r€
Given By
Smithsonian Institute
3^
Forty-ninth Annual Report
of the
BUREAU OF AMERICAN
ETHNOLOGY
1931-1932
SMITHSONIAN - INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON
D. C.
FORTY- NINTH
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
193M932
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1933
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3.
6
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D. C, July 1, 1932.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the Forty-ninth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1932.
With appreciation of your aid in the work under my charge, I am
Very respectfully yours,
M. W. Stirling,
Chiej.
Dr. C. G. Abbot,
Secretary oj the Smithsonian Institution.
165764—33 III
CONTENTS
Page
Systematic researches 1
Special researches 6
Editorial work and publications 7
Library 7
Collections 8
Miscellaneous .- 8
V
NOTE
The Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau is the last of this
series to be published in royal octavo size with accompanying scien-
tific papers. In the future, annual reports of the Bureau will consist
only of the administrative report, which will be issued in octavo
form.
VI
FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
M. W. Stirling, Chief
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera-
tions of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1932, conducted in accordance with the act of Con-
gress approved February 23, 1931. The act referred to contains the
following item :
American ethnology : For continuing ethnological researches among the
American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, the excavation and preservation
of archeologic remains under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, in-
cluding necessaiy employees, the preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and
illustrations, the purchase of books and periodicals, and traveling expenses,
$72,640.
SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES
M. W. Stirling, chief, left New York on September 26, 1931, as a
member of the Latin American expedition to South America. The
first region visited by the expedition was the San Bias coast of
Panama. Here Mr. Stirling spent approximately a month in mak-
ing an ethnological survey of the Tule Indians. . From Panama the
expedition proceeded to Ecuador, where three weeks were spent in
investigating archeological sites in the Andean highlands in the
vicinity of Cuenca. After crossing the Andes and descending to the
frontier post of Mendez, three months were spent among the Jivaro
Indians of the Santiago and Maranon Rivers. The expedition crossed
the mountains from Mendez to the upper Yaupe River. They then
descended the Yaupe to the Santiago, passing down this river to its
junction with the Maranon, Much of the time was spent living
with the Jivaros in their own houses, where Mr. Stirling was able to
record first-hand a considerable quantity of ethnological data. In
addition to this a collection was made representing the material
culture of the Indians of the region. After a short excursion up the
Alto Maranon, the expedition passed through the famous Pongo
1
2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Manseriche, descendin<5 by rafts to Iquitos, from which point the
collections were shipped by way of the Amazon River to the National
Museum. Mr. Stirling returned to Washington on April 26, 1932.
Ur. John 11. Swanton, ethnologist, was in the field from November
2 to December 6, 1931, his object being the location of the route fol-
lowed by De Soto and Moscoso through Arkansas and Louisiana
from 1541 to 15-43. He was tlie guest for a part of this time of Col.
John R. Fordyce, of Hot Springs National Park, Ark. More suc-
cess was attained in determining the probable course of the Span-
iards than had been anticipated. While in the field he also collected
linguistic material from the Tunica Indians near Marksville, La.
There are supposed to be only three individuals who can still use
the old tongue.
Doctor Swanton devoted a large part of his time to continuing
preparation of the Handbook of the Southeastern Indians, and a be-
ginning has been made on a bulletin to include the linguistic material
of the Coahuiltecan tongues now extinct. The work of copying the
tribal map of the Indians of North America has been practically
completed.
Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, was at work among the South-
ern Cheyenne at the beginning of the fiscal year. The object was
to restore phonetically some Cheyenne words previously extracted
from Fetter's Dictionary which were clearly Algonquian in origin.
Measurements were taken of some 23 subjects, and a good deal of
new ethnological information was obtained. Near the middle of
July Doctor Michelson left for Tama, Iowa, to obtain some addi-
tional material on Fox ceremonials. Early in August he left Iowa
and went among the Northern Cheyenne to restore the list of
Cheyenne words mentioned above according to Northern Cheyenne
phonetics. Incidentally a really representative group of Northern
Cheyenne were measured. A statistical study has shown that the
vault of the skull is decidedly low as compared with that of most
Algonquian peoples and rather resembles the skull of the Dakota
Sioux. In June, 1932, Doctor Michelson again left for the field.
He succeeded in gaining some important sociological data on the
Kiowa and obtained some new facts on Cheyenne linguistics,
sociology, and mythology.
John P. Harrington, ethnologist, made a thorough study of the
Indians of Monterey and San Benito Counties, in central California,
and investigated the little known Chingichngich culture of the coast
of southern California. Working with the oldest survivors of the
Costanoan and Esselen speaking Indians of Monterey and San
Benito Counties, Mr. Harrington found it possible by fully utilizing
all the early records and vocabularies to illuminate the former life
FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT S
of these people and to define it as clearly as that of some of the better
known western groups. The study demonstrated that this culture
indicates a key region for central California ethnology, since it
proved to be a connecting link between the cultures of northern and
southern California. These Indians lived on a wooded mountain-
ous coast, the northern breaking down of the great Santa Lucia
Kange, in a broad interior valley, known in early times as la Canada
del rlo de Monterey and now as the Salinas Valley, and in the hilly
region between coast and valley, and east of the valley. The region
was rich in fish, shellfish, game, and in vegetable foods and medic-
inal herbs. Labor was roughly divided between men and women,
the men tending to the animal food and the women to the vegetable.
The houses were built of poles and thatch, shaped like a half
orange, with smoke hole at the top, and slightly sunk in the ground.
The people lived in villages and were governed by the village chief
and elders. One or more sweathouses were to be found at each vil-
lage. The people hardened themselves to going the year around with
little or no clothing in the mild climate, and the dense morning fogs
did not keep them from rising at daylight and taking the daily morn-
ing plunge. A bride was taken to live at the house of her husband's
people or to a new house built near there. A captain, or even an
ordinary man, would sometimes have two or more wives, but monog-
amy was the rule. One of the important discoveries is that the
people had clans.
From July 1 to September 22, 1931, Dr. F. H. H. Koberts, jr.,
archeologist, continued excavations at the site 3l^ miles south of
AUantown, Ariz., where work was started in May of the previous
fiscal year. The Laboratory of Anthropology of Santa Fe, N. Mex.,
cooperated in the project through July and August. The summer's
work resulted in the excavation of the subterranean portions of 14
structures. The excavations showed that several of the dwellings
had been destroyed by fire. The charred remnants of timbers lying
on the floors demonstrated clearly the method of roof construction.
The details were so clearly shown in one of the houses that it was
restored so that visitors to the site might see what dwellings of that
type were like. Two other pits were covered with shed roofs so that
they will be preserved for a long time to come. The Douglass method
of determination gave dates ranging from 814 to 916 A. D. On
February 1 Doctor Eoberts left Washington for Yucatan, having
been detailed to the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the
capacity of consulting archeologist. He spent 10 days at Chichen
Itza, during which time he gained much first-hand information con-
cerning the character of the ancient Mayan civilizations, and also
visited Uxmal, the pyramids at San Juan de Teotihuacan, and sev-
4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
eral other important archeological sites in the vicinity of Mexico
City. While in Mexico City he had the opportunity of seeing and
examining the various objects found at Monte Alban by the expedi-
tion under Prof. A. Caso. Doctor Roberts left Washington on May
21 to resume his researches at the site south of AUantown, Ariz.
Excavations were commenced on June 2, and by June 30 the remains
of two additional pit houses had been cleared of the accumulated
debris, and the remains of seven slab-lined storage cists uncovered.
In addition 15 burials belonging to the habitation group were found.
One of the pit structures uncovered had been destroyed by fire, and
the charred timbers furnished one of the earliest building dates thus
far obtained in the Southwest, namely, 797 A. D.
On July 10, 1931, Dr. W. D. Strong entered upon his duties as
ethnologist in the bureau. Early in August he left for a reconnais-
sance trip through central and western Nebraska, central South
Dakota, and western North Dakota. Evidence of a prehistoric cul-
ture believed to pertain to the early Pawnee was followed up the
Republican River and west as far as Scottsbluff. Here a very im-
portant stratified site on Signal Butte was investigated, and after
arranging for complete excavation the next summer. Doctor Strong
continued the survey trip up the Missouri River. Many large pre-
historic villages of the sedentary tribes in this region were visited
and their locations and characteristics noted for future investigation.
The survey ended with a visit to the living Arikara Indians on the
Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. Many good informants
were visited and preliminary ethnological work on the life and cus-
toms of this very important agricultural people was commenced.
During the autumn and winter of 1931-32 the text and illustrations
of a manuscript entitled "An Introduction to Nebraska Archeology "
were prepared.
On May 25, 1932, Doctor Strong left for Lincoln, Nebr., and on
June 15 excavations were commenced in the stratified deposits on the
top of Signal Butte. Large collections of specimens from all three
levels were secured, especially from the lowest level of occupation,
which was very thick and gave evidence of great antiquity. Marked
cultural differences between the three levels were apparent during the
excavation work. Burials, both complete and partial, were found in
the upper level, but no burials were encountered in the lowest level,
though fragments of human bone were found. It is already certain
that the unusual case of stratigraphy present on the summit of Signal
Butte will, when the material has been studied in detail, yield clear
evidence of an extensive sequence of cultural and artifact types for
the high plains region of central North America.
forty-ninth: annual report 5
J, N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, completed the revision and the edit-
ing of the manuscript journal of the Swiss artist, Rudolph Fried-
erich Kurz, for publication by the bureau. He also made an inten-
sive study of the internal organic structure of the Iroquois and the
Huron (Wyandot) clan, which was a most important unit of social
and political organization. This investigation revealed some hith-
erto unnoted and disregarded organic features of clan structure.
The results of this study were submitted for publication. In addition
he continued his work of coordinating the variant versions of tra-
ditional and ceremonial matters recorded in native text in the
Mohawk, the Cayuga, and the Onondaga vernaculars. In addition
to the four myths of the Wind Gods mentioned in the previous
report, five others of this series of texts were completed, as was also
the paper dealing with the decipherment of an interesting series of
mnemonic pictographs. Mr. Hewitt represents the Smithsonian In-
stitution on the United States Geographic Board, and as a member
of its executive committee has much active research work to do.
On May 11, 1932, Mr. Hewitt resumed his ethnological researches
among the Iroquois members of the former Six Nations of Indians
on the Grand River Grant, near Brantford, Ontario, Canada. His
investigations began with a study of the permanency and the re-
maining cohesive power of the clan among these people, and of its
influence, if any, on the social and political activities of these Indians
to-day. He found what had been superficially apparent for some
time, namely, that the clan structure and authority had become com-
pletely forgotten, and so maintained no effective guidance in social
and political affairs. David Thomas, a former chief of the Cayuga
and an intelligent man, of the Grand River Reservation, dictated a
number of traditional and interpretative Cayuga texts dealing with
certain phases of the ancient league rituals. John Buck, sr., a former
Tutelo chief, supplied further information relating to the Wind
Gods, and he also gave much assistance in interpreting league texts
already recorded by Mr, Hewitt.
Winslow M. Walker, associate anthropologist, was in the field at
the beginning of the year, exploring certain caves in the Ozark
region of north central Arkansas. A large cavern at Cedar Grove
yielded the burials of 12 individuals and a considerable number of
artifacts and articles of rough stone, chipped flint, bone, shell, and
crude undecorated potsherds heavily shell-tempered. The resem-
blance to the culture of the Ozark Bluff Dwellers described by M. R.
Harrington is very marked. The skeletal remains indicate a long-
headed people of moderate stature, the so-called " pre-Algonkin
type." Three localities were found where there were petrographs —
6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
both carved and painted symbols and fif^nres — but the designs at
each of these sites were different and distinctive, and they could not
be correlated with any of the Bluff Dweller caves.
In the middle of July Mr. Walker went to Louisiana, where for
a month explorations of mound and village sites in various parts of
northern Louisiana were undertaken, principally in the Red River
and Mississippi Valleys. At Natchitoches, on Red River, while
preparations were going on for the construction of some ponds for
a new Government fish hatchery, an ancient Indian burial ground
was discovered. Mr. Walker arrived in time to save some of the
skeletal material and fragments of a beautiful highly decorated and
polished pottery. The period from January to June was spent in
the compiling of an index of all archeological sites so far reported
from the region of the lower Mississippi Valley, with maps showing
the location of these sites in the States of Louisiana and Arkansas.
From the study of the material found at Natchitoches a paper
has been prepared for publication entitled " Discovery of a Caddo
Site at Natchitoches, Louisiana." The results of this study seem to
justify the conclusion that this was the burial ground of the tribe
of the Natchitoches, a branch of the Caddo, found inhabiting this
location by Henri de Tonti in 1690. The beautful polished and
engraved pottery is very similar to that made by the Ouachita
Indians living along the river of that name in Louisiana and
Arkansas.
SPECIAL RESEARCHES
The study of Indian music was continued during the past year by
Miss Frances Densmore, a collaborator of the bureau. The three
outstanding results of the year's work are a study of the Peyote cult
and its songs among the Winnebago Indians, an intensive study of
the songs and customs of the Seminole in Florida, and the comple-
tion for publication of a manuscript entitled " Nootka and Quileute
Music." In addition, numerous Pueblo songs recorded in 1930 have
been transcribed and other Pueblo songs recorded. Eight manu-
scripts and the transcriptions of 109 songs have been submitted,
together with the phonographic records and complete analyses of the
songs.
Field trips were made to Wisconsin Dells in August and Septem-
ber, 1931. The first trip was devoted to the Pueblo work, the re-
cording of Winnebago dance songs, and a continuance of the general
study of the Winnebago. Following this a visit was made to a
basket makers' camp near Holmen, Wis., where the ceremonial songs
of the John Rave branch of the Peyote organization were recorded
by William Thunder, a leader in the ceremony. On the second trip
to Wisconsin Dells the ceremonial songs of the Jesse Clay branch
FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT 7
of the organization were recorded by James Yellowbank, who is a
leader in that branch. In September, 1931, and in June, 1932, the
study of peyote was continued with Winnebago Indians.
On November 6, 1931, Miss Densmore arrived in Miami, Fla., to
resume a study of the Seminole Indians begun in January. During
the early part of her stay the work was conducted in the Seminole
villages at Musa Isle and Dania and in three camps on the Tamiami
Trail between Miami and Everglades. Sixty-five songs were re-
corded by Panther (known as Josie Billie), a leader in the Big
Cypress band of the tribe. He is a medicine man in regular practice,
and his work was sometimes interrupted by his attendance upon the
sick.
Early in February Miss Densmore went to Fort Myers and made
a trip to remote villages in the Everglades under the guidance of
Stanley Hanson of that city. Then she went to the region west of
Lake Okeechobee and recorded 125 songs at Brighton from Billie
Stuart, a leader of singers in the Cow Creek group of Seminoles.
Returning to Miami, work was resumed at Musa Isle. Additional
songs were recorded by Panther, and an important tradition was
related by Billie Motlo, one of the few remaining old men of the
tribe.
EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS
The editorial work of the bureau has continued under the direction
of the editor, Stanley Searles. During the year seven bulletins were
issued, as follows:
Bulletin 94. Tobacco among the Karuk Indians of California (Harrington).
xxxvi+2S-4 pp., 36 pis., 2 figs.
Bulletin 98. Tales of the Cochiti Indians (Benedict), s+256 pp.
Bulletin 102. Menominee music (Densmore). xxii+230 pp., 27 pis., 3 figs.
Bulletin 103. Source material for the social and ceremonial life of the Choctaw
Indians (Swanton). vii+282 pp., 6 pis., 1 fig.
Bulletin 104. A survey of prehistoric sites in the region of Flagstaff, Arizona
(Colton). vii+69 pp., 10 pis., 1 fig.
Bulletin 105. Notes on the Fox WapAnowiweni (Michelson). v+195 pp. 1 fig.
Bulletin 107. Karuk Indian myths (Harrington), v+34 pp.
LIBRARY
The library of the Bureau of American Ethnology is made up
largely of works on the archeology, history, customs, languages, and
general culture of the early American peoples, notably the North
American Indian. The library has 30,071 volumes and 16,867
pamphlets, together with thousands of unbound periodicals and
numerous photographs, manuscripts, and Indian vocabularies. The
additions during the year were 400 volumes and 150 pamphlets. The
number of periodicals entered was 3,400; of cards prepared for the
8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
catalogue, 5,00-4; of volumes bound, 200; and of loans made, 2,156.
The reference service of the library was unusually large, both to
Smithsonian scientists and to students and others outside the Insti-
tution,
COLLECTIONS
Accession No.
115902. Collection of archeological material collected by M. W. Stirling at
various sites in Alabama and Florida in 1931. (148 specimens.)
114568. Archeological and skeletal material collected for the Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology by F. M. Setzler from various sites in Texas in 1931.
(69 specimens.)
115562. Archeological and ethnological objects collected for the Bureau of
American Ethnology by Neil M, Judd on the San Carlos Indian
Reservation, Gila County, Ariz. (49 specimens.)
115827. Specimens of shell from Horrs Island, Fla., collected by M. W. Stirling
in 1931. (3 specimens.)
117184. Archeological material collected in 1931 by W. M. Walker from caves
and rock shelters in the Ozark region of north central Arkansas,
occupying portions of Searcy and Marion Counties. (23 specimens.)
MISCELLANEOUS
During the course of the year information was furnished by mem-
bers of the bureau staff in reply to numerous inquiries concerning
the North American Indians, both past and present, and the Mexi-
can peoples of the prehistoric and early historic periods. Various
specimens sent to the bureau were identified and data on them fur-
nished for their owners.
Personnel. — Dr. William Duncan Strong was appointed as eth-
nologist on the staff of the bureau on July 10, 1931. Miss Marion
Illig was appointed as junior stenographer on September 1, 1931.
De Lancey Gill was retired as illustrator on June 30, 1932, by
operation of the economy bill.
Respectfully submitted.
M. W. Stirling, Chief.
Dr. C, G. Abbot,
Secretary^ JSmithsonian Institution.
o
Fiftieth Annual Report
of the
BUREAU OF AMERICAN
ETHNOLOGY
1932-1933
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON
D.C.
FIFTIETH
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1932-1933
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1933
FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT
OP THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
M. W. Stirling, Chief
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the field
researches, office work, and other operations of the Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1933, conducted
in accordance with the act of Congress approved June 30, 1932.
The act referred to contains the following item:
American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the
American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, the excavation and preservation
of archaeologic remains under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution,
including necessary employees, the preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and
illustrations, the purchase of books and periodicals, and traveling expenses,
$66,640.
SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES
M. W. Stirling, chief, devoted most of his time during the year to
office routine and to the preparation of manuscript accumulated
from past researches. Several sections of his report on the ethnology
of the Jivaro Indians of eastern Ecuador were completed, and con-
siderable progress was made in the preparation of a manuscript
describing and illustrating the important finds made by F. H. Gush-
ing, former ethnologist of the Bureau, during excavations in a muck
deposit ai Key Marco, Fla. A set of excellent photographs illus-
trating this work was discovered in the Bureau archives, where they
had been deposited, unindexed, by Mr. Cushing, whose death took
place shortly after the completion of his Florida field work.
Mr. Stirling also gathered a large quantity of unpublished material
relating to the career of Sitting Bull, including a new and heretofore
unknown hieroglyphic autobiography drawn by Sitting Bull himself,
a more important specimen than the famous copy of a Sitting Bull
autobiography in the Bureau archives made by Four Horns.
Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted the greater part of
his time, beyond that used in answering correspondents, to an exten-
sive paper on the ethnology of the southeastern Indians, mentioned
in previous reports. A great volume of material has been added.
Progress has also been made in the preparation of a bulletin to include
all the linguistic material rescued from the now extinct Coahuiltecan
and Karankawan dialects.
Dr. Swanton took part in the "Conference on Southern Pre-
History" held at Birmingham, Ala., December 18-20, under the
auspices of the Division of Anthropology and Psychology of the
24090—33 1
2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
National Research Council, through its committee on State archeo-
logical surveys, of which Dr. Carl E. Gutlie is chairman. To this he
contributed two papers, one entitled "The Southeastern Indians of
History" and the other "The Relation of the Southeast to General
Culture Problems of American Pre-History." He presided as presi-
dent of the American Anthropological Association over the sessions
of that body at its meeting at Atlantic City, N.J., December 28-30.
Bulletin 108, entitled "A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language",
consisting largely of material collected by the late Albert S. Gatschet
but systematized and edited by Dr. Swanton, appeared during
the year.
Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, was at work among the
Cheyenne and Arapaho at the beginning of the year. Among the
Cheyenne the prime object was to get an insight into their mythol-
ogy, though their sociology was not neglected. Among the Arapaho,
work was linguistic and sociological. He secured the personal narra-
tive of an aged southern Arapaho woman. An analysis shows clearly
that this is almost entirely institutional, closely following the tribal
pattern. With but few changes it might be the autobiography of
any aged Arapaho woman. On July 22 Dr. Michelson left for Tama,
Iowa, to renew researches among the Foxes in that vicinity. New
data on ceremonials were obtained and some older data verified. He
left Tama on August 8, stopping at Chicago to consult with some
anthropologists of that city and to inspect certain collections.
While in the office Dr. Michelson prepared for publication by the
Bureau a manuscript entitled "When the War Chiefs Worship the
Wolf", which is to be combined with a paper entitled "Fox Miscel-
lany", which was prepared last year. Dr. Michelson worked out a
long series of phonetic shifts in Arapaho, which will ultimately be
published. He succeeded in finding Algonquian etymologies for a
host of Blackfoot words and stems; which contradicts the usual
assumption that Blackfoot vocabulary must be largely from outside
sources. A grant was made to Dr. Michelson by the National
Research Council whereby he could employ a technical assistant to
bring the late Dr. Jones' Fox and Ojibwa material into shape for
publication, and Mrs. Margaret Welpley, a former student of
Dr. Michelson's, was selected for this purpose. At the close of the
fiscal year all the Fox ethnological material was virtually ready for
publication.
J. P. Harrington, ethnologist, spent the year in an endeavor to
rescue before it is too late what can still be learned of the culture of
the Indians of southern California and adjacent regions to the north
and east. Attention in this field naturally centered about the classic
work of Boscana published by Alfred Robinson in 1846, as Boscana's
work has never been thoroughly checked with modern Indians.
FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT tJ
Father St, John O'SulUvan of San Juan Mission gave invaluable
collaboration in a renewed study of the San Juan Indians.
The Fred H. Bixby ranch near Long Beach was identified as the
birthplace of the Indian prophet Chinigchinich. All obscure passages
in Boscana were completely cleared up as a result of this work and
much new ethnological data was secured.
Scarcely a source of information that could be thought of was
left untried. Information was gathered by correspondence from
universities and professors in this country, Spain, Italy and Mexico.
The manuscript, comprising some 800 pages, was completed for
publication, and should be a standard source book for the ethnology
of southern CaUfornia Indians. Thorough linguistic, ethnobotani-
cal, and historical studies were made to support the Boscana.
The beginning of the year found Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, Jr., arche-
ologist, in camp 3}^ miles south of Allantown, Ariz., engaged in a
series of archeological excavations which had been started in June.
The work as a whole was a continuation of a program of researches
begun during the summer of 1931. In July 1932 a semisubterranean
structure of the Pueblo I pit-dwelling type was cleared of accumu-
lated debris. Eight granaries and two surface shelters accompanying
the pit remains were also uncovered. This group contributed valu-
able data on the habits and customs of the people of that horizon.
Specimens of the arts and industries obtained from the structures
aided materially in determining the culture pattern.
Investigations were shifted to a Pueblo II site late in July, and a
6-room unit house with its adjacent ceremonial chamber or kiva was
excavated. Digging was also carried on in the nearby refuse mound.
Twenty burials were found and interesting information obtained con-
cerning mortuary customs. A representative collection of artifacts
was also made at this location. The investigations demonstrated that
the typical unit house was present in a region where it hitherto had
not been supposed to exist.
Dr. Roberts returned to Washington in September and spent the
winter preparing plans, diagrams, and a report on the summer's
activities.
Dr. Roberts left Washington at the end of May 1933 for Arizona.
En route he stopped at Norton, Kans., to inspect purported Indian
mounds. The formations proved to be entirely natural.
In Arizona investigations were resumed at the site south of Allan-
town. The work consisted largely of checking notes made in previous
seasons and making preparations to abandon the site, the latter move
being necessitated by the lack of funds required to carry the' researches
to a proper conclusion.
From July 1 to 16, 1932, Dr. W. D. Strong, anthropologist,
continued his stratigraphic researches at Signal Butte in western
4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Nebraska. From July IG to September 2 archeological research was
carried on in historic and prehistoric Arikara and Mandan sites in
South Dakota. Some ethnological work was also accomplished
among the former people. From September 16, 1932, to January 28,
1933, he was in Washington, where the collections were unpacked,
classified, and the writing of reports commenced.
On January 28, 1933, Dr. Strong left Washington for 6 months'
anthropological research in northeastern Honduras. This included a
6 weeks' expedition up the Patuca River, where archeological sites
were mapped, some excavating was carried on, and the Sumu and
Miskito Indians were briefly studied. An accident occurring on this
trip caused a delay of several weeks at Puerto Castilla for hospital
treatment. From April 24 to May 24 an archeological survey of the
Bay Islands was accomplished. This yielded unusually valuable
results. On June 4 the party made a muleback trip across the moun-
tains to the interior town of Juticalpa. From here they flew to
Tegucigalpa to interview officials. On July 1 the party was return-
ing by mule to the coast. Many new archeological sites, some of
very large size, were discovered on this trip. Valuable contacts were
also made with the Paya Indians in the interior.
Winslow M. Walker, associate anthropologist, resumed investiga-
tions in the mound area of the Mississippi Valley from the middle of
August to the middle of November 1932. Excavations made on the
site of the former great mound at Jonesville, La., revealed evidences
of more than one period of occupancy, the earliest containing pottery
of a type similar to that found in the Hopewell mounds of Ohio.
Other interesting features discovered include portions of a log palisade,
a kind of stairway of logs, a lone human skull, minus the lower jaw,
lying in the mud beneath the lowest step, and great sheets of cane laid
down with careful regularity throughout the mound. Other mounds
in this group, formerly known as the Troyville group, were examined,
and the conclusion was reached that they probably stand on the site
of the great Indian town of Anilco visited by De Soto in 1542. A
report on this work has been prepared entitled "The Troyville
Mounds, Catahoula Parish, La." Mr. Walker also spent some time
while in Arkansas endeavoring to locate the sites of the Quapaw
villages shown on the Ross map of 1765, but changes in the river
course have obliterated all trace of them, A start has also been made
on a card catalog listing the locations of early historic Indian villages,
to serve as a guide for further profitable archeological work in the
Southeast.
J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, devoted considerable time to a study
of the probable date of the formation and organization of the League
of the Five Iroquois Tribes. This required especial research in the
early writings of the first explorers in the valley of the St. Lawrence
FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT 5
River. This study confirmed Mr. Hewitt's earlier estimate that the
approximate period was 1559-70.
A study of the Jesuit Relations shows that the organic units of the
federal structure of the historical League of the Five Iroquois Tribes
differed from those of the Huron in nonessentials only. Mr. Hewitt
also established the fact that the Iroquois had not been expelled from
the north by Algonquins in prehistoric times.
A new translation with interpretative notes of the Fifth Ritual of
the Federal Ceremony of Condolence and Installation, "The Requick-
ening Address", consisting of 8,385 native terms, was made.
Mr. Hewitt represented the Smithsonian Institution on the United
States Geographic Board, as a member of its executive committee.
As custodian of manuscripts, Mr. Hewitt has been assisted by Miss
Mae Tucker, who has also continued the task of cataloging the
thousands of negatives and photographs accumulated since the
establishment of the Bureau.
SPECIAL RESEARCHES
The study of Indian music was continued during the past year by
Miss Frances Densmore, a collaborator of the Bureau. Seven manu-
scripts were submitted, with the following titles: "Winnebago, Iro-
quois, Pueblo, and British Columbian Songs"; "Seminole Songs Con-
nected with Legends and Dances"; "Dance Songs of the Seminole
Indians"; "Choctaw Songs of Dances and Games"; "Songs of the
Alibamu Indians"; "Alibamu Songs of the Buffalo and Other
Dances"; and "Chitimacha, Choctaw, and Seminole Music, with a
Comparative Survey of Indian Music in the Gulf States." Seven
manuscripts previously submitted on the music of British Columbian
Indians have been combined and retyped.
An extended field trip in the Gulf States was begun in December
1932 and concluded in February 1933. The first tribe visited was the
Alibamu in Polk County, Tex., more than 60 songs being recorded.
The Chitimacha at Charenton, La., were next studied. About 80
songs were recorded from the Choctaw near-Philadelphia, Miss. The
Seminole in Florida were revisited and about 70 songs were recorded.
EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS
The editing of the publications of the Bureau was continued through
the year by Stanley Searles, editor. The status of the publications
is presented in the following summary.
PUBLICATIONS ISSUED
Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Sec-
retary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1931-32. vi + 8 pp.
Bulletin 99. The Swimmer manuscript: Cherokee sacred formulas and medic-
inal prescriptions (Mooney and Olbrechts). xvii + 319 pp., 13 pis.
6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Bulletin 106. Ethnographical survey of the Miskito and Sumu Indians of
Honduras and Nicaragua (Conzemius). vii+191 pp., 10 pis., 1 fig.
Bulletin 108. A dictionary of the Atakapa language, accompanied by text
material (Gatschet and Swanton). v+181 pp., 1 pi.
Bulletin 109. A dictionary of the Osage language (La Flesche). v + 406 pp.
Bulletin 110. Yuman and Yaqui music (Densmore). xviii + 216 pp., 31 pis.,
7 figs.
Bulletin 111. The village of the great kivas on the Zufii Reservation, New
Mexico (Roberts), ix + 197 pp., 64 pis., 34 figs.
List of publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology, with index to authors
and titles, iv + 55 pp.
PUBLICATION IN PRESS
Forty-eighth Annual Report. General index, annual reports of the Bureau of
American Ethnology, vols. 1-48 (Bonnerjea). v+1220 pp.
The number of publications distributed was 29,889.
LIBRARY
The reference library has continued under the care of Miss Ella
Leary, librarian. The library consists of 30,391 volumes, about
16,993 pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals. Dur-
ing the year 320 books were accessioned. There were also received
126 pamphlets and 3,440 serials, chiefly the publications of learned
societies. Books loaned during the year numbered 960 volumes.
In the work of cataloging 4,840 cards were added to the catalog. A
considerable amount of reference work was done in the usual course
of the library's service to investigators and students, both those in
the Smithsonian Institution and others.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Following is a summary of work accomplished by E. G. Cassedy,
illustrator for the Bureau.
Maps (colored) 9
Tracings 12
Mechanical drawing 1
Preliminary drawings 50
Line drawings 54
Sketches (color) 6
Photographs retouched 33
Accession COLLECTIONS
number
114181. Archeological material from various sites between the Rio Salado and
the Rio Dulce, known as Mesapotonua Santiaguena, Argentine, and
presented to the Bureau by E. R. Wagner, Museo Arcaico Provin-
cial, Santiago del Estero, Argentine.
120252. Collection of human skeletal material found by Dr. F. H. H. Roberts,
Jr., while conducting archeological researches for the Bureau at a
site on the Zuni Indian Reservation, N.Mex., in the summer of 1930.
121548. Two boxes of mammalian and bird remains from a stratified archeo-
logical site at Signal Butte, Nebr., collected during the summer of
1932 by Dr. W. D. Strong.
FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPOKT
Accession
number
121824. Seventeen daguerreotypes, thirteen ambrotypes, and one tintype of
Indian subjects which had accumulated in DeLancey Gill's office.
122561. One lot of turkey bones {Meleagris gallapavo), nymph of bug of family
Reduviidae, and two fragments of swamp cane collected by W. M.
Walker from the Jonesville mound, La.
122696. Decorated potsherd from Weeden Island mound, Tampa Bay., Fla.,
presented to the Bureau by D. I. Bushnell, Jr.
122697. Coiled pottery jar and several decorated potsherds from Keams Can-
yon, Ariz., transferred to the Bureau by the Office of Indian Affairs.
122701. Pottery bowl and pottery tobacco pipe made by the Tule Indians of
the village of Mulatupa on San Bias coast of Panama, sent to the
Bureau bj^ A. G. Cleveland.
122704. Collection of ethnological specimens from the Jivaro Indians of the
Upano, Santiago, Chinganasa and Alto Maranon Rivers of eastern
Ecuador; archeological and ethnological objects from the Chama
Indians of the Ucayali River in Peru; two copper and two stone
axes from Mendez, Ecuador, and one stone ax from the Upper Yaupe
River, Ecuador; and a collection of land snail shells from the Upper
Paute River in the vicinity of Mendez, Ecuador, collected by M.
W. Stirling in 1932.
122705. Slab of shell-tempered pottery used as part of a grave lining from an
Indian grave near Nashville, Tenn., sent to the Bureau by P. E.
Cox.
122979. Quirt and beaded bag collected by George R. Cassedy at Pawnee
Junction, Nebr., in 1869 from Buckskin Charlie (a Sioux) and pre-
sented to the Bureau by E. G. Cassedy.
124507. Six projectile points from Yuma County, Colo., sent to the Bureau by
Everett Harte of Wray, Colo.
MISCELLANEOUS
During the course of the year information was furnished by mem-
bers of the Bureau staff in reply to numerous inquiries concerning
the North American Indians, both past and present, and the Mexican
peoples of the prehistoric and early liistoric periods. Various speci-
mens sent to the Bureau were identified and data on them furnished
for their owners.
Personnel. — E. G. Cassedy was appointed illustrator on November
25, 1932.
Respectfully submitted.
M. W. Stirling, Chief.
Dr. C. G. Abbot,'
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
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//-/-
Fifty 'first Annual Report
of the
BUREAU OF AMERICAN
ETHNOLOGY
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1933-1934
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON
D.C.
FIFTY-FIRST
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1933-1934
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1935
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FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
M. W. Stirling, Chief
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the field
researches, ofl&ce work, and other operations of the Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1934, conducted
in accordance with the act of Congress approved June 16, 1933. The
act referred to contains the following item:
American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the Ameri-
can Indians and the natives of Hawaii, the excavation and preservation of
archeologic remains under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including
necessary employees, the preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustrations,
the purchase of books and periodicals, and traveling expenses, $50,000.00.
SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES
M. W. Stirling, Chief, devoted the early part of the year to office
routine and to the preparation of manuscript relating to past re-
searches. When the Civil Works Administration began to expand
its relief program, opportunity was taken to give work to a number of
especially equipped unemployed in the translation of manuscript and
rare printed material in foreign languages and to the typing and
copying of a considerable quantity of rare manuscript material in the
archives of the Bureau which has been in danger of disintegrating
because of age.
On December 11, 1933, Mr. Stirhng left Washington for Florida to
supervise archeological projects which he had proposed in connection
with the Federal Civil Works Administration relief program. After
conference with Civil Works Administration officials at Tallahassee
and Jacksonville, work was conducted in the excavation of mounds
and habitation sites in the vicinity of the south fork of the Little
Manatee River near Bradenton, Fla., and on Perico Island near the
mouth of the Manatee River. A sand burial mound was excavated
at Englewood in the southern part of Sarasota County. On the
eastern coast of Florida, work was conducted on Canaveral Island,
102418—35 1
2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
at Miami Beach, and at Orniond Beach. In the central part of the
State a large site near Belle Glade in the vicinity of Lake Okeechobee
was excavated. Because of the amount of labor which it was possible
to utilize, much information was obtained which will help to clear up
the problems of Southeastern archeology.
During the same period, Mr. Stirling took the opportunity of over-
seeing the work conducted under the auspices of the Bureau of
Ethnology at Macon, Ga., where a large and important mound group
was being excavated with the cooperation of the Macon Historical
Society. On May 5, Mr. Stirling returned to Washington where he
worked on the preparation of the collections obtained during this
field work and on the preparation of reports on the different excava-
tions.
Upon the death of the late Gen. Hugh L. Scott, his valuable mate-
rial on the sign language of the American Indians was added to the
Bureau arcliives. Richard Sanderville, Blackfoot Indian, who had
been one of General Scott's principal informants, was brought to
Washington in order to go over this material and to supplement it in
places which appeared lacking. Opportunity^ was also taken to make
additional motion pictures and a general photographic record of the
sign language with Mr. Sanderville as model.
During the earlier part of the year Dr. John II . Swanton, etluiolo-
gist, completed the bulletin on the languages of certain Texas tribes,
of which mention was made in his last report. This includes all of the
linguistic material known to be in existence, both published and
unpublished, from the Coalmiltecan, Karankawan, and Tamaulipecan
stocks, i. e., all of the Indian tongues of Texas west and south of the
Atakapa and Tonkawa, and extending as far into Mexico as the
boundaries of the Huastec and Uto-Aztecan tribes.
The remainder of his ofl&ce work, aside from correspondence, has
been devoted mainly to the handbook of Southeastern Indians, men-
tioned in previous reports. The present draft of this work contains
about 1,200 typewritten pages.
At the end of February Dr. Swanton went to Macon, Ga., at the
invitation of the Society for Georgia Archaeology, to attend its first
meeting and take part in its activities as indicated elsewhere. He
remained at Macon for about 3 weeks, visiting archeological sites both
in the immediate neighborhood and in other parts of Georgia and mak-
ing some attempts to locate the route pursued by De Soto in crossing
the State in 1540. Dr. Swanton thinks there is little doubt that the
crossing point on the Oconee has been identified with the old trail
crossing at Carr Shoals, a few miles above Dubhn.
Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, devoted the bulk of his
time to preparing a paper entitled "The Linguistic Position of
Nawa0inanana°." This consisted of going over Kroeber's published
PIFTY-FIEST ANNUAL REPORT 3
material and establishing the phonetic shifts of the language. It
also meant codifying in fmal form a number of Cheyenne shifts which
he had partially worked out in previous years. It also involved
clarifying some shifts in Arapaho and Atsina. The special novelty
consists in showing how at least certain Algonquian languages became
divergent simply by the operation of complex and far-reaching
phonetic shifts. The manuscript was completed before the end of
the fiscal year. Toward the close of the fiscal year Dr. Michelson
was engaged in working out the phonetic shifts in Natick, an extinct
Algonquian language, on the basis of Trumbull's Dictionary.
During the first 6 months of the fiscal year, Dr. John P. Harrington,
ethnologist, continued his field studies among the Mission Indians of
California, obtaining a rather exhaustive set of notes to accompany
the publication of the Boscana manuscript recently discovered by him.
It is the long-lost original of the only complete report ever written by
a Franciscan missionary on the ethnology of the California Indians.
It was written by the Rev. Jeronimo Boscana at San Juan Capistrano
Mission on the coast of southern California in 1822, and is a delight-
fully variant version of the Boscana account entitled " Chinigcliinich ",
published in English translation by Alfred Robinson as an appendix
to his Life in California in 1846. The task of taking this Spanish
original to the oldest surviving Indians and eliciting their comment
on its many detailed statements proved fascinating and often went
far beyond the scope of the original.
The following 5 months were spent in Washington, D. C, in elab-
oration of field material. A very literal and careful translation of
the newly found manuscript was made, and this translation was
published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 92,
No. 4. Copy of the Spanish text has been prepared, and this with
the notes, which exceed several times the bulk of the manuscript, mil
constitute a later publication by the Smithsonian Institution.
Leaving Washington for California early in June, Dr. Harrington
spent 17 days with an old Indian informant who contributed much
to the Boscana notes and gave considerable other important infor-
mation. The end of the fiscal year found him still in the field.
Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, Jr., archeologist, was on leave of absence
from the Bureau during the months of July and August 1933. During
this time he excavated the remains of a small village of the Pueblo I
type. The investigations were carried on Sji miles south of Allan-
town, Ariz., on a portion of the site where researches were conducted
in the field seasons of 1931, 1932. The 1933 work was done under
the auspices of the Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, N. Mex.,
as a part of its program of field training for graduate students. The
Laboratory and the Bureau cooperated in the investigations of 1931
and the Bureau sponsored those of 1932. Despite its small size, the
4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
villag:c excavated in 1933 contributed valuable data on developments
occurring within a single phase in the history of the pre-Spanish
Pueblo Indians, and this knowledge is being incorporated in the large
report on the residts of the previous years' investigations at the site.
In the 2 months allotted to the work, two unit dwellings — one
consisting of 5 rooms and a subterranean ceremonial chamber,
the other containing 7 rooms and a ceremonial chamber — a third
underground structure, and several courts were excavated. The
refuse mounds were trenched and 24 burials with accompanying
mortuary offerings were uncovered. A few timbers used as roof
beams in the structures were sufficiently preserved to make possible
their dating by means of dendrochronology. These show that the
village was built and occupied between 800 and 850 A. D. Specimens
collected include pottery ; stone tools, bone implements and ornaments;
and some tiny beads made from shells, both red and white in color,
which make a string 37 feet 3}2 inches in length, one of the longest
ever found in the Southwest.
The autumn months were spent in office researches and routine.
Drawings were made to illustrate the report on the Arizona work.
Information was furnished in response to inquiries. Manuscripts
were written detailing various problems in southwestern archeology
and explaining the results of the Bureau's activities in that field.
Dr. Roberts left Washington December 16, 1933, for Pittsburg
Landing, Tenn., where he began work December 21, on a group of
mounds located on the old battlefield in Shiloh National Military
Park. The project was one of many sponsored by the C W. A. and
provided for an extensive investigation. The work continued until
March 30, 1934. The site is located on a high bluff above the west
bank of the Tennessee River and lies between two deep ravines through
which flow tributary branches of the main stream. It consists of 7
large mounds, 6 domiciliary and 1 burial, and numerous low elevations
which mark the places where dwellings once stood. To the west of
the area of occupation is an embankment, extending across the neck
of the bluff from one ravine to the other, indicating the former exist-
ence of a palisade which protected the community on that side.
Dr. Roberts returned to Washington April 2, and from that time
until June 30 worked over material from the Southwest and from
Shiloh.
On July 1, 1933, Dr. W. D. Strong, with the Smithsonian expedition
in northeastern Honduras, was returning from a muleback and air-
plane reconnaissance of the interior between Trujillo and Tegucigalpa.
The party returned to TrujiUo on July 7, having located a considerable
number of important and hitherto unknown ruins of Chorotegan type
on the overland traverse. Collections were packed and sliipped from
Puerto Castilla and Dr. Strong reported in Washington July 18.
FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPOET 5
Frorft that date until December he was occupied in sorting and
classifying the Honduras ethnological and archeological collections
and commencing a report on the Bay Island reconnaissance. At the
same time work was resumed on the report dealing with the stratified
archeological horizons excavated on Signal Butte the year before.
On December 11, 1933, Dr. Strong left Washington to take charge of
archeological excavations at Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, Calif.,
made possible by a grant from the Federal Civil Works Administra-
tion. This work lasted until March 30, 1934. The excavations
■yielded a mass of specimens and detailed stratigraphic data bearing
on the prehistoric human occupation of the great southern valley of
California. Winslow M. Walker, who acted as assistant director on
the excavations, is preparing a report on this work.
Beside the main excavation work at Buena Vista Lake a series of
week-end reconnaissance trips to the Cuyama Valley yielded infor-
mation on the prehistory of the eastern Chumash. A large burial
ground and several village sites were excavated. The prehistoric
house type in this border area seems to have been a round or ovoid
earth-lodge, mth from two to four central posts and no entrance pas-
sage. One house of this sort, early historic in time, had a flue up one
side, reminiscent of Pueblo house types. At the close of the C. W. A.
excavations a small party, under Dr. Strong's direction, made a sur-
vey of cav^s and village sites in the Santa Barbara Mountains west of
the Cuyama Valley, and in the Hurricane Deck region of the Sisquoc
River. Considerable perishable material from caves, data on a num-
ber of village sites, and some interesting pictographs were obtained
on this trip. The culture of the eastern Chumash, as revealed by
these vaUey and mountain sites, seems to have been intermediate
between that of the coastal Chumash and Island Shoshonean culture
and that of the Lake Yokuts. Particularly interesting is the fact
that the eastern Chumash cultural remains are particularly close to
those recovered from the older of the two kitchen middens excavated
on Buena Vista Lake.
Dr. Strong returned to Washington May 1, 1934, and resumed
work on the Signal Butte and Bay Island archeological reports.
Winslow M. Walker, associate anthropologist, unable to resume
field researches because of the provisions of the Economy Act, instead
devoted his time to a systematic examination and classification of the
manuscript material collected by the late Dr. Cyrus Thomas relating
to Indian mounds. These notes and reports were then refiled accord-
ing to geograpliical location in the manuscript division. Some
unpublished notes belonging to the late James Mooney were also
found, which contained data about archeological sites in various parts
of the Cherokee country, and these together with a series of maps
prepared by Mr. Mooney in the field were revised with the helpful
6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
assistance of Mrs. Mooney, and made available for the use of any
students interested in that section of the Southeast.
About the middle of December 1933 Mr. W. M. Walker left Wash-
ington to assist Dr. Strong in the direction of an archeological excava-
tion project near Taft, Calif., made possible by a grant from the
Federal Civil Works Administration. The site chosen consisted of
two large shellmounds on the shore of Buena Vista Lake, known to
the early Spanish explorers as the Yokuts village of Tulamniu. These
mounds and a portion of the adjoining hill tops were made the object
of systematic excavations lasting until the end of March 1934, em-
ploying a large number of men taken from the local rehef rolls, as well
as a number of experienced students from the University of Cali-
fornia, and a staff of technical specialists. As a result a large amount
of information was obtained about the construction and occupation
of the shellmounds, the burial places of some 600 of their former
inhabitants, and a collection of about 4,500 specimens illustrating
their material culture. Indications are that the inhabitants of the
later mound are closely related in culture to the shellmound builders
of the San Francisco Bay region, some of whom may have worked
their way up the San Joaquin Valley, until they appeared in historic
times as the lake tribes of the Southern Yokuts.
Following the closing of the C. W. A. work early in April, Mr.
Walker also accompanied Dr. Strong on a 2-weeks' packing trip into
the Santa Barbara Mountains mentioned above.
Mr. Walker returned to Washington the latter part of April and
has since been engaged in the classification and study of the material
collected in preparation for a report on the ancient Yokuts village
site of Tulamniu.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1934, Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt,
ethnologist, was engaged in office work. The time was devoted to
the revision and literal and free translation of native texts in the
Mohawk, the Cayuga, and the Onondaga languages, relating not only
to the several institutions of the League of the Iroquois, but also to
the traditional accounts of the events leading to its establishment
with traditional biographies of the founders and their antagonists,
and also those relating to the legendary origin and development of
the Wind or Disease Gods and as well those relating to the Plant or
Vegetable Gods.
In the writings of many historians of the tribes of the Iroquois,
there is a constant occurrence of the terms "elder" brothers, tribes,
and nations, and "younger" brothers, tribes, and nations. These
phrases have often been employed to show the tribal or racial descent
of one Iroquois Tribe or people from another. Mr. Hewitt was able
to demonstrate that the eldership or juniorship of tribes or nations
FIPTY-FIEST ANNUAL REPOET 7'
or political brothers among the Iroquois peoples has quite a differ-
ent signification, these terms being courteous forms of address of an
institutional nature, which bars completely the historical inferences
or deductions so frequently made from them.
Mr. Hewitt was also enabled as a result of his studies to assign to
their proper place and function the seven wampum strings utilized
b}^ the Iroquois in the Farewell Chant of the Condolence and Instal-
lation Convocation of the League of the Iroquois.
As the representative of the Smithsonian Institution on the United
States Geographic Board and as a member of its executive committee
Mr. Hewitt attended 10 regular and 4 special meetings of the Board
and also 10 regular and 6 special meetings of the executive com-
mittee. On April 17, 1934, the President, by Executive order, abolished
the United States Geographic Board, transferring its paid personnel
of three members to the Interior Department, with the records and
other property of the Board.
EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS
The editing of the publications of the Bureau was continued
through the year by Stanley Seaiies, editor. The following publica-
tions were issued during the year ended June 30, 1934:
Fortj'-eighth Annual Report. Accompanying paper: General index, annual
reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology, vols. 1-48 (Bonnerjea). v,
1,221 pp.
Fiftieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, 1932-33. 7 pp.
Publications distributed totaled 14,761.
LIBRARY
The reference library has continued under the care of Miss Ella
Leary, librarian. The library consists of 30,701 volumes, about
17,095 pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals. Dur-
ing the year 310 books were accessioned, of which 34 were acquired
by purchase, the remainder being received through gift and ex-
change; also 102 pamphlets and 3,130 serials, chiefly the publica-
tions of learned societies, were received and recorded. The cata-
loging kept pace with the new accessions, and some progress was
made in cataloging ethnologic and related articles in the earlier serials,
3,840 cards being added to the catalog. A considerable amount of
reference work was done in the usual course of the library's service
to investigators and students, both those in the Smithsonian Insti-
tution and others.
8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
ILLUSTRATIONS
Following is a summary of work accomplished by E. G. Cassedy,
illustrator, for the Bureau.
Water-color drawings 71
Line drawings 64
Stipple drawings 50
Wash drawings 4
Crayon drawings 1
Graphs 38
Maps 13
Lettering jobs 206
Layouts — Sizing, lettering, and assembling 119
Retouched drawings .„_ 35
Tracings 2
Retouched photos .. 8
Restored negatives 8
Accession COLLECTIONS
number
123372. Skeletal material from a burial site near Sarasota, Fla. (1 specimen).
125140. Archeological material from various sites in Louisiana, Georgia, and
Mississippi, collected by W. M. Walker during the fall of 1932 (63
specimens) .
125392. Archeological and human skeletal remains, also some bird bones and
four incomplete dog skeletons, collected in Arizona by Dr. F. H. H.
Roberts, Jr., during the seasons of 1931 and 1932 (662 specimens).
126434. Ethnological material from the Sumu and Miskito Indians collected by
Dr. W. D. Strong while on a recent expedition to Honduras, also
some natural history specimens (43 specimens).
128084. Ethnological specimens from Australia and Papua presented to the
Bureau by Joel H. DuBose (13 specimens).
129974. Archeological and skeletal material collected by F. M. Setzler from
August 20 to November 1, 1933, from mounds and village sites
within the Marksville Works, near Marksville, La. (1,772 speci-
mens) .
MISCELLANEOUS
During the course of the year information was furnished by mem-
bers of the Bureau staff in reply to numerous inquiries concerning
the North American Indians, both past and present, and the Mex-
ican peoples of the prehistoric and early historic periods. Various
specimens sent to the Bureau were identified and data on them fur-
nished for their owners.
Personnel. — Miss Marion Illig, junior stenographer, resigned on
December 11, 1933.
Miss Edna Butterbrodt was appointed junior stenographer on
June 1, 1934.
Respectfully submitted.
M. W. Stirling, ChieJ.
Dr. C. G. Abbot,
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
o
^^■it^^<''h'^-':A''^''l:''
t
Fifty-second Annual Report
of the
BUREAU OF AMERICAN
ETHNOLOGY
1934-1935
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON
D. C.
FIFTY-SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1934-1935
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1935
FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
M. W. Stirling, Chief
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report on the field
researches, office work, and other operations of the Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1935, conducted
in accordance with the act of Congress of March 28, 1934. The act
referred to contains the following item :
American ethnology : For continuing ethnological researches among the Ameri-
can Indians and the natives of Hawaii, the excavation and preservation of
archeologic remains under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, includ-
ing necessary employees, the preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustra-
tions, the purchase of books and periodicals, .and traveling expenses, $52,910.00.
SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES
M. W. Stirling, Chief, left Washington on October 23, 1934, to
investigate the location of finds of the eastern type of Folsom point
in King and Queen and Halifax Counties, Va., and in Granville
County, N. C. It was discovered that the points in question were all
surface finds, the exact location of several being examined. Two in-
teresting facts developed from this study: None of the Folsomlike
points was found in connection with village site material, and all of
them were recovered from hilltop fields or other elevations where
erosion had removed the topsoil. Until finds are made in situ, and
in association with other material, very little can be said as to the
antiquity of the specimens beyond the fact that they appear to be
earlier than the ceramic horizons in the same region.
On January 18, 1935, Mr. Stirling arrived at San Jose, Guatemala,
from which point he visited archeological sites on the Pacific Coastal
Plain. Proceeding to the highlands of Guatemala, he visited several
Maya Quiche villages in the vicinity of Lake Atitlan and Chichi-
castenango. Subsequently he studied the old empire ruins of
Quirigua on the Motagua River and Copan in Honduras. After
returning to Guatemala from Honduras, Mr. Stirling proceeded to
33175-35 1
2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Yucatan, where he spent a week as a <j^uest of the Carnegie Institu-
tion in viewing the sites of Uxnial and Chiclien Itza. On February
12 he returned to Washington.
On June 18 Mr. Stirling left Washington from Macon, Ga., to
examine the progress made by Dr. A. K. Kelly on the large-scale
mound excavations near that city. From Macon Mr. Stirling pro-
ceeded to Brunswick, Ga., to view some of the archeological sites on
the Sea Islands and to consult with National Park Service officials
regarding the establishment of archeological monuments in that area.
From Brunswick he went to Manatee, Fla., to examine some interest-
ing Calusa material discovered by Montague Tallant. Following
this, a brief trip was made to Cape Sable and the Florida Keys to
locate some of the southernmost examples of Calusa archeological
sites. On the return trip to Washington, he spent 2 days at Talla-
hassee, Fla., in consultation with Vernon Lamme, Florida State
Archeologist, and visited several interesting sites in the vicinity.
Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted a considerable part of
the year to the amplification of his report on the Southeastern
Indians, material being added from Spanish, French, and English
sources.
In November and the first week of December, Dr. Swanton, accom-
panied by F. M. Setzler, assistant curator of archeology in the
United States National Museum, visited Macon, Ga., as the guests of
Dr. and Mrs. Charles C. Harrold, stopping on the way at various
points in North Carolina to examine archeological collections and
sites connected with the expedition of De Soto. They remained in
Atlanta, at the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Beverly M. Du Bose, long
enough to view the famous Etowah mounds at Cartersville. Besides
visiting several sites in the immediate neighborhood of Macon, they
made a trip to Panama City, Fla., and with the helpful cooperation
of Judge Ira A. Hutchinson of that place viewed many of the sites
explored by Clarence B. Moore and obtained an excellent collection
of potsherds from one of the large shell heaps. On the return trip
to Washington productive attempts were made to identify sites
visited by De Soto in both North and South Carolina. Lectures
were delivered at Macon and also at Emory University, Atlanta,
before those interested in the local archeology.
During the last week in December, Dr. Swanton took part in a
conference on the prehistory of the lower Mississippi Valley at
Baton Rouge, La., and on his way back spent some time visiting
Indian sites along Alabama River with James Y. Brame, Jr., of
Montgomery, Ala.
Shortly before the end of the year Dr. Swanton took up again
his work on the Timucua linguistic material, which had been laid
aside for some time. Timucua is no longer spoken, and, with the
FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT 6
exception of two letters and some isolated words, all that is known
regarding it is contained in five early seventeenth-century religious
works published by the Franciscan friars Pareja and Movilla, with
a grammar by the former.
At the beginning of the year Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist,
was engaged in working out the phonetic shifts of Natick on the
basis of the material contained in Trumbull's Dictionary. With
very few exceptions these are now satisfactorily solved, and have
been indexed on file cards. When a few remaining obscure points
are elucidated it will be possible to present a complete paper for
publication. During the year a number of technical papers were
prepared for publication in certain professional periodicals. Among
these is a series of papers solving certain difficulties in Algonquian
sound-shifts and etymologies as well as showing that some sound-
shifts took place in Proto-Algonquian times. An article on Winne-
bago social and political organization should also be noted. The-
data extracted from Caleb Atwater's writings, previously neglected,
are important. A new technique of determining the gentes of some
tribes at certain times is given. Since gentes often own personal
names, it is clear that personal names occurring as the signers of
treaties and in early documents can be utilized in determining the
gentes. Of general ethnological interest will be Dr. Michelson's
communication, shortly to be published in the American Anthropol-
ogist, on Miss Owen's Folk-Lore of the Musquakie Indians. Since
the book deals with the Musquakie Indians, we have a right to
suppose that the Indian words cited are Musquakie. However, Dr.
Michelson shows that several are not even Algonquian but Siouan.
Dr. Michelson has prepared and submitted for publication two
papers : " Further Notes on Algonquian Kinship Terms " and
" What Happened to Green Bear Wlio Was Blessed with a Sacred
Pack."
Dr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, continued during the year
his researches on the Indians of California and other related western
Indians, both in the field and in Washington. At the beginning of
the year he was engaged in work in southern California with an
aged Indian, reviewing with him the ethnology contained in Father
Boscana's unique report on the culture of the southern California
coast Indians, written in 1822, the manuscript of which Dr. Harring-
ton recently discovered. The rehearing and annotating of this im-
portant manuscript was continued with other informants until well
into the fall, resulting in the elucidating of practically every passage
of the old text. On the completion of this work Dr. Harrington
returned to Washington, D. C, to continue the annotation of the
Boscana manuscript. Owing to the presence of Mission Indians in
the city of Washington during all the latter part of the year, as
4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
delegates in connection with legislative work, Dr. Harrington
availed himself of this opportunity to amplify the work. Legends
and other materials from these Indians were reheard, discussed, and
edited. This work was still in continuation on June 30.
Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., archeologist, devoted considerable
time during the year to a study of the problem of so-called Folsom
man. Extensive correspondence was carried on with collectors
throughout the country concerning their finds of Folsom points and
many examples were sent to him for study, photographing, and
measuring. As a result of this work much new information was ob-
tained concerning variations in this peculiar type of projectile point
and its distribution.
Dr. Roberts left Washington September 23, 1934, for Fort Collins,
Colo., to investigate a site which had been reported to the Smithso-
nian Institution by Maj. Roy G. Coffin, professor of geology in Colo-
rado State College. The site was discovered in 1924 by Judge C. C.
Coffin and his son. A. L. Cofl[in, of Fort Collins. Among the speci-
mens were points which later were identified as belonging to the
Folsom type, the oldest thus far laiown in North America. Dr.
Roberts spent 6 weeks exploring the site, with the permission of the
owner of the land, William Lindenmeier, Jr., of Fort Collins. From
an intact midden layer 14 feet below the present ground level, and a
quarter of a mile distant from the place of the original finds by the
Coffins, he procured a whole series of implements which definitely
establish a complex for the Folsom horizon.
Dr. Roberts returned to Washington November 20, 1934, and dur-
ing the winter months prepared a manuscript detailing the results of
his work. This paper, entitled "A Folsom Complex: Preliminaiy
Report on Investigations at the Lindenmeier Site in Northern Colo-
rado ", was published June 20, 1935, in the Smithsonian Miscel-
laneous Collections, vol. 94, no. 4, publ. no. 3333.
Dr. Roberts left Washington again for Fort Collins on May 26. A
camp was established at the Lindenmeier site and excavations on
a larger scale than those of the preceding autumn were begun. The
digging yielded numerous specimens of stone implements and a con-
siderable quantity of bison bones, indicating that they are from much
larger animals than the modern bison. A number of stone imple-
ments were found in direct association with these bones, and one
vertebra contains the tip end from a typical Folsom point.
While the work at the Lindenmeier site was progressing, Dr.
Roberts visited a number of locations in the northern Colorado area
where Folsom specimens haA^e been found. None of the latter indi-
cated possibilities for increased knowledge on the subject comparable
to those at the Lindenmeier site.
FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT O
During the month spent in the office Dr. Roberts also worked on
manuscripts detailing the results of archeological work conducted
in Arizona and at Shiloh National Military Park, Tenn.
From July to October 1934, Dr. W. D. Strong, ethnologist, was
in Washington working with the collections made in Spanish Hon-
duras during the preceding j^ears. During the year a report on one
phase of this work, entitled "Archeological Investigations in the Bay
Islands, Spanish Honduras ", was completed. It was published Feb-
ruary 12, 1935, in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol, 92,
no. 14. In October 1934 Dr. Strong was sent to Fort Collins, Colo.,
to examine and assist in work at a newly discovered site where a
habitation level occupied by Folsom man was being investigated by
Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, Jr., of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
Returning to Washington in the same month, he was occupied for
some time in revising and amplifying an earlier report, "An Intro-
duction to Nebraska Archeology ", which was completed and went
to press March 1, 1935. From December 1934 until the end of the
year. Dr. Strong served as an adviser in anthropology to the Bureau
of Indian Affairs. Prior to May 1934 this work was carried on in
addition to his other duties but, subsequent to that time, through an
arrangement between the Bureau of American Ethnology and the
Bureau of Indian Affairs, full time was devoted to this task.
Winslow M. Walker, associate anthropologist, devoted the time
from July 1 until the end of the calendar year in working with the
collections made in connection with the Federal Civil Works Admin-
istration relief project at Buena Vista Lake, Calif. At the same
time Mr. Walker was able to continue work in connection with his
researches in the lower Mississippi Valley, and completed for publi-
cation the report of his work on the large mound at Troyville, La.
J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, was engaged durmg the year in a
revision of the native Onondaga text of the Requickening Address
of the Condolence Convocation of the Iroquois League, adding to
the text and translation the summarizing speech introductory to the
Second Part of this Address, retranslating the whole. He also re-
vised the historical tradition of the founding of the League of the
Iroquois, not only words but incidents as well, retranslating the
whole to conform to the corrections. Texts of laws relating to other
aspects of the League were also revised and made to conform to later
information obtained in his researches.
Mr. Hewitt worked on the preparation of a paper analyzing
approximately 400 Chippewa place names. He also prepared a list
of over 200 Seneca personal names arranged according to the age
grades of the individual.
In the course of the year Mr. Hewitt attended the meetings of the
Advisory Committee to the Division of Geographic Names of the
6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Department of the Interior, for which he also did some research
work.
SPECIAL RESEARCHES
Miss Frances Densmore, a collaborator of the Bureau, continued
her study of Indian music during this year, submitting disk records
of Indian songs made at the Century of Progress Exposition. The
records of seven songs were submitted, with transcriptions of two
Navaho and four Sioux songs, and accompanying data. These have
been cataloged consecutively with her former work. Two of the
Sioux songs were selected by Dean Carl E, Seashore for graphic
reproduction by his method of phonophotography, the work being
done at his laboratory at the University of Iowa, Iowa City. This
is the first use of this technique of graphical recording in connection
with the study of Indian music. Dr. Seashore states : " From a
single playing before the microphone three groups of records are
made : First, a re-recording of the song on hard disks for auditory
reference; second, a phonophotographic record of pitch, intensity
and time ; and, third, an oscillogram for harmonic analysis to deter-
mine tone quality." Through his courtesy there was submitted a
print of a portion of the original phonophotogram of one of these
songs, and a graph, or " pattern score " made by Dr. Harold Sea-
shore from the phonophotogram. A comparison of this score with
the transcription made by Miss Densmore corroborates the evidence
of the ear in discerning the pitch of Indian singing and also opens
interesting new avenues of investigation. Miss Densmore added a
chapter on a summary of analysis to her book on British Columbian
music, awaiting publication.
Acknowledgment is made of the courtesy of Mrs. Laura Boulton
and Dr. George Herzog in providing the use of the Fairchild disk
recording apparatus on which Indian songs were recorded at the
Century of Progress Exposition.
EDITORIAL. WORK AND PUBLICATIONS
The editing of the publications of the Bureau was continued
through the year by Stanley Searles, editor. In addition to the
current work of the office, considerable progress was made on com-
paring and correcting the comprehensive manuscript index of Bul-
letins 1-100 of the Bureau. Every entry is being verified.
An index of Schoolcraft's work entitled " Indian Tribes ", in six
volumes, begun last year, is well advanced.
Bulletin 112, "An Introduction to Pawnee Archeology ", by Waldo
Rudolph Wedel, was edited and prepared for printing; and work
has been done on other manuscripts in the custody of the editor.
Publications distributed totaled 11,955.
FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
LIBRARY
The reference library has continued under the care of Miss Ella
Leary, librarian. The library consists of 31,101 volumes, 17,189
pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals. During the
year 400 books were accessioned, of which 47 were acquired by pur-
chase, the remainder being received through gift and exchange of
Bureau publications; also 94 pamphlets and 3,125 serials, chiefly
the publications of learned societies, were received and recorded.
Books loaned during the year numbered 1,069. In the process of
cataloging, 1,550 cards were added to the catalog files. Requisition
was made on the Library of Congress during the year for 140 vol-
umes for official use. This year, more than in previous years, advan-
tage was taken of the interlibrary loan service for books needed by
the staff.
As usual, hundreds of publications were consulted in the library
during the year by investigators and students, other than members
of the Smithsonian Institution. Individual contributors both at
home and abroad continued to show their interest by sending contri-
butions to the library.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Following is a summary of work accomplished by E. G. Cassedy,
illustrator :
Engrossing 1
Line drawings 115
Graphs 43
Ptiotographs retouched 68
Maps — 29
Tracings 17
Lettering jobs : 147
Plates prepared 97
Photographs colored 21
Mechanical drawings 5
Paintings repaired 2
Total 545
COLLECTIONS
Accession
Number
130570. Pottery fragments from Weeden Island, Fla., collected by D. L. Reich-
ard (4 specimens).
130576. Human skeletal material obtained through excavations conducted
under the Federal Civil Works Administration by W. M. Walker at
various sites in California (88 sjiecimens).
132127. Skeletal material excavated from Peachtree Mound at Murphy, N. C.
(39 specimens).
132168. Skeletal material obtained in the course of archeological work con-
ducted at Ormond Beach, Fla., during the winter of 1933-34 under
the Federal Civil Works Administration (53 specimens).
8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
133314. Collection of archeological material obtained on the mainland of
Spanish Honduras and on the adjacent Bay Islands by Dr. W. D.
Strong in 1933 (327 specimens).
134994. Skeletal material from Perico Island, Manatee County, Fla., collected
by the C. W. A. during the winter of 1933-34 (180 specimens).
MISCELLANEOUS
During the course of the year information was furnished by mem-
bers of the Bureau staff in reply to numerous inquiries concerning
the North American Indians, both past and present, and the Mexican
peoples of the prehistoric and early historic periods. Various speci-
mens sent to the Bureau were identified and data on them furnished
for their owners.
Personnel. — The appointment of Winslow M. Walker, associate
anthropologist, was terminated May 31, 1935, owing to ill health.
Miss Helen Heitkemper was temporarily appointed as junior
stenographer in the absence of Miss Edna Butterbrodt, on furlough.
Respectfully submitted.
M. W. Stirling, Chief.
Dr, C. G. Abbot,
Secretary^ Sinithsonian Institution.
o
"'Mi
Fifty -third Annual Report
of the
BUREAU OF AMERICAN
ETHNOLOGY
1935-1936
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON
D. C.
FIFTY-THIRD
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1935-1936
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 19.-7
rv.
FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF AT^IERICAN ETHNOLOGY
3f. W. Stirijng, Chief
SiH : I iiave tlie hoDor to submit the following report on the field
researches, office work, and other operations of the Bureau of Ameri-
ca}; Etlmology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1936, conducted
in accordance with the act of Congress of February 2, 1935. The act
referred to contains the following item :
American ethnology: For coiitiiuiiiig etlmologk-al researches among the Amer-
oan Indians and the natives of Hawaii, the excavation and preservatioii of
archeologic remains under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, includ-
ing necessary employees, the preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illustra-
tions, the purchase of books and periodicals, and traveling expenses, $58,730.00.
SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES
At the beginning of the fiscal year M. W. Stirling, Chief of the
Bureau, was in southern Plorida for the purpose of locating arche-
ologicaJ sites which it was anticipated would be excavated later in
the year with relief labor. Mr. Stirling returned to Washington
the latter part of July. In December tAvo Works Progress Admin-
istration archeological projects having been approved on request of
the Florida State Archaeological Survey in cooperation with the
Smithsonian Institution, Mr. Stirling again went to Florida in order
to consult with Works Progress Administration officials and super-
vise the establishing of the projects in Hillsborough and Dade Coun-
ties. He retu)-ned to Washington December 22. During the visit
of a Blackfeet Indian delegation to Washington in the month of
March 1936 opportunity was taken to make further checks and modi-
fications on the sign language material of the late Gen. Hugh L.
Scott.
Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted the greater part of his
time during the first half of the fiscal year to the arrangement of the
Timucua linguistic material under stems. Further material was
added to his large paper on the Indians of the Southeast. On De-
cember 26, 1935, Dr. S^-anton Avas appointed by the President a mem-
ber of a commission of seven "to study and report to the next session
of Congress its recommendations for a suitable celebration of the
four-hundredth anniversary of the expedition of Hernando de Soto."
1 1 2348— -'.7 1
2 lUlll'.Al? ()!•' A.M1:KI(.'A.\ J'/rjlN'OLOliV
A later act of Congress extends the time Avithiii Avhicli the report may
be made to January 2, 19139. Since this appointment was made, the
activities of the Commission have absorbed a great deal of his time,
involving as they do the promotion of reseai'ch in foreign deposi-
tories of manuscripts, particularly those of Spain, the translation of
Spanish works, and especially a stndy and determination, as far as
that is possible, of the route taken l)y the great explorer and his suc-
cessor, Moscoso, through territories now covered by 10 States of the
Union. This involves the use of library materials and direct study in
the field. At the re(iuest of the other mem1)ers of th.e Connnission,
Dr. S wanton acted in the capacity of temporary chairman m arrang-
ing the first meeting, March 5 to 7, in the Smithsonian Building. At
this meeting Dr. Swanton accepted the permanent chaii-manship of
the Commission, with the understanding, howevei-. that he was to
serve onl^^ until the factual report is made. A second meeting was
held at Tampa, Fla., on I\Iay 4 to 6. After this was over, he accom-
panied Col. J. R. Fordyce, vice-chairman of the Commission, in an
investigation of parts of the route of De Soto between Florida and
Mississippi, and May 30 to June 18 he made a second expedition to
examine that section between South Carolina and the jNIississippi
River.
During the year an interesting and ethnologically important letter
beai'ing on the Indians of Florida was brought to Dr. Swanton's
attention by Dr. Lucy L. Wenhold, of Salem College, Winston-Salem,
N. C. A negative photostat of this document is also in the possession
of the Florida State Historical Society, which has kindly loaned the
use of it in making a positive copy, and this is being prepared for
publication in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections with anno-
tations by Dr. Swanton and Dr. Wenhold.
On July 3, 1935, Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, started on an
expedition to the region of James and Hudson Bays, made possible by
a subvention from the American Council of Learned Societies. The
object was to make a linguistic map of this area. He spent some
weeks at Moose Factory, about 10 days at the Great Whale River, a
little over 2 weeks at Fort George, and a day at Rupert's House, and
returned to Washington September 20. Besides getting data from
the Indians and Eskimos of these places, he was able to get in contact
with one Indian from the East Main River, one Cree from Wenusk,
on the Avest side of Hudson Bay, one Cree from the Albany River,
v>-ho had also been at Attawapiskat, and one Ojibwa from the xVlbany
River. Data from some of the more remote localities were obtained
by indirect means. His observations indicate that the folklore and
mythology of these northern tribes are far closer to those of the
Central Algonquian tribes than is usually thought.
yiFrV-THIRI) AXNITAL UKPOUT 6
On June 5, under a new grant from the American Council of
Learned Societies, Dr. Michelson left Washington to renew his studies
among the Indians and Eskimos of the James and Hudson Bays
region.
The entire fiscal year was spent by Dr. John P. Harrington, eth-
nologist, in study of the Mission Indians of California, compiling
complete notes for the forthcoming edition of the Boscana manu-
script of 1882, which tells in 15 chapters of the life and religion of
these Indians. This important manuscript of the early Franciscan
Father Boscana, a missionary born in Catalonia, Spain, and stationed
for years among the Mission Indians, was recentl}^ discovered by
Dr. Harrington and a literal English translation of it without notes
lias already been published.
As a bj^product of the preparation of these notes an interesting
accouiit of the ethnology of the JNIission Indians has been assembled,
covering their mode of life, dress, food, sociology, religion, language,
and knowledge of nature. The presence of Mission Indians in
Washington has constantl}' enhanced and i^erfected this work
throughout the fiscal j-ear.
At the begimiing of the year Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, Jr., archeologist,
was engaged in excavations at the Lindenmeier site north of Fort
Collins, Colo. This work was continued until September 10. The
Lindenmeier site is the location where the first series of stone imple-
ments definitely attributable to the Folsom complex, the oldest estab-
lished horizon in the archeology of North America, was found in
the autumn of 1934. The investigations of the 1935 season were a
continuation of those begun the preceding fall and consisted of in-
tensive excavation of certain portions of the site. The digging
brought forth additional information which malvcs possible the draw-
ing of more detailed conclusions on the material culture of Folsom
man.
Wlien the summer's project was brought to a close Dr. Roberts
went to Globe, Ariz,, at the request of the authorities at Gila Pueblo,
foi- the purpose of conferring with members of the staff on the
finds whicli they had made at Snaketown, a Hohokam site, near
l^hf^enix. He also studied the collections in the Gila Pueblo Museum
and visited the Snaketown site and Casa Grande. The latter was
the scene of considerable activity on the part of Cosmos Mindeleff
and Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, members of the staff of the Bureau of
American Ethnology, 40 and more years ago. Dr. Roberts returned
to Washington October 1.
In January he took part, by special invitation, in a symposium on
Early Man in America which was held at the annual meeting of the
Society of American Naturalists at St. Louis. He also prepared a
manuscript detailing tlie work done during the summer. This report,
4 f.ri'vKAL' OF AI^fKniCAX ETHNOIiOCV
Additional Inforination on the Folsoni Complex, Report on the Sec-
ond Season's Investigations at the Lindennieier Site in Northern
Cok)rado, was issued on tlune 30 as Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections, vol. 95, no. 10.
Dr. Roberts left Wasliington Juno 1 for Anderson, Iowa, to insi)ect
a site where Folsom points and other material had been found. This
proved to be a highly interesting place, as it marks tlie easternmost
locality that the true or High Plains form of the Folsom point has
been noted. While in Iowa he saw and studied numerous collections
of specimens and found evidence of the Folsom complex at a number
of sites. From Iowa he proceeded to Colorado, where he resumed
excavations at the Lindenmeier site. By the end of the year, June 30,
several trenches had been run through portions of the site and an area
20 by 30 feet had been completely cleared of the several feet of accu-
mulated earth which had covered it. This area consisted of an old
occupation level upon which the traces of Folsom man and his activ-
ities were numerous.
From July 1935 to January 1936 Dr. W. D. Strong, anthropologist,
served as consultant in anthropology to the Bureau of Indian Affaii'S.
In addition to office work in relation to numerous acculturation studies
being made on various Indian reservations of the United States, Dr.
Strong made two field trips to various reservations and administrative
centers in New Mexico and Arizona in August and December, re^^^ec-
tively. In November a trip of several weeks was made to the Chip-
pewa reservations in Minnesota to advise on problems of tribal i"eor-
ganization. On January 5, 1936, Dr. Strong left Washington for
Honduras as leader of a joint archeological expedition from the
Bureau of American Ethnologv, Sinithsonian Institution, and the
Peabody Museum, Harvard University. He was assisted in the field
by Alfred Kidder II and Drexel A. Paul, Jr., from the Peabody
Museum. Establishing its base at Progreso, in the Ulua Valley, the
expedition made stratigraphic excavations at several sites on the Ulua
River. In March and April Dr. Strong, with Mr. Paul, conducted
excavations around the north end of Lake Yojoa, while jMr. Kidder
worked on the Comayagua River. In May and June the entire ex})e-
dition worked sites on the Chemelicon River, including the site of
Naco, first visited by Cortez and the early Spanish Conquistadores.
On the Ulua River excellent stratigraphic series were secured of
the prehistoric polychrome pottery horizons. At Playa de los Muer-
tos, on the Ulua, these horizons, corresponding roughly to the close of
the Maya Old Empire, ^vel•e found to overlay a much earlier living
level marked by monochrome, polished, and incised pottery.
The work of the expedition approached conclusion in June, and on
June 30 preparations for departure began. Throughout its entire
work the expedition received cordial cooperation and assistance from
FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPOKT O
the governiiient of the Republic of Honduras. It was also luaterially
aided by the United Fruit Coinpan y, from whose employees it received
unlimited liospitality. Without these much appreciated sources of
cooperation its scientific results would have been much curtailed.
Dr. Julian H. Steward was appointed as ass(X*iate anthrojiologist
in the Bureau, effective October 21, 1935. During September 1935,
prior to reporting to Washington, Dr. Steward traveled to Pendleton,
Greg., for the purpose of making a selection of 200 negatives of ethno-
logical subjects taken by the late Maj. Lee Morehouse. These were
purchased by the Bureau from Mrs. L. L. Cornelison, his daughter.
From November 16 to December 10, 1935, Dr. Steward was engaged in
conducting a W. P. A. archeological project in the vicinity of Miami,
Fla. During this time he supervised tlie excavation of the larg'3
mound at Miami Beach and began work on a smaller mound several
miles northwest of the city of JMiami. Because of Dr. Strong's de-
parture for Honduras, when Dr. Steward returned to Washington he
was delegated to continue the cooperative work between the Bureau of
Indian Affairs and the Bureau of American Ethnology previously
conducted by Dr. Strong. In connection with these duties Dr.
Steward made an extended trip from March 7 to April 15, 1936, in
the interest of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. On June 19 he left
Washington for the purpose of continuing his field work among tho
Shoshoni, Bannock, and Gosiute Indians of Utah, Nevada, and Idaho.
During the winter and spring Dr. Steward prepared for publication a
series of trait lists collected from the Shoshoni Indians of Nevada
during the summer of 1935. From other material collected at tlie
same time he completed two articles entitled "Shoshoni Polyandry*'
and "Panatubiji, a Biography of an Owens Valley Paiute." In addi-
tion. Dr. Steward completed for publication in the Smithsonian
Annual Report an article entitled "Indian Petroglyphs of the United
States."
J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, completed a detailed study of the ap-
proximate position and territorial habitat of the northern Iroquoian
tribes and of the contiguous Algonquian peoples as they were at the
time these groups were first visited by the early explorers. Mr.
Hewitt also made a historical study for the purpose of showing the
marked influence' of the principles and aims of the League of the Five
Iroquois Tribes as founded by Deganawida in the early sixteenth
century on those of the Constitution of the United States.
Mr. Hewitt had previously recorded from the late Chief J. A.
Gibson two Onondaga versions of what is fundamentally a single
ritual, namely, the Requickening Address. He made a new transla-
tion of these, having first revised both texts so that there should be
no material differences in the meaning of the two. He also made a
careful revision of the Onondaga texts and laws relating to the posi-
6 lUllKAlT OV A:\rKRICAX KTHN()1J)(;Y
tioii and powers aiul liiiiitations of the Federal Chieftains, and also
those 4^overnin^- the Chief Warriois.
He also added to the Bureau's collection of ritual wampuin strings
by completing two new sets of strings made from loose beads on
patterns taken from originals in the Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Foundation, and a set which was owned by the late Chief David
Skye, of the Canadian Six Nations.
During the year Mr. Hewdtt continued to represent the Bureau of
American Ethnology on the Advisory Committee on Geographic
Xames. Department of the Interior.
On June 21, 1936, Mr. Hewitt left Washington on field duty, visit-
ing the Tuscarora Reservation near Lewiston, N. Y.. and then the
Grand River Grant to the Six Nations in Ontario. On the latter
reservation he obtained a short Delaware vocabulary and a fine Mo-
hawk text embodying the so-called Handsome Lake Religion, the
preparation of which Avas about completed by the end of the fiscal
year.
SPECIAL RESEARCHES
Miss Frances Densmore, a collaborator of the Bureau of American
Ethnology, in continuation of her study of Indian music, submitted
a manuscript entitled "Dance Songs of the Seminole Indians", with
phonogi-aph records and transcriptions of 25 songs. These songs
were recorded in February 1932 at Brighton, Fla., by Billie Stewart,
one of the best singers in the Cow Creek group of the tribe. Five
songs connected with the tribal ball game were presented, together
with songs of the alligator, steal-partner, switch-grass, and buffalo
dances. The songs of the ball game were sung to bring success and
were accompanied by beating on a water-drum hung hj a strap from
the player's shoulder. A coconut-shell rattle accompanied the dances.
All the songs of each series were recorded. This afforded an oppor-
tunity to note the maintaining of a fundamental pitch throughout
the series, witli a pleasing variation of rhythm in the several melodies.
EDITORIAL WORK AXD PUBLICATIONS
The editing of the publications of the Bureau was continued
through the year by Stanley Searles. editor. In addition to the cur-
rent Avork of the office the comprehensive manuscript index of Bulle-
tins 1-100 has been corrected. All entries have been verified.
An index of Schoolcraft's "Indian Tribes", in six volumes, is Hear-
ing completion. More than 30,000 entries have been made and are
now being alphabetized.
FIFTY-THIRD ANXTAL KKPOKT
Bulletin 112. "An Introduction to Pawnee Archeology", by Waldo
Rudolph Wede!, and Bulletin 113, "The Troyville ]Mounds, Catahouk
Parish, Louisiana", by Winslow M. Walker, were issued.
Work has been done on otlier manuscripts in the custody of the
editor.
Publications distributed totaled 9,337.
LIBRARY
Miss Ella Leary continued in cliarge as li])rarian until Febn-ary
29, 103G, when she was retired on account of ill health. Miss Miriam
B. Ketclnim was appointed to succeed her, effective April 1, 1936.
The following figures apply to bound books and pamphlets of 100
pages or over. Pamphlets of le^;s than 100 pages are no longer
accessioned.
Books received by pureliase 18
Books received by exchange 62
Books received by gift 19
Total 99
Numerous pamphlets have been received, as well as the usual
periodicals and society transactions, mostlj'- by excliange or gift.
The library contains, as of June 30, 1936 :
Total accession record 31, 200
Total withdrawals and losses 661
' Net total 30,539
There are also about 20,000 pam])hlets and more than 3,000 voliunes
of unbound periodicals and society transactions.
It is planned to reclassify the library according to the Library of
Congress scheme of classification, and copies of the scheme in the
Bureau's field have been furnished by the Library of Congress. All
new material is being put in the new classification, and it is hoped
that a real start on older material can be made during the coming
year. A shelf list has been begun and will be continued along with
the reclassification.
A depository set of Library of Congress catalog cards is being
established,
A beginning has been made on refiling the catalog and the task will
be completed within the next few months.
8 BUREAT 01' AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
ILLUSTRATIONS
Follo^Yin<; is a suniniarv of work aoconi})lished by E. G. Cassedy,
illustrator:
Graphs 29
Line drawings 163
Maps 12
Photos retouched 10
Tracings 18
Plates assenibleil 29
Lettering jobs 354
Negatives retouched 6
Photos colored 2
Total 623
, , ,. „ COLLECTIONS
Accession
uuaibiT
lor>,21>l. Archeological material coUefted by M. W. Stirling from a village site
formerly occupied by the Waccamaw Indians near Myrtle Beach,
S. C.
138.344. Two eartheuAvare bowls from the Dragoon Mountains, southeastern
Arizona.
138;501. The Mrs. Charles D. AValcott collection of 27 pictures of Navaho sand
paintings and four paintings of miscellaneous subjects.
139,472. Ten photographs of Australian natives ; 20 lithographs of Congo Negro
subjects; 33 slides of subjects from Palestine, Tunis, Syria, etc.
MISCELLANEOUS
During the course of the year information was f urnislied by mem-
bers of the Bureau staff in reply to numerous inquiries concerning the
North American Indians, both past and present, and the Mexican
peoples of the prehistoric and early historic periods. A'arious speci-
mens sent to the Bureau were identified and data on tliem furnished
for their owners.
Personnel. — Dr. J. H. Steward was appointed associate anthropol-
ogist October 21, 1935. Miss Edna Butterbrodt, junior stenographer,
resigned January 12, 1936. Miss Helen Heitkemper was appointed
January 28, 1936, to fill the vacancy.
Respectfully submitted.
jM. W. Stirling. Chief.
Dr. C. G. Abbot,
Secretary., Sniithsotiian In.^titufion.
O
i'v;:--
Fifty-fourth Annual Report
of the
BUREAU OF AMERICAN
ETHNOLOGY
1936-1937
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON
D. C.
FIFTY-FOURTH
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1936-1937
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1938
FIFTY- FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
M. W. Stirling, Chief
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the field
researches, office work, and other operations of the Bureau of Amer-
ican Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1937, conducted
in accordance with the act of Congi-ess of March 19, 1936. The act
referred to contains the following item :
American ethnology : For continuing ethnological researches among the Amer-
ican Indians and the natives of Hawaii, the excavation and preservation of
archeologic remains under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, includ-
ing necessary employees, the preparation of manuscripts, drawings, and illus-
trations, the purchase of books and periodicals, and traveling expenses, $58,730.00.
SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES
M. W. Stirling, Chief, spent the major part of the fiscal year in
Washington, during which time the ethnological report on the Jivaro
Indians of Ecuador was completed and submitted to the printer.
At the end of February 1937 Mr. Stirling left Washington for St.
Augustine, Fla., in order to attend the conference held under the
auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington for the purpose
of outlining a program of research concerning the historical and
archeological past of the city of St. Augustine and vicinity. At the
conclusion of this conference he continued to Manatee, Fla., in order
to examine some interesting newly discovered mounds in that vicinity.
Continuing up the Gulf Coast of Florida, a visit was made to Bristol,
on the Apalachicola River, where a sherd collection was made on a
large mound near the river south of the town. Mr. Stirling then pro-
ceeded to Panama City, Fla., in order to photograph several private
archeological collections.
From Panama City, Mr. Stirling went to Macon, Ga., for the pur-
pose of examining the large archeological project there which was
inaugurated by the Smithsonian Institution with the Society for
Georgia Archeology and now being conducted under the auspices of
that society by Dr. A. R. Kelly. From Macon, Mr. Stirling proceeded
to Philadelphia, Pa., in order to attend the International Conference
on Early Man, held under the auspices of the Philadelphia Academy
of Sciences. On the conclusion of this conference Mr. Stirling
returned to Washington.
32195—38 1
2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Mr. Stirling was delegated to represent the Smithsonian Institu-
tion at the meeting held at Media, Pa., on May 13, 1937, in honor of
the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Daniel Brinton.
Dr. John R. S^Yanton, ethnologist, devoted the greater part of his
time during the past fiscal year to work as chairman of the United
States De Soto Expedition Commission. This involved field expedi-
tions from November 11 to December 9, 1936, and from May 16 to
June 4, 1937, except for 3 days, December 3 to 5, devoted to a meeting
of the Commission at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala.
The first field trip extended over parts of Florida, Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The second was confined to an
intensive study of that section of De Soto's route which passed through
northern Mississippi. During these expeditions small collections of
potsherds were made, which will be of assistance in studying the cul-
tures of the prehistoric inhabitants of the several areas visited. As
chairman of the fact-finding committee of the same Commission, Dr.
Swanton prepared a report covering about 600 typewritten pages, and
this was adopted by the Commission at its Tuscaloosa meeting and
embodied in its report to Congress. The entire report has since been
submitted, but, as publication has not yet been ordered, it is still pos-
sible to add material, and he is engaged in doing so.
During the year Dr. Swanton also made some additions to his data
on the Indians of the Southeast, and he has been collecting from orig-
inal sources the most important references to the Quapaw Indians.
Until the end of the fiscal year Dr. Swanton continued as a member
of the executive committee of the Division of Anthropology and
Psychology of the National Research Council and as vice-president
of section H of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science for the current calendar year.
Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, renewed his researches among
the Algonquian tribes of the James and Hudson Bay region under
a grant-in-aid by the American Council of Learned Societies. He
spent some time at Moose Factory, and a short time at Fort George,
Attawapiskat, and Weenusk. Owing to the presence of some Albany
Cree at Moose Factory and some Indians from Rupert's House as
well as on shipboard, he was able to do personal work with them.
By correspondence he obtained some additional text -material from
Rupert's House; by meeting the manager of the Hudson Bay Co.'s
post at the Ghost River and an Indian from Lac la Ronge he ob-
tained data from these regions. The results of the previous expedi-
tion were checked up as much as feasible. It results that the state-
ment made previously that east of Hannah Bay Cree leaves off and
Montagnais-Naskapi begins is confirmed. Besides texts and vocabu-
laries from the general area, a rather comi)lete schedule of kinsliip
terms for the Great Whale River Indians, those of Fort George, the Ci*e©
FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT 3
of Moose Factory, Albany, Attawapiskat, and Weenusk was obtained.
Very obviously the system of consanguinity favors cross-cousin
marriage; and it is to be noted that at the Great Whale River and
Albany both types of this marriage occur; at Moose and Attawapiskat
it is restricted to marriage with paternal aunt's daughter ; at Weenusk
apparently neither type obtains. It may be mentioned that by lin-
guistic technique it is possible to show in the places named that a
number of old terms have been replaced, e. g., the term for cross-
nephew has been replaced by the term originally restricted to son-in-
law, etc. Also the kinship systems favor exogamy, but he has not
been able to find a true gens or clan organization in the wliole area.
Dr. Michelson returned to Washington September 20, v.here he
studied the material gathered on this and previous expeditions. By
correspondence with Hudson Bay Co.'s officials and a missionary
he obtained data on the Cree of Cumberland House, Norway House,
Oxford House, Trout Lake, God's Lake (all dialects in which original
I is replaced by n), Montreal Lake, Stanley, Pelecan Narrows (dia-
lects in which original I is replaced hy y). A study was made of the
Montagnais of Le Jeune, over 300 years ago ; the orthography plainly
indicates kh, tch, and some other variations are representatives of
one and the same sound, namely, the one usually transcribed by tc.
This study enabled him also to make at least one correction to the
Handbook of American Indians, and prove one supposed Algonkin
tribe actually was Montagnais-Naskapi. From correspondence it
would appear that the dialect spoken at Island Lake is a mixture
of Cree, Ojibwa, and possibly Algonkin proper. This indicates that
in a number of places there is such a mixture, but apparently not on
the same scale. A map showing the distribution and interrelations
of the Cree and Montagnais-Naskapi dialects has been made. Tech-
nical papers have appeared in professional journals, and others have
been prepared and are awaiting publication. The Bureau published
Fox Miscellany (Bulletin 114), the proof-sheets of which were
corrected during the fiscal year.
At the beginning of the fiscal year," Dr. John P. Harrington,
ethnologist, prepared a report on the Use of Ferns in the Basketry
of the Indians of Northw^estern California, centering on the use of
fern species among the Karuk tribe. The baskets of this section are
really built of lumber, that is, of the shredded roots of the Oregon
pine. But the two materials which make the baskets beautiful are
the glossy black of maidenhair fern stems and the handsome red of
Woodwardia fern filaments, dyed with alder bark.
Dr. Harrington next prepared a paper on Kiowa Memories of the
Black Hills and of the Devil's Tower. The Kiowa Indians, 600
miles to the south, still have memories of the Black Hills country
of South Dakota, wdiich they occupied some 150 years ago. They
4 BUREAU OF AMEUICAN ETHNOLOGY
also retain knowledge of myths regarding the remarkable basalt
column near Sundance, Wyo., on tlie northwestern slope of the
Black Hills, known as the Devil's Tower, but to the Kiowa as the
Kock Standing Like a Tree. An elaborate paper was finished on
the subject, going into the geology, histoi-y, and mythology of the
Devil's Tower.
Dr. Harrington next finished a report on The Northern Pro-
venience of the Navajo and Apache, tracing related languages in
detail to Alaska, northwestern Canada, and the Pacific Coast of
the United States, and telling in detail how tlie relationship of
Navajo and Apache to the Indians of the far northwest was dis-
covered by W. W. Turner, librarian in the Patent Office, Wash-
ington, D. C, in 1852. This voluminous report resulted in the
discovery by Dr. Harrington of a curious distribution of these lan-
guages, the map of which takes the form of a wishbone. Their
nucleus is in the far Northw^est, one prong extending down the
Pacific Coast and terminating a little north of San Francisco Bay,
another eastern prong extending down through the Rocky Moun-
tain region and culminating in the Navajo and Apache of the
Southwest. An exhaustive study was made of the earliest docu-
ments and maps on the subject, in the compilation of which Dr.
Harrington was assisted by the Geographic Board of Canada.
A report was completed on the Siberian Origin of the Ameri-
can Indian, presenting the background, the earliest historic writ-
ings on the subject, the Eskimo problem, the problem of the means
of crossing (whether by boat, over ice, or by means of former land
bridge), the distribution of tribes and density of population as
bearing out the theory, and general aspects. In this study he was
assisted by many other students, including native interpreters of
the Bering Strait region. This report suggests that America was
first discovered as a result of over-population which developed in
the east of Asia and forced Paleo-Siberian peoples to enter the
Chukchi Peninsula. From this point they sighted and spilled over
into America, using the Diomede Islands as resting places on their
transit, if this were during the period of the existence of the Ber-
ing Strait, and followed the food supply down what is now the
Alaskan coast, without realizing that the}' had discovered anything
more than an outlying island.
A paper was prepared on the Life of Jeronimo, Apache Indian
Chief, and the Indian leader whose expeditions probably cost the
United States Government more money and trouble than did those
of any other chieftain. The life and times of Jeronimo were
minutely searched, and data were compiled in chronological order.
The material of this paper is especially interesting to the American
FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT 5
public as it deals with a period already dimming in the memories
of living men. The name, Alope, of the first wife of Jeronimo,
was discovered to be merely a corruption of the Mexican Spanish
name Guadalupe.
Studies on linguistic relationship in the Southwest and California
were continued. These studies have resulted in the discovery that
Tano-Kiowan and Aztecan are genetically related, and to this larger
group Dr. Harrington gave the name Patlan. The discovery was
also made that Hopi is a Southern California Shoshonean dialect^
showing developments in common with the Southern California Sho-
shonean dialects, and constituting with them a dialectic group of the
Aztecan family in contradistinction to any other group. This unity
of Hopi with Southern California Shoshonean was first noticed many
years ago, the word for wood-rat (e. g., Hopi qdala, wood-rat, South-
ern California Shoshonean qdala^ wood-rat) leading immediately to
the discovery. It was also noticed by Dr. J. R. Swanton and Dr.
Harrington that Tano-Kiowan and Shoshonean have genetic rela-
tionship with the languages of the Southeastern United States (Musk-
hogean, Chitimacha, Atakapa, Tonkawa, Timucua), Tano-Kiowan,
for instance, and all the Southeastern languages above-mentioned
showing the characteristic prefix nia-^ something, used in deriving
nouns from verbs (e. g., Tanoan thd, to dwell; natha, house).
At the beginning of the fiscal year Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr.,
archeologist, was engaged in excavating at the Lindenmeier site in
northern Colorado. At this place remains attributable to the ma-
terial culture of Folsom man, one of the earliest known inhabitants
of the New World, are found. The 1936 investigations constituted
the third season's work there, and valuable new information was
obtained on this important phase in tli,e study of the history of the
American Indian. Digging was carried on at three different por-
tions of the site, and considerable new bone material and several new
types of implements came from the excavations. Most of the bones
were from the large extinct species of bison {Bison taylori) which
the people hunted, but in addition a number of bones from the Amer-
ican camel, probably Camelops^ were obtained in direct association
with the bison bones and with stone implements. This adds one more
extinct species of animal to the list of those found with Folsom
artifacts. One of the significant facts established by the work is
that the site was occupied before and during a period characterized
by the formation of a thick, black soil layer produced by heavy vege-
tation that thrived when conditions were more favorable than those
of recent times. That the people were there before the inception of
this era of abundant growth points to an even greater antiquity than
that suggested by the presence of implements and bones in the bottom
g BUREAU OF AMP^RICAN ETHNOLOGY
of the soil level. The work was brought to a close September 5, 1936.
In the latter part of August Dr. Roberts also investigated a site
near Kersey, Colo., where Folsoni type objects were found by F. W.
Powars and his son Wayne, residents of Greeley. This location is
on a low terrace of the rolling terrain lying along the south side
of the South Platte lliver valley. Present evidence indicates that
it was a camp, but one occupied for a relatively short period of time.
Specimens obtained there represent a typical Folsom complex. They
are so similar to those from the Lindenmeier site that it is difficult
to distinguish between specimens from the two sites. Bones are
scarce, and those recovered are so fragmentary that they are valueless
for determining the species of the animals represented.
After the completion of the Lindenmeier and Powars site investi-
gations Dr. Roberts proceeded to Sterling, Colo., where he visited
and inspected a number of sites in that vicinity. All proved to be
of more recent origin than the Folsom type material. From Sterling
Dr. Roberts retui-ned to Washington. The autunm months were
spent in the office working over the material obtained during the
summer's investigations.
February 24 Dr. Roberts sailed for Cairo, Egypt, where he served
as oner of two American experts at the International Conference of
Archeologists held March 9 to 17, under the auspices of the Com-
mittee for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. As his
part of the agenda for the sessions. Dr. Roberts presented a paper
on the subject "The Material Organization of an Archeological
Mission." This included a discussion of the choice of personnel for
a field staff, the securing of equipment, the establishment of field
headquarters, and the general administration of such a project. At
the close of the conference he visited a number of sites in Egypt
and had an opportunity to study methods of excavation and general
archeological procedure as practiced in the Egyptian area. From
Egypt he went to Greece, Italy, France, and England and studied
collections in the museums at Athens, Naples, Rome, Paris, and
London. He returned to Washington April 24.
On May 21 Dr. Roberts left Washington for Kingman, Ariz.,
where he and Dr. C. W. Gilmore, curator of vertebrate paleontology,
United States National Museum, investigated a find of mastodon
bones and man-made objects. The deposit is located near a large
spring 24 miles west of Kingman. A week's study and excavation
demonstrated that the material was a secondary deposit, washed in
from surrounding slopes, and of no importance from the stand-
point of the association of man and extinct mammals. Dr. Roberts
left Kingman on June 2 for Denver, Colo., and Fort Collins. On
June 12 he resumed excavations at the Lindenmeier site. By the
FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT 7
end of the fiscal year an area covering 375 square feet had been
uncovered. Numerous implements and considerable additional in-
formation were obtained from this work. These data serve to round
out more fully the story of the customs and habits of Folsom man.
During the winter months Dr. Roberts also prepared several
manuscripts on the subject of the work at the Lindenmeier site and
on Southwestern archeology in general.
Upon his return from Spanish Honduras early in the fiscal year,
Dr. W. D. Strong, anthropologist, spent his entire time in working
over tlie archeological collections from the Uhia River. With the
assistance of Alfred Kidder IT, and Drexel A. Paul, Jr., Dr. Strong
completed tlie report on this work which is to be published in the
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections under the title "Preliminary
Report on the Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University Archeo-
logical Expedition to Northwestern Honduras, 1936."
From July 1 until late October 1936, Dr. Julian H. Steward, asso-
ciate anthropologist, continued his work of the previous year among
Shoshonean tribes in the Great Basin and Plateau areas. He had
two objectives : First, to study the ecological basis of the social and
political organization of the bands of horse Shoshoni in Utah and
Idaho to supplement his previous study of the foot Shoshoni of
Nevada ; second, to continue his ethnographic survey by means of an
element list. An element list and satisfactory ecological material
were procured from the following: Bannock, Fort Hall Shoshoni,
Lemhi Shoshoni, and Grouse Creek (northwestern Utah) Shoshoni
at Fort Hall, Idaho ; Promontory Point (Great Salt Lake) Shoshoni
at "Washakie, Utah; Pahvant Ute (now almost extinct) at Kanosh,
Utah; Gosiute (detennined to be actually Shoshoni) at Skull Valley
and at Deep Creek, Utah. Before returning to Washington, Dr.
Steward drove to Fallon, Nev., to examine guaiio caves said to hold
promise, but found little of interest. He returned by way of south-
ern Nevada and southern Utah, making brief visits to several South-
em Paiute reservations. The remainder of the year was devoted to
preparation of research material for publication, and eight manu-
scripts have been completed.
The beginning of the fiscal year found J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnolo-
gist, on the Tuscarora Reservation near Lewiston, N. Y., where he
went to continue his researches on the League of the Five Iroquois
Tribes. From Lewiston Mr. Hewitt proceeded to the Grand River
Grant to the Six Nations in Ontario. Here he had the good fortune
to obtain a complete Mohawk text embodying the so-called Hand-
some Lake religious teaching, this document consisting of more than
5,700 Mohawk terms. Considerable additional information was ob-
tained concerning the interesting dual nature of the tribal organiza-
g lUTREAU OF ARIKUK'AN ETHNOLO<}Y
tion. On his return to Washington Mr. Hewitt completed the trans-
lation of the Mohawk text giving details of the birth and early child-
hood of Deganawida, also another Mohawk text giving an accoimt of
the dancing lads wlio finally became the Pleiades.
During the month of June 1937, Mr. Hewitt again left Washing,
ton for Brantford, Canada, in order to check over in the field his
two large manuscripts in Onondaga text, one being the Iroquois
New Year Ceremony and the other consisting of the four Thanks-
giving Festivals. The end of the fiscal year found Mr. Hewitt still
in the field engaged in tliis task.
EOrrORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS
The editing of the publications of the Bureau was continued
through the year by Stanley Searles, editor.
Bulletin 114, Fox Miscellany, by Truman Michelson, was issued
during the year.
Bulletin 115, Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz, edited by J. N.
B. Hewitt, was released for printing.
Bulletin 116, Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region, by
Julian H. Steward, was released for printing.
An index of Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, in six volumes, has been
further advanced toward completion.
Work has been done on other manuscripts in the custody of the
editor.
Publications distributed totaled 14,708.
LIBRARY
Miss Miriam B. Ketchum continued in charge throughout the year
as librarian.
Accessions during the fiscal year numbered 580 volumes, bringing
the total nimiber of volumes in the library to 31,115; there are also
about 20,000 pamphlets and about 2,000 volumes of unbound periodi-
cals and society transactions.
The number of volumes prepared and sent to bindery was 1,330.
Library of Congress cards have been obtained for practically all
of the new books received during the year and for some of the older
material. All new material is being classed in the Library of Con-
gress scheme of classification and sei3arately shelved. A partial
depository set of Library of Congress catalog cards has been estab-
lished and will shortly be installed in working order.
The work of refiling the catalog continues. Thirteen drawers are
now finished.
FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT Q
A great many missing numbers have been requested and nearly
all of these have been supplied, amounting in some cases to several
volimies of a set. Of the exchange sets, 8 old sets which had been
allowed to lapse have been reestablished, and 11 new sets have been
established.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Following is a summary of the work accomplished by E. G. Cas-
sedy, illustrator:
Line drawings 266
Graphs 13
Plates lettered or numbered 199
Plates assembled 64
Plates sized for engraver 129
Airbrush jobs 6
Photos retouched 51
Topographic maps 3
Maps 3
Mechanical drawings 3
Lettering jobs 3
Engrossings , 2
Water color paintings 1
Total 743
COLLECTIONS
Accession
number
140,528. Skeletal material from two sites on Canaveral Peninsula, Brevard
County, Fla., collected by the Bureau in cooperation with the Fed-
eral Civil Works Administration during the winter of 1933-34. (250
specimens.)
142,561. Archeological specimens and human and animal bones collected during
mound excavations in Florida during the winter of 1933-34 in
cooperation with the Federal C. W. A.
MISCELLANEOUS
During the course of the year information was furnished by
members of the Bureau staff in reply to numerous inquiries concern-
ing the North American Indians, both past and present, and the
Mexican peoples of the prehistoric and early historic periods. Vari-
ous specimens sent to the Bureau were identified and data on them
furnished for their owners.
Personnel. — Miss Helen Heitkemper, junior stenographer, resigned
March 16, 1937. Miss Ethelwyn E. Carter was appointed May 1,
1937, to fill the vacancy.
Respectfully submitted.
M. W. Stirling, Chief.
Dr. C. G. Abbot,
Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.
o
Fifty-fifth Annual Report
of the
BUREAU OF AMERICAN
ETHNOLOGY
1937-1938
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON
D. C.
FIFTY-FIFTH
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
BUREAU OF
AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
TO THE SECRETARY OF THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1937-1938
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1939
FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
M. W. Stirling, Chief
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the field
researches, office work, and other operations of the Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1938, conducted
in accordance with the act of Congress of June 28, 1937, The act
referred to contains the following item:
American ethnology : For continuing ethnological researches among the Amer-
ican Indians and the natives of Hawaii, the excavation and preservation of
archeologic remains under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, in-
cluding necessary employees, the preparation of manuscripts, dravsangs, and
illustrations, the purchase of books and periodicals, and traveling expenses,
$58,730.
SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES
During the greater part of the fiscal year, M. W. Stirling, Chief
of the Bureau, was in Washington engaged in administrative duties
and in preparation of various publications.
From the latter part of January until the middle of March, 1938,
Mr. Stirling was in Mexico examining archeological sites and museum
collections. A site in the Canton of the Tuxtlas south of Vera Cruz
was selected for excavation during the winter of 1938-39.
At the beginning of the fiscal year. Dr. John R. Swanton, etlinol-
ogist, was engaged in the preparation of the final report of his re-
searches in the interests of the United States De Soto Expedition
Commission, of w^hich he is chairman. One field expedition was
undertaken in connection with this research. It was directed in
the first instance to the southern part of Clarke County, Alabama, at
the invitation of James Y. Brame, Jr., of Montgomery, an indefat-
igable student of the route of De Soto, who hoped that he had dis-
covered the site of the old town of Mabila, where occurred a notable
battle between the Spaniards and Indians on October 18, 1540. The
site in question, at a place called Lower James Hammock, on the
bluff above Choctaw Lake, proved to be an interesting one and
specimens of certain novelty types of pottery were obtained, but the
question as to its identity with Mabila is still in doubt, the evidence
being rather negative. After this work was finished an attempt was
made to locate other Indian town sites in the southeastern part of the
county, but, aside from a very small one previously identified by Mr.
2
113157—39
FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 3
Brame, nothing was found, there being, in fact, a singular dearth
of Indian remains in this county in the section where it would be
natural to look for Mabila. In the southwestern part of the county,
however, there is a spot to which the Indians resorted for salt, one
noted on early French maps, and here a considerable collection of
potsherds was made and a number of pictures of the site taken.
While Dr. Swanton was engaged in this investigation, the Choctaw
Hunting and Fishing Club kindly extended the use of its camp at
Choctaw Bluff.
After returning to Montgomery, Dr. Swanton proceeded to Tus-
caloosa and David De Jarnette, assistant to Prof. Walter S. Jones,
took him to Scottsboro and afterward on a number of trips along
the part of the Tennessee River valley believed to have been traversed
by De Soto. It seems to be indicated rather clearly that the Span-
iards crossed and recrossed this several times. Before returning to
Washington Dr. Swanton attended a meeting on October 29-30 called
by the De Soto Committee of the Society of the Colonial Dames of
America in preparation for a celebration of the quadricentennial of
the passage of the Mississippi by De Soto, and he delivered an
address at one of the sessions.
Dr. Swanton has also added some further material to his large
paper on the Indians of the Southeast.
In December he presided as vice-president over several sessions
of Section H, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
at Indianapolis.
In March he was appointed to the United States Board on Geo-
graphical Names to occupy the place made vacant by the death of
J. N. B. Hewitt, and he attended the twelfth annual meeting on
May 23.
Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, left Washington early in July
1937 to undertake field work among the Montagnais-Naskapi Indians
of the northern shore of the St. Lawrence River and vicinity. This
work was made possible through a generous grant-in-aid made by
the American Council of Learned Societies. He arrived at Natash-
quan July 12 and spent 18 days there, following which he continued
his investigations at Seven Islands, Moisie, and Bersimis. Owing to
the migratory habits of the Indians Dr. Michelson was able to get
data not only on Indians of the localities named but also others in
this region, including Mingan, St. Margeret's River, Godbout, Shel-
terbay, and Sheldrake. He was also able to check up his previous
information on the Indians of Davis Inlet, far north on the Labra-
dor coast ; and by good fortune came in contact with an Indian of a
band from the northeast corner of Lake Kaniapiskau — a band barely
known to the scientific world. The principal object was to complete
4 I5UIIEAU OF AMKKICAN ETHNOKOOV
a map showing- the distribution and interrelations of the Cree and
Montagnais-Naskapi dialects. Jn addition to the linguistic work
which was the primary purpose of the trip, many new ethnological
data were obtained, together with certain observations in physical
anthropology. The remainder of the year was spent in Washing-
ton in the preparation of manuscripts and in routine work.
At the beginning of the fiscal year Dr. John P. Harrington, eth-
nologist, finished a comparative study of the Tano-Kiowan family
of languages, a compact body of dialects which have inherited the
same phonetics, grammatical peculiarities, and vocabulary, although
the Tanoan branch is typically Pueblo in culture while the Kiowa
branch is equally typical of the Western Plains culture. No lin-
guistic study shows better how habitat has produced two cultures by
migration from a linguistic nucleus which had perhaps originally a
third culture — possibly like that of the Flatheads of the northern
Rockies, from which region the linguistic progenitors of both Ta-
noans and Kiowans apparently came. The Tano-Kiowan situation,
however, is clearer than the surprisingly similar Athapascan situa-
tion, since there is historic information on the nortliern origin of
the Kiowa, whereas the migration of any body of southern Athapas-
cans from the north still remains theoretical. It is established that
both the Tanoans and the southern Athapascans of the southwest-
ern United States are of comparatively recent northern origin, at
least as far as their language-transmitting ancestors are concerned.
Returning to the study of the Devils Tower, which has a bearing
on the Tano-Kiowan provenience problem. Dr. Harrington was
assisted materially by Newell F. Joyner, custodian of the Devils
Tower National Monument, Devils Tower, Wyo., who supplied a mass
of material, including maps and other data. If the Kiowans came
from the somewhat far north, it is certain that their linguistic
relatives, the Tanoans, did also.
Working by similar methods, Dr. Harrington also made a study
of the Athapascan peoples. Here we have a northern linguistic
nucleus still extant, not of the past but of the present, and a family
of languages more intimately associated with the problem of the
original entry of man from Siberia into America, since if we exclude
the somewhat aloof-standing Eskimo, all the territory of America
nearest Asia is occupied by the Athapascan and related Tlingit
tongues.
Following up Goddard's discovery that the Kiowa-Apache-Lipan-
Jicarilla form a separate language group, having shifted over-
aspirated tx to kh^ that is, the x having assimilated the t to its
articulatory position, Thomas' recent work on the Prairie Apaches
was found of interest. A considerable list of the Prairie Apaches are
FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT 5
known to us by name through the old Spanish historical documents of
New Mexico, showing that the kh language was spoken by many tribes
which covered a large area of the High Plains. The northernmost
of these tribes is reported in old Spanish sources from what is now
northeastern Colorado, only 150 miles south of the Black Hills. This
takes away the element of novelty from the fact that the Kiowa-
Apache joined the Kiowa in the Black Hills region about the year
1800 or earlier, and shows that the Kiowa-Apache also were merely
one of the kh speaking tribes, typically Prairie Apaches, and not an
Athapascan people en route migrating from Canada, as Goddard at
first conjectured. A report was finished on the northern provenience
of the Navaho and Apache.
Considerable time was also spent on a new sign language study,
through Kiowa informants and other sources, bringing out addi-
tional information regarding the nature and structure of this inter-
esting Plains Indian invention.
At the beginning of the fiscal year Dr. Frank H. H. Koberts, Jr.,
archeologist, was conducting excavations at the Lindenmeier Site
north of Fort Collins, Colo. This was a continuation of the pro-
gram of investigations started in the fall of 1934 and carried on
during succeeding summers. Tlie location is one where Folsom
man, one of the earliest known New World inhabitants, camped
and made the weapons and tools that were used in killing and
dressing the big game that constituted his main source of sustenance.
Work was resumed in 1937 at the point where the 1936 activities
terminated and at the end of the summer an area of some 2,800 square
feet had been uncovered and numerous traces of occupation noted
and studied. Several places were found where bison and other large
animals had been dismembered, cooking fires lighted, and a feast
enjoyed. At other places there were indications that individuals had
been seated there manufacturing stone projectile points, knives, and
scrapers. Many charts were drawn recording the nature of the
assemblages of bones and stone implements and showing their distri-
Inition. In addition, 133 diagrams illustrating the character of the
overlying deposits were prepared as the excavations progressed.
These, together with the extensive notes on the work, add valuable
data to the body, of information on the mode of life and customs
of the people. A collection of 735 specimens was obtained and
among them were several new forms of knives, scrapers, and points.
These broaden the knowledge relative to the general complex and
nature of the material culture.
At the close of the excavating season Dr. Roberts proceeded to
North Platte, Nebr., where he inspected a number of collections be-
longing to local residents and visited the sites where many of them
g BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
were found. Through the iuferest of K. K. Langford, of North
Platte, he was able to see a number of locations where Folsom-type
objects have been found and add to the series of notes that is being
kept on the subject of Folsoni distribution. From North Platte Dr.
Roberts returned to Washington.
The \vinter and spring months were devoted to office duties. These
included the study of the material obtained during the suimner's
excavations and the revision and completion for publication of a
manuscript on archeological work done in the Whitewater District
in eastern Arizona. Besides completely revising the text of this re-
port, 15 additional plans and diagrams were drawn to augment those
already prepared. This manuscript was turned over to the editor and
is to appear as Bulletin 121 of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
With the permission of the Chief of the Bureau and the Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, several short manuscripts were pre-
pared for publication in anthropological journals and other profes-
sional papers.
Dr. Roberts left Washington on June 7, 1938, for Fort Collins,
Colo., and again resumed excavations at the Lindenmeier Site. At
the close of the fiscal year the diggings had been reopened and a num-
ber of specimens obtained. These included several pieces of bone that
bear evidence of attempts at engraving designs on them and give
some indications of a certain amount of artistic effort on the part of
Folsom men.
Dr. J. H. Steward, ethnologist, remained in Washington during
the greater part of the fiscal year and completed his final report
on the tribes of the Great Basin-Plateau area. This was submitted
to the editor and will appear as Bulletin 120 of the Bureau. In
anticipation of an extended expedition to South America, Dr. Stew-
ard spent considerable time in making preparations for his projected
ethnological studies in the western part of South America. On April
20 he left Washington for Ecuador in order to begin this work. The
end of the fiscal year found him still in Ecuador working among the
highland Indians.
EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS
The editing of the publications of the Bureau was continued
through the year by Stanley Searles, editor.
BtrrXETINS ISSUED DURING THE YEIAE
115. Journal of Rudolph Friedorich Kurz, edited by J. N. B. Hewitt.
116. Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region, by Julian H. Steward.
117. Historical and Ethnographical Material on the Jivaro Indians, by M.
W. Stirling.
FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT
REXKASKD FOE PUBLICATION
118. An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee, by
Maj. William S. Webb.
The index of Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes has been almost com-
pleted.
Work has been done on other manuscripts in the custody of the
editor.
Publications distributed totaled 16,569.
LIBRARY
There has been no change in the library staff. Accessions during
the fiscal year totaled 395.
Eight new exchanges were added during the year, three of these
being large, important sets, one domestic and two foreign.
Library of Congress cards have been obtained for practically all
of the new material received as well as for some older items. Analyti-
cal entries have been made for all periodical items in the Bureau's
field received since April 1936. The depository set of Library of
Congress catalog cards is now installed in working order and has
proved to be a great help to the staff as well as to those in the library.
The librarian attended the meetings of the Inter-American Bib-
liographical and Historical Association in February 1938, and made
arrangements to exchange cards for South and Central American
Indian languages and folk-lore entries with Dr. Boggs, of the Uni-
versity of North Carolina.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Following is a» summary of work accomplished by E. G. Cassedy,
illustrator :
Line drawings 175
Maps 25
Photos retouched ! 28
Lettering jobs 96
Plates assembled 213
, Drawings, etc., prepared for engraver 415
Diagrams and' charts 7
Graphs 6
Mechanical drawings 4
Wash drawings 1
Total 970
Accession COLLECTIONS
No.
144,343. One earthenware water jar from the pueblo of Acoma, and one deco-
rated basket made by the Aleuts of southwestern Alaska. (2
specimens. )
g BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Accession \
No. '
146,287. Three figurine pottery fragments and three figurine pottery heads
from a railway cut near the Aguan River, Maloa District, north-
east Honduras, Central America. Purchased from J. R. Allsopp.
(6 specimens.)
146,639. Potsherds, arrowpoints, shell bead, and fragment of worked shell from
Liberty and Dade Counties, Fla. Collected by M. W. Stirling. (6
specimens. )
148,063. Earthenware vessels and fragments from Ulua River, Comayagua
River, and Lake Yojoa regions of Honduras, collected in 1936 by
Smithsonian-Harvard University Expedition under Dr. W. D. Strong.
(93 specimens.)
MISCELLANEOUS
During the course of the year information was furnished by mem-
bers of the Bureau staff in reply to numerous inquiries concerning
the North American Indians, both past and present, and the Mex-
ican peoples of the prehistoric and early historic periods. Various
specimens sent to the Bureau were identified and data on them fur-
nished for their owners.
Personnel. — Dr. W. D. Strong, anthropologist, resigned August
31, 1937. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, died October 14, 1937.
Respectfully submitted.
M. W. Stirling, Chief.
Dr. C. G. Abbot,
Secretary^ Smithsonian Institution.
O
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