions in .------ 
review of work 


diffraction of light in..-...-... 
electricity in----.---.--------=- 
emission of light in.....-....-- 
essential color of. .--------.---- 
@xchanges'Of----.-----c~----=== 
Nosh] [hee ea ene ape Ses aoueSeHae 
Hardyeqsiou--= see = al 


interference figures in -.--..--- 
light in 
Taster series Of----.-..--------- 
TRA DDOUAIY Ol cas sen seneecea= === 
HOLICS|Ofe---=- ce 
nonessential color of...-..----- 
DLA a Sees Oe ee ooeeeser 
phosphorescence in .-.---...-.-- 
physical properties of, relations 
of composition to.......------ 
physical properties of, relations 
Giaw aOR One eens sean aan 
polarization of light in...-...-.. 
properties of, relating to form 
or molecular structure..-..--- 
properties of, relating to heat, 
magnetism, and electricity - -- 
reflection of light in..-....-..-- 
refraction of light in-.----..--- 
specific gravity of.............- 


Pn TP A Ree QoS EGeeeS 
tenacity: Of 22-35 <.- -s92 ase = 
nC CS a ae SSO SGeOe 
transmission of light by-.------ 
LY NOM Ob pepo Sense aia toraece 
variations in composition of ... 
varieties of color in .......--..- 


Minnesota, cache of prehistoric imple- 
ments fond In. 226.5) 2c omes snows o se 
Miscellaneous Pueblo pipes...--......--- 
Missouri, caches of prehistoric imple- 
WMentatoOuUNnd) WMces- 52 - one eee = 
Mobins: Dri Karle 2 jos. ones ee wae 
exchange with ......... 

Mohican, Camp, on Easter Island.....-.... 
Mohican, U.S.S., cruise of the, te Easter 
Usland pscSae oa tisa ew ectgee sean aic =e. 
Moki Indians, use of the pipe in snake 
ance Ot the: pase nesae ea oe eee eas ew ae 


INDEX. 1007 
Page. Page. 
665 | Molecular structure of minerals, proper- 
TES TElALIN Gg; tO <= 0b non s-etneen sae 666 
62 | Mollusks, department of, accessions to ... 46 
catalogue en- 
tries. in.--.... 48 
23 condition of ex- 
hibition series 
148 iNeeek see se ee 23 
condition of 
study series in 47 
62 list of accessions 
Tepe ela 143 
remarks by hon- 
orary curator 
regarding sci- 
61 entific work 
accomplished 
60 in’se- 22S o 47 
684 review of work 
680 i cee soso se eee 46 
683 total number of 
681 specimens in- 48 
18 exchanges of .....-.-.--------- 15 
GTSU Moly bdates\sse-o-- 225-2 == ~eneean en 663, 796 
679 | Monardes, Nicolas, quoted.......-----.--- 375, 377 
679: |oMonstermpipess. 2s. = <= -<<8 -'s+s--225 == 468 
685 characteristics of......-.-- 468, 630 
680 distribution of......-.....- 525, 629 
666 similarity of mound pipes 
679 Uap (Sor Bsn dos so5S50s05 474 
666 | Monoclinic crystals, dispersion of optic 
681 AMASANY . oes oss neo aac = 687 
688 system of crystallography -. 670 
683 types of erystals in 
LN 4 = 25 soos eee 673 
6659 |e Mooney.d aMmesc-..s--¢ce eee aaeeea too. 64 
Cherokee stone pipe col- 
664 lected bys 72-5 5--,5=-23 << - 599 
685 tomahawk pipe collected 
Diem ce ecerr se cena 466 
666 | Moore, Clarence B., earthenware pipe col- 
lected Dy ==-5-.2 2. 389 
679 pottery burial urn 
668 presented by .-.-.-.- 67 
683 Quoted Woemne=tesaess 412 
679 southern mound pipe 
688 collected by. .-..--- 618 
679 tubular pottery pipe 
688 TT osccoeascee 424 
680 | Moore, J. Perey, collection of leeches lent 
656 LO Soe se as eae cena bepnis= sess ssaas- we 28 
663 | Moovzehead, Warren K., double conical pipe 
681 collected by...- 530 
mound pipe col- 
981 lected by --..---- 515 
596 | Morgan, J. de, exchange with...-...------ 18 
Morgan, Lewis H., quoted........---..... 492, 508 
OT ae Morya MGR sane oar ee ees aaa aaa 67 
52 | Morice, Rev. P., quoted........-.......... 422 
16 | Morse, Edward L., assistance rendered by aa 
693 | Morton, F. S., specimens of foraminifera 
|RSS os SR cease SESCRSSOs Sasaseaso5865 28 
691 | Motter, Dr. Murray Galt, engaged in in- 
vestigations of helminthological mate- 
381 me SR RSMo C sO GS OD ease Siapiaes'cles 30 


1008 INDEX. 
Page. 

Mound builders, various opinions concern- National Herbarium, report concerning 
ing antiquity of the..........-.- 511 condition and 
pipe, curved-base type of, charac- CATGTOte 222-366. 
CAPIShIOS Of = 3-22 soe 632 review of work 
curved-base type of, distribu- INit ceeotn eee nase 
TOW Obes ae ace Seren ae 633 transfer of em- 
similarity of monitor pipe to ployees assigned 
MUO): tana seme eee oer 474 to the ’..2 32. -6- 
TPO 2s omens cacnen>>scse lees = 510 | National Institute, fossil pipe collected by 
artistic decoration of......-.. 516-517 the: joo Cente cree etine = «ae eee eee eee 
characteristics of the........ 513 | National Medical Institute, City of Mex- 
geographical distribution of. 526 ico, 6xchange wath °.022 .s->--seaesee= 
method of drilling bowls of.. 524 | National Museum, U.S., accessions to the 
SOULDEIN oo scsees- ko eee ee 612 collections of. 
theory concerning origin of administrative 
Oe aeecnaees's rate cepacia 513 staff of the .... 
Monsterien epoch, appearance of the spear appropriation for 
AN ANOr. ses ec een Seen Cee ee 826 the: -2220-cas55 
Mullen, B. H., exchange with...........-- 18 bibliography of 
Miiller, Baron Ferdinand von, exchange Lae eeeee eee 
fA Nace ch ie SS Sy Ve ee la i a 17 bill introduced 
Murbach, Louis, title of paper by.-...--- 203 into Congress 
Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron), France, prehis- for an addi- 
toriefintmine atisssssess2e ses oe eee one 859 tional building 
Murdoch, John, Eskimo pipes collected forthey:-s--2-- 
leek HOSE OSS ntieac 590, 591, 592 catalogue entries 
smoking habit among Os: Rena -iaan 
the Point Barrow Es- classification of 
kimo described by.--- 589 the mineral col- 
Murray, G. R. M., exchange with......-..- 17 lections in the, 
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, by Wirt Tas- 
Switzerland, collection of Orthoptera re- sin’ 22 222eh 2 
ceived in exchange from...-.-........... 49 collector s outfits 
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, furnished by -. 
Italy, exchange with -...-...--... 15 cooperation of the 
fighes Sent'to:5-=--cs.scceee 45 Executive De- 
Museo Nacional, Mexico, pottery pipe col- partments of 
lected (Dy thes---s~--=a eee nee 407 the Govern- 
Prehistorico Etnografico, Rome, ment with --..- 
Italy, exchange with........... 18 distribution of 
Museum building, appropriation for re- publications of 
Pars Os eee se 80 exchanges of 
NOW pee nsae eee ee 34 specimens with 
reference to construe- institutions 
tion of galleries in. 80 andindividuals 
of Natural History, Geneva, abroads2eoe5-—= 
Switzerland, exchanges with. 15, 16 expenditures of - 
Lyons, France, exchange functions of the- 
WitD seen ssa cecmcctecss 15 Iroquoian clay 
Paris, France, exchange pipes in the .. - 
WHOM t.2 sees oe eee 16 list of accessions 
record defined.......... a i Disbosae 
research defined. ......- 5 man's 
Musical instruments, accessions to collec- knives 
WO i Soar Aon Ree aonSotee doe asign cee 76 in the .. 
Mythology of the bow and arrow....--..- 832 list of papers ac- 
National Academy of Sciences, list of pa- companying 
pers Report (1897) 
read at Of unk Vos eee 
meet- list of papers by 
ing of, officers of the, 
in 1897. 237 and others. ...- 
meeting listof papers pub- 
of the . 23 lished sepa- 
HIGCDATiOM ocpeaee a o-cnpa new ione 33 rately by,-.,-- 


Page. 


58 


57 


434 


13, 238 


193 


34 


747 


22 


18 


494 


743 


247 


194 


213 


ws 


National Museum, U. S., list of papers pub- 
lished sepa- 
rately from 
Proceedings, 
SVL of: 252. 

list of papers pub- 
lished  sepa- 
rately from 
Proceedings, 
22 IDES gate See 
listofpapers pub- 
lished sepa- 
rately from 
Proceedings, 
XX, of 
list of papers 
published sepa- 
rately from Re- 
port (1894) of... 
list of specimens 
sent for exami- 
pation and re- 
port to 
material sent for 
examination 
and report to-. 
new building for 
organization 

of staff of. 

plan of organiza- 
tion ettected 
July 1, 1897.... 
publication of Re- 
port (1894) of.. 
publications of 
UN se5 oe 
reference to Cir- 
cular 13 of the. 
reference to early 
history of.-... 
reference to 
‘Plan of or- 
ganization and 
regulations,” 
being Circular 
Wotsuhe sec a 
report upon con- 
dition and prog- 
ress of, during 
the year ending 
June 39, 1897... 
review of workin 
scientific de- 
departments of 


special topics of 
staff of the ...... 
statement show- 
ing number of 
lots of speci- 
mens scnt from 


64 


NAT MUS 97 


INDEX. 


Pa 


213, 


214, 


ge. 


214 


215 


217 


, 84 


National Museum, U.S., tabulated state- 
ment of annual 

accessions since 

tabulated state- 

ment showing 

number of 

specimens in 

each depart- 

MeOUGOL <.seces 

tabulated  state- 

ment showing 

number of 

specimens re- 

ceived in each 

department of- 

visitors to the... 

walrus-ivory 

pipes in the... 

work of students 

and investi- 

gators at the.. 

work of the 

National Science Club, list of papers read 
at meeting (1897) 

ot 

meeting of the.... 

National Zoological Park, table showing 
number of mammals received from 
Natural History Museum, Academy of 
Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, fishes sent 


Naval architecture, additions to collec- 
ion ofe 3.2 S2 2 

condition of exhibi- 

tion series of....- 

number of  speci- 

mens added to col- 

isetion! of.225--->- 

section of, rear- 

rangement of ex- 

hibition series in- 

total number of 

specimens in col- 

lection of......... 

Navarette, M. F. De, quoted 
Neal, D. N., biconical pipe collected by... 
Necrology-..-.-.---------------+- Sone ce SGSe 
Nehrling, H., information, drawings, ete., 
eoncerning construction of Museum 
cases furnished to 
Nelson, A., specimens of plants received 
in exchange trom 
Nelson E. W 


assistance rendered by --... 
engaged im study and iden- 
tification of birds........ 
ethnological specimens pur- 
chased from\s.-2-~ sea.-= 


investigations in depart- 
ment of ethnology by-.- -- 
skins and skulls of shrews 
title of paper by 

Nenenot Indians, curved knife of the-..-. 


ll 


24 


1010 


Neumann, Prof. G., collection of Ixodidx 


INDEX. 


Page. 


North America, distribution of specimens 
North American Indians, arrowpoints used 
as weapons by 


The Man's Knife 
among the, by 
Otis Tufton 

tubular pipes of. 

North Carolina, caches of prehistoric im- 

plements found in..-.. 


prehistoric mines in..--. 

Northwest coast pipes -.-----.-.--------- 
characteristics of 

HORE eee Goa 

Northwest Fur Company, reference to 
manufacture of pipes by the -.-.-- Bensat 
Norway, accessions to library from insti- 
tuiwons Me: . ane eo 

ancient superstition in, concern- 

ing arrowpoints .......------- 


Nova Scotia, prehistoric workshop in..-. 


_ Nozawa, S., reptiles and batrachians pre- 


sented by 
series of fishes presented by- 


| Nummulinide, family X of the foramin- 


NG@UG G0 chee = eee eet os rans ple 
New Hampshire, cache of prehistoric im- 
plements found in....-..--------------- 970 | 
New Jersey, caches of prehistoric imple- 
ments found in..-...------- 971 
prehistoric mines, quarries, 
and workshops in..--.---- 961 
Newton, Prof. A., specimens of Bebrornis 
Vent tO ss s25- c= seein eae a wale alae =r 27 
New York, caches of prehistoric imple- 
ments found in.-..-.--.--- 970 | 
prehistoric flint mines, quar- 
ries, and workshops in.... 961 
New Zealand, accessions to library from 
institutions in .....----- 176 
distribution of specimens 
inp Neee ee Seneca silane 245 | 
Nichols, J. H., southern mound pipe col- 
RBQhAdU Desa seen ae 619 
stone pipe collected by-.-- 455 | 
Nicholson, Prof. H. Alleyne, exchange 
TD cae oe eee eet siain ein = cletmrern= 28 
Nicklin, J. B., tubular stone pipe col- 
lected bys.<- <--se-52n2- 25-5 --—-<----== 400 
TWUTACOS, oot ee © ela ami sie ee Sane emer 661, 784 
Nobili, Joseph, specimens of Crustacea 
received through. ......-.-. ----------- 51 
Nodosaria catenulata Brady -..----------- 312 
comata Batsch..-.-.--.-----.--- 311 
communis d'Orbigny .-------- 310 
consobrina, variety emaciata 
LOGTER SaSscme soar sep Somer 310 
costulata Reuss -...----------- 312 
Sarcimen Soldavi .-.---------- 309 
jiliformis VOrbigny ---------- 310 
genus of foraminifera .--..--- 308 
hispida @’Orbigny .----------- 311 
variety sublineata 
(Braden ae eenina <= 2 311 
levigata d’Orbigny -...------- 308 
mucronata Neugeboren......- 311 
obliqua Linneus..-----.+----- 311 
pyrula d’Orbigny .------------ 309 
radicula Linneus....--------- 309 | 
remert Neugeboren ..-..-.--- 310 
rotundata Reuss.----.-------- 308 
simplex Silvestri .-..-.------- 309 
enluta Reuss...--<------------ 310 
vercebralis Batsch....--------- 312 
Nodosarinz, subfamily of foraminifera .. 308 
Nonionina boueana a’ Orbigny .---------- 337 | 
genus of foraminifera..-....-.. 337 | 
scapha Fichtel and Moll ..-.-.- 337 
Nordenskjéld, smoking habit among the 
Chuckchees described by -.------------ 594 | 
Norris, P. W., biconical stone figure pipe 
collected by.----..--..--- 539 | 
monitor pipe collected by -.- 472 | 
mound pipe collected by --- 528 
tubular implement or pipe 
collected by....---------- 382 
North America, accessions from .-.--..-.- 131 
to library 
from insti- 
tutions in. 153 


ifera 
Nummulitine, subfamily of foraminifera. 
Nutting, Prof. C. C., microscopic slides 
of Plumularide 

lent to 

specimens of crabs 

received through 

Oberholser, Harry C., assistance rendered 
by 

collecting outfit 

furnished to..... 

engaged in study 

of collections .... 

titles of papers by- 


Oceanic Ichthyology, Special Bulletin No. 


2, publication of 
Oceanica, accessions from 
to library from in- 

stitutions in.-.-.--. 

distribution of specimens in... 

Ohio, caches of prehistoric implements 
fOUNG, Mess s eee oes eee een ee 
prehistoric flint mines, quarries, 

and workshops in.-.-..------------ 


| Oldroyd, Mrs. T. 8., specimens of mol- 


lusks presented by.-------------------- 


Olmstead, Mrs. S. H., poster of historical 


stagecoach line presented by----------- 
Ophthalmidium, genus of foraminifera... 
inconstans Brady. ------ 

Optic axes, dispersion of, in crystals..... 
Orbiculina adunca Fichtel aud Moll 
genus of foraminifera 

Orbitolites duplex Carpenter 
genius of foraminifera. ...-.--- 
marginalis Lamarck. ...-. sea 
tenuissima Carpenter. ...----- 

Orbulina, genus of foraminifera. --------- 
universa Q'Orbigny-.----------- 


Page. 


264, 


239 


846 


302 
302 
686 
304 
304 
305 
304 
304 
305 
323 
323 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Oregon, caches of prehistoric implements 


POND er ee eae eee aca ee eee 981 
Organic acids: saltsiof.. 5. -2--47-<.45een = 797 | 
Oriental antiquities and religious ceremo- 

nials, section of, catalogue en- 

Ug TNS Ane pon secs deorac teens 75 

number of specimens received in. 75 

review of work in.........--.-..-- 74 

total number of specimens in...- 75 
department of, list of 

accessions to ....-- 150 

exchanges of......... 18 

Origin of the bow and arrow..-.--.-.----- 830 
Orthorhoubie crystals, dispersion of optic 

PROS LT ne eesti 686 

system of crystallography - 670 
types of crystals in 

UNO soe ease OS Se 673 

Osborn, Prof. H., types of Homoptera.. -. 49 
Osborn, J. W., portraits of celebrated 

photographers presented by...-.------- 77 
Osgood, W. H., engaged in study of col- 

Wechions = o-oo scenses cee ea sacesesaae 29 
Osteological work, summary of ...----.-- 87 
Osteologists, review of work of the ...... 87 
@ralates ee ese eee 797 
Oxford University Museum, Oxford, Eng- 

land, exchange with-.--.---..-.-. <<. 16 
Oxides ..... Tana See e Se Roo BapasDeRDEes 659, 761 
Oxychlorideseesessees--=-ese nessa 753 
Qxylluonidespeesseemnee nessa ec cece 753 
Oxygen compounds in minerals.-......--. 761 
Oxy eon saliseeanenccso2-2-=-5 659, 660, 661, 662, 663 

minerals containing ... 763, 765, 766, 

768, 782, 783, 784, 785, 789, 791, 796, 797 

Oxysulphidest =) sss eee 659 
Pacific Ocean, southern, accessions from 

island sin they... 2 sacar ooo -ee ast sec cee 141 
Painter, P., stone bird pipe collected 

[Pine eae. eRe ce Dee OH ABER ReBAE 501 
Palenque tablet, description of the..-..--- 364 
Paleolthic period, spears and harpoons in 

The hss rae oe on seems aie mm ctelc sin ciciaee 824 
Paleontological Institute, Leipsic, Ger- 

many, exchange with. 16 
specimens, exchanges of. 16 
Paleontology, department of, catalogue en- 
triesin..-- 57 
list of acces- 
sions to... 145 
number of 
specimens 
received in 57 
review of 
work in... 55 
Palmer, William, chief taxidermist ------ 85 
engaged in study of 
birds 227 se eee sean 29 
mammals collected by... 39 
reptiles and batrachians 
collected by .--..----. 44 
specimens of Oceano- 
droma cryptoleucura 
received from ........ 40 
Paris, International Exposition at ....... 34 


Parker, William, remarks by, concerning 
the pipe as a symbol of hospitality....- 
Parkman, Francis, trade between Indians 
and Jesuits referred to by 
Paschal, J. W., photograph of Cherokee 
Indian girl transmitted by. ....-......- 
Patagonians, smoking custom among the- 
Paul, Col. Augustus C., sword presented 
to Gen. Gabriel R. Paul deposited by... 
Paxton, J. A., biconical frog pipe collected 


IV) 
Pelosina, genus of foraminifera ......---- 
variabilis Brady 
Peneroplidine, subfamily of foraminifera. 
Peneroplis, genus of foraminifera 
pertusus Forskal.......--.. ar 

variety discoideus, 

new 

Pennsylvania, caches of prehistoric im- 
plements found in.......---.-. Sansa ee 


Rerevs Ge. QnObed an seee ss aes seen a aecemiats 


Perforators (Division IV, Class K)....-..- 
Perkins, Prof. G.H., pipes of the Cham- 
plain Valley region 

described by ---.. 

quotedreas—-—5sse- 

reference to steatite 

pipe figured by -. 

Peru, accessions to library from institu- 
tions in 
Peter, J., catlinite pipe collected by-----. 
great pipe collected by.......-- 

Peter, Dr. Robert, sandstone pipe col- 
HEGHOE \osseeesosscs sooo sesede cn scccuse 
Phosphates 
Phosphorescence in minerals ....-..----- 
Photographer, review of work of the. -...- 
Photographic collection, number of speci- 
mens added to 

review of work 


statement of cu- 

rator concern- 

ing scope and 

plans for fur- 

ther develop- 

ment in 

total number of 

specimens in- 

Physical apparatus placed in charge of 
diy WAV ALKINS soso inca oe hac 
mineralogy 


properties of minerals, relations 

of composition to ....-.....-- 

Pickett, Albert James, quoted 
Biers, Harry, quoted 52.6 <-..2= sn is<'ssi0-'s 
Pilsbry, Henry A., specimens of mollusks 
LentitOtes. senses 

title of paper by.----- 

Pilulina, genus of foraminifera 
jefreysit Carpenter............- 
Pilulinine, subfamily of foraminifera.... 


304 
972 


449, 450 
944 


490 
435 
546 
168 
485 
543 
388 


661, 785 
683 


665 


482 


1012 


Pipe bowls without stems................ 
evidence of early employment of the, 

in AMICON: «se aedane sas oee ne nanan 
stems, decoration of ................ 
manner of attaching to bowl. 

urn-shaped type of, distribution of.. 

use of the, on social occasions..-.-..- 
Pipes and Smoking Customs of the Amer- 
ican Aborigines, additional notes to 


PANSY ON son meee 
by Joseph D. 
BY RUC Eh) by a eee 
list of illustrations to 
Paper Ons... 2cse-s 


summary to paper on 
table of contents to 
paper on.......... 


idol 

indeterminate types of .....-...... 

TTOGUOIAN eh oke aces cecum ecsacuee ae 

method of lighting .....-.--.-..... 

Micmac 

monitor 

of copper and iron, reference to 

early colonial: one eeciewe ess eet 

of northwest coast ........-....... 

of peace, ceremony of the ......-.- 

TOCHANGUIAM pratense beeen nels 

size and shape of, indicating hab- 

WS OL-OWNGEIS seesaenese ces cne ses 

some unique types of.....-.-.--.-- 

Southern! types Otee et sie ace eee 

tubular, of North American In- 

WANS = ne senna ee ceeeam eens secre 

use of, by the whites .............. 

Pipestone quarries, location of the ....-.-. 

reference to Indian romance 

connected with the.-.-....-.-.- 

Pittier, Prof. Dr. H., exchange with....... 

Planispirina celata Costa ......--...--..- 

genus of foraminifera....... 

sigmoidea Brady .----------- 

Planorbulina acervalis Brady .....--..--- 

genus of foraminifera...... 
mediterranensis a’ Orbigny - 

Pleomorphism of crystals .........-.-..-- 
Plnmbates'\-.cecec- see seca cena eee ee 

Point Barrow Eskimo, caryer's knives of 

LT REE RAG ORE LEED nocoan sor came ane 

Pollard, Charles L., assistant curator, de- 

partment of botany 

titles of papers by.. 

Polymorphina communis d’Orbigny 

compressa d’Orbigny..----- 

elagantisima Parker and 

Jones 

genus of foraminifera. .... 

oblonga d’Orbigny ---.--.. 

sororia Reuss, variety jis- 

CULUEIL. 3c can Berea vamos cats 


ee 


INDEX. 
Page. 

424 Polymorphinine, subfamily of foramini- 
TOUR 6 , Josoe so ecew cane se eee 

363 | Polynesia, accessions from............... 
436 | Polystomella crispa Linnwus..........-.- 
436 genus of foraminifera...-.. 
428 striatopunctata Fichtel and 
508 Moll sz. cent eee eee eee 
Polystomelline, subfamily of foramini- 

LOLA ane cdeny pass sne sees meee See eet enee 

636" |" Pope; Capt. id. W'asso 2. «seem eewen ae eee 
Porter, William, catlinite pipe collected 

351 Dywoset ks desde Ga eaeeceacon ec meen an eeac ey 
Portugal, accessions to library from insti- 

355 tutional ines ee ae eh oe ore eae eee 
623 | Powell, Maj. J. W., Moki pueblo pipe col- 
lected by: =. 2=.--.222 

353 monitor pipe collected 
501 DYnoed excess essere 
487 rectangular pipes col- 
528 lected by - --.-5--- ae 
542 | Powers, Stephen, quoted................. 
438 | Powers, William L., title of paper by..--. 
541 | Prehistoric anthropological specimens, ex- 
599 CHAN GOS OF, cnccauiens date te eee ae eee 
488 | Prehistoric anthropology, department of. 
423 accessions to 
479 eatalogue en- 
468 tries in...... 
condition of ex- 

477 hibition — se- 
584 TIOS N25. cee 
509 list of acces- 
474 sions to..... 
number of 

424 specimens re- 
605 ceived for ex- 
603 amination 
and report in 

382 number of 
443 specimens re- 
571 ceived in.-.. 
review of work 

574 ines oeeeead 
17 total number 
303 of specimens 
302 Ts peice ae 
302 Arrowpoints, Spearheads, 
328 and Knives, by Thomas 
328 Wi SONNY cite ate ines De mee eee 
328 | Prentiss, D. W. jr., mammals collected by. 
675 reptiles and batra- 
763 chians collected by-- 
IPPEWANSUOLS slater emies smear aaa 

737 review of work of the.....-.. 
Prescott, William H.,quoted ......--..... 

9 remarks concerning 
204 Mexican pipes by 
319 | Preservation of collections, disbursement 
319 of unexpended balance of appropriation 
FON cose cee seen nents ee ae ae ae 

319 | Preston, H. L., information, drawings, 
319 etc., concerning construction of museum 
319 cases furnished to.........-....-----.-. 
Price, William W., specimens of Pinicola 

319 presented by ..----- *Coore toc crosarecckc 


Page. 
319 
141 
338 
337 
337 


337 
19 


578 

174 

597 

470 

600, 601 
388 

204 

17 


67 


69 


68 


149 


69 


69 


67 
69 
811 
39 
44 
90 
85 


406 


374 
238 


29 


41 


INDEX. 1013 

Page. Page. 

Price, William W.., title of paper by...-... 204 | Ramulininz, subfamily of foraminifera - 321 
Pridemore, Gen. A. L., reference to heavy Randall, Rev. E. H., biconical pottery pipe 

bird pipes belonging to .....-----..-.-- 439 ColleGced! py secneaa-eenenn sen soe 534 
‘‘Primitive Travel and Transportation,”’ Rapa Nui, commonly called Easter Island, 

reference to publication of paper by South Pacific Ocean, by -George H. 

Prot. Lc. MURAGMIONeSeeaea ee, -.acioe se 65 WOOK Cerne tee in atte eral eres sere se 689 
Pritchett, R. T., reference to Afridi pipe Rapa Nuiis, custom of tattooing among the 718 

Mine trated Dy aesneee senses sence ween cn 595 POO CIO F Ut Bas als ie eicin Sec lwisialee'= 720 
Proceedings, XVIII, list of papers pub- language of the.....-.-....-. 720 

lished separately from.... 213,214 | Rathbun, Miss Mary J., engaged in study 
XVIII, publication of...... 26 of Brachyura.. 52 
XIX, list of papers pub- second assistant 
lished separately from ... 214, 215 curator, depart- 
XX, list of papers published ment of marine 
separately from .........+ 215 |) invertebrates. . 52 
Properties of Minerals, Catalogue of the title of papers 

Series Illustrating the, by Wirt Tassin. 647 lh ase ssneenene 204, 205 
Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Rathbun, Richard, honorary curator, de- 

Columbia, bird skins received in ex- partment of marine invertebrates...... 50 

change from ..-.<..-----.:- 40 | Rau, Dr. Charles, classification of arrow- 
exchange with... <<<... 0. 14 points and spearheads 
Psammosphera fusca Shulze........----- 268 Disco -Sencee eee me 889 
variety testacea, quotation concerning 
NOW 5 eo nec ars 268 arrowpoints and 
genus of foraminifera. ... 267 spearheads from un- 
parva Brady........-.-.. 268 finished paper by..-. 887 
Pseudomorphs of erystals..--........---- 675 Quoted ans ce is ssemin 508 
Publications, distribution of ........--... SonlsRead, MIC. Quoted a... contsjamciaee vicesioei= 602 
of the National Museum... 26,193 | reference to monograph of the 
Pueblo pipes, characteristics of .....-.... 634 DCE OCEANS Ia ines ao eeee ae 478 
MISCellanGOUS ~=-.—-.a-2-5-1 596 | Recent Foraminifera, by James M. Flint. 249 
AMPUIAY PLPCS seca = ame e sows 361+) Rectangular pipes -2-5--->-s--se-s-¢---~- 474 
Pullenia, genus of foraminifera.........-. 324 supposed modern ori- 
obliquilobulata Parker and PinNlokec2 == ceases 477 
IGT a SS et ey ee 324 | Registration and distribution, review of 
quinqueloba Reuss.....-...----- BPE) aycard cabal (bhvlcyOy 0) ie aaa Soap co seeesicdoae 83 
Pulvinulina auricula Fichtel and Moll... 329 | Religious ceremonials, section of, condi- 
crassa d’Orbigny .----..--.-- 329 | tion of exhibition series in....-. eee 24 
elegans d'Orbigny -.-...-.... 331 | Reophax adunca Brady ......-.---.----- 74 
genus of foraminifera ....... 328 HecwlaraSE BTA ye. cass (sine a- 274 
ATSLEND IROUBS. 2 ..-- == -0)o<2 ~~ 330 bilocularis, new species....-..--. 273 
menardii V’Orbigny -....---. 329 CYUUNOATICE BILaAdy; 5. concn a= < 274 
variety jimbriata dentaliniformis Brady ....---.-.. 274 
Brady: ~.-.- «snes << 329 diflugiformis Brady....-.------- 272 
micheliana d’Orbigny ..-...- 330 diflugiformis Brady, variety tes- 
partschiana d'’Orbigny ...--. 331 tacea, 
pauperata Parker and Jones. 330 new..... 273 
punctulata d’Orbigny ..-..-.. 328 genus of foraminifera........-... 272 
repanda Vichtel and Moll ... 328 modulosa Brady _.-2.--.-2.22.-.. 274 
tumida Brady ~~ 5-605 -cn6ae 329 pilulijerd Brady... ..-2-.-.2--=-- 273 
umbonata Reuss ....-.-...-.- 330 scorpiurus Montfort........----- 273 
Pumpelly, Raphael, smoking custom in Report (1897), list of papers accom- 

Ladak and Tibet referred to by ....-.... 645 Toh Bhi ae poabeoeco te soce= 247 
Purdy, James B., title of paper by...-.... 204 (1894), list of papers published 
Purrington, C. W., specimens of rocks lent separately from the......-.... 213 

TO ogweserenmanaee ans Se oc pee eres. 29 | of National Museum for 1894, 
Putnam, Prof. F. W., description of Kla- publication of - Scceoccns 26 

math Indian Reptiles and batrachians, ieee tment of, 
smoking by....-. 387 ACCESSIONS 10. -.-— =< so <caewc<-s 43 
QUOteU eee. ote s ci 540, 54] | list of accessions to ......--.-. 142 

Railliet, Prof. A., exchange with.......-.-. 16 number of specimens received 
Ramirez, José, exchange with ............ 17% TA ee ee a steno mera 44 
Ramulina, genus of foraminifera.......-.. 321 review of work in.-....2...-.. 43 
globulifera Brady ........-.--- 321 total number of specimens in. - 44 
proteiformis, new species ..... 321 | Reptiles, exchanges of ........-.....-.-:- 15 


1014 


Review of work in administrative de- 
partments. ...-.- 

scientific depart- 

ments ......----- 

Reynolds, H. L., monitor pipe collected 


discreta Brady......------ 
genus of foraminifera .... 
linearis Brady ....--.----- 
Rhabdamminine, subfamily of foraminif- 


Rhizammina algeformis Brady .....----- 
genus of foraminifera ..--.-- 
indivisa Brady ..-----.----- 

Rhoads, 5S. N., specimens lent to...--..-... 

Ribault, Jean, reference to expedition com- 

MANAG (1902) OY - me oneal eee 

Richards, Elias, spade-like implement of 

chlorite received in exchange from....- 

Richardson, Miss Harriet, assistance in 

identifica- 
tion of Iso- 
poda ren- 
dered by... 
titles of pa- 
pers by.... 
Richmond, Charles W., assistant curator, 
department of 
DindSteccen.s eee 
tiules of papers by 

Rickley, A. M., bridegroom pipe collected 


Ridgway, Robert, curator, department of 
HS hytt: Ges oucesenee sos 

titles of papers by -.---- 

Ring, Lieut. F. M., antler pipe collected by 
Robinson, Dr. B. L., assistance rendered 
ieee sees Scae 


Robinson, Prof. John, opinion of, concern- 
ing Micmac pipe.......----------------- 
Robinson, Lieut. Wirt..............------ 
title of paper by... 

Rockhill, Hon. W. W., ethnological mate- 
rial received 

POROUS a cect as 

Korean idol pre- 

sented by....--- 

Rodman, Dr. James, unique stone pipe col- 
lected by <~-.-..-.-----2--20-5c-2- 500 -- 
Rogan, John P., Atlantic coast pipes col- 
ISCLEO Yn aeeeee 

Cherokee stone pipe col- 

TOCted Dye ras ect a0 

monitor pipe collected by 

southern mound pipe col- 

Jegted yes an-s'as- ee 

Rogers, C., Iroquois pipe of stalagmite 
collected by --- --- 2-0. s-decdeen-nen--s 
Rogers, Robert, description of tomahawk 
Ii Beso Wiser ee oe 

QUGLED -on ene eh ae emer ee 


609, 


INDEX. 
Page. Pge. 
Rorebeck, C. G., collecting outfit furnished 
78 tO Stace c vets seee cand one ae eee aenee se 22 
Rose, Joseph N., assistant curator, depart- 
38 ment of botany.-.-.---- 9 
Cetailed for botanical in- 
473 vestigations in Mexico 22 
271 titles of joint papers by. 196, 207 
271 papers by...-.-. 207 
271 | Ross, Countess Louise, engaged in archzo- 
271 logical StNG1eS see. .< meee ae eee eee 31 
271 | Rcetalia becearii Linneus..-. .-.---..----- 331 
genus of foraminifera ............ 331 
269 orbicularis d’Orbigny ....-------- 331 
272 papillosa, Bratly.o.- <-> ---=---- a5 332 
272 ‘pulchella V'Orbigny.-...--.------ 33 
272 schretleriana Parker and Jones.. 332 
27 soldanii d’Orbigny .--..--.------- 332 
Rotalidw, family IX of the foraminifera. 263, 325 
644 | Rotalinz, subfamily of foraminifera ....- 326 
Rothroch, Prof. J. T., tobacco obtained in 
68 GalifOrni aD Viren sin aoe ele ee 388 
Royal Academy of Science and Arts, Bar- 
celona, Spain, exchanges with... 15, 16,18 
Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, 
exchanges with’ <2 222.2 -.----4- 17 
30 Botanical Gardens, Caleutta, India, 
exchange With. 2.20 .--<.----ccoence 17 
205, 206 Museum of Natural History, Brus- 
sels, Belgium, casts of ancient 
implements and animal bones re- 
42 COINCO MTOM ee een eee eee 68 
206 Museum, Salford, Lancashire, Eng- 
land, exchange with.........--.- 18 
545 Scottish Museum, photograph of 
objects collected by Capt. James 
40 Cook received from. -.-..----.----- 65 
206 Zoological Museum, Berlin, Ger- 
434 many, eX- 
change 
60 Withee 16 
Florence, 
29 Italy, ex- 
change 
483 WU aes 18 
19 Turin, Italy, 
206 exchange 
With 2... 16 
Rumsey, Thomas, pamphlet entitled “A 
64 Treatise on the Application of Steam,” 
(1788), presented by .-...------.-.-..--- 72 
19 | Rupertia, genus of foraminifera..-..---.- 336 
elauilis Walon cosa seecne eee 336 
605 | Rush, Dr. W. H., shells received in ex- 
change from.-- 2-2 -2s---+ = -- ==> =o-<=- ==" 47 
610,611 | Russell, Prof. 1.C., Russian type of Eski- 
mo pipe collected by --.---------------- 587 
604 | Russia, accessions to library from institu- 
471 TIONS Wee ae ie a= eee teens 175 
distribution of specimens in ....- 245 
614,615 | Rydberg, P. A., specimens of plants lent 
UO cece Beers ones cae ee alate erate ae ae 29 
498 | Saccaminina consociata, new species - --.-- 269 
genus of foraminifera ...--- 268 
465 spherica M. Sars....-------- 269 
562 | Saccamininw, subfamily of foraminifera... 267 


Salmon, Alexander P., work among na- 
tives of Easter Island by..............- 
Salvin, Osbert, material transmitted for 
examination by......-- 

ee lent to. -.-.-<. 

Sargent, Prof. C.S., engaged in study of 
collections ......-. 

specimens of plants 

lent to 

Satoh, H., title of paper by ..............- 
Saturday lectures, list of ........-.......- 
table showing number 

and dates of, since 


ho Pee is San eae 

Saussure, Proto. de) pees ome ae nee 
Sayers, Mrs. Joseph D., archeological 
specimens received from ...-...--..-..- 
Schenck, J., disk pipe of oolitic limestone 
SeGNeeled) hyincss se sees ae eon as seek 
Sehinz, Dr. Hans, specimens of plants re- 
ceived in exchange from..........--.... 
Schénland, Dr. S., exchange with..-.-...... 
Schoolcraft, Henry R., quoted ...-........ 


quoting Col. Rod- 

erick McKee-.... 

Schrenck, von, series of curved knives 
from Amoor region collected by.-.-..-.-. 
Schuchert, Charles, assistant curator, de- 
partment of pale- 

ontology ..-...-... 

detailed to search for 

remains of Zeuglo- 

don and other fos- 

silvanimalss..:--5- 

engaged in prepara- 

tion of skeletons of 

Zeuglodon cetoides. 

specimens of mol- 

lusks obtained by- 

titles of papers by .. 

Schumacher, Paul, tubular clay pipe col- 
lected by 
Schumann, Dr. K., specimens of plants 
PUrChAsedULOM peo snee soe selee 
Schwarz, E. A., specimens of Coleoptera 
presented by..--...... 

- title of paper by-......... 

valuable aid rendered by 
E. R., photographs pre- 


Scidmore, Miss 
sented by 
Science College, Tokyo, Japan, specimens 
of petrels, presented by 
Scientific departments, review of work 


www ewe cee ces we m ees eee ee eee ee 


literature, contributions to..--. 
table showing sub- 

jects of contribu- 

LiOn 8) £0 43-524 sees 

Scotland, ancient superstition in, con- 
CemMinp> arrowheads: --.22-s<c- cosmo == 
Scott, George H., spearhead received from 
Scrapers used in making arrow and spear 
SHAL ia as5 3550s tase cee baemsee eee als 
Scudder, Samuel H., title of paper by .-.. 


INDEX. 1015 
Page. Page. 
| Sebring, James E., catlinite Sioux pipe col- 

699 lecteds pce == semen eee tamer nenn sneer 583 
| Seebohm, Henry, reference to Tungoosk 

ALG Se pipe iushrabedahy s--sseeuercce= = <aen== 595 

Pile) CLO OOS ie em ee see ioe ie ee cteniela alee wie 657, 756 
Selenites \.5=" Se - .ccissemase sent seae sees “ 766 

30 | Selenium in minerals, compounds of -..-. 754 
Serpentine group of minerals, the..-..... 779 

29 | Sheppard, Edwin, specimens lent to -..-.- 27 

207 | Shields, J. M., pottery pipe collected by-..- 379 
237 | Shindler, A. Zeno, colorist --.....-------.. 88 
Sigsbee, Capt. S. D., specimen of sea lily 
transmitted, Dyeecca =< 9-2 <== ae 19 
SBE | Wrst Dna OE soe, Sac we oGdOe SEE oe eSUmone 660, 768 
52 | Silver and its combinations .-...--.-.---- 656 
| Simmer, Hans, exchange with ...-.-.---.--. 17 
67 | Simpson, Charles Torrey, titles of papers 
(uly eSa. ea eet ence are me aaa 207, 208 
488 | Siouan pipes, distribution Miscedeoscetrscc 581 
process of making...-....-.. 574 
58 | by pes Of: <--sssemcseeans- 571 
14 | Skiff, F. J. V., information, drawings, etc., 
575 concerning construction of museum 
Cases Tomishedsto es —o scene senate == 29 
395 Skow, Lawrence, specimen of hybrid teal 
received in exchange from.-.-.-.---.--- 41 
742. Small, Dr. J. K., specimens of plants lent 
WO) SoS SSS oc e+ SHO SoS DSS DOSER CRUSE Con SDESE 29 
Smell, characters of aaseeaie depending 

55 TH NUT Soap Oc ea SCt BOS OSES SO SNOH sa0G0CC 688 

Smillie, T. W., eueeodian of photographie 
collection! <2 22--23--->--< 9,76 
photorrapher=.---2cs..-.- 88 

21. Smith, Hugh M., title of joint paper by-. 198 
Smith, Capt. John, quoted ............... 457, 548 

| Smith, Prof. "ohn B., collection of Acro- 

57 nyctas lent to... 28 

types of Acronyc- 

48 tas presented by. 41 

207 | Smith, Prof. John Donnell, specimens of 
plantajlent tose see eee ee ee 29 

388 Smithsonian board of promotion estab- 
MSHEGE sea. So = sen o-oo 79 

58 Institution, aid rendered 

Dysseerese: 25 

49 made (1846) 

207 the legal de- 

20 pository for 

national col- 

64 lections .... 4 

various bu- 

40 reaus of, 

| made sub- 

38 ject to civil- 

25 service law- 79 
Smitt, Prof. F. A., exchange with ........ 15 
Smoke, early practices of inhaling......-. 362 

26 Smoking Customs and Pipes of American 

6, 89 Aborigines, by Joseph D. 
MGHUITG posers ease oor ee 351 

843 habit, evidences of antiquity of 
68 WINGY BSc eco otosoosaeo5 365, 623 
increase of the..-.......-- 368 

884 | Snyder, Dr. D. W., ethnological objects 
207 : received from.... 21, 64 


1016 


Snyder, Dr. D. W., specimens of insects 
presented by. 2. .-ccocasesae coe ame amen 
Snyder, J. O., crustaceans, worms, etc., 
Presented DY. - 5 Ko sseccder et cece 
Societies, meetings of... ...--..--e006e-s 
Soiution planes in crystals ......-........ 
Solutréen epoch, appearance of the har- 
POO AN LHe 7e see aaa seen eee eee 
‘Sonontonans, council of the.....--....-.. 
Sorensen, Rev. P. H., collecting outfit fur- 
Nished 0. <.22.2 ses sete ee ceeeeee ewes 
South America, accessions from 
to library from 

institutions 


South Carolina, cache of prehistoric im- 
plemanits: forndyin). toc. .ceascechiccaees 
Southern mound pipes. ........2-2.--.---- 
Pipes ty pes: Of. 222sS72 a6 S--ee 

Southey, Robert, feast of parica described 
by 
Spain, distribution of specimens in .-..... 
Spang, Norman, clay pipe collected by.... 
Spangler, George, rectangular pipe col- 
lected Wiy --- scene asa ease ao wee ses 
Spear shafts, scrapers, grinders, and 
straighteners used in making.......... 
Spearhead form, large implements of...-. 
Spearheads, classification of........-..--. 
manufacture (of: - 2... -.-=-- 

material of 

shouldered on one side 

wounds by 

Spears in the Paleolithic period.......... 
Special Bulletin No. 2, publication of..... 
No. 3, publication of..... 

Bulletins, publication of........-- 

topics of the years: .- 2. <s. acces 
Spellman, H., quoted 
Spheroidina bulloides d' Orbigny 
dehiscens Parker and Jones. 

genus of foraminifera......- 

Spiennes, Belguim, prehistoric flint quar- 
ries and workshops at 
Spirillina, genus of foraminifera 
limbata Brady 

obeontcea Brady jecccsce--acincee 

vivipara Ehrenberg 
Spirillinine, subfamily of foraminifera... 
Sprroloculina arenaria Brady 
excavata dV’ Orbigny 

genus of foraminifera. ..... 
limbatad'Orbigny.-.-.----- 

nitida @Orbigny 

planulata Lamareck......-..- 

PODUEta ASLAN oacwace ace ce 

BOTIGK: Boeus. ce cnemots 

Sprecher, Newton D., stone trade pipe 
found by 
Sproat, Gilbert Malcolm, remarks by, con- 
cerning tobacco smoking among the 
Adit Indianetote. 2st oe sees Seekers 


INDEX. 
Page. 

Spurr, di Eiuiwe se eeeae ser pate seee eae 
49 Squier, E. H., reference to clay pipe illus- 
tiated by itu. ahaha eee ceeec cette mee 
51 | Staff of National Museum................ 
235 | Standish, Miles, reference to tobacco pipe 
688 Of. sods ome sen arte bee ceoenatemeae. 
| Stanton, Dr. Timothy W ..........2.-<0:- 
828 title of joint 
550 paper by .... 
titles of papers 
22 hp ae ie Ss 
730 | State Department, assistance rendered 
#59) |. by . 2Aoba ee eee  eee eet ee 
Statement of distribution of specimens 
during year ending June 30, 1897....... 
167 Stearns, Kobert E. C., titles of papers by. 
| Steele, E. S., specimens of grasses received 
DAA ATOM Sra cree etn atone ote Be rie eee 
Steiner, Dr. Roland, idol pipe collected by. 
973 large collection of 
612 prehistoric objects 
603 deposited by......- 
southern mound pipe 
402 collected by ...--.. 
245 | Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard, crustacea and 
544 worms pre- 
sented by... 
599 curator, depart- 
ment of rep- 
884 tiles and ba- 
982 trachians ... 
887 detailed on 
877 Fur-Seal In- 
872 vestigation 
829 Commission. 
955 fur-seals col- 
824 lected by..-. 
27,45 material col - 
27, 43 lected by..-. 
27 reference to 
9 publication 
451 of paper on 
325 anew species 
325 of Guillemot 
324 from the 
Kuril Is- 
850 lands,*by ... 
325 reptiles and ba- 
326 trachians 
326 collected by. 
326 titles of papers 
325 eee Rae 
297  Stemmed implements (Division ITI)... -. 
296 | Stevenson, Col. James, pottery pipe col- 
295 | lected by ....--. 
296 Wolpi pueblo pipe 
296 collected by---- 
297 | Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda C ............--. 
296 plants and 
296 arch wologi- 
cal objects 
458 transmitted 
WAY; seems sie sicie 
Stewart, W. R., tomahawk pipe collected 
586 DY, cobs Soe kth Seep ace Oot iaeencmutse ieee 


67 


615 


51 


43 


467 


INDEX. 1017 
Page. Page. 
Stiles, Dr. Charles W., custodian of the | Tableshowing numberof animal accessions 
helninthologi- since 1881 ....- 12 
cal collection. . 53 specimens ineach 
title of joint department ... 11 
paper by....-- 208 specimens re- 
titles of papers ceived in each 
yee enetioe 208 department 
Stith, William, quoted........-...--------- 547 during 1896-97. 10 
St. John’s College, Shanghai, China, visitors each 
Buddhist ceremonial objects received month ==5---2< 31 
im exchange frome... ..<--e =a = 74 visitors since 1881 32 
St. John’s College, Shangai, China, ex- Tale group of minerals, the ......-...---- 779 
CHAN LO Withisso. -oe esas ereee ee = === me 18 | Tanner, Z.L., title of paper by.....-...-.. 208 
Stockton, R. F., model of, placed on exhi- POUCH ES i) om os ge eens 9 Sone Se anaOe 661, 783 
Tn) epee Soe Sets LO et, ae en 72 | Tassin, Wirt, assistant curator, depart- 
Stolzman, Prof. Jean, exchange with .-.. 14 ment of minerals. -.-..--. 60 
Stone, Witmer, specimens lent to ......-. 27 Catalogue of the Series I1- 
title of paper by .--..---- 208 lustrating the Properties 
Storthosphera albida Schultze ....--..--. 266 of Minerals; by .---.---.- 647 
genus of foraminifera..... 266 Classification of the Miner- 
Strachey, William, quoted ..............- 450, 548 al Collections in the U.S. 


Straighteners used in making arrow and 


SpeatAhaihs.<o2a- 522 ae eo stan ee em 884 
Stratton, Lorenzo A., stone wood duck 
DIPS COMECLED, .- eas osetia celal ae m= 440 
Sulphantimonates. -........------2-<.5.- 760 
Sualphantimonites <=>-:=.5----..---------- 758 
Sulpharsenates---.--.--..-...------------- 760 
SulpharsGnies eee sees see =e === 7358 | 
Salphutess-- 5 eee = oaeee eae 662, 791 
Sulphbismuthites ---.------+.---..---..--. 758 | 
Sulphgermanates ...-..-..--.--- sea ate 760 
Syribr inl ass See Ross opese cagoseemeoseor 657, 754 
Sulphosaligeec----2-=- -esn--eeeen as == 658, 758 
Sulphstannalies:: . soos. - ae ee on 760 
Sulphur and its combinations...........- 653 
ineMInOral scars a ecia sss See a sole = 754 
Superstitions concerning arrowpoints and 
other prehistoric stone implements ---. 841 
Sutor, Henry, exchange with ..-.....-... 15 
Swan, James G., curved knives from 
Alaska collected by 738, 
739, 740 
tobacco habit among 
natives of Cape 
Flattery described 
DYoeeneeetereeecs 593 
Sweden, accessions to library from insti- 
GOURONS AN eecms cos emteoc ee meee aes 175 
Swift, Gen. D., biconical animal pipe col- 
Jectedi by. - sacs 2. car 538 
double conical pipes col- 
Ieetediiy).-25225562250-% 530, 531 
Switzerland, accessions to library from 
institutions in..........- 175 
distribution of specimensin 245 
Sylvester, S. H., animal pipe collected by 429 
Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda, 
Bulletin No. 87 of U. 8. Geological Sur- 
vey. (intype) S268 52 ne ccc cee cis 55 
Table of atomic weights .............+... 650,651 
showing catalogue entries......-.. 12,13 
number and dates of Sat- 
urday leetures since 
LBBZWES os aoe cion 33 


National Museum, by.... 747 
specimens illustrating 

mineralogy of zine re- 

gions of New Jersey, 


collected by. -2--.--4-0=— 61 

| Taste, character of minerals depending 
QSOS, so s585 ccoe cose sagaccteascsosescnce 688 
Taxidermists, review of work of the...-.-.. 85 

Taylor, Col. G. S., modern pottery pipe col- 
lectedthyienes<scnecceenmas= sas o55 seicss 534 

| Taylor, W. H., stone animal pipe, collected 
ype ce eee pie tren ennui se ieee) 541 

Technological collections, catalogue en- 
tries of..... 70 

classification 
Wteeqsagaose 70 


condition of 
exhibition 
series of.... 70 
number of 
specimens 


added to ..- 70 
review of 
work on.... 69 


Telegraphic Historical Society, specimens 

of original apparatus showing develop- 

ment of the telegraph deposited by-.... 71 
‘““Tel-et-Tin on Lake Homis, in the valley 

of the Orontes,”’ reference to publication 


of paper by I. M. Casanowicz on........ 74 
Tellurides...-.-- UNS Eaecc ee cues ance as ajems 657, 756 
elluritesessscec cs ees ance sete acstawe 766 
Tellurium in minerals, compounds of -.-.. 754 
Tennessee, cache of prehistoric im ple- 

ments found in....-.------- 974 
Centennial Exposition.......- 34 
prehistoric workshop in...... 966 

prepa- 
tion of 
exhib- 
its for. 23 


Te Pito Te Henna, known as Rapa Nui; 
commonly called Easter Island, South 
Pacifie Ocean, by George H, Cooke ..... 689 


1018 


Tetragonal system of crystallography. --. 
types of crystals in 


Texas, prehistoric flint workshop in...-. 
Textiles, condition of collection of ....... 
Textularia agglutinans d’Orbigny ..------ 
barrettit Jones and Parker -... 
carinata d’Orbigny.-.----.------ 
concava Karrer.........---.--- 
conica d’Orbigny..-.----------- 
genus of foraminifera... -..-..- 
gramen d’Orbigny ...-.-.....- 
luculenta Brady 
quadrilatera Schwager .-..-.-- 
TUGBA ROUSSE. - ss. c= = scosee ee - 
transversaria Brady ....-....-- 
trochus @’Orbigny --..----.----- 
Textularide, family IV of the foraminif- 


Textularine. subfamily of foraminifera -. 
Thatcher, James, quoted .........-..-...- 
“The Genesis of the National Museum,” 
reference to paper by Dr. G. Brown 
Goodeentttlddeeoce, eset cess oen ee 
Thing, L. H., biconical animal pipe col- 
Tectedaiyens se ae teat ee eee ela 
Thiselton-Dyer, Dr. 
WHO ConcwosesoJehes see eaue ett sor eace 


reference to south- 

ern pipe illus- 

trated by..-.... 

Thompson, Prof. D’Arcy W., specimens 
of crustacea received in exchange 
from 
Thomson, Prof. Elihu, reference to corre- 
spondence With-... 2.222... .0cecsene- ane 
Thruston, Gen. Gates P., opinion of, con- 
cerningmound 

pipes -..--.-- 

quoted) c-s.cn-- 

Thurammina cariosa, new species......-- 
favosa, new species....--.-. 

genus of foraminifera......- 

papillata Brady ....---.---- 

Tin and its combinations.......-.......-. 
Tinke., C. A., assistance rendered hy....- 
Tinoporine, subfamily of foraminifera... - 
Tiroler Botaniker, Austria, exchange 


Titanates ots eee eee noes 661, 


"itanosilicates a .55 5.2222 sealants 
Tobacco as a currency, use of.......----- 
early cultivation of........-.-.-. 
extensive cultivation of, by early 


English colonies ..........--.. 458, 


first reference to use of, in 

TAMOrICSa a4 ene nra- oa ene 
introduction of, into Europe.... 
medicinal ngeiOf s-. -cee.e sccm ; 
method of curing ..-.--.-------- 
methods of using, for medicinal 

DULPOSGSer se aasae y ewse tee are 
origin of NaMe ....0.2.--------=- 


Page. 


INDEX. 
669 | Tobacco pipe in California, contempora- 
neous with early arrivals 
672 of Europeans...--..----- 
966 in Europe, various opin- 
72 ions concerning antiquity 
284 Of The! c52- se eee venoms 
285 makers’ craft, arms of the. - 
284 guild, incorpora- 
283 tion of the....-.. 
285 plant, early uses of the.-........ 
283 references to early use of -...-..- 
284 restrictive laws passed by James 
284 I concerning use of .......-... 
283 supposed medicinal properties 
284 ips SoA oe seen ate UGE Ta 
283 use of, by the whites....-...... 
285 theory concerning cir- 
cumnavigation of the. 
283 | Tomahawk pipe, description of the...... 
283 origin of the 5: ..--22>- 
418 | Tooker, William Wallace, opinion of, con- 
cerning origin of monitor pipe........- 
Topography of Easter Island.-...........- 
4 | Touch, characters of minerals depending 
TOW ee ee ee ee te ee ees 
588 | Townsend, Charles H -.-....-........... 
engaged in study 
17 of eagles .....-.. 
title of paper by-.- 
541 | Townsend, C. H. Tyler, specimens of Ac- 
ridiidz col- 
lected by-.---.- 
603 specimens of 
plants received 
PRONG. sass 
51 | Trade pipe, distribution of the.......-.-- 
evidences of extentof the. .-.. 
71 OLICINOL thee asoseee ee = 
Trans-Mississippi and International Ex- 
OSLO aot eee ee eee 
526 Transportation and engineering, section 
621 of, condition of exhibition series in. --.- 
278 Traphagen, F. W., specimen of corundum 
278 "l\ >, presented by sse=e> smaqseO2 seen t aoe 
278 | Treasury Department, assistancerendered 
O8F | DY astnee ehiete se eee ee te 
652 | Triangular arrowpoints or spearheads 
71 (Division: 1a): n.-Sen.mo este gee e eee 
336 Tribolet, Miss M. A., ethnological speci- 
| menspresented by..-..----------------- 
17 | Triclinic crystals, dispersion of optic axes 
782 ini a5. See cet eee ee aes 
782 system of crystallography... ---- 
458 types of crystals in the- 
363 | Trigonal system, types of crystals in the. 
| Tring Museum, Tring, England, exchange 
625 Wa tlivss sepia se ciate ees Sonia eer 
Trochammina conglobata Brady..-.--..--- 
366 coronata Brady...-.------- 
444 genus of foraminifera -..-. 
624 pauciloculata Brady....--- 
406 Proteus KATvOly. .cccen. cares 
ringens Brady.--..-------- 
376 | Trochamminine, subfamily of foraminif- 
406 OLA: pian rales oes ee eee arat Bi tan Rae 


525 


49 


—. .. 


INDEX. 


Page. 


True, Frederick W., appointed representa- 
tive of Smithsonian 
Institution and Na- 
tional Museum for 
Tennessee Centen- 


nial Exposition. -.. 9, 34 
curator, department 
of mammals ...--.- 38 
executive curator. --. 9 
titles of papers by-.. - 209 
Truncatulina akneriana dOrbigny...---- 333 
genus of foraminifera.....- 332 
lobatula Walker and Jacob- 333 
precincta Karrer .-...--.-- 334 
pygmea Hantken ......... 334 
reticulata Czjzek ..-.--..--- 334 
robertsoniana Brady ---.--- 333 
rosea @’Orbigny ----------- 334 
tenerad Brady >-=---.--=---" 334 
ungeriana @’Orbigny .-.--- 333 
wuellerstorfi Schwager..-.-. 333 
Tschusi von, Victor Ritter zu Schmidhof- 
fen, exchange with............---.----- 14 
Tubular pipe, decoration of aboriginal 
types of the.........--. 627 
evolution of, to the rec- 
tangular shape .-..-.--- 424 
greater antiquity of the-. 626 
pipes, Mexican and Pueblo ....-. 361 
of North American Indi. 
ans generally .......... 382 
Tuckerman, Miss, engaged in archieolog- 

inal RinGiesers | oe oes eines = noe al 31 
JT a OU ee Se Seen ao seecoae 663, 749, 796 
Tunguses, reference to smoking among 

pee de cc BSD eo os aaa aoe oeasarcS 645 
Turkey, distribution of specimens in..-. 245 
Turner, Charles J., Cherokee stone pipe 

collected by .--.-.. 604 
steatite pipe collect- 
Win pease cess 545 
Turner, Lucien M., Micmac pipe collected 
LO ase Aas Saqasee as aaees ero tem onee 481 
Tylor, Edward B., remarks concerning 
cultivation of tobacco in Mexico by.... 372 
dyes Dini sho y Sane see osen ace 656 
Uhle, Dr. Max, reference to paper on snuft- 
MU DOSS oe eae nee nee eee ae mee ean 402 
Uhler, Philip R., title of paper by --.-.-..- 269 
Ulloa, Antonio de, quoted ................ 405 
Unisszial minerals. oc wes 686 
Unique types of pipes .-...........-. newt 605 
United States, accessions from.........-.. 131 
to library from 

institutions in 154 
distribution of specimens 

Wee ee eee aes sete siamo’ 239 

flint mines and quarries in- 868 

Wiraiaseiien- nose ee ee ance em ee ere nis> = 663, 797 
Uruguay, accessions to library from in- 

pri qiintie sy See Ee Se eS Se eooe 168 

Uvigerina angulosa Williamson.........- 320 
asperula Czjzek.....-....-.--2 320 
variety ampullacea 
SIAL) seoe eee a = 320 
genus of foraminifera........- 320 


! 


| Varden, J.,mound pipe collected by 


Uvigerina pygmea a’ Orbigny 
tenuistriata Reuss 

Vaeiko, Chief Ure, interpretation of hiero- 
glyphs on wooden tablets of Easter 
Island, by 
Vaginulina, genus of foraminifera 
legumen Linneus 

linearis Montagu 

spinigera Brady 

Valvulina cornica Parker and Jones 
genus of foraminifera. .....--- 
WEG AR Sse Sagoo eae sas wets 
Van Deusen, Mrs. A. B., collection of ce- 
ramics illustrative of American history 
deposited by 


stone hourglass tube collected 


Vaux, W.S., Italian type of clay pipe col- 
lected by 
Vega, Gareillasso de la, quoted 
Venezuela, accessious tolibrary from insti- 
tutions in 
Vermiculites, the 
Verneuilina, genus of foraminifera 
propinqua Brady 

pygmea Egger 
Vertebralina, genus of foraminifera 
insignis Brady 

Villages on Easter Island....-..----...-- 
Vinton, H. A. and F. H., spinet of seven- 
teenth century presented by 
Virgulina, genus of foraminifera 
schreibersiana Czjzek 
subsquamosa Egger 


Visitors 
Volume, characters of minerals depending 
upon 
Wafer, Lionel, smoking custom of peo- 
ple of Darien described 


unigue smoking custom 
described by 
Walcott, Charles D., gold-bearing quartz 
transmitted by -.- 
honorary curator, 
department of pa- 
leontology 

in charge of U.S. Na- 
tional Museum, 
January, 1897 .... 

report upon condi- 

tion and progress 

of U. S. National 
Museum during 

the year ending 

June 30, 1897 

titles of papers by-.. 


~ see ween 


AWG TENT ee qe eet eeca Sooo con sc coca 
in peace treaties 
between Eng- 
lish and Indi- 


661, 


506, 


631 


1020 INDEX. 


Page. 
War Department, U. S., Siouan pipes col- 
lected by the...... Oe eee eee ees 579, 580 
Ward, H. A., great pipe collected by .... 542 
Warming, Dr. E., exchange with......... 17 
specimens of tropical 
plants received in ex- 
change from ......... 58 
Warren, William W., quoted ............ 483 | 


Washington Camera Club, exhibition of 
dantern slidés"by,|. a-a-va-Ss <2 ons. 0 ee 33 
Washington, Henry S., specimens of vol- 
canic rocks pre- 
sented by-..-.-... 62 
stone ax and ham- 
mer stone pre- 
sented by.....- 67 
Water, relations of, to composition of min- 


Oralst..465:6- -a—cs 664 — 
physical properties 
of minerals ..... 664 
Watkins, J. C., rectangular pipe collected 
DY. 2c ck ontogenetic 600 


of buildings and super- 


INtCNASNCO Ss <= <a ep eis 9, 79 

curator of technological 
collechions\..s-a.ceee a 5a 69 

. Webb, Dr. De Witt, collecting outfit fur- 
Mighedto2 os <5 55.3 22 


negatives of photo- 
graphs of sea mon- 
ster (Octopus gi- 
ganteus) presented 


Bytes ee 47 
Webbina clavata Jones and Parker ....... 279 
genus of foraminifera ........-.. 279 | 
West, Dr. G. M., Micmac curved knives 
collected’ Dye-a. sens - 25s eee tee 733 
West Indies, accessions from ............ 139 
to library from 
institutions in. 167 
West Virginia, cache of prehistoric imple- 
ments found in.-........ 972 | 
prehistoric workshop in . 962 
Western Union Telegraph Company, ref: 
erence to correspondence with. . 71 


specimens of original apparatus 
showing development of the tel- 


egraph deposited by ..--....... 71 
White; Darad. coves ees eee 19 
title of paper by ..-....... 209 | 
White, Father Andrew D., quoted....... 549 | 
White, Dr. T. G., engaged in study of 
FOSSUS few ocr to ees eee ori 30 
Whiteaves, Prof. J. F., identification of 
series of Ordovician fossils by.....--... 56 
Whitehead, T. L., biconical stone pipe col- 
lected byiza- scsstossaa poet steerer oes 540 
Whites, use of pipes and tobacco by the.. 443 
Whitney, camp, on Easter Island........ 695 
Wihittemore |. Auscces eect era 39 
Widman, Otto, bird’s nest and eggs pre- 
Kented by: oi cea see hae aah ance atee ee 43 


Wied, Maximilian von, smoking custom 
of the Blackfeet described by.......... 570 


Page 
Wiegand, K. M., engaged in study of col- 
lectiqngs 5. e3siccce ee ane ee ce Oe 30 
Wiggins, J. B., rectangular pipe collected 
DY x6 <2 arene nope gece eee ea eee See 475 
Wilder, George D., bird skins received in 
exchange from ..... 40 
collecting outfit fur- 
nished t02..-5 ons see 22 
exchanges witb ...... 14,15 
Wilder, Gen. J. T., bow] pipe collected by. 431 
Cherokee pipes  col- 
lected diy ooo. faces 599 
Wilkes, Lieut. Charles, pipe from Puget 
Sound, ‘collected by s2.:22c% so. ee ee 585 
| Williams, Roger, quoted................. 417 
Willige, J. L., acting chief clerk.......... 78, 82 
remarks from annual report 
OL cite ees cos 78 
| Willoughby: Dacutol eee sone eee 19 
Wilmer, Col. L. Worthington, shells pre- 
Bente by pan-- was debe eee a. eee 47 
Wilson, Prof. Daniel, quoted.......... 480, 524, 605 
similarity between 
ancient pipes of 
Northern and 
Southern conti- 
ents observed by. 602 
Wilson, Lieut. D. B., inlaid Sioux pipe col- 
lected Dye oss oe cena ee ane eee 582 
Wilson, Dr. Thomas, appointed commis- 
sioner to Interna- 
tional Exposition 
at Brussels .....- 69 
Arrowpoints, 
Spearheads, and 
Knives of Prehis- 
toric Times, by.. 811 
curator,department 
of prehistoric an- 
thropology .....- 67 
professor of prehis- 
toric anthro- 
pology in Na- 
tional University 68 
series of archxo- 
logical objects de- 
posited by....... 67 
ticles of papers by. 209 
Wilson, Woodrow, description of condi- 
tions of French and English (1751-1753) 
HA aebore seein eee aes eg see Aaa 561 
Wiltheiss, C. T., animal head pipecollected 
Dine <2 acie semen caer anes e see 430 
Winlock, 'W..\C)2cz- c05 5.28 se cecectece eee 72 
biographical sketch of.... 35 
died, September 20........ 9, 34 
Winton, Rey. G. B., specimens of ancient 
Indian arts transmitted by.-............ 66 
Wisconsin, caches of prehistoric imple- 
ments found in ............ 980 
prehistoric flint workshops in 967 
Wroliramite:s. <i see ncn e eee ee 750 
Woman's College, Baltimore, Md., infor- 
mation, drawings, ete., concerning con- 
struction of museum cases furnished to. 29 


Wood, William, quoted 
Wooden carvings on Easter Island 
Woodman, H.'T., banded green slate pipe 
collected by 

biconical pipe collected 


| norton ASe Sesaacis 
rectangular stone pipe 
collected by.......--.- 


Woodworth, Dr. W. MeM., collection of 
Turbellarians and Nemerteans lent to. . 
Work of students and investigators at the 
Museum 

the Museum 
Museum preparators 

Wounds by arrowpoints or spearheads... 
Wright, Berlin H., Naiadescontributed by 
specimens of mol- 

lusks lent to 


INDEX. 
Page. 

418 Wyman, Prof. Jeffries, quoted............ 
705 | Wyoming, prehistoric mines, quarries, 
ANGsWOLESHOPS IN. msec ses \ccitiacse cence: 
544 | Young, Col. Bennett H., opinion of, con- 
cerning pipes in Kentucky............- 
536 | Yucatan, custom followed by the people of 
PAOOUMEOS HNO see cote. ne seme aie mame nce sm alnc 
607 | Zinc, andits combinations.............--. 

| Zoological Institute, Kiel, Germany, ex- 

28 change with .....- Saopecesec 
Museum, Copenhagen, Den- 
29 mark,exchange 
oi Withee soe eon oe 
85 Stockholm, Sweden, 
955 exchange with. - - 
47 | Zschokke, Prof. Dr. F., exchange with .--. 
Zurich Botanical Garden, Zurich, Switzer- 

28 land, exchange with........--.-.--...-- 


i) 


16 


15 
16 


17 


oy 


a 


swt PTE ee 


me 
- 
A. 


4 


ont, 


ee 


oie: 


- 
a 
ans 
* 
<i “a 


m-% 
Jee 


Ras 


=—~ 


ed 


or 
ile 
maf 


PAD. ete Se. 


a ie 2 x 


is ee 


sore tite 
ei em , NN 


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oe 


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9088 01421 6691