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BOSTON

PUBLIC

LIBRARY

TWENTY-SECOND ANKUal REPORT

OF THE

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

TO THE

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

190U-190J

J. yv. FOT\^ELL

DIRKCTOR

IN T\\^0 PARTS-PART 2

0/
WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

19 04

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS

(CON"'nNTTi<:i>)

THE HAKO: A PAWNEE CEREMONY

ALICE C. FLKT< "HKR

Hi)i.i>K]t lib- Thaw Fellowship, Peabody Muskum, Hakvaiiu Umvkksity

ASSISTED 1!V

jj^]MB"-s K. ivrxTiiiiH:

MUSIC TRANSI-'HIBEl) HV

CONTENTS

Page

Preface _ 13

Introduction _.,. ___ 17

Name of the ceremony 17

Personnel of the ceremony 18

Reiinisites of the ceremony and their symbolism 19

Time of the ceremony 23

Scheme of the ceremony 24

The Hako _ 26

The preparation . . . _ _ - - 26

First di\asion. Initial rites - _ . "7

First ritual. Making the Hako 27

Part I. Invoking the powers _ _ 27

Part II. Preparing the feathered stems . _ _ _ 37

Part III. Painting the ear of com and preparing the other

sacred objects 42

Part IV. Offering of smoke ._. 48

Second ritiral. Prefiguring the journey to the Son 49

Third ritual. Sending the messengers 56

Fourth ritual 58

Part I. Vivifying the sacred objects 58

Part II. Mother Corn assumes leadership _. 59

Part III. The Hako party iiresented to the powers 63

Second division. The journey 68

Fifth ritual 68

Part I. Mother Com asserts authority 68

Part II. Songs and ceremonies of the way 73

Part III. Mother Corn reasserts leadership 85

Third division. Entering the village of the Son and consecrating

his lodge 89

Sixth ritual 89

Part I. The Son's messenger received 89

Part II. The Hako party enter the village 92

Seventh ritual 93

Part I. Touching and crossing the threshold 93

Part II. Consecrating the lodge 97

Part III. Clothing the Son and offering smoke 101

The ceremony 10.')

First division. The public ceremony 105

Eighth ritual (first day). The Fathers feed the children 105

Ninth ritual ( first night) . Invoking the visions 1 17

Tenthritual. The Dawn _, 123

Parti. The birth of Dawn 123

Part II. The Morning Star and the new-bom Dawn 1 38

8 CONTENTS

The Hako — continued. Page
The ceremony — continued.
First division — continued.
Tenth ritual — continued.

Partlll. Daylight 131

Part IV. The Children behold the day 182

Eleventh ritual (second day) . The male element invoked 134

Part I. Chant to the Sun 134

Part II. Day songs 140

Twelfth ritual (second night). The rites came by a vision 147

Thirteenth ritual (third day) . The female element invoked^ _ _ 161

Parti. The sacred feast of Com 161

Part II. Song to the Earth _ _ 161

Part III. Offering of smoke .. 168

Part IV. Songs of the birds 168

Fourteenth ritual (third night). Invoking the visions of the

ancients 1 78

Second division. The secret ceremonies 183

Fifteenth ritual (fourth night) _ . . 183

Part I. The flocking of the birds 183

Part II. The sixteen circuits of the lodge - _ 187

Sixteenth ritual (fifth day, dawn) . 201

Parti. Seeking the child _ _ 201

Part II. Symbolic inception . _ 204

Part III. Action symbolizing lif-^' . 209

Seventeenth ritual 213

Part I. Touching the child . ... 213

Part II. Anointing the child . ... 222

Part III. Painting the child . 227

Part IV. Putting <in the symbols 23o

Eighteenth ritual. Fulfilment prefigured . 242

Part I. Making the nest 242

Part n. Symbolic fulfilment ... 244

Part III. Thank offering ". . 246

Third division. The dance of thanks . 247

Nineteenth ritual _._...„ 247

Part I. The call to the Children 247

Part II. The dance and reception of gifts 253

Fourth division. The presentati m of the Hako 256

Twentieth ritual _ . . "56

Part I. Blessing the child ... 2.56

Part II. Presenting the Hako to the Son and thanks to the

Children 259

Incidental ceremonies . 260

Comforting the child. - 260

Prayer to avert storms 265

Prayer for the gift of children . . . 267

Changing a man's name . 272

Analytical recapitulation .. 279

Origin and geographic distribution of the ceremony. . . . 279

Purpose of the ceremony . . 280

Structure of the ceremony 281

Rhythmic expression in the ceremony _ . 282

CONTENTS y

Analytical recapitulation — continued. Page

The preparation 283

First division. Initial rites 383

First ritual. Making the Halio .-_- 283

Part I. Invoking the powers- . 283

Part II. Preparing the feathered stems . 287

Part III. Painting the ear of com and preparing the other

sacred objects 389

Second ritual. Prefiguring the journey to tlie Son _ _ . 292

Third ritual. Sending the nies.sengers 294

Fourth ritual 295

Part I. Vivifying the sacred objects 295

Part II. Mother Corn assumes leadership 296

Part III. The Hako party presented to the powers 397

Second division. The journey . . 399

Fifth ritual 399

Part I. Mother Corn asserts authority 299

Part II. Songs and ceremonies of the way 301

Part III. Mother Corn reasserts leadership _ _ _ _ 306

Third division. Entering the village of the Son and consecrating

his lodge - 308

Sixth ritiial -. -. 808

Part I. The Son's messenger received 308

Part II. The Hako party enter the village _ 308

Seventh ritual _ - 309

Part I. Touching and crossing the threshold- 309

Part II. Consecrating the lodge _ _ 310

Part III. Clothing the Son and offering smoke 312

The ceremony . 313

First division. The public ceremony 313

Eighth ritual (first day). The Fathers feed the Children 813

Ninth ritual (first night) . Invoking the visions _ _ - - . - 317

Tenth ritual— The Dawn 320

Parti. The birth of Dawn 320

Part II. The Morning Star and the new-born Dawn _ 323

Part III. Daylight ._ 324

Part IV. The Children behold the day 3 24

Eleventh ritual (second day) . The male element invoked 325

Part I. Chant to the Sun 325

Part II. Day songs 336

Twelfth ritual (second night). The rites came by a vision 328

Thirteenth ritual (third day). The female element invoked- . . 333

Part I. Sacred feast of Corn 333

Part II. Song to the Earth 333

Part III. OfiEering of smoke 336

Part IV. Songs of the birds 336

Fourteenth ritual (third night). Invoking the visions of the

ancients _ _ _ _ _ _ 337

Second division. The secret ceremonies _ _ 339

Fifteenth ritual ( fourth night ) _ - 339

Parti. The flocking of birds 339

Part II. The sixteen circuits of the lodge 340

10 CONTENTS

Analytical recapitulation — continued. Page
The ceremony — continued.

Second divi.sion — continued.

Sixteenth ritual (fifth day, dawn) 345

Part I. Seeking the child- _ _ 3-15

Partll. Symbolic inception _. 346

Part III. Action symbolizing life 349

Seventeenth ritual 3.50

Part I Touching the child 3.'50

Part II. Anointing tlie child 3.j2

Part III. Painting the child 353

Partly. Putting on the symbols .. 355

Eighteenth ritual. Fulfilment prefigured 357

Part I. Making the nest - _ 357

Part II. Symbolic fulfilment 358

Part III. Thank offering .. 358

Third division. The dance of thanks __ 359

Nineteenth ritual _ 359

Part I. The call to the Children . . 359

Part II. The dance and reception of gifts 360

Fourth division. The presentation of the Hako 361

Twentieth ritual . _ 361

Parti. Blessing the child 361

Part II. Presenting the Hako to the Son and thanks to the

Children 361

Incidental rituals 363

Comforting the child .. 362

Prayer to avert storms _ _ - - _ 364

Prayer for the gift of Children 364

Changing a man's name _ 364

Index 369

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Plate LXXXIII. James R. Mnrie 14

LXXXIV. The Kn rahus in ceremonial dress (front view) 36

LXXXV. The Kn rahus in ceremonial dress (profile view) 36

LXXXVI. " Ka was," the brown feathered stem (female) 38

LXXXVII. The white feathered stem (male) 40

LXXXVIII. "MotherCom" 44

LXXXIX. The rattles 46

XC. The wildcat skin and crotched stick - _ _ 48

XCI. The feather symbol of Tira'wa ns

Figure 171. Diagram of the Father's lodge during the decoration of the

feathered stems 36

173. Diagram of the Father's lodge during the second ritual 49

173. Diagram of the Father's lodge during the singing of the first

stanza of the song of the fourth ritual, part ii 59

174. Diagram of the Father's lodge during the singing of the sec-

ond stanza of the song of the fourth ritual, part ii ......._ . 63

17."). Diagram showing the movements of the principal members of

the Father's i)arty during the presentation to the powers . , , 67
170. Diagram of the Son's lodge at the beginning of the public cere-
mony - - - lO.}

177. Diagram of the Son's lodge during the sixteenth ritual, part in. 210

178. Diagram of the Son's lodge during the seventeenth ritual, part 1 . 314

179. The symbol of Tira wa 333

180. Diagraia showing the positions of the participants in the dance

of thanks 248

181. Diagram of the Son's lodge during the presentation of the

Hako --- 357

THE HAKO: A PAWNEE CEREMONY

By Alice C Fletcher

PREFACE

In the early eighties of the last century, while pursuing my study
of the Omaha tribe, I several times witnessed the ceremony described
in the following pages. Owing to the death of the only man who knew
all the rituals, it became impossible to secure a complete record, but
as the ceremony was an intertribal one I hoped to make good the loss
in some other tribe. From statements made by the Omalias, the
Ponkas, and the Dakotas I was led to believe that among the Pawnees
this ceremon,y could be found still preserved in its entirety. I need
not recount the failure of efforts made during some fifteen years to gain
the desired information, since at last, in 1898, T found the long-sought
opportunity. After four years of woi"k, I am able to present the entire
ceremony, as observed in the C'haui band of the Pawnee tribe.

The difficulty of olitaining accurate first-hand information in
regard to religious tites and beliefs is so well known that it seems
proper to state briefl.y how I came by my opportunities. An extended
and intimate acquaintance in one tribe opens the way in another. The
warm friendship of old and leading men of the Omahas became my
credentials to other tribes where these leaders were influential: and
with the further assistance of Mr Francis LaFlesche, the sou of the
former head chief of the Omahas, I was able to establish relations of
confidence witli some of the old and prominent men of the Pawnees.

My experience has .shown that no linguistic training will enable a
student b^' himself to accomplish successfully tlie difficult task of
recording and interpreting the rituals of a religious ceremony. Hemu.st
have a native collaborator, one with a good knowledge of English and
well versed in the intricacies of his own tongue, able to explain its
"sacred language " and possessing those gifts of mind and character
which fit him not only to grasp the ideals of his race but to commend
himself to the keepei-s of the ancient rites. Such a collaborator makes
a clear vision of the native mind possible to a student of another race.

1-4 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEKKMONY [eth. ann. 22

My collaborator in the present work has Ijeen Mr James R Murie,
ail educated Pawnee whom I have known since he was a school-
boy, twenty years ago. Mr Murie has taken up the task of preserving
the ancient lore of his people, and he has not spared himself in his
labor. How difficult his undertaking has been, and still is, can only
be appreciated by those who have attempted to accomplisli a .similar
work. His patience, tact, and unfailing courtesy and kindness have
soothed the prejudice and allayed the fears of the old men who hold
fast to the faith of their fathers and are the reiiositories of all that
remains of the ancient rites of the tribe.

Tahiri"i.ssawichi, a full-blood Pawnee, who is the authority for the
text and explanation of the ceremony which forms the subject of tliis
paper, officially accompanied the Ilako when it was carried by his
people to tlie Omahas. lie thus became acquainted with the leading
men of that tribe, who were my friends, and this circnmstance has
favored the successful prosecution of this work. During the fall of
1898 and again in 1000 he and Mr Murie were my guests in "Wash-
ington; then, and also during ray visits to the Pawnees in 1899 and
1901, we were engaged upon tlie rituals of this ceremony. A final
review of the manuscript was made with Mr Murie in tlie spring of 190:2.

Tahiriissawichi is a member of the Chaui band of the Pawnee tribe
and about 70 years of age. He is tall and well made, and preserves
much of the vigor of his earlier days. lie is mentally alert, (^uick to
observe, possessed of a tenacious memory, and gifted with a genial
nature. He enjoys a joke and is always ready with good-fellowship,
but lie never forgets the dignity of his calling, or fails to observe the
conduct befitting his position as the guardian of sacred rites.
Although he is childlike and trusting, he has a keen discernment of
character and a shrewd common-sense way of looking at men and
things. Wliile he is not indifferent to the great changes whicli have
overtaken his people, new conditions have failed to disturb in any
way the convictions of his early religious training.

He has sti'uggled to avoid living in a house, and has held to an earth
lodge until it has dropi^ed to pieces about him. He said:" "I can not
live in a white man's house of any kind. The sacred articles com-
mitted to my care must be kept in an eartli lodge, and in order that
I may fulfill my duties toward them and my people, I uiiist live there
also, so that as I sit I can stretch out my hand and lay it on Mother
Earth." Last fall (1901) I saw how he had propped up a part of the
ruins of his lodge so that he might still keep the sacred objects in a
primitive dwelling.

When he was in Washington in 1898 lie was taken to the Capitol
and the Library of Congress. While the vastness and beauty of these
structures gave him pleasure, they did not appeal to him, for such

" See A Pawnee Ritual Used When Changing a Man's Name. American Anthropologist, n. s.,
V. 1, January, 1S99.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT PL. LXXXIII

JAMES R. MURIE

FLETCHER] HOW THE RECORD WAS OBTAINED 15

buildings he said were unfitted to contain the sacred sj'mbols of the
religion of his ancestors, in the service of which he had spent his
long life. He admired at a distance the Washington Monument, and
when he visited it he measured the base, pacing and counting his
steps. Then he stood close to the white shaft and looked up, noting
its great height. After going inside, he was asked which he would
take, the elevator or the stairs, and replied: "I will not go up. The
white man likes to pile up stones, and he niay go to the top of them;
I will not. I have ascended the mountains made by Tira'wa."
Equally characteristic was his interview with the Commissioner of
Indian Affairs. When introduced, he said: "lam glad to see you
and to take you by the hand. Many chiefs of my tribe have done so.
I never expected to do it. I came here to talk of the religion of mj'
fathers, which I follow. You can ask my sister (referring to me)
what I have said."

Tahiriissawichi had never been east of the Mississippi river until
he came to Washington to engage in the preservation of this rite.
Of the genuineness of his statements there can be no doubt. His
position in the Pawnee tribe is that of a man worthy of resiiect — one
versed in a knowledge of serious things, whose life has been devoted
to the acquisition and maintenance of certain sacred rites. He is
esteemed as a man of truth — one wlio has the favor of Tira'wa. lie
pos.ses.ses a knowledge of curative roots, and often attends the sick,
using herbs as medicine. He is the keeper of certain old and sacred
objects, and leads in their attendant ceremonies. His gi'eat care in
observing all the details of the intricate ceremony of the Hako is well
known in the tribe, and much good fortune is believed to follow his
leadership in this ceremony. His title is Ku'rahus. This term is
applied to a man of years who has been instructed in the meaning
and use of sacred objects as well as their ceremonies. The word is
sometimes employed as a synonym for a venerable man, one who
commands respect, but throughout this paper it is used in its official
sense — the leader of the ceremony.

It has taken four years of close friendly relations with my kind old
friend to obtain this ceremony in its entirety. Manj' of its rituals
deal with very sacred subjects, and it has required much patience
in the presentation of reasons why they should be explained to over-
come the scruples born of the early training of the Ku'rahus. That
he has finally made this record comi^lete, so that the ceremony as
known among his people can be preserved, is worthy of commenda-
tion. His work as it now stands shows Tahiriissawichi to be broad-
minded as well as thoughtful, reverent, and sincere.

Graphophone records were taken of all the songs l)elonging to this
ceremony. The music as here printed has been transcribed from the
cylinders by Mr Edwin S. Tracy and each transcription has been
verified by him from the singing of the Ku'rahus. It is to be regretted

16 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. anx. 22

that the exactions of Mr Tracy's professional work in tlie field of music
make it impossible for him to prepare an essay upon the character of
these songs and tlie light they throw upon the evolution of musical
expression. His familiarity with native songs, growing out of several
years of first-hand research, would render him peculiarly fitted to
speak concerning them.

The songs are commended to the general student of music and
liarticularly to the young composers of our country as offering native
themes worthy of musical treatment.

In arranging the material for this paper it has seemed best to group
it into two parts. The first contains such introductory explanations
as are essential to the understanding of the ceremony, which is given
without comment in the words of the Ku'rahus, together with his inter-
pretation of the songs and accompanying rites. The second part
consists of an analysis of the ceremony and treats of its structure,
purpose, and teaching. The translations of the songs aim to convey
to the English reader something of their native spirit and meaning.

As the ijurpose of this record is not primarily linguistic, it has been
judged best not to observe the finer phonetic distinctions in recording
native words. The vowels have their continental values, as in are,
they, pique, go, r;/le; ow is used as in how; and li represents oo in
good. The consonants p, b, t, d, k, g (always hard), j, s, z, f, v, m,
1, r, w, y, h are iised approximately as in English, but k and t have
been allowed to represent the semisonants (medial between k and g, t
and d) as well, and the r has a slight trill. Dh represents th in the,
h a guttural breathing (German ch, Spanish j) and hr a surd or
breathed r; th is used as in thorn, wh and ch as in which, x as in box,
sh as in shall; n indicates that the preceding vowel is nasalized; and
h at the end of a syllable indicates that the breath must be heard.
When a consonant is doubled it is heard twice or distinctly prolonged.
An accent mark is used to indicate stress where it .seems necessary.

INTRODUCTION

Name of the Ceremony

The ceremony is called Skari by the Ku'rahiis and by all who have
been taught its rites and sacred songs. This word is from ska, hand,
ri, many, and refers not merely to the many hands required for the
preparation of the sacred articles iised in the rites, but also to the
culminating ceremony of touching the little child with the hand, which
occurs on the morning of the fifth day (sixteenth and seventeenth
rituals).

A peculiar expression is used to characterize the consultation which
a man who desires to inaugurate this ceremony has with his kindred
in reference to their assistance in the undertaking. This consultation
is called "touching them." The Ku'rahus explained this expression
as being connected with the meaning of the word Skari, many hands,
in its double significance already noted.

Although the term Skari is said to be old, its descriptive char-
acter seems to be against its acceptance as the original name of the
ceremony.

Among the people at large of the Pawnee tribe the ceremony is
spoken of as Ruktaraiwariiis. This composite word can be analyzed
as follows: ruk, from rukkis, wood, or a stick of wood; ta, from tita,
hung upon; ra, coming; iwarius, shaking or waving. This descriptive
term refers to the two objects peculiar to this ceremony, the two
feathered stems which are waved to the rhythm of the songs. The
Pawnees who receive those who bring the sacred articles call the cere-
mony Haktara. The word is composed of hak, from hakkow, trans-
lated below; ta, have; ra, coming: haktara, they who have the
breathing mouth of wood are coming. The Osages speak of it as
" Bringing the drum," and the Omahas as " To sing with."

Hako is a comprehensive term used to designate all the articles
which belong to the ceremonj'. The term is derived from the com-
posite word hakkowpirus, meaning drum. Hakkow is from akow,
mouth, with the aspirate prefix h, signif j'ing breath, and the k added
to the first syllable represents the word rukkis, wood. Hakkow may
then be said to mean a breathing mouth of wood. Pirus means to
whip or beat.

Three customs among the Indians can be traced in the composition
of this word : first, the peculiaritj^ of pulsating the voice on a note
that is sustained over more than one count of the measure, by which
22 ETH— PT 2—04 2 17

18 THE HAKO, A I'AWNEE CEREMONY [eth. anx. 22

a beatinjj; effect is pi'oduced ; seeoud, the custom of waving the hand
to and from the mouth or beating the lips, so as to break a continu-
ous note or call into a series of sounds or beats; third, the making of
the drum from a section of a tree, hollowed out, with a skin stretched
over the open end. From this analysis of the word hakkowpirus we
discern that the pulsating voice and the beaten lips were the first
means emplo.yed to produce an effect which was afterward emplia-
sized in an instrument, the drum (hakkowpirus, the breathing mouth
of wood), which was made to give forth a series of sounds by the
same device of whipping by the hand.

In Indian music the rhythm of the drum always follows closely the
emotion expressed in the song; it is like a great pulsating voice.

In the term Hako the k of the first syllable in hakkow is dropped
for the sake of euphony, and for the same reason the rough sound ow
is changed to o. The word Hako carries the idea of the breath-
ing, vibrating tones from the wooden mouth. It is applied to all the
articles used in the eeremonj', because, according to tlie explanations
of the Ku'rahus, "everything speaks; the eagle, Kawas, speaks;
the corn speaks; so we say Hako — the voice of all the.se things."

In the preijaration of the record of the different rites, rituals, and
songs of this ceremony it became necessary to adopt a convenient
term which should apply to the ceremony as a whole, including the
party inaugurating the eeremonj^ the rites, the rituals, and the arti-
cles used. The term "Hako" has been chosen as best fitted for the
purpose. Three considerations influenced the choice: first, the
fact that Hako is the native name by which the articles used in the
ceremony are spoken of collectively; second, the meaning of the term
Hako, as revealed by an analj'sis of the word and by the exijlana-
tion given by the Ku'rahus; tliird, the ease with which this word can
be spoken and remembered by t he English reader.

Personnel of the Ceremony

Two distinct groups of persons were essential to the performance of
this ceremony. These two groups could not Ijeloug to the same clan
or gens of a tribe, and they were often of different ti-ibes. One group,
called the Fathers, was composed of the kindred of the man who had
taken the initiative in organizing a party for the performance of the
ceremony. This man was called the Father. His party comprised
from 20 to 100 persons, and represented the well-to-do class in the
tribe, the requisites for the ceremony being of such a character that
only skillful hunters and thrifty households could supply them. The
second group, called the Children, was made up of the relatives of the
man chosen b.y the Father to receive the visiting party of the Fathers.
The leader of this group of Children was called the Son. Each of
the two groups, as well as the leaders of each group, had peculiar

FLETCHER] PERSONNEL OF THE CEREMONY 19

duties throughout the ceremony. Eaeli had a special place iu the
lodge, and was the recipient of peculiar benefits supposed to be derived
from the ceremony.

The Father was usually a chief, or a man prominent in the tribe,
who not only had accumulated property, but had a large following of
relatives who could contribute to the store of articles required for
these rites. The tribal standing of the Son was always equal to that
of the Father.

The Father selected a man from among those who had been taught
the rites and ri*' al songs to take charge of the ceremonj- from begin-
ning to end. Such a man was called Ku'rahus, and to him the entire
party was required to yield obedience in every particular. The
Ku'rahus chose an assistant, and also took with him a third jjerson,
a sort of acolyte, to whom he was teaching the rites.

If the Father was a chief, then he had to invite one other chief
to be of his party, to act as substitute whenever he was obliged to be
absent from his post of duty. If, however, the Father was not him-
self a chief, then it became necessary for him to secure the attend-
ance of two chiefs, one to act as substitute for the other, as tlie
constant presence of a chief was required throughout the ceremony.

The priest who had charge of the shrine sacred to rain was also of
the Father's party. It was his duty to furnish the pipe and conduct
the ceremony of offering smoke to Tira'wa. The Father's party also
included two doctors, men who had received a knowledge of healing
plants, either directly through visions or by initiation into certain
rites by which this knowledge was communicated. Each was required
to bring an eagle's wing, one the right wing and the other the left.
The wing of the eagle is the oflicial mark of a doctor. The Father
must also secure a number of singers, whose duty it was to carry the
drum and act as a choir to accompanj'^ the Ku'rahus, who always led
the singing. The rest of the party of the Father was made iip of his
kindred, with such of his friends as might desire to contribute to the
required food and gifts and thus to become entitled to share in the
return gifts made to the Fathers bj^ the Children.

The preliminary ceremonies (the first three rituals) took place at
the lodge of the Father, and from it the party of the Fathers started
on its journey.

Requisites of the Ceremony and their Symbolism

The objects peculiar to this ceremony were two feathered stems
about a meter in length, made of ash wood. They were rounded and
smoothed, and the pith was burned out to leave an opening for the
breath to pass, as through a iiipestem. One of these stems was
named Raha'katittn, from ra, the, this one; ha=hak, a part of the
word hakkow, breathing mouth of wood, the k being dropped for
euphony (see translation of hawkowpirus, drum, page 17) ; katit, dark,

20 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMOKY [kth. ann. 22

brown, or black; tu = ruru, moving, the change of the r to t being for
euphony. The translation of the whole word would be, the breath-
ing moutli of wood with the dai-k moving feathers. The other stem
was named Rahak'takaru, from ra, the, this one; liak, from hakkow,
breathing mouth of wood; taka, white; ru, from ruru, moving or
swaying. The translation of the whole word would be, the breath-
ing moutii of wood with the white moving or waving feathers.

Associated with these two feathered stems, and sharing with them
the prominent place in the rites, was an ear of white corn. In addi-
tion there were required two small, round, straight sticks from the
plum tree;, a crotched stick, also of the plum tree; feathers from the
tail of an owl and from the wings and tail of an eagle; two entire wings
of an eagle; the heads of two woodpeckers; the head, neck, and breast
of two ducks; a wildcat skin; a shell; two wooden bowls; a braid of
buffalo hair; a braid of sweet grass; blue, green, and red clay; fat
from a deer or buffalo, the animal having been consecrated; the
nest of an oriole.

The claj's, the fat, and the oriole's nest were furnished by the
Ku'rahus. The nest was kept in secret and not allowed to be seen.
All the articles except those furnished by the Ku'rahus were provided
by the Father. Besides these he had to secure robes, ornamented
garments, and regalia for the ceremonial clothing of the Son, his mes-
senger, and his little child ; also gifts to be bestowed on the entire party
of the Children. He was assisted by contributions from the relatives
and friends who had agreed to share with him the responsibilities and
the rewards attending this ceremony. Food for the entertainment of
the Children as well as for the nuxintenance of the Fathers during
their absence from home had also to be provided.

It was the duty of the Son, the leader of the group called the Chil-
dren, to provide a spacious lodge wherein the ceremony could take
place, and also a proper camping site for all who accompanied the
Fathers. He had also to .secure the requisite return gifts to be made
to the Fathers.

Each of the articles used in the ceremony had a general sj^mbolism
well known to the people, but their special .significance was peculiar
to these rites.

The feathered stem Raha'katittu (plate Lxxxvi, page .'38) was painted
blue to symbolize the sky, the abode of Tira'wahut, the circle of the
lesser powers. A long .straight groove running its length was painted
red, the symbol of life. The red groove was the path along which
the spirits of the various birds traveled on their way to bring help.

Three split feathers from an eagle's wing were fastened to the stem
as to an arrow, to give sure flight to the symbol-freighted stem. On
it was tied the fan-shaped pendant of ten feathers from the mature
brown or golden eagle. This eagle was called Kawas in the Hako
ceremony. It represented the mother and led in certain of the rites.
It is this feathered stem that was carried by the Ku'rahus. This eagle

FLETCHER] THE FEATHERED STEMS 21

is consecrated to the powers; it soars near their abode and i.s a medium
of communication between them and man.

The woodpecker's head was fastened near the mouthpiece end of the
feathered stem, the upper mandible turned back over the red crest
and painted blue. This treatment of the upper mandible had a double
significance. The red crest, which rises when the bird is angry, was
here held down; it must not rise. The blue paint represented the
clear, cloudless sky. The woodpecker has the favor of the storm gods
and can avert from man the disaster of tempest and of lightning.
The owl feathers were tied near the middle of the feathered stem.
This bird has power to help and protect during the night. Soft blue
feathers were fastened around the mouthpiece end. These blue
feathers symbolized the clear sky, and it is this end which was always
upward toward the abode of the powers.

Tlie other end of the stem was thrust through the breast, neck, and
mandibles of the duck. It was by this end that the feathered stem
was held. The duck is familiar with the pathless air and water and
is also at home on the land, knowing its streams and springs. It is
the unerring guide.

The red and white streamers represented the sun and the moon,
day and night. These were made of red cloth and dyed horsehair and
white cotton cord, but it is said that formerly soft deerskin strips
painted red and twisted hair from the white rabbit were used.

The other feathered stem, Rahak'takaru (plate lxxxvii, page 40),
differed from the first feathered stem already described in two par-
ticulars, namely, it was painted green, to symbolize the earth, and
the fan-shaped pendant was made of seven tail feathers from the
white eagle (the young brown or golden eagle; see page 288). This
eagle was not consecrated. It rejiresented th male, the father, the
warrior, and the defender. This feathered sj ?m was carried by the
Ku'rahus's assistant, and it was never allowec to be next to the Chil-
dren; its place was always on the outside. Thei-e, it was explained,
it could do no harm, could rouse no contention, but would serve to
protect and defend.

I have many times remarked the reverence felt toward the feathered
stems. Their sacred character seemed always to be remembered and
they were never handled carelessly. During the entire time that I
was engaged with Tahirilssawichi on tliis ceremonj' he never allowed
the feathered stems to be placed on tlie floor or laid on a chair; they
were always carefully deposited on the wildcat skin with a decorum
that was not once abated. I have seen manifested among the tribes
not only reverence toward these saCred symbols, but an affection that
was not displayed toward any other objects. Few persons ever spoke
to me of them without a brightening of the eyes. " Thej' make us
happy," was a common saying.

They were preserved intact and passed from tribe to trilje as long
as they held together, and they were sometimes freshened and

22 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CERf:MONY [etic. anx. 22

repaii'eil. Tliis tiHiisfer of the feathered stems from tribe to tribe
tended to preserve the model unchanged. Sometimes the Son did not
care to part with the feathered stems leftMith him, so when he inaug-
urated a party and was to be the Father he liad a new set made. It
was a matter of pride with some not to use again feathered stems
that had once seen .service.

The ear of wliite corn (plate LXXXViii, page 44), called Atira,
Motliei'," represented the fruitfulness of the earth. The tip end was
Ijainted blue to represent tlie dome of the sky, the dwelling place of the
powers, and four blue equidistant lines, running halfwaj' down the
ear, wei'e the four paths along which the powers descended to minister
to man.

The two straiglit sticks cut from the plum tree were bound to the
ear of corn by a braid of buffalo hair. One stick projected above the
til? of the ear about a hand's breadth, and tlie other extended about
the same length below the butt; the lower end of this stick was pointed
so that it could be thrust into the ground to hold tlie ear of coi-n in
an upriglit position. To the other stick was tied a white, downy eagle
feather. Tliis feather had a double significance: It repi'esented the
high, white clouds that float near the dome of the sky wliere the powers
dwell, thus indicating their presence with the corn. It also stood for
the tassel of the cornstalk. The feather here refers to the male prin-
ciple, the corn to the female. The plum-tree wood was chosen for the
sticks because the tree is prolific of fruit. It symbolized a praj^er for
abundance.

The braid of buffalo hair represented the animal whicli sujiplied
food and clothing for the people.

The two gourd rattles (plate Lxxxix, page iC>) represented the gift
of the squash to man and the breast of the mother. Around the mid-
dle of each a l)hie circle was painted from wliieh depended four equi-
distant lines of the .same color. The circle represented the base of
the dome of the sky, and the four lines the four paths descending
therefrom to earth.

The crotched stick (plate xc, page 48) used to support one end of
tlie feathered stems when they were laid at ceremonial rest was sig-
nificant of the fork in the tree wliere the eagle builds its nest. The
use of the plum tree for tliis crotched stick expres.sed the desii-e for
many young in the nest.

Tlie sacred ointment with which tlie plum-tree sticks were anointed
was made from the fat of the deer or butTalo mixed with I'ed clay.
The fat was taken from an animal that had been consecrated through
certain prescribed rites wliicli recognized man's dependence upon the
powers for the gift of food. Fat symbolized plenty. Ritual songs
speak of paths dropping fatness, referring to the trails made by those
who carried the dressed meat, from the hunting fields to the camp ; such

"The common term f. >r corn, uaksu, was iiiit used in the ceremony.

FLETCHER] SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WILDCAT SKIN 23

a path would Ix- str.ewii witli drops of fat. Red is the color typical of
life. The ointment signified a prayer for abundance and life.

The wildcat skin (plate xc, page 48) served as a covering for these
oli.jects when they were to be wrapped up and it was always spread
on the ground for them to rest on.

The significance of the wildcat in this ceremony is of peculiar inter-
est. This animal, we are told, never misses his prey, uever fails to
attain the object of his pursuit, and accomplishes this end quietly,
tactfully, without arousing antagonism. From conversations with the
Ku'rahus it became clear that it was these qualities and not the
savageness and stealthly cruelty of the animal that were to be kept
in mind. To 1)e able to accomplish a purpose without offending, with-
out raising opposition, seems to have been regarded as the special
attribute vouchsafed by Tira'wa to the wildcat. It is because of this
attribute that it was chosen to be always with the sticred objects during
this ceremony. The sacred objects symbolized not only an appeal from
man to certain powers, but the presence of the powers themselves, while
the nature of the appeal, a desire for children, long life, and plenty, was
such that the enjoyment of the benefits craved must depend largely
on the successful exercise by man of those qualities which were
regarded as characteristic of the wildcat. So the skin of the wildcat
was the cover of the sacred objects when thej' were wrapi)ed up; it
was spread on the ground as their guard and support when they were
laid at ceremonial rest, and when they were carried about the lodge
during the ceremony it was borne by the chief, who walked between
the Kurahus and his assistant, each of whom held a feathered stem.

Only a chief could carry the wildcat skin and the ear of corn. There-
fore, if the Father was not himself a chief he had to secure the service
of one in order that the wildcat could be borne by a man possessing
the authority of a ruler in the tribe. As the wildcat stood for the
ability to accomijlish a purpose with tact and without exciting opposi-
tion, qualities essential to the successful ruler, it would seem that the
imperative association of the wildcat with a chief was intended to con-
vey the idea that onh' under the administration of such a man could
the tribe have internal peace and enjoy the abundance and prosperity
represented by Mother Corn.

As every article belonging to the ceremony and the position and
movements of those who conducted the rites had a special signifi-
cance, the position given to the wildcat, as explained by the Kurahus,
reveals the mind of the native in regai'd to this animal, which figures
conspicuously in other rites and ceremonies, and which controls one
of the sacred shrines of the Chaui band of the Pawnee tribe.

Time of the Ceremony

There was no stated time for the perfoi-mance of the Hako ceremonj-.
It was not connected with planting or harvesting, hunting, oi- war, or
any tribal festival. The Ku'rahus said, "We take up the Hako in

24 ' THE HAKU, A PAWNEE CEREMONY fuTH. ann. 22

the-spring when the birds are mating, or in the suiniiier wlien the
birds are nesting and caring for their young, or in tlie fall when the
birds are floclcing, but not in the winter when all things are asleep.
With the Halco we are praying for the gift of life, of strength, of
plenty, and of peace, so we must pray when life is stirring everywhere."

Scheme of the Ceremony

According to the Ku'rahus, no change in the order of rites or songs
was permitted. The reason for this requirement becomes clear when
we .study the ceremony itself. Its fundamental ideas and teachings,
which are among the most important for the welfare of the people, are
steadily unfolded from the initial rite to the final act through a long
series of observances which are replete with detail and accompanied
by nearly one hundred songs, yet all these different jjarts are so closely
articulated that any variation of relationship or any omission would
be disastrous to the structure.

The Hako consists of the Preparation and the Ceremony.

The. Preparation
First division. Initial rites.

First ritual. Making the Hako:

Part I. Invoking the powers.

Part II. Preparing the feathered stems.

Part III. Painting the ear of com and preparing the other sacred objects.

Part IV. Offering of smoke.
Second ritnal. Prefiguring the journey to the Son.
Third ritual. Sending the messengers.
Fourth ritual:

Part I. Vivifying the sacred objects.

Part II. Mother Corn assumes leadership.

Part III. The Hako party presented to the Powers.
Second division. The journey.
Fiftli ritual:

Part I. Mother Corn asserts authority.

Part 11. Songs and ceremonies of the way.

Part III. Mother Corn reasserts leadership.
Third division. Entering the village of the Son and consecrating his lodge.
Sixth ritual:

Part I. The Son's messenger received.

Part II. The Hako party enter the village.
Seventh ritual:

Part I. Touching and crossing the threshold.

Part II. Consscrating the lodge.

Part III. Clothing the Son and offering smoke.

The Ceremoiij/

First division. The public ceremony.

Eighth ritual (first day). The Fathers feed the Children.
Ninth ritvial (first night). Invoking the visions.
Tenth ritual. The Dawn:

Part I. The birth of Dawn.

Part II. The Morning Star and the new-born Dawn.

FLETCHER] SCHEME OF THE CEREMONY 25

First division — continued.

Tenth ritual. The Dawn— cnntinued.

Part III. Daylight.

Part IV. The Children behold the day.
Eleventh ritual (second day). The male element invoked:

Part I. Chant to the Sun.

Part II. Day songs.
Twelfth ritual (second night) . The rites came by a vision.
(Tenth ritual. The Dawn. Repeated.)
Thirteenth ritual (third day). The female element invoked:

Part I. The sacred feast of Corn.

Part II. Song to the Earth.

Part III. Offering of smoke.

Part IV. Songs of the birds.
Fourteenth ritual (third night). Invoking the visions of the ancients.
Second division. The secret ceremonies.
Fifteenth ritual (fourth night):

Part I. The flocking of the birds.

Part II. The si-xteen circuits of the lodge.
Sixteenth ritual (fifth day, dawn):

Part I. Seeking the child.

Part II. Symbolic inception.

Part III. Action symbolizing life.
Seventeenth ritual:

Part I. Touching the child.

Part II. Anointing the child.

Part III. Painting the child.

Part IV. Putting on the symlxsls.
Eighteenth ritual. Fulfilment prefigured.

Part I. Making the nest.

Part II. Symbolic fulfilment.

Part III. Thank offering.
Third division. The dance of thanks.
Nineteenth ritual:

Part I. The call to the Children.

Part II. The dance and reception of gifts.
Fourth division. The presentation of the Hako.
Twentieth ritual:

Part I. Blessing the child.

Part II. Presenting the Hako to the Son and thanks to the Chihlren.
There are four rituals which can be interijolated during the prog-
ress of the public ceremony, namely:

Incidental Rituals
Comforting the child.
Prayer to avert storms.
Prayer ! or the gift of children.
Changing a man's name.

In tlie following pages the rituals and the explanations are presented
as they were given by Tahirussawichi. His descriptions are full of
detail, with frequent repetitions, but as every article is symbolic and
every movement has a meaning, this repetition is essential to an
understanding of the ceremony as it appeals to the Pawnee, and it has
been deemed best not to change liis method or inti'oduce comments.

TITE TIAKO
TIIK PREPARATIOX

Exphninlidii 111/ flir Kii' riiliNS

The ceremony of tli(^ Ihiko is a prayer for children, in order that
tlie tribe may increase and l>e strong; and also that the people may
have long life, enjoy plentj% and be happy and at peace.

The articles that are used in the ceremony can be prepared only
under the direction and super^'isi()n of a man who has been taught
the sacred songs in their sequence and instructed as to their meaning.
Such a man is called Ku'rahus, which means a man of years, vene-
rated for his knowledge and experience.

When a man intends to inaugurate a party for the performance of
this ceremony, he selects a Ku r;dius to have complete charge of it,
and fixes a day when the preliminarj- rites are to be performed. On
that day the Ku'rahus goes into the sweat lodge and there purifies
himself. When he has come out of the sweat 1)ath and has cooled off
a little, he places sweet grass on a small pile of coals. Then he sits
down (on his heels) cand draws a robe about himself and the coals, so
that the smoke of the sweet grass may reach everj^ part of his liody.
He then takes a bit of fat which has been pre.served from a deer or
buffalo consecrated toTira'wa, and mixes it with red paint and anoints
himself. Then he puts on his leggings and moccasins, and a buffalo
robe, with the hair outside, tying it about the waist with a rope made
of l)ufEalo hair, He fastens a white, downy eagle feather in his scalp
lock and goes to the lodge of the man who has inaugurated the part.y.
He takes with him a man as assistant; he is also accompanied by
another man, who is learning the songs and the details of the cere-
mony, preparatory to becoming himself able to conduct this rite, but
whose present duty is to minister to the wants of the Ku'rahus.

At the lodge the chiefs and leading men of the village have been
assembled, with those who have agreed to l)e of the pai'ty and have
contributed the requisite gifts. This lodge has been swept clean and
put in order for the occasion. The Ku'rahus takes hi.s seat at the
west end of the lodge, facing the east, and before him, spread out on
a mat, are the materials for the preparation of the ceremonial articles.

After the Ku'rahus has begun to sing the songs belonging to the act
of preparing these articles there must be no coming in or going out
of the lodge, and no one can move from his place until this (the first
ritual) has been completed An exception is made in the case of two
men who are sent out by the Ku'i-ahus to cut and bring in two sticks
of ash. They go out during the singing of a certain stanza of the first
song and must return while another particular stanza of the same
song is being sung.
26

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT PL LXXXIV

THE KURAHUS IN CEREMONIAL DRESS
(TO ILLUSTRATE "HAKO,A PAWNEE CEREMONY," BY A.C.FLETCH ER )

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT PL. LXXXV

THE KURAHUS IN CEREMONIAL DRESS
(TO ILLUSTRATE "HAKO,A PAWNEE CEREMONY," BY A.C.FLETCH ER )

FLKTCHKKJ

FIRST KITUAL, FAKT I

First Division. Initial Rites

first ritual. makin(4 the hako

Paut I. Invoking the Powers

ExplaiioJiiiii III/ ihe Kii' nihits

At the ereiitiou of the world it was arranged that there should be
lesser powers. Tira'wa atius, the mighty power, couki not come near
to man, eonld not be seen or felt by him, therefore lesser powers were
permitted. The}' were to mediate lietween man and Tira'wa. The
first song mentions some of these lesser powers in the order in which
thej' come near to man, in the order of their creation.

SONO

[I'()/-(/.s- mill ^fiisir

M. M. ^S = ]26.

- = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

fciE3r

Pfi^Ei^i^^

He- ru!

A-wa

liok-sliii. lie!

ha-re, 'ha - re,

13=^

L'eT''
I i

1 Ho-o-o!

2 I hare, 'hare, 'ahe!

3 Ihare. 'hare, "ahel

4 Hern I Awahokshn.

5 I have. 'hare, 'ahe!

He!

Ho-o-ol

I hare.

"hare, "ahe!

Ihare.

'hare, "ahe!

Hern:

Hotorvi. He!

Ihare.

hare, 'ahe!

Ill

Ho-o-ol

Ihare,

"hare, "ahe!

Ihare,

"hare, 'ahe!

Hern!

Shakuni. He!

Ihare,

"hare, "ahe!

Hi Ho-o-o!

17 Ihare, 'hare, "ahe!

18 Ihai'e, "hare, "ahe!

19 Heru! H'Uraru. He!

20 Ihare. "hare, "ahe!

21 Ho-o-o!

22 Ihare, "hare, "ahe!

23 Ihare, 'hare, "ahe!

24 Hern! Toharn. He!

25 Ihare. 'hare, 'ahe!

VI
20 Ho-o-o!

27 Ihare, 'hare, 'ahe!

28 Ihare, 'hare, "ahe!

29 Hervi! Chaharu. He!
80 I hare, "hare, 'ahe!

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

VII

31 Ho-o-o!

32 I'hare, hare, 'ahe!

33 I'hare. 'hare, ahe!

34 Hem! Kusharu. He!
3.") I'hare, hare, "ahe!

VIII

Ho-o-o!

I'hare, hare, "ahe!

I'hare. "hare, "ahe!

Hem! H'Akaru.

He!

4(1

I hare, 'hare, 'ahe!

41 Ho-o-o!

42 J'hare, 'hare, "ahe!

43 I'hare, 'hare, 'ahe!

44 Heru! Keharu. He!

45 rhare, "hare, 'ahe!

46 Ho-o-o!

47 I hare, 'hare, 'ahe!

48 I'hare, 'hare, "ahe!

49 Heru! Kataharu. He!

50 I hare, "hare, "ahe!

51 Ho-o-o!

52 I'hare, 'hare, "ahe!

53 I hare. "hare, "ahe!

54 Heru! Kekaru. He!

55 I'hare, 'hare, "ahe!

XII

56 Ho-o-o!

57 I'hare, "hare, "ahe!

58 I'hare, "hare, "ahe!

59 Hern! Koritu. He!

60 I hare. "hare, "ahe!

XIII

61 Ho-o-o!

62 I'hare, "hare, "ahe!

63 I'hare, "hare, "ahe!

64 Heru! Hiwaturu.

65 I'hare, "hare, 'ahe!

He!

Traiisldtioii (if First Stanza

1 lIo-()-oI An exclamation introductory to the .song.
'1 I hare, 'hare, 'ahe!

i'hare! an exclamation that conveys the intimation that some-
thing is presented to the mind on wliich one mu.st reflect,
must consider its significance and its teaching,
'hare! an abbreviation of the word i'hare.

'ahe! an abbreviation of the word i'hare. The change of the r
to li is for greater ease in singing.

3 See line i.

4 Heru! Awahokshn. He!

heru! an exclamation of reverent feeling, as when one is

approaching something sacred.
Awahokshu, a composite word; awa is a part of Tira'wa, the

supernatural powers, and hokshu meiins sacred, holy; thus

the word Awahokshu means the abode of the supernatural

powers, the holj- place where they dwell,
he! a part of the exclamation i'hare, the change of the r to an h

being for tlie .same reason as the similar change in 'ahe.

See line 2.

5 See line 2.

FLETCHER] FIRST RITUAL, PART I 29

Explanation hy the Kn'ralius

I'liare is an exclamation, as wlien one suddenly remeinljers some-
thing of wliich he has been unmindful, because other things demanded
his attention. The mind having been recalled to the subject, now
appreciates its importance, gives it complete attention, and becomes
absorbed by it. The word means, I remember, I perceive, I give heed.

The repetition of the word as we sing "I'hare, 'hare, 'ahe!" indi-
cates that our minds are dwelling upon the subject brought to our
attention.

Heru is an exclamation of reverence, in recognition of a i)lace where
prayers can be sent and whence help can come to us.

Awahokshu is that place — the place where Tira'wa atius, the mighty
power, dwells. Below are the lesser powers, to wliom man can appeal
directly, whom he can see and hear and feel, and who can come near
him. Tira'wahut is the great circle in the sky where these lesser
powers dwell. They are like deputies or attributes of Tira'wa atius.
The North Star and the Brown Eagle are among these lesser power's.
A number of them are mentioned in this song and in the order in
which they come near to man. We begin by calling upon Tira'wa
atius, the father of all, but we do not address the power directly; we
mention the holy place where the power dwells, Awahokshu, and send
our thoughts and our voice there, that our cry may reach those who
have the ability to come to us and to help us.

I'hare, "hare, 'ahe means that our minds are dwelling on our appeal
to the jjowers.

Translation of Second Stanza

6, 7, 8 See the first stanza, lines 1, 2, :i.

9 Heru! Hotoru. He!

heru ! an exclamation of reverence. See the first stanza, line 4.

Hotoru, tlie Winds, those that stand at the four cardinal points.
This term is not used in ordinary speech. It refers to the
supernatural powers, the Winds. The common word for wind
is utawiu; windy, tihota.

he! part of i'hai'e! give heed! See the first stanza, line -t.

10 See the first stanza, line 2.

Explanation by the Ku'7-ahns

I'hare I have explained already. It always means the same, the
arresting and fixing of the mind upon a subject of importance.

Heru! Hoturu. He! we exclaim, as we call on Hotoru. Hotoru, the
Winds, were the first of the lesser powers to come near to man, so
they are the first to be mentioned in this appeal. They are iiivisi-
ble, but they are very strong (efficient) ; thej' are from the breath of
Tira'wa and they give life to man. They stand at the four directions
(cardinal points) and guard the paths tliat are there, the paths down

30 THE HAKU, A PAWNEE CEREMONY (eth. ann. 22

which tlie lesser powers must travel when they descend to brinf^ help
to man.

In this stanza, we remember the power given l)y Tira'wa to the
Winds, and we cry to Hotoru to come and give their help to us at this
time, to give life to the sacred articles about to be prepared for the
ceremony of the Ilako.

I'hare, 'hare 'ahe means, as we sing it this time, that we aic leflect-
ing upon Hotoru, we are thinking of all that they bring to man, the
breath by which he lives.

The Winds are always near us by night and by daj'.

Translation af Third Stanza

11, 1-, 13 See the first stanza, lines 1, 2, .3.

14 Ileru! Shakuru. He!

herul an exclamation of reverence. See the first stanza, liue-l.

Sliakuru, the Sun. This word is not used in ordinary speech;
it refers to the supernatural power, the Sun, in its relation to
man. The common term for sun is ti'rasakariki, sun stand-
ing.

he! part of i'hare! give heed! See the first stanza, line 4.

15 See the first stanza, line 2. The words in this line have special

reference to the mind dwelling seriouslj- upon Shakuru.

Explanation by the Kn'ralius

Shakuru, the Sun, is the first of the visible powers to be mentioned.
It is very potent; it gives man health, vitality, and strength. Because
of its ixiwer to make things grow, Shakuru is sometimes spoken of
as atius, father. The Sun comes direct from the miglity i^ower al)ove;
that gives it its great potency.

As we sing this stanza, we think of all that the Sun can do for us
and we ciy to it, to come now and give potentiality to the sacred
articles about to be made ready for use in this ceremony.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

l<j, 17, 18 See the first stanza, lines 1, 2, 3.

19 Hern! H'Uraru. He!

heru! an exclamation of reverence. See the first stanza, line Jr.

h', the sign of breath; "breathing life."

Uraru, the Earth. This term is not iised in ordinary speech;
the common name for the earth is kahoraru. H'Uraru refers
to the supernatural power tliat belongs to the earth, the
power to bring forth.

he! part of i'hare! give heed! See the first stanza, line 4.

20 See the first stanza, line 2. In the last line of the stanza the

word i'hare implies reflection: " We reflect on H'Uraru! "

FLETCHER] FIRST RITUAL, PART I 31

E.vplaiiafion h;/ Ihe Kit' rahuti

H'Uraru, the Earth, is tlie lesser power we cry to next. The Earth is
very near to man ; we speak of her as Atira, Mother, because she brings
forth. From the Earth we get onr food; we lie clown on her; we live
and walk on her ; we could not exist witliout her, as we could not bi'eathe
without Hotoru (the Winds) or grow without Shakuru (the Sun).

Mother Earth is very potent to help man and now we cry to her to
come near and give potentiality to the sacred articles we are about to
prepare.

We reverently reflect upon all that Motlier Earth does for us.

Translation of Fifth Stanza

21, 22, 23 See the first stauza, lines 1, 2, 3.

24 Heru! Toharu. He!

heru ! an exclamation of reverence. See the first stanza, line i.

Toharu, the living covering of the earth, no special form being
indicated; a general term for vegetation, but implying the
supernatural power manifested therein. Katoha'ru, trees.

he! part of i'hare! give heed! See the first stanza, line 4.

25 See lines 2 and 20. " We reflect on Tohai-u! "

Explanation Inj the Kit'rahus

Toharu means all the things that Mother Earth brings forth (all
forms of vegetation); these ai-e man.y. They are very necessary to
man and they bring him much helj). They too .are lesser powers,
though not so potent as some of the others. From them we get our
food ; from them comes the grass upon which the animals feed — the
animals which supply clothing and food; from them come the trees
which are very necessary to us. They have a part in this ceremony.

As we sing we think upon all that Toharu gives us and we cry to
this power to come near, for without the help of Toharu some of the
sacred articles required for this ceremony could not be obtained.

At this stanza the two men who have been selected to cut the two
sticks of ash arise and go out of the lodge to perform this duty. The
ash tree has been chosen beforehand, but the two men must cut the
sticks when they go out at this time.

We stop between the stanzas of the song that this act may be
performed.

32 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. akk. 82

Trcuislafinii nf Si.rth Stanza

26, 27, 28 See lines 1, 2, 3.

29 Heru! Chaharu. He!

hern I an exclamation of i-everence. See line 4.

Chahai'u, Water. This term applies to the supernatural power

of the water; it is not used in ordinary speech; the common

woi'd for water is kii'tzu.
he! part of i'hare! give heed! See line 4.

30 See lines 2 and 20. "We reflect on Chaharu."

Explanation Jiy the Ku'rahus

Chaharu, Water, is one of the lesser powers. Water is very neces-
sarj' to the life of man and all living things. The Winds, the Sun,
the Earth, the Vegetation, and the Water are the five lesser powers
through which the life of our bodies is maintained. We crj- to Cha-
haru to come near and give life to the sacred articles about to be
prepared.

I told you that these stanzas are in the order of creation. The
powers are mentioned in the order in which they come near to man
and enable him to live and to keep alive. As we sing we reflect upon
our dependence on these lesser powers.

Water is employed only for sacred purposes in this ceremonj-. It
can not be used in any ordinary way from the time we begin the
singing of these songs to the end of the entire ceremony. A man can
drink water to sustain his life, but he can not touch it for any other
pui-pose. He can not go swimming, nor can he step into water with-
out first performing certain rites. It is difficult to abstain so long
from the use of water, but it must be done or we shall suffer punish-
ment for our profanation. We shall have storms, the sky will be
filled with clouds, there will be obstructions between us and the
place where the powers above dwell — those whom we invoke in this
ceremony.

I have known of instances where some of the men of the party
sneaked out of the camj» during this ceremony, went to a stream and
washed, or jumped in and took a swim, and the result was a storm
that brought great distress upon the people.

Translation of Sere nth Stanza

31, 32, 33 See lines 1, 2, 3.

34 Heru! Kusharu. He!

heru! an exclamation of reverence. See line 4.

Kusharu, a j)lace set apart for sacred purposes and made holy.

he! part of i'hare! give heed! See line 4.

35 See lines 2 and 20. ' ' We reflect on Kusharu ! "

FLETCHERJ FIRST KITUAL, PAKT I 33

Explanation bij the Ku'rahus

The first act of a man must be to set apart a place that can be
made sacred and holy, that can be consecrated to Tira'wa; a place
where a man can be quiet and tliink — think about the mighty power
and the place where the lesser powers dwell; a j)lace whei-e a man
can put his sacred articles, those objects which enable him to api^roach
the iiowers. Kusharu means such a place.

In this stanza we are taugiit that before a man can build a dwelling
he must select a spot and make it sacred and then, about that conse-
crated spot, he can erect a dwelling where his family can live peace-
ably. Kusharu rei^resents the place where a man can seek the lowers
and where the powers can come near to man. Sucli a place is neces-
sary for all ceremonies.

"We are now to set aside a place where we shall put the sacred arti-
cles we are to prepare and make it holj". We are not only thinking
of the holy place where we shall lay the sacred articles, but we think
of all that holy place will mean. It will represent the place where
new life will be given.

Translation, of JUighfh Stanza
36, 37, 38 See lines 1, 2, 3.

39 Ileru! H' Akaru. He!

hern ! an exclamation of reverence. See line 4.

h', the sign of breath, the giving of life.

Akaru , a modified form of akaro, a dwelling place ; the earth lodge
with its dome-shaped roof is likened to the stretch of land
bounded by the horizon and roofed by the dome of the sky.

he! part of i'hare! give heed! See line i.

40 See lines 2 and 20. " We reflect on H' Akaru ! "

Explanation by the Ku'rahus
In this stanza we are told to think of tlie dwelling place Tira'wa has
given to man. Upon this place man must build a lodge in accordance
with the rites given to our fathers. It is bj' the observance of these
rites in the building of a lodge that life is given to the dwelling and
it is made a place where the lesser powers can come to those who dwell
therein. H' Akaru means the giving of life to the dwelling place.

Translation of Ninth Stanza
41, 42, 43 See lines 1, 2, 3.

44 Heru! Keharu. He!

heru ! an exclamation of reverence. See line 4.

Keharu, an enclosure, as a room, having walls and i-oof, like

an earth lodge. The word does not refer to any enclosure

or lodge, but is typical in its meaning,
he! part of i'hare! give heed! See line 4.

45 See lines 2 and 20. "We reflect on Keharu! "

22 ETH— PT 2—04 3

34 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. iB

Explanation hi/ flu Ka'rahus

As we siug this stauza we think of the lodge erected about the lioly
place in accordance with the rites given to our fathers upon the earth,
which Tirawa made to be our dwelling place.

In such a lodge this ceremony must take ijlace, and as we sing we
ask that the lodge in which we are assembled to prepare the sacred
articles may 1)0 kept free from all hurtful influences and that the lesser
powers which bringlife and strength may come near us as we sit within.

We also think of the lodge to which we will go for the furtli(-r \H-r-
forinance of this ceremony, for we desire that the presence of the lesser
powers may be there also.

In this ceremony the lodge represents the nest, the place whei'e the
young are enclosed. They are i)rotected by the male; the male eagle
guards his nest; within its walls there is safety.

Translation of Tenth Stanza

4G, 47, 48 See lines 1, 2, 3.

49 Heru! Kataharu. He!

heru I an exclamation of reverence. See line 4.

Kataharu, part of the word itkataharu, fireplace. The dropping
of the initial syllable, it, changes the meaning; the word here
refers to the place where fire is to be kindled in the sacred
manner for the performance of sacred rites.

he! part of i'hare! give heed! See line 4.

50 See lines 2 and :?0. "We reflect on Kataharu!"

Explanation In/ the Kn'ralins

As we sing this stanza we think of the place set apart for the kin-
dling of fire after the manner taught our fathers, bj- rubbing two
sticks together. Fire kindled in this way is sacred; it comes direct
from the power granted to Toharu (Vegetation), in answer to man's
appeal as he rubs the sticks. The sticks used to make this fire are
kept in a shrine.

The sacred fire must come in a place set apart for it. All sacred
things must have their place. Kataharu is tiie place set apart for the
sacred fire, where it can come and bring good to man: without it he
could hardly live. We make the fire in the center of the lodge, where
all within can share in its lienefits.

As I told you, the lodge in this ceremony represents the nest where
the joung are cared for and protected. The male eagle protects the
nest, the female eagle broods over it, and there she nourishes her
young. As we are asking for the gift of children to bind the people
togethei- as one family, so we sing about the fireplace, that fire may
come as we prepare the sacred articles.

FLETCHER] FIRST RITUAL, PART I 35

Wlieii we sing this slauza, the two men who were sent out to cut
the sticks of ash must return. After they enter they are told to sit
on the east side of tlie firephice. There they must sit, each man
holding his stick.

TransJdtion of Eleventh. Stanza

51, 52, 53 See lines 1, 2, o.

54 Heru! Kekaru. He!

heru I an exclaniiitiou of reverence. See Hue 4.

Kekaru, glowing coals; that is, the glow of the igniting wood

before it bursts into flames,
he I part of i'harel give heed! See line 4.

55 See lines 2 and 20. "We reflect on Keharu! "

Exjjl(iniiti(in liij tilt Ku' ritluts

As we sing this stanza we rul) the sticks to make the sacred Are
come, and we think of the lesser power tliat is making itself seen in
the glowing wood.

Transliitioii tif Tivetftit Stanza

56, 57, 58 See lines 1, 2, 3.
59 Heru! Koritu. He!

heru! an exclamation of reverence. See line 4.

Koritu, flames.

he! part of i'harel give heed! See line 4.
00 See lines 2 and 20. " We reflect on Koritu!"

Explanation hi/ thr Kn'rahus

When the flame leaps from the glowing wood it is the word of tlie
fire. The power has come near.

As we sing we think upon Koritu, the word of the fire, and we ask
it to enter into and remain with the sacred articles we are about to
prepare, for they are to speak.

While we are singing the two men with the two ash sticks hold
them over the fire, to warm and straighten them. Then they cut
them to the re(iuire(l length, four spans from the thumb to tlie third
finger. Next the.y peel and scrape the slicks, and remove the pith by
boring tliem through from end to end, so that the breath can i)ass unob-
structed (the boring used to lie done witli a reed, but now the pith is
burned out with a wire). The men next cut a straight groove the
entire length of each stick. When all this has been d<jne, the scrap-
ings and every particle of the ash wood are carefully placed on the fli-e,
and as the flames arise the two sticks are passed through the blaze,
that the word of the fire may enter and be with them.

The two men, each with a stick, pass from the east, where they
have been standing, and take their places one on the north and the

THE HAKO, A I^AWNEE CEREMONY

[KTH. ANN. 22

other on the south of the Ku'rahus, where he sits in the west, and
there these stems are decorated in tlie manner tanght by our fathers
(figure 171).

EAST
1

Flo. 171. Diagram of the Father's lodge during the decoratiou of the feathered stems.

1, the entrance to the lodge; 2, the fireplace; 3, inner posts supporting the dome-shaped roof;
4, the holy place; 5, the Ku'rahus; 6, his assistant; 7, the man with the blue feathered stem:
8. the man with the green feathered stem; 9, the server; 10. members of the Hako party.

Tmnslatioii of Tlihieeiifli Stanza

Gl, 63, G3 See lines 1, 2, 3.

64 Hern! Hiwaturu. He!

heru! an exclamation of reverence. See line 4.

Hiwaturu, the entranceway to the lodge. Hiwaturu is com-
posed of a part of the words huttuniru, a road, and hiwa, a
hollow or depression. The word hiwaturu imjilies a sunken
pathwaj'.

he I part of i'harel give heed! See line 4.

65 See lines 3 and 20. " We reflect on Hiwaturu."

FLETCHERl

FIBST RITUAL, PART II

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

We sing of the entranceway of the lodge because it is through this
way that man goes to and fro. It is the place made for all to enter
into the lodge; through it come those powers which are represented
on the sacred articles about to be prepared for the ceremonj- of the
Hako. Through it come the promises of the Ilako, and through it
the visions come.

The long passageway represents the days of man's life.

Part II. Preparing the Feathered Stems
Explanation by fJie Kn'ralma

Before the next song is sung the Ku'rahus prepares the l)lue paint
which is to be put on one of the sticks of ash. The water with which
the blue clay is mixed must be taken from a running stream. Water
from a spring or well can not be used. Running water represents
the continuity of life from one generation to another.

The paint is mixed in a white shell. The shell must be white; it
is used because it was once a living thing. It lived in the water; it
had no disease or sickness. As we use the shell we ask that disease
and sickness may be kejjt from us and that our life nuiy be long.

l>efoi-e the jjeople knew anything about vessels they used shells as
spoons and to put their food in. Tii-a'wa gave us the shells and gave
them long life and the power to keep away disease and sickness.

When the Ku'rahus has mixed the l)lue paint in the shell, he hands
it to the man at his left, who is sitting toward the north. This man
apjalies the mixture with his finger to the stick of ash, spreading the
paint over its entire length, but being very particular not to let any
of it get into the straight groove that runs from one end of the stick
to the other, while the following song is sung.

FIRST SONG

M. M. ;v-126.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

=£pr:

=§1

Ho-o-o-ol ir a - re - ri,
Drtim. pP pf f ' f

ii'a-re-ri. Hel H'a-re-

A A /\

li'a-i

li'a-re-

r r

h'a - re-ri. Hel 'Re-ri,h'a-

tj Lj t-- Lj

re-ri,

H' a-re - ri, h'a-re-ri. Hel

t r L: t ^ I

38 THE HAKU, A PAWNKE CEREMONY [eth. ANN.iH

66 Ho-o-o-ol

67 H"areri. h'areri. He I

68 H'areri, h'areri. }x'areri, reri. li'areri. He!

69 H'areri. h'areri. Hel

TO 'Reri, h'areri. h'areri. "reri, hareri. Hel
71 H'areri. h'areri. Hel

I'rd iikIiiI 11)11

6G Ho-o-o-ol Au introductory e-xi'lamation,

67 H'areri, h'areri. lie!

\\\ an aspiration, .synilxjlic of a l)reathin2: forth, as the .giving
of l)reath so that a thing may live.

areri, a part of tlie word irarihi, a particuhir place. The
change of the h in the final sjilable of the word to r when
the abbreviation areri is sung is for ease of utterance and
euphonj-,

h'areri. Translated above.

he! a part of the exclajnation i'harel meaning I think upon, I
give heed to the signiticance of the act which accompanies
this song. Tlic change of the initial r in the last syllable
of the word to an h, making it he, is for enphon}-,

68 H'areri, h'areri, h'areri, 'i-eri, h'areri, Hel

H'areri, h'areri, h'areri. See line 67.

"reri, a part of the abbreviation areri, translated above.

h'arei'i. He! See line (i7.

69 See line 07.

70 'Reri, h'areri, h'areri, 'reri, h'areri. He! See lines 67 and 68.

71 See line 67.

Expldudtiou 111/ Ihc Ku'rnhua

Blue is the color of the sky, the dwelling place of Tira'wahut, that
great circle of the powers which watch over man. As the man paints
the sti<-k blue we sing. We ask as we sing that life be given to this
symbol of the dwelling place of Tira'wa.

When the man has completed the painting of the stick he hands it
to the Ku'i-ahus, who has already mixed red ela>- with water from a
running stream in a shell, and he paints tlie stiaiglit groove red.
This groove is the path along which the spirits (»f all the thing.s that
are to be put upon this stick of ash may travel as they go foi-th to
give their hel}) during this ceremony. " H'ai-eri " is a prayer that the
sj-mbol may have life.

We paint the groove red because the passageway is red through
which man's breath comes and goes to give him life. The sun, too, is
red, and the groove represents the sti'aight path whereon the sun
shines, the path which man must travel if he would live in peace and
])rosper. The teachings of this ceremony make a straight path along
which if a man walks he will receive help from the powers.

(f)

>-"

£r

I—

KLKTrHEn]

FIRST KITUAL, PART II

Wlieu the Kii raliiis lias finished painting the groove, lie hands the
blue stem baek to the man on his left, toward the north, who holds it.

Before singing the second song the Kii'i'aluis prepares the green
paint to be used on the other stick of ash by the man on his right,
toward the south. The claj' is mixed in a shell with water taken from
a running stream. When it is readj' for use the Kurahus hands it to
the man on his right, who, with his finger, rubs the paint over the
ash .stick, being very careful not to get any of the green color into
the groove that runs the length of the stick.

When tlie man begins to paint the stick green this song is sung.

SECOND SONG

}V(}i-(].s mid 3Iusic

M. M. J -126.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed b_v Edwin S. Tracy.

■re - ri, 'lia-re! I' - li.-i-re re!H'a-re - ri; Hu - re

L-

U t

Lj UU L/L-L--

L*a^i^^^==8iii

H' a-re-ri, 'ha - re! I'

hare rel H' a - re - ri;

Lj U L' i

74
To
T6

H'arei'i. h'areri:
H'areri. 'harel I hare re!
'hare!

H'areri.
Hure-e !
H'areri,
Hure-e!

I hare re!

"hare! I hare re!

H'areri:
H'areri:

Translation
H'areri, h'areri.

h', an aspiration, a breathing forth. See the second song, line 67.
areri, an abbrexiation of the word irarihi, a particular or special

jilace. The change in the last syllable from hi to ri is for

euphony.
H'areri, 'hare! I'hare re!
h'areri. See lines 72 and 07.
'hare, a part of tlie word i'hare; an exclamation used to indicate

that something of serious import has been presented to the

mind and is being reflected upon. See line 2.
i'hare re. Translated above. The doubling of the last syllable

is to meet the requirements of the rhythm of the music.

40 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ass. 22

74 IPareri, 'hare! I'liare re! H'areri. All the words are trans-

lated above. See liues 72 and 73.

75 Hure-e! An abbreviation of the word haurae, coming fi'om above.

Tlie vowel changes and pi-olongation are for greater ease in
singing and also for euphony.
76, 77 See lines 74, 75.

Exjjlaiiatioti hy the Ku'rahus

The color green represents Toharu (Vegetation), the covering of
H'Ui'aru, Mother Earth. As we sing, we ask that life be breathed
into the symbol, that it may have power as we use these sacred arti-
cles. " H'areri " is a prayer that living power may be where we place
this symbol of the covering of Mother Earth. We reniembei' as we
sing that the power of Mother Earth to bring forth comes from above,
"Hure-e."

The Ku'rahus paints the groove red in the same way, for tJie same
reason as on the other ash stick, and when he has tini.shed he hands
the green stem back to the man on his right, toward the south, who
holds it.

The Ku'rahus rubs upon his hands the sacred ointment which has
been made by mixing red clay with fat from a deer or buffalo that
has been consecrated to Tira'wa. He is now ready to tie the symbolic
articles upon the two painted stems.

He splits long feathers, taken from the wings of an eagle, and glues
them to each stem as feathers are glued upon the shaft of an arrow.
He uses for this jjurpose pitch from the pine tree. These wing feath-
ers are to remind us that the eagle flies near to Tira'wa.

About one end of the stem (the mouthpiece) he fastens soft blue
feathers, in color like the sky where the i^owers dwell. He ties a
woodpeckei''s head on the stem near the mouthpiece and turns the
upper mandible back upon the red crest. The mandible covers the red
crest and keeps it from rising. This shows that the bird may not be
angry. The innei' side of the mandil)le, which is exposed by being
turned back upon the crest, is painted blue, to show that 'J'ii-awa is
looking down upon the ojjen bill as the spirit of the Ijird travels along
the i-ed groove to reach the people.

About the middle of the stem the Ku'rahus binds feathers from the
owl. The other end of the stem he thrusts through the breast, neck,
and mandibles of the duck, the breast reaching to the owl feathers.
The end of the stem xjrotrudes a very little through the bill of the
duck, so that the bowl of a i^ipe could be fitted to it. The duck's
head, therefore, is always downward, looking toward the earth and
the water.

All the birds on the stems are leaders: the eagle is chief of the day;
the owl is chief of the night; the woodpecker is chief of the trees;
the duck is chief of the water.

1-
a
0-

r
I-
<

I-

ffLETCHEB]

FIRST EITUAL, PART 11

The Ku'i-ahus takes ten feathers from the tail of the In-own eagle
and prepares them so that they can be tied upon one of the stems. A
buckskin thong is run through a hole punctured near the end of
the quills and another is threaded through the quills, about the middle
of their length, so that upon these two thongs the feathers can be
spread like a fan. To the end of the thongs are fastened little balls
of white down, taken from inside the thigh of the white male eagle.
These l)alls of down represent tlie reproductive power. When the
fan-like appendage is completed it is tied to the side of the blue-
painted stem, so that it can swing when the stem is waved, to simulate
the movements of an eagle.

When the Ku'rahus takes from the man on his left, toward the
noi'th, the blue-painted stem and attaches to it the fan-like pendant
made of the feathers of the brown eagle, we give thanks in our hearts
as the following song is sung.

THrRD SONG

Ifc^/v/.S II 11(1 ^[llsii
M. M. N - 126.
• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Drum.

Ha-a-a-a-a! Ka - was we-rit-ta we - re rit- ta we -re; Ka - was we- rit-

Su_' [ I i 1 I I 1 I ' r LJ C I L_' I I

was we - rit - ta we - re rit - ta we - re.

TS Ha-a-a-a-a!

79 Kawas weritta were ritta were;

80 Kawas weritta were ritta were;

81 Kawas weritta were ritta were.

^ I ^ I

Tniiishifioii

78
79

Ha-a-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation to the song.
Kawas weritta were ritta were.

Kawas, the name given to the brown eagle in this ceremouj'. The
common name for this bird is letahkots katit; letahkots,
eagle; katit, dark or l)rown.
weritta, now hung,
were, at this or that particular time.
ritta, an abbreviated f(jrm o£ weritta, now hung,
were, at this time.
80, SI See line 79.

42 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY Teth. anx. 22

Expf'i nation hij file Ku' rnhus

In this ceremony the brown eagle is called Kawas. Thiis eagle has
been made lioly by being sacrifteed to Tira'wa. Its featliers are tied
upon tlie stem that lias l)een painted bine to represent the sky.

This stem was the first one painted and decorated, because it is
female and the leader. It represents tlie night, the moon, the north,
and stands for kindness and helpfulness. It will take care of the
people. It is the mother.

Throughout the ceremony the Ku'rahus carries this feathered stem.

After the Kawas stem is prepared the Ku'rahus hands it l)ack to
the man on his left, towai'd the north, to hold while he prepares a
pendant of seven tail feathers from the white eagle. Then he takes
from the man on his right, toward the south, the stem wliich had been
painted green and ties on it this white-eagle pendant.

Xo song is sung while this is being done. The white eagle is not
holy; it has not been sacrificed to Tira'wa. It has less power than
Kawas; it is inclined to war, to hurt some one. It can not lead; it
must follow. So tlie green stem is painted last, and all the decora-
tions ai'e put upon it after the other stem is completed.

This feathered green stem represents the male, the day, tlie sun,
and the soiitli. During the ceremonj'' it is carried by the assistant
of the Ku'rahus, whose place is on the right of the Ku'rahus, toward
the south.

Wlieii we move about the lodge waving the two feathered stems to
the rhj'thm of the song we are singing, Kawas, the brown eagle, is
carried next the people, and the white-eagle stem on the farther side,
away from the people, where it can do good by defending them and
kee])ing away all harm. If it were carried next the Children it would
bring them war and trouble. It is the brown eagle that is always
kept near the people and is waved over their heads to bring them the
gifts of plenty and of peace.

The red and white streamers tied upon the two stems represent the
sun and the moon.

While the Ku'rahus still has the sacred ointment upon his hands
he anoints a crotched stick and two straight sticks, all tliree of which
have been carefully scraped and smoothed. These sticks were cut
from a jiluin tree, because this tree is prolific in bearing fruit.

Part III. Painting the Ear of Corn and Preparing the Other Sacred

Objects

K.rjilimaiioii hi/ the Ku'rahus

The Ku'rahus now mixes in a round wooden bowl blue clay with
water taken from a running stream and paints witli it an ear of white
corn, in the way our fathers were taught to do. During this act the
following song is sung.

FLETCHER]

FIRST RITUAL, PART III

SONG

TFo;-(7.5 011(1 ^[iifiir

M. M. ^S = 138.

' — Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

:Ir^--*=

Ha - a-a - a-a! H'A- ti - ra, we - ri lira ri-Jci; H'A-ti- ra.

hra ri - ki: H'A-li - ra, we - ri lira ri - ki: H'.\-ti - ra, lira

i^zEj^EE^^^E^Si

SBEl

S??»E£fc^-itESE

ri - ki re;

ri lira ri - ki; H'A

82 . Ha-a-a-a-al

83 H'Atira, weri hra riki

84 H'Atira, weri hra riki

85 H'Atira. weri hra riki

86 H'Atira. lira riki re:

87 Weri lira riki ;

88 H'Atira, weri hra riki

L^ L_-

ti - rn, we - ri lira ri
>

108
104
105
106
107
108
109

Ha-a-a-a-al

110

H'Atira, weri riiata:

111

H'Atira, weri ruata;

113

H'Atira, weri ruata;

113

H'Atira, rnata re:

114

Weri riiata:

11.-)

H'Atira. weri ruata.
Ill

llfi

Ha-a-a-a-a!

117

H'Atira, weri tiikuka:

118

H'Atira, weri titkuka:

119

H'Atira. weri tuknka;

120

100

H'Atira, tukuka re;

121

101

Weri tnkuka;

132

103

H'Atira, weri tnkiika.

123

Ha-a-a-a-a !

H'Atira. weri taiwa:
H'Atira. weri taiwa:
H'Atira. weri taiwa:
H'Atira, taiwa re:
Weri taiwa:
H'Atii'a, weri tiawa.

Ha-a-a-a-al

H'Atira, weri tawawe:
H'Atira, weri tawawe:
H'Atira, weri tawawe:
H'Atira, tawawe re:
Weri tawawe;
H'Atira, weri tawawe.

Ha-a-a-a-a!

H'Atira, weri tawitshpa:
H'Atira, weri tawitshjia:
H'Atira, weri tawitshi^a:
H'Atira, tawitshpa re:
Weri tawitshpa;
H'Atira, weri ta^vitshjia.

44 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEEEMONY [eth. a.vn. 22

Trcnislafion of First Stanza

S2 Ha-a-a-a-a! Introduction. An exclamation.
83 H'Atira, weri hra riki.

h', an asijiration, a breathing forth, as the giving of life,
atira, mother.

weri, I am. The .singular pronoun refer.s to the ijarty which
is taking the initiative in thi.s ceremony and not merely to
the Ku'rahus.
hra, an abbreviated foi-m of the word rararit, to hold,
riki, standing. This word not only refers to the position of
the person who holds the ear of corn and to the position of
the corn itself, but it indicates the present time, now.
84, 85 See line 83.
8fj H'Atira, lira riki re.

h'Atira, lira liki. See line S'-i.

re, a sign of the jjlural. This plural sign indicates the imper-
sonation of the ear of corn; h'Atira <ind Ku'rahus are
standing as two persons.

87 Weri hra riki. See line 83.

88 See line 83.

Explanation liy the Ku'rahus

The ear of corn represents the supernatural jjower that dwells in
H'Ui'aru, the earth which brings fcn-th the food that sustains life;
so we speak of the ear of corn as h'Atira, mother breathing forth life.

The power in the earth which enables it to bring forth comes from
above; for that reason we paint the ear of corn with blue. Blue is
the color of the sky, the dwelling jilace of Tira'wahut.

Tlie running water with which the blue claj' is mixed is put into a
round, wooden bowl, not in a shell, as when we painted the stems.
The bowl is of wood, taken from the trees, a part of the living cover-
ing of 3Iother Earth, representing the power of Toharu (see explana-
tion of line 24).

The bowl is round, like the dome shajje of the sky, and holds the
blue paint, which also represents the sky. The bowl is a vessel from
which we eat when we have the sacred feast of the corn. Tira'wa
taught us how to get the corn.

As we sing the first stanza the Ku'rahus stands in front of the bowl
containing the blue paint and holds in his hand, by the butt, h'Atira,

the ear of corn.

Translation of Second Stanza

89 Ha-a-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

90 H'Atira, weri ruata.

h'Atira, weri. See line 83.

ruata, flying. Ruata indicates that the ear of corn is moving
through the air, not touching the ground; the fact that the
ear is in the hand of the Ku'rahus is ignored. Throughout
this ceremony the ear of corn is a person.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT PL, LXXXVIII

,».ia«aai^.

"MOTHER CORN"
(TO ILLUSTRATE "HAKO, A PAWNEE ceremony; BY A, C.FLETCHER )

FLETCHER]

FIRST RITUAL, PART III 45

91, 92 See line 90.

93 H'Atira ruata re. All the words have been translated. See lines

83, 8(3, and 90.

94 Weri ruata. See lines 83 and mi.

95 See line 90.

Explanation hij fltp Ku'ralius

As we sing this stanza the Ku'rahiis, holding the ear of corn in
his hand by the butt, moves it slowly toward the bowl containing the
blue paint.

The bowl and the blue paint represent the blue sky, where the powers
above dwell, so we sing that the mother is flying (ruata) toward the
heavens to reach these ijowers.

The spirit of the corn and the spirit of the Ku'i-ahus are now flying
togetlier (see line 86 for translation of the plural sign, re, and its
significance).

Trunshttian of Third Stanza

96 See line 82.

97 H'Atira, weri tukuka.

h'Atira, weri. See line 83.
tukuka, now touches, or touching.
98, 99 See line 97.

100 H'Atira, tukuka re. See lines 83, 86, and 97.

101 Weri tukuka. See lines 83 and 97.

102 See line 97.

Explanation by the Kti'rahus

As this stanza is sung the Ku'rahus dips his finger in the blue paint
and toiiehes (tukuka) the ear of corn with it.

This act means that Mother Corn in her flight toward the sky now
touches the place where the sky begins.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

103 See line 82.

101: H'Atira, weri taiwa.

h'Atira, weri. See line 83.

taiwa, to rub downward or mark.
105, 106 See line 104.

107 H'Atira taiwa re. See lines 83, 80, and 104.

108 Weri taiwa. See lines 83 and 104.

109 See line 104.

Explanation Inj thi- Ku'rahus

As we sing this stanza the Ku'rahus marks with his finger four
equidistant lines of blue paint on the ear of corn. He begins at the
tip of the ear and rubs his finger down (taiwa) about halfway to the
butt on the toiiv sides of the ear.

46 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ass. 22

The four blue Hues represeut the four paths at the four directious
(cardinal points), near which the winds stand as jjjuards. Down these
paths tlie powers descend to brinj; help to man.

The blue jjaint came down one of these jmths, but 1 was not taught
which one.

Translation nf Fifth Stanza

110 Ila-a-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

111 ITAtira, weri tawawe.

h'Atira, weri. See line 83.
tawawe, to spread.
11-2, 113 See line 111.

114 H'Atira tawawe re. See lines S3, SO, and 111.

115 Weri tawawe. See lines S3 and 111.
110 See line 111.

Explatiation lnj fht Kn' ralius

As we sing this stanza the Ku rahus spreads (tawawe) with his
finger the ])lue i)aint over the tip of the ear of corn, to represent the
blue dome of tiie sky, whei"e the powers dwell, above whom is the
mighty Tira'wa atius, the father of all.

Tliis act signifies that Mother Corn has reached the abode of
Tira'waluit, where she will receive authority to lead in this ceremony.

Translation of SiMi Stanza

117 Ha-a-a-a-al An introductory exclamation.

118 H'Atira, weri tawitshpa.

h'Atira, weri. See line 83.

tawitshiaa, the attainment of an object; the completion of an
undertaking; the end reached.
119, 120 See line 118.

121 H'Atira tawitshi^a re. See lines 83, SO, and 118.

122 Weri tawitshpa. See lines 83 and 118.

123 See line US.

Explanation hy the Ku' rahus

Mother Corn liaving reached the blue dome where dwells the great
circle of powers, Tira'wahut, and having gained what she went for,
tawitshpa, authority to lead in the ceremony, she descends to earth
bj' the four paths.

The blue paint having now been put on the ear of corn, this part
of the ceremony is comj)leted.

In all that is to follow h'Atira, Mother Corn breathing forth life, is
to lead. She came forth from Mother Earth, who knows all places
and all that happens among men, so she knows all places and all
men, and can direct us where to go when we carry the sacred articles
which give plenty and peace.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT PL LXXXIX

THE RATTLES
(TO ILLUSTRATE"HAKO,A PAWNEE CEREMONY," BY A.C.FLETGHER ) ■

FLETCHEKJ

FIRST BITUAL, I'AKT III 47

When we have fiuished siugiug tliis soug tlie Ku i-ahus takes one of
the i)luni-tree sticks, which has been anointed with red clay mixed
witli fat, and ties on it Avith a tliread of sinew a downy eagle feather.
This stick is bound to the ear of corn so as to ijroject a hand's brea Jt li
above the tip end, letting the downy featJier wave above Mother Corn.
This feather rej^resents Tira'wa. It is always moving as if breathing.

Tlie Ku'rahus then Ijinds the other plum-tree stick to the corn so
that it extends below tlic butt. When the corn is placed in ceremo-
nial position this end of tiic stick is thrust in the ground so that the
ear will stand upright witliout toucliing tlie earth. Both sticks are
bound to the ear of corn by a braided band of hair taken from the
head of a l)uffalo. The liraided band signifies the gift of animal food
and the jirovision of skin clotliing. (The Skidi baud of the Pawnees
tie a bit of buffalo wool, such as is slied by the animal in the spring,
together with a braid of sweet gi-ass, to the ear of corn.)

The two gourd rattles, which represent the squash given us 1)}'
Tira'wa, and also the breasts of tlie mother, are each painted with a
blue circle about the middle, with four equidistant lines from the
circle to the bottom of the gourd. The circle represents the wall or
boundary of the dome of Ihe sky; the four lines are for the four
liaths at the four directions down whicli the iiowers descend. No
song is sung while this painting is being done.

All the sacred articles are laid at rest on a wildcat skin when tliey
are not being used ceremonially, and it is a cover for them in which
they are all A\'rapped together at the close of the ceremony. The skin
is never tanned, and the ears of the animal, the skin of the head,
the feet, aud the claws must all be intact.

Tira'wa Hiade the wildcat to live in the forest. He has much skill
and ingenuity. The wildcat shows us that we inust think, we nitist
use tact, and be shrewd when we set out to do anything. If we
wish to approach a person we should not do it bluntly; we should not
rush at him; that might off'end him so that he would not receive us
or the gifts we desired to offer liim. The wildcat does not make
enemies Ijy rash action, lie is observant, quiet, and tactful, aud he
always gains his end.

In this ceremony we are t<.i carry the sacred articles to one not of
our kindred in order to bind him to us l)y a sacred aud strong tic; we
are to ask for him many good gifts, long life, health, and children,
and we should receive gifts from him in return. If we would succeed
we must learn of the wildcat, and be wise as he is wise.

The wildcat is one of the sacred animals. A man wlio killed a
wildcat could sacrifice it to Tira'wahut. The man who brouglit such
an offering had the right to ask the priest to teach him some of the
mysteries that belong to the sacred shrine.

Many years ago two men took the Ilako to the Omaha tribe. On
the journey one of them killed a wildcat. I said to the man: " I am

48 THK HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. anx. 22

glad Mother Corn is here leading lis, and the wildcat goes with the
Ilako." But the man Avho killed it said: "No, this skin will not go
with the Hakol I am going to take it to the priest for sacrifice that
I may learn some of the mj-steries." But he ilid wrong and suffered
for it, because that wildcat belonged with the Hako, for it was killed
while we were being led by Mother Corn.

Tlie sacred articles having been completed are now laid at cere-
monial rest. The wildcat skin is spread upon the earth in the holy
place, which is in the west part of the lodge opposite the entrance, a
little way back from the fireplace. The head of the skin is placed
toward the east; the crotched plum-tree stick is thrust into the ground
close to the head; the two feathered stems are laid in the crotch, the
brown-eagle .stem first, then the white-eagle stem on the top or outside.
The eagle builds its nest in the crotch of a tree, so these eagle-feathered
stems are laid in the crotch of the plum-tree stick. The ends which
are thrust through the diick's head rest upon the wildcat, and under
the wing-like pendants the gourd rattles are placed. Dii-ectly in
front of the crotched stick stands Mother Corn.

P.\RT lY. Offerino of Smoke
Explanation hij flie Ku'ruhus

The time has now come for the offering of smoke to Tira'wa.

The priest of the Rain shrine must be present with the pipe belong-
ing to that shrine and he must conduct the ceremonj*. After he has
filled the pipe with native tobacco the Ku'rahus tells the people that
the time has come to offer smoke to Tira'wa, the father and the giver
of all things. He selects from the company a man to act as pipe
bearer during the ceremony of offering smoke. The pipe tearer must
be one who has made sacrifices at the sacred tents where the shrines
are kei)t and has been annointed, and who in conseciuence has l)een
j)rospered in liis undertakings. The prayers of such a man are
thought to be more acceptable to the powers than those of a man who
has never made sacrifices.

In old times men did not smoke for pleasure as they do now, but
only in religious ceremonies. The white people have taught the
Pawnees to profane the use of tobacco.

Each of the sacred shrines of the tribe has a pipe, and its priest
'knows the proper order in which the pipe should be offered to Tira-
wahut. I am not a i^riest, so I do not know the order in whicli the
Rain pipe is offered, nor can I tell j'ou the ceremony; the knowledge
of that belongs to its j)riest and not to me.

Up to this point (the conclusion of the ceremony of smoking) all
the i:)eoj)le present have been ol)liged to remain quiet in their j)laces;
now they are at liberty to move about or to leave the lodge.

■\L REPORT PL

THE WILDCAT SKIM AND CROTCHED STICK ON WHICH

THE TWO FEATHERED STEMS ARE PLACED

WHEN AT CEREMONIAL REST

(TO ILLUSTRATE "HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY," BY A C.FLETCH ER )

fletchek]

INITIAL RITES

Second Ritual. Peefiguring the Journey to the Son

Explanation hy the ICu'rahus

Ilonoi- is conferred upon a man wlio leads a Ilako party to a dis-
tant tribe and there makes a Son, while to the Son help is given from
all the powers represented by the sacred objects. Between the Father

EAST
■ 1

Diagi'am of the Father's lodge during the second i-itiial.

Fid. 172

1, tho entrance to the lodge; 2, the fireplace; 3, inner posts sui^porting the dome-shaped roof;
4, the Ku'rahus; 5. his assistant: 6, the Father (a chief); 7, the server; 8, the wildcat skin, on
which are the feathered stems and rattles; 9, the eagle wings; 10, the ear of corn; 11. members
of the Hako party.

and the Son and their immediate families a relationship similar to
that which exists between kindred is established throujili this cere-
mony. It is a sacred relationship, for it is made by the supernatural
powers that are with the Hako.
22 ETH— PT 2—04 4

50 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ax.v. 22

Because of the sacred and binding eharaclei' of this relationship,
and the iiifts brought b3' it to the Son, namely, long life and many
children to make his family strong, the selection of a man to be made
a Son is i-egarded as a serious and important act, one in which the
chiefs and the leading men of the Father's tribe must have a voice.

The Son should be a chief or a man who has the respect of the lead-
ing men of his tribe, and whom the Father's tribe would be glad to
have bound to them by the tie of Son.

While the Father has been gathering the materials necessary for
this ceremonj-, which may have taken him a year or more, he has had
some particular jierson in his mind whom he desired to make a Son.
When everything is ready he mentions this particular person to the
chiefs and leading men, and when we are gatliered together to sing
this song we think of this chosen man and we ask the assistance of
ilother Corn, and if he is the right person .she will lead us to him.

The selection of the Son takes place soon after the preparation of
the sacred objects, frequently on the night of the same day. It must
always be in the night time, because the spirits can travel Ijest at night.
The spirit of the corn and the spirits of the people present in the
lodge at this time are to decide who shall be the Son, and Mother
Corn is to lead us to him. The same persons are present at this
ceremony that were present at the preparation of the Hako.

In the west of the lodge, facing the east, sit the Ku'rahus, his assist-
ant, and the Father. Before them are the sacred objects arranged as
at ceremonial rest. A little waj' in front of the crotched stick stands
the ear of corn which has been painted in the .sacred manner (see
figure 172). It is held in position by one of the sticks to which it is
tied being thrust into the ground. This ear of corn is the mother,
and upon her everyone present must fix his mind.

The singing of the following stanzas occupies most of the night;
they do not follow each other quickly, for we must pause after each
one.

JVorrls ami Music
= Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

M. M. s = \32.

m?-.

mw^^^^^^^m^^m^m

Ha-a-a-.a! HlA-ti - ra ha-ri, h'A-ti - ra ha-ri! He! Chi.x-u ti

Drum. £.a. i m i m <•• • t t i , i < i « "m
RantesU U ' ' ^- Lj ' [ I U— ■ ' 'i— _ L_

ha-ri! H' A-ti- ra ha-ri! H'.^^-ti- ra ha-ri, h'A-ti- ra. Hal

«« m m m » m » •••• «• «_> >

FLETCHER]

SECOND RITUAL

124
135
126
137
128

139
130
131
133
133

134
135
136
137
138

139

140
141
143
143

Ha-a-a-a!

H'Atira hari, h'Atira liari!

He! Chixn ti whitikahari!

H'Atira hari!

H'Atira hari, h'Atira. Ha!

Ha-a-a-a!

H'Atira hari, h'Atira hari!

He! Chixii ti uchitika hari!

H'Atira hari!

H'Atira hari, h'Atira. Ha!

Ill
Ha-a-a-a!

H'Atira hari, li'Atira hari!
He! Chixn uti hiata hari!
H'Atira hari!
H'Atira hari, h'Atira. Ha!

IV
Ha-a-a-a!

H'Atii'ahari, h'Atira hari!
He! Chixu tih whichiirti hari!
H'Atira liari!
H'Atira hari, h'Atira. Ha!

144 Ha-a-a-a!

145 H'Atirahari, h'Atira hari!

146 He! Chixu ti whichata hari!

147 H'Atira hari!

148 H'Atira hari, h'Atira. Ha!

149 Ha-a-a-a!

150 H'Atirahari. li'Atira hari!

151 He! Chixir tih itchahka wara hari!

1.53 H'Atira hari!

153 H'Atira hari. h'Atira. Ha!

VII

1.54 Ha-a-a-a!

153 H ' Atira hari , h ' Atira hari :

156 He! Chixtt ti itwhichata hari!

157 H'Atira hari!

1.58 H'Atira hari, h'Atira. Ha!

VIII

159 . Ha-a-a-a!

160 H'Atira hari, h'Atira hari!

161 He! Chixn ti tokoka hari!

162 H'Atira hari!

163 H'Atira hari. h'Atira. Ha!

Translation' of First Stanza

124 Ha-a-a-a! Au iutroductoiy exclaiiiation.

125 IFAtira liari, h'Atira hari.

h', the sign of an inspiration, a breath, the symbol of giving

forth life,
atira, mother. The term i.s here applied to the ear of corn,

the life-giving product of h'Urarn, the Earth,
hari, a part of the word ilia'ri, young, the j'oung of animals;

also a general term for children.

126 He! Chixu ti whitika hari.

he! an exclamation, as when bidding one to look at some-
thing.

chixti, the spirit or mind of a person or thing.

ti, have, in the sense of having done something, accomplished
a purpose or carried out a plan.

whitika, converged, come together and united for a given
purpose.

hari, part of the word iha'ri, offspring. The word here refers
to the Son.

127 H'Atirahari! The words liave been translated. See line 125.

128 H'Atira hari, h'Atira, Ha!

h'Atira hari. See line 125.

ha! an exclamation, calling attention.

52 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

Explanation by flie Ku' rahus

As we sing this stanza everyone bends liis mind toward the ear of
corn, for our spirits (chixu) and the spirit (chixu) of the corn must
converge (whitika), must come together and unite for tlie purpose of
finding the Son. The ear of corn is a part of h'Uraru (see line 19),
Mother Earth, the mother of all things, so we call the ear of corn
Mother Corn; and because she supports our life through food, we
speak of her as h'Atira, mother giving forth life.

All things live on the eai'th. Mother Corn kuows and can reach all
things, can reach all men, so her spirit is to lead our spirits in this
search over the earth. When Mother Corn went up to Tira'wahut at
the time she was painted (see lines 82 to 12-3), power was given her to
lead the spirits of all things in the air and to couiniand the birds and
the animals connected with the Hako. Endowed with power from
Tira'wahut above and from li'I^^raru (Mother Earth) below, Mother
Corn leads and we must follow her, our spirits must follow her spirit.
We must fix our minds upon Mother Corn and upon the Son, who is
the object of ovir search. It is a very difficult thing to do. All our
spirits must become united as one spirit, and as one spirit we must
approach the spirit of Mother Corn. This is a very hard thing to do.

Translation of Second Stanza

129 ria-a-a-a! An introductorj' exclamation.

130 H'Atira hari, h'Atira hari.

h'Atira, Mother breathing forth life. See line 125.
hari, part of the word iha'ri, offspring, children.

131 He! Chixu ti uchitika hari.

he! look! behold!

chixu, spirit of a person or thing.

ti, have. See line 12i>.

uchitika, meditating on; turning over a subject in one's

mind and considering it in all its aspects,
hari, part of iha'ri, young; refers to the Son.

132 H'Atira hari! See line 1-30.

133 H'Atira hari, h'Atira. Ha! See lines 128, 1-30.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

When we sing this stanza our spirits and the spirit of Mother Corn
have come together. Now we are all to meditate. We sit with bowed
heads, and Mother Corn sits with bowed head. We are all to think
over and consider (uchitika) who shall be the Son.

We must all agree upon the choice, Mother Corn and all.

It is very difficult for all to unite, but we must do so before we can
follow Mother Corn where she determines to lead us. It often takes
a long time.

FLETCHER] SECOND RITUAL 53

TnuishiHo)! of Third Stanza

i;U Ha-a-a-a! An iutroductory exclamation.

135 IFAtira liaii, h'Atira hari.

U'Atira, mother breathing forth life. See line 125.
hari, part of the word iha'ri, young; refers to the Son.

136 He! Chixn iiti hiata hari.

he! look! behold!

chixu, the spirit. See line 126.

uti, moving.

hiata, the air. Uti hiata refers to the spirits moving

throiigh the air.
hari, part of iha'ri, young; refei-s to the Son.

137 IFAtira hari! See line 135.

13S H'Atira hari, h'Atira. Ha! See lines 135, 138.

Explanation by ihe. Ku'rahus

When we sing this .stanza the decision has been made. Mother
Corn lifts her head and stands erect. Then she moves through the
air (uti hiata), flying on her journey to the Son, and we follow.

It is not the ear of corn that travels througli the air, nor do our
bodies follow, it is the spirit (eliixu) of the corn that moves, and it is
our spirits (chixu) that follow, that travel with her to the land of the
Son.

The path now opened by the spirit of Mother Corn we, the Fathers,
will take, when we in our bodies journey to the Son, but the way must
first be opened and the path prepared by the spirit of Mother Corn.
This she is about to do.

'Translation of Fourth Stanza

139, 140 See lines 134, 135.

141 He! Chixu tih whichuru hari;

he! look! behold!

chixu, the spirit of a person or a thing.

tih, are in the act of.

whichuru, approaching, drawing near to a place.

hari, part of iha'ri, children.
142, 143 See lines 127, 128.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

As we sit and sing this stanza our spirits follow the sj)irit of Mother
Corn, and now we are approaching (tih whichuru), drawing near to
the village where the Son lives. We see it all (in the spirit) as with
Mother Corn we approach the place where the Son dwells.

54 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

Translafion of Fifth Stanza

144, 145 See lines 124, 125.

140 He! Chixu ti whichata liai'i.

he! look! behold!

chixn, the spirit of a ijerson or thing.

ti, have, in tlie sense of having aoeomplished a purpose or
carried out a plan.

whichata, reached one's destination, the end of one's journey.

hari, part of iha'ri, young, children.
147, 148 See lines 127, 128.

E.rpUuKiiiiin by the Ku'rahus

As we sing this stanza Mother Corn reaches her destination (ti
whichata). The journey across the country is now at an end. Mother
Corn has opened the way from the tribe of the Fathers to the tribe of
the Children. We shall now be able to travel safely along that path,
for she has made it straight, she has removed all evil influences from
it, so that we shall be happy when we pass over this path she has made.

Here Mother Corn pauses, and we shall pause when we arrive at
this place, for it will be hei'e that we shall .stop and await the messen-
ger fi-om the Son. lie will bring words of welcome and ijrecede us to
the lodge set apart for us by the Son.

After a pause we shall follow the spii'it of Mother Corn when she
enters the village of the Son.

Translation of Sixth Stanza

149, 150 See lines 124, 125.

151 He! Chixn tih itchahka wara hari.

he! look! behold!

chixu, the siiirit of a person or thing.

tih, are, are in the act of.

itchahka; it, a prefix, indicating desire; chahka, a part of the
word chahkahawe, village: itchahka, the village one has
desired to reach.

wara, walking.

hari, part of iha'ri, children.
152, 153 See lines 127, 128.

Explunation by the Ku'rahus

As we sing this stanza the spirit of Mother Corn walks through the
village she has desired to reach (tih itchahka wara). She opens the
way for us through the village to the door of the lodge of the Son.
Our sjiirits, as one spirit, follow hers as she walks among the lodges,
seeking the one in which the Son dwells.

As we follow we keep our minds fixed upon Mother Coi-n and ujion
the Sou to whom we are now drawing near.

FLETCHER] SECOND RITUAL 55

Translation of Seventh Stanza

154,155 See lines 121, 125.

15G lie! Chixu ti ilwhichata had.

he! look! behold!

chixu, the spirit of a person or thing.

ti, have, in the sense of having accomplished a purpose.

itwhichata; it, a prefix indicating desire; whichata, reached
one's destination : itwhichata, readied the desired end or
object of one's journey.

hari; part of the word iha'ri, young; refers here to the Sou.
157, 158 See lines 127, 128.

Explanation by the Kii'raJius

As we sing this stanza the spirit of Mother Corn arrives at the lodge
of the Son and enters. Our spirits follow her spirit. We have now
reached the object of our search and the end of our journey (ti
itwhichata hari). The Son does not see us as we stand there; he
is sleeping. We fix our minds upon ^Mother Corn and upon him;
we think of the gifts we are to bring him wheu we come to him with
the Ilako, the gifts that tlie birds and the animals that attend these
sa<?red objects will surely bestow upon him — long life, children, and
plentj'. These gilts ^.■U\ be his, and we shall share in them, for all
these good things go with this ceremony.

Translation of EigJdh Stanza

159, 160 See lines 124, 125.
161 He! Chixu ti tokoka hari.

he! look! behold!

chixu, the spirit of a person or thing.

ti, have, in the sense of having accomplished.

tokoka, touched, made itself felt.

hari, part of iha'ri, young.
162, 163 See lines 127, 128.

Explanation hy the Kti'rahus

While we sing this stanza the spirit of Mother Corn touches the
Son (ti tokoka hari).

We fix our minds upon Mother Corn and upon the Son; if we are in
earnest he will respond to her touch. He will not waken, he will not
see her, but he will see in a dream that which her touch will bring to
him, one of the birds that attend the Ilako, for all the spirits of those
birds are with Mother Corn and they do her bidding, and he may hear
the bird call to him. Then, when he awakens, he will remember his
dream, and as he thinks upon it, he will know that he has been chosen
to be a Son, and that all the good tilings that come with the cere-
mony which will make him a Son are now promised to him.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

(kth. asn. 22

By touching the Son Mothei' Corn opened his mind, and prepared
the way for our messengers to him, so tliat he woukl be willing to
receive them, and later to receive us.

Mother Corn has now found tlic Son; she has madi^ straight and safe
the path from our country to his land, and slie has made his mind ready
to receive us and to carry out his part of this ceremony of the Hako.

Third Ritual. Sending the Messengers
Explan'ilioii bij iJie Ku'rahus

On the day following the night when Mother Corn selected the Son
the members of the Father's party brought to his lodge the gifts
whicli they were to take to the Children.

Four men were chosen to carry the message of the Ku'rahus to the
Son. They were clothed by the Father witli the buffalo robe in the
ceremonial manner, and led by him to a place near tlie entrance of
the lodge.

The Ku'rahus gave a little of tlie sacred native tobacco to the
Father, who tied it in a small piece of bladder and returned it to the
Ku'rahus, who then addressed to the messengers the first stanza of
the following song.

Words and Music

M. M. j=112.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Slow and heavy.

Transcribed bv Edwin S. Tracv.

Haa-a!
Drum. ^ 0 i
Maiiles.l I I

i=5^

•-J.-.S.-

e¥=^

sha wha - ko

r r r

al H'ars

wi - ta

r r

=1^

--=e—.=:3:

sba

wha - ko - o

• Ha

- a 1 H' ars

r f r

1(U

Ha-a-a:

1G.5

Kasha whako-o:

Ha-a!

H'Ars wita-a!

166

Kasha whako-o:

Ha-a!

H'Ars wita-a!

167

Kasha whako-o:

Ha-a!

H'Ars wita-a!
II

168

Ha-a-a!

169

Knsha whako-o:

Ha-a!

H'Ars wita-a;

170

Ku.sha whako-o:

Ha-a!

H'Ars wita-a;

171

Kiisha whako-o:

Ha-a!

H'Ars wita-a.

t f i I

FLETCHER] ' THIRD RITUAL 57

Traiisldfioii (if Firftf Sfaiiza

164 Ha-a-a! Au introductory exclamation.

165 Kasha wliako-o : Ha-al H'ars wita-a!

kasha, a form of command, referring to an act to be performed

at a future time.
whako-o; whako, tell or say; o, vowel prolongation.
ha-a! ha! behold! a, vowel prolongation,
h', a contraction of lia, your,
ars, a contraction of atius, father,
wita-a! wita, he ccmiing; a, vowel prolongation.
Hill, 167 See line 165.

Exphinnfion h]/ tlic Ku'rahita

This stanza is a command to the messengers to saj', when thej^ hand
the tobacco to the Son, "Behold! Your father is coming!" ("Ha!
IFars wita !")

The stanza is sung four limes. At the fourth time the Ku'rahus
puts the tobacco into the hand of the leader of the four messengers,
who at once leave the lodge and start upon their journej'.

Trnnshdion of Second Shinza
168 See line 164.
160 Kusha whako-o: Ila-a! H'ars wita-a.

kusha, they will; that is, those that have been commanded
will do as they have been directed.

whako-o; whako, tell, say; o, vowel prolongation.

ha-a! ha! behold! a, vowel prolongation.

h', a contraction of ha, j'our.

ars, a contraction of atius, father.

wita-a, wita, he coming; a, vowel prolongation.
17U, 171 See line 169.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

When the messengers are out of sight of the village the Ku'rahus
sings the second stanza. It is addressed to the members of the
Father's pai'tj', who are still sitting in his lodge. It is an authoritative
assurance that the messengers will (kusha) fulfil their mission and
deliver to the Son the message, "Behold! Your father is coming!"

After the Ku'rahus has sung this second stanza four times, the
people disperse to await the return of the messengers, while he and
his assistant, or two persons designated by him, must sit with the
sacred objects until the four men come back from the Son.

As the Son hears the words of the messengers lie will be reminded
of his dream, in which Mother Corn touched him. And as he looks
at the men he will recognize the ti'ibe fi-om which they have come and
will know who has chosen him to be the Son. Then he will call
together his relatives and they will talk over the matter. If it is
decided to accej)t the ceremony they will keep the little bundle of

58 THK HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

tobacco and the messengers will be t(jl(l to return and say to the
Father, ' ' I am ready ! "

The messengers start back immediately, and wlien they are in sight
of their village the news of their arrival is proclaimed. Then all the
men of the Father's party hasten to his lodge. The Kn'rahus, his
assistant, and the Father iiut on their buffalo robes in the ceremonial
manner, with the hair outside, and take their places back of tlic Ilako.
The other members of the party range themselves against the wall of
the lodge, on either side, and all await the coming of the messengers.

As the four nien enter the lodge the people cry, "Xawairi!"
("Thanks!") while the Ku rahus lifts his hands, jjalms upward, and
then brings them down slowly. This movement means thanks, and
the calling down of help from above.

The leader of the messengers, addressing the Kn'rahus, delivers the
words sent by the Son, "I am ready!" This closes the ceremony.

FOURTH RITUAL

Part I. Vivifying the Sacred Objects

Explanation by the Ku' rahus

When the messengers return from the Son with the words, "I am
ready," there is rejoicing in the lodge.

The j'oung men of the Father's party rise and dance. From these
dancers two are selected, by the Kn'rahus and the chief, to pei-form
the final dance, which takes place on the morning of the fifth day of
the ceremony. The choice of these two dancers is signified by tying
on their hair a downj' white eagle's feather (see plate XLi). Mean-
while the other members of the party are busy with their final prepa-
rations. Thej' tie in jjacks, ready for transportation, the gifts they
are to carry to the Children. The singers make ready the drum, while
outside the women are engaged preparing food and other necessaries
for the long journey.

The Kn'rahus orders a straight tent pole to be selected and brought
to the lodge of the Father.

On the morning of the daj' the journey is to begin the Ku'rahus
rises from his place in the lodge behind the Hako and goes outside.
There he ties the sacred objects on the selected tent pole. He puts
the two feathered stems near the top — the brown eagle toward the
north and the white eagle toward the south — and he spreads out their
feather pendants. Below these he fastens the ear of corn, and under-
neath it the two rattles and, lastly, the wildcat skin. These objects
must face the east when the pole is raised. Behind them, so as to
face the west, the right and left wing of an eagle are fastened and
spread out.

The rope of buffalo hair is used to tie these sacred objects to the
pole, which is then set up at the entrance of the lodge. Here it
stands where the wind of the dawn may breathe upon the Hako and
the first rays of the sun strike the sacred objects and give them life.

AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT PL XC

THE FEATHER S YM BOL OF Tl RAWA
I TO ILLUSTRATE "HAKO.A PAWNEE CEREMONY, BY A C.FLETCHER 1

FLETCHER]

FOURTH RITUAL

We do this that Tira'wa and all tlie lesser xjowers — the Winds, the
Sun, the Earth, and the four at the west which control the storni —
may see that all is complete and ready for the ceremony.

It is all done in silence before the daj' dawns. No song is sung
when we piit the objects on the pole and raise it nor when we
take it down and remove them. We must let them sta.y up there for
some time in order that all the powers may surely see that everything
is correct, so the sun is well up when the Ku'rahus goes out to the
pole, lowers it, and removes the sacred objects and carries them into
the lodge and puts them on the holy place.

Part II. Mother Corn Assumes Leadership

ExploiKifioti hi/ ihe Ku'rahus

As I told you before, the Ku'rahus at the beginning of the ceremony
anointed himself with the sacred ointment and fastened upon his head

EAST
1 —I

Fio. 1T3. Diagram of the Father's lodge duriug the siugiug ot the first stanza of the song of the

fourth ritual, part ii.

1, the entrance to the lodge; 2, the fireplace; 3, inner posts supporting the dome-shaped roof;
4. the holy place; .'i, the Ku'rahus; 6, his assistant; 7, the bearers of the eagle wings; 8, the Father
(a chief); 9, the second chief; 10, members of the Hako party.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[eth axx. 2'i

the downy eagle feather (see plate xci). Now he takes the rojie of
buffalo hair with which the sacred objects have been bound to the
pole, and with it ties his buffalo robe around his waist, lie is now
fully dressed for the ceremony, and he stands at the west, back of the
holy place.

He anoints with the sacred ointment the face, arms, and body of
his assistant, ties a downy eagle feather on his scalj) lock, puts a
buffalo robe on him in the ceremonial manner and hands him the
featliered stem with the white-eagle pendant; then the assistant
takes his jjosition beliind tlie lioly place, toward the south.

The Ku'rahus next annoints the face of the chief and fastens on
his head a small tuft of down taken from under the wing of an eagle.
The chief wears his buffalo robe in the ceremonial manner. The Ku'-
rahus hands the wildcat skin to the chief, who folds its head about
the crotched stick and the butt of the ear of corn, so that the tip to
which the downy eagle feather is fastened is well in sight above the
head of the cat. The skin hangs down in front of tlio chief as he
holds it with both hands by the neck. He takes his place back of the
Ku'rahus.

Tlie second chief, who is to assist the first, is now given the sacred
pipe and tobacco bag of the Rain shrine and told to stand behind the
Kn'rahus's assistant.

The Ku'rahus hands the eagle wings to the doctoi's; the one with
the left wing stands to the north of the Ku'rahus, and the one with
the right wing takes liis place to the south of the assistant. Lastty
the Ku'rahus takes up for himself the feathered stem with the brown-
eagle pendant and then, with the six men all in position (see figure
173"), they sing the first stanza of the following song.

Words and Music

Slow.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

>iiiii3=3^-ii

=«=s=

==1=1=

a-ri-sol H'A-ti-ra liu

we - ta.

3E3E

=1^=1^=1 — I-

a - ri- sol H'A-ti - ra hu

we - ta.,

••• ■»■ ■»■

a - ri - so! U' A-ti - ra hu we - ta..

a - ri -sul

FLETCHERJ

FOUKTH EITU.^L, PAKT II

173 H'Atira hxi weta ariso!

173 H'Atira Im weta ariso!

174 H"Atira hu weta ariso!

175 H'Atira lin weta ariso!

176 H'Atira Ira weta ariso!

177 H'Atira hu weta ariso!

178 H'Atira hu weti arisut!

179 H'Atira hu weti ai'isnt!

180 H'Atira hu weti arisut!

181 H'Atira hu weti arisut!

182 H'Atira hu weti arisut!

183 H'Atira hu weti arisut!

Translation of First Stanza

H' Atii-a Im weta ariso !

li', the sign of an aspiration; a breath; the symbol of giving
life.

atira, mother. Tlie term is here applied to the ear of corn, the
representative of Mother Earth.

hu, the same as ha, yonder. The vowel is changed from a to
u to give greater eitphonj- in singing by avoiding the repe-
tition of the sound a.

weta, coming toward one, so as to overtake one.

ariso, a living thing that has come from a great distance in

17:3-177

time or space.
See line 172.

Sxplanation by the Kn'rahus

This stanza is sung four times. As we sing it the first time the
j)rincipal chief takes a step with his right foot, which brings him on a
line with the Ki^'rahns and his assistant. When we sing it a second
time he takes a step with his left foot, which leaves him in advance
of the line of the Ku'rahus and his assistant. As we sing it a third
time he takes a step with his right foot and turns toward the north.
When we sing it the fourth time he advances a step with liis left foot.
He has now passed in front of the Ku'rahus as leader, and faces the
north.

As we sing this soug we remember that Mother Earth is very old.
She is everywhere, slie knows all men, she gave (supported) life to our
fathers, she gives (supports) life to us, and she will give life to our
children.

The ear of corn represents venerable Mother Earth, and also the
authority given by the powers above; so, as the chief, holding the ear
of corn, takes the four steps that bring him in advance of tlie Ku'ra-
hus, we sing that Mother breathing forth life and bearing the sign of
the powers above is now coming from the far distant past to go
before us.

At the close of the fourth repeat the Ku'rahus tells the assistant
chief to pass in front and stand at the right hand of the principal

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

chief. When this is done, the Ku'rahus and his assistant and tlie two
doctors form a line behind the two chiefs; then we sing the following
stanza (see figure 174).

EAST
t

Pig. 174.

Diagram of the Father's lodge diu'iiig the binging of the second stanza of the song of
the fourth ritnal, part ii.

1. the entrance to the lodge: 2, the fireplace; 8, inner posts supporting the dome-shaped roof;
4. the holy place: 5. the Ku'rahus: 0. his assistant: T, the bearers of the eagle wings; H, the Father
(a chief i; 9, the second chief; 10, members of the Hako party.

Translation of Second Stanza

178 H'Atira hu weti arisut!

h', the sign of breath, of giving forth life.
atira, mother; the term applied to the ear of corn,
hu; ha, j'ouder; the vowel is changed for euphony,
weti, starting forward. The object wliich was coming toward
one has overtaken the speaker and has started onward
before him.
arisut, a living thing that is starting or has started to go a long
distance, as into future time or on a long journey.
17".)-iy3 See line 178.

FLETCHKR] FOURTH RITUAL 63

Explaiiaiion hij flie Kn'ralius

We sing this stanza four times, taking a stej) at each i-epeat, tlie two
chiefs leading with ilother Corn and the sacred pipe.

As we sing we think that Motlier bi'eathing fortli life, wlio has come
out of the past, lias now started to lead us on the journey we are to
take and to tlie fulfilment of our desire that children may be given
us, tliat generations may not fail in the future, and that the lie may
be made strong between the Father and the Son.

After this song the six men walk slowly towai'd tlie entrance to the
lodge, going liy the north, and all the otliers follow.

Part III. The Hako Party Presented to the Powers

Ejcplanation hy tlie Ku' ralius

When tlie Ilako party are all outside of the door of the lodge, the six
men stand abreast, the doctor with the left wing of the eagle to
the north, on his right tlie Ku rahus, then the princiiial chief, then
the second chief, then the Ku'rahus's assistant, and the doctor with the
right wing of the eagle at the end of the line toward the south.

At the word of the Ku'rahus the six men bearing the sacred objects
advance abreast toward the east. The men of the Ilako party fall in
behind and are followed by the women. When all have walked for-
ward a little way, the six men halt and sing the following song.

As the part}' sings the Ku'raluis lifts and points his feathered stem
toward the east; the assistant does the same with his feathered stem;
the chief makes the same movement with the wildcat skin, from the
head of which protrudes tlie ear of corn; the second chief offers the
stem of the pipe, and the two dt)ctors hold up their eagle wings.

FIRST SONG

Words and jl/».s/i?

• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Slow ad lib.

=^^=^p?^fe^^*M^^^^i^

s=iJ=a=

Hi - ru ra hi - ri ra wa, hi - ni ra wa lii-ri; Hi - ru ra lii - ri ra wa,

hi-rvi ra wa, lii-ri ra wa, ]ii-ri ra wa. He! Hi-ru ra hi ra

tr..

Hi - ru ra hi - ri ra wa, lii - ni ra wa. He!

64 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. anx. 22

184 Hii-ii r;i liiri i-.i wa. liiru ra wa hiri:

185 Hiru ra hiri ra wa, him ra wa. hiri ra wa. hiri ra wa. Hel

186 Hira ra lii ra wa hiri:

187 Hiru ra hiri ra wa, hiru ra wa. He!

TransJcdioit

184 Hiru ra liiri i-a wa, hiru ra wa liiri.

liiru; iru, tliej- yonder; the li is prefixed for euphony and to

give ease in singing,
ra, coming.

hiri; ii-i, they wlio are far away; the h is prefixed for euphony,
ra, moving, moving tliis way.

wa, part of the word teware, passing through tlie air.
hiru, tliey yonder; the li is foi" euphony,
ra, coming.

wa, from tewai'e, darting tlirougli tlie air.
liii'i, they who are far awaj'; tlie li is used for euphony.

185 Hiru ra hiri ra wa, liiru ra wa, hiri ra wa, hiri ra wa. He!

hii'U ra hiri ra wa, hiru ra wa, hiri ra wa. See line IS-t.
he! a part of the exclamation i'hare! meaning I think upon
and consider the significance of (the act which accompanies
the song); the change of the r to h is for euijhony.
lS(i Hiru ra hi ra wa hiri.

liiru I'a. See line 184.

hi, part of the word hiri, translated above,
ra wa hiri. See line 184.
187 Hiru ra hiri ra wa, hiru ra wa. He! W\ the words are trans-
lated above. See lines 184 and 185.

Kjcplunutioti hij tJit^ Kii' rahns

This song is addressed to Tira'wa atius. He is the father of all and
all lliiiigs come from him. "We pray in our hearts as we sing. We
ask Tira'wa to watch over the Ku'rahus, to guide his acts and to guard
his words so that he may make no mistake and the ceremony may be
complete. From the east the flashes of the ej'es of Tira'wa come dart-
ing through the air upon us and upon the sacred ob.jects.

We sing this song four times and then take sixteen steps to the
east; there we turn and face the west, the people all behind us.

As we stand and look toward the west we remember that it is there
that the four lesser pow(^rs dwell who were permitted liy Tira'wa atius
to bring life to man. These powers also control the thunder, the
lightning, the stoi'iu, and death.

We sing the first stanza of the following song to them eight times.

pletchkr]

FOURTH RITUAL, PART III

SECOND

SONO

lVo)-(ls and Music

M. iV

. 1=42.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

■ ^ -, "^'m # ?• — 'i ^ 1 -1 ~2^

Hi - li, ra ri - lii - u!

:Si=

Hi - ri, ra ri - hi-u! A!

Hattles.f' tr

'^ tr.

§-^^

i-i^=^J-i!£

^5?^^

3=1=_S=5S.

:J^-H-^-=«^g-"^

-^'' -J-d- N^r ^

' -J--J- j:" ^- ^^ -mL-». ^.S-

Hi-ri, ni n - hi u! A! lli-ri, ra ri -

hi-ii! A! Hi - ri, ra ri - hi-u! A!

"7^ P"^"

zJ _l_J^==i;— 5— Ji ^^^•^—m—M-

^ f^-^-zK

"tr.

\-(M B-T-5—

i_r_5_^^ »_t^^=tr-fe --- -.y:-^2=^..bj.:^. ^ „bU

Hi ri,

■a ri - hi-u! A! Hi-ri, ra ri

- hi-u! A! Hi-ri, ra ri - hi-u!

— — ~— ~

'" tr.^ ,

f"--^ -1 ■> ^

188 a: Hiri. ra rihiul A

Hiri, ra riliin!

189 A! Hiri, ra riliiu! A!

Hiri. ra rihiu!

190 A! Hiri, ra rihiu!

191 A! Hiri, ra rihiu!

192 A! Hiri, ra rihiit!

193 A! Hiri, ra riliinl

19-t HTTraru ha! Hiri re!

H'Urarn ha! Hiri re!

195 H'Urarn ha! Hiri re!

H'Urarn ha! Hiri re!

196 H-Uraru ha! Hiri re!

197 HTTraru ha! Hiri re!

198 H-Uraru lia! Hiri re!

199 H'Uraru ha! Hiri re!

Ill

200 H'Uraru riri wari! H'Urarn riri wari I

301 H'Uraru riri wari! H'Urarn riri wari!

202 H'Uraru riri wari!

203 H'Uraru riri wari!

204 H'Uraru riri wari!

205 H'Uraru riri wari!

Translation of First Stanza

188 A! Hiri, ra rihiu! A! Hiri, ra riliiii !

a ! a iDart of ha I behold ! The exclamation nas here a double
meaning; the people are to look toward the power.s and the
powers are called upon to behold the people,
hiri, they far away; an address to the powers. The h is pre-
fixed for cupliony.
ra, come.

rihiu; rihi, is the place; u, a vocable to fill out the measure.
189-193. See line 188.
22 ETH— PT 2—04 5

66 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.axn. 22

ExjAanatiou hy the Ku'rahun

When we have finished singing the six men take sixteen steps back
to the place where the first song was sung as we faced tlie east. Then
they take eight steps toward tlie soutli, where they stand facing the
south and sing the following stanza, the people being all behind them.

Tran.sUtliun of Second Stanza

194 H'Uraruha! Iliri re! IITTraru ha! Iliri re!

irUrarii, the eartli.

ha! liehold!

Iliri, they far away; an address to the powers of the south.

re, are, in the sense of being, living.
lUo-lOi) See line 104.

E.vpluiLution Inj tlie Ku'rahus

When we sing this stanza we are standing and looking toward the
south. That is the place where the sun travels, where the light
conies, and the Virightness of day.

As we look we ask the powers of the south to give life and increase
to us, as well as to the seeds within Mother Earth.

After we have snug this stanza eight times to the powers of the
south, we turn and take eight stei)s toward the entrance of the lodge,
to a place just back of where we sang the first song to the east; then
eight steps toward the north, all the people following. Here, facing
the north, we sing the next stanza.

Translation of Third Stanza

200 H'Uraru riri wari! Il'Uraru riri waril

H'Uraru, the earth.

riri, on.

wari, walking.
201-205 See line 200.

Explanation, Inj the Ku'rahus

The jieople are now looking toward the north, the moon, the night,
the mother of the day.

We ask the powers of tlie north, they who can see the path of life,
to lead us and make us able t(^ walk, us and our children.

We sing this song eight times to the powers of the north.

■^rhen the six men turn south and take eight steps toward the entrance
of the lodge, to a point before the place where we sang the first song
to the east; there they turn and face east and walk to the place wliei'c
they sang to the powers of the west, and there they halt.

To all the jjowers of the east, west, south, and north we have sung
and have presented ourselves. As we walked, we have traced upon

flktohek]

FOURTH KITUAL, PART III
WEST

i
J

I
1
i
i
1
I
]
i
i

EAST

Pit;. 175. Diagram showing the movements of the principal members of the Father's party

during the xiresentatiou to the powers.

1, entrance to the lodge; % place where the first song is sung; 3, place where the first stanza
of the second song is sung; 4, place where the second stanza of the second song is sung; 5, place
where the third stanza of the second song is sung; 6, place where the halt is made after the last
sixteen steps; ", the four steps taken in the presence of the powers.

The dots represent the following persons, beginning at the left: the doctor with the left wing
of the eagle, the Ku'rahus, the principal chief (the Father, if he is a chiefs the second chief, the
Ku'rahus's assistant, aud the doctor with the right wing of an eagle. Ihe arrows attached to
the dots show the direction in which the persons are facing. (By an error, but five dots were
drawn, instead of sis.) Each of the other arrows represents a step taken by the group, and
points in the direction in which it is taken.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANX. 22

the earth the figure of a man. This image that we have traced is
from Tira'wa. It has gone around with us, and its feet are where we
now stand ; its feet are witli our feet and will move with them as we now
take four steps, bearing the sacred objects, in the presence of all the
powers and begin our journey to the land of the Son (see figure 175).

Second Division. The Journey

fifth ritual

Part I. Mother Corn Asserts Authority

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

After we have taken the four stejas in tlie ijresence of all the powers
we are ready to begin our journey, but before we start, and while we
stand facing the east, we sing the following song:

FIBST SONG

Words a III} Mi i sic

M. M. j- 56.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed bv Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho-o-o-o-ol H'A - ti-ra

= 112.2

slii-ra ti

re! H'A-ti -

r n ■« ^c-^ — • • — • ^ •"= ""

^=a^

wa - rel H'A-ti -ra shi-ra ti

U L_r Lj- t f Ls U ^ ^

Whe-e ra-t! - wal

1 i

206 Ho-o-o-o-0!

H'Atira shira tiware!
H'Atira sliira tiware!

209 H'Atira shira tiware!

210 Wlie-e ratiwa!

207
208

II
211 Ho-o-o-o-o!
213 H'Atira shira tiwara!

213 H"Atira shira tiwara!

214 H'Atira shira tiwara!
21.5 Weru tihiwa!

Translation of First Stanzi^

206
207

Ho-o-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
H'Atira shira tiware!

h', an aspiration, symbolic of a breathing forth, as tlie giving

of breath so that a thing may live,
atira, mother. The term is here applied to the ear of corn,
shira, it and me; it refers to the ear of corn, Mother Corn; me
refers to the Father's party spoken of or speaking in the
singular, as one person,
tiware, walking in a devious or a winding course.
208-209 See line 207.

FLETCHER] FIFTH RITUAL, PART I 69

210 Whe-e ratiwa!

whe, now, at this time.

e, prolongation of the final e in whe.

ratiwa, walking, plural form; that is, Mother Corn and the
Father's part}' are walking as two persons. See the trans-
lation of shira (line 207).

Explaiiatio)i by tlie Ku'rahus

Mother Corn, who led our spirits over the path we are now to travel,
leads us again as we walk, in our bodies, over the land.

Wlien wo were selecting the Son (.second ritual) we had to fix our
minds on Mother Corn and luake our spirits as one spirit with her.
We must do so now, as we are about to start on this journey; we must
be as one mind, one person, with Mother Corn (h'Atira shira); we,
as one person, must walk witli her over the devious, winding path
(tiware) which leads to the land of the Son.

We sjieak of this path as devious, not merely because we must go
over hills and through valleys and wind around gulches to reach the
land of the Son, but because we are thinking of the way by which,
through the Ilako, we can make a man who is not of our blood a Son;
a way wliich has come down to us from our far-away ancestors like a
winding patli.

Translation of Second Stanza

211 Ho-o-o-o-o! An introductorj' exclamation.

212 H'Atira shira tiwara.

h', symbolic of breatliing forth.

atira, mother; the term refers to the corn.

shira, it and me; the ear of corn and the party of the Father.

tiwara, walking in a definite path, a straight path.
213, 214 See line 212.
215 Weru tihiwa.

weru, by or according to, indicating order or arrangement.

tihiwa, equal stages; divided into equal lengths, as when mark-
ing a line of travel by a number of camps.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

This stanza means that Mother Corn will lead us in the path she
Oldened and made safe for us when she went in search of the Son.
The path is definite to her, like a straight path, in which we are to
journey by equal stages (weru tihiwa). First we are to travel, then
we are to camp, then travel, and again camp. Tliis is the way our
fathers did, and the knowledge has come down to us from father to
son, from father to son, lij' generations, in equal stages all the way.

After singing the stanza the six men with the Ilako move forward
and all follow; Mother Corn is leading and breathing forth life.

After we have moved on a little distance, and have loft the village

70 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. AXN.2a

behind iis so that we can no longer see onr homes, we halt and sing
the first stanza of the following song.

SECOND SONG

lI'o;-(7.s- and 3hisic
M. M. ^ - 112.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed liy Edwin S. Tracy.

ii^=^=^E^E^EE^EE3^Eb=£3E3=j^=^

Ho-o-oo! Ka-ra ha-tii-ru ta? Ka-ra ha-tii-ni ta? H'.V-ti - ra Icu-hr

Rattles.? »^' S -i I ^'^'^r-'fr* ?• ? f

^l^^=

lialu-ru e? Ka-ra lia-tn - ru ta? H'A-ti - ra kn-lira ha-tu - ru e?

Lj- L^ L' Lj Li U Lj L'Lj t -^ I I

21(3 Ho-o-o-ol

217 Kara hatiiru taV Kara hatiini ta?

218 H"Atira kulira haturu e?

219 Kara liaturu ta/ H'Atira kuhra haturu e?

220 Ho-o-o-o!

221 Wiri haturu ta, wiri haturu ta:
223 H'Atira kuhra haturu e:

22.3 Wiri liaturu ta. h'Atira kuhra haturu e.

Translation of First Stanza

216 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

217 Kara haturu ta? Kara haturu ta?

kara, is there? An inquiry.

haturu, path, road, way.

ta, a part of the word ruta, a long stretch, as a long stretch
of road or of countr}-. In order to make the words con-
form to the rhythm of the music the final syllable of
haturu is made to serve as the first .sjilable of the next
word (ruta), so only the last sj'Uable, ta, is given.

218 H'Atira kuhra haturu e?

h', symbolic of the breath; a breathing forth,
atira, mother. The term applies to Mother Corn,
kuhra, hers; the owner of.
haturu, path, road, way.

e, the equivalent of ta, a jiart of nita. The change from ta to
e is for euphony.

219 Kara haturu ta? H'Atira kuhra haturu e? All the words are

translated above. See lines 217 and 218.

Explanation hy the Ku' ralius

Before us lies a wide pathless stretch of country. We are standing
alone and unarmed, facing a land of strangers, and we call upon

rLETPHER]

FIFTH KITUAL, PAET I

Motlier Com and we ask her: "Is tliere a path througli this long
stretch of connti-y before us where we can see nothing? Does your
path, the one which you opened for us, wherein is safety, lie here?"

Traudatloii of Second Stanza

IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
Wiri haturu ta, wiri hatui'U ta.

wiri; liere, at this place; right l)efoi'e one.

haturu, path, road, way.

ta, part of the word ruta, a long streteli.
See line 218.

Wiri haturu ta, h'Atira kuhra haturu (^
translated above. See lines 221 and 218.

220
221

222
22.']

^VU the words ai'e

Explanalion. hij the Kii'rahns

As we stand and sing the second stanza. Mother Corn speaks to us
and we are assured in our spirits. She answers our appeal; she says
that here, right before us, stretches out the path she has made
straight. Then our eyes are ojDened and we see the way we are to go.

But although we se« our way we are not to take the path by our-
selves; we must follow Mother Corn; she must lead us, must direct
and guide our steps. The next song is to enforce obedience to
Mother Corn.

THXRD SONG

IVordft anil ^[ii.^ir-
M. M. ^S = 112.
• — Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho - o-o-o! Ra ri - hi u ha - wa ra-ti r:i e;

Rattles, r T f T Z -^ i i t ' f ' ^

-■si=s=

Ra ri - hi

ha-wa rati ■ ra e; Ha-wa-a ra ri-hi u lia-\vara-ti ra e;

Ra ri hi u

Li Lrtj

c r

• • * T*- -^ ~-zf

ha - wa ra-ti - ra

Ra ri - hi u

i . i .

m-m—0 — 0 — e,-

lia - wa ra, ti - ra e.

8 n i I

224 Ho-o-o-ol 230

225 Ra rihi u hawa ratira e; 231

226 Ra rilii ii hawa ratira e; 232

227 Hawa-a ra rihi u hawa ratira e: 233

228 Ra rilii u hawa ratira e; 234

229 Ra rihi u hawa ratira e. 28.5

Ho-o-o-ol

Ti rihi u hawa ratira e;

Hawa-a ti rihi u hawa ratira e;

Ti rihi u hawa ratira e:

Ti rihi ii hawa ratira e.

72 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. an.n.22

Translation of First Stanza

224 IIo-o-o-o ! An introductory exclamation^

225 Ra rihi ii hawa ratira e.

ra, at a distance; yonder.

rihi, a i^lace; a locality.

11, a particular place.

hawa, whence; from where.

ratira, I came.

e, vowel prolongation to meet the rhymth of the music.

226 See line 225.

227 Hawa-a ra rihi u hawa ratira e.

hawa, whence; from where,
a, vowel prolongation,
ra rihi u hawa ratira e. See line 225.
228, 229 See line 225.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

When this song is to be sung, the Ku'rahus bids all the people go in
front of him, then he and they all turn and face the west, and look
toward the lodge of the Father within wliicli the preliminary ceremonies
have been performed, and before the entrance of which the powers
have looked on the elevated sacred objects and upon all the people.

In this song Mother Corn is speaking of the place whence she came
when she was consecrated according to the rites given to our fathers.
She led our fathers and she leads us now, because she was born of
Mother Earth and knows all places and all people, and because she
has on her the sign (the blue-paint symbol) of having been uj) to
Tira'wahut, where power was given her over all creatures. She also
is speaking of the path over which her spirit led our spirits when we
were traveling in search of the Son."

Translation of Second Stanza

330 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

331 Ti rihi u hawa ratira e;

ti, this.

rihi u hawa ratira e. See line 225.

332 See line 331.

333 Hawa-a ti rilii u hawa ratira e. See lines 225, 227, and 331.
334, .335 See line .331.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

As we sing the second stanza, the Ku'rahus points along the path
we have already traveled under the leadership of Mother Corn.
This act and the song are to impress upon the people that they

a See first ritual, second ritual, and fourth ritual.

FLETCHER]

FIFTH RITUAL.

are not moving at random, but iu a prescribed manner, whicli the
Ku'rahus has been taught and directed to follow; that they are led
by Mother Corn authorized by the powers, and to her they must give
unquestioning obedience througliout the ceremony.

After this song the Ku'rahus and the other bearers of the sacred
objects turn, and facing the east, pass on in front of the people, who
also turn and follow as they go forth on the journey.

The three songs we have just sung are in sequence. Their order
can not be changed; they belong to the beginning of the journey, and
teach us to obey Mother Corn.

Part II. Songs and Ceremonies of the Way

Explanation by the Ku'raTixis

The journey we are taking is for a sacred purpose, and as we are led
by the supernatural power in IMother Corn we must address with song
every object we meet, because Tira'wa is in all things. Everything
we come to as we travel can give us help, and send help by us to the
Children.

Trees are among the lesser powers, and they are represented on the
Hako which we carry, so when we see trees we must sing to tliem.

Trees gi-ow along the banks of the streams; we can see them at a
distance, like a long line, and we can see the river glistening in the
sunlight in its length. We sing to tlie river, and when we come nearer
and see the water and hear it rippling, then we sing to the water, the
water that ripples as it runs.

SONG TO THE TREES AND STREAMS

Words and Music

M. M.;n=112.

• = Pulsation of the voice.
No drum.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

M^^^=^l

Wi-ra u -ha - ki,
Rattles. ^ • ? • *

wi - ra u - ha - ki;

&-^=^^

Ka-tu - ha-ru u - lia - ki,

i i

C^'

236 Wira uhaki, wira uhaki:

237 Katuham iihaki, wira iihaki;

238 Katuliaru uhaki.

239 Wira uhaki, wira uhaki;

240 Kichaharu uhaki, wira uhaki;

241 Kichaharu uhaki.

Ill

243 Wira wihaku, wira wihaku;

243 Kichaharu wihaku, wira wihaku;

244 Kichaharu wihaku.

74 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

Traiisldtion

230 Wir;i uhaki, wini uhaki.

wii'ji; wi, a (nullifying word meaning that an object is long or
stretched out; ra, at a distance, yonder.

uhaki, something that is in a line, a stretch.
2o7 Katuharu uhaki, wira uhaki.

katuharu, trees, timber, woods.

uhaki, a long line, a stretch.

wira uhaki. See line 23tJ.
2.38 Katuharu uhaki. See line 237.

230 See line 230.

240 Kicliaharu uhaki, wii-a uhaki.

kichaharu, a stream, a river,
uhaki, a long stretch,
wira uhaki. See line 23ti.

241 Kichaharu uhaki. See line 240.

Ill

242 Wii-n wihaku, wira wihaku.

wira, something that is long seen at a distance,
wihaku, rippling.

243 Kichahara wihaku; wira wiharu.

kichaharu, a stream, a river.

wihaku, riiipling.

wira wihaku. See line 242.

244 Kichaliaru wiliaku. See line 243.

E.rplaiKitiot) III/ the Ka'rahus

In this ceremony water is not used except for sacred purposes. We
mi.x the paint that we use upon the sacred objects witi; '-nnning water.
When on our journey we come to a stream of running water we
can not step into it to cross it without asking permission of Kawas.
Kawas is the mother; she represents the night and the moon, and she
can permit us to enter and wade through the stream. So, whenever
we come to a river we call upon Kawas to protect us, that our act
of passing through the water may not bring punishment, and may not
cause the clouds to come between us and the blue dome, the dwelling
place of Tira'wa, or break the continuity of life from one generation
to another.

The followijig song is oar appeal to Kawas. When we sing the
first stanza we enter the stream, tlie water touches our feet.

TLETCHER] FIFTH RITUAL, PART II 75

SONG -WHEN CROSSING THE STREAMS

M^orils 1 111(1 ihtsic

M.M. ^N- 116.

' = Piilsatiiin of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

No drum.

Ho-o-o 1 He! Ka-wassi-re te - vvi hu-ku-ka, Te-wihii-ku-ka. He! Ka-was si-re a he!

Ka-wassi-re te-wi hu-ku-ka. He! Ka-wassi-re te-wi hu-ku-ka.

I
2« Ho-o-o!

246 He! Kawas sire tewi linliuka,

247 Tewi hukuka.

248 He! Kawas sire a he! Kawa.s sire tewi huktika.

249 He! Kawas sire tewi hukiika.

II
2.'50 Ho-o-o!
2.51 He! Kawas sire tewi hariki,

252 Tewi hariki.

253 He! Kawas sire a he! Kawas sire tewi hariki.

254 He! Kawas sire tewi hariki.

Ill

255 Ho-o-o!

256 He! Kawas sire tewi haiwa,

257 Tewi haiwa.

258 He! Kawas sire a he! Kawas sire tewi haiwa.

259 He! Kawas sire tewi liaiwa.

260 Ho-o-c!

261 He! Kawas sire tewi hawitshpa,

262 Tewi hawitshpa.

263 He! Kawas sire a he! Kawas seri tewi hawitshpa.

264 He! Kawas sire tewi hawitshpa.

Trdiishitioii

245 rio-o-o! An inti-odnctoiy cxclMmjition.
240 He! Kawas sire tewi Imkuka.

he! a part of the exclamation hiri! give heed! harken!
Kawas; the brown eagle, which in this ceremony represents

the feminine principle, the night, the moon,
sire, its; a possessive prononn referring to Kawas.
tewi, it has; refers to the water.

hukuka, a composite word; liii, from cliaharn, water; knka,
to step into, as to put one's feet in the water, to wade.
247 Tewi hukuka.

tewi, it has; the water lias touched the feet,
hukuka, step into the water. The feet have stepped into the
water.

76 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.ann.22

248 He! Kawas sire a he! Kawas sire tewi Imkulca.

he! give heed! harken!

Kawas, the mother, the brown eagle.

sire, its; refers to the control of the water bj' Kawas.

a, a vocable used to fill out the measure of the music.

he! Kawas sire tewi InikTika. See line 246.

249 See line 240.

250 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

251 He! Kawas sire tewi liariki.

he! part of the exclamation hiril haiken! give heed!
Kawas, the brown eagle, representing the female principle.
sire, its.
tewi, it has.

hariki, a composite word; ha, a part of chaharu, water; riki,
standing.
253 Tewi hariki.
tewi, it has.
hariki, water standing. Our feet are standing in the water.

253 He! Kawas sire a he! Kawas sire tewi hariki. See lines 248

and 251.

254 See line 251.

Ill

255 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

256 He! Kawas sire tewi liaiwa.

he! part of the word hiri! harken! give heed!
Kawas, the brown eagle; the mother, the female jirinciple.
sire, its; refers to Kawas.
tewi, it has.

haiwa, a composite word; ha, part of chahai-u, water; iwa,
moving in: haiwa, moving in the water.

257 Tewi haiwa. See line 256.

258 He! Kawas sire a he! Kawas sire tewi haiwa. See lines 248

and 256.

259 See line 251!.

IV.

200 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
261 He! Kawas sire tewi hawitshpa.

he! harken! give heed!

Kawas, the brown eagle; the mother, the female principle.

sire, its; refers to Kawas.

tewi, it has; refers to the water.

hawitshpa, a composite word; ha, part of chaharu, water;
witshpa, completed, accomplished a purpose, reached au
end. The meaning of the word is that the water has cov-
ered the feet.

FLETCHER]

FIFTH RITUAL, PART II

2G-2 Tewi hawitshpa. See line i!til.

263 He! Kawas sire a he ! Kawas sire tewi hawitshpa.

248 and 261.

264 See line 261.

See lines

Explanation hi/ the Kn'rahus

When we sing tlie second stanza, our feet are standing in the water.
When tlie third stanza is sung, our feet are moving in the water. At
the fourtli stanza the water covers our feet. So as we sing this song we
enter the stream and, under tlie protection of Kawas, we pass through
to the other side.

Every time we come to a stream across wliicli our jiath lies we must
sing this song.

After we have forded the stream we pause at the bank. We are
wet with water through which we have just passed, but we must not
touch our bodies where we are wet to drj' ourselves, for the running
water is sacred.

So, we sing the first stanza ot tlie following song and call on the
Wind, riotoru, to come and touch us that we maj^ become drj-.

SONG TO THE WTND

Wurds and Music

M. M. ^S

132.
Pulsation of the voice.
No drum.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho - to - ru,

265 Ho-o-o-o :

266 Tukuka, tukuka ha Hotoru,

367 Tukuka ha Hotoru,

368 Tukuka ha !

369 Ho-o-o-o !

270 Talwa, taiwa ha Hotoru,

271 Taiwa ha Hotoru,
372 Taiwa ha !

273 Ho-o-o-o 1

274 Tawawe, tawawe he Hotoru,

275 Tawawe he Hotoru,

276 Tawawe he !

277 Ho-o-o-o !

278 Tawitshpa, tawitshpa ha Hotoru,
379 Tawitshpa ha Hotoru,

280 Tawitshpa ha !

78 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

Tnui.sluiiuii
I
2G5 Ho-o-o-o! An iiitroduflon' oxclamation.
2<J(J Tukiika, liikuka- ha Ilotoni.
tukuka, touoh or toucliiMl.

ha, a syllable added 1<> meet the rliythin of the music,
llotoru, the Wind, the suiiernatiiral ijower.
L>(i7 Tukuka lui llotoru. See line 26(;.
2(iS Tukuka ha! See line 266.

II
260 IIo-o-o-ol ^^.n introductory exelaniation.

270 Taiwa, taiwa ha llotoru.

taiwa, to touch lightly or brush on the sides of anj'thlng.
ha, a syllable added for the sake of rhythm.
Hotoru, the Wind, one of the lesser ijoweir.

271 Taiwa ha llotoru. See line 276.

272 Taiwa lia! See line 270.

Ill

273 IIo-o-o-ol An introductory exchmiation.

274 Tawawe, tawawe he llotoru.

tawawe, a creeping touc^li, felt now liere and now there,
he, a syllal>le added to keep Ihe rhythm of the music.
Hotoru, the Wind, one of tlio lesser powers.

275 Tawawe he Hotoru. See line 274.

276 Tawawe he! See line 274.

277 See line 265.

278 Tawitshjja, tawitshpa ha Hotoru.

tawitshpa, the com])letion of an act, the accomplishment of
a purpose. Hotoru has completel}' touched all parts of
the body,
ha, a syllable added to lill out the rhythm of the music.
Hoturu, the Wind; one of the lesser powers.
27'J Tawitshpa lia Hotoru. See line 278.
280 Tawitshpa ha! See line 278.

Explaiuifidii Inj the Ku' ruhus

As we sing the second stanza tlie Wind l)rushes lightly tlie sides of
our bodies and our wet legs and feet. With the tliird stanza the Wind
circles about, touching us here and there. When we sing the fourth
stanza the Wind completely envelops us, touching all parts of our
bodies. Now, we are ready to move forward in safety. No harm
will follow our passage of tlie river and we can pursue our journey.

Whenever, as we travel, we have to cross a river we mtist sing tliis
song to the Wind to come and dry our bodies before we can continue
our journey.

FliKTCHKR]

FIFTH RITUAL, PART II

When the .spirit of Mother t'orii was traxeliug' iu search of the Son
(second ritual) she saw buffalo; the lirst stanza of the following- song
refers to that time (ira saka riki, an indefinite time in the past). So,
when on our journey we come to buffalo trails, or see the herds at a
distance, we know that they have been seen before, at this i^lace, by
the spirit of Mother Corn, and we sinir tliis s<jng.

SONG TO THE BUFFALO

TI'o/v/.s (uid Music

M. M. J = 120.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed bv Edwin S. Tracy.

=3=

rzC

im-m-

Dnim. i
Matties. L

Ha a a a! Ha! I-rasa ka ri-ki; Ha!I-ra riki; Hall-ra saka ri- ki;

:j Lr U LJ LJ uu U LJ tJ

-"^^— ^- Srii*— |-^.-J-p^^-'J-

::^^=^l

la!

I - ra riki; Hal

[-ra

.'<a - ka ri-ki ;

^ r U L_i

Lj L-!

381

Ha-a-a-a!

2S2

Ha! Ira saka riki;

Ha!

Ira riki;

28S

Ha! Ira saka riki;

Ha!

Ira riki;

284

Pla! Ira saka riki;

Ha!

Ira riki.
II

28.5

Ha-a-a-a!

286

Ha! Tira saka riki;

Ire wawa;

287

Ha! Tira saka riki;

Ha!

Ire wawa;

288

Ha! Tira saka riki;

Ire wawa.

Ha!

I - ra
1

ri-ki.
I

s-/((//

281
28-2

283,

Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.
Ha! Ira saka i-iki; Ha! Ira riki.

ha! l)ehold!

ira, a single object in the distance; ra, distant, also means in
the past, distant as to time.

saka, part of the word tarasaka, sun.

riki, standing. Saka riki means i5 resent time; but, as the
words follow ira, the phrase ira saka riki means an indefi-
nite time in the past.

ha! behold! see!

ira, the object seen at an indefinite time in the past.

riki, standing; referring to the object that was seen. Al-
though tlie oliject seen is not mentioned by name, it was
known to be bulfalo.
28-1 See line 282.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

285 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

286 Ha! Tira saka riki; Ha! Ire wawa.

ha! behold!

tira, this.

saka, part of the word tarasaka, sun.

riki, standing. Saka riki means present time. The phrase

tira saka riki means a definite time, at this time or

moment,
ha! behold! see! look!

ire, many objects at a distance, as many trails with buffalo,
wawa, many walking. The phra.se "Ha! Ire wp.wa" means

"Look, where many buffalo walk in many different

trails ! " This refers to different herds seen at a distance.
287, 288 See line 286.

Explanation hy flie Ku'rahus

The second stanza refers to our seeing with our own eyes the buffalo
herds walking in many different trails. We sing of this sight and we
carrj' its promise of i:)lenty to the Children.

These stanzas are not now sung upon the journey with the Hako,
because the buffalo herds are all gone; but we sing them in the lodge
of the Son, in remembrance of the buffalo, the animal Tira'wa gave us
for food.

SONG OF THE PROMISE OF THF BUFFALO

Words and Music

M. M.

:120.

= Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

He-e-e-e!

Dt-um. i « a ■
Battles. ^ Lj

Were ru-wa-wa, we-ri

ru - wa - wa,

ra rit-ka

/ L;

ru-wa - wa,

We-re ru- wa-wa,

A A AAA

LJ" u LJ Lj tj

ra rit-ka

r ^ r

ru-wa-wa-a ra.

289 He-e-e-e;

290 Were ruwawa. were ruwawa,

291 Sira ritka ritwawa.
393 Were ruwawa,

393 Sira ritka ruwawa-a ra.

II
294 He-e-e-e!
39.") Wera hara-a, wera liara-a,

296 Taraha-a rahara,

297 Wera hara-a,

298 Taraha-a rahara-a ra.

FLETCHER] FIFTH KITTTAL, PART li 81

Transhiiioii
I

289 He-e-e-e! An introductory exclaniatinn.

290 Were ruwawa, were ruwawa.

were, thej'; a nuniber of persons or animals,
rnwawa, riinning from, as from the place Avhere one is stand-
ing or where one is walking.

291 Sira ritka ruwawa.

sira, their.

ritka, dust; the soil raised by the feet in running.

ruwawa, running away from.

292 "Were ruwawa. See line 290.

293 Sira ritka ruwawa-a ra.

sira ritka ruwawa. See lines 290, 291.

a ra, vocables used to fill out the rliythm of the miisic.

294 Ile-e-e-e! An introductory exclamation.

295 Wera hara-a, wera hara-a.

wera, one coming; we, one, it, singular number; ra, coming.

hara-a, a composite word made uj) of the syllable lia, from the
word iha're, the young of animals (the word is also used
for offspring, children) and ra, coming. The final a is a
vowel prolongation to fill the rliythm of the music.

296 Taraha-a rahai-a.

taraha, the female buffalo.

a, vowel prolongation because of the rliytlim of tlie music.

rahara, a composite word ; ra, from wera, one coming ; ha, from
iha're, young; ra, coming. Tlie line "Taraha-a rahara"
means tliat the female buffalo and her calf are coming.

297 Wera hara-a. See line 295.

298 Taraha-a rahara-a ra. See lines 293, 290.

Sxplanation by ihe Ku'rahus

While we were traveling we sometimes saw a great cloud of dust
rising in the distance. Wlien we saw this cloud rolling up frojn the
earth we knew it was caused by a herd of buffalo running away from
us towai'd tlie land of lhe Children.

Sometimes a cow and her calf would separate from the lierd and
come nearer us. We were taught to lie mindful of all that we saw
upon the journey, for these sights meant tlie promise of i)lenty of food
for tlie Children.

We do not sing this song any more as \\e travel, for now (here are
no buffalo herds to be seen sending the dust up to the sky as they
run. We sing the song in tlie lodge of the Son, that we may remem-
ber tlie liuffalo, and that our children may hear of tliem.
22 KTH— PT 2—04 6

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEKEMONY

[kth. axn, 22

When as we trav<*l wt' eoino to inoujilaiiis or liillswc siiiir llic fol-
lowiiiii: song.

Hills wei-e made 1)}' Tira'wa. AVe ascend liills when we go aw ay alone
to pray. From the top of a hill we can look over the r-ountry to see if
there are enemies in sight or if any danger is near ns; we eaii sec if
we are to meet friends. The hills help man, so we sing to them.

SONG TO THE MOUNTAINS
T('(;/v7.s 1111(1 ^fllSIC

M. M.^N=-

168.

• = Pulsation of tlie voice.

Transcribed bv Edwin S. Tracv.

n-M

No drum. ,

#^=^--M— - -i.--S=F5=?=

^'--

=:S=

^ ^_EEd-B5z:3-=^^

Utji

Ha-a-a-a-a! I - ra wlia - ku we

r — i r .—

- re - chill wlia - ra; I - i:i

|l,_^__^_

^^«=^^

^ m '- iri_!:^

i-^=>-^—

:--f--'*-^J

.• • • •.

"- — ^ p.

wha - ku

we - re - cl

lili wha - I

Ha ! Chih wha - ku we -

r , 1 ^^ k t . " 1 HI

• — * —

re - chih

^—» m

wha - ra.

Ha! Wha

we - re -

chih wha - ra.

III

39'J

Ha-a-ci-a-al 309

Ha-a-a-a-a!

300

Ira whaku werechih whara; 310

Ira whaku werechih kitta lira:

301

Ira wliaku werecliih whara. 311

Ira whaku werechih kitta lira.

303

Ha! Chih whakti werechilj whara. 312

Ha! Chih e werochih kitta lira.

30.3

Ha! Whaku werechih whara. 313

Ha! Whaku werechih kitta lira.

i;-

304

Ha-a-a-a-a! 314

Ha-a-a-a-a !

30.-)

Ira whaku werechih katawara; 315

Ira whakir werechih kitta witit:

303

Ira whaku werechih katawara. 316

Ira whaku werechih kitta witit.

307

Ha! Chih katawara chih wara. 317

Ha! Chih werechih kitta witit.

308

Ha! Whaku

werechih

;awara.

318

Whaku w

jrechih kitta witit.

ishtlion
I

2il!)
300

301
302

3( );5

Ila-a-a-a-a! An introdnctory exclamation.
Ira whaku werechih whaia.

ira, yonder particular and single object.

whaku, an elevation, a mountain, a hill.

wereehih, a party, a number of persons.

whara, walking, traveling on foot.
See line 300.
Ila! Chih whaku werechih whara.

ha! behold!

chih, the last syllable of the word werechih, a party.

whaku werechih whara. See line 300.
Ha! Whaku werechih whara. See lines 300, 3o2.

FLETCHER] FIFTH RITUAL, PART II 83

304 Ila-ii-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

305 Ira wliaku werochih katawara.

ira, a particulai- and a sinij:l(' object at a distance.

whaku, a mountai)!, a liill.

werechih, a group of persons making an organizetl party.

katawara, climbing as they walk.
m] Sec line 305.
307 Ma! Chih katawara chih wara.

ha! behold!

chih, the last syllable of the word werechih, a company of
persons, a party having a common jiurpose.

katawara, climbing, ascending a mountain or a hill.

chih, part of tlie word werechih, f)arty.

wara, a j)art of the word katawara, ascending, climbing.
30S Ha! Whaku werechih katawara. See lines 305, 307.

Ill

300 Ha-a-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

310 Ira whaku werechih kitta hra. "

ira, a particular and single object at a distance.

whaku, a mountain or a hill.

werechih, a party.

kitta, top, as the toj) of a mountain or hill.

hra, from whara, walking.

311 See line 310.

312 Ha! Chih e werechih kitta lira.

lia! behold!

chih, the last syllable of werechih, party.

e, a vocable used to fill out the measure of the music.

werechih, a party, a company of people.

kitta, top; tlie summit of a mountain or a hill.

hra, from whara, traveling on foot.

313 Ha! Whaku werechih kitta lira. See lines 310, 312.

314 Ha-a-a-a-a! An introdnctorj' exclamation.

315 Ira whaku werechih kitta wit it.

ira, j'onder particular object,
whaku, mountain or hill.

werechih, an organized group of persons, a party,
kitta, summit, top.
witit, sitting down.
310 See line 315.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

317 ITal (liih wereeliih kitta witit.

ha! l)ehold!

fhih, tlie last syllable of wei'echilj, a party.

verecliih, an oi'ganized group of pei'.sons, a party.

kitta, summit of a mountain or liill.

witit, to sit down, to i-cst.

318 Ha! Whaku werechih kitta witit. See lines 315, 317. ,

KxplutKilioit liij tlip Kn' rahufi

The first stanza is sung when wo who arc traveling see in the dis-
tance the top of a mountain or liill rising above the horizon. Tlie
Ku'rahns calls the attention of the people and bids them look at the
mountain that lies in the path before them. We sing the next stanza
as we are about to climli the mountain. The third stanza is sung
when the party reaches the top of the mountain. While the jjeople
are sitting down to rest on the summit we sing the fourth stanza.

As a Ilako part}' does not now go in a direction where there are moun-
tains and hills, they do not sing these songs on the journey. They
are generally sung in the lodge of the Son.

SONG TO THE MESAS

Words and Music

M. M. Melodv.

••58.

M. M. Drum. S= 116.
• = Pulsation of the voice.

^mm^^^^

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracj.

Ho- o- 0-0-0 !

Vnnn. a
Mattles.l

Ha-re

-3-
wi - tu;

=5=3

^^=?=^^

-'=^-

ha-

wi - tii;

■ re wi

tu;

lia-

re wi - tu;

ft . ft . ft

Ha-rewi-tu; lia- re wi - tu;

• f ' } ' f • ^ • .^

J '^i^ ta^ ^^ h^J La

ha- re wi - tu.

' I - I I

319 Ho-o-o-o-o:

320 Hare witii; hare witu; liare ^\^tu; liare witii;

321 Hare witu; hare witn; hare witu.

322 Ho-o-o-o-o!

323 Ha rlia witu; lia rlia witu; ha rha witu: ha rha witu;

324 Ha rha witu; ha rha witu; ha rha ■\\'itu.

HI
32.J Ho-o-o-o-o!

326 Hare wawe; hare wawe: hare wawe; liare wawe;

327 Hare wawe; liare wawe; hare wawe.

328 Ho-o-o-o-o!

329 Ha rha wawe; ha rha wawe: ha rha wawe; ha I'ha wawe;

330 Ha rha wawe; ha rha wawe; ha rha wawe.

FLETCHER] FIFTH EITUAL 85

Translation
I

3111 IIo-o-o-o-os An introductory exclamation.

320 Harewitu; harewitu; hare witu; hare witii.

hare, yonder, at a short distance.

witu, a mesa, an elevation or hill with a flat top.

321 See line 320.

322 Ho-o-o-o-o! An inti-oductory exclamation.

323 Ha rha witu; ha rha witu; ha rha vfitn; ha rha witu.

ha, yonder.

rha, beyond this one; meaning that another mesa is seen

beyond the one in the foreground,
witu, a mesa.

324 See line 323.

Ill

325 Ho-o-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

326 Hare wawe; hare wawe; hare wa we.

hare, yonder, at a short distance,
wawe, the ridge or rim of the mesa.

327 See line 326.

328 llo-o-(j-o-o! An iutroiluclory e.xclamatiou.

329 Ha rha wawe; ha rha wawe; ha rha wawe; ha rha wawe.

ha, yonder.

rha, beyond this one; that is, tlie one in the foreground jvist

spoken of.
wawe, the rim or sharj) ridge of the mesa.

330 See line 329.

Explau<iti(}it liij till' Ku'rahus

We are told that long ago our fathers used to see the mesas; that
on their journeys with the Ilako they passed by or over these flat-
topped mountains. This song has come down to us from that time.
As we have never seen mesas, we do not sing the song on the journey;
we sing it in the lodge of the Son, that we may not forget what our
fathers saw when they traveled far from where we now dwell.

Pakt III. Mother Corn Reasserts Le.\dership

Expluuatloii III/ the Ku'rahus

The next two songs are in sequence.

When we have reached the borders of tlie country where the Chil-
dren dwell we sing the first song. We give an e.xclamatioii of thank-
fulness (Iri!) that we behold the land where they dwell. Mother Corn
had passed here when she was seeking the Son (second ritual), and
now she has led us to this place.

THK HAKO, A PAWNEK CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN'. 22

FIRST SONG

TFo/-r/.s- (Hill Music

M. M. j= no.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

ai|iis

Drum i t i
RalUes. '^ L

331
333
383
384

Ha-a-H-a! 33.J

Iril Horaro. Iri! Horaro. 336

Hovaro e i)irao knre horaro. 337

Iril Horaro: horaro e. 338

III

Ha-a-a-al

Weri shu riwa, weri shii riwa wn;
Hhu riwa wi jjirao, shu riwa wi;
Weri shii riwa. shu weri wi.

331
332

333

334

335
33(J

389 Ha-a-a-a!

340 Weri hiiriwa, weri hiiriwa wi;

341 Hnriwa wi piran, hnriwa wi;

342 Weri Iniriwa. hnriwa wi.

Tra iishilion
I

Ha-a-a-a! An introdnetoi-y exclamation.
Iri! Horaro. Iri! Horaro.

iri! a part of nawairi! ati exclaniatioti of thankfulness.

lioraro, land, country.
Horaro e pirao kure lioraro.

horaro, laud, country.

o, a vocable used to fill out the measure

pirao, children; a general term.

kure, their.

horaro, country.
Iri! Horaro; horaro e. See lines 332, 333.

Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.
Weri shu riwa, weri shu riwa wi.

weri, here, at this ijlace.

slm, a part of the word ashiiro, moccasin.

riwa, an impress, as an imiirint made by moccasins on the soft
ground.

wi, many.

FLKTCHKB] FIFTH RITUAL, PART III 87

;^37 Shii liwH \vi pinio, sliu riwa \vi.
shu riwa \vi. ^ee line 330.

pir; o, t'lnldreii ; uot necessarily one's offspring,
shu riwa wi. See line 336.

338 Weri shu riwa, shu weri wi. See line 33(j.

Ill

339 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory e.xclamation.

340 Weri liuriwa, wei-i huriwa wi.

weri, here,
huriwa, walking,
wi, many.

341 Huriwa wi pirao, huriwa wi. See lines 337, 340.

342 Weri huriwa, huriwa wi. See liue 340.

Explunulion hi/ ihe Kii'rcUi.ns

As we move on and enter the land of the Children we sing, in the
second stanza, about their footprints, the maiks of their nio('casins
wliere they have walked to and fro on the ground.

We luaj' not actually see tiieso marks, but the song represents us
as .seeing them; Mother Corn has seen them, and she is leading us.

Farther on we sing in the third stanza that we see the Children
themselves walking over Iheir land. Mother Corn can see them if we
do not; she lias been here before; she knows all the people and can
reach them all, so she leads us where we can see them walking.

This song represents the Fathers coming to tlie country where the
Son lives. They first see his footprints; then they see him and his
kindred, the Children, walking about where they live. So the way is
nuide plain for us and we go forward.

When the village of the Children is in sight the following .song is
sung. Mother C!orn speaks in the first stanza and tells us she has
come again to this place. Her spirit had been here before when she
came seeking the Son. To-daj^ we have arrived with her at this her
destination, and we give thanks to Mother Corn.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

SECOND SONQ

IVords and Music

M. M. N-112.

'•— Pulsation ot the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

=^'*~?. — ^^^ -— — ^?^« — * "^ "^ — -»^^J! '

A ti-ra sa-ka ri - ki

Drum, i
Battles.'^

a- wa ra - ti whi-cha; \ ti-ra sa - ka ri- ki

• • i t f » Si m ft* i

a- wa rati whi-cha. I - ri! Ha-wa ra-ti wh!-cha; .\ ti-ra sa-ka ri-ki

Lj Li Li L-^ t—: Li U U U L

-3-m- ^--*- -*■ -«r -*-
a - wa ra-ti whi-cha

-i^-0-

A ti-ra sa - ka ri- ki

L_' L_' L- L' L-

I - wa ra-ti whi -cha.

P - i

3-t:! A tira saka riki awa rati whicha:

Mi A tira saka riki awa rati whicha.

34.') Iril Hawa rati wliicba;

346 A tira saka riki awa rati whicha;

347 A tira saka riki awa rati whicha.

348 A tira saka riki awa rashihri whicha:

349 A tira saka riki awa rashiliri wliicha.
3.50 Iri! Hawa rashihri whicha:

351 A tira saka riki awa rashihri wlucha;
853 A tira saka riki awa rashihri whicha.

Trdiisliif/iin

•343 A tira saka riki awa rati whiclia.

a, a vowel sound introduced for euphony

tira, this.

saka, part of the word tarasaka, sun.

riki, standing; tira saka riki means tills present time, to-day.

awa, again.

rati, a modification of the word itira, I coming.

whicha, arrived.

344 8ee line 3^3.

345 Iri ! Hawa rati whicha.

iri! thanks! a part of tlie word na'wairi, thanks, tliankful.
hawa, again.

rati, I coming; refers to Mother CV)rn.
whicha, arrived, reached the point of destination.
34tl, 347 See line 343.

FLETCBER] FIFTH RITUAL, PART III 89

348 A tira saka riki awa rashihri whicha.

a, a vowel sound used for eui)liony.

tira, tliis.

saka, sun; part of the word tara saka, sun.

riki, standing, tira saka riki, to-day, this present time.

awa, again.

rashihri, you liave brouglit.

whicha, arrived, come.

349 See line 348.

350 Iri! Hawa rashiliri wliicha.

iri! an exclamation of thanks or thankfulness. A part of

the word ua'wairi, thanks, it is good.
hawa, again.

rashihri, you have bi-ouglit.
whicha, arrived.
351, 352 See line 348.

Explanation Jnj Hie Ku'rahus

The second stanza says that Mother Corn has arrived, bringing
gifts for the Children. These gifts are not only the things in our
packs; but they ai-e the promise of long life, of children, of plenty,
and of peace. It is for these that tlie Children will give thanks, and
we sing their thanks in this song.

Third Division. ExTERiX(i the Villacje of the Sor and Conse-
crating Ills Lodge

sixth ritual

Part I. The Son's Messengers Received

Explanation liij tin Ku' rail as

When the messengers sent by the Fathers (third ritual) turned
homeward tlie Son began his preparations to receive the Ilako party.
Each of Ills relatives selected from among his ponies those Mhich he
desired to present to the Fathers. The Son chose a messenger as his
representative to go out and receive the Ilako party when it should
arrive within sight of the village. He also selected the little child
necessarj^ to the pei'formance of certain rites belonging to the fifth
morning of the ceremony. It could be one of his own children or the
child of a near relative. Finally, an earth lodge of suitable size was
secured, tlie occupants with all their belongings moving out for the
occasion.

In this vacated lodge the ceremony was to be performed and the
Fathers were to live day and night, for no member of tlie Ilako party
ever separated himself from the sacred objects from the time of start-
ing on the journey until the close of the entire ceremony.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEKEMONY

[ETH. ANN. aj

Every Pawnee village keeps certain men on the lookout to jjive
notieo of tlie apiiroaeli of strangers. As soon as the llako party was
recognized one of these men ran with the news to the village. The
Son at once dispatched his messenger, l^idding him go 1o the Fathers
and say, "I am ready."

As soon as the Fathers discerned the messenger hastening toward
them, the Ku'rahiif. sent two men to meet him an<l conduct hini to the
Ilako party.

A cushion was i)laced for him to sit upon and a bowl of buffalo meat
w;i.s given liim. While he ate, the Ku'rahus, his assistant, and the
chief, holding the sacred objects, sang the first stanza of this song.

SONG

TForr/.s' and Muftic

M. M. s = uCi.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

No drum

Transcrihetl liv Edwin S. Tracv.

Li:~3z

Ho-o-o-o! Ti-vve ra-kii slie

ti ha-o;

Tiwe ra-ku-she

\M^M

li ha o;

-•.zJ.-*-*-i- ^ ^ -.

ft •• ?

Ti-we ra-ku-she ha-wati ha-o; Ti-wera-ku she ti hu-o

I
35:j Ho-o-o-o]

Ti-we ra-ku-she.

354 Tiwe lakushe ti hao:

355 Tiwe raliushe ti hao;

356 Tiwe raknshe hawa ti hao;

357 Tiwe raknshe ti hao;

358 Tiwe rakushe.

o59 Ho-o-o-o!

360 Tiwe riata ti hao:

361 Tiwe riata ti hao:

362 Tiwe riita hawa ti hao;

363 Tiwe riata ti hao;

364 Tiwe riata.

TruHslatiiin nf Firaf Sfniizu

35o lIo-o-()-ol ^Vn introductory exclamation.

354 Tiwe rakuslie ti hao.

tiwe, liere.

rakushe, he sitting.

ti, my.

hao, my own child; my offspring.

355 See line 354.

356 Tiwe rakushe hawa ti hao.

tiwe, here.

rakushe, he sitting.

hawa, again.

ti, my.

hao, my own child.

357 See line 354.

358 Tiwe rakushe. See line 354.

B-LETCHEE] SIXTH RITUAL, PART I 91

ExplaiKiliun hij the Kn' ruhus

In tliis stanza we speak of the messenger as " my own child " (ti hao),
becanse he represents the Son, to whom we are being led by Mother
Corn. Althougli tho man who is the Son is not and can not be of any
blood kinsliip to us, yet by the power of the sacred objects in this
ceremony lie is to be made as our own child, as our offspring, we are
to be bound to him by a tie as unalterable as that which exists between
father and son. So we sing, "My own child, my offspi'ing, is sitting
here."

When we sing "Tivve r;ikushe hawa ti hao,'' we are lliinking that
our child has again said "I am ready."

T'runslation of Second SUvnsa

359 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
300 Tiwe riata ti hao.

tiwe, here.

riata, he walking.

ti, my.

hao, my own cluhl.

361 See line 300.

362 Tiwe riata hawa ti iiao.

tiwe, here.

i-iata, he walking.

hawa, again.

ti, my.

hao, my own child.

363 See line 30(i.

364 Tiwe riat/a. See line :!(']0.

E.rjjldiKition hij thf Ktirolius

The pack containing the clothing provided for this representative
of the Son is now opened. After the messenger has finished eating
he is dressed in the new clothing.

We clothe him because that is an act which marks the care of a
father for his child. The garments we put upon him are fine and
embroidered; these fine and carefully made garments show that we
have been thinking of him, that vv"e regard him highly and wish to do
him honor.

After the messenger is clothed he walks toward the village; we fol-
low, walking slowly and singing the second stanza. The words tell
that the Son is walking before us and that we again are walking
toward the lodge of the Son.

Just before we reach the village we halt and sing the next song.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEK CEREMONY
Part II. The Hako Party Enter the Village

SONG

M'ords and Music

[ETH. ANN. ita

M. M. ^N = llfi.

• ~ Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

bl^gEEE^B^^S^

S=2^Eb^-=^.=p

Ho-o-o-o!

tm,
Uattlts.

Ki - ni ra - ka wi?

Drum. ^^ fj* l_^ L-' L

Ki-ru ra-ka wi, ti ha - o?

m • f s « • « • • • f m

H0- -m- -m- -m- ■«•- -m- -m- -^ -m ~m- ^- -m- ^ -m-

Ki - I'll r:i - ka wi, ti ha - o? Ki-ni ra-ka, ki - ru ra - ka wi?

c_;Lj 1:1: L: ij Li Li

I II

365 Ho-o-o-o! :i70 Ho-o-o-o

* ' ^ ^ ^ •. i II

366 Kiru raka wi?

367 Kirii raka wi. ti hao?

368 Kirn raka wi . ti liao?

369 Kirvi raka. kiru raka wi?

3T1 Tiwi reka wil

372 Tiwi reka wi. ti hao!

373 Tiwi reka wi. ti hao!

374 Tiwi reka. tiwi reka wi!

Tranalniioii
I

365 IIo-o-o-ol Ah introductory c.vchiniHtion.
360 Kiiii raka wi?

kiru? where?

raka, a couiposite word; ra, where; ka, jjartof akaro, a lodge.

wi, is.

367 Kiru raka wi, ti hao?

kiru raka wi? See line 366.

ti, mj'.

hao, my own chihi, my oft'sijriujj.

368 See line 367.

369 Kiru raka, kiru raka wi? See line 366.

370 Ho-o-o-o! Ah introductorj' exclamation.

371 Tiwi reka wi !

tiwi, hei-e.

reka, a composite word ; re, here ; ka, part of akaro, lodge.

wi, is.

372 Tiwi reka wi, ti hao !

tiwi reka wi. See line 371.

ti, my.

hao, my own child, xay offspring.

373 See line 372.

374 Tiwi reka, tiwi reka wi! See line 371.

rLKTCHER] SIXTH KITUAL, PART IT 93

Explanation, hy the Kii' minis

Wlien Motlier Corn went in search of the Son (second ritual) she
halted at the edge of the village where he lived. As we follow in the
path that she opened for us, we must do as she did. So, when we are
just outside the village, we halt and sing the first stanza. The woj-ds
mean, "Where is the lodge of my Son whei'ein he sits waiting
forme?"

By the time we have finished singing, the messenger, who has
walked on in advance, lias reached and entered the lodge set apai't
for the ceremony.

When Mother C'oi'u had decided which was the lodge of tlie Son
she made ready to enter the village and go to that lodge (second
ritual). Xow, we follow her again and sing, as we walk, the second
stanza: "Here is the lodge of my Son wherein he sits waiting for me."

When we arrive at the lodge we halt, for we must enter cere-
monially.

SEVENTH RITUAL

Part I. Touchino axd Crossino the Threshold

Explanatiuti bij ilte Ku' rahut;

When the Son has dispatched his messenger to the Ilako party, he,
with a few of liis near relatives, enters the lodge set ajjart for the
ceremon}', there to await tiie return of his messenger and the coming
of the Fathers.

He seats himself at the south side of the lodge near the door. This
is the liumblest place, and he takes it to show that he is not seeking
his own honor. By the choice of him as the Son a very high honor has
been bestowed upon him, and his appreciation of this is shown by his
taking the seat of the lowliest and not assuming prominence before
the people.

When the Hako party arrive at the door of the lodge they halt and
await the ceremony of touching and crossing the threshold, for no one
can pass~ into the lodge until this has been performed.

At the doorway the three men stand abreast — tlie chief with the ear
of corn and thi^ wildcat skin betweeii the Ku'rahus and his assistant,
each bearing a feathered stem — and behind these stand the two tioctors,
each with his eagle wing.

The Ku'rahus directs the chief to advance one step and to stand
upon the threshold while the first stanza of the next song is sung.

M. M. J =58.

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. anx.32

SONG

TI'i'(;-f/.s' iiud Miisii-

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

= I'ulsation of tbe voice.

Rattles

:EEEB33£

.-570
o70

■J 7

-m'
! \Vi ra Ito-li

„ P (r

ril ir A - ti ra ra ko ka,

(-,„-

37.5 Ho-o-ol

376 H"Atira ra koka. ril

877 H'Atira ra koka. ri!

378 H'Atira ra koka, ri!

379 Wi ra koka, ril

3S0 H"Atira ra koka, ril

381 Ho-o-o!

382 H'Atira ra koka. ri!

383 H'Atira ra koka. ri!

384 H'Atira ra koka. ri!

385 We ra koka, ri!

386 H'Atira ra koka. ri!

Ill

387 Ho-o-o!

388 Kawas i ra koka. ri!

389 Kawas i ra koka, ri!

390 Kawas 1 ra koka, ri!

391 Wi ra koka, ri!

392 Kawas i ra koka, ri!

393 Ho-o-o!

394 Kawas i ra k<^ka, ri!

395 Kawas i ra koka, ri!

396 Kawas i ra koka. ri!

397 We ra koka, ri!

398 Kawas i ra koka. ri!

I'm iishitian iif First Sfniizn

lio-o-ol \n iiitnHluciorv t^xclaiDation.
H'Atira ra koka, ri I

li', a symbol of breath; "breatliing forth life."
atira, mother. Tlie term is applied to tlie ear of coi-ii.
ra, moving, walking,
koka, enter.

ri, part of the won! nawairi, an expression of thankfulne.ss, of
confidence that all is well.
378 See line 370.
37'.i Wi ra koka, ril
wi, now.

ra koka, ri. See line 37t;.
380 See line 376.

Explaii<(tl(>tt liij tlie Ku'rahus

The words of this stanza mean that Mother Corn, breatliing life,
has come to the entrance. She is now moving there, bringing the
promise of life, a promise that makes the heart of man glad, so we
give the orv of thankfulness as we sing: " Nawairi I "

FLETCHER] SEVENTH RITUAL, PART I 95

This stanza is snug four times, for we are thinking that this prom-
ise of life given by [Mother Corn is known to the powers of the four
directions. Tliese powers give strength and mal<e the jiromise sure.

When we have finished singing, the Ku'rahus tells the chief to take
four steps bej'ond the thre.shold within the entrance way. These
four steps are in recognition of the same powers.

Wliile the chief stands there we sing tlu' second stanza.

Trnuslaiion of Second Stanza

381 Ho-o-o! An introductory exolamaliDU.

382 IFAtira ra koka, ri!

h', a sj-mbol of breath; "breathing forth life."
atira, motlier; the term is applied to tlie ear of corn,
ra, moving, walking.
koka, entered.

ri, part of nawairi, an expression of thanlcfulness.
383, 384. See lin<' 382.

385 We rakoka, ri!

we, it has.

ra koka, ri. S('<» lijie 382.

386 See line 382.

Explanation hij the Kn'rahus

The words of this stanza mean that Mothei' Cam has entered the
doorway of the lodge, she has walked within the entraneeway with
her promise of life which makes the heart of man thankful.

Mother Corn lias now opened the door of the lodge for the entrance
of life, so we give the cry of thankfulness, "Nawairi!"

This stanza is sung four times, and then the Ku'rahus tells the
chief to step backward out of the entrance way and to stand two
steps behind the Ku'rahus and his assistant, who now advance and
stand upon the threshold «iiili.' the third stanza is sung.

Translation of Third Stanza

387 ITo-o-o! . An intioductory exclamation.

388 Kawas i I'a koka, ri I

Kawas, the name used in this ceremony to designate tlie brown

eagle.
i, it.

ra, moving,
koka, enter.

ri, part of nawairi, an exclamation of thankfulness.
389, 300 See line 388.

391 Wirakoka, ri!

wi, now.

ra koka, ri. See line 388.

392 See line 388.

96 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.ann.22

Explanation hi/ the Kii' rdhus

The words of this stanza mean that Kawas is now moving at the
entrance way and is about to enter, carrying the promise of the powers
above, a promise wliicli malies the heart of man thankful.

We sing this stanza four times, remembering the powers of the four
dii-ections.

Tlien tlie Ku'ralius and hi.s assistant advance four .steps into the
entranceway and xiause while the fourtli stanza is snug.

Translation of Fourtli Stnuza

39-T Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
3'.>4 Kawas i ra kolta, ri!

Kawas, the name given to the brown eagle in tliis ceremony.

i, it.

ra, moving.

koka, entered.

ri, part of nawaii'i, an expression cif thankfulness.
395, 300 See line 394.

397 We ra koka, ri!

we, it has.

ra koka, ri. See line 394.

398 See line 394.

Expldiiation by the Kii'rahus

The words of this stanza mean tliat Kawas lias entered the passage-
way of tlie lodge liearingthe promise that makes the heart thankful —
the promise of life from the powers above.

After singing tliis stanza four times, the Ku'rahus and his assistant
step back outside tlie lodge door and take their places at either side
of the chief bearing the ear of corn.

Tlie three together now advance to the threshold, and the Ku'rahus
tells the chief to go forward and keep a step in advance. Tlie Ku'ra-
hus and liis assistant carrying the feathered stems follow the chief,
and behind them walk the two doctors with the eagle wings.

The five men walk slowly and silently down the long entrance way.
Wlien the chief reaches the ridge at the inner door of tlie passagewaj",
he steps over it into the lodge and pauses. Mother Corn is the first
to enter the lodge. The Ku'rahus and his assistant follow and take
their places, the Ku'rahus on the left of the chief, the assistant on the
right. Next the doctors step in; the one with the left wing goes to
the left of the Ku'rahus, and the other with the right wing to the right
hand of the assistant. The Ave men, now abreast, walk slowly around
the lodge, going by the soutli, west, and north to the east, while thej'
sing the first stanza of the following song four times. They move in
step, keeping close together, the chief with the ear of corn just a little
forward of the line. As they sing they sway the feathered stems, the
ear of corn, and the eagle wings.

FLETOHKB]

SEVENTH RITUAL

Part II. Consecrating the Lodge

FIRST SONG

TTorc/.s (tnd Music

M. M. ^N-120.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

ka wa

ra; H'A

ti - ra

r :

-J-

^=ZS==)S^==J'

399

400

406
407
408

ka wa- ra: H'A

401
402
403

404
405

-s.— J.-

ra we ri

• a .*

--» — *—
wa - ra.

399 A-a-al

400 HAtira we rika wara:

401 H'Atira we rika wara;
403 We rika wara:
403 H'Atira we rika wara.

404 A-a-a!

405
406
407

408

Translation

H'Atira wetih ka wara;
H'Atira wetih ka wara;
Wetih ka wara;
H'Atira wetih ka wara.

A-a-a! An iiitroducticju to the song.
H'Atira we rika wara.

h', a symbol of breath, a breathing forth.

atira, mother; the term refers to the ear of corn.

we, his; refers to the owner of tlie lodge, the Son.

rika, a composite word, li, this; ka, part of the woi'd akaro,
lodge.

■wara, walking.
See line 400.

We rika wara. See line 400.
See line 400.

A-a-a! An introductory exelaniation.
H'Atira wetih ka wara.

h', a symbol of breath, a breathing forth.

atira, mother; the term is here applied to the ear of corn.

wetih, it has; an act accomplished.

ka, part of the M'ord akaro, lodge.

wara, walked.
See line 405.

Wetih ka wara. See line 405.
See line 405.
22 ETH— PT 2—04 7

98 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. an.n.22

Explanation hij tite Ku'rahua

The words of the first stanza mean that Mother Com breathing
life is now walking in the lodge. We sing this stanza four times,
remembering the four directions where the paths are down whifli the
powers descend to man.

When we have passed entirely around the lodge and reached I he
east, we begin the second stanza and sing it four times as we make the
second cii'cuit around the lodge.

The words tell that Mother Corn has walked within 11i<- lodge,
bringing the promise of life.

After a short pause at the east the five men turn again 1()war<l the
south and begin a third circuit of the lodge. Tliis time Ihechicf with
the ear of corn falls back into line with the Ku'rahus and his assistant,
who bear the feathered stems, and, as they walk, sing the following
song:

SECOND SONG

^V(lrlls (Hid Music
M. M. ^N = 126.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

BgHi^^g^-Bg^:^!^^^;^:^

*-S— .ST-

Ho-o-ol Ka-was te-wi ka-we he-ra ti ra - o; Ka-waa te-wi ka - we

Drum. i«i. ■•£« A«i)f f*^*f* f ' ^ f f^f,^.*

Battles.'^ U I ^LjULT LJLJL- L—LJULJ

I II

409 Ho-o-o! 413 Ho-o-o!

410 Kawas tewi kawe hera ti rao; 414 Kawas tewi kire hera ti rao;

411 Kawas tewi kawe hera ti rao; 415 Kawas tewi kire hera ti rao;

412 Kawas tewi kawe hera ti rao. 416 Kawas tewi kire hera ti rao.

Translation of First Stanza

40'.» Ho-o-o ! An introductory exclamation.
410 Kawas tewi kawe hera ti rao.

Kawas, the name given to the brown eagle in this ceremony,
Kawas represents the female and the beneficent powers.

tewi, hovering, with a slow circling movement.

kawe, a composite woi-d, meaning within the lodge.

hera, my.

ti, possessive pronoun.

rao, part of the word pirao, child.
411, 412 See line 410.

FLETCHER] SEVENTH RITUAL, PART II 99

Exjylanation by the Ku' rulius

The words of the first stanza tell us that Kawas is now hovering
overhead in the lodge.

The eagle soars in the skies and can coniniunieate with the powers
that are above; so the eagle represents tliese powers. As we stand
facing the east the white-eagle feathered stem, on the right, toward the
.south, represents brightness, the light, the day, the sun, and it is the
male. It is for defense and is carried on the side farthest from the
people. The brown-eagle feathered stem, Kawas, is to the left, toward ,
the north; it represents darkness, the night, the moon, and is the
female. Kawas is carried nearest the people. Kawas has the right
to make the nest and to seek help from Tira'wa for the Children.

Kawas leads in this ceremony, which is to ask for the gift of chil-
dren, not only that children may be born to us, but that the tie of
parent and child ma}' be established between us and those to whom
we are bringing these sacred objects, that peace may be between the
tribes, and plentj' and long life and prosperity. So we sing that
Kawas is hovering in the lodge, as an eagle hovers over her nest.

This stanza is sung slowly, for the eagle as it hovers is slow in its
movements.

Translation of Second Stanza

413 llo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

414 Kawas tewi kire hera ti rao.

Kawas, the brown eagle, representing the beneficent powers,
tewi, hovering, moving with a slow, circling movement:
kire, starting to fly.
hera, my.

ti, possessive pronoun,
rao, part of the word pi rao, child.
415, 416 See line 414.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

We sing the second stanza faster, for now Kawas has stretched her
mighty wings and is flying within the lodge, driving away all harm-
ful influences and making the place ready for all the good that is
promised to us through this ceremony.

When, on the fourth circuit, the west is reached, we pause and face
the east, but we continue to sing until we have repeated this second
stanza four times.

As soon as we have reached the west the two doctors with tlie eagle
wings move away, the one with the left wing going by the north and
the one witli the right wing going toward the south. They raise and
lower the wings to simulate the eagle cleaning its nest, flapping and
blowing out all imijurities. When the doctors meet at the east tliey

100 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth, ann.22

face the open entrance way and flirt the wings toward the opening, as
thougli brushing out sometliing from the lodge. These motions mean
that Kawas has now cleared the lodge of all that is bad, of all disease
and trouble, and made the place ready for the coming ceremony.

Then the doctors join the Ku'rahus, his assistant, and the chief.

At the west, back of the fire, a space is now set apart and made
sacre<l. Here the wildcat skin is spread and at its head the crotched
stick is thrust into the ground; one end of the feathered stems is laid
against the crotch, the other upon the skin, and the rattles are placed
under the eagle ijcndants. The wings are laid on the edge of the
skin. In front of the wildcat the ear of corn is held in an upright
position by one of the sticks to which it is tied being thrust into the
ground. The sacred objects are always laid at rest in this position,
and are never left alone or unguarded.

The members of the Hako party now enter and place the packs
containing the ceremonial gifts at the north side of the lodge. Mean-
while tlie women of tlie party are busy pitching tents, for, as only a
few of the Hako party remain and live within the lodge, all the other
men must camp with their families in a place set apart for them.

The Kxi'rahus at this time appoints certain men to attend to special
duties.

Some are to bring wood and water and attend to the cooking.
They divide themselves into different groups, one for each day of
the ceremony, so that the work will be evenly distributed and there
will be no confusion or delays.

Others are appointed to fill the pipes for the Children to smoke.
To attend to this duty they are required to be always present in the
lodge.

Some eight or ten men are chosen to be in i-eadiness to do any
work that may be demanded of them. For instance, if the crops of
the Children are being planted or gathered, these men are to attend
to this work, so that the Children can at all times be present at the
ceremony and suffer no loss.

A man is selected to notch a stick as a record of the number of
ponies jn-esented to the Fathers and to wiiom each pony is given.

In this way the labor attendant upon the long ceremony is planned
and divided so that nothing will be neglected and there will be no
dispute or confusion.

While these appointments are being made the Son dispatches
runners to notify the people that the Hako party has arrived and to
bid his relatives come to the lodge.

FLETCHER]

SEVENTH KITUAL 101

Part III. Ci.OTHiN(i the Son and Offering Smoke
ExjjiJunntion hij the Ku'rahus

The Ku'rahus orders tliat tlie pack containing the new garments
brought for the Son be opened, and he directs the chief to clothe the
Son. The embroidered shirt, leggings, and moccasins are then put
upon him and he is wrapped in a fine robe.

The Ku'rahus asks the jjriest of the shrine which controls the rain
to take its sacred pii^e and direct the Son how to offer tobacco and
smoke to Tira'wa.

The priest fills the sacred pipe and carries it toward the south,
where he sits down beside the Son and instructs him what to do.

The Ku'rahus, his assistant, and the chief, bearing the sacred
objects, follow the priest and halt before the Son.

The priest puts the sacred pipe in the hand oi the Son, and the
first stanza of the following song is sung.

FIRST SONG

Words and Music

M. M. J -52.

• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Slow.

i^HJ^Jfeis^^^^^s^^^i

'^^M.

Ho-o-ol Suks pa-ka wa - wa hi ra-ta - a ha - o hal Hi - ril Hi rata - a

Drum, p tr ^ tr ^ '-

Rattles. 1 "^- 1 "

I II

417 Ho-o-o: 431 Ho-o-ol

418 Suks paka wawa hi rata-a liao ha! 432 Ti wawaka wawa hi rata-a haoha!

419 Hiril Hi rata-a hao ha! 433 Hiri! Hi rata-a hao ha!

420 Silks paka wawa hi rata-a hao ha! 424 Ti wawaka wawa hi rata-a haoha!

Translatirm, of First Stanza

417 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

418 Suks ijaka wawa hi rata-a hao ha!

suks, a command; you must.

paka, pako, speak. The change in the last vowel is for

euphony,
wawa, part of rawawa, to send something; in this instance, to

send the words or thoughts of tlie prayer,
hi, that person,
rata, my or mine,
a, vowel prolongation,
hao, child; offspring,
ha, a musical- vocable used to fill out the measure.

102 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

419 Iliri! Hi rata-;i liao lial

hiri! an exclamation meaning give heed! liarken!
hi rata-a hao ha! See line 418.

420 See line 418.

Explanation hij fJie Ku'raJius

The words of this stanza are a comtuand to the Son. They are,
" Give heed, my child; you must now send yonr prayers to the powers
which dwell above."

This stanza is sung four times.

Then the Son takes a pinch of tobacco from the bowl of the pipe
and passes it along the stem and offers it as the priest directs.

There is a certain order to be observed in the offering of tobacco
and smoke to the powers above i^eculiar to each of the sacred shrines,
and only the priest or keeper of a shrine knows the order in which
the powers which preside over his shrine shoiild be approached. The
sacred pipe belonging to the Rain shrine is used in this ceremony, and
its priest must direct the Son how to make the offering. I do not
know this order; it does not belong to me to know it.

When the pinch of tobacco has been presented to the powers above
it is placed upon the earth.

After this act the second stanza is sung.

Translation of Second Stanza

421 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

422 Ti wawaka wawa hi rata-a hao ha!

ti, he.

wawaka; wako, spoken; the added wa indicates that he has
spoken to those who are at a great distance.

wawa, part of tiwari, traveling from one, and towawa, travel-
ing in many ways, to many different jDlaces.

hi, that person.

rata, my or mine.

a, vowel prolongation.

hao, child.

ha, a musical \ocable.

423 See line 419.

424 See line 422.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

As the Son offers tobacco in the directions indicated by the priest,
he prays to the powers that dwell in these directions. What he says
is not audible to us, for it is not intended for us to hear.

The words of this stanza refer to the prayers of the Son.

We are bidden to take heed that the prayers of the Son, who is as
oiir child, have been spoken and have traveled far, going on and on
to the different distant places where the great powers abide which
watcli over the rain.

rLKTCHERl

SEVENTH EITUAL, PART III

103

This stanza is sung four times.

The priest now lights the pipe and the Son smokes, sending little
puffs in the directions indicated by the priest. As he smokes we sing
the first stanza of the following song.

SECOND SONQ

M. M. j-56.

• = Pulsation of the Toice

JVnnls and Music

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho-o-o ol

Drum., • • «

Battles. L_J [_"

Ra-wi-su ba kii ril

Ti we-ri Iia-ku ra-wi-su ba-ku
^ tr _™„„,„„ .

Ti we-ri ba-kul Ka-wi-suba-ku ri ti we-ri ba-ku ! Ra-wi-su ba-ku ri!

435 Ho-o-o-o!

426 Rawisu haku ri!

427 Ti weri haku rawisn liakn ri!

428 TI weri haku!

429 Rawisti haku ri ti weri haku!

430 Rawisu haku ri!

431 Ho-o-o-o!

432 Rawis kaha witshpa!

433 Ti weri witshpa rawis kaha witshpa!
484 Ti weri witshpa!

435 Rawis kaha witshpa ti weri witshpa!

436 Rawis kaha witshpa!

Translation of First Stanza

425 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
420 Rawisu haku ri.

rawisu, smoke.

haku, passes by.

ri, present time.

427 Ti weri haku rawisu haku ri.

ti, it.

weri; we, now; ri, present time.

liaku, passes by.

rawisu haku ri. See line 426.

428 Ti weri haku. See line 427.

429 Rawisu haku ri ti weri haku. See lines 426, 427.

430 See line 426.

104 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. anx. 22

Explanation hy the K^l'rahus

The words tell us that the smoke offered by the Son is now passing
by, leaving iis and going on its way to the different places where the
powers dwell that guard the rain.

We sing this stanza foiir times as the smoke passes liy us.

Translation of Second Stanza

•131 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

432 Rawis kaha witshpa.

rawis, part of the word rawisu, smoke.

kaha, part of the word kaharu, smell, savor, odor.

witshpa, reached, arrived at, completed.

433 Ti weri witshpa rawis kaha witshpa.

ti, he or it.

weri; we, now; ri, is; denotes present time,
witshpa, has completed, reached, arrived,
rawis kaha witshpa. vSee line 432.

434 Ti weri witshpa. See line 433.

435 Rawis kaha Nntshpa ti weri witshpa. See lines 432, 433.

436 See line 432.

Explanation by the Kii'r-ahus

As the smoke disappears we sing the second stanza, which tells
that the odor of tlie smoke has reached the abode of the mighty pow-
ers and that our offering to them is now completed.

We sing this song four times.

The ceremony of offering smoke over, the priest with the sacred
pipe of the Rain shrine, and the Ku'rahus with his assistant and
the chief, bearing the sacred objects, return to the west and there,
upon the space set apart and made holj', lay them down.

The Son takes off the fine garments with which the Father has
clothed him and jilaces them in a pile before a chief of his village,
that they may be distributed to the young men of the receiving party —
that is, the Children.

The lodge has now been ojiened by Mother Corn and cleansed of all
bad influences by Kawas; tlie Son, clothed as a child by the Father,
has offered praj'er and smoke to the powers above; the garments worn
during this act have been removed and given away; and now every-
thing is ready for the public ceremony to begin.

FLETCHER]

EIGHTH RITUAL

105

THE CEREMOIVY

First Division. The Public Ceremony

EIGHTH ritual (FIRST DAY). THE FATHERS FEED THE CHILDREN

Expl(i)iatiiiii hi/ fhe Ku' rdhus

The runners dispatched l)y the Son deliver their message, and soon
men, women, and children, dressed in their best attire, can be seen

EAST
• 1

Pig. ITti. Diagram of tlie Son's lodge at the beginning of the public ceremony.

1, the entrance to the lodge; 2, the fireplace; .^, inner posts supporting the dome-shaped roof;
4, the Ku'rahus; 5, his assistant; 6, the Father (a chief »; 7, the server; 8, the Son; 9, the Hako
at rest upon the holy place; 10, the ear of corn (should be represented by a dot just below the
number); 11, members of the Son's party; 12, members of the Hako party; 13, the bearers of
the eagle wings.

walking through the village toward tlie lodge set apart for the
ceremony (figure 176).

As they pass into the lodge they see the Ku'rahus and his assist-
ant with the chief between them sitting behind the Hako at the west.

10(5 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

facing tlie entrance at the east. Thej' who have brought gifts to the
Fathers go around to the sacred place and lay them down upon the
ground between the central fire and the Hako. All gifts are received
silently unless someone brings a present of food ; for such an offering
the Ku'rahus gives thanks.

In old days it was not unusual for the Children to bring packs filled
with dried buffalo meat; sometimes the packs contained the entire
product of a hunt.

When all the Children are gathered within the lodge the Ku'rahus
directs that the Hako be taken up. When this is done, the five men
stand facing the east. The chief, in the center, holds the wildcat
skin and the ear of corn; on his left and toward the north is the
Ku'rahus with the brown-eagle feathered stem, and at his left is the
doctor with the left wing of the eagle. On the right of the chief and
toward the south is the Ku'rahus's assistant holding the white-eagle
feathered stem, and at his right the doctor with the right wing of the
eagle. The Ku'rahus now addresses the Children:

"Mother Corn has led us to the border of j'our land. Mother Corn
has brought us to your village. Mother Corn has guided us to the
entrance of this lodge. Mother Corn has crossed the threshold and
entered. The lodge has been swept and made ready for th" ceremony.
Kawas has flo^vn about the lodge seeking its child, and i.ere he has
been found.

"You must all help me by reverent conduct as I try to perform faith-
fully the rite handed down from our fathers, so that all the promise
of good Which follows the Hako may come to us here."

No particular form of speech was taught me to be used on this
occasion. Every Ku'rahus can choose his own words, but he must at
this time tell the people of the sacredness of this ceremony and call
upon them to give reverent attention that the rite may go forward to
the end and be the means of bringing good to all who take part in it.

By this time those appointed to attend to the cooking have prepared
food outside of the lodge. This is now brought in and placed near
the fireplace, toward the east.

Before anyone can be served the thoughts of the Fathers and of
the Children must be turned toward Tira'wa, the father of all things,
so we sing the following song as we carry the Hako around the lodge
and Wave the feathered stems over the heads of the people.

FT^ETCHKKI

EIGHTH RITUAL

107

FTEST BONG

Words and Music

M. M. J =126.

• = Pulsation of tlie voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

A A

H'A-ars Ti-ra-wa ha-ki; H'A-ai-sTi-ra-wa lia -ki; IT A-ars Ti -rawa ha-ki.

437 Ha-a-a-al

438 H'Aars Tira wa haki;

439 H'Aars Tirawa haki;

440 H'Aars Tira wa haki;

441 H'Aars Tira wa liaki;

442 H'Aars Tirawa haki.

Tnuislatlon

437 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory pxclamation.

438 H'Aars Tira'wa haki.

h", a part of the word ha, your.

aars, a contraction of the word atius, father.

Tira'wa, the designation of the great power Tira'wa atius,

thought to be above all other powei's.
haki, many.
439-442 See line 438.

Explanation Jnj the Ku'rahus

Wlien the Ku'rahus begins to sing this song he niust think what this
ceremony is for and be mindful that all the powers that the lieavens
contain and all the powers that are felt over the earth are now coming
near and bending over the Hako.

All the powers that are in the heavens and all those that are upon
the eartli are derived from the mighty power, Tira'wa atius. lie" is
the father of all things visible and invisible. He is the father of all
the powers represented by the Hako. He is the father of all the
lesser powers, those which can approacli man. He is the father of all
the people, and peri^etuates the life of the tribe through the gift of
children. So we sing, your father, meaning the father of all people
everywhere, the father of all things that we see and hear and feel.

As we sing the words over and over we think about Tira'wa atius
being the father of all things. This and all stanzas are sung four
times.

When we have gone entirely around the lodge and have returned

"The Pa wuee pronoun hero translated "he" does not in the original indicate sex, nor is it
equivalent to "it," as the word relates to a person.

108

THE HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY

[eth. axn. 22

to the west we pause, and start again to make the second circuit,
always going by the north, the east, the south, to the west. On this
second circuit we sing this song, which must always follow the one we
have just sung. Both songs are about Tira'wa atius, the father of all.
These two songs belong to the first two of the first four circuits of
the lodge, which are made in the presence of all the Children. We
shall sing these same songs twice again; the first time, after the sacred
feast of corn and, the second time, when we are beginning the last
four circuits of the lodge on the fourth and last night of the ceremony.

SECOND SONG

Words and Music

M. M. J=]26.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ha- a- a - al H'A- ars e lie! Ti-ra-wa ha-k'i; H'A-ars e he!

^s.^ r N- f r ^ r f r r r ^ r fr i* r ^ r

Ti-ra-wa lia-ki; Hi-dhil Ti-ra-wa }ia-ki; H'A-ars Ti-ra-wa ha-ki.

^ rfr Pr hfr f r ? r fr ^ ^ tr t- i-

443 Ha-a-a-a!

444 H'Aars e lie! Tira wa liaki;

445 H'Aars e he! Tira wa haki;

446 Hidlii! Tira wa haki;

447 H'Aars Tira wa liaki.

Translation

44.3 Ha-a-a-a ! An introductory exclamation.
444 H'Aars e he! Tira'wa haki.

h', a part of the word "lia", your.

aars, an abljreviation of atius, father.

e, a A-ocable nsed to fill out the rliythm.

he! an exclamation indicating that something is brought to

one's attention wliich demands thoughtful consideration.
Tira'wa, a part of Tira'wahut, the dwelling place of the lesser

powers, those which can come near to man.
haki, many.
44.5 See line 444.
440 Hidhi! Tira'wa haki.

hidhi, oji high; above, as when one points upward.
Tira'wa, a part of Tira'wahnt, the dwelling place of the lesser
powers. Tlie word Tira'wa is not the same as in the pre-
ceding song and therefore has not the same meaning,
liaki, many. The phrase Tira'wa haki in this song refers to
the many lesser powers which dwell aliove.
447 H'Aars Tira'wa haki. .'^ee line 444.

FLETCHER] EIGHTH RITUAL 109

HJxpl a nation Jiij tlie Ku'rahus

When we begin this song ;uul sing " IPAars" ( jour father), we Ihiiik
of what we have been told in the first song, tliat Tira'wa atiiis is tlie
father of all things; that he is the father of all tliose lesser powers
which come to ns in our visions and dreams. These lesser powers are
many, but Tira'wa atius is the father of them all.

When we sing, "Hidhi!" we think that all these powers have their
dwelling jplace on high, Tira'wahut, and that above them all is the
abode of Tira'wa atius, their father. It is he who sends help to us by
these lesser powers, because they alone can come to us so that we
can see and feel them.

When we have reached the west we pause and then begin the third
circuit of the lodge. On this round we sing of Motlier Corn, she who
has led us on our journey, who has entered the lodge of the Son, and
is now to walk before the Children with the pi-omise of plenty.

THIRD SONG

Words and Music
M. M. ^ = 126.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

^■^rgz

IIo-o! Ho-o! Nawa 'Ti - ra, na - wa 'Ti - ra, na'Ti-ra we-ri-ral Na 'Ti-ra

«;es. [j LJ L_l ' ■ ' ' L_r LT LJ LJ C_r LJ

we-ri-ra! Na-wa'Ti - ra, na - wa 'Ti - ra, na - wa. Ha! We-ri-ral

UL' L' L-' Lj L-f Li L' i i i

■448 Ho-o! Ho-o!

449 Nawa 'Tira, nawa "Tira. na "Tira werira!

450 Na 'Tira werira!

4.51 Nawa 'Tira, nawa 'Tira, nawa. Ha! Werira!
II

452 Ho-o! Ho-o!

453 Ha wa 'Tira, ha wa "Tira. ha 'Tira werai!

454 Ha 'Tira werai!

455 Ha wa 'Tira, ha wa 'Tira, ha 'Tira werai!

Translation of Fi7-st Stanza

448 Ho-o! Ho-o! lutroductorj' exclamations.

449 Nawa 'Tira, nawa 'Tira, na 'Tira werira!

nawa, now.

'tii-a, part of the word atira, mother. Tlie term refers to the

ear of corn,
na, part of nawa, now.
'tira, atira, mother,
werira, she comes.

110 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.ann.22

450 Na 'tira werira ! See line 44ii.

451 Nawa 'tira, nawa 'tira, nawa. Hal Weiira!

ha ! behold ! look ! For the other word.s, see line 449.

Explanation by the Ku'ruhus

In the first stanza the Fathers speak; they tell the Children to
behold Mother Corn, who comes bringin}< the promise of good gifts.
They must fix their eyes and thouglit iiijon Mother Corn, who now
conies hither. They must give her thanks for all she is bringing to
make their hearts glad.

We sing this .stanza four times as we go around the lodge.

When we reach the west we pause and then start on the fourth
circuit singing the second .stanza.

Translation of Second Stanza

452 Ho-o! Ho-o! Introductory exclamations.

453 Ha wa 'Tira, ha wa 'Tira, ha 'Tira werai!

ha, yonder.

wa, part of nawa, now.

'tira, part of atira, mother. Refers to the corn.

ha, yonder.

'tira, atira, mother.

werai, she is coming.

454 Ha 'Tira werai! See line 453.

455 See line 453.

Exjjlanation by tlie Ku'r alius

In this stanza the Children speak. Yonder Mother Corn is coming.
She is bringing good gifts of peace and plenty to make glad our hearts.

The Fathers, they who are carrj'ing the sacred objects, are singing,
but if the Children choose they can join in the song as tlie waving
feathered stems are passing by.

When we have sung this stanza four times and have reached the
west we have completed the fourth circuit of the lodge.

We sing each stanza four times during one circuit and we must
make four circuits of the lodge after we have taken up the Hako and
before we can lay them downi.

The four circuits of the lodge are made in recognition of the four
directions, the four powers at the west and the foui- sacred objects,
the two eagles, the ear of corn, and the wildcat skin.

Up to this time the feathered stems have been simply laid down
upon the wildcat skin without ceremony, but now and hereafter
during the ceremony, whenever we complete a fourth circuit of the
lodge and return to the west, they are laid to rest upon the skin with
certain peculiar movements made to the rhythm of song." The songs
which belong to this act explain its meaning.

" In the following pages the places will be indicated where these songs must be sung, but to
avoid unnecessary repetition the songs themselves will be omitted.

F1.ETCHEB]

EIGHTH RITUAL

111

The featliered stems represent the eagle; the holy place, where the
steins are laid to rest, represents the eagle's nest. A nest is made for
the young; the making of a nest in the lodge of the Son by Ka-
was presages the fulfilment of the promise of children to the Son, as
well as the establishment of a close bond, like that of father and son,
between the members of two unrelated clans or tribes.

The cat skin lies next to the ground on the holy place ; it protects
by its skill the nest and all that the nest represents.

Whenever we lay the feathered stems down, after they have been
carried four times around the lodge and waved over the heads of the
people, they are moved in a way to represent the eagle hovering over
her nest and then alighting on her young. These songs and these
movements are a praj'er for the gift of children, and that the bond
between the Father and the Son may be true and strong.

There are four songs for the ceremony of laying down the feathered
stems. Each song has two stanzas. We sing two of these songs every
time we lay these objects to rest. We sway the stems over the cat
skin, dropping them lower and lower, then suddenly we raise them
again and finally let them gently down on the nest. The eagle acts in
this manner when going to her nest. She does not at once settle
down; she flies over it, sweeping lower and lower, then rises to see if
all is well, and slowly descends to drop lightly on the nest.

When the young eagles see the mother coming and hear her call,
they answer back, they are glad. We are like the young birds in the
nest, so we cry "Hiri!" expressing our gratitude to Kawas, who is
making her nest with us. We pray in our hearts as we sing.

SONGS FOE LAYING DOWN THE rEATEERED STEMS

SONG

IVords and Music

M. M. J. = 69.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Drum. P If.
Rattles.

He-e-e-el Whe ri - a - a; whe ri - a - a; whe ri

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

S~z

3=!=»^iC

a. Hi - ri!

tr.^

112 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. Ann. 22

456

He-e-e-e!

457

Whe ria-a

; whe ria-a; whe ria.

Hiri:

458

Whe ria.

Hiri!

459

Whe ria.

Hiri!

46(1

Whe ria.

Hiri!

461

Whe ria-a:

whe ria-a; whe ria.
U

Hiri!

462

He-e-e-e!

463

Whe ria-a

; whe ria-a; whe ria.

Hiri!

464

Whe ria.

Hiri!

465

Whe ria.

Hiri!

466

Whe ria.

Hiri!

467

Whe riara

; whe ria-a; whe ria.

Shpetit!

Translation

456 He-e-e-e! An introductory exclamation.

457 Whe ria-a; wlie ria-a; whe ria-a. Hiri!

whe, now.

ria, flying and circling over something, a.s a nest,
a, vowel ijrolongation.

hiri! part of nawairi! thanks I The initial h is added for
euphony.
458, 459, 4C.0 Whe ria. Hiri! See line 457.

461 See line 457.

462 He-e-e-e ! An introductory exclamation.

463 See line 457.

464, 465, 466 See line 458.

467 Whe ria-a, whe ria-a, whe ria. Shpetit!

whe ria-a, whe ria-a, whe ria. See line 457.

shpetit, to light upon, as on a nest, and sit down upon it.

FLETCHER] EIGHTH RITUAL ' 118

SONG

Words and Music

M. M. J- 108.

: Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edvfin S. Tracy.

Hi- rilHawara-ti - ra. Hi - rilHawara-ti - ral Hi tu-ka i ra-ra-spil

A A A •"

Drum. P I,. ^ ,,.^.,.„,^.,^.„^, F tr.^^^.^^^ ^ ir.

Hi rilHawara-ti - ra. Hi - ri! Hawa ra-ti - ral Hi tu-ka i ra-ra-spi.

468 Hirll Hawa ratira. Hiri! Hawa ratira!

469 Hi tuka i rara.spi!

470 Hiri! Hawa ratira. Hiri! Hawa ratira!

471 Hi tnka i raraspi!

472 Hiri! Hawa rasaira. Hiri! Hawa rassira!

473 Hi tuka i rarispi!

474 Hiri! Hawa rassira. Hiri! Hawa rassira!

475 Hi tuka i rarispi!

Translation
I

468 Hiri ! Hawa ratira. Hiri ! Hawa ratira.

hiri! part of nawairi! an exclamation of thanks, gratitude, of
confidence that all is well. The initial h is added to iri
for euphony and ease in singing.

hawa, again.

ratira, coming.

469 Hi tuka i raraspi.

hi, it; refers to the eagle.

tuka, slantwise.

i, vocable to fill out the measure.

raraspi, very near to alighting, referring to the movements of

the eagle, whicli makes feints of descending upon her nest

and then rises again.

470 See line 468.

471 See line 469.

22 ETH — PT 2—04 8

114

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY
II

[ETH. ANN. 22

472 Hiri! Hawa rassira. Iliri! Ilawa rassira!

hid! an exclamation of thankfulness. See explanation in
line 408.

hawa, again.

rassira, j'Oii coming, or returning. Refers to the movements
of the eagle. After the feint of alighting she rises and
then she returns again preparatory to settling on her nest.

473 Hi tuka i rarispi.

hi, it; refers to the eagle.

tuka, slantwise.

i, vocable used to iill out the measure of the music.

rarispi, has alighted.

474 See line 472.

475 See line 473.

soNa

Words and Music

M. M. J= 56.

i = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin R. Tracy.

n^^^^^'

Ha-a-a! E ■ ra he-ra i -

/\ A

Drum. P /,. P ir

Xatlles. I ■'^

ru - wa. Hal Ti wi rii-wa, ti wi ni-wa,ka-

ra wi-ti - ka? Ka-was ti wi ni-wa, ti wi niwa, ka - rawi-tika? E-

ra he -ra i ru-wa. HaITi wi ru-wa, ti wi niwa, ka- ra witi-ka?
P ■ r tr P ir f tr J ^ I

476 Ha-a-a!

477 Era hera iruwa. Ha! Ti wi ruwa, ti wi ruwa. kara witika'/

478 Kawas ti wi ruwa, ti wl ruwa, kara witika?

479 Era hera iriiwa. Ha! Ti wi ruwa, ti wi ruwa. kara witik;.:

480 Ha-a-a!

481 Era hera eria. Ha! Ti wi ria, ti wi ria, hara witika;

482 Kawas ti wi ria, ti wi ria, hara witika.

48.3 Era hera eria. Ha! Ti wi ria, ti wi ria. liara witika.

FLETCHER] EIGHTH RITUAL 115

Translation
I

476 Ha-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

477 Era liera iruwa. Ha! Ti wi ruwa, ti wi ruwa, kara witika?

era, it coming; refers to the eagle.

hera; era, it coming; the h is added for eiiphony.

iruwa, one flying this way, toward us one (singular) is flying.

ha! look! behold!

ti, here.

wi, is.

ruwa, flying tliis way.

kara? has it? a question.

witika, sat down within, or alighted and settled on, its nest.

478 Kawas ti wi ruwa, ti wi ruwa, kara witika?

Kawas, the brown eagle, the leading bird in the ceremony.

ti wi ruwa. See line 477.

kara witika? has it alighted and sat down within its nest?

479 See line 477.

480 Ha-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

481 Era hei'a eria. Ha ! Ti wi ria, ti wi ria, hara witika.

era, it coming.

hera, a repetition of era, the h being added for euphony.

eria, circling overhead ; refers to the movements of the eagle.

ha! look! behold!

ti, here.

wi, is.

ria, a part of the word ei-ia, circling over.

hara, it has.

witika, sat down within, or settled on, its nest.
•482 Kawas ti wi ria, ti wi ria, hara witika.

Kawas, the brown eagle, the leading symbolic bird in the cere-
mony.

ti wi ria, hara witika. See line 481.
483 See line 481.

116

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ASN. 22

SONG

Words and 3Iusic

M. M.J =58.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ha-a-a a! Ka-ra wi-tit?Ka-ra wi-tit? Ka-ra wi-tit? Ka-ra wi-tit?Ka-ra wi-tit?

Drum, o ,,. p,^
Matties. I "•! "^■'

„ rir..

Ka - ra

Ka-ra wi-tit?Ka-ra wi-tit? Ka-ra wi-tit? Ka-ra e?

li:.

Ir.,

484 Ha-a-a-a!

485 Kara witit? Kara witif;' Kara \\'itif:' Kara witit? Kara witif' Kara e?

486 Kara witit? Kara \vitit? Kara witit? Kara e?

487 Ha-a-a-a!

488 Hara witit: liara witit: hara witit: hara witit: hara witit; hara e!

489 Hara witit: hara witit; hara witit; hara e!

Trunalutiuii
I

484 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

485 Kara witit? Kara witit? Kara witit? Kara witit? Kara witit?

Kara e?

kara? has it? a que.stiou.

witit, sat down or lit upon (its nest). The iteration of the
words follow the jncture made by the movements of the
feathered stems as they are waved now lower and now
higher over the cat skin, simulating the eagle as she pre-
pares to alight on her nest.

e, a vocable to fill out the measure of the music.
480 Kara witit? Kara witit? Kara witit? Kara e? See line 485.

487 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

488 Hara witit; hara witit; hara witit; hara witit; hara witit; harae!

hara, it has.

witit, sat down or alighted and settled upon (its nest). The
repetition of the words accompanies the movements of the
feathered stems as they are waved lower and lower toward
the cat skin.

e, a vocable to fill out the measure of the m^isic.

489 Hara witit; hara witit; hara witit; harae! See line 488.

FLETCHER] EIGHTH AND NINTH RITUALS 117

Exphinaiioii Inj the Ku'ruhus

When the Hako are at rest, the food which has been standing^
beside the fire is served by the Fathers to the Children. Certain men.
are appointed for this task.

It is the duty of a father to provide food for his child, and not to
partake himself until the child is satisfied. As we are to simulate the
relation of father to child, we prepare a meal for the Children twice
and sometimes thrice a day during the continuance of this ceremony.
AVe are obliged to bring much food for this iiurpo.se, as the Childi'en
are sometimes many, and we have also ourselves to feed.

Where we must travel far to reach the tribe of the Son, the burden
of carrj'ing so much food is hard upon our ponies. So much cooking
for the Children keeps the women verj^ busy, but they are willing, for
the ceremony brings good to them.

After the Children have eaten they rest a while and then go home,
returning to the lodge when the sun has set. Before they go they
generall.y make gifts of ponies to the Fathers.

When the Fathers are left alone in the lodge thej' eat their evening:
meal.

The Ilako throughout this ceremonj' are never left unattended hy
night or day. When the Ku'rahus, or his assistant, or the chief needs,
to leave the lodge, someone is requested to take his place during his
absence.

NINTH RITUAL, (FIRST NIGHT). INVOKING THE VISIONS

Explanafion by the Ku'rahus

When the sun has set and it is dark and the stars are shining, then
the Children gather in the lodge. Some, as they come in, will advance
to the holy place and there droj) a stick ; this means the gift of a pony.
For ever.y such gift the Ku'rahus returns thanks to the giver.

After all are seated, wood is piled upon the fire, and when the flames
leap high the Ku'rahus rises, then his assistant and the chief rise and
the Ilako are taken up.

The singers carrying the drum follow the Ilako bearers as they move
slowljr around the lodge, singing the following song.

118

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

SONQ

Words and Music

M. M. j\ - 132.

• = Puliation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

=3 pa»*

Ho-o-o-ol Hit-ka - sha - nil Eu - hu

ri - hi

Drum
Rallies.

irfc; L^ Lj- Lj Lj Lj

hit-ka-sha-rul

Lj Lj

Ru-hu - ri-hil Ru-hu - ri-hi

hit-ka-sha-ru! Ru-hu - ri-hi!

L' L' U U Lr L

L^ Lj' ^ ^ I i

490

Ho-o-o-o!

514

V
Ho-o-o-o I

491

Hitkasharu!

515

Hitkasharu!

493

Ruhurihi hitkasharu I

516

We rakawa hitkasharu!

493

Rnhnrihi!

517

We rakawa!

494

Ruhurihi hitkasharu!

518

We rakawa hitkasharu!

49.5

Ruhurihi!

519

We rakawa!

496

Ho-o-o-o!

530

Ho-o-o-o!

497

Hitkasharu!

531

Hitkasharu!

498

Weri rawha hitkasharu!

533

We riteri hitkasharu!

499

Weri rawha!

533

We riteri!

500

Weri rawha hitkasharii!

524

We riteri hitkasharu!

501

Weri rawha!

535

We riteri!

Ill

VII

502

Ho-o-o-o!

536

Ho-o-o-o!

503

Hitkasharu!

537

Hitkasharu!

504

Weri whicha hitkasharu!

538

We rahwara hitkasharu!

505

Weri whicha!

539

We rahwara!

506

Weri whicha hitkasharu!

530

We rahwara hitkasharu!

507

Weri whicha!

531

We rahwara!

■^111

508

Ho-o-o-o!

533

Ho-o-o-o!

509

Hitkasharu!

533

Hitkasharu!

510

We rahruka hitkasharu!

534

Wera rawhishpa hitkasharu!

511

We rahruka!

535

Wera rawhishpa!

513

We rahruka hitkasharu!

536

Wera rawhishpa hitkasharu!

513

We rahruka! "

537

Wera rawhishpa! "

'Translation of First Stanza

490 Ho-o-o-o! Au exclamation introductory to the song.

491 Hitkasharu! A composite term; liit, from hittu, feather; ka,

from 7-otkaharu, night; sliaru, visions, dreams. Hittu,
feather, refers to the birds represented upon the feathered
stems. The term indicates the niglit visions wliich attend
or belong to these symbolic objects, the feathered stems.

a Here the Hako are laid at ceremonial rest. See pages 111-U6.

FLETCHER] NINTH RITUAL 119

492 Ruliurihi hitkasharu!

ruhurihi, a commaud, a call; "let it bts so!"
hitkasharu. See line 401.

493 Ruhurihi! See line 492.

494 See line 492.

495 See line 493.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

"We sing about the visions which the birds on the feathered stems
are to bring to the Children.

Visions come from above, they are sent by Tira'wa atius. The
lesser powers come to us in visions. We receive help through the
visions. All the promises which attend the Hako will be made good
to us in this way.

Visions can come most readily at night; spirits travel better at that
time. Now when we ai"e met together we, the Fathers, call upon the
visions to come to the Children.

The spirits of the birds upon the feathered stems join our si^irits
in this call to the visions. That is what the words of this stanza
mean. We sing it four times as we make the first circuit of the
lodge.

When we reach the west we pause.

Translation of Second Stanza

496 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

497 Hitkasharu ! The visions that attend the Hako. See line 491.

498 Weri rawha hitkasharu!

weri, they.

rawha, are coming.

hitkasharu, the visions which attend the Hako.

499 Weri rawha! See line 498.

500 See line 498.

501 See line 499.

Explanation Inj the Ku'ralu

As we go around the lodge the second time we sing this stanza.

The visions have heard the call of the spirits of the birds upon the
feathered stems, joined to the call of our spirits, and they are
descending by the east from their dwelling place above, and are com-
ing toward the lodge.

We sing "They are coming," and the Children join in the song, as
we pass ai'ound and wave the feathered stems.

When we reach the west we pause.

120 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. asn. 22

Translation of Third Stanza

502 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

503 Hitkasharu! The visions that attend tlie Hako. See line 401.

504 Weri whicha hitkasharu!

weri, they.

whicha, a part of the word rawhicha, arrived, have arrived.

hitkasharu, the visions which attend the Hako.

505 Weri whicha. See line 504.

506 See line 504.

507 See line 505.

Explanation hij the Ku' rahiis

We start on the third circuit of the lodge, singing this stanza. We
sing it four times.

The visions have been traveling from the east, whence they
descended; they have been passing over the quiet earth, coming
nearer and nearer in answer to our call, and at last they reach the
door of the lodge. There they pause.

When we reach the west we pause. We are waiting, all the Chil-
dren are waiting. We are thinking of these visions, of the place where
they dwell, of their coming at our call, of all they are to bring to us.
They are holy visions.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

508 Ho-o-o-o! An iutroductorj' exclamation.

509 Hitkasharu! The visions that attend the Hako. See line 491.

510 We rahruka hitkasharu!

we, a part of the word weri, they.

rahruka, a composite word; rahru, to go through or enter; ka,
a part of the word akaro, lodge; the word means entered
and passed through the long passageway that leads into
the earth lodge.

hitkasharu, the visions that attend the Hako.

511 We rahruka! See line 510.

512 See line 510.

513 See line 511.

Explanation hij the. Ku'rahus

We turn toward the north to make the fourth circuit of the lodge,
singing this stanza. We sing it four times.

As we sing the visions touch and cross the threshold and then pass
down the long passageway leading into the lodge. As we reach the
west they have entered the lodge.

Kawas and all the birds have called these visions to bless the Chil-
dren. The visions have heard, they have traveled far, they have

FLETCHER] NINTH BITUAL 121

reached the lodge, and now they have entered and are in the presence
of the Children.

Kawas now goes to her nest, so we lay the Hako down with the move-
ments and songs which belong to this act," and then we sit down
behind the Hako and are cjuiet.

Perhaps some one of the Children may rise and come to the holj'
place and there lay down a stick, signifying the gift of a horse to the
Fathers in recognition of their having called the visions which are
now present.

Translation of Fifth Stanza

514 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

515 Hitkasharu! The visions that attend tlie Hako. See line 491.
51G We rakawa hitkasharu!

we, part of weri, they.

rakawa, walking, moving; conveys the idea of spreading

through, i^ervading the space within the lodge-.
hitkasharu, the visions that attend the Hako.

517 We rakawa! See line 516.

518 See line 516.

519 See line 517.

Explnnatioji by the Ku'rahus

Near midnight the Ku'rahus, his assistant, and the chief rise and
take up the Hako, and we go around the lodge again and sing this
stanza four times.

As we walk, the visions walk; they till all the space within the
lodge; they are everywhere, all about us.

When we reacli the west we i^ause.

Translation of Sixth Stanza

520 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

521 Hitkasharu! The visions that attend the Hako. See line 491.

522 Wo riteri hitkasharu!

we, a part of the word weri, they.

riteri, touching in different places, touching here and there.

hitkasharu, the visions that, attend tlie Hako.

523 We riteri! See line 522.

524 See line 522.

525 See line 523.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

As we go around the second time we sing the next stanza four
times.

The visions which attend the Hako are now touching the Children,
touching them here and there and by their touch giving them dreams,
which will bring them health, strength, happiness, and all good things.

" See pages U1-U6.

122 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann.22

The visions touch all who are in the lodge, so it is a good thing to
be there, to be touched by the visions.
At the west we pause.

Translation of Seventh Stanza

526 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

527 Hitkasharu! The visions that attend the Hako. See line 4'Jl.

528 We rahwara liitkasharu I

we, a. part of the word weri, they,
rahwara, walking away, departing,
hitkasharu, the visions that attend the Hako.

529 We rahwara! See line 528.

530 See line 528.

531 See line 529.

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

We go around the lodge for the third time and sing this stanza four
times.

As we sing, the visions are walking away; they have done wliat
they came to do; they are now leaving the lodge, and when we reach
the west the space thej' had filled is empty.

We pause and we think of the visions going away over the silent
earth to ascend to their dwelling place.

Translaiion of Eighth Stanza

532 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamatiom

533 Hitkasharu ! The visions that attend the Hako. See line 491.
53-1 Wera rawhishpa hitkasharu!

wera, they have.

rawhishpa, arrived at the place from which the start was

made,
hitkasharu, the visions that attend the Hako.

535 Wera rawhishpa! See line 534.

536 See line 53-t.

537 See line 535.

Explaiiaiion by fhe Ku' rahus

Once more, for the fourth time, we go around the lodge singing this
stanza four times.

As we sing, the visions ascend to their dwelling place; they have
returned whence they came, to their abode in the sky.

When we reach the west we lay the Hako down with the songs and
movements which accompany the act." Kawas rests in her nest.

One bj' one the Children go to their homes, and the dreams brought
by the visions which attend the Hako go with them to make their
hearts glad.

"■Seepages 111-116.

FLETCHER]

TENTH RITUAL

123

TENTH RITUAL. THE DAWN
Part I. The Birth of Dawn

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

As the night draws to a close, the Ku'rahus orders the server to
lift the skins which liang at the outer and inner doors of the long
passagewaj^ of the lodge, and to go outside and watch for the first
glimmer of light.

The Ku'rahus, his assistant, and the chief, sitting behind thellako,
where they lie at i-est, look toward the east through the open doorway
and watch for the first signs of the dawn.

At the first indication of a change, when the air begins to stir, the
server comes in with the tidings, and we rise, take up the Hako, and
stand at the M'est, behind the holy place; there, looking toward the
east, we sing this song. We sing it slowly and with reverent feeling,
for it speaks of the mysterious and powerful act of Tira'wa at ins in
the birth of Dawn.

M. M. s = n6.

■ = Pulsation of the Toice,

Words and Music

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

4z3^

shu -ru ti - a

==S:=i)-

ra i; H'A

ti - ra si wha-ta

538

Ho-o-o!

553

539

H'Atira si whata i:

554

540

H"Atira si whata i;

555

541

Reshuru tiara i;

556

543

H'Atira si whata i.
II

557

543

Ho-o-o!

558

544

H"Atira ta wata i;

559

545

H'Atira ta wata i;

560

546

Reshiirii tiara i;

561

547

H'Atira ta wata i.
Ill

563

548

Ho-o-o!

563

549

H'Kawas si whata i;

564

550

H'Kawas si whata i;

565

551

Reshuru tiara i;

566

553

H'Kawas si whata i.

567

IV
Ho-o-o!

H'Kawas ta wata i;
H'Kawas ta wata i;
Resliirru tiara i ;
H'Kawas ta wata 1.

Ho-o-o!

Kawas ti wakir ka riki;
Kawas ti waku ka riki;
Reshuru tiara i ;
Kawas ti waku ka riki;

VI
Ho-o-o!

We tatichiri wak ka riki;
We tatichiri wak ka riki;
Reshuru tiara i;
We tatichiri wak ka riki.

124: THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann.22

VII VlII

568 Ho-o-o! 573 Ho-o-ol

569 Pirau si whata i; 574 Pirau ta wata i;

570 Pirau si whata i; 575 Pirau ta wata i;

571 Reshuru tiara i; 576 Reshuru tiara i;

572 Pirau si whata i. 577 Pirau ta wata i.

Translation of First Stanza

538 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

539 H'Atira si whata i.

h', the sign of breath, of breathing forth life.

atira, mother. The term here refers to Mother Earth, repre-
sented by the ear of corn.

si, yon ; singular number, u.sed in addressing a person.

whata, arise, move, stir about. The word is used when mak-
ing a request or a suggestion, not a command.

i, a part of the word riki, now, the present time.

540 See line 539.
5-11 Reshuru tiara i.

Reshuru, the Dawn.

tiara, a birth, a transformation, one form proceeding from

another,
i, part of the word riki, now, the present time.

542 See line 539.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

We call to Mother Earth, who is represented by the ear of corn.
She has been asleep and resting during the night. "We ask her to
awake, to move, to arise, for the signs of the dawn are .seen in the
east and the breath of the new life is here.

H'Atira means Mother breathing forth life; this life is received
from Tira'wa atius with the breath of the new-born Dawn.

Mother Earth is the first to be called to awake, that she may receive
the breath of the new day.

Translation of Second Stanza

543 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

544 H'Atira ta wata i.

h', the symbol of breath, life.

atira, mother; refers to the earth.

ta, a personal pronoun referring to atira; she. In the original

no sex is indicated; there are no pronouns he or she; ta

applies to either sex.
wata, has arisen,
i, a part of the word riki, now, present time.

545 See line 544.

FLETniKR] TENTH RITUAL, PART I 125

540 Reslmni tiara i.

Resliuru, the Dawn.

tiara, born.

i, a part of riki, now, present time.

547 See line 544.

Explanation hy the Ku'ralius

Mother Earth hears tlie call; she moves, she awakes, she arises, she
feels the breath of the new-boi'n Dawn. Tlie leaves ami the grass
stir; all things move with the breath of the now clay; everywhere life
is renewed.

This is \'ery mysterious; we are speaking of something very sacred,
although it happens every day.

Translation of Third Stanza

548 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

549 IFKawas si whata i.

h', the symbol of breath, breathing forth life.

Kawas, the brown eagle, representative of the lesser and

beneficient powers above,
si, you; a personal pronoun, singular number,
whata, arise, stir, move about.
1, a part of riki, now, the present time.

550 See line 549.

551 See line 546.

552 See line 549.

Explanation t>y the Ku'rahus

We call upon Kawas to awake, to move, to arise. Kawas had been
sleeping and resting during the night.

Kawas represents the les.ser powers which dwell above, those which
are sent by Tira'waatius to bring us help. All these powers must awake
and arise, for the breath of the new life of the Dawn is upon them.

The eagle soars where these powers dwell and can communicate
■wit?! them. The new life of the new day is felt by these powers
above as well as by Mother Earth below.

Translalio7i of Fourth Stanza

553 IIo-o-o! An introductorj' exclamation.

554 H'Kawas ta wata i.

h', the symbol of breath, life.

Kawas, the brown eagle, representative of the lesser powers

above,
ta, a personal jironoun referring to Kawas.
wata, has arisen,
i, a part of the word riki, now, the present time.

555 See line 554.

556 See line 540.

557 See line 554.

126 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

H'Kawas hears the call and awakes. Now all the powers above
wake and stir, and all things below wake and stir; the breath of new
life is everywhere. With the signs in the east has come this new life.

Translation of Fifth Stanza

558 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

559 Kawas ti waku ka riki.

• Kawas, the brown eagle, the intermediary as well as the repre-
sentative of the lesser and beneficent powers above.

ti, a personal pronoun referring to Kawas, singular number,
spoken of.

waku, speaks.

ka, a part of the word akaro, lodge; i-efers to the space
within the lodge about the fire. In this instance ka indi-
cated the holy place set apart for the sacred objects.

riki, standing; the word implies the present time.
5G0 See line 559.

561 Reshuru tiai'a i. See line 546.

562 See line 559.

Explannt inn hy the Ku'rahus

Kawas, the brown eagle, the messenger of the powers above, now
stands within the lodge and speaks. The Ku'rahus hears her voice
as she tells him what the signs in the east mean.

She tells him that Tira'wa atius there moves upon Darkness, the
Night, and causes her to bring forth the Dawn. It is the breath of the
new-born Dawn, the child of Night and Tira'wa atius, which is felt by
all the powers and all things above and below and which gives them
new life for the new day.

This is the meaning of this stanza. The words of the song do not
tell all that the .song means; the meaning has been handed down
from our fathers and taught to the Ku'raiius, who may teach it to
anyone who is serious-minded and sincerely desires to learn these
sacred things.

Translation of Sixth Stanza

563 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

564 We tatichiri wak ka riki.

we, I.

tatichii-i, understand, have knowledge of the meaning.

wak, a part of the word waku, speech, to speak.

ka, a part of akaro, lodge; within the lodge. See line 559.

riki, standing.

565 See line 564.

566 Reshuru tiara i. See line 546.

567 See line 564.

FLETCHER] TENTH RITUAL PART I 127

Explaitalioii hij the Kxi'ralms

In this stanza the Ku'rahus answers Kawas. He tells her that he
understands the words she spoke to him when standing there in the
lodge, that now lie knows the meaning of the signs in the east; that
night is the mother of the day, that it is by the power of Tira'wa
atius moving on Darkness that she gives l)irth to the Dawn.

The Dawn is the child of Tira'wa atius. It gives the blessing of life;
it comes to awaken man, to awake Mother Earth and all living things
that they may receive the life, the breath of the Dawn which is born
of the Night by the power of Tira'wa atius.

Our fathers were taught by Kawas and understood what she told
them, and what they then learned has been handed down to us.

Translation, of Seventh Stanza

568 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

569 Pirau si whata i.

pirau, my son. The term refers to the Son, the person to
whom the Father has brought the Hako to establish a
bond between the two by means of this ceremony. The
Son has remaincil in the lodge through the night.

si, you.

whata, arise. See line 539.

i, a part of riki; now, present time.

570 See line 569.

571 See line 546.

572 See line 569.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

We now call upon the Son, who has been asleep and resting in the
lodge, to awake, to move, and to arise, for the east gives .signs of the
birth of the dawn, whose breath is on all things.

Translation of Eighth Stanza

573 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

574 Pirau ta wata i.

pirau, mj- son; the term refers to the Son.
ta, a personal ijronoun referring to the Son.
wata, has arisen,
i, a part of riki; now.

575 See line 574.

576 See line 546.

577 See line 574.

Explanation of the Ku'rahus

The Son hears the call. He wakes, he moves, he rises, he looks to
the east and sees the signs of the dawn.

128

THK HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETR. ANN. 22

Part II. The Morning Star and the New-born Dawx

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

Now all have risen and have received the breath of the new life
just born, all the powers above, all things below. Kawas has stood
and spoken in the lodge; the Ku'rahus has heard and understood; the
Son is awake and stands with the Ku'rahus awaiting the coming of
dawn. The Ku'rahus has sent the server outside the lodge to watch
for the morning star. We stand at the west and wait its coming.
When it appears he sings the following song:

SONQ

'<ir(ts and ^fiisir

M. M. ^»^=132.

■ Pulsation of llie voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

i^i^^^

Ho-o-o-ol H'O - pi-rit ri

Drum.Sd titimtm* «
JJafdes. S[_| Lj UJ L_J L—i

sha; H'O-pi-rit ri - ra ri -

Lj' L-' !_' t— t r

-^-f

S=iE

578 Ho-o-o-o!

579 H'Opirit rira risha;

580 H'Opirit rira risha;

581 H'Opirit rira risha;

582 H'Opirit rira risha.

583 Ho-o-o-o!

584 H'Opirit ta ahrisha;

585 H"Oplrlt ta ahrisha;

586 H'Opirit ta ahrisha;

587 H'Opirit ta ahrisha.

- sha; H'O - pi-rit ri - ra ri -

Lr Li L/ f ^ i
III

588 Ho-o-o-o :

589 Reshuru rira risha

590 Reshuru rira risha

591 Reshuru rira risha

592 Reshuru rira risha.

593 Ho-o-o-o!

594 Reshuru ta ahrisha;

595 Reshuru ta ahrisha;

596 Reshuru ta ahrisha;

597 Reshuru ta ahrisha.

eba
I

578
579

Translation of First Stanza

H-o-o-o! An iutroductorj' exclamation.
H'Opirit rira risha.

h', the symbol of breath, breathing forth life.
Opirit, the Morning Star,
rira, coming; approaching toward one.

risha, something seen at a great distance; it seems to appear
and then to be lost, to disappear. The word conveys the
picture of a gradual advance, as from a great distance,
where the object was scarcely discernable, to a nearer
point of view, but still distant.
580, 581, 582 See line 579.

FLKTCHKR] TENTH RITUAL, PART II 129

Exjjlanafioii by the Ku'rahus

We slug' this song slowly with reverent feeling, for we are singing
of verj' sacred things.

The Morning Star is one of the lesser powers. Life and strength
and fruitfulness are with the Morning Star. We are reverent toward
it. Our fathers performed sacred ceremonies in its honor.

The ^Morning Star is like a man; he is painted red all over; that is
the color of life. He is clad in leggings and a robe is wrapped about
him. On his head is a soft downj^ eagle's feather, painted red. This
feather represents the soft, light cloud that is high in the heavens,
and the red is the touch of a ray of the coining sun. The soft, downy
feather is the symbol of breath and life.

The star comes from a great distance, too far awaj' for us to see the
place where it starts. At first we can hardly see it; we lose sight of
it, it is so far off; then we see it again, for it is coming steadily toward
us all the time. We watch it appi-oach; it comes nearer and nearer;
its light grows brighter and brighter.

This is the meaning of this stanza, and the star comes as we sing it
four times.

Translation of Second Stanza

583 H-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

584 H'Opirit ta ahri.sha.

h', the symbol of breath, life.

Opirit, the Morning Star.

ta, approaching.

ahrisha, coming still nearer, but at the same time disappear-
ing. The word conveys the picture of the morning star by
its increased brilliancy coming nearer, and then fading,
disappearing in the light of da.y.
585, 580, 587 See line 584.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahits

As we sing this stanza the Morning Star comes still nearer and now
we see him standing there in the heavens, a strong man shining
brighter and brighter. The soft plume in his hair moves with the
breath of the new day, and the ray of the sun touches it with color.
As he stands there so bright, he is bringing us strength and new life.

As we look upon him he grows less bright, he is receding, going
back to his dwelling place whence he came. We watch him vanish-
ing, imssing out of our sight. He has left with us the gift of life
which Tira'wa atius sent him to bestow.

We sing this stanza four times.
22 ETH — PT 2 — 04 9

130 THE HAKO, \ PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.axx.22

Translation of Third Stanza

588 IIo-o-o-o! All introductory exclamation.
580 Resluini rir;i li.slia.

Reslmru, the Dawn.

rira, coming toward one.

risha, something scarcely to be seen because of its distance;
it eludes, seems to appear and then to disappear.
590, 501, 502 See line 580.

Expianatioti hij the Ku'roJius

As we sing this stanza we are still standing at the west of the
lodge, looking through the long passageway toward the east. Now
in tlu! distance we see the Dawn approaching; it is coming, coming
along the path of the Morning Star. It is a long path and as the
Dawn advances along this path sometimes we catch sight of it and
then again we lose it, but all the time it is coming nearer.

The Dawn is new born, its breath has sent new life evervwiiere, all
things stir with the life Tira'wa atius has given this child, his child,
whose mother is the Night.

We sing this stanza four times.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

503 Ho-o-o-o! An Introductory exclamation.

504 Reshuru ta ahrisha.

Reshuru, the Dawn.
ta, approaching, coming.

ahrisha, coining nearer but only to disappear. The Dawn
comes nearer, gi-ows brighter, biit disappears in the
brighter light of day.
595, 596, 507 See line 504.

Explanation Inj the Ku' rahus

As we stand, looking through the long ijassageway of the lodge,
watching and singing, we see the Da^vn come nearer and nearer; its
brightness fills the sky, the shadowy forms on the earth are becoming
visible. As we watch, the Dawn, like the 3Iorning Star, recedes. It
is following the star, goiyg back to the place whence it came, to its
birthplace.

The day is close behind, advancing along the x^ath of the Morning
Star and the Dawn, and, as we watch, the Dawn \anishes from our
sight.

We sing this song four times.

FL.ET<'HERl

TENTH RITUAL
Part III. Daylkjht

SONG

l]'<ii-<ls mill ^liisic

].'51

M. M. / = 132.

• Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed hv Edwin vS. Tracv.

Ta-he-slii

Ta-he - sha! Pi- ra-ornx ki-rika. Ta-he - slia!.

Ta-lie ■

Rallies. '^^ L L l__r [^ LJ L-iJ ! ' C ! LJ L_ L—T

slial Ta-he-shal Ta-lie - sha! Pi -ra - o rnxki-ri ka. Ta-he-shal ..

598

Ta - he - sha I Ta - he - sha!

598 Tahesha! Tahesha!

599 Pirao rux kiri ka. Tahesha 1 Taheslia!

600 Tahesha! Tahesha!

601 Pirao rux kiri ka. Taheslia! Tahesha!

602 Tahesha! Tahesha!

603 Ta ira! Ta ira!

604 Ira, ta ira! Hern rera, ta ira!

605 Ta ira! Ta ira!

606 Ira, ta ira! Hern rera, ta ira!
60r Ta ira! Ta ira!

Translafian of First Stanza

Tahosha I Tahesha !

taliesha, daylight, the light of day, before the sun rises.
oDO Pirao rux kiri ka. Tahesha I Taliesha I

pirao, child, sou.

rux, let; a command or a bidding, as^ let hint, or, do this.

kiri, a part of kiriku, e.yes.

ka, a i)art of taka, to come out, to be seen by coming out from
under a covering. The meaning of these words becomes
clear when the custom of sleeping with the robe over the
head is remembered; the Son is bidden to throw the robe
off his head and let his eyes be free to behold the day.

tahesha, the light of day.

600 See line £98.

601 See line 599.

602 See line 508.

132 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. axn.22

Explanatio)! In/ the Ku' ruhus

We sing this song with loud voices, we are glad. We .shout, " Day-
light lias come! Day is here I" The light is over the earth. As we look
out through the door of the lodge we can see the trees, and all things
stand out clearly in the light.

We call to the Children, we bid them awake and throw off the robes
that covered their heads as they slept and let their ej'es look out and
behold the light of day, the day that has come, that is here.

This stanza is siing four times.

Trnnslation of Second Stanza

603 Taira! Ta ira!

ta, deer, a general term.

ira, coming into sight.
604: Ira, ta ira ; heru rera, ta ira.

ira, ta ira. See line 603.

heru, there.

rera, coming.

605 See line 603.

606 See line 604.

607 See line 603.

Exphuiatinn hij f]ie Ku'rahus

Still we sing and shout, "Day is here! Daylight has come!" We
tell the Children that all the animals are awake. They come forth
from the places where they have been sleeping. The deer leads them.
She conies from her cover, bringing her young into the light of day.
Our hearts are glad as we sing, "Daylight has come! The light of
day is here ! "

We sing this stanza four times.

Part IV. The Children Behold the Day

SONQ

TT'o/-f/.s- and 3fusic
M. M. ^S = 160.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed b_v Edwin S. Tracv.

Ho-o-o! Ruxki-ri ka, hi-ra-ti lia - o! Riixki-ri ka, lil-ra-ti ba-

X>™m. ^ , i, h tr.^ ,„ ^ • i . i . i . ^. ^. i .

o! Pi-ra - o ra-ti ha - o; Ru.x ki-ri ka, hi-ra-ti ha - o!

L' L' L' L* is L' L.' LJ u ' "" ^ ^ ^

613

Ho-o-o!

614

Ti kiri ka, hirati hao!

615

Ti kiri ka. hirati hao!

616

Pirao rati han;

617

Ti kii-i ka. Ha! Wita hesha!

FLETCHER] TENTH RITUAL, PART IV 133

608 Ho-o-o!

609 Rnx kiri ka, hirati liao!

610 Rnx kiri ka. hirati hao!

611 Pirao rati hao:
613 Rux kiri ka, hirati hao!

TransJaiion of First, Stanza

608 Ho-o-o I An introductory exclamation.
G09 Rux kiri Isa, hirati hao!

rnx, a command, let him now.

kiri, a part of tlie word kirikn, eyes.

ka, a part of the word taka, to become visible, to come out.

hirati, my or mine. The common word is kiirati; the kn i.s
changed in this ceremony to the aspirate syllable hi, mak-
ing the word hirati. The idea of In-eath, as significant of
life, is imited to desire in the change from ku to lii, in
this word meaning my.

hao, offspring, my own child.

610 See line 609.

611 Pirao rati hao.

pirao, child, a general term.
rati, my, mine,
hao, offspring.
613 See line 609.

E.xplatiatinn lit/ tlie Ku'raluis

In this stanza the Son (pirao), the man who is not of our kindi'ed,
but who through this ceremony is made as our offsi^ring, our own son
(hao), is commanded l)y the Ku rahus to go forth and arouse the Chil-
dren, to bid them awake, and open their eyes to behold the light
of day.

The Son, who with the Kurahus has been watcliing for tlie dawn,
receives the order and sends his messengers to the lodges of his rela-
tives to arouse them from sleep.

This is done that tlie Children may be in readiness to come to the
lodge before the sun is above the horizon.

This stanza is sung four times.

TruiiHlaiion of Second Stanza

613 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

614 Ti kiri ka, hirati hao!

ti, he.

kiri, a part of the word kiriku, eyes.

ka, a part of the word taka, to l)ecome visible, to be seen.

hirati, my or mine. See explanation of the word in line 009.

hao, offspring, my own child.

615 See line 611.

134 THE HAKO, A I'AWNEE CEREMONY [eth. a.nn. -^

GIG Pirao rati hao.

pirao, child, a general term, aiiyl)ody's child.

rati, a part of the woi'd hirali, my.

hao, my own child.
617 Ti ]£iri ka. Ila! Witahesha!

ti kiri ka. See line 61-t.

ha! behold!

wita, coming.

hesha, a part of tiie word tahesha, daylight.

KvpluiKitiiiii hij the Ku'rahiis

While the mcsseugerss are goiiii.;' from one lodge to aiiollicr lo awake
the people and bid them come to the lodge where the ceremony i.s
being performed, we sing this .second stanza.

It tells that the Son, now l)econie as our own olfspring, has gone
forth to awake the Children, who have heard his call, and now, ln-hold !
they come forth 1o look npon the light of day.

This stanza is snng four times.

ELEVENTH EITUAL (SEtOXI) DAY). THE MALE ELEMENT IXVOKED

P.iKT I. Chaxt to the Srx

E-rpId niiliiin hi/ flu Kn' ralius

On this, the second day of the ceremonj', we remembei- our father
the Suu. The sun comes directly from Tira'wa atius, and whoever is
touched by the first rays of the sun in the morning receives new life
and strength which have been brought straight from the power above.
The first rays of the sun are like a young man, they have not yet
spent their force or gi-owu old, so, to be touched l»y them is to receive
an accession of strength.

The door of the lodge where the ceremony is performed must face
the east, so that tlie first rays of the sun can enter and reach the
Children. I believe that as we sing this song and as the first i-ays
touch the Children they will receive help and strength. I was told by
my predecessor that it would be so, and he was taught by those who
had received the knowledge from the fathers; therefore I tell the same
to the Children. All the time I am singing this song I remember the
Sun, the Moon, the Stars, the Corn; all these were made by Tira'wa
atius, and I ask them to give us success and plenty; success in hunt-
ing and in war; plenty of food, of children, and of health. The Sun,
the Moon, the Stars, the Corn, are powerful.

The Children, who have been aroused by the mes.sengers of the Son,
gather at the lodge before the sun is up. They must be there when
the first raj' appears if they would gain its blessing.

As soon as we who are standing at the west of the lodge, looking
through the doorway, catch sight of the first raj' of the sun on the
horizon, we take up the Ilako and move bv the north to make a first
circuit of the lodge, and sing the first verse of this chant.

fletcheh]

ELEVENTH KITUAL, PAKT 1

CHANT

JVorJs iiikJ ^fiisic.

135

M. M. ^ - 120.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed liv Edwin S. TracT.

t-=| —

^^1^

-^zMrzm=^^-^^l

Tr-'^»— »— J*- — ■>-•-—*—•—»-

Ho-o-o! Hi-ra h'A-ars i - ra - a, were liii ka-wi, liii-ru ka li.i-a

Drum, m 0 i » < « «
Bailies. 1_ b_' ^ L_

!_•:_• tj L: Lr L-: L: LJ

3=3Et

-,-s , ^ , ^ CD

liu- ka-wi, lui • rii ka hu- ka-wi, lui - ka - wi Im - ru ka ha.

.* • r f • • r ,• f • f • s 1 i I

J f_j r_j f_' f • f

618 H(i-(wi!

019 Hira li'Aar.s irPv-a, were Imkawi. hum ka lia-a liukawi. liiirii ka hukawi,
liiiliawi hum ka ha.

620 Ho-o-o :

621 Hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi. ta kusi hi-i hukawi, ta kusi liukawi,

hukawi ta kusi hi.

Ill

622 Ho-o-o!

628 Hira h'Aars ira-a. were hukawi. ta wira ka-a hukawi. ta wira luTkawi.
hukawi ta wira ha.

624 Ho-o-o I

625 Hira h"Aars ira-a. were hukawi. ka hakidhihi hukawi. ka hakidhihi

hukawi. hukawi ka hakidhihi.

626 Ho-o-o :

627 Hira h'Aars ira-a. were hukawi. ka waraha ha hukawi, ka waraha liukawi.

hukawi ka waraha.

628 Ho-o-o!

62y Hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi. ta wara ka-a hukawi. ta wara hukawi.
liukawi ta wara ha.

VII

630 Ho-o-o!

631 Hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi. ta riki hi-i hukawi. ta riki Imkawi. hukawi

ta riki hi.

VIII

632 Ho-o-o!

633 Hira h'Aars ira-a. were hukawi, ta witspa ha-a hitkawi, ta witspa hukawi.

hukawi ta witspa ha.

136 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. Ann. 22

'Tnnisliiiioii of First Verse

618 Ho-o-ol An iutroduftory exclamation.

CIO Hira H'Aars ira-a, werehukawi, liiiru ka ha-a hukawi, luuii ka
hukawi, liukawi huni ka lia.
hira, will come. Tlie wonl is ira, the h is added for euphony

and greater ease in singing,
h', the symbol of breath, life, l)reathing forth, giving life,
aars, a eontraotion of atiiis, fathei-.
ira, will come.

a, a prolongation of the last .syllable of ira.
were, at that time, when, or then,
hukawi, the ray or beam of the sun.
huru, entering,
ka, a part of akaro, lodge. Ka, however, refers to the open

space within, around the fireplace, where the people

gather, where they sit and pursue their avocations,
ha-a, a prolongation of ka.
hukawi, huru ka hukawi, hukawi huru ka Iia. All the words

are translated above.

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

We speak of the sun as Father breathing forth life (h'Aars), causing
the earth to bring forth, making all things to grow. We tliink of the
sun, which comes direct from Tira'wa atius, the father of life, and
his ray (hukawi) as the bearer of this life. (You have seen this ray
as it comes through a little hole or crack.) While we sing, this ray
enters the door of the lodge to bring strength and power to all within.

We sing this verse four times as we go around the lodge. AVlien
we reach the west we ijause.

Food, which has been prepai-ed outside the lodge, is now brought in,
and the Children ai"e given tlieir morning meal. Then we sing the
second verse.

Translation of Second Verse

CiO Ho-o-()I An introductory exclamation.

021 Hira h'Aars ira-a, were liukawi, ta kusi hi-i hukawi, ta kusi
hukawi, hukawi ta kusi hi.

hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi. See line 619.

ta, a spot; the word refers to the jilace where the raj' touches
and makes a bright spot.

kusi, alights upon, rests upon.

hi, a part of hira, will come. See line 619.

i, a prolongation of the syllable hi.

hukawi, the ray or beam of the sun.

ta kusi hukawi, hukawi ta kusi hi. Translated above.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus
As the sun rises higher the ray, which is its messenger, alights

FLETCHEH] ELEVENTH RITUAL, PAKT I 137

upon the edge of the central opening in the roof of the lodge, right
over the fireplace. We see the spot (ta), the sign of its touch, and
■we know that the ray is there.

The fire holds an important place in the lodge; you remember we
sang about it when we were preparing the sacred objects (first ritual,
first song, line 49). Father Sun is sending life by his messenger to
this central place in the lodge.

As we sing we look at the liright spot where the ray has alighted, and
we know that life from our father the Sun will come to us by the ray.

We sing this verse four times, and when we have completed the sec-
ond circuit of the lodge and have reached the west we pause.

Translation <if Third Verse

622 Ho-o-o! An introductory' exclamation.

623 Hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi, ta wira ka-a hukawi, ta wira

hukawi, hukawi ta wira ha.
hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi. See line 019.
ta, the spot, the place that is touched by the ray
wira, climbing down, descending into.
ka, a part of the word akaro, lodge,
a, a vowel prolongation,
hukawi, the raj' or beam.

ta wira hukawi, hukawi ta wira. Translated above,
ha, a vocable to fill out the measure.

Explanation hi/ the Ku'rahus

As the sun rises higher we turn toward the north and begin the
third circuit of the lodge. The raj' is now climbing down into the
lodge. We watch the spot where it has alighted. It moves over
the edge of the opening above the fireplace and descends into tlie
lodge, and we sing that life from our father the Sun will come to us
by his messenger, the ray, which is now climbing down into the space
within the lodge Avhere we are gathered together.

We sing this verse four times, and after the third circuit we pause
at the west.

Translation of Fourth Verse:

624: Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

625 Hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi, ka hakidhihi hukawi, ka haki-
dhiki hukawi, hukawi ka hakidhihi.
hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi. See line 619.
ka, a ijart of the word akaro, lodge, particularly the space

within the lodge, about the fire.
hakidhiki, walking, moving about the room, the open space

within the lodge,
hukawi, the ray.
ka hakidhiki liukawi, hukawi ka hakidhiki. Translated above.

138 THE HAKO, A PAWNEP: CEREMONY [eth.ank.32

K.rpli-iiKi/iiJii III/ Ihe Ku' ritliua

When the sjjot wliore the rn.},' has alighted reaches the floor, we
turn toward the north and bi-gin the fourth circuit of the lodge.

Xow th(; spot is walking here and there witliin the lodge, touching
different places. We know that the ray will biing strength and
power from our father the Sun as it walks within the lodge. Our
hearts are glad and thankful as we sing.

When we reach the west the fourth circuit is completed. Then
we lay the Hako down upon the holy XJlace and sing the songs which
tell what that act means."

The first four verses of this chant are sung in the morning: lliej"
follow the movements of the ray. When the spot has reached the
floor we stop singing and do not begin again until the afternoon, so
that our song can accompany the ray as it leaves the lodge, touches
the hills, and finally returns to the sun.

All through the ceremony we must be careful as to the time when
we sing the songs, for each has its own time of day. If we do not
observe this teaching of our fathers we shall fail to receive the benefits
of the ceremon}'.

Between the two parts other songs can be sung; it will not interfere
with this chant to the Sun.

TransJution of Fifth Verse

62() IIo-o-o! jVn introductoi'v exclamation.

627 Ilira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi, ka waraha ha hukawi, ka wai-aha
hukawi, hukawi ka waraha.
hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi. See line 61'.i.
ka, a part of the word akaro, lodge, the space within,
waraha, walked here and there, in different parts of the lodge,
ha, a I'epetition and prolongation of the last syllable of waraha.
hukawi, ka waraha hukawi, hukawi ka waraha. Translated
above.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

In the afternoon when we obsei-ve that the spot has moved around
the lodge, as the sun has passed over the heavens, we sing the fifth
verse. The ray has touched the Children and all qf us as it has
walked here and there in different parts of the lodge. It has brouglit
strength to us from our father the Sun.

We sing the verse four times as we nuxke the first circuit of the
lodge, and we pause when the west is reached.

«See pages lU-116 for these songs.

FLKTCHEH] ELEVENTH RITUAL, PART 1 139

Tnnilaiitiu i if Sixth Verse

6l'8 Ho-o-o! An iiitroductorj- exclamation.

629 Ilii-a ir^Vars ira-a, woi-e liukawi, ta wara ka-a Imkawi, ta wara

liiikawi, liukawi ta wai'a ha.
liiivi h'Aars ira-a, were liukawi. See line Gl!).
ta, the spot, the place where the raj- touche.s.
wara, climbing up, ascending.

ka, a part of akaro, lodge, the space within the lodge,
a, a vowel prolongation.

liukawi, ta wara hukawi, hukawi ta wara. Translated above,
lia, a vocable to fill out the measure.

Explanatioii htj flie Kii' raJiiiK

After a little time we see the spot leave the floor of the lodge and
climb up toward the opening over the fireplace, where it had entered
in tlie morning. As we see it climbing up out of the lodge and leav-
ing us we sing this verse four times.

We reach the west at the completion of the .second circuit of the
lodge, and there we pause.

Tnnisliifion <if Sfventh Virse

630 IIo-o-ol \n introductory exclamation.

631 Iliia ITAars ira-a, were hukawi, ta riki lii-i hukawi, ta riki

hukawi, hukawi ta riki hi.
hira h'Aars ira-a, were hukawi. See line 019.
ta, the spot, the place touched by the ray.
riki, standing.

hi, a part of liiri, will come. See above.
i, a vowel prok)ngatioii.
hukawi, ta riki hukawi, hukawi ta riki hi. Translated above.

Explanation In/ the Ku'rahiis

Later, when the sun is sinking in the west, the land is in shadow,
only on the top of the hills toward the east can the spot, the sign of
the ray's touch, be seen. Then we sing this stanza as we go anmnd
the lodge the third time.

The ray of Father Sun, who breathes foi'th life, is standing on the
edge of the hills. "VVe remember that in the morning it had stood on
the edge of the opening in the roof of the lodge over the fireplace; now
it stands on the edge of the hills that, like the walls of a lodge, inclose
the laud where the people dwell.

When the third circuit of the lodge is completed we again pause at
the west.

140

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[eth. ANN. 22

Translation of Eighth Verse

632 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

G33 Hira h'Aars ira-a, wore hukawi, ta witspa ha-a hukawi, ta witspa
linkawi, hukawi ta witspa ha.

hira h'Aars Ira-a, were hukawi. See line G19.

ta, the spot, the place touched by the raj'.

witspa, destination, tlie end of a journey, a completion.

ha-a, a prolongation of the last syllable of witspa.

hukawi, ta witspa hukawi, hukawi ta witspa ha. Translated

above.

Explanation by the Ku'ruhus

When the spot, the sign of the ray, the messenger of our father tlie
Sun, has left the tops of the liills and passed from our sight, we sing
this verse as we make the fourth circuit of the lodge.

We know that the ray which was sent to bring us strength has now
gone back to the place whence it came. We are thankful to our father
the Sun for that which he has sent us by his ray.

At the west we lay the Hako down to rest and sing the songs which
belong to that action."

Part II. Day Songs

Ej-planation by the Ku'rahus

We sing each stanza of the two following songs four times, and we
make four circuits of tlie lodge, one stanza to a circuit; then we lay
the Hako down to rest with songs that belong to that act."

SONG

Words and 3fusic
M. .M. N = 112.
• — Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

=S^-

Haa-a-a!

Drum.
Rallies

Ha! Re-ri-re-a-wa; Hal Re-ri-re-a-wa.pi-ras-ki

Ha! Re-ri-re-a-wa; Ha! Re-ri -re-a-wa, pi-ras-ki ka si - ri liu-ra!

L_' Lj L' i-' Lj' i-' L-* P ^ i i

•584 Ha-a-a-a!

635 Ha! Rerireawa: Ha! Rerireawa, piraski ka siri hura!

636 Ha! Rerireawa: Ha! Rerireawa. piraski ka siri hwral

637 Ha-a-a-a!

688 Ha! Rerireawa: Ha! Rerireawa. piraski kat tsiri huwa!
639 Ha! Rerireawa; Ha! Rerireawa. piraski kat tsiri huwa!

a See pages m-116 for these songs.

FLETCHER] ELEVENTH EITUAL, PART It 141

Trdnshttioii of First Stanza

634 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

635 Ha! Rerireawa; Hal Rerireawa, piraski ka siri liiira.

ha! an exclamation directing attention; in this instance, hark:

listen !
rerireawa, the sound made by the flapping of wings, as in the

alighting of birds,
piraski, boys.

ka, now, a form of command,
siri, you.
hura, come.

636 See line 635.

Exptanotion hij the Ku'rahus

This song likens the bustle and stir of the Ilako party as it comes
into the village to the flapping of the wings of a flock of birds as they
come to a place and alight. It refers aLso to the birds repre-sented on
the feathered stems — the eagle, the duck, the woodpecker, and the owl.
The noise of the wings of these l)irds is what is meant, for they are
moving with the Fathers toward the Children.

In this stanza the Fathers speak : ' ' Hark to the sound of wings ! The
Hako is here. Now, boys, you are to come forward!" That is, the
Children are now to send their gifts of ponies to the Fathers as a
i-eturn for the promised good brought to them by the Hako. The
ponies are always led up to the Fathers by a small boj-, the child of
the man making the gift.

Traitslation of Second Stanza

637 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

638 Ha! Rerireawa; Ha! Rerireawa, piraski kat tsiri huwa.

ha! hark! listen!

rerireawa, the sound of the wings of birds as they alight.

piraski, boys.

kat, come, the response to the command ka, come.

tsiri, we.

huwa, go.

639 See line 638.

Explanation hi/ the Ku'rahus

The second stanza is a response to the call made by the Fathers.
The people in thi^ camp say, "Hark! The Hako comes. Now we go
to meet the Fathers with our gifts."

142 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONT [kth. axn.22

SONG

TFo/'f/v and MunIc
M. M. ^S-132.
. = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracv.

u ■■■■ ft ■■ ^ ■■■—

Ho-o-o-o! I-ri! Ila ko ti-wera tii ri wi-clia; I-ri!Ha-ko ti-we ra-tu ri wi-cha;
Drum «••«■•«• «< •• •• «<** «< •« f »

we ra-tu riwi-cha; I- ril Ha-ko ti-wera-tu ri wi-cha.

fi40 Ho-o-o-o!

641 Iril Hako tiwp latn li wicha:

643 Iril Hako tiwe rata ri wiclia: we ratn li wicha:

643 Iril Hako tiwe ratu ri wiclia.

644 Ho-o-o-o 1

645 Iri! Hako tiwe rus kori wicha:

646 Iril Hako tiwe rns kori wicha: we rns kori \\'icha;

647 Iril Hako tiwe rns kori wicha.

Tmn.sldtioii (if First Stanza

• 140 Ho-o-o-o! An iiilioduetoi y exclamation.
041 Iri ! Hako tiwe ratn ri wicha.

iril a part of nawairi ! an exclamation of thankfulness, of .grati-
tucle, of confidence.

Hako, the general term for the symbolic oli.jects peculiar to
this ceremony.

tiwe, have.

ratu, to me;

ri, modified from the word tara, to bring.

wicha, reached a destination, arrived.
ti42 Iri! Ilako tiwe ratu ri wicha; we ratn ri wicha.

Iril Hako tiwe ratn ri wicha. See line <J41.

we, a part of the word tiwe, have.

ratu ri wicha. See line 641.
Gi.j See line 641.

FLETCHEK] ELEVKNTH RITtTAL, PART II 143

E.viihiiiittidii III/ /lie Kii'rahiis

In the first stanza the Fatliers speak. They tell the Children that
with the Ilako pomes the promise of f^ood. For this thanks are given
to Mother Corn, who has led ns to the Son, and also to the birds npon
the Hako, whicli come from Tira'wa atins and make lis father and son.

Trinislniio)! of Set -on rl Stanza

i'>44 IIo-o-o-oI An introductory exclamation.
045 Iril Hako tiwe rus kori wiclia.

iril a part of nawairi! an exclamation of thankfulness.

Hako, the symbolic objects pcculi;u' 1o this ceremony.

tiwe, have.

rus, a niodilied foi'm of the word wasn, yon.

kori, you l)rini;'. The word implies that wliat you bring is
something that is yours, or something over which you liave
control.

wiclia, reached a destination; ari'ived.
ii4il Iiil Ilako tiwe rus kori wicha, we rus kori wicha.

Iri! Ilako tiwe rus kori wicha. See line 645.

we, a part of the word tiwe, have.

rus kori wicha. See line 045.
047 See line 045.

ExpJatiaiion hi/ flie Kii'rnhus

In the second stanza the Cliildrcn respond. They thank the
Fathers for bringing the Ilako. and they thank all the powers repre-
sented on the Hako. Their hearts arc glad, foi' they are to be as
sons.

I have explained to you that there are certain songs to be sung at
certain times and in a fixed order, but there are not enough of these
songs to fill all the time of the ceremony.

It maybe that the Children who wish to make presents will ask
the Fathers to sing for tliem, and tliere are several songs that can
be sung at such times.

All songs must be chosen in reference to the time. Songs of the
visions can only be sung at night. Songs like the following one of
Mother Corn can be sung in the daytime, and in the night after the
day when we sing of the earth and have had the sacred corn cere-
mony, but can not be sung in any other night. None of these extra
songs can interrupt those which have a fixed sequence.

144

THE HAKO, A PAWNEK CEREMONY

EXTRA DAY SONG
IVoTrl.S lllltl Music

[ETH. ANN. 22

M. M. J =116.

• ^= Pulsation of the To'ice.

Transcribed hv Edwin S. Tracv.

m^^^=^^^

=■=■=3=3:

^=^

3=i^=B=q=

Ho-o-o-o! H'A-ti-ra! Il'A-ti-ia! H'A-ti - ral Ki - ra i - tsi.

Battles, r r r r r ; i i i i i i "

=»=3=

i=^^^i=3^2^

=l=:

H'A-ti - ra! H'A-ti

^ r r r

K i - ra i - tsi

wa - na - ra.

648 Ho-o-o-o :

649 H'Atira! HAtiral H'Atiral Kira itsi.

6.50 H'Atiral H'Atiral Kira itsi wabara.

6.51 Ho-o-o-ol

6.52 H'Atira! H'Atiral HAtiral Kira tatsi.

658 H'Atiral H'Atiral Kira tatsi wahara.

Ill

654 Ho-o-o-ol

655 H'Atiral H'Atiral H'Atiral Kira itsi.

656 H'Atiral H'Atiral Kira itsi wehitshpa.

657 Ho-o-o-ol

6.58 H'Atiral H'Atiral H'Atiral Kira tatsi.

659 H'Atiral H'Atiral Kira tatsi -wehitshpa.

Translation

648 IIo-o-o-oI An introductory exclamation.
"649 H'Atira! H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira itsi.

li', the symbol of breath, life.

atira, mother. The term refers to the corn.

kira, now, at this time, under these conditions.

itsi, let us.
650 H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira itsi wahara.

H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira itsi. See line 649.

wahara, go.

FLBT(HER] ELEVENTH RITUAL, PART II 145

651 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

652 IFAtini! H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira tatsi.

h'Atira. See line 6-lit.
kira, now.
tatsi, we are.

653 H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira tatsi wahara.

H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira tatsi. See lines 640, 652.
wahara, go, going.

Ill

654 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

655 See line 649.

656 H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira itsi wehitshpa.

H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira itsi. See line 640.
wehitshpa, to approaeli one's destination, the object of one's
journey, or the end sought after.

657 Ho-o-o-o! An introduetory exclamation.
65S See line 652.

650 H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira tatsi wehitshpa.

H'Atira! H'Atira! Kira tatsi. See lines G40, 652.
wehitshpa, to approach one's destination.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

This song is a prayer to Mother Corn to give life and plenty to us
all, and to make strong the bond between the Fathers and the Chil-
dren, by the power granted to her by Tira'wa atius.

In the first stanza we ask Mother Corn, who breaths forth life and
gives food to her children, to lead us to the Son.

In the second stanza we sing that she consents, and we start upon
our way with our mother.

In the third stanza we ask Mother Corn if we are drawing near to
tlie Son.

In the fourth stanza we see our journey'.s end; we are approacliing
our destination, led by her who breathes forth life to her cliildren.

We sing each stanza four times and make four circuits of the lodge
as we sing this song; at the west we pause and tliere lay down tlie
Hako upon the holj' place, singing as we do so the songs which belong
to that action."

a See pages 111-116 for these songs.
22 ETH— I'T 2—04 10

146

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[fVIH. ANN. 'ii

EXTRA DAY SONG

Words and Music
M. M. N = n6.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho-o-n o!

Drum, i » m t
Rattles.\J LJ

Ki ni-ra hi? Ki ni-ia-a, ki ru-ra-a,

L: :-i u u

LJ L-J* !_' !_' CJ*

Ki ru-ra ln?Ki ru-ra-a,

L_' Lj LJ Lj'
I

660 Ho-o-o-.):

661 Ki rura hiy

663 Ki rura-a. ki rnra-a. ki nira-a hi?
66:^ Ki riira hi?

664 Ki riira-a. ki rura-a hi?

665 Arushaha?

ki ru - ra - a hi? A - ru - sha - ha?

666 Ho-o-o-ol

667 Iru ra-a;
"68 Iru ra-a. iru ra-a, iru ra-a hi;

669 Iru ra-a;

670 Iru ra-a, iru ra-a hi:

671 Arushaha.

tiBO
601

66:3

66o
605

667

668

669

670
671

Tnuidation

Ho-o-o-o'! All iiilruducl-ury e.xclamation.
Ki rura hi?

ki? where? a question.

rura, moving, traveling.

hi, a part of the word arusliahi, arushaha, horse.
Ki rura-a, ki rura-a, ki rura-a hi?

ki rura. See line 061.

a, vowel prolongation.

ki rura-a, ki rura-a hi. See lines 601, 062.
See line 601.

Ki rura-a, ki rura-a hi? See line Oiil.
Arushaha? Horse.

Transhition of Sfraiid Simiza
II
IIo-o-o-o! All introductory exclamation.
Iru ra-a.

iru, yonder moving.

ra, coming this way.

a, vowel prolongation.
Iru ra-a, iru ra-a, iru ra-a hi.

Iru ra-a, iru i-a-a, iru ra-a. See line 007.

hi, a part of the word aru.shahi, arushaha, horse.
See line 667.

Iru ra-a, iru ra-a hi. See lines 607, 008.
Arushaha. Ilor.se.

FLETCHER]

ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH RITUALS

147

}Cxj>lii iKi/ioii III/ flit:- Kn' ra.hus

It may happen during the ceremony that a young man of the vil-
lage who is not a relative of the Son may desire to lay uji for himself
au honor which will help him to advance his social position in the
tribe. lie mounts a horse, rides to the lodge, and there makes a gift
of the animal to the Fathers. On sncli an occasion this song is sung.

The words are few, but the meaning of the song has l)een handled
down to the Ku'rahus. It is not intended that everyone should know
all that these songs implj'.

Tlie first stanza means : Whence has he come? Where does he go,
lie who rides his horse so fast? Who is the man?

The second stanza means: He is coming this way on his horse. He
is bringing it to the Fathers; he is in earnest to make them a gift.

TWELFTH RITUAL (SECOND NIGHT). THE RITES CAME BY A VISION

FIRST SONG

Words and Music

M. M. ;^ = 126.

• = Pulsation of tlie voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho-o-o-o! AVlii-tit ka - sha

Battles.

ru,

Ta ha - o! Hi-ri! Ha-

Lj' C—'

672

Ho-o-o-ol

673

Whitit kasharu. lial kira vAwa. wi

674

Whitit kasharu. hal kira rehra wi

675

Ta haol

676

Hiril Hako-ol

677

Whitit kasharn. lial kira rehia wi

678

Ta hao!

679

Ho-o-o-ol

680

Kutit kasharn. lial kira rehra wi:

681

Kutit kasharu. hal kira rehra wi:

682

Ta hao!

683

Hiri! Hakd-ol

684

Kutit kasharu. ha! kira rehra wi;

685

Ta hao!

148 THE HAKO, A PAWNEK CEREMONY [eth. axs.22

Translation of First Stanza

(572 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

673 Whitit kasharu, ha! kira rehra wi.

whitit, it is believed, it is supposed. The word implies a ques-
tion witli tlie desire to know the trutli of the l»elief.

kasharu, a composite word; ka, from rotkaharu, night; sharu,
dreams, visions.

ha! behold!

kira, aecomplislied or brought to pass.

rehra, I hold standing; present tense.

wi, from wirit, an article swinging. The word tells that the
article which tlie per.son stands holding is swinging in his
hand; this refers to the rhytlimic swajing of the feathered
stems during the singing of the songs of the ceremonj-.

674 See line 073.

675 Tahao!

ta, a part of kutati, my.

hao, offspring; my own child. The term refers t(t the Son.
07G Iliri! Hako-o!

hiri! give heed; harken.

Hako-o; Hako, the .sacred articles of tne ceremony; o, vowel
prolongation.

677 See line 673.

678 See line 075.

Explaiiaiioti hij tlie Ku' ralius

This stanza asks about the origin of the Hako, about the account
which has come down to us that the Hako and its ceremonies were
sent by the powers above to our fathers through a vision.

We have been taught that in a vision our fathers were told how to
make the feathered stems, liow to use them, how to sway them to tlie
songs, so that they should move like the wings of a bird in its flight.
It was in a vision that our fathers were told how they could cause a
man who was not their bodilj- offspring to become a Son, to be bound
to them by a tie as strong as the natural tie between fathei' and son.

For this knowledge our fathers gave thanks and we give thanks,
for bj' this ceremonj- peace and plenty, .strength, and all good things
come to the people.

Translation of Second Stanza

679 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
68U Kutit kasharu, ha! kira rehra wi.

kutit, it is; an assertion. The word gives a definite answer to
the implied question in the first word of the first stanza,
whitit. The belief, the suppo.sition, is declared to be the
truth.

kasharu, ha! kira rehra wi. See line 073.

FLETCHEHl TWELFTH BITUAL 149

681 See line 680.

682 See line 675.

683 Hiri! Hako-o! See line 676.

684 See line 680.
6S5 See line 675.

Explanation hy tJie Ku'rahus

This stanza tells the Children that it is tme that the knowledge of
this ceremony was given to our fathers by the powers above through
a vision. We speak of the vision as kasharu, because visions are apt
to come in the night when all is still; they then descend, pass over
the earth, and come to man.

This stanza also tells that the man to whom we have l>rought the
Hako is to be made a Son in the way our fathers were directed in the
vision.

None of the songs of this ceremony can be changed ; they must be
sung accurately, just as they have been handed down to iis, for the
words speak of the powers above and their gifts to us, and we must be
careful of such words.

SECOND SONG

Words and Music
M. M. >\-U6.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho-o-o-ol He! Hit-ka -sha-ru; Hel Hit-ka - slia- ni; Ta ki - ra r^ te -
Drum i.i.i. &. i. ii.i* i .

Rattles. Lj u [ r " [ T c r * * * r

— S==S==§=^^=:"==5=S~~^3:=S.-=.^^§=^»=«— ^^-•=E

ni he; He! Ilit-ka-sha-rii; He! Hit-ka-slia-ni; Ta ki-ra ni te - ni he;

He! Hit-ka - sha-ru; He! Hit-ka - slia-ru; Ta ki-ra ni te - rii he.

Lj* , t ' t r t r t r f i i

686 Ho-o-o-o!

687 He! Hitkasharu: He! Hitkasharu;

688 Ta kira ru teru he:

689 He! Hitkasharu: He! Hitkasharti:

690 Ta kira ru teru he:

691 He! Hitkasharu; He! Hitkasharu;

692 Ta kira ru teru lie.

150 THE HAKo, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ax.n. 22

693

Ho-o-o-ol

694

He; Hitkasharn:

He!

Hitkasharu:

695

Ta kira te ra-a he:

696

He! Hitkasharu:

He:

Hitkasharu:

697

Ta kira te ra-a he:

698

He! Hitkasluiru:

He:

Hitkasharu:

699

Ta kira te ra-a he.

Tnuisla

fiou

(j8(i lIo-0-o-o! An introductory exclamatiou.

687 He! Hitkasharu; He! Hitkasharu.

he, an exclamation callinj^ attention to a su]».ject or a teachin.Lf.

liitkasharu; hit, from hittu, feather, referrinj;- to the l)ir<ls tliat
attend the Hako; lui, part of rotkaharu, night; sharu,
dreams, visions. Tliis composite word refers to the visions
or dreams brought by the birds that are associated with
the Hako.

688 Ta kira ru tern he.

ta, verily.

kira, brought to pass.

ru, it, the rite, or ceremony.

teru, is; the entire ceremony witli its promises

he, vocable.
6S!J See line 687.
690 See line 688.
01)1 See line 687.
69i See line 688.

&X-\ IIo-0-o-oI An introductory exclamation.
6ti4 See the first stanza, line 687.

695 Ta kira te ra-a he.

ta, verily.

kira, brought to pass.

te, it; the good promised tli rough the ceremony.

ra-a, is coming.

he, vocable.

696 See line 687.

697 See line 695.

698 See line 687.

699 See line 695.

Explaiiulioii hij tlie Kti ruhus
In this song we are told that verily it is a truth that everything per-
taining to this ceremony came through a vision. All the good, all the
happiness that comes to those who take part in these rites have been
promised in a dream, and the dreams which brought this ceremony
and its promises came from the east ; they always descend from above
by that path.

FLETCHER] TWELFTH RITUAL 151

Were it uot true that these dreams come to us and liring us all the
good things promised our fathers, we should long ago have abandoned
the liako and its (■erenion3'.

This song says to the Children : "As j'ou listen j'ou will have dreams
brought you by the birds represented with the Hako. The visions
will bring you help; they will bi-ing you happiness. They are coming
to you from the east."

SOKG TO THE PLEIADES

Tl'fi/vZ.s- and Mxnit-
U. M. *y = 116.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Drum. « « « «
Rattles:^, ^

-.Sr-:S:-Jg-JSr

B^q=i— q^-'i-M^--

^.S-— :5L-it-— -S.-

-J.— -l!.— sr

Cha-ka - a! Rii - to chi-ra - o! Ha! Wira; lia! Ha! We-ra; lia!

700 Weta racha; ha!

701 Weta racha; weta racha;
703 Chaka-a!

703 Riito chirao! Ha! Wira; ha!

704 Weta racha; weta racha;

705 Chaka-a!

706 Ruto chlrao! Ha! Wera; ha!

Translation

70(1 AVeta racha, ha!

weta, coming, advancing.

racha, rising, moving uiiward.

ha! look! behold!
7(11 Weta racha; weta racha;

weta racha. See line 700.
7()L* (haka-a! The name of the Pleiades.
70:! Kuto chirao! Ha! Wira, ha!

ruto, it is. "It" refers to the coming of the constellation.

chirao, good, well.

ha! behold!

wira, wera, them coming.

ha! behold!
70-1: Weta racha; weta racha; See line 700.
70.') Chaka-a! See line 702.
7()(i I la! Wera; ha! See line 703.

152

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[KTH. ANN, 22

E.i'iildiiiitioii hi/ t.lie Ku'raliufi

When, tluring the eeremouy of tlie Ilako, the Pleiades appear alwve
the horizon, this song must be sung. If, when the coming of these
stars is reported, we should be singing, we must break off .at the third
Stanza and sing this song for the fourth circuit of the lodge.

This song to the Pleiades is to I'emind the people that Tira'wa has
appointed the stars to guide their steps. It is verj- old and belongs
to the time when this ceremony was being made. This is the story to
explain its meaning which has been handed down from our fathei's:

A man set out upon a journey; he traveled far; then he tliought
he would return to his (jwn country, so he turned about. lie traveled
long, yet at night he was always in the same place. He lay down
and .slept and a vision came. A man spoke to him ; he was the k ader
of the .seven stars. He said: "Tira'wa made these seven stars to
remain together, and he fixed a path from east to west for them to
travel over. He named the seven stars Chaka. If the people will
look at these stars they will be guided aright."

When the man awoke he saw the Pleiades rising; he was glad, and
he watched the stars travel. Then he turned to the north and reached
his own countiy.

The stars have many things to teach us, and the Pleiades can guide
us and teach us how to keep together.

We sing this song four times as we make the circuit of the lodge;
then we lay the Hako down to rest upon the holy jjlace and sing the
songs which belong to that action.

The following songs can be sung at night after the regular song has
been completed, if the Children should call for them:

M. M. s - 132.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

EXTRA NIOHT SONG

Wordu (Did Jlusic

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracv.

Ho-o-o! Hi-ri! Ka-sha-ru ka-ta-sha-a; ha! Hi-ri! Ka-sha-ra ka-tasha-a -a;

Drum. £««««.£• « « •« •«<«•« « • mm

Rattles. L. '^ '■ LJ ■ " ■ Lj ^ Lj ■ L-i

=n — |-

lial Ha-wa! Ka-ta-sha-a; ha! Hi -ri! Ka-sha- ru ka-ta-sha-a- a; lial

707 Ho-o-o!

708 Hiri! Kasharu katasha-a: ha!

709 Hiri! Kasharu katasha-a-a; ha!

710 Hawa! Kataslia-a; ha!

711 Hiri: Kasharu katasha-a-a: ha!

FLETCHER] TWELFTH KITUAL 153

712 Ho-o-ol

713 He! Hitkasharii shkatasha-a; ha!

714 He! Hitkasharii shkatasha-a-a: ha!

715 Hawa! Shkatasha-a; ha!

716 He! Hitkasharu shkatasha-a-a; ha!

717 Ho-o-o!

718 Hiri! Kasharn katata-a: ha!

719 Hiri! Kashara katata-a-a; ha!

720 Hari! Katata-a; ha!

721 Hiri! Kasharn katata-a-a; ha!

IV
723 Ho-o-o!

723 He! Hitkasharu shkatata-a: ha!

724 He! Hitkasharu shkatata-a-a; ha!

725 Hari! Shkatata-a; ha!

726 He! Hitkasharu shkatata-a-a; ha!

727 Ho-o-o!

728 He! Hitshkasharu kitta sha-a; ha!

729 He! Hitshkasharu kitta sha-a-a; ha!

730 Hari! Kitta sha-a; ha!

731 He! Hits}ikasharu kitta sha-a-a; ha!

732 Ho-o-o!

733 He! Hitkasharu shkitta sha-a; ha!

734 He! Hitkasharu shkitta sha-a-a; ha!

735 Hari! Shkitta sha-a; ha!

736 He! Hitkasharu shkitta sha-a-a; ha!

Trunshdion of

707 Ho-o-o! An introductory explanation.

708 Hiril Kasliarn katasha-a; ha!

liiri! an exclamation, give lieed! liarken! the word implies

reverent feeling,
kasharu; ka, from rotkahai-u, night; sharu, vi.sion, dream.
Katasha, the place where the visions dwell.
a, vowel prolongation,
ha! behold!

709 See line 708.

710 Hawa! Katasha-a; ha!

hawa, truly; the word refers to something singular in number.
Katasha-a; ha! See line 708.

711 See line 708.

154 THE HAKO, A HAWNKE CEREMONY (eth.ann.22

71:l' Uu-o-o! Au iutioduc'toiy excltiiiiatioii.
7i:> He! Ilitkasharu shkatasha-a; ha!

he! an exclamation callinji- attention to a s\i1>.jeft or teacliinfj!:.
liitkasharn; liit, from hittu, featlier; ka, from lotkaliaru,

niglit; sharu, dream, vision; the visions l)ron.i::ht by the

liirds of the Ilako.
Shkataslm; sh, a prefix denoting feminine gender; Katasha,

the place where the visions dwell when they are at rest.
a, vowel prolongation,
ha! behold!

714 See line 713.

71-') Ilawa! Shkatasha-a; ha! See lines 710, 7i;5.
71(; See line 713.

Ill

717 lI()-(>-(i! An introdiietory exclamation.

715 lliri! Kasharii katata-a; ha.

liiri! harkeni give heed!

ka.sharn, night visions or dreams. See line 7(tS.
katata, climbing,
a, vowel prolongation,
ha! behold!
7111 See line 718.

720 Hari! Katata-a; ha!

hari, truly. The word refers to more than one; it is plural,
katata-a; ha! See line 718.

721 See line 718.

722 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
72o He! Ilitkasharu shkatata-a; ha!

he! an exclamation calling attention to a teaching,
hitkasharu, feather night dreams. See line 713.
shkatata; sh, feminine prefix; katata, climlnng. The word
implies that the visions which were climbing were femi-
nine, those which belonged to the brown eagle feathered
stem,
a, vowel prolongation,
ha! behold!
724 See line 723.
72.5 Ilari! Shkatata-a; ha!

hari, truly. The word is plural,
shkatata-a; ha! Translated above; see line 723.
720 See line 723.

FLETCHER]

TWELFTH RITUAL 155

727 IIo-o-ol Au iiitrodiK-toiy exclaiiiation ,

728 He! Ilitshkashani kitta sha-a; hal

he! an exclamation calliiis' attention to a teachino-.
hitslakasharu : hit, from hittu, feather; sh, feminine prefix;

ka from i-otkaharn, night; sharu, dreams, visions. Tlie

composite word refers to the visions which pertain to tlie

promises of tlie I lake ceremony,
kitta, the top; refers to the localit.v of Katasha, the dwelling

place of the visions,
sha, hing down, as to rest,
a, vowel prolongation,
ha! behold!
72n See line 728.
7-30 Hari! Kitta sha-a; ha!

hari, ti-uly; plural number,
kitta sha-a; ha! See line 728.

7ol See line 728.

732 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
73;) He! Hitkasharu shkitta sha-a; ha!

he! an exclamation calling attention to a teaching.

hitkasharu, feather night dreams. See line 713.

shkitta, sh, feminine prefix; kitta, the top.

sha, lying down, reposing.

a, vowel prolongation.

ha! behold!
734 See line 7.33.

73.5 Hari! Shkitta sha-a; ha! See lines 730, 733.
730 See line 733.

Explanafion hy fhe Kii'rahus

Visions come in the night, for spirits can travel better by night than
by day. Visions come from Katasha, the place where they dwell.
This place is up in the sky, just below where Tira'wa atius appointed
the dwelling place of the lesser powers (eighth ritual, part i, second
song). Katasha, the place where the visions dwell, is near the dwelling
place of the lesser powers, so they can summon any vision they wish to
send to us. When a vision is sent by the powers, it descends and goes
to the person designated, who sees the vision and hears what it has to
say; then, as day approaches, th« vision ascends to its dwelling place,
Katasha, and there it lies at rest until it is called again.

This song tells about Katasha, where the visions dwell. This is its
story :

156 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. axn.22

A holy man who lived long ago, no one knows liow long, for there
liave been many generations since, had a dream. He was taken up to
the i)laee where all the visions dwell, those that belong to Kawas, the
brown eagle, and those that belong to the white eagle, the male.
While he was there the day began to dawn and he saw the visions that
had been sent down to earth come climbing up, and he recognized
among them some of the visions that had visited him in the past.
Then he knew of a truth that all visions of every kind dwell above
in Katasha, and that they descend thence to us in the night, and that
as the day dawns they ascend, returning to rest in their dwelling jilace.

The holj' man made this song about his dream and told its meaning,
and the song and the story have been handed down to us that we
might know where visions come from, where they dwell and where
they go to when they depart from us.

Among the Pawnees there are shrines, in the keeiDing of certain men,
which contain articles that are used in the sacred ceremonies of the
different bands of the tribe. These shrines are very old, they were
given by the lesser powers to our fathers with a knowledge of their
contents and how to use them.

An ear of corn belongs to one of these shrines. It is a peculiar ear.
It is white, with perfect and straight lines of kernels, and there is a
tassel on its tip. In the fall the priest of the shrine tells the women
to look carefully for such ears when they gather their corn, for
Tira'wa causes such ears to grow in the fields for the purposes of
this shrine and thej^ belong to it. The little tassel on the tip of the
ear of corn represents the feather worn on the head of the warrior.
The sacred ear of corn is sometimes borrowed from the priest by the
leader of a war party. The ear of corn is born of Mother Earth, she
knows all places and the acts of all men who walk the earth, so she is
a leader.

Sometimes a young man who proposed going to war would request
the following song to be sung. He desired success and wished Mother
Corn to lead him. After the Hako ceremony was over he would
borrow a sacred ear of corn and put it in a pack which the leader of
the war party would sling ujjou his back. When the party was suc-
cessful, he would thrust into the ground the stick upon which the ear
of corn was tied and as this ear stood before him he would give thanks
to it for having led him in safety.

FLETCHER]

TWELFTH RITUAL

157

EXTRA NIQHT SONO

Words ami Music

M. M. Melody. J =60.
M. M. Drum. J= 120.
. = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

^5^P^^^^^^^=^=^

a-tk

—

[r-J i* — F~T-i~l

E=i=3s— 3-*i=r^^=^*=^— '^

m^^-^^

— s

wa-ra;

=S:-=^^— ?!;^-

fcs — s— s=i,-S=»=S_ • -*— Lll

re ka

A - ti - ra! A - ti - ra^ hi - ra - a.

^ • r f r ' r r t •" ^

Sa-a-a-a-a-al

• •

737 1

738 Atiral Atira hira i;

789

Hiri! Hiril Ri vvliie ri;

740

5awi rare ka wara, sawi rare ka wara:

741

Atii-a! Atira hira-a.
II

743

Ha-a-a-a-a-a!

743

Hitkashani, liitkasharu, in!

744

Hiri: Hiri! Ri rai i:

745

Sawi rare ka wara. sawi rare ka wara:

74G

Hitkasharn, hitkas

haru, iri!

737

7.38

73i!

740

Translation
I
Ha-a-a-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.
Atira! Atira liira i.

atira, mother. The term applied to the ear of corn.

hira, coming.

i, it; refers to the corn.
Hiri! Hiri! Ri whie ri.

hiri! harken! ojive heed!

ri, has, possesses.

whie, it, within itself.

ri, has.
Sawi rare ka wara, sawi rare ka wara.

sawi, part of asawiu, a trap or snare.

rare, it has a likeness to.

ka, part of akaro, the open space bounded by the horizon.

wara, walking.

158 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. an.v. 82

741 Atiral Atira liira-a.

Atiral Atira hira. See line 738.
a, vowel i^rolongatiou.

742 Ila-a-a-a-a-a I An introductory exclamation.
74.') Ilitkasliaru, Ilitkasliani, ii'il

hitkasharu, a composite word; lilt, liuni iiittu, featlier; ka,
from rotkahani, night; sharu, dream. The word refers
to dreams brought l)y tlie birds tliat attend tlie Hako. As
the song refers to war, tlie word refers to the white eagle
stem, the male, the warrior, the dream that attends that
eagle.

iril a part of the exclamation nawairil expressing thankful-
ness that all is well.

744 Iliri! Hiri! Ri rai i;

hiri! harken! give heed!
ri, has.

rai, coming; in the future.
i, it.

745 Sawi rare ka wara, sawi rare ka wara. See first stanza, line 740.

746 See line 743.

E,rpl(naiti<)ii hij tlie Ku'raJuis

There are not nianj' words to this song, but tlie meaning and tlie
stoiy have been handed down from our fathers.

The first stanza tells of a war party which started out carrying
Mother Corn. As the warriors left the village the old men wi.shed
them good luck, and said: "Mother Corn will be like a snare to
entangle the enemy, so that they will fall easily. Mother Corn will
be like a trap into which the enemy will fall and out of which there
will be no escape."

The young men started and took a straight course for the enemy's
country; they knew the land and they went directly there, but they
found nothing. They went to the east, there was nothing. The^y
turned to the west, there was nothing. They traveled to the north,
there was nothing. They went to the south, there was nothing. Then
they made their way back to the point from which they had started
on the border of the enemy's land.

The leader said: "I am worn out, our moccasins are in holes, we
are without food, we must turn liack. We will return to our home
tomorrow."

That night they lay down and slept. The leader placed the pack
with the ear of corn under his head, and with a heavy heart he fell
asleep.

The second stanza tells that in the night the ear of corn spoke to
the leader in a dream and said: "Tira wa bade me test you, and I

FLETCHER] TWELFTH RITUAL 159

have been putting you on trial. I am able to bring strength to the
people, the gift of life, and good fortune and success in war. I caused
all your misadventures that I might try j'our courage. Now, j^ou
.shall not go home on the morrow. If you should, the people would
say, ' Mother Corn is powerless.' In the morning you must do as I tell
you. You must go toward the southeast; there j'ou will come upon a
village where the people have many ponies; these you shall capture
and return safely and in triumph, and learn tliat I liave power to lead
to success."

The leader did as Mother Corn had directed, and everything came
to pass as she had said.

This song has no fixed place in the ceremony but it must be sung
at night, because the dream came at that time to the warrior.

The next song is about a man to whom Mother Corn came in a dream;
it happened very long ago. The song and the story are very old and
have come down to us from our fathers, who knew this ceremony.

Mother Corn spoke to this man in his dream. We are not told what
she said to him, liut when he awoke he started out to find the man in
whose keeping was a shrine containing the ear of corn. As he walked
he met a man and asked him, "Is it far to the lodge where the corn
is?" The man pointed to a lodge some distance off and said, "It is
within." Then the man who had had the dream walked towai-d the
place. As he entered the lodge he saw a shrine hanging on one of the
poles and he asked the keeper if it contained the sacred ear of corn,
and he was told that it did. Then he took his pipe and otfered smoke
and prayer in the presence of the corn; because Mother Corn had
appeared to him in a dream and had spoken to hian he came to oifer
her reverence.

EXTRA NIGHT SONG

IJ^ords and Music
M. M. N = 126.
• = Pulsation of tlie voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Drum

Battles.

E - ru! Ra hi ra hi ru - ra e; E - ni! Ka hi ra

:^,' « ^ f ,* r f T r r [ ' i * i ' r *

••■w ■»-. W--0
we? Kits Sti-ra ka-ra-ka - we'

m » m ^ » i m

rS i^ "! -^ n

t 1 ttl

L _^_^ ,___,^

L__l 1 — —1 — ^ — J_ LU

Hi ru - ra e; E- ru! Ra hi ra hi

L_r i^ i^ Lj ^ L/ ^

160 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. asx. 22

74T Era I Ra hi ra hi rura e:

748 Erul Ra hi ra hi rura e;

749 Kits Stira karakawe? Kits Stira karakawe? Hi rura e;

750 Em'. Ra lii ra lii rura e.

751 Erul Ra hi ra hi rura e;

752 Erul Ra hi ra hi rura h:

753 Kits Stira karatawi; kits Stira karatawi: hi rura e;

754 Eru! Ra hi ra hi rura e.

747 Eru! Ra hi ra hi rura e.

eru ! an exclamation of reverence.

ra, part of rura, coming.

hi, it.

ra, coming.

hi, it.

rura, coming.

e, vocable.

748 See line 747.

749 Kits Stira karakawe? Ivits Stira karakawe? Hi rura e.

kits, an abbreviation of kerits? is it?

stira; s, feminine sign; tira, part of atira, mother; refers to

the ear of corn,
karakawe? is it inside?
hi rura e. See line 747.

750 See line 747.

751, 752 See the first stanza, line 747.
75.3 Kits Stira karatawi; kits Stira karatawi; hi rura e.
kits? is it? See the first stanza, line 74'.t.
stira, she who is the mother, the corn. See the first stanza,

line 749.
karatawi, it is hung up. Refers to the shrine in which the
sacred ear is kept being hung on one of the posts within
the lodge of the priest,
hi rura e, translated above. See the first stanza, line 747.
754 See line 747.

E-rphinafiori of Ku'rahus

About midnight the Children disperse to their homes and all the
members of the Father's party except those who must remain in the

KLETCHEKl TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH RITUALS 161

lodge ill fhari,'e of the Il.iko go to their tents. Soon nil is quiet within
tlie lodge, tlie lire l)ni-ns down to eoals and every one sleeps except
tlie man on ^uard. lie must watch through the night and give warn-
ing of the first sign of a change in the appearance of the east. As
.soon as this is seen the skins that hang over the doors of Ihe lodge
are lifted and the Ku'rahus makes ready to rei)eat the songs to tlie
Dawn (tenth ritual). We sing these sacred songs at the dawn of the
second day, the day when we cliant to our father the Sun, and we
sing them again at the dawn of the third day, when we sing 1o our
mother the Karlh.

THIRTEENTH KITLTAL (THIRD DAY). THE FEMALE ELEMENT INVOKED

Part I. The Sacred Feast of Corn

Explunuiion by the Ku'rahus

With the morning sun the Children gather at the lodge to receive
their morning meal given them by the Fathers. Soon afterward the
sacred feast of the Corn takes place. For this feast the Children pre-
pare the food in the manner our fathers did. They pound the dried
corn in a wooden mortar and boil the coarse meal until it is thoroughly
cooked. They do this in their own liomes and then carry the food
in the kettles in whicli it has been cooked to the lodge where the
ceremony is being performed, and set them near the fireplace toward
the southeast, where wooden bowls and horn spoons have been pro-
vided for the occasion.

When all the company have been seated the Fathers ladle out the
food into the bowls. The Ku'rahus takes up a little of the food on
the tii3 of a spoon, offers it toward the east, flipping a particle toward
the horizon line. He then passes to the north, drops a bit on the rim
of the fireplace, and goes to the west, where, facing the east, he lifts
the spoon toward the zenith, pause;5, waves it to the four quarters and
slowly lowers it to the earth and drops a bit on the rim of the fire-
place. After this ceremony of offering thanks the filled bowls are
placed before the people. Two or more persons take a few spoonfuls
from the same bowl, then, hanging the spoons on the edge to prevent
their falling into the food, they pass the bowl on to the ne.xt group
at the left. In this way all the people partake of a common feast.

P.\UT II. SONO T(_> THE EaRTH

Explaudtinu by (lie Ku'r((hus

On the third day of the ceremony it is the duty of the Ku'rahus to
teach the Children concerning h'Uraru, Mother Earth, and of those

22 ETH — FT 2 — 04 11

162 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEBEMONY |eth. ann.22

things which she brings forth to sustain the life of the people. The
Kui'ahus lias received these teachings from older Ku'rahus, who also
received them, and so on through generations back to the time when
they were revealed to our fathers through a vision from the myste-
rious powers above. A Ku'rahus must devote his life to learning
these songs and tlieir meaning and tlie ceremonies wliicli accompanj^
them. He must spend much of his time in thinlviug of these things
and in praying to the mighty powers above.

Tlie Ku'rahus speaks to the Children and tells them that Tira'wa
atius is the father of all things. Then tlie feathered stems are taken
up and we sing agaiu the song which we sang the first day before the
Children had partaken of the food prepared for them liy the Fathers.
We sang it then rememliering Tira'wa atius, the father of all, of whose
gift of food we were about to receive. Now we sing it, remembering
that he is the father of the sun which sends its ray, and of the earth
whicli brings forth.

FTRST SONG

Words and Music
M. M. J =126.
• — Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

^3=

-i-JU 1-

Ila - a - a - al H'A-ai-s Ti- ra - wa lia - ki; H'A-ars Ti - ra - wa Iia - ki;

I.
SatUes.

""■"'"•f r f r r r ^ r ^ r ? r r r ^ r r r r r

H'A-ara Ti-ra-\va ha-ki; H'A-araTi-i-a-wa ha -ki; H'Aars Ti -ra-wa La ki.

r r ^ r f r ^ r P r f r ^ r ^ r r r M -

755 Ha-a-a-a!

756 H'Aars Tira wa haki;

757 H'Aars Tira wa haki;

758 H'Aars Tira'wa haki;

759 H'Aars Tira wa haki;

760 H'Aars Tira wa haki.

For tran.slation, see eighth ritual, first song, page 107.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

On the second circuit of the lodge we sing the song which follows
the lirst. It tells us that all the lesser powers are from Tira'wa atius,
the father of all. As we sing we remember the power given to Mother
Earth.

ttletchbk]

THIRTEENTH RITUAL, PART II

163

SECOIiX) SONa

M. M. J=]26.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ua - a - a

Drum, i B i
Matties, r I r

II'.V - ars e hel Ti-ra-wa ha-ki;

A A A A i . A

r r I* r r r r f P r r r

H'A-ars e hel

^ r ^ r

gl=iEgF^=g

:1:=;==l:

IH^eSI^

Ti-ra-wa ha-ki;

Ili-dhil

? r h

s: _ _

Ti-ra-wa ha-ki; H'A-ars Ti-ra-wa ha-ki.

761 Ha-a-a-a!

762 H"Aars e he! Tirawa haki;

763 H'Aars e he! Tirawa liaki;

764 Hidhi! Tirawa haki:

765 H'Aars Tirawa haki.

For translation, see eighth ritual, second song, page 108.

Explanation hij the Ku'ralms

Now we begin the song of Mother Earth, making a circuit of the
lodge to each of the eight stanzas, but not laying down the Hako at
the close of the fourth circuit, nor at the end of the song.

THIRD SONG

Words and Music.

M. M. jS = l?6.

• = Pulsation of tlie voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

1—^. Bo^

=:Dr3^S=

9-2— -1^-

-J =d-3==:

..^^

-«-s-ci-

^IS

Ho o-o! I-ri! H'U-ra-ru

r ? r

Drum, i a i

Rattles. ^1 L

ti ra - sha-a; ha! I - ri I H'U-ra-ru ti ra - sha-a;

ha! A-wa!

-37==^:T-=

T^r^--£.

Ti ra - slia-a; lui! I

766 Ho-o-o!

767 Iri! H'Uraru ti rasha-a; ha!

768 Iri! H'Uraru ti rasha-a; ha!

769 Awa! Ti rasha-a; ha!

770 Iri! H'Uraru ti rasha-a; ha!

771 Ho-o-o!

773 Iri! H"Uraru ko ti sha-a; ha!

773 Iri! H'Uraru ko ti sha-a; hal

774 Awa! Ko ti sha-a; ha!

77.5 Iri! H'Uraru ko ti sha-a; hal

Q
ri!n'U-ra-ru ti ra - sha-a; ha!

Ij Ij I ■" I i

HI
7T(i Ho-o-o!

777 Ka-a kaharu ti rasha-a; ha!

778 Ka-a kaharu ti rasha-a; ha!

779 Awa! Kaharu a; ha!

780 Ka-a kaharu ti rasha-a; ha!

781 Ho-o-o!

783 Ka-a kaharu ko ti sha-a; hat

783 Ka-a kaharu ko ti sha-a; ha!

784 Awa! Ko ti sha-a; ha!

78.5 Ka-a kaharu ko ti sha-a; ha!

164

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

786
787
788
789
790

791
792
793
794
795

V
Ho-o-o!

Iri! Toliaru ti raslia-a; hal
Iri! TohariT ti rasha-a; ha!
Awa! Ti rasha-a; ha!
Iri! Toharn ti raslia-a; ha!

VI
Ho-o-o!

Iri! Toharii ko ti sha-a; ha!
Iri! Toharn ko ti sha-a; ha!
Awa! Ko ti sha-a: ha!
Iri! Toharn ko ti sha-a; ha!

VII

796 Ho-o-o!

797 Iri' Chaharu ti rasha-a; ha!

798 Iri! Chaharu ti rasha-a; ha!

799 Awa! Ti rasha-a; ha!

800 Iri! Chahiru ti rashi-a; ha!

VIII

801 Ho-o-o!

802 Iri! Chaharu ko ti sha-a: ha!

803 Iri! Chaharu ko ti sha-a: ha!

804 Awa! Ko ti sha-a; ha!

805 Iri! Chaharu ko ti sha-a; ha!

Trunslatioi) of First Stanza

768
769

770

766 Ho-o-o! An Introductory exclamation.

767 Iri! H'Uraru ti rasha-a; ha!

iri, a part (jf nawairi, an expression of thankfulness.

h'Uraru, the Earth, the fruitful Earth.

ti, this here.

rasha, lyini;.

a, vowel prolongation.

ha! behold.
See line 767.
Awa! Ti rasha-a; ha!

?iwa, true, verily.

ti ra.sha-a; ha! See line 767.
See line 767.

Explanation by the Kii' minis

In the first stanza we sing : " Behold ! Here lies Mother Earth, for a
truth she lies here to bring forth, and we give thanks that it is so."

Translation of Second Stanza

771 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

772 Iri! H'Uraru ko ti sha-a. Ha!

iri, a part of nawairi, an expression of thankfulness.

h'Uraru, Mother Earth.

i.0, I am reminded to think of.

ti, here.

sha, a part of rasha, to lie, lying.

a, vowel ijrolongation.

ha! behold!

773 See line 772.

774 Awa! Ko ti sha-a; ha!

awa, true, verily.

ko ti sha-a; ha! See line 772.

775 See line 772.

FLETCHER] THIRTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 165

Eoqilanation by ihe Kii' rahtis

In tlii^ s3Cond stanza the Children respond. Tliej' say that now
they know of a tinith that Tira'wa atins causes Mother Earth to lie
here and bring forth, and they give thanks that it is so.

TraiifiJafioii of Third Stanza

77G IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

777 Ka-a kaharu li rasha-a; ha!

ka, part of akaro, the stretcii of land between the horizons.

a, vowel prolongation.

kahai-ti, a cultivated patch, as an aboriginal field of maize.

ti, here.

rasha, lying, lies.

a, vowi'l prolongation.

ha! bchokl!

778 See line 777.

779 Awa! Kaharu a; ha!

awa, true, verily,
kaharu, cultivated patches,
a, vowel prolongation,
ha! behold!

780 See line 777.

Explanation hy the Ku'raliiis

There ai-e patches here antl there over the land which are cultivated
by the different families, where seed is put in Mother Earth, and she
brings forth corn. In the thirl stanza we sing of these fields that
lie on Mother Eartli, where she brings forth corn for food, and l)id the
Children l)ehold these fields and remember the power of Tira'wa atius
with Mother Earth.

Tran.station of Fourth Stanza

781 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

782 Ka-a kaharu ko ti sha-a; ha!

ka, part of akaro, the stretch of land l)etween the horizons.

a, vowel prolongation.

kaharu, cultivated patches, where the corn is planted.

ko, I am reminded to think of.

ti, here.

sha, part of rasha, lies, lying.

a, vowel prolongation.

ha! behold!

783 See line 782.

784 Awa! Ko ti sha-a; ha!

awa, true, verily.

ko ti sha-a; ha! See line 782.

785 See line 782.

166 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE OEREMONY Ikth.ann.22

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

In the fourth stanza the Children answer that the fruitful fields are
brought to mind, and now they are taught about the gifts of the corn
from the powers above and Mother Earth.

Trnnslaiion of Fifth Stanza

78ti Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

787 Iri! Toharu ti rasha-a; ha!

iri, from uawairi, thankfulness.

toharu, trees, forests.

ti, this here.

rasha, lying.

a, vowel jirolongation.

ha! behold!

788 See line 787.

789 Awa! Ti rasha-a; ha!

awa, true, verily.

ti rasha-a; ha! See line 787.

790 See line 787.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

In the fifth stanza the Fathers give thanks for the trees and forests
which lie on Mother Earth, which Tira'wa caused her to bring forth,
and tell the Children that truly it is so, and that we give thanks
because it is so. From the trees we gain shelter and fire and many
other good things.

Translation of Sixth Stanza

791 Ho-o-o! An introductoiy exclamation.

792 Iri! Toharu ko ti sha-a; ha!

iri, from nawairi, thankfulness.

toharu, trees, forests.

ko, I am reminded to think of.

ti, here.

sha, from rasha, lying.

a, vowel prolongation.

ha! behold!

793 See line 792.

794 Awa! Ko ti sha-a; ha!

awa, true, verily.

ko ti sha-a ; ha ! See line 792.

795 See line 792.

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

The Children respond in the sixth stanza, and give thanks for the
forests that lie on Mother Earth. They remember that Tira'wa atius
caused Mother Earth to bring them forth, and they give thanks that
it is so.

[•LETCHER] THIRTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 1B7

Translation of Sevenih, Stanza

796 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

797 Iri ! Chaharu ti raslia-a ; ha !

iri, from nawairi, thankfulness.

chaharu, rivers, streams, water.

ti, here.

rasha, lying.

a, vowel prolongation.

ha! behold!

798 See line 797.

799 Awa! Ti rasha-a; ha!

awa, true, verilj'.

ti rasha-a; ha! See line 797.

800 See line 797.

Explanation lnj the Ku'rahus

In the seventh stanza the Blathers give thanks for the water, the
springs, streams, and rivers which flow over Mother Earth. Of a
truth she brings them forth by the power of Tira'wa atius. I have
told j'ou of the meaning of running water. We give thanks for it
and all it promises to us.

Translation of Eighth Stanza

801 ITo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

802 Iri! Chaharu ko ti sha-a; ha!

iri, from nawairi, thankfulness.

chaharu, rivers, streams, springs, water.

ko, I am reminded to think of.

ti, here.

sha, from raslia, lying.

a, vowel prolongation.

ha! behold!

803 See line 802.

804 Awa! Koti sha-a; ha!

awa, true, verily.

ko ti sha-a; ha! See line 802.

805 See line 802.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

In the eighth stanza the Children answer, giving thanks for the
water, the springs, the streams, and the rivers that flow over Mother
Earth. Of a truth the Children now know that Mother Earth brings
them forth by the power of Tira'wa atius. (I did not sing these last
two stanzas loud, for if I had done so they would have brought rain.
As it is I think it will rain soon.)

168 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. an.v, 22

Part III. Offkeing of Smokb

At the close of the song to Mother Eai'th the chief spreads the wild-
cat skin on the holy pluce ;ind tlie assistant lays upon it tlic white
featliered stem, resting- one end on the crotched stick.

Then the Kn'rahus says: "My Childi-en, your fathers are listening
to what I have to say. Yesterday we remembered our father the Sun,
today we remember our mother the Earth, and today Tira'wa has
api)ointed that we should learn of those things whieli have been
handed down to us. Tira'wa is now to smoke fi'om the brown -eagle
stem, Kawas, the mother, and you are to smoke from it also."

The bowl from the i)ipe belonging to the Rain shi'ine is pnt on
the brown-eagle stem and the priest of the .shrine fills it and calls
on some one to light it. Ib^ also directs in what order the smoke
shall be offei'ed. I can not renieniV)er the order — if I said anything
about it 1 might tell it wrong, for it is not my business to I'emember it,
the priest alone knows it.

After the offering of smoke as directed by the priest, the feathei-ed
stem is taken to the Son, wlio sits near the door, and after he has
smoked the pipe is offered to everyone; all the men, women, and
children of the Son's party smoke. This is a holy act and givrs long
life to the people.

When the west is reached, the feathered stem is lifted four times
and the ashes are emptied on the edge of the fireijlace. The Ku'ra-
lius then hands the feathered stem to his assistant and returns to his
seat, where he takes the feathered stem from his assistant, removes
the bowl and replaces it upon its own stem. Then he puts the
feathered stem beside its mate on the wildcat skin, resting it against
the crotched stick.

P.\RT IV. Songs of the Birds
Ejcplanatioii by the Ku ralius

The songs about the birds begin with the egg, so the song of the
bird's nest where the eggs are lying is the first to be sung. Then
comes the song aljout the wren, the smallest of birds. After that we
sing aliout the birds that are with the Ilako, from the smallest to the
largest.

These songs are to teach the people to care for their children, even
before they are born. They also teach the people to be happy and
thankful. They also explain how the bii'ds came to be upf)n the
feathered stems and why they are able to helj) the people.

There is no fixed time for these songs to be sung, but thej^ belong
to the third daj' of the ceremony — the day when we sing the song to
Mother Earth. Sometimes the songs of the nest and the wren are
sung early in the day, as these songs were made in the morning.
The song of the owl must 1)e sung toward night.

FLETCHER]

THIRTEENTH RITUAL, PART IV

169

Tlic words of these songs are few, but the story of each has eome
down to us, so that we know what they mean.

THE SONQ OF THE BIKDS NEST

Words and ^[iisic
M. M. ^S = 160.

Graphoplione .sontid one fourtli Idwer in pitch.
• = Pulsiition (if tlie voice. Tran.scribed br Kdwin P. TracT.

No drum

^^^

.-^^-___

■g^i^^^^s

ITo-o-o-o-o! 'Ha -re, 'ha - re, i - ha

' Ha - re, ' ha - re,

^^33

-E^::»'::3=i:^Er=l*=z3:^LC^'_.;zzr-yF---|>"s:ra=Eirt ^3

i - ha - rel Re wha-ka, 'ha -re, re 'ha- re, Wha-ka

'ha - re.

' ha - re,

wlia - ka 'ha - re, re

'ha - re.

SOU Ho-o-o-o-ol

807 'Hare, 'hare, iha're!

808 'Hare, 'hare, iha rel

809 Be whaka 'hare, re "hare,

810 "Whaka "nare, re 'hare.

811 Re whaka 'hare, re 'hare.

812 Ho-o-o-o-ol

813 "Hare. 'hare, iha rel

814 "Hare. 'hare, irare!

SI.*) Re whari "hare, re 'hare,

816 "Whari "liare. re hare.

817

Re whari "liare. re "hare.

Translaiio)

806 Ho-o-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

807 'Hare, 'liare, iha're!

hare, a part of the word iha're, young, as the young (
mals. The term is also applied to children.

iha're, young. The word in the song refers to the
birds as yet unhatched, still in the egg.

808 See line 807.

800 Re whaka 'hare, re 'hare!
re, they,
•whaka, "wlia, part of whako, noise; ka, part, of akaro,

sure, dwelling place; ka refers to the shell of the e<

to the uest in which tlie eggs lay.
'hare, young,
i-e 'hare. Translated above.

810 Whaka 'hare, re 'hare. See line 809.

811 See line 809.

)f ani-
young

inclo-
li' and

170 TH£ HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

812 IIo-o-o-oo! An introductory exclamation.

813 'Hare, 'hare, iha're! See line 807.

814 See line 813.

815 Re wliarl 'hare, re 'hare.

re, tliey.

whari, moving, walking.

'hare, part of iha're, j^oung.

re 'hare. Translated above.
81G Whari 'liare, re 'hare. See line 815.
817 See line 815.

Explanation hij tlic Ku'rahus

One day a man whose mind was open to the teaching of the powers
wandered on the prairie. As lie walked, his eyes upon the ground,
he spied a bird's nest hidden in the grass, and arrested his feet just
in time to prevent stepping on it. He paused to look at the little
nest tucked away so snug and warm, and noted that it held six eggs
and that a peeping sound came from some of them. While he
watched, one moved and soon a tiny bill pushed through the shell,
uttering a shrill cry. At once the parent birds answered and he looked
up to see where they were. They were not far off; they Avere flying
about in search of food, chirping the while to each other and now and
then calling to the little one in the nest.

The homely scene stirred the heart and the thoughts of the man as
he stood there under the clear sky, glancing upward toward the old
birds and then down to the helpless young in the nest at his feet. As
he looked he thought of his people, who were so often careless and
thoughtless of their children's needs, and his mind brooded over
the matter. After many days he desired to see the nest again. So
he went to the place where he had found it, and there it was as safe
as when he left it. But a change had taken place. It was now full
to overflowing with little birds, who were stretching their wings, bal-
ancing on their little legs and making I'eady to fly, while the parents
with encouraging calls were coaxing the fledglings to venture forth.

"Ah!" said the man, " if my people would onlj' learn of the birds,
and, like them, care for their young and provide for their future,
homes would be full and happj', and our tribe be strong and pros-
perous."

When this man became a priest, he told the story of the bird's nest
and sang its song; and so it has come down to us from the days of our
fathers.

FLETCHER]

THIRTEENTH RITUAL, PART IV

171

THE SONG OF THE 'wrREN

IVorda and Mvaic

M. M. Melody, j^ = 54.
M. M. Drum. S = 108.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tiacy.

Ki - clii ni -ku wa-kUiWIipke re re we chi; Ki-chi ru-ku wa-ku,
.BaKtes t^ ' t ^ t l' t ' * ' t I* t r

^j"- ■* :^ -tr -m- -w -r -r i^ -w ■»- -w -»■ -wrst — 3

Wlie ke re re we cbi; Ki-chi rii - kii wa-kii, Whe ke re re we clii;

i^=s=:=isitz

3S==s^zis:

^Itizfrrzlv

Ki - clii ru-ku wa-ku.Wheke re re we chi;

i m & . i . i .

" 1 1 , ! , !

Ki chi ru - ku wa-ku,

i * i «

-w -0-

zt<=r!==K

=&-

Whe ke re re we chi;

Ki-chi ru-ku wa-ku, Whe lie re re we chi.

818 Kichi ruku waku, Whe ke re re we chi

819 Kichi riiku waku, Whe ke re re we chi

820 Kichi ruku waku. Whe ke re re we chi:
831 Kichi ruku waku, Whe ke re re we chi
823 Kichi ruku waku, Whe ke re re we chi
833 Kichi ruku waku. Whe ke re re we chi.

Translation

818 Kichi ruku waku, Wlie ke re re we chi.

kichi, so it; but this one.

ruku, sang.

waku, sound from the mouth, speech.

whe ke re re we chi, syllables imitative of the sound of the
bird.
819-823 See line 818.

Explanation, by the Ku'rahus

The wren is always spoken of as tlie laughing bird. It is a very
happy little bird, and we have stories about it. Every one likes to
hear the wren sing. This song is very old: I do not know how old,
how many generations old. There are very few words in the song,
but there is a story whicli has come down with it and whicli tells its
meaning.

A priest went forth in the early dawn. The sky was clear. The
grass and wild flowers waved in the breeze that rose as the sun threw

172 THE HAKO, A PAWNEK CEREMONY [eth Axv.a?

its first beams ovci' tlic earth, llhds of all kinds vifd wiili one
another as they sang their joy on that l)eaiitif iil morning. The priest
stood listening. Snddeiily, off at one side, lie heard a trill that rose
higher and clearei- than all the rest. lie moved toward the [ilaee
whence the song came that he might see what manner of bird it was
that eonld send farther than all the others its happy, laughing in)tes.
As he came near he beheld a tiny brown bird with open bill, the
feathers on its throat rippling with the fervor of its song. It was the
wren, the smallest, the least powerful of birds, that seemed to be
most glad and to ponr out in ringing melody to the rising sun its
delight in life.

As the priest looke<l he thought : " Here is a teaehing for my people.
Everyone can be happy; even the most insignificant can have liis
song of thanks."

So he made tlie sloi-y of the wren and sang it ; and it has been handed
down from that day, a <lay so long ago that no man ean remembei' the
time.

THE SONG OF THE WOODPECKER ANT) THE TURKEY

M. M. s = 10S.

• — Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

^iilll^^=jE^g^l^d^

=*^J.^— I— i^-i=ir

Ho-o-o! I - ra - ri ha-o ra; i - ra - ri lia-o ra; i - ra-ri lia-o ra

j.iatUes.

Drum. ^ . i , jt « i«&gi < i t 0 m • • •<••

Ka ko-ra-slie ha-o? Re ku-tati ha-o; I la-ri hii-o i:i; i - ra-ri lia - o i.

g • ^ rj [^ r_' fj [ • u •/ r • p n 1 I I i

824 Ho-o-o:

82.5 Irariliaora; irari hao ra: irari liao ra;

826 Ka korashe hao? Re kittati hao;

827 Irari hao ra: irari hao i.

TriinsltitKiii

82-t IIo-o-ol An introductory exclamation.
825 Irari hao ra; irari hao ra; irari hao ra.

irari, brother.

hao, offspring, child.

ra, coming.
820 Ka korashe hao? Re kutati hao.

ka? is? a question.

korashe. your.

hao, offspring. Is it or are they your offspring?

re, they.

kutati, my or mine.

hao, offspring. They are my offspring.

FLKTCHEii] TniETEENTH EITUAL, VART IV 173

8l'7 Irai'i liao r;i; i:';;:'i liao i.

Irari h;io ra; irari liao. Sec line 82.i.

i, •

Explanafion by the Kii'mhus

We are told that in oM times, loni;, lon.i;- a.n'o, the feathers of the
tnrkey were used where now the feathers of the brown eagle are'
placed on tlie blue featliered stem. In those d;r\-s the turkey, not the
brown ea.gle, was leadei-, !.)ut, thi-ough the mysterious jiower of the
woodpeeker, the turkey lost its position. This song refers to the dis-
pute between the woodpeeker and the turkey, whieh resulted in the
supplanting of the turkey by the brown eagle.

The words of the song are few, but the story of their m(\aning has
come down tt) us from the fathers.

Both the turkey and the woodpeeker desired to be the protector of
the children of the human race, and there was trouble between them
on that account. One day the woodpecker was flying about looking
for its nest when the turkey chanced that way and the woodpecker
called out: "Bi'other, where are my eggs?"

The woodpecker talked of his eggs, but he meant the children of
the people on the earth and tlie turkey knew that was what he was
talking about.

"They are not your eggs (offspring) ; they are mine," said the wood-
pecker.

"They are mine to take care of," answered the turkey; "for in my
division of life there is gi'eat power of productiveness. I have more
tail feathers than any other bird and I have more eggs. Wherever I
go my young cover the ground."

" True," replied the woodpeeker, " but j'ou build your nest on the
ground, so that your eggs are iu constant danger of being devoured
by serpents, and when the eggs hatch the young become a prey to the
wolves, the foxes, the weasels; therefoi'e, your number is continually
being reduced. Security is the only thing that can insure the con-
tinuation of life. I can, therefore, claim with good reason the right
to care foi- the human race. I build my nest in the heart of the tall
oak, where my eggs and my young are safe from the creatures that
prej' upon bii'ds. While I have fewer eggs they hatch in security and
the birds live until they die of old age. It is my place to be a pro-
tector of the life of mei:."

Tke woodpecker prevailed, and the turkey was deposed; for,
although the turkey had more children, they did not live; they wei'e
killed.

Then the brown eagle was put in the turkey's place, because it was
not quarrelsome, but gentle, and cared for its young, and was strong
to protect them from harm.

The woodpecker was given an important place on the stem, v^here
it presides over the path along whieh the help that comes from the

174

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

f KTH. ANN. 22

Hako travels— the red path. The woodpecker is wi.se and careful,
and, that it may not get angry and be wai-like on the Hako, its npper
mandible is turned back over its red crest.

The Hako ceremony was given in a vision, and all these things,
such as the dispute between the turkey and the woodpecker, were
made known to our fathers in a vision.

THE BONG OF THE DUCK

M. M. J =104.

• ^= Pulsation of the voice.

Words and Music

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

h'm^^^

'-x^

Ie^H

Drum.

Battles.

Ho-o-o-o! Hii ka wa-re, liu-ka wa re lio

L: L' U tJ U L:

• mm*

^i^^Bi

^^^^

EEE

]ni-k;i wa-re Iio - ra

ru we; Ha - o el Hu-ka wa-re,

litj Ij L'Li Lj t^ Lj Lr Lr Lr

828 H-o-o-o!

839 Huka ware, huka ware hora;

830 Ha! Wiri hiikaharu we;

831 Hao e!

833 Huka ware, huka ware hora:

833 Ha! Wiri aha ha rawe we:

834 Hao e!

Translation

82S Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

829 Huka ware, huka Avare hora.

huka, a part of the word hukaharu, valley, a valley through

which a stream is flowing,
ware, a part of teware, flying,
hora, a part of the word lioraro, the earth, the land

830 Ha! Wiri hukaharu we.

ha! behold!

wiri, it is.

hukaharu, a valley through which a stream flows.

we, they; refers to the young of the duck.

831 Hao e!

hao, offspring,
e, vocable.

832 See line 829.

FLETCHER] THIRTEENTH KITUAL, PART IV 175

833 Ha! Wiri jiha ha I'awe we.

lia! wiri; behold! it is.

alia, a part of kiwaharu, a pond, a small bod,y of water.

ha, a part of iha're, young; refers to the j'oung of the duck.

rawe, living in.

we, they.

834 See line 831.

Explanation by the Kti'ruhus

The words of this song about the duck are few, and if the story had
not come down to us from the fathers, we should not know all that
the soQg means.

The duck has great power. The story tells us about this power.

Long ago when the feathered stems were being made, the holy man
who was preparing these sacred objects had a dream. In his vision
the duck with the green neck appeared and said to him:

"I desire to have a i^lace upon the feathered stem, for I have power
to help the Children. This is my power: I lay my eggs near the water
and, when the young are hatched, straightway they can swim; the
water can not kill them. When they ai'e grown they can go, flying
through the air, from one part of the earth to the other. No place is
strange to them; they never lose their way; they can travel over the
water without harm and reach safely' their destination. They can
walk upon the land and find the springs and streams. I am an uner-
ring guide. I know all paths below on the earth, and on the water and
above in the air. Put me on the feathered stem where it is grasped bj'
the hand, that the Children may take hold of me and not go astray."

When the holy man awoke, he did as the duck had told him, and
so to this day we put the duck with the green neck on the feathered
stem where it is held by the hand.

This is the meaning of the song.

THE SONG OF THE OWIi

Words and Music
M. M. jS-lfiS.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

wa - ho - rti I

Drum.

Battles.

= ^=3 -I— -i=^sz

Helili-ri wa-ho-rii! Hi, lii-ri wa-ho-rul Hel Wa-ho-ru.

17G THK HAKO, A PAWf^p^E CEREMONY [eth.ann.22

835 He I Hiri wahoru! Hi, hiri wahoru!

836 Hel Hiri wahoru! Hi, hiri wahoru!
83T He! Wahoru.

Translation

835 He! Hiri waliorul Hi, hiri wahoru!

lie ! anexclamiition sijinifyiiifi; that something has been brought

ti) one's mind that should be reflected on.
hiri; iri, a part of nawairi, an expression of thankfulness, of
appreciation of good promised, or of some benefit to be
derived; the initial lettei- h is added for euphony and ease
in singing,
wahoru, owl.

hi, the same as hiri, translated above.
83f, See line 835.
837 He! Wahoru! See line 835.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

In this song we giv-e thanks to the owl, for it gives ns help in the
night. We sing it twice; the first time it is sung very slowly; the
second time it is sung very fast, as we sing a dance song.

The meaning of the song has come down to us from the fathers;
the words tell very little about the song.

To the same holj' man to wliom the duck cariie in a vision, the owl
spoke in a dream and said:

"Put me upon the feathered stem, for I have power to help the
Children. The night season is mine. I wake when others sleep. I
can see in the darkness and discern coming danger. The human race
must be able to care for its young during the night. The warrior
must be alert and ready to protect his home against prowlers in the
dark. I have the power to help the people so that they may not
forget their young in sleep. I have jjower to help the people to be
watchful against enemies while darkness is on the earth. I have power
to help the people to keep awake and perform these ceremonies in the
night as well as in the da,y."

When the holy man awoke, he remembered all that the owl had said
to him, and he put the owl's feathers upon the stem, next to the duck.
So the people are guided by the duck and kejjt awake by the owl.

FLETCHER]

M. M. ^S = 132.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

THIRTEENTH RITUAL, PART IV

SONG OF THANKFULNESS

l]'<ir(ls (111(1 ^fiisic

Transcribed liv Edwin S. Tracy

177

^1^^

^fi^ii^=g=^:lEi=.^^E=^

Ho-o-o o!

RallU'.i.L

I-rilllako ti re lira re-ki;

; L^ I i LJ u

I-ril Ha-ko

ti re-hra re-ki
p m m » c t

I ril Ha-ko ti re-hra

Lj tJ LrLj Lj
I

838 Ho-o-o-o:

83il Iri: Hako ti rehra reki;

840 Iri! Hako ti rehra reki;

841 Iril Hako ti rehra reki;

842 Iril Hako ti rehra reki.

I - ri! Ha ko

ti re - lira re-ki.

843 Ho-o-o-o!

844 Iri! Hako ti resstah riki:

845 Iri! Hako ti resstah riki;

846 Iri! Hako ti resstah riki;

847 Iri! Hako ti resstah riki.

Translation of First Stanza
888 IIo-o-o-o! An iiilroductoiy exclamation.
83!) Iri! Hako ti rehra reki.

iril a part, of the word nawairi, an (^xjiression of thankful-
ness; "It i.s well! "
Hako, all the symbolic ohjeets peculiar to this ceremony.
ti, me (present time),
rehra, a part of rehrara, I have.

reki; re, pertaining or lielonging to me; ki, a part of riki,
standing.
84ii_s-ti See line 839.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus
This stanza means that it is well, a cause of thankfulness, that all
the birds and all the symbols are here with the Hako and al)le to
bring good. The Fathers now stand with the complete Hako extend-
ing to the Children the promised blessings. So we sing: "I stand
here before you with the Hako!"

Transhifian of S( coud Hfauzct

843 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory cvclamation.

844 Iri! Hako ti resstah riki.

iril it is well! An exclamation of thankfulness.
Hako, all the s.ymbolic articles belong to this ceremony.
ti, nie (present time),
resstah, you hold,
riki, standing.
84:."i-847 See line S44-.

22 ETH— I'T 2—04 12

178

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

[ETH. ANN. 22

111 this stanza the Children reply: "It is well for us that you are
here with the complete Ilako!"

The Fathers sins these words, but they are really from the Children.

FOURTEENTH RITUAL (THIRD NIGHT). INVOKING THE VISIONS OF THE

ANCIENTS

ExplatKition hy Uie Ku'rahus

This ceremony was given to our fathers in a vision, and to our
fathers the promise was made that dreams bringing happiness would
be brought to the Children by the birds that are witli the Ilako.
This promise given to our fathers is always fulfilled; happiness always
comes with the Hako, and the Children have visions.

When the ceremony is near the end (the third night) we sing this
song, for we remember the visions of our fathers, the holj^ men to
whom was taught this ceremony. We ask that the visions which
came to them, may come again to us.

SONG

Words iiud Music

M. M. ^^=126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

^Em

Wi^^

Tranarribed hy Edwin S. Tracv.

Ila a-al Ka - ra wlia-ri; Hit-ka - sha-rn, ra - ra wlia-ri; Hit-ka - sha-

Drum. A
Rattles. i_

Lj LJ L.' U w lj lj

ru! Hi-ri! H'A-ti-a si

lia-wa ra - ra wVia-ri, Ilit-ka - slia-ru.

ULf t-i U Lj U tj

III

848 Ha-a-a!

849 Kara whari;

850 Hitkashaim, rara whari;

851 Hitkasharu!

852 Hiri! H'Atiasi hawa rara wliari,

853 Hitkasharu.

854 Ha-a-a!

855 Rara wha-a;

856 Hitkasharu. rara wba-a:

857 Hitkasharu!

858 Hiri! H' Atia si liawa rara wha-a.

859 Hitkasharu.

860 Ha-a-a!

861 Rara whicha;

862 Hitkasharu, rara whic-ha:

863 Hitkasharu!

864 Hiri! H'Atia si hawa rara whicha.

865 Hitkasharu.

866 Ha-a-a!

867 Rara ruka:

868 Hitkasharu. rara ruka:

869 Hitkasharu!

•870 Hiri! H'Atia -si liawa rara ruka.

871 Hitkasharu.

FLETCHER] FOURTEENTH KITUAL li'i}

VII

872

Ha-a-a!

884

Ha-a-a!

873

Werih kawa;

885

Rarah whara;

874

Hitkasharn, werih kawa:

886

Hitkasharu. rarah whara;

875

Hitkasharu!

887

Hitka.sharu!

876

Hiri! H'Atia si hawa werih kawa.

888

Hiri! H'Atia si hawa rarah whara.

877

Hitkasharvi.

889

Hitkasharu.

VIII

878

Ha-a-a!

890

Ha-a-a!

879

Werih teri ;

891

Rarah whishpa;

880

Hitkasiiaru. werih teri;

893

Hitkasharvi. rarah whishpa;

881

HitkashariTl

893

Hitkasliaru ;

883

Hiril H'Atia si hawa werih teri,

894

Hiri! H'Atia si hawa rarah whi-

883

Hitkasharu.

shpa.

895

Hitkasharu.

Translation of First Stanza

848 Ha-a-a! An introdiietory exclamation.

849 Rara whari.

i-ara, coming this way, approaching,
whari, walking.

850 Hitkasliaru, rara whari.

hitkasharu, ji composite word; hit, from hittu, feather; ka,
from rotkaharu, night; sharu, dream, vision. The word
feather refers to the birds that are with the Hako.

rara whari. See line 840.

851 Hitkasharu. See line 850.

852 Hiri! I FAtia si hawa rara whari.

hiri! an exclamation telling one to give heed, to harken, and

also to be thankful,
h', the sign of breath, breathing, giving life,
atia, a modification of atius, father,
si, part of sidhihi, you are the one.
hawa, again.

rara, coming this way, approaching,
whari, walking.

853 Hitkasharn. See line 850.

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

As we sing this stanza we think of the visions which attend the
Hako and we are thankful that these visions, which gave life, success,
and plenty to our fathers, are again coming this way to us.

After we have sung this stanza four times and have passed around
the lodge and reached the west we pause.

180 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. axn .ffi

TraiisUttioii of Second Stanza

83-1 Ha-a-a! An introductory exclamation.
855 Rara wha-a.

rara, coinins this way, approaching.

wha-a, coming nearer.
850 Hitkasharu, rara wha-a.

hitkasharu. See the first .stanza, line 850.

rara wha-a. See line 855.

857 Hitkasharu. See line 850.

858 lliri! H'Atia si hawa rara wha-a. See lines 852 and 855.

859 Hitkasharu. See line 850.

Explanation hij the Kii'ra]ius

On the second circuit of the lodge, as we wave the feathered stems,
we sing that the visions granted to our fathei-s are coming nearer and
nearer to us and to the Children. We are thankful as we sing.

Four times we repeat this stanza and when we reach the west we
pause.

Translation of TJiinl Stanza

8CiO Ha-a-a! An introductoiy exclamation.
801 Rara whicha.

rara, coming this way, approaching.

whicha, arrived, reached the destination.
862 Hitkasharu, rara whicha. See lines 850 and 801.
80:i Hitkasharu. See line 850.

864 Hiri! H'Atia si hawa rara whicha. See lines 852 and 861.

865 Hitkasharu. See line 850.

Explanation hy the Kn'rahu-'-

The third time we go around the lodge we sing the third stanza four
ti Qies. It tells that the visions of our fathers have arrived at the lodge
door. At the west we pause.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

80ti Ha-a-a! An introductory exclamation.
807 Rara ruka.

rara, coming this way.

ruka, entered the lodge.

868 Hitkasharu, rara ruka. See lines 850 and 807.

869 Hitkasharu. See line 850.

870 Hiri! H'Atia si hawa rara ruka. See lines 852 and line 807.

871 Hitkasharu. See line 850.

FLETCHER] FOURTEENTH RITUAL 181

Explanation hij tlw Kit'rdhus

The visions of our fathers have entered the lodge as we sing the
foiirtli stanza, and our hearts are thankful that they have come.

At the west we pause and lay the llalvo down with ceremonial songs
and movements. Then we rest a while and are quiet in the preseuce
of the visions.

TranKlttfioti of Fiffh Stanza

872 Ha-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

873 Werih kawa.

werih, the owner of the lodge, 'i'ho Son is regarded as the
owner of the lodge in which the ceremonj- takes jjlace and
the word refers to him.
kawa, the open space within the lodge between the fireplace
and the couches around the wall. In this space the cere-
mony takes place.
87-t Ilitkasharu werih kawa. See lines 85(» and 873.
875 Ilitkasharu. See line 850.
870 Iliri! II' Atia si hawa werih kawa. See lines 852 and 873.

877 Ilitkasharu. See line 850.

Explanation txj the Ku'rahus

After a time we take up the feathered stems and move around the
lodge, singing the fifth stanza.

The Son, into whose lodge the visions of our fathers have now
entered, gives thanks in his heart, for he knows that thej' have come
in fulfilment of the promise given generations ago, and that he is rec-
ognized by them as a Son.

When we reach the west we i)ause.

Translation of Sixth Stanza ■

878 lla-a-al An introductory exclamation.
870 Werih teri.

werih, the owner of the lodge, the Son.
teri, hoverijig over.

880 Hitkasharu, werih teri. See lines S5() and 879.

881 Ilitkasharu. See line 850.

882 Iliri! Il'Atia si hawa werih teri. See lines 852 and 879.

883 Hitkasharu. See line 850.

Explanation liij ///p Ka' rahus

Again we go around the lodge and sing the sixth stanza. The
visions of our fathers, received from the birds of the Hako, are now
hovering over the Children in the lodge of the Son. Everyone is
thankful as we sing. At the west we pause.

182 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.ann.22

Translation, of Seventh Stanza

884 Ha-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

885 Karah whara.

rarah, walking from one.

wliara, guinj;; away, going from a person or place.

886 llitkashaiii rarah wbara. See lines 850 and 885.

887 Ilitka-sliaru. See line 850.

888 Iliri! IFAtia si ha wa rarah wliara. See lines 852 and 885.

889 Ilitkasharu. See line 850.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

The visions are walking away from us as we sing the seventh stanza.
We are thanking them in our hearts as we sing, and while they are
leaving the lodge. At the west we pause.

Translation of Eighth Stanza

890 Ha-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

891 Rarah whishpa.

rarah, w'alking from one.

whishpa, arrived at the place from which one started.

892 Ilitkasliaru rarah whishpa. See lines 850 and 891.

893 Ilitkasharu. See line 850.

894 Lliri! lI'Atia si hawa rarah whishpa. See lines 852 and 891.
■895 Ilitkasharu. See line 850.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

In a little while we start and go again around the lodge and sing
the eighth stanza. The visions of our fathers have left the lodge;
they are walking away from us, passing over the sleeping earth, and
at last they reach their dwelling place, the place from which they
descended when they started to come to us. As we think of them we
again tliank them for coming to us.

At the west we lay the Ilako down to rest with the songs and move-
ments belonging to that action."

After singing this song the Children usually rise and go to their
homes and the Fathers take a rest during the remainder of the night.

Tliere are no ceremonies at the dawn of the fourth day. During
the forenoon the Fathers are busy unpacking the various articles they
have brought for their final gifts to the Children. They place in a
pile the robes, embroidered shirts, leggings, and ornaments.

About noon the food is cooked for the last meal to be given by the
Fathers to the Children. After the Fathers have served the food,
they put the cooking utensils beside the pile of gifts and then present
the heap to the Children and walk out of the lodge, lea^dng the Chil-
dren to distribute the gifts among themselves.

" See pages 111-116.

FLBTCHKB] FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH RITUALS 183

There is a verj' general scattering of the gifts, and songs of thanks
are sung by those who receive tliem. When this ceremony of distri-
bution and acknowledgment is over, the Children return tu their
several lodges. By this time the afternoon is well advanced.

The Fathers now enter the empty lodge and begin preparations for
the last night of the ceremony and for the following morning. At
this time they partake of their last meal before the close of the cere-
mony at about noon the next day.

The best dancers in the party are chosen to perform the finjil dance,
which occurs on the morning of the fifth dnj. The songs which
accompany this dance are i-ehearsed and everything necessary for
the closing acts of the ceremony is put in readiness.

If a tent has been used foi' the ceremony, the Fathers on this after-
noon must build around the tent at a little distance from it a wall
of saplings and brush, to keep off outsiders and prevent anyone from
looking in. If the ceremony takes place in an eartli lodge, then both
the outer and inner doors are closed, for on this last night no one is
allowed to be present but the Fathers, the Son, and his near relatives.

On this night a si.\;th inan is added to the five who carry the sacred
objects — the two feathered stems, the ear of Corn wrapped in the wild
cat skin, and the two eagle wings. The sixth man has a whistle,
made from the wing bone of the eagle, which he blows in rhythm of
the songs. The whistle imitates the scream of the eagle over its
young.

Second Division. The Secret Ceremonies

fifteenth ritual (fourth night)

Part I. The Flocking of the Bi ■'.-!

Explanation hi/ the Ku'ral ■,■;

At sunset the Fathers call the Children to the lodge. When all
have been seated, the Children on the south side, the Fathers on the
north, the Ku'rahus, who sits at the west, back of the holy place
where the Hako are at rest, addresses the Children in the name of
the Fathers. He explains the meaning of the ceremony about to take
place, for on this last night and the following morning everj^thing
that is done refers to the nest and to the direct promise of Children
to the Son, who is also to be b(Hind by a symbolic tie to the Father.

184

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. :^

When ihe ttilk is over the feathered stems are taken up ami we
sing the following song, which i)reflgures the joy that is coming to
the people.

SONG

IVords mill ^[iisii-

M. M. ^S = 108.
• = Pulsation of the voice.
No drum. _

'=^-

Transcribed Viv Kdwin S. Tracy.

=g=qq

Ho-oo-ol We-re ko-slia ho sha wi-ki ri - ra; Were ko-sha ho-sha wi - ki ri-ra;
Whisll'.

Ko - slia ho - slia wi - ki ri - ra;

1
Site Ho-j-o-o!
H97 Were kosha hosha wiki rira:

898 Were kosha lio.sha wiki rira;

899 Kosha hosha wiki rira;

900 Were kosha hosha wiki rira.

901 Ho-o-o-o!

902 Wera kosha hoshta wiki rira:

903 Wera koslia lioshta wiki rira:

904 Koslia hoshta wiki rira:

90.5 Wera kosha hoshta wiki rira.

Ill

906 Ho-o-o-o!

908 Wera kishpa ' sha wiki rira:

909 Kishpa hosha Y kirira:

91(1 Wera kishpa hosha wiki rira.

We-re ko-sha ho - sha wi-ki ri - ra.

IV
,911 Hu-o-o-o!

912 Wetu kishj).! hoshta wiki rira:

913 Wetu Icislijia lioslita wiki rira:

914 Kislipa lioslita wiki rira:

91.5 Wetu kishpa hoshta wiki rira.

916 Ho-o-o-o!

917 Were kaksha hosha wiki rira:

918 Were kaksha hosha wiki rira:

919 Kaksha hosha wiki rira:

920 Were kaksha hosha wiki rira.

921 Ho-o-o-o!

922 Wetxi kaksha hosha wiki rira:

923 Wetu kaksha hosha wiki rira:

924 Kaksha hosha wiki rira:

92.') Wetu kaksha hosha wiki rira.

Tnnisldfiitii I if First Stanza

S9G IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation
8'.)7 Were kosha hosha wiki rira.

were, thej^

kosha, a flock of birds.

hosha, a composite word; ho, coming; sha, part of kosha,
flock.

wiki, a descriptive term indicating the manner of flight ; the
birds do not move in a straight line or course; they waver
from one side to the other, now higher, now lowei".

rira, coming.

898 See line 807.

899 Kosha hosha w iki rira. Sec line 897.

900 See line 897.

FLETCHER] FIFTEENTH RITUAL, PART I 185

ExpluiKilion hi/ the Kii'raJiiis

In the oarly spring thi;> birds lay their eggs in tlieiv nests, in the
sunnner thej' rear their yonng, in the fail all the young ones are grown,
the uests are deserted and the birds fly in flocks over the country.
One can hear the fluttering of a startled flock, the birds suddenly rise
and their wings make a noise like distant thunch'i-. Everywhere the
flocks are flying. In the fall it seems as though new life were put into
the people as well as into tlie birds; there is much activity in coming
and going.

This song tells of the flocking of birds. We do not use the drum as
we sing it, but we blow the whistle. The whistle is made from the
wing bone of an eagle. In this song we are singing of the eagle and
the other birds, so we use the whistle.

When the eggs are hatched and the j'oung are grown, the birds flock;
the i)romise of j'oung has been fulfilled. In this song, which we sing
toward the close of the ceremony, we are thinking of the fulfilling of
the promise given by the Ilako, that children will be granted to the
people, so that they maj^ be many and sti'ong, and we sing that the
great flocks are coming.

Translation af Second Stanza

901 llo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
90i Wera kosha hoshta wiki rira.

wera, they yonder; ra gives the idea that the flock is at a

distance,
kosha, flock,
hoshta, the noise made by the birds in flying and in alighting;

hash, the noise; ta, to alight.
wiki, descriptive of the manner of flight. See translation of

the word in the first stanza, line 897.
rira, coming.
903 See line 902.

901 Kosha hoshta wiki rira. See line 902.
905 See line 902.

Explanation hij the Ka'ralms

As we sing the second stanza we are thinking of the great flocks
of bii-ds. The noise of their wings is a mighty noise. As they fly
from one tree to another they shake the branches as they alight , and
the tree quivers as they rise. The flocks are many and powerful; so,
through the promises of the llako, the people will become many and
powerful.

18(5 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.ann.22

TraiiakUioii of Third Stanza

'.loi; IId-o-o-oI All introductory exclamation.
!«)7 W'era kishpa hosha wiki rira.

wera, they yonder.

kishpa, scream {singular number).

hosha; on account of the singular number of the verb kishpa,
the word as here used indicates that a bird out of the
flock is flying toward the people.

wiki, descriptive of the manner of flight. See line 897.

rira, coming.
908 See line 907.
900 Kishpa hoslia wiki rira. See line 907.

910 See line 907.

Explanation by the Ku'rdhus

In tliis stanza we .sing that a single bird, an eagle, comes out of the

Hock and flies toward the people. It is Kawas that comes flying

toward us, the messenger of the powers, the bringer of the promises

of the Hako. Kawas comes to us as the eagle leaving the flock goes

to hei- young.

Tvanslatiun of Fourth Stanza

911 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

912 Wetu kishpa hoshta wiki rira.

wetu, it has.

kishpa, screaming noise made by the eagle. As the eagle has

come near its cry is likened to a scream,
hoshta, a composite word; hosh, the sound made by the wings

of a bird when flying; ta, to alight,
wiki, a word descriptive of the manner of flight. See line 897.
rira, coming.

913 See line 912.

914 Kishpa hoshta wiki rira. See line 912.

915 See line 912.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

A.s the mother eagle comes near, flying to her nest, her cries are
like screams, so we sing this stanza with the whistle, for now Kawas
is coming to us as to her nest. The lodge of the Son is her nest:
there she will alight; there she will bring the gift of children. Our
hearts are glad and strong as we sing.

Translation of Fifth Stanza

916 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

917 Were kaksha hosha wiki rira.

were, they.

kaksha, a tumultuous noise.

kosha, flock.

wiki, a word descriptive of tlie manner of approach. See line 897.

rira, coming.

FLETCHER]

FIFTEENTH RITUAL 187

918 See line '.)17.

910 Kaksha hosha wiki rira. See line 917.

920 See line 'J17.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

This stanza tells lis that the noise made by tlio people as tliey gather
together on the morning of the fifth day for the jjresentation of gifts
to the Fathers is like the coming of a great flock of birds. The people
move lilce the birds; they 'do not come in a straight line to the lodge
of the Son, but they come from this side and from that just as the
birds gather together in a flock.

'ininslation of Sixth Stanza

921 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

922 Wetu kaksha hosha wiki rira.

wetu, it has.

kaksha, a tumultuous noise.

hosha, flock.

wiki, manner of approach. See line 897.

rira, coming.

923 See line 922.

924 Kaksha hosha wiki rira. See line 922.

925 See line 922.

Explanation bij the Ku'rahus

As the people approach the lodge they make a great noise. All is
bustle; the neighing ponies to bo given to the Fathers are brought
forward, and the people are calling to one another; there is the sing-
ing of songs and the shouts of pleasure; all these sounds mingling
make a noise like distant thunder. This stanza refers to this joyous
tumult.

Just before I came on to Washington I performed this ceremony, and
now as I sit here and tell you about the meaning of this song, I can
hear the happy shouts of the people as I heard them some weeks ago.
Their voices seemed to come from everywhere! Their hearts were
joj'ful. I am glad, as I remember that daj-. We are always happy
when we are with the Ilako.

Pakt II. The Sixteen Circuits of the Lodge

Explanation by the Ku'raluis

The last act of the last night is the making <;f four times four
circuits of the lodge.

I have told you that th'i four circuits of the lodge which we have
been making are in recognition of the four paths down which the
lesser powers descend to man. We have been asking for lielp from
these powei-s and so we have remembere<l the paths down which they

188

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[KTH. ANN. 2:1

travel to reach us witli the gifts we desire. In the four tim. s four
circuits we remember all tlie i)0\vers i-epresented iu the Ilako.

We must begin with the Corn, whicli ci)mes from our Mother Earth,
for she has been the leader ever since the time wh(Mi she sought the
Son and opened the path for us to travel safelj' 1o him. She led on
our journej- to his village; she led as we entered liis lodge and dur-
ing its consecration, and she has led us through all the days and
nights of the ceremony. So when we take uj) the feathered stems
and tui-n to tlie nortli 1i> begin the lii-st circuit of this series we sing
the followinir song:

FIRST SONG

l(';;v/.s- mill Jflis/r

M. M. J = 116.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

Tran.scrihed )iy Edwin S. Tracy,

:srj:

a! llu!

Drum. M 0
JiaUles.] I

A - ti - ra!

m it

I I

I la!

A - li - ra!

r r

Ha!

\ - li - ra!

r f r

;5^3^^^^i^i^^^?=^i=g=^=s=i^

Hal A-ti-ral Ha! A - li - ra!

r I fill r

Ha!

A-ti-ra! Ha!

A - ti - ra!

r r

Ha! A-ti-rkl Hal A-ti-ra!

r r ^^ r tr

g^E^=3Si

A-ti-ra!

Hal

A-ti-ra! Ha!

r f r r

A-ti ra.
1 I I

I
926 Ha-a-a-a!
937 H:i! Atira! Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira! Ha! Atiia!

928 Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira!

929 Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira.

II
9:J0 Ha-a-a-a!

931 Nawahiri! Nawaliiri! Nawahiri! Nawahiri!

932 Nawaliiri: Nawahiri! Nawahiri! Nawahiri!

933 Nawahiri! Nawahiri! Nawahiri! Nawahiri!

Trniislafioii iif First Stanza

02il Ila-a-a-a! An introduction e.xiclamatory.

927 Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira! Ha! Atira! Ila! Atira!

ha! look on! behold!

atira, mother. The term is applied td the ear of corn.
928, 929 See line 927.

FLETCHER] FIFTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 189

ExpUtnaiiiiu hi/ the Kii'mluis

"Behold MotliiM- Corn 1" W'> sing; and we lliink and the Children
think, as tliey sing witli us, of all tliat Motliei' Corn has done, how
she sought the Son, led us to liini, and now is here with the power of
life and plenty.

Four times we sing this first stanza as we make the first circuit of
the lodge, moving by the north, east, and soutli back to the west.
After a pause we start upon tlie second circuit and sing the second
stanza.

Tratisliiiidii nf Second Stanza

930 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

931 Xawaliiril Xawahiril Xawahiri! Nawaliiri!

nawahii-i, a ceremonial term signifying thanks; a recogni-
tion lliat all is well. The usual form is nawairi, but an
h is prefixed to the thii'd syl!al)le to give greater ease and
eupliony in singing.
932, 933 See line 031.

Explaiiatiiin hi/ the Ku' -railing

3Iother C^orn is leading toward the fulfilment of the promises made
through the ITako, and as the Children behold her they sing with
thankful hearts, "All is well!"

SECOND SONO

T17;;y?.s- and Music
M. M. /N=llfi.
• =:Pulsaiion of the voice. Transcrihed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Hoo-o-o! E-rulH'A-ti - ra! Em! ir.A.-ti ra! IIo! I-ril E ni! H' A-ii-ra!

Ess^.t:ts Lj -J L^ U ULr Lj U

E-ru! H'A-ti-ra! He! I-ri! E ni! ir.A.-ti - ra! E-ni! H'A-ti-ral Hel

Lj* L:' L' LJ 'L-' LJ l^- t - I I

oat H(.-o-..-u!

53.T Ern! H'AtirHl Eru! H^Atira! He! Iri!

936 Eru! H'Atira! Ern! H'Ath-a! He! Iri!

937 Ern! H'Atira! Ern! H'Atira! He!

938 Ho-o-o-(i!

939 Nawa! H'Atira! Nawa! H'Atira! He! Iri!

940 Nawa! H'Atira! Nawa! H'Atira! He! Iri!

941 Nawa! H'Atira! Nawa! H'Atira! He!

190 THE HAKO, A PAWNEK CEREMONY [kth. ann. ^

Traiislutiuii. of Firs! Stanza

'J.'J4 llo-o-o-o! All introductory exclamation.
935 Era! II'Atira! Eru! II'Atira! He! Iri!

eru! an exclamalioii of I'everence.

h', tlie symbol of breath, the life-giving power.

atira, motlier. The term refers to the ear of corn.

he! a part of i'hare, aii exclamation calling on one to reflect
upon a subject now brought to mind. See line 1.

iri! a part of nawairi! an exclamation of thanks and of
trustfulness.
93(3 See line 935.

937 Eru! II'Atira! Eru! II'Atira! He! See line 935.

Explanaiioii hij ih(^ Ku'ralixis

The life of man depends upon the earth (h' Atira). Tira'wa atius
works through it. The kernel is planted within Mother Earth and
she brings forth the ear of corn, even as childi-en are begotten and
born of women.

We sing the first stanza as we make the third circuit of the lodge.
We give the cry of reverence (Eru!) to Mother Corn, she who brings
the promise of children, of strength, of life, of plenty, and of peace.
As we reflect upon her gifts we sing our thanks and bid the Children
join us.

"When the circuit is complete we pause at the west. Then we turn
toward the north and begin the fourth circuit, singing the second

stanza.

Translation of Second Stanza

938 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

939 Nawa! II'Atira! Nawa! H' Atira! He! Iri!

nawa, a jiart of nawairi, a ceremonial word for expressing
thanks, confidence, trust.

h', the symbol of breath, life, bringing forth or into.

atira, mother. The tertn is applied to the ear of corn, repre-
sentative of Mother Earth.

he! a part of i'hare, an exclamation calling upon one to
reflect iipon that which is now brought to mind. See
line 1.

iri! a part of nawairi! thanks! all is well!

940 See line 939.

941 Nawa! H' Atira! Nawa! H'Atira! He! See line 939.

Explanation of the Kn rahits

"Nawa! H'Atira!" It is Tira'wa atius who causes Mother Earth
to bring forth the corn, who gives fruitfulness to man, who sends the
gifts which Mother Corn breathes upon us. As we reflect upon this

PLBTCHBR] FIFTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 191

we give thanks to Tira'wa, and with the t^hildreii .sing "Nawa!
H'Atira! Nawa! H'Atira! He! Iri!" over and over until we com-
plete the fourth circuit.

In these first four circuits we have remembered the power of
Tira'wa atius with Mother Earth; in the next four circuits we shall
sing of the eagles.

THIKD SONG

Words and Music
M. M. ^s = ]38.
— Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

e:-4^3=

Di-iim.
Rattles

Ho o-o o! Ti - ra whe rii - Wa ho - ka - we ta wi - ra, ho ■

L* Lj* t ^ I Lj t : t ' t '

ka -we la wi - ra, ho - ka - we ta wi ra. ho - ka - we ta wi - ra.

Lj t-r L-: L^ i^ i_r d_r ^ ^ i

943 Ho-o-o-o!

943 Tira whe ruwa hokawe ta wira, hokawe ta wira, hokawe ta wira.

944 Tira whe ruwa hokawe wira, hokawe ta wira, hokawe ta wira.

945 Ho-o-o-o!

946 Tias we ria klshpa ka wia. kishpa ka wia, kishpa ka wia.

947 Tias we ria kishpa ka wia. kishpa ka wia. kishpa ka wia.

Trnnslation
I

942 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

943 Tira whe ruwa hokawe ta wira, hokawe ta wira, hokawe ta wira.

tira, a part of atira, motlier. The term refers to Kawas.

whe, it.

ruwa, flying toward the speaker.

hokawe, shadow.

ta, a part of wita, < oming.

wira, it is coming.

944 See line 943.

1^2 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. Axs. 22

945 IIo-o-o-o! An intro(liicti)ry exclamation.

94tj TiiiM we ria kishpa ka wia, kislipa ka wia, kishpa ka wia.

tias, a part of atius, fathei-. The term refers to the white
eagle, the male feathered stem.

we, it.

ria, hovering.

kishpa, the loud cry of the eagle.

ka, a part of akaro, lodge, dwelling place.

wia, coming, moving.

kishpa, the scream of the eagle.

ka, the word has here a double I'eferenee, to the lodge, and to
the nest. The lodge represents the nest.

wia, moving about, coming.

kishpa, the scream of the eagle.

ka, a part of akaro, lodge. Refers to the nest.

wia, coming.
947 See line 940.

E.vphniation hij the Kii' nthus

This song has ver}' few words, but a story goes with it to explain
its meaning.

One day a man was walking on the prairie; he wasthinking, and his
eyes were upon the ground. Suddenly he became aware of a shadow
flitting over the grass, moving in circles that inclosed his feet. He
stood still, wondering what this could mean ; then he looked up and
beheld a brown eagle flj'ing round and round over his head. As he
gazed the bird paused, looked down upon him, then flapped its wings
and flew away (ftrst stanza).

Again the man was walking and thinking, when he caught sight of
a tall tree about which a great white eagle was flying, around and
around as if it were watching over something. As it flew it screamed,
making a great noise. It was the father bird guarding its nest (sec-
ond stanza).

The brown eagle which the man saw was Kawas; where she went
when she flew away is told in the next song. The blue-feathered
stem, with the bi'own eagle feathers upon it, is carried next to the
Children and waved over their heads, for she is the mother and cares
for the j'oung.

The white eagle is the male; the green-feathered stem, with his
feathers upon ir, is carried upon the outside, for he guards the nest.

The lodge where the Children are (the lodge where the ceremony is
being performed) is the nest.

The white eagle which the man saw protecting the nest teaches all
men to be brave and vigilant, to guard their children and make safe
their home. In token of this duty, the warrior father wears the white
eagle feather.

FLETCHER] FIFTEENTH RITUAL, I'ART II 193

The wliistlo is used wlicii we sing the secmul stanza, because the
white eagle whistled when lie flew around his nest.

FOURTH SONG

]]"l>r(Js (111(1 ^fiisic
M, M. ^N = 144.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

-=(■

i^^iEi^ii^i^*Ei=_^f^sj

Haa-a-al Ka-wasru-a, Ka-wasru a, Ka-wasni-a, Ka-was lu - a wlie-e ru - a

Drum. isi. i m m m i o i a m m m t if^.ici.
Battles.'^ '_. LJ ; \ •^i L-i \ ' L-' [ ■ Lj 'ta-J L_J

H7w:s««.

■m ^•- »— •— * — »—^d—m — m — B—^m — m — .^— ^-^«( — m—m—m^

e; Ka-was rn- a, Ka waa ru - a wlie-e rn - a e; Hel Ka-was whe-e ru-a

r ' f r r ' • ' i . i . i" . ^ . a . i . ; . i

e; He! Ka-was wlie-e ru-a e; Ka-wasru-a, Ka-wasru-a wlie-e ru-a e.

t- L' L' L* ij" L' L' L' L' ^ ■' ^ ^ i

948 Ha-a-a-al

949 Kawas rua, Kavvas rua, Kawas iiia, Kawas rria whe-e rua e;

9.50 Kawas rua, Kawas riia whe-e rua e;

9.51 Hel Kawas whe-e rna e: He! Kawas whe-e rna e:

9.52 Kawa.s rua, Kawas rua whe-e rua e

9.53 Ha-a-a-a!

954 Kawas tia, Kawas tia. Kawas tia. Kawas tia wlieri ria e;

955 Kawas tia, Kawas tia wheri ria e;

956 He! Kawas wheri ria e; He! Kawas wheri ria e;
95T Kawas tia, Kawas tia wheri ria e.

Translation
I

QiS Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

949 Kawas rua, Kawas rua, Kawas rua, Kawas rua whe-e rua e.

Kawas, the browu eagle, symbol of the feminine powers.

rua, flying toward an object.

whe, it.

e, vowel prolongation.

rua, flying toward.

e, vocable.

950 Kawas rua, Kawas rua whe-e rua e. See line 94=9.
22 ETH— PT 2—04 13

194 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. a.nn.22

951 He! Kawas whe-t' riui e; He! Kawas wlie-e ma e.

he! a part of i'hare, an exclamation calling one to reflect.

See line 1.
Kawas whe-e run e. See line 9-1!).

952 See line 950.

953 Ha-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

954 Kawas tia, Kawas tia, Kawas tia, Kawas tia wlieri ria e.

Kawas, the brown eagle, the feminine power.

tia, flying overhead.

wheri, it here.

ria, above and very near.

e, vocable.

955 Kawas tia, Kawas tia wheri ria e. See line 95-1.

956 He! Kawas wlieri ria e; Kawas wheri ria e.

he! a part of i'hare, an exclamation calling one to reflect

upon a subject. See line 1.
Kawas wheri ria e. See line 954.

957 See line 955.

Explanation hij the KiiraJiuf>

The story of this song whicli has come down to us is that when
the man saw the shadow on the grass and beheld the lirown eagle
flying over him, the eagle, recognizing the man, flapped its wings
and flew away. The brown eagle was Kawas, the mother bird, and
she flew straight to her nest, to her young, who cried out witli joy as
she came near. We use the whistle when we sing this song because
the young eagles scream as the mother returns to them.

When we sing the second stanza we remember that the lodge of
the Son is the nest of Kawas, that she is hei-e flying over the heads
of the Children, bringing near to them the fulfilment of the promises
of the Ilako.

The whistle which accompanies this stanza represents the cry of
the Children in recognition of the fulfilment which Kawas is bring-
ing. With this song we complete the fourth circuit of the eagles
and the eighth circuit of the lodge.

The songs of the next four circuits refer to the rites.

FLETCHEH] FIFTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 1<)5

FIFTH SONG

]\'(ir<ls 1111(1 3Iusi,c

M. M. Melody. J. = 69.
M. M. Drum. ^N=138.
• = Pulsation of tlie voice. Transcribed by Edwin 8. Tracv.

=S=l=:=l3

JIo-o-o-o o! H'A-ti-ra, ru! H'A-ti-ra, ru! Ka lii - sha; H'A-ti -ra, ru! Ka

Drum. 4 i , i » &(r.

-=^--^1

i&^^^-^^^'i^'ii

bi-slia- a; IF A - ti-ra, ru! II'A- ti-ra, ru! Ka

i , i . i . i.i.i'. *.

r=i^fe^^=E^^^r=g^^ipi&^^se

ti-ra, ru! H'A-ti-ra, ru! Ka hi-sha; IP A-ti-ra, ru! Ka hi - sha.

LsLiULsLrUL^Lj j-^

958 Ho-o-o-o-o!

959 H'Atira, rii! H'Atira, ru! Ka hisha: H'Atira. ru! Ka hisha-a;

960 H'Atira. ni! HAtira. ru! Ka hisha-a:

961 H'Atira. ru! H'Atira. ru! Ka hisha: HAtira. rn! Ka hisha.

962 Ho-o-o-o-o!

963 Hra shira ko; lira .shira ko, ka hisha: hra shira ko. ka hisha-a:

964 Hra shira ko; hra shira ko. ka hisha-a:

965 Hra shira ko; hra shira ko. ka hisha: hra shira ko, ka hisha.

Translation
I

958 Ho-o-o-o-o! An exclainatioii introclnctoiy to the song.

959 H'Atira, ru! PFAtira, ru! Ka hisha; H'Atira, ru! Ka hisha-a.

h', the symbol of breath; life-giving.

atira, mother. The term refers to all the feminine powers
reiH-esented with the Ilako.

ru ! an exclamation of joy.

ka, a part of akaro, lodge, dwelling place.

hisha, reached, entered.

h'Atira, ru ! Translated above.

ka hisha-a. Translated above. Tlie final a is a vowel pro-
longation.

960 H'Atira, ru! H'Atira, ru! Ka hisha-a. See line 959.

961 See line 959.

19H THE HAKO, A I'AWNKE CEREMONY Ikth.ans.22

962 Mo-o-o-o-o! An exclamation introductorv to tlie sons);.

963 lira shira ko; lii-a shira ko; ka hisha; lira shira ko, ka hisha-a.

lira, au abbreviation of haras, you, ])lural.

shira, came bringing.

ko, a part of Ilako.

ka, a part of akaro, hxlgc, (l\V(»Iliiig.

liisha, reached, entered.

964 lira shira ko; lira shira Ivo, lea liislia-a. See line 96:i.

965 See line 90:).

E-vpIanatiuii hij the Ku'riilnis

In the first stanza of this song, the Fathers give the cry of joy that
they have entered the lodge of Die Son with the Mother breatliing
forth life.

In the second stanza the Children respond: '■Truly you liave come,
bringing tlie llako with its gifts and its [>romises of jo}\"

SIXTH SONG

JVorJ.s and Music
M. M. N = 144.
• = Pulsation of tlie voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

IIo-o-o! Ka-ka-ticlii-i'i wa ka-ri pi-ra - u Ti-ra a; Ka - ka-ti chili wa-ka-ii jii-ra-

s-'U U [j I 1 '^ '^ I—I L. U L_ 'i__l Lj LJ

Matties.',

ZiCzJz

:g^=

n Ti-ra-a; Ka - ka - ti chi-i i wa-ka - ri pi ra - u Ti-ra-a; Ka-

t r L* Lr Lj lj U Lj t ' U tj

his

fc^-2?E3?=

^-01-^-^-0 m—0-^-^ — 0 — 0 — m—^0-

ka-ti chi-ri wa-ka -ri pi-ra - u Ti-ra-a; Ka - ka-tichi-ri wa-ka-ri pi-ra-

U Lj Lj L-i' Lj tsti Lj Li Lj L:

^^mw^^^^^-^^^^^^^^^

S5^=

u Ti-ra-a; Ka - ka-tichi-ri wa-ka -li pi-ra - u Ti-ra- a.

t-j Lr Lr Lj Lj Lj t - i- i i

WW Ho-o-o!

967 Kakati chiri wakari piriui Tiraa:

908 Kakati chiri -wakari piran Tiraa;

969 Kakati chiri wakari piran Tiraa;

970 Kakati chiri wakari piran Tiraa;

971 Kakati chui wakari piran Tiraa;

972 Kakati chiri wakari piran Tiraa.

PLETCHEH] FIFTEENTH RITUAL, PART II lVl7

973 Wetati cliiri wakari pirau ta !iao;

974 Wetati cliiri wakari piran ta hao;

975 Wetati chiri wakari jiirau ta hao;

976 Wetati chiri wakari pirau ta hao:

977 Wetati chiri wakari pirau ta hao;

978 Wetati chiri wakari pirau ta Iiao.

Traiishitio)}
I

9()6 IIo-o-o! An introdnctory exclamation.
967 Kakati cliiri wakari piran Tiraa.

kakati, I do not.

chiri, a part of tilicliiri, to know.

wakari, a modified form of wakow, voice, with the plural sign,
ri * the word wakari refers to chanted praj'ers.

pirau, children; a general term.

Tiraa, a modification of Tira'wa, the mighty power.
908-073 See line 967.

973 Wetati chii'i wakari pirau fa hao.

wetati, I now.

chiri, know. See line 967.

wakari, chanted prayers. See line 967.

pirau, children.

ta, my.

hao, offspring; my own son or child.
974-978 See line 973.

E.rpla>iafiun hij ihe Kii'raTnis.

The old men who made these songs so long ago thought much upon
Tira'wa atins and they prayed to him out on the hills nights and days
at a time. They observed all the sacred ceremonies, for thej^ knew
that the rites were given to help the people. This Hako ceremony
was given hjr the great power. The old men were careful in teaching
its songs to those who wiere to come after them, and they explained
their meaning. I am singing these songs and explaining them just
as they were taught me, and as they had been handed down to the
Ku'rahns who gave them to me. I did not make them."

This song is very old and this is the story that came with it:

aThe recording of this ceremony occupied several weeks in each of four years, and the reiter-
ations of the Ku'rahus as to the fidelity of his communications were not apparent to him. They
were natural expressions of his earnestness and his desire to be faithful. I have deemed it best
to follow my original notes, giving these reiterations just as they were made.

198 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. asn. 32

Long ago a Ku'rahus went witli a Ilako party to a distant tribe to
make a Son. On the last night of the ceremony he said to the people :
"Children, there is a power above which knows all things, all that is
coming to pass. I do not know what will happen, but I hope good
will come to you. I have prayed that long life and children and
plenty may be given to you, but I know not if my prayers are heard
or if they will be answered."

He went with tlie Ilako a second time to the same tribe, but he said
notliing. He went a third time, but he said nothing. He went the
fourth time, and he was then a very old man. On the last night of
the ceremony he spoke and said: "Children, I look over you and .see
the little boys whom I lield in my arms when they were painted" now
grown to manhood. I .see that many children have been given to
them; I see that your people have prospered and now I know tlmt mj'
prayers for you when I lirst came with the Ilako have been answered.
I know and am sure that the great power to which I prayed hears and
answers the prayers of a man. "

The fii'st stanza refers to the prayer of the Ku'rahus when he first
carried the Hako to the Children.

The second stanza speaks of the offspring that had been given to the
Children, that he saw when he went the fourth time with the Ilako.

We sing these stanzas on the last night of the ceremony, because
it was on the last night that the Ku'rahus spoke to tlie Children. As
we sing we remember what he said he had been taught, that Tira'wa
alius liears us pray for the Children and will answer our prayers.

We now begin the last four circuits of the lodge. The first song
refers to Tira'wa atius, the father of all. The second speaks of the
lesser iiowers, those which can be seen or heard or felt by man.

We have sung these two songs before; the first time was on the
•first day, when we made the first circuit of the lodge, in the presence
of all the Children, before they partook of the food prepared for
them (eighth ritual). We sang them a second time on the third
day, after the sacred feast of corn, and before we sang to Mother
Eartli and made the offering of smoke (thirteenth ritual). Now
we sing them for the third time, at the close of the fourth and last
night. They are our appeal before we begin tlie secret ceremonies
pertaining to the little child.

fiThls is a reference to the ceremonies with the little child which take place on the fifth
moraing.

FLETCHER]

FIFTEENTH RITUAL, PART II

199

SEVENTH SONG

M. I\r. J-126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

3^^E§=S=i^i^

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

mmm

^^E^ii

Ila-a - a - a! H'A-ars Ti - ra-wa lia - ki; IT A-ars Ti - ra - wa lui

Drum, i
ICattles. I

• f •

I r I

r r ^rr r f r ^ r Pr

H' A-ai's Ti - ra-wa Im - ki ; H' A ars Ti - ra-wa ha - ki; H' A-ara Ti - ra-wa ha - ki.

I I I

N- f I ,* r ^rf r r i

i»T9 Ha-a-ii-a:

980 H'Aars Tira wa liaki:

981 H"Aars Tira wa haki;

983 H'Aars Tii-awaliaki;

983 H'Aars Tira'wa liaki:

984 H'Aars Tira'wa haki.

For translation, see eighth ritual, lines i:'u-i4.2.

EIGHTH SONG

Words and Music

M. M. J=]26.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

.^=.^-

Transcribid by Edwin S. Tracy,

zzi-:zi-

=l=q=

3^^

II:.

:i - a - a - a i

Drum. ^ « i ■
Matties. I I I I

II'A- ars

£ . 1

e hel Ti- ra-wa ha-ki;

r ^• r r ^ r P r

H'A-ars e he!

i , ^ ,

1 I r I

Ti-ra-wa ha-ki

^^Uf: ^^U f

98.5 Ha-a-a-a!

986 H'Aars e he! Tira wa haki;

987 H'Aars e he! Tira'wa haki;

H'A - ara Ti-ra-wa ha-ki.

r f» r rr ^ - i-

988 Hidhi! Tira wa haki;

989 H'Aars Tira'wa haki.

For translation, see eighth ritual, lines 443-447.

E.iplaiiation hij lite Kii'rahus

The songs we sing during the last two circuits are the same that we
sang when we prepared the llako (first ritual). The first was
when we painted the stem blue, the color of the sk.y, representing the
abode (^f the powers above. The other was when we painted the stem
green, tlie color of the covering of the fruitful earth. When we sang
these songs we called upon the powers to come and give life and
potency to the stems, and now we call upon them again asking for
the fulfilment of the promises of the Ilako.

200

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN'. 22

NINTH SONG

Words (iiiil Jfiisic

M. M. *s-126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcrilxid by JEdwin S. Tracy.

ii^^

a»=ffz:

Ho 0-0 (1 1 H'a-re-ri, h'a-reri. He! H'a-re-ii, li'a-reri, Ifa-re-

m^^

e-ri, h'a - re- ri, re- ri, li'a-reri. Hel H' are - ri, li'a-re-ti. lie!

• • |i « r f <i r i_j ^' i ' i_i' ^ 1 i

99(1 Ho-o-o-o!

991 H'areri, h"areri. Hel

993 H"areri, h'areri. li'areri. reri. li"areri. Hel

993 H"areri. h'areri. Hel

99-t Reri, h'areri, h'areri, reri^ h'areri. He!

99.") H'areri, h'areri. Hel
For tnuLslatioii. .see the firsl rilual, lines iiO-71.

TENTH SONG

Words and Music

n. M. ^s=l26.

= = Pulsation of tlie voice.

^^^^

Transcrilied by Edwin R. Tracy.

=e=" i!n?z

ir a-re - ri, h'a - re - ri; H' a - re - ri, 'lia - re' I' - ha - rt

_>,= ** *^| — «-* ■ *-^— * — V -» • ^-^» • » '

rel H' are - ri, 'ha-re! I'-liare re! H' are - ri; Hu - re - el

Ij Lj Lj lj u U u Lr tj

\V a re - ri, 'ha-re! I' - ha-re rel H' a-re - ri; llu - re - e!

FLETCHER] FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH EITUALS 201

996 H'areri, h'areri;

997 H'areri, 'hare! I'liare re!

998 H'areri, 'hare! I'hare re! H'areri;

999 HTire-e!

1000 H'areri. 'liare. I hare re! H'areri;

1001 Hure-e!

For translation, see tlie first ritual, lines 72-77.

Explanatioti kij the Ku'ralnis

We liave now made four times four circuil.s of the lodge. In the
first four we remembered Mother Earth tlirough the corn. In the sec-
ond four we sang of the eagles, which are the mes.sengers of tlie pow-
ers above. In the third four we spoke of the prayers we send to Tira'wa
through this ceremony. In the last four we lifted our voices to the
powei's themselves, the mighty power above and all those which are
witli the Ilako.

Four times four means completeness. Xow all the forces above
and below, male and female, have been remembered and called upon
to be with us in the sacred ceremonies which will take place at tlie
dawn.

The night is neai'ly over when the last circuit is completed; then
the Children rise and go home.

SIXTEENTH RITUAL (FIFTH DAY, DAWN)

P.\RT I. Sekking the Chii.d

Explcuiatioii hij ilin Kn'rulius

After the Children have gone, the Fathers lie down and wait for
the first sign of dawn. They have eaten nothing since they last fed
the Children shortly after noon, and they must fast until the close of
the ceremony.

At the first sign of dawn the Fathers rise and, preceded by tlie
Ku'raluis with tlie feathered stems, the chief with the corn and wild-
cat skin, the doctors with their eagle wings, and the singers with the
drum, go forth to the lodge where the family of the Son is living.
As they march they sing the following song; the words mean that the
Father is now seeking his child.

The child referred to is usually a little son or daughter of the Sou,
the man who has received the Ilako party. Upon this little child we
are to put the signs of the promises wliich Mother Corn and Kawas
bring, the promise of children, of increase, of long life, of plenty^
The signs of these promises are put upon this little child, but they are
iifit merely for that particular child but for its generation, that the
children already born may live, grow in strength, and in their turn
increase so that the family and the tribe may continue.

In the absence of a littl ■ child of the Son an older person or a mother
and her baby may be substituted.

202

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONr

[ETH. ANN. 23

FIKST SONG

Words anil Mnaic

M. M. ^S = 126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed bv Edwin S. Tracy.

eP^^

Ho-o-o-o! Tab ra - sbpe, tab ra - sbpc
Drum, i m i m m t • « < * •

rail, ti ha-o; Tah ra-shpe ti ba-o; Pi - ra - u, ti ha - o.

tj U Is U Lj Lj LrLr Ls ^ ^ i

W02 Ho-o-o-o!

1003 Tah rashpe, tah rashpe ti hao:

1004 Pirau. ti hao;
100.5 Tah rashpe ti hao;
1006 Piraii. ti hao.

Translation

1002 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1003 Tah rashpe, tah i-a.shpe ti hao.

tah, I.

rashpe, am seeking.

tah rashpe, I am seeking.

ti, my.

hao, child, offspring.

1004 Pirau, ti hao.

pirau, children, ;i general term.

ti, my.

hao, child, offspring.

1005 Tah rashpe ti hao. See line 1003.

1006 See line 1004.

Explanation bij the Ku'ralius

As we approach the lodge of the Son we pause and sing the follow-
ing song. It is the same that we sang when we halted on the border of
the village at the end of our journey (sixth ritual, part ii). Then we
were about to enter the village aiid go to the lodge which the Son had
prepared for us. Now we have been four days and nights in tliat lodge,
siuging the songs and performing the rites of the ceremonj^ and at
the dawn of this the fifth day we once more seek the lodge where the
Son and his family are dwelling, that we may cany these sacred
objects to his own fireplace and there touch with them one of his
children, that the promises we have brought may be fulfilled. So we
sine the first stanza as we halt.

flktchek]

SIXTEENTH RITUAL, PART I

203

SECOND SONG

Won

7.S' mil] ^fiisir

M. M.

^^ = 116.

• = Pu

sation of tlie voice.

Transcribed by Ed

win S.

Tracy.

r|2 s - i --T"^. -^

-=1—

^.^-

•^ »»-.- :~;p=

-:=,-^-^=-^

™"^ S

_iu « — ^ — ^

■ • -^^

J- -^ ■'

Ilo-o-n-o

Ki - ni r.i - ka \vi

' Ki

- ru ra - ka wi,

ba -o?

Drum. 4 , i ,
Battles. ^ [J

t-r L^ L

• l_

-• L/

= ^

=^^

=F^=

=a^!»s^

_^_=tz:

"f ^ ^

■S- -S. '^S- "«L -S---

■3 '■i- -S- i- *r-- - ■

-■^i

"-ii- '■

K i - ru

ra - ka wi, ti ha -

o? Ki -

m ra - ka, ki-rii

ra - ka

wi?

? r

L^ titsLj
I

UL^

1007

Ho-o-o-o!

1012

Ho-o-o-o!

IOCS

Kim raka wi?

1013

Tiwi reka wil

1009

Kiru raka wi. ti hao':'

1014

Tlwi reka wi, ti hao!

1010

Kirn ra

ka wi.

ti liao?

101.5

Tiwi reka

wi, ti hao!

1011 Kiru raka, kiru raka wi? 1016 Tiwi reka, tiwi reka wi!
For translation, see the sixth ritual, lines 306-IS7-4,

Explanatli)n hy (lie Ku'rahit.'^

After singing the first stanza we move on, and when we are near
tlie lodge we pause and sing the second stanza, " Here is the lodge of
my Son wherein he sits waiting for me I "

When we are close to the lodge of the Son we halt, and all the party
of the Fathers who can not count war honors remain with the two
Ku'rahus, the chief, and the singers who carry the drum, for the ITako
can not take part in anj'thing that refers to strif(i or war; its mission
is to unite the people in peace.

The Ku'rahus chooses two men, a chief representing the hrown
eagle and a warrior representing the white eagle, to acconipanj' the
warriors as they step stealthily around the lodge, as if to surprise an
enemy, and rush in through the entrance way.

The two chosen men go at once to the child and stand beside it, the
chief on the right, the warrior on the left, while the warriors gather
around the child and count their honors over it, all talking at once.
When they have finished, the warrior touches the child on the left
shoulder, then turns and faces it and speaks of the good gifts he has
received from Tira'wa. His touch means the imparting to the child
of that which he has received from Tira'wa. Then the chief touches
the child on the right shoulder, turns and faces it and tells of the
honor and favor Tira'wa has granted him. His touch means impart-
ing to the child of that granted him by Tira'wa.

The touch of the warrior and the chief, representatives of the white
and the brown eagle, signifj' the approach of the Hako.

204 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. an.n. 22

Part II. Symbolic iNf^EPTiox

Explan(dion In/ Ihi Kii' rohiis

Now the Kuraluis witli the featliei'ed stems, the cliief witli tlie
corn and the wildcat skin, and tlic singci's with the diniin, advance to
the (h)()r of the hxlijc, enter, and walk down the long passageway into
tlie dwelling. Thej^ go around the lire to the west, where the Son and
his little eliild await them.

As we stand before the little child we sing this song (first stanza).
We have sung it once before (sixth ritual, part i), at the time wlien
the messenger representing the Son came to ns outside the village.
We sing it now as we look on the little child who represents the con-
tinuation of the life of the Son.

FIHST SONG

^Vords and Mufiic

M. M. ^ - 116.

• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

No drum.

^ -• g- ^ .. .. ^ ..
Ho-o-o-o! Ti-we ra-ku-slie ti lia-o! Ti-we ra-kii she tiha-o!
Battles "^ «r.~- ^ tr.^ -^^ . . ^ ° tr . . — ^ .

Ti-we ra-kii-slie lia-wa ti ha-ol Ti-we ra-kii-she ti lia-ol Ti we ra-ku she!

1017 Ho-o-o-o I

1018 Tiwe rakushe ti liaol

1019 Tiwe rakushe ti haol

1020 Tiwe rakushe hawa ti had

1021 Tiwe rakushe ti haol

1022 Tiwe rakvishe!

For translation, see the sixth ritual, lines 060-008.

Explanation hi/ llu Ku'raJiiis

The Ku'rahus takes from the hands of the chief the wildcat skin,
in which the ear of corn and the crotched plum tree .stick are wrapped,
and while he holds the ear toward the little child, we sing the song.

We have sung this song once before, at the time the ear of corn was
painted (first ritual, part iii). The ear of corn represents h'Uraru,
Mother Earth who brings forth; the power which causes her to bring
forth is from above, and the blue paint represents that i^ower.

We hold the painted ear of corn toward the little child that the
powers from above and from below may come near it.

FLETCHER]

SIXTEENTH RITUAL, PART II

SECOND SONG

IVoi'ds find 3Iusic

205

M. M. ^S = 138.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin 8. Tracy.

Dnnn. 2
Mattles.'i

Ha-a-a-a-a! H'A-ti- ra, we- rl hra ri - ki! H'A-ti-ra, we - ri

i m i » ^ f i m

1^^^=^

=rr*==i=

=>==!=

lira ri - ki! H'A-ti-ra, we - ri lira ri - ki! H'A-ti - ra, lira

We - ri lira ri - ki! H'A

i m m m a o

- ti - ra, we-ri lira ri - ki!

L^ p . i i

IV
Ha-a-a-a-a!
H'Atira, weii taiwa!
H'Atira, weri taiwa!
H'Atira, wei-i taiwa!
H'Atira taiwa re!
Weri taiwa!
H'Atira, weri taiwa!

V
Ha-a-a-a-a!

H'Atira, weri tawawe!
H'Atira, weri tawawe!
H'Atira, weri tawawe!
H'Atira, tawawe re!
Weri tawawe!
H'Atira. weri tawawe!

VI
Ha-a-a-a-a!

H'Atira, weri tawitshpa!
H'Atira, weri tawitshpa!
H'Atira, weri tawitshpa!
H'Atira tawitshpa re!
Weri tawitshpa!
H'Atira, weri tawitshpa:

For translation, see the first ritual, lines 82-123.

Esplanution hij ihe Ku' ralnis

As we sing tbe second stanza, the Ku'rahus moves the ear of corn,
as if it were flj'ing toward the child. I explained this movement whtni
I told yon about the jiainting of the corn (sec the first ritual, part in,
explanation of second stanza of the song by the Ku'ralms).

1023

Ha-a-a-a-a!

1044

1024

H'Atira, weri hra riki!

104.5

i02r)

H'Atira, weri hra riki!

104(i

1020

H'Atira, weri hra riki!

1047

1037

H'Atira, hra riki re!

1048

1028

Weri hra riki!

1049

1029

H'Atira, weri hra riki!
II

10.50

1030

Ha-a-a-a-a !

10.51

1031

H'Atira, weri ruata!

1052

1033

H'Atira, weri rnata!

1053

1033

H'Atira, weri ruata!

10.54

1034

H'Atira rnata re!

1055

103.5

Weri ruata!

1056

1036

H'Atira, weri ruata!
Ill

1057

1037

Ha-a-a-a-a!

10.58

1038

H'Atira. weri tukirka!

1059

1039

H'Atira. weri tukuka!

1060

1040

H'Atira. weri tukuka!

1061

1041

H'Atira tukuka re!

1062

1042

Weri tukuka!

1063

1043

H'Atira, weri tukuka!

1064

206

THE HAKt), A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH . ASX. 2S

While we sing the third stanza, the Ku'rahiis touches the little ehild
on the forehead with the ear of corn. The spirit of 3Iother Corn, with
the power of Mother Earth, granted from above, has touched the child.

The touch means the promise of fruit fulness to the child and its
generation.

As we sing the fourth stanza, the Ku'rahus .strokes the child with
the ear of corn, down the front, down the right side, down the back,
and then down the left side.

These motions, coi'responding to the four lines on the ear of corn,
represent the four paths down whicli the. powers descend to man.
The four lines stroked upon the little child make the paths and open
the way for the descent of the powei-s upon it. Every side of the child
is now open to receive the powers, and as he goes through life, where-
ever he may be, on every side the powers can have access to him.

As we sing the fifth stanza, the Ku'rahus touches the child here
and there with the ear of corn.

This movement signifies that Mother Corn with the ijowers are
spreading over the child and descending upon it.

The sixth stanza tells that it is accomplished; the child is now
encompassed by the spirit of Mother Corn and the powers and has
received the x)romise of fruitfulness.

The Ku'rahus hands back to the chief the wildcat skin, inclosing the
crotched stick and the ear of corn, and takes the two feathered stems.
He wraps the white-eagle feathered stem within the feathers of the
brown-eagle stem and, holding with both hands the bundle, he stands
before the little child, and, while the first stanza of the following song
is sung, he points the stems toward it.

This movement means that the breath of life is turned toward the
child. The breath passes through the stem.

THTFtD SONG

Words and Music

M. M. / = 126
• = Pulsation of

the Toice.

[K 1— ',

Tran

scribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

--IT- ^n—^h^- 1 d

Ha-a-

Drum. 2 i t

Rattles. 4l__|

i-a-a! Ka

- was

m m

we - ri

lira ri -

-h

ki, re

r r
-J — ^h

^-w — •
lira ri

P— * -i—P — 1 — J — -C4

— • ^;i*~.* — f. — •"^

- ki! Ka - was we ■ ri

U U Lj

lira ri -

ki, re

lira ri

^ r

- ki! I

* m

d — h—l — m—^-y
^^^5— • .. • "^

va - was we - li '.

— 1*— 1-

ira ri -

_=) — ^ 1* — i S-'-i .

-* — •—■-»—» — •- — '-

ki, re hra ri - ki!

U t - i

Ha-a-a-a-Hl
106.5 Kawas weri lira riki, re hra rikil

1066 Kawas weri hra riki. re hra riki!

1067 Kawas weri hra riki, re hra riki!

FLETiHEK] SIXTEENTH BITUAL, PART II 207

1068 Ha-a-a-a-a!

1069 Kawas weri ruata. re rnata!

1070 Kawas weri ruata. re ruata!

1071 Kawas weri ruata. re ruata!

Ill
107:.' Ha-a-a-a-a!
107:^ Kawas weri tukuka, re tukuka!

1074 Kawas weri tukuka. re tukuka!

1075 Kawas weri tukuka. re tukuka!

1076 Ha-a-a-a-a!

1 077 Kawas weri taiwa. re taiwa!

1078 Kawas weri taiwa. re taiwa!

1079 Kawas weri taiwa. re taiwa!

1080 Ha-a-a-a-a!

1081 Kawas weri tawawe. re tawawe!

1083 Kawas weri tawawe. re tawawe!
1088 Kawas weri tawawe. re tawawe!

1084 Ha-a-a-a-a!

108.5 Kawas weri tawitshpa, re tawitshpa!

1086 Kawas weri tawitshpa. re tawitshpa!

1087 Kawas weri tawitshjia, re tawitshpa!

Translation of First Stanza

1064 Ha-a-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

1065 Kawas weri hra riki, re lira riki.

Kawa.s, the brown eagle, representing the female forces,
weri, I am. The singular pi-onoun refers to Hako party, not

merelj' to the Ku'rahns.
hra, a modification of rararit, to hold,
riki, standing, present time,
re, plural sign, indicating the two feathered stems which have

been folded together, the united male and female,
hi-a, holding.

riki, standing, the present time.
1066, 1067 See line 1065.

208 THE HAKO, A PAWWEK CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

Traiidation of Second Htaiiza

1008 lia-a-a-a-a! An introductory extdaniatioii.
1069 Kawas weri ruata, re ruata.

Kawas, tlic Ijrown caiilc, the female.

weri, I am.

ruata, flying. See line 00.

re, plural (sign; the two feathered stems.

ruata, flying.
1070, 1071 See line lOGO.

Explanatioit hij flu Kn'rahiis

As we sing the second stanza the Ku'rahus nio\es the feathered
stems as if they were flying through space toward the child; the
united male and female stems are drawing near.

Translution of Third Stanza

1072 Ila-a-a-a-a ! An introductory exclamation.

1073 Kawas weri tukuka, re tukuka.

Kawas, the lirown eagle; the female,
were, I am.

tukuka, touching, now touches,
re, plural sign; refers to the two feathered stems,
tukuka, now touches, are now touching.
1074, 1075 See line 1073.

Explanaiion hij flie Ku'rahus

While we sing the third stanza the Ku'rahus touches the little child
on the forehead with the united feathered stems. The breath of
promised life has now touched the child. That is the meaning of the
touch of the feathered stems.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

107G Ha-a-a-a-al An introductory exclamation.
1077 Kawas weri taiwa, re taiwa.

Kawas, the brown eagle; the female.

weri, I am.

taiwa, to rub downward, making a mark.

re, plural; the two feathered stems.

taiw'a, making a mark with a downward motion.
1078, 1070 See line 1077.

Explancdion Jtij the Kn'ridins

As we sing the fourth stanza the Ku'rahus makes with the united
feathered stems the four paths b\' downward strokes upon the child,

FLETCHER] SIXTEENTH EITUAL 209

as was (lone with the ear of corn. Tliese movements meau that all
the powers which bring life have access to the child, so that the promise
of frnitfiilness may be fulfilled.

Translation of Fifth Stanza

1080 Ila-a-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

1081 Kawas weri tawawe, re tawawe.

Kawas, the brown eagle.
weri, I am.
tawawe, to spread.

re, plural; refers to the two feathered stems,
tawawe, to spread.
1082, 1083 See line 1081.

Explanation Inj the Kn'rahus

While we sing the fifth stanza the Ku'rahus touches the child here
and there with the united feathered stems; this means the spreading
over it of the powers represented by the male and female stems.

Translation of Sixth Stanza

1084 Ha-a-a-a-a! An introductory exclamation.

1085 Kawas weri tawitshpa, n^ tawitshpa.

Kawas, the brown eagle.

weri, I am.

tawitshpa, a word denoting the accomplishment of a purpo.se,

the attainment of an end.
re, plural; refers to the two united feathered stems.
tawitshpa. Translated above.
1086, 1087 See line 1085.

Explanation hij th<' Kn'rahus

This stanza means that it is accomplished, that the child has been
encompassed by the powers represented by the united stems. It is a
promise of procreation.

Part III. Action Symbolizino Life

Explanation tii/ tlie Ku'ralius

At the close of the song the Ku'rahus, separating the two stems,
hands the white-eagle feathered stem to his assistant and retains the
brown-eagle stem. The father of the child makes it sit upon the
ground. The chief chooses a man to carry the child from the lodge
of its father, the Son, back to the lodge where the ceremony of the
preceding four days has been performed.

22 ETH— PT 2—0-1 14

210

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

The cnosen man takes his position a little distance in front of the
child, the Ku'rahus and his assistant stand on each side of the man,
facing the child, and the chief, carrying the cat skin and the corn,
stands in front, facing the child (figure 177).

Fig. 177. Diagram of the Son's lodg« during the sixteenth ritual, part in.

1, the entrance to the lodge; 2, the fireplace; 3, inner posts supporting the dome-shaped roof;
4, the Ku'rahus; 5, the Father (a chief); 6, the Ku'rahus's assistant: 7, the one chosen to carry
the child; 8, the child: 9, the father of the child, the Son.

The following song is then sung in a gentle tone, that the child may
be willing to be taken up and carried by a stranger. The words are :
"Come and fear not, my child; all is well."

FLETCHER]

SIXTEENTH RITUAL, PART III

FIKST SONG

Words and Music

211

M. M. J. =58.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

=15=:3*=

S=P

=ts=

IIo-o-oo-o-o!

Drum. 2 i , i ,
Jiatlles. 4 " ^j

1 - hi - SI - ra,

Jzgjzr--

1 • ra ta lia - o;

:=|>cq=

=h— 1^- 1-

1090

I - hi si - ra, i - lii - si - ra,

^^-=3

i - ra ta ha

1088

1089

1088 Ho-o-o-o-o-o!

1080 Ihisira. ihisira, iliisira, ira ta hao;

1000 Ihisira, ihisira, ira ta hao.

Translation

Ho-o-o-o-o-o! An introdiictoiy exclamation.
IbLsira, iliisira, iliisira, ira ta hao.

ihisira; isira, come; an invitation to advance. The syllable
hi, which follows i, is used to fill out the rhythm of the
music and to a:ive a coaxing effect,
ira, a part of the word nawairi, a word implying confidence,
among its other meanings; it means here, it is all riglit,
fear not.
ta, a part of the word kutati, my.
hao, child, offspring.
Ihisira, ihisira, ira ta hao. See line 1089.

Explanation by the Ku'mhus

The man who is to carry the cliild turns his back toward it and
drops upon one knee. The child, lifted to its feet by its father, takes
four steps forward, while we, still facing the child, sing this song:
"I am ready; come, my child; have no fear!"

The four steps taken by the child represent the progress of life.

212 IHE HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY [eth.axx.22

SECOND SONG

}VorJti and Music
M. M. J = 58.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

1091 Ho-o-o-o!

1092 Ehesira, ehesira. phe.sira. ehesira. ira ta hao:

1093 Ehesira, ehesira. ira ta hao.

Translation

1091 IIo-o-o-o! An introductory explanation.

1092 Ehesira, ehesira, ehesira, ehesira, ira ta hao.

ehesira; esira, come, I am ready for you or to receive you.
The sjilable he, whicli follows e, is to fill out the rliytlim
and the movement of the song.

1093 Ehesira, ehesira, ira ta liao. See line 1092.

Explanation bij ihe Kii'rahus

The man takes the child upon liis back and rises to his feet. The
chief steps aside and the man bearing the cliild moves forward
toward the door of the lodge. The Ku'rahus and his assistant and
the chief walk behind him, and the rest of the company follow.

As we walk back to the lodge in the earlj^ daylight we sing tliis
song: " Beliold your father walking with tlie cliild!"

THIRD SONG

JVords and 3fusic

M. M. <=be.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

BatUes-i

Ho-o-o-o-o!

I - li.-i • ri hal H'ars si - re ra-ta; I - ha-ri,

hr ft ^ f ft f t_! L^ t_r L

ha! H'ars si - re ra - ta;

I - ha - ri

L-; Lj c_/ LjLj t

H'ars si - re ra-ta.

FLETCHER] SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH KITUALS 213

1094 Ho-o-o-o!

1095 Ihari. lia! H"ars sire rata;

1096 Ihari, ha! H'ars sire rata;

1097 Iliari, ha! H"ars sire rata.

Transhitidii

1094 Ho-o-o-o! All exclamatioo introdiR'tory to the song.

1095 Ihari, ha! H'ar.s sire rata.

iliari, a term for j'oung; it here refers to tlie little child,
ha! an exclamation, calling attention,
h', an abbreviation of ha, your,
ars, a modification of atius, father,
sire, carrying, refers to the child,
rata, walking with.
1096, 1097. See line 1095.

SEVENTEENTH RITUAL

Part I. Touching the Child
Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

When the Ilako party, led by the man carrying the child, ari'ived
at the lodge, the child was taken to the west, behind the holy place,
and set upon the gi'ound, facing the east, and clad in gala dress.

The warriors ranged themselves in a curved line, both ends of which
touched the walls of the lodge, thus inclosing a space within which
was the holy place, the child, the singers and the drum, the Ku'i-ahus
and his assistant, the chief, the doctors, and an old man selected by
the Ku'rahus. The warriors stood close together, letting their robes
drop until the lower edge touched the ground, making a screen over
which no one could look to see what was taking place within the
inclosure.

On the preceding evening, before the C'hildren had gathered within
the lodge, the Ku'rahus had sent a young man to fill a vessel from a
running stream. The vessel was at once covered closely and put
beside the holy jilace and no one was permitted to even touch it. (In
old times pottery vessels made by our women were used. They were
shaped small at the bottom, larger in the middle, and smaller again
at the neck. The handles on the sides had holes thiough which sticks
could be thrust to lift the vessel from the fire. Thej' were ornamented
by lines drawn by a stick in the soft clay.)

The chief now approached the vessel, lifted the cover and poured
some of the water into a wooden bowl set aside for this purpose, and
put it down before the old man. This man had been chosen because
of his long life, and his having received many favors from the powers
above, in order that similar gifts might be imparted to the child.

The preparation of the child, which took place within the line of
warriors, was concealed from their view bj^ an inner group closely

214 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth, ann. a2

surrounding it. Tlie old man sat before the child, a little to the
soutli, the chief (the Father) directly behind it with the cat skin
and ear of corn, the doctor with the left eagle wing toward the
north, the doctor with the right eagle wing toward the south, and the

Fig. 178. Diagram of the Son's lodge during the seventeenth ritual, part i.

1, the entrance to the lodge; 2, the fireplace; 3, inner posts supporting the dome-shaped roof;
4, the Ku'rahua; 5, his assistant; 6, the bearers of the eagle wings; 7, the Father la chief 1; 8, the
old m.-ui who prepares the child; fl. the Uttle child; 10, the line of warriors: 11. the Son, father
of the little child; 12, members of the Hako party.

Ku'rahus with his assistant in front, all facing the child (figure 178).
During the singing of the following songs the cat skin with the
crotched stick and the ear of corn, the feathered stems, and the
eagle wings are waved to its rhythm.

FLETIHKRl

SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PART I

FIRST SONG

Words and Music
Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed b}' Edwin S. Tracy.

215

M. M. ^N~12fi

p^m

Drum, i
Rattles. L.

Ko-o-ol Hi ri! 'Ha-ri; Ili-ril Kitzu were lire ku- si Iii!... Hi-

tj tj ts Lj Lj Li L^' Lj t '

^^^^^^

-w -w -w -m- .
ril 'Ha - ri; Hi - ri! Ki - tzii we re lire kii - si hi!... Hi -

J* i f i T r T { r t-i' t r

3^3^35^

1^^:

-51-—*-

ri! 'Ha - ri; Hi-ri!

Ki-tzii we re lire ku

i—T

:U U Lj t

1098 Ho-o-o!

1099 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we re hre kusi hi!

1100 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we re hre kusi hi!

1101 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we re hre kusi hi!

1103 Ho-o-o!

1103 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we re ru ata ha!

1104 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we re ru ata ha!
IIO.') Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we re ru ata ha!

Ill

1106 Ho-o-o!

1107 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri tukuka ha!

1108 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri tukuka ha!

1109 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri tukuka ha!

1110 Ho-o-o!

1111 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta iwa ha!
1113 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta iwa ha!
1113 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta iwa ha!

1111 Ho-o-o!

111.5 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta wawe he!

1116 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta wawe he!

1117 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta wawe he!

1118 Ho-o-o!

1119 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta witshpa ha!

1120 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta witshpa ha!
1131 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta witshpa ha!

21(> THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREJKJNY [eth.ann. 22

Trdtishition of First Sktnza

1098 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1099 lliri! 'Ilari; Hiri! Kitzu we ro lire kusi lii!

liiri! give heed!

'had, a part of iha'ri, child, young,
hiri! an exclamation calling to give heed,
kitzu, a modified form of kiitzu, water,
we, now.
re, am.
lire, holding,
kusi, .sitting.

hi! part <jf hiri! give heed! harken!
1100, 1101. See line 1099.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

As we sing the fii'st stanza the old man takes up the howl and holds
it in both hands.

Water is for sustenance and the maintenance of health ; it is one of
the great gifts of Tira'wa alius.

The white man speaks of a heavenly Father; we say Tira'wa alius,
the Father above, but we do not think of Tira'wa as a person. We
think of Tira'wa as in everything, as the power which has arranged
and thrown down from above everything that man needs. What the
power above, Tira'wa alius, is like, no one knows; no one has been
there.

The water is in a bowl shaped like the dome of the skj-, Ijecause
water comes from Tira'wa alius. The little child is to be cleansed
and pi"epared for its future life by the water — sustained and made
strong by the water.

Translation of Second Stanza

llOi' llo-o-o! .\.n introductory exclamation.
1103 Hiri! TIari; Hiri! Kitzu we re lu ata ha!

hiri ! give heed !

'hari, a part in iha'ri, child.

hiri! give heed!

kitzu, water.

we, now.

re, am, or is.

ru, it.

ata, flying.

ha! behold!
1104, 1105 See line 1103.

FLETCHER) SEVENTEENTH KITUAL, PART I 217

Explamiiioii hij llif- Kurahus

When we sing the second stanza the old man sets tin- bnwl down
and dips the finger of liis right hand in the water and moves it toward
the child.

This means that the water is moving through tlie air, coming from
above toward the child with its gifts.

Traiislatiiiii af Third Stanza

llOU Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
1107 Hiril 'Hari; lliri! Kitzu we ri tukuka lial

hiri! give heed!

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child.

hiri! give lieed!

kitzu, water.

we, HOW.

ri, it.

tukuka, touching.

ha! behold!
1108, 1109 See line 1107.

Explanation In/ ilie Ku'ralius

As we sing the third stanza the old man touches the forehead of
the child with the water.

The power of the water has now reached the child.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

1110 IIo-o-o! An introductorj^ exclamation.

1111 Iliri! 'Hari; Jiiri! Kitzu we ri ta iwa ha!

hiri! give heed!
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
lliri! give heed!
kitzu, Avater.
we, now.
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch,
iwa, running down,
ha! behold!
1112, 1113 See line 1111.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

While we sing the fourth stanza the old man makes certain wet
lines on the face of the child. These signify that the sustaining of
life through the power of water comes from Tira'wa atius.

218 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [etii.ann.22

Trdiisliitidii of Fifih Sianza

1114 Ho-o-o! An inl roil lU'tury exclamation.

1115 Iliri! 'Hari; Iliril Kitzn wo ri ta wawe he!

hiri! give heedl
'hari, a part of ilia ri, child,
liiri! give heed!
kitzu, water,
we, now.
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut , to touch,
wawe, spreading over,
he! from hiri! give heed!
1110, 1117 See line lllo.

E.rpldiial.iuii. by flic Ku'raJius

During the singing of the fifth stanza thi^ old man touches tlie face
of the child with water here and there so as to make it wet.

'i'lns is to signify lliat the cleansing power of water, which tarings
health, is from Tira'wa.

Traiisldlio)! of Sir 111 Sianza

HIS IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1119 Hiri! 'Hai'i; Hiri! Kitzu we ri ta witshpa ha!

hiri! give heed!

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child.

hiri! give heed!

kitzu, water.

we, now.

ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch.

witshpa, accomplished, completed.

ha! behold!
1120, 1121 See line Ul'.i.

Explanation by the Ku'i-dhus

In the sixth stanza we sing that it is accomplished, that water has
come with all its power from Tira'wa alius to the child.

The old man takes up a tarush of stiff grass and holds it while we
sing the first stanza of the following song.

FLETCHER]

SEVENTEENTH KITUAL, PART I

219

SECOND SONO

Words (ind Music

(a) M. M. ^^ = 126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Trajy.

Hoo-ol Hi -ri! 'Ha-ri; Hi-iil Pi-chiits we re Iireku-si lii!...

Lr tJ Lr Lr L-i Li L-i L/"

Drum. 2
Rattles. L

-=i — ■-=!. — --ii--
•^ -0-

ri! 'Ha - ri;

13=

=1=^

^=3-

rS=qs=

Hi - ril Pi-ehuts we re lire kii - si hi!... Hi

\ ^ A A A ■> A

m m d t d3»»mmm0m0

ri! 'Ha- ri; Hi-ri!

Pi - ohfits we re

ku - si..

hi!.

c_r ULr Lj L_;

1133 Ho-o-o!

1133 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Pichvits we re hre kusi hi!

1124 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Picliiits we re lire kiisi hi!

1125 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Pichuts we re hre kusi hi!

1136 Ho-o-o!

1127 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Pichiits we re ni ata ha!

1128 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Pichuts we re ru ata ha!
1139 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Pichuts we re ru ata ha!

Ill

1130 Ho-o-o!

1131 Hiri! "Hari: Hiri! Pichuts we ri tukuka ha!
1133 Hiri! Hari: Hiri! Pichi'its we ri tukuka ha!

1133 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Pichuts we ri tukuka ha!

1134 Ho-o-o!

1135 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Pichiits we ri ta iwa ha!

1136 Hiri! "Hari: Hiri! Pichuts we ri ta iwa ha!

1137 Hiri! "Hari: Hiri! Pichuts we ri ta iwa ha!

1138 Ho-o-o!

1139 Hiri! "Hari: Hiri! Pichiits we ri ta wawe he!

1140 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Pichiits we ri ta wawe he!

1141 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Pichuts v.-e ri ta wawe he!

1143 Ho-o-o!

1143 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Pichiits we ri ta witshpa ha!

1144 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Pichiits we ri ta witshpa ha!

1145 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Pichuts we ri ta witshjo. ha!

220 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. Ann. 22

Trtinslatioii of First Stanza

1122 II()-()-o! An iiitiocluetory exclamation.

1123 Ilii'i: 'Ilari; Iliril Pichi'its \v(> re lire knsi hi!

hii-i! give heed!
'hari, a part of iha'ii, child,
hiri! give heed.

pichiits, a brush made of .stiff grass,
we, now.
re, am.
lire, holding,
ktisi, sitting.

hi! part of hiri! give heed! liai-ken!
1124,1125 See line 112;j.

Exptanafion l)ij tlic Ku' ralnts

The grass of which the brush is made is gathered during a cere-
mony belonging to the Rain shrine. It rej^resents Toharu, the living
covering of Mother Earth. The power which is in Toharu gives food_
to man and the animals so that they can live and become strong and
able to perform the duties of life. This power represented by the
brush of grass is now standing before the little child.

Translation of Second Stanza

1126 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1127 Ilari! TIari; Hiri! Pichiits we re ru ata ha!

hiri! give heed!
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child.
hiri! give heed!
pichiits, a brush of grass,
we, now.
re, am or is.
ru, it.
ata, flying,
ha! behold!
1128,1129 See line 1127.

Explanation hi/ the Ku'rahus

As we sing the second stanza, the old man moves the brush toward
the child. This means that the j)ower of Toharu is flying through the
air toward the child.

FLETCHER] SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PART I 2 '21

Tntiishttiiin of TItird Stanza

lloH IIo-o-ol An inti-oduetoiy exclamation.
1131 Iliri! 'Hari; Iliri! richutw w<> ri tnkiiku ha!

liiri ! give liecd 1

'hari, a part of iha'i'i, child.

luri! give heed I

pichiits, a brush of gra.ss.

we, now.

ri, it.

tukuka, foiiching.

ha! behold!
113^, 1133 See line 1131.

Explanafinn hij Hip Kn'rahus:

While we sing the third stanza the old man touches the forehead
of the child with the brush of grass. The power of Toharu has
reached the child, has come in contact with it to imiiart the strength
that comes from food.

Transhilioi) of FoiirfJi Stanza.

113-1 IIo-o-o! An introductory (ixclamation.
1135 Hiri! 'Hari; iliri! Pichnts we ri ta iwa ha!

Iliri ! give heed!

"hari, a part of iha'ri, child.

hii'i! give heed!

picliftts, a brush of grass.

we, now.

ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch.

iwa, a downward movement.

ha! behold!
1131!, 1137 See line 1135.

E.vptanatkin hi/ tlie Kn'rahns

During the singing of the foui-th stanza the old man makes certain
lines upon the face of the child witli the brusli of grass. These lines
mean that the power Ity which Toharu gives strength through food
comes from above, and that man should alwaj's remember tliat wlien
he eats.

222 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.ann.28

Triiiisli(h'on of Fifth Stanza

1138 IIo-o-o! An iutrodiict.ory e.xclamatiuii.

1139 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Picliiits we ri ta ware ho!

hiri! give heed I
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri! give heed!

pichiits, a l)rnsh madi^ of grass.
we, now.
]-i, it.

ta, a part of taokiil, lo toiieli.
ware, spreading over,
he! from hiri! give heed!
1140, 1141 See line 113!t.

Explanation Inj tlie Ku'ratvis

As we sing this stanza, the okl man touehes tlie head of the child
and smooths its hair willi tlie brush of grass. In this act the brush
prepares the hair foi' tlie sacred symbols which are to be put upon it.

In this act we are thinking only of the brush and its usefulness, and
not of Toharu, as represented by the grass.

Translation of SixtJi Stanza

1142 ITo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1143 Iliri! 'Hari, Hiri! Pichfits we ri ta witshpa ha!

hiri! give heed!
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri! give heed!
pichiUs, a brush made of grass,
we, now.
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to toudi.
witshjja, aceoniplislied : coiiii)leted.
ha! l)eliold!
1144, 1145 See line 1143.

Explanation hij the Ku'ralius

In this stanza we sing that it is accomplished, the power of Toharu
has nourished and prepared tlie cliild for the ceremonial acts which
are now to take place.

Part II. Anointino the Chh.d

Exptanalioii hij tlte Ku'rahus

Tlie ointment u.sed in this act of anointing the child is red clay
mixed with fat from a deer or buffalo which has been consecrated or
set apart at the time it was killed as a sacrifice to Tira'wa. The first
animal killed on a hunt belongs to Tira'wa.

FLETOHKIl)

SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PART II

223

The ointment is kept in a kind of baji made of the coverinji- of the
animal's heait, dried and i)re[)arcd for (his purpose. (It is said that
insects do not attack this skin covering.)

Before anyone can take part in a religious ceremony he mnst be
anointed with tliis sacred ointment.

(b) M. M. *\ = 126.

• — Pulsation of the voice.

SONG

Words and Music

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

?3^

4:e3e;

^m^^^^

-I-— I— ^:

-^—■s-

S3E3E:

Ho-o-ol Hi - ril 'Hari;

Hi-ril Ki clia-wa re lire ku - si.

Drum

Matties

tjU U U U U U L

mM\

■m- -^

ril 'Ha - ri;

» ' ^

-»■-»- -^ tT -»- ■»- * . '•• . -w-.^^r
Hi - ri! Ki-cha-wa re lire ku - si hi!... Hi-

f : ^_j' L_' L

lUG Ho-o-o!

1147 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kichawa re hre kusi hi!

1148 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa re hre kusi hi!

1149 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Kichawa re hre kusi hi!

1150 Ho-o-o!

1151 Hiri! "Hari: Hiri! Kichawa re ru ata ha!
1153 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kichawa re rrt ata ha!

1153 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa re ru ata ha!

Ill

1154 Ho-o-o!

1155 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri tukuka ha!

1156 Hiri!' Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri tukuka ha!

1157 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri tukuka ha!

1158 Ho-o-o!

1159 Hiril' Hari: Hiri! Kichawa ri ta iwa ha!

1160 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri ta iwa ha!

1161 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Kichawa ri ta iwa ha!

1162 Ho-o-o!

1163 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri ta wawe he!

1164 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri ta wawe he!

1165 Hiri! Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri ta wawe he!

224 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.ann.22

VI
116G Ho-o-o:

1167 Hiril "Huri; Hiril Kicliawa ri ta witshpa ha!
116(S Hiri! 'Hari; Hiril Kichawa ri ta witshjia lia!
1169 Hiril 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri ta witshpa ha!

Trdiislulinu nf FirftI Slniizu

114:6 ITo-o-o! An iuti-oductory exclamat i(Jii.
1147 Iliri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa re lire kusi lii!

hiri ! give heed !

'hari, a part of iha'ri, cliild.

hiri! give heed!

kichawa; ki, from kitzii, water; chawa, liuV)bles of fat; the
term is applied to tiie ointment made from tlie fat of an
animal wliicli has been con.secrated to Tira'wa. This
ointment is used for anointing pi'epai-atory to a sacred
ceremony.

re, am.

hre, liolding.

knsi, sitting.

hi! from hiri! give heed!
1148, 1149 See line 1147.

Explanation hij ilie Kii'ralius.

Wliile we sing tlie first stanza the old man l.ikes and holds in his
hand some of the sacred ointment. The consecrating power which is
in tlie ointment now stands before the child.

Translation of Second Slanza

1150 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1151 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa re ru ata ha!

hiri ! give heed !
'hare, a part of iha're, child,
hiri! give heed!
kichawa, ointment,
re, is.
ru, it.
ata, flying,
ha! behoid!
1152.1153. See line 1151.

E.rplanation by the Ku'rahuft

While we sing the second stanza the old man moves the sacred
ointment toward the child. This means that the power which is in
the ointment is drawing near.

FLETCHKRj SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 225

Traiislaiioii of Third Stanza

1154 IIo-o-o! An introductoiy exelaiuatiou.

1155 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri tukiika ha!

hiri ! give heed !
'hari, a part of ilia'ri, child,
hiri! give heed!
Icichawa, ointment,
ri, it.

tukuka, touching,
ha! behold!
115tj, 1157. See line 1155.

Explanation hij the Kit'rahus

As we sing the third stanza the old man touches the forehead of the
child with the ointment. This act signifies that the child is singled
out from among his fellows and touched for consecration.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

1158 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1159 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kichawa ri ta iwa ha!

hiri! give heed!
'hari, apart of iha'ri, cliild.
hiri ! give heed !
kichawa, ointment,
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch,
iwa, downward movement,
ha! behold!
11601, 1101. See line 1159.

Explanation by the Kn'rahus

As we sing this fourth stanza the old man makes the same lines
upon the face of the child as he made with the water and the brush of
grass. This is in recognition that the life which has been sustained
and nourished is now consecrated to Tira'wa atius, the father above,
who gives life to all things.

22 ETH — PT 2 — 04 15

226 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ANN.a2

Translation of Fifth Stanza

1162 Ho-o-o! Aq introductory exclamation.

1163 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kicliawa ri ta wawe lie !

hiri! give heed!
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri ! give heed !
kiehawa, ointment,
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch,
wawa, .spreading over,
he! from hiri! give heed!
1164,1165 See line 1162.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

While we sing the fifth stanza, the old man touches the child here
and there with the sacred ointment. Thi.s means that the strength
that is in every part of a man and all that belongs to him must be
consecrated to Tira'wa.

Translation of Sixth Stanza

1166 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1167 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kiehawa ri ta witshpa ha!

hiri! give heed!
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri! give heed!
kiehawa, ointment,
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch,
witshpa, accomplished, completed,
ha! behold!
1168, 1161) See line 1167.

Ea-planation hy the Ku'rahus

In this stanza we sing that it is accomplished, that the child has
been consecrated and made ready for the holy rites, and that we have
recognized that all things come from Tira'wa atius, the father above.

PLETCHEK]

SEVENTEENTH RITUAL

227

Part III. Painting the Child

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

AVhile we sing tlie first stanza of tlie following song, the old man
takes a shell containing red paint and holds it before the consecrated
child.

FTEST SONG

Words and Music

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Kdwin S. Tracy.

Drum, i
Rattles L

Ho-o-ol Hi-ril'Ha-ri; Hi-ri! Kits-pa-hat we re ku - si hi!..

2^ L^ Lr L; L^ ^ L^ ^

-»- -#■ -•■ ■»■ -m- -m- w . -m- . -S^.^
Hi - ri! Kits-pa-liat we re ku - si hi!.... Hi-

L^ L-i i—! L-! ^ ^ ^

-^r

ril'Ha-ri

L-r LrU 'i-^ t-! s

uro

1171
1173
1173

1174
1175
1176
1177

1178
1179
1180
1181

1182
1183
1184
1185

1
Ho-o-o!

Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat we re kusi hi!
Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat we re kusi hi!
Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat we re kusi MI

II
Ho-o-o!

Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat re to ata ha!
Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspaliat re rn ata ha!
Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat re ru ata ha!

Ill
Ho-o-o!

Hiri! "Hari: Hiri! Kitspahat ri tukiika ha!
Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat ri tukuka ha!
Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat ri tukuka hal

Ho-o-o!
Hiri! 'Hari;
Hiri! 'Hari:
Hiri! 'Hari;

Hiri! Kitspahat ri ta iwa ha.'^
Hiri! Kitspahat ri ta iwa ha!
Hiri! Kitspahat ri ta iwa ha!

1186
1187
1188
1189

Ho-o-o!
Hiri! "Hari;
Hiri! 'Hari:
Hiri! "Hari;

Hiri! Kitspahat ri ta wawe he!
Hiri! Kitspahat ri ta wawe he!
Hiri! Kitspahat ri ta wawe he!

228 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [krH.ANS.2!!

1190 Ho-o-o!

1191 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat li ta witshpa lial

1192 Hiril 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat ri ta witshpa hal
119:i Hiri! "Hari: Hiril Kitspahat ri ta witshpa ha.

Translaiiun of First Stanza

1170 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1171 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat we re kusi lii!

hiri! ji^ive heed!

'hari, a pai-t of iha'ri, cliild.

hiri! .i;lve lieed!

kitspaliat; kits, fioni kitzu, water; pahat, red. The term

means red paint,
we, now.
re, am.
kusi, sittinj;.

hi! from liiri! i;ive heed!
117'3, 117;3 See line 1171.

Explanation by the Ka'rnhiis

The Ku'rahus liad prepared the paint by mixing red clay with run-
ning water. He mixes it rather dry so that what is left can remain in
the shell. Only the right half of a shell can be used to hold the paint.
You remember what I told you of the shell and why we use it (first
ritual, part ii). The red clay we use for paint was made by Tira'wa
for this purpose.

The paint symbolizes the red clouds of the dawn, the coming of the
new day, the rising sun, the vigor of life. The power of the new day,
the new life, is now standing before the child.

Translation uf Second Stanza

1171 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
1175 lliri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat re ru ata ha!

hiri! give heed!

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child.

hiri! give heed!

kitspahat, red paint.

i-e, is.

ru, it.

ata, flying.

ha! behold!
1176,1177 See line 1175.

FLETCHER] SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PART III 229

Explanation hy the Ku'rahuti

Dariuj; the singing of tlie second stanza the old man moves the shell
containing the paint toward the child. The vigor of life is coming
to the child, flying toward it as through the air, like the coming of
dawn.

Translation of Tlurd Stanza

1178 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1179 Iliri, 'Hari; Iliri! Kitspahat ri tukuka ha!

hiri! give heed! harken!
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri! harken! give heed!
kitspahat, red j)aint.
ri, it.

tukuka, touching,
ha! behold!
1180,1181 See line 1179.

Explanation by the Kn'rahus

As we sing this third stanza the old man touches the forehead with
the red paint. The vigor of life, the power of the touch of the sun,
is now on the child.

Translation uf Fourth' Stanza

1182 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1183 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kitspahat ri ta iwa ha!

hiri! give heed! harken!
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri! harken!
kitspahat, red jjaint.
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch,
iwa, downward movement,
ha! behold!
1184, 1185 See liTie 1183.

Explanation hy the Kn'ralius

While we sing the foui-th stanza the old man makes the same lines
on the face of the child as those made with the water, the brush of
grass, and the ointment. This means that the vigor of life, the power
of the touch of the sun, the new life of the dawn, are all from Tira'wa
atius.

230 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEKEMONY [eth. ann. 23

Translation of Fifth Stanza

118f3 IIo-o-ol An introductory exclamation.
1187 Iliri! 'Ilari; Iliri! Kitspahat ri ta wawe he!

liiri! harken! give lieed!

'hai'i, a part of of ilia'ri, child.

Iliri! harken!

kitspahat, red paint.

ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch.

wawe, spreadinjj over.

he! from hiri! give heed!
1188,1189 See line 1187.

E.rplanation hy the Ku'rahiis

As we sing the fifth stanza the old man touches the child's face here
and there, and then spreads the red paint entirely over it. This
symbolizes the full radiance of tlie sun with all its power, giving to
the child its vigor of life.

Translation of SMh Stanza

1190 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1191 Iliri! 'Hari; Iliri! Kitspahat ri ta witshpa ha!

hiri ! harken !

'hari, a part of ilia'ri, child,
hiri! give heed!
kitspahat, red paint,
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch,
witshpa, accomplished; completed,
ha! behold!
1192,1193 See line 1191.

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

"We sing in this stanza that it is accomplished, that the child is
encompassed by the power which Tira'wa atius has given to the sun
and the vigor imparted to its daj^

The old man now takes a shell containing blue paint which had
been prepared by the Ku'rahus from blue clay and running water,
and while we sing the first stanza of the following song he holds it
before the child. This is a very sacred act.

FLETCHER]

SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PART III

231

SECOND SONG

Words and Music

(d) M. M. ^S=126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

iT3=S3

J — ^ — __ — __ — ^_

Drum

Matties.

Ho-o-ol Hi - ri! 'Ha-ri; Hi-ri!A-wi kotswe re lire ku - si hi!... Hi

L- U Lr Lr L.' Lj U L-T Lj t ^•

»/ -m- -0- ,f j0- -m- -0- -^ -m- -9- . ■»■ . *■-_*■

ril 'Ha - ri; Hi - ri! A-wi kots we re hre ku - si hi!... Hi -

t r £_/ L-r ^ r r r r r ^ r r

1194 Ho-o-o!

1195 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Awl kots we re hre kusi MI

1196 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we re hre Ivnsi hi!

1197 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we rr hre kusi hi!

1198 Ho-o-o!

1199 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we re ru ata ha!

1200 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Awi kots we re ru ata ha!

1201 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Awi kots we re ru ata ha!

Ill

1202 Ho-o-o:

1203 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri tukuka ha!

1304 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri tukuka ha!

1305 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri tukuka ha!

1206 Ho-o-o!

1207 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta iwa ha!
1308 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kot.s we ri ta iwa ha!

1209 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta iwa ha!

1210 Ho-o-o!

1311 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta wawe he!
1212 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta wawe he!
131.S Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta wawe he!

VI
1214 Ho-o-o!

1315 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta witshpa ha!
1216 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta witshpa ha!
1317 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta witshpa ha!

232 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.ans.22

Trdndafion af Firsi Stanza

1194 Ho-o-o! An introdiictoiy exclamation.

1195 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we re lire kusi hi!

hiri ! give heed !
'hari, a part of iha i-i. cliild.
hiri! harken!

awi, a part of awiu, a picture.

kots, a part of rekots, whitish ; as a thin cloud through which
one can see a tinge of the blue sky Ijeyond. Light blue,
we, now.
re, am.
hi-e, holding,
kusi, sitting,
hi! from hiri! give heed!
1196, 1197 See line 119.5.

Explanation hy the Kii'rahus

Blue represents the sky, the place where Tira'wa alius dwells, and
with this blue jiaiut we are to make upon the child a picture of the
face of Tira'wa alius. It is a mark of Tira'wa alius' acceptance of
the consecrated child and a sign of his presence. The symbol of
the dwelling place of Tira'wa alius stands before the child.

Tninslation of Second Stanza

1198 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1199 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we re ru ataha!

hiri! harken!

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri ! give heed I
awi, a part of awiu, a picture,
kots, light blue (paint),
we, now.
re, is.
rti, it.
ata, flying,
ha! behold!
1200, 1201 See line 1199.

Explanaiion by the Kii'rahus

While we sing the second stanza the old man moves the shell con-
taining the blue paint toward the child. The blue of the sky where
Tira'wa alius dwells is coming near, descending through the air.

FLETCHER] SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PART III 233

TransUdion of Thirtl Stanza

1202 llo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1203 Iliri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri tnkuka ha!

liiri! harken!

'hari, a p)art of iha'ri, child,
hiri! g'we heed!
awi, a part of awiu, a picture,
kots, light blue (paint),
we, now.
ri, it.

tukuka, touching,
ha! behold!
120-1, 1205 See line 1203.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

As we sing the third stanza the old man touches the forehead with
the blue paint. The blue sky has reached the child; its forehead has
been touched by the abode of Tira'wa atius.

Tra)islatinii of Fourth Stanza

1206 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1207 Hiri! 'Hari; Iliri! Awi kots we ri ta iwa ha!

hiri ! give heed !
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri ! give heed !
awi, a part of awiu, a picture,
kots, light blue (paint),
we, now.
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch. \

iwa, downward movement,
ha! behold!
1208, 1209 See line 1207.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

While we sing the fourth stanza the old man traces with the blue
paint the lines he has made with the water, the brush of grass, the
sacred ointment, and the red paint. In these lines we see the face of
Tira'wa atius, the giver of life and power to all things (see figure 179).

The lines forming an arch across the forehead
and down each cheek of the child represents
the dome of the sky, the abode of Tira'wa atius.
The line from the middle of the forehead, the
center of the arch, down the ridge of the nos-e is
the breath of Tira'wa atius. It descends from
the zenith, passing down the nose to the heart, fig. 179. Tiie symbol of
giving life to the child.

234 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEEEMONT [eth. ann.22

The picture of the face of Tira'wa atius is put upon the face of the
consecrated child.

Translation of Fifth Stanza

1210 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1211 Hi-ri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots we ri ta wawe he !

hiri ! give heed !
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child.
hari! harken!

awi, a part of awiu, a picture,
kots, lij^ht blue (paint),
we, now.
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch,
wawe, to spread,
he ! from hiri ! give heed !
1212, 1213 See line 1211.

Explanation hij the Ku'rahus

As we sing the fifth stanza the old man touches the lines here and
there to make them clear; he can not spread the paint, for he is
making a picture.

Translation of Sixth Stanza

1214 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation

1215 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Awi kots weri ta witshpa ha!

hiri ! harken ! give heed !
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hari! give heed!
awi, a part of awiu, a picture,
kots, light blue (paint),
we, now.
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch,
witshpa, accomplished; completed,
ha! behold!
1216, 1217 See line 1215.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

In the sixth stanza we sing that it is done, that the face of Tira'wa
atius is upon the face of the consecrated child.

There is a group of stars overhead which forms a circle (Corona
Borealis). This is a circle of chiefs. Tira'wa atius placed them there
and directed them to paint their faces with the same lines we have
put upon the child, and all who are to be leaders must be so painted.

From this circle of stars came a societj' called Raristesharu. All
dances (societies) given by Tira'wa atius are called raris; tesharu

FLETCHER]

SEVENTEENTH EITUAL

235

means chief (the te is a modification of le, in the word lesharu,
chief). The members of the societj^ Raristesliaru are chiefs, and
these men are permitted by the star cliiefs to paint their faces with
the blue lines and to wear the downy feather on the head. The
members of this society do not dance and sing; they talk quietly and
try to be like the stars.

I was told that it was from this society that permission was given to
paint the child with the bine lines and to put the downy feather
upon it.

Part IV. Putting on the Symbols

Explanation by ihe Ku'rahiis

The old man now takes a bunch of eagle down, and as we sing the
first stanza of the following song he holds it before the child.

FIRST SONO

Words and Music

(e) M. M. >^ = 126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

2^-^

E^i3^

3=3E

3E§fE5

Hoo-o! Hi - ril 'Ha-ri; Hi-ril Ka-o-ktowe re hreku-si hi!

J-— if

Drum.
KatUes.

tstj Lr tj Lj

ril 'Ha - ri;

-4- -J- — I- — ^ —i.

■•• ■•• -•- -0- -»-

Hi - ril Ka-o-kto we re hre ku

L-r

hi!.

Hi-

L-i' L

ri! 'Ha - ri; Hi-ril

Lj t—r f

1318 Ho-o-o!

1319 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we re hre kusi hi!

1320 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Kaokto we re hre kusi hi!
1331 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we re hre kusi hi!

II
1333 Ho-o-o!
133.3 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Kaokto we re ru ata ha!

1234 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we re ru ata ha!

1235 Hiri! "Hari: Hiri! Kaokto we re-ru ata ha!

Ill
1236 Ho-o-o!
1227 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Kaokto we ri tukiika ha!

1338 Hiri! "Hari: Hiri! Kaokto we ri tukuka ha!

1339 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Kaokto we ri tukvika ha!

236 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. Ann 22

IV
1230 Ho-o-o!

1331 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Kaokto we ri kittawe he!
1333 Hiril 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we ri kittawe he!

1233 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we ri kittawe he!

1234 Ho-o-o!

1235 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we ri ta witshpa ha!

1336 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we ri ta witshija ha!

1337 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we ri ta witshpa ha!

Translation of First Stanza

1218 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
1210 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we re hre kusi hi!

hiri! harken.

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child.

hiri ! give heed I

kaokto, down fi-oni tlie eagle.

we, now.

re, am.

hre, holding.

kusi, sitting.

hi! from hiri! give heed!
1220, 1221 See line 121!).

ExplaiKitioii hij the Ku'rahus.

The down represents the high, liglit clouds (cirrus) in the blue of
the sky; they are near the abode of Tira'wa atius.

The down is taken from under the wings of the white eagle. The
white eagle is the mate of tlie brown eagle, and the child is the child
of Kawas, the brown eagle. The down grew close to the lieart of tlie
eagle and moved as the eagle breathed. It represents the breath and
life of the white eagle, the father of the child.

Translation of Second Stanza

1222 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1223 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we re ru ata ha!

hiri! harken!

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri! give heed!
kaokto, eagle's down,
we, now.
re, is.
ru, it.
ata, flying,
ha! behold!
1224, 1225 See line 1223.

FLKTCHEH] SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 237

Exxtlanation by the Ku'rahus

As we sing the second stanza, the old man moves the down near the
child. The soft, white clouds that are near the abode of Tira'wa atius
are coming near the head of the child.

Translation of Third Stanza

1226 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1227 Hiri! 'Hari; Iliri! Kaokto we ri tukuka ha!

hiri! harken!

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri! give heed!
kaokto, the down of the eagle,
we, now.
ri, it

tukuka, touching,
ha! behold!
1228, 1229 See line 1227.

Explanaiion hy the Kn'rahns

As we sing this stanza, tlie old man touches the head of the child
with the down. The light clouds have reached the child.

Translation of Fourth Stanza

1230 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1231 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Kaokto we ri kittawe he!

hiri! give heed,
"liari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri! give heed,
kaokto, eagle's down,
we, now.
ri, it.

kittawe; kit, top; ta, from taokut, to touch; we, a part of
tawe, standing; the word means standing on the top of
the child's head,
he! from hiri! give heed!
1232, 1233 See line 1231.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

While we sing the fourth stanza the old man opens his hand and
lets the down fall upon the liair. The soft, white clouds near the
abode of Tira'wa atius have dropi)ed and covered the head of the child.

238

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

Traiishdion of Fifth Stanza

1234 Ho-o-o! An intvoductory exclamation.

12.35 Hiri! 'Hai'i; Hiri! Kaokto we vi ta witshpa ha!

hiri ! give heed !

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child.

hiri! give heed!

kaokto, eagle's down.

we, now.

ri, it.

ta, a part of taokut, to touch.

witshpa, accomplished.

ha! behold!
1236, 1237 See line 12.35.

E-rjjIatiafion hy the Ku'ralius

We sing in the fifth stanza that it is accomplished, the head of tlie
consecrated child now rests in the soft, white clouds which float near
the dwelling place of Tira'wa atius.

Tlie Ku'rahu.s takes from tlie bi-own-eagle feathered stem a downy
feather and gives it to the old man, who, while we sing the first
stanza, holds it before the child.

SECOND SONG

IVnrds and Music

(f)M. M. ^S=126.

• = Pulsation of tlie voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho-o-o! Hi - ri! 'Ha-ri; Hi-ri! Hi-tu were lireku-si hil..

um .
Battles.

1238 Ho-o-o!

1339 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Hitu we re hre kusi hi!

1240 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitii we re hre kusi hi!

1241 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitu we re lire kusi hi!

FLETCHER] SEVENTEENTH RITUAL, PABT IV 239

1343 Ho-o-o!

1343 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitii we re ru ata ha!

1344 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitii we re ru ata lia!

1345 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Hitu we re ru ata ha!

Ill

1346 Ho-o-o!

1347 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri tukuka lia!

1348 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri tukuka ha!

1349 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitii we ri tukuka ha!

1350 Ho-o-o!

1351 Hiri! 'Hari: Hiri! Hitu we ri kittawe he!
' 1353 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri kittawe he!

1853 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri kittawe he!

1354 Ho-o-o!

1355 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri ta witshpa ha!

1356 Hiri! "Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri ta witshpa ha!

1357 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri ta witshpa ha!

Translation of First Stanza

1238 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1239 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitu we re lire kusi hi!

hiri ! give heed !
'hari, a part of iha'ri, child,
hiri I give heed !

hitu, feather; a downy, soft feather,
we, now.
re, am.
hre, holding,
kusi, sitting,
hi! from hiri! give heed!
1240, 1241 See line 1239.

Explanation by the Kii'rahns

The downy, white feather came from the white eagle, the father of
the child. Soft, blue feathers were bound around its stem, to which
a small buckskin thong was attached, so that the feather could be
tied upon the hair of the child. The soft, blue feathers represent the
blue sky above the clouds; the white, downy feather itself, which is
ever moving, as if it were breathing, represents Tira'wa atius, who
dwells beyond the blue skj% which is above the soft, white clouds.

All during the ceremonj^ this feather has been tied upon the brown-
eagle feathered stem, close to the owl feathers. It is different from
the downy feather worn by the Ku'rahus and his assistant, for at its

240 THE HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY [kth. Ann. 22

stem there is a little one, like a small branch, that is to show that the
little child is the child of Tira'wa atius.

This double feather now stands before the child.

Translation of Second Stanza

1242 IIo-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1243 Iliri! 'Hari; Iliri! Ilitu we re ru ata ha!

liiri! give heed!

'hai-i, a part of iha'ri, child. ■ •

Iliri ! give heed !
hitu, a downy feather,
we, now.
re, is.
ru, it.
ata, flying,
ha! behold!
1244, 1245 See line 1243.

Explanafion by the Ku'r-ahns

As we sing the second stanza the old man moves the feather toward
the child's head. The feather representing Tira'wa atius is now fly-
ing through the air, coming near the head of the little child.

Translation of Third Stanza

124G Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
1247 Iliri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri tukuka ha!

hiri! give heed!

'hari, a part of iha'ri, child.

hiri! give heed!

hitu, downy feather.

we, now.

ri, it.

tukuka, touching.

ha! behold!
1248, 1249 See line 1247.

Explanation hy the Ku'r alius

During the singing of this stanza the old man touches the head of
the child with the downy white feather. The symbol of Tira wa atius
has reached the child and rests above the white, downj' clouds.

t-LiSTCHKR] SEVENTEENTH KITUAL, PAKT IV 2-il

Translation of Fourih Stanza

1250 IIo-o-o! All introductory exclamation.

1251 Hill! 'Ilari; Hiri! Ilitu we ri kittawe he!

liiri! give heed!
'hari, child,
hiri! give heed!
hitu, downy feather,
we, now.
ri, it.

kittawe, standing on top (of the child's head),
he! from hiri! give heed!
1252, 1253 See line 1251.

Explanation by the Kn!ralms

While we sing this fourth stanza, the old man ties the downy
feather on the child's hair. Tira'wa atius is now with the little child
as the double feather waves over its head.

Translation of Fifth Stanza

1254 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1255 Hiri! 'Hari; Hiri! Hitu we ri ta witshpa ha!

hiri! liarken!
'hari, child.

hiri! harken! give heed!
hitu, downy feather,
we, now.
ri, it.

ta, a part of taokat, to touch,
witshpa, accomplished, completed,
ha! behold!
1256, 1257 See line 1255.

Explanation by the Kn' rahus

Now we sing that all is accomplished. The child has been fully
prepared, the sacred sjinbols put ujiou it, the powers from above have
come, and Tira'wa atius breathes over it.

The child is now told to look into the bowl of water and behold its
face. The running water symbolizes the passing on of generations,
one following another. The little child looks on the water and sees
its own likeness, as it will see that likeness in its children and chil-
dren's children. The face of Tira'wa atius is there also, giving prom-
ise that the life of the child shall go on, as the waters flow over the land.

A black covering is now put over the child's head by the Ku'rahus,
that no one may look on the holy symbols. Only Tira'wa looks

22 BiH— PT 2—04 16

242

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

JKTM ANN. 22

on tliein and knows all tliat, they mean. We do not luuk on them,
for they are holy."

The Ku'rahus, handing the bowl of water to the youii-,' man wlio
brought it into tlie lodge, tells him what to do before Ik^ throws it
away.

The young man with the bowl passes through the circle of warriors
and goes by the south to the east, then to the northeast, whei'e he lifts
a few drops to that direction and lets them fall on the rim of the fire-
place. Then he pas.ses to the northwest and repeats his action. At
the west he lifts a few drops to the zenith and lets them fall on the rim
of the fireplace. Then he passes on to the southwest, offering tlie water
as before, and then to the southeast, where he repeats his offering.
Thence he goes to the inner door of the lodge, where he pauses, then
passes tiiroiigh the entrance way, and when he is out under the early
morning sliy he throws the water toward the east.

This is done because all the rivers flow toward tlie east.

EIGHTEENTH RITUAL. FULFILMENT PREFIGURED

Part I. Making the Nest
Exphinafion hy the Ku'rahus
The old man who has been preparing the child now rises from his
position and, stepping to one side, leaves the Ku'rahus and his assist-
ant standing directlj' in front of the little child.

Tliese two lift the feathered stems and the rattles and wave their
arms like the wings of a bird as the following song is sung three times.
No drum is used, but the rattles and the whistle accompany the song.

SOKG

IVords and Music

M. M.

S =

■192.

• = Pulsation of
„ No drum.

It^^-- " — 1 — '^---

the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

lJliE?=3=

ES=fcid

tl^

E^:

I=^"^

■•— ^T-»-«-l-^-^^

Mo- 0-0-0-0 ! Ha i

va-re. Hi

ri-i - i! Ha wa-re. Hi-ri-i - i! Hi-ri! I-ra - hi -

Rallies, p. p .
Whisa&.\ "■"'1 ir.™-

'^,r.^ rt.

A A A A A A

C tr. f'tr. ftr. f tr. ftr.^^ f tr

s . _^—

-r i. r 1 r k" ,-Pi^^--h--j^. rJ^T^-^t^^>-ft

•

- i-

wi-te.

••—

- ri! H'Ak u-ka - i re-i-si. Ha wa-re.

Hi-ri -

f«r. ftr. ^tr.

'^t,:^

., P tr.^ f tr. ? tr.^ f <>- f i ^ " I

1258

Ho-0-o-o-o!

12.59

Ha ware. Hiri-i-i!

1260

Ha ware. Hiri-i-i!

1261

Hiri! Iraliisi wite.

1262

Hiri! H'Ak ukai reisi.

1263

Ha ware. Hiri-i!

"The Ku'rahus did not remember what was formerly used as a covering for the head <
child; latterly it has been a black silk handkerchief.

FLETCHER] EIGHTEENTH EITUAL, PART I 243

Translation

1258 Ho-o-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1259 Ha ware. Iliri-i-i!

ha, yonder.

ware, a part of teware, flying, circling about.

hiri! give heed! harkeu!

i-i, vowel prolongations.

1260 See line 1250.

1261 Iliri! Irahisi wite.

hiri! give heed! harken!

iraliisi, irasi, it is you. Tlie syllable hi is introdiiced to

modify the word so as to conform to the music.
wite, conjecture, surmise.

1262 Hiri! H'Ak ukai reisi.

hiri! give heed! harken!

h'Ak; h', the sign of breath, life; ak, a part of akaro, a

dwelling: h'Ak, the stretch of the earth under the dome

of the heavens,
ukai, to put in.
reisi, a modification of irasi, it is you.

1263 See line 1259.

Explanaiion htj ilie. Ku'ralms

After the third repeat, the Ku'rahus calls out, "Open a way! " and
the warriors who form the line separate at the iioi'th and at the south,
and the brown-eagle feathered stem is carried through the north open-
ing and the white-eagle feathered stem through the south opening.
The white eagle then flies back and forth before the line of warriors
guarding the brown eagle as she circles the fireplace.

When the Ku'rahus, carrying the brown-eagle feathered stem,
reaches the west he pauses, and then goes to the northwest, near the
rim of the fireplace, where he makes a circle with tlie big toe of his
left foot and covers the outline with down. Then he passes to the
northeast and makes another circle, marking it also with down; then
to the southeast, where he makes a third circle, then to the southwest,
where he makes the fourth circle. Meanwliile the song is being sung
for the fourth time, and the white eagle is still flying back and forth
in front of the line of warriors.

The circle represents a nest, and is di'awn by the toe because the
eagle builds its nest with its claws. Although we are imitating the
bird making its nest, there is another meaning to the action; we are
thinking of Tira'wa making the world for the people to live in. If you
go on a liigh hill and look around, you will see the sky touching
the earth on every side, and witliin this circular inclosure the people
live. So the circles we have jnade ai'e not only nests, but they also

244 THE HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY Ikth. ann ;J2

represent the circle Tira'wa atius has made for the dwelling place of
all the people. The circles also stand for the kinship group, the
clan, and the tribe.

The down represents the light clouds near the dwelling place of
Tira'wa — the dome of the sky over the dwelling place of the people —
and it stands for the protection of Tira'wa. When there is no down
to be had, white ashes can be used. I do not know what the ashes
mean, but I think they are to make the outline distinct and to repre-
sent the white down.

The nests are four, because at the four directions are the paths
down which the powers from above descend. The four winds guard
these paths and protect the life of man.

After the four nests are made, the feathered stems ai-e laid at rest.

The Ku'rahus then takes bits of fat which have been preserved
from an animal consecrated to Tira'wa and puts them with some native
tobacco into an oriole's nest and hands the nest to the chief, who con-
ceals it in his hands.

The bits of fat represent the droppings that mark the trail made
by the hunters as they carry the meat home from the field. This trail
is called the path dropping fatness, and Tueans plenty. Fat, there-
fore, stands for the promise of abundant food.

The oriole's nest is used because Tira'wa made tliis bird build its
nest so that no harm could come to it. It hangs higli, is skillfully
made, and is secure. An eagle's nest may be torn away bj- a storm,
but the oriole's nest swaj's in the wind and is not hurt.

Part II. Symbolic Fulfilment
Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

Now a robe is spread on the ground and the child is placed on it
with his feet and legs projecting beyond the edge. Four men are
appointed to carry the child. One goes on each side and takes hold
of the robe and lifts it; a man at the back of the child steadies it as
it is raised and carried, while the fourth man holds another robe over
its feet and legs.

The chief and the Ku'rahus precede the child to the circle at the
northwest, where it is held over the nest so that its feet rest within
the circle. The chief puts his hands under the robe held over the
child's legs and drops the oriole's nest within the circle so that the
child's feet rest on it. No one but the chief and the Ku'rahus
know what is being done beneath the robe. The chief takes up the
nest, concealing it from view, and goes to the circle at the northeast,
to which the child has also been carried, and in the same way places
its feet on it. The same act is repeated at the circles in the south-
east and the southwest.

The child represents the young generation, the continuation of life,

PLETCHERJ

EIGHTEENTH RITUAL, PART II

245

and when it is put in the circle it typifies the bird laying its eggs.
Tlie child is covered up, for no one knows when a bird lays its eggs
or when a new birth takes place; only Tira'wa can know when life is
given. The putting of the child's feet in the circle means the giving
of new life, the resting of its feet upon the oriole's nest means prom-
ised security to the new life, the fat is a j^romise of plenty of food,,
and the tobacco is an offering in recognition that all things come from
Tira'wa. The entire act means that the clan or tribe of the Son
sliall increase, that there shall be peace and security, and that the
land shall be covered with fatness. This is the promise of Tira'wa
through the Hako.

Four times the child is taken around the fire and its feet are placed
within the four circles during the singing of the following song, but
the nest is used only on the tirst round.

soNa
f'Vorch and Music

M. M. ^N = 126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.
No drum.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

1264 Ho-o-ol

1265 We ra ti ka riki ra riki hil

1266 Pirao ka riki ra riki hi!

1267 Pirao ka riki ra riki hi!

Translation

1264 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1265 We ra ti ka riki ra riki hi!

we, now.

ra. is.

ti, he.

ka, from akaro, an inclosure; tlie space or room within..

riki, standing.

ra, is.

riki, standing.

hi, vowel prolongation.

246 THB HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. akn. K

1266 Pirao ka J'iki ra riki hi!

pirao, child.

ka, within.

riki, standing.

ra, is.

riki, standing.

hi, vowel prolongation.

1267 See line 126G.

Explanation by the Ku'rahus

At the close of this song and ceremony the child i.s carried hack
and .seated behind the holy place. The chief stands behind the child,
and a feathered stem is laid on each side of it, the brown eagle to the
north.

Part III. Th.\nk Offering

Explanation hy the Ku'rahus

Live coals are brought and put on the holy place before the child,
and the Ku'rahus cuts bits of consecrated fat and sweet grass and
lays them on the coals. All the people silently watch the sweet-
smelling smoke as it curls upward. When the smoke is well on its
way to Tira'wa, the Ku'rahus, standing at the west, lifts the feathered
stems, the wildcat skin, and all the other sacred objects of the Hako
and waves them four times through the smoke toward the east, and
then lays them down as thej' were before. When the chief and his
assistant have raised the child to its feet, the chief puts his hands in
the sweet smoke and passes them over its head, then puts his hands
back into the smoke and rubs the child from its shoulders down its
arms. Again he puts liis hands in the smoke and passes them down
the bod}^ of the child. For the fourth time he puts his hands in the
smoke and strokes the legs of the child to its feet and presses them
upon the earth. Then the child is again seated.

Now the Ku'rahus says, " My Children, the offering of sweet smoke
is for you." After that the chief and the assistant will jjiit smoke
on anj^ of the Children who so desire. This takes some time, for
every one of the Children present wishes to have the blessing of the
smoke. At length the chief puts the smoke upon himself, and the
Ku'rahus and liis assistant on themselves, and last of all the two
j'oung men who are to perform the final dance bless themselves with
the smoke.

The Ku'rahus returns the coals to the fireplace and spreads the
ashes- over the ground so that nothing will show where they have
been. Next he goes to the first cii-cle in the northwest and with his
right foot rubs away the outline. He then proceeds to the nest-circle
at the northeast and rubs that away, and so on with the other two.
The doctors follow, the one with the left wing sweeping away all signs
of the nests on the north side of the fireplace, while the doctor with
the right wing does the same to those on the south side.

ITLETCHER] EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH RITUALS 247

The chief, the Father of the Ilako party, now takes the little child
in his arms and, going outside of the lodge, sits down near the door,
where he remains during the final dance and the presentation of gifts
by the children.

Third Division. The Dance of Thanks

nineteenth ritual

Part I. The Call to the Children

Explanafion hi; the Ku'ralius

Before the entrance to the lodge nmts are spread, on which sit those
who ai-e to take part in the coming ceremony.

The Ku'rahus and his assistant are directlj' before the door. At
the left of them are two doctors who have not heretofore taken part.
They carrj' their large rattles, and have lent two similar ones to the
Ku'rahus and his assistant. They have also lent for this occasion
their peculiar drums to the .singers. These drums are made of the
section of a tree hollowed out by fire, over the open end of which a
skin has been sti-etched and securely tied. The singers are seated in
a semicircle about each of the two drums (see figure 180). In front of
the Ku'rahus and the singers sits the chief, and before him is the little
child. The doctors with the eagle wings are on either side, the one
with the left wing toward the north, the one with the right wing toward
the south. In front of them are the two dancers. The space within
which they are to dance is inclosed on the south by a line of promi-
nent men from tln^ Son's party, and on the north by a line fi'om the
Father's. These lines beginning at the lodge end each with a warrior
selected by the Ku'rahus for his valorous record. These warriors
wear buffalo robes with the hair side out and are girded about the
waist with a hair lariat, which is to be used in leading the horses
brought as gifts to the Fathers. Beyond these lines of prominent
men, who are seated, are gathered the people, those belonging to the
tribe of the Son on the south and tliose of the Ilako party on the
north.

The Ku'rahus gives a small tuft of white down to a man wliose
hands have not been painted with sacred ointment, and directs him
where to place it on the head of the chief. The place is on the spot
where a baby's skull is open, and you can see it breathe. The white
down represents the white clouds which lie near the abode of Tira'wa
atius, whence he sends down the breath of life to man. Chiefs were
appointed by Tira'wa through the North Star. The tuft of down also
signifies that the chief's office is from above.

The two feathered stems, the rattles, the wildcat skin, and the ear
of corn are given to the chief to hold.

The two young men who have been selected to dance are stripped
to the breechcloth, and red circles are made with the sacred paint on
their backs and breasts. The circles are outlined faintly, so as not to

248

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

WEST

[ETH. ANN. 22

EAST

Fig. 180. Diagram showing the positions of the participants in the dance of thank?.

1. the entrance to the lodge; 2, the fireplace; 3, inner posts supporting the roof; 4, the holy
place; 5, the drum; 6, the Ku'rahus; 7, hi.s assistant; 8, the drums of the doctors; 9, singei-s; 10,
the Father la chief); 11, the little child; 12, the bearers of the eagle wings; 18, the dancer with
the brown-eagle feathered stem; 14, the dancer with the white-eagle feathered stem; 15, the line
of the brown-eagle dancer; 16, the line of the white-eagle dancer; 17, warriors who take the
ponies off; 18, prominent men of the Hako party; 19. prominent men of the Son's party; 20,
members of the Son's tribe, the Children; 21, members of the Hako party; 22, eflSgy on which
war honors are enacted.

FLETCHER]

NINETEENTH RITUAL, PART I

249

attract attention, for they represent the nest and are a part of the
secret ceremony. Tlie downy eagle feather wliich until now has been
worn by the Ku'rahus is fastened to the scalp lock of the dancer who
is to bear the brown-eagle feathered stem, and the downy feather
worn by the assistant is tied to the hair of the dancer who will hold
the white-eagle feathered stem.

A man, previously chosen by the Ku'rahus, steps up to the chief
and receives from him the two feathered stems and the rattles. He
makes the sign of thanks for the honor by passing his hands down
the arms of tlie chief. Then, holding the brown-eagle feathered stem
in his right hand, he recounts a successful capture of booty, then
tells of a war adventure in which he struck an enemy without receiv-
ing auj' harm. After this he hands the brown-eagle feathered stem
and a rattle to the dancer sitting at the north. Holding up the white-
eagle feathered stem, he tells of a successful foray, in which he cap-
tured ponies, and then of a victory in war, after which he hands the
white-eagle feathered stem and a rattle to the dancer sitting at the
south and takes his own place in the line of prominent men belonging
to the Father's party.

The first song is now sung, to the accompaniment of the large
rattles, the doctors' drums, and the whistle.

FIRST SONG

Words and Music

M. M. ;* = 152.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

=S^^3S=I1=

rf~^— -a-~-s-~-a- J- -I

Hu - ra:

f^=*^^^

Hi-ri!

Hu - ra; Hi - ri! Hu - ra

i-ha!

Hi - ril

1268 Hiri! Hura-ai, hurai; 1271 Hiri! Hura;

1269 Hiri! Hura 1. hura i, hura i: 1272 Hiri! Hura; Hiri! Hura iha!

1270 Hiri! Hura i, liurai;

250

1268

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY
Translation

[ETH. ANN, 22

Iliri! Hura-a i, luira i.
liiri! an exclamation calling attention and demanding that

heed be given ; hai'keu !
hura, let come,
a, vowel pi-oloHgation.

i, a part of the word iha're, young, or children,
hura i, let the children come.

1269 Hiri! Hura i, hura i, hura i. See line 1268.

1270 Hiri! Hura i, hura i. See line 1268.

1271 Hiri! Hura. See line 1268.

1272 Hiri! Hura: Hiri! Hura iha!

Hiri! Hura; Iliri! llura. See line 1268.
iha, a part of the word iha're, children, young.

Explanation In/ tlie Ku'rahns

This song is addressed to the Children that they may know that all
is now ready for the reception of their gifts.

The words of the song mean: "Ilarken! Give attention! Let the
Children come! "

The song is sung twice and then we pause: this is to give the Chil-
dren time to come together.

After a little while we sing the second song.

SECOND SONG

M^onls and JIusic

M. M. ^S-1.52.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

=t=t

;=ft=^=

I ra, i ra,

Drum "
Rattles. ^ tr..
Whistle.

lii - r

a;.

^=1=

3«=ri=

I ra, i ra,

lii - ra ha - a;

1?=|E

I - ri ra!

—fr-

.^-

- ra

ha - a!

137;! I ra. i ra, liira-a hira ha-a:

1374 I ra, i ra, hira-a hira ha-a;

1275 Iri ra!

1S76 I ra. i ra, hira-a;

1377 I ra, hira ha-a!

FLETCHER] NINETEEN! H RITUAL, PART I

TriDINlllfiull

1273 I ra, i ra, liira-a hira ha-a.

i, a part of the word ilia're, children, young.

ra, come.

hira, when come, Avhen they do come.

a, vowel prolongation.

hira, translated above.

ha, yonder.

a, vowel prolongation.

1274 See line 1273.

1275 Iri ra!

iri, there.
ra, coming.

1276 I ra, i ra, hira-a. See line 1273.

1277 I ra, hira ha-a! See line 1273.

251

ExjjJaiiufion by the Ku' raluis

The Children are now gathei'ing; they are moving about on their
side (see figure 180), men, women, and children.

The words mean: "When the Children come, they will conie from
yonder."

Although there is nnicli noise and buslle where the Children are
busily preparing, yet this song can l)e lieard by them and they liasten
with their preparations.

We sing the song twice.

As the people are seen moving toward the place where we are sit-
ting, we sing the next song.

THIRD SONG

Words and Music

M. M. J_=56.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

■M-m-

i^jE|^^

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

_„ — ^ — ^ — N-^_^_r^^_

:I-B=t==

rszcr-m--'—i

'Hare ra, 'hare ra-a, ra i 'hn-re;'Hare ra, Mia-re ra-a, ra i 'lia-re;

Drum, i,
Rattles. I tr.
Whistle. '

f,r

^•TSrS--

3idc1==tci=pEiS^=i»r3=^

-"-.S.

^^.=3^.=^^^-^j.^«-

'Ha-re ra, ra i 'ha-re; ' Tla re ra! 'Ha-re ra-a, ra

A A A A A

a i 'lia-re, ra

M. JI. = 80.
Quicker.

5:g:

'ba-re; 'Ha-re ra, 'ha-re ra-a, ra i 'ha-re;

'Ha-re ra! 'Ha re ra!

A A A

252 THE HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY [BTH. Ann. 22

1378 'Hare ra, 'hare ra-a, ra i "hare;

1279 'Hare ra. 'hare ra-a. ra i 'hare;

1280 'Hare ra. ra i 'hare:

1281 'Hare ra!

1282 Hare ra-a. ra-a i 'hare, ra i hare;

1283 Hare ra. hare ra-a. ra i hare;

1284 'Hare ral Hare ra!

Trdiitihitiun

1278 'Hare ra, 'hare ra-a, ra i 'liare.

'hare, a part of the word iha're, children, young.

ra, coming.

'hare ra. Translated above.

a, A'owel prolongation.

ra, come, or coming.

i, a part of the word titako, here, where I am.

'hare, children.

1279 See line 1278.

1280 'Hare ra, ra i hare. See line 1278.

1281 'Hare ra! See line 1278.

1282 'Hare ra-a, ra-a i 'hare, ra i 'hare. See line 1278.

1283 See line 1278.

1284 'Hare ra! 'Hare ra! See line 1278.

Explanation by flie Ku'i'ahus

The words of this song mean: "The Children are coming, coming
here where I am sitting."

At the close of this song a man selected by the Ku'rahus utters
a long, loud cry: "Ho-o-o-o-o-o-o!" It is answered by all the Hako
party; their shout is broken by the hands beating on the mouth:
" Ha-a-a-a-a-a-a! " The drums and rattles sound at the same time.

It is a cry of thanks and of welcome by the Fathers to the Children
as they approach bearing gifts.

As soon as the cries cease the Ku'rahus begins one of the dance

songs.

Part II. The Dance and Reception of Gifts

Explanation hy ilie K a' rah us

On the fourth night (of the Hako ceremony), while the lodge was
being circled sixteen times, some young men, at the direction of the
Ku'rahus, went out and made the figure of a man from grass and old
garments and fastened it to a small sapling so that it could be made
to stand upright. This figure, which has been concealed, is now
brought out and set up in front of all the people (see figure ISO).

The men of the tribe of the Children, dressed in their regalia and
war bonnets, and painted with the symbols of the society to which they
belong, come up with their horses, which are led by one of the owner's

FLETCHER] NINETEENTH RITUAL, PART II 253

little chiklreu. Each man stops at the effigy and there, treating the
figure as he did his enemy, he acts out a deed of valor and then
recounts its story. He does this to honor his child, who is taking the
gift of a horse to the Fathers.

As the child approaches, the chief goes toward him with the wild-
cat skin and the ear of corn ; he strokes the child's head with the ear
of corn. This movement means thanks for the gift and the invoking
of a blessing upon the child.

Meanwhile one of the warriors at the end of the line (see figure ISO)
comes forward, and with his hair rope leads the horse away and gives
it in charge of some one, and the man appointed to keep count makes
a record of it.

These things are all going on at once while the young men are dan-
cing. When the dance song begins the two young men rise, each hold-
ing in his left hand, high up over his head, a feathered stem and in
his right a rattle. Both start at the same time and as they leap and
dance they wave the feathered stems to simulate the flight of the
eagle. The dancer with the brown-eagle feathered stem goes from
the north around by the south and pauses when he reaches the place
where tlie dancer with the white-eagle feathered stem started, while
the latter goes outside the path of the former bj' the south and
pauses when he reaches the place at the north wliere the dancer bear-
ing the lirown-eagle feathered stem had stood. Tliere the two dancers
stand until the song is finished, when they cross over and take their
own proper places, the brown eagle at the north and the white eagle
at the south. Whenever the song is repeated, they rise and dance
again in the same manner.

The circle of the white eagle is always outside that of the brown
eagle, for the white eagle is the male and its jilace is outside to defend
the female. The brown eagle always moves from the north around to
the south and the white eagle goes from the south to the north; the
two move in opposite directions so that they may come together; the
male and fenuile must conjoin.

There are two dance songs; they both mean the same and there is
no order in which they must be sung.

Tlie words mean ' ' Now fly, you eagles, as we give thanks to the
Children."

254

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

DANCE SONO

Words and Music

[KTH. ANN. 22

M. M. Jy = 200.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

^^^^^^^^^^^Mw^^=^^m

Ho-o o-o! Ka-wa sa wa-ri! I - ri i-ha-re! I - ri i-lia-re- e!

Drum. A, ,,. £«£.««««««•« ia imimmm

■=-=^=^=sF^=J^=^^

Ra - wa sa wa - ri, ra - wa sa wa - ril

? r r r ^ r r r * ' r

I -

ha - 1

i.t

^=^

=i=^Ri=

iisi^ii^

Ka-

wa sa wa - ri,

ra - wa sa wa - ri!

C_J C- 1/

Lj lj l^i :-J lj

1385 Ho-o-o-o!

1286 Rawa sa wari! Iri ihare! Iri ihare-e!

1287 Rawa sa wari, rawa sa wari! Iri ihare! Iri ihare-e!

1288 Rawa sa wari. rawa sa wari! Iri ihare! Iri ihare-e!

1289 Rawa sa wari!

Trunslation of Fourth Song

1285 Ho-o-o-o! An iutroduetory exclamation.

1286 Rawa sa wari! Iri ihare I Iri iliare-e!

rawa, now; a signal to start.

sa, you ; refers to the eagles personated by the dancers.

wari, fly.

iri, a part of nawairi, an expression of rhankfulness.

ihare, children, young; refers to the Children.

iri, tran.slated above.

ihare, translated above.

e, vowel prolongation.

1287 Rawa sa wari, rawa sa wari! Iri ihare! Iri ihare-e! See line

1286.

1288 See line 1287.

1289 Rawa sa wari! See line 1286.

FLETCHER]

NINETEENTH RITUAL, PART II

255

DANCE SONG

Words and Music

M. M. *\ = 200.

— Pulsation of the voice.

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

t-4 r=q:g=

.=ST3=T

^=^^^^§^^^^^^^mm^^^i-

=qv3=

Ho-o-o-o!

Dnim. 2 • A a
BatUes.U Ij

Hall-ra hi-ru-ra! Ha! I-ra hi-ru-ral Ha! I-ra hi-ru-ral

Hal I-ra hi-ru-ral Hal I-ra lii-ru-ra! Ha! I-ra hi-ru-ra!

Lj tits U ULj tfts tJ tJiJ tit! LtLj

Spoken.

=^_zt^=^

fSE3^=

hi-ru-ra! A! Hira-al Ha! I-ra

hi-ru-ra! Hal I ra hi-ru-ral

tf tft' U L'

tstltltjUtShi i I

1290 Ho-o-o-o!

1391 Ha! Ira hirura!

1393 Ha! Ira hirura!
1293 Ha! Ira hirura!

1394 Hal Ira hirura!

1395 A! Hi ra-a!
1296 Ha! Ira hirura!

Ha!
Ha!

Ira hirura!
Ira liirura!

Ha! Ira hirura!

Ha! Ira liirura!

1290
1291

1292-
1295

1290

Translation of Fifth Song

IIo-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.
Ha ! Ira hirura !

lia! behold!

ira, coming.

hirura, yonder he is coming (refers to the child bringing a
gift).
1291 See line 1291.
Al Hi ra-a!

a! the same as lia! behold!

hi, a part of hirura, j^onder he is coming.

ra-a; ra, coming; a, vowel prolongation.
See line 1291.

256 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

Explanation Inj flie Ku'raiius

If a man of the Father's party desires to count his war honors he
steps out in front of tlie (lancers. The men stop and go to their
proper places; the song stops and the man tells his deed of valor. At
its close the responsive cry is given by the people; then the song
begins again and the dance is resumed.

Sometimes one of the Children has not been able to catch the horse
he intends to give away. He comes forward with his little child, who
carries a small stick and hands it to the chief, who turns it over to
the assistant chief, who passes it on to the record keeper. The child
is blessed with the corn.

At any time during this dance of thanks a poor person can come
up to the consecrated child who is sitting in front of the chief and take
away the robe that is on it, for the robe has been put on the child as
a gift to the poor. Wlien one robe is taken, the assistant chief places
another robe on the child, and it often happens that several robes or
blankets are given away to the poor in this manner.

After a time one of the chiefs of the tribe of the Son rises and asks
if all have made their gifts. This is a signal that the end is near.
Finallj', some one of the party of the Son rises and says, "Father,
you must be tired; end this!" and he makes the sign with his hands
which signifies cutting off, and the dance stops. Sometimes only the
sign is made, but generally the words are spoken.

Tlien the prominent men of the Fathers and of the Children enter
the lodge for the final ceremony.

Fourth Division. Presentation of the IIako

twentieth ritual

Part I. Blessing the Child

Explanation hy the Ku'ralms

At the close of the dance of thanks the Children scatter in every
direction, but the leading men enter the lodge and sit down at the
south side. The Son sits either in the middle of the line on the south,
or in his i^roper place just south of the entrance, near the door.

The consecrated child is taken by the chief behind the holy place.
The two dancers advance to lay down the feathered stems, one at each
side of the little child, the brown-eagle feathered stem toward the
north, the white feathered stem toward the south. Then they remove
the downy feathers from their hair and give them to the Ku'rahus,
who ties them on the feathered stems.

The Ku'rahus then girds the robe about his waist with the hair
rope and lifts tiie brown-eagle feathered stem. His assistant takes up
the white-eagle feathered stem, the chief, with the cat skin and the
ear of corn, steps between the Ku'rahus and his assistant, and the

FLETCHER]

TWENTIETH RITUAL, PART I

257

doctors witli the eagle wings take their places at either side. The
five men stand before the child and sing the following song (see
figure 181).

EAST
1

Fig. 181. Diagi-am of the Son's lodge during the presentation of the Hako.

1, the entrance to the lodge; Z, the fireplace; .3, inner posts supporting the dome-shaped roof;
4, the little child; 5, the Ku'rahus; (>. liis assistant: 7, the Father (a chief); .S, the bearers of the
eagle wings: 9. the Son, father of the little child: 111. leading men of the Son's party; 11, leading
men of the Father's party.

SONG

Words and Music

M. M. J=56.

• = I'lilsation of the voice.
No drum.

Transcribed Viv Edwin S. Tracy.

N#sifp|!p^i^i^^p#-^^l^^^^^

Ho-o-o-o! H'l re ral H'l re ra! Pi-ra u-tu ha -

Pi-ra u-ta, ii - ta ha - ol

Rattles, f tr, ° tr.

1297 Ho-o-o-o!

1398 H'l re ra!

1399 H'l re ra!

1300 Pira iita hao!

1301 Pira uta. iita haol

22 ETH — PT 2 — 04-

-17

258 THE HAKO. A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann.22

Trfuislatiini

1307 Ho-o-o-ol Au iutroductory exclamatiou tu tlie song.

1298 H'l re ra!

li', the symbol of breath ; breathinj; forth life.
I, a part of the word Tira'wa, the mighty jMJwer above,
re, is.

ra, coming. The word as here used convej's the idea of coming
from a gi-eat distance.

1299 See line 1298.

1300 Pirautahao!

pira, a part of the word pii-ao, child, a general term.

uta, a part of the word kuta, possessed by or belonging to

some one other than the speaker,
hao, offspring.
1.301 Pira uta, nta hao! See line 1300.

Explanation hij the Kn'ralius

When I sing this song I pray to Tira'wa to come down and touch
with his breath the symbol of his face and all the other symbols on
the little child. I pra.y with all mj' spirit that Tira'wa atius will let
the child grow up and become strong and And favor in its life.

This is a very solemn act, because we believe that Tira'wa atius,
although not seen by us, sends down his breath as Me praj-, calling
on him to come.

As I sing this song here with you I can not help shedding tears. I
have never sung it before except as I stood looking upon the little
child and praying for it in my heart. There is no little child here,
but you are here writing all these things down that they may not be
lost and that our children may know what their fathers believed and
practiced in this ceremony. So, as I sing, I am calling to Tira'wa
atius to send down his breath upon you, to give you strength and
long life. I am praying for j-ou with all my spirit.

This song is sung eight times.

As we sing it first we bow above the little child, and make a move-
ment as if to touch it with the feathered stems and tlie ear of corn.
The second time we sing it we again bow low over the child and the
chief touches it on the forehead Mith the ear of corn, while the Ku'ra-
hus and his assistant stroke it on each side with the feathered
.stems. We then pass to the south, to the right side of the child, and
sing for the third and the fourth time. The first time we make the
motion of touching the child, the .second time the chief touches its
head with the ear of corn, and the feathered stems are passed down
its sides. Then we go west to the back of the child and there sing for
the fifth and sixth times, making the same motions and again touch-
ing it. Then we go north, to the left of the child, and sing for the

FLETCHER] TWENTIETH RITUAL 259

seventh aud eighth times, making- the same movements and trtiic-hes;
and then we return to the front of the child. These movements are
all descending movements; tliey are followi7ig- the breath line drawn
on the face of the cliild.

Tlie rattles which belong to the feathei-ed stems are used alone
with this song.

The purport of this song is hidden from the people, but this is
what it means : All that I have been doing to you, little child, has been
a praj'er to call down the breatli of Tira'wa atius to give you long life
and strength and to teach j'ou that yon belong to him — that you are
his cliild and not mine.

When we have finished singing the chief steps back, and the Ku'ra-
hus, taking the two feathei-ed stems, folds the white-eagle within the
feathers of the brown-eagle feathered stem and, without singing, goes
tlirough the same two movements, the feint and tlie touch, first on
the front of the child, then on its right side, then on the back and then
on the left side, after which he spreads the feathered stems, laying the
brown-eagle stem to the left and the white-eagle feathered stem to
the right of the child.

The chief goes in front of the child aud kjieels befoi-e it. He takes
the right leg of the Avildcat skin and with the soft hair near its thigh
he lightly wipes the blue lines from the child's face, and then the red
paint.

He spreads the wildcat skin between the two stems, lays the ear of
corn upon it, places the two feathered stems beside the ear of corn,
with the crotched stick, the two rattles, the two eagle wings, and the
pipe which has been used by the Children. He removes the black
covering from the head of the cliild, takes ofl" the white down and the
downj' feather, wraps them in the covering, and lays them also on the
wildcat skin. He rolls the skin into a bundle, holding it in his arms
while he stands before the child and talks to it of the good which will
come through this ceremony.

Part II. Presenting the Hako to the Son and Thanks to the Children
Exjjlanation hi/ fhe KinuhuK

When the chief has finished si^eaking he puts the bundle in the
arms of the little child and leads it to its father, the Son, who receives
it, and the child runs ofl' to play.

Another bundle, containing the bowl which held the water into
which the child looked and other things that have been used, and all
the mats on which the people have been sitting, are brought to the
Son and presented to him.

The chief, the leader of the Father's party, stands at the doorway
with the Son, making the movements of thanks. He strokes the Son's
head and ai'ms, and, holding his hands, talks to him. The Ku'rahus

2(J0 THK HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY [kth. anx.22

follows and does the same, then the assistant comes, then the two
doctors and the prominent men of the Father's party. After thank-
in.ii; the Son they all pass I'ound the south siile of the lodge to thank
the prominent men of the Son's i)arty; then they return t(j the north
siil<' of the lodge and sit down.

After they are seated, the Children express the wish that the distri-
bution of the ijonies, waiting without, may be happily ac<'omx)lished,
to which the Fathers reply, "Nawairi!" "Thanks!" The Children
now rise and go out of the lodge and leave the Fathers alone during
the disti'ibntion of the gifts.

The Ku'rahus appoints two influential men to go out and divide the
gift of ponies, setting apart a number for the chiefs and the leading
men who do not wish to do this for themselves, lest the people think
them selfish. Two ponies are for the Ku'rahus; that is his portion
ordinarily. If there are a great number of horses he is given more.
The chiefs and leading men select from the ponies set apart for them,
each man taking one until all the ponies are apportioned. The rest
of the party choose from the other ponies, one at a time, the men first
and then the women. After this the sticks representing ponjes are
divided.

All the saddles, bridles, feathers, that may have been on the
horses given away ai-e piled on the north side of the lodge. These
belong to the Ku'rahus. lie keeps what he wants and divides the
rest between his assistant, the server, and other members of the party.

When the distribution has been made the Fathers leave the lodge
and go to their camp, where they break their long fast and seek some
rest. The next day all the party start for home except the chief. He
remains to collect the ponies which have not been brought in.

The Son, to whom the Ilako has been presented, can give the eagle
wings to a doctor or the pipe to a friend, but he must keep for himself
the sacred objects of the ceremony. They have brought to him the
promise of long life and children, and have established peace and
security through a tie as strong as that of kinship.

Incidental Rituals

The following four rituals can Ite sung during the public ceremony
whenever they are called for by the Children.

COMFORTING THE CHILD

Explanaiio)! hij the Kii' rahus

I have told you before that in order to be instructed in this cere-
mony, to be taught its songs and their meaning, one must make many
gifts, pay a great deal to the Ku'rahus who teaches him. This is our
custom, for a man must make sacrifices, must give large presents in
payment for what he receives, in order to show that he places a value
upon the knowledge he wishes to acquire. I have paid a great deal

FLETCHER]

INCIDENTAL RITUALS

261

to the Ku'rahus who taught ine. Besides I had to promise hiiu that I
would not give the teachings awaj', but would hold them as they had
been held, teaching them oulj^ to those who would pay me. I give
these (incidental rituals) to j^ou, so that thej' may be preserved and
kept with all the other songs that belong to the Ilako.

Long ago there lived a holj' man who knew all the songs and the
rites of this ceremony, and to him caine a vision wherein he was taught
how to bring comfort to a little child when, during the ceremonj', it
cried and could not be pacified. In this vision he was shown what he
must do to bring comfort to the little child, and he heard the songs
that he must sing. The songs which he heard have been handed down
through many generations.

When during the ceremony a child cries and can not be comforted,
the mother, or some one sent by her, can approach the Ku'rahus who
carries the brown-eagle stem and ask him to come and quiet the child.
The Ku'rahus must comply with this request, so he rises and stands
before the holy place, takes up the feathered stem and sings this song,
which tells the brown eagle, Kawas, that its baby is crying.

All the people hear the song and know that help for the "child is
being asked.

FIBST SONG

JVords (iiiiJ Music

M. M. J=60.

• = Piilsiitioii of the voice.

No drum. _

— N

Transcribed l)v Edwin S. Tracy.

b:ii=n=a=

tiC±B=Cz

=ff=»Si

t:|=z)==15n;jr

m^^^s^.

w^^..^^^^

Ho-o-o-o-o! Ka-w.as to wha-kara-t«i we, Ka - was to wlia ka ra-tsa we,

Rattles. ? tr

1r.^^^^^

Ah he - ru,

wha-ka ra-tsa we, Ka

was to

wha-ka ra-tsa wc.

1302 Ho-o-o-o-o!

1303 Kawas to whaka ratsa we,

1304 Kawas to whaka ratsa we,

1305 Ah hern, whaka ratsa we,

1306 Kawas to whaka ratsa we.

Translation

1302 Ho-o-o-c-o! An introductory exclamation.

1303 Kawas to whaka ratsa we.

Kawas, the brown eagle, representing the feminine principle.

to, its, denoting ownership of the child that is crying.

whaka, A'oice, noi.se from the mouth.

ratsa, a high ijitch, screaming.

we, personal pronoun ; refers to tiie child.

262

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEKEMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

1304 See line 1303.

1305 Ah heru, whaka ratsa we.

ah, yes.

heru, truly, verily,
whaka, voice,
ratsa, screaming,
we, refers to child.
1.306 See line 1303.

Explanation hy the Kurahus

The assistant takes up the white-eagle feathered stem, and then he
and the Kurahus move toward the child, singing this song and waving
the feathered stems. They are speaking to the child; they are bid-
ding it cry no more, for its father is coming.

The father is Tira'wa atius, the father of all, the father of all the
powers rej)resented with the Hako, of all living things, of all the peo-
ple. And now this mighty jJower, the Father, is coming to the little
child to bring it comfort. That is why the child is told not to crj-,
since its father is coming.

These songs are verj- wonderful.

SECOND SONO

Words and Music

M. M. J«- 60.
• = Pulsation of the voice.
No drum. ^ — ^ .

Transcribed bv Edwin S. Tracv.

Ho-o-o! H'A-arssi - ra

A A

Rattles. ? tr.^-^ ° tr.^

tl we

H'A-:

f^l

3S=

^— s.-

Re-ko - ji

tr..

ra, IT'A-ars si
f" tr

1307 Ho-o-o!

1308 H"A-ars sira ti wera.

1309 H'A-ars sira ti wera.

1310 Reko,ii he ti wera.

1311 H'A-ars sira ti wera.

Tra7islation

1307 Ho-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1308 IFAars sira ti wera.

h'A-ars; h', an aspiration, the sign of breath ; aars, from atius,

father: h'Aars, Father breathing forth (life),
sira, is coming.
ti, here,
wera, now coming.

FLETCHER]

INCIDENTAL RITUALS

263

1309 See line 1308.

1310 Rekoji he ti wera.

rekoji, stop ciying.

he, part of the word h'Aars, Father breathing forth (life).

ti, here.

wera, now coming.

1311 See line 1308.

Explanation hy the Ku'7-ahus

When the Ku'rahus and his assistant have reached the child they
stand before it and sing the first stanza. The white-eagle feathei'ed
stem is on the outside; there it is waved to guard the child from all
harm. The brown-eagle stem is waved over the little one, and the
mother, or whoever is holding it, must place it so that it can see the
feathered stem, for the song bids the child look up and see that the
mights' power Tira'wa has come, has acknowledged it as the child of
tlie i^ernmnent heavens, that place far abo\'e even the light fleecy
clouds, which is always the same.

THIED SONG

WoTcls and Music

M. M. J =88.

• = Pulsation of the voice.

No drum. , — ,

^i?iiigi^=E^

Transcribed \\y Edwin S. Tracy.

— — — "-^ -|

:=S=

Ho-o-ol Hal...

A A

Ratlles.'^ tr.^^ P tr.^

Is - te wa - ta si wi-ta... ha;...

Ha!... Is-te...

IS=3i§^^£i

1312 Ho-o-o!

1313 Ha! Iste wata .si wita ha;

1314 Ha! Iste wata si wita ha;

1315 H"A-ars hire wahaki;

1316 Ha! Iste wata si wita ha.

131T Ho-o-o!

1318 We tire wata si wite ha:

1319 We tire wata si wite ha:

1320 He arste he ti waha;
1331 We tire wata si wite ha.

264 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann.28

TranslaUun
I

loll.' IIo-o-oI An exclamation introductory to the song.

1313 Ha! Iste wata si wita ha.

ha! an exehiiiiation; behokl!

iste, jou (refei-ring to the child).

wata, look iipward.

si, they, refers to the powers above.

wita, owner, i-efer.s to the cliild belonging to the powei' above.

lia, part of tiie word meaning young, o)' child.

1314 See line 1313.

1315 II'A-ars, hire wahalci.

h'A-ars, Father breathing forth life,
hire, there, above, meaning Ti'-;.'wa.

waliaki, heavens; " the heavens that are always there above
the reacli of the clouds."
131G See line 1313.

1317 IIo-o-o! An exclamation introductory to the song.

1318 We tire wata si wite ha.

we, he or she, meaning the child.

tire, has, an action performed.

wata, looked.

si, the}', refers to the powers above.

wite, the true owner; refers toTira'wa as the true owner of
the child.

ha, part of tlic word meaning young, child.
1310 See line 1318.
1320 He arste he ti waha.

he, his or her, refers to the cliild.

arste, a modified form of atius, father.

he, his; refers to Tira'wa.

ti, here, at the present time.

waha, part of the word wahaki, the permanent heavens.
1221 See line 1318.

Explanation by the Ku'rciluts

When the second stanza is sung the little child always stops crying
and looks up. It responds to the jaresence of the miglity power. The
song tells the child that it belongs to Tira'wa atius, the father of all,
the giver of life, whose dwelling place is far above the clouds in the
l^ermanent heavens tliat never change.

The child smiles and is comforted.

FLETCHER] INCIDENTAL RITUALS 265

PRAYER TO AVERT STORMS

Explauafioii Jnj fhe Ku' minis

We like to have the sky clear during the time this ceremony is
taking place. We do not like to have clouds come between us and
the abode of Tira'wa atius, particularly storm clouds. We feel this
way because we do not want anything to intercept the prayers of the
Fathers or to hinder the descent of the help that we ask for the Chil-
dren. If, however, clouds arise and a storm threatens, the Children
raaj' request this song to be sung, but the Fathers may not volunteer
to sing- it.

After the request for the song has been made, the following cere-
mony takes place : The Ku'rahus, with the Kawas feathered stem, his
assistant with the white-eagle feathered stem, and tlwj chief with the
wildcat skin, in which are the crotched stick, the ear of corn, and the
sacred pipe, rise from their seats at the west and pass oat of the lodge.
When tliey are outside under the open sky, they face the gathering
clouds and sing the first stanza four times. While the}' sing the song
and wave the eagle stems to tlie rhythm of the music, the chief holds
the eat skin \\\y toward the storm clouds. He holds it the same way
while we sing the second stanza four times.

The words of these stanzas ai-e few, bnt their meaning has come
down to us with the story of the song.

. Long, long ago the woodpecker was told by Tira'wa that the light-
ning would never strike the tree upon which it had built its nest.
The four beings at the west who have control of the thunder and
lightning would protect the bird, so that it need never fear the storm.

The woodpecker which came to the man to whom this ceremony
was revealed taught him this song and told him when to sing it. He
was to sing it only when the storm threatened; if he sang it at any
other time he would bring rain and storm upon the people.

266 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. anx. 22

SONG

IVords anil ]\fusir
M. M.J =63.
• = Pulsation of the voice. Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracv.

=^=r-

A— 13

Ho-o-o-o! Ka-wa wok-ta-i, ka-wa wok-ta-i, ka-wa ivok-ta-i, ka - wa wok-ta-i;

H'A-ars si-i; Ka-wa wok-ta-i, kawa wok-ta-i; H'A-arssi-i. HA ti-us si - i.

1322 Ho-o-o-o!

1323 Kawa woktai, kawa woktai. kawa woktai. kawa woktai:

1324 H"A-ars si-i:

1325 Kawa woktai. kawa woktai:

1326 H"A-ar.s si-i.

1327 Ho-o-o-o!

1338 Ti wawaki-i, ti wawaki-i. ti wawaki-i. ti wawaki-i:

1329 H'A-ars si-i;

1330 Ti wawaki-i, ti wawaki-i;

1331 H'Atius si-i.

Translation

132i Ho-o-o-o! An introdtictory exclamation.

1.323 Kawa woktai, kawa woktai, kawa woktai, kawa woktai.

kawa; ka, part of katuharu, trees; wa, plural sign; kawa

means thick or lieavj' timber,
woktai; wok, sound or noise; tai, on trees. "Woktai, a sound
made on the trees. The word refers to the tapjiing of
the woodi^ecker upon the trees.

1324 H'Aars si-i.

h', contraction of ha, behold.

aars, a modified form of atius, father.

si-i; si, your; 1, vowel prolongation.

1325 Kawa woktai, kawa woktai. See line 1323.

1326 See line 1324.

1327 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1328 Ti wawaki-i, ti wawaki-i, ti wawaki-i, ti wawaki-i.

ti, thej^; refers to the powers.

wawaki-i; waki, speak; wa, plural sign; final i, vowel pro-
longation. Wawaki-i, many are speaking.

1329 See line 1324.

1330 Ti wawkai-i, ti wawaki-i. See line 1328.

1331 H'Atius si-i. See line 1324.

FLETCHER] INCIDENTAL RITUALS 267

Explanafioii Inj fite Kii'roliiis

In the first stanza we call upon the woodpecker, who is busy mak-
ing' a noise, tapping- upon the ti-ces in the tliiek woods, and we ask him
to remind his father of the promise tliat the storm should not come
near his nest.

The woodj^ecker is witli us on the stem, and the storm is now
threatening our nest, the lodge where we are holding the ceremony,
so we call on him, the woodpecker, and ask him to remind his father
of the promise given.

The seeond stanza tells us tliat the four beings at the west sj^eak,
for when the thunders sound they all speak. These now answer the
woodi^ecker, who lias reminded them of their promise when Tira'wa
atius, the father of all things, placed the bird and its nest under their
protection.

If, after we have sung these stanzas, the clouds part, we know that
our jjrayers have been heard. We all i-eturn to the lodge, and the
wildcat skin is spread upon the holy place at the west, the crotched
stick is put in position, the eagle stems and all the other articles are
laid at ceremonial rest. AVhen this has been done the chief takes the
sacred pipe and, accompanied l\y the priest of the shrine contaijiing the
objects sacred to the powers of the i-ain, goes out and makes an offer-
ing of smoke. The priest directs the chief where to point the pipe-
stem. By this act of offering smoke we give thanks to the powers,
who have heard our prayers and averted the storm.

PRAYER FOR THE GIFT OF CHILDRE^

Exijlanation by the Kii'rahus

This ceremony is very old and has now become obsolete. It is a
prayer for the power of procreation. It was never i>ei-formed except
at the recjuest of the Son, and was onlj^ in the interest of a man to
whom children had not been born. It took jilace either in the early
morning or at night, never during the day.

When the request for the ceremony had been made, the Ku'rahus
selected a man from among the Fathers whose duty it became to carry
the Son and to care for him as a father would care for a little child.

A white buffalo robe was kept foi- this particular ceremony. After
the Son liad been lifted on the back of the Father, this white robe
was thrown over the two and was held together in front by the Father,
as a j)erson would hold his robe if he were carrj'ing a child on his
back. As the Father, carrying the Son, moved toward the entrance of
the lodge, he was followed by the Ku'rahus and his assistant bearing
the feathered stems and the chief with the cat skin and the ear of
corn, while the following song was sung.

The words are: "Behold! Your father is walking with his child!"

268

THE HAKO, A I'AWNEE CEREMONY

[ETH. ANN. 22

FIKST SONG

M. M, J- 56.

• = Pulsatiim of tlie voice.

i§=i=3i

SB:

=1S=1=

=5l=il^

Transcribed by Kdwin P. Tracy.

' — • .^. - —

Ho-o-o-o!

I - ba- ri

Drnni. 4 , 4 . i, .

H'ars si re- ra-ta; T - ba-ri

c r Lj' Lj Lj Li

ba!

ll'ars si re- ra • ta; I - Iia-ri bi

H'ars .si re - ra - ta.

L^ Lj

Lj t ' u Lj i

I i

1333 Ho-o-o-o!

1333 Iha'ri ha!

1334 Ilia ri lia!

1335 Ihari ha!

H'ars si rerata;
H'ars si rerata;
H'ars si rerata.

Translation

1332
1333

Ho-o-o-o! Au introductory excluniation.
Iha'ri ha! H'ars si rerata.

ilia'i-i, a term for offspriiiu or youuy; refers liere to the Sou.

ha! beliold!

h', an abbi'eviation of lia, youi'.

ars, an abbreviation of atius, fatlier.

si, refers to iha'ri, in this instance tlie Son.

rei-ata, wallcinu' with.
1334, 1335 See line 1333.

Explmicdinn htj ihe Kii'rahiis

When the Father, with the Son on his back, and the Kn'rahus and
his associates had reached the ojien air and had gone a little distance
from the lodge, the Son was taken fi-om the back of the Father. All
were now standing under the sky where they could be seen liy the
powers. The Son represented a little helf)less child — the child that
he desired the powers to give to him.

As the following song was sung the Father undressed the Son as he
would a little child, and while he did so the Sou prayed for the gift
of children.

FLETCHER]

INCIDENTAL RITUALS

269

SECOND SONG

Words and Music

M. M. J_= 66.

• = Piilsiition of the voice.
No drum.

Transcribed by Edwin R. Tracy.

^mm

^3>i— q-

?=^3=3i^^S-i^§ipi

Ho-o-o-o-o!
Rattles. ? tr.^^^^

Ilzi^^§

O - ha - i

O- ha-i

1336 Ho-o-o-o-ol

1337 Ohaiwa iri ohaiwa;

1338 Ohaiwa iri ohaiwa:

1339 Ohaiwa iri oliaiwa.

1340 Ho-o-o-o-o!

1341 Okariwa iri okariwa:
1343 Okariwa iri okariwa;
1343 Okariwa iri okariwa.

Translation

133G
13.37

Ho-o-o-o-o! An exclamatioji introductory to the song.
Ohaiwa iri ohaiwa.

ohaiwa, a composite word; the o is taken from okiwausu,
foam; hai is from haiwa, floating; wa is a part of nawa,
now.
iri, an expression of thankfulness,
ohaiwa, translated above.
1338, 1339 See line 1337.

1340 Ho-o-o-o-o! An exclamation introductory to the song.

1341 Okariwa iri okariwa.

okariwa, a composite word; oka, breechcloth; kari, male
organ (the sjdlable ka is common to the first and second
w(ird); wa, from rakura, to take off.

iri, an expression of thankfulness.

okariwa, translated above.
1342, 1343 See line 1341.

270

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

THTRD SONG

[ETH. ANS. 22

JVorcls and Mus

M. M. J= 126.

• = Pulsation of the voice.
No drum. _

— — ^a^ — CI —

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

Ho-o-o-o!

Rattles, f ir.~.^

-S^-

Er.^ r:S=g=3z^~*=3=^=

O - ha

P tr..

ha-

1344 Ho-o-o-o!

1345 Ohaiwa, ohaiwa. nawa hohaiwa;

1346 Ohaiwa nawa hohaiwa.

1347 Ho-o-o-o!

1348 Okariwa iri okariwa okariwa;

1349 Okariwa iri okariwa.

Tnuislation
T

1344 Ho-o-o-o! Au exclamaliou introductoiy to the song.

1345 Ohaiwa, ohaiwa, nawa hohaiwa.

ohaiwa, floating foam. See line 1337.
nawa, now.
hohaiwa, to urinate.
1.34G Ohaiwa nawa hohaiwa. See line 1345.

1347 Ho-o-o-o! Au introductory exclamation

1348 Okariwa iri okariwa okariwa.

okariwa, a composite word, translated in line 1341.
iri, an expression of thankfulness,
okariwa. See line 1341.

1349 Okariwa iri okariwa. See line 1341.

Explanation by tJte Ku'rnhns

During the singing of the first stanza (third .song) the Sou obeyed,
as a child would do, the directions given him by the Father.

As the second stanza was sung the Father reclothed the Sou as he
would a little child. The Son was then taken again ou the back of
the Father to be carried to the lodge.

FLETCHER]

INCIDENTAL RITUALS

FOTJKTH SONG

Words and Music

271

M. M. K = 132.

• = Pulsation of the Toice.
No drum. __

lE=3z

fc:sz

-f--—i —

m^^^

Transcribed by Edwin S. Tracy.

* * " J^^-H

=t5=q=

Ho-o-o-o! Ha -a! Ra - i ha! ha! ra - i

A A

Sattles. ftr.^-^C ti:.

ha! ra - a;

Hi - ra ra - i

^ — ^— -» ^ ^F~ 1—

ha! ra - a;

Ha - a! Ka

ha! ha! ra - i

ha! ra - a.

1350 Ho-o-o-o!

1351 Ha-a! Rai ha! ha! rai ha! ra-a:
1353 Hira rai ha! ra-a;

1353 Ha-a! Rai ha! ha! rai ha! ra-a.

1354 Ho-o-o-o!

1355 Ho-okai ha! hokai ha. Tta-a;

1356 Werawane ha! ka-a:

1357 Ho-okai ha! hokai ha! ka-a.

Translation
I

1350 Ho-o-o-o! An exclaination introductory to the song.

1351 Ha-a! Rai ha! ha! rai ha! ra-a.

ha-a! ha! behold! a, a vowel prolongation to carry the voice,
rai, coming,
ha! ha! behold!
rai, coming,
ha! behold!

ra-a; ra, a part of the word rai, coming; a, vowel prolonga-
tion.

1352 Hira rai ha! ra-a;

hira, he coming.

rai, coming.

ha! behold!

ra-a, a part of the word meaning coming.

1353 See line 1351.

1354 Ho-o-o-o! An introductory exclamation.

1355 Ho-okai ha! hokai lia! ka-a.

lio-okai; hokai, to enter; the vowel o is prolonged to carry

the voice while singing,
ha! behold!

hokai, to enter, or entering,
ha! behold!
ka-a, a part of the woi-d hokai, entering.

272 THK HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. ann. 22

1350 Werawaue lia! ka-a.

werawane, spreading out the arms.

ha! behold!

ka-a, part of the wor<l hokai, entering.

1357 See line 1355.

Explanation hij the Kit' raliiis

As the Father and the Son, wrapped in the white i-obe, turned toward
the lodge, the Ku'rahus and his associates followed, and as thej'
walked they sang the first stanza.

The words are, "Behold! He is eomingl The Son is coming! "
At the door of the lodge they sang (second stanza), " Behold ! lie is
entering!" With t lie word "werawane," the Father spread out his
arms, loosening tlie white robe, but still holding it by the edges, while
the Son slipped to the ground and returned to his place in the lodge,
the place he had left at the beginning of the ceremony.

CHANGING A MAN'S NAME

Explauafion hy ihe Ku'rahus

If any man of the Son's party had achieved success in war, and tiis
achievements had been acknowledged by the jx'ople, he could request
the Son to have the ceremony of changing his name performed.

This act could take place in the afternoon of the fourth day. The
Son would make the request known to the Father, the chief, who
passed it on to the Ku'rahus.

If the Ilako ceremony was held in an earth lodge, the Ku'rahus,
accompanied by the Father and the Son, went outside and ascended
the roof ; there, standing before the people gathered below, the Ku'rahus
recited in a loud voice the ritual used when changing a man's name.

If the Hako ceremony had been held in a tent, a semicircular inclo-
snre was made with saplings and there, under the open sky, in the
Ijresence of all the people, the ritual was given and the name was
changed.

Painiee Text

1358 Hiri! Waku raruta stiaru witi rarawa-a kiru sliarn reiii ki ^awi rahwi'-

raliriso tira kahho ri wiri.

1359 Hiri! Rara ki'tawi rahwi'rahriso rao ti shira ruturahwitz pari usa ru

1 re.

1360 Hiri! Ra ru ki tawi raliwi rahriso rao ti shire ra ki tawa usa ru.

1361 Hiri! Riru tziraru: rasa ruxsa pakarara witz ])ari; hiri! ti riita: hiri!

tirakilse tararawa'hut. tiri.

1362 Hiril Riru'tziraru: rasa rilxsa pakarara witz pari: hiri! tiruta; hiri!

Tira'wa, ha! tiri.

1363 Hiri! Riru'tziraru; sira waku ri'kata iwahut; hiri! tiruta; hiri! ti ra iise

tirarawa'hut, tiri.

Fi.ETrHKHl ITiTCIDENTAL RITUALS 273

1304 Hiril Rirn tziraru: sirawaku rari sut; hiril ti ruta: hiril Tira wa. ha! tiri.
1365 Hlri! Riru'tziraru: Rarari tvi, kata wi'tixsntta.
Raki'ris taka'ta wi'tixsiitta.
Raki lis tarukux pa, rarii tura tuka wiut tari.
130G Hiril Rivn'tzirarn: rnri Papapi elms taka wi tixsutta.

Rnri Pupapi elms tarukiix pa raru'tura tiika'wint tari.
136T Hirj! Rirn tzirarii; rueliix kuso'ho riraka ta kiix'sata. Kaha riwisiri. ku
katit tiki: kaha riwisiri, kn paliati tiki: kaha'riwi.siri. kn raka'ta tiki;
kaha'rivvisiri, kn taka tiki.

1368 Hiril Rirn tzirarn: sira snra wanrnx para, rarn'tnra tnka wint tari.

1369 Rawa! Hawa nrasharii we tatki wati.

1370 Hiril Tatnx tapakiaho. liawa. Rarntska'titl Hiril Raro rikeha ro re.

1371 Hiril Wakorn ratora pake usto.

1372 Hiril Akitaro liiwa werataweko.

1873 Hiril Shakn'ru Wa'rukste. Hiriwa witi rakawa'karn ko re.

Trutishilio)!

135.S hiril an exclauiatiou, liarkeiil give heed!

waku'i'aruta, it came to pass a long time ago.

shani, part of n'rasha'ru, name.

witi, they.

rarawa-a, discarded, liad done witli, threw away.

Ivirn, an(;ient.

sharu, from kiissliaru, a certaiit place known only by tradition.

reru, it came abont, or it was.

ki'tawi, from ki, through, and ta'wi, them.

rahwi'rahriso, a title. This title was bestowed through certain
ceremonies connected with one of the shrines. The man
who had received this title was qualified to act as a leader,
to have charge of a war expedition.

tira, the}'.

kahho, a wide expanse ; kali conveys the picture that this expanse
is spanned, as by a roof; ho suggests an inclosed space, as a
dwelling; kahho calls up th(^ idea that the earth is a vast
abode, roofed by the heavens, where dwell the powers.

ri'wiri, walking; the persons spoken of as walking aie not pres-
ent. Rara'wari is to travel, walking, like wai-riors, and the
word in the text refers to such walking, to the rahwi'raii-
riso and the men under his leadership walking the wide
earth beneath the arching sky.
1359 hiri! harken! give heed!

raru, a company, or a number of persons.

ki'tawi, through them. See same word in line 1358.

rahwi'rahriso, the leader. See translation in line 1358.

ra'o, a victory song. This class of songs could be composed
and sung for the first time by a leader. The^' might
afterward be sung bj' his followers and by other persons.

ti, part of tira, they.

22 ETH— PT 2—04 18

274 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ax.n, 22

shira, from shire'ra, hrought. The re is eliminated foi- euphony.

rutu'i'ahwitz, overtake.

pari, walking; singular number, present tense.

usa'ru, a place wherein an event took place or something
occurred. Both the locality and the occurrence are kiiown
only hy tradition and the tradition is preserved in song.

i re, singing vocables.

1360 hiri! harken.

ra'ru, a number of persons. The word as here used refers Ijoth
to the leader and his men and to the people of their village.

ki'tawi, through them. The word has here a double reference
similar to the preceding one.

rahwi'rahriso, the leader.

rao, victory song.

ti, the}'. An abbreviated form of tira, they.

shire'ra, brought.

ki'tawa, from kit, the top; ta, coming; wa, part of waku, hill.
Ki'tawa conveys the picture of the returning men singing
their victory song as they reach the top of the hill near
their village.

Tisa'ru; the word here means that the victory song commemo-
rated the event at the time when the leader instituted the
custom of changing the name.

1361 hiri! harken!

riru'tziraru, by reason of, by means of, because of. The word
has a wide significance and force throughout the ritual.

rasa, the man stood.

riixsa, he said or did.

pakara'ra, a loud call or chant, sending the voice to a great
distance.

witz, from tawitzsa, to reach or arrive.

pari, traveling. These five words tell of a religious rite per-
formed bj' the leader. The first two refer to his going to
a solitary place to fast and pray, seeking help and favor
from the powers above; the last three describe his voice,
bearing his petition, traveling on and on, striving to reach
the abode of Tira'wa.

hiri! harken! a call for reverent attention.

ti'ruta, special or assigned places, referring to the places where
the lesser powers dwell, these having been assigned by
Tira'wa atius, the father of all.

hiri! harken! a call foi- reverent attention.

ti'rakiise, sitting; present tense, plural number.

tararawa'hut, the sky or heavens. It implies a circle, a great
distance, and the dwelling place of the les.ser powers,
those which can come near to man and be seen or heard
or felt bv him.

FLETCHER] INCIDENTAL RITUALS 275

tiri, above, up there, as if the locality were designated by
I)ointing upward.

1362 hiri! harken!

riru'tziraru, by reason of, because of.

rasa, the man stood.

riixsa, did.

pakara'ra, send voice to a distance.

witz. reached.

Ijari, traveling.

hiri! harken! a call for reverent attention.

ti'ruta, the abodes of the lesser powers.

hiri! harken! a call for reverent attention.

Tira'wa, Tira'wa atius, the father of all.

ha! an exclamation of awe.

tiri, above all; refers to Tira'wa atius being' above all the powers.

1363 hiri! harken!
riru'tziraru, by reason of.
sira, they took.

waku, they said.

ri'kata, received.

iwa'hut, from iwa, to hand over or pass on to the one next,
and tii-a'wahut, the circle above where the lesser powers
are. Iwa'hut means handed oi- jjassed around the circle.

hiri! harken! a call for reverent attention.

ti'ruta, abodes of the lesser powers.

hiri! harken! a call for reverent attention.

ti'rakuse, sitting.

tirarawa'hut, the circle above of the lesser powers.

tiri, up above.

1364 hiri! harken!

riru'tziraru, because of, by reason of.

sira, they took.

waku, they said.

rari'sut, gave consent, granted.

hiri! harken! a call for r^vei-ent attention.

ti'ruta, abodes of the lesser powers.

liiri! harken! a call for reverent attention.

Tira'wa, Tira'wa atius, the father of all.

ha! an exclamation of awe.

tiri, above all.

1365 hiri! harken!

riru'tziraru, by reason of, in consequence of.

Rarari'tn, an old term for Winds. It also means heavy storm
clouds. Rai-i'tu, a cyclone. The word in the text has a
double significance. It stands for the Winds, the lesser
power, and for the summoning b.y this lesser powei', the
Winds, of the storm clouds, their messengers in the west.

276 THK HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ANN. 22

kata, I'ising up, climbing; up.

wi'tixsutta, reached tliere (whence the suininoiis came).

Riiki'ris, Thunders, plural form.

taka'ta, ascending, advancing.

wi'ti.\sutta, reached a given place.

Raki i-is, Thunders.

tarukux'i)a, an action cijncluded.

i-aru'tura, from raru, at that, and tura, ground. The word
means that at the conclusion of the action (here under-
stood) they, the Thunders, descended to the earth.

tuka wiut, slantwise.

tari. The end of a mission or an action.
13G0 hiri! harkenl

riru'tziraru, by means of, oi' by the agency of.

ruri, at that time.

Papapi'chus, Lightning; papa, zigzag; piclius, darting, flashing.

taka, within, inclosed.

wi'tixsutta, reached there.

ruri, at that time.

Papapi'chus, Lightning.

tarukux'pa, an action concluded.

raru'tura, and then they descended to earth. See translation
of this woi'd in line 1305.

tuka'wiut, slantwise.

tari, the end of theii' mission.
1367 hiri! hark.-n !

riru'tzirjiru, by means of, by reason of.

ruchix, they did.

kuso'ho, flock.

riraka'ta, in front of.

kux'sata, from side to side, as when ranging a path.

kaha'riwisiri, swallows.

ku, breast.

katit, black.

tiki, they were.

kaha'riwisiri, swallows.

ku, breast.

paha'ti, red.

tiki, they were.

kaha'riwisiri, swallows.

ku, breast.

I'aka'ta, yellow.

tiki, they were.

kaha'riwisiri, swallows.

ku, breast.

taka, white.

tiki, they were.

FLETCHER] INCIDENTAL RITUALS 277

1368 hiri! havkeii.

riru'tziraru, by reason of, because of.

sira, they took; refers to tlie leader aud to the men who
followed and depended on liim.

sura, possess; to become one's own.

wanrux', grasped, as a staff.

para, walked.

raru'tura, refers to that which descended to earth.

tnka'wiut, slantwise.

tari, end, or accomplished mission.
13G0 rawa! attend! a call for attention at the moment.

hawa, once more.

nrasharu, name.

we, I.

tatki'wati, change.
i;37i) hiri! harken!

tatux, we used to.

tapakiaho, speak of him.

hawa, once more.

Rarutska'tit, the former name, meaning black-feathered arrow.

hiril harken!

raro, owner.

rikcha, lying. These words refer to the achievement com-
memorated by the name about to be thrown away.

ro re, vocables used for eujjhony and measure.

1371 hiri! harken!
wakoru, now we are.
ratora, all people.
pake'iLsto, speak out and say.

1372 hiri! harken!
akitaro, tribe,
hiwa, in the.
werataweko, prominent.

1373 hiri! harken!

Shaku'ru Wa'rukste, the new name now announced ("Sacred

Sun"),
hiriwa, in the process of making.
witi, himself,
rakavva'karu, what he is.
ko re, vocables used for euphony and measure.

Closing Heniurks of Uie Kn'rahns

During the days I have been talking with you (tlie writer) I have
been carried back in thought to the time when Estamaza (the father
of Francis LaFlesche) came to the Cliaui. I met hira in this cere-
mony; he was the Father, aud as I have worked here day and night.

278 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. a.vs.22

ray lieart has gone out to you. I liave doue what has never been
clone before, I have given you all the songs of this ceremony and
explained them to you. I never thought that I, of all my people,
should be the one to give this ancient ceremony to be preserved, and
I wonder over it as I sit here.

I think over my long life with its many experiences; of tlie great
imiiibcr of Pawnees who have been with me in war, nearly all of
whom have been killed in battle. I have been severely wounded
many times — see this scar over my eye. I was with those who went
to the Rock}' Mountains to the Cheyennes, when so many soldiers
were slain that their dead bodies l3'ing there looked like a great blue
blanket spread over the ground. When I think of all the people of
my own tribe who have died during my lifetime and then of those in
other tribes that hav(> fallen by our hands, they are so man}' they make
a vast cover over Mother Earth. I once walked witli these prostrate
forms. I did not fall but I passed on, wounded sometimes but not to
death, until I am here to-day doing this thing, singing these sacred
songs into that great pipe (the graphophone) and telling you of these
ancient rites of my people. It must be that I have been preserved
for this purpose, otherwise 1 should be lying back there among the
dead.

ANALYTICAL RECAPITULATION

OBIGIX AKD GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIOX OF THE

CEREMOKY

Where the Hako ceremony oi'iginated and through how many gen-
erations it has come down to the iiresent time it may be impossible
ever to determine. Even a partial knowledge of its geographic dis-
ti'ibution upon our continent would demand an archeologic and
historical research too extended to be attempted at this time. How-
ever, a few facts maj' be stated.

From the Journal of Marquette, giving an account of his voyage of
discovery in 1672, it is learned that the sacred symbols, the feathered
stems, were held in honor by tribes belonging to the Algonquian,
Sionan, and Caddoan linguistic stocks dwelling in the Mississippi
valley from the Wisconsin to the Arkansas.

Marquette calls the feathered stem a "calumet" and his descrip-
tion of its ceremonj% which he saw among the Illinois, due allowance
being made for his lack of intimate acquaiutanee with native religious
customs, indicates that the ceremony as he saw it over two hundred
years ago in a tribe that no longer exists differs little from the same
ceremony as observed within the last twenty j'ears in the Omaha tribe.
He says of this "calumet" that it is "the most mysterious thing in the
world. The scepters of our kings are not so much respected, for the
Indians have such a reverence for it that one may call it the god of
peace and war, and the arbiter of life and death. . . . One with
this calumet may venture amonghis enemies, and in the hottest battles
they lay down their arms before the sacred pipe. The Illinois ijresented
me with one of them which was very useful to us in our voyage."

That tlie feathered stem was recognized over so large a part of the
great Mississippi valley and among so many tribes differing in lan-
guage and customs indicates considerable antitpiity for its rites, as
much time would have been required for so wide an acceptance and
practice of the ceremonj'.

As observed among the Pawnees, there is evidence not only that
the ceremony is old, but that it has been built upon still older founda-
tions, an<l has been modified in the process of time to adapt it to
changed conditions of environment. For example, the substitution
of the buffalo f(n' the deer and the transfereiu-e of songs, as that
formally sung to the mesa while on the journej', which is now sung
within the lodge.

279

280 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. anx. 22

The leadership accorded to the corn indicates that an earlier form
of the ceremony is to be sought among a people dependent iipon agri-
culture, and the peculiar treatment of water would seem to liave arisen
in a semi-arid region. Again, the develojiment in the purpose of the
ceremony from the simple longing for offspring to the larger desire of
estahlisliing intertribal relationships was most likely to have taken
place among peoples whose settled mode of life had fostei'ed an appre-
ciation of the benefits to be derived from peace and security.

Efforts to spread this ceremony among tribes less sedentary than
those of the Mexican plateau and the Southwest may, on the one
hand, have been promised by prudential reasons, while on the other
hand its adoption and promulgation over the wide territory occupied
by tlie so-called hunting tribes marks tlie growtli of political ideas
and gives a higher place to tliese tribes in the line of social develop-
ment than has Tisually been accorded them.

PURPOSE OF THE CEREMONY

The purpose of this ceremonj' was twofold: first, to benefit cer-
tain individuals by bringing to them the promise of children, long
life, and plenty; second, to affect the social relations of those who
took part in it, by establishing a bond between two distinct groups of
persons, belonging to different clans, gentes, or tribes, which M'as to
insure between them friendsliip and peace.

In every tribe where the ceremony was known this twofold pur-
pose was recognized, and by no tribal variation in the details of the
rite was it lost sight of or obscured.

From a studj' of this ceremony it seems probable that its original
instigation was a desire for offspring, that the clan or kinshij) group
might increase in number and strength and be perpetuated through
the continuous birth of cliildren.

The ceremonial forms here used to express this desire were undoubt-
edly borrowed from earlier ceremonies through which the j)eople had
been familiarized with certain symbols and rites representing the
creative powers. Thus, the male and female cosmic forces, syml)ol-
ized in greater or less detail bj- day and night, sun and moon, the
heavens and the earth, are found in the Hako ceremony.

The eagle and the ear of corn also represent in general tlie male
and female forces, but each is specialized in a manner peculiar to
these rites. There are two eagles; the white, representing the male,
the father, the defendei'; and the brown, representing the female, the
mother, the nestmaker (see pages 288, 289). In the treatment of these
eagles the dual forces are still further represented. The feathers of the
white or male eagle are hung upou a stem painted green to symbolize
the eai'th, the female principle ; while those of the brown or female eagle
are hung upon the stem painted blue to symbolize the heavens, the

FLETCHER] PURPOSE OF THE CEREMONY 281

male principle. The same treatment of the com is observed. The
ear of corn, which is born of Mother Earth, is symbolically painted to
represent a living contact ^\ith the heavens.

These symbolic articles thus treated are peculiar to this ceremony
and essential to its rites. They express with unmistakable clearness
the original instigating desire for children.

The second purpose of this ceremony, tliat of establishing a liond
between two distinct groups of persons belonging to different clans,
gentes, or triltes, which should insure between them friendship and
peace, was probably an outgrowth of the first purpose and may have
been based upon tribal experience in the practice of exogamy.

In a tribe composed of (dans or gentes, wliere exogamy prevailed,
two factors tended to promote peace and security among the jieople,
namelj', children born to parents representing two distinct political
groups, and rites which recognized a common dependence upon the
supernatural and were obligatory upon all.

With the growth of social ideas the thought seems to have arisen
that ties might be made between two tribes differing from and even
competing with each other, through a device which should simulate
those influences which had proved so effective within the tribe. The
Father, representing one tribe, was the incentive force; he inaugu-
rated the ITako party. The tie was made by a ceremony in ^^•]lich
the feminine principle, represented by the corn and Kawas, was tlie
dominant factor. Through this mother element life was given and
a bond was established between the Father and a Son of anotlier trilie.
It is remarkalile how close to the model this device of an artificial tie
has been made to correspond.

Apart from the social and religious significance of the ceremony, it
became a means of exchange of commodities between tribes. The
garments, regalia, and other presents brought by the Fathers to the
Children were taken by the latter to some other tribe, when they iu
turn became the Fathers. Thus manufactures peculiar to one ti-ibe
were often spread over a wide territory, and the handicraft of one
region became known to diffierent sections of the country.

STBITCTTJBE OF THE CEREMOKY

The perpetuation and distribution of a ceremony is dependent upon
its structure, its symbolism, and its purpose. Its parts must be so
coordinated as to make it possible to keep the rite intact during oral
transmission, while its symbolism must appeal to common beliefs and
its purpose to common desires.

Examining the ceremonj' of the Ilako, we find it to possess these
requisites. Its purpose awoke a response in every liuman lieart, its
symbolism appealed to the people wherever corn ripened and eagles
flew; and though its structure was elaborate, it was built upon a sim-

282 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ANN. 23

pie plan. It is made up uf many rituals, each complete iu itself, but
all so i-elated to each other as to form an unl)roken sequence from the
beginning of the rites to their end. p]ach ritual contains one general
thought, which is elaborated by songs and attendant acts. These
songs and acts are so closely related to the central thought that one
helps to keep the other iu mind ; moreover, the thought embodied in one
ritual leads so directly to the thought contained in the next that thej'
form a sefiuence that, in the mind of the Pawnee, can not logically be
broken, an<l thus the preservation of the entirety <jf the ceremony is
insured.

The compact structure of the Ilako ceremony bears testimony to the
mental grasp of the people who formulated it. As we note the balanc-
ing of the various parts, and the steadj' progression from the open-
ing song of the first ritual to the closing prayer in tlie twentieth, and
recall the fact that the ceremony was constructed without tlie steady-
ing force of the written record, we are impressed, on the one hand, by
the intellectual power displayed in the con.struction, and, on the other,
by the sharply defined beliefs fundamental to the ceremony.

RHYTHMIC KXPKESSIOK IK THE CEEEMOXT

When we examine the songs which accompany every ceremonial act
we find that the thought to l)e expressed has determined the rhj'thm,
which, in its turn, has controlled both words and music and fixed as
well the time or duration of the notes. The unit of time is marked
by pulsations of the voice or by drum beats, and the words are found
bent bj' elisions or stretched bj' added vocables to make them con-
form to the musical measure.

Rhythm dominates the rendition, which is always exact, no
liberties being taken for the purpose of musical expression, in our
sense of the term. Any such treatment would so blur the song to the
native ear as to destroj' its character. A further use of rhythm is
manifest in the number of the musical phrases and stanzas. These
are found to correspond to the number of ceremonial motions used to
indicate the powei'S which are being addressed. By close examina-
tion this peculiarity will be apparent, but in order to facilitate an
understanding the words of each mu.>^ical phrase have been printed
as a separate line, so that the eye can easily catch the rhythmic form.
As a fui'ther help, a diagram has been prepared to show the relative
time values of notes, the exceptional accents, and the voice pulsations
of each musical phrase. To illustrate, take the first song:

FLETCHER] EHyTHM IN THE CEREMONY 283

The unit of time is iiu eiglith note, represented bj' a short dash, -;
a quarter note is represented bj' a longer dash, two beats, — ; a three-

eigliths note by a still longer dash, three beats, , and so on. The

dots indicate the number of voice pulsations given to a tone wliile it
is held. "Where there is emphasis it is marked on the diagram by
the accent sign '.

A rhythmic rendition, which aims not only to convey the literal
meaning but to embody the elucidations of the Ku 'raliiis as well, has
been made. It.s words have been so chosen that the lines shall con-
form to the rhj-thm of the corresponding j)hrases of the song. This
rendition is for the purpose of presenting to the ej^e and the ear of
the English reader the song as it appeals to the Pawnee who has been
instructed in the rite.

The variety of rhythmic forms in the songs of the i-ituals offers
interesting material for the study of the relation of the musical
phrase to the development of metrical languagf. The movements
which accompany each song and act of the ceremony give further
testimony to the fundamental character of rhythm.

In the following analysis the scheme of the ceremony will be closely
observed.

THE PREPARATION

First Division. Initial Rites

first ritual. making the hako

Part I. Invoking the Powers

The ceremony of tlie Plako, we are told l)y the Ku'rahus, is a prajer
for offspring. It opens with a song which recalls the creation of man,
the gifts bestowed on him by Tira'wa atius through the powers, and
the establishment of rites by which he can appeal to the jjowers.
The content of the song prefigures the fulfilment of man's desii'e for
the rei^ii'oduction of his life, and the orderlj' approach by which he
should make his desire known. Such a prefiguring seems to be essen-
tial at the opening of a ceremony to give it a supernatural warrant.

The preparation of the Ilako constitutes the oiaening ritual, the
first song of which is an appeal to the lesser powers in the order of
their coming near to man from the holy jjlace, Awahokshu (first song,
line 4). They are said to descend by the four paths at the four car-
dinal points (line 0), and the ceremonial motions indicating these
quarters are an indirect way of mentioning the powers. p]ach stanza
of the appeal, falling into four musical phrases, suggests this four-
fold symbol.

The appeal is in the form of a litany, eacli stanza beginning with a
call to "give heed," and closing with the response that heed has been
given. The climax in botli words and music is I'eached in the third
phrase, which is a direct invocation of one of the powers.

284 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [etf. an-n.22

In tliis song we meet exclamations charaet eristic of many others of
the ceremony. These exclamations express the emotions evoked in
the progress of the appeal. Few words are n.sed, their iteration mak-
ing the memorizing of the song easiei' than if the emotion had been
fully elaborated in many diiferent words. This apparent poverty of
expression, which may in part be acconnted for by the necessity of
oral transmission, has not prevented metrical forms throughout the
ceremony; with one exception, the songs are rhythmic. In the pres-
ent instance the repetition of the exclamation I'harel extended
through the musical phrase by the echoing of its syllables, conveys
even to the ej'e of a .stranger the meaning as given by the Ku'rahus
in his explanation of line 2. "The repetition of the word as we sing
I'hare, 'hare, 'aheo indicates that our minds are dAvelling upon the
subject 1)roug]it to our attention."

This opening song is in two parts. One refers to the powers, the
other to the inauguration of rites through which man can turn toward
these powers.

Six stanzas belong to the first jjart, suggesting the six symbolic
motions, indicating the four directions, the above, and the below.
The first stanza is an ajjpeal to Tira'wa; its form is noteworthy when
viewed in connection with the opening stanza of the seconil jmrt.
Tira'wa is not addressed directly, but the mind is turned to his place
of abode, Awahok&hu, as to a definite locality where prayer .should
be sent, whence help may come. The fixing of llie mind upoji a holy
place serves as a precedent for the establishment of a hoi}' place,
Kusharu (stanza vii), where man is to think of Tira'wa, and where
rites in accordance with his thought are to be performed. The
order in which the powers are addressed in these first six stanzas
reveals something of the Pawnee's idea of man's relation to the super-
natural. First, the holy place, the abode of Tira'wa, the father of all,
is addressed; second, Iloturu, the invisible Wind, the bearer (jr giver
of breath; third, Chakani, the Sun, the father of strength; fourth,
H'Uraru, the Earth, the mother, the conserver of life; fifth, Toharu,
Vegetation, the giver of food; sixtli, Chaharu, Water, the giver of
drink.

Starting from the abode of the central power, Tira'wa, designated
in the first stanza, the lesser powers bring to man first breath, next
vitality or strength, then the ability to con.serve and use that sti-ength,
and, finally, they give him food and drink to sustain his life. The
physical man stands forth in these first six stanzas as the result of
the gifts of the powers.

The second part of the song is in seven stanzas. The number sug-
gests the seven .symbolic motions, indicating the four directions, the
above, the below, and the center, the ego.

The first stanza f)f the second part (vil) calls the people to "give
heed" to Kusharu, the place set apart for sacred purposes. Concern-

FLETCHER] FIRST RITUAL, PART I 285

ing- thiis the Ku'rahus says: "The first act of a man must be to set
apart a place that can be mad(> holy and consecrated to Tira'wa, a
place wliere a man can be quiet and think abont the mighty power."
As the first part opens witli the niention of Awahokslui, tlie holj-
place, the abode of Tira'wa, whence life is given to men by the inter-
mediary powers, so the second part begins by indicating that man
should set apart a holy place whence his thoughts can ascend to the
powers which gave him life. The fixing of tlie sacred place made
a center from which man's daily life could be set in order, and made
the inauguration of rites possible — rites which served as a common
bond t« hold the community together. In the next stanza (viii) the
term h'Akaru is used. IF is the sign of breath, of the giving of life;
akaru is a modification of akaro, a dwelling place. The change
from ro to ru indicates that tlie word is typical rather than special.
h'Akaru conveys the idea of an abode of life, a place where life (If,
breath) can be received. The progressi(m noted in the first part
is here recalled; the power first mentioned after the holy place,
Awahokshu, was Ilotoru, the Wind, the giver of breath. The next
stanza (ix) speaks of Keharu, an inclosure, the actual dwelling to be
erected for the protection of life. Keharu seems to correspond to the
male element which, in the first part, is represented by the Sun, the
father, the giver of strength, and we find that tliroughout this cere-
mony the position of the feathered stem, representing the male, is
upon the outside, where it acts as guard and protector, a wall of
defense to the interior of the lodge, with its fireplace, which represents
the nest (see line 44). The fireplace, Kataharu, is next mentioned
(x). This is the center, where the life within the lodge is conserved;
it represents the female principle. This stanza corresponds to the
fourth of the first part^ where h'Uraru, Mother Earth, is invoked. In
the two following stanzas, Keharu, the glowing coals (xi), and Korilu,
the fiames, the word of the fire (xii), refer directly to the act of
making fire by friction, a ceremony wliicli seems to underlie most, if
not all, aboriginal rites through wliich man appeals to the powers for
the means of sustaining life, food, and drink (stanzas V and vi).

Tlie first six stanzas of the second part seem to be a reflex of the
six composing the first part. In tlie first part physical life is created,
in the second part psychical life is recognized. By the institution of
rites a way is opened through which man turns toward the powers
wliicli created him. In tlie seventh stanza of the second part (xiii),
the passageway is spoken of. This passageway represents the ego,
the path wherein man passes to and fro as he lives his individual and
communal life.

The structure of this song is notable when taken bj* itself, but it
becomes more remarkable when the scope of the ceremony is consid-
ered. It will then be seen that this opening song foreshadows the
movement and purpose of the entire ceremony.

286 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann.SS!

BONO a

Diaijram of Time

I\h !/fli III ic Rendition
I

We heed aw unto thee we call:
Oh, send to us thy potent aid!
Helji ns. Oh, holy place above!
We heed as unto thee we call.

We heed as unto thee we call;
Oh, send to us thy potent aid!
Help us, Hotoru. giver of breath!
We heed as unto thee we call.

We heed as unto thee we call:
Oh. send to las thy potent aid!
Help us, Shakuru. father of strength!
We heed as wnto thee we call.

We heed as unto thee we call:
Oh. send to us thy potent aid!
Help us, h'Uraru. mother of all!
We heed as unto thee we call.

We heed as unto thee we call;
Oh, send to us thy potent aid!
Help lis, Toharu. giver of food!
We heed as unto thee we call.

We heed as unto thee we call:
Oh. send to us thy potent aid!
Help us. Chaharu. giver of drink!
We heed as unto thee we call.

VII

We heed as unto thee we call:
Oh, send to us thy potent aid!
HeliJ us, Kusharu, sacred to rites!
We heed as unto thee we call.

n See the miisic on page 27.

FLETCHER] FIRST RITUAL 287

VIII

We heed as unto thee we call;
Oh, send to us thy potent aid!
Help us, h"Akaru, abode of life!
We heed as unto thee we call.

We heed as unto thee we call;
Oh, send to us thy potent aid!
Help us. Keharu, wall of defense!
We heed as unto thee we call.

We heed as unto thee we call:
Oh. send to us thy potent aid!
Help us. Kataharn. center within!
We heed as unto thee we call.

We heed as unto thee we call,
Oh, send to us thy potent aid!
Help lis. Kekaru, promise of fire!
We heed as unto thee we call.

XII

We heed as unto thee we call:
Oh. send to us thy potent aid!
Help us. Koritii. word of the fire!
We heed as unto thee we call.

XIII

We heed as unto thee we call;
Oh, send to us thy potent aid!
Help us, Hiwatiirii, emblem of days!
We heed as unto thee we call.

Part II. Preparing the Feathered Stems

The fir,st thiug- to be made is the feathered stem carried by the
Kii'rahiis. It represents the female element; it leads iu the ceremony.
Other sacred rites among tlie Pawnees explain this leadership as based
upon the belief that life first took form through the female; "She
was the first and the leader."

The stem is painted bine witli blue clay mixed witli rnnning water.
The running water, we are told, represents the continuation of life l)y
generation following generation. The color is the symbol of the sky,
the dwelling place of the powers.

The song which accompanies the act of painting is in five musical
phi'ases, suggesting the five motions symbolic of th» four directions
and the above. The exclamation he! (a part of i'hare! give heed!),
at the close of each phrase, bears out this interpretation.

The iterated words h'areri (h', breath; areri, a particular plafe)
tell that the thoughts of the singers are fixed on the giving of life by

288 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann.22

the powers above, whose presence is symbolized by the blue paint
now put npoa the stem.

Each stanza of all the songs tliroiighoiit this ceremony is suiig four
times. The Ku'rahus tells us tliat Ihis is in recognition of tlie four
paths at the four cai-dinal points, down wliieh the powers descend, and
tliat it is also an indirect recognition of tlie powers themselves.

FIKST SONG"

Diayriiiii of Tiiiw

Jxlii/tlniiic Rendition

Take we now the blue ixiint.

Touch with it the stem, putting on the sacred symbol,

Emblem of the clear sky.

Where dwell the gods, who. descending, bring us good gifts,

Gifts of life and plenty.

The feathered stem carried by the Ku'rahus's assistant represents the
male element. It is painted green, the color symbolizing Toharu, the
living covering of Mother Earth. The key to the s^^mbolism lies in
the abbreviated word hure-e, "coming from above." It conveys
the idea that the power by which Jlother P^arth brings forth her
green covering, Toharu, comes from the jjower above, Tira'wa atius.

The fan-shaped pendant hung upon the green stem is made of seven
feathers from the young brown eagle, spoken of b}' tlie Ku'rahus as
the white eagle. These are the feathers worn b5' warriors, and the
bird is the war eagle, the fighter, tlie defender, the protector.

The combining of the male and female forces on each of the leading
requisites of the ceremony, the feathered stems and the ear of coi-u,
has already been noticed.

The song which is sung as the stem is painted green is in six musical
phrases, corresponding to tlie six ceremonial motions: the four direc-
tions, the above, and the below.

SECOND SONG''

Diagram nf Time

n Music on page 37. b Music on page 'c

FLETCHER] FIRST RITUAL 289

Rhythmic Rendition

Take we now the green paint.

Touch with it the stem, the mated stem,

Putting on the emblem, the sacred and living symbol,

Mother earth.

From above descending, bountiful blessings on thee.

Mother earth.
The fan-like appendage of ten brown mottled feathers from the ma-
ture brown eagle are here tied upon the blue stem. This eagle i.s called
Kawas; it represents the mother. She is the bearer of life from above
and shares with the eorn the leadership throughout the ceremony.

It is noticeable that the eagle receives the gifts it bears to man
through the lesser powers and not directly from Tira'wa atius. Birds
are not powers, but messengers, intermediaries between the lesser
powers and man. A glimpse is here obtained of the order which
natural forces and objects take in the mind of the Pawnee.

The song of this act is in three phrases. The number three is not
sj'mbolized by ceremonial motions; throughout the ceremony songs
accompanying acts which do not imply a direct appeal to the powers
above fall into three musical phrases.

THTRD SONGn

Diagram of Time

Rlii/tlimic Rendition

Oh, Kawas, come, with wings outspread in sunny skies 1
Oh, Kawas. come, and bring us peace, thy gentle peacel
Oh. Kawas. come, and give new life to us who prayl

Pakt III. Painting the Ear of Corn and Preparing the other Sacred

Objects.

The putting of a peculiar design in blue paint on the ear of corn
is replete with symbolism. The ear of corn not only represents a life-
sustaining product of the earth, but the omniscience which the earth
is believed to possess. This omniscience, predicated of the ear of
corn, constititted one of its qualifications to act as leader. The
Kurahus says (line 118): "Mother Earth knows all places and all
tliat happens among men; therefore the coru which comes from her
must lead, must direct us where to go."

The painting of the ear of corn represents the securing of its cre-
dentials as leader. The blue paint used on this occasion is not put
into a shell, as it was when the stems were colored, but into a wooden
bowl. The shape of the bowl, an inverted dome, typifies the arching
sky, the bltie paint its color (see the explanation of line 83). The
design put on the ear of corn signifies its .I'ourney to the abode of the
powers and its return, with their sanction, as leader.

« Music on page 41.
22 ETH— PT 2—04 19

290 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ans. a--'

It is difficult to follow the Pawnee's thought in the words and
accompanying act of this song unless it is remembered that he regards
the spirit of man, animals, and all other things as able to ti'avel about
independent of tlie body. Moreover, that lie conceives it possible for
a number of jjersons so to unite as to think and act as one spirit.

In the song Mother, Atira, is the term applied to the ear of corn
as the representative of Mother Earth. This word is preceded by
the aspirate, h', significant of the breath, the giving forth of life.
h'Atira not only refers to the sustaining of life by food, but also
carries the idea that, as leader, the corn bears life-giving power.

The word weri, I am, does not mean the man who paints the corn,
but the concerted spii-its of the Hako party, which are spoken of in
the singular, as though they were one spirit. The use of the plural
sign re a little later on in the stanza (line 80) implies the personifica-
tion of the ear of corn; its spirit is standing with the spirit of the
Hako party. These two spirits move together throughout this drama
of the consecration of the ear of corn as leader.

In the next stanza the two spirits are flying through the air. There
is no incongruity in this procedure; the already mentioned belief rela-
tive to spirits makes it rational. In like manner, the color of the
paint can hold within it the spirit of the abode of the powers.

The different stages in the progress of the ear of corn on its journey
to the abode of the powers are depicted in the different stanzas of the
song. In the first, she stands; in the second, .she flies; in the third,
she touches the boundary of the skj', ' ' where it begins " ; in the fourth,
she ascends; in the fifth, she reaches the dome, her destination; in
the sixth, she descends, the purpose of the journey having been
accomplished.

The music is divided into six phrases; six stanzas record the stages
of the journey ; the number suggests the six ceremonial motions typify-
ing the four directions, the above, and the below.

It would seem from the acts accompanying this song that the ear of
corn went up to the abode of the powers by the four paths at the four
cardinal points, down which we are told the powers descend, as the
lines representing these paths were drawn on the ear before the blue
paint was spread over its tip to represent the dome of the skj\

eONGa

Diagram of Time

a Music on page 43.

FLETCHER] FIBST RITUAL, PART III 291

Rliijthiiiir Rendition

Tira'wa, barken! Mighty one,

Above ns in bbie, silent sky!

We standing wait thy liidding here.

Tbe Mother Corn standing waits.

Waits to serve thee here;

Tbe Mother Corn stands waiting here.

Tira'wa. barken! Mighty one,

Above ns in bine, silent sky!

We flying seek thy dwelling there.

The Mother Corn flying goes

Up to seek thee there:

The Mother Corn goes flying up.

Tira wa, barken! Mighty one,

Above ns in bine, silent sky!

We touch upon thy country now.

The Mother Corn touches there.

On the border land;

The Mother Corn is touching there.

Tira wa, barken! Mighty one.

Above us in blue, silent sky!

The path we reach leads up to thee.

The Mother Corn enters there.

Upward takes her way;

The Mother Corn ascends to thee.

Tira wa. barken! Mighty one.
Above us in blue, silent sky!
Behold! We in thy dwelling stand.
The Mother Corn, standing there.
Leader she is made;
The Mother Coni is leader made.

Tira'wa, barken! Mighty one.

Above ns in blue, silent sky!

The downward path we take again.

Tbe Mother Corn, leading us.

Doth thy symbol bear;

The Mother Corn with power leads.

292 THE HAKU, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. akn. 28

SECOND RITUAL. PREFIGURING THE JOURNEY TO THE SON

The ceremony of offering the Ilako was believed to bring great
benefits. As the tie to be formed was a close one and lilvcly to have
a bearing on the welfare of two tribes, the selection of the man who
was to be the Son was not left exclusively to the Father. His choice
had to be submitted to tlie cliiefs of his tribe for their approval. Nor
did the matter end here, for the chiefs, seemingly unwilling to assume
the entire responsibility of a final decision, threw the confirmation of
the selection of the Son upon the supernatural, represented liy the
ear of corn.

To be able to follow the Pawnee's thought one should keep well in
mind the native belief in the reality of an invisible world accessible
to man. The Ku'rahus explained tliat in this rite the sjjirit of the
corn and the spirits of the assembled companj^must meditate together
upon the proposed candidate for the Son, must consider his qualifica-
tions and his ability to meet the requirements for a successful issue
of the ceremony. He said : "As we meditate we sit with bowed heads,
and Mother Corn sits with bowed head . " When the decision is reached
"Mother Corn lifts her head and stands erect, then she moves through
the air on her jcnirney to the Son, and we follow."

In this mystical journey Mother Corn "opens the way" between
the land of the Fathei-s and tiiat of the Children. She does more.
She enters the village and passes around among the lodges of the
people to that of the selected man. She goes in and touches him
while he sleeps. It is the spirit of Mother Corn that touches the spirit
of the man in a dream. He does n(jt .see her who has touched him,
but he sees one of the birds which belong to the feathered stem, the
eagle, the owl, the duck, or the woodpecker, for the spirits of these
birds are there with the spirit of Mother Corn in the lodge of the
sleeping man. If, when he awakes, he is able to recall his dream, it
is because Mother Corn has "opened his mind." Therefore when the
messengers of the Father's party arrive with the tidings, "Your Father
is coming," the dreamer is not taken by surprise, but is ready to
respond without iinnecessary delay.

The old man narrated tliis symbolic procedure of the ear of corn
und its attendant spii-its without consciousness that he was saying
iinything unusual or contrary to ordinary experience. His oulj' com-
ment was, that it was very difficult for the men of the party of the
Father so to fix their minds upon the desired end as to secure its
accomplishment. He referred to this difficulty several times while
explaining the words and meaning of the song. When questioned as
to whether the attempt was always successful, he said that when it
failed the failure was ill ways due to a lack of earnestness or sincerity
on the part of the persons so fixing their minds. By this he did not
mean that the men failed liecause they did not try hard enough to

FLETCHER] SECOND BITUAL 293

keep their attention upon the desired object, but that there was in
their character sometliinii; which prevented them from effectually
exerting their will power. He evidently liad no doubt as to the rea-
sonableness of the procedure. To him it was entirely logical.

The journey prefigured by this flight of Mother Corn, afterward
actually taken liy the party of the Father, has its special songs.
Several of them refer directly to this traveling of the spirit of Mother
Corn.

The song of this ritual is in two parts, each with four stanzas.
The first part relates to finding the Son, "opening the way" to him.
The second deals with the Son, jireparing him to receive the Father,
"opening his mind."

The stanzas are in four musical phrases corresponding to the four
paths down which the lesser ijowers descend to man. Each closes
with the exclamation ha! calling attention, as to an invisible presence.

SONG'

Diagram nf Thin-

Rhythmic Rendition
I
Mother Corn, Oh hear! Open our way!
Lo! As we draw near, let our sonls touch thine
While we pray thee:
Children give to u.s! Mother Corn, hear!

Mother Corn. Oh hear! (Jpen our way!

Lo! Our heads we bow, while our souls touch thine;

Then as one mind

Make the choice of Son. Mother Corn, hear!

Ill

Mother Corn. Oh hear! Open our way!

Lo! With head erect Mother stands, and then

Moves she through air

On her mission bent. Mother Corn, hear!

Mother Com, Oh hear! Open our way!

Lo! Now over hills, over streams, we go

Taking our way

Toward the Children's land. Mother Corn, hear!

<i Music on page 5(1.

294 THE HAKU, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

V
Mother Com, Oh hear! Open our way!
Lo! Our journey's end now is near, we look
O'er the strange land,
Seeking Children therel Mother Cora, hear!

VI
Mother Corn, Oh hear! Open our way!
Lo! Our eyes hehold where they dwell. In their
Village we walk.
Seeking there the Son. Mother Corn, hear!

VII
Mother Corn, Oh hear! Open our way!
Lo! His lodge we find, through the door we pass.
Sleeping he lies,
Knows not we are there. Mother Corn, hear!

VIII
Mother Corn, Oh hear! Open our way!
Lo! Now at her touch comes a dream: then a
Bird calls, "My Son! "
While his soul responds. Mother Corn, hear!

THIRD RITUAL. SENDING THE MESSENGERS

The four messengers were selected informally by the Father from
among his near relatives. They were generally young men, lithe and
strong of limb, and able to make a long journey quickly. The dis-
tance to be traveled varied from a few miles to a hundred or more,
and as they must carry all their provisions, it became necessary for
them to get over the ground as rapidly as possible.

The formal appointment of these messengers took place in the lodge
of the Father, in the presence of the sacred objects spread at cere-
monial rest.

AVhen the messengers arrived at the lodge of the Son, he sent for his
kindred and consulted with them. Only a recent death in his family
or some catastroijhe which deprived him of his jjroperty would be
accepted as sufficient excuse for his not receiving the Hako party.
If he accepted the tobacco he would bid the messengers return to the
Father and say, "I am ready." In either ease he must make gifts
to the messengers in recognition of the proffered honor.

The homeward journey was made as quickly as possible, for during
the absence of the messengers nothing could be done. As .soon, how-
ever, as the returning young men were discerned on the prairie the
village was astir, and the men of the Father's partj', with the Ku'ra-
hus, assembled at his lodge to receive them ceremonially and to hear
their tidings.

The messenger dispatched on such errands was called Rawiska'-
rarahoru, One who walks carrying the tobacco.

The music of the song of this ritual is in three phrases. Like other
songs in this ceremony having the same number, it accompanies acts

FLETCHER] THIRD AND FOURTH RITUALS 295

which do uot directly appeal to the supernatural. The first stanza is
addi-essed to the messengers; the second to the Father's party within
the lodge.

SONG 'I

Diagram of Time

Bhyth III ic Rendition
I
I bid yon travel o'er the land to the Son,
And with you take these words of mine unto him:
■■ Behold! Your Father comes to you speedily."

We wait their journey o'er the land to the Son,
When they will give these words of mine unto him:
'Behold! Your Father comes to you speedily."

FOURTH RITUAL
Part I. Vivifyin(j the Sacred Ob,tects

These first four rituals are in sequence and deal witli the peculiar
preparations required for the ceremonj^ In the first ritual the sacred
articles are prepared; in the second ritual the Son is selected; in
the third ritual the Father notifies the Son, who responds; and
in the fourth ritual the sacred articles are vivified and assume
leadership. In these preparations the supernatural powers bear a
leading part. At the very beginning, in the first song of the first
ritual, their presence is invoked, and in the fourth ritual, after man's
preparations for the ceremony are completed, thej' accept his work.

The first, second, and third rituals took place in the lodge of the
Father, whei'e the sacred objects were guarded day and night bj' the
Ku'ralius, his assistant, and the chief, or by persons appointed to act
as their substitutes. In the fourth ritual the objects were for the
first time taken outside the lodge, under the open sky, wliere the
final act of their jireparation took place. They were tied upon a pole
and elevated in the early dawn, that they might be vivified by the
powers and acknowledged as their representatives.

The order in which these sacred objects were tied upon the pole
indicates their relative significance in this ceremony. The two feath-
ered stems were placed near the top, because they typify the powers
of the upper world. But they also represent the male and female ele-
ments, therefore the male stem was placed toward the south — the
light, the day, the sun; and the female stem toward the north — the
darkness, the night, the moon. Beneath the feathered stems were
the rattles and the ear of corn, representing the living covering of

a Music on page 56.

296 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. axn. 22

the earth, and below these was tlie wildcat skin. These typify the
powers of the lower world.

All these articles were tied on the pole so as to face the east.
We are told in the song of the ninth ritual that down the path at the
east came the powers that are potent in this rite.

Behind these objects, toward the west, where dwell the powers
which influence the life of man and control disaster and death, were
bound the right and left wing of an eagle. These wings were spread
as though supporting the sacred objects, as the wings sustain the
body of a bird in the air. Throughout the ceremony the position of
the two eagle wings, both when on the pole and when borne at each
end of the line of men, serves to unify the different sacred objects
into the similitude of a winged body. This unification does not,
however, interfere with the separate functions of each article or with
the character of its symbols.

The dawn ritual throws light on the significance of the elevation
of the sacred objects under the open sky before the break of day.
Before this act, these objects had lain at rest; but after it, when thej'
had been vivified by the wind and the sun, they at once became
active and thenceforth they led the people throughout the ceremony.

Part II. Mother Corn Assumes Leadership

This activity is manifest in the song of part ii, where the ear of corn
passes to the front and assumes the position of leader. The ceremonial
steps taken by the chief, as he can-ies this representative of Mother
Earth with her life-sustaining force, dramatically represent the corn
as advancing out of the past (from l^ehind the Ku'rahus with his sym-
bolic feathered stem), coming into the present (beside him), and then
going oh before, moving along the unbroken path that stretches out
of the past into the future. The four steps taken by the chief bearing
the ear of corn refer to the four paths down which the powers descend
to man, and the four steps taken by the six men following Mother
Corn as the second stanza is sung indicate the dependence of man
upon these supernatural powers.

This song falls into six phrases. The number suggests the recog-
nition of all the powers which come near to man, which are represented
by the four directions, the above, and the below, thus bearing out
the full significance of the symbolic steppings.

SONG"

Diagram of Time

a Music OD page (

FLETCHER] FOURTH RITUAL 297

Rlii/thmic Rendition

Mother with the life-giving power now comes,
Stepping out iif far distant days she comes,
Days wherein to onr fathers gave she food;
As t > them, so now unto us she gives.
Thus she will to our children faithful be.
Mother with the life-giving power now comes!

Mother with the life-giving power is here.
Stepping out of far distant days she comes.
Now she forward moves, leading as we walk
Toward the future, where blessings she will give.
Gifts for which we have prayed granting to us.
Mother with the life-giving power is here!

Part III. The Hako Party Presented to the Powers

The recognition of man's dependence on the .supernatural is still
further emphasized by the peculiar dramatic mov'ements which
accompany the songs after the Ilako party for the first time as a body
passes outside of the lodge, within which all the preceding ceremonies
have taken place.

The sacred objects, which under the open sky had been vivified and
acknowledged by the supernatural powers, now lead the partj^ along
cei'tain lines defined by their symbolically numbered steps to face the
localities where these powers were believed to dwell. First the east
was faced and the powers there were addressed ; then the west ; next the
south; and then the north. At each of these points the sacred objects
were elevated, while the people invoked the powers to "behold" (to
recognize and accept) those who were about to perform the ceremony.
When each of the four cardinal points had been addressed and the
leader had completed the ceremonial steps, the outline of a man had
been traced upon the ground. Concerning this outline the Ku'rahus
explained that it "is the image from Tira'wa." "Its feet are where
we now stand, its feet are with our feet."

This figure would seem to represent a visible answer to the ceremo-
nial appeal of the people and to indicate a willingness of the super-
natural powers to grant their presence throughout the coming
ceremony. This interpretation of the tracing is l>orne out by the
words of the Ku'rahus when he saj's that "it will move with our feet
as we now, bearing the sacred objects, take four steps in the presence
of all the powers, and begin our journey to the land of the Son."

The song addressed to the east is in four musical phrases, while
the songs to the west, south, and north are in six musical phrases. The
four-phrase song is sung to Tira'wa atius, the father of all things,
and it is noticeable that all the songs throughout the ceremony which
specially address this power are in a four-phrase rhythm. When all

298 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [etb. asn.22

the other powers are addressed, those at the four directions, the above,
and the below, a six-phrase rhytlim is used.

The number of the repeats and plirases of the songs seems also to
be connected witli the ceremonial steps, wliich are in groups of four,
eight, and sixteen. The number sixteen is said by the Ku'rahus to
represent completeness.

According to native measurement, the height of a man is equal to
the stretch of his arms. Looking at tlie diagram of the figure stepped
upon the ground, we note that sixteen steps give the spread of the
arms and the same number of steps marlcs the length of the man.
This bears out the statement of the Ku'rahus that sixteen, or four times
four, represents completeness.

FIKST SONG a

Diagram of Time

RIi!/f}niiic Hoi (I if ion

Look on ns as here we are standing, raising onr voices!

Look on lis as here we, presenting, lift now these emblems that are so holy up to

thy gaze!
Swift, a flash from out of the heavens
Falls on us as here we are standing, looking at thee.

SECOND SONQ b

Diagram of Time

Rlnjtlniiic Rendition

Look down. West gods,'' look upon usl We gaze afar on your dwelling.
Look down while here we are standing, look down upon us, ye mighty!
Ye thunder gods, now behold us!
Ye lightning gods, now behold us!
Ye that bring life, now behold us!
Ye that bring death, now behold us!

a Music on page 63.
b Music on page 6.5.
t-Gods, meaning powers, is used solely on account of tlie rhythm.

FLETCHER] FOURTH AND FIFTH RITUALS 299

Look down. South gods, look upon usi We gaze afar on your dwelling.
Look down while here we are standing, look do\^^l iii^on us. ye mighty!
Ye daylight gods, now belmld usl
Ye sunshine gods, now behohl usl
Ye increase gods, now behold us!
Ye plenty gods, now behold \is!

Ill

Look down, North gods, look up in us! We gaze afar on your dwelling.
Look down while here we are standing, look down upon us, ye mighty!
Ye darkne.ss gods, now behold iis!
Ye moonlight gods, now behold us!
Ye that direct, now behold us!
Ye that discern, now behold us!

The .structure of the first division of the Preparation, initial rites,
is wortliy of notice. Each of its four rituals is complete in itself, but
the symbols, rhythms, and movements of all are closely connected,
forming a drama of two ^\orlds. The four rituals are a compact
whole, from the opening appeal in the first song of the first ritual to
tlie culmination in the fourth ritual, from the appeal to the powers in
the order of creation for their presence to the answer of this appeal
made visible by the rh_vthmic ceremonial steps, in the form of the
symbolic presence whose "feet will move with" the feet of the supj)!!-
ants as they journey to the land of tlie Son.

Second Division. The Journey

fifth ritual

Part I. Mother Corx Asserts Authority

The three song.s of the first part of tlie fifth ritual have a fixed
sequence, and relate to the supernatural leadership of the ear of corn.

The first refei's to the second ritual, wliere the spirits of those assem-
bled in the lodge became as one spirit and joined the spirit of Mother
Corn in her search for the Son (see explanation by the Ku'rahus, fifth
ritual, first song). The journey then iirefigured is now about to
begin. The Father's party are again enjoined to become as one spirit,
and as one spirit to follow Mother Corn over "the devious way."

FIRST SONG"

The first song, like that of the second ritual, is in four musical
phrases. Both refer to the four paths down which the lesser powers

descend.

Diagiriin af Time

n Musi 3 on page (

300 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEKEMUNY (eth. an.n. 2i}

Rhytlunic Rendition

The Mother leads and we follow on,
Her de\'ious pathway before ns lies.
She leads tis as were our fathers led
Down through the ages.

The Mother leads and we follow on,
Her pathway straight, wliere a stage each day
We forward walk, as our fathers walked
Down through the ages.

When the familiar landmarks about tlie village had disappeared in
the distance and the people looked over the wide stretch of country,
the dangers of the journey were naturally suggested, so that the first
stanza of the second song is an appeal to Mother Corn, asking her
whether a safe path lies before them. The second stanza gives her
assuring answer, that the path does lie straight before them.

This song, being one of procedure only, is in three phrases.

SECOND SONG"

Diagram «/ Time

Rf/tlimic RciirJifinv

Looking o'er the prairie, naught our eyes discern there.

Wide the land stretches oiit liefore us;

Then we cry aloud to Mother Corn: " Doth thy pathway lie here?"

Heeding now our crj-ing, while our eyes she opens.

Mother Corn moveth out before us

On the lonely prairie, where we see straight the pathway lies there 1

In the third song, Mother Corn reminds the people of the super-
natural leadership bestowed on her by the powers above in the distant
past, and' now renewed in the ceremonies which have just taken place.

This song, referring directly to the powers above, is in five musical
phrases, suggesting the motions toward the four directions and the
above.

« Music on page 70.

FLETCHKUJ

FIFTH RITUAL 301

THIRD SONG"

Diagram of Time

Rythmic Rendition

Harkl She speaks, and quickly we tnru to her.

Looking toward the west to the spot where we

Passed 'neath the eyes of gods: and now do we heed her words:

■• Yonder is the place in the distant west

Whence I have come ont of tlie past to you."

'■ Born of the earth and touched 1iy the deep blue sky.

Have I chosen been liy the gods to lead.

You are to hear my voice and follow my strict comnianils.

As your fathers did in the days gone by.

Thence come I to open your pathway here."

These three songs, the first part of the fifth ritual, seem to have
been disciplinarj' in their influence. They tended to restrain the
individual from self-seekinj? by placing over the party a supernatural
leader, on whom all minds must be fixed and to whom all must give
obedience. Thus, t>om tlie very outset, an authority was established
against which none dared rebel.

Part II. Songs .\nd Ceremonies of the W.^y

The Ilako party was an impressive siglit as it .iourncyed over the
country. It could never be mistaken for an ordinary group of hunters,
warriors, or travelers. At the head of the long procession, sufficiently
in advance to be distinguished from the others, walked three men — the
Ku'rahus, holding before him the brown-eagle feathered stem, on his
right the chief, grasping witli both liands the wildcat skin and Mother
Corn, and at his left the assistant Ku'rahus, bearing the white-eagle
feathered stem. These three men wore buffalo robes with the hair
outside. On their heads was the white downy feather of their office
and their faces were anointed with the sacred ointment and red paint.
They bore the sacred objects forward steadily and silently, looking
neither to the right nor left, believing that they were under supernat-
ural guidance. Behind them walked the doctors with theii- insignia,
the eagle wings; then the singers with the drum, and behind them the

"Music on page 71.

302 THE HAKU, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. ann. 22

men and women of the party with the ponies laden with gifts and
needed supplies of food.

Over the wide prairie for miles and miles this order was preserved
day after day until the journey came to an end. If from some dis-
tant vantage point a war party should descry the procession, the
leader would silently turn his men that they might not meet the Ilako
party, for the feathered stems are mightier than the warrior; before
them he must lay down his weapon, forget his anger, and be at peace.

No object met on the journey to the Son presented its ordinary
aspect to the Hako party. Everything seen was regarded as a mani-
festation of the supernatural powers under whose favor this ceremony
was to take place; hence the trees, the streams, the mountains, the
buffalo wei'e each addressed in song. This attitude toward nature is
strikingl}' brought out in the two songs, which are in sequence, sung
at the crossing of a stream.

Throughout this ceremony water is treated as one of the lesser
powers. It is employed only for sacred purposes, and is never used in
the ordinary way. To pi-ofaue water would bring punishment upon
the whole party (see the first ritual, line 29), and consequently when
a stream ran across a line of travel no per.son could step into it as he
commonly would do. A halt was called and the Ku'rahus led in the
singing of the song in which Kawas is asked to grant the party permis-
sion to ford the stream. According to Pawnee rituals, water at the
creation was given to the woman, so Kawas, representing the mother,
could grant permission. The request is embodied in four stanzas.
In the first the water touches the feet; in the second the feet stand in
the water; in the third the feet move in the water; in the fourth the
water covers the feet (note the resemblance of entering the stream to
entering the lodge, seventh ritual, part i).

After the stream was crossed the people halted on the bank to sing
the song to the wind, led by the Ku'rahus. It also is in four stanzas.
The wind is called upon to come and dry the water which the people
may not irreverently touch. In the first stanza the wind touches the
people; in the second it lightly brushes their bodies; in the third it
circles about them; in the fourth it envelops them. Thus the wind,
one of the lesser powers, conies between the people and the penalty
incurred by profanelj' touching water.

In these ceremonies the people were constantly reminded that they
were in the presence of the unseen powers manifested to them in the
natural objects met upon the journey. To those initiated into the
inner meaning of the rite, the appeal at the crossing of the stream to
Kawas (the feminine element) and to the wind (typical of the breath
of life) was connected with the sj'mbolism of running water, explained
in the seventh ritual as representing the giving of life from genera-
tion to generation.

The seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth songs oi'iginally belonged to
the journey, but we are told the buffalo are no hmger seen; neither

FLETCHER] FIFTH RITUAL, PART II 303

are the mountains or the mesas; so these songs are now snug iu the
lodge and only that the objects seen by past generations may be
remembered.

Tliere are no jJresent means of ascertaining whether the songs here
given compi-ise all that were used by the Pawnees on the journey;
they are all that had been taught tlie Ku'rahus who is the authoritj'
for this record of the Hako ceremony.

SONG TO THE TREES AND STREAMS o

Didgrtiiii of Time

Rliyfluiiic Reitdition

Dark against the sky yonder distant line

Lies before ns. Trees we see, long the line of trees,

Bending, swaying in the breeze.

Bright with flashing light yonder distant line
Runs Ijefore ns, swiftly runs, swift the river runs,
Winding, flowing o'er the land.

Ill

Hark! Oh hark! A sound, yonder distant sound
Comes to greet us. singing conies, soft the river's song,
Rippling gently 'nea*h the trees.

SONG WHEN CROSSING THE STREAMS')

Diayraiii of Time

Rhythmic Rendition
I

Behold, upon the river's brink we stand!

River we must cross:

Oh Kawas, come! To thee we call. Oh come, and thy permission give

Into the stream to wade and forward gu.

nMuslconpage 73. 6 Music on page 73.

304 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth, axs. 22

Behold, the water touches now <>nr feet!

River we must cross;

Oh Kawas, hearl To thee we call. (Jh come, and thy permission give

On through the stream to pass and forward go.

Ill

Behold, our feet now in the water move!

River we must cross:

Oh Kawas. heed! To thee we call. Oh come, and thy permission give

On through the stream to pass and forward go.

Behold, the water covers ikjw our feet!

River we must cross:

Oh Kawas, hear! To thee we call. Oh come, and thy permis-sion give

On throiigh the stream to pass and forward go.

SONG TO THE WTND "

Dlayruiii nf Time

Rhyt)imie Rendition

I
Hither, Winds, come to us. touch where water
O'er us flowed when we waded;
Come, Oh Winds, come!

II
Now the Winds come to us. touch where water
O'er us flowed when we waded;
Now the Winds come.

Ill
Here and there touch the Winds where the water
O'er us flowed when we waded;
Now the Winds touch.

lY
Lo! The Winds round us sweep where water
O'er us flowed. Safe now are we.
By the Winds safe.

SONG TO THE BTrFFAXiO ^

Diiignnn of Time

CI MuBic on page 77. ^ Music on page 79.

FLETCHER] FIFTH RITUAL, I'ART II 305

Rhi/fliniic Rendition
I

When to prepare iis a pathway Mother Corn sped
Far in her search for the Son. passing this place,
Lo! She beheld Iniffalo in many herds here.

Now. as we walk in the pathway Mother Corn made,
Looking on all that she saw, passing this place.
Lo! We liehold bnffalo and many trails here.

SONG OF THE PKOMISE OF THE BTTFFAXO '"

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Clonds of dnst arise, rolling np from earth.
Spreading onward: herds are there.
Speeding on before.
Going straight where we mnst jonrney.

What are those we see moving in the diisf:"
This way coming from the herd;
Bnffalo and calf!
Food they promise for the Childreii.

SONG TO THE MOUNTAINS''

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition
I

Mountains loom upon the path we take;
Yonder peak now rises sharp and clear:
Behold! It stands with its head uplifted.
Thither go we. since our way lies there.

" Music on page 80. b Music on page 82

22 ETH — I'T 2—04 20

306 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. an.n. :ia

Mountains loom upon the path we take:

Yonder peak now rises sharp and clear; •

Behold! We climb, drawing near its summit;

Steeper grows the way and slow our steps.

Ill
Mountains loom upon the path we take;
Yonder peak that rises sharp and clear,
Behold us now on its head uplifted;
Planting there our feet, we stand secure.

IV
Mountains loom upon the path we take;
Yonder peak that rose so sharp and clear,
Behold us now on its head uplifted:
Resting there at last, we sing our song.

SONO TO THE MESA a

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition
I

The mesa see; its flat top like a straight line cuts across the sky;
It blocks our path, and we must climb, the mesa climb.

More mesas see; their flat tops rise against the sky, they bar our path;
We reach their base, and we must climb, the mesas climl).

Ill
The mesa's side we now ascend, the sharp ridge pass, its flat top reach;
There lies our path that we must take, and forward go.

IV
The mesas rise around us still, their fiat tops cut across the sky:
They block our way, yet still we climb, the mesas climb.

Part III. Mother Corn Reasserts Leadership

The next two songs are in sequence and refer to the mystical jour-
ney and leadership of Mother Corn. They return to the theme of
part I of this ritual.

Upon the journey the people had been led to appeal to different
objects as manifestations of the supernatural powers, but now that
the journey was nearing its end the maintenance of discipline required
that the peoi^le should be reminded that Mother Corn was leading
and that to her they were still to render undivided obedience.

The first .song was sung at the border of the land of the Son.

n Music on page 84.

FLETCHER] FIFTH RITUAL, PART III 307

FIRST SONG 11

Diagram of Time

Rhjithmic Rendition

Here we give our thanks, led by Mother Corn,
As our eyes dwell upon the borders of the land
Where dwell the Children we are seeking.

Now we travel on. led by Mother Corn,

Soon our eyes catch the print of footsteps on the ground.

Made by the Children we are seekin.^;.

Ill

Still we travel on, led by Mother Corn.

Now our eyes look on people walking to and fro;

They the Children are we are seeking.

Wheu the village where the ceremony was to take place was clearly
in sight the second song was sung.

At the close of the song the sacred objects were laid at rest. This was
the first time during daylight, since the journey began, that they had
been so placed. They had always been in the hands of the Ku'rahus
and his assistants, who walked at the head of the long procession as it
moved over the country.

SECOND SONGb

DiiKji-iitn iif Time

Rhyth III ic Rcndifioii

Here is the place where I came, seeking to find the Sou;
Here have I led you again, here is our journey's end.
Thanks we give unto the Mother Corn I
Here is the jilace where she came, seeking to find the Son;
Here she has led us again, here is our journey's end.

" Music on page 86. '' Music on page 88.

308 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. ANN.ai

Here to this place have we come, bringing the Son our gifts,

All of the gifts that go forth bearing the promisefl help.

Thanks he'll give as he sees. Mother Com,

All of the gifts that we bring, bring to his village here;

Here, where you led. Mother Com; here, where our journey ends.

Third Division. Entering the Village of the Son and Con-
secrating HIS Lodge

SIXTH RITUAL

Part I. The Son's Messenger Beceived

The messenger dispatched by the Son to the Hako party, wliich was
now camped outside the village, was received as a son. He was met,
conducted to the tent of the Father, where food was offered him, and
he was clad in gala garments. The first song accompanied these acts,
which, the K 'rahus explained, represented "the care of a father for
his child."

SONG 11

Diagram of Time

Blu/thm ic Rendition
I

Now our eyes look on hiiii who is here;
He is as the Son we have sought;
He brings again tidings from the Son:
■' Father, come to me. here I sit.
Waiting here for thee.'"

Now our eyes look on him who is clad
As befits the Son we have sought;
He, arising, walks; follow we his steps.
Moving slowly on toward the Son.
"Where he waiting sits.

Part II. The Hako Party Enter the Village

Led by the Son's mes.senger, the party moved to tlie edge of the
village, where a halt was made, in order to conform to the movements
of Mother Corn in her mystical journey (second ritual). ""We must
do as she did," says the Ku'rahus.

1 Music on page 90.

FLETCHER] SIXTH AND SEVENTH KITUALS 309

After singing the first staiizu, tlie party entered the village and
passed on to tlie lodge pointed out to them by the messenger, where
they again halted and sang the second stanza.

Tiiese songs are repeated in the sixteenth ritual, when the child is
sought.

BONQii

Diayrtiin of Time

Rlii/fJi iiiic Rendition
I

Wliere is he. the Son?
Where his dwelling jilace that I seek?
Which can be his lodge, where he sits
Silent, waiting, waiting there for me?

Here is he, the Son,
Here is his dwelling place that I seek;
This is here his lodge, where he sits
Silent, waiting, waiting here for me.

Seventh Ritual The Consecration op the Lodge
Part I. Touching and CROssiNa the Threshold

The ceremonj' at the door of the lodge is another instance of the
preflguration of an act. The chief, with the cat skin and the eai- of
corn, advanced, and during the singing of the first stanza of the fol-
lowing song stepped on the threshold and touched but did not cross it.

The stanzas, which are in five musical phi-ases, were sung four times
in remembrance of the path at the four directions, down which Tira'wa
atir.s sends, by the lesser powers, the gifts promised through this
ceremony.

While the second stanza was being sung, the chief crossed the
threshold, and, in recognition of the powers and to represent the pro-
gression of a long life, took the four ceremonial steps, which are some-
times spoken of as reaching and crossing the four hills.

Thus the waj* into the lodge was opened by Mother Corn, assisted
by the tact of the wild cat carried bj' the chief (see page 23), so that
the direct representatives of the powers above, the feathered stems,
might enter.

The chief retired two steps behind the Ku'rahus, outside the lodge
door. The Ku'rahus and his assistant, carrying the feathered stems,

" Music on page 92.

310 THE HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY Ieth ann.22

advanced and repeated in the same order the movements made by the
chief. Meanwhile the third and fourth stanzas were sung. At the
close the two men retired and took their places beside the chief.

SONG a

Jiiitijnnii of Time.

Rlii/fhiiiic Rendition

Sent down liy powers on high.

She bears a promise most sure:

The Mother Com breathes forth life.

On threshold She stands

Of my Son's dwelling. All's well!

Sent down by powers on high,
She bears a promise most sure:
The Mother Corn breathes forth life,

'The threshold crosses

Of my Son's dwelling. All's well!

Ill

Bent down by powers on high.
She bears a promise most sure:
Now Kawas brings new life.
On threshold She stands here
Of my Son's dwelling. All's well!

Sent down by powers ou high,
She bears a promise most sure —
Now Kawas, bringing new life.
The tbreshold crosses
Of my Son's dwelling. All's well!

Part II. Consecratino The Loduk

When the Hako entered the long passageway the wildeat slvin and
the ear of corn were carried a few steps in advance of the feathered
stems, thus being the first to enter the large circular room. This
relative position of the corn was maintained during the first two cir-
cuits around the lodge, Mother Corn "opening the way."

The stanzas of the song are in four musical phrases, and each

" Music on page 94.

FLETCHER] SEVENTH RITUAL, PART TI 311

stanza is sung four times in recognition of the four directions, for
Motlier Corn is breathing forth within the lodge the gift of life brought
down from Tira'wa atius by the lesser powers.

rmST SONG a

Diugrtnii. of Time

Rhythm ic R<-tirlition

The Mother Corn, with breath of life.
Now enters into my Son"s lodge;
There she walks within:
With breath of life walks Mother Corn.

The Mother Corn, with breath of life,
Now circles she within the lodge.
Walking round within :
With breath of life walks Mother Com.

Now the wildcat skin and the ear of corn are taken back into line
with the feathered stems, and Kawas becomes the leader. The first
stanza of the song accompanying the third and fourtli circuits of
the lodge speaks of her hovering as over a nest. In the second she
flies about, cleansing her nest of all impurities bj' the flapping of
her wings. Meanwhile the two doctors with their eagle wings also
simulate the cleansing of the nest, sweeping out of the lodge all harm-
ful influences.

SECOND SONG')

Diagram of Time

Rfi !/fli 111 ir Rendition
I

Kawas. bearing new life, entereth this dwelling.
Comes as to her own nest, on her spread pinions:
There so gently she hovers over these her Children.

Kawas, bearing new life, flieth through this dwelling,
All the lodge she cleanses, with her wings sweeping.
Making clear the place, sweeping out the harm and danger.

n Music on page 97. '■ Music on page 98.

312 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. ank 22

Part III. Clothing the Son and Offering Smoke

The lodge having been made ready as a nest within which life might
be given and made secure, the Father performed his first act of recog-
nition and responsibility. He i>ut upon the Son the garments he
had previously prepared for the purpose. When clad in the finely
embroidered clothing, the Son was told to make the offering of smoke
to Tira'wa atius, as a prayer for tlie consecration of the new-born
relationship.

FIRST SONG"

Diagraiii of Time

Rln/fliiiiir Rfiiditioii

My son, now heed, attend to the command I give to you:

Oh, speak to the gods list'ning '' above us!

Oh, let your prayers ascend to the mighty ones on high!

My son obeys. His voice is now trav'ling far. speeding on;

It goes to the list'ning gods above us;

There will his prayer be heard by the mighty ones on high.

The ceremony of offering smoke was conducted bj' a priest, who
instructed the Son as to the order in which the stem of the pipe and
the smoke must be offered to the various directions. Meanwhile the
Fathers with the Hako stood before the Son singing this song, which
voiced their participation in the offering.

SECOND SONO''

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

See the smoke pass by!

Rising high above, follows where his voice

Sped. intent to reach

Where the gods'' abide in the deep blue sky.

See the smoke pass by!

n Music on page 101. "The word gods, meaning powers, is used be-

'* Musin on page 103. cause of the rhythm.

FLETCHER] SEVENTH AND EIGHTH RITUALS 313

See the smoke ascend!

Now the odor mounts, follows where his voice

Sped, intent to reach

Where the gods " abide. There the odor pleads.

Pleads to gain us help.

In the first ritual of the Preparation, when the making of the Ilako
had been completed, the Father had offered smoke to Tira'wa atius,
the father of all, the giver of life. It was a prayer for the fulfilment
of the ceremony about to be inaugurated. Now when the lodge had
been made ready as a nest, smoke was offered by the Son, who was to
be the recipient of the gifts promised by Tira'wa through the cereinonj^
This act of the Sou, performed at the request of the Father, bringing
the two together before Tira'wa atius, closed the first division of the
Hako ceremonj".

THE CEREMONY

First Division. The Public Ceremony

eigthth ritual (first day). the fathers feed the children

Heretofore the rites of preparation had been in the presence of the
Hako party, the Son, and his immediate kindred, but after the offering
of smoke the heralds were commanded to summon the people to the
lodge. Anyone could now come in and join the party of the Son in
the making of gifts, and share in the general benefits of the ceremony.

When the messenger of the Son had come to the Fathers, outside
the village, he had been fed, as a paternal act, and now, when the
people, representing the Children, were gathered within the lodge,
the Father's first act was to place food before them. While it was
yet standing beside the fire, the sacred objects were taken up from
their place at the west and carried four times around the lodge.
The songs which accompanied these circuits were for the instruction
of the people, teaching them to remember the powers before partaking
of their gifts. The first, an appeal to Tira'wa atius, is in five musical
phrases, suggesting the five motions symbolic of the four directions
and the above. It was sung four times.

FIRST SONG''

Diagram of Time

a Gods, meaning powers, is used because of the rhythm. & Music on page 107.

314 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ank. 82

Rhythmic Rendition

Father, unto thee we cry!
Father thou of gods " and men :
Father thou of all we hear;
Father thou of all we see —
Father, unto thee we cry!

Tlie second song refers to tlie lesser powers only, they who can
approach man, bringing him lielp derived from Tira'wa atius. Their
symbols are the four motions, indicating the four paths at the car-
dinal points down which they descend. The song is in four musical
phrases; it was given four times.

SECONI) SONG'>

Diayram of Time

RJii/fliiiiir II . ,' .11

Father, thou above, father of the gods, «
They who can come near and touch us,
Do thou bid them bring us help.
Help we need. Father, hear usl

The third song refers to Mother Corn, who leads in all the opening
ceremonies. She is an intermediary between the lesser powers and
man, and as she now walks before the Children, bearing the promise
of peace and plenty, they give her thanks.

THIRD SONG I-

Diagram of Time

Rhytlimic Reiirlitioii
I

Seel The Mother Corn comes hither, making all hearts gladl

Making all hearts gladl

Give her thanks, she Imngs a blessing; now, behuldl she is here.

Yonder Mother Corn is coming, coining unto usl

Coming unto usl

Peace and plenty she is bringing: now. beholdl she is herel

«The word gods, meaning powers, is used solely on account of the rhythm.
^ Music on page 108.
*• Music on page 109.

FLETCHER] EIGHTH RITUAL 315

The purpose of the ceremony, in tlie carrying out of which the male
and female elements were so fully symbolized, was kept continually
before the ijeople.

The lodge was divided, the north half was female, the south was
male; the north was night and the south was day. The brown-eagle
feathered stem, Kawas, when at rest in the holy place, lay toward the
north, and the white-eagle feathered stem, tlie male, was towai-d the
south.

When the feathered stems were waved over the heads of the people
to the rhythm of the songs, as they moved from the west by the north,
east, and south, to the west again, Kawas, the mother, was carried
next to the Children, and the white-eagle feathered stem was borne on
the outside, as the defender.

Each time the sacred objects were taken up four circuits were made.
These, we are told, were in recognition of the four paths; they also
signified the four powers which were active at the creation of man,
and they represented the two eagles, the ear of corn, and the wildcat.
This multiplication of symbols is not uncommon. In this instance
they all refer to the gift of life, the birth of children. Down the four
paths came the lesser powers; four of these were instrumental, in
placing man upon the earth; and the four ceremonial articles are the
bearers of the promise of unfailing generations.

During each circuit a stanza was sung four times. At the end of
the fourth circuit "the symbol of completion," four times four, had
been given in song.

While the lodge in general referred to the nest, the holy place at
the west, back of the fire, was its special representative. There the
Hako were laid at ceremonial rest after each four circuits of the lodge.
From the beginning of the public ceremony this act was alwaj's accom-
panied by songs and movements expressive of its meaning.

The songs are in groups of two. The first in each group relates to
the eagle flying toward her nest, the j'oung birds crying out at her
approach. Their welcoming crj' is signified by the song, and the fly-
ing of the eagle Ijy the movements of the feathered stems. The second
song refers to tlie alighting of the bird upon its nest. At the close of
the second stanza the stems were leaned upon the crotched stick, their
feather ijendants resting upon the cat skin, thus symbolizing the mother
bird settled down upon her nest.

The songs of these two groups are repeated a great many times
during the progress of the ceremony, for after everj' fourth circuit of
the lodge the feathered stems must be laid at rest and the act accom-
panied by one group of these songs, according to the choice of the
Ku'rahus.

31fi THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ask ;S

S0KG8 FOR LAYING DOWN THE FEATHERED STEMS

SONG 'I

Diagram (if Time

Jill ijth III if Rrnclition

See where she comes to her little ones lying so snugly anil safely the nest in!

Harkl She is calling; hear her.

List as her nestlings make answer;

See how she gently hovers.

Happy our hearts as we look on her hovering over her nestlings so gently.

See where she comes to her little ones lying so snugly ami safely the nest in!

Hark! She is calling; hear her,

List as her nestlings answer;

See her alighting gently.

Happy our hearts as we see her alighting there over her nestlings so gently.

SONO ''

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition
I

Loud, loud the young eagles cry. cry, seeing their mother come;
Flies she to them slf bitwise, flies;

Then over the nest she hangs, there hovering, stays her flight;
Thanks, thanks as we look we give.

Thanks, thanks, from our hearts we give, thanks give as we watch the bird

As she to them slantwi.se flies:

Then over her nest she drops; there, folding her wings, she rests,

Rests safely within her nest.

« Music on page 111. ** Music on page 113.

FLETCHER] EIGHTH AND NINTH KITUALS 317

SONS"

Diagi'din of Time

Rhythmic Rendition
I

Beholtll An eagle now approaches: sedately flying, her conrse straight winging to

us she is coming;
"Tis Kawas we are watching, 'tis Kawas coming to seek here her nest.
Behold her ever nearer flying, still nearer coming, her yotxng ones calling her.

Will she alight?

Behold! An eagle now is circling, is widely circling above ns, winging her way to

her nestlings:
Tis Kawas we are watching, 'tis Kawas coming to seek here her nest.
Behold her ever nearer circling, still nearer circling, her young ones calling her

there to alight.

SONG ''

Diagram of Time

Rhythmie Rendition

Now she soareth, Kawas soareth. leaves her nestlings, flies above tliem: will she

leave them, leave her young?
Far she gazes, sees no danger, then contented she descends.

Slow she falleth, Kawas falleth, wings outspreading, hovers o'er them, o'er her

nestlings, o'er her young:
Long she hovers, then, descending, on her nestlings she alights.

When the Ilako had been laid at rest the Fathers served the food,
■wliich had been waiting b}- th<^ fire, to the children. xVt the concln-
sion of the meal the Children di.sporsed to their homes, and tlie first
■day's ceremony came to an end.

NINTH RITUAL (FIRST NIGHT). INVOKING THE VISIONS

The gathering of the Children, the four circuits of the lodge by the
Hako, and the partaking of food jjrovided by the Fathers were intro-
ductory to the ojieuing of the ceremony proper, which took iilace ou
the first night.

o Music on page 114. f^ Music on page 116.

318 THK HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. Ann. 22

The stars were shining when the Children were again seated in the
lodge. The wood was piled upon the fire, and as the flames leaped
high, the Ku'rahns, his assistant, and the eliief arose from behind the
holy place and took up the llako. Among the Omahas this act was
accompanied by a song referring to the eagle rising from its nest, which
the movements of the feathered stems vividly pictured. The Pawnees
had no such songs, and the llako were taken up without any symbolic
movements.

In the song belonging to this first night, tlie visions that "attend
the llako" were invoked.

According to the explanations of the Ku'rahus, these visions-
resembled dreams, inasmuch as they often came during sleep, but
they also appeared when the dreamer was awake. They might be
called revelations, which served either to strengthen a purpose or to
suggest means by which a plan could be carried out to insure suc-
cess to some cherished project. Through such visions, we are told,
the manner of procedure of the ceremony had been taught and its
details prefigured, details which were afterward carefullj' followed
so as to conform to what was regarded as a supernaturally given
model.

'I'lie birds, the animals, and the products of the earth represented
on Ihe llako communicated with man by visions. In the song of
invocation these visions are i)ersonified. They hear the summons in
their dwelling place above; they descend and pass over the quiet
earth, making their way to the door of the lodge, where they pause;
they cross the threshold and "walk within"; they move around and
fill the space, touching all the people; this accomplished, they "walk
away" and a.scend to their abode on high.

We note that the visions follow the same sequence of movements
that the llako party followed in entering the lodge; they pause at the
door, then enter and "walk within"; they move about and touch the
people in prefiguration of the bestowal of gifts promised through the
ceremony.

Tliis song was quite impressive, sung as the writer heard it by a
luindred or more voices. The Ku'rahus and his assistants, as they
moved around the lodge, were followed by the choir, singers bearing
the drum, and the song was taken up by all ihe people — men, women,
and children — until the lodge vibrated with the sonorous melodj-. At
the close of the fourth stanza the Hako were laid at rest with the
songs belonging to that act; the eagle had gone to her nest, leaving
the space clear for the mystic visitors, tlie visions, who now walked
within the lodge. After a time the Hako were again taken up and
the last four stanzas were sung; then the eagle once more alighted
upon her nest, the visions had depai'ted, they had " touched" the Chil-
dren, and, as the Ku'rahus said, "tlie people could now go home to
have pleasant dreams."

The face of the old man was radiant as he explained this song and

FLETCHEH] NINTH RITUAL 319

dwelt upon the happiness brought to all by the touch of the visions
which attend the Hako. This song and all others which belong to the
night season he would sing and talk about only in the evening, never
during the day.

SONO"

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

I
Holy visions!

Hithei' come, we pray yon, come unto tis,
Bringing with you joy;
Come, Oh come to us, holy visions,
Bringing with you joy.

II
Holy visions!

Near are they approaching, near to us here,
Bringing with them joy;
Nearer still they come — holy visions —
Bringing with them joy.

Ill
Holy visions!

Lo! Before the doorway pause they, waiting.
Bearing gifts of joy;
Pausing there they wait — holy visions —
Bearing gifts of joy.

IV
Holy visions!

Now they cross the threshold, gliding softly
Toward the space within;
Softly gliding on — holy visions —
Toward the space within.

V
Holy visions!

They the lodge are filling with their presence,
Fraught with hope and peace;
Filling all the lodge — holy visions
Fraught with hope and peace.

VI
Holy visions!

Now they touch the children, gently touch them,
Giving dreams of joy;
Gently touch each one — holy visions —
Giving dreams of joy.

a Music on page US.

320 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann.22

VII

Holy visions!

Ended now their mission, pass they outward,

Yet they leave us joy.

Pass they all from us — holy visions —

Yet they leave us joy.

vin

Holy visions!

They, the sky ascending, reach their dwelling;

There they rest above:

They their dwelling reach — holy visions —

There they rest above.

TENTH RITUAL. THE DAWN
P.\RT I. The Birth of Dawn

The opening ceremonies began aftei* dark and continued until past
midnight. At their clo.se the Children and the Fathers retired to their
tents, but tlie Son remained at his post near the inner door of the
lodge, while the Ku'rahus and his assistants watched from behind
the holy place, where the Hako lay at rest. The fire burned to
embers, the noise of the camp died slowly away, and darkness and
silence settled down within the lodge.

It was a long watch, but at length the Ku'rahus bade his server lift
the skins, hanging at the inner and the outer door of the long passage-
way, and stand outside to report when the gray hue was seen in the
east. When the voice of the server was heard proclaiming the sign
of dawn, the Ku'rahus and his assistants rose, and as thej' stood
behind the holy place, facing tlie open door, they sang the first song
in this drama of the mystic birth of Day. It was sung "slowly and
with reverent feeling, for it speaks of the mysterious act of Tira'wa
atius in the birth of dawn," said the Ku'rahus; "it is something very
sacred, although it liappens every day."

In the first stanza, the Earth, h'Atira (h', breath; atira, mother).
Mother breathing forth life, is called on to awake, that she may
receive fresh power of life to be given with the new day. In the
second, h'Atira responds, she wakens from the sleep of night.

In the next stanza, h'Kawas (h', breath; Kawas, as the represen-
tative of the upper powers), the life-breathing powers above, are called
to awake and receive fresh life through the new-born Day. In the
fourth stanza, h'Kawas, awakening from sleep, responds. All the
forces below and above have now been called, they are awake and
ready to receive the gift of the new life.

In the fifth stanza, Kawas, the mother, the leader in this ceremony,
stands up and speaks from her nest. She explains to the Ku'rahus
that day is born of night by the power of Tira'wa, that it is the breath
of this new-born child, the Dawn, which gives fresh life to all things

FLETCHER] TENTH RITUAL, PART T 321

below and to all things above. The Ku'rahus replies, in the sixth
stanza, that now he understands the meaning of the signs of the
east, where Tira'wa, moving on Darkness, causes her to bring forth
the Day, whose breath, awakening man and all things, gives them
new life.

In the seventh stanza the Ku ralius turns to the Son, bidding him
awake to receive the breath of the new day. In the eighth the Son
awakes, and with the Ku'rahus watches the coming of Dawn.

This opening song of eight stanzas is in two parts; the first relates
to the male and female forces, the above and below, awaking to
receive a fresh influx of power from the breath of the new-born Day.
In the second, the meaning of the signs in the east is revealed to the
Ku'rahus by the mother, Kawas. With the assurance that new life is
to be given, he awakes the Son, that he may receive the promise from
the new-born child of Night.

The second song is in two parts. In the first the Morning Star, rep-
resentative of Tii-a'wa atius, the father, is discerned slowlj- advancing
from the far distance, the birthplace of Dawn. The light is dim, and
as the people look it is gone ; then they catch sight of it again, steadily
approaching, growing brighter and brighter until, in the second
stanza, it stands resplendent as a man girded with the strength of
j'outh, the breath of life stirring the downy feather upon his head,
symbol of Tira'wa atius, already rosy with the touch of the advancing
sun. As they gaze, he slowly recedes and vanishes from their sight.

In the third stanza, along the path opened by the Morning Star, the
representative of the Father, comes the new-born Dawn, dim at first
and difficult to discern, but ever advancing, coming nearer and nearer,
its breath stirring all things with life newly given from Tira'wa atius,
the father of all. In the fourth stanza the sky is flllc d with the bright-
ness of dawn ; then the Dawn recedes and vanishes in the light of day.

The third song opens with the shout, "Day is here!" The light is
everywhere and all things are clearly seen. The Son is called to lift
his head and behold the light.

In the second stanza, the glad shout, "Day is here ! " calls from their
coverts the animals, led by the deer, bringing her young into the light
of day. All creatures are now alert and moving about; the new Day
has given new life.

In the fourth song the Ku'rahus bids the Son awaken the Children.
In the second stanza the Children arise, and, as they step out under
the glowing sky, they, too, are touched by the breath of the new-
born Day.

The four songs represent four movements or parts of this ritual :
(1) The awakening of the forces; (2) the approach of the new-born
Dawn; (3) the stir of life among the creatures; (i) the touch of the
breath of Dawn upon the Children. The sixteen stanzas make the
symbol of completeness.
22 BTH— PT 2—04 21

322 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. an.n. 22

Such is the (Iraiiia of the dawn as it appeared to tlie instructed
Pawnee. The explanation of the Ku'rahus has given us a view of its
imagerj' and meaning from tlie center of the circle, rathei' than from
the outer edge, which otherwise would have been our only point of
view. Seen as the Ku'rahus shows it to us, througli its words and
music, its simplicity, beauty, and reverent feeling can not fail to
appeal to everyone who has watched the silent majesty of the dawn.

SONGn

Diagram of Time

Rhyfliinif ReiidHidii
I

Awake. Oh ^Mother, from sleep!
Awake 1 The night is far spent;
The signs of dawn are now seen
In east, whence cometh new life.

The Mother wakens from sleep;
She wakes, for night is far spent;
The signs of dawn are now seen
In east, whence cometh new life.

Ill

Awake. (!)h Kawas. from sleep!
Awake! The night is far spent:
The signs of dawn are now seen
In east, whence cometh new life.

Now Kawas wakens from sleep.
Awakes, for night is far spent:
The signs of dawn are now seen
In east, whence cometh new life.

Then Kawas stands and speaks forth:
"A child from Night is now born:
Tira wa. father on high.
On Darkness moving, brings Dawn.'

I understand now. I know

A child from Night has been born;

Tira'wa, father on high,

On Darkness moving, brings Dawn.

o Music on page 123.

FLETCHER] TENTH RITUAL 323

VII

Oh Son, awakeu from sleep!
Awake! The night is far spent;
The signs of dawn are now seen
In east, whence conieth new life.

The Son awakens from sleep:
He wakes, for night is far spent;
The signs of dawn are now .seen
In east, whence cometh new life.

Part II. The Morning Star and the New-born Dawn

SONGd

Diagram of Time

Rhythniio Rendition

Oh Morning Star, for thee we watch!
Dimly comes thy light from distant skies;
We see thee, then lost art thou.
Morning Star, thou bringest life to us.

Oh Morning Star, thy form we see!
Clad in shining garments dost thou come,
Thy plume touched with rosy light.
Morning Star, thou now art vanishing.

Ill

Oil youthful Dawn, for thee we watch!
Dimly comes thy light from distant skies;
We see thee, then lost art thou.
Youthful Dawn, thou bringest life to us.

Oh youthful Dawn, we see thee come!
Brighter grows thy glowing light
As near, nearer thou dost come.
Youthful Dawn, thou now art vanishing.

o Music on page 128.

324 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. asn.iB

Part III. Daylight

SONO"

Diagram uf Time

Rlii/fhmic Ri'iiditioii

1
Day Is here! Day is here, is herel

Anse, niy son, lift thine eyes. Day is herel Day is here, is herel
Day is here! Day is here, is here!

Look up, my son, and see the day. Day is here! Day is here, is here!
Day is here! Day is here, is here!

II
Lo. the deer! Lo, the deer, the deer

Comes from her covert of the night! Day is here! Day is here, is here!
Lo, tlie deer! Lo. the deer, the deer!

All creatures wake and see the light. Day is here! Day is here, is here!
Day is here! Day is here, is here!

Part IV. The Children Beholu the Day

SONO '■

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Arise, my son, and follow my command;
Go to the Children, bid them all awake.
Bid them look where day now breaks;
Go, send them forth into the light of day.

The son arose and followed these commands;
He bade the Children all awake, arise;
He bade them look where day now breaks;
He sent them forth into the light of day.

' Muslf on page 131. <> Music on page 132.

FLETCHER] ELEVENTH RITUAL, PART I 325

ELEVENTH RITUAL (SECOND DAY). THE MALE ELEMENT INVOKED
Part I. Chant to the Sun

The chant to the t>uii, the recognition of the male principle, took
place the second day. It was in two parts, the first sung during the
morning hours, and the second in the late afternoon and at sunset.

The first ray of the morning sun comes, we are told, " direct from
Tira wa " and i.s "like a man" untouched by weakness or age. It is
particularly jjowerful, and can impart strength to whomsoever it
reaches, therefore the advent of the first ray of the sun was watched
with eagerness.

In the chant the ray is spoken of as if it were a bird ; it alights and
climbs in and out of the lodge (akaro). This term is used with double
significance, for the earthly abode, the wide stretch from horizon to
horizon, and for the lodge, erected for the protection of the family — •
the nest.

In the first verse of the chant, the ray enters the door and goes
through the long passageway into the lodge. The jiassageway typi-
fies the individual life, the career of a man (first ritual, part i, stanza
xiii). In the seventh ritual the Ilako touches the threshold, crosses it,
and takes within the passageway the four steps symbolic of length of
days. In the ninth ritual, the Visions halt at the door and then go
through the passageway to reach and touch the Children; and now
the ray, coming directly from above, enters as did the Hako and the
Visions, bringing vitality and strength to the Son.

The raj' comes from h'Ai-s (h\ breath; ars, a contraction of atius,
father), the father of breath; it is the bearer of breath from the Sun,
the intermediary which received this gift of vitality and strength from
Tira'wa atius (first ritual, part i, stanzas i and ii).

After the Son had been touched by the ray, which entered through
the long passagewa}^ the Fathers gave the Children their morning
meal, which had been prepared outside the lodge and brought within
during the first verse.

At the conclusion of the meal the chant was resumed. The second
verse speaks of the ray alighting on the edge of the central opening
in the roof of the lodge, over the fireplace. The fireplace was femi-
nine, and represented the protected center where life was conserved
(first ritual, stanza x). The alighting of the ray over that center
refers to the coming of the father bird to its nest.

In the third verse the ray climbs down, and in the fourth verse
reaches the floor of the lodge and walks within the open space to
touch the Children, bringing them the gift of vitality.

At the close of this verse the Hako were laid at rest with ceremo-
nial movements and song.

The last four verses of the chant were sung late in the afternoon.
In the fifth verse the ray has walked around the lodge and touched

326 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. axn. 23

all within; in the sixth it (•liiiii)s up and out, and in the seventh it
rests iijion the top of the hills that stand as a wall and inclose as a
lodge tlie abode of the people. In the eighth verse the raj- returns to
the sun, having accomplished its task.

This is the only song in the eei'eniony which is in tlie form of a
chant.

Part II. Day Songs
IHiK/rdiii of Tiiiii'

lihi/thiiiic Ri'iiditiiiii

Now behold; liither comes the ray of our father Sun; it cometh over all the land.
passe th in the lodge, us to touch, and give us strength.

Now hehold, where alights the ray of o\vc father Sun: it touches lightly on the rim,
the place above the tire, whence the smoke ascends on high.

Ill

Now behold; softly creeps the ray of our father Sun; now o"er the rim it creeps
to us, climbs down within the lodge; climbing down, it comes to us.

Now beliold; nearer comes the ray of our father Sun; it reaches now the iloor and
moves within the open space, walking there, the lodge about.''

Now behold where has passed the ray of our father Siin: arf)und the lodge the ray
has passed and left its blessing there, touching us. each one of us.

N(jw behold; softly climbs tue ray of our father Sun; it upward climbs, and o'er
the rim it passes from the place whence the smoke ascends on high.

VII

Now behold (n\ the hills the ray of our father Sun: it lingers there as loath to go.
while all the plain is dark. Now has gone the ray from us.

VIII

Now behold; lost to us the ray of our father Sun: beyond our sight the raj- has
gone, returning to the place whence it came to bring us strength.

Between the fifth and sixth verses of the chant two songs had
place. The first compares the noise and bustle of the coming of the
Hako party to the alighting of a flock of birds. The significance of
a flock is given in the fifteenth ritual.

In the fii'st stanza of the second song the Father expresses his thank-

o Music on page 135. i Here the Hako are laid at rest.

FLETCHER]

ELEVENTH RITUAL, PART II 327

fulness for the good he is permitted to bear. In the seeond stanza the
Son responds with thaulvs for the coming of the Ilako.

These are the only songs Ijelonging to the ritual of tlie second daj",
but, if the Children desire, thej- can aslc for one of the extra songs
which can be sung in the daytime only. Sucli a request must be
accompanied by a gift.

The first extra song is a request to Mother Corn that she will lead
the Father to the Son. The song is in four stanzas. lu the first
Mother Corn is asked to lead; in the second she consents; in the
third the Father asks if they are near; in the fourth the end of the
jouruej- is discerned.

The second extra song refers to a young mau who UKnints liis horse
and makes his way toward the lodge to offer tlie animal as a gift to
the Fathers. Such an act gives to a man honor and I'ecognitiou
among liis people.

FIRST SONO'r

Diagram «/ Time

RlH/fJnnic Rendition

I
Hark, the sinind of their wings! Mighty birds are here now alighting, bearing

l^romised good.
Hark, the sound of their wings 1 Surely the Hako is coming. Children, forward

bring your gifts.

II
Hark, the sound of their wingsl Mighty birds are liere now alighting, bearing

promised good.
Hark, the sound of their wingsl See! The Hako has come. We children forward

bring our gifts.

SECOND SON3'i

Diagram of Time

RIn/fli III ic Reiiftifiiin

We are thankful, thankful that now we are here

With the Hako, bearing its bountiful gifts. As a son you will be.

By the Hako bound unto us as a Son,

I am thankful, thankful that now you are here

With the Hako, bearing its bountiful gifts. As a son I will be.

By the Hako bound unto you as a Son,

<i Music on page 14IJ. t> Music on page 143.

328 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEKEMONY Ieth. a.nn. 22

EXTRA DAT SONGu

Diagram of Time

Rhythm ic Rendition
I

Let US seek him, led by her who breathes forth life. Seeking the Son
With the Mother, Mother Com, seeking the Son let us go.

Now we travel, led by her who breathes forth life. Seeking the Son
With the Mother, Mother Com, seeking the Son now we go.

Ill

May we find him. led by her who breathes forth life. Grant we find him,
Oh our Mother, Mother Com. grant we may find, find the Son.

We are near him, led by her who breathes forth life. Nearer we come;
Now our Mother. Mother Corn, answers our prayer. He is here.

EXTRA DAY SONG''

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Look where yonder rides

One who swiftly speeding o"er the prairie takes his way!

Who may he be?

Whence has he come, riding on so fast.

He who yonder comes?

II
Look! He turns this way.

He who rides so swiftly o'er the prairie turns this way
Hither comes he;

Witli a purpose brave within his heart
Rides he straightway here.

TWELFTH RITUAL (SECOND NIGHT). THE KITES CAME BY A VISION.

In the ritual of this second night the supernatural origin of the
ceremony is asserted, that its promises may be more fully depended
upon.

o Music on page 144. b Mnsic on page 146.

FLETCHER!

TWELFTH RITUAL 329

In the finst soug of the ritual the question is asked if the rite by
wiiich a Fatlier could bind to himself a Son was prefigured in a vision?
The affirmative answer is given in the second stanza.

The second song has the same theme, and reiterates that, verily, all
knowledge of the rite was given through the vision which, the Ku'ra-
hus stated, came down by the east. The second stanza im^jlies the
promise that similar visions from the same direction will descend to
the Children.

FIRST SONG'C

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Was it, we ask, in dreams that the Fathers saw

Clearly the Hako. wherewith I make yon now

As my son.

My own begotten'/

Was it in dreams they learned how to make yon thus

My offspring?

Tnily. in dreams it was that the Fathers saw

Clearly the Hako, wherewith I make yon now

As my son.

My own begotten.

Trnly. in dreams they learned Imw to make yon thns

My offspring.

SECOND SONG''

Didijraiii of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

This is the teaching, this is the word .sent

Down to ITS from onr fathers:

All of the wise words, all of the good gifts,

Brought unto you as a Son.

Verily, through a dream all of these things,

All. by the east descended.

a Music on page 147. & Music on page 149.

330 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. axx. 22

This is the teaching, this is the word sent

Down to lis from our fathers:

All of the wise words, all of the good gifts,

Now brought to you as my Son.

Verily, as of old, all of these things,

All, by the east descended.

The song addressed to the Pleiades held a ijeeuliar place in the
cei-emouy. It had to be substituted for the last stauza of any song
which was being sung when the constellation was reported as rising
above the horizon. This I'ight to set aside the stanza of a regular
song preceding the act of laying down the Hako seems to bear out the
explanation of the Ku'rahus, that the song to the Pleiades belonged
"to the time when the ceremony was being made," and would imply
that it was part of a ceremony from which the Hako di-ew authority.

"Tira'wa," the Ku'rahus said, "appointed the stars to guide their
steps." The Pleiades not only guided but tauglit the people, as by an
object lesson, "to remain together." The song would seem to have
been received in some locality to the south of the dwelling place of the
Pawnees, since the man who obtained it "turned to the north and
reached his country." This song is one among manj- indications that
earlier forms of the Hako ceremony will probably be found among the
people of the Mexican plateau.

SONO TO THE PLETATIES"

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Look as they rise, up rise

Over the line where sky meets the earth;

Pleiades!

Lo! They ascending, come to guide us.

Leading us safely, keeping us one:

Pleiades,

Us teach to be, like you, united.

The songs which belong to the rituals of the night did not fill up
the entire time, and extra songs could therefore l)e requested by the
Children, provided a gift was made when the song was called for. A
man would step up to the holy place, lay there a small stick, repre-
senting the gift of a horse, and saj-, "Father, sing for usl "

« Music on page 151.

FLETCHER] TWELFTH RITUAL 831

From the first extra song wo learn that the visions had a cb^elling
place called "Katasha," located just below the abode of the lesser
IDOwers. The visions could be summoned by these powers from
Katasha and dispatched upon a mission. After its accomplishment,
the visions returned to their dwelling place to "lie at rest" until
again summoned by the powers. According to the Ku'rahus, visions
were not transitory, called into being for some special occasion and
then ceasing to exist, but the^' were of au enduring nature, retaining
an identity by which they could be recognized bj^ one whom they had
visited. This differentiates the vision from the dream, which would
seem to be the memory of a vision which came whih* one slept.
Waking visions are not spoken of as dreams.

The Pawnees locate more or less definitel}' the powers which can
affect man. In the above, far beyond the light, fleecy clouds, where
no man has been or can see, dwells Tira'wa atius, the father of all,
the giver of life and breath; in a circle below are the lesser powers,
like a great council; beneath them is Katasha, the abode of the
visions. The birds, the animals, and plants are intermediaries
between man and the powers above and the powers below in the earth;
they bring him the life and strength which is drawn by the powers
from Tira'wa atius. Such is the outline, but the details are complex,
no one power or intermediary being fixed or unchangeable in func-
tion or character.

The second extra song, as explained by the Ku'rahus, seems to point
out that disaster is sometimes disciplinary and necessary to the
strengthening of a man's purpose.

The third extra song teaches that when one dreams of Mother
Corn one should go to a shrine where the sacred corn is kept and
there offer smoke to the power which sent the corn to him in his dream.

EXTRA NIGHT SONGi

Diagram of Time
/ /

/ /
/ /

/ /

Rhythmic Ri'iidition
I

Give heed! We tell of Katasha holy,

Whence the dreams come down, when draweth the night time near:

Near the gods '' is their dwelling.

They who watch o'er men; all silently come they down.

« Music on page 1-52. ?»Gods, meaning powers, is used on account of the rhythm only.

332 THE HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY [eth. an.n. 22

Give heed! The bird of whom we are telling

Sends the dreams to us, when draweth the night time near;

Kawas, she that is sending

Holy visions, bringing, silently bringing peace.

Ill

Give heed! The birds of whom we are telling

Climb with dreams to lis, when draweth the night time near:

Down the path they are climlnng;

Where the gods to men are traveling come they down.

They climb, these birds; a dream each is bearing;

Bear they dreams to ns, when draweth the night time near;

Kawas — she that is sending

Down the birds with dreams; so faithful the Hako birds!

Then back they .speed, the birds that were bringing

Down the dreams that come when draweth the night time near;

Birds and dreams are ascending

Where the gods are dwelling, watching there over men.

Now this we know in truth — where are resting

Dreams that come to us when draweth the night time near;

True it is that he did see them;

In a vision saw he Katasha, where they dwell.

EXTKA NIGHT SONG"

Diagram of Time

Ehythmic Rendition
I

Mother Corn! Mother Corn! We pray thee,

Be our leader, foes entrapping!

Trusting in thee, we wander far, yet we see no foe;

Food is gone, hope is dead vrithin us.

Then in dreams Mother Com spoke to me:

•' I will lead you. foes entrapping!

" Testing your courage, far have I let you go astray;

•' Rise, my child, follow me to vicfry! "

" Music on page 157,

FLETCHER] TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH KITTJALS 333

EXTRA NIGHT SONQii

Diagram of Time

Rhyflnnic Rendition
I

As I lay sleeping, as I lay dreaming.
Out of the distance came one advancing

One whom I ne'er liad seen before, liut when her voice addressed me. straight-
way I knew her —
Lo! 'Twas our Mother, she whom we know.

I rose from sleeping, my dream rememb'ring
Her words I pondered, words of our mother.
Then I asked of each one I met. Tell me. how far may her shrine be? When

I found it
Sweet smoke I offered unto our Mother.

THIRTEENTH RITUAL (THIRD DAY). THE FEMALE ELEMENT INVOKED

Part I. The Sacred Feast of Corn

Ou the morning of the third day the ritual of the Dawn was repeated.
The Children gathered at the lodge before sunrise and their morning
meal was given them by the Fathers.

On the jDreceding day the masculine principle, the sun, had been
"remembered." On this day the feminine, the earth, was to be
honored.

The ceremonies began by the sacred feast of Corn. It followed
closely upon the morning meal and was wholly ceremonial and com-
munal in form, the people taking a spoonful from bowls that were
passed around the lodge from one group to another.

The corn was provided and prepared bj' the C'hildren, they who
were to be tlie recipients of the good promised by the Ilako and pre-
figured by this act — the gift of plenty that they were to receive.

Part II. Song to the Earth

The song to the Earth followed the rite. Its responsive liturgical
form calls to mind the song which opens the first ritual. Its theme
is similar. As the ceremony proceeds, its purpose, the perpetuation
of the clan or tribe by the gift of cluldren, is brought more and more
clearly to light.

a Music on page 159.

SSi THE HAKO, A PAWNEK CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

The two songs whicli precede the song to the earth were sung at the
opening of the public ceremony (eiglitli ritual) ; they fix the mind upon
the teaching that all power is derived from the gi'eat unseen force,
Tira'wa atius. The power of the fructifying ray of Father Sun and the
power of Mother Earth to bring forth, the ability to generate life and
to conserve it, come from Tira'wa atius, the father of all.

FIRST SONG'i

Diagram of Time

Rhyfltinic Renditiuii

Father, unto thee we cry;
Father thuu of gods '' and men;
Father thou of all we hear;
Father thou of all we see;
Father, unto thee we cry.

SECOND SONGc-

Diagram of Time

Rlii/thmic Rendition

Fatherl Thou above, father of the gods,*
They who can come near and touch lis,
Do thou bid them bring us help.
Help we need. Father, hear us!

THIRD SONO'-

Diagram of Time

" Music on page 102.

/'The word gods, meaning powers, is used solely on account of the rhythm.

f Music on page 163.

FLETCHER] THIRTEENTH RITUAL, PART I 335

Rhytltink- Reiiditivii
I

Behold! Our Mother Earth is lying here.
Behold! She giveth of lier fruitfulness.
Truly, her power gives she us.
Give thanks to Mother Earth who lieth here.

We think of Mother Earth who lieth here;
We know she giveth of her fruitfulness.
Truly, her power gives she us.
Our thanks to Mother Earth who lieth here!

Ill

Behold on Mother Earth the growing fields!
Behold the promise of her fruitfulness!
' Truly, her power gives she us.

Give thanks to Mother Earth who lieth here.

We see on Mother Earth the growing fields;
We see the promise <if their fruitfulness.
Truly, her power gives she \is.
Our thanks to Mother Earth who lieth here!

Behold on Mother Earth the spi'eading trees!
Behold the promise of her fruitfulness!
Truly, her power gives she us.
Give thanks to Mother Earth who lieth here.

We see ou Mother Earth the spreading trees;
We see the promise of her fruitfulness.
Truly, her power gives she us.
Out thanks to Mother Earth who lieth here!

VII

Behold on Mother Earth the running streams!
Behold the promise of her fruitfulness!
Truly, her power gives .she us.
Give thanks to Mother Earth who lieth here.

VIII

We see on Mother Earth the running streams;
We see the promise of her fruitfulness.
Truly, her power gives she us.
Our thanks to Mother Earth who lieth here!

336 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. axk. 22

Part III. Offering of Smoke

This teaching is further accentuated bj'the offering of smoke which
follows the song. The feathered stem, Kawas, the mother, is used as
the pipestem for tliis purpose. The offering of smoke is the closest
and most sacred form of direct communication with the great unseen
power.

Part IV. Sonus of the Birds

In the songs of the birds, which close the day, the people are in-
structed in their parental duties. They must take upon themselves
the care of providing for their children, even before thej' are bom;
they are to be cheerful and thankful for all they receive; they are to
guide and protect their families, to be watchful and faithful in storm
and in sunshine, by day and by night. By following these teachings
thej' will receive in full measure, in completeness, the gifts of the
Hako.

The diagram of time of each of the six songs of the birds is here
given in the order of the text, but no rhythmical rendition has been
made, as the storj' elaborates the meaning of each song.

THE SONG OF THE BIRDS NESTi

Diagram of Time

THE SONO OF THE 'WTIEN t

Diagram of Time

THE SONG OF THE TURKEY AND THE ■WOODPEOKEK c^

Diagram of Time

n Music on page 169. f* Music on page 171. <* Music on page 172.

FLETCHER] THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH RITUAL3 337

THE SONO OF THE DUCKu

Diagram of Time

THE SONO OF THE OTSTL ^

Diagram of Time

THE SONG OF THANKFtTLNESS <•

Diagram of Time

FOURTEENTH RITUAL (THIRD NIGHT). INVOKING THE VISIONS OF THE

ANCIENTS

On the third night the visions which in the distant past had
taught this ceremony to the fathers were called upon and asked to
come from their abode on high, to enter the lodge and recognize the
man who was to be made a Son.

The song was an appeal for supernatural sanction of the rites which
had taken place and of those which were to follow. "With this song
the public ceremony came to an end.

BONG''

Diayraiii of Time

a Music on page 174. '^ Music on page 175. cMuaic on page 177. rf Music ou page 178.

22 ETH— PT 2-04 22

338 THE HAKO, A PAWNKE CEREMONY [eth.ann.2«

Jiytlimic Rendition

Oh. come hither.

Holy dreams — Our fathers knew tliem —

Hither come to us!

Thanlis we give unto them. They our message will hear,

Calling them to come.

II
This way come they,
Holy dreams — Our fathers knew them —
Come they now this way.

Thanks we give unto them. Coming now, they draw near,
Coming now this way.

Ill
They come nearer.

Holy dreams— Our fathers knew them —
Come they now this way.

Thanks we give unto them. On the threshold stand they,
Holy visions stand.

IV
Now they enter,

Holy dreams — Our fathers knew them—
Enter now the lodge.

Thanks we give unto them. Enter they the lodge now,
Enter now the lodge.

V
The Son they see.

Holy dreams — Our fathers knew them —
See him now within.

Thanks we give unto them. Entered now. they see him,
See the Son within.

VI
Now they hover.

Holy dreams — Our fathers knew them —
Hover us above.

Thanks we give unto them. Pausing here above us,
Hover they above.

VII
Now depart they.

Holy dreams — Our fathers knew them —
Now they go away.

Thanks we give unto them. They are pas.sinK from us.
Going from the lodge.

VIII
Above rest they.

Holy dreams — 0".r fathers knew them —
Rest they now above.

Thanks we give unto them. Where they rest we send thanks,
Thanks send far above.

fletcher] fifteenth ritual, part i 339

Second Division. The Secret Ceremonies

FIFTEENTH RITUAL (FOURTH NIGHT)

Part I. The Fux'KiNci ok the Birds

The last meal given by tlie Fathers was eaten by the Children dur-
ing the forenoon of the fourtli day. Afterward gifts were presented
to the Cliildren and tliej' went to their homes.

The afternoon was occupied in preparation for the approaching
secret ceremonies, which began at sunset and at which no one could
be present but the Fathers, the Son, and his near relatives — tliose
pi'iniarily concerned in the promises of the Ilako.

These ceremonies opened with a song suggesting the fulfilment of
tlie promises and the joy of the jjeople. Again we note the use of
prefiguration at the beginning of a rite.

This song — the flocking of birds — is in three gi'oups of two stanzas
each.

The first group speaks of the flock, the old birds, with their young
now grown, moving about with strengtli and power, shaking the trees
by their numbers as they alight and rise; so shall tlie people increase
and be powerful by their numbers.

The second grou^j sjjeaks of Kawas as bringing from the powers
the gift of this increase. She comes as a special messenger. Leaving
the flock she flies direct to the people, as the eagle flies straight to its
nest. The lodge of the Son is her nest, and she is coming to fulfil
the promise of increase.

The third group deals with the rejoicing of the people over the
promise received through this ceremony. The joyful noise which
the}' make as they bring tlieir thank offerings to the Fathers is like
that of a great flock of birds.

The song not only pictures the increased power which is to come
to the people through the Hako; it also refers to the immediate joyous
influence of the ceremony on the people, in the happiness and grati-
tude felt in the giving and receiving of the required gifts.

The realistic whistle, made from the wing bone of the eagle, used
to accompany the songs of these secret ceremonies, emphasizes the
Ijrophetic assurances of Kawas.

SONGm

Diiigt-iim (if Time

" Music on page 184.

340 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth.asn.22

Rlij/tliniir ReiuUtioti

I -

All arovind the bird.s in flocks are flj-ing:
Dipping, rising, circling, see them coming.
See. many birds are flocking here.
All about us now together coming.

Yonder see the birds in flocks come flj-ing:
Dipping, rising, circling, see them gather.
Loud is the sound their winging uiakea.
Rushing come they on the trees alighting!

Ill

From the flock an eagle now comes flying:
Dipping, rising, circling, comes she hither.
Loud screams the eagle, flying swift.
As an eagle flies, her nestlings seeking.

It is Kawas coining. Kawas flying;
Dipping, rising, circling, she advances.
Seel Nearer comes she. nearer comes.
Now. alighted, she her nest is making.

Yonder people like the birds are flocking.
See them circling, this side, that side coming.
Loud is the sound their moving makes.
As together come they, onward come they.

Toward the lodge where sits the Sou they hasten.
Bringing forward gifts with joyful shouting.
Hark: Now they like the eagle scream.
Glad of heart, as when her nest she seeth.

Part II. The Sixteex Circuits (if the Lodge

After the .song the Hako were laid at re.st witli (.•eremonial song and
movement. When they were next taken tip it was to make the final
circuits of the lodge, sixteen in number, symbolic of completion.

The songs which accompanied the.se cii-cnits are in four groups, and
in them are summed up the teaching and the promises of the ceremony.

The two songs of the first group refer to Mother Corn, she who had
oi)ened the way and led to the Son, breathing forth the power of
Mother Earth in life, food, and plenty. Thanks and reverence are
given to her.

In the two songs of the second group the eagle, Kawas, comes to
the Son. Her shadow, passing over him, attracts his attention and

FLETCHER] . FIFTEENTH RITUAL, RART II 341

he watches her and her mate as they guard and cherisli their young
in the nest. Then he learns that his lodge is the nest; that the
powers above, through the eagle, are sending him tlie promise of life
that shall fill his nest and make strong the people.

The two songs of the third group refer to the Hako with its prom-
ises. The second song records the prayer of an old Ku'rahus and its
fulfilment, and gives the assurance that Tira'wa answers the praj'er
of man made through the Hako ceremony.

The four songs of the fourth group had all been previously sung.
The first two were given at the opening of the public ceremony, and
again at the close of the sacred feast of Corn. They were now
repeated, that the thoughts of the people might be turned toward
Tira'wa atius, the father of all things, the giver of life, and to his
messengers to man, the lesser powers. The third and fourth songs
had been sung in the first ritual, when the feathered stems were
painted to symbolize the powers above and the powers below, the
male and female forces, wliicli make for the perpetuation of all living
forms.

The secret ceremonies contain the heart of the rite, its vital center.
In the sequence of songs through which this center was approached
we note a refiex of the order of the ceremony itself, a turning back
from the external leadersliip of the corn and of Kawas to the silent
prayer of the Ku'rahus, the appeal to Tira'wa atius as sjanbolically
present.

At the close of the last circuit of the lodge the Hako were laid at
rest with ceremonial song and movement for the last time. Midnight
had passed, and the Children went to their homes, leaving the Fathers
alone in the lodge to watch for the dawn.

FIRSa? SONG a

Diagram of Time

Rythmic Rendition
I

Look on her! She who sought far and near for a Son!
Look on her! She who led from afar unto yon!
Look on her, Mother Corn, breathing life on us all!

Thanks we give unto her who came here for a Son!
Thanks we give unto her who has led us to yon!
Thanks we give. Mother Corn, breathing life on us all!

a Music on page 188.

342 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. ann. 22

SECOND SONO"

Diagram uf Time

Rythmic Rendition

Bev'rent our hearts turn unto the one who brings to us

Long life and children, peace, and the gifts of strength and food.

Rev'rent our hearts turn unto our Mother Coml

Rev'rent our hearts turn unto the source whence come to us
Long life and children, peace, and the gifts of strength and food.
Gifts from Tira wa. sent through onr Mother Corn.

THTRD SONG''

Diagram of Time

Rythmic Rendition
I

O'er the prairie flits in ever widening circles the shadow of a bird about me as I

walk:
Upward turn my eyes. Kawas looks upon me. she turns witli flapping wings and

far awav she flies.

Round aboiat a tree in ever widening circles an eagle flies, alertly watching o'er

his nest:
Loudly whistles he. a challenge sending far. o'er the country wide it echoes, there

defying foes.

FOURTH SONG'

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition
I

Kawas flying where her nestlings now are crying; loudly cry they when they hear

her wings;
Kawas flying, cry her children, as they hear her come.

'Tis Kawas who now homeward comesi 'Tis Kawas who now homeward eomesi
Quickly flying as she hears her young ones in the nest.

« Music on page 18H. << Music on page 191. •■ Music on page lai.

FLETCHER] FIFTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 343

Kawas flying, o'er us flying, we lier nestlings cry for joy as now we see her come;
Kawas flj-ing! Glad our hearts as now we see her come.
'Tis Kawas brings to us good giftsl "Tis Kawas brings to us good giftsl
Kawas brings gifts to us; we. like her nestlings, cry.

FIFTH SONG'C

Diayniin of Time

Rh//tlnnic Rciiflitioii
I

Atira comes, she brings you life, .she gives you joy: to her give thanks as she

draws near.
Now in the lodge before our eyes Atira luovcs:
Look upon her who brings you life, who gives you joy. Oh, offer thanks to

Mother Corn!

The Hako comes within the lodge, it walks within; let us give thanks as it draws

near.
Now in the lodge with Mother Corn the Hako moves:
Thanks do we give for all the joy it brings to us, the children here, from realms

above.

SIXTH SONG 'I

Diaijruiii tif Time

Rliythmic Hold it i (in

I know not if the voice of man can reach to the sky;
I know not if the mighty one will hear as I pray;
I know not if the gifts I ask will all granted be:
I know not if the word of old we truly can hear;
I know not what will come to pass in our future days;
I hope that only good vrill come, my children, to you.

1 Musir on page 19.5. '> Music on page 196.

344 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth a.n.v. 22

I now know that the voice i>{ man can reach to the sky;
I now know that the mighty one has heard as I prayed:
I now know that the gifts I asked have all granted been;
I now know that the word of old we truly have heard;
I now know that Tira'wa harkens tmto man's prayer;
I know that only good has come, my children, to you.

SEVENTH SONQ'i

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Father, unto thee we cry!
Father thon of gods and men;
Father thou of all we hear;
Father thou of all we see.
Father, unto thee we cry!

EIGHTH SONG 11

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Father! Thou above, father of the? gods,
They who can come near and touch us;
Do thou bid them bring us help.
Help we need: Father, hear iisl

NINTH SONG^

Diagram of Time

a Music on page 199. i> Music on page 200.

FLETCHER] FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH RITUALS 345

Rhythmic Rendition

Take we now the blue paint,

Tonch with it the stem, puttiuj; on the sacred symbol.

Emblem of the clear sky.

Where dwell the gods, who, descending, bring us good gifts,

Gifts of life and plenty.

TENTH SONQ.i

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Take we now the green paint,

Touch with it the stem, the mated .stem:

Putting on the emblem, the sacred and living symbol.

Mother Earth,

From above descending, liountiful blessing on thee,

Mother Earth!

SIXTEENTH RITUAL (FIFTH DAY, DAWN)

Part I. Seeking the Child

At the first .sign of dawn the Ku'rahus aud his assistants, with the
principal men of the Hako partj', started for the lodge of the Son,
there to seek his child and perform certain rites symbolic of birth.
It is to be noted that the.se rites took place at the same hour as the
singing of the Dawn ritual, which celebrated the mysterious birth of
day.

They sang the first song of the ritual as they started, but when they
were nearing their destination they repeated the song they had sung
when they were about to enter the village of the Son (sixth ritual,
second song).

The repetition of songs sung in the earlier part of the ceremony
had the eftect of tying back the later acts to those which were pre-
paratory in character, and tended to consolidate the entire ceremony.
When this song was sung for the first time the Father was .seeking
the Son, to whom he was bringing promises of good; when It was
sung the second time the Father was seeking the child of the Son,
that on it the promises brought might be fulfilled.

Of this part of the ceremonj' not only every detail, with its special
meaning, but the function of each article used had been prefigured.

a Music on page 20().

346 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. axn. 28

FIRST SONOn

Diagram t>f Time

Rhytlim ic Ren dition

With the dawn will I seek, seek my child,

Among the Children seek

One the gods '' shall here make;

My offspring, my own child.

SECOND SONQ ■

Diagram <>/' Time

Rhi/tlimic Renditicm

Where is he. the Son?
Where his dwelling place that I seek?
Which can be his lodge, where he .sits
Silent, waiting, waiting there for me?

Here is he, the Son.
Here his dwelling place that I seek;
This here is his lodge where he sits
Silent, waiting, waiting here for me.

Part II. Symbolic Inception

The warriors — the male element — were the first to enter tlie lodge,
in warlike fashion, as if to capture and hold it .securely. The child
was first touched by the representative of Kawas, that it miglit be
given endurance; then it was touched by the chief, that it miglit be
wise. After the warriors had performed their part, the Ku'rahns
entered singing the .song which had been sung when the messenger
representing the Son was received outside the village (sixth ritual,
first song). At that time he looked upon one who was to lead him to
the Son; now he is looking upon the child which represents the con-
tinuation of the life of the Son.

a Music on page ^20:i. '» The word is used because of the I'hythm.

I' See sixth ritual; music on page 20:3.

FLETCHER] SIXTEENTH RITUAL, PART II 347

FIRST SONG'i

Diayrtim tif Time

Rhi/fh III if Ri'iulUion
I

Now our eyes look on liim who is here;
He is as the Son we have sought;
He brings tis again tidings of the Son:
'" Fatlier. come to me, liere I sit
Waiting here for thee.'"

Tli»^ Ku'rahus first touched the child with the ear of corn (second
soHi^), singing the same song as wlien the ear of corn made its myste-
rious journey to the sky and received its authority to lead in the cei-e-
mony (first ritual, fifth song). The power granted at that time was
for this ultimate purpose, to make the i)aths and open the way for the
child to receive the gift of fruitfulness.

SECOND SONO;>

Dicigriim of Time

Rlii/tli III ic Rendition

Tira wa, liarken! Miglity one

Above US in bine, silent sky!

We standing wait thy bidding here;

The Mother Corn standing waits,

Waits to serve thee here;

The Mother Corn stands waiting here.

i See sixth ritual. Music on page 2IM. '' Music on page :i<)."j.

348 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. a.vn. 22

Tira wa. harken! Mighty one

Above us in blue, silent sky!

We flying seek tliy dwelling there;

The Mother Corn flying goes

Up to seek thee there:

The Mother Corn goes flying up.

Ill

Tira'wa, harken! Mighty one
Above us in blue, silent sky!
We touch upon thy country fair;
The Mother Corn touches there
Upon the border land;
The Mother Corn is touching there.

Tira wa, harken! Mighty one

Above us in hlue. silent sky!

The path we reach leads up to thee;

The Mother Corn enters there.

Ujjward takes her way;

The Mother Corn to thee ascends.

Tirawa, harken! Mighty one
Above us in blue, silent sky!
Behold! We in thy dwelling stand;
The Mother Corn, standing there,
Leader now is made :
The Mother Com is leader made.

Tira wa. harken! Mighty one

Above us in blue, silent sky!

The downward path we take again;

The Mother Corn, leading us.

Doth thy symbol bear;

The Mother Corn with power leads.

Then the Ku rahus united the two feathered stems, the male and
the female (third song), and with them touched the child, following
with the gift of procreation the paths opened by the corn.

THIKD SONQn

Diagram of Time

a Music on page 206.

FLETCHER] SIXTEENTH KITUAL 349

RJn/tli III /<■ Ri'itditiou

Here stand we while upon Tira wa now we wait:

Here Kawas stands, her mate with her is standing here:

They both are standing, waiting, bringing gifts with them.

We flying are, as on Tira wa now we wait:

Here Kawas flies, her mate witli her is flying here:

They both are flying, flying with the gifts they bring.

Ill

We touching are, as on Tira'wa now we wait:

Now Kawas and her mate the child so gently touch:

Its forehead touch they, there they gently toncli thn child.

We op'ning are, as on Tirawa now we wait

The four straight paths upon the child we open here.

Where soon descending from on high shall flow new life.

We spreading are. as on Tira wa now we wait:

Here Kawas spreads, her mate with her is spreading here:

New life and power, the gifts that they are bringing here.

We finished are, as on Tira wa now we wait:
The task of Kawas with her mate accomplished is.
And all the work they came to do is finished now.

Pakt III. Action Syiibolizim; Life

The child, .surrouuded by the creative forces, is urged to mo\-e, to
arise as the first soug is sung.

FIRST SONG'i

Dnigniin of Tiiiif

Rliijthmic Rendition

I am ready: come to me now, fearing nothing: corae now tome here!
Little one, come, come to me here: fearing nothing, comel

Tlieii it was made to take four steps, symbolic of life, of long life,
during the singing of the second song.

In the symbolizing, within the lodge of the Son, of the gift of birth
by the power of the Hako, brought thither by the Father, we get a
glimpse of the means by which the tie between the two unrelated men,

a Music on paffe 211.

350 THK HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. axs. 2"^

the Father and the Son, was supposed to be formed ; namely, the life
of the Son was perpetuated through tlie gift of fruitfulness to liis
child, supernaturallj' bestowed by the Hako; consequently the Father
who brought the Hako became symbolically the father of the future
progeny of the Son.

SECOND SONG a

Didtjrtnn of Time

fill i/f]i III ic Rciidition

Stepping forward is uiy chilil, he fcjrwanl steps, tlie four steps takes and enters

into life:
Forward stepping, four steps taking, enters into life.

The child was taken upon the back of one of the party and led the
way to the ceremonial lodge, followed l)y the Ku'rahus and all the
rest singing the third song.

THIRD SGNG'i

Diagram of Time

Rhythmiv Rendition

Here we go singing, looking on the child
Borne in his father's arms, he leading lis;
Follow we singing, looking on the child.

SEVENTEENTH RITUAL

Part I. Touching the Child

On I'eachiug the lodge the child was seated at the holy place and
surrounded by the Ku'rahus and his assistants with the Hako, and
guarded by a wall of warriors, while an old man jjrepared it for the
further reception of the promi.sed gifts.

On the preceding night water had been taken from a stream ; this
water was now put into a bowl. Every detail of this act was .sj'mbolic.
Tlie time when the water was obtained was night, the mother of day;
running water symbolized the continuity of life, one generation fol-
lowing another; the bowl which held the water resembled in its shape
the dome of the sky, the abode of the powers which bestowed life.

The child was touched with the water upon the head and face, an
invisible outline being made, which afterward was to become distinct.
This first touching with water, one of the lesser powers, was to cleanse
and give strength.

<' Music on page ™12.

FLETCHKH] SEVENTEENTH BITUAL, PAKT I 351

The soug (first) which accompanied tliis act is in three musical
phrases and six stanzas. Again tlie symbolism of number, already
noted, is suggested.

FIRST BONG i

DiiK/niiii iif Time

Rlii/fJi III ir Reiidifiiiii
I

Give heetl, my child, lift yom- eyes, behold the oue who is standing here;
Behold, my child! waiting here to bring the gift of strength to yoii.
Give heed, my child. Look I Water waits to bring to you gift of strength

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is flying here;

Behold, my childl flying here to bring the gift of strength to you.

Give heed, my child. Look! Water flies to bring to you .gift of strength.

Ill

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is touching here;
Behold, my child! touching here your head, to bring the gift of strength.
Give heed, my child. Lookl Water, touching, brings to you gift of strength.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who now follows here.
Behold, my child! Now the paths it follows, paths where the gods descend.
Give heed, my child. Look! Water down the four straight paths brings its gift.

Give hee<l, my cliild, lift your eyes, behold the one who is spreading here;
BehoM my child! cleansing you. and spreading o'er yoii gift of strength.
Give heed, my child. Look! Water .spreading over you gift of strength.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who has brought you strength.

Behold, my child! Strength you have and finished is the task.

Give heed, my child. Look! Water now has brought to you gift of strength.

Following tlie outline made by the M'ater, the head and face of the
child were next touched with grass, the representative of Toliaru, the
verdant covering of the earth.

The song (second) sung during this act is in the rhythm of the first.

In these two acts we note that "the order in which the powers come
near to man," shown in the opening song of the first ritual, is observed
in this rite. In that opening song, after the Winds, the Sun, and the
Earth had brought life to man, food and drink were given that his

« Music on page 21.5,

352 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [eth. a.vn, 22

life might be sustained. So, after the symbolic birth in the lodge of
the Son, tlie child was touched by frater and the product of the earth,
that it might receive from them sustaining power.

SECOND SONG I

Diagrain of Time

Rhijthlliir Ri'liditloil
I

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is standing here:

Behold, my childl waiting here to bring the gift of food to you.

Give heed, my child. Look! Grass now waits to bring to you gift of food.

Give heed, my cliild. lift your eyes, behold the one who is fljing here:

Behold, my childl flj-ing here to bring the gift of food to you.

Give heed, my child. Look! Grass now flies to bring to you gift of food.

Ill

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is touching here:

Behold, my childl touching here your head to bring the gift of food.

Give heed, my child. Lookl Grass now touching brings to you gift of food.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who now follows here.
Behold, my childl Now it follows the paths where the gods descend.
Give heed, my child. Look! Grass now down the four straight paths brings its
gift.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is spreading here:
Behold, my childl spreading plenty o'er you, promised gift of food.
Give heed, my child. Lookl Grass is spreading o'er you gift of food.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who has brought you food.

Behold, my childl Food you have received, and finished is the task.

Give heed, my child. Lookl Grass has now here brought you the gift of food.

Part II. Anointing the Child

The order of tlie opening song is followed still furtlier in the
anointing of the child.

The seventh stanza of the opening song speaks of Kusharu, the
holy place, set apart for the observance of rites. The Ku'rahus
expl.iined that "the first act of a man'' must be to set apart such a
idaee, "where new life could be given." Following this order, the
child was anointed and bj' this act of consecration set apart as the
center of the rites which were to follow.

The song of tliis act follows the rhythm of the two preceding.

a Music on page 219.

FLKTCHEH] SEVENTEENTH RITUAL 353

SONG'i

Diitgniii) nf Time

Rhjithmic Jiindifioii-
I

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is standing here,

Beliold, my child! waiting now to fit and set yon here apart.

Give heed, my child. Lookl Sacred ointment now is here come to you.

Give heed, my cliild. lift your eyes, behold the one who is flying here.

Behold, my childl flying here to make a consecrated child.

Give heed, my child. Look! Ointment flies to consecrate you, my child.

Ill

Give heed, my cliild, lift your eyes, behold the one who is toiiching here,

Behold, my child! touching here your head, as consecrating you.

Give heed, my child. Look! Sacred ointment touches upon your head.

Give heed, my child, lift yoiir eyes, behold the one who now follows here.
Behold, my child! Now the paths it follows, paths where the gods descend.
Give heed, my child. Look! Ointment down the four straight paths comes to you.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is spreading here.

Behold, my child! Sacred ointment, spreading, consecrates you.

Give heed, my child. Look! Sacred ointment over you spreads itsjjower.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who has holy made.

Behold, my child! You are set apart, and finished is the task.

Give heed, my child. Look! Sacred ointment now has set you apart.

P.\RT III. Painting the Child

The red paint put on the cliild's head and face sj'inbolized the
dawn, the rising sun. The color was spread over the entire face to
represent "the full radiance of the sun," "giving to the child its
vigor of life."

The song and the rest of the songs of this ritual are in the same
rhytliiu as the preceding.

SONG '•

I>ingraiii nf Time

« Music on page 223. b Music on page 2*7.

•-'2 ETH— PT 2—04 23

354 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. ann. 22

JUif/lhiiiic RrmVitiou
I

Give heed, my oliild. lift your eyes, behold the one who is staiuliii.tc here.

Behold, my child! waiting here to bring the gift of life to yon.

Give heed, my child. Lookl Red paint waits, the vigor of life to bring.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, l)ehi)ld the one who is flying here,

Behold, my child! flying here to bring the gift of life to yon.

Give heed, my child. Look! Reil ]iaint flies, the vigor of life to bring.

Ill

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, liehold the one who is touching here.

Behold, my child! touching here your head to bring the gift of life.

Give heed, my child. Look! Red i)aint touches, the vigor of life to bring.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, liehold the one who now follows here.
Behold, my child! Now the path it follows, paths where gods descend.
Give heed, my child. Look! Red paint follows, vigor of life to bring.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is spreading here,

Behold, my clnld! over you is spread the glowing gif; of life.

Give heed, my child. See! Red paint brings the -vigor of life to you.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who has brought you life.

Behold, my child! Life you have received and finished is the task.

Give heed, my child. Look! Red paint leaves the vigor of life with you.

The next act was the painting of the child's face with bine, the color
of the sky, the abode of Tira'wa atius.

The design outlined by the w-ater, the grass, the ointment, and the
red paint was now clearlj' seen — an arch, crossing the forehead and
resting on the cheeks, from the middle of which a line was drawn
downward on the nose. This design was said to "picture tlie face
of Tira'wa." The arch was the dome of the sky, his abode; the line,
falling from the zenith, was the breatli of Tira'wa descending on the
child, meeting its breath.

We are told that this design came from the constellation Corona
Borealis and was the insignia of a chief, as he who leads does so by
the authority of Tira'wa and must bear his sign on the face. In
this ceremony this design, taken in connection with the sj'mbols next
placed on the child, seems to represent the presence of the power,
"the father of all things."

FLETCHER] SEVENTEENTH BITUAL 355

SONQ"

Diarjrani of Time

Rhjith III ic Hi'iiditioii

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is standing here.

Behold, my childl waiting here to make the sign of him above.

Give heed, my child, Lookl Bine paint waits to bring to yon sign of him

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is flying here.

Behold, my childl flying here to make the sign of him aliove.

Give heed, my child, Lookl Bine paint flies to bring to yon sign of him.

Ill

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is toucliing here,

Beh<ild, my child! touching here to make the sign of him above.

Give heed, my child, Lookl Blue paint toiiches, bringing you sign of him,

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who now follows liere.

Behold, my childl tracing here the arching dome, his dwelling place.

Give heeil, my child, Lookl Blue paint makes the line of the breath of life.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes. Viehold the one who is spreading here.

Behold, my childl spreading on your face the sacred lines of blue.

Give heed, my child. Look! Sacred now the picture the blue paint makes,

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who has brought the sign.
Behold, my child! brought to you the sign. Accomplished now the task.
Give heed, my child, Lookl Blue paint now has left with you sign of him.

Part IV. Putting on the Symbols

Eagle down was next put upon the head of the child. Tlie down
was taken from under the wing, "close to the hea7't"of "the white
eagle, the father of the child," so representiitg the eagle's "breath
and life." It also typified the high, light clouds, and when the child's
head was covered witli it the Ku'rahus said: "The head of the con.se-
crated child now rests in the soft white clouds which float near the
dwelling place of Tira'wa atius."

It is noticeable that the song of this act lias live stanzas, indicating
the five motions, the four directions and tlie above.

" Music on page 231.

35(5 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. asx. 22

FIRST SONO'l

Ijiiifiriim of Tlmf

jRliijthniir Rendition

(xive hcfil, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is standing here.

Behold, my child! waiting here to bring the sign of clouds above.

Give heed, my child. Lookl Down of eagle waits with the sign of clouds.

II
Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is flying here.
Behold, my child! flying here to bring the sign of clouds to you.
Give heed, my child. Look! Down of eagle flies with the sign of clouds.

Ill
Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, l>ehold the one who is touching here.
Behold, my child! touching here your head to bring the sign of clouds.
Give heed, my child. Look! Down of eagle touches and brings the clouds.

Give heed, my chUd, lift your eyes, behold the one who is dropping hei-e,

Behold, my child! drops on you the sign of fleecy clouds above.

Give heed, my child. Look! Sacred symbnl dropping upon your head.

V
Give heed, my child. lift your eyes, behold the one who has laid on you.
Behold, my child! sign of fleecy clouds that near Tira wa float.
Give heed, my child. Look! Rests on you sign of the clouds above.

Willi tlie following song a white downy feather was tied on the head
of tlie child. The Ku'rahns said : "This feather, which is ever moving,
as if it were In-eathing, represents Tira'wa, who dwells beyond the bine
sky which is above the soft white clouds."

'I'liis feather was don ble; it had a little plnme like a branch, to
stand for the child. The larger feather .symbolized Tira'wa.

The song has rive stanzas like the preceding.

SECOND SONG''

Diagriiiii of Time

Rln/tlnnir Rendition

Give heed, my child, litt your eyes, tehold the one who is standing here.

Behold, my child! waiting here to brin;^ the last great gift to you.

Give heed, my child. Look! Waits to bring the emblem the Father sends.

' Music on page 235. >> Music on page 238.

FLETCHER] seventep:nth and eighteenth rituals 357

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is Hying here,

Behold, my childl flyiiiK here to bring the hist great gift to you.

Give heed, my child. Look! Flies 1 1 bring the emblem the Father sends.

Ill

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is touching you.
Behold, my cliild! with the last great gift touching now your head;
Give heed, my child. Lookl Touches with the emblem the Father sends.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who is placing here.

Behold, niy childl on your head is placing now the sonshii) sign;

Give heed, mv child. Look! Placing there the emblem the Father sends.

Give heed, my child, lift your eyes, behold the one who has left on you,

Behold, my childl left on you Tira wa's breathing feather sign.

Give heed, my cliild. L<:)ok! On you rests the emblem the Father sent.

When the cliikl was tlius decorated, it was told to look at the reflec-
tion of its face in the bowl of water. To qnote the words of the
Ku'rahus: "The little child looks npon the water and sees its own
likeness, as it will see that likeness in its children and children's
children. The face of Tira'wa is there also, giving promise tliat the
life of the child shall go on, as the water flows over the land."

After this prophetic view, a black covering was put over the child's
head. The .symbols were not for the people to see ; they were holy and
belonged only to the powers.

In the final disposition of the water remaining in the bowl there is
a hint of other and older rites, fragments of wiiich appear in the
Hako ceremony.

eighteenth ritual, fulfilment prefigured

P.^RT I. M.\KINO THE NEST

During the singing of the next song the movements of the feathered
stems simulated the flight of eagles. The white eagle passed througli
the line of warriors by the soutli, the masculine side of the lodge, and
the brown eagle 1)> 1h<' north, the feminine side. The white eagle
flew back and forth in front of the warriors, enacting the protecting
duty of the male, while the brown eagle flew to the fii'eplace and
made a circle, a nest, at each of the four directions.

The location of these four nests, coiresponding to the four paths,
indicated a desire that the powers might descend on them. This
desire was also manifested by the outlining of the circles with down,
the symbol of the high clouds " whicli float near the abode of Tira'wa,"
The bits of fat dropped within the circles were not only a prayer for
plenty, but also a piomisi^ tliat the piayer would Ix' i;raiitc<l. Tlie

358 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. ank. 28

oriole's uuist represented security. The four circles arouud the tire as
made by the Ku'rahiis carrying the brown-feathered stem ijictured to
tlie Pawnees the promise of cliildren, the gifts of plenty and of peace
from the powers above.

SONG'i

Diagram of Time

Rhythmic Rendition

Behold where two eagles come forth!

Now they soar high over head:

See where one flies, watching flies, guarding he

His mate who has gone to her nest, dropping there;

'Tis Kawas who brings there new life.

Part II. Symbolic Fulfilment

The little child was put within each of these iirophetie circles, its
feet touching the nest and the promised plentj-. Four times it was
taken around the fireplace and each time it touched the four circles.
The child was covered during the act of putting its feet in the nest.
This act symbolized the birth of children, a mystery to man, as "only
Tim wa could know when generation would take place."

This .simulated fulfilment of the promise of the Hako completed
the sequence of acts in the drama of birth.

SONG '■

Diagram of Time

Rhi/flimio Rendition

Within the nest the child rests its little feet.
Awaiting there the gift sent by gods above;
Descending there to him conies the promised life.

Part III. Thank Offering

The offering of sweet smoke followed immediately. As the smoke
ascended all the articles of the Hako wei-e waved through it, the child
was touched with it, and all the people passed their hands through it.

The sweet smoke offering was given that the powers above might

n Music on page 242. » Music on page 245.

FLETrHEK] EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH RITUALS 359

know tliiit the ceruiuuuy hatl been eari'ied ont in accordance with the
teachings given to the fathers in the visions. Its odor reached the
abode of Tira'wa, bearing the touch of all faithful participants in
the rite.

After the offering of smoke all traces of the nests were obliterated,
the coals used for the offering of smoke were returned to the fire, and
the lodge once more was open to all the people.

Third Division. The Dance of Thanks

nineteenth ritual
Part I. The Call to the Children

The purpose of the rite was recognized by the important place given
to children in this part of the ceremony. The ponies presented to the
Fathers were each lead up by a little child; the acting ont of a man's
warlike deeds was to honor his child, and the little child with the
black covering upon its head and the picture of Tira'wa upon its face
received, with the chief, the gifts as they were presented.

In everj' instance the child was the tie between the two groups, the
Fathers and the Children.

FIRST SONG a

Diagram of Time

Mlii/th III ic Retiditiijn

Harken! List! We are calling you. Come! Come! Children, come!

Come! We're ready and waitins. your Father's waiting. Come! Children, come!

Hear us calling, calling you! Children, come!

Children, come! Come hither!

Harken! List as we call you, call to the Children to come.

SECOND SONG''

Diagram of Time

a Music on page 249. b Music on page 250.

360

THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY

TiJiythiitic Ri'ttdition

[ETH. ANN. 22

Ready and waiting, we call you, loud we call you, loudly call;

"Come to us, Children," call we loudly, call we long; Oh, come!

Come! Come! Cornel

Hear us calling, calling. Children! Oh, come!

Hear us calling, come to us here! Come!

THIRD SONG"

Diagram of Time

Rlii/tlimic Rendition

Look, where they come, see them, see them, young ones and old ones!

Look! Here they come, this way, that way flocking together.

Hither they come, shouting like eagles.

Shouting come.

Joyous, happy, gladly come they, gaily coming, coming hither.

See where they come, flocking like birds, shouting like eagles

As they come to the Fathers.

Part H. The Dance and the Reception of Gifts

The two young men as they danced waved higli above their heads
the feathered stems and simulated bj* their movements the flying and
sporting of birds. The lightness and beautj' of this final dance can
never be forgotten by one who has been so fortunate as to see it well
executed,

DANCE SONG''

Diagram if Tinw

DANCE SONG<-

Diagram of Time

" Music on p. 251.

'' Music on p. 254.

'■ Music on p. 25n.

FLETCHEii] TWENTIETH KTTUAL 361

Fourth Division. Presentation of the Hako

twentieth ritual

Part I. Blessing the Child

At the close of the dancu and tlie reception of gifts by tlie Fathers,
the little child was a^ain taken to the holy place and once more
touched witli the Ilako upon all sides, from the east, the south, the
west, and the north.

The song accompanying' these movements was " a prayer to call
down the breath of Tira'wa " upon the child that had been consecrated.

SONG'

Dia<inim. iif Time

Rythmic Rendition

Breathe on him!

Breathe on liim!

Life thou alone canst give to him.

Long life, we pray, Oh Father, give nnto liim!

Part II. Presenting the H.4.K() to the Son and Thanks to the Children

The Father (the chief) then removed the emblems from the face of
the child, using for tlie pui'pose the fur of the wildcat, and took the
covering and the symbols from its liead. These with the JIako he
rolled together within the wildcat skin and placed the bundle in the
arms of the child.

The Hako, wiiicli luid been the medium of bringing the promises,
was carried by the recipient of these promises, the little child, to its
father, the Son, who received them from the hands of his offspring.

The tie had now been formed, and the little child was released from
its syml)olic duties and ran out into the sunlight to join its playmates.
Within the lodge tlie Fathers thanked the Children, and the people
departed to their daily avocations.

AVhile the various articles of the Hako were geuerallj' scattered at
the close of the ceremony, the two feathered stems were preserved
intact and frequently passed from tribe to tribe as long as they held
together. Sometimes the Son was unwilling to part with those pre-
sented him, so, when he inaugurated a party, he had a new set made
with tlie proper ceremony. At all times and under all conditions the
feathered stems were never handled carelessly, but were treated with
respect and their sacred character was rememl)ered. During the entire
time Tahi'r issawichi was engaged upon this ceremony he never allowed

" Music on p. 257.

362 THK HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY Imii. ass.Z:

the feathered steins to be placed on the floor or laid upon a chair;
they were always carefitlly deposited on the wildcat skin with a
decorum that was not once abated.

The Hako cei-eniony seems to have been peculiarly adapted to
impress the mind of the people and to wiii their confidence and affec-
tion. It was picturesque, varied in movement, and communal in
feeling. Its songs were rhythmics and attractive, and frequently
choral in form, particularly those belonging to the public ceremony,
where all, young and old, joined in the melody as the feathered stems
were swayed over their heads when the Ku'rahus and his assistants
made the circuits of the lodge.

The teachings of the public ceremony were general in character.
They emphasized, on the one hand, man's dependence on the super-
natural for all the gifts of life, and on the other hand, his dependence
on the family tie for the gifts of peace and happiness. The specific
teachings were reserved for the Son. These began in the ritual to
the Dawn (tenth ritual) on the morning of the second and third days,
which prefigured the secret ceremonies of the fifth morning, when the
bond of the family relation was extended bej'ond blood kinship through
the s.ymbolie rites which recognized the common source of life in
Tira'wa atius.

Looking over the entire ceremony, it is interesting to note how older
rites have had their share in the development of the Hako, and how
the trend of thought among the native seers has borne them toward a
conception of tlie brotherhood of man, a conception recognized as the
noblest known to the human family.

Incidental Rituals
comforting the child

The incidental rituals could be called for and given during the
public ceremony.

The three songs which belong to the first ritual have a common
musical motive, but this motive is treated ditferently in each song
so as to conform to the movement of the ceremonj'.

The appeal of the parents to the Ku'rahus is in the first song passed
on to Kawas. It is sung by the Ku'rahus at the holj' jjlace as he
waves the brown-eagle feathered stem. The words are in the nature
of a prayer, the music has the swing of a lullaby.

FIRST SONG II

Diagram of Time

aMnsic nn p. 2()1.

FLETCHER] INCIDENTAL RITUALS 363

Rhythm ic Reiiditimi

Kawas, harken; thy baby is crying I

It grieveth. wailing and weeping and crj-ing so sore.

Ahl It cries, crietli so sorely.

Kawas, hasten, thy little one cryeth so sore.

The second song was sung as the Ku'rahus and his assistant walked
toward the child. In the music one hears the coming of Tira'wa in
the footsteps of hi.s creatures, both great and small.

SECOND SONOn

Diagram of Time

Rhi/tli III ic Rendition

Father cometh, now lie cometh;
See liini, little one; hark! liis footsteps!
With him, see! coming are the eagles.
All are coming now to thee.

The third song is sung as the brown-eagle feathered stem is waved
over the little child, wlio "looks up and smiles.''

The caressing, almost playful, rhythm of tlie music twines about the
religious feeling expressed in the words like the arms of an infant
about the neck of its thougtful, reverent parent.

THIRD SONGJ>

Diagram of Time

Rlit/tliin ic Rendition

Look, my child, who is coming unto yon;

Look np, my little one, now your trouble goes away, away;

Look! Above you flies one who guards you,

Whose presence brings you joy. Now your sorrow has departed.

Ah, you look! See the eagles flying over you.

From up above they come, from the clear blue sky where Father dwells;

They to you this peace-bringing solace give.

A happy little child now is smiling here light-hearted.

a Music on page 262. <> Music on page 263.

36-4 THE HAKO, A VAWNEK CEREMONY [eth. a.ss. 22

PRAYEK To AVERT STORMS
SONG'i

]>iiiiiriiiii iif Time

PRAYER FOR TJIE (ilFT OF CUTI.DREN

FIRST SONG '■

Diagram of Time ami Rlu/tlim

SECOND SONG ■■

Diagram of Time

THIRD SONGti

Diagram of Time

FOURTH SONG I-

Diagram of Time

CHANGING A MAN'S NAME

Before the graphophone record was taken the Ku rahus engaged in
silent prayer, after which he entoned the ritual. Rather a high pitch
was taken for the recital, probablj^ from habit, as the ritual was
always given in the hearing of a nuiltitudc

The words were separated into syllables. Sometimes an entire word
oi- parts of two words were represented by a single syllable, and each
sj'llablc in the ritual was uttered as though it were a complete word.

<i Music on page 266. ■Music on page 269. f Mnsic on page 271.

& Music on page 268. ('Music on page 270.

FLETCHER] INCIDENTAL RITUALS 3(55

Mr Murie spent three days in tlie translation an<l study of the
ritnal, assisted by the Ku'rahus, who explained manj' points that
were somewhat obscure, owinii; to elisions, the employment of a single
word as a mnemonic to call up the jiicture of a complicated action,
and the forcing of words to a different application from that of ordi-
nary speech — a not uncommon occui-rence in rituals. The latter
carefully watched the work lest mistakes should be made, remarking
that the ritnal "speaks of the powers above, of whom man should be
careful what he says."

There is one aspect of the ritual, essential to its understanding, that
was carefully explained by the Ku'rahus, and the substance of many
conversations on the subject follows. A man's life is an onward move-
ment. If one has within him a determined purpose and seeks the
help of the powers his life will "climb up." Here the Ku'rahus made
a gesture indicating a line slanting upward; then he arrested the
movement and, still holding his hand where he had stopped, went on
to say that as a man is climbing up he does something that marks a
place in his life where the powers have given him the opportunity to
express in acts his peculiar endowments, so this place, this act, forms
a stage in his career, and he takes a new name to indicate that he is
on a level different from that which he occupied ijrevionsly. Some
men, he said, can rise only a little way, others live on a dead level,
and he illustrated his words by moving Ids hands horizontally. Men
having power to advance, climb step by step, and here again he made
his idea plain by a gesture picturing a slant, then a level, a slant, and
a level. In this connection he called attention to the words, in line
1359, " rutu'rahwitz pari," "to overtake walking," saying that the
people who desire to have a name, or to change their name, must
strive to overtake in the walk of life an upper level, such a one as
these ancient men spoken of in the i-itual had reached, where they
threw away the names by which the.y had been known before.
"Rutu'rahwitz pari," is a call to the Pawnees, bidding them emulate
these men and overtake them by the doing of like deeds.

Three facts connected with the Pawnee custom of taking a new
name should be stated :

First. A nmn was permitted to take a name only after the perform-
ance of an act indicative of ability or strength of character.

Second. The name had to be assumed openlv before the people to
whom the act it commemorated was known.

Third. It was necessarj' that it should be announced in connection
with such a ritual as that here given.

These facts indicate (1) that a man's name stood for what he had
shown himself to be in the light of his actions; (2) that tiiis was recog-
nized by his tribesmen; and (.3) that it was proclaimed by one having
in charge the mediatory rites through which man could bo approached
by the supernatural.

366 THE HAKO, A PAWNEK CEREMONY [eth. anx. 22

The ritual is in three parts. The first gives a brief narration of tlie
institution of llie custom of changing the name in consequence of
some new acliievenienf . Tlie second shows liow tlie man was enabled
to accomplish tliis act. It began with his lonely vigil and fast,
when he cried to the powers for help. Tlie scene then shifts to the
circle of the lesser powers, who, in council, deliberate on the jielition
which makes its way to them and gains their consent. Then the
Winds summon the messengers, and these, gathering at the lesser
powers' command, are sent to earth to the man crying in lonelj- places,
to grant his desire. This part closes witli a fcM' vivid words which
set forth that only by the favor and help of the powers had the man
been able to do the deed. The third deals with the man's names, the
one to be discarded and the one now to be assumed.

This dramatic poem is in a rhythmic foi-m impossible to reproduce
in English; neitlier is a literal translation adequate to convey its
meaning, since a single woi'd sometimes represents a complex action,
to the understanding of which a knowledge of the customs and ))eliefs
of the tribe is essential. The terseness of expression was also intended
to close the meaning to the uninitiated, keeping it sacred from the
common people. Although the form of the following rhythmic ren-
dition could not be determined as heretofore l)y musical phrases, the
English version contains nothing which is not in th(^ original text
exjjlained and amplified by the Ku'rahus.

Rliyflrmic Rendition of Puirnrr Text

13.j8 HarkenI 'Twas tlius it came to pass:

In ancient tlays. a Leader and his men
Walked this wide earth, man's vast abode
Roofed l)y the heavens, where dwell tlie gods.«
They reached a place, the spot no man can tell.
Faced dangers dread, and vanquished them;
Then, standing as if born anew to life.
Each warrior threw away the name
That had lieen his ere yet these deeds wen- iVme.

13.59 Harken! The Leader and his men

Made there the Vict ry Song, and set the mark
Ye must oertake. it ye would lie like theml

l.'iGO HarkenI The Leader and his men

Turned then toward home. Their Vict'ry Song
Proclaimed them near; the village rose.
Looked toward tlie hill, where on the toji
Stood the brave men singing their Song.
Heralding thus the tavor of the gods
By which they had surpassed all former deeds,
Made new their claim to be accounted men.

<i Gods, meaning powers, is used solely on account of the rhythm.

FLETCHER] INCIDENTAL RITUALS 367

1361 HarkenI And wlienc; . think ye, was borne

Unto these men courage to dare,

Strength to endnre hardship and war?

Mark well my words, as I reveal

How tlie gods help man's feebleness.

The Leader of these warriors was a man

Given to prayer. Oft he went forth

Seeking a place no one conld find.

There would he stand, and lift his voice

Fraught with desire, that he might be

Invincible, a bulwark 'gainst all foes

Tlireat'ning his tribe, causing them fear.

Nighttime and day this cry sjied on,

Traveling far, seeking to reach —
Harken! Those jilaces far above —
Harken! Within the circle vast

Where sit the gods, watching o'er men.

1362 Harken! This poor man's jjrayer went on.

Speeding afar into the blue

Heavens above, reached there the place —
Harken! Whei-e dwell the lesser gods —
HarkenI And great Tira'wa, mightier than all!

1363 Harken! It was because a god

Received this prayer, considered it.

Favored its plea, and passed it on

To him whose place was next, in that grand ring,

Who, in his turn received the prayer.

Considered it, and sent it on —
Harken! Around that circle vast —
Harken! Whei-e sit' the gods above.

1364 Harken! And thus it was the prayer

Sent by this man won the consent

Of all the gods. For each god in his place

Speaks out his thought, grants or rejects

Man's suppliant cry. asking for help:

B\it none can act until the Council grand

Comes to accord, thinks as one mind,

Has but one will, all must otiey.
Harken! The Council gave consent —
Harken! And great Tira'wa, mightier than rdl,

136.5 Harken! To make their purpose known,
Siiccor and aid freely to give.
Heralds were called, called by the Winds:
Then in the west uprose the Clouds
Heavy and black, ladened with stonn.
Slowly they climbed, dark'ning tlie skies:
While close on every side the Thunders marched
On their dread way. 'till all were come
To where the gods in stately Council sat
Waiting for them. Then, bade them go
Back to the earth, carrying aid
To him whose prayer had reached their circle vast.
This mandate given, the Thunders turned toward earth,
Taking their course slantwise the sky.

368 THE HAKO, A PAWNEE CEREMONY [kth. asn. 22

18()() Harkeiil Another followed liard —

Lightning bi'oke forth ont of tht' ( 'Innd.
Zizzag and dart, cleaving their way
Slantwise to earth, their goal to reach.

l;i(>T HarkenI For these two were not all

That hastened to ])r()claiiii the gods' behest;
Swift on their wings. Swallows in flocks
Swept in advance, ranging the jjath,
Black breasts and red, yellow, and white.
Flying about, clearing the way
For those who bore the message of the gods
Granting the man courage to dare.
Strength to endure, power to stand
In^^ncible, a bulwark 'gainst all foes.

1868 HarkenI 'Twas thus it came to pass:

The Leader grasped the help sent by the gods;
Henceforth he walked steadfast and strong.
Leading his men through dangers drear,
Knowing that naught could strike at him
To whom the gods had promised ^nctory.

1360 Attend! ( )nce more I change his name!

1370 Harken! Rirutskatit. it was

We used to call him by, a name he won

Long days ago. marking an act

Well done by him. but now passed by.

t371 HarkenI To-day all men shall say —

1372 HarkenI His act has lifted him

Where all his trilje behold a man

1373 Clothed with new fame, .strong in new strength.

Gained by his deeds, blessed by the gods.

HarkenI Shaku ru Wa rukste shall he be called.

INDEX

Page
Alphabet used in record of Hako cere-
mony 16

Ash wood, use of, in Hako ceremony 19

Atara, use of name, in Hako ceremony- . 44

Awakokshu, the holy place 2811

Bath, sweat, of Kurahus _-- 26

Birds, regard for, in Hako ceremony 23

treatment of 55

Bird's nest, symbolism of 170

Blue, symbolism of, in Hako cere-
mony -- 20-22,38,44

Bowl, wooden, symbolism of 44,2J:i9,3;J0

use of 20,43

Buffalo, fat of, use of in Hako ceremony. 20

hair of, symbolism of 22,47

use of 20

use of rope of 26

robe of, use of 26

symbolism of, in Hako ceremony 80, HI

Chaui band of Pawnee tribe, obtaining of

record of Hako ceremony from 13
Chief, sacred objects in Hako ceremony

carried by _ 23

Child, rite of anointing the -. 222-236

rite of blessing the 256-259

rite of cleansing tho, with water. 216-218, 351

rite of painting the 227-334

rite of placing the, in the nest 244,245

rite of putting the symbols on the. . 235-342

rite of seeking the 201-303,345

rite of touching the 214-222,348

thank offering for the. 246

symbolism of, in Hako ceremony . . 346

Children, feeding of , by fathers 105-117

selection and duties of 18,19

Clay, colored, use of, in Hako ceremony 30

See Paint.
Corn, ear of, function of, in Hako cere-
mony 46

journey to the sun by 50-56

leadership of, assertion of 68-73,

85-89,299.306,307

leadership of, assumption of 59

meaning of design painted on . . 44-46

painting of ._ 42-46,289,290

plate representing 44

sacred . _ 156

symbolism of _ 23,23,44,289

use of _ 30

sacred feast of _ 161,333

Corona Boreali? 334

Dakota Indians, information from, re-
garding Hako ceremony
among the Pawnees 13

22 ETH— PT 2—04 24

Page
Dance, ceremonial Hako, before de-
parture 183

Hako ■ 25=3.360

of thanks, diagram of positions

in 248

performance of 247-256, 3fj0

selection of dancers for 58

Dancers in the Hako ceremony 247,249

Dawn, consideration of, in Hako cere-
mony 58

Pawnee conception of 124, 125, 330, 321

Day, child of Night and Tirawa 127

representation of, in Hako cere-
mony 21

symbolism of, in Hako ceremony. . . 42
Deer, fat of, use of, in ilako ceremony. 20
skin of, use of, in Hako ceremony. . 21
Doctors, part taken by, in Hako cere-
mony.. _ 19

Down, eagle, symbolism of 41,333,347

Dreams, relation of, to visions, in

Pawnee philosophy.. 121,132

Drums, ceremonial, of the Hako 247

Duck, heads, necks, and breasts of, use

of, in Hako ceremony 20

symbolism of 31,40,175

Dwelling, treatment of, in Hako cere-
mony 33,34

Eagle, breast feather of, symbolism of. 22, 47

use of, in Hako ceremony 26, 58

brown, identity of 20

symbolism of 20,21,42,173,194,339

treatmentof, in Hako ceremony 39

down of, symbolism of 41,2^.247

feathers of, use of, in Hako ceremony 30

golden. See Eagle, brown; Eagle,

white

symbolism of, in Hako ceremony. 40,99, UKl
treatmentof, in Hako ceremony ... 111-117

white, identity of 21

symbolism of 21,192.288

wings of. use of, in Hako ceremony. 19,20
Earth, regard for, in Hako cei-emony . . 59

representation of 2 1 , 22

treatmentof 30,31,44.46

Fat, symbolism of.. 23,344

U33of 20.26

Father, articles furnished by, in Hako

ceremony 30

ceremonial dress of. 58

lodge of, diagrams of, during rit-
ual 30,49.59.62

rituals of Hako ceremony taking

placeat I9,2fi-58

369

370

INDEX

Pag©

Father, preparation of, for the journey

to the sou 60

requirements and duties of. 18.19.2:1

Fathers, feedinf,' of children by. 105-117,318-317

gift of ponies to 260

gifts to, by outsiders _ 147,327

selection and duties of 18,19

Feathered stem, blue, painting of 87-39,287

symbolism of 42. 99

brown-eagle. .Sec Feathered stem,
blue.

deeoration of 87-42

green, painting of 89. 4U,2H8

symbolism of 42.99

preparation of sticks for '.. 35

songs for laying down 111-117

symbolism of _ Ill

white-eagle. See Feathered stem.
green.

Featheredstems, construction and sym-
bolism of 20.21.28:^291

names of _ _ 10,20

plates representing 38.40

reverence of many tribes for 21,279

transfer of, from tribe to tribe. . . 20,21.361

Female force, invocation of 33:1-836

symbols of 42,280,288.289

Fire, treatment of, in Hako ceremony. 34,35

Fireplace, treatment of, in Hako cere-
mony 34

Fletcher, Alice C, paper on the Hako,

a Pawnee ceremony, by 1-368

Four, symbolism of, iu Hako ceremony. 68,

93,96.187,283,:^15

Four times four, symbolism of 298

Four times four circuits of the lodge... 187-

;fl>l.340.341

Gifts, bringing of, by children UHi, 117.121

distribution and acknowledgment

of Hako 183

final, of fathers to children 182

presentation of, to the fathers.. 253-256,360

Grass, brush of, symbolism of ., 220.353

sweet, use of, in Hako ceremony ... 30,26

Green, symbolism of 21,40.288

Hako, meaning and use of the name 17,18

Pawnee ceremony of. paper by A. C.

Fletcher on l-:i68

pr^'sentation of. to the son. . 256-360. 361. ;i62

supernatural origin of 149.150.828

the making of _ 27-48.383-291

Hako ceremony, antiquity and wide

prevalence of 279,280

arrangement of paper on 16

diagram of the son's lodge during., 105

diagram showing movements of

father's party during 67

exchange of commodities through . 281

harmonious structure of 282

initial ritesof 27-4«,28a-291

meaning of 24,26

names of _ 17. 18

origm of _ 279,330

personnel of 18, 19

preparation for.._ 26-58

preparation of. scheme of 24

public ceremony of 105-183,313-339

Page

Hako ceremony, purpose of _ 49,50.280,887

rendition and explanation of, by tlu?

Kurahus 26

requisites of 19-23

I'hythmic expression in 282,283

sacred objects of, care of 100

vivification of 58,59,295,296

scheme of 24-25

secret rites of lSJ-247, 339-359

symbolism of... 20-2:^,280.281.361.362

time of 23.24

unvarying sequeace of 282

work of, division of, among mem-
bers of Hako party.. 100

Holy place, treatment of, in Hako cere-
mony - 32. :S

Horsehair, use of, in Hako ceremony . . 21

Kawas, regard for. in Hako ceremony . 74.::J02
See Eagle, brown; Feathered stem,
blue.
Kurahus, articles furnished by, in Hako

ceremony 20

ceremony and dress of 26,58,59,60.296

duties of 19,26

gifts to 260

meaning of title 15

preparation for Hako ceremony by. :^

prepai-ations of, for journey to the

son _ 59,60

Kusharu. a sacred place 284

La Flesche, Francis, aid rendered t<>
author of paper on the Hako

ceremony by 13

Lodge, entrance way to, treatment of.

in Hako ceremony 36. 37

the father's, diagrams of 59.62

the son's, consecration of _ 309-311

diagram of, before taking the

child 210

dui'ing the preparation of

the child 314

during presentation of the

Hako 257

treatment of, iu Hako ceremony . . _ 33.:^4

Male force, invocation of S'^i

symbolism of 34,285

symbols of 34,42.280,288

Marquette, the feathered stem called a

calumet by 379

Moon, representation of, in Hako cere-
mony 21.42

symbolism of, in Hako ceremony . . 42

Murie, James R.. aid rendered to author
of paper on the Hako cere-

momy by 14

Name,changingone's,Pawnee custom of 272,365

rite of 272-278

Nest, oriole's, treatment of. in Hako

ceremony 20

use of 20

rite of making the 242-244,357.358

symbolism of 34,243-245,358

treatment of. Ill

Night, representation of, in Hako cei-e-

mony 21

symbolism of 42

North, symbolism of 43

INDEX

371

Page
North star, treatment of. in Hako cere-
mony - - :?i)

Ointment, composition of, for anoint-
ing the child 222

sacred, nsed in Hako ceremony 22, 23

Omaha Indians, influence of. among

Pawnees 13

statement of, regarding Hako cere-
mony among the Pawnees . . 18
witnessing of Hako ceremony

among _ 13

Oriole, nest of, use of, in Hako cere-
mony. 2()

Owl, feathers of, use of, in Hako cere-
mony. 20

symljolisui of. 21,40,176

Paint, blue, origin of 46

symbolism of - 233

use of, in Hako ceremony.. 37,42

red, symbolism of 228,353

use of,in Hako ceremony. 26

Pawnee Indians, paper on the Hako

ceremony observed among_ l-4i(J8
Phonetics. See Alphabet.

Pipe, use of, in Hako ceremony 48

Pipostems, use of, in Hako ceremony.. 19,20
Plum wood, use of, in Hako ceremony. 20

symbolism of 23. 42

Ponka Indians, report of, on Hako cere-
mony among the Pawnees.. 13

Powers, abode of 2i)

lesser, function of ,'^

Pawnee idea of 283, 284, 285

manner of descent of, to man ._ 22

presentation of Hako party to. _ 03-68,
297-399
diagram of movements made

din-ing 07

symbolic steps in recognition of 68,93,
299,309
Ralibit, hair of, use of, in Hako <.ere-

mony 21

Rain, conjuring.- ..._ 167

Rain shrine, pipe of, use of 101-104

priest of, duties of 19, 48

jiart played by, in Hako cere-
mony ■... 101-104

Rar istesharu society 234, 235

Rattles, gourd, plate representing 46

symbolism of 22, 47

Ray,thesuu*'3first,strength6ningpower

of 58,134,32;>

Red, symbolism of, in Hako ceremony. 20.23,38

Robes, gift of, to the poor 256

Shell, symbolism of, in Hako ceremony 37

use of. in Hako ceremony 20

Skidi band of Pawnee tribe, peculiari-
ties of Hako as made by 47

Sky, representation of, in Eako cere-
mony _ 20,23

Smoke, offering of 48, 101-104, 246, 312, 336, 358, 359

for longevity 168

Son, articles furnished by 20

choice of, in Hako ceremony 49-56,292

clothing of - 101

duties of, in Hako ceremony 81

Son, jouraey to 68-89,:M-308

lodge of, consecration of..'... 97-100,310-313

entrance of Hako pa rt y into 93-96,

;309, 310

songs sung in 80,81,84,85

messenger of, clothing the 89, 91. 308

messengers sent by Hako party to. . 56.

57,294,295

prefiguratiou of journey to 49-56,292

reception of the message by the 294

requirements and duties of 18, 19

sending of messengers to 56-58

village of, arrival of Hako party at- h7, 308
entrance of Hako party into. . 92, 93. 308
Song acknowledging that Tirawa an-
swers prayer 196,197.343

asking the way of the ear of corn . . 70, .300

at the crossing of streams 75,303,304

enjoining the Hako party to follow

the ear of corn fi8.300

extra, acknowledging the gift of a

pony 14()

invoking the earth to give

plenty 144

of the abode of visions 155, 331. 332

of the consecrated ear of corn _ _ 159,
160,3:33

of a talismanic ear of corn 157,332

Hako dance, of gifts 255

of thanks 254

incidental, to avert a threatening

stoi'm 2f)6

in praise of lesser powers 108,

163, 199,314, 334, ;:J44

invoking visions 118, 319, 320

invoking the visions of the ancients. 178,

179.3:38

of anointing the child 22:3, 224. 353

of appeal of the son to the powers. . 101 , 312
of approaching the sou's village
under the leadership of the

ear of com ...J 86,307

of blessing the child 257.361

of blue paint for the feathered stem . 37,

38,^200,288,345

of carrying the child 212,213.:350

of cleansing and strengthening the

child with water 215,351

of coaxing the child 211,349

of dawn 123,124,322

of daylight 131,:324

of dreams of Hako coming from, the

east 149,329,330

of earth _ 163,3:35

' of finding the son 50,51,293,294

of gratitude for Hakoin the sixteen

circiiits of the lodge 195,343

of gratitude in the sixteen circuits

of the lodge-... 189

of gratitude of the children for

Hako 142,327

of green paint for the feathered

stem.... 39,200,201,289.345

of greeting to the son 90, 204, 308, 347

of greeting to the son's messengers. 90,308
of making the nest 242. a58

372

INDEX

Page

Song of painting the ear of com 43, 209

of paint ingthecliild Willi blue paint. 231,355
of painting the child with red paint. 227. S>4
of praise to Tirawa before feeding

the children. 107,162,199,314,334,344
f putting eagle down on the child. 235,

238,356

of seeking the child 202,346

of seeking the son's lodge 92,203,309,346

of sending the messengers .'16,295

of thanks for Hako 177

of the arrival at the son's village... 88.307

of the ascent of the ear of corn 43,

205.291,347,348

of the bird's nest 169

of the brown eagle covering her

young 116,317

of the brown eagle entering the

son's lodge ___ 98,311

of the brown eagle flyingto her nest. 114, .317
of the brown eagle in the sixteen

circuits of the lodge 19.3,342,343

of the caU to the children 249, 2.Tn, 359

of the child in the nest aj,5,246

of the child taking the symbolic

steps 212.a50

of the coming of the children . . 251, 252, 36C

of the duck 174

of the eagle hovering over the nest. Ill,

112. .316
of the eaglets crying to the mother

bird 113,316

of the ear of com asserting au-
thority 71,301

of the ear of com entering the son's

lodge 94,310

of the ear of corn resuming leader-
ship.... 60,61,297

of the flocking of birds 184,340

of the gathering of the children 2.50, 360

of thoowl 175,176

of the promise of buffalo 80, ,305

of the smoke offering of the son. ia3, 312, 313

of the son's lodge 90,309

of the vision of Hako 147,329

of the white eagle in the sixteen

circuits of the lodge 191, 342

of the woodpecker and the turkey. 172

of the wren 171

of touching the child with the brush

ofgrass 219,a52

of touching the child with the

feathered stems 206,207,349

of tjring the eagle's feather on the

child 238,239,357

on feathering the feathered stem .. 41,289
summoning the children to send

gifts.... 140,327

toawakenthechildren 1.32, 324

to the buffalo 79,305

to the ear of com before feeding

the children 109,314

to the ear of corn in the sixteen cir-
cuits of the lodge 188, 341

Page

Song to the lesser powers 27-37,28.3-286

to the mesas U.SOfi

to the morning star 128,323

to the mountains. 82,305, 3(Xi

to the Pleiades. 1.51, .330

to the powers 65,2as,299

to the sun 135,336

to the wind 77,304

to Tirawa before setting out &S, 64,298

to trees and streams 73,308

Songs, incidental, on changing a man's

name 273,273,366-368

to quiet the child 261-20.3. 363

South, symbolism of, in Hako cere-
mony 42

Spirit, Pawnee belief concerning ,52

Pawnee conception of... 290

Steps, four symbolic 349

Sun, representation of, in Hako cere-
mony 21,42

symbolism of, in Hako ceremony . . 42

treatment of, in Hako ceremony ... 30

Sweat lodge, use of, in Hako ceremony. 26

Tahirussawichi, Hako ceremony as

given and explained by 26-278

sketch of 14,15

Tirawa, abode of _ 28

belief in answer to prayer by _ 198

father of all 162,284

mediation between man and 27

Pawnee ideas concerning 107. 109

symbol (f 2:«,354

diagram of the 23:5

tracing of image of 07,68

Tobacco, offering of, to the powers 103-104

use of, in Hako ceremony .56-.58

Toharu, the living covering of the

earth 220

Tracy, Edwin S.. transcription of Hako

music by... 15,16

Vegetation, treatment of, in Hako cere-
mony 31

Visions, abode of. 155,1.56,331

invocation of 117-122,317-320..337

Pawnee beliefs concerning 119, 318

"Water, running, use of, in Hako cere-
mony 39,42,44

syrabolism of ?50

treatment of. in Hako ceremony ... 32,

74,77,302
Whistle, making of, of eagle's wing

bone . 185,193

use of, to imitate eagle's scream 183, 339

Wild-cat, skin of, plate representing. . 48
symbolism of, in Hako cere-
mony... 47,48

use of , in Hako ceremony 23

symbolism of, in Hako ceremony ... 2;j, 1 1 1
Wind, regard for, in Hako ceremony . . 59

treatment of M,30

Woodpecker, head of, used in Hako

ceremony 20

symbolism of 21,40,173

Wren, symbolism of 172

xn- 1^

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Full text of "Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution"

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