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SEVENTEENTH   ANNUAL   REPORT 


BOSTOiN  AVATER  BOARD, 


Year  ending  January  31,  1893. 


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Office  of  the  Boston  Water  Board, 

City  Hall,  Boston,  February  1,  1893. 

Hon.  Nathan  Matthews,  Jr., 

Mayor  of  the  City  of  Boston : 

Sir  :  The  Boston  Water  Board,  or  Water-Supply  Depart- 
ment, submit  their  annual  report  for  the  financial  year  ending 
January  31,  1893. 

The  following  is  a  comprehensive  summary  of  the  dis- 
bursements by  the  department  for  said  year : 

Money  expenditures,  Cocliituate  Water- 
Works  (see  page  23)       .  .         .  .        $947,842  39 

Money  expenditures,  Mystic  AYater-Works 

(seepage  24) 118,949  83 


$1,066,792  22 


Add   decrease   in    stock   during   year    (see 

page  25) 3,981  61 


$1,070,773  83 


Current   expenses,    Cochituate 

Water- Works  .  .  .  $350,743  68 
Current    expenses,     Mystic 

W^ater-Works      .          .          .  120,205  50 

Extension  of  mains,  etc.          .  221,992  71 

Additional  supply  of  water      .  313,844  53 

High  service             .         .          .  63,987  41 

$1,070,773  83 


We  submit  a  brief  summary  of  the  principal  facts  of  in- 
terest in  relation  to  the  work  of  the  department,  together 
with  a  detailed  statement  of  the  doings  and  condition  of 
the  separate  divisions. 


2  City  Document  No.  39. 

REVENUE. 

The  total  receipts  of  the  Cochituate  Works  from  all 
sources  for  the  twelve  months  ending  January  31,  1893, 
have  been  $1,457,936.37,  of  which  amount  $1,433,413.78 
was  received  from  sales  of  water.  The  total  receipts  of  the 
Mystic  Water- Works  from  all  sources  for  the  same  period 
have  been  $395,792.47,  of  which  $394,008.75  was  from  sales 
of  water;  of  this  amount  the  sum  of  $137,621.36  was  paid 
to  the  cities  of  Chelsea,  Somerville,  and  Everett,  under  their 
several  contracts  with  the  city  of  Boston.  Water  has  been 
furnished  for  street-sprinkling  without  charge  to  the  Street 
Department,  and  the  charge  for  hydrants  to  the  Fire  Depart- 
ment has  been  reduced  from  $15  to  $2  per  hj^drant  or  fire 
reservoir,  a  reduction  in  Cochituate  and  Mystic  revenue  from 
the  Fire  Department  equal  to  $63,371.00. 

By  Chap.  213,  Acts  of  1892,  the  Water  Board  was  author- 
ized to  charge  the  purchase  and  laying  of  pipes  to  revenue, 
after  the  expenses  and  charges  of  distribution,  the  interest 
on  the  outstanding  water  loans,  and  the  sinking-fund  charges 
have  been  paid.  Consequently,  the  Board  has  been  required 
to  expend  from  loan  for  extension  of  mains  during  the  past 
year  only  $134,566.78.  The  remaining  cost  of  extension  of 
mains,  $87,425.93,  has  been  paid  from  the  surplus  revenue. 

EXTENSION  OF  MAINS. 

Nearly  eighteen  miles  of  pipe  mains  have  been  laid  during 
the  year,  and  the  total  length  now  connected  with  the  works 
is  535.87  miles ;  2,447  service-pipes  have  been  laid;  203 
hydrants  have  been  established,  and  53  abandoned  ;  and  the 
total  number  of  hydrants  now  in  service  is  5,853. 

In  accordance  with  the  practice  in  many  other  cities,  a 
rule  was  adopted  January  1,  1893,  charging  the  cost  of 
all  new  service-pipes  hereafter  to  the  water-taker. 

The  Board  has  also  adopted  the  policy  of  charging  the 
cost  of  extensions  of  the  high-service  mains  for  the  supply 
of  automatic  sprinklers  or  fire-pipes  to  the  parties  asking 
for  such  extensions. 

At  the  request  of  the  Board  of  Health,  in  order  to  pro- 


Water-Supply   Department.  3 

vide  the  proposed  cholera  hospital  on  Gallop's  island  with 
water,  2,874  feet  of  six-inch  pipe  was  laid  on  Long  island, 
and  from  its  terminus  a  temporarj^  wrought-iron  pipe  was 
laid  under  water  from  Long  to  Gallop's  island.  This  work 
was  done  by  contract.  A  30-inch  main  was  laid  from  the 
junction  of  Tremont  street  and  West  Chester  square,  through 
East  Chester  park  and  Swett  street  to  Boston  street,  at  Wash- 
ino;ton  Villao;e,  South  Boston. 

JAMAICA  POND  AQUEDUCT  CORPORATION. 

By  Chap.  371,  Acts  of  1892,  the  city  was  authorized  to 
take,  through  the  Park  Commissioners,  by  [)urchase  or  other- 
wise, Jamaica  pond  and  Ward's  pond  as  a  public  park,  and 
in  pursuance  thereof  the  real  estate,  pumping-station,  etc.,  of 
the  Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct  Corporation  was  acquired  by 
the  city,  January  10,  1893.  At  the  same  time  the  Water 
Board  bought  the  pipe  system  of  the  Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct 
Corporation,  by  which  the  citizens  of  the  Roxbury  District 
were  chiefly  supplied  with  water.  The  price  paid  for  the 
entire  property  was  $125,000,  of  which  the  Water  Board  paid 
$75,000.  When  possession  was  taken,  the  Jamaica  pond 
water  was  shut  off  and  the  Cochituate  and  Sudbury  water 
turned  on,  and  the  citizens  of  Roxbury  are  now  supplied 
solely  with  Cochituate  and  Sudbury  water.  The  pipe  sys- 
tem purchased  from  the  Jamaica  Pond  Company  includes 
about  nine  mile  of  pipes  in  what  is  known  as  the  Roxbury 
District.  The  city  has  had  parallel  pipes  in  some  of  these 
streets,  but  the  district  has  been  chiefly  supplied  by  the 
Jamaica  Pond  Company,  the  rates  of  which  have  been 
slightly  less  than  the  city  rates. 

The  Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct  Corporation,  which  has  thus 
ceased  to  exist  as  a  water  company,  was  incorporated  Febru- 
ary 27,  1795.  By  an  act  of  the  General  Court,  Luther 
Eames,  Nathan  Bond,  and  William  Page,  and  their  associates, 
were  vested  with  corporate  powers  for  the  management  and 
direction  of  the  business,  as  a  company,  of  bringing  fresh 
water  into  the  town  of  Boston  by  subterraneous  pipes.  By 
a  subsequent  act,  June  10,  1796,  this  corporation  was 
empowered    to    assume    the   title    of  "  The  Aqueduct   Cor- 


4  City  Document  No.  39. 

poration."  The  corporation  was  authorized  to  bring  from 
any  part  of  the  town  of  Roxbury  into  the  town  of  Bos- 
ton all  such  fresh  water  as  they,  the  said  Luther  Eames, 
Nathan  Bond,  and  William  Page,  and  their  associates,  in  their 
private  and  natural  capacities  then  had  or  hereafter  should 
have  a  right  to  dispose  of  or  to  convey  from  the  springs  or 
sources  thereof.  The  water  Avas  brought  from  Jamaica 
pond  through  four  main  pipes  of  pitch-pine  logs,  two  of  four 
inches  bore  and  two  of  three  inches,  the  lateral  pipes  having 
a  bore  of  one  and  a  half  inches.  The  lineal  extent  of  the 
water-pipes  in  Boston  was  about  fifteen  miles,  and  they 
reached  north  as  far  as  Franklin  street,  and  branched  off 
easterly  through  Harrison  avenue  into  Congress  street, 
nearly  to  State  street  and  to  Broad  street.  They  also 
branched  off  westerly  through  Pleasant  and  Charles  streets, 
extending  as  far  as  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital, 
which  was  supplied  with  Jamaica-pond  water.  The  capital 
of  the  company,  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  was  about 
$130,000,  or  about  $1,300  a  share,  but  the  shares  became 
much  depreciated  in  value.  In  1840  this  company  laid  a 
ten-inch  iron  pipe  from  the  pond  to  Bowdoin  square.  (The 
foregoing  statement  is  compiled  from  one  of  the  articles  in 
Dr.  N.  B.  Shurtleff's  "Boston  in  the  Olden  Time,"  as  quoted 
on  pages  2-3  of  the  "  History  of  the  Introduction  of  Pure 
Water  into  the  City  of  Boston,"  by  Nathaniel  J.  Bradlee 
(Boston,  1868),  and  from  Mr.  Bradlee's  text.) 

When,  in  1836,  the  acquisition  and  introduction  of  a  sup- 
ply of  water  by  the  city  of  Boston  was  being  considered,  the 
aqueduct  corporation  presented  a  memorial  to  the  city 
government  offering  to  supply  the  city  with  "ten  times" 
the  quantity  of  water  furnished  "  upon  any  reasonable  assur- 
ance that  your  memorialists  will  have  no  reason  to  fear  any 
more  formidable  competition  than  that  of  a  private  corpora- 
tion." "  On  the  other  hand,  should  the  city  of  Boston  decide 
that  it  will  furnish  a  supply  of  pure  water  to  the  citizens, 
itself,  your  memorialists  hereby  tender  their  water-works  to 
the  city  for  a  reasonable  compensation."  In  October,  1846, 
after  the  passage  of  the  Cochituate  Water  Act,  memorials 
were  received  from  Edward  A.  Raymond  and  others  and 
from  Josiah  Bradlee  and  others  respecting  the  supply  from 
Jamaica  Pond,  and  asking  the  city  to  adopt  such  measures 
as  may  be  deemed  expedient  to  relieve  them  from  the  present 
difficulty  in  obtaining  a  supply  of  water.  These  were  re- 
ferred to  the  Committee  on  Water  of  the  City  Council, 
which,  on  December  17,  reported  that  they  considered  the 
petitions  equivalent  to  a  request  that  the  city  should  pur- 
chase  the   Jamaica    Pond   Aqueduct    under  the    authority 


Water-Supply  Department.  5 

granted  in  the  Abater  Act  (Sect.  16,  Chap.  167,  Acts  of 
1846),  and  that  they  had  applied  to  the  Water  Coraraission- 
ers  to  obtain  their  opinion  as  to  its  value  ;  and  that  the 
AVater  Commissioners  in  their  reply  recommend  its  pur- 
chase if  it  can  be  made  for  the  sum  of  $80,000  ;  that  this 
price  is  the  estimated  value  of  the  property  and  franchise  in 
the  hands  of  the  present  proprietors,  after  introduction  of 
water  by  the  city,  but  that  it  would  be  of  greater  value  to  the 
city.  [See  Bradlee's  History,  pao-es  18-19,  65-66.  Also 
City  Documents,  1846,  on  water,  Nos.  14^,  20,  21,  26,  32, 
47.]  November  10,  1848,  the  directors  of  the  Jamaica 
Pond  Aqueduct  Corporation  sent  a  memorial  to  the  City 
Council  praying  the  city  to  purchase  the  property,  in  which 
they  said  "  that  they  do  not  ask  redress  as  equals,  who  suffer 
in  competition  with  equals,  but  as  a  few  private  individuals 
who  are  sacriticed  on  the  altar  of  public  accommodation,  — 
a  very  few,  whose  property  is  destroyed  for  the  whole  re- 
mainder." This  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Water, 
who  reported  December  14,  recommending  the  desired 
purchase  for  the  sum  of  $75,000,  and  an  order  was  passed 
authorizing  the  same  in  one  branch  of  the  City  Council,  but 
it  was  non-concurred  in  by  the  other.  [Bradlee,  page  81,] 
January  27,  1851,  a  memorial  was  received  from  the 
Jamaica  Pond  Corporation  asking  for  a  hearing  in  regard  to 
the  sale  of  their  property  to  the  city,  which  hearing  was 
granted  on  Alarch  2iy.  On  April  2  the  Cochituate  Water 
Board  voted  to  offer  to  the  corporation  the  sum  of  $45,000 
for  their  property,  including  all  claims  for  damages.  This 
offer  was  accepted  by  the  corporation  on  April  30,  and  after 
a  question  raised  by  the  City  Council  as  to  whether  the 
Board  had  the  power  to  make  the  purchase  had  been  dis- 
posed of  b}^  the  City  Solicitor,  the  purchase  was  completed 
June  12,  1851,  by  the  payment  of  $45,217.50,  in  return  for 
"a  deed  of  all  the  property,  estate,  rights,  and  privileges  of 
the  corporation,  and  all  debts  due  it  since  April  30,  last,  and 
a  release  to  the  city  of  all  claims."  [Bradlee,  pa^es  138- 
140.] 

During  the  year  1852  the  city  of  Roxbury  offered  to  pur- 
chase the  Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct  from  the  city  of  Boston 
for  $35,000;  but  the  offer  was  not  accepted.  In  1853 
an  offer  of  $28,000  for  the  property  was  made  by  Eliphalet 
Baker,  again  on  May  24,  1854,  $27,500,  and  on  May  31, 
of  the  same  year,  $30,000  ;  but  these  several  offers  w^ere 
declined.  In  1856  it  was  decided  by  the  Cochituate  Water 
Board  that  it  was  best  to  sell  the  property  known  as 
the  Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct,  with  the  condition  "that  no 
Avater  should  be    supplied    within  the  present  limits  of  the 


6  City  Document  No.  39. 

city  of  Boston,"  and  the  president 'was  authorized  to  adver- 
tise for  proposals  for  the  same.  The  reason  for  coming 
to  this  conclusion  was,  that  "all  the  objects  for  which  the 
purchase  was  originally  made  had  been  or  would  be  ac- 
complished," namely:  ''First,  To  be  rid  of  rival  works; 
second,  To  quiet  all  claims  for  injury  to  their  pipes  by 
laying  down  our  pipes  ;  third.  To  annul  the  privilege  of 
breaking  up  and  injuring  the  streets,  whenever  and  wherever 
they  saw  fit."  In  answer  to  the  advertisement,  Messrs. 
George  H.  and  T.  B.  Williams,  of  Eoxbury,  made  an  offer 
of  $32,000  for  the  property,  which  was  accepted,  and  the 
property  passed  out  of  the  ownership  of  the  city.  [See 
Bradlee,  passim,  pages  149-176.] 

Eoxbury  was  annexed  to  Boston  in  1868,  and  question 
having  arisen  as  to  the  exclusive  right  of  the  Jamaica  Pond 
Aqueduct  Corporation  to  lay  pipes  in  Roxbury,  the  City 
Solicitor  gave  an  opinion  March  24,  1868,  that  the  Jamaica 
Pond  Company  "has  no  exclusive  right  to  supply  water"  to 
Roxbury,  and  that "  the  city  has  full  right  to  lay  pipes  and  fur- 
nish the  Cochituate  water  to  all  persons  within  the  limits  of 
that  territory  who  choose  to  take  it."  December  3,  1869,  a 
communication  was  received  by  the  Cochituate  Water  Board 
from  the  Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct  Corporation  offering  to  sell 
the  property  to  the  city  for  $225,000.  It  was  voted  not  to 
accept  the  proposition.  February  18,  1871,  a  committee  was 
appointed  to  consider  the  expediency  of  purchasing  the 
property.  October  12,  1874,  a  petition  was  received  by 
the  City  Council  from  a  number  of  citizens  of  Ward  17 
asking  the  cit}^  to  purchase  Jamaica  pond  and  supply  Ward 
17  from  that  source.  The  communication  was  referred  to 
the  Committee  on  Water,  who  obtained  a  written  opinion  as 
to  the  value  of  the  property  and  the  best  methods  of  supply- 
ing the  West  Roxbury  and  Brighton  districts  with  water, 
from  the  City  Engineer,  and  subsequently  reported  that 
the  price  ($200,000)  asked  for  that  property  was  more  than 
its  real  value  (City  Document,  No.  108,  1874).  [See  His- 
tory of  the  Boston  Water- Works,  1868  to  1876,  by  Desmond 
FitzGerald,^as.sm,  pages  3,  12,  19,  55.] 

The  matter  of  purchase  was  mooted  by  the  city  govern- 
ment of  1880 ;  but  no  action  was  taken.  In  1881  the 
Jamaica  Pond  Corporation  offered  to  sell  the  property  to  the 
city  for  $100,000,  or  to  have  price  fixed  by  the  city,  the  city 
to  choose  all  referees  if  desired.  This  offer  was  repeated  in 
1882;  but  no  action  was  taken.  February  11,  1886,  the 
corporation  again  offered  to  sell  the  property  to  the  city  for 
$100,000  and  taxes  for  the  current  year,  or  at  such  price  as 
should  be  fixed  by  three  disinterested  men,  —  one  named  by 


Water-Supply  Department.  7 

the  city,  one  by  the  corporation,  and  the  third  by  the  two  so 
chosen.  March  17,  1887,  this  offer  was  substantially  re- 
peated, and  on  March  22  the  Water  Board  wrote  to  the 
Aqueduct  Corporation  that  the  Committee  on  Water  had  re- 
quested them  to  state  that  the  committee  would  recommend 
to  the  City  Council  the  purchase  of  the  property  for  $75,000 
if  the  corporation  would  sell  for  that  price.  This  oft'er  was 
refused  by  the  corporation,  March  24.  June  6,  1889,  an 
order  was  passed  by  the  Common  Council  requesting  the 
Water  Board  to  report  to  that  body  as  to  the  advisability  of 
purchasing  the  property.  June  10,  1889,  the  Water  Board 
"wrote  to  the  corporation  to  inquire  for  what  sum  the  corpo- 
ration would  sell  its  property  and  franchises,  and  on  June  11 
received  an  ofler  to  sell  for  such  sum  as  three  disinterested 
persons  should  name,  or  $100,000  and  taxes.  June  13  the 
Water  Board  transmitted  this  offer,  with  a  communication,  to 
the  Common  Council,  urgently  recommending  the  purchase. 
May  11,  1891,  the  Water  Board  wrote  to  the  Aqueduct  Cor- 
poration to  inquire  if  the  corporation  was  ready  to  renew  the 
offer  of  June  11,  1889,  and  on  May  11  received  a  reply  that 
the  corporation  would  sell  its  propeity  and  franchises  for 
such  sum  as  might  be  awarded  b}-  three  disinterested 
referees.  May  25  the  Water  Board  wrote  to  the  Mayor, 
renewing  its  arguments,  and  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that 
the  Park  Department  wished  to  acquire  the  real  estate  of  the 
corporation  for  park  purposes,  and  the  communication  was 
transmitted  by  the  Mayor  to  the  City  Council  with  a  recom- 
mendation that  the  property  be  purchased.  The  passage  by 
the  Legislature  of  Chap.  371,  Acts  of  1892,  above  re- 
ferred to,  enabled  the  Park  Department  to  purchase  the  real 
estate  without  an  order  from  the  city  government,  and  the 
pipe  system  was  bought  by  the  Water  Board  at  the  same 
time  by  agreement  with  the  Park  Commissioners. 


CONSUMPTION  OF  WATER. 

The  rainfall  during  the  past  year  was  the  smallest  since 
1883,  and  the  statistics  show  a  large  percentage  of  increase 
in  the  amount  of  water  consumed.  The  daily  average  con- 
sumption per  head  of  population  on  the  Sudbury  and 
Cochituate  supply  the  past  year  was  95.3  gallons,  and  on 
the  Mystic  supply  78.6  gallons,  as  against  89.3  and  74.7 
the  previous  year.  The  daily  average  consumption  was 
41,312,400  gallons  on  the  Cochituate  and  Sudbury,  and 
9,810,800  on  the  Mystic,  as  against  37,686,900  and  9,055,- 
200  respectively  in  1892. 


8  City  Document  No.  39. 

HIGH-SERVICE  PUMPING-ENGINE. 

On  June  8  a  contract  for  $120,500  was  made  with  N. 
F.  Palmer,  Jr.  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  for  buildins;  and  erect- 
ing a  new  high-service  pumping-engine  for  the  Chestnut- 
hill  Pumping-station,  to  be  constructed  in  accordance  with 
plans  prepared  by  Mr.  E.  D.  Leavitt.  This  engine,  which 
will  have  a  pumping  capacity  of  20,000,000  gallons  in 
twenty-four  hours,  will  be  completed  within  a  few  months, 
and  will  be  an  important  and  necessary  addition  to  the  plant. 
Owing  to  the  rapid  growth  of  the  city  and  the  increasing 
number  of  tall  buildings,  the  demands  upon  the  high  service 
have  become  so  great  that  at  times  both  of  the  present 
engines  now  in  service,  each  of  which  has  a  pumping  capacity 
of  8,000,000  gallons,  have  to  be  worked.  The  policy  in 
most  cities  is  to  deliver  water  in  the  basement  of  buildings, 
and  oblige  the  water-takers  to  pump  it  to  the  upper  stories, 
but  the  water-takers  of  Boston  have  become  accustomed  to 
expect  that  water  will  be  made  to  flow  freely  in  the  tops  of 
the  highest  buildings  without  the  assistance  of  pumps,  tanks, 
adequate  plumbing,  or  any  of  the  appliances  which  the 
water-takers  of  New  York  and  other  places  expect  to  pro- 
vide at  their  own  expense.  It  is  extremely  doubtful  if  the 
city  can  afford  to  continue  the  policy  of  providing  a  pressure 
that  will  send  water  to  the  top  story  of  the  highest  buildings, 
and  certainly  it  would  seem  reasonable  that  those  who  erect 
high  buildings  should  protect  themselves  by  suitable  appli- 
ances against  the  falling  off"  in  the  pressure  certain  to  occur 
at  times  of  excessive  consumption,  as  during  the  present  cold 
winter. 

BASIN  6. 

The  work  of  construction  on  Basin  6  was  continued  from 
early  in  April  until  the  end  of  the  season.  The  dam  was 
raised  21  feet,  both  gate-chambers  were  built  to  grade,  A'"alves 
were  placed  in  the  lower  gate-house,  and  the  wasteway  was 
completed.  Of  the  work  of  stripping,  the  contracts  for 
sections  A,  B,  and  C  have  been  completed,  and  both  D  and 
E  are  nearly  completed.  The  contract  for  Ewas  let  January 
13,  1892,  to  John  Berry  &  Co.,  for  40  cents  per  cubic  yard, 
on  an  estimated  amount  of  $47,786.  By  the  end  of  another 
season  this  basin  will  be  finished  and  ready  to  be  filled  dur- 
ing the  winter  of  1893-94. 

ADDITIONAL  BASIN. 

It  is  important  that  the  work  of  constructing  a  new  basin 
on  the  Sudbury  water-shed  be  begun  at  once.     The  plans  and 


Water-Supply  DePAIIT3IENT.  9 

surveys  for  this  basin  are  being  made,  and  the  hinds  for  the 
same  will  be  taken  as  soon  as  the  necessary  funds  are  pro- 
vided by  the  City  Council.  A  loan  order  for  $2,500,000 
was  introduced  January  2,  1893,  and  has  passed  one  branch 
of  the  city  government.  This  sum  will  be  required  for  the 
construction  of  this  large  basin,  which  will  have  a  capacity 
of  about  12,500,000  gallons  daily,  —  nearly  three  times  the 
capacity  of  Basin  4  or  (5.  In  view  of  the  large  increase  in 
consumption  of  water,  indicating  the  rapid  growth  of  the 
city,  it  is  imperative  that  there  be  no  delay  in  building  this 
basin.  In  the  event  of  a  series  of  dry  j'ears  we  should  not 
have  more  than  sufficient  water  for  the  needs  of  the  city, 
even  including  the  supply  from  Basin  6,  which  will  not  be 
available  until  1895.  It  will  take  about  five  years  to  com- 
plete a  new  basin. 

MEASURES  TO  IMPROVE  THE  QUALITY  OF  THE  SUPPLY. 

The  sewerage  systems  of  the  city  of  Marlboro'  and  the 
town  of  Westboro'  have  been  completed,  and  the  sums 
due  these  communities  under  our  contracts  with  them  have 
been  paid,  and  both  of  these  systems  are  working  satisfac- 
torily. As  we  stated  in  our  report  a  year  ago,  decided  im- 
provement in  the  quality  of  the  water  of  Basin  3  is  likely  to 
result  from  this  removal  of  a  large  portion  of  the  sewage 
of  Marllioro'  from  the  w\ater-shed  of  the  Stony-brook 
branch  of  the  Sudbury.  Although  the  sewerage  system  of 
Framingham  has  been  in  active  operation  for  about  three 
years,  we  have  up  to  this  time  declined  to  pay  the  $25,000 
which  bj^  the  terms  of  the  contract  the  city  of  Boston  was  to 
pay  on  the  completion  of  the  system,  for  the  reason  that  the 
surfiice-water  of  the  town  of  Framingham,  contrary  to  the 
plans  approved  by  us,  is  allowed  to  flow  under  the  sewer 
into  a  brook  tributary  to  our  water  supply.  The  authorities 
of  Framingham  have  been  considering  the  best  method  of 
diverting  this  surface-water  so  that  it  may  cease  to  be  a 
source  of  possible  future  danger  to  the  city  of  Boston,  and 
plans  are  now  being  prepared  with  a  view^  to  a  final  disposi- 
tion of  thematter  in  a  satisfactory  manner.  We  are  glad  to 
report  that  the  town  of  Natick  has  recently  submitted  to  us 
plans  of  a  proposed  sewerage  system  for  that  town.  These 
plans  have  been  carefully  considered  by  us,  and  we  have 
written  to  the  authorities  of  Natick,  that  on  the  condition 
that  certain  minor  modifications  be  made  therein,  the  Water 
Board  will  advise  the  City  Council  of  Boston  to  appropriate 
a  specified  sum  by  way  of  contribution  to  the  expenses  of 
the  system. 

The  Board  has  directed    the    City   Engineer   to  prepare 


10  City  Document  No.  39. 

plans  for  the  filtration  of  the  water  of  Pegan  brook,  which 
work  will  be  undertaken  early  in  the  spring.  The  water  of 
this  brook  has  been  steadily  improving,  but  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  some  time  must  elapse  before  a  sewerage  system  for 
Natick  can  be  completed,  we  have  deemed  it  wise  to  under- 
take this  improvement  in  order  to  avert  any  possible  dangers 
of  pollution  during  the  coming  season.  Work  will  also  be 
begun  on  the  important  scheme  of  draining  Cedar  swamp  at 
the  head-waters  of  the  Sudbury  supply,  to  which  reference 
was  made  in  our  last  report.  It  was  not  practicable  to  begin 
work  in  1892,  owing  to  the  serious  engineering  difficulties  in- 
volved. On  the  Mystic  arrangements  have  been  entered 
into  with  the  proprietor  of  a  large  tannery  at  Stoneham  for 
chemically  treating  and  subsequently  filtering  the  sewage 
from  his  premises,  with  a  view  to  treating  the  sewage  from 
other  tanneries  in  the  same  manner,  if  this  experiment  prove 
successful. 

FILTRATION  OF  THE  MYSTIC  SUPPLY. 

Special  attention  is  called  to  the  accompanying  report  of 
the  City  Engineer,  wherein  he  recommends  the  filtration  of 
the  Mystic  supply.  The  Water  Board  have  at  various  times 
in  their  annual  reports  stated  that  the  Mystic  water  was  far 
from  satisfactory  in  its  present  condition,  and  intimated  that 
it  might  become  desirable  to  abandon  it.  As  the  result  of 
a  series  of  experiments  authorized  by  this  Board,  the  En- 
gineer estimates  that  by  an  expenditure  of  five  hundred  and 
seventy-five  thousand  dollars  ($575,000),  a  satisfactory  fil- 
tration plant  can  be  built  on  the  shore  of  Mystic  lake.  It 
will  also  be  necessary  to  build  a  new  engine,  boilers,  and 
engine-house,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $150,000,  if  the  Mystic 
system  is  to  be  retained.  At  present  Charlestown  is  the  only 
portion  of  Boston  supplied  with  Mystic  water.  This  district 
uses  only  about  3,000,000  gallons  daily.  We  supply,  how- 
ever, Everett,  Chelsea,  and  Somerville,  by  contract,  with 
Mystic  water,  and  the  amount  of  water  consumed  by  Charles- 
town,  Everett,  Chelsea,  and  Somerville  combined  is  at  pres- 
ent greater  than  the  natural  yield  of  the  Mystic  supply  in 
a  period  of  drought,  which  is  only  7,000,000  gallons  daily. 
This  year  these  communities  used  a  daily  average  of  9,810,800 
gallons.  These  communities  are  growing,  and  there  will  not 
be  enough  water  for  all  of  them  for  any  great  length  of  time, 
or  whenever  we  have  a  dry  series  of  years.  If  the  city  of 
Boston  is  to  retain  the  Mystic  supply,  we  should  at  once  be 
authorized  to  expend  the  necessary  sum  for  making  the  water 
wholesome,  and  providing  a  suitable  pumping  plant. 


Water-Supply  Department.  11 

CAPACITY  OF  DISTRIBUTION  SYSTEM  FOR  FIRE  PURPOSES. 
Early  in  the  year  the  Board  requested  the  City  Engineer 
to  make  investigations  as  to  how  the  water-pipe  system  for 
protection  against  fire  of  Boston  compares  with  the  systems 
in  other  large  cities  of  the  United  States,  and  a  competent 
representative  was  sent  to  make  personal  inspection  of  the 
resources  of  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 
Washington,  Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  Chicago, 
Detroit,  and  Cleveland.  The  results  of  this  inspection, 
which  appear  in  the  accompanying  report  of  the  City 
Engineer,  and  which  will  repay  careful  examination,  estab- 
lish conclusively  that  Boston  is  at  least  not  second  to  any 
of  the  other  cities  of  the  country  in  the  capacity  of  its  water- 
pipe  system  for  supplying  water  to  extinguish  fires.  Plans 
of  the  entire  city,  dividing  the  city  into  districts,  and  show- 
ing the  capacity  of  the  distribution  system  at  every  point, 
have  been  prepared  and  furnished  to  the  Fire  Department. 

THE   FUTURE   OF   THE   SUPPLY. 

As  regards  the  future  of  the  supply,  the  Water  Board  on 
December  2,  1892,  submitted  the  following  special  report  to 
the  Mayor.  The  table  thereto  appended  shows  the  popula- 
tion of  Boston  and  its  suburbs  from  1850  to  1890,  with 
estimated  population  from  1890  to  1920,  also  the  population 
within  the  present  city  limits,  and  the  population  of  metro- 
politan districts  within  six  and  ten  miles  of  City  Hall.  In  our 
report  of  last  year  the  Board  called  attention  to  the  fiict  that 
by  the  end  of  ten  years  the  capacities  of  the  Sudbury  will  be 
exhausted,  and  that  the  needs  of  the  cities  and  towns  neigh- 
boring to  Boston  will  probably  have  to  be  considered  in 
connection  with  any  problem  of  a  new  source  of  supply  for 
Boston.  As  no  funds  are  at  the  disposal  of  this  Board  for 
the  prosecution  of  independent  investigations,  and  as  the  in- 
terests of  other  committees  are  likely  to  be  concerned,  it 
seems  to  us  desirable  that  the  Legislature  should  authorize 
the  appointment  of  a  metropolitan  commission  for  the  con- 
sideration of  this  question. 

Office  of  the  Boston  Water  Board, 

City  Hall,  Boston,  December  2,  1892. 

Hon.  Xathan  Matthews,  Jr., 

Mayor  : 
Sir  :  The  Boston  Water  Board  has  the  honor  to  submit  the  followmg 
statement  regarding  the  quantity  of  the  water  suj^ply  and  the  immediate 
and  prospective  needs  of  the  city  as  regai'ds  the  future  development  of 
the  Sudbury  system  by  the  construction  of  additional  basins,  and  the 
necessity  of  considering  the  i^roblem  of  a  new  source  of  supply. 


12      .  City  Document  No.  39. 

Basin  6,  so  called,  on  Indian  brook,  now  in  process  of  construction, 
•will  be  completed  hj  the  end  of  another  year,  adding  about  four  million 
gallons  daily  to  the  supj)ly. 

In  order  to  avoid  the  certainty  of  a  scarcity  of  Avater  in  case  of  drought, 
the  work  of  constructing  a  new  and  much  larger  basin  on  the  Sudbury 
river  should  be  begun  forthwith. 

When  the  special  report  of  March,  1888.  Avas  made  by  the  Water 
Board  and  City  Engineer,  it  was  figured  that  the  full  dcA^elopment  of  the 
Sudbury  and  Cochituate  system  Avould  yield  only  49,000,000  gallons 
daily,  but  as  appears  from  the  communication  of  the  City  Engineer, 
hereto  annexed,  later  and  more  thorough  investigations  justify  the  con- 
fident statement  that  this  yield  can  be  increased  to  67,000,000  gallons 
daily. 

It  appears  from  these  studies  that  two  basins  of  very  large  capacity 
can  be  built,  one  on  the  Stony-brook  branch  and  one  on  the  main  sti-eam 
of  the  Sudbury  river,  each  of  which  Avill  add  from  ten  to  twelve  million 
gallons  daily  to  the  supply,  and  the  cost  of  either  of  Avhich  will  be  about 
12,500,000. 

The  cost  of  building  Basin  6  Avill  be  about  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
fiA^e  thousand  dollars  ($225,000)  per  one  million  gallons  net  daily  yield, 
while  for  a  new  and  larger  basin,  as  designed,  the  cost  per  one  million 
gallons  net  daily  yield  will  be  less  than  two  hundred  thousand  dollars 
($200,000). 

This  decrease  in  estimated  cost  is  due  to  the  fact  that  a  basin  on  a  very 
large  scale  can  be  built  at  a  less  cost  than  a  smaller  one,  provided  the 
other  conditions  are  not  dissimilar. 

A  new  basin  can  be  built  in  from  five  to  seven  years  without  an  in- 
crease in  the  net  water  debt. 

Of  the  $1,045,000  loan  for  additional  water  supply,  approved  Novem- 
ber 13,  1889,  the  balance  December  1  ($227,495.14)  remaining  Avill  be 
necessary  for  the  completion  of  Basin  6  and  for  the  settlement  of  the 
damages  that  may  be  aAvarded  in  consequence  of  the  taking  of  Whitehall 
pond. 

Accordingly  for  this  new  work  a  neAV  loan  is  necessary,  and  Ave  re- 
spectfully request  that  our  necessities  may  be  laid  before  the  city 
gOA^ernment. 

The  advantages  accruing  from  the  construction  of  a  ncAV  basin  AA'ill 
be  not  only  to  increase  the  supply  of  the  city  in  time  of  drought  from 
ten  to  twelve  million  gallons  dailj^  but  also  materially  to  increase  the 
purity  of  the  Avater,  and  on  this  point  the  Board  cannot  speak  too 
forcibly. 

When  one  additional  basin  is  completed  the  city  Avill  have  a  supply  of 
from  51,000,000  to  53,500,000  gallons  daily,  Avhieh,  according  to^the  es- 
timates of  the  increase  of  j^opulation  hereto  annexed,  Avill  no  more  than 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  district  noAV  supplied  by  the  Sudbury  and 
Cochituate  systems  in  the  year  1900. 

By  further  developments,  such  as  raising  the  dam  at  Whitehall  pond 
eight  feet,  raising  the  dam  at  Lake  Cochituate,  improving  Basin  1, 
and  building  a  compensating  reservoir  to  supply  the  1,500,000  gallons 
daily  which  are  required  by  laAV  to  be  sent  doAvn  the  Sudbury  below 
Dam  1,  and  the  possible  construction  of  a  second  new  basin  on  the 
Sudbury  system,  the  combined  supplies  can  be  made  to  furnish  67,500,- 
000  gallons  daily,  Avhich,  according  to  an  estimated  four  per  cent,  annual 
increase  over  the  consumption  in  1890,  Avould  be  the  supply  required  in 
1905,  provided  that  no  additional  territory  than  at  present  be  supj^^lied 
from  the  Sudbury  and  Cochituate  system. 

It  may  be  said  that  Avhile  the  construction  of  one  ucaa'  basin  isimpera- 
tiA'e  in  order  to  develop  the  Sudbuiy  system  to  meet  present  needs  and 
also  to  serve  as  an  adjunct  to  any  future  supply-  of  the  city,  further  in- 
vestigations may  prove  that  a  second  basin  cannot  be  adA^antageously 


Water-Supply  Department. 


13 


built,  in  which  case  the  ultimate  capacity  would  be  reduced  ten  million 
gallons  daily. 

It  will  be  seen  that  we  are  rapidly  nearing  the  time  when  a  new  source 
of  supply  must  be  provided,  and  we  take  this  opportunity  to  call  public 
attention  to  the  fact. 

In  connection  with  the  problem  of  any  new  supply  for  the  city  of 
Boston,  the  requirements  of  adjacent  cities  and  towns  may  well  be  taken 
into  account,  as  their  rapid  growth  will  soon  render  their  present  sup- 
plies inadequate. 

In  this  connection  we  call  attention  to  the  annexed  table,  showing  the 
population  of  Boston  and  its  suburbs  from  1850  to  1890,  with  estimated 
population  from  1890  to  1920. 

Very  respectfulh", 

BOSTON  WATER  BOARD, 
By  Robert  Grant, 

Chairman. 


City  of  Boston,  Engineering  Department, 

50  City  Hall,  December  2,  1892. 
Mr.  Robert  Grant, 

Chairman  Boston  Water  Board  : 
Sir  :  In  compliance  with  your  request,  the  following  estimate  of  the 
ultimate  capacity  of  the  Sudbury  and  Cochituate  water  supplies  have 
been  prepared.  The  increased  capacity  over  that  shown  by  the  estimate 
of  March  3,  1888,  is  mainly  due  to  the  enlargement  of  the  proposed 
basin  on  the  Stony-brook  branch,  Xo.  5,  and  to  a  jDrojected  basin  to  be 
made  by  excavating  Cedar  swamj) ;  later  surveys  and  studies  having 
shown  that  the  increased  development  is  possible. 

The  estimate  of  the  capacit}'  of  the  different  basins  has  been  made 
without  any  allowance  for  water  stox'ed  in  the  groimd  surrounding  them, 
and  is  as  follows  : 

Present  Ultimate 

Capacity.  Capacity. 

9,700,000     12,300,000 

10,100,000      6,700,000 

5,200,000      5,200,000 

4,700,000 

12,300,000 

3,300,000      3,300,000 

9,200,000     4,800,000 

17,100,000 

37,600,000     67,400,000 
1,500,000 

68,900,000 


Lake  Cochituate 

Basins  1  and  2,  and  Farm  pond 

Basin  4    . 

Basin  6 

Cedar  swamp 

Whitehall  pond 

Basin  3 

Basin  5 


Compensating  reservoir 


The  net  increase  due  to  the  different 

Raising  Whitehall  pond  8  feet 
Cedar  swamp  basin 
Basin  5  .... 

Basin  6  .... 

Raisins'  Lake  Cochituate 


mprovements  is  as  follows  : 

1,000,000 
9,900,000 
12,700,000 
3,700,000 
2,600,000 


29,900,000 

^  These  results,  however,  can  only  be  obtained  in  actual  practice  by  the 
most  skilful  management. 


14  City  Document  No.  39. 

Appended  is  a  table  showing  population  of  Boston  and  its  suburbs 
from  1850  to  1890,  with,  estimated  population  from  1890  to  1920,  also 
the  total  population  within  the  present  city  limits  and  the  population  of 
metropolitan  districts  within  six  and  ten  miles  of  the  City  Hall. 

Yours  respectfully, 
(Signed)  William  Jackson, 

City  Engineer. 

We  append  tables  showing  in  detail  the  expenditures  for 
the  financial  year,  the  condition  of  the  water  debts,  and  of 
general  statistics,  etc. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Robert  Grant, 
John  W.  Leighton, 
Thomas  F.  Doherty, 

Boston  Water  Board. 


TABLE    SHOWING  POPULATION    OF    BOSTON   AND    ITS    SUBUUBS    FKOM    1850    TO    180O, 
With  Estimated  Population  from  1890  to  1920,  also  the  Total  Population  within  the  present  City  Limits,  and  tlie  Population  of  Metropolitan  Districts  within  Six  and 


Ten  miles  of  the  City  Hall. 


City  Proper  .  . 
East  Boston  . 
South  Bostou  . 
Roxbury  .  .  . 
Doi-cliester  .  . 
West  Roxbury 
Brigbton  .  .  . 
Charlestown    . 


13,30U 
18,364 
7,969 

2,356 
17,216 


61.9 
27.1 


126,296 
16,963 
16,912 
16,469 


6.75 
21.25 
47.35 

6.1 


133,563 
19,356 
24,921 
25,137 
9,769 
6,310 
3,376 
25,066 


141,083 
21,872 
29,363 
28,426 
10,717 
6,912 
3,854 


138,781 
26,616 
39,215 
34,763 
12,261 


35.7 
24.8 


140,669 
29,347 
64,147 
60,429 
16,788 
11,783 
6,200 
33,556 


147,075 
29,926 
66,369 
67,123 
17,890 
14,032 


147,138 
31,419 
61,634 
6.5,965 
20,717 
17,424 
8,523 
36,673 


161,330 
36,930 
66,791 
78,411 
29,638 
24,997 
12,032 
38,348 


166,170 
42,470 
73,470 
90,170 
39,500 
33,330 
16,040 
39,100 


171,.500 
48,840 
80,820 

103,700 
49,400 
43,330 
21,390 
39,900 


174,580 
53,720 
88,900 

119,250 
61,740 
54,170 
26,740 
40,700 


178,070 
59,100 
96,000 

137,140 
74,080 
66,020 
33,420 
41,500 


181,630 
65,000 
103,700 
150,850 
88,900 
78,020 
40,100 
42,340 


18.5,260 
71,500 
112,000 
165,940 
106,680 
93,630 
48,130 
4.3,180 


Total,  6  miles  radiii 


247,496 


Soraerville 
Cbelsca  , 
Everett  . 
Cambridge 
Brooklinc 
Maiden  .  . 
Medford  . 
Rcvei-e  .  .  , 
Winthrop 


3,640 
6,701 

16,215 
2,616 
3,520 
3,749 


30.46 
22.8 


5,806 
10,151 

20,473 
3,737 
4,692 


8,025 
13,396 


5,164 

5,866 

4,842 

921 


9,353 
14,403 


14,085 
18,547 
2,220 
30,634 
6,650 
7,367 
6,717 
1,197 


47.2 
16.9 


21,868 
20,737 

3,651 
47,838 

6,675 
10,843 

6,627 

i,e 


24,933 

21,782 
4,169 

62,669 
8,057 

12,017 
7,573 
2,263 
1,043 


29,971 

25,709 
5,825 

59,658 
9,196 

16,407 
9,042 
3,637 
1,370 


40,152 
27,909 
11,068 
70,028 
12,103 
23,031 
11,079 
5,61 


50,190 
32,100 
15,600 
80,600 
15,730 
32,240 
13,300 
7,930 
4,090 


62,740 
36,910 
21,830 
92,600 
19,660 
45,140 
15,950 
11,100 
6,130 


75,290 
42,450 
28,380 
106,600 
24,6«0 
58,680- 
19,150 
15,550 
8,580 


90,340 
40,690 
36,900 
122,480 
29,500 
75,280 
23,000 
20,200 
11,160 


108,400  I 
51,360 
46,100 

140,850 
35,400 
94,100 
27,670 
26,300 
13,940 


154,9.30 
42,480 

117,030 
33,100 
34,160 
17,430 


Newton     . 
Hyde  Park 
Qniney  .  .   , 
Melrose    . 
Arlington 
Watertown 
Belmont    .  . 
Waltham  .   . 
Winehcster  . 
Wolnmi 
Milton    .    . 
btoucbiiui 
Saugus  .  .    , 
I,ynn     .  . 
Nahant  .   . 
Wakcflcld 


5,017 
1,200 
2,202 
2,837 

4,464 
1,353 
3,956 
2,241 
2,085 
1,662 
14,257 


5,921 
1,976 
»,670 
3,678 

6,049 
1,801 
6,448 
2,666 
2,518 


S.75 
7.65 
16.4 
0.5 
27.3 
13.2 
21.4 
40.7 


6,778  ( 
2,632 
2,681 
3,270 
1,11 
6,31 
1,937 
6,287 
2,669 
3,206 
2,024 
19,083 


13.16 
2.95 
15.6 


6,718 
2,865 
2,760 
3,779 
1,278 
6,896 
1,9C8 


2,006 
20,747 


12,826 
4,136 
7,442 
3,414 
3,261 
4,326 
1,613 
9,065 
2,645 
8,560 
2,683 
4,613 
2,247 

28,233 


51.7 
27.6 


25.6 
52.7 


61.3 
29.4 


16,105 
6,316 
9,155 
3,990 
3,906 
6,099 
1,£ 

9,946 
3,099 
9,,568 
2,738 
4,984 
2,578 

32,600 


12.2 
15.6 
14.3 


4,100 
6,426 
1,616 

11,712 
3,802 

10,931 
3,206 
4,890 
2,625 

38,274 


18.2 
14.9 


19,769 
8,376 

12.145 
6,101 
4,673 
6,238 
1,' 

14,609 
4,390 

11,750 
3,665 
5,650 
2,855 

45.867 
637 


24,379 
10,193 
16,723 
8,619 
6,629 
7,073 
2,098 
18,707 
4,81 
13,409 
4,278 
6,166 
3,673 
55,727 


29,2.50 

11,720 

20,900 

U,3I 
6,750 
8,130 
2,620 

23,380 
5,590 

16,520 
6,140 
7,070 
4,400 

66,900 
970 


35,100 
13,470 
26,130 
15,160 
8,100 
9.3.")0 
3,020 
29,230 
6,430 
17,850 
6,160 
8,130 
5,280 


42,120 
16,500 
32,660 
19,700 

9,730 
10,750 

3.620 
36,510 

7,390 
19,610 

7,400 

0,350 

6,310 
96,.'!30 

1,170 
10,100 


50.660 
17,820 
39,200 
25,600 
11,700 
12,360 

4,3.50 
43,850 

8,.500 
21,600 

8,500 
10,750 

7,290 
110,770 

1,291 


68,130 
20,600 
47,030 
32,000 
13,440 
14,200 

5,220 
52,620 

9,780 
23,760 


8,390 

127,380 

1,420 

12,290 


66,8.50 
23,570 
66,440 
40,000 
15,4.50 
16,360 

6,260 
63,140 
10,260 
26,130 
10,250 
14,220 

9,650 
146,500 

1,560 


Total,  10  miles  radia 


GENERAL     STATISTICS. 


SUDBUBT    AND   COCHITUATE    WORKS. 


Daily  average  consumption  in  gallons 

Daily  average  consumption  in  gallons  per  inhabitant   

Daily  average  amount  used  through  meters,  gallons 

Percentage  of  total  consumption  metered 

Number  of  services . 

Number  of  meters  and  motors 

Length  of  supply  and  distributing  mains,  in  miles 

Number  of  fire-hydrants  in  use 

Yearly  revenue  from  water-rates 

Yearly  revenue  from  metered  water 

Percentage  of  total  revenue  from  metered  water    

Cost  of  works  on  Jan.  1,  1891,  Feb.  1,  1892  and  1893 

Yearly  expense  of  maintenance 

Mystic  Works. 

Daily  average  consumption  in  gallons 

Daily  average  consumption  in  gallons  per  inhabitant 

Daily  average  amount  used  through  meters,  gallons , 

Percentage  of  total  consumption  metered 

Number  of  services 

Number  of  meters  and  motors 

Length  of  supply  and  distributing  mains,  in  miles 

Number  of  fire-hydrants  in  use 

Yearly  revenue  from  water-rates 

Yearly  revenue  from  metered  water 

Percentage  of  total  revenue  from  metered  water 

Cost  of  works  on  Jan.  1,  1891,  and  Feb.  1,  1892  and  1893. . , 
Yearly  expense  of  maintenance 


ISOO. 


33,871,700 

82.5 

9,034,800 

26.7 

60,718 

4,078 

498.7 

5,398 

.■$1,382,422  53 

$.o54,047  36 

40.1 

.$20,995,015  00 

$381,147  10 

8,341,400 

70.6 

1,537,400 

18.5 

19,520 

414 

152.3 

1,073 

$332,634  02 

.$89,526  42 

26.9 

.$1,708,781  59 

$144,184  44 


1891. 


37,686,980 

89.3 

10,186,400 

27.0 

62,877 

4,357 

519 

5,643 

*  $1,838,494  30 

t  $606,451  00 

33 

*  $21,643,526  91 

i,755  92 

9,055,200 

74.7 

1,845,500 

20.4 

20,566 

427 

158 

1,116 

5,784  26 

t  $102,719  26 

25.2 

$1,710,943  70 

*  $174,421  92 


1S93. 


41,312,400 

95.3 

11,225,900 

27.2 

65,074 

4,412 

536 

5,793 

$1,433,413  78 

$649,672  31 

45.3 

$22,243,351  56 

$350,743  68 

9,810,800 

78.6 

1,862,200 

19 

21,588 

550 

160 

1,223 

$394,008  75 

$105,685  56 

26.8 

$1,713,227  00 

$117,922  20 


■  Thirteen  monthB. 


t  Twelve  months. 


Water-Supply  Department.  15 


EARNINGS    AND    EXPENDITURES. 

The  total  receipts  of  the  Cochituate  Water- Works,  from 
all  sources,  for  the. year  ending  January  31,  1893,  were  as 
follows,  viz.  : 

Balance  of  revenue  from  1892-93 $60,877  61 

Income  from  sales  of  water      .         .         .    $1,433,413  78 
Income  from  shutting  off  and  letting  on 

water,  and  fees 2,706  75 

Elevator,  fire  and  service  pipes,  sale  of 

old  materials,  etc.  ....  21,815  84 

1,457,936  37 

$1,618,813  98 


The  total  expenditures  of  the  Cochituate 
Water- Works  from  revenue,  for  the  year  end- 
ing January  31,  1893,  were  as  follows,  viz.  : 

Current  expenses,  viz. : 
Water-Supply  Department  .  $350,743  68 
Less  stock  used  purchased  in 

previous  years  .         .         .         2,519  23 

$348,224  45 
Water-Income  Department  .       44,537  76 

$392,762  21 

Interest  on  funded  debt    ....  810,981  63 

Sinking-fund  requirement,  1891-92  .         .  240,435  00 

Refunded  water-rates         ....  963  05 

Extension  of  mains,  etc.  ....  57,851  63 

1,502,993  52 

Balance  to  1893-94 $15,820  46 


The  total  receipts  of  the  Mystic  Water- Works,  from  all 
sources,  for  the  year  ending  January  31,  1893,  were  as  fol- 
lows, viz.  : 

Income  from  sales  of  water $394,008  75 

Income  from  shutting  off  and  letting  on  water,  and  fees,  756  25 

Service-pipes,  repairs,  etc 1,027  47 


$395,792  47 


The  total  expenditures  of  the  Mystic  Water- Works  from 
revenue,  for  the  year  ending  January  31,  1893,  were  as 
follows,  viz.  : 


Itj  City  Document  No.  39. 


Current  expenses,  viz. : 
Water-Supply  Department  ....  $118,949  83 
Water-Income  Department  ....       10,404  66 


$129,354  49 

Interest  on  funded  debt    .         .         .         .  19,257  50 

Refunded  water-rates  ....  128  19 
Amount  paid   Chelsea,    Somerville,    and 

Everett,  under  contract  .  .  .  137,621  36 
City  Treasurer,  amoimt  advanced  to  meet 

deficit  of  1891-92 29,856  63 

Mystic  Water  Sinking-fund  .  .  .  50,000  00 
Extension     of   mains,    etc.,     Cocbituate 

Department 29,574  30 


,792  47 


Water-Supply  Department. 


17 


MAINTENANCE  ACCOUNTS,  COCHITUATE  WATER- 
WORKS. 


(From  Revenue.) 

February  Draft,   1892,  to  February  Draft, 

Boston  Water  Board: 
Salaries  of  two  Commissioners,  Chief 

Clerk      and     Secretary,     Executive 

Clerk,  Purchasing  Agent,  Asst.  Clerk 

and  Messenger,  and  Special  Agent  .      $15,566  50 
Travelling  expenses    .         .  .  .  2,164  08 

Printing  and  stationery        .         .         .  676  51 

Advertising,  postage,  and  misceUaneous,        1,044  35 


Eastern  Division  : 

Salaries    of   Superintendents,    Clerks, 

and  Foremen S16,146  81 

Travelling  expenses  and  transportation 

of  men 1,250  20 

Printing  and  stationery         .         .         .  822  66 

Miscellaneous      .....  506  64 

Western  Division-: 

Salaries  of   Superintendent,  A<5sistant 

Superintendent,  and  Cleriis       .          .  $24,373  73 

Travelling  expenses    ....  1,980  39 

Printing  and  stationery        .         .         .  376  22 

Miscellaneous 399  41 

Engineering     . 

New  meters,  and  setting  . 

Meters,  repairing     . 

Machine-shop,  Albany  street 

Telephones 

Cochituate  Aqueduct 

Sudbury  Aqueduct  . 

Main  pipe  relaying  (including  stock  and  labor) 

"         repairing         "•  •'       "       '' 

Hydrants         "  ''  '•       "       '' 

Stopcocks        "  "  "       "       " 

Hydrant  and  stopcock  boxes,  and  repairing  (inclnd 

lug  stock  and  labor)  ..... 
Tools  and  repairing  (including  stock  and  labor) 
Streets  "  "  "       "       " 

Fountains        "  "  "        "        " 

Stables  "  "  "       "       " 

Waste-detection  "  "■       "       '' 


1893. 


»,451  44 


18,726  31 


27,129  75 

2,198  76 

8,015 
19,532 

8,179 

1,436 

2,197 
11,858  26 

9,241   73 

7,830  73 
22,914  20 

5,415  19 


3,800 
8,020 
7,565 
3,521 
26,042 
20,847 


28 
62 
69 
23 
24 


03 
63 
07 
89 
12 
25 


Carried  forward, 


$233,924  42 


18 


City  Docu3ient  No.  39. 


Brought  foriuard, 
Basins,  Framiugham  and  Ashland   (including  stock 

and  labor)  ....... 

Service-pipe  repairing  (including  stock  and  labor) 
Protection  of  Sudbury  and  Cocbituate  supply  • 
High  service,  Chestnut  hill  (including  fuel,  salaries 

repairs,  etc.)        ...... 

High  service,  East  Boston   (including  fuel,  salaries 

repairs,  etc.)        ...... 

High  service,  West Roxbury  (including  fuel,  salaries 

repairs,  etc.)        .         .  .  .         .         .     • 

Albany-street  yard ...... 

Chestnut-hill  Reservoir    (including   stable,    care    of 

gi'ounds,  etc.)  ..... 
Parker-hill  reservoir  .... 
Brookline  Reservoir  .... 

East  Boston  and  South  Boston  Reservoirs 
Fisher-hill  Reservoir 
Lake  Cocbituate 
Chestnut-hill  driveway     . 
Taxes     ..... 
Damages         .... 
Analyses  of  water,  etc.    . 
Merchandise  sold   (pipes  and  castings,  in  cases  of 

emergencj') 
Filtration        .... 
Biological  Laboratory 


$233,924  42 

10,933  89 

21,782  40 

1,374  02 

22,676  06 

3,005  99 

3,038  60 
6,497  74 


69 
44 
62 
22 
54 
50 


15,470 

1,689 

1,186 
723 

1,472 

3,334 
12,026  06 

1.389  56 
1,861  90 

280  00 

100  77 
6,584  88 

1.390  38 

$350,743  68 


Water-Supply  Department. 


19 


MAINTENANCE  ACCOUNTS,   MYSTIC   WATER-WORKS. 

(From  Revenue.) 

February  Draft,  1892,  to  February  Draft,   1893. 

Boston  Water  Board  : 
Salaries  of  one  Commissioner  and  one 

Assistant  Clerk        .... 
Printing  and  stationery        .       '  . 
Advertising  and  postage 
Travelling  expenses  and  miscellaneous. 

Superintendent's  Department : 

Salaries  of  Superintendent,  Assistant 

Superintendent,  and  Clerk 
Printing  and  stationery 
Travelling  expenses    .... 
Miscellaneous     ..... 

Engineer's  Department   . 
Meters,  setting  and  repairing 
Off  and  on  water  (labor) 
Main-pipe  laying  (including  stoc 

"         relaving  "  *' 

"         repairing  "■  "  "  821  46 

Service-pipe  laying  *'  "  "  1,467  66 

"        repairing  "  '•  '*  2,040  63 

Hydrants  and  gates,  repairing  (including  stociv  and 

labor    ........ 

Streets,  repairing  (including  stock  and  labor)  . 
Lake       ........ 

Conduit ........ 

New  meters  and  setting  ..... 

Stables  ........ 

Reservoir        ....... 

Pumping  service  (salaries,  wages,  fuel,  repairs,  etc.) 
Repair-shop    ..... 

Fountains        ..... 

Tools  and  repairing 

Mystic  Sewer  (repairs,  and  pumping  and  treatmen 

of  sewage)  .... 

Waste-Detection  Service 
Protection  of  water  sources    (including  salaries  of 

three  Special  Agents  on  Pollution) 
Analyses  of  water  .... 
Filtration  ..... 
Merchandise  sold  .... 
Taxes     ...... 


So, 091 

67 

40 

10 

32 

25 

169 

10 

$5,333  12 

S5,486 

82 

84 

69 

454 

45 

78 

69 

6,104  65 
1,815  00 

^ 

. 

. 

2,164  40 

. 

. 

3,290  09 

nd  laboi") , 

2,283  30 

.4 

1,759  77 

2,082 

08 

455 

11 

10,246 

67 

1,645 

88 

2,000 

54 

5,267 

05 

4,921 

06 

,   26,212 

62 

2,336 

09 

670 

89 

287 

03 

21,853 

75 

7,126 

35 

6,511 

21 

90 

00 

1,082 

69 

231 

77 

104 

63 

$120,205 

50 

20 


City  Document  No.  39. 


DETAILED    EXPENDITURES     UNDER     THE     SEVERAL 
APPROPRIATIONS. 

Februart  Draft,  1892,  to  February  Draft,  1893. 
Extension,  of  Main  ft,  etc.  {from  Loans  and  Surplus  Revenue) . 
Labor         .     '    .         .         .         .         .      $90,383  20 

Teaming 5,188  50 

Blasting 9,939  09 

Water-pipes,  contracts        .         .         .        72,463  82 

Stock 40,504  55 

Miscellaneous 3,636  48 


$222,115  64 


Additional  Supply  of  Water   (from  Loans). 
(Account  of  Basin  No.   6,  Whitehall  pond.  Cedar 
swamp,  and  Surveys  and  Borings  for  Basin  No.  5.) 

Salaries  and  labor      ....      $46,761   19 

Materials  ......        18,202  92 

Contract,  filling  on  Dam   No.   6    (on 

account)  .         .         .         .         •        23,434  26 

Contract,  stripping  Section  A,  Basin 

6,  balance  (total,  $25,407.72)  _  .  10,697  09 
Contract,  stripping  Section  B,  Basin  6, 

balance  (total,  $23,276.24)  .  .  14,351  15 
Contract,  stripping  Section  C,  Basin  6, 

balance  (total,  $36,868.80)  .  .  23,700  94 
Contract,  stripping  Section  D,  Basin  6 

(on  account) 23,345  57 

Contract,  stripping  Section  E,  Basin  6 

(on  account)  39,672  79 

Contract,  2  sluice  gates,  at  Basin  6     .  1,603  81 

Contract,    upper    section,    wasteway, 

Dam  6 22,392  13 

City  of  Marlboro',  balance  of  contract 

for   a   sewerage    system    to   protect 

city    water   suppl}'    (total   contract, 

$62,000)  20,666  67 

Town   of   Westboro',   on    account    of 

contract  for  a  system  of  sewage  dis- 
posal for  the  protection  of  tlie  Bos- 
ton water  supply  ....  13,33333 
Engineering  and  supplies  .  .  .  20,389  55 
Land  damages    .....        17,537  56 

Teaming 10,067  85 

Freights  and  express  .         .         .         .  784  58 

Travelling  expenses    ....  804  02 

Printing,  stationery,  and  advertising  .  379  23 

Miscellaneous 5,719  89 


JI3.844  53 


1  $122.93  of  tbis  atuoBut  uot  u»ed,  and  earried  into  tbe  Stock  aeeount. 


Water- Supply  Department.  21 

High  Service  (from  Loans). 

(Account  of    High-service   Pumpiug- 

eDgiae  No.  3  for  Chestnut  hill). 

Contract  for  engine  (on  account)          .  $42,277  82 

Design,    drawings,   royalties,  and    in- 
spection          .....  3,490  01 

Steel  forgings  (on  account)          .         .  6,340  44 

Beam  castings    .....  879  27 

Miscellaneous,  bolts,  nuts,  etc.  .         .  1,362  36 

Stock  and  labor  on  foundations  (day- 
work)      ......  8,416  56 

Contract-work,    foundations    (on    ac-  » 

count) 891  31 

$63,657  77 


22  City  Document  No.  39. 


COST   OF    CONSTRUCTION,   AND    CONDITION  OF 
THE   WATER   DEBTS. 

Cost  of   construction  of  Cochituate  Works 

toFeb.  1,1892 $21,643,526  91 

Expended  from   Feb.   1,   1892,   to  Feb.  1, 
1893,  as  follows,  viz.  : 

Additional  Supply  of  Water  .    $313,844  53 
Extension  of  Mains,  etc.  .      221,992  71 

High  Service         .         .         .        63,987  41 

599,824  65 


Cost  of  construction  of  Cochituate  Water- 
Works  to  Feb.  1,  1893  ....  $22,243,351  56 


The    outstanding  Cochituate  Water  Loans, 

Feb.  1,  1892, \vere  .  .         .  .$16,423,773  98 

Issued  during  the  year  1892-93,  as  follows  : 
(^Additional 
Appropriation,    {    y^ltev,^ 

I  4%Lotms,  $235,000  00 


["Extension 
J       of  Mains, 
]       etc.,  4% 
I     Loans     .     100,000  00 


335,000  00 


Total  Cochituate  Debt,  Feb.  1,  1893  .         .  $16,758,773  98 


Cochituate  Water    Sinking-Fund,    Feb.   1, 

1892 $6,471,545  34 

Cochituate  Water    Sinking-Fund,    Feb.   1, 

1893      .......       7,019,058  38 


Net  Cochituate  Water  Debt,  Feb.  1,  1892  .    $9,952,228  64 
"  "         "       Feb.  1,  1893  .       9,739,715  60 


Water-Supply  Department. 


23 


Cost  of  construction    of    Mystic  Works  to 

Feb.  1,  1892 $1,710,943  70 

Cost   of  construction  of    Mystic  Works  to 

Feb.  1,  1893 1,713,227  00 

The  outstandino;  Mystic  Water  Loans,  Feb. 

1,  1892,  were $482,000  00 

Paid  during  year  1892-93  ....  42,000  00 

Total  Mystic  Debt,  Feb.  1,  1893         .         .  $440,000  00 

Mystic  Water  Sinking-Fund,  Feb.  1,  1892,  $550,208  70 

Feb.  1,  1893,  579,254  01 


TOTAL  MONEY  EXPENDITURES,  COCHITUATE  WATER- 
WORKS, FROM  FEBRUARY  1,  1892,  TO  FEBRUARY  1, 
1893. 

Stock 
Labor 
Salaries 

Travelling  expenses 
Printing 
Stationery  . 
Advertising 
Postage 

Freights  and  express 
Rents 
Gas    . 
Teaming 
Repairs 

Land  damages,  etc. 
Taxes 

Miscellaneous 
Irispectioa  of  pipes 
Blasting- 
Water-pipe  contracts 
Coal  and  wood     . 
Pnmping  Service,  salaries 

"      ^         "       fuel 

"  "       repairs 

"  "       oils,  etc. 

"  "       small  supplies 

Miscellaneous  contracts 
Engineering 
Engineering  supplies    . 
Hay  and  grain     . 


nio,813 

99 

296,062 

70 

63,945 

85 

10,919 

30 

1,773 

37 

610 

86 

560 

61 

233 

96 

1,539 

97 

3.366 

17 

235 

53 

17,467 

98 

14,528 

60 

17,537 

56 

1,389 

56 

7,365 

47 

2,072 

09 

10,527 

48 

74,733 

48 

3,609 

76 

10,150 

40 

6,593 

29 

192 

51 

574 

95 

352 

48 

259,355 

85 

20,338 

76 

305 

55 

5,684 

31 

7,842  39 


24 


City  Docuivient  No.  39. 


TOTAL    MONEY    EXPENDITURES,     MYSTIC     WATER- 
WORKS, FROM  FEBRUARY  1,  1892,  TO  FEBRUARY  1, 

1893. 


Stock    . 

Labor  . 

Salaries 

Advertising 

Printing 

Stationery 

Taxes  . 

Rents    . 

Gas 

Postage 

Travelling  expenses 

Coal  and  wood 

Freights  and  express     . 

Teaming        .         . 

Hay  and  grain 

Repairs 

Miscellaneous 

Telephones    .  . 

Pumping  Service,  salaries 

"  "       fuel    . 

"  "       repairs 

"  "       oils,  etc. 

"  "       small  suppl 

Engineerins: 


Mystic  Sewerage  Station,  viz 

Salaries  and  wages 

Fuel 

Chemicals 

Repairs 

Small  supplies    . 


$7,527 

19 

42,238 

41 

24,635 

72 

32 

25 

116 

83 

96 

25 

104 

63- 

25 

00 

53 

50 

30 

00 

2,808 

80 

251 

73 

256 

55 

11 

00 

901 

05 

1.821 

19 

281 

16 

443 

98 

9,613 

93 

11,830 

68 

511 

09 

744 

51 

348 

44 

27 

50 

8,616 

82 

818 

22 

2,941 

94 

724 

47 

1,136 

99 

$118,949  83 


Water-Supply  Department.  25 


STATEMENT  OF  STOCK   ACCOUNTS. 

Increase.        Decrease. 
Cochituate  Water-Works,  viz. : 

Stock  on  hand,  February  1,  1892  .     .$2.5.080  37 

"       *'       "      February  1,  1893  .        22,561   14 

Decrease  during  year          .         .  .       .$2,519  23                          $2,519  23 

Mystic  Water- Works,  viz.  : 

Stock  on  hand,  February  1,  1892  .       $5,205  85 

"     February  1,  1893  .         3,950  18 

Decrease  during  year          .        .  .       $1,255  fi7                             1,255  67 

Extension  of  Mains,  etc.,  viz.  : 

Stock  on  hand,  February  ],  1892  .     $07, .'^44  62 

"       "      "       February  1,  1893  .       97,467  55 

Increase  during  year           .         .  .          $122  93      $122  93 

High  Service,  viz.  : 

Stock  on  hand,  February  1,  1892  .       $4,643  39 

..       ..      ..      February  1,  1893  .          4,313  75 

Decrease  during  year          .         .  .          $329  64                                329  64 

$122  93       $4,104  54 


Total  decrease  in  stock  during  year  1892-93        ....       $3,981   61 


26 


City  Document  ISTo.  39. 


OUTSTANDING  LOANS. 

The  outstanding  Cochituate  Water  Loans  at  this  date, 
February  1,  1893,  exclusive  of  the  Additional  Supply,  are 
as  follows  : 


6  per  cent.  Sterling  Loan 

(£399,500)  .  .  11,947,273  98 
6  per  cent.  Gold  Loans,  100,000  00 
5  per  cent.  Cur.  Loan  1,000  00 


6  per  cent.  Loans 


4,253,000  00  <; 


4  per  cent.  Loans 


2,314,000  00  < 


3i  per  cent.  Loans 


3  per  cent.  Loan  . 


990,000  00  < 


200,000  00 

$9,805,273  98 


$500,000 
450,000 
540,000 
250,000 
625,000 
688,000 
330,000 
413,000 
38,000 
161,000 
142.700 
6,000 
82.550 
8,750 
4,000 
8,000 
5,000 
1,000 
280,000 
111,000 
257,000 
50,000 
144,200 
23,000 
.      58,000 
28,500 
236,300 
21,000 
161.000 
7,000 
160,700 
20,000 
6,300 
100,000 
200.000 
250,000 
100,000 
100,000 
50,000 
50,000 
100,000 
75,000 
25.000 
240,000 
100,000 
130,000 
220,000 


Due    Oct.,  1902 
Due  April,  1906 
Due    Oct.,  1907 
Due  Dec,  1897 
Due  June.  1898 
Due   Oct.,  1898 
Due  April,  1899 
Due  Jan.,  1901 
Due  April,  1901 
Due  July,  1901 
Due  April.  1903 
Due  April,  1904 
Due  Jan.,  1905 
Due  April,  1905 
Due   Oct.,  1905 
Due  Jan.,  1906 
Due  April,  1906 
Due   Oct.,    1906 
Due  Jan.,  1907 
Due  April,  1907 
Due  July.  1907 
Due  April.  1910 
Due  July,  1913 
Due  Jan.,  1914 
Due  Jan.,   1915 
Due  April,  1915 
Due   Oct.,   1915 
Due  Jan.,   1916 
Due  April,  1916 
Due  Oct.,  1916 
Due  Jan.,   1917 
Due  April,  1917 
Due  July,  1917 
Due  Oct.,  1917 
Due  Jan.,   1918 
Due  April,  1918 
Due   Oct.,   1918 
Due  April,  1919 
Due   Oct.,   1920 
Due  April,  1921 
Due  Jan..   1922 
Due  April,  1915 
Due   Oct.,  1915 
Due  Jan.,  1916 
Due  July,   1916 
Due  Oct.,    1916 
Due  April,  1917 
Due  July,  1918 
Due  Nov  ,  1919 
Due  Jan.,  1920 
Due  April,  1917 


AVater-Supply  Department.  27 

The  outstanding  loans  on  account  of  Additional  Supply  of 
Water  on  February  1,  1893,  are  as  follows  : 


6  per  cent.  Loans 


5  per  cent.  Gold  Loans 

5  per  cent.  Cur.  Loan 
4^  \)er  cent.  Loan 

3i  per  cent.  Loans     . 


4  per  cent.  Loans 


$644,000  < 

$100,000 

Due  July, 

1902 

492,000 
8,000 

Due  April, 
Due  Jan  , 

1903 
1904 

44,000 

Due  July, 

1905 

f 

'      1,000,000 

Due  Oct., 

1905 

3,452.000  ^ 

452,000 

Due  April, 

1906 

[      2,000,000 

Due   Oct., 

1906 

12,000 

Due  April, 

1908 

268,000 

Due  Oct., 

1909 

180,000  j 

35,000 

Due  April, 

li)17 

1          145,000 

Due   Oct., 

1919 

1 

588,000 

Due  April, 

1908 

82,000 

Due  .July, 

1909 

324,000 

Due  April, 

1912 

336,000 

Due   Oct., 

1913 

209.000 

Due  Jan.. 

1914 

18,'500 

Due  Aj^ril, 

,  1914 

2,397,500  < 

16,000 
i               1,500 

Due   Oct., 
Due  April, 

1914 
,  1915 

100,000 

Due  April. 

,  1916 

50,000 

Due   Oct., 

1916 

300.000 

Due   Oct., 

1919 

134,000 

Due   Oct., 

1920 

1           162,500 

Due  Oct., 

1921 

1 

^            76,000 

Due    Oct., 

1922 

$6,953,500 

The  outstanding  My.stic  Water  Loans  at  this  date,  Febru- 
ary 1,  1893,  are  as  follows  : 

6  per  cent.  Currency  Loans,       $39,000  Due  July    1,  1893 

-               ,    n               T                 -lAo  AAA  S  $6,000    Due  Oct.     1,  1893 

5  per  cent.  Currency  Loans,        108,000  J  io2,000     Due  April  1,  1894 

,                ,    T                                      iqaaaS  s'oOO     Due  April  l',  1898 

4  per  cent.  Loans     .        .         .     18,000]  j^I^qq     Due  Oct.    1,1913 

oi               ^T                                haaaaS  60,000    Due  Oct.    1,1896 

SU^er  cent.  Loans  .         .         .110,000]  -^I^qq     Due  Oct.    1,1897 

3d  per  cent.    (Mystic   Sewer) 

Loans        .     "   .         .         .    130,000  Due  April  1,  1916 

3i  per  cent.  Loans  .         .         .      35,000  Due  April  1,  1896 

$440,000 


28  City  Document  No.  39. 


The  following  statement  shows  the  appropriations  by  the 
City  Council   for  an  additional  supply   of  water,   and    the 
amount  of  expenditures  to  February  1,   1893  : 

APPROPRIA.TIONS. 

Oct.    21,  1871.  —  Transfer  from  Reserved 

Fund  ....  $10,000  00 
Apr.  12,  1872.  —  Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  100,000  00 
Apr.  11,  1873.  —  Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  500,000  00 
Feb.  26,  1875.  — Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  1,500,000  00 
Oct.      1,  1875.  —  Premium  on  $1,000,000 

bond,  under  order  of 

February  26,  1875      .  83,700  00 

Apr.    1,  1876. —  Premium    on    $452,000 

bonds,  under  order  of 

February  26,  1875      .  47,786  80 

July     1,  1876.  —  Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  2,000,000  00 
Oct.      1,  1876.— Premium  on  $2,000,000 

bonds,  under  order  of 

July  1,1876  .  .  221,400  00 
Apr.  20,  1878.  — Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  600,000  00 
Apr.  11,  1879.  —Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  350,000  00 
Aug.  17,  1881.  —  Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  324,000  00 
June    2,  1883.  — Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  621,000  00 
Oct.    14,  1884. —  Order  for  Treasm-er  to 

borrow       .         .         .  150,000  00 

May  28,  1887.  — Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow       .         .         .  35,000  00 

Nov.  13,  1889.  — Order  for  Treasurer  to 

borrow  .  .  .  1,045,000  00 
Oct.    24,  1891.— Forfeiture    of    contract 

bond  .         .         .  2,500  00 

Dec.  24,  1892.  — Transfer        .         .         .  20,000  00 

$7,610,386  80 
Less  transfers  June  4,  1888,  and  Janiiary 

3,  1890 12,946  48 


$7,597,440  32 


EXPENDED. 

1871-72 $2,302  81 

1872-73 61,278  83 

1873-74    including    $20,897.50    discount 

on  bonds  sold,  January,  1874  .  114,102  77 


Carried  forward,  $177,684  41  $7,597,440  32 


Water-Supply  Department. 


29 


Brought  foru'ard. 

$177,684  41 

17,597,440  32 

1874-75 224,956  68 

1875-76 

783,618  49 

1876-77 

1,924,060  24 

1877-78 

1,257,715  26 

1878-79 

635.658  08 

1879-80 

213,350  97 

1880-81 

97,406  78 

1881-82 

35,677  98 

1882-88 

167,621  48 

1883-84 

428,625  79 

1884-85 

276,292  13 

1885-86 

139,187  68 

1886-87 

128,109  32 

1887-88 

30,382  77 

1888-89 

2,398  90 

1889-90 

18,518  01 

1890-91 

288,710  59 

1891-92 

281,271  82 

1892-93 

313,844  53 

7,365,036  86 
'  $232,408  46 

Balance 

unex 

pend 

edFe 

brua 

^7  1' 

1898 

. 

1  $227,500  unnegotiated  on  this  date. 


30 


City  Document  No.  39. 


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03 

36  CiTr  Document  No.  39. 


REPORT     OF     THE     SUPERINTENDENT     OF    THE 
EASTERN    DIVISION. 


Office  of  Superintendent  of  Eastern  Division, 

710  Albany  Street,  Boston,  February  1,  1893. 

Robert  Grant,  Esq.,  Chairman  Boston  Water  Board: 

Dear  Sir  :  I  herewith  respectfully  submit  the  annual  re- 
port of  the  Eastern  Division  for  the  year  ending  Januarj^  3 1 , 
J893. 

Distribution  of  Mains. 

Nearly  eighteen  miles  of  pipe  mains  have  been  laid  during 
the  year,  and  4,270  feet  of  pipe  have  been  abandoned, 
making  a  net  increase  in  the  disti'ibution  system  of  17.08 
miles,  and  a  total  length  of  535.87  miles  now  connected  with 
the  works. 

The  work  of  extending  the  30-inch  main  through  Chester 
square  and  Swett  street,  connecting  it  with  the  20-inch  main 
on  Dorchester  avenue,  was  completed  early  in  the  spring. 
This  pipe  is  connected  to  the  36-inch  and  the  30-inch  mains 
on  Tremont  stieet. 

A  6-inch  pipe  main  was  laid  from  Squantum  to  Thompson's 
island,  a  distance  of  6,760  feet,  and  there  were  155  feet  of 
4-inch  pipe  laid  for  service-pipe  on  the  island.  There  were 
also  2,874  feet  of  6-inch  pipe  laid  on  Long  island,  and  991 
feet  of  6-inch  pipe  laid  on  Gallop's  island.  All  of  this  pipe 
was  laid  by  John  Cavanagh  &  Co. 

The  high  service  was  extended  as  follows  :  Mather  street 
to  Nixon  street;  Blue  Hill  avenue,  between  Tileston  avenue 
and  Fremont  street;  Fremont  street,  between  Blue  Hill 
avenue  and  River  street;  Norfolk  street,  from  Blue  Hill 
avenue  to  Delhi  street,  Dorchester. 

The  high  service  was  also  extended  in  State  street,  be- 
tween Merchants  row  and  Broad  street;  Merchants  row, 
between  State  street  and  Chatham  street ;  Chatham  street, 
between  Merchants  row  and  Chatham  row  ;  and  Devonshire 
street,  from  Franklin  street,  251  feet  towards  Milk  street, 
city ;  W.  Broadway,  between  Dorchester  and  F  streets, 
South  Boston  ;  Johnson  street  and  Buckley  avenue,  Rox- 
bury,  were  also  changed  to  high  service. 

The  40-inch  pipe  was  raised  and  relaid  across  the  new 
bridge  on  Brookline  avenue,  betvreen  Francis  street  and 
Aspinwall  avenue. 


WATER-SuprLT  Department.  37 

Two  hundred  and  ninety-four  petitions  for  extensions  of 
mains  have  been  received,  and  234,  including  15  of  1891, 
have  been  oi-jinted  and  mains  extended. 

Stopcocks. 

During  the  year  there  were  245  stopcocks  established  and 
2(j  abandoned,  making  a  net  increase  of  219,  and  a  total  of 
5,910  now  in  service. 

Two  3()-inch  stopcocks  were  established  to  shorten  the 
line  in  case  of  emergency  :  one  at  the  corner  of  Treniont 
and  Francis  streets,  and  the  other  on  the  40-inch  main  at 
Brookline  avenue  and  Francis  street. 

Hydrants. 

Two  hundred  and  three  hydrants  have  been  established 
and  55  abandoned,  making  a  net  increase  of  148,  and  a  total 
of  5,853  hydrants  now  connected  with  the  system.  Twenty 
of  the  old  pattern  Boston  hydrants  have  been  replaced  by 
hydrants  of  the  Post  and  Lowry  pattern. 

The  Post  hydrant,  with  independent  shut-off  or  valve  for 
each  steamer  connection,  is  almost  perfected;  four  of  them 
now  in  service  have  proven  satisfactory,  and  I  expect  to  have 
a  number  of  them  ready  to  be  put  in  when  we  commence 
laying  pipe  in  the  spring. 

Service-Pipes. 

Two  thousand  four  hundred  and  forty-seven  service-pipes 
have  been  laid,  with  an  aggregate  length  of  59,807  feet,  and 
250  have  been  abandoned,  making  an  increase  of  2,197  pipes 
during  the  year.  I  reconunend  that  a  rule  be  made  to 
govern  the  number  of  pipes  a  building  should  have. 

High-Service   Works. 

Chestnut  Hill  Station.  —  The  engines,  boilers,  and  other 
property  at  this  station  are  in  good  condition.  Early  in  the 
year  the  addition  for  the  electric  engine  was  completed.  An 
Armington  &  Syms  til- inch  X  \^2,  inch  engine  was  bought, 
set  up,  and  connected  to  the  spare  dynamo.  The  old  Payne 
engine  was  practically  rebuilt,  set  up  in  the  new  room,  and 
the  old  dynamo  repaired,  which  gives  us  a  duplicate  electric 
plant. 

The  work  on  the  foundation  for  the  new  engine  is  pro- 
gressing satisfactorily. 

West  Roxhtry  Station.  —  The  pumps  and  boilers  at  this 
station  are  in  o-ood  condition. 


38  City  Document  No.  39. 

East  Boston  Station.  —  The  boilers  at  this  station  are  in 
good  order.  Pumps  Nos.  1  and  2  should  be  overhauled 
during  the  coming  year,  and  such  parts  as  are  badly  worn 
should  be  renewed.  Pump  No.  3  should  be  entirely  rebuilt ; 
and  I  recommed  that  the  one  of  the  same  pattern  now  stored 
at  the  Albany-street  yard  be  repaired.  This  would  save  all 
the  delay  caused  by  repairing  No.  3. 

The  grounds  around  the  Water  Tower  at  Mt.  Bellevuc, 
West  Roxbury,  are  in  good  condition,  but  the  tower  should 
be  painted  during  the  coming  year.  The  one  at  Orient 
Heiofhts,  East  Boston,  is  in  good  condition. 

Pipe  Yard  and  Buildings.  — The  machine-shop  is  in  good 
condition.  The  asphalt  on  the  second  floor  of  the  stal)le  is 
in  a  bad  condition,  and  it  should  be  renewed  during  the 
coming  summer.  I  would  respectfully  call  your  attention  to 
my  recommendation  of  last  3'ear,  in  regard  to  a  two-story 
brick  building  to  be  erected  on  the  north  side  of  the  yard. 

Dist7'ict  Yards.  —  The  yards  at  East  Boston,  Dorchester, 
and  Brighton  are  in  good  condition,  but  the  one  at  West 
Eoxbury  is  in  i)Oor  condition,  and  I  would  again  recommend 
that  a  site  be  obtained  for  a  yard  for  this  district. 

Reservoirs.  —  The  grounds  around  Parker  Hill,  East 
Boston,  and  South  Boston  are  in  good  condition. 

Meters. 

Cochituate  Division.  —  Two  hundred  and  ten  meters  htive 
been  applied,  and  137  have  been  discontinued,  making  a  net 
increase  of  73,  and  the  total  number  in  service  3,912. 

Mystic  Division.  —  Forty-nine  meters  have  been  applied 
and  twenty  have  been  discontinued,  making  a  net  increase 
of  29,  and  the  total  number  in  service  435. 

Waste  Detection. 

The  following  table  shows  the  work  done  by  the  inspec- 
tors in  this  depai'tment  during  the  past  year,  having  inspected 
the  entire  territory  supplied  by  the  Cochituate  and  Mystic 
systems  : 

Premises  examined     .          .          .          .          .          .  74,943 

Defective  fixtures        ......  10,964 

Reexamination   .          .          .          .          .          .          .  9,737 

Second  notice  to  repair  issued      .          .          .          .  815 

Second  reexamination  made          ....  858 

Wilful-waste  notices  issued           .         .          .          .  140 

Hopper  water-closets  not  self-closing  reported      .  42 


Water-Supply  Department. 


39 


The  defective  fixtures   may  be   divided   into  the  following 
classes  : 


Ball-cocks  .... 

Faucets,  —  sink,  bowl,  and  bath-tub 
Water-closets     .... 
Services  burst  inside  building 
Services  burst  outside  building    . 
AYilful  waste       .... 


0,031 
3,852 
1,739 

751 
89 

140 


Deacon  Meter  System. 

There  are  now  in  use  81  meters,  —  74  on  the  Cochituate 
system  and  7  on  the  Mystic  system. 

The  consolidated  results  of  the  readings  of  the  various  sec- 
tions are  shown  in  the  following  table,  in  which  is  given  the 
final  readinof  of  1891  and  the  first  and  last  reading:  of  1892  : 


a 
o 

"5 
ft 
o 

1891. 

1893. 

2d  Reading. 

1st  Reading. 

2d  Reading. 

Daily  con- 
sumption. 

Night 
consump- 
tion. 

Daily  con- 
sumption. 

Night 
consump- 
tion. 

Diiily  con- 
sumption. 

Night 
consump- 
tion. 

Cochituate  .... 
Mystic 

337,900 
42,600 

Gallons. 
50.6 
40.6 

Gallons. 
31.3 
26.2 

Gallons. 
52.8 
39.7 

Gallons. 
32.9 
23.8 

Gallons. 
54.2 
43.0 

Gallons. 
35.0 
27.3 

In  connection  with  the  meters,  out  of  3,746  night  exami- 
nations by  means  of  the  church  and  sidewalk  shut-offs,  there 
were  1,454  detections  of  defective  fixtures,  and  14  of  wilful 
waste.  There  were  also  658  hand-hose  reported  for  non- 
payment. 

Water-Posts. 

Seventy-three  water-posts  have  been  erected  and  four 
abandoned,  making  an  increase  of  69,  and  the  total  num- 
ber in  use  320. 

Fountains. 

Six  drinking-fountains  were  established  and  one  aban- 
doned. 

Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct  Company. 

The  pipe  system  of  the  Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct  Works 
became  a  part  of  the  Eastern  division  January  10,  1893. 

The  following  tables  show  in  detail  the  work  performed 
by  this  division  during  the  year : 


40 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Statement  of  Location,  Size,  and  Number  of  Feet  of  Pipe 
laid  during  tlie  Year  ending-  January  31,  1893. 

Note. — B.  indicates  Boston;  S.B.,  South  Boston;  E.B.,  East  Boston;   Rox.,   Roxbury; 
Dor.,  Dorchester;  W.R.,  West  Roxbury;  Bri.,  Brighton. 


In  what  Street. 


Chester  sq 

East  Chester  park 
Swett 


Chester  sq. 
Swett .   .   . 


Commonwealth  ave. 

Deerfield      

Dudley  ave.    .  .  .  . 


Berkeley  .... 
Deertield  .   .   .   . 

Swett 

Byron 

Prescott  .  .  .  . 
Brookline  ave.  . 
Creighton  .  .  . 
Fenway  .... 
Hunneman  .  .   . 

Lawn 

Parker  Hill  ave. 

Parker 

Riverway     .  .  . 

Swett 

Westminster  .  . 
Ashmont .  .  .  . 
Blue  Hill  ave.  . 
Blue  Hill  ave.  . 
Dewey 


Between  what  Streets. 


Washington  and  Tremont    .    , 

Albany  and  Washington  .   .  . 

East  Chester  park  and  Boston 

Total  30-inch 


S.B.and  B.| 


Shawmut  ave.  and  Tremont 

Albany  and  EUery 

Total  24-inch 


B.         I     24 
S.B.&.  Rox. 


Deerfield  and  Sherborn     .... 

Beacon  and  Commonwealth  ave. 

Bellevue  ave.  and  Brandon  .   .  . 

Total  16-inch 


W.R. 


OvertheB.&  A.  R.R.  bridge     .... 
Commonwealth  ave.  and  Bay  State  road 

Boston  and  EUery 

Saratoga  and  Bennington 

CheUea  and  B.,  L.,  &  R.  B.  R.R.  .   .   . 

Boylston  and  Bellevue 

Day  and  Centre 

From  Parker 

Washington  and  Harrison  ave 

From  Hayden 

Hillside  ave.  and  Parker 

Huntington  ave.  and  Westland  ave.  .  . 
Huntington  ave.  and  Brookline  ave.  .  . 
East  Chester  park  and  M.Y.  &  N.E.  R.R., 

Ruggles  and  Williams 

Newhall  and  Neponset  ave 

Fremont  antj  Tileston  ave 

Evelyn  and  Morton 

Danube  and  Howard  ave 

Carried  forward 


B. 


S.B. 
E.B. 


Dor. 


30 


1,278 

46 

2,101 


3,425 


84 
121 
205 


132 
895 


213 

33 

70 

138 

57 

326 

358 

26 

513 

118 

291 

195 

3,799 

282 

378 

72 

1,452 

lb7 

29 

8,487 


"Water-Supply  Department. 
Statement  of  Liocation,  Size,  etc.  —  Continued. 


41 


In  what  Street. 


Fremont 

Harvard 

Lauriat  ave.  .  .  . 
Mountain  ave.     .   . 

Milton  ave 

Morton 

Magnolia 

Nelson 

Park 

Kockville 

Savin  Hill  ave.  .   . 

Westville 

Water 

Brandon 

Beech 

Moss  Hill  road  .  . 
Newhergh    .  .  ,  . 

Prospect 

Vermont  ave.  .    .   . 

Williamrt 

Washington    .    .   . 

Weld 

Woodland  ave.  .  . 

Belvidere 

Devonshire  .   .   .   . 

Stanhope 

Taylor 

Brook 

Albany-street  yard 
Boylston  sq.  .  .  . 
Cromwell     .    .   .   . 


Between  what  Streets. 


Brought  forward  .  .  , 
Norfolk  and  Blue  Hill  ave. . 

School  and  Kilton 

Lyons  and  Mountain  ave.  .  . 

From  Lauriat  ave 

Fuller  and  Fairmount  .  .  . 
Fuller  and  Codman  .... 
Quincy  and  Lawrence  ave.  . 

Norfolk  and  Evans 

Dorchester  ave.  and  Vinson 
Oakland  and  Blue  Hill  ave.  . 
Spring  and  Grampian  way   . 

Draper  and  Dltson 

Walnut  and  Taylor 

Dudley  ave.  and  Aldvich  .  . 
Cypress  and  Newbergh  .  .  . 
May  and  Woodland  road  .  . 
Brandon  and  Berry  .... 
Amherst  and  Linden  .... 

From  Corey 

Washington  and  Plainfield  . 
Schumann  and  Cottage  .  .  . 
Dwinel  and  Aid  rich  .... 
Moss  Hill  road  and  Pond  .    . 

Total  12.inch 


Dalton  and  Bothnia  . 
Franklin  and  Milk  .  . 
Berkeley  and  Morgan 
Water  and  Franklin  . 
Berry  and  Hill  .  .  .  . 
Total  10-inch  .   .   . 


From  Albany  st 

Washington  and  Boylston    .   . 
West  Chester  park  and  Dalton 

Carried  forward 


Dor. 


W.R. 


Dor. 
W.R. 


8,487 
409 
375 
485 
590 
183 
163 
118 
186 

1,021 
632 
126 
224 
307 
481 

1,058 
917 
578 
108 
329 
153 

2,042 

207 

458 

19,637 

298 
251 
433 
172 
60 
1,214 

183 
364 
450 

997 


42  City  Document  No.  39. 

Statement  of  Liocation,  Size,  etc.  —  Continued. 


In  what  Street. 


Chatham  row  . 
Chatham  .  .  . 
Gilbert  pi.  .  . 
Merchants  row 
State  ..... 


Stanhope 

AVest  Chester  park 
Washington    .   .  . 

Jackson 

Gladstone  .... 
Brunswick  .... 
Elmwood  .  .  .  . 
Hampshire  .   .    .   . 


Between  what  Streets. 


Brought  forward  .... 

State  and  Chatham 

Merchants  and  Chatham  row  . 

Summer  and  Aldine 

State  and  Chatham 

Merchants  row  and  Broad  .  . 
Washington  and  Devonshire  . 

Morgan  and  O.  C.  R.R 

St.  Botolph  and  O.  C.  R.R.  .  . 
Boylston  and  Boylston  square 
Boston  and  Dorchester  ave.     . 

Selma  and  Park 

Warren  and  Blue  Hill  ave.  .  . 
Linden  park  and  King  .... 
Ruggles  and  Vernon  ..... 


Kingsbury   ......     Granger  and  Bainbridge 


Pontine     .  . 

Reading    .  . 

Texas    .  .  . 

Argyle  .   .  . 

Brookford  . 

Ballon  .  .  . 
Bowdoin  sq. 


Bernard 

Clayton 

Fenton 

Huntoon 

Kenwood 

Mayfield 

Melville  ave 

N.  Munroe  terrace    .  . 

Nightingale 

Puritan  ave 

Rosemont  terrace  .  .  . 


Norfolk  ave.  and  Clifton  .   . 

Swett  and  Kemble 

Tremont  and  Elmwood  .  . 
Dorchester  and  Welles  aves. 
Danube  and  Howard  ave.     . 

From  Jones  ave 

Westville  and  Geneva  ave.  . 
"  "    Dakota    .  .  . 

Harvard  and  Nightingale  .  . 
Freeport  aad  Fenton  .  .  .  . 
Clayton  and  Fenton  pi.  .  .  . 
Medway  and  Butler  .  .  .  . 
Washington  and  Seaborn     . 

From  Pleasant 

Upland  and  Dorchester  ave. 
Prom  Neponset  ave 

"      Bernard 

"      Richfield 

"      Rosemont 


SB. 
E.B. 
Rox. 


Dor. 


Carried  forward 


997 
1-53 
249 
184 
115 
207 
145 
247 
42 
IS 
174 
108 
488 
413 
475 
48 
589 
1,128 
322 
299 
96 
227 
214 
2b0 
211 
8 
252 
181 
481 
436 
615 
500 
699 
87 


Water-StjppIiY  Depaktment,  43 

Statement  of  liOcatioii,  Size,  etc. —  Continued. 


In  what  Street. 


W.  Park 

Aldrich 

Brandon 

Boylston 

Billings 

Burley 

f  arquhar 

Granville 

Hemlock 

Lotus  pi 

Mendum 

Proctor 

Prospect 

Rosllndale  ave.  .   . 

Selwyn 

S.  Walter  .... 
Sycamore     .... 

Temple 

Argyle  road    .  .  . 

Aldie 

Appleton  road   .  . 

Dustan 

Faneuil 

George      

Hill 

Kinross  road  .  .  . 
Western  ave. .   .   . 

Albany-st.yard  .  . 
Commonwealth  ave, 

Lenox    

New  comb  .... 
St.  Stephens  .  .  . 
Willow 


Between  what  Streets. 


Brought  forward  .... 
Washington  and  Herbert .  .  . 
Brandon  and  Cornell  .... 
Linden  and  Bellevuc  ave.     .  . 

Centre  and  Burr 

From  Centre 

Dale  and  Metropolitan  ave. .   . 

South  and  Centre 

From  Beech 

Washington  and  Bellevue  ave. 

"  "    Stony  Brook 

Fairview  and  Walter 


Linden  and  Brandon 

Cornell  and  Beech 

Hewlett  and  Farquhar 

Robert  and  S.  Fairview 

Poplar  and  Hathorne 

Willow  and  Keath  ave 

Commonwealth  ave.  and  Chiswick  road, 

Franklin  and  Everett 

From  Lake 

Cambridge  and  No.  Beacon     .*..... 

Bigelow  and  Washington 

Spring  and  No.  Beacon 

Murdock  and  Lucas 

Commonwealth  ave.  and  Sutherland  road, 

Market  and  the  bridge 

Total  8-inch 


From  Albany 

Kenmore  and  Brookline  ave. 
Reed  and  Harrison  ave.    .  . 


From  Gainsborough  .   . 

Beacon  and  Mt.  Vernon 

Carried  forward  .   . 


Dor. 
W.  R. 


10,746 
318 
654 
804 

32 
295 
185 
799 
407 
599 
326 
110 
305 
544 
455 

41 
100 

24 
486 
245 
402 
556 
162 
183 
416 
171 
598 
129 


83 
313 
213 
216 
83 
35 
943 


44  City  Document  No.  39. 

Statement  of  Liocation,  Size,  etc.  —  Continued. 


In  what  Street. 


Douglass  .  .  .  . 
East  Fifth  .  .  . 
Howell  .  .  .  . 
Old  Harbor  pi.  . 
West  Broadway 
Webster  pi.  .  . 
Bremen  .  .  .  . 
Falcon  .  .  .  .  . 
Morris  .... 
Wordsworth  .  . 

Buckley  ave.  .  . 
Burney  .  .  .  . 
Dacia  .  .  .  .  < 
Duncan  .  .  .  , 
Eldora  .  .  .  .  . 
Edgewood  pai'k 
Farnham  .  .  .  , 
G-rotto  glen  .  .  , 
Holborn  park  .  , 
Hammet  ave.  .  . 
Hutchings  .  .  . 
Hygeia  road  .  . 
Ingleside  .  .  .  . 
Intervale  .  .  .  , 
Johnsou  ave.  .  • 
Juniper     .   .   .   , 

Kent , 

Linden  Park  .  . 
Mausur  .  .  .  , 
Mort'land  ... 
Posen  .... 
Rand  pi.  .  .  . 
Sunset  .... 
Smith    .... 


Between  what  Streets. 


Brought  forward 

Eighth  and  Ninth 

H  and  I 

Boston  and  Dorchester  ave 

Old  Harbor  and  Atlantic 

F  and  Dorchester 

From  Fifth 

Curtis  and  Saratoga 

Meridian  and  Brooks 

Putnam  and  Brooks 

Bennington  and  B.,  L.,  &  R.  B.  R.R. 

Pope  and  Saratoga 

From  Johnson  ave 

Tremont  and  Dell  ave 

Dove  and  Dalmatia 

Ruggles  and  Ward 

Hillside  and  Sunset 

From  Edgewood 

Gerard  and  Reading 

From  Day       

From  Holborn 

Weston  and  Sarsfleld 

Harold  and  Humboldt  ave 

Gaston  and  Blue  Hill  ave 

Dacia  and  Blue  Hill  ave 

Warren  "  "  "      

Centre  and  Buckley  ave 

Thorntou  and  Juniper  terrace    .   .   . 

Roxbury  and  Vernon 

Simmons  and  Linden  ave 

Day  and  Schiller 

From  Dennis 

"      Ai'klow 

"     Rand 

Hillside  and  Eldora 

Whitney  and  Bumstead  lane  .... 
Carried  forward 


S.B. 


Rox. 


943 
228 
251 
122 

48 
758 
172 
138 
641 
116 

84 
275 
156 

53 
133 

84 
270 

86 
110 
101 
152 
132 

55 
513 
144 
601 

23 
202 
210 
212 
104 

33 

64 

113 

136 

231 

7,694 


"Water-Supply  Department. 
Statement  of  Location,  Size,  etc.  —  Continued. 


45 


In  what  Street. 


Shepard  .  .  . 
Schiller  .  .  . 
Southwood  ,  . 
Street    .   .   .   . 

Vine 

Willow  Park  . 
Blomedon  .  . 
Bellevue  .  .  . 
Barnes  .  .  .  . 
Brent  .  .  .  . 
Birch  .  .  .  . 
Bicknell  .  .  . 
Court  .  .  .  . 
Coolidge  ave.  . 
Cook's  court  . 
Corwin  .  .  .  . 
Chipinan  .  ,  . 
Chapman  ave. 
Coffey  .  .  .  . 
Ditson  .  .  .  . 
Dean  ave.     .   . 

Ellet 

Evelj-n  .  .  . 
Elmont  .  .  . 
Edwin  .  .  .  . 
Fremont  pi.  . 
Gayland  ave.  . 
Gibson  .... 
Greenhays  .  . 
Humphrey  sq. 
Hodges  court  . 
Harlow  .  •  .  . 
Hartford  pi .  . 
Howe     .  .   .   . 


Between  what  Streets. 


Brought  forward    .   .   ,  .   . 

From  Tremont , 

Minden  and  Heath      

Edgewood  and  Blue  Hill  ave. 

From  Heath 

Dudley  and  Forest 

From  Shawmut  ave 

"      Tolman 

Quincy  and  Kane 

Dorchester  ave.  and  O.  C.  R  R. 
"Washington  and  Carlisle  .  .  .  . 
Lauriat  ave.  and  Oak  terrace  .   . 

Har\-ard  and  White 

From  Stoughton , 

Standish  and  Warner  aves.  .   .  , 

From  Fremont  pi 

Westville  and  Arcadia 

Norfolk  and  Torrey 

Birch  and  Lyons , 

Newhall  and  Neponset  ave.     . 

Leroy  and  Josephine 

From  Howard  ave , 

Adams  and  Dorchester  ave.  .  , 
Norfolk  and  Blue  Hill  ave.  .  .  . 
From  Waterlow 

"     Dorchester  ave 

"     Fremont 

"     Judson 

Adams  and  Dorchester  ave.     .   . 

Magnolia  and  Cedar 

Dudley  and  Iowa 

From  Norfolk 

"      Harlow 

"      Washington , 

"      Hancock , 


Carried  for  ward 


Kox. 


Dor. 


7,694 
213 
245 
135 
157 
140 
149 
193 

48 
328 
378 

52 
301 
184 
241 
170 

43 

51 
317 

46 
113 
163 

99 
646 
192 
1,148 
333 
112 

3d 
170 

60 
162 

69 
.168 
197 


46  CiTT  Document  No.  39. 

Statement  of  Location,  Size,  etc.  —  Continued. 


In  what  Street. 


Howard  pi.  .  .  . 
Intervale  park  . 
Jones  ave.  .  .  . 
Kenwood  .... 
Lombard  .... 
Leroy  ..... 
Mattapan  .... 
Miller's  lane  .   . 

Mellen 

Merlin 

Mario  w  .  .  .  . 
Moultrie    .... 

Morse 

Kixon  ..... 
NepoDsetave.  . 
Oleander  .... 
Percival  ave.  .  . 
Patterson  .... 

Roslin 

Richview  .... 
Stanton  .... 
Shawmut  park  . 

Street     

Saco 

Sidney  pi.  ... 
Columbia  terrace 
Shenandoah  .  . 
Sagamore     .   .   , 

Spring 

Spencer    .  .   .  . 

Street     

Savin  Hill  ave.  . 
Tileston  ave.  .  . 
Upland 


Between  what  Streets. 


Brought  forward    ...... 

From  Howard  ave 

Upland  and  Bournside 

Ballon  and  Pratt 

AUston  and  Seaborn 

Bushnell  and  Carruth 

Ditson  and  Geneva  ave 

Blue  Hill  and  Tileston  aves.    .   .   . 

Washington  and  Baker  pi 

Ashmont  and  Ocean 

W.  Park  and  Jackson  pi 

Park  and  Vinson 

From  Seaborn 

Washington  and  Bowdoin  ave.  .  . 

Mather  and  Centre 

Tileston  and  No.  Munroe  terrace  . 

Bird  and  Alexander  ave 

Church  and  Fox  ave 

Codman  and  Brook 

Harley  and  Washington 

From  Hillside 

Norfolk  and  Evans 

From  King 

"      Dalmatia 

"      Neponset  ave 

"      Waterloo 

"      Columbia 

Carruth  and  O.  C.R.R 

Belfort  and  Romsey 

Savin  Hill  ave.  and  Bay 

Wheatland  and  Talbot  aves.    .   .  . 

From  Tolman 

Spring  and  Grampian  way  .   ■  ,  . 

Walk  Hill  and  Mattapan 

Park  and  Melville  ave 


Dor. 


Carried  forward 


14,753 
167 

6 

" 

531 

" 

321 

" 

187 

" 

446 

" 

144 

" 

289 

" 

139 

" 

446 

" 

509 

" 

371 

" 

402 

" 

83 

" 

237 

" 

60 

" 

176 

" 

37 

" 

177 

" 

220 

" 

146 

" 

209 

" 

244 

" 

161 

" 

212 

" 

372 

" 

132 

" 

379 

" 

151 

" 

261 

" 

195 

« 

179 

" 

124 

" 

15 

" 

778 

23,253 


Water-Supply  Depart.ment. 
statement  of  Liocation,  Size,  etc.  —  Continued. 


47 


In  what  Street. 


Upham 

Vaughan  ave.     .  .  . 

Vinson 

Waterloo 

Weetville      

"Wentworth     .   .   .   . 
Wrentham  park    .  . 

"Walton 

Arundel 

Boylston  terrace    .   . 

Boj-nton 

Cross 

Cranston 

Elgin 

Franklin  park    .   .  . 

Guernsey 

Hillside  ave 

Hastings 

Havey 

Hillcrest 

Lamartine  terrace    . 

Loretto 

Linden      

Newbern 

Plainfield 

Perham 

Peter  Parley  road    . 

Paul  Gore 

Richards  ave 

Robert , 

Rockview     .   .   .   .   , 

Street    . 

St.  Thomas  .   .   .   .   , 
Street    


Between  what  Streets. 


Brought  forward , 

Hancock  and  Gushing  ave 

From  Geneva 

Park  and  SJarlow 

Harvard  and  Elmont 

Draper  and  Corwin 

From  Norfolk 

Dorchester  ave.  and  O.  C.  R.R.  .   .  . 

Harley  and  Washington 

Selwyn  and  Centre 

Centre  and  Boylston 

Centre  and  Call 

Augustus  and  Hillside  ave 

Sheridan  and  Sheridan  ave 

Hillcrest  and  0.  C.  R.R 

From  Morton 

South  and  O.  C.  R.R 

From  Wenham 

Centre  and  Carl 

From  Dudley  ave 

Loretto  and  Elgin 

From  Lamartine 

Centre  and  Hillcrest 

Prospect  and  Brandon 

Canterbury  and  Hyde  Park  line    .   . 

Williams  and  Keyes 

Mt.  Vernon  and  O.  C.  R.R 

Forest  Hill  and  Washington    .... 

Danforth  and  Chestnut  ave 

Huntington  ave.  and  Hyde  Park  line 

Brookfield  and  So.  Walter 

Green  and  St.  John 

From  Paul  Gore 

Woodman  and  South 

From  Wenham 


Dor. 


W.R. 


Carried  forward 


23,253 

139 

24 

677 

42 

lOT 

363 

221 

183 

404 

1,205 

200 

65 

86 

93 

514 

350 

55 

335 

168 

307 

159 

640 

258 

220 

115 

642 

121 

387 

36 

32 

321 

143 

91 

190 

31,986 


48  City  Document  No.  39. 

Statement  of  L/Ocation,  Size,  etc.  —  Concluded. 


In  what  Street. 


Wenhain      .... 

"Walter 

Alcot 

Bayard 

Berwick  rond  .  .  . 
Brentwood  .... 
Chiswick  road  .  . 
Duck  lane    .... 

Dunboy 

Everett  terrace  .  . 

Garden 

Leicester 

Lawrence  .... 
Kantasket  ave.  .   . 

Street 

Shannon  

Surrey 

Surrey  pi 

Street 

Selkirk  road   .   .   . 

Street    

Tremont 

Westford  .... 
Westford  pi.  .  .  . 
Long  island  .  .  . 
Gallop's  island  .  . 
Thompson's  island 

Doody's  court  .  . 
Humboldt  park  .  . 
Maiden  lane    .  .   . 

Street    

Street 

Thompson's  island 


Between  what  Streets. 


Brought  forward    

Weldon  and  Yale 

Centre  and  Bussey 

Mansfield  and  Franklin 

Kenneth  and  "Weitz 

Commonwealth  ave.  and  Chiswick  road, 

Franklin  and  Athol -  .   .  .  . 

Englewood  ave.  and  Selkirk  road     .   .  . 

Smith  and  Western  ave 

High  and  Faneuil 

From  Westford 

Murdock  and  Lucas 

Surrey  and  Washington 

From  Market 

Washington  and  Union 

From  Webster 

Washington  and  Union 

Market  and  Leicester 

From  Surrey 

"      Murdock 

Sutherland  and  Kilsyth  roads 

Duck  lane  and  N.  Harvard 

Washington  and  Newton  line 

Raymond  and  Raymond 

From  Westford 


Total  6-inch  .  .  . 
From  Geneva  ave.   .  .  , 

"      Bower 

Reading  and  Hampden 
From  Heath 

"      Centre 


Total  4-inch 


Bri. 


Dor. 
Rox. 


31,986 
423 
555 
334 
60 
419 
248 


190 

202 

121 

202 

222 

50 

170 

222 

142 

217 

112 

180 

195 

217 

108 

2,874 

9S1 

6,772 

48,327 

143 

33 

41 

139 

154 

155 

665 


Water-Supply  Department. 


49 


Statement  of  Pipes  Lowered. 


In  what  Street. 

Between  what  Streets. 

<o 

P 

QD 

Dorchester  ave.     .  •  . 

Dor. 
WR. 

12 

484 

Dorchester  ave.     •  .   . 

Barnes  and  Welles  ave 

246 

Franklin  park    .... 

From  Morton 

213 

Total  12-inch 

89-3 

^^~ 

E.B. 

6 

250 

Clarkson  

Quincy  and  Barrington 

Dor 

260 

Sawyer  ave 

Hillside  ave 

jj 

125 

From  Wenham 

W.R. 

« 
« 

136 

Street    

Bri. 

157 

Tale 

115 

Englewood  ave.    .   .   . 

Chiswick  road  and  Chestnut-hill  ave 

Total  6-inch 

163 

1,206 

Belaid. 

R6x. 

40 

213 

Laid  Blow-off. 

Swett 

Near  N.  Y.  &  N.  E.  R.R.  bridge 

Rox. 

12 

14 

Washington 

LaGrange  and  Cottage 

Abandoned  Blow-off. 

W.R. 

4 

14 

Rox. 

4 

59 

50 


City  Docibient  No.  39. 


Pipes  Abandoned  during  the  Year  ending  January  31, 

1893. 


In  what  Street. 


Berkeley  .  .  . 
Tremont .... 
Pranklin  park  . 

Lincoln    .... 

Stanhope  .  .  . 
Temple  .... 
Shepard  .... 
Small-pox  hospital 
Westminster  .  .  . 
Savin  Hill  ave.  .   . 

Taylor 

Water 

Albany-street  yard 
Boylston  sq.  .  . 
Chatham  row    . 

State     

Texas 


Between  what  Streets. 


Over  the  B.  Ss  A.  R.R.  bridge 
Heath  and  Brookline  line     .   . 

From  Morton 

Total  12.inch . 


Cambridge  and  Franklin 


Berkeley  and  O.  C.  R.R.  . 
Hancock  and  Derne    .  .  . 

From  Tremont 

"      Swett 

Ruggles  and  Williams  .  . 
Spring  and  Grampian  way 
Water  and  Franklin  .  .  . 
Walnut  and  Taylor  .  .  . 
Total  6-inch 


From  Albany  st 

Boylston  and  Washington    . 

Chatham  and  State 

Devonshire  and  Washington 

Tremont  and  Elmwood  .  .  . 

Total  4-inch 


B. 
Rox. 
W.R. 


Bri. 


Rox. 


Dor. 


B. 


Rox. 


455 


281 


45 
22 
329 
378 
250 
172 
307 


2,183 


820 
238 
153 
145 
184 


1,040 


QQ 


12 

6  and  12 

10 

12 

6  and  8 


Water-Supply  Department. 


51 


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o 

1 
i: 

3 
J 

a 
o 

a 
o 

a 
o 

H 

H 

2 

, 

, 

3 

a 

3        i       ^ 

■5 

1 

3 

•a 

3 

T3 

T 

13 

a 

c: 

- 

a 

QQ 

A 

"5       ^ 

2     ^     2 

3       c:      .: 

;         ^ 

2    '^ 

J2 
OS 

.  ■§ 

s 

i      cs 

1 

o       - 

^ 

a 

CO          (i 

D         ■- 

*         C 

c 

o      c 

<I        c 

>1           r- 

d    - 

w     - 

1*       - 

>» 

fH 

K^ 

flt* 

•0 

M        UJ» 

X 

^ 

54 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Meters  in  Service,  January  31,  1893. 


COCHITUATE. 

Diameter  in  Inches. 

Total. 

6 

4 

3 

2 

1^ 

1 

1 

1 

Worthington 

1 
2 

10 
18 

22 
32 

115 
36 

98 
80 

550 
206 

436 

241 

319 

76 

242 

3 

2 

2 

78 
1,172 



19 
4 
4 
6 
2 
2 

1,310 
1  787 

B.  W.  W 

319 

1 

5 

11 

23 

38 
51 
1 
1 

173 

297 

Ball  &  FittB 

s 

Thomson 

1 

1 

11 

4 

Nash 

2 

1 

1 

3 

29 

59 

163 

202 

847 

1,322 

1,287 

3,912 

Meters  Applied. 


Diameter 

IN  Inches. 

COCHITUATE. 

1 

6 

4 

3 

2 

1| 

1 

1 

1 

Total. 

5 

4 

4 
9 

18 
6 

37 

22 

1 

3 

28 

1 
38 

1 

1 

65 

1 

3 

2 

85 

B.  W.  W 

1 

Hertey 

3 

22 

7 

50 

1 

Am.  Frost 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2           9 

16 

46 

92 

41 

210 

Water-supply  Department. 
Meters  Discontimied, 


55 


Diameter  in 

Inches. 

COCHITUATE. 

4 

3 

2 

n 

1 

s 

' 

Total. 

1 

4 
2 

3 

4 

9 
3 

16 

3 

15 

7 
59 

40 

1 

72 

B.W.  W 

15 

2 

2 

1 

4 

4 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

8 

7 

15 

38 

67 

137 

Meters  Purchased. 


Diametee  in  Inches. 

COCHITUATE. 

6 

4 

3 

1| 

1 

3 

1 

Total. 

1 
1 

5 
7 

1 
4 

1 

5 
26 

3 

8 

50 
60 

65 

106 

1 

62 

1 

175 
1 

2 
2 

237 

4 

2 

2 

12 

6 

31 

74 

286 

4 

415 

Meters  sent  to  Factory  for  Repairs. 


Diameteb  in 

Inche 

s. 

COCHITUATE. 

2 

n 

1 

i 

1 

Total. 

1 

6 
13 
2 

1 

17 
3 

72 

8 

102 

1 

1 

1 

7 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

21 

28 

72 

120 

56 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Meters  in  Service,  January  31,  1893. 


DiAMETEB 

IN  Inches. 

Mystic. 

6 

4 

3 

6 

S 

2 

n 

1 

3 

1 

10 
7 
1 

36 

11 

3 

7 
2 
2 

73 

32 

6 

56 
42 

9 
93 

197 

2 

197 

12 

B.  W.  W 

1 

1 

Ball  &  Fitts 

2 

1 

3 

8 

17 

25 

2 

18 

16 

51 

11 

119 

116 

102 

435 

Meters  Applied. 


Mystic. 

Diameter  in  Inches. 

4 

3 

2 

n 

1 

S 

i 

Worthington 

2 
1 

1 
1 
1 

3 

1 

2 

6 
3 

10 

15 

15 

2 

7 

3 

9 

16 

3 

3 

3           1 

11 

18 

10 

49 

Meters  Discontinued. 


Mystic. 

Diameter  in  Inches. 

3 

2 

1 

1 

» 

Total. 

2 

4 
1 
2 

1 
3 

6 

7 

10 

1 

3 

1 

2 

7 

4 

6 

20 

Water-Supply  Department. 


57 


Meters  sent  to  Factory  for  Repairs. 


Mystic. 

Diameter  in  Inches. 

1 

i 

i 

Total. 

3 
5 

11 

3 

16 

1 

1 

1 

8 

11 

20 

Meters  Repaired  in  Service, 


Leak  at  spindle    . 

"       coupling . 

"      packing   . 

"       stopcock  . 
Clock  broken    ,  . 
"      defaced  .  . 
Spindle  broken    . 
Gear  " 

Lever  " 

Pawl  '< 

Ratchet       " 
Stopped  by  fisli    . 
Don't  register  .   . 
Piston-rod  broken 
Clock  detached    . 


Causes. 


Cochituate. 

62 
38 

9 

2 
32 
17 

3 

4 

2 

1 

1 


222 


Mystic. 


58 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Meters  Changed. 


Causes. 


Ordered  out  for  test  ,  ■ 
Would  not  register  .  , 
Injured  by  hot  water    . 

No  force 

Burst 

Body  broken 

Gear        "         

Clock       "        

Valve      "        

Spindle    "         

Enlargement  of  service 

Clock  defaced 

Leak  at  spindle   .  .   .   . 

Stopped  by  frost .  .  .  . 

"        "  solder  .  .   . 

Leak  at  body 

"     "  coupling     .  .  . 

Lever  broken 

Defective  packing  .  .  . 
Stoppage 


Cochituate. 


Mystic. 


208 

272 

9 

133 

88 

2 

8 

43 

1 

2 

46 

12 

37 

39 

2 

20 

10 


872 


Watee-Supply  Depaetment. 


59 


General  Statement  of  Meters  for  the  Year  ending 
January  31,  1893. 


In  service,  January  31, 1893 

New  Bet 

Discontinued 

Changed 

Changed  location 

Tested  at  shop 

Repaired  at  shop 

Repaired  at  factory  .... 
Repaired  in  service  .... 
Purchased 


COCHITUATB. 


Meters. 


3,912 
210 
137 
872 
21 

1,813 
330 
120 
222 
415 


Boxes. 


31 


Mtstic. 


Meters 


435 

49 

20 

89 

1 

138 
27 
20 
77 


Boxes. 


14 


Hydrants  Established  and  Abandoned  during  the  Year. 


Established. 

3 

o 

Abandoned. 

1 

o 

1 

>> 

a 
o 

o 

n 

>> 

o 

1 

o 

a 
o 

o 

M 

i 

2 

9 
3 

4 
17 
61 
43 
12 

2 

1 

12 
3 
4 
23 
84 
53 
22 
2 

2 

6 
3 

4 
5 
1 
1 

8 
3 

9 
19 

8 

8 

4 

3 

4 

1 

2 

2 
10 

7 
4 

4 

2 
4 
5 
5 

4 
18 
5 
4 

1 

1 

14 

65 

"West  Roxbury 

Brighton 

45 
14 

2 

18 

151 

32 

2 

203 

8 

2 

25 

20 

55 

148 

GO 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Total  Number  of  Hydrants  in  Use,  January  31,  1893, 


1 

o 
1-1 

a 
1 

c 
o 

o 
P5 

Totals. 

1 

673 
211 
138 
667 
574 
119 
77 

227 

87 

84 

163 

363 

414 

256 

16 

68 
20 
24 
65 
187 
159 
59 

1 

518 
262 
138 
97 
72 
50 
36 

1,486 
581 

384 

1,196 

742 

428 

16 

5 

3 

7 

g 

7 

7 
4 
2 

7 

Long  Island o   .   .   .   .   »   .   .   . 

4 

2 

2,464 

1,623 

582 

1 

1,183 

5,853 

Water-Posts. 


DiSTKICT. 

Put  in  during 
the  year. 

Abandoned 
during  the  year. 

Number  now 
in  Service. 

20 
1 
8 
8 

13 
6 

17 

1 
2 

1 

42 

East  Boston 

South  Boston 

23 
25 

60 

Dorchester 

72 

59 

Brighton 

39 

Totals 

73 

4 

3''0 

Water-Supply  Department.  fil 

Repairs  of  Pipes  during  the  Year  ending  Jan.  31,   1893. 


Diameter  of  Pipes  in  Inches. 

Total. 

48 
1 

1 

40 
2 

2 

36 

1 

1 

30 
6 
2 

8 

28 

1 

1 

24 
2 

2 

20 

9 
2 
2 
4 

17 

16 
8 

1 

e 

12 

22 
3 
3 
0 
4 
3 

44 

8 
9 

1 
1 
2 

1 

14 

6 

49 
3 
4 

20 
1 
6 

83 

4 

23 

1 
1 
3 

1 

1 

30 

3 

6 
1 

7 

2 
7 

4 

1 

1 
13 

n 

6 

1 
1 

8 

n 

5 

1 

19 

1 

3 

2 

25 

i 

12 

1 
2 

2 

1 

18 

s 

h 

7 

7 

8 

30 

62 

471 

142 

67 

203 

106 

70 

45 

663 

South  Boston 

East  Boston 

Roxbury    

Dorchester 

W.  Roxbury 

Brighton 

Deer  Island 

161 

94 

278 

117 

82 

48 

1 

Totals 

1,104 

1,444 

Causes  of  leaks  that  have  occurred  on  4-inch  and  upwards  : 


Settling  of  earth 
Blasting  . 
Defective  joints 

"         pipes 

'*         stopcocks 

"  packings   . 

"  stuffing-box 

In  way  of  sewer  trench 
Cap  blown  off 

Of  causes  on  3-inch  and  les 

Settling  of  earth 

"  service-box 

' '  sewer  trench 

Gnawed  by  rats 

Eaten  by  soil  . 

Blasting  .         .         . 

Struck  by  pick 

Broken  by  steam-roller 

Changed  grade  of  street 

Changed  location 

Uprights  in  way  of  edgestone 

Pipe  in  way  of  sewer  trench 

Defective  joints 

"         packing    . 


14 

9 
74 
11 

7 
78 
12 

6 

1 
—  212 


209 

5 

13 

13 

18 

3 

50 

1 

23 


50 

6 

24 

14 


Canned  foi'ivard, 


437 


212 


62 


CiTT  Document  No.  39. 


Brought  forvnard 
Defective  coupllna; 

4^7 

.       26 

' '          stopcock 

.       45 

' '          pipes 
Stopped  by  dirt 
"           gasiset 

158 
34 
11 

"           tish 

45 

"           rust 

363 

"           frost      . 

113 

212 


1,232 

1,444 

In  addition  to  the  above,  325  service-pipes  were  shut  off 
for  repairs  inside  of  the  street  line,  and  notice  of  the  same 
was  sent  to  the  On  and  Off  Division  of  the  Water-Income 
Department. 


Hydrant  barrels  changed  for  repairs 
Hydrant  boxes  renewed 
Stopcock  boxes  renewed 
Deacon  meter  boxes  renewed 


263 

98 

191 

7 


Statement  of  Leaks  and  Stoppages  from  1850  to  1893. 


DiAMETBB 

IN  Inches. 

Tear. 

Four  inches  and 
upwards. 

Less  than  four 
inches. 

Total. 

1850 

82 
64 
82 
85 
74 
75 
75 
85 
77 
82 
134 
109 
117 
97 
95 

72 
173 
241 
260 
280 
219 
232 
278 
234 
449 
458 
399 
373 
397 
394 

104 

1851 

237 

1852  .   .   

323 

1853 

345 

1854 

354 

1855 

294 

1856 

307 

1857 

363 

1858 

401 

1859 

531 

1860 

692 

1861 

508 

1862 

490 

1863.   . 

1864 

494 
489 

Water-Supply  Department . 


63 


Statement  of  Leaks  and  Stoppages  from  1850  to  1893. 

Concluded. 


DiAMBTEB  IN  INCHES. 

Teak. 

Four  inches  and 
ujiwards. 

Less  than  four 
inches. 

Total. 

1865 

Ill 
139 
122 
82 
82 
157 
185 
188 
153 
434 
208 
214 
109 
213 
211 
135 
145 
170 
171 
253 
111 
150 
172 
216 
183 
180 
179 
212 

496 

636 

487 

449 

407 

707 

1,380 

1,459 

1,076 

2,160 

725 

734 

801 

1,024 

995 

929 

833 

1,248 

782 

1,127 

638 

725 

869 

1,140 

849 

718 

758 

1,232 

607 

1866 

675 

1867 

1868 

609 
531 

1869 

489 

1870 

926 

1871 

1,565 

1872 

1,647 

1873 

1,229 

1874 

2,554 

1875 

928 

1876 

1877 

948 
910 

1878 

1,237 

1879 

1,206 

1880 

1,064 

1881 

1,028 

1882 

1,418 

1883 

953 

1884 

1,380 

1885 

749 

1886 

875 

1887 

1,040 

1888 

1,356 

1889 

1,032 

1890 

898 

1891 

952 

1892 

1,444 

Eespectfullj  yours, 

William  J.  Welch, 

/Superintendent, 


64  City  Document  No.  39. 


EEPORT  OF  THE  RESIDENT  ENGINEER  AND 
SUPERINTENDENT  OF  THE  WESTERN  DIVI- 
SION. 


South  Framingham,  January  1,  1893. 
Robert  Grant,  Esq.,  Chairman  Boston  Water  Board: 

Sir  :  The  annual  report  for  the  Western  Division  of  the 
Boston  Water-Works  is  submitted  herewith. 

SUDBURY-RlVER    BaSINS. 

Water-shed,  75.2  square  miles. 

The  rainfall  for  1892  was  40.96  inches  at  Framingham, 
and  the  mean  rainfall  taken  at  Framinirham,  Dam  4,  and 
Cordaville,  was  41.61  inches;  about  6.39  inches  below  the 
average.  The  quantit}'  of  water  has  been  sufficient,  and 
the  quality  has  been  good.  The  very  low  rainfall  in  Sep- 
tember and  October  caused  heavy  draughts  upon  the  stor- 
age, but  the  dry  period  was  hardly  long  enough  to  cause 
anxiety  in  regard  to  the  supply.  The  greatly  increased 
consumption  of  water,  however,  points  to  the  necessity  for 
a  large  increase  at  an  early  dsiy. 

Surveys  have  been  continued  throughout  the  year  on 
different  portions  of  the  water-shed,  principally  in  connec- 
tion with  the  takino-s  of  land  on  the  borders  of  the  brooks 
and  for  the  construction  of  additional  basins.  During  the 
latter  part  of  the  summer  and  the  whole  of  the  autumn 
Basin  4  was  drawn  down  for  the  use  of  the  cit}'^,  greatly  to 
the  benefit  of  the  quality  of  water  delivered. 

The  careful  studies  of  the  condition  of  the  various  sources 
of  supply,  already  inaugurated,  have  been  maintained  during 
the  year. 

The  construction  of  Basin  6  has  been  vigorously  pushed 
during  the  working  season.  Almost  all  of  the  stripping  has 
been  finished,  and  the  embankment  forming  the  dam  is  now 
more  than  half  completed.  Another  season  will  see  this 
important  work  finished  and  readv  to  be  filled  in  the  winter 
of  1893-94. 

The  color  of  the  water  delivered  to  the  consumers  has  been 
higher  than  in  1891,  for  reasons  that  will  be  alluded  to 
farther  on. 


Water-Supply  Department.  65 


Basin  1. 

Grades,  n.  W.,   161.00;  Stone  Crest,  157 .54. 
Area,  149  acres;  Greatest  Depth,  14  ft.  ;  Contents,  288,000,000  gals. 

On  January  1,  1892,  this  basin  stood  at  elevation  157.00 
above  tide  mai'sh  level  in  Boston,  from  which  all  heights  are 
reckoned.  On  January  3,  waste  over  the  crest  began  and 
continued  until  April  1(),  when  both  sets  of  flash-boards 
were  put  in  place.  The  surface  fell  to  155.55  on  April  29, 
then  rose  to  the  top  of  the  flash-boards  on  May  12,  and 
water' was  wasted,  with  the  exception  of  a  ^qw  days  towards 
the  last  of  May,  until  June  7.  The  w^ater  then  gradually 
fell  to  155.97  on  September  24.  Both  sets  of  flash-boards 
were  removed  on  August  24.  During  the  remainder  of  the 
year  the  water  was  kept  at  al)out  the  level  of  the  crest. 
The  highest  elevation  was  159.60  on  May  16,  and  the  lowest 
155.55  on  April  29. 

Water  was  drawn  wholly  from  this  basin  for  the  supply  of 
the  city  from  January  9  to  July  20,  the  water  from  the 
other  basins  being  carried  through  Basin  1  on  its  way  to  the 
aqueduct.  The  48-in.  main  in  the  bottom  of  this  basin  is  in 
very  })oor  condition,  and  a  limited  amount  of  water  only  can 
be  drawn  through  it  without  causing  trouble.  It  should  be 
thoroughly  repaired  during  the  coming  year  and  before  the 
consumption  in  the  city  reaches  such  a  point  as  to  interfere 
seriously  with  the  work.  I  renew  my  recommendation  of 
last  3'ear  that  studies  should  be  made  at  once  for  putting  this 
basin  in  as  good  condition  as  Basins  2,  3,  and  4,  with  a  view 
to  using  it  as  an  additional  settling  basin.  A  flow  of  at  least 
one  and  one-half  millions  of  gallons  has  been  daily  passed 
into  the  river  below  the  dam  in  accordance  with  the  law. 

Basin  2. 

Grades,  n.  W.,  168.00  ;  Stone  Crest,  165.87. 
Area,  137  acres  ;  Greatest  Depth,  17  ft ;  Contents,  530,000,000  galls. 

On  January  1,  1892,  the  surface  of  the  water  was  at  eleva- 
tion 163.55,  and  rising  rapidly.  On  January  3  it  flowed 
over  the  stone  crest,  and  so  continued  until  April  21,  with 
the  exce[)tion  of  four  days  in  February  and  two  days  in 
March.  Both  sets  of  stop-planks  were  put  in  position  on  the 
above  date,  and  on  April  28  waste  over  the  planks  began. 
This  overflow  contiiuiing  an  extra  set  of  flash-boards  was 
placed  on  top  of  the  regular  planks,  and  on  May  11  the 
water  had  risen  sufEciently  to  overflow,  which  did  not  cease 
until  June  29.     The  surface  then  receded  slowly. 

On  July  20  one  of  the  gates  vvas  opened  to  draw  the  sup- 


66  City  Document  No.  39. 

ply  for  the  city,  and  the  water  fell  to  161.36  on  August  18, 
at  which  time  the  surface  began  to  rise  due  to  the  drawing 
down  of  Basin  4.  On  September  23,  one  set  of  flash-boards 
was  put  in  place  to  prevent  overflow,  and  on  October  8  the 
water  reached  grade  166.03.  On  November  19  the  flash- 
boards  were  removed  and  water  began  to  run  over  the  crest. 
The  basin  was  kept  full  with  slight  waste  at  times  until 
December  12,  when  the  water  began  to  fall,  reaching  163.30 
on  December  31.  The  highest  elevation  during  the  year 
was  on  May  23,  167.97,  and  the  lowest  on  November  10, 
159.54. 

Water  for  the  supply  of  the  city  was  drawn  wholly  from 
this  source  from  January  1  to  January  5  ;  August  26  to 
August  29;  August  31  to  September  10;  September  12  to 
November  5  ;  November  17  to  November  19  ;  November  20 
to  November  21  ;  November  25  to  November  27  ;  Novem- 
ber 29  to  November  30  ;  and  from  December  9  to  December 
11. 

The  supply  was  drawn  partially  from  this  basin  and  par- 
tially from  Basin  3  from  July  20  to  August  23  ;  August  23 
to  August  26;  August  29  to  August  31  ;  September  10  to 
September  12  ;  November  5  to  November  17  ;  November  19 
to  November  20  ;  November  23  to  November  25  ;  Novem- 
ber 30  to  December  1 ;  December  I  to  December  4  ;  Decem- 
ber 7  to  December  9  ;  and  from  December  11  to  the  end  of 
the  year. 

Until  April  there  were  very  few  organisms  in  Basin  2. 
During  the  spring  there  was  a  slight  growth  of  Synedra,  fol- 
lowed by  a  slight  growth  of  Cyclotella.  The  latter  were 
again  abundant  in  September,  decreasing  during  October  and 
increasing  again  greatly  during  November.  They  disap- 
peared suddenly  during  the  last  part  of  November.  These 
Cyclotella  were  very  minute.  Protococcus  was  present  from 
April  to  November,  and  was  most  abundant  during  July  and 
August. 

Cedar  swamp,  about  eight  miles  above  Basin  2,  furnishes 
a  breeding  place  for  many  troublesome  organisms,  which, 
under  favorable  conditions,  may  develop  in  great  numbers 
and  be  carried  down  to  stock  the  reservoirs  below.  A 
notable  instance  occurred  during  the  month  of  August,  1892. 

During  the  first  week  of  this  month  there  was  a  great 
quantity  of  Anabsena  (Cyanophyceoe)  in  Cedar  swamp 
pond,  about  8,400  filaments  per  c.c. 

On  August  15,  after  a  rain,  the  Anabaena  was  carried 
down  streiim  and  into  Basin  2,  where  2,064  filaments  per  c.c. 
were  found  at  the  upper  end  of  the  basin.  A  week  later  it 
was  abundant  at  the  gate-house  and  on  the  screens  at  Farm 


\Yater- Supply  Department.  07 

pond,  and  immediately  afterwards  appeared  at  the  terminal 
chamber  at  Chestnut-hill  Reserv^oir,  where  there  were  32(i 
filaments  per  c.c.  By  September  1  it  had  become  distributed 
through  the  reserv^oir,  and  was  found  in  small  quantities  in 
the  city  taps.  The  Anabcena  flourished  in  Basin  2  for  about 
a  month  ;  then  it  gradually  decreased  and  by  October  17  had 
practically  disappeared.  The  filaments  were  quite  long, 
many  of  them  being  over  one  millimeter  in  length  and  easily 
seen  with  the  naked  eye.  When  present  in  great  quantities 
the  water  assumed  a  turbid  appearance,  and  at  times  had  a 
peculiar  taste  varying  from  time  to  time  and  described  by 
Mr.  AVhipple  as  resembling  the  taste  of  a  nasturtium  stem, 
and  sometimes  distinctly  oily  or  musty.  The  taste  could 
not  be  traced  to  the  city  taps. 

This  abnormal  growth  of  Anabaena  appeared  in  Cedar 
Swamp  pond  immediately  after  the  hot  weather  in  July. 
The  history  of  its  development  and  passage  through  the 
basins  and  aqueducts  is  interesting  as  showing  the  influence 
of  these  particular  dangers  and  the  great  advantage  of  abun- 
dant storage  between  the  sources  of  supply  and  the  city 
taps. 

The  average  color  of  the  water  in  Basin  2  at  the  surface, 
mid-depth,  bottom,  and  throughout  the  extent  of  the  basin, 
with  the  exception  of  a  slight  increase  at  the  inlet,  is 
remarkal)ly  uniform.  It  has  been  almost  exactly  1.01 
throughout   the   year. 

Basin  3. 

Grades,  n.  TT.,  177.00;  Stone  Crest,  175.24. 
Area,  283  acres;  Greatest  Depth,  21  feet ;  Contents,  1,081,000,000  galls. 

On  January  1,  1892,  this  basin  stood  at  elevation  1(37.19, 
and  on  the  18th  had  risen  high  enough  to  flow  over  the  stone 
crest,  and  continued  to  overflow  until  June  25,  except  for  a 
number  of  days  in  February,  March,  and  May,  due  to  the 
waste-gates  having  been  opened,  and  a  few  days  in  June 
when  the  experiment  was  tried  of  placing  temporary  flash- 
boards  on  the  dam.  The  water  fell  to  grade  169.14  on 
August  210,  due  to  drafts  for  the  supply,  and  the  surface  was 
kept  at  about  this  level  until  November  16.  After  this  date 
the  water  rose  gradually,  and  on  December  12  reached 
174.50,  and  on  the  31st  was  at  171.86. 

The  highest  point  reached  during  the  year  was  176.17  on 
June  14  and  the  lowest  167.19  on  January  1. 

Water  for  the  supply  of  the  city  has  been  at  no  time 
drawn  solely  from  this  source,  but  has  occasionally  been 
drawn  partly  from  this  basin  and  partly  from  Basin  2. 


68  City  Document  No.  39. 

On  August  8  it  was  noticed  that  the  water  at  the  bottom 
of  the  basin  had  quite  a  strong  musty  taste,  but  at  no  time 
during  the  year  has  the  water  been  as  bad  us  usual. 

The  spring  growth  of  diatoms  was  Lirge  ;  Synedra  and 
Asterionella  developed  first,  the  latter  soon  disappearing. 
The  Synedra,  however,  remained  abundant  through  May. 
Then  came  a  growth  of  Tabellaria  continuing  through  July, 
followed  by  a  short  run  of  Cylotella.  Chlorophycete  and  Cyan- 
ophyceiE  (Microcystis  and  Coelospherium)  were  unusually 
abundant  during  the  summer ;  the  latter  developed  to  such 
an  extent  during  the  last  of  August  and  the  first  of  Septem- 
ber that  a  thick  scum  was  frequently  seen  on  the  surface. 
Tal)ellaria  and  Astrionella  grew  rapidly  during  September 
and  October.  In  November  the  latter  disappeared,  but  the 
former  flourished  during  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

The  mean  temperature  of  the  water  has  been  about  52^° 
Fahr.  The  mean  color  has  been  somewhat  higher  than  in 
1801. 

Plans  have  been  perfected  for  a  filter  basin  on  the  Marl- 
boro' brook.  Surveys  and  plans  were  completed  for  takings 
on  the  line  of  this  brook,  and  on  October  25th  a  taking  was 
made  of  about  32.8  acres  of  land  in  the  City  of  Marlboro' 
for  the  purpose  of  preventing  future  pollution,  as  popula- 
tion extends,  and  for  the  purpose  of  building  filter  beds  to 
filter  the  waters  of  the  brooks  before  discharging  them  into 
the  feeders  to  the  basins.  The  result  of  this  experiment 
cannot  be  accurately  foretold. 

Basin  4. 

Grades,  R.  W.,  21o.21;  Stone  Crest,  214.21. 
Area,  162  acres;  Greatest  Depth,  49  feet ;  Contents,  1,416,400,000  galls. 

On  January  1,  1892,  the  surface  of  this  basin  stood  at 
elevation  207.85.  The  water  gradually  rose  and  on  January 
21  was  flowing  over  the  stone  crest.  This  waste  continued 
until  April  25,  when  the  lower  set  of  flash-boards  was  set  in 
position.  May  3,  the  basin  was  wasting  over  the  flash- 
boards,  and  so  continued  until  May  22,  when  the  boards  were 
removed.  On  May  31  they  were  restored,  and  on  June  2  the 
second  set  added.  June  10,  the  water  began  to  run  over  the 
second  set,  and  so  overflowed  until  July  17.  On  August  IH 
the  supply  for  the  city  was  drawn  from  this  source,  and  the 
basin  was  practically  emptied  during  the  remainder  of  the 
summer  and  the  autumn.  The  water  was  drawn  down  to 
grade  185.34  on  November  5,  the  lowest  point  reached  dur- 
ing the  year.  About  twenty-nine  feet  of  water  were  used 
and  contributed  materially  to  keep  up  the  quality  of  the  sup- 
ply in  the  city. 


WATER-SurPLY  Department.  69 

The  flow  of  Cold  Spring  brook  has  been  continuously 
gauged  at  the  iidet  to  the  basin  to  form  an  estimate  of  the  in- 
fluence of  the  storage  in  the  soil  surrounding  the  basin,  on 
the  available  quantity  of  the  supply. 

During  the  autumn  the  l)asin  force  was  employed  in  grad- 
ing and  planting  the  grounds  around  the  new  outlet  channel 
and  in  repairing  damages  caused  by  the  construction  force 
last  year. 

The  quality  of  the  water  has  been  excellent  during  the 
whole  year.  The  prevailing  organism  has  been  the  Cyclo- 
tella.  It  was  present  in  January,  again  in  May  and  June, 
aud  again  in  October,  November,  and  December  when  the 
numbers  were  unusually  high.  The  organisms  were  very  mi- 
nute however,  and  the  Hgures  reported  do  not  represent  cor- 
rectly the  amount  of  organic  matter  present.  This  suliject 
of  quantity  i'pr.s7<.s'  mimbers  will  be  discussed  more  fully  un- 
der another  heading.  Thei'e  were  two  short  growths  of 
Synedra  in  May,  June,  and  October.  Protococcus  in  small 
quantities  was  present  at  all  times. 

The  color  of  the  inlet  averaged  1.43  this  year  against  1  23 
in  1891,  and  the  color  of  the  water  generally  was  higher  than 
last  year. 

The  drafts  on  this  basin,  coupled  with  the  general  studies 
made  in  the  laboratory  on  the  colors  of  the  waters,  h.is  led 
me  to  the  conclusion  that  it  will  be  difficult,  if  not  impossi- 
ble, to  maintain  a  standard  of  color  throughout  the  year  in 
the  tap-water. 

As  the  basins  will  be  generally  exhausted  by  the  early 
winter,  in  the  process  of  equalizing  the  flow,  the  supply  must 
then  be  kept  up  by  the  more  direct  flow  of  the  streams,  so 
that  in  the  winter  it  is  prob;»ble  that  the  color  of  the  water 
in  Boston  will  bo  high  compared  with  the  rest  of  the  year, 
or  until  the  melting  snows  bring  relief.  This  convince^  me 
of  the  imj)ortance  of  carrying  out  the  following  plans  in  the 
near  future:  1st,  the  judicious  limiting  of  the  consumption 
of  water;  2d,  the  provision  of  storage  on  a  more  geixMous 
scale  than  it  is  now  customary  to  provide  for,  even  with  our 
liberal  figures;  and  3d,  the  securing  of  a  large  area  In  the 
country  adjacent  to  the  aqueducts  for  the  filtration  of  the 
supply,  a  measure  which  I  believe  the  future  will  demand. 

Whitehall  Pond. 

Elevation,  II.W.,  327.91;  Bottom  of  Galeif,  311.70 ;  Area,  60S  acres;    Contents, 
1,237,000,000  galla. 

On  January  1,  18'.>2,  the  surface  of  the  water  in  this  ])ond 
stood  at  elevation  322.93,  or  4.98  feet  below  high  water. 
The  pond  then  gradually  rose  to  325.10  on  April  10,  then 


70  City  Document  No.  39. 

fell  to  324.89  on  April  29,  again  rose  to  325.42  May  29,  the 
highest  point  reached  during  the  .year,  and  then  gradually 
receded  to  322.39  November  9,  the  lowest  point  reached. 
The  pond  then  rose  slowly  to  323.06  on  December  31. 

The  gates  were  closed  from  7  A.M.  November  29  to 
7  A.M.  December  12.  During  the  remainder  of  the  3'ear 
one  gate  has  been  partially  open  all  the  time  to  provide  water 
for  the  mills  as  they  wish  to  use  it.  A  Aveir  measurement 
has  been  kept  of  the  amount  of  the  flow  from  the  water-shed. 
Owing  to  the  dry  season  it  has  been  unnecessary  to  waste 
any  water  from  Whitehall  pond  during  the  year.  In  fact, 
with  the  ordinary  supply  drawn  for  the  mills,  the  pond  has 
notiilled  during  the  year. 

The  dredging  plant  built  last  year  has  been  anchored 
securely  in  the  pond  and  regularly  inspected.  During  the 
summer  the  decks  were  wet  down  twice  a  day  to  prevent 
them  from  opening. 

Daily  heights  are  now  kept  of  this  pond,  and  the  influence 
of  its  storage  taken  into  account  in  calculating  the  yield  of 
the  Sudbury-river  water-shed. 

Much  time  has  been  given  during  the  3^ear  to  questions 
connected  with  the  suits  for  damages  occasioned  by  the 
"faking,"  and  there  are  now  prospects  of  a  speedy  trial  of 
what  is  known  as  the  "  Whitehall  Pond  case." 

Hypothetical  tables  of  yield  of  the  4.353  square  miles, 
comprising  the  Whitehall-pond  water-shed  (20  per  cent, 
water-surface),  have  been  prepared  covering  sixteen  years 
by  months. 

There  was  no  unusual  growth  of  organisms  in  this  source 
of  supply  during  1892.  In  the  winter  Infusoria  (Gleno- 
dinium,  Dinobryon,  and  Synura)  were  abundant,  chiefly  in 
the  shallow  portions,  which  have  been  exposed  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  year.  Late  in  the  autumn  Uroglena 
uppearccl  at  the  outlet  in  small  numbers,  but  sufficient  to 
give  an  oily  taste  to  the  water. 

The  usual  color  of  the  upper  pond  was  0.50,  and  at  the 
weir^  or  outlet,  the  color  has  been  0.90.  On  the  shallow 
flowage  the  color  varies  from  0.70  to  2.00. 

Farm  Pond. 

Grades,  n.W.,  149.23;  Area,  165  acres;   Contents,  167,500,000  galls. 

On  January  1,  1892,  the  water  in  this  pond  stood  at 
elevation  148.99.  The  surface  has  been  kept  at  about  high- 
Avtiter  mark  during  the  year. 

Water  was  drawn  from  this  source  for  the  sup]:)ly  of  the 
city  from  7  A.M.  January  1  to  2  P.M.  Februai-y  25,"  7  A.M. 


Watek-Supply  Department.  71 

May  14  to  10  A.M.  July  21,  7  A.M.  August  18  to  1  P.M.^ 
August    22,    and   from    10    A.M.    August   30   to    9    A.M. 
September  12. 

The  Framingham  Water  Company  has  pumped  82,800,000 
gallons  from  the  pond  during  the  year,  or  226,000  gallons 
daily.  The  highest  elevation  reached  was  149.50  on  May 
23,  and  the  lowest  147.91?  on  January  12. 

Lake  Cochituate. 

n.  W.,  134.36  ;  Area,  800  acres;  Capacity  above  127.36, 1,308,000,000  galls. 

January  1,  1892,  the  lake  stood  at  elevation  127.34.  The 
surface  then  rose  to  132.43  on  January  29.  On  that  day 
water  from  the  Sudbuiy  was  turned  into  the  lake,  and  Ma}''  4 
the  surface  stood  at  high  water.  From  May  20  to  May  28 
the  waste-gate  was  opened.  June  20  the  draught  from  the 
Sudbury  was  finally  stopped.  The  lake  fell  to  127.53 
November  13,  and  to  127.50  December  10  ;  at  this  time  the 
flow  in  the  aqueduct  was  shut  off  and  the  surface  rose  to 
128.39  December  31.  The  flash-boards  have  not  been  re- 
moved from  the  dam  at  the  outlet  during  the  year.  The 
amount  of  water  drawn  from  the  Sudbury  was  902,300,000 
gallons  and  the  amount  wasted  281,000,000  gallons.  Owing 
to  lack  of  water  we  have  been  unable  to  carry  on  experi- 
ments at  the  outlet  dam  to  determine  the  co-efiicients  of  gate 
and  roll-way. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year  Melosira  and  Asterionella 
were  very  abundant.  In  February  the  former  declined,  but 
increased  again  in  March  and  April.  During  the  first  week 
in  May  they  suddenly  disappeared.  Asterionella  were  pres- 
ent throughout  the  spring  months.  Synedra,  Tabellaria, 
Stephanodiscus,  and  Cyclotella  were  present  during  this 
part  of  the  year.  In  the  winter.  Infusoria  (principally 
Synedra)  were  present  under  the  ice  and  gave  an  un[;leasant 
taste  to  the  water.  In  June  Chlorophycese  (Protococcus) 
and  Cyanophycete  (Microcystis)  appeared  and  remained 
abundant  throughout  the  summer.  In  October,  Asterionella 
developed  even  before  the  water  turned  over,  the  growth 
lastino'  about  a  month.  It  decreased  durinsj  November  and 
increased  again  in  December,  and  was  accompanied  by  a 
growth  of  Stephanodiscus  and  Melosira. 

At  the  bottom,  circulation  ceased  about  the  middle  of 
April.  The  color  gradually  increased  to  2.50,  where  it  re- 
mained constant  for  three  months.  This  color  is  not  as  high 
as  has  been  obtained  in  previous  years.  The  turning  over 
occurred  November  8—15.  The  mean  temperature  at  the 
bottom  during  stagnation  was  44.3  Fahr.,  and  it  only  varied 


72 


City  Document  No.  39. 


two  or  three  tenths  of  a  degree  from  this  temperature  for 
three  months.  Temperatures  were  taken  at  intervals  of  five 
feet  in  the  vertical  during  the  period  of  stagnation,  and  they 
are  shown  in  the  accompanying  phite.  The  averages  of 
these  temperatures  compared  with  the  averages  for  1891 
appear  on  the  second  plate.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
curves  cross  each  other.  The  explanation  is  this  :  In  1891 
the  temperature  of  the  air  from  April  15  to  November  15 
was  higher  than  during  the  corresponding  season  in  1892, 
consequently  the  surface  temperatures  are  higher  in  1891 ; 
but  in  1892  the  hot  weather  came  early,  and  the  lower  layers 
became  warmer  before  circulation  ceased. 

The  following  examinations  have  been  made  of  the  brooks 
feedinir  the  lake  : 


Snake  brook,  at  month  .   .  . 
Pegan  brook,  at  mouth  .   .  . 

Dug  pond  outlet 

Course  brook,  at  mouth     .    . 
Beaver  dam  brook,  at  mouth 


No.  of 
Obs. 


Usual 
Color. 


0.45 
0.15 
0.12 
0.8-1 
0.80 


Minimum 
Color. 


0.12 

0.07 
0.06 
0.47 
0.48 


Maximum 
Color. 


0.95 
0.40 
0.20 
1.60 
1.40 


Dudley  Pond. 

Grades,  n.  W.,  746.16;  ISinch  Pipe,  130.36  ;  18-inch  Pipe,  127 .36. 
Area,  81  acres  ;   Greatest  Depth,  27  feet ;   Contents,  230,000,000  galls. 

On  January  1,  1892,  the  suiface  of  the  water  in  this  pond 
was  at  elevation  139. 4G,  or  7  feet  below  high  water,  and  the 
stop-planks  were  out  of  the  gate-chamber.  When  the 
planks  were  replaced  on  March  21  the  elevation  of  the  pond 
was  still  139. 4G  and  rose  slowly  to  139.81  on  December  31. 
The  masonry  in  the  chamber  having  been  in  a  bad  condition 
for  some  time,  advantage  was  taken  of  the  low  stage  of  water 
to  repair  the  stonework.  It  was  partially  taken  down  and 
thoroughly  rclaid  and  pointed.  The  iron  cover  has  been 
securely  fastened  and  locked  to  prevent  interference  with  the 
stop-planks. 

SUDBURY-EIVER    AqUEDUCT. 

Grades,  141.352  at  Farm  Pond;  124.061  at  Terminal  Gate-IToiise. 
Length,  13.89  miles  ;  Size,  7  ft.  8  in.  X  9  ft.  ;  Capacity,  109,000,000  galls.  24  hotirs. 

The  three  portions  of  this  aqueduct  are  in  good  condition. 
The  su[)ply  and  Farm-])ond  aqueducts  were  cleaned  by  ma- 
chine on  August  23  and  November  22. 


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Water-Supply  Department.  73 

The  main  aqueduct  was  cleaned  b}^  machine  between  Farm 
pond  and  the  \\'est  Syplion  Chamber  on  November  29,  and 
by  hand  between  the  East  Syphon  Chamber  and  Chestnut- 
hill  Reservoir  ou  December  5  and  6. 

The  48-inch  pipe  in  Basin  1  has  been  twice  flushed  into 
the  river  below  Dam  1. 

Owing  to  work  during  the  early  part  of  the  year  on  the 
Beacon-street  tunnel,  the  main  aqueduct  has  been  in  use 
only  during- 275  days.  In  addition,  however,  it  was  in  use 
as  far  as  Course  brook  waste-weir  for  10  days.  The 
supply  aqueduct  was  in  use  for  285  days.  As  the  supply 
for  the  city  was  drawn  for  some  time  from  Farm  pond,  the 
Farm-pond  aqueduct  was  in  use  only  during  171  days,  or  114 
days  less  than  the  supply  aqueduct. 

The  amount  sent  to  the  city  has  been  9,635,200,000  gal- 
lons, or  a  daily  average  of  20,320,200  gallons  for  the  year. 
Besides  the  above,  902,300,000  gallons  have  been  run  to 
Lake  Cochituate. 

As  the  usual  spring  cleaning  was  omitted  this  year  the 
the  interior  of  the  aqueduct  was  very  dirty  in  November.  A 
heavy  coating  of  black  deposit  was  found  throughout  the 
whole  length,  with  large  ])atches  of  a  fibrous  growth  tilled 
with  mud.  The  growth  of  Spongilla  Fluviatilis  exceeded 
any  previous  experience  with  this  aqueduct.  It  occurred  in 
large  patches  all  along  the  line,  and  the  concrete  bottoms 
of  Rockland  and  Badger  Hill  tunnels  were  covered  with  the 
sponge. 

From  the  West  Pipe  Chamber  to  the  terminal  gate-house 
the  black  deposit  was  not  so  extensive,  but  sponge  was  found 
in  great  jiatches,  and  in  Beacon-street  tunnel  it  was  as  bad  as 
in  the  other  tunnels.  These  facts  emphasize  the  importance 
of  semi-annual  cleanings. 

During  the  3car  the  fences  on  the  road  crossings  from 
Newton  Centre  to  South  Natick  have  l)een  rebuilt.  All 
the  brush  growing  along  the  line  has  been  mowed  and  re- 
pairs upon  the  eml)ankments  have  been  made. 

It  has  been  found  necessary  to  mow  the  grass  on  all  em- 
bankments. If  this  is  not  done,  the  roots  of  the  grass  decay 
and  it  affords  a  chance  for  the  moles  to  burrovr  in  winter, 
making  holes  in  the  embankments. 

On  January  14,  1892,  the  third  season's  work  of  lining  the 
Beacon-street  tunnel  was  begun.  The  track  and  tunnel  were 
first  cleaned  and  the  bottom  prepared.  Centres  were  taken 
down  and  reset  and  one  switch  removed. 

February  1,  laying  of  concrete  was  begun  at  Stations 
800  +  85  on  the  bottom  and  at  801-4-05  on  the  top,  and  on 
April  26  the  work  was  completed  to  798+10  on  the  bottom 


74 


City  Document  No.  39. 


and  798+  18  on  the  top.  About  280  feet  of  lining  were  put 
in  place.  The  westerly  end  was  finished  with  steps  to 
facilitate  the  carrying  on  of  the  work  in  a  westerly  direction, 
should  it  be  found  necessary  to  continue  the  lining  in  the 
future  from  farther  giving  away  of  the  roof.  As  it  is  not 
intended  to  do  more  at  present,  all  the  cars,  tools,  and  mate- 
rials were  removed  and  the  shanties  sold  at  auction.  The 
track  only  was  left. 

The  total  cost  of  the  concrete  laid  during  the  year  was 
$12.85  per  cubic  yard.  The  following  statistics  cover  the 
whole  three  seasons'  work  : 


Lining  begins  Station  . 

798+18 

"    "  ends          " 

810 

Total  length 

1,182  feet. 

Eate  of  progress  per  day 

6.4     " 

Cubic  yards  of  concrete 

3,402 

"          "     p'er  lineal  foot  . 

2.88 

Cement       used,       Portland 

cement 

3,969 

casks. 

Rosendale    cement 

486 

<c 

Total    .... 

. 

4,455  casks. 

Sand  ..... 

. 

8,910      " 

Cracked  stone 

, 

22,275       " 

Total  cost    .... 

. 

$55,685.40 

Cost   per    cubic  yard,   including   track 

and  all  expenses        .  .  .  .  $16.37 

No  stone  has  fallen  from  the  roof  of  the  unlined  portions 
during  the  year,  with  the  exception  of  three  small  pieces 
about  10  pounds  in  weight,  found  December  5  at  Station 
793.  The  suits  for  damages  at  Rosemary  brook,  caused  by 
flooding  lands  below  the  blow-offs,  have  Ibeen  settled  by  the 
Law  Department  by  the  payment  of  $1,176.82.  As  the 
city  is  lial)le  for  damages  whenever  water  is  let  out  of  the 
aqueduct  for  cleaning  or  repairs,  I  recommend  that  steps  be 
taken  to  secure  the  right  to  flood  the  low  lauds  as  far  as 
Charles  river. 

CocHiTUATE  Aqueduct. 

Grades,  121.03  at  Lake  ;  116.77  at  Brookline  Reservoir. 
Length,  14.60  miles ;    Size,  5  ft.X  6  ft.  4  in.  ;    Capacity,   20,000,000  galls,  per   24 

hours. 

This  aqueduct  has  been  in  constant  service  throughout  the 
year,  with  the  exception  of  about  twenty-five  days,  four  days 
for  cleaning,  and  after  December  10,  twenty-one  days,  on 
account  of  the  construction  of  sewers  in  Newton. 


Water-Supply  Department.  75 

A  de[)th  of  six  and  one-half  feet  was  maintained  through- 
out the  year,  with  the  exception  of  three  days  in  January, 
and  from  December  (5  to  December  10,  when  the  lake  was 
too  low  to  permit  this  amount  of  Avater  to  be  run. 

The  usual  spring  cleaning  was  omitted  this  year,  but  on 
November  14,  15,  Ki  the  brick-work  was  swept  from  the 
lake  to  Brookline  reservoir.  The  aqueduct  was  very  dirty. 
From  the  lake  to  Station  28,  one-half  the  surface  was 
covered  with  sponge,  and  from  this  point  to  Station  SO, 
Division  ] ,  two-thirds  of  the  surfice  was  covered  with  the 
same  growth.  A  lai-ge  amount  of  sponge  was  found  from 
Wellesley  to  Grantville  waste-weir.  From  the  East  Cham- 
ber it  was  less  abundant,  and  occurred  in  smaller  patches  as 
far  as  Brookline  reservoir.  The  Newton  tunnel  was  very 
dirty,  a  heavy  black  miul  having  settled  there.  Brookline 
tunnel  showed  some  evidence  of  sewage,  but  in  much  less 
degree  than  formerly. 

Plans  were  made  in  October  liy  the  city  of  Newton  with 
reference  to  changing  the  line  of  Ibnnmond's  brook,  near  the 
Newton  Centre  waste-weir.  As  the  [)lan  involved  a  con- 
siderable lowering  of  the  channel,  it  became  necessary  early 
in  December  to  prepare  for  the  work.  The  aqueduct  was 
first  uncovered  as  low  as  possibFe  without  interfering  with 
the  safety  of  the  structure,  and  on  December  10  water  was 
shut  off,  and  the  flow  to  the  city  maintained  wholly  by  the 
Sudbury-river  aqueduct.  The  aqueduct  was  plastered  inside 
to  make  it  as  water-tight  as  possible,  and  the  brickwork 
hung  up  by  chains  supported  from  three  IG-inch  sticks  ex- 
tending across  the  trench,  but  notwithstanding  these  pre- 
cautions the  brickwork  leaked  so  badly  when  the  water  was 
turned  on,  December  20,  that  the  water  was  shut  off  again 
and  more  thorough  repairs  undertaken.  Four  additional 
chains  were  added,  and  tiiey  were  tightened  by  jack-screws. 
The  lagging  around  the  aqueduct  was  pointed  and  grouted, 
and  cavities  back  of  the  sheeting  filled  with  concrete.  The 
joints  inside  Avere  cut  out,  pointed,  and  plastered  for  a 
distance  of  125  feet.  When  water  was  finally  let  on,  the 
repairs  proved  efiicient  in  stopping  all  leaks.  The  work  of 
building  the  masonry  structure  under  the  aqueduct  is  now  in 
progress. 

Chestnut-Hill  Reservoir. 

H.  W.,  123.00  ;  Dam,  J 28.00  ;  Effluent  Pipes,  .99.80. 

Area,  Lawrence  Bnain,  37. n  acres  ;  Contents,  166,000,000  ;  Bradley  Basin,  87.3  acres  ; 

Contents,  891,000,000.      Total  contents  above  grade  one   hundred, 

337,000,000  galls. 

The  work  of  changing  the  lines  of  the  driveway  near  the 
intermediate  and  terminal  gate  houses  was  completed  early 
in  the  season  and  shrubbery  planted. 


7(3  City  Document  No.  39. 

A  Vay^g  amount  of  work  has  been  done  on  the  grounds  in 
connection  with  maintenance.  The  greater  part  of  the  fence 
separating  the  drive wa}^  from  the  reservoir  was  removed  in 
July,  the  City  Solicitor  having  given  the  o[)inion  that  there 
was  no  h'gal  necessity  for  the  fence.  During  the  summer 
and  autunm  a  great  number  of  visitors  resorted  to  the  reser- 
voir to  enjoy  the  beautiful  views.  A  hundred  extra  settees 
were  [)laced  in  difierent  portions  of  the  grounds. 

The  mixtures  of  Sudbury  and  Cochituate  water  were  so 
regulated  as  to  produce  the  same  resultant  colors  at  the 
Chestnut-hill  and  Brookline  effluent  gate-houses.  In  1891, 
when  less  perfect  means  were  taken,  the  average  color  at 
Brookline  was  0.10  lower  than  at  Chestnut  hill.  In  Decem- 
ber, owing  to  the  shutting  down  of  the  Cochituate  flow,  the 
colors  were  very  much  increased  in  the  reservoirs  and  at  the 
city  taps,  and  a  material  reduction  cannot  be  looked  for  until 
the  breaking  up  of  the  ice. 

Brookline  Eeservoir. 

//.  W.,  123.00 ;  Area,  23  acres;  Greatest  Depth,  2ifeet;  Contents,  119,583,960  galls. 

Everything  in  connection  with  the  Brookline  reservoir  is 
in  good  order.  One-half  of  the  water  used  in  Boston  has 
been  sent  through  this  reservoir  during  the  year.  No  other 
work  beyond  the  usual  maintenance  has  been  done. 

Fisher-Hill  Reservoir. 

//.   W.,  247.00;  Pipe  Inverts,  220.00;    Depth,  21  feet;   Contents,   1.3,400,000  galls. 

above  223. 

The  reservoir  is  in  good  condition.  The  grounds  have 
been  maintained  as  usual  by  the  Chestnut-hill  Reservoir 
force. 

Biological    Laboratory. 

This  laboratory  has  turned  out  excellent  work  throughout 
the  3'ear,  and  proved  a  valuable  adjunct  t;)  the  j^roper  manage- 
ment of  the  different  sources  of  supply.  Weekly  examina- 
tions are  still  made  of  all  the  Boston  waters  and  results 
recorded.  Mr.  E.  C.  Whipple  is  the  assistant  in  charge  of 
all  the  laboratory  work. 

During  the  year  2,310  microscopical  and  2,160  bacteriologi- 
cal examinations  of  water  have  been  made,  besides  numerous 
special  studies  of  bacteria,  algre,  infusoria,  etc.  The  total 
numl)er  of  microscopical  examinations  thus  far  made  in  the 
laboratory  probably  exceeds  7,000. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  weekly  and  monthly 
reports,  92  special  reports  have  been  made  on  subjects  con- 


Water-Supply  Department.  77 

nected  witli  the  filtration  of  water,  and  special  examinations 
of  the  reservoirs,  brooks,  etc. 

Good  photographs  have  been  taken  of  nearly  all  of  the 
important  organisms. 

A  radical  change  is  to  be  made  in  the  manner  of  recording 
the  organisms  present  in  a  sample  of  water.  Heretofore  the 
actual  number  of  the  organisms  have  been  counted  without 
regard  to  their  size.  But  inasmuch  as  their  sizes  vaiy  con- 
sideralily,  an  improvement  has  been  made  in  the  adoption  of 
a  standard  unit.  This  unit  is  the  same  as  that  previously 
used  for  the  estimation  of  the  amorphous  matter,  i.e.,  a 
square,  20  microns  (.020  m.m.)  on  aside.  After  January  1, 
1893,  all  results  are  to  be  expressed  in  terms  of  this  stand- 
ard unit. 

During  the  year  several  problems  connected  with  the 
taste  and  odors -imparted  to  the  water  by  certain  organisms 
have  been  investigated.  One  of  the  most  interesting 
occurred  during  Januai'v  and  February,  1892,  when  the  reser- 
voirs were  covered  with  ice.  At  that  time  the  water  drawn 
from  the  taps  had  a  slight  but  somewhat  disagreeable  taste, 
variously  described  as  "  bitter,"  "  sweetish,"  "  spicy," 
"  fishy,"  etc.  It  was  most  noticeable  on  the  dead  cncls  and 
at  places  where  little  water  was  used.  Careful  microscopical 
examinations  were  made  in  all  parts  of  the  city,  and  where- 
ever  the  taste  was  strongest,  there  was  always  found  a  com- 
paratively large  number  of  infusoria.  Most  important  of 
these  was  the  Synura  uvella,  a  brown-colored,  s})h{eroidyl 
colony,  composed  of  from  25  to  80  individuals,  joined  to- 
gether by  their  posterior  extremities  ;  the  colony  moving 
through  the  water  with  a  tumbling  motion.  These  infusoria 
and  the  acompanying  tastes  were  traced  backwards  through 
the  reservoirs  and  conduits  till  it  was  found  that  they  origi- 
nated in  the  northern  division  of  Lake  Cochituate. 

There  they  were  most  abundant  immediately  below  the 
ice.  Samples  of  the  water  from  this  spot  had  the  same 
taste  as  was  observed  in  the  taps,  only  somewhat  stronger. 
Experiments  at  the  laboratory  showed  that  when  a  sample 
of  the  water  was  filtered,  the  filtrate  was  quite  free  from 
taste,  but  that  the  organisms  filtered  out,  had  a  strong  taste, 
very  characteristic  and  difficult  to  describe,  but  somewhat 
resembling  a  bitter  almond,  combined  with  a  peculiar  spicy 
taste.  The  infusoria  did  not  increase  to  any  great  extent, 
either  for  want  of  food,  or  because  the  Crustacea,  which 
developed  abundantl}^  about  that  time,  devoured  them. 

The  four  subjects  reproduced  on  the  helioty[)e  plates 
accompanying  this  report  were  photographed  in  the 
laboratory. 


78  City  Document  No.  39. 

Inspection  of  Pollutions  Department. 

The  following  is  a  digest  of  the  operations  of  the  depart- 
ment as  reported  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Concannon,  Chief  Inspector  : 

Legal  notices  sent  .....  34 
Cases  inspected  (old)  .....  739 
Cases  inspected  (new)  ....     358 

Of  the  1,097  cases  inspected,  489  are  reported  as 
"Remedied,"  369  as  "Safe  at  present,"  41  "Seem  safe,"  44 
"  Suspected,"  154  "  Unsatisfactory." 

No  legal  injunctions  were  found  necessary  during  the 
year. 

FiLTKATiON    Experiments. 

Experiments  on  intermittent  and  continuous  sand  filtration 
have  been  conducted  with  depths  of  sand  of  from  34  to  63 
inches,  and  rates  of  flow  of  300,000  to  1,500,000  gallons  per 
acre  per  day.  The  removal  of  color  and  the  loss  of  head 
for  different  depths  of  same  grade  of  sand,  and  with  rates  of 
flow  from  250,000  to  5,000,000  gallons  per  acre  per  day 
have  been  investigated. 

Experiments  on  continuous  filtration  with  dried  Alumina 
and  Polarite  at  rates  of  flow  of  500,000  to  3,000,000  gallons 
per  acre  per  day  have  been  conducted.  Experiments  have 
been  made  with  Pasteur  and  other  filters  and  with  the 
Anderson  process,  so  called. 

Experiments  have  been  made  on  removal  of  color  from 
water  by  exposure  to  sunlight  and  effect  of  storage  of  applied 
water  and  effluents  in  an  open  tank. 

The  filter-station  has  been  in  charge  of  Mr.  William  E. 
Foss,  Assistant  Engineer.  The  chemical  analyses  have  been 
made  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Thomas  M.  Drown. 

Mr.  Frederick  L.  HoUis,  Assistant,  has  made  at  my 
request  ah  elaborate  and  valuable  investigation  into  the 
colors  of  our  waters  with  reference  to  the  presence  of  iron, 
and  his  report  is  submitted  herewith. 

Briefly  stated  this  examination  shows  that  in  the  Boston 
waters,  and  in  surface  waters  generally,  the  color  is  due, 
almost  wholly,  to  carbonaceous  matter,  and  not  to  iron. 

During  the  period  of  stagnation  the  bottom  layers  at  Lake 
Cochituate  accumulate  a  considerable  amount  of  iron  in  the 
ferrous  state  which  oxidizes  to  the  ferric  condition  as  soon  as 
brought  to  the  surface  and  exposed  to  the  air.  The  effect  of 
this  action  is  to  increase  the  color  rapidly,  and  within  a  few 
hours    it    reaches    maximum.     The   amount    of   the    color 


W-M*^ 


Zygnema  and  Spiro(;vra   (Chlorophyce/*: )   x    125. 


Conjugating  Form  or  Spirogvra  x  285, 


NEGATIVE   BY    w.    G.   CURT 


AnABvENA     (CVANOFHYCEy^:)     X     2S5. 


COELOSPHAERIUM     (CvANuPH YCE/E  |     X     285. 


MCLIOTVPf    PRINTING   < 


EGATIVE    BY    W.  G.  CURT 


Water-Supply  Department.  79 

corresponds  to  the  amount  of  iron  and  mtmganese  present. 
This  accumulation  of  iron  in  the  deep  holes  of  the  lake  is 
caused  by  the  gradual  deposition  of  ferric  hydrate  from  the 
surface  layers,  which  in  presence  of  organic  matter  undergo- 
ing decomposition,  and  owing  to  the  absence  of  oxygen, 
becomes  reduced  again  to  the  ferrous  or  colorless  condition. 

In  closing  I  desire  to  call  attention  to  the  excellent  work 
performed  by  my  assistants  in  their  several  departments. 

A  great  deal  of  time  has  been  devoted  to  investigating  the 
capacities  of  the  present  sources  of  supply  and  the  effect  of 
possible  developments  in  the  near  future.  Tables  have  been 
prepared  showing  the  yields  of  d liferent  portions  of  the 
water-shed,  and  the  jn'elds  with  varying  storage  develop- 
ments, and  numerous  studies  and  plans  have  been  made  tor 
the  drainage  of  the  Cedar-swamp  territory  and  the  construc- 
tion of  two  new  basins,  one  of  them  involvino;  the  raisins:  of 
the  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad. 

Quality  of  the  Water. 

The  quality  of  the  water  has  on  the  whole  l)een  very  good 
throughout  the  year. 

The  following  tables  give,  first,  the  average  condition  of 
the  water  as  delivered  at  a  tap  in  Boston  (luring  the  year 
1892;  and  secondly,  means  of  monthly  analyses  in  1892  of 
different  portions  of  the  supply.  They  afford  a  ready  means 
of  comparison  with  the  condition  of  the  water  as  given  in 
the  last  annual  report. 

The  succeeding  tables  contain  the  average  results  of  bio- 
logical examinations  made  during  the  past  year,  together 
with  temperature  observations  and  rain-fall  records. 

Ver}'^  truly  yours, 

Desmond  FitzGerald, 
Resident  Engineer  and  Superintendent. 


80 


City  Document  No.  39. 


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TABLE  IV. 

Temperatures    for    1892    (Fahrenheit).  —  Concluded. 


Month. 


Jannary  . 
February  . 
M  arch  .  . 
April  .  .  . 
May  .  .  . 
June  .  .  . 
July  .  .  . 
August  .  . 
September 
October  .  . 
November 
December  . 


Mean 


Chestnut-TIill 

Keseuvoir 
Gatehouses. 


35.3 
35.8 
35.3 
4S.2 
56.5 
71.5 
74.8 
73.9 
67.8 
56.8 
4J.5 
36.9 


O 


37.5 

37.8 
37  9 
45.2 
54.5 
69.4 
73.4 
74.8 
67.5 
57.8 
48.3 
40.4 


oo.l; 
36.6 
35.9 
47.0 
55.8 
69.5 
73.0 
74.3 
68.2 
57.2 
46.1 
35.4 


Chkstndt-TTill 
Kesekvoib. 


02 


53.1      53.7      52.9       53.6      52.7      49 


34.5 
34.5 
37.5 
48.1 
57.5 
71.3 
76.6 
75.3 
67.9 
57.3 
46.3 
35.8 


36.0 
35.5 
37.6 
47.1 
56.2 
69.2 
72.8 
72.2 
67.3 
57.4 
45.7 
35.9 


a 


36.8 
36.3 
37.8 
47.3 
55.8 
57.5 
59.6 
62.1 
64.7 
67.3 
46.3 
.36.1 


^3 


R^ 


36.7 
36.8 
36.2 
46.9 
55.7 
70.1 
73.7 
74.6 
67.9 
56.9 
45.6 
36.2 


38.1 
38.8 
36.8 
46.8 
55.1 
69.0 
73.1 
72.9 
66.7 
57.3 
47.1 
37.9 


53.1  53.3 


43.4 
40.3 
38.9 
43.6 
49.1 
57.2 
62.9 
64.5 
62.3 
57.4 
50.8 
43.7 


51.2 


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90 


City  Document  No.  39. 


TABIiE  V.  —  Colors,  1892.  —  Concluded. 


Month. 


January  . 
February 
March  .  . 
April  .  . 
May  .  .  . 
June  .  . 
July  .  .  . 
August  . 
September 
October  . 
November 
December 

Mean    . 


Chestnxtt-IIill 

Reservoir 
Gate-Houses. 


OQ 


.37 
.74 
.77 
.76 
.58 
.87 
.94 
.78 
.77 
.79 
.85 
1.37 


.80 


2.1 
.25 
.27 
.25 
.24 
.22 
.24 
.17 
.12 
.10 
.1» 
.26 


.45 

.50 
.59 
.4& 
.42 
.40 
.59 
.52 
.42 
.49 
.45 
.92 


Chestnut-  Hill 
Reservoib. 


.44 
.57 
.57 
.45 
.39 
.40 
.57 
.52 
.44 
.49 
.45 
.93 


.52 


.44 

.54 
.58 
.45 
.40 
.42 
.57 
.51 
.45 
.49 
.45 
.92 


.53 


« 

o 

>■ 

(3    • 

S  s 

<i 

^5 

Eh 

z  a 

O" 

go 

m 

o 

H 

<A 

<i 

pa 

C 

.46 

.48 

.51 

.52 

.60 

.57 

.49 

.46 

.42 

.40 

.45 

.45 

.60 

.57 

.52 

.49 

.41 

.47 

.43 

.46 

.43 

.47 

.94 

.92 

.52 

.52 

.48 
.47 
.52 
.42 
.27 
.39 
.55 
.45 
.34 
.35 
.37 
.76 


Water-Supply  Department. 


91 


Bacteria,  1892. 


Chestnut -Hill 

Reservoir 
Gate-Houses. 

Chestnut-Hill 
Reservoir. 

H 

H 

Month. 

5 
m 

6 

1 

<S 

s 

CD 

•a 

i 

8 
0 

0 

3 -J 

°  H 

2 

Ph 
H 

2 

January 

February  

162 
315 

97 

61 

108 
136 

100 
110 

113 
86 

92 

95 

78 

97 

75 

March 

644 

99 

237 

132 

104 

301 

142 

120 

55 

252 

70 

170 

326 

83 

67 
190 
583 
544 

93 

120 
227 
204 
379 
33 

48 
74 
24 
35 
32 

49 
409 
973 
851 
634 

129 

512 

1,U1 

991 

748 

98 
48 
45 
48 
68 

65 
67 
61 
61 
61 

65 

70 

133 

161 

August 

91 

September 

158 

127 

365 

54 

1,421 

570 

95 

102 

58 

October 

119 

192 

253 

98 

622 

376 

85 

71 

46 

November 

247 

612 

291 

180 

516 

544 

165 

63 

36 

December 

112 

64 

101 

36 

129 

158 

63 

39 

29 

Mean 

222 

227 

205 

73 

517 

506 

88 

76 

76 

92 


City  Document  No.  39. 


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Water-Supply  Department. 


93 


Table  of  Rainfall    at  Chestnut-Hill  Reservoir   for  Year   ending- 
December  31,  1892. 


Date. 

a 

o   . 
^  = 
o'3 

• 

Duration. 

Date. 

o 

o 

a 

Snow  or 
Raiu. 

Duration. 

Jan.     2 
"       3 

1    1.15 

Rain. 

2.50  p.m.  to 

12.30  a.m. 

Apr.  21 

"      22 

1    0.48 

Rain. 

4.00  p.m.  to 

12.30  a.m. 

"        6 
"      12 
"      13 
"      14 
"      15 
"      IS 
"      19 

0.50 
1    1.30 

Snow  and 
Uaiu. 

Rain. 

9  30  a.m.  to  11.30  p.m. 
4.00  a.m.  to 

11.00  a.m. 
6.30  p.m.  to 

5.00  p.m. 
3.50  p. 11.  to 

5.30  a.m. 

"      22 
"      23 
"      29 

\    0.21 
0.06 

" 

3.30  p.m.  to 

6.00  a.m. 
12.30  p.m.  to  5.50  p.m. 

/    0.55 

Snow  and 
Raiu. 

Total. 

0.75 

1    0.79 

Rain  and 
isuow. 

May     1 

007 

Rain. 

5.20  p.m.  to  11  00  p.m. 

"      19 

0.16 

Snow. 

12.10  p.m.  to  11.30  p.m. 

"       2 
"       4 
"      11 

0.30 
0.42 

0.60 

12.45  p.m. to  10.30  p.m. 
1.45  a.m.  to  6.00  a.m. 
9.00  a.m.  to  6.00  p.m. 

Total. 

4.45 

"      15 
"      19 
"'     20 

1.02 
1.12 

2.00  a.m.  to  6.00  p.m. 
8.30  p.m.  to 

11.50  a.m. 

Feb.     2 
"       3 

0.96 

Kain  and 
iSuow. 

3.00  p.m.  to 

4.15  p.m. 

"        7 
"        8 
"     11 

1     0.30 
1    1.35 

Snow  and 
liiiin. 

Snow. 

4.30  p.m.  to 

5.00  a.m. 
5.30  a.m.  to 

1.30  a.m. 

"      21 
"      2:1 
"      23 
"      26 

1.34 
0.36 

6.00  a.m.  to  11.30  p.m. 
10.30  p.m.  to 

10.00  a.m. 
12.15  a.m.  to  8.00  a.m. 

"      14 
"      15 

1    0.07 
0.10 

Rain. 

Showers 
and   mist. 

9.00  p.m.  to 

4.00  a.m. 
6.30  p.m.  to  10.00  p.m. 

"      27 

0.13 

9.40  a.m.  to  2.00  p.m. 

"      25 

Total. 

6  08 

Total. 

2.7S 

June    3 
"       6 
"       8 
"       9 
"      14 

0.27 
0.32 

J    0.29 

0.13 

Rain. 

8.30  a.m.  to  12.30  pm. 
4.15  p.m.  to  4.50  p.m. 
11.00  p.m.  to 

7.00  p.m. 
7.30  p.m.  to  10.30  p.m. 

Mar.     1 
"        2 
"       3 

1 
1 
)■    1.06 

1 
J 

Snow. 

11.15  a.m.  to 

5.00  p.m. 

"        8 

0.70 

Rain. 

3.15  p.m.  to  11.45  p.m. 

"      17 

1.18 

" 

3.40  p.m.  to  5.30  p.m. 

«'      10 

0.43 

" 

7.00  p.m.  to  11.55  p.m. 

"      25 

0.44 

4.00  a.m.  to  8.00  a.m. 

"      18 
"      19 

1    1.06 

Snow. 

2.00  a.m.  to 

9.30  a.m. 

•'      25 
"      26 

0.43 
0.41 

3.50  p.m.  to  5.00  p.m. 
5  35  p.m.  to  11.45  p.m. 

"      23 

0.70 

Snow  and 
Rain. 

12.20  a.m.  to  7.00  p.m. 

"      28 

0.42 



1.00  a.m.  to  4.30  a.m. 

Total. 

3.95 

Total. 

3.89 

94  City  Document  No.  39. 

Table  of  Rainfall  at  Chestnut-Hill  Reservoir.  —  Concluded. 


Date. 

2 

u 

°  a 
a 

Duration. 

Date. 

u 

Duration. 

t 

>— ( 

02 

HH 

July     1 

0.19 

Rain. 

10.00  a.m.  to  4.30  p.m. 

Oct.      9 

0.07 

Rain. 

6.00  a.m.  to  8.00  a.m. 

"       3 

0.14 

7.30  a.m.  to  8.30  a.m. 

"      16 

0.38 

" 

7.00  a.m.  to  3.00  p.m. 

3 

0.74 

5.35  p.m.  to  11.00  p.m. 

"      26 

0.12 

" 

6.30  a.m.  to  7.30  a.m. 

"        9 
•'      16 
"      25 
"      29 
"      31 

0.04 
0.16 
0.44 
0.31 
1.33 

6.30  p.m.  to  9.00  p.m. 
3.00  a.m.  to  6.30  a.m. 
2.10.  a.m.  to  3.00  a  m. 
8.40  p.m.  to  11.15  p.m. 
12.10  p.m.  to  midnight. 

"      29 

0.10 

" 

9.00  a.m.  to  4.45  p,m. 

Total. 

2.39 

Nov.     2 

) 

1.30  a.m.  to 

\    0.61 

Rain. 

3 

"        5 

0.13 

Snow. 

3.30  p.m. 
6.30  a.m.  to  3.30  p.m. 

Total. 

3.35 

If 

7.30  p.m.  to 

(     0.09 

Showers. 

Aug.     1 

0.06 

Rain. 

Midnight,  July  31,  to 
11.30  a.m. 

"        8 
"        9 

) 

6.30  a.m. 
8.45  p.m.  to 

3 

0.34 

** 

3.00  a.m.  to  9.00  a.m. 

"      10 

1     1.86 

Snow  and 
Rain. 

3.30  p.m. 

5 

0.25 

*' 

5.50  p.m.  to  7.00  p.m. 

"      15 

) 

9.15  a.m.  to 

.<      12 

2.19 

" 

12.10  a.m.  to  8.30  a.m. 

!'■" 

Rain. 

"      16 

11.45  a.m. 

"      13 

0.31 

*' 

1.30  a.m.  to  3.00  a.m. 

"      18 

0.28 

,c 

5.30  p.m.  to  10.00  p.m. 

"      25 

3.45  p.m.  to 

"      28 

0.18 

Suow  and 

9.05  a.m.  to  6.00  p.m. 

"      26 

1 

2.46 

" 

"      29 

1 

Rain. 

9.45  a.m.  to 

"      27 

J 

6.00  a.m. 

"      30 

I    0.40 

Snow. 

6.00  p.m. 

"      27 

) 

0.05 

Mist. 

8.00  a.m.  to 

"      28 

\ 

1.00  a.m. 

Total. 

5.26 

"      31 

0.26 

Rain. 

7.00  p.m.  to  10.45  p.m. 

Dec.     8 

) 

9.20  a.m.  to 

Total. 

5.92 

\    0.82 

Rain. 

9 
"      14 

0.32 

Snow  .ind 

2.00  a.m. 

5.00  a.m.  to  7.00  p.m. 

Sept.  14 

1.62 

Rain. 

5.30  a  m.  to  10.30  p.m. 

"      20 

0.09 

Rain. 
Snow. 

5.30  a.m.  to  12.15  p.m. 

"      24 

0.12 

" 

2.00  p.m.  to  3.30  p.m. 

"      25 

0.06 

I, 

3.30  p.m.  to  7.30  p.m. 

"      26 

0.42 

5.45  a.m.  to  11.15  a.m. 

Total. 

1.29 

Total. 

2.16 

Oct.      3 

~l 

2.00  p.m.  to 

"        4 

1 

1.72 

Rain. 

Tot 

al  Rainfall  for  ye.i 

r  1892,  42.27  inches. 

5 

1 
J 

11.30  a.m. 

Water-Supply  Department.  95 


AN  INVESTIGATIOX  OF  THE  CAUSE  OF  THE 
COLOR  OF  NATURAL  WATER. 

By  Frederick  S.  Hollis. 

The  cause  of  the  color  of  natural  water  is  attributed  by 
all  who  have  written  upon  the  subject,  as  far  as  I  am  able 
to  ascertain,  to  the  organic  impurities. 

Tidy,Mn  his  article  on  the  color  of  water,  says:  "The 
color  of  a  surface  water  is  caused  by  the  peaty  or  vegetable 
impurities,  and  the  color  varies  with  the  condition  of  the 
vegetaljle  matter  present. "  He  tinds  that  the  color  imparted 
by  very  recently  formed  peaty  matter  is  yellowish  green, 
that  by  recent  peat  a  brownish  olive  green,  while  that  ob- 
tained from  old  peat  is  a  true  brown  or  coffee  color  entirely 
free  from  the  olive  tint. 

Dr.  Drown,-  in  his  article  on  "The  Odor  and  Color  of 
Surface  ^^'aters,"  comes  to  the  same  conclusion.  Artilicial 
colored  waters  were  prepared  by  him  by  extracting  leaves 
in  distilled  water,  and  it  was  shown  that  for  the  same  color 
the  amount  of  albuminoid  ammonia  was  less  with  subsequent 
extractions. 

Color.  Alb.  am. 

First  infusion  of  leaves  .  ...  .  .8  .0494 

Subsequent  infusion  of  same  leaves  .  .8  .0178 

Infusion  of  old  leaves      ....  .9  .0072 

My  own  work,  while  confirming  the  conclusion  that  the 
coloring  matter  may  be  derived  from  such  vegetable  matter 
as  leaves,  seems  to  justify  the  conclusion  that  the  color  of  a 
natural  water  is,  in  some  cases  at  least,  dependent  to  a  large 
extent  on  the  iron  and  manganese  contents  in  combination 
with  the  extractive  organic  matter. 

In  a  study  of  the  cause  of  the  color  of  water  are  found 
the  rather  different  problems  of  : 

I.  The  cause  of  the  increase  of  color,  during  warm 
weather,  of  water  from  the  bottom  of  the  deeper  ponds,  and 

II.  The  cause  of  the  more  permanent  color  of  surface 
waters,  as  those  from  shallow  ponds  and  swamps  and  from 
brooks  and  rivers. 

I. 

The  cause  of  the  color,  during  warm  weather,  of  water 
from  the  bottom  of  the  deeper  ponds,  and  its  further  increase 
on  exposure  to  light  and  air. 

1  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  1880,  p.  293.  2  Technology  Quarterly  1888,  p.  256. 


9lJ 


City  Document  No.  39. 


During  the  suniniGi'  of  1800,  weekly  samples  of  water 
were  taken  from  different  depths  of  Lake  Cochituate  and  the 
different  storaire  basins  of  the  Baston  Water- Works,  for  bio- 
logical examination,  and  the  temperature  and  color  of  these 
samples  were  also  noted. 

A  conspicuous  feature  of  the  samples  collected  at  the  bot- 
tom of  some  of  these  sources,  notably  Lake  Cochituute  and 
Basin  8,  was  their  darker  color  than  samples  collected  near 
the  surface,  and  the  fact  that  this  color  increased  still  further 
on  exposure  to  light  and  air,  so  that  on  reaching  the  labora- 
tory some  hours  later  the  color  was  frequently  found  to  be 
three  times  that  on  collection. 

At  the  request  of  iMr.  Desmond  FitzGerald,  of  the  Boston 
Waterworks,  I  undertook  a  study  of  the  water  from  the 
deeper  layers  of  these  sources  with  reference  to  their  higher 
color. 

The  following  tables  fiom  the  reports  of  the  biological 
work  referred  to  above,  show  the  gradual  increase  of  c(dor 
at  the  bottom  of  the  three  sources  to  which  I  confined  my 
work : 

I*ake  Cochituate.  —  Depth,  60-65  feet. 


1890. 

SURPJiCE. 

Mid-Depth. 

Temp. 

Color. 

Temp. 

Color. 

August  5 

78.5°  F. 

.10 

50.0»  F. 

.20 

"     11 

72.2 

.10 

50.0 

.20 

"      19     ........ 

72.9 

.15 

51.0 

.30 

"      26 

70.0 

.15 

49.0 

.30 

September  3 

70.4 

.10 

49.0 

.30 

"         9 

70.5 

.10 

49.0 

.30 

1 

15 

J63  amorplioiis  mat., 
no  creuollirix. 

145  .imorplious  mat.,' 
uo  crenothrix.          1 

20 

105  amorp 
DO  creuc 

lous  mat., 
thrix. 

164  amorp 
no  crenc 

lions  mat., 
thrix. 



Bottom. 

Temp. 

Color. 

45.0"  F. 

.80 

45.0 

2.80 

45.0 

3.80 

44.S 

2.80 

45.0 

2.30 

44.8 

2.60 

753  amorp 
much  cr 

10US  mat., 
unothrix. 

940  amorp 
some  cri 

ions  mat., 
uothrix. 

WaTER-SuPPLY   DEPAPtTMENT. 


97 


Basin  3,  Fi'araingliain.  —  Depth,  about  20  feet. 


1  A  heavy  wind  during  this  interval  mixed  the  water  from  all  depths,  causing  a  uniform 
color. 

Basin  4,  Asliland.  —  Depth,  30-35  feet. 


None  of  the  samples  from  the  bottom  of  this  reservoir 
darkened  more  than  slightly  on  exposure. 

Amorphous  matter  and  crenothrix  not  abundant  at  the 
bottom. 

The  overturn  of  the  water  in  Basin  3,  due  to  the  wind- 
storm noted  in  the  tal)les,  prevented  its  further  study  during 
that  summer,  but  the  water  of  Lake  Cochituate  and  Basin  4, 
owing  to  their  greater  depth,  was  not  disturbed  at  the  bottom, 
and  the  study  of  the  water  from  these  sources  was  com- 
menced immediately. 

Lake  Cochituate. 

On  September  28,  1890,  samples  were  taken  for  chemical 
analysis  at  the  surface  and  at  depths  of  15,  30,  40,  50,  and  60 
feet,  and  the  amount  of  oxygen  held  dissolved  in  the  water  at 
these  depths  was  determined. 

The  surface  water  was  found  to  be  well  aerated,  containing 
96.9%  of  the  amount  of  oxygen  necessary  for  its  saturation 


98  City  Document  No.  39. 

at  the  observed  temperature.  The  amount  of  oxygen  so  held 
decreased  to  12.2%  of  saturation  at  a  depth  of  40  feet,  while 
below  this  depth  the  water  was  completely  deoxidized,  show- 
ing the  stagnation  of  the  water  below  the  depth  to  which  it 
is  kept  in  circulation  by  the  action  of  the  wind. 

The  color  of  the  water  of  these  bottom  layers  was  much 
darker  than  at  the  surface  and  increased  on  exposure.  The 
chemical  analysis  of  the  samples  from  these  depths  showed 
corresponding  variations  in  the  water  between  the  surface 
and  bottom.  The  large  amount  of  free  ammonia  and  of  oxi- 
dizable  carbonaceous  matter  in  solution  as  revealed  by  the 
test  of  oxygen  consumed,  together  with  a  sharp,  disagreeable 
odor  in  water  from  the  bottom  layers,  showed  the  presence 
of  a  considerable  amount  of  organic  matter  undergoing  de- 
composition. 

These  conditions  are  similar  to  those  observed  by  Dr. 
Drown  for  Jamaica  pond,^  and  later,  for  various  ponds  ^  and 
reservoirs  in  the  State.  A  similar  series  for  chemical  analy- 
sis and  determination  of  iron,  which  gave  similar  results, 
was  taken  the  last  of  October,  and  during  the  following  year 
chemical  analyses  were  made  monthly  of  water  from  the  sur- 
face and  bottom  layer,,  from  April  to  October,  inclusive,  to- 
gether with  two  determinations  of  the  amount  of  dissolved 
oxygen  at  different  depths,  made  during  August  and  Septem- 
ber, and  a  chemical  analysis  was  made  of  water  from  the  bot- 
tom on  the  last  of  October  of  the  second  year  following. 

These  results  are  given  on  the  following  analysis  sheet : 

Basin  3  —  Framingham. 

Basin  3  differs  from  Lake  Cochituate  in  that  it  is  only 
about  20  feet  deep,  and  in  the  more  varied  composition  of  its 
water,  which  makes  it  more  liable  to  change  from  local  con- 
ditions. 

During  1891,  chemical  analyses  and  determinations  of 
iron  and  manganese  were  made  monthly,  from  April  to  Sep- 
tember, inclusive,  of  water  from  surface  and  bottom  of  Basin 
3,  and  determinations  of  the  amount  of  dissolved  oxygen  at 
different  layers  during  August  and  September.  The  results 
while  confirming  in  a  general  way  those  obtained  from  Lake 
Cochituate,  where  the  conditions  remain  constant  for  the  en- 
tire summer,  have  not  the  same  value.  They  are  given  on 
the  following  analysis  sheet. 

>  Special  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health  (Examiuation  of  Water  Sup- 
plies). 1890, p.  662. 

'  On  the  Amount  of  Dissolved  Oxygen  contained  in  Waters  of  Ponds  and  Reservoirs  at  dif- 
ferent depths. —  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health,  1S91,  p.  373. 


WATEK    ANALYSIS.      BOSTON    WATER- WORKS.  — LAKE    OOCHITUATE. 

Parts  in  100,000. 


Lake  Cochituate. 


Surface 
15  feet 


Surface  - 
Bottom  . 
Surface  . 
Bottom  . 
Surface 
Bottom  . 
Surface  . 
Bottom  . 
Surface  . 
Bottom  . 
Bottom  . 

Bottom   . 

1  Bottom 


October      31  . 


October      27  .    . 
23,  '91 


June  S 

8 

July  IS 

18 

August       21 

"  21 

September  29 

29 

October      27 . 

1893. 
October      27  . 

March         29,  '92 


10.55 
U.30 


Dnfll- 
12.90 


Albuminoid 


.0170 
.0190 
.0174 
.0218 
.0156 
.0262 
.013i 
.0244 


.0003 
.0003 
.0008 
.0003 
.0003 
.0002 
.0002 
.0003 
.0002 


.0002 
.0002 
.0002 
.0004 
.0004 
.0006 
.0002 
.0005 
.0003 


.0050 
.00.50 
.0270 
.0290 
.0070 

.oo.™ 

.0060 
.0110 
.0020 
.0030 


Unfil- 
1.53 


Di8.  O  —  September  18, 1890. 

Surface 21.0-  C. 

15  feet 21.0 

30    "       10.0 


96.9!(  Satn. 
S8.3 
20.4 
12.2 


ample  collected  October  23,1891,  e 

Di8.  O  — August  16, 1891. 
Temp. 

Surface 24.U"  C.  79.15!4 

10  feet 19.5  83.60 

20     "       12.5  33.86 

30     "       10.0  21.33 

40    "       9.5  20.93 

45     '■      9.5  1.65 

50     ■'  ....    8.0      '  0.00 

571  "     bottoai     .    7.5  0.00 


:posed  to  suuligbt  du 


sharp  disagreeable  odor. 


Dis.  0  —  September  28,  1891. 

Surface 31.0"  C.  90.  K 

10  feet    .    ,   .   .    ■ 14.0  81.10 

20     "        14.5  32.70 

30     "       11.0  9.37 

40     "        , 11.0  7.85 

50     "       10.0  .00 


WATER   ANALYSES. 


BOSTON    WATEK-WOKKS.  — BASIN    NO.  3. 
Parts  in  100,000. 


Surface 

Bottom 

Surfiiee .... 

Bottom 

Surface July 

Bottom 

Surface .    .  August 

Bottom "  19 

Surface' September  2S  . 

Bottom' "  2S 


^ 

-i 

3.90 

2.16 

.3.75 

1.30 

4.75 

1.80 

4.95 

1.40 

5.25 

2.46 

S.30 

2.05 

(3.25 

2.40 

7.20 

2.45 

5.05 

1.45 

5.60 

1.95 

.02.)6 
.0220 

.0212 

.0232 

.0214 

.0250 

.0190 

.0228 


^Watijr  in  Baeiu  3  turned  over  by  high  wind. 


Dia.  O  — August  20,  1891. 

Surface 85. HO 

6  feet 85.06 

12    "      5S.9'7 

14  "      0.00 

15  "      .    .  .    .        0.0  0 

17     " 0.0  0 

19    "      O.OiO 

21     "      O.(J0 


Dis.  O  —  October  1,  1891. 

Surface     

10  feet 


gtr< 


WATER   ANALYSES.    BOSTON   WATEK-WOKKS. 
Parts  in  100,000. 


BASIN    NO.  4. 


Surface  .... 
10  feet  .  . 
20  "  .... 
Bottom,  29  feet 
Surface  .... 
Bottom  .... 
Surface  .... 
Bottom  .... 
Surface  .... 
Bottom  .... 
Surface  .... 
Bottom  .... 
Surface  .... 
Bottom   .... 


July 

August  19  . 

"  19  . 

September  29  . 

"  29  . 


3.30 
3.00 
3.10 
3.05 


3.20 
3.20 
3.25 


1.90 
2.20 
2.20 
1.70 
1.85 


.0188 
.021* 
.0220 
.0210 


.0202 
.0150 
.0208 
.0142 
.0134 
.0118 


.0132 
.0140 
.0182 
.0136 
.0122 
.0110 
.0150 
.0126 


.0004 
.0004 
.0014 
.0028 


.0002 
.0032 
.0004 
.0002 
.0002 
.0008 
.0000 
.0008 


.0002 
.0002 
.0002 
.0002 


.0001 
.0002 
.0001 
.0001 
.0002 
.0002 
.0000 
.0001 


.0060 
.0050 


.0050 
.0040 
.0090 


.0040 
.0020 
.0060 


92.2 
87.0 


84.50 
1.5.10 


Die.  O  —  September  25, 1890. 

Surface 18.2"C.        92.0X  satn. 

10  feet      18.0  87.0 


.  O— August  20,  1891. 


12.5 
13.0 
13.0 


Water-Supply  Department.  99 

Basin  4  —  Ashland. 

Basin  4  differs  from  the  other  two  sources  in  that  all  the 
loam  was  removed  from  the  ground  forming  the  bottom  of 
the  reservoir,  and  samjjles  of  earth  collected  from  the  bottom 
at  its  deepest  part  show  that  it  is  still  composed  of  clean, 
sandy  material.  The  water  that  it  receives  from  Cold  Spring 
brook,  although  higher  colored  than  that  from  Stony  brook, 
is  a  normal  surface  water,  uncontaminated  except  from  vege- 
tation. The  determination  of  dissolved  oxygen  shows  that 
at  no  time  during  the  summers  of  1890  and  1891  was  the 
water  from  the  bottom  layers  completely  deoxidized. 

The  color  of  the  water  from  these  layers  was  generally 
less  than  twice  as  dark  as  at  the  surface  and  did  not  increase 
on  exposure. 

The  foregoing  analyses  show,  particularly  by  the  tests  of 
ammonia  and  oxygen  consumed,  —  which  are  measures  of 
the  nitrogen  and  carbon,  —  the  presence  of  a  considerable 
amount  of  organic  matter  at  the  bottom  of  those  })onds  in 
which  the  darkening  of  the  water  was  most  noticeable.  The 
ultimate  end  of  these  constituents  of  organic  matter  is  nitric 
acid  for  the  nitrogen  and  carbonic  acid  for  the  carbon. 

If,  however,  there  is  only  a  limited  amount  of  oxygen 
available  to  support  this  decomposition,  which  is  a  process, 
of  oxidation  brought  about  mainly  by  the  action  of  micro- 
organisms, the  process  is  arrested  when  the  oxygen  is  used 
up  ;  and,  in  the  case  of  water  at  the  bottom  of  deep  ponds, 
this  process  cannot  be  completed  until  the  surface  water 
cools  to  its  point  of  greatest  density  in  autumn  and  sinks  to 
the  bottom,  carrying  with  it  a  fresh  supply  of  oxygen.  The 
absence  of  oxygen  from  the  lower  layers,  and  the  fact  that 
the  constituents  of  the  organic  matter  were  found  in  a  par- 
tially oxidized  form,  show  that  these  were  the  conditions 
when  the  samples  were  taken.  The  similarity  between  the 
water  down  to  a  depth  of  40  feet,  and  its  abrupt  change 
below  this  depth,  indicates  that  the  wind-storm  before  noted 
caused  a  thorough  mixing  down  to  this  depth  and  that  the 
water  had  not  remained  stagnant  a  sufficient  length  of  time 
to  regain  its  old  conditions. 

The  presence  of  the  larger  amount  of  decomposable  organic 
jnatter  in  the  bottom  layers,  as  compared  with  those  near  the 
surface,  can  readily  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  all 
organic  matter  in  the  pond,  whether  derived  from  living 
organisms  that  had  their  growth  in  the  waters,  or  brought  in 
from  outside  sources,  either  by  influent  streams  or  blown  in 
as  leaves  in  autumn,  tend  to  find  their  way  to  the  bottom 


100  City  Document  No.  39. 

layers,  which  thus  become  the  field  of  decomposition  of  any 
matter  from  all  the  water  of  the  pond.  This  points  to  the 
conclusion  that,  below  the  depth  at  wdiich  the  water  is  kept 
well  aerated  by  currents  maintained  by  the  action  of  the 
wind  upon  its  surface,  the  amount  of  decomposition  as  re- 
vealed by  the  disappearance  of  oxygen  depends  upon  the 
proximity  to  the  bottom  rather  than  to  depth  below  the  sur- 
face ;  and  this  fact  is  borne  out  by  the  results  obtained  from 
the  simultaneous  study  of  both  shallow  and  deep  ponds. 
One  of  the  most  marked  characteristics  of  the  water  from 
the  deeper  layers  is  their  greater  color  and  the  rapid  increase 
of  color  on  exposure  to  light  and  air. 

The  average  of  five  different  determinations  made  between 
the  last  of  August  and  the  first  of  November,  when  the  water 
at  the  bottom  is  at  maximum  color,  during  three  successive 
summers,  shows  that  the  water  at  the  bottom  on  collection 
had  a  color  equal  to  six  times  that  of  water  at  the  surface, 
and  that  on  exposure  the  color  increased  to  twenty  times  that 
at  the  surface. 

Under  the  direct  action  of  sunlight,  after  the  maximum 
color  is  reached,  this  coloring  material  is  rapidly  thrown  out 
of  solution,  most  of  it  settling  out  as  a  precipitate  and  the 
remainder  can  be  removed  bypassing  through  filter  paper. 
The  rapidity  of  this  action,  which  depends  upon  the  active 
power  of  the  sunlight,  varies  greatly  with  the  season  of  the 
year. 

A  sample  of  water,  collected  October  6,  1891,  from  bot- 
tom of  Chestnut  Hill  Reservoir,  in  which  all  oxygen  had 
been  exhausted,  increased  in  color  from  .75  to  3.00  on  expo- 
sure. After  two  weeks'  exposure,  only  a  small  part  of  which 
was  under  the  condition  of  sunlight,  most  of  the  color  had 
disappeared,  and  upon  filtering,  it  was  found  to  be  almost  per- 
fectly decolorized. 

Practically  this  same  result  can  be  brought  about  in  a 
much  shorter  time  by  a  rapid  oxidation  by  drawing  air 
through  such  a  sample  with  an  aspirator.  A  sample  from 
the  bottom  of  Jamaica  pond  had  a  color,  as  soon  as  received 
at  the  laboratory,  of  .38,  and  was  somewhat  cloudy  ;  on  fur- 
ther exposure  to  the  air  for  one  hour  its  color  was  increased 
to  .70.  The  color  of  another  portion  of  the  same  sample 
was  increased  by  aeration  to  1.50,  but  on  filtering  through 
filter  paper,  its  color  was  reduced  to  .38,  its  original  color, 
showing  that  the  material  causing  the  color  had  been  oxi- 
dized and  existed  in  a  state  of  suspension. 

The  turl)idity  of  the  water  from  bottom  layers  was  always 
noticeable  ;  and  after  its  maximum  color  was  reached,  this 
turbidity  rapidly  became  more  marked,  the  particles  finally 


WATER    ANALYSES.  —  BOSTON     WATER-WORKS. 
Sample  kept  in  the  dark.       Parts  in  100,000. 


Dati  or 

1 

1 

Residue  on 
Etapoeation. 

o 

Nitrogen. 

§ 

6 

o 

W 

i 
It 

Locality. 

1 

E 

"m^ohT" 

1 

£ 

< 

i 

Keuarks. 

Collection. 

Examination. 

Dnfll. 
tered. 

Filtered 

Chestnut-Hill  Reservoir,  water  from  tap, 

1891. 
July  17 

1891. 
July  17 

August  IS    .... 

September  18  .   .   . 

Oolober 16   ...  . 

1892. 
April  15 

.30 

.31 
.80 
.30 

.25 

4.55 

Filtered 
1.25 

Filtered 
3.30 

.0162 

.0130 

.0098 

.0098 

Mixed 
.0102 

.0154 

.0106 
.0090 

.0072 

.0000 

.0000 

.0002 

.0002 

Mixed 
.0004 

.0001 

.0000 
.0002 
.0004 

.0000 

.0200 

.0150 
.0250 
.0210 

.0250 

.61 

.51 

.39 

.36 

Mixed 

.36 

Filtered 

.38 

1.69 

1.56 
1.63 

.0363 

Settled ;  only  clear  part  tested. 

.0356 

WATER    ANALYSES.  -  BOSTON    WATER-AVORKS. 
Sample  exposed  to  siiulig-lit.    Parts  In  100,000. 


Date  op 

Color. 

H 

Residue  on 
Evaporation. 

Nitrogen. 

■a 
1 

1 
1 
O 

1 

21 

Locality. 

Collection. 

Examination. 

S.9 

1 

T=S=" 

E 

a 
1 

1 
g 
■? 

Remarks. 

Unfll-- 
tered. 

•Filtered 

Chestnut-Hill  Reservoir,  water  from  tap. 

1891. 
July  17 

"      IT 

"      17 

"      " 

1891. 
Jnly              17  .    .    . 

August        18  .   .    . 

September  IS  .   .   . 

October       10  .    .    . 

1892. 
April            15  .    .    . 

.30 

.03 

.00 
.00 

.00 

.0154 

.0128 

.0124 
.0000 

.0110 

.0000 

.0004 

.0008 

.0000 

Mixed. 
.0176 

.0001 

.0001 

.0003 
.0000 

.0022 

.0200 

.0120 

.0150 
.0000 

.0030 

.51 

.25 

.29 

Mixed. 

.17 
Filtered 

.15 

1.69 
1.76 
1.69 

.0363 
.0370 

Settled;  only  clear  part  tested. 

Exposed  to  238  hours,  bright  sun- 
light. Settled ;  only  clear  part 
tested. 

Settled;  only  clear  part  tested. 

Exposed  to  567  hours, bright  sun- 
light. 

4.68 

2.04 

Filtered 
2.64 

.0128 

■        ■    ■ 

j 
1 

Mixed. 
.0142 

Water-Supply  Department.  101 

collected  together  and  settled  out  as  a  flocciilent  brownish- 
red  precipitate,  having  the  appearance  of  precipitates  of 
ferric  iron.  This,  together  with  the  presence  of  crenothrix, 
so  generally  associated  with  the  presence  of  iron,  in  the  bot- 
tom laj^ers  when  the  water  showed  the  greatest  tendency  to 
darken,  led  me  to  determine  the  iron  in  the  first  sample  from 
the  bottom  of  Lake  Cochituate.  Manganese,  which  is  simi- 
lar to  iron  in  the  formation  of  its  salts,  Avas  also  found  in 
the  sample,  and  its  determination  was  included  in  all  subse- 
quent analyses. 

In  the  following  table  the  relation  between  color  and  iron 
and  manganese  contents  is  shown  for  water  from  the  bottom 
of  Lake  Cochituate  and  Jamaica  pond. 

The  uniformly  high  results  for  iron  and  manganese, 
calculated  from  the  color,  using  the  factors  deduced  from 
averages,  may  be  due  to  the  difficulty  in  determining  the 
initial  color,  as  it  darkens  immediate!}'  on  exposure. 

In  these  examinations  the  amount  of  iron  and  manganese 
^vas  determined  in  the  residue  from  a  considerable  quantity 
of  water  by  means  of  the  basic  acetate  method. 


102 


City  Document  No.  39. 


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3 

Water-Supply  Department.  103 

The  presence  of  this  large  amount  of  iron  in  the  bottom 
of  ponds  may  be  explained  in  the  same  way  as  the  pro- 
duction of  pond  and  bog  iron  ore.^  All  surface  waters 
coming  from  a  district  covered  with  veo;etation  contain  more 
or  less  iron.  This  iron  is  derived  from  two  sources :  the 
vegetation  itself,  which  will  be  discussed  under  Iron  in 
Surface  Waters,  and  from  the  soil  and  iron-contaiuinff 
rocks. 

As  before  stated,  the  ultimate  end  of  the  carbon  of  or- 
ganic matter  is  carbonic  acid.  If  there  is  a  lack  of  oxygen 
from  atmospheric  sources  to  support  this  decomposition,  the 
organic  matter  takes  it  from  any  available  ferric  oxide,  thus 
converting  the  iron  to  a  soluble  ferrous  salt,  in  which  form 
it  is  carried  off  with  the  surface  water. 

During  its  passage,  or  at  least  upon  reaching  a  pond 
where  the  surface  portion  into  which  it  enters  is  well  aerated 
by  being  kept  in  a  state  of  motion  by  the  wind,  the  iron  is 
reoxidized  to  a  precipitate  of  ferric  hydrate.  This  falls  of 
its  own  weight  to  the  bottom,  where  it  gives  up  its  oxygen 
for  the  further  oxidation  of  the  organic  matter  which  is  there 
undergoing  decomposition. 

The  iron  is  thus  nearly  all  reduced  to  the  ferrous  or  color- 
less form,  which  by  its  oxidation  on  exposure  after  collection 
causes  the  increase  of  color  due  to  its  presence  in  the  ferric 
condition.  In  the  presence  of  the  organic  matter  this  ferric 
iron  remains  soluble  for  a  time,  but  finally  settles  out  as  fer- 
ric hydrate,  leaving  the  water  colorless. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  iron,  so  far  as  it  is  received 
into  a  pond,  aids  by  giving  up  its  oxygen  in  the  oxidation  or 
purification  of  the  water  at  the  botton  of  the  pond. 

The  determination  of  the  oxygen  consumed,  which  is  a 
measure  of  the  oxidizable  carbonaceous  matter  existing  in  the 
water  in  a  state  of  solution,  represents  the  decomposed  por- 
tion of  the  organic  matter  which  causes  the  reduction  of  the 
iron  and  with  which  much  at  least  of  the  iron  is  probably 
in  combination.  The  presence  of  this  material  in  the  case 
of  surface  waters  is  of  even  more  importance  in  influenc- 
ing the  color,  and  it  will  be  further  discussed  under  that 
head. 

Iron,  when  thus  deposited  in  ponds  which  contain  an 
insufficient  amount  of  organic  matter  to  reduce  it  all  to  the 
soluble  condition,  forms  pond  ore  which  is  similar  to  bog  ore 
deposited  in  swamps.  These  deposits  of  pond  ore  seem  to 
be  of  very  general  occurrence.  Hansman  describes  their 
occurrence  in  Scandinavian  lakes  where  their  formation  is 

'  Formation  of  Bog  and  Pond  Ores.  N.  H.  and  H.  V.  Winchell's  Report  on  Iron  Ores  of 
Minnesota,  p.  221. 


104  City  Document  No.  39. 

very  rapid.  Honeyman  ^  describes  their  occurrence  in 
Grand  Lake,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Swank  ^  records  their  pres- 
ence in  many  of  the  ponds  of  Eastern  New  England,  from 
which  in  early  times  it  was  collected  as  a  source  of  iron. 

My  analysis  of  such  an  ore,  collected  in  October,  1892, 
from  the  bottom  of  Sandy  pond  iu  Lincoln  is  of  interest,  as 
it  shovvs  that  this  sample  contained  much  more  manganese 
than  iron : 

Loss  on  ignition     .         .          .          .         .  21.51 

Insoluble  residue  ...          .         .  20.49 

Fe.  O3 24.40 

Ai;  O3 3.00 

Mn  O2 37.34 

97.74 

An  analysis  of  ooze  collected  from  the  bottom  of  Lake 
Cochituate  late  in  September,  1890,  at  a  time  Avhen  there 
was  no  oxygen  in  the  bottom  layers,  and  when  most  of  the 
iron  must  have  been  in  solution,  shows  the  presence  of  2.04% 
of  Fe  =  2.91%  Fe^Og. 

Tanh  2. 

Tank  2  at  Chestnut  Hill,  which  is  a  six-foot  tank  of 
cypress,  had  at  the  time  the  experiment  was  made,  a  thin 
layer  of  stones  in  the  bottom.  It  was  washed  and  filled  with 
reservoir  water  on  July  25,  1890,  and  on  July  28  a  dis- 
solved oxygen  sample  taken  at  the  outlet  showed  that  the 
water  in  the  bottom  of  the  tank  w^as  entirely  deoxidized. 

July  31,  1890,  teaiperature,  surface  80°. 

"  underdrain  77°. 

outlet  69.5°. 

After  cleaning  the  outlet  pipe  the  effluent  was  entirely  de- 
oxidized;  after  running  10  gallons,  effluent,  3%  saturated; 
after  running  60  gallons,  effluent,  11%  saturated;  after 
running  500  gallons,  effluent,  33%    saturated. 

The  effluent  first  drawn  from  the  tank  had  a  strong  pun- 
gent odor,  and  after  drawing  1,500  gallons  a  faint  trace  of 
the  odor  remained.  The  samples  collected  darkened  on 
standing,  and  a  red  flocculent  precipitate  settled  out,  which 
in  nearly  every  case  contained  crenothrix. 

On  August  8,  1890,  the  effluent,  after  clearing  the  pipe, 

1  Pamphlet  —  Nova  Scotia  Supeificial  Geology  —  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society, 
Catiada.  Vol.1. 

■■i  Statistics  of  Iron  and  Steel  Production  of  the  United  States,  Census  1880. 


Water-Supply  Department.  105 

had  a  strong  pungent  odor  and  was  entirely  deoxidized,  and 
after  drawing  500  gallons  the  same  odor  could  be  detected, 
and  the  water  was  only  57%  saturated. 

The  color  of  the  first  two  samples  taken  was  darker  than 
the  others,  and  increased  on  standing. 

The  tank  was  refilled  after  takinoj  the  series  August  8, 
and  on  August  13  the  disagreeable  odor  again  appeared  at 
the  outlet,  and  a  sample  showed  no  dissolved  oxygen. 

On  August  22  the  effluent  had  a  very  disagreeable  and 
pungent  odor,  some  of  the  first  drawn  gave  a  faint  test  for 
hydrogen  sulphide. 

On  August  29  six  large  bottles  of  effluent  were  collected 
through  a  tube  into  the  bottom  of  the  bottles  to  prevent 
oxidation,  to  be  kept  for  experiment. 

The  six  samples  taken  August  29,  1890,  remained  un- 
opened, but  exi)osed  to  the  light  for  about  a  month,  after 
which  they  Avere  set  away  in  a  dark  cupboard. 

When  collected  they  had  a  color  of  from  .4  to  .5,  and 
darkened  somewhat  on  standing.  On  March  24,  1891,  they 
were  opened  and  examined  with  the  following  result : 

No.  1,  color  .18,  contained  slight  white  precipitate,  al)un- 
dant  test  for  H2S. 

No.  2,  color  .06,  heavy  red  precipitate,  Fe  and  organic 
matter,  no  odor  nor  H^S. 

No.  3,  color  .07,  heavy  red  precii)itate,  no  odor  nor  HgS. 

No.  4,  color  .09,  some  red  precipitate,  no  odor  nor  HgS. 

No.  5,  color  .09,  some  red  precipitate,  no  odor  nor  H.jS. 

No.  6,  color  .10,  slight  red  precipitate,  no  odor  nor  HgS. 

No.  1  aerated  for  twenty  minutes  read  .80,  and  the  odor 
of  hydrogen  sulphide  disappeared,  a  red  precipitate  of  iron 
slowly  accumulated,  showing  that  the  sample  held  as  much 
iron  as  the  others,  but  that  it  had  been  reduced  to  the 
ferrous  or  colorless  form. 

The  bame  disappearance  of  oxygen  and  the  development 
of  a  deeper  color  in  the  lower  layers  were  noticed  in  Tank  1 , 
which  was  of  cypress,  similar  to  Tank  2. 

The  color  of  the  water  in  the  tanks,  as  viewed  from  the 
surface,  appeared  to  become  lighter  on  exposure  in  the  tank. 

These  experiments  show  that  the  action  that  goes  on  in  a 
six-foot  tank  and  in  a  gallon  bottle,  when  tightly  stoppered, 
is  the  same  as  that  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  pond. 

The  reduction  of  the  iron  in  only  the  first  sample  drawn 
from  Tank  2,  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  this  contained 
more  putrescible  organic  matter  than  the  others,  as  it  repre- 
sents the  water  at  the  extreme  bottom  of  the  tank,  which 


106  City  Document  No.  39. 

contained  the  organic  matter  collected  from   all  the   water 
stored  in  it. 

Reduction    Experiments. 

The  reduction  of  the  precipitate  of  ferric  iron,  in  the  case 
of  the  water  contained  in  the  bottle,  which  must  have  been 
accomplished  by  the  growth  of  micro  organisms  led  me  to 
make  the  following  experiments  to  see  how  rapidly  and  to 
what  extent  ferric  iron  could  be  reduced  under  known  con- 
ditions. In  all  the  following  experiments  the  liquid  entirely 
tilled  the  bottle,  so  that  the  liquid  when  once  deoxidized 
might  not  by  contact  with  the  air  take  on  more  oxygen  and 
retard  the  reduction.  Sugar  was  added  to  the  amount  of  1 
gram  per  100  cubic  centimetres,  and  it  was  seeded  with  fresh 
yeast  and  the  temperature  maintained  at  80°  F. 

Tests  made  on  all  before  allowing  them  to  stand  showed 
that  none  contained  ferrous  iron. 

Watee  erom  Cedar  Swamp. 

A  dark  swamp  water,  color  4.0,  had  been  standing  in  the 
laboratory  for  some  time  ;  all  the  iron  was  oxidized,  part  of 
which  had  settled  out  with  organic  matter  as  a  brown  pre- 
cipitate. After  standing  four  days  a  faint  test  for  ferrous 
iron  was  obtained,  and  the  amount  of  ferrous  iron  was 
shown  by  frequent  tests  to  increase  regularly.  After  stand- 
ing two  weeks  the  dark-colored  precipitate  had  disappeared, 
as  well  as  the  brown  color  of  the  water,  although  so  turbid 
as  to  make  an  accurate  test  of  its  color  impossible. 

Ferric  Chloride. 

This  test  was  made  in  the  same  way,  using  distilled 
water,  to  which  sufficient  ferric  chloride  was  added  to  give  a 
color  of  about  1.0.  Under  the  same  conditions,  the  first 
test  for  ferrous  iron  was  obtained  after  six  days  of  g:owth, 
and  this  increased  until  the  experiment  was  discontinued 
after  about  four  weeks. 

Ferric  Hydrate. 

This  test  was  made  under  the  same  conditions  as  the 
others,  using  .3125  grams  of  ferric  hydrate  (Fe2033H20), 
obtained  by  precipitating  the  iron  in  this  form  from  .1682 
grams  of  iron.  After  four  days  of  action  the  mixture  gave 
an  abundant  test  for  ferrous  iron,  and  the  amount  increased 
regularly. 

After  seven  weeks  of  action  the  mixture  was  filtered  rap- 


Water-Supplt  Department.  107 

idly  through  a  Inrofe  ribbed  filter,  and  the  amount  of  ferrous 
iron  in  solution  derived  from  the  ferric  hydrate  added  was 
determined.     It  was  found  to  amount  to  12.03'^. 

The  liquid  containing  the  ferrous  iron  was  turbid  and 
greenish  yellow. 

On  exposuie  and  during  evaporation  it  became  a  dark 
brownish  color,  and  when  nearly  evaporated  the  iron  settled 
out  as  a  reddish  brown  flocculent  precipitate.  It  had  every 
appearance  of  a  dark  natural  water  exposed  under  the  same 
conditions. 

Irox  IX  Ground  Water. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  ground  water  often  contains 
sufficient  iron  in  solution  to  cause  by  its  oxidation  on  expo- 
sure a  decided  color.  This  has  been  studied  liy  Peifke^  and 
Frjinkel  with  reference  to  city  supplies  derived  from  ground 
water  in  certain  parts  of  Germany. 

The}'  devised  a  method  for  its  purification,  depending 
upon  the  rapid  oxidation  of  the  iron,  by  passing  it  in  the 
form  of  spray  through  a  colurim  of  coke,  and  the  su1)sequent 
removal  of  the  precipitated  iron  by  filtering  rapidly  through 
a  shallow  sand  filter.  As  most  of  my  Avork  has  been  con- 
fined to  the  source  of  suppl}'  of  the  Boston  water,  which  is 
derived  entirely  from  surface  water,  comparatively  few  such 
waters  have  come  to  my  attention. 

Many  of  our  springs,^  which  represent  the  ground  water, 
are  known  to  l)e  chal3'beate. 

M}'^  determination  of  the  amount  of  dissolved  oxygen  in 
water  flowing  from  artesian  wells  situated  in  diflerent  por- 
tions of  the  Bostf>n  basin,  and  which  were  taken  late  in  ^■'o- 
vember  when  nearly  the  maximum  amount  of  dissolved  oxy- 
gen is  present,  show  by  the  very  small  amount  of  dissolved 
oxygen  present  that  the  conditions,  during  part  of  the  year 
at  least,  are  favorable  for  the  reduction  and  solution  of  iron 
by  the  water,  which,  upon  exposure,  would  cause  a  color  due 
to  its   oxidation. 

Dissolved  Oxygen  in  Flowing  Artesian  Well-Water. 

17  feet  below  normal  grade  of  surface,  12.92%  saturation. 

22.85  feet  below  normal  grade  of  surface,  3.48% 
saturation. 

34.38     feet     below     normal     g'rade     of     surface,     .89 

41.60     feet     below     normal    grade    of    suri^ice,     2.26 
saturation. 

^  Filteranlagen  fiir  Stadtische  Wasserleitung. 
2  Peale.  —  Mineral  Springs  of  the  U.  S.,  p.  21. 


108  City  Document  No.  39. 

The  average  per  cent,  of  saturation  of  three  flowing  wells 
having  depths  of  about  forty  feet,  but  situated  comparatively 
near  the  outcrop  of  the  ledges  forming  the  base  of  the  drain- 
age area  was,  on  December  1,  1892,  25.5. 

An  analysis  made  the  last  of  November  of  gas  bubbling 
from  the  bed  of  a  shallow  spring  showed  that  it  contained 
less  than  half  the  amount  of  oxygen  found  in  air. 

Such  water,  especially  if  it  contains  also  organic  matter  in 
solution,  is  especially  favorable  for  the  growth  of  crenothrix 
and  allied  forms.  Frequently  such  ground-waters  upon 
coming  to  the  surfece  as  springs,  support  these  growths  to 
such  an  extent  as  to  cause  a  considerable  accumulation  of 
ferric  oxide.  An  analysis  of  a  deposit  formed  in  this  way 
shows  the  following  composition  : 

Loss  on  ignition      .  .  .  .  .33.3% 

Insoluble  residue     .  .  .  .  .       8.3% 

FeA      . 58.3% 

MnOa 1% 

Cause  of  the  Color  of  Surface- Water. 

The  color  of  a  surface-water,  as  one  from  a  brook  or  river 
which  is  kept  well  aerated  by  coming  in  contact  with  the  air, 
forms,  in  some  ways,  a  decided  contrast  with  the  dark  waters 
from  the  bottom  of  ponds.  One  of  the  most  marked  points 
of  difli'erence  is,  when  protected  from  the  light,  the  greater 
permanence  of  its  color,  so  great,  in  fact,  is  the  permanence 
after  the  putrescible  organic  matter  in  suspension  is  removed 
by  filtration  (preferably  by  filtration  through  a  sheet  of 
sandstone  or  porous  tile)  that  it  ma}^  be  kept  practically 
indefinitely  without  loss  of  color,  provided  it  is  carefully 
protected  from  the  light.  A  sample  of  a  dark  surface-water 
when  thus  filtered,  may,  by  dilution  with  distilled  water,  be 
made  to  match  in  intensity  of  color  the  Nesslerized  ammonia 
standards  which  are  used  for  reading  the  color  of  water,  and 
a  set  of  color  standards  thus  made  has  the  advantao;e  of  being 
of  the  exact  hue  of  the  waters  examined.  Such  a  set  has 
been  used  in  reading  the  color  of  waters  examined  for  the 
city  of  Boston,  and  also  for  the  Massachusetts  State  Board 
of  Health,  since  June,  1890,  and  some  of  the  first  color 
standards  are  still  in  use. 

As  stated  at  the  beginning  of  the  pa[)er,  the  color  depends 
to  a  certain  extent  upon  the  nature  of  the  materials  from 
which  it  is  derived  A  sample  collected  in  May  or  June  is 
generally  a  clear  brownish  yellow,  and  represents  a  mean 
between  the  extremes  of  the  greenish-^-ellow  color  imparted 


AVater-Supply  Department.  109 

by  freshly  decomposing  organic  matter  and  the  dark  brown 
of  older  material. 

In  order  that  the  color  may  remain  permanent  it  is 
necessary,  as  stated  above,  to  protect  the  water  carefully 
from  the  light. 

On  the  following  sheet  are  given  analyses  of  samples  of 
water  collected  from  the  tap  at  the  Filter  Station,  which  rep- 
resents a  sample  from  the  well  aerated  portion  of  the  Chest- 
nut-Hill lieservoir,  one  kept  in  the  dark,  which  retained  its 
color,  the  other  exposed  to  sunlight  and  which  was  decolor- 
ized after  a  month. 

If  there  is  a  similarity  between  the  cause  of  the  color  of  a 
surface-water  and  that  from  the  bottom  of  a  pond,  the  color 
of  which  has  been  shown  to  depend  upon  the  presence  of 
iron  and  manganese,  it  is  clear  that  there  should  be  found  in 
the  surface  waters  varying  amounts  of  iron  and  manganese 
according  to  the  color  present. 

As  a  natural  water  is  an  infusion  of  organic  matter,  a  set  of 
preliminary  experiments  was  made  to  determine  the  amount 
of  iron  in  different  leaves,  and  in  peat  and  peat-forming  ma- 
terial, which  upon  their  decomposition  would  be  added  to 
the  water. 

Amount  of  Iron  in  Different  Leaves. 

Maple  leaves  contain  42.0  parts  per  100,000  —  .042%  ; 
1  ton  contains  1.20  ll)s.  FeaO^ 

Elm  leaves  contain  52.0  parts  per  100,000  =  .052%  ;  1 
ton  contains  1.48  lbs.  FcoOs. 

Chrysanthemum  leaves  contain  53.4  parts  per  100,000  = 
0.53%  ;  1  ton  contains  1.56  lbs.  FegOg. 

The  amount  of  iron  in  different  colored  leaves  of  the  same 
species  (coleus). 

Amount  taken,  1  gram  of  fresh  leaves  : 

Parts  per  100,000, 
p  .  Iron  extracted  in  36       Iron  rcmnining      Total  iron 

^°  "'•  hours  in  30i{  alcohol.  in  leaf.  in  leaf . 


Purplish  black 

3.0 

4.0 

7.0 

Purple  and  pink     . 

2.0 

5.0 

7.0 

Yellowish  green 

1.0 

3.5 

4.5 

White    . 

.5 

3.8 

4.3 

The  chlorophyl  of  leaves  was  formerly  considered  to  be 
the  part  which  contained  the  most  iron,  but  more  recent 
work    has    shown  that  the  iron   is  practically    confined   to 


110  City  Docujment  No.  39. 

the  cells  and  is  not  part  of  the  chlorophyi.  An  examina- 
tion was  made  of  chlorophyi  extracted  with  chloroform  from 
chrysanthemum  leaves,  using  Soxh lets'  apparatus.  This 
extractive  matter,  consisting  mainly  of  chlorophyi,  was 
found  to  contain  only  1.4  parts  per  100,000.  of  its  weight  of 
iron,  which  represented  only  3.3%  of  the  iron  contained  in 
the  leaf. 

That  the  iron  in  whichever  part  it  exists  is  extracted  by 
means  of  water,  is  shown  by  the  following  experiments  : 

By  boiling  20  minutes,  69.2%  of  the  iron  is  removed  from 
maple  leaves,  and  47.7%  from  elm  leaves. 

The  Color  and  Amount  of  Iron  and  Manganese  larPARXED  to 
One  Liter  op  Distilled  Water  Br  One  Gram  of  Leaves. 

Maple  Leaves. 

Parts  per  100,000  of  solution. 

Total  Fe 
and  Mn. 

Extracted  8  days.  Color    .37       Fe  =  .0034.       Mn  =  .0020  —  .0054 

Subsequent  extraction, 

same  leaves,  "      .20.        Fe  =  .0006.       Mn  = .0006 

Boiled  15-20  miuutes  "  24.00.       Fe  =  .2560.       Mn  =:  .1700  —  .4260 

.1  color  =  .018  parts  Fe  and  Mn. 

Elm  Leaves. 

Parts  per  100,000  of  solution. 

Total  Fe 
and  Mn. 

Extracted  8  days.  Color    .22.        Fe  =  .0016       Mn  —  .0040  —  .0056 

Subsequent  extraction, 

same  leaves,  "        .20.       Fe  z=  .0011       Mn  = .0011 

Boiled  15-20  minutes,  "    15.00.        Fe  =  .2400       Mn  =  .2000  —  .4400 

.1  color  =  .016  parts  Fe  and  Mn. 

The  Determination  of  the  Amount  of  Iron  in  Dif- 
ferent Peat-forming  Materials,  and  in  Peat  at 
Different  Depths. 

(Samples  from  Cold  Spring  Swamp,  Newton.) 

All  of  the  determinations  of  iron  in  leaves  and  their 
decoctions  have  been  confined  to  the  commoner  species  of 
trees,  as  the  maple,  elm,  and  oak.  The  leaves  of  such  trees, 
although  abundant  in  swamps,  where  they  are  i>lo\vn  by  the 
wind  in  autumn  and  find  a  lodgement,  do  not,  however,  add 
very  materially  to  the  accumulation  of  peaty  material,  which 
is  the  natural  colorins;  matter  of  surface-waters. 

Peat  is  an  accumulation  of  organic  matter  generally  under 
water,  where  the  decomposition,  or  the  destruction  of  the 
material  is  less  rapid  than  its  accumulation. 

The  under  part  of  such  a  deposit  gradually  becomes 
changed  to  the  fine  black  mud  or  muck  which  is  mixed  with 


Water-Supply  Department.  Ill 

some  sand.  A  sample  of  this  black  mud  taken  at  a  depth 
of  from  two  to  three  feet  contained  but  13.4%  of  ash,  the 
remaining  86.6%  being  volatile  and  organic  matter.  Tree 
stumps  exposed  on  the  surface  of  a  deposit  of  peat  pass 
through  the  state  of  brown  vegetable  mould,  and  are  finally 
incorporated  with  the  deposit ;  those  embedded  while  sound 
in  the  nniss  of  peat,  remain  almost  indefinitely  without 
decomposition. 

Amount  of  Iron  in  1  Gram  of  Different  Materials, 
(dried  at  100°  C.) 

Leaflets  of  Common  brake    .... 

Meadow  grass,  growing  from  tussock  . 
Meadow  moss,  fresh     ..... 

Meadow  moss,   one  year  or  more  old,  and 
some  grass        ...... 

Recent  peat,  from  tussock    .... 

Brown  vegetable  mould,  from  decayed  stump 
Black  peaty  muck,  from  2  to  3  feel 


.00006og  = 

.006% 

.0000(55g  = 

.006% 

. 000380a  — 

.03«% 

.OOlOOOg  — 

.190% 

.000340g  = 

.034% 

.002100g  = 

.210% 

.009200g  =z 

.920% 

112 


City  Document  No.  39. 


The  Color  and  Amount  of  Iron  in  Surface-Waters. 


"3 
o 

a 
o 

O 

Parts  per  100,000. 

6 

o-o   • 

S  rt  o 
o  «  o 

O  SOP 

•^  a  o 

Boston  tap 

.45 

.014 

.   . 

.030 

+  .016 

Lake  Couhituate,  surface 

.22 

.41 

.   .   . 

.   . 

.014 

» 

.64 

.59 

.060 

.040 

.100 

.043 

—  .017 



.24 

.48 

.030 

.050 

.080 

.016 

—  .014 

" 

.20 

.43 

.060 

.030 

.090 

.013 

—  .047 

<i 

.15 

.44 

.110 

.040 

.150 

.010 

—  .100 

II 

.15 

.34 

.110 

.040 

.150 

.010 

—  .100 

Basin  3,  surface 

.62 
.68 
.60 
.35 
.31 
.50 

.62 
.69 
.72 
.65 

.84 

.070 
.040 
.100 
.170 
.040 

.030 
.030 
.040 
.030 
.020 

.100 
.070 
.140 
.200 
.060 

.041 
.045 
.040 
.023 
.020 
.033 

—  .029 
+  .005 

—  .060 

—  .147 

—  .020 

Basin  4,  surface 

.69 
.58 
.50 
-42 
.25 

.70 
.64 
.67 
.73 
.58 

.070 
.050 
.060 
.060 
.110 

.100 
.020 
.020 
.030 
.040 

.170 
.070 
.080 
.090 
.150 

.045 
.038 
.033 
.028 
.016 

—  .024 

—  .012 

—  .027 

—  .032 

—  .094 

Dismal  Swamp,  Va. 

6.25 

.312 

.418 

+  .106 

Cedar  Swamp    .   .   . 

4.00 

.255 

.268 

+  .013 

Westboro'  series,  September  22,  No. 

1 

.43 

.46 

.017 

.028 

+  .011 

' 2 

.07 

.21 

.014 

.004 

—  .010 

11      <.    3 

.08 

.25 

.021 

.005 

—  .016 

"            "                5 

.24 

.38 

.014 

.016 

+  .002 

"      "     6 

.06 

.17 

.009 

.   . 

.004 

—  .005 

11                ..          ..      «     7 

.10 

.24 

.017 

.006 

—  .011 

«            .<                <<          "      ■<    8 

.85 

.80 

.019 

.   . 

.057 

+  .038 

«'            "                "          "      "    9 

2.30 

1.96 

.037 

.   . 

.154 

+  .117 

"             "                 "          "      "  10 

1.75 

1.54 

.035 

.   . 

.117 

+  .082 

II             II                                    "     1  .    . 

.48 

.46 

.005 

.032 

+  .027 

"            "                 "          "      "     2      . 

.05 

.29 

.009 

.003 

—  .006 

,1             1,                 II          '<      "     3.   . 

.12 

.25 

.019 

.   . 

.008 

—  .011 

"                 '<          "      "     4,   . 

.55 

.55 

.007 

.036 

+  .029 

II             <i                 <(          "      "     5  .    . 

.14 

.26 

.006 

.   . 

.009 

+  .003 

" 

<■ 

'< 

6 

.41 

.42 

.007 

.027 

+  .020 

Water-Supply  Department. 


113 


Color  and  Amount  of  Iron  in  Surface-Waters.  —  Continued. 


Westboro'  series,  September  22,  No.  7  , 


Indian  Brook 

Whitehall  Pond,  shallow  flowage  . 

"         Upper  Pond 

"         Pond  at  weir 

Chesi  nut-hill  Reservoir 


Tank    6,  effluent 
13        " 


Influent  stream,  Quincy  Reservoir 

Quincy  Reservoir 

Randolph  Brook 

Houghton  Pond 

Oak  Ridge,  N.  J.  Reservoir  .... 


Average 


.12 
.95 
1.60 
1.70 
2.80 
.70 
.48 
.76 
.40 
.51 
.52 
.51 
.63 
.11 
.00 
.17 
.02 
.10 
.00 
.20 


.01 


.00 


.02 
.70 
1.25 
.65 
.04 
.15 


.64 


Parts  peb  100,000. 


•21 

.78 

1.62 

1.55 

2.68 

.83 

.52 

.83 

.46 

.49 


.07 
.39 
.58 
.51 
.16 
.48 


f=< 


.020 
.015 
.022 
.035 
.042 
.010 
.016 
.010 
.017 
.022 
.019 
.014 
.022 
.012 
.010 
.008 
.009 
.017 
.011 
.008 
.002 
.008 
.009 
.065 
.205 
.015 
.008 
.020 


.043 


oS 

B 


5'5  § 

p  o  « 

i-?o 


.008 
.063 
.107 
.113 
.187 
.046 
.032 
.050 
.026 
.034 
.003 
.034 
.042 
.007 
.000 
.011 
.001 
.006 
.000 
.013 
.000 
.000 
.001 
.046 
.083 
.043 
.002 
.010 


—  .012 
+  .048 
+  .085 
+  .078 
+  .145 
+  .036 
+  .016 
+  .040 
+  .009 
+  .0i2 

—  .011 
+  .020 
+  .020 

—  .005 

—  .010 
+  .003 

—  .008 

—  .Oil 

—  .011 
+  .005 

—  .002 

—  .006 

—  .008 

—  .019 

—  .122 
+  .028 

—  .006 

—  .010 


.1  color  corresponds  to  .0067  parts  Fe  per  100,000. 


114  City  Document  No.  39. 


The  Action  of  Reagents  on  Colored  Surface-Water. 

Hydrogen  peroxide  acts  as  a  decolorizing-  agent  of  a  dark 
surface-water.  The  addition  of  10%  of  a  20-volLime  solu- 
tion discharged  70%  of  the  color  of  a  surface-water  reading 
4.0,  in  »0  hours,  and  com[)leted  the  decolorization  within 
two  weeks.     A  very  slight  precii)itate  was  formed. 

As  commercial  hydrogcm  peroxide  contains  a  little  hydro- 
chloric acid,  a  blank  determination  was  made,  using  the 
amount  of  hydrochloric  acid  present  in  the  hydrogen  })er- 
oxide  used.  Although  somewhat  more  rapid  than  when 
caused  by  the  action  of  diffused  light  it  was  shown  that  the 
decolorization  was  not  increaed  by  the  presence  of  this  very 
small  amount  of  hydrochloric  acid. 

Nitric,  sulj)huric,  and  hydrochloric  acids,  when  present  in 
considerable  quantities,  aid  the  decolorization,  the  rapidity 
depending  on  the  amount  present.  They  prevent  the  forma- 
tion of  a  precipitate. 

Caustic  potash  increases  the  color;  in  man}^  cases  doubling 
it.  No  precipitate  foruLs,  even  upon  long  continued  boiling 
with  a  concentrated  solution. 

Flocculcnt  alumina,  which  completely  decolorizesthe  water, 
removes,  at  the  same  time,  the  iron. 

The  presence  of  certain  organic  substances  prevents  the 
precii)itation  of  iron  as  ferric  hydrate,  and  when  the  iron  is 
thus  held  in  solution  it  imparts  a  color  to  the  liquid. 
By  thus  imparting  color  to  distilled  water,  sufficient  to 
match  the  color  of  samples  of  surface-water  of  known  iron 
contents,  it  should,  clearly,  be  possible  to  determine  what 
part  of  the  color  of  the  surface-water  is  caused  by  the  iron. 

An  experiment  of  this  kind  was  made,  using  some  of  the 
connnoner  oiganic  substances  that  prevent  the  j)recipitation 
of  ferric  salts.  Ferric  iron  in  the  presence  of  gl^'cerine 
causes  a  reddish  color;  of  tartaric  acid,  a  greenish-yellow 
color;  of  sugar,  a  clear  yellow  color;  and  of  tannin,  with 
which  it  gives  a  black  color  in  the  case  of  strong  solutions, 
in  very  dilute  solutions  gives  a  purplish  red. 

It  is  clear  that  these  last  two  are  the  ones  most  likely  to 
be  present  in  surface-water,  the  sugar  from  sap  and  tannin 
extracted  from  the  bark.  The  presence  of  these  two  would 
also  account  for  the  brown  hue  of  a  natural  water. 

Such  an  artificial  colored  water,  colored  by  iron  held  in 
solution  by  means  of  sugar,  with  a  few  drops  of  dilute  tannin 
solution  to  give  the  required  hue,  matched  perfectly  a 
natural  surface-water ;  but  it  was  necessary  to  add  nearly 
ten  times  as  much  iron  as  was  calculated  from  the  average 
of  buch  waters—  .1  color  =  .0067  parts  of  Fc  per  100,000. 


Plot  showing  the  amount  of  Iron  in  NaturalWater  Standards. 

WATER  USED  IN  MAKING  STANDARDS  FROM  CEDAR  SWAMP-WESTBORO.MASS. 


a.  z 
oo 

-I  r 

o  < 


25 

2.4 

2.3 

2.2 

2.1 

2.0 

1.9 

1.8 

1.7 

1.6 

1.5 

1.4. 

1.3 

1.2 


.9 
.8 
.7 
.6 
.5 


^  -4 


I 


ooogooogooo2ooooooogo<^ 
QOoQQQQQoopPQqqqooqqoo 


IRON    SCALE, PARTS    F£.   PER   100  000. 


Water-Supply  Department.  115 

From  this,  together  with  the  fact  that  the  amount  of  iron 
corresponding  to  a  color  of  .1  is,  in  ihe  case  of  a  surface- 
water,  only  one  sixty-fifth  of  that  in  a  coh)red  water  from 
the  bottom  of  a  deep  pond,  it  is  necessary  to  conchide  that 
the  color  of  a  surface-water  is  practically  independent  of  the 
iron  contents. 

The  cause  of  the  color  of  a  surface-water  is,  therefore, 
mainly  the  organic  matter  in  solution,  and  it  will  be  noticed 
on  the  foregoing  table  that  the  organic  matter,  as  revealed 
by  the  test  of  oxygen  consumed,  follows  closely  the  color. 


116  City  Document  No.  39. 


EEPORT     OF     THE     SUPERINTENDENT    OF     THE 
MYSTIC    DIVISION. 


Superintendent's  Office, 
Charlestown  District,  February  1,  1893. 

Robert  Grant,  Esq.,  Chairman  Boston  Water' Board  : 

Sir  :  The  report  of  the  Mystic  Division  of  the  Boston 
Water-Works  from  February  1,  1892,  to  February  1,  1893, 
is  herewith  submitted. 

Mystic  Lake. 

Water  overflowed  the  dam  almost  constantly  until  June  7, 
and  again  from  June  27  to  July  7.  From  this  date  the  sur- 
face of  the  lake  gradually  lowered  until  November  1,  when 
the  lowest  depth  during  the  year  was  recorded,  6.72  feet 
below  high  water,  or  1.28  feet  above  the  point  at  which  it 
would  be  necessary  to  pump  the  water  into  the  conduit. 
This  was  4.45  feet  above  the  conduit  invert.  On  December 
1  it  was  2.63  below  high  water,  and  on  January  1  it  was 
1.50  below.  In  October,  the  temporary  engines  and  feed- 
pump were  overhauled,  new  grate-bars  put  in  the  boilers, 
the  centrifugal  pumps,  after  being  patched  in  several  places, 
were  lowered  into  place,  and  all  arrangements  completed  for 
the  expected  pumping.  Fortunately,  after  November  1,  the 
water  rose,  and  quite  rapidly,  so  the  preparations  were 
abandoned.  The  lake,  ponds,  rivers,  and  feeders  received 
all  the  required  care  and  attention.  Wedge  and  Horn  ponds 
and  that  section  of  the  Abajonna  river  above  Whitney's  dam 
were  constantly  patrolled  during  the  warm  season,  and  all  ob- 
jectionable algge  and  other  contaminating  matter  removed. 
All  along  the  banks  of  the  supply,  overhanging  shrubs  were 
cut  away,  and  where  needed  the  beds  of  the  streams  were 
raked  and  gravelled.  The  gate-keeper's  house  and  the  en- 
gine-house received  some  slight  repairs  and  the  roads  and 
fences  near  the  dam  were  trimmed  and  improved. 

Reservoir. 

The  stonework  in  the  basins  of  the  reservoir  has  been  re- 
pointed  with  Portland  cement,  the  brickwork  repaired  in 
several  places,  and  both  basins  have  been  thoroughly 
cleaned.       When    preparing  to  make  these  improvements. 


Water-Supply  Department.  117 

the  drain,  a  sheet-iron  cement-lined  pipe,  was  found  to  he 
detective,  so  36  feet  of  new  12-inch  cast-iron  pipe  was  sub- 
stituted. The  banks  have  been  top  dressed,  as  usual,  and 
about  100  feet  of  one  of  the  adjoining  roads  graded  and 
repaired.  The  gate-house,  walks,  seats,  banks,  roads,  and 
fences  are  now  in  good  condition.  I  respectfully  recommend 
that  next  spring  the  bottoms  of  both  basins  be  reconcreted. 

Conduit. 

During  the  past  year  the  conduit  has  been  twice  cleaned, 
jflnshed,  and  inspected,  and  at  the  last  inspection  it  was  found 
in  good  order. 

I  intend  the  coming  season  to  place  a  3G-inch  gate  and 
pipe  on  the  blow-ofi\  in  order  to  expedite  the  cleaning  and 
flushing,  and  to  better  exclude  the  tide-water.  I  shall  also 
place  new  sills  and  grooves  for  the  screens  in  the  screen- 
chamber,  and  shall  raise  the  roof  of  the  chamber  to  facilitate 
the  chanofing  of  the  screens.  The  force  mains  are  in  ffood 
condition. 

Pumping-Station. 

During  the  year  the  consumijtion  on  this  division  increased 
11.8  per  cent,  over  that  of  last  year.  In  January,  1893, 
owing  to  the  extreme  cold  weather,  the  consumption  was 
greater  tiian  that  of  any  previous  month.  A  daily  average 
of  over  14,000,000  gallons  was  pumped,  and  on  several  days 
the  pumping  exceeded  16,000,000  gallons. 

The  estimated  pumping  capacity  of  the  three  pumps  is  but 
18,000,000  gallons  daily,  so  it  was  necessary  to  run  the 
pumps  to  almost  their  full  extent.  If  the  8,000,000-gallon 
pump  had  broken  down,  the  two  5,000,000-gallon  pumps 
could  not  have  supplied  the  demand.  One  of  the  5,000,000- 
gallou  pumps  has  been  in  use  since  1864,  the  other  since 
1866,  and  the  8,000,000-gallon  pump  since  1872. 

These  pumps  require  repairs  frequently,  and  especially 
Pump  No.  1,  a  5,000,000-gallon  pump.  I  respectfully  call 
the  attention  of  the  Board  to  the  above  facts,  and  to  the  ex- 
pediency of  replacing  Pump  No.  1  with  a  new  one  of  at  least 
12,000,000  gallons  pumping  capacity.  In  December,  a 
Lamprey  Patent  Furnace-mouth  Lining  was  placed  in  each 
of  the  six  boilers  on  a  six  months'  trial. 

A  new  feed-pump  has  been  set  up  in  the  boiler-room,  the 
dynamo  repaired,  new  fronts  similar  to  those  on  boilers 
Nos.  4,  5,  and  6  have  been  put  on  boilers  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3, 
six  new  windows  put  on  east  end  of  engine-house,  800  feet 
of  coal-car  tracks  relaid,  and  painting  and  papering  done  at 
the  eno-ineers'  residences. 


118  City  Document  Xo.  39. 

I  rcsi'jcctfully  rccoramencl,  as  a  matter  of  economy,  that  a 
laio-er  chimney  be  erected,  as  the  present  one  is  of  insuffi- 
cient draught. 

INIystic-Yalley  Sewer. 

From  February  1,  1892,  to  February  1,  1893,  135,459,762 
gallons  of  sewaoe  wjis  pumped,  to  which  was  fipplied  as  a 
prcci|)itant,  840,608  lbs.  of  crude  sulphate  of  alumina.  The 
quantity  of  sludge  precipitated  and  subsequently  pumped 
daring  the  same  time  was  3,326,806  galh)ns.  The  greater 
part  of  this  sludge,  when  sufficiently  hard  to  handle  by  ex- 
cavation, was  carted  away  by  farmers,  wiio  used  it  as  a 
fertilizer.  The  quantity  of  coal  used  was  358,685  lbs.,  or 
179.34  tons.  The  quantity  of  sewage  pumped  during  the 
year  ending  January  31,  1893,  exceeded  that  of  the  corre- 
sponding months  of  the  preceding  jear  by  11  per  cent.,  as 
likewise  the  amount  of  i)recipitant  used,  while  in  the 
amount  of  coal  used  there  was  a  decrease  of  nearly  7  per 
cent. 

The  buildings  at  this  station  are  in  good  condition,  but 
the  tanks  are  beginning  to  show  signs  of  weakness.  In 
August,  the  floor  of  Tank  No.  4  was  raised  several  inches  by 
the  pressure  of  water  due  to  the  leakage  of  the  adjoining 
Tank  No.  3  ;  at  the  same  time,  the  partition  sejiarating  the 
tanks  was  thrown  out  of  position,  thereby  rendering  both 
tanks  unfit  for  use  until  repaired,  Avliich  required  about  four 
weeks'  time.  The  sludge-gates  in  the  tank  building,  and  the 
flnmes  that  convey  the  sewage  to  the  several  tanks  were  re- 
paired, new  tubes  put  in  the  boiler  and  two  patches  made; 
the  feed-pump  was  repaired,  and  the  suction-pipe  from  the 
lake  uncovered,  in  oider  to  remove  the  defective  lengths, 
and  to  make  n(3W  joints.  The  coal-bin  was  strengthened, 
and  one  of  the  chemical  vats  repaired. 

The  sulphate  of  alumina  was  formerly  shipped  to  us  in 
barrels,  but  is  now  delivered  in  l)ulk.  In  order  toexpedite  the 
unloading  from  the  railroad  cars,  the  chemical  building 
was  moved  nearer  the  track.  Now  the  alumina  can  be 
shovelled  from  the  cars  into  the  building,  similar  to  the 
arrangements  for  the  coal. 

Sewage  Treatment  at  Stoneham. 

At  Tidd's  tannery  in  Stoneham  arrangements  have  been 
made  for  chemically  treating  the  sewage  liom  these  prem- 
ises, and  subsequently  filtering  it.  The  plant  consists  of  two 
tanks,  built  of  wood,  each  twenty  feet  in  width  by  thirty  feet 
in  length,  situated  side  by  side,  and  having  a  working- 
capacity  of  22,500  gallons  per  day. 


WATER-ScprLY  Department.  119 

The  floors  of  the  tanks  slope  to\V!ird  each  othor,  and 
deliver  into  open  drains,  which  are  divided  by  the  [)artition 
that  separates  the  tanks.  These  open  drains  slope  toward 
and  discharirc  into  a  brick  well,  from  which  the  sludge  is 
pumped  into  settling  basins  on  the  adjacent  grounds.  The 
effluent  water  is  to  be  discharged  through  numerous  holes, 
bored  through  one  end  of  the  tanks  on  to  an  a|)roii  lloor, 
which  discharges  into  an  8-inch  pipe,  laid  under  the  railroad 
and  connected  with  the  filters. 

Two  li Iters  have  been  built  on  the  meadow  opposite  the 
tannery,  adjoining  the  raih'oad  location.  They  arc  each  60 
feet  square,  witii  embankments  built  of  turf  and  soil,  and  are 
provided  with  sluice-gates  to  regulate  the  flow  of  the  water. 

The  drainage  material  of  the  filters  is  nine  inches  in 
depth,  and  Avas  laid  on  a  plank  flooring.  This  filtering 
material  consists  of  ordinary  sand,  about  as  coarse  as  fine 
mortar  sand,  and  has  an  average  depth  of  two  feet  three 
inches.  It  is  tlesigned  to  use  the  filter  intermittenti}-,  at  the 
rate  of  350,000  gallons  per  acre,  per  day. 

The  power  required  for  pumping  the  sewage  and  sludge  is 
to  be  fuinished  by  the  tannery  company,  at  their  exi)euse, 
as  soon  as  their  new  engine  is  ready  for  action. 

Pollution  Inspection. 

"Work  in  this  department  has  been  conducted  in  a  diligent 
and  systematic  manner.  The  total  numl)er  of  cases  inspected 
during  the  year  is  ()6l,  of  which  ()05  are  old  cases  and 
7i3  are  new  cases.  Hie  inspected  cases  are  in  the  follow- 
ing condition  :  383  "  i-resent  Safe,"  83  "  Seem  Safe,"  G2 
"kemedied,"  G8  "  Suspected,"  ^5  "Unsatisfactory." 

Filtration    Experiments. 

The  experiments  in  filtering  water  at  the  filtering  station 
in  AVcst  Aledford  have  been  continued  with  satisfactory 
results. 

The  reports  of  analyses  made  by  Professor  Drown,  of  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  encourage  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  experiments. 

'  Distribution-Pipes. 

The  distril)ution-pipes  have  been  extended  by  the  addition 
of  3l)  feet  of  3-inch  pipe,  2,101  feet  of  4-inch  pipe,  15,741 
feet  of  ij-inch  pipe,  2,881  feet  of  8-inch  pipe,  187  feet  of  10- 
inch  pipe,  and  120  feet  of  IG-inch  pipe. 

There  are  remaining  in  Charlestown  G,350  feet  of  cement- 
lined  pipe,  varying  in  size  from  2  inches  to  20  inches. 


120 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Hydrants  and  Gates. 

One  hundred  and  seven  new  Post  hydrants  have  been  es- 
tablished and  twenty-one  old  ones  removed. 

One  hundred  and  ten  new  gates  have  been  set,  two  20- 
inch,  two  12-inch,  four  10-inch,  seven  8-inch,  seventy-three 
6-inch,  twenty-one  4-inch,  and  one  3-inch. 

Service  Pipes  and  Boxes. 

One  thousand  and  thirty  new  sevices  were  laid,  distributed 
as  follows  :  Charlestown,  47  ;  Chelsea,  151  ;  Everett,  303  ;  and 
Somerville  529,  in  which  32,039  feet  of  lead  pipe  were  con- 
sumed. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  services  were  repaired.  Twenty- 
eight  |-inch  tin-lined  services  were  removed  and  |-inch  sub- 
stituted. Fourteen  wooden  service-boxes  have  been  replaced 
by  iron  ones. 

Fifty-five  stoppages  by  eels,  seventeen  by  rust,  and  six  by 
moss  were  forced  out.  Nineteen  leaking  services  were  re- 
paired and  eight  frozen  ones  thawed  out. 

iffew  Services. 


Size 

l-in. 

Jin. 

l-in. 

5-in. 

6.in. 

Total  number. 

Total  ft. 

Number 

26 

15 

3 

1 

2 

47 

1,395 

Suminary  of  Services  connected  with  Works,  February  1, 

1893. 


Charlestown. 

Chelsea. 

Everett. 

Somerville. 

Total. 

Number  of  services 

Number  of  feet 

6,034 
161,464 

5,382 
144,513 

2,690 
54,078 

7,482 
252,904 

21,588 
612,959 

Breaks  and  Leaks  on  Distribution-Pipes. 


size  of  Pipes 

2-in. 

3-in. 

4-in. 

6.in- 

8-in. 

le-in. 

1 

2 

1 
10 
26 
47 

1 

2 
47 

1 

4 

2 
3 

20 
18 
31 

34 

48 

128 

Water-Supplt  Department. 


121 


Distribution-Pipes  Relaid. 


Location. 

Original 
Size. 

4-in. 

6-in. 

8-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

14-in. 

16-in. 

1 

20in. 

Total. 

Charlestown, Lin  wood  pi, 

Chelsea 

Chelsea 

4-in. 
4-in. 
6-in. 
8-in. 

216 

3,598 

927 

1 

216 

3,598 
927 

40 
700 

40 

'•        Ferry  st 

"        High  st 

"        Tufts  court    •  . 

6-in. 
6.in. 
4-in. 
4-in. 

391 

32 

346 
400 

1,078 
400 

391 

2,150 
1,310 

2,150 

6-in. 

1,310 

"        Oalj  st 

"        Corey  st.     ... 
"        Chelsea  st.  .   .  . 
"        Union  are.  .  .   . 

4-iu. 
4-in. 
6-in. 
3-in. 
4-in. 
4-in. 
4-in. 
4-in. 
4-in. 
6-in. 
4-in. 
10-in. 

12 

59 

16 
830 
50 
17 
17 
21 

12 

59 

34 

1,157 

50 

1,241 
16 

830 

"        Wintbrop  st. .  . 
"        Liberty  st.  .   .   . 

50 

17 

17 

"        Baldwin  ave. .   . 

272 
700 

293 

700 

"        Elmwood  pi.  .   . 

244 

244 

2,900 

2,900 

4-in. 

6.in. 

8-in. 

10-in. 

36 

36 

Somerville 

5,786 

5,786 

4,094 

4,094 

4,361 

4,361 

12-in. 

9,139 

9,139 

14-in. 
16-in. 

115 

115 

403 

403 

Total     

671 

11,581 

5,84e 

8,561 

10,296 

115 

453 

2,900 

40,423 

122 


City  Document  No  39. 


Extension  of   Distribution-Pipes. 


Location. 

4-in- 

e.in. 

8in. 

10  in. 

16-in. 

Total. 

Charlcstown : 

295 
357 
295 

295 

Tibbetts  street 

357 

295 

250 
124 

250 

124 

18-t 
195 

190 

218 

15 
3,403 

93 

184 

195 

190 

218 

B.  &  M.  U  R ) 

85 

100 

Chelsea  bridge ) 

3,403 
93 

Everett : 

158 

158 

390 
120 
425 
330 
751 
396 
328 
377 

390 

120 

425 

73 

84 

487 

751 

396 

328 

377 

120 

580 

120 

580 

17 
492 
133 
496 

17 

492 

133 

496 

248 

.   .   . 

248 

280 
529 

280 

35 

531 

566 

529 

Carried  forward 

l,3o2 

10,309 

852 

84 

12,594 

Water-Supply  Department. 


123 


Extension  of  Distribution-Pipes.  —  Concluded. 


Location. 


Brongltt  foricard  . 
Buckman  street .  .  .  . 
Garfield  street     .  .   .   . 

Bennett  street 

West  End  Hallway  .  , 
Prospect  street  .  .  .  . 
Willard  street  ...... 

Ferry  street 

Broadway  court  .   •   .   . 
Somerville 


1,352 


2,146 


10,309 
60 
643 
56 
12 
24 
24 


15,674 


24 
2,081 


2,957 


lO.in 


12-iu. 


Total. 

12,594 
60 

643 
56 

282 
24 
24 
72 
24 
7,386 

21,165 


124 


City  Document  No.  31). 


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Water-Supply  Department. 


125 


Hydrants  Established. 


Established. 

o 

pa 

o 

a 

4 
62 

4 
37 

4 

62 

4 

Everett 

37 

Total 

107 

107 

i 

Total  Number  of  Hydrants  in  use  February  1,  1893. 


Respectfully  submitted, 

Eugene  S.  Sullivan, 

Superintendent. 


126  City  Document  No.  89. 


EEPORT   OF  THE   ENGINEER. 


City  of  PjOSton, 
Engineer ixG  Depautment, 
50  City  Hall,  February  1,  1893. 

Mr.  Robert  Grant,  Chcdrman  Boston  Water  Board: 

Sir  :  I  hereby  submit  the  following  report  of  the  work 
done  and  records  kept  during  the  past  year,  for  your  Board  : 

Sources  of  Supply. 

The  rainfall  during  the  past  year  was  the  smallest  since 
1883,  and  the  percentage  collected  was  also  unusually  small. 
The  storage  in  the  several  lakes  and  reservoirs  was  gradually 
reduced  during  the  summer  and  fall  months  until  November, 
when  all  fears  of  a  short  supply  were  removed  by  the  large 
rainfall  during  that  month. 

The  rainfall  and  quantities  collected  on  the  several  water- 
sheds were  as  follows  : 


Sudbury. 

Cochitnate. 

Mystic. 

Rainfall  in  inches 

41.83 

39.04 

39.115 

"       collected    in 

inches 

16.456 

15.35 

15.98 

Daily  average  yield 

of  water- shed,  gal- 
lons     .         .         .  58,753,000     13,753,500     20,390,700 

The  quality  of  the  water  from  all  the  supplies  has  been 
as  good  as  usual,  and  the  supply  from  Sudbury  river  is 
gradually  being  improved. 

The  condition  of  the  different  reservoirs  during  the  year  is 
given  below. 

Ileservoir  JS!o.  1.  —  Water  was  wasting  at  the  dam  from 
January  3  to  April  15,  and  from  May  12  to  June  7. 

No  water  was  wasted  for  the  balance  of  the  year,  except 
during  six  days  in  November  and  ten  days  in  December, 
other  tlian  the  daily  flow  of  one  and  a  half  million  gallons 
required  by  law. 

The  dam  is  in  good  condition. 

Reservoir  jVo.  2.  —  Water    was   flowinu;   over    the   dam 


AVater-Supply  Department.  127 

almost  constantly  from  January  4  to  July  10.  From  this 
date  till  August  18  the  surface  of  this  reservoir  was  gradu- 
ally lower,  and  at  the  latter  date  was  at  grade  161.813,  or 
5.76  feet  below  the  top  of  the  flash-boards. 

During  the  balance  of  the  year  the  surface  of  this  reser- 
voir rose  and  fell,  reaching  its  lowest  point  on  November  10, 
when  it  was  7.58  feet  below  the  top  of  flash-boards;  on 
January  1,  1890,  it  was  4.08  below. 

The  dam  of  Reservoir  2  is  in  good  condition. 

Reservoir  JSfo.  3.  —  The  water  in  this  reservoir  was  8.05 
feet  below  the  crest  of  the  dam  on  January  1,  but  was  flow- 
ing over  the  crest  on  January  18,  and  continued  to  do  so 
almost  constantly  until  the  last  of  June.  From  this  date 
the  surface  gradually  fell  until  August  26,  wdien  it  was  6.20 
feet  below  the  crest  of  the  dam.  This  was  the  lowest  point 
reached  during  the  year.  On  January  1,  185)3,  it  stood  at 
grade  171.58,  or  3.66  feet  below  the  crest  of  the  dam.  The 
dam  of  this  reservoir  is  in  good  condition. 

Reservoir  iVb.  4.  —  The  surface  of  the  water  in  this  res- 
ervoir Avas  6.36  feet  below  the  crest  of  the  dam,  on  January 
1,  but  had  filled  to  overflowing  on  January  21,  and  contin- 
ued in  this  condition  until  August  16,  when  the  gates  were 
opened  to  furnish  a  portion  of  the  supi)ly  for  the  city. 
From  this  date  the  water  gradually  fell  to  grade  about 
185.34,  or  28.87  feet  below  the  crest  of  the  dam,  when  the 
outlet  gate  was  closed.  On  January  1,  181)3,  the  water  had 
risen  to  grade  194.22,  or  19.99  feet  l)eh)w  the  crest  of  the 
dam.     The  dam  at  Reservoir  4  is  in  good  condition. 

Farm  Pond.  —  The  water  in  this  pond  has  been  kept  at 
an  average  height  of  148.92  above  tide  marsh  level.  The 
conduit  through  the  pond  was  used  all  the  year  except  froni 
May  14  to  July  20,  and  from  August  18  to  August  30, 
when  the  supply  was  drawn  through  the  pond. 

The  Framingham  Water  Company  has  juunped  82,800,000 
gallons  from  the  pond,  an  average  of  226,200  gtillons  per  day. 

Lake  Cochiluate. — On  January  1  the  w^ater  in  this  lake 
was  7.02  feet  below  high-water  mark,  and  the  lake  did  not 
fill  until!  May  4.  AVater  was  wasting  at  dam  on  May  20  to 
24,  and  iNIay  26  to  28,  inclusive. 

The  lake  continued  near  high-water  mark  until  the  latter 
part  of  June  when  it  began  to  fall  and  continued  to  do  so 
with  great  regularity  until  November  13,  when  it  was  6.80 
feet  below  high-water  mark. 

The  lowest  point  reached  was  on  December  8,  when  it  was 
6.91  feet  below  high  water. 

No  water  was  drawn  from  the  lake  after  December  10,  and 


128 


City  Document  No.  39. 


on  January  1,  1893,  the  surface  was  at  grade  128.41,  or  5.95 
feet  below  high  water.     The  dams  are  in  good  condition. 

Water  has  been   drawn  from  the  different  reservoirs  as 
follows  : 

Reservoir  No.    1. 


January  9  to  II,  inclusive. 
January  14  to  17. 
January  22  to  24 
January  28  to  30. 
February  4  to  7. 
February  11  to  14. 
February  18  to  21. 


February  25  to  28. 
March  3  to  6. 
March  10  to  13. 
March  16  to  20. 
March  24  to  27. 
March  29  to  July  19. 


Reservoir   No.    2. 


January  1  to  5. 
AuOTst  26  to  27. 
September  1  to  9. 
September   13   to  Novem- 
ber 14. 
November  18. 


November  21. 
November  26  to  27. 
November  29. 
December  9  to  10. 
December  13  to  17. 


Reservoirs   Nos.    2  and   3. 


July  20  to  August  25. 
August  28  to  31. 
September  10  to  12. 
November  5  to  17. 
November  19  to  20. 


November  23  to  25. 
November   30   to    Decem- 
ber 4. 
December  7  to  8. 
December  11  to  12. 


The  heights  of  water  in  the  various  storage  reservoirs  on 
the  first  day  of  each  month  are  given  below  : 


Water-Supply  Department. 


129 


Rbservoiks. 

Farm 
Pond. 

Lake 

COCHITU- 
ATB. 

No.l. 

No.  2.         No.  3. 

No.  4. 

Top  of 
Flash- 
boards. 

159.29 

Top  of 
Flash- 
boards. 

167.12 

Crest 

of 
Dam. 

175.24 

Crest 

of 
Dam. 

215.21 

High 
Water. 

149.25 

Top  of 
Flash, 
boards. 

134.36 

January  1,       1892 

February  1,       " 

March  1,             " 

April  1,               " 

Mayl,                 " 

June  1,                " 

Julyl,                " 

August  1,           " 

September  1,     " 

October  1,          " 

November  1,      " 

December  1,      " 

January  1,       1893 

157.20 
157.86 
158.00 
157.95 
155.72 
159.54 
156.84 
156.70 
156.35 
156.89 
156.22 
157.60 
157.44 

163.55 
166.10 
166.15 
166.23 
167.21 
167.69 
167.38 
162.63 
164.79 
165.83 
159.70 
165.71 
163.04 

167,19 
175.49 
175.58 
175.64 
175.05 
175.57 
174.89 
171.94 
169.60 
169.88 
170.14 
173.51 
171.58 

207.85 
214.42 
214.49 
214,56 
214.78 
214.58 
215,31 
214.43 
210.55 
199,68 
187.40 
190,66 
194.22 

148.99 
148.50 
148.65 
149.14 
149.00 
149.21 
149.45 
149.05 
148.95 
14S.S9 
148.55 
148.81 
148.63 

127.34 
130.09 
180.27 
132.75 
134.17 
134.23 
133.83 
132.23 
130.84 
129.51 
127.98 
127.75 
128.41 

Aqueducts  and  Distributing  Reservoirs. 

The  Sudbuiy-river  aqueduct  has  been  used  322  days,  and 
the  Cochituate  has  been  used  342  days,  conveying  water  to 
the  distributing  reservoirs.  The  former  has  delivered 
9,633,200,000  gallons  into  Chestnut-hill  and  Brookline  reser- 
voirs, equal  to  a  daily  supply  of  28,800,000  gallons  ;  and  the 
Cochituate  aqueduct  has  delivered  5,464,800,000  gallons,  or 
14,930,000  gallons  per  day.  For  44  days  the  Sudbury 
aqueduct  has  also  conveyed  water  to  Lake  Cochituate,  de- 
livering 902,400,000  gallons  into  the  lake. 

A  nearly  uniform  depth  of  six  and  one-half  feet  wjis  main- 
tained in  the  Cochituate  aqueduct  while  in  use.  The 
aqueduct  was  not  used  after  December  10,  on  account  of 
excavations  under  it  by  the  city  of  Newton. 

The  rate  of  flow  in  the  Sudbury  aqueduct  was  varied  from 
day  to  day  to  maintain  the  desired  depth  of  water  in  the 
distribution  reservoirs.  Both  aqueducts  were  cleaned  as 
usual  during  the  year. 

The    Chestnut-hill,    Brookline,    Fisher-hill,    Parker-hill, 


130 


City  Document  No.  39. 


and  East  Boston  reservoirs  and  the  Breed's    island  water- 
tower  are  in  good  condition. 

I  renew  the  recommendations  made  in  the  last  annual  re- 
port in  regard  to  Chestnut-hill  and  South  Boston  reservoirs, 
and  the  water-tower  on  Bellevue  hill. 


High-Seevice  Pum ping-Stations. 

At  Chestnut  hill  the  puraping-engines  and  boilers  are  in 
excellent  condition.  It  has  been  necessary  to  run  the 
pumps  much  above  their  rated  capacity,  and  although  the 
normal  capacity  of  each  pump  is  8,000,000  gallons  in  24 
hours,  Engine  No.  2  has  pumped  over  11,000,000  gallons 
in   24  hours  with  apparent  safety. 

A  duplicate  dynamo  and  engine  has  been  added  to  the 
lighting  plant,  which  is  now  located  in  a  wooden  extension 
built  in  the  rear  of  the  boiler-room. 

The  foundations  for  Engine  No.  3  are  nearly  completed, 
and  the  work  of  building  the  engine  is  progressing  rapidly. 

The  table  on  page  170  shows  in  detail  the  work  done  by 
the  pumping-engines  and  boilers  during  the  year. 

Engine   No.    1    was    used    3,976| 

hours,  pumping 
Engine    No.    2    was    used    3,758| 

hours,  pumping 
Total  amount  pumped  . 
Total  amount  coal  consumed 
Percentage,  ashes  and  clinkers 
Average  lift  in  feet 
Quantity  pumped  per  lb.  of  coal   . 
Daily  average  amount  pumped 


1,569,863,445  gallons. 

1,480,154,830       " 
3,050,018,275       " 
3,548,105  pounds. 
8.5 
126.27 
859.6  gallons. 
8,333,400"    " 


The  amount  pumped  is  an  increase  of  14.7  per  cent,  over 
that  of  1891. 

The  boilers  have  been  run  alternately,  one  boiler  being 
sufBcient  to  furnish  the  steam  for  lio-htinof  and  heating  the 
pumping-station  and  other  buildings  near  it,  besides  that 
required  for  pumping. 


Cost  of  Pumping. 
Salaries 

Fuel      .... 
Kepair? 

Oil,  waste,  and  packing 
Small  supplies 


,150  40 

7,490  76 

192  48 

574  95 

352  48 


Total 


$18,761  07 


Water-Supply  Department.  131 

Cost  per  million  gallons  raised  one  foot  high,  $0,049. 

Cost  per  million  gallons  pumped  to  reservoir,  $6.15. 

At  the  West  Roxbury  pumping-station,  33,588,(>75  gal- 
lons have  been  pumped,  or  a  daily  average  of  91,800  gal- 
lons, an  increase  of  39.1  per  cent,  over  the  amount  pumped 
in   1891. 

At  the  East  Boston  pumping-station  an  average  of  18,400 
gallons  per  day  has  been  pumped  into  Breed's  island  water- 
tower,  an  increase  of  36.3  per  cent,  over  the  amount 
pumped  in  1891. 

Since  July  22  water  has  been  pumped  dailj^  into  the 
East  Boston  reservoir  during  the  day  time  to  furnish  an 
additional  head  for  the  high-service  district.  The  check- 
valve  with  bypass,  against  which  the  pumps  work,  is 
weighted  to  give  about  20  pounds  additional  pressure  on  the 
mains  while  pumping.  About  400,000  gallons  were  pumped 
daily  for  this  service. 

The  small  pump  that  was  formerly  used  at  the  Brighton 
pumping-station  is  badly  worn,  and  requires  a  good  deal  of 
attention  to  keep  it  in  running  order.  The  two  larger 
pumps  can  be  maintained  in  good  condition  with  ordinary 
repairs. 

Mystic  Lake. 

Water  was  wasted  over  the  dam  almost  constantly  from 
January  14  to  June  7,  and  from  June  27  to  July  7.  From 
this  date  the  surface  of  the  lake  gradually  fell  until  it  was 
6.72  feet  below  high  water  on  November  1  ;  this  was  the 
lowest  point  reached  during  the  year. 

During  November  it  tilled  to  within  2.70  feet  of  high 
water,  and  on  January  ] ,  1893,  the  lake  was  eighteen 
inches  below  high- water  mark.  The  pumps  were  placed  in 
position  to  pump  water  into  the  conduit  in  October,  but  the 
November  rains  raised  the  level  of  the  lake  before  it  became 
necessary  to  use  them. 

One  of  rain-gauges  used  in  the  calculation  of  the  yield  of 
the  water-shed  was  moved  from  Symmes  Corner  to  the 
north  reservoii',  Winchester,  on  September  1. 

Mystic  Valley  Sewer. 

The  pump  was  run  346  days  during  the  year,  working 
6,142|  hours,  and  has  pumped  134,576,100  gallons  of  sew- 
age, an  average  of  389,500  gallons  per  day  of  pumping. 

The  amount  pumped  is  12.9  per  cent,  more  than  was 
pumped  in  1891. 

The  total  amount  of  sulphate  aluminum  used  during  the 
year  was  338,065  lbs.,  and  182.9  tons  of  coal  were  used  in 
pumping. 


132  City  Document  No.  39. 


Mystic  Conduit  and  Eeseevoir. 

The  conduit  is  in  good  condition,  except  that  a  new  gate 
should  be  placed  on  the  blow-off  pipe. 

Both  divisions  of  the  reservoir  Avere  cleaned  in  June.  The 
brick  paving  on  the  slopes  was  found  to  be  in  better  condi- 
tion than  it  was  at  the  time  of  the  previous  cleaning,  and  but 
few  repairs  were  necessary. 

There  are  serious  objections  to  the  method  now  used  for 
cleaning  the  reservoir,  and  to  remedy  it  a  drain  should  be 
laid  to  the  Mystic  river,  through  which  the  deposits  that 
collect  in  the  reservoir  can  be  flushed ;  or  sufficient  time 
should  be  allowed  for  the  deposits  to  dry,  so  that  they  can 
be  hoisted  over  the  banks. 

If  the  flushing  method  be  continued,  the  concrete  bottom 
of  the  reservoir  should  be  renewed,  as  it  is  now  badly  disin- 
tegrated. I  renew  the  recommendation  that  new  sills  and 
grooves  for  the  screens  be  placed  in  the  screen-chamber,  and 
that  the  roof  of  the  chamber  be  raised  to  facilitate  the  chang- 
ing of  the  screens. 

Mystic  Pumping-Station. 

The  increased  consumption  has  required  that  in  addition 
to  the  8,000,000-gallon  pump,  one  of  the  smaller  pumps  be 
run  several  hours  nearly  every  day,  thus  reducing  the  duty 
obtained  in  1891. 

The  running  of  Pumping-engine  No.  1,  which  was  built  in 
1864,  is  neither  satisfactory  nor  economical;  the  pump  has 
outlived  its  usefulness.  New  fronts  have  been  placed  on 
boilers  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  and  the  Lamprey  attachment  for 
heating  the  feed-water  has  been  placed  inside  the  fire  doors. 

I  renew  the  recommendations  made  in  the  last  report, 
which  have  not  been  carried  out. 

Engine    No.    1    was   in   use    669^ 

hours,  pumping         .  .  .  131,022,700  gallons. 

Engine  No.   2  was  in  use  3,897| 

hours,  pumping 
Eno'ine  No.  3  was  in  use  8,042 

hours,  pumping 
Total  amount  pumped  . 
Total  amount  coal  consumed 
Percentage  ashes  and  clinkers 
Average  lift  in  feet 
Quantity  pumped  per  lb.  of  coal 
Average  duty  of  engines  per   100 

lbs.  of  total  coal,  no  deduction  .  56,709,000  ft.  lbs. 


799,198,200       *' 

2,666,495,500       '« 
3,596,716,400 

7,873,000  pounds. 
10.2 
148.84 
456.8     gallons. 


Water-Supply  Department. 


133 


Daily  average  amount  pumped      .  9,827,100  gallons. 

The  amount  pumped  was  an  increase  of  8.8  per  cent,  over 
that  of  1891. 

Cost  of  Pltmping. 

Salaries $9,613  93 

Fuel     .         .         .         .         . 
Kepairs  .... 

Oil  waste  and  packing   . 
Small  supplies 


14,294 

22 

511 

09 

744 

51 

348 

44 

$25,512 

19 

$0,048 

7.09 

Total 

Cost  per  million  gallons  raised  one  foot  high 
Cost  per  million  gallons  pumped  to  reservoir 

The  table  on  page  171  shows  in  detail  the  work  done  by 
the  pumping-engines  during  the  year. 

Consumption. 

The  daily  average  consumption  for  1892,  and  a  comparison 
with  that  of  1891,  is  shown  by  the  following  table  : 


189a. 


January .   . 
February  . 
March     .   .   . 
April   ... 
May     ... 
June    .   .    .   . 
July    .   .  .   , 
August       .  , 
Septeniber 
October  .  .   , 
November 
December  . 

Average 


COCHITUATB. 


SO 

□ 

o 


36,756,400 
38,881,500 
38,395,100 
37,171.000 
37,055,900 
41,564,000 
45.738,100 
45,031,600 
45,261,000 
44,626,700 
41,347,800 
43,766,400 


41,312,400 


98.7 
104.3 
108.1 
104.0 
101.3 
109.9 
117.1 
114.1 
111.3 
114.9 
112.8 
118.3 


109.6 


So 


9,878,200 
10,332,200 
9,970,500 
9,145,000 
9,204,900 
10,146,300 
10,702,900 
9,751,500 
9,549,400 
9,340,500 
9,230,000 
10,473,700 


9,810,800 


105.2 
109.1 
113.2 
113.7 
104.1 
107.0 
111.7 
106.9 
104.6 
100.9 
107.5 
116.9 


108.3 


Combined 

Supplies. 


ao 

SI 
SO 
a 
o 


46,634,600 
49,213,700 
48,365,600 
46,316,000 
46,260,800 
51,710,300 
56,441,000 
54,783,100 
54,810,400 
53,967,200 
50,577,800 
54,240,100 


51,123,200 


i,",  00 


100.0 
105.3 
109.1 
105.8 
101.8 
109.4 
116.0 
112.8 
110.0 
112.2 
111.8 
117.1 


109.4 


134  City  Document  No.  39. 

The  daily  average  consumption  per  head  of  population 
was  as  follows  : 

Sudbury  and  Cochituate  supply    .  .         .     95.3  gallons. 

Mystic  supply 78.6       " 

Combined  supplies        .....     91.6       " 

The  above  figures  show  an  increase  of  9.6  per  cent,  in  the 
consumption  from  the  Sudbury  and  Cochituate  works  from 
that  of  the  previous  year;  of  8.3  per  cent,  increase  in  the 
consumption  for  the  Mystic  Works,  and  of  9.4  per  cent,  in- 
crease for  the  combined  supplies. 

Distribution. 

The  total  length  of  main  j'ipe  laid  on  the  Cochituate 
division  was  nearly  18  miles,  and  4,270  feet  of  pipe  have 
been  abandoned,  making  a  net  increase  of  a  little  more  than 
17  miles  in  the  total  length  in  use. 

Only  about  1,500  feet  of  pipe  were  relaid  with  larger 
sizes  to  improve  the  tire  service,  and  1  recommend  that  at 
least  one  mile  of  the  old  mains  be  relaid  this  year  for  that 
purpose. 

The  laying  of  the  30-inch  main  to  South  Boston  was  com- 
pleted on  May  27th. 

This  main  connects  with  the  30  and  36  inch  mains  in  Tre- 
mont  street  at  West  Chester,  park  and  extends  through 
Chester  park  and  Swett  street  to  Washington  Village,  a  dis- 
tance of  7,600  feet,  connecting  with  the  20-inch  main  in 
Boston  street. 

A  spiral  weld  steel  pipe  was  used  for  crossing  the  sluices 
in  Swett  street ;  the  ])ipe  being  reduced  to  24  inches  in  diam- 
eter at  the  two  bridges,  which  are  considered  to  be  tem- 
porary structures. 

A  6-inch  pipe  was  laid  from  Squantum  to  supply  the 
Asylum  and  Farm  School  on  Thompson's  island.  The 
work  was  done  b}^  John  Cavanagh  &  Co.,  who  were  the 
lowest  bidders.  The  length  of  the  pipe  was  6,760  feet,  300 
feet  under  the  channel  between  Squantum  and  the  island 
being  laid  with  the  Ward  flexible-jointed  pipe.  Water  was 
turned  on  in  this  pipe  July  5. 

Water-pipes  were  laid  from  the  pipe  on  Long  island  to 
the  hospitals  on  Gallop's  island  in  the  fall ;  2,874  feet  of  6- 
inch  pipe  on  Long  island  and  991  feet  of  6-inch  pipe  on 
Gallop's  island  were  laid  by  John  Cavanagh  &  Co.,  under  a 
contract.  A  temporary  3-inch  wrought-iron  pipe  3,798 
feet  in  length,   on  the   bottom  of  the  channel  between   the 


"Water-Supply  Department.  135 

islands  was  laid  by  George  W.  Townsend,  under  a  contract. 
The  pipe  was  put  together  with  screw  couplings  by  divers 
and  was  laid  in  two  weeks'  time.  The  temporary  pipe  was 
naid  for  by  the  Board  of  Health. 

The  sea-water  has  been  so  unusually  cold  that  the  G-inch 
pipe  between  Moon  and  Long  islands  was  frozen,  after  hav- 
ing successfully  passed  through  four  winters  without  accident. 
The  pipe  is  encased  in  a  wooden  box  of  3J-incli  phink  and  is 
buried  in  a  trench  where  there  is  less  than  10  feet  of  water 
over  the  pipe  at  low  tide.  The  freezing  probably  began  in 
deep  water,  as  the  water  in  the  bay  was  only  28  degrees  above 
zero. 

In  Charlestown  the  mains  were  extended  2208  feet,  and 
216  feet  of  4-inch  pipe  were  relaid  with  6-inch  pipe. 

Additional  Supply. 

The  development  of  the  Sudbury  system  has  been  contin- 
ued during  the  past  year.  The  work  of  building  the  basin 
on  Indian  brook  (Basin  No.  6)  has  made  fair  progress, 
and  it  will  be  so  far  advanced  at  the  end  of  the  present 
season  that  the  basin  can  be  put  into  service.  The  surveys 
for  additional  basins  have  been  nearly  finished,  and  their 
construction  must  be  commenced  at  once,  as  the  increasins: 
consuni[)tion  of  water  by  the  city  has  more  than  kept  pace 
with  development  of  the  water  supply,  and  even  with  Basin 
No.  6  the  works  have  barely  sufficient  capacity  in  a  dry 
year  to  supply  the  present  consumption. 

For  particulars,  see  the  following  report  of  Desmond 
FitzGerald,  Resident  Engineer: 

South  Framingham,  Mass.  January  30,  1893. 
William  Jackson,  Esq.,  City  Engineer: 

Sir  :  I  submit  herewith  a  brief  report  of  engineering  work 
accomplished  during  the  past  year  by  the  Additional 
Supply  force. 

At  Basin  No.  6  the  core- wall  was  uncovered  early  in  April, 
and  on  April  2b  the  first  gravel  was  delivered  on  the  dam. 
Work  on  the  shallow  flowage,  stripping  of  basin,  and  building 
up  of  the  dam  Avas  actively  prosecuted  throughout  the  season. 
The  dam  has  been  raised  from  grade  250  to  271,  or  21  feet. 
Both  gate-chambers  have  been  built  to  grade.  The  valves 
have  been  placed  in  the  lower  gate-house.  The  wasteway  has 
been  completed.  Excellent  progress  was  made  by  the  con- 
tractors in  stripping  the  basin.  Sections  A,  B,  and  C,  which 
were  let  in  1891,  have  been  completed  and  final  estimates 
made.     Section  D  is  nearly  finished.     Section  E,  above  the 


136 


City  Docibient  No.  39. 


Cordaville  road,  was  let  to  John  Berry  &  Co.,  on  January 
13,  and  is  practically  completed. 

Mr.  N.  S.  Brock,  Assistant  Engineer,  has  been  in  charge 
of  Basin  6. 


Work  done  at  Basin  6  during  1892. 


Concrete       .          .         .          . 

4,11H 

cubic 

yards. 

Backfilling    .          .          .          . 

148 

(( 

(( 

Plaster          .          .          .          . 

2,140 

square 

yards 

Embankment 

126,726 

cubic 

yards 

Loaming  slope 

1,572 

( i 

( ( 

Eiprap         " 

2,546 

it, 

( ( 

Stone  crushed 

1,579 

1,  i 

( ( 

Sand  and  gravel  screened 

1,521 

( i 

( i 

Stone  masonry 

256 

i  i 

i  t 

Brick        " 

143 

li 

i  I 

Stripping  earth  (contract) 

321,516 

i  i 

i  i 

"              "          (city) 

17,415 

t  k 

i  k 

Waste  WAY. 

Earth  excavation 

3,000 

i  i 

(( 

Rock 

660 

I  i 

( . 

Concrete  . 

526 

i  i 

i  i 

Paving 

747 

square 

yards 

Eubble  masonry 

1,136 

cubic 

(( 

Dimension  masonry 

102 

cubic 

(( 

Coping 

1,420  lineal  feet. 

During  the  winter  of  1891-2  surveys  for  Basin  5,  on 
Stony  brook,  were  extended  and  a  new  plan  made  showing 
contours  to  grade  250,  extending  down  stream  as  far  as 
Nichol's  mill. 

A  large  amount  of  engineering  work  has  been  done  on 
problems  connected  with  Cedar  swamp.  After  many  trial 
lines,  a  line  for  the  principal  canal  has  been  located  and 
plans  perfected  for  all  details  of  construction. 

In  May,  studies  were  begun  for  a  basin  on  the  site  of  this 
swamp.  This  involves  raising  the  B.  &  A.  R.R.  l)etween 
Chattanooga  and  Westboro',  and  extensive  excavations  of 
mud.     Plans  and  approximate  estimates  have  been  prepared. 

Very  truly  yours, 

(Signed)  Desmond  FitzGerald, 

Resident  Engineer. 


Water-Supply  Department.  137 

Sewerage  Systems. 
South  Framingham,  MarTboro\  Westbord' ,  Natidk. 

The  sewerage  system  of  South  Framingham  has,  with  the 
exception  of  the  dischai-fring  from  the  town  underdrain, 
worked  satisfactorily.  The  city  of  Marlboro'  and  the  town 
of  Westboro'  have  so  far  completed  their  sewer  system  as 
to  have  them  in  successful  operation. 

The  town  of  Natick  has  made  a  plan  of  works  and  seems 
to  be  in  earnest  to  do  something  this  year. 

Filtration  of  the  Mystic  Supply. 

Although  the  quality  of  the  water  furnished  by  the  Mystic 
works  has  been  comparatively  good  during  the  past  year, 
the  large  and  increasing  population  on  the  water-shed,  to- 
gether with  the  objcctional)le  character  of  the  large  number 
of  factories  on  the  borders  of  the  streams,  renders  the  task 
of  maintaining  the  purity  of  the  water  a  more  difficult  one 
from  year  to  year  ;  and  in  case  of  an  epidemic  of  cholera  or 
typhoid  fever  in  Winchester  or  Woburn,  thci  e  would  be  great 
danger  in  using  the  Mystic  water  unless  it  was  thoroughly 
filtered. 

If  the  Mystic  works  are  to  be  continuecl  in  use  as  a  source 
of  supply  for  ten  years,  and  I  can  see  no  way  by  which  they 
can  be  aliandoned  before  that  time,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that 
a  filtration  plant  should  be  at  once  constructed. 

Judging  from  the  results  of  the  experiments  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health  and  of  your  Board,  I  can  see  no  reason 
why,  if  this  is  done,  these  works  should  not  furnish  water  of 
satisfactory  quality. 

With  this  end  in  view,  surveys  and  estimates  have  been 
made  of  the  cost  of  works  capable  of  filtering  the  entire 
Mystic  supply. 

The  scheme  of  works  as  planned  comprises  seven  filtering 
basins,  each  having  an  area  of  about  one  acre,  to  ]>e  built  on 
the  shore  of  the  lake,  near  the  present  dam,  with  a  pumping- 
station  and  engines  to  raise  the  water  from  the  lake  to  the 
filter  basins. 

The  estimated  cost  of  these  works  is  $.')75,000. 

Capacity  of  Distribution  System. 

In  accordance  with  a  vote  of  your  Board,  dated  January  27, 
1892,  an  investigation  has  been  made  of  the  capacity  of  the 
distribution  system,  considered  with  reference  to  the  water 
supply  available  for  fire  protection,  and  comparisons    have 


138  City  Document  No.  39. 

been  made  with  the  distribution  systems  of  other  large  cities 
in  the  United  States. 

Connected  with  the  Sudbury  and  Cochituate  works,  there 
were,  January  ],  1892,  514.4  miles  of  supply  and  dis- 
tributing mains,  of  which  468  miles  are  of  sizes  from  4  inches 
to  16  inches  in  diameter,  and  may  be  properly  termed  the 
distributino;  mains.  The  remainino;  46.4  miles  consist  of 
main  pipes  from  20  inches  to  48  inches  in  diameter,  which 
are  not  tapped  for  service-pipe  or  fire-hydrant  supplies. 

From  the  Chestnut-hill  and  Brookline  reservoirs  the  water 
is  brought  to  the  city,  a  distance  of  about  four  miles,  by 
four  mains,  30-inch,  36-inch,  40-inch,  and  48  inches  in 
diameter. 

These  mains  will  supply  in  the  city,  with  a  pressure  of  40 
pounds  to  the  square  inch,  at  least  100  cubic  feet  per  second, 
which  is  equivalent  to  an  ample  supply  for  100  steam  fire- 
engines. 

Since  the  great  fire  of  November  9,  1872,  the  distribution 
system  of  Boston  has  been  greatly  improved  by  the  relaying 
of  about  40  miles  of  4  and  6-inch  mains,  with  others  of  much 
greater  capacity,  and  also  by  the  introduction  of  larger  and 
improved  patterns  of  hydrants. 

Throughout  the  business  portion  of  the  city,  16-inch,  12- 
inch,  10-inch,  and  8-inch  pipes  are  extensively  used  ;  the 
proportion  of  these  sizes  being  about  45%  of  the  total  distri- 
bution. 

Throughout  the  mercantile  section  of  the  city,  embracing 
the  district  bounded  by  Washington  street,  State  street, 
Broad  street,  Atlantic  avenue.  Federal  street,  and  Beach 
street,  a  system  of  water  supply  is  provided  for  fire  protec- 
tion, in  addition  to  the  supply  afforded  by  the  hydrants 
connect(ed  with  the  low-service  distribution  pipes,  by  a  sep- 
arate system  of  distribution-pipes  to  be  laid  throughout  this 
district  for  the  sole  purpose  of  supplying  water  under  high 
pressure  (80  to  90  pounds)  to  stand-pipes  and  sprinkler 
systems  in  the  buildings  of  the  district.  This  enables  the 
property-owners  in  this  district  to  provide  themselves  with  a 
water  supply  for  fire  protection,  which  is  available  at  all 
times,  and  which  will  not  be  affected  by  the  drafts  which  are 
made  by  the  fire  department  from  the  hydrants. 

In  the  residential  districts,  the  pipes  are  somewhat  smaller, 
and  in  the  suburban  sections  of  Dorchester,  "West  Roxbur}'-, 
and  Brighton  the  capacity  of  the  distribution  system  for  fire 
protection  is,  as  must  be  expected,  much  smaller  than  in  the 
more  thickly  settled  portions  of  the  city. 

Connected  with  the  distributing  mains  there  were  5,682 
hydrants,  and  238  reservoirs  for  use  in  case  of  tire. 


Water-Supply  Department.  139 

Four  styles  of  hydrants  are  used,  viz.,  the  Boston,  the 
Lowry,  the  Boston  Lowry,  and  the  Post. 

The  Boston  hydrant  is  the  pattern  exclusively  used  from 
1848  to  1808.  It  has  a  barrel  three  inches  in  diameter,  with 
a  single  2|-inch  outlet,  and  is  supplied  by  a  branch  pipe 
from  the  main  4  inches  in  diameter. 

The  hydrants  of  this  pattern  are  being  gradually  replaced 
by  others  of  greater  capacity. 

The  Lowry  hydrant,  of  which  there  were  2,449  in  use,  has 
a  9-inch  barrel,  and  is  arranged  to  supply  four  steam  fire- 
engines,  by  moans  of  a  portable  chuck  having  two  2^-inch 
and  two  4-inch  outlets,  each  outlet  being  provided  with  a 
separate  valve. 

Hydrants  of  this  pattern  are  generally  placed  directly  over 
the  supplying  main,  and  at  the  junction  of  connecting  pipes. 
When  [)laced  in  the  sidewalk  they  are  supplied  by  9-inch  or  12- 
iuch  branches  from  the  mains. 

The  Boston  Lowry  hydrant  has  a  6-incb  barrel,  and  is 
supplied  by  a  6-inch  branch  pipe  from  the  main.  This  hy- 
drant is  generally  placed  in  narrow  sidewalks  where  the 
Post  hydrant  would  inconvenience  public  travel.  Four 
steamers  can  be  attached  to  this  hydrant,  I)ut  when  set  in 
the  sidewalk  it  is  not  often  convenient  to  attach  more  than 
tw^o  steamers. 

The  Post  hydrant  has  a  six  inch  barrel  supplied  by  a  6- 
inch  branch  pipe,  and  has  one  4-inch  and  two2i-inch  outlets. 

As  previously  stated,  the  hydrants  used  from  1848  to 
1868  had  3-inch  barrels  with  a  single  outlet  two  2^-inches  in 
diametei-,  and  at  the  latter  date  there  Avere  in  use  in  the 
City  Proper,  South  Boston,  and  East  Boston,  1,590  hydrants 
of  this  pattern. 

During  the  past  twenty  years  a  large  number  of  these  old 
hydrants  have  been  rei)laced  by  h3'drants  of  the  Lowry  and 
Post  patterns,  so  that  to-day  the  number  of  "Boston" 
hydrants  in  use  in  the  City  Proper,  South  Boston,  and  East 
Boston,  is  660  loss  than  in  1869. 

Throughout  the  business  portion  of  the  city  the  hydrants 
are  spaced  from  150  to  250  feet  apart,  and  from  250  to  300 
feet  in  the  residential  districts. 

Below  are  given  extracts  from  the  report  of  Mr.  Dexter 
Brackett,  Assistant  Engineer,  who  visited  the  larger  cities  of 
the  country  and  made  a  personal  examination  of  their  distri- 
bution systems. 

"A  com])arison  of  the  distribution  system  of  Boston  with 
those  of  the  other  large  cities  of  the  country  shows  that  the 
system  here  is  not  behind  the  modern  practice  in  the  matter 
of  fire  protection. 


140  City  Document  No.  39. 

"As  a  result  of  a  personal  examination  of  the  systems  in 
New  York,  Brooklyn,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington, 
Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Detroit,  and 
Cleveland,  the  following  tables  and  accompanying  plans  have 
been  prepared. 

"  The  plans  in  all  cases  cover  the  thickly  settled  business 
portions  of  the  cities. 

"  Table  No.  1  &hows  the  length  in  miles  of  the  different 
sizes  of  pipe  in  use  in  the  cities  named,  and  table  No.  2  gives 
for  each  city  the  percentage  used  of  the  different  sizes  :  — 


Water-Supply  Department. 


141 


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Water-Supplt  Department.  143 

"  Bearing  in  mind  the  fact  that  pipe  less  than  six  inches  in 
diameter  is  of  very  little  value  for  fire  protection,  a  study  of 
the  tables  shows  very  clearly  the  comparative  value  of  the 
different  sj'stems.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  proportion  of 
the  sizes  below  eight  inch  is  less  in  Boston  than  in  any  of 
the  cities  examined. 

"Baltimore  has  235  miles,  or  more  than  one-half  of  its 
distribution  system  of  3  and  4-inch  pipe  ;  Chicago  has  207 
miles,  Detroit  166  miles,  and  Cincinnati  103  miles,  while 
Boston  has  but  24  miles.  On  the  other  hand,  Boston 
has  147  miles  of  12-inch  pipe,  the  proportion  of  this  size 
being  larger  than  in  any  of  the  other  cities. 

"The  efficiency  of  a  system  for  tire  protection  depends  not 
only  upon  the  size  of  the  mains,  but  also  on  the  number  and 
capacity  of  the  fire  hydrants  connected  with  those  mains. 
If,  as  in  some  of  our  large  cities,  the  hydrants  used  are  of 
small  capacity  with  a  single  outlet,  allowing  of  but  one 
steamer  connection  and  spaced  from  300  to  500  feet  apart, 
the  efficiency  of  the  system  is  much  diminished  by  the  ina- 
bility to  concentrate  a  large  number  of  steamers  near  any 
given  point.  To  perform  effective  service,  a  steamer  should 
not  be  obliged  to  use  more  than  500  feet  of  2^-inch  hose  to 
reach  the  fire.  With  a  line  of  hose  600  feet  in  length  a 
water-pressure  of  120  pounds  at  the  steamer  will  give  an 
effective  fire  stream  aliout  60  feet  above  the  ground  and  will 
discharge  240  gallons  per  minute,  while  with  100  feet  of 
hose  the  same  pressure  would  give  an  effective  stream  of  94 
feet  in  height  and  discharge  340  gallons  per  minute. 

"It  is,  therefore,  of  great  advantage  to  have  hydrants  of 
large  capacity  so  located  that  a  large  number  of  steamers 
may  be  placed  within  a  short  distance  of  the  fire. 

"The  Lowry  hydrant,  used  in  Boston,  being  located  in  the 
centre  of  streets  and  provided  with  outlets  for  four  steamer 
connections,  permits  of  the  concentration  of  the  steamers 
much  better  than  an}^  other  hydrant  in  general  use.  At  the 
Bedford-street  fire  on  Nov.  28,  1889,  fifty-two  steamers 
were  in  service  and  none  were  located  more  than  600  feet 
from  the  fire.  In  Brooklyn  and  St.  Louis  the  hydrants 
have  but  one  outlet  or  hose  connection. 

"In  New  York  80  per  cent,  of  the  hydrants  have  but  one 
2J-inch  outlet,  and  all  of  the  hydrants  set  there  during  the 
past  year,  1891,  were  of  this  pattern.  Table  No.  3  shows 
the  number  of  hydrants  and  fire  reservoirs  in  use  in  the  dif- 
ferent cities  with  the  number  and  size  of  hose  connections. 


144 


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Water-Supply  Department. 


145 


"As  before  stated,  the  sizes  of  the  mains  and  the  number 
and  capacity  of  the  hydrants  are  all  factors  in  determining 
the  value  of  any  distribution  system  as  a  means  of  fire  pro- 
tection. 

"Taking  all  of  these  facts  into  consideration,  a  study  has 
been  made  of  the  corresponding  portions  of  the  systems  of 
several  cities  as  shown  on  the  accompanying  ]')lans. 

"CalcuUitions  have  been  made  as  to  the  number  of  steamers 
that  will  receive  an  ample  supply  of  water  from  hydrants 
located  within  500  feet  of  various  points.  The  points  se- 
lected and  the  results  attained  for  each  city  are  shown  by 
the  following  tables  and  by  the  figures  enclosed  by  circles  on 
the  plans  : 

"  Tables  shotving  the  member  of  In/drants  and  fire  reservoirs  located 
within  500  feet  of  different  points  in  or  near  the  business  sections 
of  the  cities  named,  also  the  number  of  steamers,  each  of  500  gallons 
capacity,  that  tvould  receive  an  adequate  siqyplij  of  tvater  from 
those  hydrants: 


New  York. 

Canal  street,  junction  Bowery 
Canal  street,  junction  Broadway    . 
Franklin  street,  junction  AVest  Broad- 
way ..... 
Washington  street,  junction  Chamber 

street        ..... 
Prince  street,  junction  Broadway  . 
Church  street,  junction  Park  place 
Chamber  street,  junction  Park  row 
Christie   street,   junction   Kivington 

street        ..... 
Cherry  street,  junction  Clinton  street 
Grand  street,  junction  Margin  street 
Broome  street,  junction  Clinton  street 
Market  street,  junction  Madison  street 
Pearl  street,  junction  Peck  street 
Spring  street,  junction  Varick  street 


Hydrants.     Res. 

35 
31 

25 

26 
26 
24 
27 

23 
18 
16 
15 
12 
11 
10 


Steamers. 

62 
47 


44 

42 
42 
41 

38 

35 
26 
26 
17 
12 
12 
10 


Chicago. 

Randolph  street,  junction  Wabash  ave.  . 
Adams  street,  junction  La  Salle  street    . 
Wabash  avenue,  junction  Adams  street  . 
Van    Bureu    street,  junction   Dearborn 
street        ...... 

Lake  street,  junction  Franklin  street 


11 

4 

32 

14 

2 

30 

11 

2 

27 

16 

27 

13 

1 

27 

146 


City  DocuiiENT  No.  39. 


Madison  street,  junction  Fifth  avenue 
Ontario  street,  junction  La  Salle  street 
Van    Buren    street,    junction    Franklin 

street        ..... 
Eandoli)h  street,  junction  La  Salle  street 
Ontario  street,  junction  Market  street 
Union  street,   junction  Indiana  street 
Madison  street,  junction  Jeiferson  street 
Ontario  street,  junction  Pine  street    , 
Van  Buren  street,  junction  Jefferson 

street        .         .         .         . 

St.  Louis. 
Locust  street,  junction  11th  street  . 
Locust  street,  junction  3d  street 
Clark  street,  junction  3d  street 
Carr  street,  junction  Broadway 
Mai'ket  street,  junction  7th  street     . 
Gratiot  street,  junction  7th  street    . 
Market  street,  junction  14th  street 
Franklin  street,  junction  13th  street 
O'Fallon  street,  junction  9th  street 
Gratiot  street,  junction  14th  street  . 
Papin  street,  junction  21st  street 
Market  street,  junction  21st  street 
O'Fallon  street,  junction  IGth  street 
Carr  street,  junction  21st  street 


nydrants. 

Res. 

steamer 

.   13 

1 

25 

14 

25 

.   10 

1 

22 

,   11 

1 

22 

8 

1 

18 

10 

17 

:,   10 

17 

9  , 

14 

9 

.13 

.   19 

19 

19 

19 

IG 

16 

16 

16 

13 

13 

12 

12 

11 

11 

11 

11 

8 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

0 

5  • 

5 

5 

4 

4 

Boston. 

Washington  street,  junction  State  street 
AVasliington  street,  junction  Essex  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Franklin 

street  ..... 

Hay  market  square 

Franklin  street,  junction  Pearl  street 
Summer  street,  junction  Federal  street 
Hanover  street,  jtmction  Fleet  street 
Kneeland  street,  junction  South  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Pleasant  strec 
Tremont  street,  junction  Dover  street 
Causeway  street,  junction  Leverett  street 
Pleasant  street,  junction  Piedmont  street 
Dover  street,  junction  Harrison  avenue 
Boylston  street,  junction  Berkeley  street 


.   24 

4 

60 

,   20 

2 

54 

19 

2 

51 

22 

2 

51 

20 

1 

50 

18 

50 

21 

49 

16 

40 

.t,  18 

2 

36 

.   14 

36 

t,   20 

3 

35 

t,   18 

3 

26 

12 

26 

t,   11 

25 

Water-Suppey  Department. 


147 


Baltimore. 


HydrantB.      Res. 


Calvert  street,  junction  Baltimore  street,  21 

Liberty  street,  junction  Baltimore  street,  12 

Calvert  street,  junction  Franklin  street,  11 

Lombard  street,  junction  Frederick  street,  13 

Camden  street,  junction  Eutaw  street,  8 

Lombard  street,  junction  Central  avenue,  8 

Gorman  street,  junction  of  Greene  street,  7 

Orleans  street,  junction  Central  avenue,  6 

Fremont  street,  junction  Portland  street,  5 

Philadelphia. 

Market  street,  junction  12th  street .          .  14 

Chestnut  street,  junction  KJth  street          .  13 

Spring  Garden,  junction  ()th  street .          .  15 

Chestnut  street,  junction  5th  street  .          .  15 

]\Jarket  street,  junction  2d  street      .          .  14 

Spruce  street,  junction  12ih  street  .          .  9 

A\'alnut  street,  junction  22d  street  .          .  8 

Poplar  street,  junction  27th  street  .          .  11 

Vine  street,  junction  3d  street          .          .  11 

Fairmount  street,  junction  10th  street       ,  10 

Fairmont  street,  junction  19th  street         .  10 

Spruce  street,  junction  18th  street  .          .  8 

Vine  street,  junction  lltli  street      .          .  7 

Vine  street,  junction  I8th  street       .          .  7 

Brooklyn. 

Fulton  street,  junction  Flatbush  avenue  .  15 

Fulton  street,  junction  Adams  street         .  15 

Nassau  street,  junction  Adimis  street        .  11 

Hicks  street,  junction  Peirrepont  street    .  10 

President  street,  junction  Fifth  avenue     .  10 

Seventh  avenue,  junction  9th  street           .  10 

Court  street,  junction  Congress  street       .  9 

Bond  street,  junction  Wykoff  street         .  9 

Park  street,  junction  North  Portland  street,  8 

Hoyt  street,  junction  Secor  place     .          .  7 

Fulton  street,  junction  Adelphi  street      .  6 

Columbia  street,  junction  President  street  6 

Sullivan  street,  junction  Van  Brunt  street  5 

Clinton  street,  junction  Fourth  place         .  5 


steamer. 

37  • 
29 
25 
23 
16 
15 
12 
10 
7 


23 
18 
18 
17 
Ki 
14 
13 
12 
12 
10 
10 
10 
8 
7 


15 
15 
11 
10 

10 
10 
9 
9 
8 
7 
6 
6 
5 


5." 


A  careful  study  of  the  facts  given  warrants  the  conclusion 
that  Boston  has  as  good  if  not  a  better  system  of  water  dis- 


148 


City  Document  No.  39. 


tribution  for  fire  purposes  than  any  of  the  other  large  cities 
of  the  country ;  that  the  Lowry  hydrant  in  use  here  will 
supply  more  steamers  than  any  other  hydrant  in  general  use, 
and  that  the  Boston  pattern  of  Post  hydrant  is  of  greater 
capacity  than  that  used  by  many  other  cities. 

Of  the  1,200  old  style  hydrants  and  24  miles  of  4-iuch 
pipe  that  are  now  in  use  about  50  per  cent,  should  be  re- 
placed within  a  few  3^ears. 

x\ppended  are  tables  showing  for  all  sections  of  the  city 
the  number  of  steamers  that  it  is  estimated  would  receive  a 
supply  of  500  gallons  per  minute  each  from  hydrants  located 
within  500  feet  of  the  locations  given.  In  considering  these 
tables,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  500  gallons  per  minute 
provides  for  two  efficient  streams  from  each  steamer,  and  as 
at  any  tire  some  steamers  will  be  using  but  one  line  of  hose, 
and  others  will  be  stopped  at  any  given  moment,  the  number 
of  steamers,  which  under  the  usual  circumstances,  could  be 
adequately  supplied  would  be  somewhat  larger  than  the 
figures  given. 

City  Peoper  —  Business  Section. 

Albany  street,  junction  Canton  street   . 
Albany  street,  junction  Concord  street 
Albany  street,  junction  Dover  street     . 
Albany  street,  junction  East  Chester  park 
Albany  street,  junction  Oak  street 
Albany  street,  junction  Randolph  street 
Albany  street,  junction  Union  Park  street 
All)any  street,  junction  Wareham  street 
Albany  street,  junction  Way  street 
Atlantic  avenue,  junction  Central  wharf 
Atlantic  avenue,  junction  Clinton  street 
Atlantic  avenue,  junction  Federal  street 
Atlantic  avenue,  junction  India  street  . 
Atlantic  avenue,  junction  Oliver  street, 
Atlantic  avenue,  junction  Pearl  street  . 
Beach  street,  junction  Albany  street 
Beach  street,  junction  Harrison  avenue 
Bedford  street,  junction  Kingston  street 
Bowdoin  square  ..... 
Brattle  square     ..... 
Causeway  street,  junction  Beverly  street 
Causeway  street,  junction  Friend  street 
Causeway  street,  junction  Leverett  street 
Chapman  street,  junction  Shawmut  avenue 
Chaj)man  street,  junction  Village  street 
Charlestown  street,  junction  Bevei-ly  street 


26 
27 
25 
3o 
32 
K) 
1() 
32 
30 
35 
45 
50 
45 
40 
50 
40 
40 
50 
33 
50 
25 
33 
35 
22 
2t) 
60 


Water-Supply  Department. 


149 


Charlestown  street,  junction  Causeway  street 
Columbus  avenue,  junction  Berkeley  street  . 
Columbus  avenue,  junction  Ferdinand  street 
Columbus  avenue,  junction  Pleasant  street 
Commercial  street,  junction  Charter  street 
Commercial  street,  junction  Clinton  street 
Commercial  street,  junction  Fleet  street 
Commercial  street,  junction  North  street 
Commercial  street,  junction  Richmond  street 
Commercial  street,  junction  State  street 
Court  street,  junction  Sudbury  street   . 
Eliot  street,  junction  Carver  street 
Federal  street,  near  the  bridge     . 
Federal  street,  junction  p]ast  street 
Federal  street,  junction  Kneeland  street 
Ferdinand  street,  junction  Melrose  street 
Fort  Hill  square  .... 

Franklin  street,  junction  Congress  street 
Hanover  street,  junction  Cross  street    . 
Hanover  street,  junction  Fleet  street    . 
Harrison  avenue,  junction  Castle  street 
Harrison  avenue,  junction  Dover  street 
Harrison  avenue,  junction  Harvard  street 
Harrison  avenue,  junction  Oak  street  . 
Ha^'market  square       .... 
Kneeland  street,  junction  Lincoln  street 
Leverett  street,  junction  Charles  street 
Leverett  street,  junction  Mi  not  street  . 
Merrimac  street,  junction  Chardon  street 
Milk  street,  junction  Oliver  street 
North  street,  junction  Cross  street 
Piedmont  street,  junction  Pleasant  street 
Prince  street,  junction  Salem  street 
Prince  street,  junction  Snowhill  street. 
Scollay  scjuare    ..... 
Travers  street,  junction  Canal  street     . 
Tremont  street,  junction  Boylston  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Castle  street  . 
Tremont  street,  junction  Eliot  street    . 
Tremont  street,  junction  Mason  street . 
Tremont  street,  junction  Pleasant  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  School  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Winter  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Bedford  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Boylston  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Castle  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Hanover  street 


31 
25 
24 
30 
24 
56 
48 
48 
48 
60 
33 
29 
12 
35 
20 
20 
50 
50 
45 
49 
30 
2Q 
30 

30 
45 

40 

29 

40 

35 

50 

36 

25 

48 

28 

35 

32 

30 

35 

33 

20 

33 

15 

15 

40 

48 

25 

CO 


150 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Washington  street,  junction  Hollis  street 
Wasliington  street,  junction  Milk  street 
Washington  street,  junction  State  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Summer  street 
Winthrop  square  .... 


32 

55 
60 
43 
50 


City  Proper — ^Residential  Section 

Allen  street,  junction  Blossom  street  . 
Beacon  street,  junction  Arlington  street 
Beacon  street,  junction  Charles  street  . 
Beacon  street,  junction  Chester  park     .  .   . 

Beacon  street,  junction  Exeter  street    . 
Beacon  street,  junction  Joy  street 
Berkeley  street,  junction  Chandler  street 
Boylston  street,  junction  Ai'lington  street 
Boylston  street,  junction  Berkeley  street 
Boylston  street,  junction  Clarendon  street     . 
Boylston  street,  junction  Exeter  street 
Cambridge  street,  junction  Blossom  street     . 
Caml)ridgc  street,  junction  Hancock  street    . 
Charles  street,  junction  Allen  street 
Charles  street,  junction  Cambridge  street 
Charles  street,  junction  Revere  street  . 
Clarendon  street,  junction  Appleton  street    . 
Columbus  avenue,  junction  Clarendon  street 
Columbus  avenue,  junction  Dartmouth  street 
Columbus  avenue,  junction  Holyoke  street   . 
Columbus  avenue,  junction  Rutland  square   . 
Columbus  avenue,  junction  West  Chester  park 
Commonwealth  avenue,  junction  Clarendon  street 
Commonwealth  avenue,  junction  Fairfield  street 
Dalton  street,  junction  Dundee  street  . 
Dartmouth  street,  junction  Buckingham  street 
Harrison  avenue,  junction  Dedham  street 
Harrison  avenue,  junction  Newton  street 
Harrison  avenue,  junction  Worcester  street . 
Huntington  avenue,  junction  Dartmouth  street 
Huntington  avenue,  junction  Gainsborough  street 
Huntington  avenue,  junction  Holyoke  street 
Huntington  avenue,  junction  Newton  street  . 
Marlborough  street,  junction  Berkeley  street 
Marlborough  street,  junction  Dartmouth  street 
Marlborough  street,  junction  Hereford  street 
Mt.  Vernon  street,  junction  Brimmer  street 
Mt.  Vernon  street,  junction  Louisl)urg  square 
Myrtle  street,  junction  Grove  street     . 


AVater-Supply  Department. 


151 


Myrtle  street,  junction  Irvins:  street     . 

Shuwnmt  avenue,  junction  Chester  square 
Shawmut  avenue,  junction  Concord  street 
Sbawmut  avenue,  junction  Lenox  street 
Shawmut  avenue,  junction  Newton  street 
Siiawmut  avenue,  junction  Union  park 
Somerset  street,  junction  Ashburton  ])lace 
Tremont  street,  junction  Camden  stieet 
Tremont  street,  junction  Clarendon  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Dartmouth  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Pembroke  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  ^Vorcester  street 
Warren  avenue,  junction  Dartmouth  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Dedham  street 
AVashinu'ton  street,  junction  Newton  street 
AVashington  street,  junction  Northampton  street 
Washington  street,  junction    W'allham  street 
AVest  Chester  park,  junction  Belvedere  street 
AA'^est  Chester  [)ark,  junction  A\'cstland  avenue 


South   Boston. 

A  street,  junction  Congress  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Broadway 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Dorchester  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  East  First  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Kemp  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Middle  street    . 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  AVest  Seventh  street 
Dorchester  street,  junction  Broadway  . 
Dorchester  street,  junction  Eighth  street 
Dorchester  street,  junction  East  Second  street 
Dorchester  street,  junction  Newman  street     . 
Dorchester  street,  junction  Old  Harbor  street 
Dorchester  street,  junction  AA^oodward  street    . 
Dorr  street,  junction  Earl  street  . 
East  Broadway  junction  I  street  . 
East  Broadway,  junction  M  street 
East  Broadway,  junction  O  street 
East  Eighth  street,  junction  G  street    . 
East  Eighth  street,  junction  Mercer  street 
East  Fitih  street,  junction  N  street 
East  First  street,  junction  I  street 
East  First  street,  junction  L  street 
East  First  street,  junction  O  street 
East  Fourth  street,  junction  L  street    . 
East  Fourth  street,  junction  P  street    . 


152 


City  Document  No.  39. 


East  Ninth  street,  junction  K  street 

East  Ninth  street,  junction  Old  Harbor  street 

East  Second  street,  junction  P  street 

East  Seventh  street,  junction  I  street 

East  Seventh  street,  junction  N  street 

East  Sixth  street,  junction  G  street 

East  Sixth  street,  junction  H  street 

East  Sixth  street,  junction  L  street 

East  Sixth  street,  junction  P  street 

East  Third  street,  junction  1  street 

East  Third  street,  junction  K  street 

East  Third  street,  junction  O  street 

Foundry  street,  junction  West  Fourth  street 

Foundry  street,  junction  Ontario  street 

Granite  street,  junction  Mt.  Washington  avenue 

Granite  street,  junction  Richards  street 

Newman  street,  junction  Lowland  street 

Old  Harbor  street,  junction  Telegraph  street 

Pacific  street,  junction  Thomas  park 

Ward  street,  junction  Preble  street 

West  Broadway,  junction  B  street 

West  Broadway,  junction  F  street 

West  Fifth  street,  junction  B  street 

West  Fifth  street,  junction  F  street 

West  First  street,  junction  B  street 

"West  First  street,  junction  D  street 

West  First  street,  junction  F  street 

West  First  street,  junction  Granite  street 

West  Fourth  street,  junction  A  street  . 

West  Fourth  street,  junction  D  street  . 

West  Ninth  street,  junction  D  street     . 

West  Ninth  street,  junction  Lark  street 

West  Seventh  street,  junction  D  street 

West  Seventh  street,  junction  F  street 

West  Third  street,  junction  A  street    . 

West  Third  street,  junction  C  street     . 

West  Third  street,  junction  E  street     . 


12 
12 
12 
15 
12 
5 
12 
14 
12 
16 
12 
9 
18 
15 
14 
20 
6 
3 
8 
9 
18 
17 
18 
14 
14 
18 
14 
25 
20 
22 
17 
15 
20 
20 
25 
14 
16 


East  Boston. 

Bennington  street,  junction  Chelsea  street 
Bennington  street,  junction  Marion  street 
Bennington  street,  junction  Putnam  street 
Brooks  street,  junction  Condor  street 
Central  square  .... 
Chelsea  street,  junction  Brooks  street 
Chelsea  street,  junction  Curtis  street 


14 
14 
15 

8 
21 
16 

4 


Water-Supply  Department. 


153 


Chelsea  street,  junction  Decatur  street 
Chelsea  street,  junction  Engle  street     . 
Chelsea  street,  junction  Marion  street  . 
Chelsea  street,  junction  Porter  street    . 
Condor  street,  junction  Putnam  street 
Eagle  street,  junction  Falcon  street 
Marginal  street,  junction  Cottage  street 
Marginal  street,  junction  Lewis  street  . 
Marginal  street,  junction  Orloans  street 
Alargina!  street,  junction  K.  B.  &  L.  R.R. 
Maverick  street,  junction  Border  street 
Maverick  street,  junction  Cottage  street 
Maverick  street,  junction  Lamson  street 
Maverick  street,  junction  London  street 
Meridian  street,  junction  Condor  street 
INIeridian  street,  junction  London  street 
Meridian  street,  junction  Maverick  street 
Meridian  street,  junction  Princeton  street 
jNIcridian  street,  junction  Trenton  street 
]\Ieridian  street,  junction  White  street 
Moore  street,  junction  Homer  street     . 
Porter  street,  junction  Havre  street 
Princeton  street,  junction  Brooks  street 
Princeton  street,  junction  Marion  street 
Princeton  street,  junction  Prescott  street 
Princeton  street,  junction  Putnam  street 
Saratoga  street,  junction  Moore  street 
Saratoga  street,  junction  Swift  street    . 
Sumner  street,  junction  Cottage  street 
Sumner  street,  junction  Jeflrics  street  . 
Sumner  street,  junction  Lamson  street 
Sumner  street,  junction  Lewis  street    . 
Sunnier  street,  junction  Liverpool  street 
Sumner  street,  junction  Orleans  street 
White  street,  junction  Brooks  street     . 
White  street,  junction  Putnam  street    . 


10 
10 
12 
10 
12 
17 
13 
14 
14 

« 
U 
12 

8 
16 
12 
20 
16 
21 
18 
17 

4 
12 
10 
10 
12 
12 

6 

8 
13 

8 

8 
16 
16 
15 
12 
10 


Chaelestown. 

Alford  street,  junction  Arlington  avenue 
Arlington  avenue,  junction  Dorrance  street 
Austin  street,  junction  Lawrence  street 
Bartlett  street,  junction  Concord  street 
Bartlett  street,  junction  Cross  street  . 
Bartlett  street,  junction  Salem  street  . 
Bartlett  street,  junction  Walker  street  . 
Bunker  Hill  street,  junction  Belmont  street 


6 
20 
18 
18 
17 
13 
10 


154 


City  Document  No.  3d. 


Bunker  Hill  street,  junction  Concord  street 
Bunker  Hill  street,  junction  Pearl  street 
Bunker  Hill  street,  junction  Quincy  street 
Bunker  Hill  street,  junction  Tufts  street 
Ctimhridge  street,  junction  Parker  street 
Cambridge  street,  junction  Perkins  street 
Chelsea  street,  junction  Henley  street  . 
Chelsea  street,  junction  Prospect  street 
Chelsea  street,  junction  Vine  strtet 
Front  street,  junction  Arrow  street 
High  street,  junction  Concord  street     . 
High  street,  junction  Green  street 
Hioh  street,  iunction  Lexington  street . 
Main  street,  junction  Auburn  street 
Main  street,  junction  Haverhill  street  . 
Main  street,  junction  Medford  street    . 
Main  street,  junction  Mill  street  . 
Main  street,  junction  Salem  street 
Medford  street,  junction  Baldwin  street 
Medford  street,  junction  Chelsea  street 
Medford  street,  junction  Lexington  street 
Medford  street,  junction  Mead  street    . 
Medford  street,  junction  Pearl  street     . 
Perkins  street,  jimction  Brighton  street 
Russell  street,  junction  Mead  street 
Rutherford  avenue,  junction  Allen  street 
Rutherford  avenue,  junction  Dunstable  street 
Rutherford  avenue,  junction  Mill  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Edge  worth  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Lexington  street 
Union  street,  junction  Main  street 
Union  street,  junction  Washington  street 
Warren  street,  junction  Water  street    . 
Water  street,  junction  Joiner  street 
Winthrop  street,  junction  Main  street  . 


18 

20 

17 

18 

10 

17 

20 

16 

18 

20 

18 

16 

18 

20 

17 

23 

20 

20 

19 

20 

20 

16 

10 

15 

12 

12 

20 

12 

18 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 


ROXBURY. 

Alaska  street,  junction  Perrin  street 
Albany  street,  junction  Hunneman  street 
Albany  street,  junction  Mall  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Cherry  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Edgewood  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Moreland  street  . 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Quincy  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Waverley  street 
Brookline  avenue,  junction  Burlington  avenue 


18 

16 

10 

8 

8 

6 


WATEE-SurPLr  Department. 


155 


Brookline  avenue,  junction  Francis  street 
Brookline  avenue,  junction  Lon<iwood  avenue 
Brookline  avenue,  junction  Maple  avenue 
Cabot  street,  junction  ^^' incisor  street  . 
Cedar  street,  junction  Hawthorn  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Cedar  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Heath 
Centre  street,  junction  Lamartine  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Pynchon  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Sheridan  avenue 
Centre  street,  junction  Walden  street  . 
Centre  street,  junction  Wyman  street  . 
Circuit  street,  junction  Kegent  sti'cet  . 
Clifton  street,  junction  Langdon  street 
Dale  street,  junction  jMills  street 
Day  street,  junction  Creighton  street  . 
Dudley  street,  junction  Adams  street  . 
Dudley  street,  junction  Dearborn  street 
Dudley  street,  j miction  Dennis  street  . 
Dudley  street,  junction  Elmwood  street 
Dudley  street,  junction  Hampden  street 
Dudley  street,  junction  Highland  street 
Elm  Hill  avenue,  junction  Cheney  street 
Elm  Hill  avenue,  junction  Howland  street 
Eustis  street,  junction  Magazine  street 
Hampden  street,  junction  Norfolk  avenue 
Heath  street,  junction  Bickford  street 
Heath  street,  junction  D;iy  street 
Highland  street,  junction  Cedar  street 
Highland  street,  junction  Ellis  street  . 
Highland  street,  junction  Marcella  street 
Highland  street,  junction  Milmont  street 
Humboldt  avenue,  junction  Crawford  street 
Humboldt  avenue,  junction  Munroe  street 
Huntington  avenue,  junction  Longwood  avenue 
Huntington  avenue,  junction  Parker  street 
Lambert  avenue,  junction  Bartlett  street 
Lambert  avenue,  junction  ]\Iilmont  street 
Moreland  street,  junction  Fairland  street 
Mt.  Pleasant  avenue,  junction  Fairland  street 
Norfolk  avenue,  junction  Gerard  street 
Norfolk  avenue,  junction  Magazine  street 
Palmer  street,  junction  Winslow  street 
Parker  street,  junction  Parker  Hill  avenue 
Parker  street,  junction  Prentiss  street  . 
Pynchon  street,  junction  Cedar  street  . 
Pynchon  street,  junction  Heath  street 


156 


City  Document  In'o.  39. 


Regent  street,  junction  Fountain  street 
Roxbury  street,  junction  Linden  Park  street 
Ruggles  street,  junction  Duncan  street 
Euggles  street,  junction  Parker  street 
Ruggles  street,  junction  Warwick  street 
Ruggies  street,  junction  Westniinster  street 
Shawmut  avenue,  junction  Hammond  street 
Shawniut  avenue,  junction  Ruggles  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Bunistead  lane 
Tremont  street,  junction  Heath  street  . 
Tremont  street,  junction  Francis  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Parker  slreet 
Tremont  street,  junction  Prentiss  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Pynchon  street 
Tremont  street,  junction  Ruggles  street 
Vernon  street,  junction  Auburn  street 
Vernon  street,  junction  Haskins  street 
Walden  street,  junction  Minden  street 
Walnut  avenue,  junction  Bainbridge  street 
Walnut  avenue,  junction  Circuit  street 
Walnut  avenue,  junction  Dale  street     . 
Walnut  avenue,  junction  Townsend  street 
Warren  street,  junction  Clifford  street . 
Warren  street,  junction  Dunreath  street 
Warren  street,  junction  Munroe  street 
Warren  street,  junction  Regent  street  . 
Warren  street,  junction  Warren  place  . 
Warren  street,  junction  Waumbeck  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Atherton  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Bartlett  street 
TV'ashington  street,  junction  Circuit  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Dale  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Dudley  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Nawn  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Ruggles  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Thorndike  street 
Washington  stieet,  junction  Thornton  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Townsend  street 
Washingt(m  street,  junction  Vernon  street    . 
Washington  street,  junction  Westminster  avenue 
Westminster  street,  junction  Windsor  street 
Winthrop  street,  junction  Cleveland  street    . 


7 
6 
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12 
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18 
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12 
16 
12 
20 
16 
26 
20 
10 
10 
8 
12 
10 
10 
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12 
12 
14 
10 
14 
12 
14 
8 
10 
15 
24 
18 
24 
25 
18 
16 
20 
11 
9 
6 


Dorchester. 

Adams  street,  junction  Ashmont  street 
Adams  street,  junction  King  street 


Water-Supply  Department. 


157 


Adams  street,  junction  Minot  street 
Adams  street,  junction  Neponset  avenue 
Adams  street,  junction  Richmond  street 
Allston  street,  junction  Centre  street    . 
Ashland  street,  junction  Mill  street 
Ashland  street,  junction  Park  street 
Ashmont  street,  junction  Carruth  street 
Ashmont  street,  junction  Train  street  . 
Bird  street,  junction  Bodwell  [)ark 
Boston  street,  junction  Eastnian  street 
Boston  street,  junction  Mt.  Vernon  street 
Bowdoin  street,  junction  Adams  street 
Bowdoin  street,  junction  Olney  street  . 
Bowdoin  street,  junction  Washin^rton  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Columbia  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Harvard  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Norfolk  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Kiver  street 
Blue  Hill  avenue,  junction  Wales  street 
Carruth  street,  junction  Beale  street     . 
Columbia  street,  junction  Bird  street    . 
Columbia  street,  junction  Seaver  street 
Columbia  street,  junction  Quincy  street 
Columl)ia  street,  junction  8tan\vood  street 
Columbia  street,  junction  AVashington  street 
Commercial  street,  junction  Greenwich  street 
Commercial  street,  junction  Park  street 
Cottage  street,  junction  Boston  street  . 
Cottage  street,  junction  Clifton  street  . 
Cottage  street,  junction  Norfolk  avenue 
Cottage  street,  junction  Pleasant  street 
Crescent  avenue,  junction  Carson  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Adams  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Ashmont  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Beach  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Codman  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Commercial  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Crescent  avenue 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  King  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Leeds  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Mayfield  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Mt.  Vernon  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Parkman  street 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Savin  Hill  avenue 
Dorchester  avenue,  junction  Washington  street 
Dudley  street,  junction  Cottage  street . 
Dudley  street,  junction  Howard  avenue 


9 

5 

2 

4 

5 

3 

2 

4 

14 

12 

4 

4 

5 

8 

5 

4 

4 

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2 

4 

4 

4 

5 

8 

11 

9 

17 

8 

12 

9 

4 

12 

8 

5 

5 

18 

13 

7 

12 

14 

10 

8 

16 

5 

18 

11 


158 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Dudley  street,  junction  Magnolia  street 
Dudley  street,  junction  Monadnock  street 
East  Chester  park,  junction  Clapp  street 
Erie  avenue,  juncticm  Michigan  avenue 
Freeport  street,  junction  Pleasant  street 
Freeport  street,  junction  Preston  street 
Glen  street,  junction  Trull  street 
Hamilton  avenue,  junction  Clark  street 
Hancock  street,  junction  Rill  street 
Hartford  street,  junction  Robinhood  street 
Harvard  street,  junction  Gleason  street 
Harvard  street,  junction  School  street. 
Harvard  street,  junction  Wales  street  . 
Hcnvard  avenue,  junction  Quincy  street 
Howard  avenue,  junction  Sargent  street 
Lauriat  avenue,  junction  Lyons  street  . 
Magnolia  street,  junction  Howard  avenue 
Magnolia  street,  junction  Robinhood  street 
Milton  avenue,  junction  Evans  street   . 
Minot  street,  junction  Sheridan  street  . 
Neponset  avenue,  junction  Commercial  street 
Ncponset  avenue,  junction  Minot  street 
Neponset  avenue,  junction  Park  street 
Neponset  avenue,  junction  Pope's  Hill  street 
Neponset  avenue,  junction  Taylor  street 
Norfolk  avenue,  junction  Marshfield  street 
Norfolk  street,  junction  Cliipman  street 
Norfolk  street,  junction  Freemont  street 
Norfolk  street,  junction  Nelson  street  . 
Ocean  street,  junction  Welles  avenue    . 
Pleasant  street,  junction  Maytield  street 
Richtield  street,  junction  Puritan  avenue 
River  street,  junction  Cedar  street 
River  street,  junction  Temple  street 
Sanford  street,  junction  Cedar  street     . 
Sanford  street,  junction  Temple  street . 
Savin  Hill  avenue,  junction  Grami)ian  way 
Savin  Hill  avenue,  junction  Midland  street 
Sawyer  avenue,  junction  Gushing  avenue 
Walnut  street,  junction  Ericsson  street 
Walnut  street,  junction  Franklin  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Ashmont  street 
AV'ashington  street,  junction  Centre  street 
AVashington  street,  junction  Fuller  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Wheatland  avenue 
Wheatland  avenue,  junction  Whitlield  street 


AYATER-SuprLY  Department. 


159 


West  Roxbury. 

Alveston  street,  junction  Grccnough  street 
Alveston  street,  junction  Revere  street 
Anawan  avenue,  junction  Beech  street. 
Ana  wan  avenue,  junction  Park  street   . 
Ashland  street,  junction  Florence  street 
Beech  street,  junction  Sycamore  street 
Bellevue  street,  junction  Oriole  street  . 
Bellcvue  street,  junction  Rutledge  street 
Boylston  street,  junction  Burr  street     . 
Boylston  avenue,  junction  Amory  street 
Brookside  avenue,  junction  Cornwall  street  . 
Brown  avenue,  junction  Ashland  street 
Brown  avenue,  junction  Poplar  street   . 
Centre  street,  junction  Boylston  street. 
Centre  street,  junction  Burroughs  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Central  avenue 
Centre  street,  junction  Corey  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Eliot  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Green  street 
Centre  street,  junction  La  Grange  street 
Centre  street,  junction  May  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Mt.  Vernon  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Orchard  street  . 
Centre  street,  junction  Pond  street 
Centre  street,  junction  Spring  Park  street 
Centre  street,  junction  AValter  street     . 
Chestnut  street,  junction  Fessenden  street 
Corey  street,  junction  ("arl  street 
Corey  street,  junction  Weld  street 
Eliot  street,  junction  Brewer  street 
Green  street,  junction  Boylston  avenue 
Green  street,  junction  Chestnut  avenue 
Green  street,  junction  Laniaitine  street 
Grove  street,  junction  AVashington  street 
Tlyde  Park  avenue,  junction  Ashland  street 
Hyde  Paik  avenue,  junction  Neponset  avenue 
Keycs  street,  junction  Starr  street 
Metropolitan  avenue,  junction  Poplar  street 
Pond  street,  junction  J-Cliot  street 
Pond  street,  junction  May  street 
Pond  street,  junction  Prince  street 
Poplar  street,  junction  Sycamore  street 
Prince  street,  junction  Perkins  street    . 
Rockview  street,  junction  St.  Johns  street 
South  street,  junction  Custer  street 


160 


City  Document  No.  39. 


South  street,  junction  Keyes  street 
Spring  Park  avenue,  junction  Rockview  street 
Spring  street,  junction  Baker  street     . 
Spring  street,  junction  Clarence  street 
Walk  Hill  street,  junction  Canterbury'  street 
Walk  Hill  street,  junction  Hyde  Park  avenue 
Washington  street,  junction  Albano  street     . 
Washington  street,  junction  Ashland  street  . 
Washington  street,  junction  Beach  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Boylston  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Cornwall  street 
Washington  street,  junction  Metropolitan  avenue 
Washington  street,  junction  School  street 
Weld  street,  junction  Church  street 
Weld  street,  junction  Willow  street 


10 
7 
2 
2 
5 
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5 
4 
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3 
4 


Brighton. 

Allston  street,  junction  Allston  square 
Bennett  street,  junction  Parsons  street 
Brighton  avenue,  junction  Cambridge  street 
Brighton  avenue,  junction  Chester  street 
Brighton  avenue,  junction  Harvard  avenue 
Brooks  street,  junction  Faneuil  street  . 
Brooks  street,  junction  Newton  street  . 
Cambridge  street,  at  Charles  river 
Cambridge  street,  junction  Gordon  street 
Cambridge  street,  junction  Harvard  avenue 
Cambridge  street,  junction  North  Harvard  street 
Cambridge  street,  junction  Sparhawk  street 
Cambridge  street,  junction  Washington  street 
Chester  street,  junction  Ashford  stieet 
Chestnut  Hill  avenue,  junction  South  street 
Chestnut  Hill  avenue,  junction  Union  street 
Englewood  avenue,  junction  Isleworth  street 
Everett  street,  junction  Lincoln  street 
Everett  street,  junction  Western  avenue 
Faneuil  street,  junction  Parsons  street 
Harvard  avenue,  junction  Commonwealth  avenue 
Lake  street,  junction  Ken  wick  street    . 
Market  street,  junction  North  Beacon  street 
Market  street,  junction  Sparhawk  street 
Market  street,  junction  Western  avenue 
North  Beacon  street,  at  Albany  R.R.    . 
North  Beacon  street,  junction  Dustin  street  . 
North  Harvard  street,  at  Charles  river 
North  Harvard  street,  junction  Western  avenue 


2 
5 
5 
6 
5 
4 
3 
3 

10 
5 
4 
8 

10 
5 
9 

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4 
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5 
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4 


Water-Supply  Department.  161 

Wiishington  street,  junction  Allston  street  ...  4 
Washington  street,  junction  Foster  street     .  .  .10 

Washington  street,  junction  Lake  street  ...  8 
Washington  street,  junction  Market  street    .  .  .10 

Washington  street,  near  Newton  line  ....  2 
Washington  street,  junction  Shannon  street  ...  8 
Washington  street,  junction  Tremont  street  .  .       5 

Washington  street,  junction  Union  street      ...        6 

In    General. 

A  contract  was  made  with  Donovan  &  Brock  on  August 
22  for  building  the  masonry  foundations  for  Engine  No.  3  at 
Chestnut-hill  Pumping-station,  and  the  work  is  nearly  com- 
pleted. 

A  contract  was  made  with  N.  F.  Palmer,  Jr.,  &  Co.,  of 
New  York,  on  June  8,  for  building  and  erecting  Pumping- 
engine  No.  3,  in  accordance  with  plans  made  by  Mr.  E.  D. 
Leavitt. 

The  engine  will  be  triple  expansion,  working  three  double- 
acting  pumps,  with  the  Kiedler  patent  valve  gear,  capable  at 
fifty  revolutions  of  pumping  20,000,000  gallons  in  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  maintaining  a  duty  of  140,000,000  ft.  lbs. 
per  100  lbs.  of  coal. 

Plans  have  also  been  made  by  Mr.  Leavitt  for  a  90- 
inch  Belpaire  boiler,  to  supply  steam  at  185  lbs.  pressure 
for  the  engine. 

The  rebuilding  of  the  Brookline-avenue  bridge  over  Muddy 
river,  i-equired  the  shutting  off  of  the  40-inch  main  for 
several  months,  and  the  head  throughout  the  low  service  was 
materially  reduced.  The  pipe  is  relaid  in  the  form  of  a 
siphon  over  the  arch  of  the  bridge. 

The  30  and  3(i-inch  mains  must  be  relaid  over  the  new 
bridge  on  Tremont  street  at  the  Brookline  line.  New  36- 
inch  valves  were  placed  in  the  36  and  40-mch  mains  near 
the  corner  of  Francis  street.  Five  bents  of  piles,  with 
10  X  10  hard-pine  caps,  were  placed  under  the  40-inch 
main  in  Beacon  street,  near  Exeter  street,  to  replace  the  old 
trusses  which  supported  the  pipe  over  the  former  sluices  of 
the  Water  Power  Company. 

A  plan  of  a  storage  reservoir  of  a  capacity  of  one  million 
gallons,  for  Long  Island,  has  been  made  for  the  Directors  of 
Public  Institutions.  This  reservoir  will  cause  a  more  con- 
stant circulation  on  the  pipe  line  to  the  island,  and  the  danger 
of  freezing  the  pipe  will  be  lessened. 

Forty  contracts  for  rock  excavation  were  made  during  the 
year.    '  Two  hundred  and  ninety-five  petitions  for  main  pipe 


162  City  Document  No.  39. 

extensions  were  reported  upon  in  regard  to  grade  of  street, 
size  of  pipe,  and  cost  of  laying. 

The  pipe  laid  has  been  measured,  the  gates  and  hydrants 
have  been  located  and  plotted  on  the  plans. 

Thirty-three  profiles  of  unaccepted  streets  have  been  made 
and  grades  given  for  grading  the  streets  and  laying  pipes 
where  required. 

The  records  from  the  four  pumping-stations,  the  lakes, 
reservoirs,  the  Mystic  sewer,  and  the  returns  from  pipe 
foundries,  etc.,  have  been  carefully  kept. 

Appended  to  this  report  will  be  found  the  usual  tables  of 
rainfall,  consumption,  yield  of  water-sheds,  etc. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

William  Jackson, 

Gity  Engineer, 


r.;j;>i-.       :       i   .1  ri.\      I        O  r.- 


H^Efe 


BOSTON  WATER  WORKS. 

Diagt^m  showing  the  rainfall  and  daily  aversge  Consumption 
foi'each  month. 


yearly  Averages   shown  fhus  - 


Water-Supply  Department. 


163 


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172 


City  Document  No.  89. 


Rainfall  in  Inches  and  Hundredths,   on  the    Sudbury  River   Water-shed  for 

the  Year  1892. 


1S92. 

m 
P 

s 

ft 

<1 

0) 

p 

13 
1-5 

1 
>> 

1-5 

3 
< 

S 

a 

a> 
1 
O 

3 
H 
o 

S 

a 

CD 

Q 

1 

0.065 

0.175 

0  025 

2 

1.895 

0.880 

1.100 

0.260 

0.615 

3             .   . 

0.770 

0.175 

0.795 

0.010 

4 

0.070 

0.050 

0.125 
0.590 

0.070 
0.070 

5             .   . 

g 

0.620 

0.055 

0  100 

7  . 

0.065 

8 

0.290 
O.OSO 

0.690 

0.025 

0.615 

9 

10 

0.045 

0.290 

0.220 

0.060 

0.330 

2.275 

w 

0.015 
1.520 

1.645 

'  0.480 

0.175 
0.605 

0.980 
0.140 

12 

IS 

14      . 

0.100 

0.160 

0.225 

2.440 

0.280 

15 

16 

0.600 

0.900 

0.335 

1.655 

17 

1.110 

0.285 

IS 

19 

20 

0.800 
0.320 

1.215 

0.320 

0.045 

0.080 

0.095 

21 

0.490 
0.125 

2.120 

22 

23 

0.725 

0.790 

0.125 

24 

0.030 
0.025 

0.150 

25 

0.420 

1.110 

26 

0.235 
0.125 

0.150 

27 

0.395 

0.275 
0.305 

1.770 

28 

0.140 

29 

0.120 

0.110 

30 

31 

0.035 

0.020 

0.590 

1.345 

0.130 

Totals     . 

5.850 

3.140 

4.060 

0.830 

5.585 

2.760 

4.230 

4.440 

2.840 

1.170 

5.800 

1.125 

Total  rainfall  during  the  year,  41.830  inches,  being  an  average  of  two  gauges,  located  at 
Fr.aminsham  and  Ashland. 


Water-Supply  Department.  173 

Rainfall  in  Inches  and  Hundredths  at  Lake  Cochituate  for  the  Year  IS 92. 


1893. 

03 

C 
a 

C3 
!3 

i 

p. 

< 

1 

>-3 

so 

< 

'H. 
m 

<o 
o 

O 

3 

u 
x> 

a 

o 

o 

1 

2 

3 

1.21 

0.96 

1.54 

0.07 
0.71 

0.02 
0.16 

0.13 
0.72 

0.29 

0.60 

0.05 

•1 

0.86 

5 

6 

7 

0.54 

0.01 

0.02 

0.04 

0.17 
0  06 

0.11 

8 

0.31 

0.60 
0.28 

0.07 

0.64 

9 

10  ....    , 

0.04 

0.45 

0.12 

0.05 

2  17 

11 

1.32 

1.04 

12 

13 

1.39 

0.55 

O.OS 

1-t 

15 

0.56 

0.17 

0.97 

0.38 

0.46 

2.57 

0.27 

16 

0.17 

1  43 

17 

1.10 

0.28 

18 

1.08 

0  42 

19 

1.03 

0  01 

20 

0  09 

21 

0.02 

0.49 
0.12 

2.85 

22 

23 

24 

0.62 

0.09 

0.02 

25 

0.02 

0.21 

0.54 

0.37 

0.02 

26 

2.22 

0.23 

0.01 

27 

0.09 

0.48 

28 

29 

0.10 

0.07 
0.36 

0.22 

0.29 

30 

31 

0.01 

0.01 

1.07 

0.14 

Totals  . 

4.78 

2.80 

4.12 

0.78 

5.46 

3.23 

3.47 

3.79 

2.87 

1.42 

5.14 

1.18 

Total  rainfall  during  the  year,  39.04  inches. 


174 


City  Document  No.  39. 


Rainfall  in  Inches  and  Hundredths  on  the  Mystic  Water-shed  for  the  year 

1892. 


1893. 

3 

1 

5 
a 

a 
1 

< 

a 

D 

5fj 

< 

a 

o 
a. 
o 

CO 

O 

O 

3 

.a 

1 

a 
§ 

1      .... 

0.090 

0,165 

0.070 

0.180 

0  020 

0 

1.070 

1.010 

1.130 

3 

0.695 

0.205 
0.005 

0.770 

0..'i25 
0.015 
0.400 

0.030 

0.035 

0.030 
0.060 
1.035 

0.405 
0.085 

4 

5 

0.025 

0.005 

6 

0.580 

0.110 

0.030 

8 

0.295 

0.660 
0.380 

0.015 

0  710 

9 

10 

0.040 

0.405 

0.220 

0.015 
0.010 

0.055 

1.870 

0  020 

11 

1.535 

0.560 
0.035 

12 

1.050 
0.150 

13 

1.425 

14 

0.140 

0.330 

0.170 
0.160 

1.615 

0  250 

15 

16 

0.345 

0.005 

0.980 

0.410 

1.295 

17 

1.095 

18 

0.875 
0.145 

1.125 

0.260 

19 

0.015 

20 

0.035 

21 

0.005 

0.515 
0.125 

2.255 

22 

23 

0.705 

0.630 

0.070 

24.   .   . 

0.005 

25 

0.030 

1.025 

26 

0.215 

2.225 
0.090 

0.310 

0.105 

27 

0.120 

1.010 

0.015 
0.175 

28 

0.025 
0.110 

0.145 

0.375 

29 

0.005 

0.005 

0.140 

30 

0.030 

31 

0.900 

0.270 

Totals     . 

4.515 

3.015 

4.005 

0.815 

5.5S5 

4.150 

2.575 

4.820 

2.005 

1.835 

4.645 

1.150 

Total  rainfall  during  the  year,  39.115  IncfaeB,  being  an  average  of  two  gauges,  looated  at 
Mystic  Lake  and  Winchester. 


Water-Supply  Department. 


175 


a 


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176 


City  Docu.ment  No.  3D. 


Rainfall  Received,  and  Collected,  IS 92. 


SUDBtTKY. 

COCHITUATB. 

Mtstic. 

0) 

'6 

•6 

■d 

.    01 

■6 

73 

Month. 

"3 

-5  " 

3 
a 

"3 

—  o 

.2  o 

o  a) 

:-  o 
3  u 

"3 

en 

a 
1 

.So 
1° 

o:=! 
P-i 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Per 
cent. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Per 
cent. 

Inches. 
4.515 

Inches. 
2.49 

Per 
cent. 

January  .   . 

5.850 

3.335 

57.01 

4.78 

3.1S 

66.55 

55.04 

February    . 

3.140 

1.574 

50.13 

2.80 

1.64 

58.50 

3.015 

1.76 

58.46 

March  .   .    . 

4.060 

3.488 

85.90 

4.12 

3.12 

75.67 

4.005 

3.03 

75.72 

April    .    .   . 

0.830 

1.504 

181.15 

0.78 

0.90 

115.52 

0.815 

1.33 

163.57 

May  .... 

5.585 

2.245 

40.20 

5.46 

2.03 

.S7.13 

5.585 

2.10 

37.54 

June     .    .    . 

2.760 

0.739 

26.76 

3.23 

0.49 

15.26 

4.150 

1.17 

28.30 

July      .    .   . 

4.230 

0.382 

9.03 

3.47 

0.33 

9.52 

2.575 

0.66 

25.70 

August    .   . 

4.440 

0.500 

11.26 

3.79 

0.56 

14.68 

4.820 

0.49 

10.19 

September  . 

2.840 

0.396 

18.94 

2.87 

0.60 

21.10 

2.005 

0.56 

27.71 

October  .   . 

1.170 

0.224 

19.18 

1.42 

0.57 

40.16 

1.835 

0.45 

24.29 

November  . 

5.800 

1.204 

20.75 

5.14 

1.09 

21.22 

4.645 

1.07 

23.09 

December  . 

1.125 

0.865 

76.89 

1.18 

0.84 

71.09 

1.150 

0.87 

75.23 

Totals  and  ) 
averages,  ) 

41.830 

16.456 

39.34 

39.04 

15.35 

39.32 

39.115 

15.98 

40.85 

WATER-SurPLY  Department. 


177 


Table  showing  the   Temperature  of  Air  and    Waier  at    Various  Stations  on 
the    Water-works. 


Temperature  of  Air. 

Temperature  of 
Water. 

1893. 

Cheatnut-Hill  Kcservoir. 

Fi 

amiugham. 

Brookline 
Reservoir. 

Mystic 
Engine- 
House. 

Maximum. 

S 

3 

E 
c 

i 

Mean. 

S     '     Maximum. 

1 

S 

3 

a 
i 

3 
a 
© 

IS 

January  . 

62.0 

1.0 

28.0 

-3.0 

25.7 

36.5 

36.3 

February 

44.5 

3.5 

27.6 

49.0 

-1.0 

27.6 

36.8 

35.9 

March  .   . 

56.5 

12.5 

32.3 

58.0 

8.0 

31.3 

36.7 

35.0 

April    .   . 

77.0 

25.5 

48.3 

76.0 

21.0 

46.3 

48.0 

45.2 

May  .   .   . 

83.0 

31.0 

55.8 

83.0 

27.0 

54.7 

55.7 

55.8 

June     .  . 

94.5 

43.0 

69.8 

96.0 

38.0 

69.5 

69.3 

70.8 

July.   .   . 

94.0 

48.0 

72.0 

96.0 

45.0 

70.9 

74.3 

74.5 

August    . 

95.0 

53.0 

70.1 

94.0 

48.0 

68.5 

74.7 

75.8 

September 

80.5 

40.5 

62.3 

80.0 

34.0 

60.3 

67.6 

66.5 

October   . 

75.0 

30.0 

50.8 

77.0 

23.0 

49.6 

56.4 

56.9 

November 

66.5 

19.0 

40.1 

65.0 

16.0 

38.7 

45.5 

47.2 

December 

45.5 

0.0 

27.3 

45.0 

-2.0 

26.6 

36.6 

36.8 

178  City  Document  No.  39. 

SUMMARY    OF    STATISTICS. 
REPORT  FOR  1892. 


Boston    Water-Works,    Suffolk    County,    Massachusetts, 
supplies  also  the  cities  of  Somerville,  Chelsea,  and  Everett. 

Population  by  census  of  1890  ; 

Boston 448,477 

Chelsea 27,909 

Somerville       .......  40,152 

Everett 11,068 


Total  .         . 527,606 

Date  of  construction  : 

Cochituate  Works 1848 

Mystic  " 1864 

By  whom  owned.  — City  of  Boston. 

Sources  of   supply.  — Lake  Cochituate,  Sudbury  river,  and 

Mystic  lake. 
Mode  of  supply.  —  Sixty-five  per  cent,  from  gravity  works. 
Thirty-five       "  "     pumping     " 

Pumping. 

Cochituate.  Mystic. 

Builder  of  pumping 

machinery    .  .  Holly  Co.       H.  R.  Worthington. 

Description  of  coal  used : 

a  Kind         .         .  Bituminous.  Bituminous. 


c  Size 

Broken. 

Broken. 

e  Price  per  gross 

ton,  in  bins, 
yPer  cent,  of  ash, 

$4.66 
8.5. 

$4.13 
10.2. 

oal  consumed  for  year, 
lbs. 

Cochituate. 

in 

3,548,105 

Mystic. 

7,873,000 

Total  pumpage  for  year,  in 

gallons       .  .  .  3,050,018,300     3,596,716,400 

Average  dynamic  head,  in 

feet         ...  .  126.27  148.84 

Gallons  pumped  per  lb.  of 

coal        ....  943.8  456.8 


Watee-Sdpplt  Department. 


179 


Duty  in  foot-lbs.  per  100  lbs. 

COCHITITATE. 

Mystic. 

of  coal    .... 

99,195,300 

56,709,000 

Cost  of  pumping  figured  on 

pumping-statiou  expenses, 

viz  :         .          .          .          . 

$18,761.07 

$25,512.19 

Cost     per     million     gallons 

raised  to  reservoir  . 

$6.15 

$7.09 

Cost    per     million     gallons 

raised  one  foot  high 

$0,049 

$0,048 

Consumption. 

F.stimated  population  . 

433,600 

124,800 

Total  consumption,  gallons, " 

L5, 120,353, 700 

3,590,740,400 

Passed  throush  meters 

4,108,687,500 

681,577,500 

Average  daily  consumption, 

gallons    ....         41,312,400  9,810,800 

Gallons  per  day,  each  in- 
habitant .  .  .  95.3  78.6 

Gallons  per  day  to  each  tap,  635  454 


Distribution. 

31ai 

US. 

COCHITUATE. 

Mystic. 

Kind  of  pipe  used. 

[ 

Cast-iron. 

Cast-iron ,  Wrought- 
Iron  and  Cement. 

Sizes  . 

48-in 

to  4-in. 

30-in 

to  3-in. 

Extended,  miles 

, 

17. 

2.4 

Total  now  in  use 

. 

536. 

160.4 

Distribution-pipes 

less 

than      4-in.,     length 

miles 

, 

0 

5.5 

Hydrants  added   . 

. 

148 

107 

Hydrants    now    in 

use 

5,834 

1,223 

Stop-gates  added 

. 

219 

110 

Stop-gates  now  in  use  . 

5,910 

1,799 

Services. 

Kind  of  pipe  used. 

\ 

Lead 

Leac 
Wroug 

and 
at-Iron. 

Sizes  . 

f-in.  1 

to  6-in. 

^-in- 

to 4-in. 

Extended,  feet     . 

59,807 

31,584 

Service-taps  added 

2,197 

1,032 

Total  now  in  use  . 

65,074 

21,588 

Meters  added 

73 

29 

Meters  now  in  use 

3,912 

435 

Motors  and  elevators  in 


use 


554 


27 


180  City  Document  No.  39. 


CIVIL    ORGANIZATION    OF    THE    WATER-WORKS,   FROM 
THEIR   COMMENCEMENT   TO   FEBRUARY   1,    1893. 

Water  Commissioners. 

Nathan  Hale, J  James  F.  Baldwin, J  Thomas  B.  Curtis.    From 

May  4,  1846,  to  January  4,  1850. 

Engineers  for  Construction. 

John  B.  Jervis,  of  New  Yoi-k,  Consulting  Engineer.  From  Mav, 
1846,  to  November,  1848.^ 

E.  S.  Chesbrough,  Cliief  Engineer  of  the  Western  Division.  From 
May,  1846,  to  January  4,  18504 

William  S.  Whitwell,  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Eastern  Division. 
From  May,  1846,  to  January  4,  1850. 

Engineers  having  Charge  of  the  Works. 

E.  S.  Chesbrough,  Engineer.  From  November  18,  1850,  to  Octo- 
ber 1,  1855.  t 

George  H.  Bailey,  Assistant  Engineer.  From  January  27,  1851, 
to  July  19,  1852. 

H.  S.  McKean,  Assistant  Engineer.  From  July  19,  1852,  to  October 
1,  1855. t 

James  Slade,  Engineer.     From  October  1,  1855,  to  April  1,  1863. J 

N.  Henry  Crafts,  Assistant  Engineer.  From  October  1,  1855,  to 
April  1,  1863. 

N.  Henry  Crafts,  City  Engineer.  Fi-om  April  1,  1863,  to  November 
25,  1872. 

Thomas  W.  Davis,  Assistant  Engineer.  From  April  1,  1863,  to 
December  8,  1866. 

Henry  M.  Wightman,  Resident  Engineer  at  C.  H.  Reservoir.  From 
February  14,  1866,  to  November,  18704 

A.  Fteley,  Resident  Engineer  on  construction  of  Sudbury-river 
works.     From  May  10,  1873,  to  April  7,  1880. 

Joseph  P.  Davis,  City  Engineer.  From  Nov.  25,  1872,  to  March  20, 
1880. 

Henry  M.  Wightman,  City  Engineer.  From  April  5,  1880,  to"' April 
3,  1885. t 

William  Jackson,  City  Engineer.  From  April  21,  1885,  to  present 
time. 

Desmond  FitzGerald,  Resident  Engineer  on  Additional  Supply. 
From  February  20,  1889,  to  present  time. 

After  January  4,  1850,  Messrs.  E.  S.  Chesbrough,  W.  S.  Whitwell, 
and  J.  Avery  Richards  were  elected  a  Water  Board,  subject  to  the 
direction  of  a  Joint  Standing  Committee  of  the  City  Council,  by  an  ordi- 
nance passed  December  31,  1849,  which  was  limited  to  keep  in  force 
one  year;  and  in  1851  the  Cochituate  Water  Board  was  established. 

Cochituate  Water  Board.  / 

Presidents  of  the  Board. 

Thomas  Wetmore,  elected  in  1851,  and  resigned  April 
7,  1856$ Five  years. 


Water-Supply  Department. 


181 


John  H.   "Wjxkins,   elected  in  1856,  and  resigned  June 

5,  1860$ Four  years. 

Ebenezer  Johnson,  elected  in  1860,  term  expired  April 

3,  lS65t Five  years. 

Otis  jSTorcross,  elected  in  1865,  and  resigned  January 

15,  1867t One  year  and  nine  months. 

John  H.  Thorndike,  elected  in  1867,  term  expired  April 

6,  1868$ One  year  and  thi'ee  months. 

Nathaniel  J.  Bradlee,  elected  April  6,  1868,  and  re- 
signed January  4,  1871$        .         .         .    Two  years  and  nine  months. 

Charles  H.  Allen,  elected  January  4,  1871,  to  May  4, 

1873 Two  years  and  four  months. 

John  A.  Haven,   elected    May  4,    1873,   to   Dec.    17, 

1874$ One  year  and  seven  months. 

Thomas  Gogin,  elected  Dec.  17,  1874,  and  resigned  May 

31,  1875 Six  months. 

L.  Miles  Standish,  elected  Augusts,  1875,  to  July  31, 

1876$ One  year. 


Members  of  the  Board. 

Thomas  Wetmore,  1851,  52,  53,  54,  and  55$  .         .  Five  years. 

John  H.  Wilkins,  1851,  52,  53,  *56,  57,  58,  and  59$  .  Eight  years. 

Henry  B.  Rogers,  1851,  52,  53,  *54,  and  55$  .         .  Five  years. 

Jonathan  Preston,  1851,  52,  53,  and  56$      .         .         .  Four  years. 

James  W.  Seaver,  1851$ One  year. 

Samuel  A.  Eliot,  1851.$ 

John  T.  Heard,  1851$ One  year. 

Adam  W.  Thaxter,  Jr.,  1852,  53,  54,  and  55$       .         .  Four  years. 

Sampson  Reed,  1852  and  1853$ Two  years. 

Ezra  Lincoln,  1852$ One  year. 

Thomas  Sprague,  1853,  54,  and  55$        ....  Three  years. 

Samuel  Hatch,  1854,  bb,  56,  57,  58,  and  61    .         .         .  Six  years. 

Charles  Stoddard,  1854,  55,  56,  and  57$      .         .         .  Four  years. 

William  Washburn,  1854  and  55$         ....  Two  years. 

TiSDALE  Drake,  1856,  57,  58,  and  59$    .         .         •         -  Four  years. 

Thomas  P.  Rich,  1856,  57,  and  58$  ....  Three  years. 

John  T.  Dingley,  1856  and  59$ Two  years. 

Joseph  Smith,  1856$ Two  months. 

Ebenezer  Johnson,  1857,  58,  59,  60,  61,  62,  63,  and  64$  Eight  years. 

Samuel  Hall,  1857,  58,  59,  60,  and  61$  .         .         .         .  Five  years. 

George  P.  French,  1859,  60,  61,  62,  and  63$.         .         .  Five  years. 

Ebenezer  Atkins,  1859$ One  year. 

George   Dennie,  1860,  61,  62,  63,  64,  and  65  .         .         .  Six  years. 

Clement  Willis,  1860$ One  year. 

G.  E.  Pierce,  1860$       ' One  year. 

Jabez  Frederick,  1861,  62,  and  63$       .         .         .         .  Three  years. 

George  Hinman,  1862  and  63 Two  years. 

John  F.  Pray,  1862$ One  year. 

J.  C.  J.  Brown,  1862 One  year. 

Jonas  Fitch,  1864,  65,  and  66$ Three  years. 

Otis  NoRCROSS,  *  1865  and  66$ Two  years. 

John  H.  Thorndike,  1864,  65,  66,  and  67$     .         .         .  Four  years. 

Benjamin  F.  Stevens,  1866,  67,  and  68  .         .         .         .  Three  years. 

William  S.  Hills,  1867 One  year. 

Charles  R.  Trajn,  1868$ One  year. 

Joseph  M.  Wightman,  1868  and  69$      .         .         .         .  Two  years. 

Benjamin  James,  *  1858,  68,  and  69         ....  Three  years. 

Francis  A.  Osborn,  1869 One  year. 

Walter  E.  Hawes,  1870$ One  year. 


182 


City  Document  No.  39. 


68,  69,  70, 


68,  69,  and 


John  O.  Poor,  1870  .... 
HoLLis  R.  Gray,  1870  .... 
Nathaniel  J.  Bradlee,  1863,  64,  65,  66,  67, 

and  71t         

George  Lewis,  1868,  69,  70,  and  71J     . 

Sidney  Squires,  1871 J   . 

Charles  H.  Hersey,  1872 

Charles  H.  Allen,  1869,  70,  71,  and  72 

Alexander  Wads  worth,  *1864,  65,  66,  67, 

72 

Charles  R.  McLean,  1867,  73,  and  74t 
Edward  P.  Wilbur,  1873  and  74 
John  A.  Haven,  1870,  71,  72,  73,  and  74^ 
Thomas  Gogin,  1873,  74,  and  75*  . 
Amos  L.  Noyes,  1871,  72,  and  75   . 
William  G.  Thacher,  1873,  74,  and  75t 
Charles  J.  Prescott,  1875  .        .     '  . 
Edward  A.  White,  1872,  73,  74,  75,  and  76tt 
Leonard  R.  Cutter,  1871,  72,  73,  74,  75,  and  76t 
L.  Miles  Standish,  1860,  61,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  74 

and76tt 

Charles  E.  Powers,  *  1875  and  1876tt 
Solomon  B.  Stebbins,  1876t. 
Nahum  M.  Morrison,  1876f  . 
Augustus  Parker,  1876t 


75, 


One  year. 
One  year. 

Nine  years. 
Four  years. 
One  year. 
One  year. 
Four  years. 

Seven  years. 
Three  years. 
Two  years. 
Five  years. 
Tiiree  years. 
Three  years. 
Three  years. 
One  year. 
Five  3'ears. 
Six  years. 

Ten  years. 
Two  years. 
One  year. 
One  year. 
One  year. 


*Mr.  John  H.  Wilkins  resig-ned  Nov.  15,  1855,  and  Charles  Stoddard  was  elected  to 
fill  the  vacancy.  Mr.  Henry  B.  Rogers  resigned  Oct.  22,  1865.  Mr.  Wilkins  was  re- 
elected Feb.,  1856,  and  chosen  President  of  the  Board,  which  office  he  held  until  his 
resignation,  June  5,  1860,  when  Mr.  Ebenezer  .Johnson  was  elected  President;  and 
July  2  Mr.  L.  Miles  Standish  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  resig- 
nation of  Mr.  Wilkins.  Otis  Noi-cross  resigned  .Jan.  15,  1867,  having  been  elected 
Mayor  of  the  City.  Benjamin  James  served  one  year,  in  1858,  and  was  reelected  in 
1868.  Alexander  Wadsworth  served  six  years,  1864-69,  and  was  re(^lected  in  1872. 
Thomas  Gogin  resigned  May  31, 1875.  Charles  E.  Powers  was  elected  July  15,  to  fill 
the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Gogin. 

t  Served  until  the  organization  of  the  Boston  Water  Board. 

t  Deceased. 


Water-Supply  Department.  183 

Boston  Water  Board, 

Organized  July  31,  1876. 

TmoTHY  T.  Sawyer,  from  July  31,  1876,  to  May  5,  1879 ;  and  from 

May  1,  1882,  to  May  4,  1883. 
Leonard  R.  Cutter,  from  July  31,  1876,  to  May  4,  1883. 
Albert  Stanwood,  from  July  31,  1876,  to  May  7,  1883. 
Francis  Thompson,  from  May  5,  1879,  to  May  1,  1882. J 
William  A.  Simmons,  from  May  7,  1883,  to  Aug.  18,  1885. 
George  M.  Hobbs,  from  May  4,  1883,  to  May  4,.  1885. 
John  G.  Blake,  from  May  4,  1883,  to  Au^.  18,  1885. 
William  B.  Smart,  from^May  4,  1885,  to'lMarch  18,  1889. 
Horace  T.  Rockwell,  from  Aug.  25,  1885,  to  April  25,  1888. 
Philip  J.  Doherty,  from  March  18,  1889,  to  May  4,  1891. 
Thomas  F.  Doherty,  from  Aug.  26,  1885,  to  May  5,  1890 ;  and  from 

May  4,  1891,  to  present  time. 
Robert  Grant,  from  April  25,  1888,  to  present  time. 
John  W.  Leighton,  from  May  5,  1890,  to  present  time. 

Organization  of  the  Board  for  Year  1892. 

Chairman. 
Robert  Grant. 

Secretary  and  Chief  Clerk. 
Walter  E.  Swan. 

City  Engineer  and  Engineer  of  the  Board. 
William  Jackson. 

Superintendent  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  Cochituate  Department. 
William  J.  Welch. 

Superintejident  of  the  Western  Division  and  Resident  Engineer  of 
Additional  Supply. 

Desmond  FitzGerald. 

Superintendent  of  Mystic  Department. 
Eugene  S.  Sullivan. 

\  Deceased. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Report  of  the  Water  Board  : 

Disbursements  ..........  1-2 

Revenue     ...........  2 

Extension  of  mains,  etc 2-3 

Jamaica  Pond  Aqueduct  Corporation          .....  3-7 

Consumption  of  water        ........  7 

High-service  pumping- engine    .......  8 

Basin  No.  6        .........         .  s 

Additional  basin          .........  8-9 

Improvement  of  quality  of  water,  etc.       .....  9-10 

Future  supply     ..........  11-14 

General  Statistics.     (See  also  Summary  of  statistics,  p.  178)    .  14^ 

Earnings  and  expenditures         .......  15-16 

Maintenance  Accounts          ........  17-19 

EXPENDITORE    ACCOUNTS    IN    DeTAIL 20-21 

Cost  of  Construction  and  Condition  of  the  Debts        .        .  22-23 

Money  Expenditures 23-24 

Stock  Accounts 25 

Outstanding  Loans,  etc 26-29 

List  of  Contracts 30-35 

Report  of  Superintendent  of  Eastern  Division      .         .         .  36-63 

Distribution  mains  and  hydrants 36-37 

High-service  vrorks    .........  37-38 

Reservoirs,   waste   detection.    Deacon   meter-system,   meters, 

water-posts  and  fountains 38-39 

Tables  of  pipe  laid,  hydrants  established,  etc 40-63 

Report  of  Superintendent  of  Western  Division    .         .         .  64-79 

Sudbury-river  basins ,    .  64-69 

Whitehall  pond 69-70 

Farm  pond          ..........  70-71 

Lake  Cochituate 71-72 

Aqueducts           ..........  72-75 

Chestnut-hill,  Brookline,  and  Fisher-hill  reservoirs  .         .         .  75-76 

Biological  laboratory 76-77 

Pollution 78 

Filtration 78-79 

Quality  of  water         .........  79 

Analyses  and  rainfall  tables,  etc.       ......  80-94 

Cause  of  color  of  natural  water  (by  F.  S.  Hollis)     .         .         .  95-115 


186  Table  of  Contents. 

PAGE 

Report  of  Superintendent  of  Mystic  Division         .         .         .  116-125 

Report  of  the  Engineer       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  126-162 

Yield  of  sources  of  supply  .         .......  126 

Sudbury  reservoirs  and  Lake  Cochituate  .....  126-129 

Aqueducts  and  distributing  reservoirs        .....  129-130 

High-service  pumping-stations  .......  130-131 

Mystic  lake 131 

Mystic  sewer 131 

Mystic  conduit,  reservoir,  and  pun-kping-station          .         .         .  132-133 

Consumption      ..........  133-134 

Distribution 134-135 

Additional  supply       .........  135-136 

Sewerage  systems      .........  137 

Filtration  of  Mystic  supply         .......  137 

Capacity  of  distribution  system           ......  137-161 

In  general           ..........  161-162 

Tables  of  consumption,  diversion  of  Sudbury-river  water,  amounts 
drawn  from  Lake  Cochituate,  rainfall,  operations  of  pumping- 
stations,  etc.   .         .........  163-177 

Summary  of  Statistics 178-179 

Civil  Organization  of  the  Board,  1845-1892    ....  180-183 


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